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LOVELL'S 
 
 HISTORY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, 
 
 AND OTHER PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 PRELIMINARY. 
 
 
 
 Rightly to understand the past and present history of 
 the Province of British North America, we should, did our 
 space permit, inckide in it a brief reference to the earlier 
 annals of those European nations whose discoveries and 
 enterprise form the background of our own historical 
 times. We should be glad to take a rapid glance at the 
 history of those two great nations which first brought the 
 civilization of Europe to these shores. We should know 
 ^mething of the ancient Britons when they were first 
 isited by the ubiquitous Roman ; and when, from a rude 
 and helpless infancy, they struggled and rose to a more 
 than tribal manhood, even in those days of brief and law- 
 less chieftainship. We should study their after-history, 
 when invasion, disaster, and defeat, like the flames of a 
 fiery furnace, had gradually fused their fitful nationality 
 into that of their successive invaders. Such a study would 
 lead us to feel proud of that race, when, in after-times, the 
 commercial tastes and regal instincts, which led them to 
 plant colonies and establish good government, had slowly 
 
4 PRELIMINARY. 
 
 developed the institutions and moulded the national char- 
 acter of the people of that freedom-loviiig land which 
 we rejoice to call our Mother Country. 
 
 Nor should we, did space permit, omit to take an equally 
 rapid glance at the contemporaneous history of that 
 other great and chivalrous people who first discovered 
 and colonized Canada ; — a people who, by many national 
 souvenirs, have left upon the broad and noble features of 
 the whole of the North American continent the deep im- 
 press of their undaunted courage and active enterprise in 
 exploration and discovery. 
 
 After these rapid surveys should be prepared to follow 
 , the main subject of the book, — a comprehensive summary 
 of Franco-British American history during the last three 
 hundred years. 
 
 We should as a people, in a devout and thankful spirit, 
 "remember all the way which the Lord hath led [us] in 
 the wilderness," since we were planted here as a cluster 
 of colonies ; how He has preserved to us, and, after much 
 agitation and strife, has even augmented to us the enjoy- 
 ment of those blessings of civil and religious freedom for 
 which our fathers contended, and for which, as a nation, 
 the empire of our Queen is so pre-eminently distinguished. 
 Under His providential guidance and protection we have 
 reached a period of great political prosperity and social 
 peace, so that the united British Colonies in America 
 may be considered at this day as among the freest and 
 most contented communities in the world. 
 
Part I. 
 
 Era of Voyages—and Discoveries. 
 
 CHAPTER I: 
 
 Voyages and Discoveriks of Christopher Colum- 
 bus. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 Early Discoveries — Career of Columbus, 
 
 1. Christopher Columbus. — About the yeiir 1441, Chris- 
 topher Columbus, the discoverer of America, was born 
 in Gen-o-a, a seaport in Northern Italy. In Lisbon, 
 whither he went, he devoted his time to the making 
 of maps and globes, and thus 
 greatly contributed to the in- 
 formation and success of the 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 navigators. 
 
 He 
 
 WD 
 
 Christopher Columbus. 
 
 framed rules for the calculation 
 of the latitude and longitude 
 by sailors, when at sea, out of 
 sight of land. He also sailed 
 on voyages down the coast of 
 Africa, and became familiar 
 with the sea to the west- 
 ward. 
 
 2. The Progress of Geograph- 
 ical Knowledge up to this time was slow ; but not long 
 after it reached a point which excited great curiosity in 
 the minds of all scholarly and intelligent men. From 
 Marco Polo's statements, it was known that an ocean lay 
 to the east of Asia. The reputed discoveries of countries 
 which had been made by the Northmen, far to the west- 
 ward, by way of Iceland, together with the statements 
 
 Questions.— What notable birth occurred in 1441 ? Give a sketch of 
 the early career of Christopher Columbus. Trace the progress in geo- 
 graphical knowledge in Europe up to the time of Columbus. 
 
6 
 
 VOYAGES A.ND DISCOVERIES. [PART. I--14G2. 
 
 of one of these Northmen (that he had been taken as a 
 prisoner to the south amongst civilized people), fully im- 
 pressed the navigators of the period with the belief that 
 these countries were situated in or near Asia. This 
 belief was based upon the descriptions of Southern Asia 
 by Ptolemy (conlirnied as they were by the statements 
 of Marco Polo), that Asia extended far eastward into 
 the ocean. On globes constructed at this time, " Cipango" 
 (Japan) is placed within 70 degieijs of the Az-ores, 
 and " India extra Gangem " within i)0 ; whereas they 
 are more than double that nund)cr of degrees distant 
 from these islands. It was easy to imagine, therefore, 
 that a navigator, with a little bravery and perseverance, 
 would soon traverse the short distances thus laid down 
 on the map. 
 
 3. Early Efforts of Columhui. It was under a belief of 
 these suppositions, that Columb. IS first applied to the King 
 of Portugal for means to prosecute bis voyage of discovery 
 to India. Having failed to induce either that king, or 
 Henry VII. of England, to enter into his project, he 
 sought the aid of the court of Spain. After seven years 
 of disappointment, he at length succeeded in inducing 
 
 Isabella, the noble-minded Queen 
 of Spain, to devote a portion of 
 her Castilian j)atrimony to the 
 encouragement of his scheme of 
 discoverv. 
 
 4. Religions Ohjects of the Ex- 
 pedition. — So strongly impressed 
 was Columbus with the Christian 
 objects of his mission, that he pro- 
 posed to consecrate the treasure 
 which he hoped to obtain from 
 it to the pious purpose of rescu- 
 ing the Holy Sepulchre at Jeru- 
 
 Queen Isabella of Spain. 
 
 Questions.— Where was Southern Asia supposed to be? Give the 
 ancient name of Japan. What was the object of the early efforts of Col- 
 umbus ? Describe the religious views of Columbus. 
 
Chap. 1-1492. VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 7 
 
 salem from the liundH of the infidel Saracens. His 
 more immediate design in undertaking this voyage to 
 ^gia — or India, uh it was tlien called — was to convert the 
 Great Khan of Tartary and his Hubjects to Christianity ; 
 and for this puri)Ose Columbus actually took out letters 
 with him to that monarch. 
 
 5. Voyaye of Columbus.— Tha port of Palos [pa-loce] 
 in Spain was selected as the phu;e of embarkation. For 
 some misdemeanor, tliis port was re(piired to furnish the 
 king with two small vessels for a year. After reiieated 
 delays and discouragements, a little fleet of three vessels 
 was, by the aid of the brothers Pinzon,— two courageous 
 navigators, — got ready for sea ; and on the 3rd of August, 
 1402, Columbus set sail on his memorable voyage. On 
 leaving the harbor lie steered directly for the Canary 
 Islands, where he arrived on the 0th. Here he remained 
 until the Oth of September, making repairs. On the 0th 
 of that month ho passed Ferro, (the last of the Canary 
 
 Isles,) and with a 
 feeling of sadness 
 and awe, struck 
 out into the un- 
 known Atlantic. 
 For several days 
 the ships glided 
 rapidly onward in 
 their course and, 
 with the aid of 
 the steady trade- 
 winds, quickly in- 
 creased their dis- 
 tance from Europe. Apprehension and alarm arose on 
 every side at the unvarying course of the wind, — at the 
 increasing length of the voyage, — at the variation of the 
 needle of the compass, and at other occurrences, which 
 
 The Fleet of Columbus. 
 
 Questions.— Where did Oolnmbns embark? Why was this port 
 Belecte<l ? Who acoompHiiied Columbus? Give the number of ships and 
 date of sailing. At %vh? t place did (Columbus stop ? Wl-en did Columbua 
 set out? Describe the state of reeling on board the little fleet. 
 
B V0YAGR8 AND DldCOVRRIES. Part 1-1492. 
 
 the superstitious sailors regiirded as ominous of evil. 
 Columbus was daily beset by the mutinous murmurs and 
 discontent of his crew, who threatened to throw him into 
 the sea, and return to Europe. His courageous spirit, 
 and the religious belief in a special providence ni his favor, 
 kept him calm and firm in the midst of the painful un- 
 certainty and treacherous fears of his comrades. Time 
 after time, the morning haze and the evening cloud-bank, 
 revealing a fancied coast or island, beguiled the mutinous 
 sailors from their fatal purpose, and raised the hopes of 
 all, to be in mid-day again dashed down in bitter disap- 
 pointment and chagrin. Thus the weary days and nights 
 wore on, until Columbus himself almost faltered in his 
 purpose. At length a day, long memorable in the annals 
 of great nations, dawned upon the little fleet ; and the 
 sight of several land birds, some sea weed, and the twigs 
 and branches of drifting trees, revived the spirits of the 
 dispirited and mutinous seamen. As night drew on, the 
 keen eyes of the commander — made doubly sensitive by 
 long and weary watching — detected the glimmer of a bea- 
 con-light, as H glanced in the uncertain gloom of midnight. 
 Oh, how long and painful were those hours of suspense to 
 the almost fainting heart of Columbus ! At length, as the 
 twilight advanced, hope dawned upon the expectant 
 mariners ; and ere the sun appeared above the horizon, 
 the impassioned voices of the crews shouted, in tumultuous 
 joy, the thrilling words, " Land ! Land ! " And so it was — 
 there lay before them a beauteous island of the New 
 World, revealed in all the loveliness of a tropical clime. 
 On that memorable day, the 11th of October, 1492, 
 Columbus left his ship. On landing, he kissed the soil 
 with religious fervor, and planted the flag of Spain on 
 the Island of San Sal-va-dor, [-dore], in the Ba-ha-ma 
 group. In a spirit of devout thankfulness.^ for the accom- 
 plishment of so great an event, the crews chanted the Te 
 
 Qttestions.— How did Cohimhne oontrol his companions? Mention 
 the circumstances under which Columbus first saw the new land. How 
 did Columbus express his gratitude to God ? Under what impressiona 
 did he act on landing ? 
 
ChaJ». 1-149C.J VOYAGKS AND lUSCOVEtllfeiJ. 9 
 
 Deum^ and spent Bevcral days in unrestrained admiration 
 of the island, and in personal enjoyment. 
 
 6. Further Discoveries of Volumbus.' — Columbus was 
 delighted with the appearance of the island, and witliits 
 inhabitants. He firmly believed that lie had reached an 
 island at the extremity of India ; and, in that belief, 
 gave the name of Indians to the mild and gentle natives 
 whom he found there. He treated them niost kindly, 
 and sought to ascertain from them where they had pro- 
 cured their gold ornaments. They pointed to the i-outh, 
 and tried to convey to him an idea of the great wealth 
 of the king, and the inexhaustible riches of the country. 
 After exchanging glass beads and other trinkets with the 
 natives for gold and cotton, he weighed andior and pro- 
 ceeded southward in search ()f Maico Polo's fafiious 
 island of Cipango, or Japan. On his way he visited sev- 
 eral other islands, and at length reached a very large 
 and beautiful one, called by the natives Cuba. This he 
 thought was either Cipango itself, or the main land of 
 India, in the dominions of the Great Khauo After con- 
 sulting his maps and listening to the pantomimic descrip- 
 tions of the natives, he despatched an embassy into the 
 interior in search of the city of the sovereign to whom 
 he had letters. The embassy soon returned disappointed. 
 Columbus, after having consulted the natives, stood to 
 the eastward, and discovered His-pan-i-o-la, or Hayti 
 [hay-tee]. Here he was kindly received by Gu-a-ca-na- 
 ga-ri, a native cazique, or chieftain. "While on this coast 
 his ship was wrecked ; but out of the pieces of the wreck 
 he constructed a small fort to protect his crew, as well 
 as the timid natives, from the fierce Caribs.— a neighbor- 
 ing tribe of which he had heard. He manned the little 
 fort with the guns of the ship, and left there such of the 
 crew as wished to remain on the island. Shortly after- 
 wards he set sail, by way of the Azores and Portugal, 
 
 Questions — How was he received by the inhabitants ? What did he 
 name them, and why ? Wliatdidhe next do? On leaving the Island in 
 what direction did Columbus steer ? Mention his next discoveries ? At 
 what places did Columbus touch on his way home ? 
 
10 
 
 VOTAGES AND DISCOVERIES. [PART 1-1498. 
 
 for Palos, at which place he arrived after many adven- 
 tures, on the 15th of March, 1493, — having been absent 
 from Spain about seven months. There was great rejoic- 
 ing on his arrival, and he himself was ennobled. He 
 made three other voyages to America (the last in 1502), 
 and died in 150G. His remains were interred at Havana, 
 in Cuba. 
 
 7. A-mer-i-cus Ves-pu-ci-us, a distinguished Florentine 
 
 navigator and scholar, made 
 four voyages to the New 
 World. Having, in the year 
 after the death of Columbus 
 (when his statements could 
 not be refuted), written an 
 elaborate account of his voy- 
 ages, in which he falsely 
 claimed the honor oi having 
 first reached the main land, 
 and of having made a sepa- 
 rate voyage tc the continent ; 
 which was, by common usage, 
 named after him. He died 
 in the year 15 1 4. 
 
 Americus Vespucius. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Voyages of the Cabots, Cortereal, Verazzani, 
 Cartier, Robekval and others. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 Discovery of Newfoundland, Canada and Acadie. 
 
 1. Gahofs Discovery of Newfoundland. — The news of 
 the amazing discovery of Columbus soon reached England, 
 
 Questions.— How and why was the name " America" first given to the 
 New World ? To what subject does the second chapter relate ? 
 
CHAP. 11-1626.] VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 11 
 
 then a maritime power of infe- 
 rior importance. John Cab-ot, a 
 Venetian merchant, residing at 
 Bristol, fired with a spirit of 
 emulation, sought for and ob- 
 tained a commission, in 1496, 
 from Henry VII., to make a 
 voyage to the New World. 
 Henry the more readily entered 
 into Cabot's scheme, from being 
 , mortified to find that, by refusing 
 to aid Columbus in his great 
 undertaking, he had lost a glori- 
 ous opportunity of linking his name with a memorable 
 discovery. In June, 1497, Cabot left Bristol with his 
 son Sebastian for the New World. After crossing the 
 Atlantic, he reached a coast on the 24th of June, which 
 he named Prima Vista, and which is supposed to have 
 been some part of Nova Scotia, or of the northern part 
 of Trinity Bay coast, Newfoundland. On St. John's 
 day^ he came to an island, which he named St. Jean, or 
 St. John (afterwards Prince Edward). By virtue of 
 Cabot's discoveries, the English laid claim to the islands 
 and lands which he had visited. In 1498, Sebastian 
 Cabot * made a second voyage, and sailed as far north as 
 Hudson Bay, on his way to China. Unable to proceed 
 farther, he turned southward and went as far as Flor-i-da. 
 On his way thither, he touched at Newfoundland, which 
 
 * Sebastian Cabot, son of Sir John Cabot, and a more celebrated navi- 
 gator than hij fatlier, was horn in England, in 1477. He sailed with him 
 from Bristol, in 1497, and passed down the coast of America from latitude 
 56" to latitude ;>(>"• Under the patronage of the (Jourt of Spain, he made 
 a voyage, in 1525, as far south as the Brazils. Having entered the River 
 La Plata, he erected a fort at St. Salva<l<ir. which he had <lis(^overed and 
 named. He was a very distinguished navigator ; and to hini'we are in- 
 debted for having lirst deteiited the variation of the mariner's com]>a89. 
 He published a volume before his death, containing an accc-int of his 
 voyages and discoveries. He died in 1557, aged 80. 
 
 Questions.— What led to the expeditions of the Cabots ? Describe the 
 course of their voyage. Mention the places which Sebastian Cabot dis- 
 covered. Sketch his life. 
 
12 VOYAGES AND pTSCOVERtES. ft^ART t-l6d4. 
 
 he named Ba-ca-le-os, — the native, as well as the Breton, 
 or Basque [bask], name for codfish, which abounds on 
 the coast. From this circumstance it is supposed that 
 the Breton fishermen had frequented these shores before 
 they were visited by Sebastian Cabot. 
 
 2. GortereaVs Voyages. — In 1500, Gaspard Cor-te-re-al, 
 a Portuguese,* made a voyage to Lab-ra-dor, Newfound- 
 land, and New England. Slavery being an important 
 traffic with the Portuguese, Cortereal captured fifty In- 
 dians, whom he sold as slaves on his return to Europe. 
 He made a second voyage in 1501, and having reached 
 Hudson Strait, was never afterwards heard of. His 
 brother Michael is also supposed to have perished in 
 1502, while endeavoring to seek out and rescue him. 
 
 3. Verazzani's Voyage. -f — About this time the value 
 
 of the cod-fisheries attracted the notice 
 of the French. In 1506, Denys, of 
 Honfleur, explored the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence; and in 1508, Aubert of 
 Dieppe [de-epp], did the same. The 
 French fishermen also frequented the 
 Banks of Newfoundland. In 1518, 
 the Baron de Lery attempted to settle 
 Sable Island, and left some cattle there. 
 
 In 1524, John Ver-az-za-ni, a Floren- 
 John Verazzaiu. ^j^^ navigator, in command of four 
 
 French vessels, made a voyage to America. He made 
 
 * Gaspard Cortereal, a PortugueBe, was despatched from Lisbon by the 
 king of Portugal, in 1500. He discovered Labrador and Greenland. (His 
 father is said to have discovered Newfoundland in 1463.) He again left 
 Lisbon for the New World in 1501, but was never heard of afterwards. 
 
 t John Verazzani was a Florentine navigator in the service of France. 
 In 1524. he took possession of the coast from Carolina to Nova Scotia, and 
 called It New France. Having given spirituous liquors to the natives at 
 one place, they called it Man-na-ha-tau, or place of drunkenness,— after- 
 wards contracted to Man-hat-tan Island, now the site of the city of New 
 York. He is said to have made another voyage in 1525, but it is not 
 known. 
 
 QiTESTioNS.— What was peculiar about the name which Cabot gave to 
 Nevrfoundland ? Mention the chief incidents of Cortereal's voyages. 
 How did he treat the Indians ? Give a sketch of the lives of Cortereal 
 and Ye azzaui. -Describe Verazzanl's voyage. 
 
Chap. 11-1634.] VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 18 
 
 a second voyage, under the patronage of Francis I., in 
 1525, and explored more than 2000 miles of coast, from 
 34° down to 50°. He returned to France during that 
 year. In consequence of these discoveries the French 
 king claimed possession of all places visited by Verazzani, 
 He is said to have made a third voyage in the same year, 
 but what became of him was never known. 
 
 4. Cartier's Discovery of Canada. — The supposed ill 
 fate of Verazzani deterred the French 
 for several years from any further at- 
 tempt to explore the New World. In 
 1534, — nine years afterwards, — how- 
 ever, Philip Chabot [shah-bo], admi- 
 ral of France, urged the king, Fran- 
 cis I., not to let Spain excel him in en- 
 terprise, but to establish a colony in 
 the New World. He recommended 
 that Jacques Cartier, fzhak-car-te-ayl, 
 a noted navigator of St. Ma-lo, should ^^^^^^'^ ^^'^*"'- 
 command an expedition of discovery to the New World.* 
 The Emperor Charles V. of Spain, and Joan III. of Por- 
 tugal, having already sought to establish colonies there, 
 protested against the projected expeditian of Francis I., 
 who sarcastically replied, " I should like to see the clause 
 in our Father Adam's will and testament which bequeaths 
 
 * Jacques Cartier,the discoverer of Canada,wa8 born at St.Malo,France, 
 in 1500. He was despatched to the west by Francis I. in 1534. On the 20th 
 April, he sailed from St. Malo, reached Newfoundland on the 10th May, 
 the Bay des Chaleurs [sha-loor] on the 9th July, the coast of Gaspe [gas-pay] 
 on the 24th, and returned to France in August. He made his second voyage 
 in 1535. On the festival of St. Laurent, in August, he reached a bay of the 
 
 §ulf and river which, in honor of the dav, he called the St. Lawrence. In 
 eptember he reached Stad-a-co-na, tLe present site of Quebec, where 
 Don-na-co-na, an Algonquin [al-gong-kangg] chief, welcomed him. In 
 October he visited Hochelaga, [ho-she-lah-ga], an Indian village near the 
 site of Montreal, where a chief of the Huron Indians welcomed him. 
 He very soon afterwards returned to France, forcibly taking with him 
 the chief , Donnacona. In 1541, as second in command to M. de Ro-ber- 
 val, he again visited Canada ; but having met with many disasters, he re- 
 turned to France, and died soon after. 
 
 Questions.— What led to the despatch of another expedition from 
 France to America ? Why was it opposed ? When and from what place 
 did Cartier sail from Eurone ? Sketch his life. What did Franeisl. say 
 in reply to Joam and Charles ? 
 
14 ' VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. [Pajrt I -1536. 
 
 to my royal brothers alone so vast a heritage." At 
 length, on the 20th of April, 1534, Cartier left St. Malo, 
 a port on the coast of Britanny, with two ships. Twenty 
 days after, he reached a cape on the Newfoundland coast, 
 which he named Bona Vista. He turned southwards for 
 
 a short distance, and then north- 
 wards to the Strait of Belle Isle 
 [bel-eel]. Passing through this 
 strait, he turned southwards until 
 he reached a coast, now known as 
 that of New Brunswick. Here, on 
 the 9th of July, he entered a Bay, 
 which, in proceeding up, he and his 
 companions experienced such in- 
 tense heat that he called it the 
 Cartier's Ship. " Bdie des Chaleurs." Passing 
 
 northwards out of this bay, he 
 rounded the peninsula, and, on the 24th of July, landed 
 on the coast since known as *' Gasp^," — an Indian name 
 for Land's end. There he erected a cross thirty feet high, 
 on which he placed a shield bearing the fleur-de-lys [flur- 
 de-lee] and an inscription, as emblematical of the new sov- 
 ereignty of France in America. Thus was accomplished 
 a most memorable event ; and thus was Canada silently 
 and unconsciously incorporated into a mighty empire ; and 
 thus too was completed that threefold act of discovery 
 in America — the West Indies, by Spain ; Newfoundland, 
 by England ; and Canada, by France, — which, as a natural 
 consequence, pla^^^d side by side on a vast unknown con- 
 tinent, the symbols of the sovereignty of three of the 
 greatest nations of Europe. 
 
 5. Xjartier^s Further Discoveries. — Cartier did not long 
 remain on the Gaspe coast; but having made a little 
 further exploration, he turned his face homewards, taking 
 with him two natives. These Indians having told him of 
 
 Questions.— Describe the course of Cartier's voyage. At what places 
 in New Brunswick and Canada did he land? How did he assert th« 
 Bovereignty of France ? What is said of other nations ? 
 
Chap. II— 1536.1 VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 15 
 
 the existence of a great river, which they called Hoche- 
 laga, leading up so far into the country, that " no man 
 had (so far as they knew) ever yet traced it to its source," 
 Cartier felt most anxious to explore it, and the coun- 
 tries through which it flowed. On his return to France, 
 the news of his discovery, and the account given bv 
 the two Indians of the great river yet unexplored, 
 were received with so much interest, that on the 19th 
 May, 1535, Cartier again left St. Malo in command of 
 three ships. After a tempestuous voyage, he Jirrived 
 at Newfoundland on the 7th of July. Here he waited 
 for two of his ships, which had been separated from him ; 
 and on the 7th of August he proceeded to explore the 
 Gulf which he had visited the year before. On the 10th, 
 he anchored in a bay at the mouth of a river, now called 
 St. John. To this bay he gave the name of St. Law- 
 rence, — having entered it on the festival of that saint. 
 The name thus given to the little bay has since been 
 applied to the great gulf and noble river which Cartier 
 was the first European to discover and explore. On the 
 15th, he reached a large island, to which he gave the 
 name of L'Assomption [las-son^-se-on]. The Indian 
 name of this island, Na-tis-co-tee, has since been changed 
 to An-ti-cos-ti. On the 1st of September, Cartier reached 
 the mouth of a deep and gloomy river, called the Sague- 
 nay [sagg-e-nee], known by the Indian name of the Chi- 
 coutimi, or deep river. > 
 
 6. Cartier and Donnacona, — Having passed an island, 
 which, from the abundance of hazel-nuts found on it, he 
 called Isle aux Coudres, Cartier, on the 7th of September, 
 came to a large and fertile island, which was covered 
 with wild grapes. To this island he gave the name of 
 Bacchus ; but it is now known as the Isle of Orleans. 
 Here he sent his two Gaspe Indians ashore to make 
 inquiries, and to propitiate the natives in favor of the 
 
 QriESTioxs.— What did Cartier further do ? Did the news of Cartier's 
 discoveries lead to anytliing ? Describe the course of his second voyage. 
 How did the name St. Lawrence originate ? What other names did Car- 
 tier give? . 
 
16 VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. [PartI-IMI. 
 
 new-comers. Next day he was received with friendly 
 courtesy by the Algonquin [al-gon*-kan«] chief, Don-na- 
 co-na. Proceeding a short distance up the stream, he 
 moored his vessels for the winter in a basin where the 
 river St. Charles (which he named St. Croix) [khrwha] 
 mingles its waters with the St. Lawrence. Tn the angle 
 formed by the confluence of these two rivers stood the 
 Indian village of Stad-a-co-^a, to which Cartier was 
 welcomed by his new friend, tli Algonquin chief. Car- 
 tier was much struck with the beauty of the surrounding 
 scenery, and with the appearance of the bold cape or 
 headland which rose almost perpendicularly along the 
 left, or northern, bank of the noble river, to which, at 
 its narrowest part, the Indians had given a name since 
 memorable as that of Kepec, or Quebec, which, in the 
 Indian tongue, signifies a " strait." 
 
 7. Cartier at Hochelaga. — Cartier did not long remain 
 at Stadacona. Having heard of a larger village, or k"^- 
 na-ta,* — a native encampment, — up the river, he left two 
 of his vessels behind, and, on the 2nd of October, reached 
 Ho-che-la-ga, situated on a lp,rge and fertile island, near' 
 the site of the present city of Montreal. Here he was 
 well received by upwards of 1,000 Huron Indians, and 
 treated with much kindness. The feeble old ag-o-han-nay 
 or chief of the Hurons, regarded him as a superior being, 
 who was able to renew his youth, and to heal the sick. 
 Many of the sick were brought to him to be cured, over 
 whom he read a portion of St. John's Gospel and prayed, 
 making at the same time the sign of the cross. He found 
 the encampment, or village, well planned and admirably 
 
 * The Algonquin Indians at Stadacona (Quebec) having thus intimated 
 to Cartier that Kan-na-ta, a collection of wigwams, or native Huron 
 village was farther up the river, he probably understood them to apply 
 that word to the whole country lying beyond him. Hence, in this way, 
 it is likely that the name Kannata, or Cfanada, was given to the entire 
 country which Cartier was then engaged in exploring. 
 
 Questions.— Describe Cartier's visit to Donnacona and his village. 
 Explain the Indian name of Quebec. What is said of the supposed derii 
 YAtipu of the name of Canada ? Describe Cartier's visit to Hochelaga, 
 
Chap. 11-1541] VOTAaES AND DISCOVERIES. 17 
 
 defended. Near the village stood a lofty hill, — to which 
 he gave the name of Mount Royal ; and from the top of 
 which a panorama of great beauty and extent spread out 
 before him. 
 
 8. Return to France. — Cartier did not long remain at 
 Hochelaga, but returned to Quebec early in October. 
 Fearing hostilities, he made a strong enclosure near his 
 ships, and placed cannon in position to defend it. During 
 the following winter his men suffered much from scurvy 
 and cold ; he was therefore anxious to return to France. 
 On the 3rd of May he erected a cross, with the arms of 
 France upon it, in token of having taken possession of 
 the country on behalf of his sovereign. He then sud- 
 denly seized Donnacona and four other Indians, and on 
 the 6th of May proceeded down the river, but did not 
 reach St. Mulo until the 8th July, 1536. These Indians 
 with their chief never returned to Canada, as they died 
 soon after reaching France. efore he died, Donnacona 
 and the other Indians were ]* iptized with great ceremony 
 in the cathedral of Rouen [roo-on^]. 
 
 9. Expedition of Roberiml. — Owing to religious dissen- 
 sions in France, and to a war with Spain, five years 
 elapsed after Cartier's return, before another expedition 
 was projected. To the command of this expedition, the 
 king appointed Jean Francois de la Roque [roke], Lord 
 of Rob-er-val in Pic-ar-dy.* Cartier was named second 
 in command. M. de Rob-er-val also received a commission 
 as viceroy of the new colony. A delay having occurred, 
 Cartier was, in May, 1541, despatched in advance. Rob- 
 erval followed him, in April of the next year. In the 
 meantime, Cartier reached the scene of his first visit ; 
 
 * Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, a native of Picardy, 
 France, was appointed Viceroy of Canada in 1540, and sailed thence, 
 from Rochelle, in 1542. He met Cartier (returning to France) at St. 
 John's, Newfoundland, in June. Having wintered at Cape Rouge, above 
 Quebec, he, in June, 1543, explored the River Saguenay. 
 
 Questions — Describe his act of treachery to the Indiang. What stepi 
 were taken in sending out Roberval's expedition ? Give a ekatch of Rob- 
 erval's life. 
 
 2 
 
18 VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. [PART I— IMl 
 
 but fearing the hostility of the Indians, on account of 
 his treachery to Donnacona, he removed a little farther 
 up the river, to Capt Rouge. Here a little settlement 
 was made (protected by two forts) which was named 
 Charlesl)ourg Royal. Leaving Vicomte de Beaupre [bo- 
 pray] in command, Cartier sailed up to Hochelaga and 
 tried to pass the Sault St. Louis (now called the Lachine 
 Rapids) ; but being unsuccessful, he returned to Capo 
 Rouge for the winter. In the spring he was treated 
 with such hostility by the Indians that he set out at once 
 for France. At Newfoundland he was met by Roberval, 
 the viceroy, who commanded him to return to Canada. 
 To avoid doing so, he weighed anchor in the night and 
 sailed for France. He died there soon after. For his 
 eminent services he was ennobled by the king ; and 
 license to trade in Canada was granted to his heirs for 
 twelve years after his death. Roberval continued his 
 voyage to the place where Cartier had wintered, at Cape 
 Rouge. Here he remained, and in the spring proceeded 
 to explore the Saguenay River. After suffering various 
 hardships, he returned to France in 1543. For six years 
 afterwards, no effort was made to colonize Canada. 
 
 10. Other futile expeditions — Feudal System introduced. 
 — During the next fifty years little was accomplished. 
 Colonies in Brazil and Florida were projected ; but after 
 a trial they failed, and were abandoned. In 1598, the 
 Marquis de la Roche [rosh] was constituted the first 
 lieutenant-general of the king, and was invested by him 
 with power " to grant leases of lands in New France, in 
 form of fiefs, to men of gentle blood." This was the 
 origin of the feudal system which was afterwards intro- 
 duced into Canada. It was subsequently modified by 
 Cardinal Richelieu into a seigniorial tenure, which was 
 not finally abolished until 1854. The Marquis sailed for 
 Nova Scotia, but only reached Sable Island, where he 
 
 Questions.— Trace Cartier's further career- How did the Roberval 
 expedition end ? What other eteps were taken to promote colonization 
 in France and what was the result ? ,. « 
 
Chap. II— 1M9,] SKETCH OF B. N. AMERICA. 19 
 
 landed forty French convicts, until he could select the 
 site of a settlement. This a ntorin prevented him from 
 doing ; and after touching on the count of Nova Scotia, 
 he returned to France, leavii'g the convicts to their fate. 
 In 1605 the king sent Che<'otel, u Norman })ilot, to them 
 with relief, Imt only twelve were found alive. TIichc 
 were brought back to France, and pardoned by king 
 Henri IV., on account of their sufferings. Tlie marquis, 
 having lost all his fortune, died unhappily soon after. 
 
 Part II. 
 
 Summary Sketch of the History of Canada. 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 First Settlement of Canada, 1603-1608. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 Causes leading to the settlement of New France, 
 
 1. Commercial Efforts. — Not only did French fisher- 
 jnen continue to frequent the coast of Newfoundland, but 
 under the patronage of Henri IV., Dupont Grave [due- 
 pon*-gra-vay], a merchant of St. Malo, and Chauvin [shaw- 
 van*'], a master-mariner of Rouen [rwan], made several 
 voyages to Tad-ou-sac, and brought home cargoes of the 
 rich furs which had been collected there fvom places 
 north of it. A stone building [the first ever put up in 
 Canada] was erected there, and for a time the fur trade 
 was prosperous. Subsequent voyages, however, having 
 proved unsuccessful, De Chaste, the governor of Dieppe 
 [de-epp], formed a company of Rouen and other merchants 
 to prosecute the traffic in furs more vigorously. 
 
 2. Champlain's First Voyage. — The first expedition to 
 
 Questions.— What is said of feudal system and the seigniorial tenure ? 
 Giff'e the particulars of the Marquis de la Roche's expedition and of the 
 fate of the convicts and of himsslf . 
 
 y 
 
20 • SKKTCII OF B. N. AMERICA. [Paut II-10(J3. 
 
 Canada, projected by this company, coiifiistod of tliree 
 small shipfl. It waH placed under the command of Samuel 
 de Champlaiu [.shaum-plan'*], a distinguiwhed ca{)tain in 
 the Fren(!h navy.* 
 
 In com})any with Dupont Grave he reached tlie St. 
 Lawrence in 1(50.*}, and lost no time in pushing his wny up 
 the river as far as Ilochelaga, stop}>ing at Three Rivers to 
 examine its fitness for a trading j)()st. When he reached 
 liochelaga, he found it deserted except hy a few Algoii- 
 (piins. With some of these Indians he essayed to {)a88 
 the rapids of the Sault St. Louis [soo-sanMoo-ee] (Lachine) 
 in his hoats, but could not, owing to tlie strong current. 
 He obtained from the Indians rude sketehes on baik of 
 the river and country above the raj)i(ls, and carefully 
 noted all he saw. Having j)reparod for the information 
 of the King, Ilenfi IV., a chart, illustrating his explor- . 
 ations, he and Dupont (ii-ave returned to France. 
 
 3. Ghatnjylain's Second Vot/fn/c — Aradie aet.flcd. — Tlie 
 French monarch (Henri IV.) regai'ded C'hanii)lain's ex- 
 plorations with favor-t V\n)\\ De ('haste's death, he con- 
 
 * Samuel de Clinniplnin, a native ui Bioiintro, in Frame, explored the 
 St. LawreiK-e, vvilli Juijiont (Jrave, fumi TjhIoiihju' to 'I'liree KiverH, in 
 180M-7. On the third .lulv, U <'X, he l'<)ini»le«l the city ot Quebee. In lOO!), 
 ho ascended tlie river l^icln lieu [r<('('h-«l-yu],;in(l<lli^roveri'd Lake ( hani- 
 
 {dain. In Unf), he apcended Ihe (XtJnva to J.ake Isi[»-iH sing ; descendf-d 
 <^reneh River to (ieorgian liay ; and t'joni Lake Sinicoe he passed, by a 
 long portage, to (ho hofid-water of (he Kiver 'J'rent, and thence to Lake 
 Onlario. He tlien <Mosficd to (K«-we-go. He had many unneccssaiT con- 
 flicts with the Iroquois Indians. In IC^li, his eajiital was captured by the 
 Knglish, under Sir I>avid K<rtk, bul, in 1(>3U, restored. In J(vW, he was 
 ai)pointed the lirst governor of Canada. Lie died in 16155, very deep)y 
 regretted- 
 
 t Henri de Bourbon, the celebrated King of France and Navarre, was 
 born at Paris in 1553. He was the tliird son of Anthony de Bourbon and 
 Jane d'Albret, heiress of Henri d'Albret, King of Navarre. O/i the sud- 
 den death of his mother, who was a Huguenot, and "who h^ brought 
 up her son to the Protestant faith, he became King of Navarre. Just 
 before his death by assassination, Henri III., King of France, acknowledged 
 the King of Navarre as his lawful successor. Henri IV. had, however, to 
 wage a war against *' the League " before he obtained the crown. One of 
 his splendid victories over the Leaguers is celebrated by Lord Macaulay 
 in his stirring ode on the •' Battle of Ivry." At length, Henri, having ab- 
 jured the Protestant faith, tlie opposing party acknowledged Lim as King 
 
 Questions.— Mention the causes which led to the first formation of a 
 French company of merchants to promote trade with the New French Col- 
 ony. Describe Champlaiu's first voyage, and give a sketch of his life. 
 
Chap, ni-lflon.l CHAMPLAIN*S VOYA0K8. 
 
 21 
 
 Jferred upon Pierro Dii«;a8, Sieur do Monts, [mohn*] 
 governor of Pons, (ji distingnlHhed Huguenot), greatly 
 enlarged trading privileges. He iiUo made him lieutenant- 
 general of Acadie.* In eompany with Champlain, Dnpont 
 Grave and l)e Poutrineonrt, [poo-truhn*^-koor], de Monts, 
 with a very mixed elassof colonists, saihid in March, 1G04, 
 for Acadie, (Nova Scotia), whi(rh lu^ preferred for his pro- 
 posed colony. De IMonts having 
 reached Cape la Heve, Nova Sco- 
 tia, waited a month for Dnpont 
 Grave'K store ship, at Port Mon- 
 ton (so called from a sheej) which 
 had fallen overboard out of the 
 ship). They then nuuK. their 
 way round the pcuiinsnla into a 
 large hay which de IMonts named 
 La Haie FrMn(;aise; (now called 
 Fundy). While Dii})ont Grave 
 saikid for Tadonsac to trade with 
 the Indians, de Monts pursued 
 his voyage, and discovered a beau- 
 tiful spot, near an enclosed sheet of water which he named, 
 Port Royal (An-nap-o-lis). Poutrincourt, who was de- 
 lighted with the place, selected it as a site for a settlement ; 
 and de Monts, who by his patent owned one half of the 
 continent, made him a grant of it. This grant — the first 
 ever made in America — was afterwards confirmed by 
 letters patent from Henri IV. De Monts then sailed in 
 search of a suitable place for his new colonists. He dis- 
 covered the St. John river, and proceeding on, at length 
 
 Henri IV of France. 
 
 of Franco in 150.3. To hiH distinguislied minister, tlio Duke de Sully, lie 
 was indebted for an able administration of the Hnance antl of the f^eiiural 
 affairs of the kingdom. After reigning twenty-one years he was in turn 
 assassinated, and in 1610 was succeeded by liis son Louis XIII. 
 
 * This name first appears in a public document in 1604, when Pierre Du 
 Guast, or Dugas, sieur de Monts, petitioned King Henri IV., for leave to 
 t^olouize " La Cadie, or Acadie." The name is supposed to be derived 
 from La-quod-tHe, the Indian name of a local flsh called a pollock. 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of Champlain's second voyage in 1604. Men- 
 tion the discoveries which he made in this expedition. Who succeeded 
 i de Chaste? What is said of Poutriucourt'u settlement and the grant 
 i which was made of it to him ? 
 
22 SKETCH OP B. N. AMERICA. [Pakt II-1(J03. 
 
 fixed upon a rooky islot, at tlift month of jinofhor rivor, 
 wliicli lie niuned St. Croix. Here lie remained dnrinir 
 the winter, while Champlain explored the coast as tar as 
 Penohscot. In the following summer he went in search 
 of a more eli<ifil)le site for his settlement ; but an untoward 
 accident having occurred at Capo Cod, he became dis- 
 wOiirag(Ml and returned to St. Croix. 
 
 4. Uemuiinl of the Colotu/^ and its Abandonment. — Not 
 wishing to remain another wint(;r at St. Croix, de Monts 
 removed the colony to Port Royal. Unpleasant news, 
 however, inchieed him to return at once to France, where 
 he found strong opposition to his colonizing schemes. 
 Tlirouiih the zeal of Poutrincourt and Marc Lescarbot 
 (a lawyer and poet) he was enabled to fit out another 
 ship juid to despatch it to the colony in charge of these 
 two IViiMids. In the meantime Diipont Grave, who had 
 employed his leisure in exploring the neighboring coasts, 
 returned to France ; while Poutrincourt and Champlain 
 continiKMl the explorations, leaving Lescarbot in charge of 
 the colony. Lescarbot busied himself in tilling the soil, 
 and in colle(!ting materials for a projected history of New 
 France. His versatility and vivacity infused new life 
 into the self-exiled colonists at Port Royal ; but in the 
 midst of their enjoyment, news arrived that the de Monts* 
 charter had been r<5scinded, and that the company refused 
 any longer to bear the expense of the colony. There 
 was, therefore, no alternative but to abandon it ; and 
 much to the grief of Membertou, (the venerable Indian 
 sagamore of Annapolis, who had been their fast friend,) 
 Poutrincourt, Champlain, Lescarbot, and other colonists, 
 quitted the settlement and returned to France in 1607. 
 
 0. Champlain' s Third Viyyage — Quebec Founded. — De 
 Monts, having transferred all interest in Port Royal to 
 Poutrincourt, sought for and obtained in 1607, a renewal 
 of the tar trade monopoly for one year, on condition that 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of de Monts' exploration and settlement at 
 St. Croix. Why did he abandon it? How did the settlement of Port 
 Royal succeed? By whom and what were the explorations made ? Wliat 
 is said of Lescarbot ? 
 
Obap. in-lrt03.1 ftKPlTOH OF B. N. AMERICA. 23 
 
 ho would colonize Cansida, wltli a view to open up through 
 it a route to IiuUa and China. (See the Chapter ou 
 Nova Scotia, page .) I)e Monts lost no time in 
 fitting out an ex[)e(lition of two vesHels, under Champlain 
 and Dupont Grave, to traflic with the Indians, and to 
 explore the St. Lawrence. Champlain sailed from France 
 on the 13th April, 1(508, and reached Tadousac on the 
 8rd June. Dupont Grave had heen there a few days 
 before him, hut was in the ho.stile hands of some Basque 
 traders, who refused to let him trade with the Indians. 
 The arrival of Chami)lain s<'t matters right, and he pro- 
 ceeded up the river. On iivd .luly, he reached the spot 
 which, seventy-three years before, had been visited by 
 Cartier. Tiie beuutiful fall on the north side of the St. 
 Lawrence, and at the head of the Isle of Orleans, he 
 named '" le Safdt de Montmorenci^^^ after the Admiral of 
 France. No trace of Stadacona remained. Near the site 
 of that village, and at a place called Kebec by the Indians, 
 Champlain erected a rude fort, — in this way foreshadow- 
 ing the future destiny of a spot which has since become 
 so famous in the military annals of two great nations. 
 — Thus, after long years of retribution, misfortune, and 
 doubt, a footing was obtained, and the infant capital of 
 New France in America was founded in Canada. From 
 that centre of civilization radiated, in later years, a series 
 of French settlements, which to the east embraced the 
 islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Prince 
 Edward, as well as Acadie, or Nova Scotia, and stretched 
 away to the west from Montreal to Frontenac, Niagara, 
 Pen-e-tan-guish-ene, and Detroit, and thence across the 
 continent to Flor-i-da and Louisiana [loo-ees-e-an-a.] 
 
 Questions.— Where did Champlain make his third voyage and what 
 was its object ? What is said of his* having founded the capital of New 
 France and of the after-extent of the French settlements in America? 
 
24 HISTORY OF 0ANA.1JA. [PaHt 11-1608. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Sketch of French Rule — First Period, 
 
 1608-1672. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Champlahi's Colony — Early Trading Efforts — Unfortu- 
 nate Indian League — Iroquois Wars — Political Pro- 
 gress — Development of the Fur trade — Colonial Trading 
 Contests, 
 
 1. Ghamplain's First Discovery. — Ere Champlain's 
 colony was iettled in its new home a shadow fell upon it. 
 A conspiracy was formed among his own men to kill him, 
 and to give the Basque traders possession of the place. 
 Remorse, however, seized one of the ti-aitors and he re- 
 vealed the plot. The ringleader was hanged, and his co- 
 conspirators were sent as convicts to the galleys. Thus the 
 little colony was providentially saved. Anxious to explore 
 the country near his new settlement, Champlain entered 
 into friendly relations with the neighboring tribes. The 
 Hurons, and Ottawas, or Algonquins, being oppressed by 
 a superior race unknown to Champlain, gladly accepted 
 his offer. In May, 1609, a war-party having come to 
 Quebec, accompanied him up the St. Lawrence. On 
 reaching the River of tlie Iroquois, (a tributary of the 
 St. Lawrence,) '* he tui'ued southwards with his dusky 
 
 * This river so noted in the early historj' of C.ir.ada, ajid in the desolat- 
 ing wars between the French (ohuiists and the Iroquois, was lirst known 
 as the Biver of the Jrnqvois, (as it led up to the eastern portion of the 
 Iroquois territory, which was inhabited by the JMohawks.) It was after- 
 wards named the' Richelieu from the (listluguishod French Cardinal of that 
 name when M. de Montniagny [niont'-man-yee] erected Fort Richelieu at 
 the mouth of the river, as a barrier against the Iroquois, in 1641-2. Sub- 
 sequently the river was named So-ref, (after a captain of the Carignau 
 [car-een-yan] regiment, who rebuilt Fort Richelieu). The river was also 
 
 Questions. — To what does chapter IV. relate ? What event occurred 
 at the settlement ? What is eaid of the Iroquois River ? 
 
CltAf . tV-lC08.] t^tltST SEtTLKAIEt^f. S5 
 
 allies, and continued his canoe-voyage up the stream, un- 
 til he came to that beautiful lake which, as a memorial of 
 his discoveries, still bears his name.* [See paragraph 33 
 of Chapter V.] 
 
 2. Fatal Effects of Champlain's Indian League. — 
 Champlain proceeded up this lake to its further extremity. 
 Here he and his Indian allies encountered a band of Iro- 
 quois, who gave battle ; but they were utterly defeated by 
 the superior arms of the new friends of the Algonquins. 
 Thus, in an unprovoked contest, the first Indian blood was 
 unwarrantably shed in Canada by the white man. Bitterly 
 and fiercely, and for many years, was this fatal error again 
 and again avenged, until the lives of hundreds of French 
 colonists had atoned for the life of every Iro(|uois who 
 had fallen in this first memorable battle with the Euro- 
 pean colonists in Canada. 
 
 3. ChamplahCs Further Discoveries. — Champlain soon 
 afterwards returned to Quebec, and thence to France. He 
 was received with great favor by Henri IV., to whom he 
 brought presents of belts of wampnrri, porcupine quills, and 
 other curiosities. As a mark of favor the king gave the 
 name of New France to his new American possessions. 
 Although de Monts had failed to obtain a renewal of his 
 trading privileges, he nevertheless, with the aid of the 
 Merchants' Company, fitted out in 1610 a fourth expedi- 
 tion, under the command of Champlain and Dupont Grave. 
 This expedition reached Tadousac after a pleasant passage 
 of eighteen days. Here they found rival fur traders ; but 
 such was Champlain's love of adventure that he deter- 
 
 called Chambly, after de Chamhlie, a captain of the same regiment, who 
 erected Fort St. luouis, which waH afterwards known as Fort Chambly. 
 M. de Sali^res [sal-ee-ere], another Carignan captain, erected Fort St. 
 Therfese, [thay-race] nine miles above Chambly, on the same river. M. 
 de Mothe, a fourth Carignan (japtain, erected Fort Ste. Anne on Mothe 
 Itr-landj at the foot of Lake Chatnplain. 
 
 * This Lake, so long a highway between the territories of the hostile 
 Hurons and Iroquois Indians, reciiived from them the name of Can-i-a-de~ 
 re-gu-a-ran-te, or the " Lake Gate of the Country." 
 
 QiTESTiONS.— What iiv/table discovery did Champlain make? Give the 
 Indian name of the lake. Give the particulars of Champlain's fatal In- 
 dian league against the Iroquois. How was Champlain received in 
 France ? What name did the king give to his new poiseasious? 
 
26 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Part 11-1601). 
 
 mined to make further explorjitions. He joined the Hu- 
 ron Indians in another attack on an entrenched camp of 
 the Iroquois, at the mouth of the River of the Iroquois. 
 The contest was a severe one ; but the arms of the French 
 quickly decided it in favor of their Indian allies. Cham- 
 plain soon afterwards returned to Quebec, where, tired of 
 Indian warfare, he devoted himself for a time to the cul- 
 ture of flowers and fruit. 
 
 4. Death of Henry IV. — Trading Post at Montreal. — 
 At Quebec, Champlain heard with profound regret of the 
 assassination of King Henry IV. De Monts' influence at 
 court having now entirely ceased, commercial rivalry 
 nearly ruined the fur trade. Champlain returned to 
 France in August, but revisited Canada in the spring 
 of 1611, to make another effort to retrieve de Monts' 
 fortunes and those of his trading associates. With this 
 view he determined to erect a permanent trading post as 
 far up above Quebec as the rapids would permit, and also 
 one easily accessible to the Ottawa and neighboring Indian 
 tribes. After visiting various places, Champlain at length 
 selected Mount Royal, which lay at the foot of the Sault 
 St. Louis (Lachine), and at the confluence of the two 
 great rivers (the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence). To the 
 adjacent island he gave the name of Ste. Helene, after his 
 wife. Having cleared the ground he proceeded to erect 
 his new trading fort. He fixed it on the spot lately occu- 
 pied by the hospital of the Grey Nuns of Montreal (Soeurs 
 Grises), and named it Place Royalei No sooner had he 
 commenced his labors than a crowd of trading adventurers, 
 who had followed him from France, appeared at Montreal, 
 and sought to monopolize the fui* traffic with the Indians. 
 Not wishing that they should profit by his labors, Cham- 
 plain returned to Quebec, and soon after left for France to 
 confer with de Monts on the depressed state of the affairs 
 of the Company. De Monts, engrossed in other matters 
 
 Questions. — Give a sketch of Champlain'g further explorations and 
 Indian contests. What pa<i event occurred in 1610 ? Give particulars of 
 the new trading fort established at Hochelaga by Champlain. What 
 island near this fort did he name ? Mention the discouragements he met 
 with. 
 
Chap. IV-1G120 HISTORY OP BtSINESS. 27 
 
 and much discouraged, left Champlaiu to his own resources. 
 Knowing that without the aid of some powerful hand to 
 i.ssist them, the colony would soon sink, Champlain made 
 a great effort, and in 1612 prevailed upon Prince Charles 
 de Bourbon, Count de Soissons [swaw-son] to become the 
 patron of Canada. De Soissons was commissioned as 
 lieutenant general (with Champlain as his deputy), but 
 being attacked with fever, he died soon afterwards. 
 Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde,* however, took his 
 place. 
 
 5. Trading Disputes — Ottawa Explorations. — Cham- 
 plain foreseeing the ruinous consequences of unrestricted 
 rivalry, proposed to share his new trading privileges with 
 his competitors in the fur traffic. The liouen and St. 
 Malo traders accepted his offer, and formed a Merchants' 
 Company ; but those of Rochelle stood out, and preferred 
 the chances of an illicit trade. He had, therefore, great 
 difficulty in reconciling the disputes which arose out of the 
 new trading privileges which had been conferred upon the 
 Merchants' Company ; but at length he partially succeed- 
 ed, and, in 1613, again embarked for Canada. Stopping 
 a short time at Quebec, he proceeded up the river to 
 Hochelaga (Montreal). Here he did not delay long, but 
 turned his attention to exploration. Taking the northern 
 channel of the river, Champlain, accompanied by Etienne 
 Brule, t his faithful interpreter, and his comrades, soon 
 entered the Ottawa and proceeded up that river. Sur- 
 prised at its uniform breadth and volume, they still ad- 
 vanced in the hope of reaching China and Japan, by way 
 
 * This prince should not be confounded with his son, " the great Cond6," 
 who was bom in l()2l, and who afterwards became so famous m the French 
 war against Spain, under the celebrated Marshal Turenne [tu-renn], 
 
 t This brave and energetic Frenchman accompanied Champlain through 
 nearly all his explorations. He also acted as a scout when the Huron 
 Indians made a raid into the Iroquois country, and performed many peril- 
 ous feats of daring among them. H« was treacherously murdered by the 
 Hurons at one of their villages nea: Penetanguishene in 1632. 
 
 Questions.— Who became patron of Canada? How did Champlain 
 seek to settle the trading disputes ? "Who stood out ? After visiting 
 Hochelaga, what did Champlain do ? * 
 
28 
 
 maionY of canada. 
 
 tpART ii-ieii 
 
 of the Hudson Bay, which had only lately (1610) been 
 discovered by Henry Hudson. "* This Champlain had 
 been led to believe he could do, by the mis-statements of 
 
 a boasting adventurer, named Vig- 
 nan, who professed to have ex- 
 plored the route far inland. At 
 length having reached a point be- 
 yond the head of a lake (now known 
 as Coulonge), the party stopped to 
 confer with Tes-sou-at, the chief- 
 tain of the place. Here, after a 
 feast. Champ' .1 urged the chief 
 to give him cuiioes and convoy to 
 the territory of the Nipissings, 
 Henry Hudson. which Vignan liad described as 
 
 being near an ocean at the north. 
 Tessouat laughed at the credulous Champlain, and insist- 
 ed upon killing the imposter Vignan for having thus de- 
 ceived him. He assured Champlain that Vignan had 
 nevir seen the country of the Nipissings, but had remained 
 theie with him until he had returned to Montreal. Tes- 
 souai further discouraged Champlain ; and he having also 
 learned, from the significant sign-language of the Indians, 
 
 * Henry Hudson was an eniinent English navigator, but his early his- 
 tory is unknown. Me was sent, in 1(507, by some Loudon merchants, todis- 
 cov'er a north-west passage to China alid Japan, but only reached 80° 
 north latitude, and returned- In a second voyage, he went as far as 
 Nova Zembla- In 1609. he was despatched on a third voyage, by the Dutch 
 East India Company (who called him Hendrick Hudson), and discovered 
 the beautiful river Hudson, in the State of New York. In IGIO, he under- 
 took a fourth voyage, in a bark named the "Discovery," and in June 
 reached Greenland. Procee<ling along the Labrador coast, which he 
 named Nova Britannia, he discovered, in 60° north latitude, a strait 
 leading iuto a vast bay ; (the strait and bay are now named after him). 
 He entered it, and went southwards. Unable to bear the severe cli- 
 mate, he prepared to return ; but having threatened his mutinous crew, 
 they entered his cabin at night, pinioned his arms, and put him, with 
 his son John and sjven iulirm men, on shore in a boat. Hudson and 
 these men were never heard of afterwards. A few of the mutineers 
 reached England, in ICll, after having justly suffered very great hard- 
 ships. 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of Hudson's life. Mention Champlaiu's ad- 
 venture at Lake Coulonge. 
 
Chap. IV.— 1613.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 29 
 
 that the source of t' Ottawa lay far to the northwest, 
 despaired to reach it. lie then returned down the Ottawa 
 and St. Lawrence to Quebec, and thence to St. Malo in 
 August, 1613. 
 
 6. Reverses — First Missionaries to Canada. — The 
 Prince de Conde proved to be a mercenary, though from 
 his position, an influential patron and Viceroy. A new 
 and enlarged company was incorporated under his 
 auspices ; and an effort was made to introduce Christianity 
 among the Indians. For this purpose, Champlain brought 
 out with him, in 1615, four Recollet [rec-ko-lay] fathers 
 (Jamay, d'Olbeau, le Caron and du Plessis),^ as mission- 
 
 . aries to Canada. The first mass ever celebrated in Canar 
 da was performed by Jamay and le Caron, at the River 
 des Prairies, in June, 1615, and by d'Olbeau and du 
 Plessis at Quebec. 
 
 7. Discovery of Lakes Niinssing and Huron. — Nothing 
 daunted at his previous failure, Champlain determined to 
 renew his explorations. D'Olbeau had gone as a mission- 
 ary to the Montagnais, near Tadousac, Jamay and du 
 Plessis remained at Quebec, while le Caron started with 
 the Huron Indians in advance of Champlain up the 
 Ottawa. Passing Lake Coulonge, where he had ■ een 
 before in his explorations, Champlain followed up the 
 tributary waters of the Mattawan river to Lake Nip-is-sing, 
 where he stopped two days with the Nipissing or Neb-e- 
 cer-i-ni Indians, — also called Sorciers (Sorcerers), from 
 their ill repute as magicians — thence down a river, since 
 known as French River, into what is now known as 
 Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, but which he called Mer 
 Douce [mare-duce]. Turning southwards he followed the 
 
 * The RecoUets, a later branch of the rranciscans, founded by St. 
 Francis d'Assisi, were known as Franciscans of the Strict Observance. 
 The name is derived from the practice of strict spiritual recollection 
 which was required of the brethren. They were approved by Clement 
 VII., in 1532. 
 
 Questions.— How was Christianity introduced into Canada? Who 
 were the first missionaries ? Describe the religious order. What relig- 
 ious ev«nt occurred in 1615 ? . * 
 
30 HISTORY OF CANADA. Part 11— 1615. 
 
 coast of the Georgian Bay until he reached the head of 
 Matchedash Bay. From Penetanguishene he followed 
 an Indian trail far inland through a rich wooded country, 
 to a palisaded village named 0-tou-a-cha, one of the 
 principal lodges of the Huron Indians. Here he was 
 well received ; but eager to explore further, he visited 
 other villages to the westward. At length he reached 
 Car-ha-gou-ha (with its triple palisade thirty-five feet 
 high), where he met the Recollet father, le Caron, who 
 was rejoiced to see him. Le Caron, on the twenty-sixth 
 of July, signalized the event by celebrating mass, and 
 chanting the Te Deum for the first time in these Western 
 wilds. From this spot he turned his steps eastwards and 
 soon reached Ca-hi-a-gu-e (in our modern Orillia), the 
 rendez-vous or chief lodge of the great Huron settlement 
 near Lake Simcoe, which was afterwards known as the 
 French Mission of St. Jean Baptiste. 
 
 8. Great Warlike Expedition against the Iroquois. — At 
 Cahiague, there was great feasting and war-dances, and the 
 invincible Champlain promised to join the Hurons in a 
 projected incursion into the far-off Iro(iuois territory. 
 To make this stealthy blow fall with more unerring and 
 fatal certainty upon the Iroquois, Etienne Brule, Cham- 
 plain's interpreter and intrepid companion, volunteered 
 with twelve Hurons to penetrate as a scout to the hostile 
 borders of the foe and visit the Eries, who had promised 
 to send five hundred of their warriors on tlie Huron war 
 path against their common enemy, the Iro(iuois. Cham- 
 plain with his allies, having crossed the Narrows at Lake 
 Cou-chi-ching, coasted down Lake Simcoe, to a little river, 
 now called Talbot, thence across the Portage to Lake 
 Balsam, and down the devious windings of the chain of 
 waters leading to the river Trent. From the mouth of 
 this river the hostile fleet of canoes glided down the Bay 
 of Quinte to the first opening leading into Lac St. Louis, 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of the explorations made by Champlain in 
 1615-16. What is said of the Indians and places which he visited? What 
 occurred near Lai^e Simcoe? * ?^ 
 
Chap. IV— 1616.] sketch of French rule. 8J 
 
 (known to the Hurons as Lake On-tou-o-ro-nons, or Onta- 
 rio). Boldly crossing this lake, they reached the opposite 
 shore, and hiding their canoes in the woods, filed warily in- 
 land across the Onondaga river towards the ca ties of the 
 Senecas. At length, abont the 10th of October, they 
 reached the foe, who, unaware of danger, were busily en- 
 gaged in gathering their maize and autumn fruits. Without 
 waiting for their Erie allies, the Ilurons tunudtuously rush- 
 ed upon the unconscious Iroquois, who instinctively grasped 
 their tomahawks and rallying to their defences, st6od at bay. 
 Ere Champlain could interfere, many of the Hurons lay 
 dead, and even with his powerful aid a panic seized them; 
 and though he rallied them, they again tied. Champlain 
 himself was wounded, and was forced to follow his fugitive 
 allies. But his prestige was gone ; and the Hurons 
 gloomily allowed him to accompany them in their retreat 
 across the lake. They then refused to redeem their 
 promise to send an escort w ith him to Quebec, and virtually 
 kept him a prisoner among them till the following spring. 
 Du-ran-tal, a chief, however, remained friendly, and shared 
 his lodge with him. His energetic nature brooked no 
 restraint, however ; and he induced the Hurons to allow 
 him to renew his explorations for a time. He visited" le 
 Caron again at Carhagouha ; and though it was mid winter 
 they both pushed on westwards to the lodges of the 
 Tobacco Indians and those of the Cheveux Relev^s, — an 
 Algonquin tribe to the southwest of Nottawasaga bay. 
 In one of his hunting expeditions with the Hurons, Cham- 
 plain became separated from them and nearly lost his life 
 in the woods. At length, by the aid of Durantal, and 
 other friendly Indians, who accompanied him, he returned 
 secretly to Sault St. Louis (Lachine), in July, 1616, and 
 thence to Quebec, whither le Caron had preceded him, 
 and where he found the little colony, which had mourned 
 him as dead, torn by intestine feuds between the merchants, 
 
 Questions.— When did Champlain's next contest with the Iroquois 
 take place ? How did it end ? Give a sketch of the contest and of 
 Brule's intrepidity. What was the effect of this warlike expedition ? 
 What further adventuresn befell Champlain ? How did he escape ? 
 Meutiou th« state of the little colony. 
 
82 HISTORY OP CANADA. [Part H-Wld. 
 
 the resident families (who were forbidden to traffic with 
 the Indians), and the Rochelle [ro-shell] traders, who 
 defied the authority of the chartered company of mer- 
 chants. 
 
 9. Champlain's Discouragements and Zeal. — Owing to 
 the continued contest between the friends and enemies 
 of tlie Company's nionoply in Canada, Champhiin returned 
 to France and sought to reconcile differences, and still to 
 maintahi the })riviloges of the Company. The Prince 
 de Conde [con-day], being involved in political troubles, 
 was imprisoned. He sold his Vice-royalty in Canada to 
 the Duke de Montmorency rmon«^-moh-ralm*^-see], who 
 was a friend of Champlain.* The company of mer- 
 chants suffered much embarrassment, and were involved 
 in litigation in endeavoring to maintain their exclusive 
 privilege in the pel try -traffic. They strongly censured 
 Champhiin for his greater devotion to exjiloration than 
 to their trade-interests, and therefore sought to supersede 
 him by Dupont Grave, whose thoughts were more en- 
 grossed in the extension of the fur-trade. Warm discus- 
 sions ensued, and the matter was finally brought before 
 the king's council. A royal decree was, however, passed 
 in 1619, sustaining Champhiin. In high hopes he again 
 left for Canadiv in 1620, accompanied by his youthful 
 wife, who was received with great respect by the Indians 
 at Quebec. When Champlain arrived at Tudousac, he 
 found that some experienced rival traders from Rochelle 
 had, contrary to regulations, imprudently bartered fire- 
 arms with the Indians for furs. This indiscretion afterwards 
 caused the colony much trouble. In 1620, Champlain 
 laid the foundation of the Castle of St. Louis, Quebec, 
 which continued to be a vice-royal residence until 1834, 
 
 * Henry, Duke de Montmorency, and y\diniral of France, wap born In 
 1595. He was succcsBful against the HnRuenots in 1628 ; but being an 
 enemy of Cardinal Richelieu, he raised the standard of Rebellion in 
 Languedoc. He was wounded, taken prisoner and executed in 1632. 
 
 Questions.— What discouragements did Champlain meet with? How 
 did he overcome them ? Who succeeded Cond6 ? How were the tradl^tg 
 disputes settled in Frauo« ? What indiscretioR occurred at Tadousac ? 
 
Jhap. IV-1«22.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 33 
 
 hen it was accidentally burned He also framed a brief 
 'code of laws for the internal .government of the little 
 colony ; but he was greatly impeded in his efforts to 
 promote its prosperity, by reli<,ioii8 dissensions, trading 
 disputes, and the incursions of the Iroquois. These 
 incursions threatened, in 16i^2, to lead to serious 
 results. Three hostile bands of Iroquois attacked three 
 of the settlements ; but the French, aided by the Hurons, 
 repulsed them. The unprotected Hurons, however, suf- 
 fered severely from the Iroquois. 
 
 10. Trading Disputes — Distracted state of the Colony, 
 — Complaints against the Trading Company of St. Male 
 and Rouen h iving become so frequent, Montmorency, 
 the viceroy, was induced to confer the powers of the 
 company upon William and Emery de Caen [kah-en], 
 one of whom was sent out to Canada as superintendent. 
 On his arrival at Tadousac, de Caen assumed almost 
 royal authority, and sought even to exercise a surveillance 
 over Champlain. His arbitrary conduct was energetically 
 resisted by Champlain, and by the colonists, who refused 
 to acknowledge the new company's agent, and left for 
 France in large numbers. Champlain sent a Recollet 
 father to lay their grievances before the king. In 1622, 
 he had the satisfaction of seeing a solemn treaty of peace 
 entered into between the hostile tribes of the Huron and 
 Iroquois Indians. In 1624 he and his wife returned to 
 France, where he learned that, by a royal edict, the dis- 
 putes between the rival trading companies had been 
 settled. 
 
 ■ 11. The Company of one Hundred Associates — Seignio- 
 rial Tenure introduced. — The Duke of Ventadour [vahn- 
 ta-dure] (who had succeeded his uncle as viceroy in 1625), 
 having entered one of the orders of monks, devoted most 
 of his attention to the conversion of the Indians. To 
 promote this object, three Jesuit fathers (Lalemant, 
 
 Questions.— state what Champlain did on hie return to Canada. "What 
 further trading disputes occurred? How did Champlain regard d« 
 Caeu ? > » 
 
84 
 
 HT8T0RT OP CANADA. 
 
 [Part II— lfl26. 
 
 Mass^ and de Brebcuf), wore, at the request of the 
 Recollets, sent to Canada in 1625. Thus the order 
 obtained a footing in Canada — fourteen years after two 
 of its members had reached Nova S(;otia. De Caen 
 wouhl not receive them, but the liecollets admitted them 
 into the SL Charles conreut. De Brebeuf undertook a 
 mission to tlie Ilurons ; but tlie fate of Viel, the Kecollet, 
 (who was drowned by the Indians at a place near Mon- 
 treal, since callwl Snuk au Recollet^) deterred him for a 
 time. The Duke's well-meant but exclusive policy did 
 not please Cbamplain, who returned to Canada in 1626. 
 
 His objections were shared in 
 by the Cardinal Uichelieu 
 [reesh-elyue], who revoked the 
 charter of the De Caen Com- 
 pany in 1 627, and instituted a 
 new one upon a broader basis. 
 This dissociation was clothed 
 with extensive powers, and 
 named " The Company of One 
 Hundred Partners." From it 
 the Huguenots were excluded. 
 It was invested by the king with 
 the vice-royalty of New France 
 and Florida, and with the " at- 
 tributes of seigniory and jus- 
 ticeship, with power to assume 
 for its infeoffed lands such titles, deeds, honors, rights, 
 powers, and faculties as should be judged fitting." Thus, in 
 Canada, the seigniorial tenure, or feudal system, was exten- 
 ded and consolidated. The French monarch also raised 
 twelve of the principal seigneurs to the rank of French 
 noblesse. Shortly afterwards King Charles I. established 
 the order of Baronets of Nova Scotia in that country. 
 
 12. First Capture of Quebec. — Scarcely had the new 
 Company been organized, ere war was declared between 
 
 Cardinal Richelieu. 
 
 QiTESTioNB.— What change was made in the trading company? Sketch 
 De Caen's career. What religious order arrived In 1625? How wei« 
 they receired ? State what further changes were made. What is said of 
 the oreation of the Seigniorial tenure, of the noble$ni of Canada, and of 
 Nova Scotia Baronets ? 
 
Chap. IV.-1M2.] SKETCn OF FRENCn RULE. 85 
 
 Franco and England. The first ships which the Company 
 sent to Canada wore captured ; and shortly afterwards 
 Tadousac fell into the hands of the English. The cap- 
 ture was made by Sir David Kertk, a French Huguenot 
 refugee from Dieppe (who had been conimisHioned by 
 Charles I., in 1()2«), and Captain Michel, formerly in the 
 service of the De Caens. Kertk sent some Hascpio pris- 
 oners as messengers to Quebec, which was not very 
 strongly fortified, and summoned it to surrender ; but 
 Champlain, who sent back a haughty reply, treated them 
 80 well, that Kertk withdrew hia ships to cruise in the 
 gulf without attacking him. On his way down the river, 
 however, he captured some French transports laden with 
 food and stores, which Roquemont (one of the new com- 
 pany) was bringing to Quebec. Owing to this loss the 
 colony suffered great privation. Next year Kertk again 
 appeared before Quebec, and, after having offered honora- 
 ble terms to Champlain (who was reduced to great straits), 
 the heroic governor capitulated the city in July, 1629. 
 Kertk, having installed his brother; Louis, as governor 
 of Quebec, went to Tadousac, where Thomas Kertk 
 followed him with Champlain. Here Cai)tain Michel 
 died. Shortly afterwards, Kertk took Champlain to 
 England, where he was released and sent to France. 
 Disasters did not long oppress the infant colony ; for, by 
 the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, in 1682, Charles 1. 
 of England, restored not only Canada, but also Cape 
 Breton and Nova Scotia, to Louis XIII. of France. 
 
 13. Death and Career of Ckamplain. — In 1632, Emery 
 de Caen came to Quebec to hoist the French standard 
 once more upon its walls. He was authorized to enjoy 
 the profits of the fur traffic for one year, so as to indem- 
 nify him for losses sustained during the war. In 1633, 
 Champlain again returned to Canada as governor. He 
 at once sought to restore prosperity, and to promote civili- 
 
 QUESTIOKS.— What trouble arose ? Describe the first capture of Que- 
 bec. Under what circumbtancea was Canada, Cape Bretoi? and Nova 
 Scotia restored to the French ? 
 
"86 HISTORY OF CANADA. LPaeT 11.-16W. 
 
 zation among the Indians, by means of the JeauifmisBiou- 
 aries. In 1634, a new settlement was formed at Three 
 Rivers. In the midst of these signs of returning life and 
 vigor, the young coU)ny was called upon to suffer a signal 
 loss, — the death of her beloved Chani{)lain on Christmas 
 day, 1635, after a checkered yet noble career of heroic 
 endurance in the service of France in Canada, of nearly 
 thirty years. He was a man of unusual energy and d<>,- 
 cision ; but his early zeal against the Irocjuois was ill- 
 judged. He wrote three volumes, at intervals, contain- 
 ing an interesting account of his voyages to Canada. He 
 also wrote a history of New France, and a summary of 
 Christian doctrines, which latter was translated into both 
 the Huron and Iroquois languages. 
 
 14. New Viceroy — Montreal Founded. — I)e Chateaufort 
 was temporarily appointed to succeed Champlain ; but in 
 1636, he became Governor of Three Rivers, on the arri- 
 val from France of De Montmagny [mont-man-yee], the 
 new Viceroy, — who sought to emulate Champlain in his 
 zeal for the colony.* In 1636, the foundation of the 
 Jesuit College for the Hurons was laid at Quebec. In 
 1637-42, Noel Brulart de Sillery, a benevolent knight of 
 Malta, founded an institution four miles above Quebec, 
 fur the Indian converts. This he named after St. Joseph 
 — who had been selected as the patron saint of Canada in 
 1624. The vear 1638 was noted for several severe 
 shocks of eartlKpiake, which were felt all over the French 
 and P.nglish colonics. In 1640, the island of Montreal 
 was ceded by M. de Lauzon [law-zon^] for the purposes 
 of settlement, to an association of thirty-five . persons. 
 
 * Le Chevalier Charles Huault de Montmagny. During his adminiatra- 
 tlon, Montreal was founded, and the long threatened war of extermina- 
 tion against the Huron Indians was commenced by the Iroquois. It was 
 to this governor that the Indians first applied the term Onfio, or Nontion, 
 t\\e great mountain, — a literal translation of M. de Montmagny's name. 
 The term was afterwards applied indifferently to each of the French 
 governors of Canada. 0-non-ti-o-go-a (or On-ti-o-go-a) was the Indian 
 name of the king of France. "* 
 
 Questions — Sketch Champlain's further career and life. Who suc- 
 ceeded him ? What is said of M. de Montmagny ? Wliat iuiititutioui 
 w«re founded in L. C. during the years 1636 to 1612 ? , '^ ' 
 
Chap. IV.-1C42.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 37 
 
 IIo had, in 1635, obtained it from the Company of On© 
 Hundred Partners. IVl. de Malsonneuve [niay-Hon*-nev] 
 was Helected to found the settieuient, which he did under 
 many discouragenKUits in 1042. He first erected a 
 few buildings, near the site of the Indian vilhige of 
 llochelaga, and enclosed the whole of tlit^ni within a 
 wooden palisade, for protection against the Indians.* On 
 the 18th day of May, 1(542, the humble settlenient was 
 with religious ceremonies solemnly named Ville Marie, 
 or Ma-ri-an-op-o-lis, by the su|K;ri()r of the .Jesuits.! 
 
 If). Concerted Indian Attacks. — lii 1042, the InKjuois 
 were successful in their attacks upon the French; and in 
 -the next year, M. d'Ailleboust erected defences around 
 Montreal. In 1044, the Iro(|uois concerted a bold scheme 
 to destroy the whole line of French posts, — a scheme 
 which, witli singular exactness, was again repeated by 
 other Indian tribes, against the English [)ost8, one hundred 
 and twenty years afterwards.^ In that year (1044), the 
 Iroquois, who were friendly to the Dutch and English, 
 but who were bitterly hostile to the French, and to their 
 allies (the Algoncjuins and Hurons), formed a plan by 
 which they hoped to exterminate in a single day all the 
 French colonists in Canada. They divided their warriors 
 into two great bauds, and these two bands into ten sep- 
 
 * Paul Chomedy de Malsonneuve was, in 1642, Installed as first governor 
 of Montreal, by M. de MontmaKny. Through the intrigues of M. de 
 Mfesy, [may-see] he was, in KHf), at his own recjuest, replaced for a time, in 
 the government of Montreal by M. Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonge [day- 
 yee-Doo-d'-koo-lawn]. He went to France in 164(5, but returned in 1648, 
 when M. d'Ailleboust left for France. 
 
 t Montreal was known to the Iroquois by the name of Ti-o-ti-a-ki, as it 
 stood upon the site of an Indian village on the banks of the river which 
 was known to Jacc^ues Carti«5r as Tu-ton-a-(iui. Hochelaga was situated 
 near the side of Mount Royal. This mount was called by the Algonquins 
 Mo-ni-ang, which is very similar to the French pronunciution of Montreal. 
 
 X In 17(53, Pon-ti-ac, a celebrated chief of the Ottawa Indians and an ally 
 of the French, matured a bold and comprehensive plan for the destruc- 
 tion of the English by the simultaneous capture of all their forts from 
 Lake Michigan to the* Niagara. The plot failed. See No. 63, Chapter V., 
 page 103. 
 
 Questions.— Mention the circumstances connected with the founda- 
 tion of Montreal. What is said of M. de Malsonneuve ; and of the year 
 rlfi44 ? Give a sketch of the Iroquois scheme for destroying the French 
 I of trading posts in 1644. Had it any after parallel ? Mention it. 
 at ii said of Pontiao ? 
 
88 HISTORY OP CANADA. [Part 11.-1642. 
 
 4 
 
 arate war-parties. In the ensuing spring these war-parties 
 were, on a given day, simultaneously to attack the French 
 settlements from several ambushed points, which were se- 
 lected with more than the usual skill and sagacity of the 
 keen-eyed Iroquois. The party of warriors designed to sur- 
 prise Montreal was fortunately discovered by the garrison 
 and defeated ; while other parties, having acted premature- 
 ly, were foiled in their attempts. Thus although the project 
 failed for want of unity of action on the part of the Iroquois 
 bands, yet many valuable lives were lost and the very exis- 
 tence of the colony itself was for a time imperilled. In this 
 crisis, Anne of Austria, the Queen Regent of France, and 
 protectress of Canada (on the death of Cardinal Riche- 
 lieu and Louis XIII., in 1642-3), at once sent out a com- 
 pany of soldiers to aid in the protection of the colony. 
 Fort Richelieu, which had been erected with great diffi- 
 culty in 1642, by Governor Montmagny, at the mouth of 
 the Iroquois (Richelieu) river to keep these Indians in 
 check, was a principle point of attack ; but, although the 
 force within the fort was small, it was successfully defend- 
 ed. At length, in 1 645, through the agency of some pris- 
 oners, the Governor induced the Iroquois to consent to a 
 peace. A truce followed, to which the Mohawks, liurons, 
 Algonquins, and French were parties ; but the rest of the 
 Iroquois cantons would not concur in it. It was entirely 
 repudiated by them in 1646, at the instigation of some 
 treacherous Hurons. On the frivolous pretext that an 
 epidemic and a failure in the crops (which had lately 
 occurred) were caused by the machinations of Pere Jogues,* 
 
 * Isaac Jogues, a native of France, came to Canada in 1636, and labored 
 as a missionary among tlie Hurons. He was taken prisoner by the Iroquois 
 in 1<)42, and was shamefully mutilated. Arendt Van Corlear, the humane 
 Dutch (xovernor of New Netlierland, rescued liim and other French prison- 
 ers. Within a short time he went to France, l>ut soon afterwards returned 
 to Canada. Ih 1646, when on his way to ratify a treaty witli the Iroquois, 
 he gave the name of St. Sacrament to the Lake called afterwards Lake 
 George by Sir VVm. Jolinston. On his arrival among the Iroquois, he fell 
 a victim to his zeal, as stated above. 
 
 Questions. — What is said of Anne of Austria, and of Fort Richelieu? 
 How was a truce brought about ? Upon what pretextB waa it broken ? 
 iSkotcb Jogues' lif «. 
 
Chap. 1V.-1<^42.] SKETCH OP FRENCH RULE. 39 
 
 — who had been sent to ratify the treaty with the several 
 cantons : — this Jesuit father was barbarously murdered. 
 Ferocious attacks were also made upon other Jesuit mis- 
 sionaries, and*several of the settlemetits, so that war and 
 rapine again desolated the country. Taking advantage, 
 however, of a partial cessation from strife, the Company 
 of One Hundred Partners, which had suffered such terri- 
 ble losses dui-ing the struggle, made an important change 
 in their relations to the colony. The Company conceded 
 to tke inhabitants of Quebec, Tliree Rivers and Montreal 
 tlie right to trade in peltries, under certain restrictions, 
 and on the early payment to it of one thousand beaver- 
 skins, besides some local expenses of the government. 
 This arrangement was conhrmad by royal edict; and the 
 Company consequently renounced all further right to in- 
 terfere in the internal trading concerns of New France. 
 
 16. Destruction of the Hurons. — M. de Maisonneuve 
 having declined the office of governor, M. d'Ailleboust 
 succeeded M. Montmagny, as governor in chief, in 1647. 
 The latter had remained in Canada for three years, and 
 had proved himself to be an able man. During his brief 
 administration the Jesuit missionaries so greatly extended 
 their explorations and labors among the Indians in the 
 interior, especially to the north-west, that the religious 
 interest in the colony was greatly increased in France. 
 Irritated at the continued alliance of the Hurons with the 
 French, the Iroquois formed a scheme for their utter ex- 
 tinction. The 4th of July, 1648, was selected as the com- 
 mencement of this terrible episode in Indian warfare. On 
 that day they fell upon the Huron settlement of St. Joseph, 
 and destroyed the whole population, numbering 700. 
 Every wigwam was burned; and as if to give more malig- 
 nant vent to their hatred to the religion of the pale faces, 
 they set fire to the church, and then threw the mangled 
 and bleeding body of Pere Daniel, the Jesuit missionary, 
 
 - ■ - — ■■ '^ 
 
 QTTE8TION.S.— What followed the breaking of the truce ? Mention the 
 steps taken by the company to place trade on a tirni basis. What is said 
 of M. de Montmagny'* govenim«ut ? Why were th« Iroquoii* so liostilo 
 to th« Hurons ? 
 
40 HISTORY OP CANADA. [Part n.-l«4T. 
 
 its pastor, into the midst of the flames. They then sud- 
 denly withdrew, leaving the rest of the mission settle- 
 ments in a state of terror during the remainder of the year. 
 Early in the following March a band of Iroquois swooped 
 down like an eagle upon St. Ignace and St. Louis (two 
 Huron settlements near the great lakes), and put to death 
 four hundred of their inhabitants. At St. Louis the 
 veteran Brebeuf and the gentle Lalemant (who for 
 twenty years had subjected themselves to every kind of 
 hardship as Jesuit missionaries), were put to ^eath with 
 excruciating tortures. Each successive settlement was 
 visited in like manner, and with a like result. Soon, in 
 self-defence, the hunted Hurons stood at bay ; and for a 
 time, alternate success and defeat followed each other with 
 fatal rapidity, inflicting on them terrible losses. At 
 length, in a final struggle for their very existence and for 
 the possession of their homes and hunting-grounds, they 
 were defeated by the unsparing Iroquois, tjtterly routed, 
 the unhappy Hurons, accompanied by some of their mis- 
 sionaries, fled to the upper lakes, and at length found a 
 resting-place on the island of St. Joseph. Here, during 
 the winter, disease and want of food rapidly reduced their 
 already thinned ranks. Some of them fled to the shores 
 of Lake Superior, and sought the powerful protection of 
 the Ojibways. Here a decisive battle took place on a spot 
 which, from this circumstance, was named Point Iroquois, 
 or ^* Place of the Iroquois bones ; " and for a short time 
 the Hurons were sheltered. Others sought the protec- 
 tion of the Ottawa Indians, but were, even with them, 
 again pursued and dispersed. Many of the survivors 
 were, after the old Roman custom, incorporated into the 
 Iroquois tribes, while others fled to Montreal and Quebec 
 by the circuitous route of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa, 
 and for years remained encamped within the walls of 
 Quebec, or were elsewhere placed under French protec- 
 
 QuESTiOKS — Mention the successive attacks of the Iroquois which fin- 
 ally led to the destruction of the Huron Indians. Where was the remain- 
 i»x of th« tribe placed ? 
 
Chap. IV. -1647.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULB. 41 
 
 tion. After the storm had passed over, they were trans- 
 ferred to Ste. P^'oye ; and thence to Lorette, where their 
 descendants now remain. 
 
 17. Proposed Union of the English^ French and Dutch 
 Colonies. — The four New England colonies had, in 1643, 
 formed a union or alliance. It was afterwards proposed 
 that this union should include all the European colonies 
 in America — English, French and Dutch — so as to form 
 one great community, whose existence should not be im- 
 perilled by the politics or wars of Europe, Each colony, 
 it was intended, should retain its own laws, customs, re- 
 ligion arid language. 
 
 18. Projected Alliance with New England. — With a 
 view to carry out this scheme of colonial union, Governor 
 John Winthrop of Massachusetts wrote to the governors 
 of New Netherlands and Canada in 1647. The Dutch 
 governor responded favorably at once, but the French 
 governor delayed doing anything until 1650, when he 
 despatched Pere Druilletes* to Boston, to propose as an 
 additional article of union that New England should 
 join Canada in chastising the Iroquois. On his return 
 with a somewhat favorable report, d' Ailleboust, in 1651, 
 despatched Pere Druilletes and M. Godefroy, as am- 
 bassadors to Boston, to negotiate a treaty. The French, 
 having suffered so severely from the Iroquois in their 
 peltry-traffic, pressed their point, and declined to enter 
 into any treaty unless the English would consent to 
 
 * Gabriel Druilletes was bom in France in the year 15S3. He became 
 a Jesuit father, and was sent to Canada in 1643. He labored chielly 
 among the Algonquin and Abnakis Indiana at Sillery, Tadoneac, An- 
 tico8ti, Chaudidre and Kennebec. In 1650 he was sent alone by the gover- 
 nor as envoy to Boston. On his return, ho paid a friendly visit to John 
 Eliot, the famous English apostle to the Indians of New England, at 
 Roxbury. In 1651 he accompanied Sieur Godefroy to the same place to 
 negotiate a treaty with the English colonies. In 1666 he instructed P6re 
 Marquette in Montagnais, and accompanied him to the Western lakes. 
 In 1669 he was atSault Ste. Marie where ho labored for many years. At 
 length he returned to Quebec, where he died in 1681, aged 88 years. . ; 
 
 Questions.— What notable events took place In the years 1643, 7-8 ? 
 What was done to brinf^ about a commercial alliance between New Eng- 
 land and Canada? Sketch Druilletes' lifo. What celebrated Engliin 
 Missionary did he visit at Roxbury ? 
 
42 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Part II.-1W4. 
 
 turn their arms against the Iroquois. This hostile stipu- 
 lation on the part of the French, against the Indian allies 
 of the English, although skilfully presented as a right- 
 eous league in defence of Christianity against scoffing 
 Pagans, broke off the negotiations, and the scheme un- 
 happily. failed. When this stipulation became known to 
 the Iroquois, it exasperated them still more ; and they 
 redoubled their efforts to destroy the French colonists ; 
 so that for several years the French, like the ancient re- 
 builders of Jerusalem, labored with arms in their hands, 
 and were virtually kept within their enclosures and be- 
 hind their entrenchments. Trade entirely languished ; 
 and the beavers were allowed to build their dams in peace, 
 none of the colonists being able or willing to molest 
 them. 
 
 19.^ Lull in the Indian Contest. — M. de Lauzon, a 
 chief member of the Company of One Hundred Asso- 
 ciates, succeeded d'Ailleboust as governor in 1651; but 
 he was not successful as an administrator. The Iroquois, 
 having nearly succeeded in extirpating the Huron allies of 
 the French, continued to attack the French settlements ; and 
 it was not until 1653 that they ceased their warlike inroads 
 upon the colony. In that year reinforcements arrived from 
 France ; and the Iroquois, not wishing to encounter their 
 now formidable enemies, intimated a strong desire for peace. 
 A treaty was accordingly entered into in 1 654, with the 
 five Iroquois tribes, or cantons, through the intervention of 
 Pere le Moyne, and for a time war ceased to alarm the 
 colonists. Trade soon revived, and the peltry-traffic was 
 vigorously prosecuted by the French with such of the 
 Iroquois cantons as were near the boundaries of Canada. 
 'The others, however, preferred to traffic with the English. 
 During the intervals of war, explorations were made among 
 the Sioux [see-ou] Indians, beyond Lake Superior, and 
 also among the Esquimaux, near Hudson Bay. The year 
 
 Questions.— What additional article did the French insist on ? To 
 what state were the French settlements reduced ? After Lauzon's ap- 
 pointment how did the Iroquois act? What l«d to peace ? 
 
Chap. IV.-1664.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 43 
 
 1656 was noted for an overland expedition which was 
 sent from Canada, by way of Labrador, under Sieur Jean 
 Bourdon [boor-dong,] attorney -general of New France, to 
 take possession of the Hudson Bay territory on behalf of 
 the French King. 
 
 20. French Settlements among the Iroquois. — In accord- 
 ance with the charter of the One Hundred Associates, the 
 tributaries of the St. Lawrence were included within the 
 trading territory of that company. Under its authority 
 the French colonists made attempts in 1 654-7, through the 
 Jesuit missionaries, to form mission settlements among the 
 L-oquois. With the quasi consent of these Indians, Pere 
 le Moyne planted a mission among the Mohawks, Dablon 
 among the Onondagas, Mesnard among the Cayugas, and 
 Chaumonot among the Senecas. The English colonists, 
 however, steadily resisted all these efforts of the Jesuit 
 missionaries to settle among the Iroquois. Dissensions, 
 at length, arose among the Iroquois themselves in regard 
 to these encroachments upon their territory ; and they 
 refused to admit the right of either the English or French 
 to claim jurisdiction over it. A collision soon occurred ; 
 and three Frenchmen were scalped by the Oneidas. The 
 French retaliated and seized some Iroquois braves. The 
 consequence was that in 1656-7 a fierce and unrelenting 
 Indian war once more desolated the country. D'Argenson 
 [dar-zhon"-yons], the new Governor, who arrived in 1659, 
 implored the French Government to send immediate 
 succor, else Canada would be forever lost to France. 
 His requests, however, were unheeded ; but the Iroquois, 
 having unexpectedly met with a determined resistance 
 from a few French colonists, under Daulac, in a palisaded 
 post at the foot of the Long Sault rapids of the St. Law- 
 rence, soon afterwards desisted from their concerted attacks * 
 upon Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec. Thus relieved 
 from their fears, religious services were held by the colon- 
 
 QuESTiONS — Give an account of the exploration to the Hudson Bay. 
 What French Mission settlements were attempted among the Iroquois ? 
 Wliat led to war again ? Why were the Iroquois induced to desist from 
 their liere« attaoks ? 
 
44 HISTORY OF CANAViA. [Part n.-l«83. 
 
 ists in all the churches of Quebec ; and a solemn Te Deum 
 was chanted lor their happy deliverance, 
 
 21. Royal Government established.- — In 1 650 a royal edict 
 regulating the civil government of the colony was issued. 
 In the same year, Mgr. de Laval arrived in Quebec as 
 Vicar- Apostolic of the See of Rome.* In 1660 he sent 
 Rene Mesnard as a missionary to the Huron s on Lake 
 Superior. In the following year this aged priest missed 
 his way in the woods, and was never seen again. His 
 cassock and breviary were, however, afterwards found. 
 M. d'Argenson having solicited his recall, M. d'Avau- 
 gour arrived as governor in 1661. Through the efforts 
 of Pere le Moyne [leh-mwoyn], he effected, in 1662, 
 another treaty with three cantons of the Iroquois. Fear- 
 ing its short duration (as two cantons had not concurred 
 in it), he sent M. Boucher [boo-shay], the commandant 
 at Three Rivers, to the king of France with another appeal 
 for aid. The king immediately sent out a regiment under 
 command of Sieur Dumont, who was also, as royal com- 
 missioner, directed to report upon the state of the colony. 
 In the meantime d'Avaugour [da-vo-goor] was recalled at 
 the instance of Mgr. de Laval ; and M. de Mesy, who had 
 been nominated by that prelate, was sent out as the first 
 royal governor under the new constitution, — d'Avaugour 
 having, in 1663, induced King Louis XIV. to dissolve the 
 Company of One Ilundre<l Associates, in whom, as suc- 
 cessors of the Company of Merchants, the government of 
 
 * The Right Reverend Francois de Montmorency Laval was born at Laval, 
 in France, in 1623. In his youth he was linown as abbd de Montigny; and 
 in 1659, he came to Canada as Vicar Apostolic, with the title of Bisliop of 
 P^tree ; in 1674, he was named first Roman Catholic Bishop of (Quebec. 
 He founded and endowed the Quebec Seminary, in 1663 (which in 1x52, 
 became, by Royal charter, the Laval University). He also established an 
 , industrial school and model farm, at St. Joachim, below Quebec. He 
 made great efforts to prevent drankenness among the Indians ; and, by his 
 influence at courts, had the administration of Government tiaiisferrod 
 from a viceroy to a superior counciil, under certain wise restrictions, which 
 he had submitted to Louis XIV. He effected great good in the colony, 
 and died amid many regrets at Quebec, 6th May, 1708, at the venerable age 
 of 85 years. 
 
 Questions.— What important event took place in 1669? What is said 
 of P6re Mesnard ? Give a sketch of Bishop Laval. What steps were ta- 
 ken to pr«v«nt war? M«utiou.th« ehangos mads in tU* govorument iQ 
 
 im. 
 
Chap. 1V.-16M. SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 45 
 
 the colony had been vested between 1603-1628. Owing 
 to various dissensions which had arisen in New France, 
 Colbert* [kol-bare], the Minister of Marine, sent out M. 
 Dupont-Gaudais [go-day] further to examine and report 
 upon the state of the colony. His visit had a salutary 
 effect, for it led to several important changes in the ad- 
 ministration of public affairs. 
 
 22. Ameliorations in the System of Government — CW- 
 tom of Paris. — The resumption of royal authority in Can- 
 ada was made the occasion of introducing various reforms, 
 based upon the report of M. Dupont-Gaudais. " A Sover- 
 eign Council," invested with administrative and judicial 
 functions, somewhat like the " Parliament de Paris," was 
 instituted at Quebec; legal tribunals were established at 
 various places, and municipal Government, in a modified 
 form, introduced. The right of taxation was, however, 
 reserved to the king. The administration of government 
 devolved upon a viceroy (who, as colonial minister, gen- 
 erally resided in France), a governor, and an intendant, 
 or chief, of justice, police and public works. With these 
 modifications, the king, in 1664, transferred the trading 
 interests of Canada to the West India Company, by whom 
 an ordinance was passed introducing into the colony the 
 " law and custom of Paris " (la coutume [koo-tume] de 
 Paris). With a view to insure harmony in these matters 
 throughout Canada, all other French coutumes were de- 
 clared illegal in it. In the meantime further disputes arose 
 between the governor and the bishop, whi^i ended in De 
 Mesy being recalled from Canada to answei for the arbi- 
 trary suspension of his councillors. He died, however, 
 before his sentence of recall and arrest could be exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 23. Vigorous Administration and Reform. — The new 
 
 * Jean Baptiate Colbert, born in 161fl, was a celebrated minister of 
 finance, marine and the colonies, under Louis XIV. He died in 1683, aged 
 64 years. 
 
 Questions.— How did Colbert endeavor to reconcile differences ? 
 What was the result of Dupont Gaudais' mission? Mention the steps 
 taken to jcestore royal authority in Canada. Describe the Intendauts 
 dutie*. What coutume wax introduced ? 
 
46 HISTORY or CANADA. [Part n.-166fi, 
 
 rulers sent out from Fnance in 1005 were men oP ability, 
 as subsequent events proved. M. de Trary was selected 
 by the king as lieutenant-general,* M. de Courcelles [koor- 
 sel] as governor,! and M. Talon [ta-long] as intendant.J 
 On their arrival, with new emigrants and farming mate- 
 rials, the colony revived, and vigor was at once infused 
 into the government. With the Carignan royal regiment,§ 
 (which de Tracy had brought out with him), steps were 
 taken to put a stop to the inroads of the Iroquois. The 
 forts were increased and strengthened, especially on the 
 Richelieu river. Talon, by authority of the king, carried 
 into effect various useful reforms in the system of gov- 
 ernment, especially in regard to the administration of the 
 finances, the punishment of peculators, and the supervi- 
 sion and reduction of the amount of tithes payable to tho 
 clergy. He further sought to encourage both agriculturo 
 and manufactures among the people. He also prepareb 
 a minute report for Colbert, on the state of affairs in tho 
 colony, with a view still further to redress grievances. 
 The suggestions of M. Talon, endorsed as they were by 
 the Sovereign Council, were favorably entertained by 
 Louis XIV. ; and the restrictions on trade in Canada, as 
 imposed by the West India Company, were greatly re- 
 laxed. 
 
 * A lexander de Bonville, Marquis de Tracy, before coming to Canada 
 had already distinguished himself in the talcing of Cayenne (French (iuia- 
 na)from the Dutch, and in the capture of several islands in the West in- 
 dies. By his military prowess and promptitude in dealing with tlie In- 
 dians, he compelled the haughty Iroquois to make a satisfactory peace 
 with New France, which lasted for eighteen years. 
 
 t Daniel de Remi, Seigneur Courcelles, was a veteran soldier ; but he 
 did not at all times display the same energy ais a governor. He showed 
 much sagacity and zeal in his effoi-ts to prevent the peltry trattic of New 
 France from being diverted into the hands of the English traders. 
 
 t M. Talon's career in Canada was distinguished by many of the high- 
 est qualities of a successful governor. He promoted, to the best of his 
 ability, every enterprise which had for its object the advancement of Cana- 
 da. Louis XIV. conferred upon him the successive titles of Baron d'Or- 
 sainville, Baron des Islets, an<i Baron d' Ormale. 
 
 § So named from the Prince of Carignano [ka-ree-na-no] a Savoyard in 
 the French service. This regiment gained much distinction as a French 
 auxiliary to the Germans in their wars in Hungary against the Turks. 
 
 Questions.— Who were the new rulers sent out ? What is said of each 
 one of them ? What did these rulers bring ? How did Talon seek to 
 improve the system of government? How were the Iroquois dealt with? 
 Qive a sketch of Talon's caruer. What is said of the Carignan regiment ? 
 
OkAF. IV.— 1866] SKETCH OP FRENCH RULE. 47 
 
 24. Expeditions against the Iroquois. — The reinforce- 
 ments sent to Canada, and the preparations for war, 
 awed the Iroquois. Three of tlie weaker cantons, or 
 tribes, sought peace ; but the fierce and powerful Mo- 
 hawks and Oneidas disdained it. Against these two, 
 a formidable expedition, under command of de Tracy, 
 was, in 16(56, led by the governor in person far into the 
 interior of the Iroquois country. The effect of this ex- 
 pedition was most salutary. The whole of the cantons 
 sued for peace, and in 1667, through the influence of the 
 agents of the Duke of York and Albany, a satisfactory 
 treaty was entered into with them, which lasted for 
 eighteen years. 
 
 25. Rest, Prosperity and Development. — War having 
 happily ceased, the whole attention of the government was 
 turned to developing the resources and industry of the 
 country. Expeditions were sent out by Talon in various 
 directions, the mineral wealth of St. Paui's Bay, Three 
 Rivers, and Gaspe was, under the patronage of Colbert, 
 brought to light by geological explorers ; fisheries and 
 seal-hunting were prosecuted, and trade in, timber and 
 seal-oil commenced. Nor were the more domestic fea- 
 tures of industry overlooked. Hemp cultivation, tanning, 
 stave-making, and other branches of domestic manufacture 
 were fostered. Horses were also introduced into the 
 colony in 1665. Ill health, however, no less than differ- 
 ences of opinion with the governor a!id clergy, induced 
 Talon to retire from the Intendancy in 1668. He was 
 succeeded by de Bouteroue [boo-ter-oo], who sought to 
 (X)nciliate all parties ; bijt having failed to realize the hopes 
 and expectations of Colbert, he was again replaced by 
 Talon, in 1670. 
 
 26. Attempted Diversion of the Fur-Trade. — The Eng- 
 lish, having, in 1665, superseded the Dutch in New 
 Amsterdam (afterwards New York), pushed their trade 
 northward through the agency of the Iroquois Indians. 
 
 QuKaTiox5.— ^Vliat was the effect of the expedition undertaken against 
 the Iroquois ? How long did the peace last ? -.-» • 
 
 i, * 
 
4S HISTORY OP CANADA. [PART D.-ieTO. 
 
 These allies, aDxious to profit by the traffic, sought in 
 1670 to obtain furs and skins for the English from the 
 various tribes up the Ottawa. This region was the 
 chief hunting-ground from which the French obtained 
 their supply of furs. The cutting off of this source of 
 supply, therefore, caused much rivalry and ill-feeling. 
 De Courcelles, the governor, went himself to the Indian 
 country to put a stop to the trailic. His mission had a 
 good effect upon the rival tribes, but ill-health obliged 
 him to return. The small-pox in the meantime attacked 
 the Indians with great severity, and that disease, together 
 with the use of "fire-water," carried off great numbers 
 of them. 
 
 27. Treaties with the Indians. — While the rival fur- 
 trade was yet in its infancy. Talon, the Intendant, with 
 great sagacity, sought to induce the various Indian tribes 
 at the north and west to acknowledire the sovereierntv of 
 Ltouis XIV., and thus, by anticipation, and with the sanc- 
 tion of the Indians themselves, to settle the question of 
 priority of right to" trade with them. With this view, 
 Talon, in 1670, despatched Nicolas Perrot* [per-ro], an 
 enterprising merchant, to visit the Indians at the head of 
 the great Lakes. Perrot went as far as Lake Michigan, 
 and obtained a promise from the tribes to meet a French 
 envoy at the Sault Ste. Marie (where he erected a cross 
 and Jleur de lis, in token of French sovereignty) in the 
 Spring of 1671. Talon, moreover, anxious to extend 
 French influence over the whole north-western ptirt of the 
 continent, induced Louis XIV. to offer a reward to anv 
 one who would reach thePacific coast through New France. 
 
 * Nicholas Perrot, a French travellor, was sent by M. Talon (Tntendant 
 of Canada) in 1670, to induce the north-western Indians to acknowledgo 
 the sovereignty of France An island situated at the western junction <if 
 the Ottawa and St. Lawrence is called after him. He left a most inter- 
 eBting manuscript on the customs of the Indians. 
 
 Questions.— How did the fur traflRc affect the relations of the French 
 and English colonists with the Iroquois ? What steps did Talon take 
 to secure the trade and allegiance of the North-westerij Indians ? Giv« 
 a sketch of Perrot. 
 
Chap. TV.—W2.^ SKETCH OF FREWCH RULE. 
 
 49 
 
 In order to secure the trade of the Hiid- 
 Bou Buy Indians, Tilon also sent an ex- 
 pedition northwards with that object. Do 
 Courcelles, too, with a view to establish 
 a depot for French trade on the upper 
 lakes, obtained periaission from the Iro- 
 quois, in 1G72, to erect a trading fort at 
 Cataraqui ( Kingston). This was one of 
 his last otlicial acts ; and ho soon after- 
 wards left for France, — having been re- 
 called at his own request. In the mean- 
 time, the English, anxious to keep pace 
 with France, obtaiiied a footing in the 
 Hudson Bay territories, under the guid- 
 ance of des Grosellieres [day-gro-sel-e- 
 yare], a French pilot, aided by another Franco-Cana- 
 dian, named Ra-di-son [-son*.] An iCnglish Company 
 was soon formed to trade for furs in the territories, 
 under the patronage of Prince Rupert. Charles II., king 
 of England, hnving claimed the Hudson Bay territories, 
 by virtue of Hudson's discoveries in 1610, granted a 
 charter to this Company in 1670, authorizing it to traffic 
 for furs in that region. The French Colonists were jeal- 
 ous of this intrusion, and in 1671 sent another expedition 
 overland to reconnoitre, with a view to the subsequent 
 expulsion of the English from the Bay. 
 
 Arms of France. 
 
 QirKSTioNS. — How (\h\ he seek to promote the extension of French in- 
 fluence over the continent? What steps did tlie English take to coun- 
 teract Talon's efforts? What assistance in tho matter was given to the 
 English by two of the French colonists ? 
 
50 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PaBT n.-l««7. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Sketch ok French Rule, Second Period : Fronte- 
 nac to the Conquest, 1672-1759. 
 
 Principal Subjecti of this Chapter. 
 
 Career of Frontenac — Discovery of the Mississippi and 
 Rocky Mountains — Trade Contests — Indian Wars— 
 Settlement of Louisiana and Detroit — Pepperrell-^ 
 Seven Tears' War — Washington — Braddock — Dies- 
 ]cau — Wolfe — Montcalm — Conquest of Canada — Con- 
 spiracy of Pontiac — English and French Colonial 
 Systems. 
 
 1. Arrival of the Count de Frontenac. — In the year 
 1672, de Courcelles, who had proved a successful gover- 
 nor, retired, and Count de Frontenac, a man of great 
 energy and ability arrived.* The Count's after-career 
 was still more distinguished than that of any of his prede- 
 cessors, in everything that concerned the progress and 
 prosperity of Canada. 
 
 2. Frontenac' s first Administrative Acts. — Soon after his 
 arrival, Frontenac formed a high opinion of the capabili- 
 ties of New France. He entered with spirit into the du- 
 ties of his office. He assembled the Sovereign Council, 
 
 * Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac, a native of Prance, and governor 
 of Canada in 1672, was recalled in 1682. In 1672, he built Fort Frontenac 
 (Kingston.) It was rebuilt of stone by La Salle, in 1678. Frontenac was 
 re-appointed governor in 1688, and carried on a vigorous war against the 
 English settlements in New York, and against their Indian allies, the 
 Iroquois. The English retaliated, and the Iroquois made various bucccbb- 
 f ul Inroads into Canada. In 1690, Frontenac defeated Sir William Phippa 
 and the English fleet, before Quebec. He died greatly regretted in 1698, 
 aged 78 years. Though haughty, he was an able and enterprising man. 
 
 Questions.— What are the principal subjects of Chapter V. ? Who 
 succeeded de Courcelles ? Give a sketch of him. Mention some of Count 
 deFronteuac's first acts. 
 
Chap. V.-1674.J SKETCH OF FRENCIT RULE. 51 
 
 and afterwards summoned the principal residents of Que- 
 bec to confer with him on public alTiiirs. lie improved 
 the system of municipal police, and directed that the chief 
 citizens of Quebec HJiould nun^t twic<! a year to promote 
 the general interests of the colony. This local asHend)ly 
 of the citizens was deemed an infringement of the king's 
 prerogative, and was not sanctioned. 
 
 3. Guarantees for Civil Lihertij. — In 1674, the king 
 revoked the charter of the West India Company, as it had 
 not fulfilled any of the obligations which it had assumed, 
 and invested Frontenac with full authority as royal gov- 
 ernor. In 1677, an imperial ordinance of great import- 
 ance was passed, regulating the administration of justice 
 in Canada. It was followed by one regarding tithes, and 
 another still more valuable, declaring that none but the 
 highest civil authority should hereafter im[)rison any of 
 the inhabitants. Thus, at a time when arbitrary rule was 
 in the ascendant, was laid the foundation of some of the 
 civil rights of the people of Lower Canada. 
 
 4. Spirit of Discovery and Adventure. — Nothing was 
 80 remarkable, during the early settlement of Canada, as 
 the spirit of adventure and discovery which was then de- 
 veloped. Zeal for the conversion of the Indians seems to 
 have inspired the Jesuit clergy with an unconquerable 
 devotion to the work of exploration and discovery. Nor 
 were they alone in this respect ; for laymen exhibited the 
 same adventurous spirit in encountering peril and hard- 
 ships ; but they did so from different motives. Promo- 
 tion of trade with the Indians, and the extension of 
 French power over the whole coKtinent were with them 
 the impelling motives. From the first settlement of Que- 
 bec, in 1608, until its fall in 1759, this spirit of discovery 
 and dominion was actively fostered by each succeeding 
 governor, until there radiated from that city a series of 
 French settlements which seemed to shadow forth a dim 
 
 1 Questions.— Mention the events which took place in 1674 and 1677 ? 
 ■What important ordinances were passed about ir>77 ? Describe the spirit 
 Hpf discovery which wiui characturiHtic of the early settlomunt ot' Canada. 
 
 I 
 
52 HISTORr OF CANADA. [PART II.-1674. 
 
 realization of Coligni's* [kol-een-ee] gigantic scheme of 
 French colonization from the St. Lawrence to the far 
 west, and from the sources of the Mississippi to the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and even to the shores of South America. 
 
 5. Summary of Discoveries. — After Champlain, other 
 explorers extended their researches westward during 
 1630. In 1640, the southern shores of Lake Erie were 
 visited by Peres Chaumonot and de Breboeuf [bre-boohf]. 
 In 1 647, Pere du Quesne [due-kehn] went up the Sague- 
 nay and discovered lake St. John. In 1651, 1661, and 
 1671, expeditions were sent northwards towards the Hud- 
 son Bay, with more or less success. In 1646, Pere Druil- 
 letes ascended the Cliaudiere [shode-yare], and descended 
 the Kennebec to the Atlantic. In 1 659, the Sioux were 
 visited by adventurous traders; and hi 1660 Pere Mes- 
 nard reached Lake Superior. In 1665 Pere Alloiiez 
 coasted the same lake and formed a mission at the Bay of 
 Che-goi-me-gon. In 1668, Peres Dablon and Marquette 
 formed a settlement at the Sault Ste. Marie. In 1670 
 and 1672 Alloiiez penetrated with Dablon to the Illinois 
 region, where they first heard of the mysterious Missis- 
 sippi — the " great father of waters." 
 
 6. Discovery of the Mississippi. — In T671, the famous 
 Pere Manjuette, [mar-kett] formed a settlement of the 
 Hurons at St. Ignace, near Michilimackinacf Two years 
 later. Talon, ever anxious to promote comprehensive 
 schemes of exploration and discovery, despatched, ere he 
 
 ♦Gaspard de C<»ligni, admiral of France, was born in 1516. He pro- 
 jected a conipreheuKive sdienio of Fn^nc.h colonization, which, however, 
 was 11 over reaJized. He fell a victim to the fury of the populace of "Paris 
 against the Calvinists or liujjueuots, on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572, 
 
 t Pere James Marquette, a fJesuit missionary, was born at Picardy. in 
 France. While a missionary at liapoint, on I^ke Superior, he expressed 
 a (lesireto preach the Gospel to the southern IndJans, and was chosen by 
 Juliette to accompany him on his exjiedition to the Mississippi. He re- 
 n)ained in the north-west with the Illinois Indians, and died soon after 
 his retuin from the exi)loration, at the early age of thirty-eight years. 
 His narrative of the discovery was afterwards published. 
 
 QuKSTiONS.— What circumstances led to the discovery of the Missis- 
 sippi River? What is said of Coligiiii, and of his scheme of colonization? 
 Give a summary of the explorations and discoveries made. Sketch the 
 career of P6re Marquette and of Joliette. 
 
3HAP, v.— 1674.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 53 
 
 left for France, M. Joliette* [zhol-ee-yet] with Mar- 
 [jiiette to obtain a further ehie to the ijreat uni<novvn river, 
 [and if possible to explore its waters. After many dis- 
 couragements, they reached Bay de Puans [pu-an], after- 
 wards called Green Bay, on Lake Michigan. If ere a 
 party of Mi-a-mis Indians directed their steps to the Fox 
 River ; and thence they proceeded, in June, to the Wis- 
 consin River. Sailing down this river in a frail canoe, 
 they at length, after suffering innumerable discourage- 
 ments and delays, were rewarded for all their toil by a 
 sight of that great and silent river — the object of their 
 search. They proceeded down it for a long distance be- 
 fore meeting with any of the Indians. At length, seeing 
 traces of footsteps, Marquette sought to discover where 
 they led to. Advancing a short distance inland, he came 
 t-o a village on the banks of a river called Mou-in-gou-ena 
 or Mo-in-go-na, now known as Des Moines. The Indians 
 proved to be Illinois or "men." Marquette and Joliette 
 pursued their journey past the Ohio — called the Wabash 
 — as far as the mouth of the Arkansas River ; and then, 
 fearing capture by the Spaniards, they slowly returned. 
 Marquette remained at the north of Illinois as a mission- 
 ary among the Mianiis Indians. Returning to Michili- 
 mackinac, he died shortly afterwards on the shores of 
 Lake Michigan, deeply regretted, and was buried near a 
 river there which now bears his name. In the meantime, 
 
 *Loui8 Joliette was bom at Quebec in 1G45 ; pursued bis classical 
 studies at tbe Jesuits' College there, and while preparing for the priest- 
 hood in the Seminary, he determined to explore the western parts of New 
 France. He gave up the study of divinity for that of the Indian lan- 
 guages. In 1673, he was chosen by Talon, the inlendant, and Frontenac, 
 to explore the Mississippi to its source. He chose Father Marquette to 
 
 accompany him, and proceeded down the great river as far as the mouth 
 
 ot the Arkansas tributary. When near Montreal, on his return, his 
 
 "anoe upset in the Lachine rapids, and his manuscripts were lost. As a 
 
 •eward for his services, he receved a grant of the Island of Anticosti, 
 
 md was named hydrograpber to the king. He died about 1701, on the 
 
 sland of Anticosti. A county in Lower Canada has been named after 
 
 [Questions.— Give an account of the ext>loration8 of Joliette and Mar- 
 lette. Were they succcBsful in their discoveries? What tribe of In- 
 |an8 did they meet \dth ? How far did they pursue their researches ? 
 it was the fate of Marquette f 
 
54^ HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART U.— 1680. 
 
 Joliette had hastened to Quebec, by way of what is now 
 the city of Chicago, to announce their great discovery. 
 As a reward for his share in it, and for other explorations, 
 Joliette received a grant of the island of Anticosti in the 
 St. Lawrence, and a seigniory near Montreal. 
 
 7. La Salle's First Expedition to the Mississippi. — 
 Fired with the news of this notable discovery, Sieur de la 
 Salle, a French knight, then at Quebec, determined to 
 complete the discovery, in the hopes of finding a new 
 route to China."* After visiting France, he obtained a 
 royal commission to proceed with his exploration. The 
 seigniory of Cataraqui, including fort Frontenac, was con- 
 ferred upon him, on condition that he would rebuild the 
 fort with stone. The Chevalier de Ton-ti, an Italian, and 
 Pfere Hen-ne-pinf accompanied him ; and together they 
 constructed three vessels. Proceeding up Lake Ontario, 
 they reached Niagara, where la Salle erected a palisade. 
 Here they visited the great Falls, of which Father Henne- 
 pin wrote an elaborate description. Above the Falls, la 
 Salleconstructed another vessel, named the Griffon. Liher 
 the party traversed Lake Erie ; and on their way to Lake 
 Huron, la Salle named the intermediate lake *' Ste. Claire." 
 Having reached the southern part of Lake Michigan, he 
 sent the Griffon back to Niagara with a cargo of furs. 
 The vessel, however, was lost on her way down the lake ; 
 and la Salle having erected a fort for trading with the 
 
 ♦Robert Cavalier, Sleur de la Salle, was ennobled by Louis XIV. He 
 Bought to reach China by way of Canada, and set out oii an expedition for 
 that purpose. His design was frustrated by an accident at a place since 
 called Lachine, or China. He explored the Mississippi from its source to 
 its mouth, in 1678-80 ; spent two years between Frontenac (Kingston) and 
 Lake Erie ; and constructed the first vessel on Lake Erie (near Cayuga 
 Creek). He sought to reach the Mississippi by sea, but having failed, ne 
 Bought to reach it overland. In doing so, he was murdered by his jealous 
 and turbulent followers, who afterwards justly sutfered greatly. 
 
 t Louis Hennepin, a Recollet, or Franciscan f liar and a French mis- 
 sionary, was born in 1640, and emigrated to Canada In 1675. He accom- 
 panied la Salle In his exploration of the Mississippi, In 1678, and visited 
 the Falls of Niagara, — oi which he wrote an interesting account. 
 
 QunSTioxs — ^What was the reward of Joliette ? Who determined to 
 complete their discoveries ? Who were his companions and what new 
 route did they hope to discover ? Give an account of La Salle's first ex- 
 pedition to the Misgigsippi. What did he do at Cataraqui and near Ni- 
 agara Falls? 
 
rAP.V.—tm.] SKETCH OP FBENCH RULE. S!f' 
 
 |Miamis, waited in vain for her return. He then turned 
 his steps inland. In December, he reached the head- 
 waters of the Illinois. Proceeding down this river to 
 Laka Pe-o-ri-a, he built fort Cravecoeur near it. Having 
 directed de Tonti to take command of fort St. Louis on 
 the Illinois, he determined to return and learn some news 
 of his vessel. He despatched Father Hennepin down the 
 Illinois river to the Mississippi, up which he directed him 
 to proceed and explore the head-waters of that great river. 
 Hennepin only went as far as the great falls on the river, 
 which, in honor of his patron Saint, he named St. An- 
 thony. During la Salle's absence, de Tonti and his Illi- 
 nois allies were attacked by the Iroquois and compelled to 
 abandon their forts, and retreat. 
 
 8. La Salle's Second Expedition to the Mississippi. — 
 Having in part retrieved his losses, la Salle set out again 
 for the Mississippi. He reached it in 1681; but as his 
 posts there were deserted, he returned to Green Bay 
 where he found de Tonti. At length, in February, 1682, 
 he set out again and proceeded slowly down the river, 
 stopping at the mouth of each great tributary, and mak- 
 ing excursions here and there in the vicinity. At length, 
 on the 5th of April, he reached one of the mouths of the 
 great river ; and in honor of the event, he named the sur- 
 rounding country Louisiana, after Louis XIV, and then 
 took formal possession of it in the name of his sovereign. 
 Thus, after many discouragements, this notable event was 
 accomplished by a French colonist from Quebec. 
 
 9. La Salle's Third Expedition to the Mississippi. — La 
 Salle soon afterwards retraced his steps ; but having nu- 
 merous envious enemies in France and Canada (among 
 whom was de la Barre, the Governor of New France), he 
 was compelled to return to Quebec, and thence to France 
 to meet his detractors face to face. This he did most suc- 
 cessfully ; and as a proof of the king's confidence in him, 
 
 Questions.— Wliat did la Salle's companions do and wtiat Is said of 
 each of them ? Give the particulars of la Salle's second expedition to the 
 Minlssippl. - 
 
56 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Pa»t II.— 1688. 
 
 he wag intrusted with the command of a colonizing ex- 
 pedition whioh was sent to the Mississippi by sea. This 
 expedition never reached its destination. Diiferences 
 with Beaujeu, the commander, led to one disaster after 
 another. The mouths of the Mississippi were passed, and 
 the ships reached the coast of Texas. Beaujeu ran one 
 of the ships on the rocks, and then deserted with another. 
 La Salle and his companions were left to their fate. 
 Having erected a Fort, he left some of his companions in 
 charge, and set out in search of the Mississippi. On his 
 way thither his companions mutinied, put him to death, 
 and afterwards quarrelled among themselves. Most of 
 the survivors, in their efforts to return home, perished 
 miserably, as a just retribution for then* cruelty and 
 crimes. Thus perished, in 1685, the noble la Salle. 
 
 10. Internal Dissensions in Canada. — One of the chief 
 difficulties which Frontenac encountered iii his adminis- 
 tration of the government of Canada, arose from a di- 
 vided authority. The sovereign council, the governor-in- 
 chief, and the intendant, had each their separate functions, 
 which were sometimes difficult to define, and which often 
 clashed, or were contradictory. Add to this, the governor 
 of Montreal claimed a certain jurisdiction which conflicted 
 with the supreme authority of the Royal Governor. Dis- 
 sensions between Bishop Laval, Frontenac, and the 
 sovereign council, had long existed in regard to the spirit 
 traffic with the Indians. The bishop protested against its 
 continuance, and sought to have it declared illegal. In- 
 terested parties aided by Frontenac, opposed his benevo- 
 lent purpose. Owing to the influence of the bishop and 
 clergy, two local governors had already been recalled, and 
 Frontenac was threatened with a similar fate. The at- 
 tempted arrest of Perrot, governor of Montreal, for al- 
 leged rapacity and disobedience to the ordinances, brought 
 things to a crisis. Fearful of the consequences of his op- 
 
 QuE.?TiON's.— Give the particulars of la Sall<»'3 third expedition to the 
 MlssisBippi. How did this last expedition end ? What difficulties in his 
 government had Frontenac to encounter ? Montion the dispute* which 
 arose between the royaJ governor and various other persons. What 
 brought thet« «vonts to a criflis ? 
 
Chap. V— 16881 SKETCH OP FRENCH RULE. 57 
 
 position, PeiTot came to Quebec to explain ; but he was 
 imprisoned by Frontenac, who for this act was in turn 
 denounced by Abb(^ Feuelon, of the Seminary of Mon- 
 treal. Frontenac sent both Perrot and the abb^ to France 
 for trial. Perrot was pardoned on condition that he 
 would make an apology to Frontenac ; but the abbe was 
 forbidden to return to Canada. Disputes, however, in 
 regard to the liquor traffic, were still maintained between 
 bishop Laval, Frontenac, and Duchesneau [doo-shen-o] 
 (who had succeeded Talon as intendant in 1675). Col- 
 bert, in order to have the matter finally settled, directed 
 Frontenac to obtain for the king, the opinion of twenty of 
 the principal colonists on the subject in dispute. These 
 opinions were obtained and sent to France, but nothing 
 definite was done in the matter. At length the conten- 
 tions on this and various other subjects went so far, that 
 Frontenac and Duchesneau were both recalled in 1682. 
 
 11. De la Barre' s Arrival — His Failure. — Dela Barre 
 succeeded Frontenac as governor, and des Meules replaced 
 Duchesneau as intendant. On their arrival, a war with 
 the Iroquois seemed imminent ; and an intimation to that 
 effect, with a request for troops, was sent to the king. In 
 the meantime, colonel Thomas Donjjan * summoned a coun- 
 cil of the Five Nations, in 1784, to meet Lord Howard, 
 governor of Virginia, at Albany, with a view to reconcile 
 disputes. The indecision of de la Barre, however, has- 
 tened the very thing wliich he wished to avert. He set 
 out on a dilatory expedition to Oswego ; but after an in- 
 glorious treaty with the wily Iroquois at Cataraqui (in 
 which he consented to leave the Miamis allies of the 
 French to their fate), he returned to Quebec. Before 
 
 * Thomas Dongari, afterwards Farl of Llmeriolc, wns a liberal-minded 
 Roman Catholic. He was governor of New York from 1083 to 1088, — 
 when New York was politioally annexed to New England. During his 
 administration, the right of electing members of the House of Assembly 
 was first conferred upon the colonists. 
 
 QuEgTloirs.— How did they end ? Who succeeded Frontenac and 
 [Duchesneau? How did de la Barre deal with the Iroquois? Give a 
 sketch of Dongan. 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART n.-168e. 
 
 things, however, came to a crisis, the treaty was disal' 
 lowed by the French king, and de la Barre was replaced 
 by M. de Denonville.* 
 
 12. Early Commercial Contests. — The new governor 
 arrived at a critical juncture. The unfettered trade en- 
 joyed by the English colonists at New York had fostered 
 individual enterprise so largely, that aided by their Iro- 
 quois dhes, they had in many places carried on the fur- 
 trade far into the French territory. De Denonville took 
 active steps to protect the trading monopoly of his people, 
 and to check the proposed transference of trade from the 
 St. Lawrence. He remonstrated with Sir Edmund An- 
 dro8,t governor of New England, and with Col. Thomas 
 Dongan, governor of New York. Dongan maintained the 
 inviolability of the Iroquois territory, as being within Eng- 
 lish colonial jurisdiction, and would not allow the French 
 Jesuit fathers to settle in it, although directed to do so by 
 his Roman Catholic viceroy, the Duke of York and Al- 
 bany. In order, therefore, at once to overawe the Iro- 
 quois, and to resist the encroachments of the English tra- 
 ders, de Denonville determined to strengthen the line of 
 French forts, and to make active reprisals both upon the 
 English and the Iroquois. In the meantime, de Troyes 
 
 * Jacqnen nftn6 de Brisay, Marqiila de Denonville, although an ex- 
 cellent man, failed in his appreciation of the gravity of important events. 
 His desultory and ineffective efforts to subdue the Iroquois only increas- 
 ed their hatred to the French, and ultimately led to the fatal massacre 
 at Lachine. 
 
 New 
 
 disputes. ... ^ — -—m- — , - - ^ . » 1 i 
 
 glnlft. Arendt Van Curler or Corlear, a noted Dutch governor (who lost 
 his life in Lake Champlaln while on his wav to pay a friendly yiwt to the 
 Marquis de Tracy, Viceroy of Canada, in 16fi7), was so loved by Oie Iro- 
 quois that in memory of him they called all their subsequent EngiisH 
 governors by that nam«. The name was first applied to Sir Edmiind An- 
 dros. in 1687'; " for yow was pleased to accept the name, of a man that was 
 of good dispositions, and esteemed deare amongst us (to witte), the old 
 CorXQtLx."— Address of 2.000 Maquaes (the Dutch name for Mohawk Sor 
 cJiems) to Sir Edmund Andros. 
 
 Questions.— Who succeeded de la Barre ? What was the then state of 
 trade In the French and English colonies ? Give a sketch of de Denon- 
 Tllle and of Andros. What difference arose between the English and 
 French governors ? 
 
Chap, v.— 1687.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 5^ 
 
 and d'lberville* were despatched to Hudson Bay to drive 
 the English traders out of that territory. The French 
 succeeded in taking from them three trading-forts, leaving 
 only Fort Bourbon (Nelson River) in their possession. 
 
 13. Failure to restrict . the Peltry Traffic to the Region 
 of the St. Lawrence. — Notwithstanding all the efforts 
 which were made by the French, to restrict the traffic in 
 beaver-skins and peltry within their own territories, and 
 to the St. Lawrence route, they were, in the end, pow- 
 erless to accomplish it. They atone time interdicted trade 
 with the Anglo-Iroquois ; — then they made them presents ; 
 — again they threatened them — made war upon them — 
 invaded and desolated their villages ; — they made treaties 
 with them, and urged and entreated the Dutch and the 
 English to restrain them, and even sought to make the 
 latter responsible for their acts ; — but all in vain. The 
 tide of affairs rolled slowly in against them. The English, 
 who were always heralded by the Iroquois, advanced north- 
 ward and westward towards the St. Lawrence and the great 
 lakes ; nevertheless, the French, still gallantly held posses- 
 sion of their old trading-forts. With sagacious foresight, the 
 French had, in addition to the fort at Quebec, erected from 
 time to time palisaded enclosures round their trading posts 
 at Tadousac, at Sorel, and the Falls of Chambly (on the 
 Iroquois, or Richelieu River), at Three Rivers, Montreal, 
 and Cataraqui (Kingston). Subsequently, to counteract 
 the encroachments of the English, they erected pali- 
 saded posts at Niagara, Detroit, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich-il- 
 
 * Pierre le Moyne d'lbervilTe was born at Montreal, and was one of the 
 best naval officers of France, under Ix)uiB XIV. He was successful in sev- 
 eral encounters with the English in Hudson Bay and at Newfoundland. 
 In 1699, he laid the foundation of a colony at Biloxi, near New Oi'leans : 
 and having diacovered the enti-ance to the Mississippi, which La Salle had 
 missed, he sailed up that river to a considerable distance. He is consid- 
 ered as the founder of the colony of Louisiana. He died in 1706. His 
 brother, Le Moyne de Bienville, was governor of Louisiana, and founded 
 the city of New Orleans. The county of Iberville, in Lower Canada, has 
 been named after him. 
 
 ' ■ ■ ' --■ . ■■ II II IM... . .■■ ■■ I ■ 1,1, .^^i^— ■■■■!■■ ■ ■ I IM ■ —■ !■ I — I II »M III! ■—^.^M^^W^^— ■^.I^M^—I ^M^M^M^ 
 
 Questions.— How did the French succeed in Hudson Bay ? What trad- 
 ing difficulties did they experience ? Give a sketch of Pierre d'Iberville. 
 Mention the successive steps which were taken by the French and Eng- 
 lish to protect and extend the peltry traffic. 
 
60 HISTORY 0¥ CANADA. Part II.— 1688. 
 
 i-mack-i-nac, and at Toronto. Nor were the English idle, 
 they gradually went up the Hudson river, and erected arm- 
 ed trading-posts at Albany, and at various points along the 
 Mohawk valley ; until at length, in 1727, they fearlessly 
 threw up a fort at Oswego, on Lake Ontario, midway 
 between the French trading posts of Frontenac and Niag- 
 ara. i» 
 
 14. The Campaign against the Iroquois opened hy an 
 act of Treachery. — In order to please the king, and to give 
 force to his aggressive policy against the Iroquois, the gov- 
 ernor made Pere Lamberville (missionary among the 
 Onondagas) the unconscious instrument of decoying some 
 of their warriors to Cataraqui, on pretence of conferring 
 with them. On their arrival he seized them and ignomin- 
 iously sent them to France to work at the galleys. De- 
 Champigny [sham-peen-yee], the Intendant, who had suc- 
 ceeded des Meules, in 1684, also shipped off some victims 
 to Marseilles. The Onondaga tribe was greatly incensed at 
 Lamberville's conduct, and at once sent for him. They 
 acquitted him, however, of the treachery, but sent him out 
 of their country. Meanwhile, ' the governor advanced 
 against the Senecas by way of O-ron-^le-quot (near the 
 mouth of the Genesee river), with a superior force. Hav- 
 ing met the Iroquois, he defeated them and burned their 
 village ; but instead of following up his victory, he with- 
 drew with part of his force to Niagara, which he garri- 
 soned ; the remainder he sent back to headquarters. No 
 sooner had the French governor retired, than the Iroquois 
 reappeared on every side. They suddenly attacked the fort 
 at Niagara, and razed it to the ground. They then men- 
 aced the forts at Cataraqui, Chambly and Montreal, and 
 committed many lawless acts of aggression in their fierce 
 and stealthy warfare. 
 
 15. Negotiations and Renewed Wars. — Negotiations for 
 a peace were at length opened with the Iroquois through 
 
 Questions.— With what act of treachery was the war against the Iro- 
 quois Indians commenced ? What expedition was undertaken by the 
 governor? ^ 
 
OnAP. v.— IMfi] SKETCH Or TRENCH RULE. 61 
 
 Colonel Dongan, the English governor of New York. 
 Dongan stipulated that the captured chiefs should be re' 
 stored, the new fort at Niagara abandoned, and the spoils 
 of the Senecas restored. These terms were refused, until 
 they were enforced by the presence, at Lake St. Francis, 
 of twelve hundred Iroquois. Under these circumstances, 
 de Denonville had no option but to comply with the de- 
 mands. Owing, however, to the hatred which the Iro- 
 quois felf for the French, the dispute was prolonged. At 
 this juncture, A-da-ri-o, or Kon-di-a-ronk (also known as 
 Le Rat), a Huron chief of rare powers, and favorable to 
 the French, took offence at the exclusion of his tribe 
 from the negotiation of a proposed treaty, and by means 
 of a double treachery to the French and Irocpiois, sud- 
 denly precipitated a renewal of hostilities between them. 
 Anxious, therefore, to assume the offensive at once, a 
 project was submitted to Louis XIV in January, 1689, 
 by De Callieres* [kal-le-yare], the governor of Montreal, 
 boldly to attack the seat of English power at Manhattan 
 (New York), and at Orange (Albany). As war had not 
 yet been declared, the project was not entertained by the 
 king. 
 
 16. The Year of the Massacre. — War having been de- 
 clared the next year (1689) between France and Eng- 
 land, the contest between the rival colonies, which had 
 become imminent in Canada, at once assumed formidable 
 dimensions. In the following June, the king directed 
 Frontenac to carry de Callieres' scheme into effect. 
 While it was under consideration, the ever vigilant Iro- 
 quois appeared passive, and were even passive in their 
 demeanor to the French. They had, nevertheless, secretly 
 
 * Louis Hector de Calliferes-Bonnevue, a native of Kormandy, was a 
 member of the Montreal Trading Company, and also governor of the city. 
 He projected the conquest of New York, and was, in anticipation of the 
 Buccess of his scheme, named first French governor of that province. He 
 succeeded Frontenac as governor of the colony in 1698, and emulated 
 him in his zeal to promote the best interests of New France. 
 
 Questions.— Who involved the two colonies again in war? What did 
 de Denonville propose to do in regard to New York ? Did the king agree 
 with him in hi» project ? Give a sketch of de Callieres. 
 
62 HISTORY OP CANADA. Pabt n.-lM9. 
 
 acquired information of all the hostile movements of the 
 French. At length, without the slightest premonition, 
 these terrible Iroquois suddenly appeared near Montreal, 
 and in one night of August, 1689, utterly desolated the 
 village of Lachine, and massacred its entire population. 
 They then attacked Montreal, captured the fort and 
 retained possession of the entire island until October. 
 So panic-stricken was de Denonville, the governor, that 
 he gave orders to evacuate and raze Fort Cataraqui. 
 For ten weeks the fiery bands of Irocjuois passed unre- 
 strained through the land, leaving nothing but death and 
 desolation behind them. At length, satiated with revenge, 
 they suddenly forsook the war-path and retired to their 
 lurking-places. 
 
 17. Return of Frontenac — His energetic War Measures. 
 — Scarcely had the war-whoop of the retreating Iroquois 
 died away in the French settlements, ere the shouts of 
 welcome to the returning Frontenac sounded iwr and near 
 along the banks of the lower St. Lawrence. De Denon- 
 ville had been recalled and Count de Frontenac again be- 
 came governor of Canada. He brought out with him the 
 captive Iroquois, and during the voyage sought in every 
 way to conciliate them, in which he was partially success- 
 ful. He, however, arrived at a critical period ; for, added 
 to the fierce inroads of the unsparing Iroquois, Louis XIV. 
 had increased the peril of Frontenac by declaring war 
 against Great Britain and her colonies, in order to aid 
 James II., then an exile in France, in recovering his throne 
 from William III., Prince of Orange. Frontenac, in ac- 
 cordance with his instructions from the king, resolved to 
 carry the war into the adjoining English colonies. The 
 Hudson Bay and the outlying New England settlements, 
 were suddenly and successfully attacked. In the meantime 
 Frontenac sent emissaries to meet the Iroquois at Onon- 
 daga, with instructions to detach them from the English, 
 
 Questions.— What calamity occurred to the French settlements in 
 1689 ? Describe the sudden attack of the Iroquois. What was the state 
 of Canada on the return of Frontenac as governor ? What act of th« 
 kiug further Increased the peril of the colony ? What was his object ? 
 
OUAP. V.-1690.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. (fB 
 
 — whose weakness he demonstrated by secretly sending a 
 party of French and Hurons from Montreal to Corlear 
 (Sche-uec-ta-dy) [ske-], in the depth of winter of 1689-90. 
 This party burned the town, and massacred nearly all the 
 inhabitants. Another party left Trois Uiridrea for New 
 England, where tliey committed great excesses. A third 
 party was despatched from Quebec to Casco Bay. Being 
 reinforced there by Baron de Castine, and by the victo- 
 rious party from Trois Rivittres, they were highly success- 
 ful in their foray. Nor was the governor unmindful of 
 the French posts on the lakes. Although Fort Cataraqui 
 had been blown up and abandoned by order of de Denon- 
 ville, Durantaye, the commander at Mich-il-i-mack-i-nac, 
 was reinforced ; and Perrot being furnished with presents 
 for the Ottawa and other Indians, was directed to detach 
 these tribes from the Iroquois, who were allies of the 
 English. In this he was successful ; and the Iroquois 
 had to carry on the contest alone. This they did with 
 vigor ; but, so determined a spirit of resistance had Fron- 
 tenac infused into the people, little harm was done by the 
 Iroquois to the French settlements. In the midst of so 
 much peril, the inhabitants, under the guidance of a 
 master spirit, acquitted themselves nobly ; and many were 
 the heroic deeds which they performed. 
 
 18. Second Expedition against Quebec^ 1690. — Fron- 
 tenac's successes aroused the English colonists to great 
 activity. Massachusetts, being the leading colony, sum- 
 moned a meeting, or congress, of representatives from the 
 other provinces to meet at New York in May, 1 690. At 
 that congress it was agreed that no time should be lost in 
 equipping two expeditions, — one to attack the French set- 
 tlements by sea and the other by land. Sir William 
 
 Questions.— Mention the active stept which ho took both against th© 
 English aiid Iroquoii and with what result iu both cases. 
 
64 HISTOUT OF CANADA. CPABT II.-lMl. 
 
 PhippH* took command of the fleet destined to act by sea 
 againit Quebec, and the son of Governor Winthrop of 
 Connecticut, that of the army destined to co-operate by 
 land against Montreal. Winthrop proceeded as far as 
 Lake George, there to await the success of Phipps' fleet 
 against Quebec. Sickness, however, broke out among his 
 troops, and compelled him to return without accomplish- 
 ing anything. Fn the meantime, the fleet, having pre- 
 viously captured Port Royal and other places in Acadio 
 (Nova Scotia), appeared before Quebec, and demanded 
 the surrender of the place. Frontenac returned a defiant 
 reply, and soon after opened fire upon the fleet. The 
 shot from the ships fell short, while the superior position 
 of Frontenac enabled him to bear upon them with ease. 
 Phipps soon retired with his disabled ships ; but the force 
 which he had sent on shore obstinately maintained the 
 contest, but being overwhelmed, however, they too with- 
 drew, and the walls of the beleaguered town at length re- 
 sounded with the shouts of victory. Frontenac ordered a 
 Te Deum to be sung, and at once penned a glowing des- 
 patch to his sovereign, who in consequence caused a medal 
 to be struck, bearing this proud inscription : — " Francia 
 IN Novo Orbe, victrix ; Kebecca Liberata, A.D., 
 MDCXC." — " France, victress in the new world ; Quebec 
 free, a.d., 1690." Further to commemorate the event 
 a church, (which is still standing in the Lower Town,) 
 was erected in Quebec and dedicated to Our Lady, and 
 named Notre Dame de la Victoire ! 
 
 19. Expedition against Montreal^ 1691. — Frontenac's 
 
 *Sir William Phipps was born of humble parents at Pem-a-quid (Bris- 
 tol), in the present State of Maine, in 1661. Being a sailor, he was so for- 
 tunate as to find large treasure in a Spanish wreck off the coast of His- 
 paniola. This gave him wealth and influence. He was knighted by 
 James I., and in 1669 was sent to take Quebec. In 1692, he was appointed 
 governor of Massachusetts, and greatly exerted himself to promote its 
 .prosperity. He died in 1695, aged forty-four years. 
 
 Questions.— Mention the expeditions which were sent from New Eng- 
 land against Canada. Who commanded them ? How did they succeea ? 
 Describe the second attack on Quebec. Give a sketch of Sir Wra. Phipps, 
 How did the uoutest end, and how was the victory celebrated? 
 
JHAP. V— 1693.] SKETCH OP FRENOH UTTLE. SS 
 
 victory had the ofTect of chet^kiiig tho in roads of the Iro- 
 [uois. They were not, ut present, disposed to renew the 
 nontest, as a coohiess had arisen between them and the 
 [English. The fickle Moliawks carried their jealousy 
 [of the Engligh so far as to send warriors to Montreal to 
 I enter into a treaty of neutrality in any future contest 
 between the French and English colonies. M. do Cal- 
 lieres, the governor of Montreal, affected indilferenco 
 to their offer, and the Indians withdrew, soon to return 
 and avenge the slight. In the meantime. Colonel Slough- 
 ter, the English governor, held a council with the remain- 
 ing four cantons of the Iroqwois. He so far succeeded in 
 renewing and "brightening tho covenant chain" with 
 them, that tho design of the Mohawks would have been 
 frustrated had they persisted in it. In the same year, 
 Major Schuyler, * who was scHt by tho English colonists 
 of New York, made a bold irruption into Canada through 
 Lake Champlain, and with his Indians defeated de Cal- 
 lieres ; while the Iroquois, by their stealthy warfare under 
 their Onondaga chief, Black Kettle, continued to keep 
 the French settlements in constant alarm. Port Royal 
 was, however, recaptured by the French in November, 
 1691 ; and in the following January, a New P^ngland set- 
 tlement was surprised and put to the sword. 
 
 20. Defences — Partial Cessation of War. — The ever- 
 vigilant Frontenac, fearing another attack on Quebec and 
 Montreal, strengthened the defences of both towns in 
 1693. He also attacked the Iro(piois "castles," but was 
 compelled by " Quider " to retreat. He again renewed 
 the attempt in 1694. Taking advantage of these succes- 
 sive inroads upon the Iroquois, and their recurring jealousy 
 of the English, he soon afterwards rebuilt Fort Cataraqui 
 
 * Major Peter Scliuvler was a great favorite with the Iroquois. He 
 was called "Quider" W them, that being the nearest approach to the 
 name of " Peter " which their language would allow. 
 
 Questions — What was the effect of this victory ? How did the Eng- 
 lish counteract it ? What other attacks were made ? Wlio was Major 
 I Schuyler ? How did Frontenac provide for the successful defence of 
 [Canada? 
 
66 . HISTORY OF CANADA. [Part 11-1694. 
 
 against their wishes, and named it Frontenac (now Kings- 
 ton). By his skill and courage he compelled the Iro- 
 quois to desist from their attacks, and soon had the satis- 
 faction of seeing comparative peace restored to the French 
 settlements. The inhabitants were thus enabled once 
 more to resume the cultivation of their lands. In the 
 Hudson Bay the French were also successful. In 1694, 
 D'Iberville took from the English the fourth and only re- 
 maining trading-post (Bourbon, on the Nelson River) in 
 their possession. 
 
 21. Successful invasion of the Iroquois Cantons. — 
 Frontenac, anxious to put a final stop to the harassing 
 and destructive warfare which had been so constantly 
 waged against him by the unrelenting Iroquois, deter- 
 mined to humble these haughty Indians by invading their 
 territory. He therefore collected a force of 2,300 colo- 
 nists and friendly Indians at Fort Frontenac, in 1696. 
 With this force he marched into the Iroquois territory by 
 way of Oswego. The expedition was partially successful ; 
 but the villages in two cantons were desolated by the 
 Onondaga Indians themselves, rather than allow them to 
 fall into Frontenac's hands. Only one very old chief re- 
 mained, and he was cortured to death at Selina. Before 
 Frontenac's object was fully accomplished, he returned to 
 Canada ; but his raid so excited the fierce enmity of the Iro- 
 quois that they again ravished his territory with fire and 
 tomahawk, and caused a famine in Canada. In return, 
 Frontenac's Indian allies harassed the English settlements 
 even far into the interior. 
 
 22. The Cause of these Incessant Wars must be looked 
 for in the determination of both the French and Eng- 
 lish colonists to secure an exclusive right to carry on a 
 traffic for furs with the various Indian tribes. These trad- 
 ing contests were of long standing, and seemed to increase 
 in bitterness every year. Each party invoked the aid of 
 
 Questions.— What occurred at Hudson Bay? Wliat further steps did 
 Frontenac take against the Iroquois Indians? What success did he meet 
 ■with? How did his expedition against the Iroquois end? Mention 
 fhe oauses of these incessant wars. 
 
HAPV.-1696.] SKETCH OF FHENCH RULE. 67 
 
 the savages, who were themselves not indisposed to enter 
 Into the contest on their own account, in order that they 
 [might thereby obtain the more favor in trade from the 
 successful rival. Territorial extension, no less than em- 
 bittered national resentment between the French and Eng- 
 lish colonists, gave an intensity of feeling to the contest, 
 and contributed to its duration. It is a striking fact, 
 moreover, which the government of New France either 
 ignored, or never fully realized^ that the chief part 
 of the misunderstandings, difficulties, and contests con- 
 nected with the peltry traffic, had their origin mainly in 
 the persistent efforts on the part of that government to 
 impose upon that traffic unreasonable restraints, and to 
 force it into unnatural channels. In their efforts to do 
 this, their plans were not only counteracted by the energy 
 of the English traders ; but they were even thwarted in 
 them by three separate classes among themselves, — each 
 having different interests to serve, yet all united in their 
 secret opposition to the government. 
 
 23. The Three Classes of French Fur Traders were: 1, 
 the Indians ; 2, the trading officials ; and 3, the coureurs de 
 bois [koo-reur-du-bwa] (" runners of the wood," or white 
 trappers). As to the first class (the Indians of these vast 
 territories), they were ever proud of their unfettered for- 
 est life, and naturally disdained to be bound by the arti- 
 ficial trammels of the white man in the exchange of skins 
 for blankets, and for the weapons of the chase. The sec- 
 ond class (the officials of New France) was secretly in 
 league yfii\i l\iQ coureurs de hois against the king's revenue 
 agents — their exactions and their exclusive privileges. The 
 third or intermediary class of traders, or factors (the cou- 
 reurs de io^s), sought in everyway in their power to evade 
 the jurisdiction of the farmers of the revenue at Quebec. 
 Their own reckless and daring mode of life among the In- 
 dians in the woods, far from the seat of official influence 
 
 Questions.— What was the policy of each colony ? What three claBses 
 of traders are mentioned? Describe them. ♦ 
 
68 HISTORY OP CANADA. [Part 11-1697. 
 
 and power, gave them peculiar facilities for doing so. Of 
 
 these facilities they were not slow to avail themselves, 
 
 especially as they were secretly under the protection, and, 
 even, patronage of one or other of the French colonial 
 governors or judges. These coureurs de bois, through 
 whom the traders obtained furs, were a numerous class ; 
 there was not (says the Intendant Duchesneau, in his me- 
 moir to the king, in 1681,) a family in Canada of any con- 
 dition and quality which had not children, brothers, un- 
 cles, or nephews among them. 
 
 24. T/te Treaty of Rysivick, in 1697, at length brought 
 King William's war to a close, and restored peace to tiie 
 rival colonies. France agreed to give up whatever places 
 she had taken during the war ; and commissioners were 
 appointed to fix the boundaries of *he French and English 
 possessions in the New World. No mention of the Iro- 
 quois was made in the treaty. The French governor, how- 
 ever, still sought through the Jesuit fathers to detach the 
 Iroquois from the English, but the English prompted the 
 Indians to prevent the settlement of priests among them. 
 In 1700, a law was passed by the Colonial Assembly, pun- 
 ishing by death every priest who might come to settle in 
 the colony. 
 
 25. Death and Character of Frontenac. — The return of 
 peace was signalized by a sad loss to the French colonists, 
 in the death of the great and good Count de Frontenac. 
 He died at Quebec, in November, 1698, aged seventy- 
 seven years. Like Champlain, he had devoted all his 
 energies to promote the prosperity of Canada. By his 
 bravery and sagacity he successfully defended her alike 
 from the inroads of the Iroquois and the intrusive designs 
 of his Anglo-American neighbors. Though quick-tem- 
 pered and haughty, he was brave and fearless. He was 
 much beloved by his fellow-colonists, and died amid their 
 heartfelt regrets. He was succeeded by M. de Callieres, 
 who was then governor of Montreal. 
 
 Questions.— Describe the courenm de hois. What was agreed to by 
 Prance and England in the treaty of Rrswiclc ? How was the case of the 
 Iroquois Indians (iealt with ? Give a sketch of the career of Frouteuac ? 
 Wbo 8tt««««ded Froutouac? 
 
 . , > <* M*. I 
 
JHA.P. V-1699.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 69 
 
 26. Settlement of Louisiana hy D' Iberville^ 1699. — 
 fAf ter the death of La Salle, and the dispersion of his fol- 
 [lowers, no steps were taken to colonize the Mississippi 
 I valley until 1698. In that year D'Iberville, a native of 
 
 Montreal, and a successful officer in the contests with the 
 British in the Hudson Bay territory, left France and ar- 
 rived in Florida early in 1699. Touching at Pensacola, he 
 entered the Mississippi ; and having partly explored it, 
 he returned and erected a fort at Biloxi, — about ninety 
 nailes north-east of New Orleans. In the following 
 year he brought with him a number of Canadians ; and in 
 1701 he erected another fort at Mobile, whither he re- 
 moved his colony. During his lifetime the colony pros- 
 pered. 
 
 27. Settlement of Detroit hy De la Motte Cadillac, 1701. 
 — To promote the extension of French power and in- 
 fluence among the western Indians, and to secure the trade 
 with them, de Callieres sent, in 1701, De la Motte Ca-dil- 
 lac, governor of Michilimackinac, with an hundred men and 
 a Jesuit missionary to found a colony at Detroit, or the 
 " strait " between Lakes Erie and Huron. The site was 
 well chosen ; and the settlement has more than realized 
 the expectations of its founder. 
 
 28. War Renewed — Unsuccessful Expeditions, — In 1702, 
 France and England were again at war ; but the Iroquois, 
 by a treaty with the French governor, agreed to remain 
 neutral in the contest. In 1703, De Callieres died. He 
 was succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil [voh-drah- 
 yee] as governor.* Successive contests with the Miamis 
 
 ♦ Philip de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil, one of tlie most successful 
 governors of Canada, first achieved distinction in the Army. He was sent 
 to Canada as conmiander-in-chief, and aided in the relief of Montreal, 
 after the massacre at Lacliine. He aided Frontenac in the defence of 
 Quebec against Sir William Phipps, and in his wars with the Irociuois. 
 He was appointed governor of Montreal, and afterwards succeeded De 
 Callieres as governor of New Prance. During Ins adndnistratiou he ac- 
 complished many useful reforms. He died at Quebec in 1725. 
 
 Questions.— Give an account of the flrst settlement of Louisiana and 
 of Detroit. Who settled these places ? Sketch the career of D'Iberville. 
 What events occurred in 1702 and 170.3? Who succeeded De Callieres 
 What is said of Marquis de Vaudreuil ? 
 
70 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART 11-1704. 
 
 and other western Indians, and against the colonists of 
 New England, took place soon after his apppointment. / 
 The surprise and massacre of the settlers at Deerfield, 
 Massachusetts, in 1704, and at Haverhill in 1708, must 
 ever reflect disgrace upon Hertel de Rouville, the leader 
 of the enterprise. These attacks upon New England, by 
 the French, led to unsuccessful reprisals against Acadie 
 and the French settlements in Newfoundland. Defeat, 
 however, roused the British colonists to renewed exer- 
 tions. They formed a plan to take Quebec and Montreal, 
 and collected a large force under Col. Nicholson at Lake 
 Champlain, as a rendezvous. Col. Schuyler induced the 
 Five Nations to engage heartily in this contest. To bear 
 the expenses of this expedition, the colonies issued the 
 first paper-money ever used in America. Having waited 
 in vain for promised reinforcements from England, the 
 colonists abandoned the expedition, for a time. 
 
 29. Further Failures, — The failure of the expedition 
 greatly disappointed the Iroquois. Col. Schuyler, how- 
 ever, to revive their confidence projected an Indian em- 
 bassy \k) England to solicit further aid. He accompanied 
 the embassy, and was highly successful in his mission, be- 
 side gratifying the Iroquois chiefs and interesting the Eng- 
 lish public with a novel sight. 
 
 30. The Treaty of Utrecht — The Six Nations — Louis- 
 hourg. — Althougli discouraged, the colonists, still intent 
 upon their scheme of conquest, changed the theatre of war 
 to Acadie. That part of New France they took in 1710. 
 In 1711, 5000 troops, detached from the victorious army 
 of the Duke of Marlborough, having arrived from Eng- 
 land, the expedition against Canada was revived with 
 great vigor. A formidable naval force was despatched 
 from Boston to Quebec, under Admiral Sir Hoveden 
 Walker ; while a large Irtnd force rendezvoused at Lake 
 George. Owing to fogs and storms, the fleet failed to 
 ^ . — _ — — — — 
 
 QuESTiONS.—Mention the ware which followed De Vaudreuil'a appoint- 
 meut. What plan of retaliation was adopted by the New England 
 colonists? How were the colonists aided from England? Mention the 
 expedition which they undertook. 
 
I 
 
 IChXP. V— 1713.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 71 
 
 peach Quebec ; half of it being wreclred ; and the land 
 f force remained inactive. For the present the scheme fail- 
 ' ed, and the army was shortly afterwards distributed along 
 the frontier, for its defence. At length the treaty of 
 Utrecht [u-trek], in 1713, put an end to Queen Anne's 
 war, and confirmed to Great Britain, Acadie, Newfound- 
 land, and the Hudson Bay territory ; besides finally con- 
 ceding to the English their claims to a protectorate over 
 the Iroquois and their territory. The Five Nations, 
 thus relieved from the necessity of further contests with 
 the French, turned their attention to their enemies in the 
 south. Claiming affinity with the Tuscaroras in Carolina, 
 they incorporated them into their confederacy, and it thus 
 became what was afterwards known as the Six Nations. 
 To provide for the maritime defence of Canada (which, as 
 yet, had no protection to the seaward), France lost no 
 time in colonizing the island of Cape Breton. Louisbourg, 
 its capital, was founded in 1713, and, in 1720, was strong- 
 ly fortified at great expense. 
 
 31. Peace and Prosperity in Canada. — The return of 
 peace to Canada brought with it also a return of prosper- 
 ity. M. de Vaudreuil set himself to develop the resources 
 of the country, and to foster education among the people. 
 He subdivided the three governments of Quebec, Three 
 Rivers, and Montreal into eighty-two parishes, and took a 
 census of the people. He also extended the fortifications 
 of Quebec, and directed that Montreal should be put in a 
 state of defence. Thus he employed himself until his 
 death, which took place in 1725. In 1720-1, Charlevoix, 
 a distinguished traveller, visited Canada, and afterwards 
 wrote an account of his travels in New France. 
 
 32. Further Trading Disputes. — Baron de Longueuil 
 [lohng-gay-ee] administered the government for a year, 
 when the Marquis de Beauharnois [bo-har-nwah] succeed- 
 
 QUESTIONS. What treaty was made? How did the Iroquois act? 
 Give a sketch of De Vaudreuil's administration and career. What did 
 Charlevoix do ? 
 
72 HISTORY OK CANADA. [Pabt 11-1728. 
 
 ed de Vaudreuil as governor, in 1726.* By order of the 
 king, and with a view stUl further to counteract the efforts 
 of the British traders, De Beauharnois strengthened the 
 forts at Frontenac and Niagara. Governor Burnet of Now 
 York (son of Bisliop Burnet of England) resolved, in 
 1727, to neutralize the design of the Marquis by erecting 
 another fort, midway between Frontenac and Niagara, at 
 Oswego. He also had an a(;t passed by the Assembly of 
 New York, subjecting any P^rench trader to heavy loss 
 who would supply the Iroipiois with goods. As an act 
 of retaliation the few English residents at Montreal were 
 peremptorily exiled ; and contrary to existing treaties the 
 new French fort of St. Frederic was erected at Crown 
 Point on Lake Champlain, and a settlement formed there. 
 With a view to punish the predatory acts of the western 
 Indians, M. De Beauharnois, in 1728, despatched a large 
 force to Chicago, by way of the river Ottawa, Lake Nip- 
 issing, and the French River. The expedition was highly 
 successful, and penetrated within a comparatively short 
 distance of the upj)er Mississippi. Efforts were also more 
 or less successfully made' by French agents to detach the 
 Iroquois from the English. As their territory lay between 
 the English and French colonies, and formed a barrier 
 between them, the Iroquois could act against either. It 
 was, therefore, important for both colonies to secure either 
 their co-operation, or their neutrality. 
 
 33. The Champlain Fa/%.— This beautiful valley, which 
 had acquired unusual prominence in the intercolonial con- 
 tests which began in 1730, and ended in 1760, was first 
 discovered by Champlain in 1 609. It lies between the 
 States of New York and Vermont, and stretches about 150 
 
 * Charles, Marquis de Beauharnois, succeeded De Champigny as Inten- 
 dantin 1702. In 1705 ho returned to France, and in 1720 was appointed 
 Viceroy of Canada. In the twenty-one years during whicli ho adminis- 
 tered the government of New France, he displayed much enterprise an<l 
 ability. Ho made the most of the means at his commaud to protect the 
 colony from tho intrusion of the English. 
 
 Questions. Mention the further trading disputes which arose and 
 how each party souglit to meet them. What- expeditioiis were on foot ? 
 What is said of the Marquis de Beauharnois ? 
 
Chap. V-1731.3 SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 73 
 
 miles southwards (from the River Richelieu in Canada), 
 and includes the waters of l^akes Champluin and George. 
 In the early French and Indian wars, its long line of 
 water communication from New France far into the in- 
 terior of the Iroquois territory made it a favorite route for 
 armed predatory bands with their fleets of swift and light 
 canoes. From this circumstance they called Lake Cham- 
 plain Ca-ni-a-de-re Gu-a-ran-te, or the " lake gate of the 
 country." The Indian name for Lake George was An- 
 di-a-to-roc-te — " there the lake [i. o., the whole lake val- 
 ley] shuts [or ends] itself." It received its present name 
 (George) in 1755 from Sir William Johnson, " not only 
 in honor of his majesty king George," but to assert *' his 
 undoubted dominion here." The French Missionary, 
 Ptire Jogues, while on his way to ratify a treaty with the 
 Iroquois, in 1646, had named it St. Sacrement — having 
 arrived .there on the anniversary of that festival. Mr. J. 
 Fennimore Cooper, the American writer, gave it the poet- 
 ical name of Lake Hor-i-con. 
 
 34. Discovery of the Rocky Mountains. — In 1731, Sieur 
 De la Verendrye [vay-ronS-dree], a native of Canada, and 
 a son of M. De Varennes,* sought to give effect to a 
 scheme for reaching the Pacific ocean overland. He set 
 out by way of Lake Superior, and with his brother and 
 sons occupied twelve years in exploring the country ly- 
 ing between that lake and the Saskatchewan, the upper 
 Missouri and the Yellowstone rivers. His son and brother 
 reached the Rocky Mountains in 1743. 
 
 35. PepperrelVs Expedition from New England. — The 
 notes of war between England and France, which had 
 ceased at the peace of Utrecht, were again sounded in 
 1745. From Crown Point the French and their Indian 
 allies successfully attacked the English settlements ; and 
 
 * He took the name of De la Verendrye from his maternal grandfather. 
 
 QiTKSTiONS. Give a sketch of the Charaplain Valley Mention its 
 length and the names of the lake» in it. By what ?]ugli»h, French^ and 
 I'^dian names were they known? For what were the lakes chiefly noted? 
 Give an account of the discovery of the Kocky Mountains. 
 
74 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART n-1748. 
 
 from Louisbourg, the fortified capital of Cape Breton, a 
 host of French privateers sallied forth to prey upon the 
 fishing boats of Nova Scotia and the commerce of New 
 England. Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, aided by 
 the other colonies, at once organized an expedition undor 
 William Pep-per-rell for the reduction of this stronghold.* 
 The expedition was highly successful, and Pepperrell was 
 rewarded with a baronetcy. Nothing daunted, a fleet, 
 under the Duke D'Anville, was despatched from France 
 to recapture Louisbourg. But having been dispersed by 
 successive tempests, it never reached its destination, much 
 to the joy of the English colonists, who duly acknowl- 
 edged this interposition, which they regarded as provi- 
 dential by public thanksgiving in their cliurches. 
 
 36. Border Conflicts with the Indians. — As a set off to 
 this disaster, however, the French colonists (being unop- 
 posed by the Iro(|uois, who were lukewarm towards the 
 Eng^'ih), made several successful inroads along the fron- 
 tier line of Canada from Boston to Albany, and greatly 
 harassed the English settlements. The heroic defence by 
 Sergeant Hawks, of one of the English posts against an 
 attack from Crown Point by De Vaudreuil, called forth 
 the admiration of both sides ; while the barbarous treat- 
 ment of the Keith family by the St. Francis Indians, at 
 Hoosac, near Albany, caused a feeling of the deepest re- 
 sentment. The colonists were roused ; and each one vied 
 with the other in setting on foot an expedition for the con- 
 quest of Canada. Troops were promised from England, 
 but as they never came, the expedition had to be aban- 
 doned. At length the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, 
 put an end to these desultory contests ; and both coun- 
 tries restored the respective territories which had been 
 taken by them during the war. 
 
 *Sir William Pei)pcrrell was a native of New England, and a brave en- 
 ergetic officer In tbe later contests between the French and English colon- 
 ists. For his success and gallantry King George made him a Baronet. 
 
 Questions.— What led to Sir William Pepperrell's expedition ? How 
 did it succeed ? What did the French do ? What is said of Sir William 
 Pepperrell ? What concesHioiis were made by the treaty ? 
 
Chap. V-1749.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 75 
 
 37. Disputes about Acadie and Ohio arising out of the 
 Treaty. — The restoration of Cape Breton to the French 
 gave great offence to New England ; but, in 1749, the 
 British parliament repaid the colonies the cost of their 
 expedition against Louisbourg. Disputes, however, soon 
 arose as to the exact boundaries of New France and New 
 England. The British colonists claimed that the Aca- 
 dian territory extended to the banks of the St. Lawrence, 
 while the French maintained that it reached no further 
 than the Bay of Fundy and the Isthmus which separates 
 that bay from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. M. Galisson- 
 niere* [gal-ese-sonn-e-yare], the acting governor of New 
 France, sought to interpose a living barrier to these en- 
 croachments, by inducing the Acadians to emigrate, en 
 masse, from the south to the north side of the Bay of 
 Fundy. In this he was partially successful. Galissonniere 
 ^Iso took steps to prevent the British fur traders from in- 
 truding up the valley of the Ohio River, between Canada 
 and Louisiana, which the French claimed on the ground 
 of occupancy, and of the discoveries of La Salle and Mar- 
 quette. The British rested their claim upon the owner- 
 ship of the valley by the Six Nation Indians, who had 
 formerly placed all their territory under the protection of 
 the English in 1684. This claim the Indians acknowl- 
 edged in 1744. In 1648 the Ohio trading company was 
 formed. The French governor protested against the for- 
 mation of this company , and in the same year he sent 
 M. Celoron de Bienville to expel the British traders from 
 the Ohio Valley, and to take formal possession of it. This 
 latter he did by depositing at the mouth of every large 
 
 ♦Roland Michel Barrin, Count De la Galissonniere, was bom in France 
 in 1693. Though small and defonned, he was noted as a statesman and a 
 scholar, as well as a distinguished officer of the French naval service. He 
 showed great energy and ability during the two years he administered 
 the government of New France, while M- Delajbnqui6re, the governor, 
 was a prisoner in England. His name was associated with the unfortu- 
 nate Admiral Byng of England. He died in 1756, aged 63 yeara. 
 
 Questions.— Why was the treaty unsatisfactory ? Wliat aggressive 
 steps were taken in Acadie, and in other places, to settle the dispute? 
 Give a sketch of de la Galissonniere. Ou what did the two natious hft'iQ 
 their claims to the disputed territory ? 
 
76 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART II-1761' 
 
 stream a plate of lead, on which was engraved the French 
 arms and an inscription. The governor further erected 
 or strengthened a chain of forts extending from the Ohio 
 to Montreal, including Detroit, Des Puans (Green Bay), 
 Niagara, Fort Rouille [roo-eel-lay] (Toronto), after the 
 French colonial Minister, and la Presentation (Ogdens- 
 burgh.) 
 
 88. Efforts to detach the Iroquois from the Enylish. — 
 At la Presentation, (the fort of which was destroyed by 
 General Gage in 1757), Abbe Picquet* had established ;i 
 mission school, so as to conciliate the Iroquois, and to de- 
 tach them from the English. This was often a successful 
 and favorite policy with the French governors. In 1751 
 they even prevailed upon the Onondagas to permit them 
 to establish a similar school at Onondaga lake, in the 
 heart of the Iroquois confederacy. Sir Wm. Johnson 
 hearing of it, promptly repaired to the place, and, before 
 the project could be carried out, purchased the lake and 
 a margin of two miles round it for $1,750 ! M. dela Jon- 
 quiere,t [zhon-ke-yare] the new French governor, follow- 
 ed the schemes of La Galissonniere with spirit. In ob- 
 taining permission to erect a fort at Niagara he ingeni- 
 ously availed himself of an Iroquois custom. Wlien a 
 youth, the Senecas had made him a prisoner, and after- 
 wards adopted him into their tribe. By virtue of this 
 adoption, he claimed the right to erect within their ter- 
 ritory " a cabanne for his retirement." Tliis right having 
 been conceded, he chose Niagara, and erected a " caban- 
 
 *Franci8 Picquet was not oi'^' a zealous missionary, but a brave soldier. 
 He sometimes accompanied tli French Indians in their raids upon the 
 English settlements. By the French lie was Itnown as the " Apostle of 
 the Iroquois " and by the English as the " .Jesuit of the West." 
 
 t Jacques Pierre de TafTanel, Marquis de la Jonquifere, a native of 
 Languedoc, was a distinguished naval officer. He was appointed to the 
 government of New France in 1747, but, being a prisoner in P'ngland, did 
 not arrive in Canada until 1749. Though an al)le governor, his avarice in 
 the peltry trade involved him in a succession of disputes with the colou- 
 ists. 
 
 Questions.— What forts wer« erected or strengthened? What of La 
 Presentation and Onondaga Lake ? Sketch Picquet and de la Jonqui6re. 
 By wliat means did de la Jouqui6re erect the Fort at Niagara? 
 
Chap. V-17521 SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 77 
 
 lie " there, which he fortified — ignoring, in his status as a 
 Seneca brave, the jurisdiction of the Etiglish over the 
 Niagara country. In the meantime a joint commission 
 was appointed in Europe to settle the boundaries of New 
 France, and the colonists were requested to remain neu- 
 tral in any disputes which might arise until this question 
 was settled. 
 
 39. Commencement of the Seven Tears* War — Wash- 
 ington. — Wbile the boundary commissioners in P^urope 
 were for five years examining old maps and records, and 
 languidly listening to the arguments of contending parties 
 for and against the claims for the disputed territory, the 
 rival colonists were themselves actually settling the ques- 
 tion by the strong hand of force, and by unceasing en- 
 croachments on each other. In these disputes exception 
 was taken by the French governor, as previously intima- 
 ted, to the passes granted by the authprities of Pennsyl- 
 vania and Maryland to fur-traders in the disputed terri- 
 tory of the Ohio valley. In 1752, three British traders 
 were made prisoners there by De la Jonquiere's authority 
 and sent to Presqu'isle (Erie), on Lake Erie, where the 
 French had a new fort. Appeal was at once made to 
 Dinwiddle, the governor of Virginia, for protection. Din- 
 widdle, by advice of his Assend:>ly, sent George Washing- 
 ton to remonstrate with the French commandant, but 
 without effect. In retaliation, three French traders were 
 seized and sent south of the Alleghany mountains. These 
 acts of personal hostility to the traders of either nation 
 by the colonial authorities precipitated a war which had 
 long been threatened, and which was ultimately destined 
 to be a decisive one. 
 
 40. The First Memorable Blow Struck. — De la Jon- 
 quiere, who was about to retire, died at Quebec in 1752, 
 and was succeeded, ad interim, by the Baron de Lon 
 
 Questions.— Mention the first hostile acts in the Ohio valley, which 
 led to the seven years' war. How were they mot by the governor of 
 Virginia ? What changes took place ? 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [PABT II-17B2. 
 
 gueuil. Marquis du Quesiie* [(lue-kehn],the new governor, 
 immediately reorganized tlie militia ; hut he was opposed 
 by M. Big()t,t the royal intendant, who intrigue<l against 
 him. Meanwhile, the French troops were; st^iit forward 
 to the Ohio. Their arrival was anticipated hy Dinwiddie, 
 the governor of Virginia,! who despatched sonu; militia 
 to erect a fort at the junction of the Ohio and Mo-non-ga- 
 he-la rivers. They had, howtiver, sc^arcely traced the out- 
 line of the fort, when the French, under M. de Contre- 
 coeur [kon-tre-keur] suddenly attacked and <lispersed tluan. 
 
 lie at once proceeded to (!omplete the 
 fort which the F^nglish had just heguti, 
 and named it Du (^uesne, after the 
 French governor. Washington, who 
 had charge of a detachment of the Vir- 
 ginia militia, halted at a place called 
 Great Meadows, and guided by the In- 
 dijtns, suddenly attacked a portion of 
 F'rench troops which were near him un- 
 der De Jumonville, and defeated them. In the meantime 
 the remain<ler of the Virginia militia came up, l>ut Colonel 
 Fry, their leader, having in the meantime died suddeidy, 
 the command of the united forces devolved upon the af- 
 
 Fort du Quesne. 
 
 • Marquis <lu QncHiie do Monuevillo held oflice for only three years; 
 but during that time lie eft'e<'ted ninny military reforms n» the colony. 
 Not reliHhing the prosjiect of the coming colonial contests, ho sought ac- 
 tive duty in the French marine nervice. 
 
 t Fran9oi8 Bigot waH a native of the province of Guionne, in France. 
 He formerly held the appointment of inten<lantof Louisiana, before 
 being removed to fill that office for tln^ last time in Canada. He was re- 
 markable for the rapacity, malversation, an«l fraud which characterized 
 his whole official career in Canada, .'is well as for thegandding, riot, and 
 luxury of his private life. On his return to France Tie was sent to the 
 Bastile, and afterwards exiled to Bordeaux. His property (and that of 
 his abettors in robbery and crime in <Janada) was confiscated, 
 
 t Robert Dinwiddie' was born in Scotland in 1600. For his zeal in dis- 
 covering a fraud while in the office of a collector of (Justoms in the Went 
 Indies, he was appointed governor of Virginia, which office he held from 
 1752 to 1758. He died in 1770, aged 80 years. 
 
 Questions.— How did the belligerent* act? What is said of the Marquis 
 du Quesne, Intendant Bigot, and Governor Dinwiddie ? Where did the 
 first contest take place ? How did it end ? 
 
CUAP V.~1753.] SKETCH OF rRENCII RULE. 79 
 
 terwards famous George WaHhington,* who was the next 
 senior officer. 
 
 41. Defeat of Washington* s Force fn/ the French. — 
 Wawhingtoii'M first ac-t, alt<!r this skirnuHh, was the erec- 
 tion of a Fort at (iruat Meadows, on the Moiiongahela 
 River, winch he aj)|)r()|)riately nanuid Fort Necessity. 
 Here he was attacked, and after ten hours' fi«rlitin^, wjus 
 obliged to caj)itulate. Thus on the 4th of July, Wash- 
 ington's first military campaign ended in defeat. 
 
 42. Project of a Federal Union of the Colonies, 17.53-54. 
 — It having been deemed advisable that the several Brit- 
 ish colonies in America should act in concert against the 
 French, the lords of trade suggested to them to form a 
 conciliatory league with the Indians, which in its structure 
 should be somewhat like the Irocjuois confederacy. The 
 indefatigable governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, con- 
 ceived the bolder project of an alliance among the colonies 
 themselves for the purposes of mutual defence. This 
 proposed alliance did not then take place, but it subse- 
 quently developed itself into the memorable union of 
 the colonies against British authority itself, and was after- 
 wards known as the Federation of the United States of 
 America. 
 
 43. General Rraddock^s Career. — Tn this crisis England 
 liberally aided her colonies with men and money. She 
 also sent out General Braddockf to prosecute the cam- 
 
 * George WaHhiugton was born in Virginia, in 1732. "Wlion but Hlxteen 
 years of age, he was employed in Hurvey|^ig land wldeli liad been aswigned 
 to Lord Fairfax, a connexion of ids. lie was a surveyor for many years, 
 and tliUH gained a knowledge of tlie topograjtljy of the eountry, wlileh he 
 afterwarils tnrned to military account. Before he was twenty, lie was 
 appointed adjutant-general ol" tlieniililia in a Virginian district, and af- 
 terwards rose to a higher ranlc as aBritisli officer in tlie seven years' war 
 witli tlie Frencli. His after-career as a successf)!) g«uieral in tne service 
 of tlie American insurgents during the revolutionai7 war of 1775-83, is 
 well known. He died in 1709, aged 07 years. 
 
 t Gen. Edward Braddock was an iVish officer of distinction. He waa 
 too regardless of the advice of the provincial officers in his ill-fated ex- 
 
 { (edition, and lost his life by the hand of one of the militiamen whose 
 ►rother he had struck down "with his sword for fighting behind a tree, 
 like an Indian or backwoodsman, which Braddock regarded as cowardly. 
 
 Questions.— Who became leader of the militia? Wliat is said of 
 "Washington, and of the failure of his first military effort? Sketch his 
 career. Mention the project of the federal union of th« thirteen colonies 
 in 1753-64. Who was sent out from EnglaiMl ? 
 
80 
 
 HISTORY OP CANADA. 
 
 [Paet n-1768. 
 
 General Rrnddock. 
 
 paign. Active measures were at once 
 taken to capture the entire line of 
 French forts from the Ohio river to 
 the St. Lawrence ; while equally ener- 
 getic efforts were made by the French 
 to resist this combined attack. In the 
 meantime, Governor du Quesne was 
 succeeded by the Marquis de Vau- 
 dreuil Cavagnal [vo-dray-ye cav-a- 
 nal,] who was destined to be the last 
 Governor of New France. Hraddock 
 arrived in Virginia in February, 1755, 
 and in April, assembled the Provincial 
 Governors at Alexandria* to plan 
 the campaign. At this conference, four 
 expeditions were planned. The first under General Law- 
 rence, was designed to reduce Nova Bcotia ; the second 
 under Braddock, to recover the Ohio valley; the third, 
 under Governor Shirley, to cai)turo Fort Niagara ; and 
 the fourth, under Johnson, to take Fort St. Frederic 
 [Crown Point]. Braddock set out in June with 1,200 
 men, and a reserve of 1,000 more, to take Fort du Quesne, 
 in Ohio. He was accompanied by Washington, as colonel 
 of his staff. It was a month before he reached the Ohio. 
 When within a few miles of the fort he was attacked by 
 M. de Beaujeu, the commandant, with 250 Canadians and 
 600 Indians in ambuscade. A panic ensued, and Brad- 
 dock was defeated with»a loss of 800 out of his 1,200 
 troops, and all his artillery and stores. His officers be- 
 haved nobly. He himself had five horses shot under him, 
 when he received a mortal wound, and died in a few days. 
 This victory ended that campaign, and assured to the 
 
 * Alexandria (Bince famous in tho oivll war between the Northern and 
 Southern St u'les), iH lu'arly opposite WaBhiugton, on tho Potoniai'. The 
 Governors present at this conft'reneo wvyc, Hhirh^y : of Af<i8Hurhtfsetfn\ 
 Dinwiddie, of Vlrqlnia ; DtOnncy, of AV?/*- ro//- ,• Sh'arpe, of Marulaml ; 
 and Morris of Peinisi/lrunia. Ailiniral Keppel, conuaander of the British 
 fleet, was also Mreseiit at tho conference. 
 
 Questions. What did the French and English do? Who iucceeded 
 Du Quesne? Give a sketch of Braddock. What is said of Alexandria? 
 Givean ac<'ount of the l>attlc in Ohio? How did the battle eud? How 
 many troop* were engaged in the buttle ? 
 
3HA.F V— 1756.1 
 
 SEETOH or FRENCH RULE. 
 
 51 
 
 I 
 
 ■French the possession of the valley of the Ohio for the 
 ■ time. This loss of prestige to the British troops had a 
 I disastrous effect upon the Indians, who joined the French, 
 ' and inflicted great misery upon the English settlements. 
 • General Shirley felt it necessary, under the circumstances, 
 
 to abandon his projected attack on Niagara. The other 
 
 expeditions were, however, prosecuted with vigor. 
 44. General Dieskau's Career. — 
 
 In the meantime, General Baron 
 
 Dieskau* [dee-esk-o] had arrived in 
 
 Canada with a large French force. 
 
 Hoping to rival the success which 
 
 had attended the French arms in 
 
 Ohio, he lost no time in marching 
 
 from Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point) 
 
 to attack the advancing columns of the 
 
 British provincial militia, which had 
 
 been collected under Gen. Johnson, 
 
 in the vichiity of Lake George. Leav- 
 ing half of his force at Carillon 
 r. (Ticonderoga), (where a very strong 
 
 new French Fort had been erected 
 
 this year), Dieskau came up with a 
 
 deta" .iiient of Gen. Joiinson's ^Q^voxi,ov.i.K\.^Oeorg^f,^^ 
 
 under Col. Williams, riormmg an Champialu. 
 
 I ambuscade, he attacked and scattered the British force 
 
 I — killing its loader. Col. Williams. He then pushed on to 
 
 f attack Johnson's chief post at Fort Edward (Hudson 
 
 River), which had just been constructed by Gen. Lyman. 
 
 In this he entirely failed, — Johnson being too well posted 
 
 at Fort William Henry (at the head of Lake George), 
 
 and his own force being too small. Dieskau, in attacking 
 
 ■* John Armand, Baron Dieskau, p. lieut.-genoral and commander of tho 
 French forces sniit against Fort Edward. He was found severely wound- 
 ed by the BritisJi soldiers, but was kindly treated by them and sent to 
 Now York, and thence to France, where he died in 1767. In token of tho 
 warm friendship which liad sprung up between him and Sir William 
 Johnson, Dieskau sent hlui, before leaving New York, a handsome sword. 
 
 Questions — Who was sent out from France ? What did he do, aud 
 what is said of him ? Mention the names of the forts ou the map. 
 
82 HISTORY OP CANADA. [Part 11-1786. 
 
 Wjlliam Henry, was wounded and taken prisoner, and his 
 men forced to retreat. For Colonel Johnson's prowess in 
 this battle, he was knighted by the king. 
 
 45. Ohuse of the Vouble Defeat of Braddock and 
 Dieskau. — By a singular coincidence the two brave gene- 
 rals (Braddock and Dieskau, who had been specially 
 sent out from Europe to conduct the opposing cami)aign 
 in America), failed at the outset of their career. Both 
 failed from a similar cause. They were over-confident 
 in regard to the effect of the discipline of their troops, and 
 vain-glorious of their own European military skill. They 
 looked with indifference, if not with contempt, on the 
 colonial troops, and scorned to be guided by the superior 
 knowledge of the colonial officers, whose experience in 
 desultory forest warfare would have been of the utmost 
 service to them, had tht»y had the good sense to avail 
 themselves of it. As a natural result, defeat and disaster 
 befel them both, together with a loss of prestige to Euro- 
 pean generalship, when tested in the tangled woodsj 
 morasses and swamps of America.* 
 
 46. Results of the first Campaign^ 1755. — Sir Wm. 
 
 Johnson's success at the battle of 
 Lake George led to no practical re- 
 sults ; for in reply to the demand of 
 the British government to demolish 
 Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point), 
 the French still furtlier strengthened 
 
 ]SiW$, their position in the Champlain Val- 
 
 fcley. Sir Williamt was unable to 
 
 march against the French stronghold 
 
 at Fort St. Frederic, but contented 
 
 Sir William johuBon. himself with strengthening Fort Wil- 
 
 * The saci fate of these two uotod Generals, and of the brave men under 
 thoir command, was but too frequently repeated, with more or loea 
 disaster throughout the American Revolutionary War. Thia was owing 
 to the obstinacy of many of the newly arrived royalist officers, who scorn- 
 ed to adopt the more practical strategy and knowledge of Indian forest 
 warfare which was so familiar to their loyalist companions in arms. 
 
 t Sir William Johnson was born in Ireland in 1715, aud camo to Amer- 
 
 Qhebtions — Give an account of the battle of Fort William Henry. 
 How was Colonel Johnson rewarded by the kine ? What led to the de- 
 feat of Braddock and Dieskau ? Wliat is said of thoir military wistakil 
 in tix» note ? Mention the reeults of the flrst campaign. 
 
Chap. V— 1756.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 
 
 83 
 
 liam Henry and Fort Edward. He entrusted to Captain 
 Rodgers, a famous ranger, the duty of harassing the 
 garrison at Fort St. Frederic, and having resigned his 
 commission, he returned home. Forts Frontenac and 
 Niagara having been reinforced, the British hesitated 
 to attack them. In Nova Scotia, however, Cohmel 
 Monckton's attack u])on the Frencli posts was com- 
 pletely successful.* Meanwhile the English colonists 
 of New Hampshire suffered great hardships from the in- 
 roads of the St. Francis Indians, 
 through Lake Memphremagog ; 
 while later in the year the French 
 colonists had, in their own coujitry, 
 to endure all the privations of a 
 famine, owing to a scant crop. In 
 December, Gen. Shirley, the com- 
 mander-in-chief, summoned the gov- 
 ernors of the English colonies to a 
 council of war at New York. The 
 scheme which he laid before them 
 was concurred in, and sent to Eng- 
 land for approval. But the French 
 king, Louis XV., not to be forestalled, detei'mined to des- 
 
 ica In 1738 to manage the lands of Lih uncle (Sir P. Warren) on the Mo- 
 hawk. He was agent of the British Government in its trnnsactioiw with 
 the Six Nation Indians, during the whole of the Seven Years' war. He 
 waH tlie friend of Brant, an<V aeciuiied greiit intliienee over, and wan 
 creatly heloved hy, the Iioquois, w ho made liim one of their <'lnefH, For 
 Lis defeat of General Dirskau.atLake George, in 17;"^, he was knighted. 
 In 1750, on the death of Geneial Prideanx [iiree«l(>|,ho took Fort Niag- 
 ara, and was made a l)aronet. He died in the INIohawk valley, in 1774, 
 aged 60 years. The church which was built by him, and in which he was 
 buried, having been burned in 18.'5(i, his remains were reinterred by Bish- 
 op Potter in 1862. 
 
 *Hon. Robert Monckton, who afterwards became a Lieutenant-Gener- 
 al in the British Army, and Governor of New York and of Nova Scotia, 
 was the second son of the first Viscount Galway. He 8ervo<l under 
 Lord Loudoun and General Wolfe, and took part in the reductif)n of No- 
 va Scotia and of Canada- In 17()4, he was sent to take the Island of Mar- 
 tinique, the capture of which he successfully accomplished. Ho died in 
 1782. 
 
 Fort Edward. 
 
 QtTESTiONS.— What is said of Colonel Monckton ? Give a sketch of Sir 
 William Johnson. What is said of Captain Rodgers ? Mention the priva- 
 tions endured by the colonists. What is said of the inroads of the St. 
 Francis ludiauu ? Mention the steps taken by General Shiiloy. 
 
84 HISTORY OF CANADA. fPABr 11-1756. 
 
 patch M. Montcalm [mout-kahm], one of his ablest gen- 
 erals, to Canada early in 1756.* Montcalm was accom- 
 panied by General de Levis, M. de Bourgainville, and 
 14,000 men, provisions, war materials, and money. 
 George II. was equally prompt. With Gen. Abercromby 
 and a large reinforcement, he sent out the Earl of Lou- 
 doun as governor of Virginia and generalissimo. t The 
 House of CV)minons also voted £115,000 sterling to raise 
 and equip the colonial militia. With a view to conciliate 
 the Irocpiois and secure their co-operation. Sir William 
 Johnson was, at their request, appointed " sole superin- 
 tendent of the Six Nations and other Northern Indians," 
 and the various provinces were required to transact all 
 business relating to the Indians through him. 
 
 47. Heroism of Capt. Rodgers and Col. Bradstreet. — 
 About this time a daring feat was performed on Lake 
 Cham[)lain, by Capt. Kodgers, the ranger. Leaving the 
 head of Lake George with fifty men in five boats, he 
 stealthily glided down the lake, and then carried the boats 
 overland to Lake Champlain. Rowing by night, and 
 lying concealed by day (often within hearing of the 
 passing boats of the French), he i)assed Forts Ticon- 
 deroga and St. Frederic until he came to where the 
 supply schooners of the enemy, on' their way to the 
 forts, were lying at anchor. Kodgers suddenly attacked 
 and ca[)tured them. Then abandoning his boats and 
 
 * Louis fJosepli do IVrontcivlm (Marquis of St. Veran), a distinguished 
 Fioucli (T(Miei!il, was horn at ('oiuUac, in France, in 171*2. He distin- 
 guislied liiinsiiir at tin* baitle of iMacenza, and, in 1756, was made a Field 
 Marslijil. Having KuccfCMlod Cloncral Dieskaii in Canada, he took Oswe- 
 go from Ihu Eny;li,sli in tliat year, and Fort William Henry (Lalte George), 
 fa 1767 ; but w;i.s ilefeat<Ml Ijy (ien. Wolfe, on the Plains of Abraham, lUth 
 September. 17;')!). in tlie iKiitle he received a mortal wound, and died on 
 the morning of the I4th. greatly regretted ; aged 47. 
 
 tJohn (Jam pbi«ll, Earl of Ix)u<ioun, was born in 1705. He raised a 
 Highland regiment to oppose the pretender, in 174.5 ; but retired to Skye 
 without striking a blow. He seems to have had very little, either of mil- 
 ijiry skill or t'o,"-i,ge. In 17.% he was sent to America as commander- 
 in-chief, but havnij; failed to accomplish any thing satisfactorily, was re- 
 called in 1758. He died in 1782, aged 77 years. 
 
 QuK8Tioxs.~Who were sent out from Europe to prosecute the cam- 
 paign? Sketch Montcalm and the Earl of Loudoun. How were th« 
 Iro(iuoi8 conciliated ? 
 
Chap. V— 17S5.1 SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 
 
 85 
 
 taking his prisoners, he marclied 
 them overland to Fort William 
 Henry, at the head of Lake 
 George. By this heroic ex[)loit 
 in the heart of the enemy's coun- 
 try, the French garrisons were 
 deprived of a large supply of j)ro- 
 visions, stores and money. By 
 direction of Governor Vaudreuil, ,' 
 De Villiers threatened Oswoijo 
 (which was considered the key to 
 the British position on Lake On- 
 tario), with a view of its being 
 invested by Montcalm. In the 
 streetf showed great intrepidity in bringing reinforce- 
 ments and provisions to the Oswego garrison from Schen- 
 ectady. On his return he was attacked by a large force 
 in ambuscade; but so skilfully did he defend himself that 
 he compelled his eilemies to fly in disorder. 
 
 48. Capture of Oswego. — The reinforcements l)rought 
 to Oswego, by Col. Bradstreet, were not sufHcient; for 
 Montcalm had secretly advanced upon the fort with a 
 large force from Frontenac. After a brief attack, al- 
 though gallantly resisted, he compelled the besieged to 
 abandon Fort Ontario on the 12th of August and retreat 
 
 Ooneral Aboivromhy.* 
 
 meantime, Col. Brad- 
 
 * James Abercromby, a General in the British Army, was born in Soot- 
 land in 1706. He served in Flanders and in Brittany. In 175(1-7 he waft 
 despatched by William Pitt (Earl of Chatham), as Brigadier under I»rd 
 Loudoun to reduce I^ouisbourg and take Fort William Henry (Lake 
 George). He was appointed to succeed General Lord Loudoun \n 1758 ; 
 but having failed, he was in turn siiperseded by Sir Jeffery Amherst. 
 He died in 17H1, aged 75 years. 
 
 t John Bradstreet, afterwards Major-General in the British Army, was 
 born in 1711. He was a Colonel and Adjutant-General in the Provincial 
 militia, and did essential service in the expedition against Louisbourgin 
 1745, and in the campaigns of 1766-f), He wah appointed Governor of 
 St. Johns, Newfoundland, in 1746. He with great heroism, relieved Os- 
 wego, and afterwards gallantly captured Fort Front enac. He was unauc- 
 cessful in his expedition against the Western Indians in 1764. He died 
 at ><'ew York in 1774, aged 63 years. 
 • — 
 
 QtTESTiON.s.— Give an account of the acts of bravery which Colonel 
 Bradstreet and Captain Rodgers performed. Give a, sketch of Colonel 
 Bradstreet and of General Abercroiuby. Did Oswego hold out ? What 
 did Montcalm do there ? 
 
 ■Pi' *-. ■• 
 
86 HISTORY OP CANADA. [PAiiT 11—17156. 
 
 to Fort Oswpfi^o on the opposite side of the river. At 
 tijis fort Col. Mercer, the (!oniniaiulant, having been 
 killed, the garrison surrendered. So exasperated were 
 the Indian allies of the Fnnich at the loss of so many of 
 their warriors, that JMontcalm had to shoot down six of 
 them before they would desist from seal[)ing the prison 
 ers. To conciliate the Jnxpiois, who looked with jealousy 
 upon the British fort in their territory, he destroyed the 
 fort, and returned to Frontenac in triumph, witli 1,400 
 prisoners (who were sent to Montreal), 134 cannon, and 
 a large amount of military stores. The victory was a 
 most inijiortant one for the French, and added so much to 
 their pi-estige among the Iroquois, that at their solicita- 
 tion, a deputation from each of the cantons (except the 
 Mohawk) went to Montreal to conclude a treaty of peace 
 with De Vaudreuil, the governor. Sir William Johnson 
 set vigorously at work to counteract this fatal influence. 
 By the aid of his faithful friends, the Mohawks, he was 
 partially successful, and dispatched several war parties to 
 harass the enemy. The capture of Oswego had the fur- 
 ther f'ffect of preventing any hostile movenjents on the 
 part of the British commander during the remainder of 
 the year. 
 
 49. Progress of the Second Campaign^ 1756. — In the 
 second campaign the French were first in the field. In 
 March, Gen. De Levis with a force of three hundred men 
 suddenly penetrated by way of La Presentation (Ogdens- 
 burg), to Fort Bull, one of the chain of posts between 
 Schenectady and Oswego, and destroyed the magazine 
 there. These successes of the French, and other causes, 
 cooled the ardor of the Irocpiois ; and it required the 
 greatest skill on the part of Sir Wra. Johnson to restore 
 harmony and to " brighten the covenant chain " between 
 them and the English. 
 
 50. The Third Campaign of 11 bl— Capture of Fort 
 
 Questions Give a sketch of the siege. How did it end ? How had 
 Montcalm to interpose to protect the English prisoners ? What effect 
 liad this" victory ? Sketch the progress of the second campaign, of 1766. 
 
OHAP.V-1767.1 SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 87 
 
 William He7iry. — The success of the French, in 1757, 
 was very marked. On the 18th March, they advanced 
 against Fort William Henry, but were gallantly repulsed 
 by Major Eyre, and compelled to retreat down Lake 
 George. In June, Lord Loudoun (having had a conference 
 with the colonial governors) left New York with a large 
 fleet and G,000 men to take the strong fortress of Louis- 
 bourg, — the key to the French possessions ov the seaboard. 
 At Halifax he was joined by more ships and men ; but 
 having heard tliMt Louisbonrg was largely reinforced, he 
 feared to attack it, and leturned to New York with some 
 of his tro()[) , wlilch he sent to Albany. Part of the fleet 
 sailed to Louishourg on a cruise ; but the ships were dis- 
 abled in a storm, and the commander gave up the enter- 
 prise. In July, Ivieutenant Marin and Combiere made 
 successful attacks upon the English Fort Edward, and upon 
 a fleet of supply boats on Lake George. In the following 
 month, Montcalm himself invested Fort William Henry. 
 Col. Munro, who had only a small force, was called upon 
 to surrender ; but as he expected reinforcements from 
 Gen. Webb (who was in Fort Edward near him), he re- 
 fused to do so. Montcalm vigorously pressed the siege, 
 while Webb, who feared to go outside of his fort, left his 
 gallant companion to bear the brunt alone, and even ad- 
 vised him to ourrciuder. This, Munro indignantly refused 
 to do ; and it was not until ten of his cannon had burst, 
 and his ammunition had failed, that he lowered his flag. 
 Montcalm permitted Munro's little band to march out 
 with all the honors of war. The Indian allies of the 
 French, however (having got some rum from the English, 
 contrary to Montcalm's .advice), treacherously fell upon 
 them ; and before the French general could interpose, thirty 
 of the English were scalped, and two hundred of them car- 
 ried oif as prisoners to Montreal. The remainder were 
 rescued and sent under escort to Webb. De Vaudreuil 
 
 Questions.— What was attempted to bo done by Ijord Loudoun at 
 Louisbourg? Sketch the third campaign, of 1757. Give an account of the 
 attack by Maiin. What is said of General Webb ? Give an account oJE 
 the siege and massacr at Fort William Uonry, 
 
 *, 
 
88 MlSTOttY OP CAKAbA. tPARTtl-lM 
 
 ransomed the two hundred from the Indians at Montreal, 
 and sent them to Halifax. The fort itself was destroyed, 
 and Montcalm retired to Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point), 
 aad Ticonderoga. Scarcely had this reverse been expe- 
 rienced, than another equally disastrous ono fell upon the 
 quiet settlements in the rich German flats on the Hudson, 
 and on those in the Mohawk valley. A large force of 
 French and Indians under Belletre, taking advantage of 
 Montcalm's attack upon Fort William Henry, had sud- 
 denly advanced upon these settlements and swept through 
 them with fire and sword. 
 
 51. The Fourth Campaign of 1758. — General Lord 
 Loudoun, the commander-in-chief, having failed to act 
 either with judgment or energy, was superseded by General 
 Abercromby ; and in other respects, the British Cabinet, 
 under the guidance of the elder Pitt, evinced its deter- 
 mination to prosecute the war with unusual vigor. Cir- 
 cular letters were addressed to each of the colonies in 
 March, offering royal troops and warlike material in abun- 
 dance, provided they would select officers and raise such 
 additional men among themselves as miglit be required. 
 Further, as a mark of favor, provincial colonels were 
 raised to the rank of brigadier generals and lieutenant 
 colonels to that of colonels. So heartily were these circu- 
 lars responded to, that in two months twenty thousand 
 colonial troops were sent to Albany, equipped and officer- 
 ed ready to take the field. On the part of the royal 
 forces sent out from England, the campaign in 1758 was 
 signalized by the gallant and memorable capture of Louis- 
 bourg, the fortified capital of Cape Breton ; but on the 
 part of the colonial forces and the regular troops, under 
 Gen. Abercromby, it proved a disgraceful tailure. In July, 
 Abercromby decided to proceed down Lake George and at- 
 tack Montcalm at Ticonderoga. The youthful and gallant 
 
 Questions.— How did Lord Loudoun succeed ? Who superseded bim ? 
 Give a sketch of the fourth <'ampaign, of 1758. What course did Pitt 
 pursue towards the colony ? Give au account of the proposals made to the 
 colouiea. 
 
Lord Howe* was, however, the 
 real soul of the expedition. His 
 untimely death in a slight skir- 
 mish after landing, cast such a 
 damper upon the whole array that 
 Abercromhy felt paralyzed and 
 withdrew his army to the land- 
 ing. Nevertheless the provincial 
 rangers, under Col. Bradstreet and 
 Capt. Rodgers, pushed forward 
 and gained a good position near 
 the fort. Abercromby now ad- 
 vanced, and sent Clerk, an en- ^^^^^ Howe, 
 gineer officer, with Capt. Stark (afterwards noted as an 
 American General in the Revolution), and a few of his 
 rangers to reconnoitre. Clerk recommended an assault ; 
 but Stark advised against it, as the outer defences of logs 
 and branches would only entangle the men, and enable 
 Montcalm to repel any assault made upon him. Aber- 
 cromby refused to take Stark's advice, and ordered the 
 troops to advance. This they did most gallantly, preceded 
 by the provincial rangers as sharpshooters under Rodgers. 
 As vStark had predicted, however, the troops got entangled, 
 and, uncjir a fearful storm of bullets from Montcalm's men, 
 were thrown into confusion. Abercromby at once sounded 
 a retreat, which, had not Bradstreet interposed, would 
 have degenerated into a disgraceful rout. Great was the 
 consternation at this disastrous termination of Aber- 
 cromby's ill-starred expedition. Colonel Bradstreet and 
 the provincial militia burned to wipe out this disgrace. He 
 renewed his entreaty to Abercromby to be allowed a suffi- 
 cient force to raze Fort Frontenac to the ground. A conn- 
 cil of war was therefore held ; and by a small majority the 
 
 * So beloved was Lord Howe (brother to the Admiral, who succeeded to 
 bis title), that the Legislature of Massachusetts erected a luonuiuent to 
 Lis memory in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of Colonel Bradstreet, Captain Rodgers and 
 Lord Howe? What part did Abercromby, Stark and Rmlgers take iu the 
 attack ou Fort Ticouderoga ? How did it end ? 
 
90 HISTORY OF CANADA. fPAnx U-ITM. 
 
 required permission was given. Bradstreet lost no time 
 in joining General Stanvvix at the new lort which he was 
 then erecting at the Oiieichi portage (now Rome), on the 
 Mohawk River. Witii 2,7U() provincials, which General 
 Stanvvix had given him, and about fifty Iro(pioi8 under 
 Red Head and Capt. .1. liutler, he crossed the lake in 
 open boats, and in two days after reaching the fort, com- 
 pelled the commandant to capituhite. Thus was Col. 
 Bradstreet's heroic enterprise crowned with comphite suc- 
 cess ; and all the stores an<l shijjping of the enemy fell into 
 his hands. Great rejoicings followed this imjiortant vic- 
 tory ; for it was felt that, with the full of Fort Frontenac, 
 was destroyed Montcalm's power against the English on 
 the great lakes. The noble Montcalm was chagrined, 
 but not discouraged ; for, said he : '' We are still resolved 
 to find our graves under the ruins of the colony." On 
 hearing of Abercromby's disjister. Gen. Andierst brought 
 five regiments from Louisbourg, by way of Boston, to rein- 
 force him. lie then returned to his army. The remain- 
 der of the campaign was chiefly favorable to the British. 
 To Gen. Forbes was (;ntrust(Ml the reduction of Fort du 
 Quesne in the Ohio valley. Contrary to the advice of 
 some provincial olficers, Forbes sent forward an advance 
 party under Col. Bouipiet [boo-kay], — part of whi(;h fell 
 into an ambuscade, and was comi)letely routed, Forbes 
 himself supposed that the enemy was too strong to be 
 successfully attacked, and had loitered so long on the way, 
 that, had it not been for Colonel Washington, no attack on 
 the fort would have been attempted that season. The 
 garrison, however, was found to be so weak, that on the ap- 
 proach of the Virginians, the French commandant de- 
 stroyed the fort, jind retired in great haste and confusion 
 down the Ohio to the Mississippi. In honor of the British 
 premier, the fort abandoned by the French was repaired 
 and named Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg). 
 
 QuBSTioNS.— Give a sketch of Bradstreet's heroic enterprise against 
 Fort Frontenac, and the result. How did the Campaign succeed ? In 
 whose honor was the new name given to Fort du Quesne V 
 
Chap. V-17B0.1 SKETCH OF FRENCH BULK. 91 
 
 62. The Final Campaign of 1759 did not opon till near 
 mid-HUinmor. In consequeiKM* of the failure of Gen. 
 Abercroniby, ho was in turn succeeded by Gen. Sir Geof- 
 frey Anih(U*Ht as eoinniiinder-in-chief.* I'he Frencli were 
 buHy in the early part of tlie year in strengthening their 
 forts, and in arranging their plans of defence. They re- 
 ctjived few reinforcements, but tiiey made tlie very best 
 disposition of those they liad. Tlie jiritish phm of the 
 campaign was threefohl : — (I) Citnieral Prideaux was to 
 attack Niagara, (2) General Amherst, Ticonderoga,! and 
 (3) (jen(;ral Wolfe, t C^'**'^^*^'*'- GentM'al Prideaux, having 
 in May been joined by Sir William Johnson witii nearly 
 1,000 Ii'ocpiois, left ()8W(\go in July to attack Niagara. 
 After Prideaux had left Oswego, part of a French force, 
 uuder Lacorne, crossed over from LaGalette (now Chinuiey 
 
 •Sir Geoffrey (mibm'qiiontly liOnl) AniluTHt, wnHhorn In KiiKlaixUii 1717. 
 In 1758, he w)i8 a)>i>i)liitu<l <'<MiiinHii<l«^r of tlu^ «;x|K>(Iitioii a^xaiiiHl LoiiIh- 
 bourg. (;ape Hioloii. Ho took part, with Wolfo in tli«( rautuio of Quebec. 
 17r»{>, and was in consequoiu'e raitXMl to tho rank of IVln.f«>r-C}«;ni'ral, ana 
 appointed Governor of Virj^inla. lie compelled the cupitulation of Mon- 
 treal in 17(50, and wart appointed Govornor-General of (.'ainula. In I7<tt,he 
 was made a Lieut.-General and a K.CB. In 17liS, he opponed the Stamp 
 Act, and whb in eonHociuenee disndHsetl from the GovernoiHhip of Vir- 
 ginia ; but in 1770, he was appointed Governor of (iuernHey, aixl in 177<» 
 received a patent as Baron Amherst of HoneHdale in iOn^^land, and in 
 17S7 an Baron AmherBtof Montreal. He be<'ame General in 1778, ami 
 Conunander-in-rhiuf in 1782. A grant, in coUBideration of his Bcrvices, 
 was made to liini from the floHuits' CHtatos in Lower('anada, but it wasimt 
 conllrmed. He was a man of sound judgment ami great energy. He <lied 
 In 17:»7, aged 81 years. After his death, a compronuse was made with his 
 lieirH in lieu of 'the grant from the desuits' estates. 
 
 t " Cheond((roga," or tho "Noisy," was the Indian name of the falls 
 nt fh(i outl«d of Lake (Jeorge into Lake (;hami)lnin— hence Ticonderoga. 
 
 X diimes Wolfe, an Knglish general, was born in Westerham. Kent, in 
 172(i. Ho had distinguished himself in the camnaignson tlie continent of 
 Europe, when, in 1757, ho wan at the age of thirty-one years, created a 
 Major-(}eneral, and dt'spatched by Pitt to aid in the conquest of New 
 France, in conjujjctlou with Boscawen and Amherst, he took the strongly 
 fortllied post of liouisbourg, Cape lireton, in 1758 ; and in 1759 he was en- 
 trusted with an expedition against Canada, as above. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of tho early part of the final campaign of 
 1759? Give a sketch of Lord Amherst. What is said of Fort Ticonderoga 
 and its name ? Give a sketch of General Wolfo. 
 
0') 
 
 tilSTOUt Ot* CANADA. 
 
 tCHAT». v.-m9. 
 
 ^"^^EiSS?^ 
 
 Island), near Frontenac, and 
 sought to surprise Colonel Haldi- 
 mand * at Oswego, but they were 
 compelled to retire. When the 
 English reached Niagara, they 
 found it in a weak state of defemie. 
 It was however, nobly defended. 
 Durins: the attack the British Con- 
 sul lost his life. He was succeed- 
 ed by Sir Wm. Johnson, who de- 
 feated a relief party under D'Au- 
 Fort Niagara. i^j,^y^ r^^^^l captured the fort. Thus 
 
 fell the last stronghold in that chain of French trading 
 posts which linked Canada with Louisiana. Communica- 
 tion with Canada having been thus cut off, the French blew 
 up and retired from their posts, at Venango (in Pennsylva- 
 nia), Presqu'-Isle (Erie, on Lake Erie), and Le Boeuf (on 
 Oak Orchard Creek, New York). General Stanwix soon 
 afterwards took possession of them. Johnson himself was 
 highly commended. The King made him a baronet for 
 his distinguished bravery. 
 
 53. AmhersVs Expedition agaifist Ticonderoga. — In 
 July, Gen. Amherst left Albany with a large force, and 
 advanced to the head of Lake George. Proceeding 
 cautiously down the lake, he reached Carillon (Ticon- 
 deroga), which had proved so fatal a spot to Abercromby. 
 To the surprise of Amherst, Bourlemaque, the French 
 commander, abandoned the fort and retreated, first to 
 
 * Sir Frederick Haldimaiid, though a native of Switzerland, rose to be 
 Lieutenant-General in the British aru\y. He tooli part in the American 
 campaigns wliieh led to the cession of Canada to England, and distinguish- 
 ed himself at Ticonderoga, Oswego, Montreal, and elsewhere. He was 
 lieutenant-governor of Canada in 1777, and succeeded Lord Dorchester as 
 Governor-in-cliief in 1778. In 1784 he returned to England, and in 1785 
 was reappointed Governor of Canada ; but, heing very unpopularjhe did 
 not come out. He, however, retired to Switzerland, where he died in 1791. 
 
 Questions. Give an account of the capture of Niagara. What was 
 attempted at Oswego ? Give a sketch of Col. Haldimand. What other 
 forts fell into the hands of the British ? 
 
CHA.P. V— 1759.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 93 
 
 Fort St. Frederic,* which he destroyed, and then to 
 Isle-aux-Noix. Here he remained witliout molestation, 
 and strengthened himself within entrenchments which he 
 threw up. Amherst, however, followed him for some 
 distance ; but as the weather proved bad, the smidl fleet 
 under Captain Loi'ing was alone able to advance. That 
 officer captured two of the enemy's vessels. Amherst 
 himself soon afterwards returned to Crown Point for the 
 winter. He employed his army in cutting a road to New 
 England, rebuilding the fort at Ticonderoga, and enlarg- 
 ing Fort St. Frederic, which he named Crown Point. 
 Near the ruins of Fort William Henry, he erected Fort 
 George. 
 
 54. Rodger s' Expedition against the Indians of St. 
 Francis. — The Indians of St. Francis, on the St. Law- 
 rence, had long been noted for their stealthy and destruc- 
 tive attacks upon the New England settlements. Major 
 Rodgers, with his provincial rangers, determined at length 
 to destroy their stronghold. With a small force he pene- 
 trated to St. Francis from Crown Point. Halting his 
 men near by, he visited the village in disguise, and the 
 next morning before daybreak two hundred of the sleep- 
 ing Indians were put to death, and their village burned, 
 as an atonement for the six hundred English scalps which 
 the rangers found dangling in the wigwams there. The 
 squaws and children were, however, by Amherst's orders, 
 allowed to escape. The rangers were pursued, and suf- 
 fered great hardships. Many of them, after this deed of 
 blood, lost their lives while on their way back to the set- 
 tlements. 
 
 55. The Capture of Quebec — Wolfe and Montcalm. — 
 Meantime the most memorable contest in the whole war 
 
 * This fort stood on Point ft la Chevalier. Lord Amherst partially re- 
 built it on a much larger scale thau that of the old fort, and named it 
 Crown Point. 
 
 Questions.— Mention the expedition against the St. Francis Indians. 
 Give an account of the campaign of General Amherst. What is said of 
 Fort St. Frederic? 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [PART n— 1769. 
 
 Montcalm. 
 
 was taking place at Quebec. 
 Wolfe, who was ably sup- 
 ported by Generals Monck- 
 ton, Townshend and Murray, 
 left Louisbourg, and reached 
 the Isle of Orleans, with 
 30,000 men, on the 25th of 
 June. Here he remained to 
 reconnoitre until the 30th, 
 when part of the force under 
 Gen. Monckton was trans- 
 ferred to Point Levis. Every 
 effort was made speedily to 
 commence the attack ; and 
 from this point, on the 13th 
 of July, tlie batteries first opened on the French citadel. 
 Montcalm sought to dislodge Monckton, but failed. Wolfe's 
 own camp was |)itched on the left bank of the Montmo- 
 rency River, while the French camp lay bevveen the St. 
 
 Charles and Beauport. On the 
 31st July, Wolfe attacked Mont- 
 calm's camp near Beauport with 
 a strong naval and milifary force, 
 but was defeated and compelled 
 to retire. Detachments were 
 sent out in various directions to 
 destroy the French posts, but 
 with little effect. At length, on 
 20th August, Wolfe called to- 
 getlier his generals to consult on 
 some new mode of attack. They 
 unanimously opposed the mak- 
 ing of another assault on the 
 ^°^*®- camp at Beauport, and strongly 
 
 recommended that Quebec should be attacked from above 
 rather than from below the city. Wolfe approved of the 
 
 Questions. What was transpiring at Qiiebec ? Who were Wolfe's 
 generals and how many soldiers had he ? When did he arrive at Quebec ? 
 How did he open th^ memorable campaign, aud with what success ? 
 
Chap. V— 1769.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 
 
 95 
 
 advice, and, on the 3rd of September, transferred his camp 
 to Point Levis. Having at length completed all his plans, 
 Wolfe, on the night of the 12th of the month, silently 
 landed his men at a place since called Wolfe's Cove. 
 Having learned the countersign from two deserters, Wolfe 
 was enabled to pass the shore *?entinels, on his way up the 
 river. At the Cove, thi> guard was overpowered ; and si- 
 
 Military Operations at Quebec, 1759. 
 
 lently all that night there toiled up that steep ascent 8,000 
 British troops. At daybreak, the startUng news reached 
 the camp of the French General that the heights had been 
 scaled, and that the enemy was in a strong position on 
 the Plains of Abraham ! TIavinor arrancred his forces, 
 consisting of 4,500 men, he hastily moved forward to the 
 attack. De Vaudreuil, the governor, advised, and even 
 ordered, delay, until a hirger force could be collected, and 
 De Rourgainville recalled from Cape Rouge, just above 
 Quel>ec (whither he had been sent to watch the move- 
 ments of a part of the British attacking force) ; but all in 
 vain. Montcalm was impetuous ; and after rapidly cross- 
 ing the St. Charles, he at once gave orders to advance, 
 without even waiting to rest, or taking time to form in 
 proper order of battle. Wolfe quietly waited the fierce 
 
 Questions- Point out on the map tlie two hostile camps. After his 
 first failure what did Wolfe do? How was the new plan carried out? 
 Give the particulars of the memorable ascent to the Plains of Abraham. 
 How did Montcalm act when he received the news ? In what way did de 
 Vaudreuil seek to moderate Montcalm's impetuosity ? 
 
96 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Pabt II~1V69. 
 
 onslaught, and gave his 
 men orders not to lire 
 until the French sol- 
 diers were within forty 
 or lifty yards. On the 
 brave Frenchmen came, 
 and as ihey neared 
 Wolfe's tr(jops, the rat- 
 tle of musketry, at a 
 given signal, extended, 
 as if by magic, along 
 the whole of his lines. 
 As the French wav- 
 ered at the deadly dis- 
 charge, Wolfe gave the 
 order to charge. Al 
 though already wound 
 ed, he led on the 
 grenadiers. He had scarcely gone more than a few 
 paces before he was again struck, but this time he was 
 mortally wounded."* Neivertheless, with a wild shout his 
 men still pressed on, while he was silently carried to the 
 rear, near a well. The charge upon the advancing line 
 of French troops was decisive, though they were cheered 
 and encouraged to stand firm by the voice and example of 
 Montcalm, who had already been twice wounded. At 
 length, the loud shouts '^ They run ! they run ! " fell on 
 the ear of the heroic Wolfe, and roused for a moment to 
 consciousness the dying hero. " Who, — who run ? " said 
 he. "The enemy, sir; they give way everywhere," was 
 the eager response. Then gasping a hurried message for 
 Col. Burton, he turned on his side and said, " Now God 
 
 Wolfe's Ravine. 
 {Half way up the Heights. 
 
 * A sergeant whom Wolfe had reduced to the ranks for his cruelty to a 
 soldier, and who had deserted to the French, is said to have aimed one of 
 the fatal bullets at the hero. Braddock shared a similar fate ; see 
 page xo. 
 
 Qhestions. Give the particulars of this memorable battle. How wa» 
 Wolfe wounded ? Mention the particulars of Wolfe's last momenta. 
 
Chap. V— 1750.] SKETCli OF FRENCJII RULE. 
 
 9? 
 
 
 be praised; I die in pence!" and instantly tlie lirave 
 Wolfe expired. Montcalm himself with nol)le conrage 
 restrained the retreatin<^ sohliers ; bnt, struck a third 
 time, he fell from his horse mortally wounded, and was 
 carried into the city. De Vaudreuil, on whom now <le- 
 volved the chief command of Montcalm's army, rallied a 
 portion of the troops, and successfully resisted for a time 
 the advance of the victorious army into the city, but all 
 in vain ; for the battle was already decided in favor of 
 the advancing columns of the enemy. Thus was this 
 memorable battle fought and won, with a loss of 1,500 
 French and 700 British ; and thus, in the 'uemorable fall 
 of Quebec, fell also, in Canada, (although tlie after-strug- 
 gle was protracted for a 
 year,) that imperial 
 power which, for more 
 than one hundred and 
 fifty years, had ruled 
 the colonial destinies of 
 New France. The his- 
 tory of French rule in 
 America is full of heroic 
 achievements— of touch- 
 ing and memorable in- 
 cident ; and its termina- 
 tion, though decisive, 
 ,, ,, was still worthv of that 
 
 Wolfe's old Monument, Quebec. , ^. , , . 
 
 great nation, whose his- 
 tory is parallel to our own in noble deeds and chivalrous 
 renown. 
 
 56. Death of Wolfe and Montcalm. — The death of 
 Wolfe and Montcalm, within so short a time of each other, 
 created a profound feeling of regret. Wolfe's body was 
 conveyed to England and buried at Greenwich. A monu- 
 
 QUESTIONS.— How did Montcalm bear his reverse ? What happened to 
 him during the battle? After Montcalm's death, how was the contest 
 maintained? How many fell ? What is said of French rule in Canada ? 
 How W(n-e the deaths of the two heroes regarded ? Mention the honors 
 paid to Wolfe's memory in England. What monuuieutis were erected auU^ 
 ■where ? „ 
 
98 
 
 ttlSTORY OP CAi»^AbA. 
 
 [PAtT !t-ltBfl. 
 
 ment was erected to his memory in 
 Westminster Abbey, and another on 
 the Plains of Abraliam (which was 
 rephiced, in 1849, by the British 
 troops serving in Canada,by a hand- 
 somer one), on the very spot where 
 " Wolfe died, victorious." Montcalm 
 died on the morning after the battle, 
 aged 47. He was buried at the Ur- 
 suline Convent, Quebec. A noble and 
 chivalrous soldier, he was regretted 
 by friend and foe. A monument to 
 the memory of himself and Wolfe 
 was erected by subscription at Que- 
 bec, in 1827, — chiefly through the 
 exertions of the ICarl of Dalhousie, 
 then Governor-General of Canada. 
 Wolfe's new Monument, 57. Events leading to the close of 
 erected in i84<j. (he Campaign. — Oil the death of 
 Montcalm, General de Levis, then at Montreal,took com- 
 mand of the French army. Before his arrival, De Vau- 
 dreuil, the Governor, endeavored to induce M. De Ramzay, 
 who still held the citadel, to defend Quebec. In this, 
 however, de Ramzay permitted himself to be overruled 
 by the inhabitants. De Levis on his arrival sought to 
 remedy this mistake, but before he could complete his 
 plans, the garrison had surrendered to General Towns- 
 hend, on the 18th of September. De Levis retired with 
 his army to Jacques Cartier river, 27 miles from Quebec, 
 and de Vaudreuil went to Montreal. After reinforcing 
 various posts with his soldiers, de Levis rejoined the 
 Governor, and awaited aid from France. After the capit- 
 ulation of Quebec, General Murray, the British governor, 
 strengthened the defences of the city, and Admiral Saun- 
 ders was sent to England with a thousand prisoners. 
 
 Questions.— Mention the particulars of Montcalm's death. "What 
 monument wag erected to Wolfe and Montcalm ? lio took command of 
 the French army in Canada '.* What did the Marquis de Vaudreuil do? 
 How did the surrender of (^u«boc affect the movements of de L6vis ? 
 
Chap. V-1759.] SKETCH OF PUEMcii iltJLii. 
 
 50 
 
 68. Final Efforts to 
 Take and Betake Canada. 
 The fall of Quebec 
 greatly stimulated the zeal 
 of the colonists to possess 
 themselves of Canada. 
 They frjely voted men and 
 money for the enterprise, 
 and Pitt further stimulated 
 them by a patriotic apjjeal, 
 backed by large reinforce- 
 ments and an abundant 
 8ui)j)ly of arms and ammu- 
 nition for the provincial 
 vobinteers. Although the 
 scanty succors sent from 
 France failed to reach it, 
 Governor de Vaudreuil de- 
 termined to make a final 
 effort to retake Quebec. lie sent General de Levis, 
 therefore, from Montreal with all his available forces. 
 After great difficulty, Bourlamarque, with an advanced 
 guard, gained a footing in the rear of the city in April, 
 1760. Gen. Murray, anxious to attack the French before 
 they could concentrate their strength, at once marched out 
 to give tliem battle. About 3,r)00 men were engaged on 
 each side. After a desperate encounter at Ste. Foye, the 
 Pritish were forced to retire within the city walls, leaving 
 their artillery, i/i -the baikds of, tlh^ F'vnch. De Levis hav- 
 ing arrived, now comipenced fhe olege, artd both parties 
 anxiously waited for reinforcements \from home. Those 
 for General Murrjiv havincj. <iri':veci aVst, i)e Levis was 
 compelled to f'a-.Ke ,tbj3 sieg.c ,aiid r^^treat. l«:\'iving all his 
 stores and some of his artillery behind him. Leaving a 
 corps of observation near Quebec, want of stores and pro- 
 visions compelled him to distribute the rest of his army 
 
 Wolfe and Montcalm's Monunnnt. 
 
 Questions.— Wliat followed the capitulation? Mention the efforts 
 mado by France to regain Canada. 
 
10(3 MiSTORY OF CANADA. [PART II- 1760. 
 
 among the remaining French garrisons. He then visited 
 the military posts at Isle-aux-Noix and Montreal, and 
 songlit to revive their drooping spirits. 
 
 Tj'J. Gampaujn of 17 GO. — Amherst's plan of the cam- 
 paign for 17 GO, was to attack the outlying French posts 
 of Isle-anx-Noix, Os-we-gat-chie (La Presentation, now 
 ()«»-densbur*»-), and Fort Levis at La Galette (an island in 
 tlie St. Lawrence) ; then to concentrate all the troops 
 an<l rangeis for a combined attack on Montreal. Murray 
 was to move U[) from (iuel)ec ; Colonel Haviland was to 
 attack Isle-aux-Noix ; and Amherst himself was to ad- 
 vance against La GalciN" and Oswegatchie, on his way 
 down the river. In .: me, Amherst left Schenectady 
 with 6,000 provincials and 4,000 regulars. In July, he 
 was joined at Oswego by Sir Wm. Johnson and 600 Iro- 
 quois, afterwards increased to 1,330. From this place 
 Sir Wm. Johnson sent friendly overtures to the Indians 
 near Montreal, which were accepted. Having sent Col. 
 Haldimand with 1,000 men as an advance guard, Am- 
 herst proceeded down the St. Lawrence in August. Os- 
 wegatchie was soon taken, but Fort Levis, at La Galette, 
 held out for some days, but at length surrendered. In 
 August, Col. Haviland appeared before Isle-aux-Noix, 
 and opened fire upon it. M. de Bourgainville, the 
 French commandant, did not long resist the attack, but, 
 having withdrawn with his main force, the rest of the 
 garrison surrendered to the British forces. Thus the 
 
 length 
 
 British forces .froiji, Que'heo, .I^ake .Champlain, ^nd Os- 
 wego, conve^^ed/Blowly/jet «'imuTtf^'n60i?sj^v upop Mon- ^ 
 treal ; and early in September, Montreal was invested by 
 a force of 17,000 men under Gen. Amherst. Resistance 
 was useless ; and, after some discussion, De Vaudreuil 
 proposed to capitulate. To this Gen. Amherst agreed, 
 
 Questions.— What was the result of Murray's eucounter? Give a 
 sketch of Amherst's proceeding. 
 
*■!?!&> 
 
 ChjLP. V-1761.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 101 
 
 and on the 8th of September, 
 17 GO, was Higiied that memorable 
 document by which the vvhoU^ of 
 Canada was solemnly transferred 
 from the French to the Hritish 
 crown. Thus, after one hundred 
 and fifty years of heroic struggle, 
 with scant means of defence, 
 against })owerful rival colonists 
 and a rekiiitless Indian enemy. 
 Lord AmherHt. ^|j(, fj,.y^ promoters of European 
 
 civilization and enterprise in Canada were compelled to 
 give place to a more aggressive race. 15ut they did so 
 with honor. Little, however, did those think who were 
 then the victors over a brave enemy in Canada, that, 
 within twenty years after the French standard had ceased 
 to float at Quebec, their own proud flag would be igno- 
 miniously lowered at New York, as well as at every other 
 fort and military post within the thirteen American col- 
 onies. And little, too, did they think that soon they 
 would be compelled to maintain at Quebec a military and 
 commercial supremacy, which the vanquished French col- 
 onists had so valiantly done during the preceding one 
 hundred years. As a parting tribute to their unflinching 
 valor and fidelity, the last defenders of Canada, ere return- 
 ing to France, obtained from their conqueror^?, and left as 
 a legacy to their countrymen, a guarantee for the free 
 exercise of their religion, and for other privileges which 
 were dear to a people about to be transferred from their 
 own to the protection of a foreign flag.* 
 
 61. Transference of the French Posts at the West. — Af- 
 ter the capitulation of Montreal was signed, Major Rod- 
 
 * The brief mitttary details which are piven of the several campaignH 
 in this Seven Years' War are taken chiefly from Precis of IFarn in Cana- 
 da fi'om 1755 to 1814, by Sir James Caruiicliael Smyth, Bart, London, 1862. 
 
 Questions.— How did the Lake Champhiin country pass out of the 
 huids of the French in the campaign of 17B0 ? Give the particulars of 
 the close of the French rule in Canada. W^hat was the victor's after-fate ? 
 
102 HISTORY or CANADA. [Part II— 1763. 
 
 • 
 
 gers, with two liuiulrcd of liis trusty rangerH, was dirtict- 
 imI, ji(!(!onling to pnivious jirr:iiig(unent to thut effect, to 
 prociM'd wtistwjird, :iii(l to receive the final suhmitiHion of 
 the out lying Kreneh posts at Detroit, St. .JoHej>h, Miehili- 
 maeivinac, Ste. Marie, and Des I'uuns (Oicen 15ay), and 
 to escort their commanders to (Quebec, liodgers proceed- 
 ed on liis mission, and having delivered despatches to 
 (jl(!neral IMonckfon, at Kort I'itt, soon reached PrebCju'- 
 Isle (Erie, on Lake Erie). There his own party had 
 been joined by some Indians and provincinls. Dividing 
 the combined lorce into two partits, Kodgers and his de- 
 tachment proceeded to Detroit in boats, while the remain- 
 der went by land. After landing one evening, for the 
 night, and befoio reaching Detroit, he was confronted by 
 Pontiac,* an Ottawa chief, who demanded by what right 
 lie had advanced tlnongh his territory with a hostile band. 
 After mutual ( xplanations, Pontiac suffered him to pro- 
 ceed on his mission ; but the chief evidently felt that in 
 the fall of French jiuthorily at Quebec fell also that In- 
 dian balance of power between the two great nations who 
 were then contending for sujireniacy on this continent. 
 *• 62. The frst Massacre at Wyonihif/. — Soon after the 
 incor])oration of the Delawares with the Iroquois, the val- 
 ley of the Wyoming was given to them as their hunting 
 grounds. A Connecticut company set up a claim to the 
 valley on the strength of the king's indefinite charter to 
 
 ♦Pontiarwns a oelobrated c}no{ of llie OUnwa Iril.t- of IndiaiiP, who, 
 rfmoviiijr from the valley of the great river of lliat name, sett letl near 
 Michilimackiiiac. An ally of the Freneh. he reniHted the eflorts of the 
 Fiifrlish to gain posHession of the French forts after the fall of Quebec in 
 1759-60. In June. 1763, lie matured a hold and eompreheneive plan for 
 the extinction of Fngliph power, hy the pimullaneoue (ai>1nre of "»<' fx- 
 tensive ehain of forts reaching from Lake IVlichigan to the Niagara- The 
 plot failed, and Pontiac afterwards professed friendshij) for the Fnglit^h ; 
 hut an Indian 8r>y having discovered, in p. P]teech, symptoms of treachery, 
 stahbed him to the heart, and fled. Pontiac's loss was greatly deplored ; 
 for he was a man of singular sagacity,' daring c( urage, and statesmanlike 
 views. The county of Poiitiac, in Lower Canada, is called after this re- 
 nowned chief. 
 
 Questions.— What privileges were granted to the vanquished ? Men- 
 tion the authority given for the military details. Give particulars of the 
 transference of the Western French poste. What occurrence took place 
 In June, 1763? 
 
CHAP. V-1761.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 103 
 
 Plymouth in 1620 (on which that of Connecticut was 
 based), and of an unauthorized grant from some of the 
 Iroquois. The company formed a settlement there, 1761. 
 This greatly in itated the Iroquois, and they determined 
 to destroy it. Jealous too of the Delawares, who had in 
 1662 taken a prominent part in making a treaty with the 
 English, a party of Iroquois visite^l the valley, and having 
 treacherously set fire to the house of a noted Delaware 
 chief (who perished in the flames), they charged the out- 
 rage upon the inhabitants. In revenge, the Delawares 
 8u<ldenly attacked the settlement, scalped most of the in- 
 nocent inlial)itaiit8 and burnt their houses. This wAs, 
 however, only the prelude to a more terrible destruction 
 of the same beautiful valley some years later by some 
 lawless Indians under Col. John Butler, the famous rang- 
 er, who defied his authority and violated the pledges 
 which he had given. --^ 
 
 63. The Covspiracy of Pontiac. — Pontiac, who was at 
 the head of the Ottawa confederacy of the Indians (which 
 included the Remnants of the Western Hurons, the Pot- 
 tawatamies, Ojibways and Ottawas), saw in the fall of 
 French power the destruction of the red man's influence 
 in the contests between the rival white traders.. As the 
 power of one of the rivals had been annihilated, he was 
 determined that the other should fall also, and that the 
 Indians should again be supreme in their native wilds at 
 the West. He therefore matured a bold and comprehen- 
 sive plan for the extinction of English power on the up- 
 per lakes, by the simultaneous capture of the extensive 
 chain of torts reaching from Lake Michigan to the Nia- 
 gara river. Immediately on the first outbreak of the 
 storm. Sir William Johnson summoned a grand council 
 of the Iroquois to meet at the German Flats. All the 
 ' cantons, except that of the powerful Senecas (whose 
 castles were near Niagara), attended it and gave assur- 
 
 QuESTiONS.— Give a sketch of Poiitiae's career. What did Pontiac 
 think of the fall or the French power m (Quebec ? Uiv«j particulars of 
 the lirst Wyoming MawsHcre, 
 
104 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Part II— 1761. 
 
 anoes of their fidelity. Sir William mIso sent Capt. Claus, 
 his 80ii-m-law, to hold a general coiinci: of the Canadian 
 Indians at Sault St. Louis (Lachlot). The St. Francis, 
 Oswegatchie, Cjtugh-iawagas and o;aer tri'oes which at- 
 tended, proved tlieir iriendyhip by sending ne-isengers up 
 the Ottawa to Michilimackinac, and up the St. Lawrence 
 and the lakes to Detroit, to notify their western allies 
 that if they persisted in tlieir hostility to the English, 
 they would be compelled to take up the hatchet against 
 them. In the meantime, nine forts were attacked about 
 the same time, and their garrisons, on surrendering, were 
 eitlier massacred or dispersed. The capture of Michili- 
 mackinac was entrusted to the Ojibway and Sac, or Sauk, 
 Indians. At this post, on the 4th of June, 1773, (King 
 George's birthd.iy), Minavavana, an Ojibway- chief, in-, 
 vited the Englih.h to witness an Indian game of ball. 
 Having played up to the gate of the fort, the Indians 
 rushed in, seized and massacred the garrison, except a 
 few who escaped. 
 
 64. Pontiac's Siege of Detroit. — Detroit, under Major 
 Gladwin, was attacked by Pontiac himself in May ; but 
 the scheme failed, — an Ojibway girl having revealed the 
 plot. The siege was nevertheless maintained by the In- 
 dians, with more than their usual constancy, for upwards 
 of fifteen months. At length the garrison, which at first - 
 had been aided by some friendly French Canadians, and 
 succored by Lieut. Cuyler and Capt. Dalzell, was finally 
 relieved by Col. Brad street. 
 
 65. The Relief of Detroit. — Lieut. Cuyler had been • 
 sent with 76 men from Niagara to the beleaguered garri- 
 son in May. Near the mouth of the Detroit river he was 
 suddenly attacked by the Hurons. He escaped ; but 40 
 of his men we^e captured and put to death. In June, 
 Cuyler again brought 60 men with ample supplies. In 
 July, Gen. Amherst despatched his favorite aide-de- 
 
 QuKSTiONs.— Give the particulax;g of Poutiac's conspiracy. How did 
 the Indians regard the supplanters of the French? Mention the steps 
 wliich were taken by Sir Williaii> Jobiupoa, tind witJi what, suQCew. HQyt . . 
 was Mictilimackinac taken V . . 
 
Chap. V— ^2.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 105 
 
 camp, Capt. Balzell, with 200 men and twenty rangers, 
 under Major RodgerR, Dalzell was a daring man, an4. 
 on his arrival insisted upon making a night sortie ; but 
 Pontiac, who had been apprised of his design, was pre- 
 pared, and Dalzell fell into an ambuscade at a little stream 
 two miles from the fort (since called Bloody Run). He 
 and his party were routed. Rodgers and his rangers, 
 however, covered their retreat ; but not until Dalzell and 
 70 of his men had fallen victims to their temerity. 
 
 06. Bouquet\ Relief of Fort Pitt. — Oii hearing that 
 Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg, and formei-ly Fort du Quesne) 
 was besieged by the Delawares, Ilurons and Shawanese, 
 General Amherst despatched Colonel Bouquet from Phil- 
 adelphia with 500 Highlanders to its relief. His march 
 through the forest was a most memorable one ; and on 
 his way he gladdened the hearts of the beleaguered posts 
 at Forts Redfonl and Ligonier. As Bouquet advanced, 
 the Indians Hed, determined, however, to annihilate him 
 in passing through the defile at Bushy Run (a small 
 stream ten miles from Fort Pitt), where they had laid an 
 ambuscade for him. Bouquet's precautions were, how- 
 ever, equal to the stealthy stratagem of his dusky foes. 
 As his advance guard emerged from the pass, the terrible 
 war-whoop of the savage resounded through the forest. 
 Bouquet's men instantly formed, and nobly resisted the 
 sudden assault of the hidden foe. For seven hours the 
 battle waged, until night fell upon the combatants. At 
 grey dawn the infuriated Indians renewed the attack ; but 
 Bouquet, having posted some of his men in ambuscade, 
 feigned a retreat. The Indians, not suspecting his strat- 
 agem, rushed forward, only to be attacked with deadly 
 effect on every side. They fled in consternation ; and 
 Bouquet's heroic band, gathermg up their dead and 
 wounded, marched in triumph to the relief of the besieged 
 garrison. 
 
 Questions.— What led to Pontiac's failure at Detroit ? Give particu- 
 lars of Cuyler, Dalzell and Rogers' efforts to relieve tliat garrison. "What 
 did General Amhei-at do there ? Give a sketch of Colonel Bouquet's 
 lueittorablo march from Philadelphia to the relief of Fort Pitt, 
 
106 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Pabt 11— 1763. 
 
 67. Effect of Bouquet's Victory — Johnson's Treaty.— 
 By this victory, the disgrace of Braddock's defeat in the 
 same neighborhood was wiped out, and the spell of Indian 
 Invincibility in their own peculiar mode of forest warfare 
 was broken. Pontiac himself, up at Detroit, felt the 
 force of the blow ; and his hosts gradually melted away 
 into the forests or sued for peace. The Senecas remained 
 implacable for a time, and did much harm ; but Sir Wil- 
 liam Johnson had, at length, the satisfaction to obtain a 
 satisfactory treaty at Niagara in 1764, from the represen- 
 tatives of all the principal tribes which occupied the ter- 
 ritory lying between the St. Lawrence and the Upper 
 Mississippi. By this treaty the Huron Indians ceded to 
 the king the country lying on both sides of the Detroit 
 strait, from Lake Erie to Lake Ste. Claire, and the Sen- 
 ecas ceded a strip of land, four miles in width on either 
 side of the Niagara river from Lake Ontario to Lako 
 Erie, on condition that it should be for the king's garrison 
 alone, and that it should never become private property. 
 As a token of their regard, they gave all the islands on 
 the river to Sir William Johnson, but Sir William ceded 
 them to the king. So great was Sir William's influence 
 among them, that the Caughnawaga Indians, — a Mohawk 
 tribe from Sault St. Louis (Lachine), — had previously 
 come to Sir William to complain of an alleged purchase 
 of their land, under a patent from Louis XIV, which they 
 had never acknowledged, and which General Gage, the 
 English governor of Montreal, had declared to be invalid. 
 Sir William espoused their cause, and sent them home 
 contented with assurances of his interposition on their 
 behalf. 
 
 68. Expedition ac/ninst the Westeim Indians. — In order 
 to chastise the Delawares and the far-off tribes who had 
 conspired with Pontiac, two expeditions were sent against 
 them. One was entrusted to Col. Bradstreet, but he mis- 
 
 QuESTioxs.— Where did Bouquet obtain a victory ? What was the 
 effect of hiB victory ? What followed ? Mention the particulars of tb^ 
 Indian treaty, 
 
 y ^- 
 
Chap. V— 1763.] SKETCH OF FRENCH RULE. 107 
 
 managed it and was directed to return to Niagara. The 
 other wa,s entrusted to Col. Bou(|uet, and nobly did he do 
 his duty. With fifteen hundred men he cautiously thread- 
 ed his Wfiy from Fort Pitt through the trackless wilder- 
 ness into the very heart of Ohio (then the hunting 
 grounds of the faithless Delawares and Shawanese). The 
 remembrance of Bushy Run was still fresh in their mem- 
 ories, and they hastened to send friendly messages to the 
 avenging conqueror. Bouquet declined to treat with 
 them, unless, as a preliminary condition, they would, 
 within twelve days, deliver up to him every French and 
 English prisoner in their hands — men, women and chil- 
 dren — and furnish them with food, clothing and horses to 
 convey them to Fort Pitt. So sternly did Bouque.t insist 
 upon these conditions, that in a few days he received no 
 less than two hundred captives, taken by the Indians from 
 English and French settlements in Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 New York and elsewhere. With these now happy fugi- 
 tives and fourteen hostages, Bouquet set out for Fort 
 Pitt, where he arrived in November, 17G4. 
 
 69. The Treaty of Paris, 1763. — In the meantime, a 
 treaty of peace between England, France, Spain and Por- 
 tugal, was signed at Paris in February, 1763. By this 
 treaty, France ceded to England the whole of her posses- 
 sions in North America, with the exception of Louisiana 
 and the small fishing islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon 
 (off the coast of NeVfoundland), and leceived back Mar- 
 tinique and Guadaloupe in the West Indies — England re- 
 taining Grenada and the Grenadines — while Spain re- 
 ceived back Cuba in exchange for Florida. 
 
 70. The French and English Colonial Systems con- 
 trasted.— Mo^i of the French military officers and troops, 
 as well as many of the chief inhabitants, returned to- 
 France after the capitulation. Their return was encour- 
 aged by the English, who were anxious thus quietly to 
 
 Questions.— How did Sir William Johnson exert his influence among 
 the Indians ? Give a sketch of Col. Boiiquet's famous expedition againslj 
 the Western Indians, 
 
V 
 
 108 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART 11-1763. 
 
 rid themselves of a powerful sintagonistic element in the 
 population of their newly acquired possession. They 
 well knew, from the character of the political and social 
 structure of the French and English Colonies, that the 
 process of assimilation between the two races, so long ar- 
 rayed in hostility to each other, would be very slow. 
 
 71. The System of Government in the French Colony. 
 — Independently of the dissimilarity in national tastes 
 and habits, the relations of the French Colony with the 
 Imperial government were essentially different from those 
 which connected a British colony with the mother coun- 
 try. The French colony was a child of the State. Ev- 
 erything in it of a civil nature was under official patron- 
 age or political surveillance, while religious matters were 
 subject *o vigorous ecclesiastical control. Two principal 
 objects engrossed the attention of the French colonists — 
 the extension of the peltry traffic, and the conversion of 
 the Indian tribes. As a means of carrying out these two 
 great projects, exploration and discovery formed a chief 
 feature of French colonial life. 
 
 72. System of Government in the English Colony. — In 
 the English colony, the government, on the contrary, was 
 rather a civil and social bond, than an expression of the 
 embodied will of the Imperial authorities. It interfered 
 as little as possible in matters of trade, leaving them to 
 develop themselves as fast and as freely as the enterprise 
 of the trader and the circumstances of the colony Would 
 admit. Hence, exploration and discovery within the colony 
 formed but a subordinate part of the objects and pursuits 
 of the English colonist. When, therefore, the rival colo- 
 nists came into contact, it was rather in a struggle for en- 
 larged boundaries for trade, or for influence over the In- 
 dian tribes. The momentous struggle which led to the • 
 separation of Canada from France, forever put an end ' 
 to these struggles between the French and English colo- ' 
 
 Questions.— Give the particulars of the treaty of Paris. How did it 
 affect French officers? How did the English view their departure? , 
 JVXention the contr^t betweeu the French and English colonial systems, t> 
 
LAP. V— 1774] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. lO^ 
 
 lies for dominion over rival Indian tribes, and for the 
 lonopoly of the fur-trade. It also brought to a close a 
 n'otracted contest for commercial and national supremacy, 
 fwagcd for nearly a century and a halt" between two of the 
 foremost nations of Christendom. Tliat contest, although 
 it was too often utterly selfish in its aims and purposes, 
 nevertheless unconsciously developed in a wonderful de- 
 ijree, even in both colonies, a spirit of enterprise and dis- 
 covery which has scarcely had a parallel in later times, 
 when steam and electricity have added, as it were, wings 
 to man's locomotive and physical power. 
 
 Questions.— How did these systems affect tlie French and Engligh 
 colonists ? 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 British Rule, First Pkriod ; from the Conquest 
 UNTIL THE Division of the Province of Quebec, 
 17G0-1792. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Estahlishment of English Colonial Government — Ameri- 
 can Designs upon Canada — Changes 
 in the Constitution. 
 
 1. British Rule Inaugurated. — It was after the treaty 
 of peace, in 1763, that General Murray was appointed 
 first Governor-General of the new British Province of 
 Quebec, in place of Lord Amherst, who had hitherto act- 
 ed as governor-in-chief. The boundaries of the new pro- 
 
 QiTEs TIONS.— Name the principal subjects of chapter five. When did 
 British rule in Canada commence? Who was its first governor? Give 
 the names of its divisions. What system of government was then adopt- 
 ed? Mention the population and state of Canada at this time. 
 
liO HISTORY OF CAKAbA. tPAttT ll-lt64. 
 
 vince were contracted by the separation from it of New 
 Brunswick, Labrador, &c. The old district-divisions of 
 Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers were retained. Gen- 
 eral Murray, with an executive council, governed the 
 Quebec ; General Gage, the Montreal ; and Col. Burton, 
 the Three Rivers District. Two other districts, the St. 
 Maurice and the St. Francis, were shortly afterwards set 
 apart. Justice was administered in each district ch'ofly 
 by military or militia otHcers, subject to an appeal to the 
 Governor. This system was not poi)ular, and only contin 
 ned in operation for a short time, until a court of King's 
 Bench and a court of Common Pleas were instituted. 
 The laws and customs of France were, however, followed 
 in 'matters affecting land. 
 
 2. State of Canada at this Time. — The poj)ulation of 
 Canada at this time was about 80,000, including nearly 
 8,000 Indians. The country, however, had been ex- 
 hausted by desolating wars, and agriculture and other 
 peaceful arts languished. The failure of the French 
 Government to pay its Canadian creditors the sums due 
 to them, chiefly through the fraud, rapacity, and extrav- 
 agance of the Intendant Bigot, involved many of these 
 creditors in misery and ruin. 
 
 3. Amelioration in the system of Government discussed. 
 — In 176G, Governor Murray was recalled, and Gen. 
 (afterwards Sir Guy) Carleton appointed Governor-Gen- 
 eral.* In August of that year, Governor Cai'leton and 
 
 * Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester^ was anionjj the most eminent men 
 ■who have governed Canada. He was born in I^^nsrland in 1725, entered the 
 army and took a prominent part in the wiege and eapture of Qnebee, nnder 
 • Wolfe, in 1759. He was. forliis aervioes, promoted to the rank of Briura- 
 dier-General, and during the Governor-General's (Murray's) absence from 
 Caijada in 17(57, he administered the government. Being in England in 
 1770, heaidedinthepassageof the Quebec Act of 1771. In 1774 he returned 
 as Governor-General, and successfully resisted the attack of the Ameri- 
 can^* upon Quebec in 177(5. In 177H he returned to England, and was 
 knighted by the king. In 1782 he succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as Com- 
 mander-in-chief of the royal forces in America. In 178(5 he was created 
 Lord Dorchester for his distinguished services, and from that time until 
 
 Questions.— Who succeeded governor Murray ? What ameliorations 
 in the system of government were proposed ? Give a sketch of Lord 
 Dorchester's career. Mention the steps which were taken to remove any 
 cause of complaint' 
 
CtiAl*. Vl-lfC6.i SKEtCIi OP BRltlSlt ilttll. Ill 
 
 Gov. Sir Henry Moore, of New York, met at Lake 
 Champlain, each with a surveyor, to fix the boundary 
 line between their respective provinces. The boundary 
 stone set up in that year was replaced by an iron monu- 
 ment at the time of the Ashbiirton Treaty, in 1842. 
 During the interval. Major Irving was appointed Presi- 
 dent of the Province pro tern. Much dissatisfaction was, 
 however, felt because of the continued administi'ation of 
 justice and civil affairs solely l)y military men, and many 
 of the inhabitants left the province. Memorials and 
 complaints on the subject were trimsmitted to England, 
 and there referred to the law officers of the crown. No 
 thing was done, however, except to direct the Gover- 
 nor-General to issue a commission to incjuire into the truth 
 of these comj)laints. Sir Guy went to England in 1770 
 to give testimony on Cynadian affairs, and did not return 
 until 1774. In the meantime, M. Cramalie was ap- 
 pointed Governor ad interim. The evidence taken before 
 the commission was referred to three crown la yers, who 
 did not report upon it until 1772-73. Two ^ ere in favor 
 of the views entertained by the colonists, while the third 
 was opposed to them. 
 
 4. The Quebec Act of 1774. — As the result of all these 
 discussions, the British ministry resolved to submit to 
 Parliament a conciliatory measure, which was finally 
 passed, entitled a " Bill for reconstructing the government 
 of the Province of Quebec." This bill provided, among 
 other things, for the "free exercise" of the Roman 
 Catholic religion ; for the establishment of a Legislative 
 Council ; and for the introduction of the criminal law of 
 
 1796 (with the exception of two years) he remained in Canada as Gover- 
 nor-General. He was thus connected with Canada for the long period of 
 thirty-six years. During tliat time he acquired great distinction as a 
 colonial governor hy his prudence, firmness, and sagacity- His concilia- 
 tory manner towards the French Canadians and towards other parties won 
 for him their love and respect; and when he retired from the govern- 
 ment of Canada it was anxid the heartfelt regret of all classes of the 
 people. He died in 1808, aged 83. y# 
 
 «» QtTESTTONS.— What inquiries were set on foot? What was tlie result 
 of these inquiries ? Mention the principal provisions of the Quebec act 
 of 1774. Was the Quebec act satisfactory ? 
 
il2 HISTOUY OF CANAOA. • ti»AR>t" 11-1774. 
 
 England into the province ; but it declared " that in all 
 matters of controversy, relative to property and civil 
 rights, resort should be hud to tiie laws of Canada as the 
 rule for the decision of the same." Thus, the enjoyment 
 of the religion, and protection under the civil laws, of 
 French Canada were coiiHrmed to the inhabitants by Im- 
 perial statute ; and a system of local self-government wa^ 
 introduced. The act was distasteful to the British resi- 
 dents, but it gave unniixtid satisfaction to the French 
 Canadians ; and, at a time when the old English colonies 
 were wavering in their attachment to the British crown, 
 it confirmed the French Canadians in their allegiance to 
 the king. 
 
 5. J^Jfforts of (he Disaffected Colonists to Detach the 
 Canadians from England. — Most of the old English colo- 
 nies in America had long possessed liberal royal charters, 
 under which they enjoyed the right of almost unlimited 
 self-government. The long continuance of this right, 
 almost unquestioned by the Home Government, had, in 
 many cases, fostered a spirit of ambitious resistance to 
 the legitimate exercise of the power of the Sovereign 
 and of the Imperial Parliament over the colonies, even 
 when it was employed to modify or counteract the hasty 
 or oppressive acts of the local governments. The spirit 
 of opposition had much to do with, and even gave an un- 
 due vehemence to, the resistance of the New England 
 colonists to the ill-advised stamp and customs duties acts 
 which were imposed upon the American colonies by the 
 Imperial Parliament. This state of feeling ripened into 
 open revolt against the Sovereign a few years afterwards. 
 The stamp act was passed in 1765, but, owing to the vio- 
 lent agitation which it caused, was repealed in 1766. The 
 customs duties act was passed in 1767, but repealed in 
 1770, except so far as the duty on tea was concerned. In 
 order to raise a revenue, the East India Company was 
 
 Questions —What is said of the Engliali colonies in America? Give an 
 account ol the state oi ill-feeling in New England at this time and of its 
 evil effects upon the colony. What is said of the famous tea riot in Boston ? 
 
Chap. VI— 17741 SKETCH OP BRITISH RULE. 113 
 
 allowed, in 1773, to export tea to Boston. Oil its arrival 
 there, a party, disguised as Indians (some of v horn were 
 interested rivals of the East India Company), boarded the 
 ships, seized the tea, and threw it into tlie harbor. The 
 government therefore shut up the harbor, un' 11 thr Com- 
 pany should be indemnified for its losses,* revoked the 
 charter of Massachusetts, and sent troops under General 
 Gage to enforce obedience. In 1774, tlie Assembly of 
 Massachusetts, by circular, requested a meeting in Phila- 
 delphia of representatives from all the colonies to concert 
 measures of resistance. Each of the thirteen old colonies, 
 except Georgia, sent delegare. Canada declined to take 
 any part in the revolt ; and although one of the three 
 addresses issued by the insurgent Congress was specially 
 addressed to the Canadians,! they declined to repudiate 
 their formiil allegiance to the liritish crown, especially as 
 that same Congress had denounced the liberality to these 
 very French Canadians of the Quebec Act of 1774, which 
 they regarded as so great a boon. 
 
 6. American Hostile Attacks on Canada. — The aj)- 
 peal from the insurgents having failed to secure the co- 
 operating sympathy of the Canadians, Congress despatched 
 a twofold expedition in 1775 to secure the British posts in 
 Canada, and to develope the friendly feeling of the inhabi- 
 tants. One army from Boston, under General Arnold, t 
 
 * " The object of the motlier country in imposing a duty of t/ircc pence 
 per pound on tea imported by the East India Company into America, 
 while it was tweJve pence per pound in England, was mainly to break up 
 the contraband trade of the (colonial merchants with Holland and lier 
 possessions." * * * " Some of the merchants [of Boston] had become 
 rich in the trafftc, and a considerable part of the large fortune which 
 Hancock [president of the insurgent Congress] iidierited from liis uncle 
 was thus acquired." * » * *' It was fit, then, that Hancock, who 
 * * * was respondent in the Admiralty Courts, in suits of the Crown, 
 to recover nearly half a million of dollars, * * * should be the first 
 to affix his name to the [<ieclaration of independence] which, if made 
 good, would save him from ruin." * * *— Sabine's American Loyalists, 
 Vol. I., (Boston, 1865,) pages 8, 9, 13. 
 
 t The first of these documents was addressed to King George III, the 
 second to the British people, and the third to the Canadian colonists. 
 
 t Benedict Arnold after these events returned to his allegiance, and, as 
 
 Questions. — What efforts were made by the Insurgents to undermine 
 the loyalty of the Canadians ? These disloyal overtures having failed 
 what course was next adopted ? What is said of Arnold ? of Montgomery ? 
 
114 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Paut IT-177S. 
 
 was despatclied by way of tlie Kenne])cc Kiver against 
 Quebec. The other, under Generals Montgomery* and 
 Schuyler, marched against Montreal. On its way it sur- 
 prised and captured the ini))ortant forts at Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point, on Lake Chuniplain, with all their 
 munitions of war ; and, in succession, it also took the 
 posts at Isle aux Noix, St. Johns, Chanibly, and Sorel. 
 A still more flattering address was then issued by Con- 
 gress and extensively circulated in Can- 
 ada. Many people of both British and 
 French origin heartily sympathized 
 with its objects. The Governor-Gen- 
 eral (Sir Guy Carleton) was much em- 
 barrassed by such disloyal sympathy ; 
 and, although aided by the clergy and 
 seiijneurs, he could soarcelv collect a 
 sullicient force to stop the j)rogress of 
 the Americans, to whose victorious 
 standard many British and French Ca- 
 "Walls of Qiiebeo.t nadiaiis had flocked. Montreal, after 
 a slight resistance, sui-reudered to the invaders. General 
 Carleton had even to fly in disguise to Quebec. Here lie 
 
 a royalist general, foupht with great bravery in the subsequent campaigns 
 of \ irginia and Connecticut. The brave and noble Major eJoJiii Anm6, 
 who was employed to carry ont the arrangenienls with Arnold for the 
 surrender of West Point. to the Britisli General, was taken, while return- 
 ing to New York, and executed as a spy. The Americans thus saved 
 West Point, Arnold who tied, was branded as a traitor by the revolu- 
 tionists. Though a brave man, he was unprincipled and rapacious, lie 
 went to England after the revolution, but was in New JJrunswick in 1786. 
 He afterwards returned to England, where he died in 1801. 
 
 * Gen. Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland in 1737. He served 
 under Wolfe (by whom he was made a lieuten tnt), at Louisburg and 
 Quebec; but he afterwards left the service of hjs sovereign and joined 
 the American revolutionists. From his knowletlge of the defences of 
 Quebec, he was sent to take it. and also Alontreal. Montreal was captur- 
 ed ; but he failed to take Quebec, and lost his life in the attempt. 
 
 t Explanation of the Engraving :— A. the St. Charles River ; B, the St. 
 Lawrence ; a, the Wolfe and INIontcalm Monument ; 6, the spot where 
 General Montgomery was killed ; c, the place where Colonel Arnold was 
 wounded ; f., Durham Terrace. The gates are indicated by name. 
 
 ■Questions. — Was the invasion of Canada successful ? What did General 
 Carleton do in the emergency ? Point out the various places in the en- 
 g- aving. Give a sketch of the siege of Quebec bv the Americans. Mention 
 the number of meu under Sir Guy Carleton. What did Arnold do ? Who 
 lost his life? 
 
Chap. VT-175T1 SKKTCri OF BtllTIStt Rrr.E. 
 
 11.5 
 
 found many of tho inluibitants difiposecl to snrrondor the 
 city. These he coin[)elh;(l to leave it, and proceeded at 
 once to organize the loyal militia for its defence. 
 
 7. The Sie.ffe of Quebec bjj the Amen'rans. — With the 
 exception of Quebec, Canada was now virtually in the hands 
 of the Americans. The capture of this place, therefore, 
 would decide the present fate of the country. Carleton 
 liad but 1,G00 men, including about 000 militia. Colonel 
 Benedict Arnold, the American commander, had already 
 reached Quebec, and having made an unsuccessful attack 
 on it, retired to await General R. Montgomery. On Gen. 
 Montgomery's arrival, he invested the city, but forebore 
 to attack it until a favorable opportunity presented itself. 
 This occurred on the 3 1st December. The assault was, 
 however, repulsed. General Montgomery was killed and 
 Colonel Arnold wounded. The Americans withdrew the 
 remainder of their forces, but still maintained the siege 
 until spring. Having, how- 
 ever, lost many men by dis- 
 ease, they were not long able 
 to maintain themselves. They 
 therefore fell back in May, 
 177G, to Three Rivers, but 
 were vigorously followed by 
 Carleton, who had received 
 reinforcements. He pressed 
 them so closely that he cap- 
 tured their artillery and 
 stores, and changed their re- 
 
 treat into a rout. The rem- 
 aant of them took refugo at 
 Sorel. About the same time 
 that post, held by the Ameri- 
 cans under Major Butterfield, 
 was also obliged to surrender, 
 together with a detachment 
 to its relief. In the 
 
 sent 
 
 Face of the Citadel, Quebec. 
 
 Questions.— After the siege of Quebec what did the Americans do? 
 How did General Carleton follow up his success ? 
 
IIG 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 (Tart II-1776. 
 
 meant imc, ConjnfrosH was not idle. It despatched further 
 nrinforcemeiits to Canada in June, 177(5, nnd(U' (ienoral 
 Sullivan, but without (illettt, and a^jjain issued an animated 
 and characteristie achU'ess to the Canadian people. Three 
 Hpecial commissionerH : B(Mjjaniin Franklin, Charles Car- 
 roll of Carrollton (who was accompanied hy his brother 
 John, afterwards \rclibishop Carroll of Haltimore), and 
 Samuel Chase;, were despatche<l to treat with the Cana- 
 dians. Their embassy signally failed: for the iidnibi- 
 tants had by this time; learned by experience to rci^ard 
 t he Anu'ricans i^s enemies rather than as friends. Strong 
 (jiVorts were also made by the Americans to tletach the 
 Inxpiois from the Jiritish standard, but without effect. 
 Under the able chieftaujship of the brave Joseph Hrant, 
 
 or Thayendanega,* the 
 Iroquois or Six Nation 
 Indians remained fast and 
 loyal allies of king George 
 111. 
 
 8. Determination of the 
 Americdus to Retain Cana- 
 da. — In order to dislodge 
 the Americans from Cjin- 
 ada, about 8000 British 
 and German troops, which 
 had been promptly sent 
 out from England to rein- 
 force General Carleton's 
 army, arrived in Canada. 
 The campaign was at once 
 vigorously resumed ; and 
 the American invading 
 Thayendanega (Joseph Brant.) force was SOOn driven out 
 
 * Joseph Brant (Thayendanega), a Mohawk Indian, of pure blood, was 
 born on the banks of the Ohio, m 17i2. He received a good education in 
 Connecticut. In the revoUitionary war of 177G lie became the ally of the 
 
 Questions.— What did the American Congress do ? Was the disloyal 
 appeal to the Canar^ans successful ? What is said of the Iroquois ? Give 
 a sketch of the chief Thayeudauega, or Joseph Brant. 
 
CHAF. VI— 1776.1 SKETCH OF UIIITI9II RULE. 117 
 
 of Canada, and even from the forts of Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point on Lake Champlain ; but, owing to Gen. 
 Burgoyne's* bad generalship, in 
 following up the enemy, without 
 proper support or guarded lines 
 of retreat, the campaign ended 
 disastrously for the British arms. 
 Burgoyne was compelled to sur- 
 render to Gen. Gates at Saratoga, 
 in the State of New York, October, 
 1777. 
 
 9. Progress of Events in Canada. 
 — At length, quiet having been re- 
 stored to the province, Carleton General Burgoyne. 
 
 sought to effect various reforms. The council resumed its 
 sittings, and passed several useful measures. In 1778, 
 Sir Guy Carleton returned to England, and was replaced 
 
 English ; and, as a prominent cbiof among the Iroqnois, lie Influenced 
 several cantons of the colobratod h-ague to join the HritiHh standard. 
 During that war he was ohioHy engaged in raids upon the border settle- 
 ments of New York and Pennsylvania, with .John, the son of Sir \Vm. 
 Johnson, and Col. Butler. During tlie revolution, ho held a colonel's 
 commission from the liing. At the close of the war, he removed to 
 Canada, and obtained from Governor Haldimand, for the Six Nations, the 
 grant of a territory on the Grand Uiver, six miles in width, f roui its source 
 to its mouth. The town of Brantford, or Brant's ford, on the river, was 
 named after him ; as was also the county of Brant, in the same locality, 
 and the township of Thayendanega. on the Bay of Quints, where a inim- 
 ber of the Mohawks luid settled. He translated the whole of the Gospel 
 of St. Mark into the Mohawk language ; and in many ways exerted him- 
 self to promote the temporal and spiritual welfare of his people. He was 
 greatly respected and beloved by them and by the English. He visited 
 England in 1783 ; and died near Burlington, Ontario, on Novembf^r 24, 
 1807, aged 65 years. His reniains were removed to the Mohawk village, 
 Grand River, and interred near the church which he had erected there. 
 His son John 8u))sequently led the Moh.ivvks at the victorious battle of 
 Queenston, in October, 1812. Joseph Brant was a noble specimen of a 
 Christian Indian, and did much to alleviate the horrors of Indian warfare 
 during the period of the American revolutionary war. 
 
 * Jolin Burgoyne, a general in the British army, was sent out to Amer- 
 ica to aid in suppressing the revolt of the thirteen colonies. He was suc- 
 cessful at Ticonderoga, but disastrously failed in the rest of his cam- 
 paign, as General Braddock had done before him, and from similar 
 causes. He afterwards became an M. P., and died in 1792. See Note t on 
 page 79. 
 
 Questions. — How many troops were sent out from England? What 
 did General Carleton do with them ? How did the campaign against the 
 invaders end ? How did General Burgoyne's campaign end. Why did 
 he fail ? Give a sketch of his career. 
 
118 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [PABT 11—1777. 
 
 by General Haldimaiid as Lieutenant-Governor. His 
 regime was repressive rather than popular. This course 
 he considered to be necessary, as the times were critical ; 
 for the Americans, who were generally successful in the 
 revolutionary contest vvitli England, had both sympa- 
 thizers and emissaries throughout Canada. General Hal- 
 dimand remained live years, and was then succeeded by 
 Henry Hamilton, Esc]., as locwa tenens, who in turn was 
 followed by Colonel Hope. 
 
 10. The Lidependeuce of the United States. — The sur- 
 render of seven thousand British troops, under General 
 Corn wal lis,* to an allied French and American force of 
 twelve thousand men, at Yorktown, in the State of Vir- 
 ginia, on the IDth of October, 1782, virtually decided the 
 
 war ; and in September, 1 783, 
 Great Britain, by treaty, rec- 
 ognized the Independence of 
 her thirteen revolted colonies. 
 Not less than 25,000 loyalists, 
 who had adhered to the royal 
 cause in these colonies, had 
 their property confiscated, and 
 were forced to quit their 
 homes. They themselves were 
 proscribed, and were compell- 
 ed to seek protection under 
 the British flag in England, 
 the West Indies, Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- 
 
 General Lord Cornwallia 
 
 * Charles, Marquis Cornwallis, was born in 1738- He successfully served 
 under the British Generals Howe and Clinton in the first years of tho 
 American revolutionary war. He held a separate command in 1780 ; and 
 after gaining several victories over the Americans, he was at length 
 besieged by them at Yorktown, and after a gallant defence, was com- 
 pelled to capitulate. He was twice afterwards Governor-General of India, 
 and once Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In India, he defeated Tippoo Saib, 
 and in Ireland suppressed the rebellion of 1798. He was a humane, brave, 
 and honorable man. Ho died in 1805, aged 67 years. 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of General Cornwallis. What events occurred 
 during the years 1777 to 1782. What governors succeeded Gen. Carleton ? 
 Give an account of the surrender of General Cornwalliti at Yorktowu. 
 What is said of the Loyalists and of their persecutions ? 
 
Chap. VI— 1782] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. X19 
 
 wick.* The Iroquois Indians had also to leave their old 
 encampments and hunting grounds, and to accept from 
 the British government a home, which was freely given 
 ^^ to them in Upper Canada. 
 
 11. Constitutional Changes. — Clergy Reserves, — In 
 1786, Sir Guy Carleton, then Lord Dorchester, returned 
 as Governor-General. The political 
 discussions which had for the previous 
 few years been going on with a view to 
 popularize the publicadministration, 
 and to introduce representative gov- 
 ernment, were now revived. Petitions 
 for and against the proposed changes 
 were sent to England ; and various 
 schemes for the settlement of thel 
 question were, under strong influen- 
 ces, submitted to the British ministry. William Pitt. 
 At length, Lord Grenville, the Colonial minister sent to 
 Lord Dorchester, in 1789, the draft of anew constitution for 
 Canada, which proposed to divide the Province of Quebec 
 into Upper and Lower Canada, and to give to each section 
 a Legislative Council and House of Assembly, with a local 
 government of its own. Lord Dorchester opposed the divi- 
 sion of the province ; but, nevertheless, the bill was intro- 
 duced into the House of Commons by the younger Pitt.f 
 After much opposition, it was finally passed, in 1791.$ Thus 
 
 *At the peace of 1783, *' Massachusetts, Virginia and New Yorlc adopted 
 measures of unexcusable severity [towards tlie Loyalists.] In the latter 
 State such was the violence manifested, that in August, 1783, Sir Guy 
 Carleton wrote to the president of Congress that the Loyalists conceive 
 the safety of their lives depends on my removing them." — Sabine'^ Amer- 
 ican Loyalists, 1864 ; vol. J, pp. 89, 90. (Sabine is an American writer.) 
 
 i William Pitt, the second son of the great Lord Chatham, was born 
 in 1759. He entered Parliament in 1781, and in 1783 was appointed Prime 
 Minister by the King. He was one of the most eminent statesmen of 
 Britain, He died in 1806, aged only 47 years. 
 
 t '' It was in a debate oA this bill that Fox and Burke severed the ties 
 of friendship which had existed between them for a long period. The 
 scene was one of the most interesting that ever occurred in the House of 
 Commons. Fox, overcome by his emotions, wept aloud." — Sabine's Amer- 
 ican Loyalists (1864), vol. I, pages [)2 an ' U6. 
 
 Questions.— (rive a sketch of the proposed changes in the constitution 
 of Canada. What part did William Pitt, Fox and Burke take iu the di^ 
 cuswoa ou the subject? 
 
120 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Part II— 1786. 
 
 ended the celebrated constitutional act of this year. Repre- 
 sentative government, in a modified form, was for the first 
 time introduced into the two Canadas simultaneously, and 
 gave very great satisfaction. In the same year the famous 
 Clergy Reserve Act was passed in England. This Act set 
 apart one seventh of the unsurveyed lands of the Province 
 " for the support of a Protestant Clergy ; " and authorized 
 the governor of either province to establish rectories and 
 endow them. This act became afterwards a fruitful 
 source of agitation and discontent in Upper Canada. 
 
 12. Arrival of Protestant Missionaries. — IVith the ex- 
 ception of two or three Protestant military chaplains, who 
 had come to Canada immediately after the conquest, little 
 was done to supply the growing want of Protestant mis- 
 sionaries among the British settlers, until between the 
 years 1780-1790. During those ten years, clergymen, 
 ministers, and even laymen, connected with the Churches 
 of England and Scotland, and with the Methodist, Baptist, 
 Congregational and other churches, arrived and labored 
 wherever they could gather together a congregation, or 
 even a few hearers. Many of those ministers were United 
 Empire Loyalists ; some were officers and soldiers ; but 
 all were self-denying, devoted men, who cheerfully sub- 
 mitted to the privations and discomforts incident to a new 
 and thinly settled country. These good men have long 
 since rested " from their labors, and their works do follow 
 them." (See Chapter XX.) 
 
 13. Canada in Her Religious Aspects and Influences , — 
 It is a striking fact that Canada was one of the few coun- 
 tries which was not originally settled by (or for purposes 
 5f) conquest. The pursuits of her inhabitants were al- 
 ways peaceful, not warlike. She has always acted on the 
 defensive, and never as the aggressor. At one time her 
 trade was in furs, and afterwards, as now, in timber and 
 grain ; but amidst all the " chances and changes " of her 
 history, and the trade contests and internal feuds of her 
 
 QuESTioJfS.— Give particulars of the Clergy Reserve Act. What is said 
 of the arrival of Protestant ministers ? • "What is said of tlie pioneers of 
 the various churches in Canada ? Who were Canada's earliest settlerg ? 
 
Chap. VI— 17861 SKETCH OP BRITISH RULE. 121 
 
 people, tlie religious culture and training of her inhabi- 
 tants have not been forgotten. The adherents of the 
 Church of Rome, who were her first settlers, were re- 
 markable for their zeal in sending missionaries far away 
 into the wilderness wherever their explorers, or fur traders, 
 ventured. The emblem of France's sovereignty and the 
 sacred symbol of her faith were always planted side by 
 side. No hardship was too great for her missionaries to 
 endure, and no forjn of martyrdom or of torture was too 
 terrible or inhuman to induce them to slacken in their de- 
 votion, or turn them from their purpose. So, on the ad- 
 vent of the United Empire Loyalists, and the early British 
 settlers, they too carried with them their ardent love for 
 the Bible, and for " the God of their fathers." Rivalling 
 the zeal and devotion of the early French Missionaries, 
 many of them, even down to our own time, spent their 
 lives in unceasing labors and privations, " counting not 
 their lives dear unto them " so that they might carry the 
 word of life and the spirit of consolation to the home of 
 the distant settler, or to the wandering tribes which yet 
 linger in our forests. And God's blessing has rested 
 abundantly upon their labors ; for they have increased 
 and multiplied exceedingly. From the three or four 
 Recollet Fathers of 1615, — the apostolic Stuart, "father 
 of the Church in Upper Canada," in 1783, — the ardent 
 soldier Tuffey of the Methodists, and the zealous heralds 
 of the Presbyterian, Baptist and Congregational churches 
 of 1780-90, the number of successors to these devoted 
 men has now reached that of nearly three thousand min- 
 isters, and their number is still increasing in all parts of 
 the land. 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of Canada iu her religious aspects and influ- 
 ences. What characterized the U. E. Loyalists? What is said of the 
 labors of the missionaries ? 
 
122 SKETCH OF THE U. E. LOYALISTS. Chap. VIl-1786.] 
 
 - , ' . ', 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 The United Empire Loyalists or America* 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Principles, Conduct and Treatment of the U. E. Loyalists. 
 
 1. Principles of the American Loyalists. — As the ob- 
 ject of the. American revokitioni sts was to destroy the 
 unity of the British Empire, so tlie object of tlie 12Gti ' ^n 
 L*oyalists was to preserve it. Hence, they took the name 
 of the United " Elnpfre Loyalists. The adherents to the 
 royal en use felt that loyalty to the sovereign was their first 
 and highest duty — that it was enjoined upon them by all 
 the influences and associations of national tradition, early 
 teaching, and natural instinct, as well as by the divine 
 authority of God himself, whose injunction in the apos- 
 tolic precept was as imperative upon them no less to 
 " fear God " than to " honor the king," and to " be 
 subject unto the higher powers ; for there is no power but 
 of God ; " — and they felt that " whosoever, therefore, 
 resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God." 
 Animated by these patriotic and Christian views, they 
 nobly took up arms to maintain them, and never laid them 
 down until they were vanquished. 
 
 2. Conduct and Treatment of the Loyalists. — The 
 United Empire Loyalists, on the final failure of the royal ' 
 cause in the thirteen colonies, nobly abandoned their pos- 
 sessions, their homes, and firesides 'in the United States of 
 America, that they might still enjoy, though as exiles, 
 protection ^ and freedom under the British flag. Their . 
 heroic fortitude, under the unparalleled suffering and pri- 
 vations which they and their families endured, in leaving \ 
 their comfortable homes for a life in the distant wilder- 
 
 QuESTiONS. Mention the principal subjects of Chapter VII. "Who were 
 the United Empire Loyalists? By what princi' 'es were thej guided in 
 the revolution ? • 
 
[PABT 11-1786 HISTORY OF CANADA. 123 
 
 from 200 to 5,500 acres of land in Car'^ ^a or the other 
 colonies, according to their military raii and services. 
 This liberal grant was, however, no e(i[uivalent for the 
 comfort and worldly prosperity which many of the loyal- 
 ists had freely sacrificed at the ctdl of duty, in the ser- 
 vice of their king and country. Some of the more prom- 
 inent of ' he loyalists were appointed to offices of emolu- 
 ment. Most of them lived to a good old age, respected 
 and honored by the community.* Although, in most 
 cases, they suffered incredible hardships in their efforts to 
 reach the maritime British provinces and to penetrate into 
 the interior of Upper Canada, they proved themselves when 
 there to be invaluable pioneers and colonists. By their 
 early labors, their example of thrift and industry, and 
 their sterling loyalty, they have largely contributed to the 
 prosperity and stability of the British American colonies. 
 The race has now passed away ; but the early impress 
 which they gave to the institutions of the provinces, and 
 to the character of their descendants, is yet strongly felt 
 among us. Their principles of honor and traditions of 
 loyalty will long remain, it is hoped, to be among those 
 potent historical influences for good which we possess, and 
 which often mould the character and after-life of nations. 
 
 # << 
 
 - -• Nothing ill the history [of the U. E. Loyalists] is more remarkable 
 than their longevity. Severallived to enjoy their half-pay upwards ot 
 half a oenturv' ; aiid so common were the ages of eiSjl^y-tiye ninetv, 
 and even of ninety-five years, that the saying : * Loyahsts half-pay ot- 
 ficers never die' was often repeated."— .VrrWwt^'.s- AmericaTi ^-'IJ/'f '«;«'J*^Vt' 
 page 63. Col. Joseph Ryerson of Charlotteville Coiinty of Wo^^^^^^ 
 C. (father of the Rev. T)r' Ryerson Thief S}'r*:"ntendent of Kduc^^^^^^^^ 
 drew his half-pay from the close of the revolntionary ^,^r until his deatn 
 in 1854, at the age of ninety -fcnir years, havmg been 7ii years a halt-pay 
 officer. 
 
 OuFSTTm^f s. Give a sketch of their after career in the various oolomes. 
 Was an vtiiinV done for them ? ^Hiat is sai<i of their longevity awl of the 
 case of rol Ryerson ? How should the conduct and character of tho U. E. 
 Loyalists infiuence us ? 
 
 1 fi 
 
124 SKETCH OP THE U. E. LOYALISTS. CllAP. VII-1786.] 
 
 ness, has rendered their memory dear to all British Amer- 
 icans ; while the unrelenting severity of the acts for their 
 perpetual banishment and the confiscation of their prop- 
 erty, which were passed by the several States which they 
 had left, inflicted deep and unmerited wrongs upon young 
 and old alike, and doomed them to years of privation and 
 hardship in a new, unsettled country. The generous 
 amnesty even of Cromwell under the protectorate, and the 
 no less remarkable " act of oblivion " for political offences 
 in the time of Charles II., muse ever remain in striking 
 and chivalrous contrast to the heartless refusal of tlio 
 victorious " thirteen free and independent States of Amer- 
 ica " to restore the rights, property and privileges of 
 their conquered fellow-colonists at the close of their suc- 
 cessful revolution.'*' 
 
 3. Dispersion of the Loyalists. — Of the 25,000 Ameri- 
 can colonists, who, at the close of the war, remained 
 true to the British cause, about 10,000 came to Canada, 
 the same number went to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
 and other colonies, and the remainder to England. As an 
 acknowledgment of their eminent services and devoted 
 loyalty, about £3,300,000 sterling were distributed among 
 them as a compensation in part for their losses. Each 
 one of them also received, as a free gift from the Crown, 
 
 * The state legislatures, generally, continued in a course of hoatile 
 action [to the IT. E. Loyalists], and treated the conscientious and the pure 
 and the unprincipled and corrupt, with the same indiscrimination as they 
 had done during the struggle. In some parts of the countiy, there really 
 appears to have been a determination to place these misguided, but then 
 humbled men, beyond the pale of human sympathy. In one legislative 
 body, a petition from the banished, praying to be allowed to return to 
 their homes, was rejected imthout a divislov ; and a law was passed which 
 denied to such as had remained within the State, and to all others who had 
 opposed the revolution, the privilene of rofinq at elections, or of holdinp 
 office. In another State, all who hcid sought royal protection were declared 
 to be aliens, and to be incapable ofclaimimi and holdinri property within 
 it, and their return was forbidden. Other' legislatures refused to repeal 
 Buch of their [repressive and confiscation] laws as conflicted with the 
 conditions of the treaty of peace."— (Sa6i?ie's American Loyalists, 1857, 
 page 86. 
 
 QtTESTiONS. Sketch the conduct of the Loyalists and their treatment 
 by the conquerors. What does Sabine say of the latter ? How does this 
 treatment compare with the amnesties of Cromwell aud of Charles II. ? 
 "Where did the loyalists go after their banishment ? ^ 
 
PAIIT 11-1780] HISTORY OF CANADA. 125 
 
 - ■ ♦ . v 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Summary Sketch of the History of Canada. 
 Geographical Introduction. 
 
 i. lower canada. 
 
 Lower Canada is about 600 miles in length, from east to west, and 300 in 
 
 breacltb, from north to south. 
 
 1. Noted For. — Lower Canada is noted for the explor- 
 ing enterprise of its founders ; for its commercial import- 
 ance, fisheries, mineral wealth, beautiful scenery, and 
 noble rivers. 
 
 2. Boundaries. — Lower Canada is bounded on the north 
 by Labrador and the Hudson Bay Territory ; on the east 
 by Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; on the south 
 by the Bay of Chaleurs, New Brunswick, and the State 
 of Maine ; on the south-east by the States of New Hamp- 
 shire, Vermont, and New York ; and on the south-west 
 by the River Ottawa and Upper Canada. 
 
 3. Physical Features. — Though not a mountainous 
 country, the scenery of Lower Canada is more picturesque 
 than that of Upper Canada. Its rivers and mountain 
 ridges are also on a grander scale. Fogs frequently 
 prevail in the autumn on its navigable waters. The lower 
 St. Lawrence is enclosed by two mountain-ranges, viz., 
 the Appalachian, on the south-east, running along the 
 peninsula of Gaspe (there known as the Notre Dame 
 Mountains), and extending to Alabama : and the Lauren- 
 tian, on the north, running from the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 
 Questions.— Give the length and breadth of Lower Canada. For what 
 is it noted ? Trace its boundaries. Describe its chief physical features. 
 
12G SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. fCHAP. VIII-n86. 
 
 to Cape Toiirnment, near Quebec, and thence extending 
 into the interior north-west of Lake ►•>uj)«'nor. 
 
 4. The Principal Rirers are the St. Lawnmce, Sajjue- 
 nay, St. Maurice, Ottawa and sonu; large tributaries ; the 
 Richelieu, St. Francis, Batiscan, Ste. Anne, and Chau- 
 diere. 
 
 5. The Inhnhifnnfs. — The first settlers in Lower Cana- 
 da were chiefly I'roni (he central parts of France ; but in 
 the P^astern Townshi))s, the inhabitants are principally of 
 British origin, including descendants of the United Em- 
 pire Loyalists. 
 
 II. UPPER CANADA. 
 
 Upper Canada is aliout THO miles in length, from son th-oast to north-west, 
 and from '2(10 to .'JOO ii^oain width. 
 
 6. Noted For. — Upper Canada is noted for its great 
 lakes ; for its agricultural products, fertile soil, and petro- 
 leum-springs. 
 
 7. Boundaries. — Upper Canada, which presents the ap- 
 pearance of a triangular peninsula, is bounded on the 
 north and east by the Hudson l-Jay Territory aikl the riv- 
 er Ottawa ; on the south and the south-east by Lake Su- 
 perior, Georgian Bay, Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the 
 river St. liawrence ; and on the west by the Western 
 Indian Territories, Lakes Superior, Huron, and St. Clair, 
 named by De la Salle (page r)4) Ste. Claire, and the riv- 
 ers St. Clair and Detroit. 
 
 8. Physical Features. — The surface is gently undula- 
 ting, rather than mountainous, and is diversified by rivers 
 and lakes. The ridge of high land which enters the 
 province at the Falls of Niagara, extends to Ham- 
 ilton, and is continued to Owen Sound, thence along 
 the peninsula to Cabot Plead, and through the Manitoulin 
 Islands, Lake Huron. The Laurentian Hills run west- 
 ward from the Thousand Islands (in the St. Lawrence 
 
 Questions. — Name the principal rivers of Lower Canada? "Who first 
 settled Lower Canada ? What is the length and breatdh of Upper Canada? 
 Of what shape is it ? Trace its boundaries. Sketch its physical features. 
 
Part 11-1786.1 
 
 niSTORT or CANADA. 
 
 127 
 
 near the foot of Lake Ontario), and oxtend north of 
 Lake Simcoe, forming the coast of Georgian Bay and 
 Lake Huron. Tlie wat(^r-sheda of Upper Canada are 
 not in general sliarp ridges, Init ratlier level, and often 
 marshy surfaces, on which the streams interlock. A 
 main water-shed sei)arates the waters of the Ottawa from 
 those of the St. Lawrence and its lakes ; a minor one 
 divides the streams flowing into Lake Simcoe, Georgian 
 li.'iy, and Lake Huron, from those flowing into Lakes Erie 
 and Ortario. 
 
 9. The Principal Lakes. — The magnificent lakes which 
 form the southern and western boundaries of Upper 
 Canada, contain nearly half the fresh water on the globe. 
 Their total length is 1,08/5 miles, and, exclusive of Lake 
 Michigan, they cover an area of upwards of 70,000 
 square miles. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Superior 
 
 Huron and Geor- 
 gian Bay 
 
 •Ste. Claire 
 
 Erie 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Length 
 
 in 
 Miles. 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Width 
 in Milec 
 
 ,'i05 
 
 160 
 
 280 
 
 20 
 
 240 
 
 180 
 
 190 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 Co 
 
 Area 
 
 in Kng. 
 
 Sq. Miles, 
 
 32,00(> 
 
 25,000 
 
 ;j()0 
 
 9,500 
 
 6,000 
 
 Height 
 
 in feet 
 
 above Sea. 
 
 Mean 
 
 Deptli in 
 
 Feet. 
 
 601 
 
 57.S 
 571 
 5(!0 
 2:il 
 
 900 
 
 700 
 
 20 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 10. The Principal Pivers in Upper Canada are the 
 Ottawa and its tributaries ; the Spanish, the French, the 
 Maganetawan, the Muskoka, and the Nottawasaga, falling 
 into Georgian Bay ; the Saugeen and the Aux Sables, 
 into Lake Huron, the Sydenham and the Thames into 
 Lake St. Clair or Ste. Claire ; the Grand into Lake Erie, 
 through the County of Haldimand ; the Trent and the 
 Moira, into the Bay of Quinte, and the Niagara into Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 11. The Bonndary Pi vers between Upper Canada and 
 the United States are the St. Clair, (being the contrac- 
 
 QUESTIONS.— Mention tlie two eliief water-sheds in Upper Canada. 
 What is said of tlie size, height above the sea, and depth of the great 
 lakes? Give the names of the principal rivers and boundary rivers of 
 Upper Canada. 
 
128 SKETCH OF BUITISII RULE. [Pa liT 17-1792. 
 
 tion of Lako Huron near Sarnia,*) the Detroit, the Nia- 
 gara, and the St. Lawrence ; and between Upper and 
 Lower Canada, the Ottawa. 
 
 12. The Inhabitants. — Uf)per Canada was chiefly settled 
 by the United F^nipire Loyalists of America, and l)y em- 
 igrants from the British Isles and other parts of Europe. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Sketch of British Rule, Second Period : from | 
 THE Separation of the Provinces until the • 
 Close of the War of 1811, i. e., from 1792 to 
 1814. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Parliamentary Government — Sla very — Politic al Progress 
 
 — Tr«r 0/1812. 
 
 I. lower 4ND UrPER CANADA. 
 
 1. Parliamentary Government inangnrated. — In .Tune, 
 1792, the first parliamentary elections were hold in Lower 
 Canada; fifty members were returned. The Legislative 
 Council, appointed by the Crown, consisted of fifteen 
 members. On the 17th of December, the New Legisla- 
 ture was opened by General Alured Clarke, the Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, in the absence of Lord Dorchester, who 
 remained in P^ngland until 1793. Eight acts were pass- 
 
 * Sarnia. wliere a settlement was formed in 1833, was so named by Sir 
 John Colborne— after Sarnia, the ancient name of the Iwlaiid of Guernsey, 
 of which Sir iJolin was formerly Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 Questions.— Who originally settled U. Canada ? Of what does Chapter 
 XIV treat? Name the principal subjects of it. When were the first elec- 
 tions held in L. Canada ? When and by whom was the Legislatm*e opened? 
 
iChap. 1X~1792.] HISTORY OF CANADA. 120 
 
 e«l by both houses, and the session termiiuited in May. 
 During the second session five kills were pjissed. The 
 'revenue of Lowijr Canada this year was only $25,000. 
 During the third session, that of 1795, accounts of the 
 revenue and expenditure, which now reached $42,000, 
 were first laid before the Legislature. Of t u; rcvemu;, Tip- 
 per Canada was only entitled to one-eighth. Loi-d Dorches- 
 ter continued in Canada until 171)G. I)uring his adminis- 
 tration many useful acts were passed, and general pros- 
 perity was enjoyed. Nevertheless symptoms of latent 
 hostility between the French and liritish races in Liwer 
 Canada were now and then apparent; while the remains 
 of sympathy with the American revolutionary agitation 
 of 1776 caused the legislature to })ass some string(Mit pre- 
 cautionary measures. so as to ensure public tran(piiUity. 
 
 2. Settlement of Upper Canada. — As the western j)art 
 of Canada was chiefly settled by UnitcMl Km pi re Loyalists 
 (to whom the British GoverHment had liberally granted 
 land and subsistence for two years), it was deemed advis- 
 able to confer upon these settlers a form of govt^rnment, 
 similar to that which they liad formally enjoyed. In the 
 east, the seigniorial or feudal tenure of lands had pre- 
 vailed since 1627 ; but in tjie west, that of free and com- 
 mon soccage (freehold) was established. In 1788, Lord 
 Dorchester divided what afterwards became Upper Cana- 
 da into four districts, viz. : Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nas- 
 sau, and Hesse. He had strongly opposed the division of 
 the province into Upper and Lower Canada as unwise 
 and impolitic ; but his objections were overruled by the 
 Imperial Government, and the "• Constitutional Act of 
 1791 " was passed. In 1792, the Upper Canada Legisla- 
 ture changed the names which had been given to the Dis- 
 tricts by the Governor General, into Eastern, Midland, 
 Home, and Western. These districts were afterwards 
 divided, and their number increased ; but they were abol- 
 ished in 1849. 
 
 Questions.— What was done by it ? Describe the stat« of feeling in L. 
 Canada. Why were stringent measures passed? What is said of the divi- 
 iions of the Province ? 
 
 9 
 
130 8KETCII or imrnsii kule. lpart ii-itw. 
 
 3. The first Upper Canada Parliament wa« opened at 
 Newark (Niagara) on the 17th September, 1792, by Lieu- 
 tenant Governor, Colonel J. G. Sinicoe.* The IIouho of 
 Assembly conyisted of only sixteen members, and the Leg- 
 islative Council of rfeven. Ei<rht bills were passed ; one 
 of which provided for the introduction of the English 
 Civil Law. Trial by jury was also specially introduced, 
 by statute, in that year. The English Criminal Law 
 (though previously introduced into the entire province of 
 Quebec, by Imperial statute), was also (as it stood in 
 1792) made the law of the land in Upper Canada, by 
 Provincial statute. In 1792 the Duke of Kent (father to 
 the Queen), who, as Commander-in-Chief of the British 
 Forces in America, resided near Halifax, visited Canada, 
 and was entertained by Governor Simcoe at Newark 
 (Niagara). 
 
 4. Slavery Abolished. — In 1793, slavery was abolished 
 in Upper Canada ; and in 1803, Chief «Justice Osgoode 
 decided that it was incompatible with the laws of Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 5 The Seat of Government in Upper Canada was, in 
 1796, removed from Newark (Niagara), to York (Toron- 
 to), by Governor Simcoe. He was anxious that the capi- 
 
 y^^^ZC/f^^ -v"^ 
 
 '/■y^^^t-^^-^ t 
 
 
 * Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe, colonel in the army, was born 
 in England in 1752 His military career commenced at nineteen ; and he 
 commanded the Queen's Rangers (Hussars) during the American revolu- 
 tionary war In 1790 ho became a member of the British Parliament ; and in 
 1792, he was appointed first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. He 
 induced many of the United Empire Loyalists to settle in Upper Canada, 
 and sought in every way to promote tlie piosperity of the Province. He 
 constructed Yonee Street as a military road from York (Toronto) on Lake 
 Ontario to the laka at tlie north which now bears his name. He was ap- 
 pointed Governor of St, Domingo in 1794, and a Lieutenant-General in 
 1798. He died on his return to England, in 180«», aged 54. 
 
 Questions — By whom was the first U. C. Parliament opened ? Sketch' 
 his life. Sketch the proceedings of the Upper Canada Legislature. What 
 is said of the Duke of Kent ? When was slavery abolished ? What is said 
 about the U. Canada seat of gorenmient ? 
 
CHAp.ix-niwi iiisroKY ov canaua* 131 
 
 tal hIiouM 1)0 fixed us far as possihhi from the frontier, 
 and had civwii proposed London as an cli^^iblc site. Lord 
 Dorchestej* strongjy advowited Front(;na(^ (Kin«(ston) as 
 the site of the capital ; but the Lieutenant-Govcrnor'ti 
 opinion in favor of York prevaihid. 
 
 C. Eleven years' Comparative Quiet. — General Pres- 
 colt* succeeded Lord Dorchester as Governor-General in 
 Lower Canada in 171)0. After nunainin^ three years, he 
 was followed by Sir \i. S. Milnes, as Lieutenant-Govern- 
 or of Lower Canada. On his retiring, in 180'), Hon. 
 Thomas Duiui, senior L(?<^islative Councillor, actcMl as ad- 
 ministrator until 1807. Durinflj these eleven years little 
 of j)ublic or historical interest occurred in Canad;'. The 
 local discussions related chiefly to abuses in land-<(ranting 
 by the government, the application of the forfeited Jesuit 
 estiites to the purposes of education, and the establish- 
 ment of a Royal Institution for the promotion of public 
 education in Lower Canada. Efforts were also made to 
 improve the navigation of the lower St. Lawrence, to 
 regulate the currency, extend the |)ostal communication, 
 to ameliorate the prison system, and to promote shipping 
 and commerce. 
 
 7. War with the United States Foreshadowed. — The re- 
 lations between P^ngland and the United States had been 
 unsatisfactory for some time. This state of things arose 
 out of the persistent claim of the British Government to 
 the Right of Search for British naval deserters in Amer- 
 ican vessels, and also in consequence of orders in Coun- 
 cil (prohibiting neutral vessels to trade with France) 
 which England passed in retaliation for Napoleon's fa- 
 mous Milan and Berlin Decrees directed against English 
 trade and commerce. In order to demonstrate the loyal 
 
 ♦Governor Robert Prescott was born in England in 17215. He served in 
 America during the revolutionary war, and afterwards in the West In- 
 dies. He was governor of Canada iu 1790. He died in 1815, aged 89 
 yeans. 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketcb of Gen. Prescott. Who, during eleven years, 
 were the successors of Loid Dorchester ? Sketch the history of thoaei 
 years. What led to the war of 1812 ? 
 
132 SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. [Paut. 11-1807. 
 
 feiiling of the French Canadians, Governor Dunn, iii 
 1807, called out and organized the militia of Lower Can- 
 ada ; the call was promptly and cordially responded 
 to, so that any apprehensions as to their loyalty in case 
 of war with the Americans, were set at rest. Col. 
 (afterwards Sir) Isaac Brock, the commandant, also 
 strengthened the defences of Quebec* 
 
 H. Sir James Craiy^s Administration. — In the same 
 year (1807) Sir James Craig arrived as Governor-Gen- 
 eral. t He remained until 1811, when Mr. Dunn again 
 hekl the office pro tern. At this time the question of ex- 
 cluding the judges from seats in the House of Assembly, 
 was warmly discussed. Sir James indiscreetly interfered 
 with the House and some of its members in this matter, 
 but he was overruled by the Home Government, and at 
 length assented to a bill excluding the judges from the 
 legislature. In order to bring the Government officials 
 more under the control of the Legislature, the House of 
 Assembly, in 1810, proposed to assume the payment of 
 their salaries, and thus render them amenable to Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 * Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, " the Hero of Upper Canada," was 
 bdvn ill the Island of Guernsey, in 1769, — the same year in which Napo- 
 leon and Wellington were born. He entered the army in 1785. In 1799, 
 ho served under Sir R. Abercromby in Holland, and in 1801, under Lord 
 Nelson, at Copenhagen. In 1802, he came to Caiiada, and served at Mon- 
 treal, York (Toronto), Niagara and Quebec. In 18().'{, he crossed from Tor- 
 onto to Niagara in an open boat, thence round by Hamilton to intercept 
 dewerters. In 1806, to prevent desertions, he suggested the formation of 
 a service battalion. In 1807, such a battalion was sent out (subsequently 
 tbe Royal ('anadian Rifles were en\bodied for the same purpose). In 
 1811, he held the office of President of Upper ('anada during the absence 
 of (Governor Gore in England. On the 16th of August, 1812, he made an 
 attack on Detroit, and caused the American General, Hull, to surrender 
 with 2,500 men. On the 13th October, while gallantly leading his men to 
 drive the Americans from Queenston Heights, he fell early in the action, 
 aged 43. 
 
 t Sir James Henry Craig served in the army from his youth. He com- 
 manded the British troops at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in 
 1795, and served at Naples as commander of the English forces in 1805. 
 He came to Canada as Governor-General in 1807, and returned to England 
 in 1811. He died the same year. 
 
 Questions.— How was Lower Canada tested ? Give a sketch of Sir Isaac 
 Brock. What Ih said of Sir James Craig's admiuiittratiou. 
 
Chaf. IX— 1811.] HISTORY OP CANADA. 133 
 
 9. Sir George PrevosVs Policy. — In 1811, Sir George 
 Prevost* was transferred from Nova Scotia to Canada, 
 as Governor-General ; and in the same year the Duke of 
 Manchester, Governor of Jamaica, visited Canada. Sir 
 George entered heartily into the feelings of the Canadian 
 people, and sought to remove all immediate causes of dis- 
 content. In the meantime the relations between England 
 and the United States continued to be most unfriendly. 
 At length a decisive act of hostility occurred in the cap- 
 ture, on the 16th May, 1812, })y an American frigate of 
 44 guns, of a British sloop of 18 guns. In view of the im- 
 pending hostilities the Legislature of Lower Canada passed 
 an Act, with great unanimity, empowering the Governor- 
 General to embody the whole militia-force of the country, 
 endorsed his "army bills," to the extent of $1,000,000, 
 and voted $60,000 per annum for five years,t to be ex- 
 pended in maintaining the defence of the Province. 
 
 >^ II. THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 10. American Declaration of War in 1812. — In order 
 to excite Congress to a prompt declaration of war against 
 Great Britain, President Madison purchased from a Capt. 
 Henry for $500,000, a series of confidential letters, which 
 the captain had written (as a political speculation of his 
 own) to Governor Craig's secretary in Canada, on the 
 state of feeling in New England States against the pro- 
 jected war. In the letters a wish on the part of these 
 States to ally themselves with England was alleged. 
 The President laid these letters before Congress, as evi- 
 dence of the secret machinations of England against the 
 
 *Sir George Prevost was born in New York in 1767— his father (a native 
 of Geneva) being a British General tliore at that time. He distinguirilied 
 himself in the West Indies in 1803. He was Governor of Dominica in 
 1805, and was created a baronet in that year for his bravery. He held the 
 office of Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia in 1808, and of Canada dur- 
 ing the war of 1812. He died in 1817, aged 50 years. 
 
 t Cotliu'8 "Chronicle of tlie War of 1812." Montreal, John Lovell, 1864. 
 
 Questions.- What visit was made to Canada while Sir George Prevost 
 was governor? Give a sketch of his career. How did Lower Canada 
 resiwnd to Sir Georg^Prevost's war policy ? By what means was Congress 
 induced to declare war against England ? 
 
134 
 
 SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 
 
 [Pakt 11—1812. 
 
 integrity of the Republic. They produced the desired re- 
 sult ; and, under the authority of Congress, war was forth- 
 with declared against England by the President on the 
 18tli June. Sir George Prevost set out at once to ex- 
 amine and strengthen the frontier, and to rally the popu- 
 lation in defence of the country. With a view to secure 
 the active co-oj)eration of the Roman Catholic clergy, he 
 agreed to the proposition of Bishop Plessis to restore to 
 their church the right as well as the status which it had 
 enjoyed in Lower Canada prior to the conquest. 
 
 11. Opening of the Campaign of 1812. — At this time 
 Lower Canada contained an estimated population of 
 200,000, and Upper Canada, 80,000. The campaign 
 opened inauspiciously for the Americans. Besides some 
 minor captures, Captain Roberts (Commandant at the Isle 
 
 The Island and Fort of MicWlimackinac (Mackinac). 
 
 St. Joseph), by direction of General Sir Isaac Brock (then 
 Lieutenant-Governor and Commander of the British 
 forces in Upper Canada,) surprised and, on the 1 7th July, 
 with great gallantry captured, Fort Michilimackinac, situ- 
 ated on an island of that name, forty miles from St. Joseph, 
 and lying in the straits between Lake Huron and Lake 
 
 Questions.— Wliat steps were taken in Canada to meet the emergency ? 
 Give the estimated population of tlie two Canadfis about the year 1812. 
 How was the campaign opened ? 
 
Chap. IX— 1812.] 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 135 
 
 Michigan. Five days previously, the Americans, having 
 collected an invading army at Detroit, had crossed over 
 to Sandwich and advanced against Fort Maiden at Am- 
 herstburgh. To compel them to retreat, the British com- 
 mander despatched a small force across the Detroit river 
 to Mongauga so as to intercept the American supplies 
 from the southwards. This plan succeeded ; for on the 
 7th of August the Americans retreated to Detroit. In the 
 meantime General Brock arrived, and on the 11th August 
 crossed over to Springwell and advanced on Detroit. On 
 the 16th, the American general, Hull, capitulated without 
 firing a gun. Thirty-three pieces of cannon and 2,500 men 
 fell into the hands of the British. Leaving a garrison at 
 Detroit, General Brock returned to the Fort at Niagara. 
 An armistice in the meantime prevented further hostilities 
 until September.* 
 
 12. Battle of Queenston. — Early in October, 1812, an- 
 other American invading army, under General Van Ran- 
 selaer, having been collected opposite Queenston, on the 
 Niagara frontier. 
 General Brock pre- 
 pared promptly and 
 eifectually to repel it. 
 On the 11th October, 
 the American troops 
 attempted to cross the 
 Niagara river, but 
 failed for want of 
 boats. On the night 
 of the 1 2th, however, 
 they succeeded ; and 
 on the morning of 
 the 13th, General interior of Fort Missasauga, at Niagara. 
 
 ♦ Sir James C. Smyth's Prdcis of the Wars in Canada ; London, 1862, 
 
 Questions.— By what means were Detroit and Michilimackinac cap- 
 tiired? Where are they Bituated ? Why were hostilities suspended? Give 
 an account of Uie hattie of Queenston Heiglits. Who were in command 
 of the British and American forces '.' What did Gen. Brock do? Name 
 the fort showji above. 
 
136 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Part 11—1812 
 
 Brock, who had hastened up from Niagara (not knowing 
 that the Americans had already effected a landing above 
 
 Queenston), directed the detach- 
 ment which had been posted on 
 the heights with a battery of two 
 guns, to descend and support the 
 force on the bank, which was en- 
 deavoring near the village to dis- 
 pute the landing of the main 
 body of the invaders. The 
 Americans, who had already 
 landed above Queenston, at once 
 took possession of the heights. 
 Perceiving his mistake. General 
 Brock endeavored to re-take the 
 position which he had thus volun- 
 tarily lost ; and, in ascending the 
 hill to do so, he was unfortunately 
 struck with a shot and killed, 
 just as he had uttered the words, 
 " Push on, brave York Volun- 
 teers ! " A stone now marks the spot where he fell. His 
 aide-de-camp, Colonel Macdonnell, while leading the volun- 
 teers, was also shot down. The command then devolved on 
 Gen. Sheaffe,"* who, coming from Niagara by a circuitous 
 route, gallantly carried the heights, and compelled nearly 
 1,000 of the invaders to lay down their arms, many of 
 whose comrades during the battle, were driven over the 
 heights into the river. Upper Canada deeply mourned 
 Sir Isaac Brock, and has twice honored his noble deeds 
 by erecting a monument to his memory, t 
 
 Brock's Monument ; also a 
 Cenotaph marking the spot 
 on which he fell. 
 
 ♦General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 
 1703. He entered the army in 1778, and served in Ireland, Holland, and 
 Canada. For his eminent services at Queenston Heights 1k) was created a 
 Baronet, He died in 1861, aged 88 year?. 
 
 t The first monument, erected in 181&-G, was blown up by an insurgent 
 during the rebellion troubles of 1837-8. The second was erected in 1859. 
 
 QuKSTiONs.— Ho w and where did the Americn us invade Upper Canada ? 
 What steps did Gen. Brock take to prevent them ? What mistake did 
 Gen. Brock make ? How was it taken advantage of ? Who took com- 
 mand on Gen. Brock's death ? Sketch his career. What is said of Brock'i 
 mouujueut? 
 
CpXp. IX-1812.] SKETCH OP BRITISH RULE. 
 
 137 
 
 13. Close of the Campaign o/ 181 2. —In November, the 
 Americans under General Smyth, in attempting to cross 
 the Niagara river above the falls, were driven back with 
 loss. 1" the same month, Gen. Dearborn pushed forward 
 from Lake Champlain to Lacolle. Col. de Salaberry * 
 went witii a force to meet him; but Dearborn retired 
 after an encounter with a small picket-force under Col. 
 McKay. The capture by the Am(3ricans of the Indian 
 village of St. Regis (where the boundary-line touches the 
 St. Lawrence), was counterbalanced by the taking of their 
 fort at Salmon River, near St. Regis. At sea, however, 
 the Americans were more successful. With large ships 
 carrying more guns and men, they 
 captured several British vessels ; but 
 on land, the campaign of 1812 ended 
 at all points in the discomfiture of 
 the American invadiuij armies. 
 
 14. Reverses and Successes of the 
 next Catnpaign. — In January, 1813, T 
 the campaign was opened by a vic- 
 tory gained by Col. Proctor over 
 the American troops at Brownstown, 
 near Detroit. In May and July he 
 also attacked them, but with doubtful 
 success. In April and May, York 
 (Toronto) and Fort George (at Niagara) were taken by 
 the Americans ; but Major McDonnell gained important 
 advantages at Ogdensburgh, N. Y. At Stoney Creek, 
 near Hamilton, the American Generals Chandler and 
 Winder were captured in a successful night-sortie, on the 
 
 Niagara Frontier. 
 
 ♦Colonel Charles Michel de Salaberry, C. B., was bom at Eeanport 
 near Quebec in 1778. He iirst served in tlie West Indies, and afterwards 
 in ('anada. He defeated nnd drove back the American invadin,a: army at 
 Chateanguay in 1813. For his servicos he was created a military com- 
 mander of tiie Bath, and a medal was struck for his victory at Chateau- 
 guay. 
 
 QuKSTiONS. — Sketch the career of Col. do Salaberry. Give a sketch of 
 the campaign of 1812. Point out eacli place marked on the map. What 
 occurred at Niagara,j^c. ? 
 
138 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Part II— 1813' 
 
 5th June, 1813, by Sir John Harvey,* and their invading 
 army driven back. Mrs. James Secordf (her husband 
 being wounded) walked twenty miles, to Beaver Dams, on 
 the Niagara frontier, on the 24th June, 1813, to apprise 
 Lieut. Fitzgibbon, the British officer, of an expedition 
 sent against him. By skilfully arranging his scanty force 
 
 of two hundred and fifty 
 men, including Indians, 
 Lieut. (afterwards Col.) 
 Fitzgibbou captured, after 
 a slight skirmish, five hun- 
 dred troops, fifty cavalry 
 and two field-pieces, under 
 Col. Bccrstler. Lewiston, 
 Buffalo, Forts Schlosser and 
 Black Rock, on the Niasrara 
 River, were also successfully 
 attacked and burnt, by direc- 
 tion of Sir Gordon Drum- 
 mond,|in retaliation for the 
 Tecumseh, a siiawanee Chiof.§ wanton destruction of New- 
 
 *Sir John Harvey was born in England in 1778, and, having served for 
 some time in the army, was sent out as deputy adjutant-general of the 
 forces in Upper Canada. He served with great distinction tliere,andwa8 
 appointed Governor of Prince Edward Island in 1836 ; of New lirunswick 
 in 18:'.7 ; of Newfoundlan<l in 1S4I, and of Nova Scotia in ls4(). 
 
 t While in Canada, in 186(), His lioyal Highness the Prince of Wales 
 gave Mrs. Secord a donation of four hundred dollars, in appreciation of 
 the heroic and patriotic act which is related above. 
 
 t General Sir George Gordon Drummond was born at Quebec, in 1771, 
 while liis father hold the post there of paymaster-general of the forces in 
 Lower Canada. He served on the staff, and had command of the forces 
 in Lower Canada in 1811 ; and in 1813 he took command of the forces in 
 Upper Canada, under Sir George Prevost. After a variety of eminent 
 services in Upper Canada, he succeeded Sir George Prevost (after his 
 failure at Plattsburgh) in 1814, as administrator of the Government and 
 as Commander-in-Chief of the forces. He retired from Canada in 1818, 
 and was generally regretted. 
 
 § Tecumseh (or Tecumthe), a noted chief of the Shawanee Indians, was 
 born in 1770. His brother was the celebrated " pro^)het " of that tribe. 
 In the American war of 1812, he was the warm friend and ally of the 
 British. Although opposed to the civilization of the Indians, he adopted, 
 in some measures, the habits of the whites, and held the rank of Indian 
 
 Questions. — Give a sketch of Sir John Harvey. Describe the engrav- 
 ings. What is said of Mr.. Secord ? What is said of the success of tliQ 
 British army, and of reverses ? Give a sketch of TecUmseh. 
 
Chap. lX-1813.] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 139 
 
 ark (Niagara) and other British posts by the retreat- 
 ing American general. But the tide of victory turned ; 
 and the American success on Lake Erie was soon 
 followed by the defeat of the British General Proctor* 
 and his brave Indian ally, Tecumseh, at Moravian 
 Town, river Thames. Fort 
 George was, however, re- 
 taken by General Vincent, 
 and Fort Niagara(as shown 
 in the engraving), opposite 
 to it, was also wrested from 
 the Americans by Colonel '^^ American Fort Niagara in 1813. 
 
 Murray during the campaign of 1813. 
 
 15. Campaign of 1813 in Lower Canada. — To effect 
 a junction with Wilkinson's army, the Americans, under 
 Gen. Hampton, pushed forward on 26th of October, 1813, 
 wdth 3,500 troops, from Lake Champlain towards Mon- 
 treal. At the junction of the Outarde and Chateauguay 
 rivers, they encountered 1,000 Canadian militia under 
 Col. de Salaberry, who disputed their advance. By skilful 
 management and great bravery on the part of the Cana- 
 
 Brigadier in the British army. He, witli the western tribes of Indians, 
 had been involved in hostilities with the United States, in IHll ; and 
 when war witli Great Britain was declared, in 1812, Tecumseh and his 
 warriors co-operated with the British forces. On the 5th October, while 
 retreating from Detroit with General Proctor, the Americans overtook 
 them at Moravian Town (river Thames), and a battle ensued. The allied 
 forces were defeated, and the brave Tecumseh fell in the midst of the 
 fight, aged 44 years. He was a fine-looking Indian, and a man of inliexi- 
 bfe principle — honorable and humane. 
 
 *Lieutenant-General Henry A. Proctor was born in Wales in 1787. He 
 took part in Sir Isaac Brock's expedition against General Hull at Detroit, 
 in 1812. In 1813 he defeated General Wilkinson at the river Raisin, near 
 the same city. For his ill-judged retreat up the river Tham^^s, he was 
 tried by court martial and suspended from service for six months ; but 
 he afterwards commanded the troops with great spirit in Canada. He 
 was an able officer and liighly popular. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of Gsn. Proctor ; and of Sir G. Drummond ? 
 What events occurred on Lake Erie, the river Thames, and at Fort 
 Niagara ? How did the campaign in Lower Canada progress ? Give an 
 account of the battle of Chateauguay. Which party was successful at 
 th*it battle ? Where is Oiiateauguay situated ? 
 
140 
 
 niSTOKY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Part 11—1813. 
 
 (lian officers, 
 the A m e r- 
 ican fo roes 
 were defeated, 
 and compelled 
 to retreat to- 
 wards Platts- 
 l)ur<r. 
 
 ] G. The Bat- 
 tle of Chrys- 
 ler^s Farm. — 
 The success of 
 the Americans 
 in Upper Can- 
 ada had led 
 them to con- 
 centrate their 
 forces for a 
 combined at- 
 tack on Mon- 
 treal. General 
 Wilkinson, 
 who had a force of eight thousand men at Sackett's Harbor, 
 was directed to join General Hampton at Montreal, and 
 invest that city with a portion of his troops from Cha- 
 teauguay. Wilkinson left Sackett's Harbor on the 4th 
 of November, and on his passage down the St. Lawrence, 
 menaced Kingston from Grenadier Island. Being har- 
 assed, as he proceeded, by a Canadian force which had 
 been despatched from Kingston to intercept him, Wilkin- 
 son resolved, when some distance down the river, to land 
 and disperse it. The enemy were three thousand strong, and 
 the Canadians about 1,000. The Americans were led bv 
 Gen. Covington, — and to Lieutenant Smith was entrusted 
 a battery. They landed at Cook's Point, and established 
 themselves at Cook's tavern. At Chrysler's farm, near 
 
 Questions. —What is shown in the engraving ? What did the American 
 general do? Give an account of the battle of Chrysler's field or farm. 
 Where were the American generals to unite ? What was the result ? v 
 
 Battle-Ground, River Thames, 1813. 
 
Chap. TX-1H13.] SKETCH OP BRITISH RULE. 
 
 141 
 
 by, Col. Morrison had the British forces skilfully drawn 
 up to oppose the passage of the Americans. After two 
 hours' hard fighting in an open field on this farm, on the 
 nth of November, the Americans were compelled to 
 
 19 
 
 U^ /^ (fimuoatt r 
 LEU'S <? £ iJ! C 
 
 retire to their boats, with a loss of their general, Coving- 
 ton, and 3/)0 killed and wounded ; while the Canadian 
 loss was only about 200. The armies of Hampton and Wil- 
 kinson were thus defeated and disheartened by the deter 
 mined bravery of the British and Canadian forces at 
 Chateauguay and Chrysler's Farm ; and this decided them 
 in giving up the contemplated attack on Montreal. These 
 two battles, so gallantly won by inferior numbers, termi- 
 nated the campaign of 1813. Thus ended the formidable 
 invasion of Lower Canada. 
 
 QuKSTioNS. —How did the battle of Chrysler's Farm affect the move- 
 ments of the Americans ? Give an account of the relative opposing forces. 
 Point out on the engraving the places marked. How did the contest end ? 
 Wliat wa« the ullect of this double def«at ? 
 
142 mSTOIlY OK CANADA. [PAUT 11-1813, 
 
 17. C(imprn'f/)f of '[HM. — At Lacolh^ Mill, oi^lit milos 
 from the loot of Liiko Ch.'iiiipliiin, tht! cjimpai^ni of 1814 
 was o|)(Uio(l on tlio 31,st March. This post, which was 
 garrisoiKid by only TiOO m(Ui, was attacked hy (icii. Wil- 
 kinson with 5,000 American troops. With tho aid of 
 two gun-boats, and two sloo})s from the Islo-aux-Noix, 
 the Americans were defeated, and drivtui back to Platts- 
 bur<jfh. After the failure of tluiir invadin*^ army at La- 
 colle, the Americans turned their attention to Upper Can- 
 ada. But Iiere the British were active. On the 4th of 
 May, a force of 1,200 soldiers and marines were sent to 
 Oswego to destroy the depot thi^re. They were highly 
 successful, and returned to Kingston the next day. It 
 was a source of great mortification that this victory of the 
 British at Oswego was followed by the comparative failure 
 of their attack upon Sackett's Harbour, owing to the irre- 
 solution of Sir George Prevost, who ordered a retreat 
 just as victory was achieved. Fort Erie was also lost. 
 This fort, defended by only two hundred men, was 
 captured by the Americans, 4,000 strong, on the 3rd 
 of July, 1814. At Chippewa, on the 5th July, Gen. 
 Riall, with 2,400 troops, gave battle to 4,000 Americans. 
 The British fought bravely ; but Riall was compelled to 
 retreat to the Twenty-Mile Creek, on his way to Burling- 
 ton Heights, near Hamilton. Thence he sent a detach- 
 ment of 900 to — 
 
 18. Limdy^s Lane (called Bridgewater by the Ameri- 
 cans), near Niagara Falls. Here, on the 25th July, this 
 detachment was attacked, and was about retreating by 
 order of General Riall, when General Drummond oppor- 
 tunely arrived from York and encountered the American 
 forces. The battle comn\enced at 5 p.m., and continued 
 until half-past eleven. Both parties being reinforced, the 
 strife was renewed. At midnight the enemy retired to 
 Chippewa, leaving the British in possession of the field. 
 The Americans lost 1,200 killed, wounded and prisoners ; 
 
 Questions. — Where was the campaign of 1814 opened ? Give a sketch 
 of the tattles at Oswego, Sackett's Harbour, and Fort Erie ? Give an ac- 
 count of battle Chippewa. 
 
Chap. IX— IfilB.l SKETCH OF BRITiail RULE. . .143 
 
 hihI tlie Britisli, 900, including General Kiiill, who was 
 captured. The generals on both sides were wounded. 
 This was the hardest fought battle in the whole campaign. 
 
 19. Close of the War. — On the ir>th August, General 
 Druniniond sought to retake Fort Erie, but failed. On 
 the 17th September, the besieged made a sortie, but were 
 driven back. The loss on each side was (500. Drum- 
 mond's failure, however, was more than com])ensated by 
 the capture of Prairie du Chion, and the gallant relief 
 and defence of Fort Mackinac. But on Lake Cham- 
 plain, the British forces suffered defeat ; though this dis- 
 aster was soon retrieved by a decline of American naval 
 power on Lake Erie, and the retirement of their army 
 iVom Fort Erie on the 5th of November, 1814. The de- 
 struction of this fort was the last act in the bloody drama, 
 with the exception of the fatal battle of New Orleans, 
 which was fought on the 8th of January, 1815, and at 
 which the Americans were victorious. This closed the 
 war. By the treaty which was signed at Ghent, on the 
 24th of December, 1814 (two weeks before the battle of 
 New Orleans was fought), Forts Mackinac and Niagara 
 were given up to the Americans, peace was finally re- 
 stored to the Province, and our laws and institutions pre- 
 served to us by the blessing of Providence and the 
 bravery of our loyal defenders. ^-^ 
 
 20. Conditions of the Province at the Close of the War. 
 — Although the war of 1812 lasted only three years, it 
 left Upper and Lower Canada very much exhausted. It 
 however, developed the patriotism and loyalty of the peo- 
 ple in the two Provinces in a high degree, and proved 
 how nobly the loyal militia of Canada maintained their 
 country's freedom ; for at the close of the war no inva- 
 der's foot rested within our borders. Party spirit was 
 hushed ; and political parties of all shades united in a 
 firm determination to uphold the honor of the country's 
 flag. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of the battle of Luiidy's Lane or Bridge- 
 water ? Give a sketch of the close of the war. Mention the final acts of 
 the contest. What is said of the treaty and of the close of the war ? 
 
144 HISTOKY OF CANADA. [rAHT 11-18U. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Sketch of British "Rule, Second Period (continued): 
 
 FROM THE CLOSE OF THE War OF 1812-14, 
 
 UNTIL THE Union of the Provinces. 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Governors — Contest between the Government and the 
 Houses of Assembly in Upper and Lower Canada — 
 Canal Policy — Crisis of 1837 — Lord Durham's 
 Mission. ^ 
 
 . 1. Governors of Upper Canada. — During the years 
 1805-1815, there had been frequent changes of gover- 
 nors. The Hon. Francis Gore held office from 1806 un- 
 til 1811, when he was succeeded as President by Sir Isaac 
 Brock, who fell at Queenston Heights in October, 1812. 
 Sir R. H. Sheaffe held the office pro tern., as President, 
 when he was succeeded by Baron de Rottenburgh, aho 
 as President, in 1813. In that year. Sir Gordon Drum- 
 mond was appointed Lieutenant-Governor, and he suc- 
 ceeded Sir George Prevost as Administrator in Lower 
 Canada, in 1815. During this same time. Sir George 
 
 QuKSTiONS.— What is said of the military and militia force in Canada? 
 "Who is commander-in-chief ? Mention some of the principal subjects of 
 Chapter X. Who were the governors of Upper Canada from 1805 to 1812 ? 
 
CHAr. X-1814.1 SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 145 
 
 Murray, Hon. Francis Goro, and Sir F. P. Robinson, 
 succeeded each other as Lieutenant-Governors of Upper 
 Canada. The latler gentleman remained in office until 
 1817, when lion. Samuel Hunter was appointed Admin- 
 istrator until tlie arrival of the new Governor, Sir Pere- 
 grine Maitland,* in 1818. 
 
 2. Pulilicai Discussltms in Upper and Lower Canada^ 
 1810-22. — The distracting influences of the war having 
 gradually ceased, .political discussions soon occupied pub- 
 lic atienlion. In Lower Canada, a protracted contest 
 arose between the Legislative Assembly and the Execu- 
 tive Government, on the subject of the finances. The 
 Assembly maintained that the right to fix and control the 
 public expenditure was inherent in itself, while the Gov- 
 ernor .and Legislative Council, being co-ordinate branches 
 of the Legislature, resij+ted this doctrine, and sought to 
 vest it in tht^mselves. The chief object which the As- 
 sembly had in view was, by (controlling the expenditure, 
 to prevent or to reform certain abuses which had grown 
 up in the administration of public affairs. It also wished 
 to assert its own authority, as an independent branch of 
 the Legislature, and to prevent the possibility of its be- 
 ing reduced to an inferior position in the state. So tena- 
 cious was the Assembly of its rights in this matter, that 
 for years, almost all other questions were made subordi- 
 nate to this vital one, or they were treated as only form- 
 ing part of the general issue involved in it. Thus things 
 
 *Sir Peregrine Maitland was born in England in 1777. Having distin- 
 cuishecl liiius^^lf at Waterloo, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Upper Canada in 1818 ; while his father-in-law, the Duke of Richmond, 
 was u|>pointt'd Govornor-Clencral of Lower (^'anada. On the Duke's sad 
 death from liydropliobia in 181!>, Sir F^eregrine administered the Govem- 
 uusnt of [.owtir ( anadu nntil the appointment of the Earl ot Dalhousie as 
 Govornor-(J<;n«'ral, tn lH2i». Sir Peregrine was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Governor of :Nova Scotia iu 1828, and died in 1864, aged 77 years. 
 
 QuESTioxs.— Mention the names and dates of the Governors of Upper 
 Canada from 1813 to 1818- Give a sketch of Sir Peregrine Maitland. What 
 was the state of political feeling in Lower Canada after the war of 1812 ? 
 
 10 
 
146 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART II— 1811. 
 
 remained during the administrations of Sir John C. Sher- 
 brooke,* the Duke of Richmond (who was unfortunately 
 bitten by a fox and died of hydrophobia, while up the 
 Ottawa river in 1819) and the Earl of Dalhousie.f In 
 Upper Canada an almost similar contest arose between 
 the same parties in the state ; while the abuses arising 
 out of the system of land-grunting, the management of 
 the Post Office Department, and the oligarchical power of 
 the Family Compact (intermarried families of the chief 
 government officials and their immediate adherents), were 
 warmly discussed and denouuced. Nevertheless, progress 
 was made in many important directions. Emigration 
 was encouraged ; wild lands surveyed ; commercial inter- 
 course with other colonies facilitated ; banking privileges 
 extended; the system of public improvements (canals, 
 roads, &c.) inaugurated ; steamboats were employed to 
 navigate the inland waters ; education encouraged, and 
 religious liberty asserted as the inherent right of all relig- 
 ious denominations. 
 
 3. The Clergy Reserve Discussion in Upper and Lower 
 Canada. — The lands reserved by the Imperial Act of 
 1791 for the support of a Pi^testant clergy in Can- 
 ada, amounted to one-seventh of the province, or nearly 
 2,500,000 acres in Upper, but only about 1,000,000 acres 
 in Lower Canada — n© reserves having been made in that 
 province until 1796. The appropriation of these clergy 
 reserves to the exclusive use of the Church of England 
 
 * Sir John Coape Sherbrooke was born in Englaixl, and before coming 
 to Canada had acquired some diwtinction as an ofticer in the East Indies 
 and the Peninsula, and as Governor of Nova Scotia. He administered 
 the Government of Lower Canada with flrmuess and tact from 1816 to 
 1818. He died in 1830. 
 
 t George, Earl of Dalhousie, a genewil in the army, was born in Scot- 
 land. He perved in Nova Scotia before coming as Governor-General to 
 Canada. He arrived in IWO, and remained nine years. His administra- 
 tion was energetic and Arm, He died in 1838. 
 
 Questions.— What spirit did the L. C. House of Assembly exhibit ? 
 How long did the state of feeling last ? Give a sketch of Sir John Sher- 
 brooke and of the Earl of Dalhousie. What is stud of the Clergy Beservos ? 
 
Chap. X-t814.] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 147 
 
 in Canada gave rise to most exciting and acrimonious 
 political discussions (chiefly in Upper Canada), from 1817 
 until the final settlement of the question in 1854. In 
 1827, an ineffectual motion was first made in the Upper 
 Canada House of Assembly, to alienate one-half of the 
 clergy reserve lands to secular purposes. Up to this time, 
 and for two years longer, these lands were entirely in 
 the hands of the government, and no part of the moneys 
 arising out of rents received for them had as yet been 
 paid to any religious body * — except £427 to the Church 
 of England in 1816. In 1819-20, a Church of England 
 clergy corporation was created in each province to man- 
 age these reserves — the corporation, however, was direct- 
 ed to pay the proceeds of the sales of the reserves into 
 the hands of the government, to be by it afterwards ap- 
 propriated. The payments to the Church of England in 
 Upper Canada recommenced in 1821, and continued until 
 1854 ; but none were made to any other religious body 
 until later. In 1822, the Lower Canada House of As- 
 sembly voted an address to the king, praying that the 
 various Protestant bodies in Canada be pei-mitted to share 
 in the reserves. In 1823, upon a petition from the 
 Church of Scotland in Canada, an address was also adopt- 
 ed by the Upper Canada House of Assembly, recommend- 
 ing that a portion of the reserves be given to that church. 
 The passage of these addresses was the signal for a gen- 
 eral agitation of the question throughout the Provinces — 
 the prevailing feeling being that the reserves should be 
 divided among all the Protestant denominations. In 
 1826, a similar address was passed, with the additional 
 recommendation that in case it be deemed inexpedient to 
 divide the reserves among all denominations, they " be 
 
 * The clergy reserve lands were invariably leased up to 1829, when por- 
 tions cf them were flrst sold. The rents received for them were for many 
 years insufficient to defray the expenses of surveying and management. 
 
 Questions.— Mention the discussions which took place on the Clergy 
 Reserve question. By whom were the lands originally held ? What pay- 
 ments were made from the fund ? Mention what addresses were passed. 
 
148 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Pabt 11—1823. 
 
 applied to the purposes of education and the general im- 
 provement of the Province." 
 
 4. Upper and Lower Canada from 1823—1828. — The 
 public discussions in Lower Canada were chiefly directed 
 against a project for the union of the two Provinces, 
 which was proposed by the Imperial Government, ^he 
 feeling of Upper and Lower Canada being against the 
 measure, it was not persisted in. Notwithstanding the 
 continuance of the demands of the Legislative Assemblies 
 in either Province to control the finances, even to the 
 " stopping of the supplies " (that is, refusing to sanction 
 by vote the payment of moneys necessary to defray the 
 current expenses of the Province), ])ublic improvements 
 
 wei'e carried on with 
 spirit. In Lower' Canada, 
 large sums were voted by 
 the Leij^islature for the 
 continuation of the Cham- 
 bly and Lachiiie canals ; 
 and stock to tlie amount 
 of $100,000 was taken 
 by it in tlie Welland 
 canal, of Upper Canada. 
 In Upper Canada, the 
 Welland canal (projected 
 by the lion. William H. 
 Merritt)* was also aided 
 Hon. William H. Merritt. oy Parliament. The poli- 
 
 tical discussions of the day were, however, characterized 
 by much personality and bitter feeling. This was espe- 
 
 * TUe Honorable William Hamilton Merritt was the son of a United 
 Empire Loyalist. He served in tlie war of 1812, and projected the Wel- 
 'aiid Canal in 1818. Mr. Merritt was a member of the Legislature for 
 many years ; President of tlie Executive Council in 1849 ; and Chief Com- 
 missioner of Public Works in 1851. He died in 18C2, aged 69 years. 
 
 QuKSTiONS.— Wliatwas the state of feeling, 1823-28? Did the political 
 discussions aifect the public improvements ? Mention what was done in 
 Upper and Lower C. on tb.:s subject. 
 
Chap. X-1823.] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 149 
 
 cially so in regard to the press. In Lower Canada the edi- 
 tor of the Quebec Spectator was twice arrested for libel ; 
 while in Upper Canada, the editor of the Colonial A4- 
 vocate had his office broken open, and his type thrown 
 into Toronto bay. The perpetrators of this outrage were, 
 however, compelled to pay heavy damages. 
 
 f). Political Party Contests in Canada from 1829 to 
 183G. — In 1829, the Governors of Upper and Lower 
 Canada were changed. Sir John Colborne* replaced Sir 
 Peregrine Maitland, in Upper Canada, and Sir James 
 Kemptt replaced Lord Dalhousie in Lower Canada. In 
 the meantime, political questions were discussed with 
 vehemence ; and to thoughtful men, public affairs seemed 
 to be gradually approaching a crisis.. t The subjects of 
 dispute were in reality few, although the phases of the 
 protracted and ever-varying discussions were numerous, 
 and unfortunately partook largely of personalities.* Few 
 
 * Sir John Colborne was born in England in 1 777 ; entered the army in 
 1794. He served in Egypt and Sicily, and also in the Peninsula. He 
 governed Upper Canada during a stormy period, but failed to restore 
 harmony. On liis retirement from Upper Canada, in 1S3G, he was appoint- 
 ed Conmiander-in-Chief of the forces in Canada, and remained until the 
 suppression of the rebellion in 1839. He held the oltice of Governor- 
 General for a short time, after Lord Gosford's recall. He was created 
 Baron, Lord Seaton, in 1840, and a Field-Marshal of the Empire in 1860. 
 He died in 1863, aged 86 years. 
 
 t Gen. Sir James Kempt was born in Scotland, in 1765. He served with 
 distinction in Holland, Egypt and Spain, and in 1807 was appointed 
 Quarter-Master General for IBritish North America. He was wounded at 
 Waterloo. He was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1820 to 1828, when he 
 was transferred as Governor-General to Lower Canada, where he remain- 
 ed until 1830. He died in 1855, aged 90 years. 
 
 tTo enter into all the details of the political contests of those stormy 
 times, long since" settled, would be but to recapitulate the nunlerous 
 points of dispute between the two great political parties. This would be 
 foreign both to tlie scope and objects of this histoiy. The utmost we 
 can (io, is to glance briefly at the most striking features of public affairs 
 or events of moment, and to <leal summarily with the general results, 
 either of long and irritating political discussions, or crises. 
 
 QiTESTioNS.—Give a sketch of the Hon. W. H. Merritt. What is said 
 of the personalities of the press ? Who were governors from 1829 to 1836 ? 
 Sketch Sir John Colborne, and Sir James Kent. What is said of the 
 etormy discussion of political questious then? 
 
150 HISTORY OP CANADA. [PART II— 1823. 
 
 candid men will deny, however, at tliis distance of time, 
 that serious faults existed on both sides. 
 
 6. The Two Great Parties in Upper Canada Contrast- 
 ed. — The governing party, a self-constituted oligarchy, 
 was intolerant and arbitrary, and while having the reins 
 of power in its hands, would allow no person to question 
 its acts, or to share in its rule. Heedless of the grave re- 
 sponsibilities of its position as the ruling party, it steadily 
 refused to make wise concessions, or to meet the just and 
 reasonable demands of public opinion at the proper time. 
 All its opponents were indiscriminately denounced as revo- 
 lutionists and republicans. Unfortunately, there was some 
 reason for this censure. The association, if not identifica- 
 tion of the reformers with political malcontents, was, for 
 a time, a serious blot on the escutcheon of the liberal 
 party in Upper Canada, and although many distinguished 
 leaders among them held firmly to the great principles of 
 British constitutional freedom, still, many who invariably 
 acted with them, and gave great strength to their party, 
 had but little reverence for anything, either British or 
 monarchical. With them, the republican experiment in 
 the United States, then only sixty years' growth, was an 
 unquestionable success ; and by that standard all things 
 political in Upper Canada were to be judged. As the cri- 
 sis of 1837 drew near, the liberal party showed signs of dis- 
 integration. The standard of authority and the political 
 principles of each section of the party being essentially 
 different, the British constitutionalists gradually withdrew 
 from association with the republicans, thus adding new 
 elements of strife and bitterness to the political turmoil of 
 the time. » 
 
 7 Political Contests in Lower Canada^ 1829-1 83 G. — In 
 
 * It would prejudice the learner's mind to criticise each arbitrary act 
 too severely, or to bear too hardly upon either political party, witliout 
 giving fuller infoimation than this school history will permit. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of the two great political parties of 1830 to 
 1836 ? Give a slcetch of each , Wliat was the effect of the course pursued- 
 by them at the time ? What led to the break-up of the liberal party ? 
 
Chap.X-1820.] sketch OF BttltlSH RULE. ' 151 
 
 Lower Canada, party strife, in many respects, assumed a 
 different aspect from that of Upper Canada. Some fea- 
 tures of the political contest between the governing party 
 and the governed in Lower Canada were, however, the 
 same as they were in Upper Canada. Favoritism and 
 exclusiveness marked the conduct of the governing party 
 in each province, and, as a matter of course, they produced 
 the fruits of discontent and resistance in both Provinces. 
 
 8. Elements of Discord in Lower Canada. — There was 
 a special element of discord in Lower Canada, which gave 
 intensity to all the political disci^ssions there — and that 
 was the hostility of race — French against British, and 
 British against French. As was very natural, the 
 French being largelj'^ in the preponderance, looked with 
 great distrust on the intrusive British, whose heredi- 
 tary national antipatliies to the French had been mani- 
 fested during the continuance of their long contests for 
 the monopoly of trade and territory. And although at 
 the Conquest, and subsequently during the American rev- 
 olution, the laws, customs, and religien of the French 
 Canadians were, as far as possible, guaranteed and con- 
 firmed, still, they looked upon these covenants as only 
 temporary, and maintained that the policy of the British 
 governing party, and their own exclusion from office, 
 violated the spirit if it did not virtually revoke them. 
 
 9. The Lower Canada Ninety-Two Resolutions. — With 
 such a state of feeling, and imnder such circumstances, the 
 political discussions in Lower Canada were very bitter for 
 several years. At length they culminated in the passage 
 by the House of Assembly of 92 famous resolutions, pre- 
 pared chiefly by the Hon. A. N. (late Judge) Morin,* al- 
 
 * The Hon. Auguste Norbert Morin was bom near Quebec in 1803. He 
 wBfl admitted to tlie bar in 1828. He held a seat in the .-Legislature of 
 Lower Canada and of United Canada. He was also Speaker of the House 
 of Assembly from 1888 to 1841, and member of the government in 1842-3 
 and 1853-5. 
 
 QuEBTiOJrs.— What was the state of political feeling in Lower Canada 
 at this time ? How did it differ from tliat in Upi)er Canada ? Mention the 
 chief elements of discord which were at worlc in Lower Canada. 
 
152 HISTORY OF CANADA. [Part 11—1829. 
 
 though nominally by the late Hon. Judge Bedard.* These 
 resolutions denounced the conduct of public affairs by the 
 government, the exclusion of the Frencli Canadians from 
 office, the party nomination by the Crown of Legislative 
 Councillors, &c. This led to counter-demonstrations and 
 equally strong resolutions on the part oT the British por- 
 tion of the population, so that a fierce war of rival races 
 and political parties was the result. At length, both sides 
 appealed to the British government and Legislature for a 
 settlement of their differences. In the British Parliament 
 warm debates on the subject took place. 
 
 10. Imperial Commission of Inquiry, — Finally, in 1835, 
 the Imperial Government sent a commission, composed of 
 Lord Gosfordf (as Governor-General), Sir Cliarles Grey, 
 and Sir James Gipps, to inquire into the cause of the 
 alleged grievances in Lower Canada, ihe report of the 
 Commissioners was laid before the Imperial Parliament, 
 and discussed by it early in 1837. The discussion in the 
 British Parliament was moreover unfavorable to the 
 Lower Canada opposition, and several of its propositions 
 were negatived by large majorities. 
 
 11. Establishment of the Fifty- Seven Rectories. — In 
 Upper Canada, the strife between the two parties not 
 only continued, but was heightened by the unlooked-for 
 establishment, in 1836, of fifty-seven Church of England 
 Rectories by Sir John Colborne, on the eve of his leaving 
 the' Province. The legality of the act was questioned, but 
 without effect, as the statute of 1791 clearly authorized 
 the establishment of rectories. In the meantime, a strong 
 party of liberals in Upper and Lower Canada became 
 
 * The Hon. Elzear Bedard, a prominent nnd active politif>ian until ele- 
 vated to the Bench, wa^ a native of I.ower Canada, and died in 1840. 
 
 t The Earl of Gosford was appointed Govornor-neiieral of Canada, in 
 1836, in place of Lord Aylmer. He sought to conciliate opitosin;? parties 
 in Lower Canada, and to remove causes of complaint : but liaviufj failed 
 in his mission he was relieved in the jjovernment by Sir John Colborne, 
 and returned to England in 1838. He died in 1849 
 
 Questions. Give the principal points of the famous 02 resohitions. 
 How were these resolutions viewed by the two parties ; and in England? 
 Skotoh Hon. £lz«ar B«dard ; Hon. A. N. Morin ; and theEa ' of Gosford. 
 
Chap. X— 1820.1 sketch of brtttsh rulk. 153 
 
 gradually detached from the more extreme opposition. 
 This opposition was led by Iloii. L. J. Pupineau, in 
 Lower Canada, and by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie,* in Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 12. The Fatal Crisis Approaching. — The proceedings of 
 the British Parliament, as arbiter between the contending 
 parties, left the ultra oppositionists no resource but either 
 to recede from their untenable position, or to carry out 
 their threats of armed resistance. In order to avoid any 
 appearance of coercion, no troops were sent out from Brit- 
 ain ; but, in case of need, draughts were directed to be 
 made on the garrisons of the adjoining provinces. Mean- 
 while the spirit of resistance, which had been so fiercely 
 aroused, took active shape : a secret enrolment of the dis- 
 affected was made, and the plans of their leaders in Upper 
 and Lower Canada matured. Inflammatory appeals were 
 made to the disaffected of their chiefs, and counter appeals 
 were made to the people by the clergy, and by the 
 leaders of the loyal population. The Governors also issued 
 proclamations of warning. 
 
 * William Lyon Mackenzie, Esq., was bom in Scotland in 1795, and 
 came to Canada in 1K20. In 1824 he published the liist number of the 
 Colmial Aflvornfc at Niagara. Soon afterwards the paper was rtunoyed 
 to Toronto; and, in 1826, having given offence to the ruling party, the 
 
 ^ office of the paper was broken open and th.; types tluown into the Bay. 
 
 f Mr. Mackenzie recovered sufficient damages to enable him to continue 
 to publish liis paper until 1836. In 1H28 ho was returned foi- the farst time 
 to the Provincial Parliament lor the County ot York. Having used some 
 
 was'sevV'indv "conde^ b"v the Hoine Government. In the meantime 
 .• Mr. Mackenzie went to England to represent the giKivanccs ot upper Can- 
 ada, and u as well received by the Colonial Secretary, who requested him 
 to remain to give information. In 18,% he was elected the hrst Mayor or 
 Toronto. In 1837 he became the leader of the armed insurgents agamsc 
 the Government. Having failed, he went to Navy Island, thence to tne 
 United States ; and did not return until 1850, when he was again eiectea 
 to the House of Assembly. He held a seat there until 1858, when ne re- 
 signed. Though Mr. Mackenzie lived to regret his connection with tne 
 rebellion of 1837, he was nevertheless a sincere and honest man m tne ex- 
 pression of his views. He died in 1861, much regretted, aged 66 years- 
 
 QUE.STTOXS. What unlooked-for act did Sir John Colborne perform ? 
 Give a Sketch of Mr. W. L. Mackenzie. What was the effect in Lower 
 •Canada of the discussion on the Canada question in England? Whatstepp 
 were taken by the disaffected ? 
 
154 HISTORY OF CANADA. fPART II-IMT. 
 
 13. The Rehellion in Lower Canada. — Before any hos- 
 tile blow was actually struck, Lord Gc-sford retired from 
 Lower Canada, and Sir John Colborne from Upper Can- 
 ada. Sir John was replaced by Sir F. B. Head, and was 
 on his way to England, when he was appointed Comman- 
 der-in-Chief of the forces in Canada, and Administrator of 
 the government in Lower Canada. He at once armed the 
 volunteers there ; while Sir F. B. Head sent to him all 
 the troops he had, and then appealed to the loyalty of the 
 people of Upper Canada for support. At length, on the 
 7th of November, the first fatal blow was struck. The 
 " Sons of Liberty " attacked the " Doric " volunteers in 
 the streets of Montreal, and compelled them to give way. 
 Both parties now flew to arms in Montreal and its neigh- 
 borhood ; and during the month a series of skirmishes or 
 fights took place between the opposing parties at Cham- 
 bly, Longueuil, St. Denis, St. Charles, and Point Olivier. 
 Martial law was at once proclaimed in Lower Canada ; 
 and a Special Council, invested with Legislative power, 
 convened. 
 
 14. Crisis in Upper Canada. — No collision had as yet 
 taken place in Upper Canada ; but on the 4th of Decem- 
 ber, 1837, some of Mackenzie's adherents, having prema- 
 turely assembled at Montgomery's Tavern on Yonge street 
 (four miles from Toronto), resolved to attack the city. On 
 the 5th a flag of truce was sent to parley with them, and 
 to dissuade them from their n\3,d scheme ; another was 
 sent on the 6th, refusing their demands ; and on the 7th, 
 Sir Francis marched out against them with about 1,000 
 volunteers. Providentially the contest was short and de- 
 cisive. Mackenzie, not having completed his plans, had 
 to fight at a disadvantage. He vainly attempted to rally 
 his men, and, at length, had to retreat up Yonge street, 
 whence he afterwards fled to Buffalo. From this place he 
 went to Navy Island (near Niagara Falls), where he col- 
 
 QuESTiONS. What changes took place among the Governors? Who 
 took command of the forces to Canada ? What did Sir F. B. Head do ? 
 How was the first fatal blow struck ? 
 
Chap. X-1 838.] SKETCH OF imiTISH RULE. 155 
 
 lected quite a number of followers, under General Van 
 Renaseluer. Ou the Canada side the insurgents were con- 
 fronted by Colonel (afterwards Sir Allan) MacNab, at 
 the head of about 2,500 militia.* Watching his oppor- 
 tunity. Colonel MacNab sent a small force under Lieut. 
 Drew, R. N., to cut out Mackenzie's supply steamer, the 
 Caroline. This they did successfully, and, having set her 
 on fire, .^ent her over the Falls. Shortly afterwards, ar- 
 tillery was brought to bear upon the Island; and Van 
 Rensselaer, finding his position dilRcult to maintain, re-- 
 treated to the American mainland, where his forces soon 
 dispersed. In the meantime, efforts were made along the 
 Western frontier to invade the country from the United 
 States, but, owing to the vigilance of the loyalists, they 
 were unsuccessful. Lount and Matthews, wiio took part 
 in the Toronto outbreak, were shortly afterwards tried 
 and summarily executed. 
 
 15. Progress of the liefjellion — Lord Durham's Mis- 
 sion. — In the meantime the Jiarl of Durham,! who had 
 been appointed Governor-General, and Her Majesty's 
 Lord High Commissioner, to inquire into the affairs of 
 Canada, arrived. Sir Francis B. Head was succeeded by 
 
 * The ironorable Sir Allan Napier MacNab was born at Niagara in 1798. 
 He was an otlicer in the navy, and afterwards in the army, in the war of 
 1812. After th6 war, he became a prominent politician, and in 1829 was 
 elected an M. P. P. He was twice Speaker of the House of Assembly and 
 once Speaker of the Legislative Council of Canada. In 1837, he was ap- 
 pointed military chief of the Upper Canada loyalists, in suppressing the 
 insurrection. For his services he was knighted in 1838. He projected the 
 Great Western Railway ; was appointed Premier of Canada in 1855, and 
 created a Baronet of the United Kingdom in 1856. He died in 1862, aged 
 64 years* 
 
 t The Right Honorable John George Lambton, Earl of Durham, was 
 born in 1792. In 1813 he was elected to Parliament and was appointed Her 
 Majesty's Lord High Commissioner to Canada, in May, 1838, to inquire 
 into itd political grievances. His report upon the political state of the 
 Provinces (which ultimately led to the union of the Canadas, and the in- 
 troduction of parliamentary, or responsible, government into British 
 America) was published in 1839. He died in 1840, aged 48. 
 
 Questions.— Give an account of the collision between the loyalists and 
 the insurgents in U. C, ? Give an account of the Navy Island affair ? 
 Sketch Sir Allen MacNab's career ? Give a sketch of the Earl of Durham. 
 
156 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Part 11—1838. 
 
 Sir Georgo Arthur* as Li(Miteiiaiit-riov<'rii()r of Uppor 
 Canada. Large rcint'orceiueiits wcro also sent to Can- 
 ada, and the two proviiK^os put in a better state of de 
 fence. Shortly after their arrival, Lord Durham, and 
 the several eminent men who accompanied him, set about 
 the objects of their mission. Valuable information was 
 collected, witnesses examined, and iuipiiries instituted witli 
 great vigor. A voluminous report on the state of the 
 country was prepared as the result of these in(piii"ies, 
 and laid before Her Majesty. Among other recom- 
 mendations made by the P^arl, the union of the two Can- 
 adas was urged as of paramount importance. A hostile 
 censure, in the House of Lords, on Lord Durham's local 
 administration of the government, however, brought his 
 mission to an abrui)t termination, and he returned to 
 England. Sir John Colborne (afterwards Lord Seaton) 
 again became Administrator of the Govermnent in Lower 
 Canada until the ai)pointment of the Right Hon. Charles 
 Poulett Thomson (afterwards Lord Sydenham) as Gov- 
 ernor-General. 
 
 16. Final Ef- 
 forts of the In- 
 sur gents. — Vari- 
 ous hostile at- 
 tempts were 
 made, dm'ing 
 the year 1838, 
 to invade the 
 Province. The 
 most serious of 
 these took place 
 simultaneou sly 
 in November, at 
 
 Windmill Point, near Prescot. 
 
 * Sir George Arthur wafi born in 1784. Having been governor of Hon- 
 duras and of Van Dienian's Land (Ta8niai\ia), he was appointed 1 Jeu- 
 tenant-Governor of Upper Canada at a critical time^ in 1838. The efforta 
 made during ] administration against the rebellion were successful. 
 
 Questions — What steps were taken t9 restore quiet? Give a sketch of 
 Sir George Arthur. What was done by the ICarl of Durham ? Why did 
 he so 80011 leave the country? What efforts were made by the insurgents ? 
 
fCllAl'. X— 18,mi 8KKTCII OF BRITISH RULE. 
 
 157 
 
 Napierville, in Lowor Canada,, and at the Windmill 
 Point, Prescott, on the St. Lawrence, in Upper Can- 
 ada. That at Napiervillo was j)n)inptly put down by- 
 Sir John Colborne in person. At Prescott, thti insur- 
 jrents, under Von Sehnltz, a relu;j;ee Pole, maintained 
 themselves for tiirec; dnys in a stone wiii(hnill ; but they 
 were at length defeated and captured. The win<bnill and ad- 
 jacent buildings still n^nain bliickened and b.-iltercd ruins, 
 as niouunients of the nusgui<le(l cH'orts of these nieu. The 
 princMpiil [)ris()ners taken at both pliuM^s were tried and 
 exe(uited ; otluM's w«4*(5 transported or Iniuished. Further 
 unsuccessful attenij)ts at invusion wen; made duriiii:; the 
 winter of 18.'J8-0 iit Windsor and Sandwicli, near Detroit; 
 but liy this time the rebellion had well nigh spent its 
 strength ; and having lost all })restige and sympathy, even 
 among the Americans, no invasion of the Province was 
 again attempted. The Glengarry ITigldand INIilltia have 
 long been noted for tlieir loyal <levotion to their country. 
 In token of their patriotic li)yalty during the insurrec- 
 tionary troubles of 18o7-8, the iidiabitants (men, women 
 and children) erected, on one of the islands ojjposite the 
 shore, in Lake St. Francis, an innnense cairn of stones, 
 
 00 feet high, surmounted 
 by a ilag-staff, inserted 
 in the mouth of a cannon 
 which had been placed 
 in an upright position. 
 
 17. Union of the Prov- 
 inecs in 1840. — On the 
 return" of tranquillity, in 
 i^ 1830, the British Govern- 
 ment promptly deter- 
 mined to apply such polit- 
 ical remedies to the state 
 
 of the Provinces as would 
 
 Glengarry Cairn, Lake St. Francis, prevent the recurrence of 
 
 Questions.— Where did tlie contests with the insurgents take place ? 
 What is said of Prescott? How did the rebellion progress in 1838? In 
 what way did the inhabitants of Glengarry evince their loyal feeling? 
 
158 HISTORY OP CANADA. [PAHT II— lft3». 
 
 civil strifes or givo any nMisonablo cause of compluiiit. The 
 Right lion. C. P. Thompson (Lovd Sydenham),* an 
 emhient merchant, was sent out as Governor-General. He 
 was directed to obtain the coiuiurrenco of the inhabitants to 
 a union of the Provinces. Tiie Special Council of Lower 
 Canada agreed to the proposed union (and the assumption 
 by the united j)rovin(50 of the large debt of Up[)er Canada) 
 after a conference with the Governor-General in Nov<;mber, 
 1839. The Legislature of Upper Canada also agreed to it 
 after two weeks' debate, in December of the same year. 
 Lord Sydenham relieved Sir John Colborue in Lower Can- 
 ada on his arrival there, 19th October, and Sir George 
 Arthur in Upper Canada, on the 22d of November, 1S39. 
 The Act of Union so readily agreed to by both provinces, 
 was drafted by Lord Sydenham and sent home. It was 
 passed by the British Parliament in 1840, and took effect 
 by royal proclamation (issued by Lord Sydenham) on the 
 10th of February, 1841 — a threefold anniversary already 
 memorable in the history of Canada, viz. — -Jirst : by the 
 Treaty of Utrecht, by which the province was, in 17G3, 
 ceded to the British Crown ; secondly : by the assent of 
 the Sovereign to the Imperial Act of 1838, by which the 
 Constitution of Lower Canada was suspended; and 
 thirdly : by the marriage of our most gracious Sovereign 
 the Queen to His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Saxo 
 Coburg and Gotha, in 1839. 
 
 18. Jncorporation of Quebec, Montreal and St. Sulpice 
 Seminary, — The Governor-General returned to Montreal 
 in February, 1840. Among the first things which he did 
 was to issue an ordinance of the Special Council, to re- 
 
 ♦ The Fight Hon. Charles Poulett Thompson, horn in England in 1799 ; 
 M. P. in 1826 ; Vice-President of the Board of Trade in 1829 ; President 
 in 1834. He established the English Schools of design in 1837 ; appointed 
 Governor-General of Canada in 1839 ; united the Canadas, and was 
 created Baron Sydenham and Toronto, in 1840 ; opened the first united 
 parliament at Kingston, in June, 1841 ; projected a municipal system in 
 Upper Canada in August ; and died bv reason of a fall from his horse, 
 and was buried in Kingston, in September, 1841, aged only 42 years. 
 
 Questions. What steps were taken in 1839 to iinite Upper and Lower 
 Canada into one Province ? Give a sketch of Ix)rd Sydenham. What waa 
 done iu Upper and Lower Cauadu in regard to this projected uulou V 
 
ChaI'. Xl-18^11.1 SKETCH OP HIIITIHII RULE. 159 
 
 vive the charters of incorijoration of the cities of Quebec 
 aud Montreal wliich had expired (hiring the rebellion. 
 He also, in the same way, granted a charter of incorpora- 
 tion to tlu; Seminary of St. Sul|)ice [-peace], Montrtial. 
 The authorities of this Seminary had, sin(;e 1G()3, been 
 seigniors of the Island of Montrc^al. This charter en- 
 abled the corporation of the Seminary to collect its 
 seigniorial dues, as well as conmnite them ; the latter, 
 however, Lord Sydenham considered most desirable to 
 encoura'jre them to do. The Act of 1854 still further 
 facilitated the comnuitation of these dues. 
 
 19. Lord Sydenham s Visit to Nova Scotia and New 
 Bninsivick. — In July, thn Governor-General went to 
 Nova Scotia and New J^ruu!- wick to confer with the local 
 authorities on somti political (piestions of importance. He 
 returned to Canada in nbout a month, and then made a 
 gratifying tour in U|)per and Lower Canada. His re- 
 ception everywhere throughout th(5 country was most 
 loyal and enthusiastic. It had the effect of softening 
 down many political asperities, and of more firmly uniting 
 all classes of the people together. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Sketch of British Rule, Third Period : from the 
 Union of the Provinces in 1840 until 18GG. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Unimi of the Provinces— Administration of Lord Syden- 
 ham— of Sir Charles Bagot—of Lord Metcalfe— of 
 Lord Elgin— of Sir Edmund Head— of Lord Monck 
 (in part). 
 
 1 The Act of Union of the Two Canadas.—The new 
 constitution of United Canada, as embraced in the Act of 
 
 Questions What acts of incorporation were granted ? What official 
 visits did Lord Sydenham make? Mention the principal subjects of 
 Chapter xi. 
 
160 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PARTII-IMI. 
 
 Union, embodied several features not heretofore intro- 
 duced into colonial constitutions. The most important 
 of these features was first : the institution of " responsible 
 government," that is, a government controlled by colonial 
 ministers of the crown, having seats in the Legislature, 
 and responsible to it for their official acts, and for their 
 advice to the Governoi -General ; and secondly : the con- 
 cession to the House of Assembly of complete control 
 over the revenue in all its branches, and the supervision 
 of the entire expenditure of the country. Thus were the 
 demands of one great party granted ; while to meet the 
 views of the other party, guards and checks were then 
 interposed, which since that time have been gradually re- 
 laxed. 
 
 2. Lord Sydenham's Administration. — The year 1841 
 was an eventful one for Canada. In that year the double 
 system of Lieutenant-governors and Legislatures ceased ; 
 and Lord Sydenham became sole representative of the 
 Queen* in Canada. The elections to the new legislature 
 took place in March ; and the first United Parliament of 
 the Province was opened with imposing ceremonies, at 
 Kingston, Upper Canada, in June, 1841. During that 
 memorable session, the foundation of many of our im- 
 portant civil institutions wiis laid, especially those relating 
 to the municipal system, popular education, the customs, 
 currency, &c. Another valuable measure was passed re- 
 lating to the management of the public works of the Prov- 
 ince, — which had hitherto been constructed, either by 
 private irresponsible companies, or by contracts issued by 
 separate departments of the government. At Lord 
 Sydenham's suggestion, the numerous acts relating to 
 public improvements were consolidated, and a Board 
 of Public Works, with a cabinet minister at its 
 head, created. In order to enable this board to 
 carry on to completion some newly projected public 
 
 Questions. What were the particular features of the Act of Union ? 
 How were the views of tlio two great i)ar1ie8 met ? For what is the year 
 1841 chieHy noted ? Mention the principal niensnreH which were passed 
 in 1841. How were public iuiprovenients promoted ? 
 
Ohap. 33— IMl.] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 161 
 
 works, and to consolidate the debt already incurred for 
 them, £1,500,000 sterling was, upon the Governor-Gen- 
 eral's recommendation, raised in England on the credit of 
 the Province. The session at length terminated in Sep- 
 tember, under most melancholy circumstances, occasioned 
 by the unexpected death of Lord Sydenham, the Gov- 
 ernor-General, who died from the effects of a fall from 
 his horse, on the 19th of the month. 
 
 3. Administration of Sir Charles Bagot* 1841-42. — 
 The regret for the death of Lord Sydenham was uni- 
 versal throughout Canada. By his energy and wisdom 
 he had rescued Canadian politics from the debasement of 
 personalities and strife, and elevated them to the dignity 
 of statesmanship. He had opened up new fields for pro- 
 vincial ambition, in the prosecution of comprehensive 
 schemes of public improvements, public education, finance, 
 trade, and commerce. Under such circumstances his suc- 
 cessor. Sir Charles Bagot, arrived. The new Governor- 
 General had, however, many difficulties to contend with. 
 During his administration the smouldering embers of 
 former political strifes were frequently fanned into a 
 flame ; and many of the fierce old party rivalries and 
 passions were aroused. He nevertheless acted with great 
 prudence, and called to his councils the chiefs of the re- 
 form party, which was then in the ascendant in the leg- 
 islature. His health having failed, however, he resigned 
 his office, and was about to return to England, when he 
 died at Kingston in May, 1843. 
 
 * Sir Charles Bagot was born in England in 1781. He became Under 
 Foreign Secretary of State in 1806. He was successively Ambassador at 
 Paris, Washington, St. Petersburg, The Hague, and Vienna. He became 
 Governor-General of Canada in 1842. During his administration the 
 chiefs of the reform party first held office as ministers of the Crown, 
 under the new sy«tem of responsible government. Many useful meas- 
 ures were passed by the Legislature- He died in 1843, much regretted, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Questions. Wlmt sad event occurred? How did Lord Sydenham 
 improve political discussion? Sketch Sir C- Bagot. Give a iketch of his 
 administration. 
 
 11 
 
162 HISTORT OF CANADA. [PjLRT 11-1844. 
 
 4. Admmistration of Lord Metcalfe^* 1843-5. — Sir ' 
 Charles Metcalfe, who had distmguished himself as Gov- 
 ernor in India and in Jamaica, succeeded Sir Chas. Bagot. 
 His endeavor to mitigate what he felt to be the evil to 
 the country of mere party government, and appointments 
 
 to office, led to a difference between himself and the mem- 
 bers of his cabinet, and they resigned. They maintained 
 that appointments to office under the Crown should be 
 made chiefly with a view to strengthen the administration, 
 and upon the advice of ministers responsible to parliament. 
 Sir Charles, on the other hand, maintained that the pat- 
 ronage of the Crown should be dispensed according to 
 merit, irrespective of party objects, and for the sole benefit 
 of the country. Other points of difference arose between 
 the Governor and his cabinet which widened the breach. 
 On an appeal being made to the country, the policy of Sir 
 Charles was sustained by a majority of the electors, and 
 he was shortly afterwards raised to the peerage, as Baron 
 Metcalfe. A cancer in his face soon afterwards compelled 
 him to resign his office and return to England, where, after 
 a painful illness, he died — being the third Governor in suc- 
 cession who fell a victim to disease while in office. In 
 1844, the Government removed to Montreal. 
 
 5. The Administration of the Earl of Elgin.^ — When 
 
 * Sir Charles Metcalfe was born in England in 1785, aiid, having held the 
 office of governor in India and Jamaica, succeeded Sir Charles Bagot as 
 Governor-General of Canada in 1843. He was firm and conscientious in 
 the discharge of his duty, and in hia administration of government. He 
 retired from Canada in 1845, and died in England in 1846, aged 61 years. 
 
 t The Right Hon. James, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, was born in 
 London in 1811. He was elected a member of the Imperial Parliament in 
 1841 ; appointed Governor of Jamaica from 1842 to 1846 ; Governor-Gen- 
 eral of Canada, from 1847 to 1854 ; laid the corner-stone of the Upper 
 Canada Normal School, in 1851 ; effected a treaty of commercial recipro- 
 city with the United States, in 1854 ; was appointed Envoy extraordinary 
 to China in 1857, and to Japan in 1858. Returning to England he became 
 a member of Lord Palmerston's Administration, as Postmaster General, 
 in 1859. He was again appointed Mer Majesty's special commissioner to 
 China in 1860 ; and, in 1861, he was made Viceroy of India. After a com- 
 
 Saratively short life of great public usefulness, he died in northern In- 
 ia.in 1863, universally regretted, aged only 52 years. 
 
 Questions. Who succeeded Sir Chas. Bagot ? Give a sketch of hia 
 administration and of his career. What his said of the death of thr«tt 
 governors in Canada in succession? Sketch Lord Elgin's career. 
 
CHA.P. XI-1846.1 SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 163 
 
 ill health compelled Lord Metcalfe to retire, Gen. Lord 
 Cathcart, Commander of the Forces in British North 
 America, assumed the reins of government as Governor- 
 General, until the arrival of the Earl of Elgin and Kin- 
 cardine early in 1847. Shortly after Lord Elgin's arrival, 
 the famine and fever, which had spread sad desolation in 
 Ireland and Scotland, drove multitudes to seek a home in 
 Canada. They brought fever and death with them ; and 
 for a time pestilence was abroad in the land. Measures 
 were taken to provide for this calamity, and for the large 
 influx of emigrants. These measures, under God's bless- 
 ing, were successful, and in some degree mitigated the 
 evil. Public attention having for a time been devoted to 
 this subject, was soon again directed to the political state 
 of the country. Lord Elgin, in the discharge of the duties 
 of his high office, exhibited a comprehensiveness of mind 
 and a singleness of purpose which at once gave dignity to 
 his administration, and divested the settlement of the vari- 
 ous questions, then agitating the public mind, of much of 
 that party bitterness and strife which had entered so 
 largely into the discussion of most of the political ques- 
 tions of the day. Under his auspices, responsible govern- 
 ment was fully carried out, and every reasonable cause of 
 complaint removed. Rarely had a Governor so identified 
 himself with the interests of Canada, or sought so ably and 
 effectually to promote them. The consequence was that 
 contentment, peace, and prosperity became almost univer- 
 sal throughout Canada. A general election took place in 
 1848, which gave a large preponderance to the reform 
 party in the new House of Assembly. Lord P^lgin at 
 once surrounded himself with the chiefs of that party ; * 
 
 * As Messrs. Baldwin and Lafontaine were the chiefs of the reform 
 party in this cabinet, we give a sliort biographical sketch of each : 
 
 (1.) The Hon. Robert Baldwin, C.B., was born in Toronto in 18M, and 
 was the son of the late Hon. Dr. William Warren Baldwin. For a length 
 of time Mr. Baldwin was a prominent leader of the liberal party in Upper 
 Canada. He was first elected to the Legislature in 1829 : became an 
 
 Questions. Who succeeded Lord Metcalfe ? Under what circum- 
 stances did Lord Elgin arrive in (Canada ? What was done to avert the 
 scourge from Canada ? What is said of Lord Elgin's qualifications ? Give 
 a sketch of Messrs. Baldwin and Lafontaine • 
 
164 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART 11— 1849. 
 
 and measures of the greatest importance to the country, 
 relative to the finances, post-office, education, and public 
 improvements, were passed by the Legislature. One 
 measure, however, produced a sudden ebullition of party 
 violence, which for a time disturbed the general harmony, 
 and brought disgrace upon the Province. In 1845, a for- 
 mer ministry, under Lord Cathcart's administration, had is- 
 sued a commission to inquire into the losses sustained dur- 
 ing the rebellion by individuals, either through military 
 necessity or from lawlessness, in 1837-8. Their report 
 was but partially acted upon at the time ; but so great was 
 the pressure brought to bear upon the government by par- 
 ties who had suffered these losses, that in 1849 the matter 
 came up before the Governor in Council, and subsequently 
 before the Legislature for final settlement. The measure 
 proposed being thought too indiscriminate and liberal by 
 the party in opposition to the government, warm discus- 
 sions took place in the House, and an agitation on the 
 subject commenced throughout the country. The mea- 
 sure, however, passed both Houses, and was assented to by 
 Lord Elgin in the Queen's name. No sooner had he done 
 so than he was assailed in the streets of Montreal — (the 
 seat of government having been in that city since 1844) — 
 and as a crownhig act of violence, the Houses of Parliament 
 were set fire to, and they, with their valuable library, weie 
 almost totally destroyed. Besides the irreparable loss of 
 the library and of the i)ublic records, a fatal injury was in- 
 
 Executive Councillor in 1830 ; Solicitor-General in 1840 : Attorney-Gen- 
 eral and joint Premier of Canada, in 1842 and 1848. He was, in 1854, 
 created by the Queen a Civil Commander of the Bath, for distinguished 
 public Horvices. He retired from public life in 1851 ; and died in 1858, aged 
 54 years. 
 
 (2.) The Hon. Sir Louis llypolite Lafontaine was born in Boucherville, 
 liowor Canada, in 1807. For many years he was an M.P., and a distin- 
 guished political leader in Lower Canada. Ho was appointed Attorney- 
 General and joint Premier of Canada, in 1842 and 1848 ; Chief Justice of 
 Lower Can.ula in 185.3 ; and created a Baronet of the United Kingdom, in 
 1864. Ho died in 18W, aged 57 years. 
 
 Questions. What measures were passed in 1849 ? What circumstanoes 
 led to the outburst that year ? Wliat loss did the province sustain ? 
 
Chap. XI-1849.] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 165 
 
 flicted upon the good name and public credit of the coun- 
 try, and popular violence for a time triumphed. The seat 
 of government was at once removed to Toronto. In con- 
 sequence of this ebullition, Lord Elgin tendered his resig- 
 nation ; but the Queen declined to accept it, and raised 
 him a step in the peerage. After a time tranquillity re- 
 turned ; and with it the unfeigned respect of the great 
 mass of the people for Lord Elgin, for the courage and 
 ability which he had displayed during an eventful crisis in 
 their history. In 1850 a free banking law was passed. In 
 1851 a uniform postage rate of five cents on each letter 
 transmitted throughout the province was adopted. In the 
 same year. Lord Elgin laid the corner-stone of the Toronto 
 Normal School ; and personally throughout the period 
 of his term of office, he promoted the success of the 
 system of Public Instruction in Upper and Lower Canada, 
 founded by the Rev. Dr. Egerton Ryerson and aided in its 
 administration by his graceful eloquence. The system of 
 public education founded by Rev. Dr. Ryerson who was 
 appointed Chief Superintendent in 1844, has been elabo- 
 rated with great care. In 1853 the members of the 
 House of Assembly were increased from 84 to 130. 
 When Lord Elgin left Canada, in 1854, the Province 
 again enjoyed great peace and prosperity. Before leaving, 
 he procured the passage of the Reciprocity Treaty with 
 the United States — which was, however, abrogated by that 
 country in 1866. During his administration the Great 
 Western and Grand Trunk Railways (projected chiefly by 
 Sir Allan MacNab and the Hon. Mr. Hincks*), with some 
 branch lines, were commenced. At the Great International 
 
 * Tlie Honorable Francis Hincks, C.B., fifth and youngest fion of the 
 late Rev. Dr. Hincks, of Belfast, Ireland. He cBtablishcd the Toronto 
 Examiner newspaper in 1831), and the Montreal PilM in ls44. He was an 
 M.P. ; Inspector General of Public Accounts, and Premier of Canada ; 
 projected the Grand Trunk Railway ; and whs appointed Governor-in- 
 Chief of the Windward Islands in 1H55, and of British Guiana in 18C1. In 
 1862 he was created by the Queen a Civil Conunander of the Bath. 
 
 QtJBSTiONS. How did Lord Elgin act? How did this outburst affect 
 Lord Elgin ? Was he sustained by the Queen ? What is said of his promo- 
 tion of education ? Mention the closing acts of his career. Give a sketch 
 of Mr. Hincks' career. 
 
 •.^ -f .*. 
 
166 
 
 HISTORY OF CANADA. 
 
 [Part 11—1854. 
 
 Exhibition, which was held in London in 1851, Canada 
 made a most favorable impression on the British public, 
 both by the variety and extent of the samples which were 
 there shown of her valuable natural resources, and by the 
 mechanical skill and enterprise which were apparent in 
 the manufactured goods which were sent by the Province 
 to that exhibition. 
 
 0. Administration of Sir 
 Edmund Head, 1854-60. — 
 Although not equal to Lord 
 Elgin as an able and popular 
 Governor, the administration 
 of Sir Edmund Head had 
 been a memorable one in 
 Canadian annals. It was 
 noted for the final settlement 
 of the Clergy Reserve ques- 
 tion in Upper Canada, and of 
 the Seigniorial Tenure ques- 
 tion in Lower Canada ; also 
 for the completion of the 
 Grand Trunk Railway to 
 Rivii're du Loup, and of its 
 splendid Victoria Bridge over 
 the St. Lawrence river at 
 Montreal. In 1855, 1861 
 and 1865, Canada again dis- 
 tinguished herself in the 
 Great International Exhibi- 
 tions held in Paris, London 
 and Dublin. In 1856, the 
 Legislative Council was 
 inade an Elective Chamber. In the same year a Canadian 
 line of ocean steamers, running to Ireland and Eng- 
 land, was established ; and efforts were made to open up 
 
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 Questions. Who succeeded Lord pngin ? What is said of his adminis- 
 tration ? For what was it noted? Mention the principal matters of public 
 interest. What is said of the exhibition ? 
 
Chap. XI-1854.] SKETCH OF teRlTlStl RULE. 
 
 167 
 
 communication with the Red River Settlement. In 1 858 the 
 decimal system of currency, with appropriate silver and 
 copper coins, was introduced. In the same year the 100th 
 Regiment was raised in Canada and sent to P^ngland, in addi- 
 tion to large subscriptions and a Legislative grant of $80,- 
 000 towards the Patriotic (Crimean) Fund. In 1858 
 
 The Parliament Buildings at Ottawa, Ont. 
 
 after repeated attempts to fix upon a permanent seat of gov- 
 ernment for Canada, the Legislature requested the Queen 
 to select a suitable site. Her Majesty accordingly fixed 
 upon Ottawa ; and contracts were soon given out for the 
 erection of the necessary public buildings there. In 
 1859-60, the statute law of Upper and Lower Canada 
 was consolidated by able Commissioners appointed for that 
 purpose. The handsome buildings for the University 
 of Toronto and University College were also finished 
 and occupied in 1858-60. The closing period of Sir 
 Edmund's administration was rendered still more memo- 
 rable by a visit to Canada and the other British North 
 
 Questions. "What occurred from 1855-O0 ? What is said of the eventf 
 Trhich occurred in 1858-60 ? Mention the most noted ones. 
 
168 HISTORY OP CANADA. [^AllT It— ld6«. 
 
 American provinces, of His Royal Highness the Prince 
 of Wales in 1860. The Prince met with an enthusiastic 
 reception wherever he went ; and his presence, as the 
 special representative of the Queen, evoked feelings of 
 the warmest affection and loyalty for Her Majesty. 
 While in Canada the Prince inaugurated the Victoria 
 Railway Bridge, and laid the corner-stone of the Parlia- 
 ment Buildings at Ottawa. The visit of His Royal 
 Highness the Prince of Wales was, in 1861, followed 
 by a brief one from his brother, Prince Alfred. 
 
 7. Administration of Lord Monck. — On the retirement 
 of Sir Edmund Head, Lord Viscount Monck was appointed 
 to succeed him. The civil war between the Northern and 
 Southern States of America, which commei)'*ed in 1861, 
 had greatly deranged trade. At first, public sympathy in 
 Canada was chiefly enlisted with the North in its contest 
 with the South ; but the unwarrantable seizure of the 
 British steamer Trent by » Federal admiral, and its justi- 
 fication by his government, as well as the denunciation of 
 England by American public speakers, and writers, first 
 checked the current of sympathy in Canada for the North. 
 As the war progressed, a feeling of respect for the Southern- 
 ers grew up, on account of their heroic bravery, and the 
 woHvierful skill and prowess of their leaders. Generals 
 Lee, " Stonewall " Jackson, and Bouuregard, in so long 
 resisting the Northern armies. The admiration for 
 Southern bravery (although it did not weaken the efforts 
 which were made both in England and in these provinces 
 to maintain an attitudf3 of neutrality in the war), was still 
 very much lessened by the attempts made by Southern 
 agents in Canada to compromise her neutrality. To pre- 
 vent the raids into the States on our borders by Southern- 
 ers from Canada, volunteers were sent on active service 
 to the frontier. The cowardly assassination of Mr. Lin- 
 coln, the American President, at Ford's Theatre, in 
 
 Questions.— How was th* Prince of Wales received, and what did he 
 do? Who succeeded Sir E, Head ? Wliat is said of the American civil war 
 and the fluctuations of the state of feeling in Canada iu regard to it ? 
 How did the seizure of th« steamer Trent affect it ? 
 
I 
 
 Chap. 5C1-18660 sketch of BfeiflilH rule. 160 
 
 Washington, on Good Friday night, 18G5, evoked heart- 
 felt sympathy in all the British provinces. The day of his 
 funeral was observed as a day of mourning throughout the 
 whole of British America. In 1865, the civil code of 
 Lower Canada (which was commenced in 180U) was com- 
 pleted by Commissioners appointed for that purpose, and 
 reduced to a statutory enactment. During the Fenian ex- 
 citement in 1805-0, volunteers were again sent to the 
 frontier to prevent the irruption into Canada of the mis- 
 guided Fenians; and prompt measurers- were taken by the 
 governments of the various Provinces to meet the emer- 
 gency should the Fenians venture to desecrate their free 
 soil. About 20,000 volunteers were in a few davs en- 
 rolled for active service in the Provinces, and nobly did 
 they respond to the call of duty. 
 
 8. Confederation. — In 1804, the feeling of antagonism in 
 Parliament between Upper and Lower Canada came to a 
 crisis. In the successive elections which had been held 
 during the preceding years, it was found that the hostile 
 majority from either Province in the legislature was in- 
 creased rather than diminished. A project of confedera- 
 tion, designed to embrace the whole of the provinces of 
 North America, was, therefore, set on foot. By thiss 
 scheme it was proposed to leave to each Province the man- 
 agement of its own local affairs ; while to a general gov- 
 ernment it was designed to leave matters common to all. 
 This project at length took effect, and an Intercolonial 
 Railway, connecting Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, 
 and Nova Scotia, directly with the ocean, was constructed 
 so as to give to these Provinces a winter outlet for their 
 commerce. By degrees, this principle of confederation has 
 been applied to all of the British North American Prov- 
 inces, except Newfoundland, and a great impetus has 
 been given to internal trade and foreign commerce, and a 
 new era of social and political prosperity has dawned upon 
 these colonies. 
 
 Questions. What i» said of neutrality ; of Mr. Lincoln ; of the volun- 
 teers and of Confederation ? What were the leading features of the pro- 
 posed confederation ? What provinces are connected by the Intercolonial 
 Bailway ? What ar« the results of these changes ? 
 
 x-f 
 
170 HISTORY OF CANADA. [PART II-186fl. 
 
 9. In ISCO, the seat of government was removed to 
 Ottawa, and the new Parliament hniUlings were oeeupied. 
 The year 1808 lias a sad memory in Canada for the das- 
 tardly mnrd(u% in Ottawa, by Whalen, of the talented and 
 patriotic lion. T\ I). MeGee. llis loss was nniversally 
 de])lored. In IKOO, the Northwest Territory (inelnding 
 Manitoba, etc.) was transferred to Canada by the Hudson 
 Bay Company for "31,,'iOO,()00. In that year the Inter- 
 colonial Railway route was decided u])on. A great im- 
 petus was also given to local projects, and the free grant 
 lands were thrown open for settlement. IJefore the year 
 closed Prince Arthur vJsited the New Dominion. 1870 
 was memorable for a series of great fires in Quebec, !New 
 Brunswick, and the woods of Ontario. Postage on letters 
 to li^ngland was this year reduced one-half. In 1871, 
 British Columbia, and in 1<"^73, Prince Edward Island, 
 were incorporated with the Dominion. As in 1841, when 
 the union of Upper and Lower Canada was consummated, 
 so now (1870), when all the Provinces, except Newfound- 
 land, have been admitted into the Confederacy, it is hoped 
 our public men will feel that, as the Dominion of Canada 
 is now a great Confederation, their policy and acts must 
 be dictated by a higher and more dignified national stan- 
 dard than that which has yet been attained in any of the 
 Provinces separately. 
 
 10. There have been several matters of public interest 
 which have occurred in the Dominion and its various 
 provinces since Confederation. The principal ones were 
 the settlement, in 1871-73, of the Southern cruiser Ala- 
 bama claims, and the "Fishery (Question," between Great 
 Britain and the United States, by a British and American 
 Joint-High Commission, of which Sir John A. Macdonald, 
 then Premier, was a member, on behalf of Canada. The 
 Conferences of this commission resulted in the adoption of 
 the Washington Treaty, the main provisions of which were 
 
 Questions.— What political project has been set on foot in Canada? 
 Explain it. Wliat is this sheme designed to accomplish ? How Is it ex- 
 pected to influence public prosperity, and the conduct of our public men ? 
 
Chap. XI-1872.] SKETCH OF BRITISH RULE. 171 
 
 (1.) to submit the Alabama chiinis to arbitrators, to meet 
 at Geneva, Switzerland ; (2.) to submit the fishery clauses 
 to the Canadian Common Parliament ; (.'J.) to refer the 
 settlement of the San Juan Island and Ilaro Strait (Brit- 
 isli Columbia) boundary disput(i to the Emptiror of Ger- 
 many ; (4.) to fix the boundary between liritish Colum- 
 bia and Alaska (U. S.). Un<ler this treaty, the arbitrators 
 met in 1872, and awarded $15,/>00,000 to the United 
 States, and agreed tliat a connnission should sit at Wash- 
 ington to consider individual claims ; {\\v Kniperor of Ger- 
 many also decided that San tluan Island belonged to the 
 United States ; and the fishery clauses were concurred in 
 by the Canadian Parliament. 
 
 The census of the Dominion as then constituted was 
 taken in 1871. The following werci the iK)j)ulatiou re- 
 turns: Ontario, 1,020,851; Quebec, 1,1 91,. Ol 6 ; Nova 
 Scotia, y87,800; and New Brunswick, 285,594. To- 
 ' tal, 3,485,701. 
 
 In 1870, the Rev. Dr. 
 Ryerson retired on full 
 salary from the office of 
 Chief Superintendent of 
 Education, Ontario. His 
 great success as the foun- 
 der and administrator of 
 the Ontario System of 
 Education has been the 
 theme of universal com- 
 mendation. He has been 
 succeeded by the Hon. 
 Adam Crooks, LL.D., 
 Q.C., the first Minister of 
 Education with a seat in 
 the Cabinet. 
 
 Dr. Ryerson. 
 
 (F«r names of Governors of Canada, see Appendix.) 
 
 QuKSTiONS. — What important questions were decided in 1871—3 ? Name 
 the principal points of the Washington treaty. Give the items of the last 
 Dominion census. What is said of the Rev. Dr. Ryerson ? 
 
172 HISTORY OP CANADA. [Part 111. 
 
 Part III. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Sketch of the Municipal System op Ontario 
 
 AND QUKHEC. 
 
 The Municipal Tnstituti(ms. 
 
 1. Early Municipal Institutions. — Municipal corpora- 
 tions were first created in Knglancl, by royal charter, aa 
 early as 1100. They were, however, only granted as 
 special favors to particular cities and towns, and were 
 then made subject to a variety ol' tests, oaths, and condi- 
 tions, which were not done away with until 1828. Nor 
 was it until 18.'jr> that a general law was passed regulat- 
 ing the municipal system of England. A similar law for 
 Ireland was not passed until 1840. Up to that time, 
 there was no municipal system in Canada. Special Acts 
 were passed for incorporating the cities and larger towns, 
 but the rural parts of the country were left destitute of 
 local representative bodies. To the Quarter Sessions, or 
 Boards of Commissioners, was entrusted the management 
 of purely local affairs, while Parliament reserved to it- 
 self the care of the roads and bridges, canals, and other 
 important public works. 
 
 2. Introduction of the Municipal System. — Immediate- 
 ly after the union of the Provinces, in 1840, an Act was 
 passed by the united Legislature, establishing elective 
 Municipal Councils in townships, counties, towns, and cit- 
 ies in Ontario, and in 1847 a similar Act was passed for 
 Quebec, while in the larger villages elective Boards of 
 Police were established. To these bodies were entrusted 
 the general management of all local affairs, the care 
 
 Questions. To what does Chap, xxi relate? What is said of the 
 municipal institutions ? When were municipal institutions first in Upper 
 and Lower Canada ? 
 
 '^"'•' 
 
Chap. XII.] THE MUNICIPAL SYSTEM. 173 
 
 of the public highways and bridges, the licensing of 
 taverns, the regulation of markctH, the maintenance of 
 jails, &c., with power to asHCss and coileia rates to defray 
 all municipal expcaises. In \H.^,^), the niuni(ripal Hystem 
 in Ontario and Qu<4)ec was greatly exten«ied an<I improv- 
 ed, and with the further amelionitions whi(;h it has since 
 undergone, as the result of an extensive experiencie in va- 
 rious localities, it is considenMl one of th(5 most practical 
 and comprehensive municipal systems in the world. 
 
 3. Extenl of the Municipalities. — A village is the 
 smallest of the municipal divisions. To entitle it to an 
 Act of Incorporation, it must contain at least 1,000 inhab- 
 itants. A town must contain at least 3,000 inhabitants, 
 and a city 10,000. A township is generally an extent of 
 country from six to ten miles S([uare, intersected generally 
 at right angles by roads, called concession-lines and side- 
 lines. Village and township corporations consist of a 
 reeve, deputy-reeve, and a councillor for each ward or di- 
 vision of the township, or village. Town corporations 
 consist of a mayor and town councillors ; and city corpo- 
 rations of a mayor, aldermen, and common-councilmen. 
 Counties embrace various townships and villages. Coun- 
 ty councils are made up of the reeves and deputy -reeves 
 of townships and villages, who elect their own chairman 
 or warden. The members of township and county coun- 
 cils are entitled to a per diem allowance for the time dur- 
 ing which they attend the meetings of their respective 
 councils. Councillors for cities, towns, or villages, how- 
 ever, receive no such allowance. All the members of 
 these corporations are elected annually, by the assessed 
 ratepayers, about the begiiming of January of each year. 
 
 Questions. Give a sketch of these municipal iiiHtitiitions aiui tlieir 
 powers. Describe the extent and population of the various municipalities. 
 
174 
 
 THE MARITIME PROVINCES. 
 
 [PART IV. 
 
 Part IV. 
 
 Historical Sketches of the other British Provinces. • 
 Introductory. 
 
 1. Maritime Provinces. — The maritime provinces of 
 the Dominion of Canada are : 
 
 1. Quebec. 
 
 2. Nova Scotia & Cape Breton. 
 
 3. New BiirNRWTCK. 
 
 4. Prince Edward Island. 
 
 6. Island of Newfoundland, not yet united to Dominion. 
 
 2. Inland Provinces. — The remaining provinces of the 
 Dominion are ; 
 
 6. Ontario. 
 
 7. Manitoba & N. W. Territory. 
 
 8. 
 
 I British Columbia, including 
 ( Vancouver Island. 
 
 These possessions stretch from Hudson Bay to the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, and are ultimately destined to become impor- 
 tant portions of the British Empire. 
 
 CHAPTER Xni. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 Present Extent and Condition of the Maritime Provinces. 
 
 1. Acadie divided into two Provinces. — What are at 
 present the Provinces of Nova Scotia (including Cape 
 Breton) and New Brunswick (with part of the State of 
 Maine) was formerly that outlying portion of New 
 
 Questions.— Nam-i th' Maritime and Inland Provinces of British 
 North America. Give the principal subjects of Chapter xiii. What ia 
 said of Acadie ? 
 
Chap. XIII.] the MARITIME PROVINCES. 175 
 
 France which was known as Acadie. The boundaries 
 and extent of these outskirts of New France were, to a 
 late date in colonial history, left indefinite ; and many a 
 fierce dispute, ending in deadly strife, took place in the 
 efforts which were made by the rival French and P^nglish 
 colonists to define these boundaries. Although nominally 
 under French dominion, Acadie was, for a long time after 
 its discovery, too vast a wilderness to be of any practical 
 value either as a place of colonization or of trade, except 
 at some ])oints on the sea-coast. Thcise places were, how- 
 ever, selected for settlement with the usual sagacity of 
 the early French explorers ; and they are to this day im- 
 portant central points of trade and commerce in the re- 
 spective provinces. As the tradiug-])osts of France and 
 England in those early times gradually expanded them- 
 selves into colonial settlements, pjirticular places in these 
 settlements, often 'listant from each other, were selected 
 either for purposes of trade or for military objects. Thus 
 Port Royal (Annapolis), and 8te. Croix, — on the oppo- 
 site shores of la baie Francaise (Fundy), with undefined 
 boundaries running between them, — from being originally 
 in the same French colony of Acadie, subsequently 
 came to be separate settlements, in the two after-pro- 
 vinces of Nova Scoti, and New Brunswick. Physical 
 causes, no less than the absence of easy modes of com- 
 munication between outlying portions of Acadie, deter- 
 mined no doubt, from time to time, the political divisions 
 of this part of New France. 
 
 2. Communication between the Provinces. — Until lately 
 the principal mode of communication between the pro- 
 vinces was by water, and this must necessarily continue 
 to be so, as between the islands themselves and the main 
 land. Local railroads exist within tho Provinces ; but the 
 chief line is the Intercolonial railroad, between Halifax 
 and Quebec, which is 635 miles in length. 
 
 Questions.— How were these eastern provinces first settled ? At what 
 two places were trading-posts established ? What is said of coninmnica- 
 tion between the provinces '.' Mention the railroads already constructed. 
 
176 HISTORY OF CANADA. [FAliT V. 
 
 3. Historical Sketch of the Maritime Provinces. — The 
 Eastern Maritime Provinces of the Dominion of Canada 
 include Nova Scotia, New Brimswick, and the Islands of 
 Newfoundland and Prince Eidward (formerly called St. 
 Jean). Newfoundland is the oldest British colony in 
 America, having been discovered by Sir John Cabot in 
 1497, and taken possession of, in Queen Elizabeth's 
 name, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583. Acadia (now 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) was first ceded to 
 Great liritain in 1713, and again, finally, in 1748. Cape 
 Breton Isjand (formerly called Isle du Cap and Isle Roy- 
 ale), after the capture of the fortress of Louisbourg, its 
 capital, was also ceded to Great Britain in 1748. In 1763 
 it was annexed to Nova Scotia, and in 176t5 formed into 
 a county of that province. In 1770, however, it was sep- 
 arated from Nova Scotia ; but in 1820 it was again uni- 
 ted to the government of that province, and has so re- 
 mained up to the present time. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 Part V. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 History of Nova Scotia, including Cape Breton. 
 
 (Nova Sootia was ho oalled by the first settlers, who originally came from 
 Seotlaiul ; and *' Breton " from Brittany,— Breton Deinff the name of 
 nn inhabitant of Broiagne, or Brittany, in France.) 
 
 Size, one-fourth less than New Brunswick, or equal to a square of 140 ra. 
 
 Geoorai'Hical Introduction. 
 
 1. Noted For.— 2. Position and Extent.— 3. Physical Features. 
 
 1. Noted For. — Nova Scotia is noted for its coal, 
 
 Questions.— Give a historical sketch of the Maritime Provinces. Ho\^ 
 did Nova Scotia obtain its immu ? Give itv size. For what is it noted \' 
 
'^* 
 
 Chap. XIV.] 
 
 HISTORY OF ACADIE. 
 
 177 
 
 iron, gold, and other minerals ; its fisheries ; and its ex- 
 tensive line of sea-coast and good harbors. 
 
 2. Position and Extent. — The province of Nova Sco- 
 tia includes the peninsula of Nova Scotia and the Island 
 of Cape Breton, which lie to the south-east of New Bruns- 
 wick and Prince Edward Island. They have since 1820 
 been united under one government and legislature. 
 
 3. Physical Features.— The peninsula of Nova Scotia 
 is somewhat triangular in shape, and is connected with 
 New Bruns- 
 wick by a 
 short isth- 
 
 , mus sixteen 
 miles in 
 length. Its 
 surface is 
 undulat i n g 
 and pictur- 
 esque, and is 
 dotted over 
 with many 
 
 small but 
 
 Appearance of Nova Scotia, &c., from a Balloon. beautiful 
 lakes. In the interior are several ranges of hills, of which 
 the Co-be-quid are the most important. On the coast, 
 the capes, bays, and harbors are numerous. No part of 
 Nova Scotia is more than thirty miles from the sea. A 
 belt of rugged rocks, averaging 400 feet in height, and 
 from twenty to sixty miles in width, extends along the 
 Atlantic coast from Cape Canso to Cape Sable, and along 
 the Bay of Fundy coast. The Island of Cape Breton is 
 nearly severed in two by Bras d'Or lake and St. Peter's 
 bay. The Island is rich in minerals, well wooded, and 
 fertile. The surface is undulating, and the scenery gen- 
 erally beautiful. Sydney is' the capital of the Island. 
 
 QuKSTioNS.— Point out the position and extent of the Province of Nova 
 Scotia. I)eKcribe its appearance and pljysical features. What is peculiar 
 about thti coast-line of Nova-Scutla ? What is said of Cape Bretou island ? 
 
 12 
 
178 BISTORT OP CANADA. [PxktV; 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 ■^ History op Acadie (or Acadia), from its dis- 
 covery UNTIL ITS FINAL CESSION TO THE 
 
 British Crown, in 1748. 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Discovery — Settlement — Intercolonial Wars — Louisbourg, 
 
 1. Indian Tribes. — When first discovered, Nova Scotia 
 was inhabited by a tribe of Indians called the Micmacs, 
 which was scattered over Acadie, from Port Royal (An- 
 napolis) to Miramichi. The Micmacs belong to the great 
 Algonquin family, and were called Souriquois (or salt 
 water men) b}*^ the French. They greatly harassed the 
 English colonies during the intercolonial contests ; but, 
 in 1761, when the government was firmly established, 
 they finally submitted. In that year they were reduced 
 to 3,000, and are not now more than about half that 
 number. 
 
 2. Discoverjj. — Nova Scotia— or Acadie,* as it was 
 called by the French — originally included New Brunswick, 
 and part of the present state of Maine. The name, how- 
 ever, is now confined to the peninsula alone. It was sup- 
 posed to have been visited by the Cabots, during their 
 first voyage to America, 1497. As early as 1504-6, 
 some fishermen, from Basque and Bretagne in France, 
 while engaged in the cod-fishery off Newfoundland, 
 reached the promontory of an island to the south-west of 
 that island to which they gave the name of Cape Breton, 
 — after their own people in France. The name was sub- 
 sequently extended to the whole island. In 1518, Baron 
 
 * In regard to this name, see note on page 21. 
 
 Questions.— To what does Chapter xv relate ? Mention its principal 
 subjects. Name the Indians inhabiting Nova Scotia on its discovery. 
 What was the French naiue of Nova Scotia ? When was it lirst discovered ? 
 
Chap. XV.] HISTORY OF ACADIE. 179 
 
 de Lery proposed to found a French settlement in Acadie, 
 but, owing to adverse circumstances, the expedition was 
 abandoned. In 1.583, Sir llnmi)liioy Gilbert took formal 
 possession of Newfoiuidlund .md the adjacent countries, in 
 the name of England; and, in 1590, Cape l^reton was 
 resorted to by the English. In ir)!)8 an attempt was 
 made to colonize Nova Scotia by the French, under Mar- 
 quis de la Roche. His settlers being convicts, he feared 
 they might be lawless, if set free on the main land. He 
 therefore left forty of them on Sable Island, an inhospi- 
 table spot off the coast. Returning from the main land 
 to the island, his ship was driven off the coast by a storm. 
 He then sailed for France. Here, on landing, he was 
 imprisoned by a partisan in the then civil war, and was 
 not able for five years to ai)prise Henry IV of his unfin- 
 ished effort in founding the colony. The King, on learn- 
 ing the facts of the case, at once sent Chetodel, de la 
 Roche's pilot, to the island to bring back the convicts to 
 France. On their return, the King, being touched with 
 the miserable condition of the twelve survivors, pardoned 
 them, and gave each of them fifty crowns. 
 
 3. Settlement of Port Royal. — The traffic in furs hav- 
 ing attracted the attention of traders, Sieur Dupout- 
 Grave,* and Chauvin, a master-mariner, they succeeded 
 to the rights of the Marquis de la Roche, and dispatched 
 an expedition to the new woild. Chauvin having died, 
 Dupont-Grave incUiced de Chaste, governor of Dieppe, to 
 join him in the enterprise. With his aid, a company of 
 Rouen merchants was formed ; and in 1603 an expedition 
 was fitted out and sent to New France under command of 
 Champlain. On de Chaste's death, Sieur de Monts, 
 governor of Pons, and a Huguenot, succeeded him. On 
 the return of the expedition, Henri IV, being interested 
 
 * Or Pontgrave. He was a rich luerchant of St. Malo. 
 
 Questions.— Who first attempted the settlement of Nova Scotia ? What 
 WM done by Sir H. Gilbert and by Marquir. de la Roche ? Describe the 
 iwttlement of Pon Royal. Who was Dupuui-Grav6 ? What did he do? 
 
180 HISTORY OP ACADIE. [Part V. 
 
 in the scheme, extended the privileges of the company, 
 and another expedition waa sent out in 1604. Part of 
 the expedition went to Tadoussac; but de Monts pre- 
 ferred to stop at Acadie. He landed at a place on the 
 south-east side of the coast, where he found a Frenchman, 
 named Rosignol, trading for furs with the Indians without 
 license. The harbor is now called Liverpool. Having 
 -confiscated Rosiguol's ship, (Je Monts coasted in a south- 
 westerly direction ; he then turned to the north, and en- 
 tered a large sheet of water, which he named La Bale 
 Francaise.* Having reached a fine basin on the inland 
 coast, Baron de Poutrincourt, a companion of de Monts, 
 and also a Huguenot, was so pleased with the scenery that 
 he obtained a grant of the place, — the first ever made in 
 America, — which was afterwards confirmed by the King. 
 He at once formed a settlement, which he named Port 
 Royal. De Monts continued his voyage round the bay, 
 and, on the festival of 8t. John the Baptist, discovered the 
 fine river known to the Indians as Ou-an-gon-dy, but 
 which ho named St. John. Further on he came to an 
 eligible rocky islet, which he named Ste. Croix, at the 
 mouth of another river. This spot he selected as the 
 place of his new settlement. He and his companions, 
 Champlain, D'Orville, &c., remained here for the winter, 
 and sulfered great privations. In the mean time, Poutrin- 
 court set sail for France. Dupont-Grave returned, how- 
 ever, early next spring with emigrants and supplies. 
 During the winter Champlain coasted along in a pinnace 
 and reached the liver Penobscot, which he named Pen- 
 to-go-et, but which had been previously known as Nu- 
 rem-be-ga. In June he pursued his explorations along 
 the coast in a small bark, passing in succession the Ken- 
 nebec river, Saco, the Isle of Shoals, the Merrimac (which 
 he named Riviere du Guast), Cape Ann and Cape Cod 
 
 * Now Furnly,— from the words Fond de la BaU, in old French maps. 
 
 Questions.— Describe the voyage of de Monts. What hind-grant was 
 first made in America ? Mentif>n the settlement of Fort Royal and Ste. 
 Croix. By what name was the Bay of Fundy known? 
 
CUAV. XXVin.] HISTORY OF AOADIE. 181 
 
 (which he named Cape Blanc.) A harbor full of shoals 
 and sandbars, which they entered, he named Malibar, 
 (but whicli in 1002 had received the name of Cap Cod 
 from GosnoM, an En«rlish mariner). Here an ill-starred 
 dispute with Indians and a failure of provisions, induced 
 them to return to Ste. Croix. Tired of this place and 
 having found no other suitable spot for settlement, de 
 Monts determined to remove the whole colony to Port 
 Royal, which he did without delay. Receiving disagree- 
 able news from home, he left Dupont-Grav/i in charge of 
 the colony with Champlain, and at once proceeded to 
 France. 
 
 4. Vicissitudes of Port Royal. — Under the guidance of 
 the celebrated Lescarbot,* and of Poutrincourt, who acted 
 as governor, the colonists set about consolidating their 
 little settlement. De Monts and Dupont-Grave shortly 
 afterwards returned to France ; Poutrincourt and Cham- 
 plain visited Ste. Croix, and coasted as far as Cape Cod ; 
 while Lescarbot explored the coast mountains along the 
 Bay of Fundy. Shortly afterwards a marauding party of 
 Dutchmen from the New Netherlands, hearing, through 
 a traitor colonist, of the stores of peltry at Acadie, sud- 
 denly appeared, and rifled even the graves in search of 
 beaver-skins. Scarcely had they recovered from this in- 
 trusion, when the intrigues of the merchants of St. Malo 
 so far succeeded as virtually to destroy the protection in 
 the fur-traflic which the Rouen company had enjoyed. 
 News soon arrived at Port Royal that the de Monts' 
 charter had been rescinded, and that the company refused 
 any longer to bear the groat expenses of the colony. 
 There was, therefore, no alternative but to abandon it ; 
 and much to the grief of Membertou (the venerable In- 
 dian sagamore of Annapolis, who had been their fast 
 
 ♦Mam Lescarbot was a French lawyer and poet, and a friend of Pou- 
 trincourt. He was the autbor of a History of New France. 
 
 Questions.— Wbere was the colony removed Xo, and who was left in 
 charge? Who was Lescarbot? Mention the vi(. isitudes which tliese 
 original colonies uudeiweut. 
 
182 HISTORY OF ACADIE. [Pabt V. 
 
 • 
 
 friend since tlicir arrival), Poiitrin court, Champlain, Les- 
 carlK)t, and the other colonists, quitted the settlement in 
 1607 and returned to France. Nothing daunted, how- 
 ever, and with the help of some Dieppe traders, Poutrin- 
 court collected a number of new colonists, and in 1610 re- 
 turned to Port Royal. Here he found everything un- 
 touched by the natives, as he had gained their confidence 
 and regard. The violent death of Henri IV, shortly 
 afterwards, and the religious dissensions about the colony 
 which followed between the Huguenots and the Jesuits, 
 brought it a second time to the verge of ruin. The 
 Jesuits determined to found a colony of their own, and 
 Peres IJiard and Masse left Paris for that purpose. 
 They reached Port Royal in 1611. In 1612, du Thet, 
 another Jesuit father, arrived, but returned soon after- 
 wards. In 1613, La Saussage, a cavalier, Peres Quentin 
 and du Thet reached Port Royal, and took on board the 
 two Jesuit fathers there. Proceeding towards the river 
 Pentagoet. (Penobscot), misty weather compelled La Saus- 
 sage, the leader, to land at the island of Monts-Desert. 
 Here the colony of St. Sauveur was formed. The Eng- 
 lish, who claimed all this region, sent Capt. (Sir Samuel) 
 Argall from Virginia to dispossess the French. This was 
 soon done, as the colony was defenceless. Argall returned 
 to Virginia, and, having shown to Sir Thomas Dale,* the 
 goveriMH*, La Saussag«,''s commission, which disclosed the 
 colonizing intentions of the French, Sir Thomas deter- 
 mined to drive them out of Acadie. Three armed vessels 
 under Argall, were sent against Port Royal in 1613. He 
 soon took it, destroyed the settlement, and dispersed the 
 colonists. Thus was Port Royal, after a tlireefold disas- 
 ter, for the time totally destroyed ; and thus by virtue of 
 Cabot's visit and discovery, and Gilbert's act of posses- 
 
 • Sir Thomas Dale Bn('oee<le«l Lonl Delaware as governor of Virginia 
 In 1611. Sir Samuel Argall was appointed Deputy-Governor in 1617. 
 
 QiTESTiONS — What »li(i Poutrinoourt do ? Under what circumptances 
 wa« the colony of St. Sjniveiir founded? What befelit? Who was Sir 
 T. Dale ? Why did Argall expel the French from Acadie ? What is said 
 of it? 
 
Chap. XXVin.] HTSTORT OP ACADTE. 183 
 
 sion, Nova Scotia was claimed and conquered by the Vir- 
 ginia colonists, under Sir Samuel Argall, in 1613. This 
 was the first hostile act which occurred between the 
 French and the English on the Continent of America. 
 
 5. English Efforts to Settle Amdie. — After the capture 
 of Port Royal, tho English forces left Acadie, although 
 laying claim to it nominally. ]iy virtue of this claim, 
 King James I, in 1021, granted a piit(mt to Sir William 
 Alexand(;r (aftcM'wards the Earl of Stirling) authorizing 
 him to settle the (jolony, and for that |)urpose conveyed 
 to him that part of French Acadie which lay to the east- 
 ward of a line drawn from the river Ste. Croix to the St. 
 Lawrence. In the patent the name Acadie was changed 
 to Nova Scotia. In order to promote its settlement, the 
 king founded in 1621 the order of (150) Knights- Baronets 
 of Nova Scotia. Each ))aronet was to receive 16,000 
 acres of land, and was recpiired to fit out and send there 
 six settlers, or in default to pay 2,000 marks. In 1625, 
 Charl(!s I renewed the i)atent, and even included in the 
 /Ujrant the whole of the country stretching from the St. 
 Lawrence to California. 
 
 6. Capture from, and Cession to France. — In 1 627, a 
 large fleet of transports, with cannon for Port Royal, was 
 captured by the English in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 Next year, 1628, Port Royal itself was taken by Sir Da- 
 vid Kertk, as well as a fleet of Frencjh transports in the 
 St. Lawrence. In 1(j2!), Quebec was captured by him, 
 but the French having lost it for a time, still held posses- 
 sion of Cape Sable, as well as other places in the south 
 of Acadie. In 1620-30, Sir William Alexander con- 
 veyed part of his territory to Claude (afterwards Sir 
 Claudius) De la Tour, who had been taken prisoner on 
 board the transports, and brought to England, where he 
 married an English lady. About the same time Captain 
 Daniel captured an English fort on Cape Breton. De la 
 
 Questions. — Mention the efforts niatie by the English to settle Acadie. 
 How did Claude do la Tour obtain part of Acadie " What fort did 
 Captain Daniel capture ? 
 
184 HISTOHlf OF ACAUIE. [PaHT V. 
 
 Tuur was sent to take Acudie from the French ; but his 
 Bon, who held one of the forts, refused to give it up, al- 
 though entreated to do so by his fatlier. He then used 
 force to effect its capture, but without effect. Finally De 
 la Tour desisted in his utta(;k, but renuiined in Acadie in 
 a house erected by his son outside of the fort. At length, 
 in 1G32, Charles I, i)y the treaty of St. (iennain-en-Laye 
 througii the inHuence of Cardinal Richelieu, ceded the 
 entire colony to the French. They divided it into three 
 Provinces, and placed them under as many j)roprietary 
 governors, viz., De liazillai, young De la Tour, and M. 
 Denys. On Do Kazillai's death at La Ileve, in 1035, 
 Charles de IMenou, lord of Aunlay and Charnizay, suc- 
 ceeded him ; and soon afterwards Kazillai's brothers cediid 
 their rights to him. Charnizay came out from France to 
 take possession of his province, and removed the colony 
 of his predecessor from La Ileve, or La Have, to Penol)- 
 8Cot, in order to be nearer the rival colonies of New 
 England. In th(i territorial disputes which now arose be- 
 tween himself and young De la Tour, Louis XIII at 
 length interfered, and in lO-'JH (hitined the boundaries of 
 each disputant. To de la Tour was given the whole of 
 Acadie lying west of a line drawn from the centre of the 
 Bay of Fundy to Canseau, to Charnizay was given the 
 country east of that line, including La Ilrve, Port Royal, 
 Penobscot and the coast of tlie Ktcheniins, in New 
 France. Do la Tour, who had already erected a fort on 
 the St. John river, refnst;d to acce})t these boundaries, and 
 Charnizay was ordered to arrest him. De la Tour ap- 
 plied to Governor Winthrop for succor, which was 
 granted. Charnizay was com[)elled to I'ctreat, and was 
 even pursued by de la Tour as far as Port Royal, where 
 he bravely defended himself. Charnizay objected to this 
 interference, and seized some New English vessels. At 
 length Winthrop, on btthalf of New England, offered to 
 
 Questions.— What led to Uio umiaLural contest between father and bou 
 for the possession of Acadii- ? What in said of the three provinces ; ot 
 Charnizay ■ of Ue la Tour j of Louin xxn, aud of Guvuruor Wiuthrop ? 
 
(JiiAKXXVltM lllstOttt Oif ACAhlFi. is^ 
 
 make a £rien<lly treaty, and to enter into trading' relations 
 with him. This was done ; and the treaty look eli'eet in 
 October, 1(»44. Churni/iiy now tVlt himsell' relieved from 
 English interference, and, in the abnenee of younw de la 
 Tour, connnen<'ed liis attack on de la Tour's fort. De la 
 Tour's wife, with jL^reat spirit, made un lieroic defence, 
 heing betrayc^d by ii Swiss on Kuster Day, 1(145, Mad- 
 ame de la Tour took refuge in tin; works, where she re- 
 sisted Charnizay so l)riively that lie offered to agree to 
 her terms. Mortified to lind her force so small, he dis- 
 honoral)ly n'pudiatcd his word, and with ineffable coward- 
 ice, hung all but one of Madame de la Tour's brave de- 
 fenders, lie even com|)ell<Ml tliis noble woman, with a 
 halter round her n(!ck, to witness his own breach of 
 faith. She did not long survive; this inhuman act, but 
 sank und(!r its inlliction, and died soon after. Charnizay 
 was, however, applauch'd by the King and (^ueen for the 
 cai)ture of the fort, and was in 1017, appointed (jlovernor 
 of the M'hole country, lie exerted himself to advan(!e 
 the colony, but died in 1()">0. De la Tour (then engaged 
 in the fur-trado in Hudson Hay), on C'harnizay's death, 
 returned to Nova Scotlji in lGr>l,and shortly afterwards 
 married Charnizay's widow. Charnizay 's sister also 
 becpieathed ]w.r claim to de la Tour. On tht; strength of 
 this triple title, young de la Tour claimed Nova Scotia 
 as his right. 
 
 7. CromwelVs ExjK'dltion (ff/ainst Aradie. — Under 
 these circumstances. Cardinal Mazaiin, who had no confi- 
 dence in de la Tour, instigated a creditor of Charnizay, 
 named La Borgne, to disj)ossess him an<l the other pro- 
 prietary Governors. M. D(Miys, of ChcMlabucto, was sur- 
 prised ; the settlement of La Ilevo was burnt; and at 
 the time when La IJorgne thought lu; had de la Tour in 
 his power, suddenly a new antagonist appeared upon the 
 scene, who settled the cpiarrel by driving both disputants 
 
 Qt'KHTifJNS.— \Vliat is said of Ma«laine do la Tour? Wliere was her 
 huubaiKl? iK'ScrilM) till) diHyra<'«iful coudinrt of Chiinii/ay. What did de 
 laTour doaftur Cliarnizay's death? What expeditiou wtib aoiit ugaiiiHt 
 AoaUiti by Cremwull ? 
 
186 
 
 HISTORY OP ACADIE. 
 
 [Pl-llT V— 1690. 
 
 off the field, and possessing himself of the entire colony* 
 Oliver Cromwell, then Lord High Protector of Eng- 
 land,* taking advantage of the strife among the French 
 colonists of Acadie, despatched a force from England, 
 under Colonel Sedgewick, who, in 1654, defeated De la 
 Tour at the St. John, and La Borgne at Port Royal, and 
 re-took the colony. Charnizay's fort at Pentagoet (Pe- 
 nobscot) was also taken without 
 difficulty. De la Tour then went 
 to England to appeal to Crom- 
 well. The English, in the mean- 
 time, only held possession of 
 Port Royal, and the French 
 continued their settlements in 
 the interior. In 1656, Crom- 
 well confirmed Charles de la 
 Tour's claim, and granted to him, 
 ^as well as to Sir Thomas Tem- 
 ple and William Browne, the 
 chief part of Nova Scotia and 
 New Brunswick. Temple and 
 Browne purchased De la Tour's sliare, and expended 
 $80,000 in repairing the defences of the fort. In 1667, 
 England again ceded the colony to France by the treaty 
 of Breda. 
 
 8. New England Expedition. — Tlie French, having 
 concerted a plan to attack and capture several places in 
 the English colonies, these colonies united in a scheme of 
 vigorous retaliation upon the French settlements. In doing 
 BO, Sir Wm. Phipps was sent from Massachusetts, in 1 690. 
 He took Port Royal (which he dismantled), Chedabucto, 
 
 ♦Oliver Cromwell was born in England in IHOO. Ho entered Parliament, 
 1628. Wliile tliere he aciinired great inlluence with the ]»uritan jiarty, 
 and when the contest against the arbitrary eondiu't of (Jharlcs I arose, he 
 espoused the puritan and parliamentary t-ause. As a military leader and 
 general of cavalry, he inflicted great loss on the royalist army, and tinal- 
 Iy,in 1G53, reached the position of Lord High Protector of England. He 
 died in 1659, aged 60 years. 
 
 Questions.— Sketch the career of Cromwell. How did he settle de la 
 Tour's claim to Nova Scotia ? Who purchased de la Tour's share ? What 
 led to U.U attack from New England ? Give an account of it. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell. 
 
Chap XV-1713.1 HISTORY OF ACADIE. 187 
 
 and L'isle Perc^e, and then returned to Boston. Ville- 
 bon, the French governor of Acadie, soon recaptured 
 them ; and from his fort at Natch wack, on the St. John, 
 the Indians were supplied with arms to attack the colon- 
 ists of New England. D'Iberville having arrived from 
 Quebec, it was resolved to effect the reduction of Pema- 
 quid. Having taken an English vessel, Villebon and 
 D'Iberville were joined at Penobscot by Baron de St. 
 .Castine * and two hundred Indians. Fear of the Indians 
 induced the Commandant to capitulate ; but that did not 
 save them from the fury of the Indians. Villebon was 
 afterwards taken and sent to Boston. Massachusetts re- 
 taliated, and sent Col. Church, who took all the forts in 
 Acadie, with the exception of that of Villebon on the St. 
 John. By the treaty of Ryswick, in 16i)6, however, 
 England again restored Nova Scotia to France. Mas- 
 sachusetts having soon afterwards 'suffered from the at- 
 tacks of the Acadian French, another New England ex- 
 pedition, under Col. Marck, sailed from Nantucket for 
 Port Royal, in 1707, but failed to do more than destroy 
 property of considerable value outside the fort. Again, 
 in 1710, an armament, under General Nicholson, left 
 Boston for Port lloyal. He captured the place, and 
 changed its name to Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. 
 In 1713, by the treaty of Utrecht, Acadie, including the 
 Island of Canceaux or Canceau (Canso), was finally ceded 
 to England by Louis XlV,t and the name of Nova 
 Scotia conllrmed. Cape Breton v/as ceded to the French. 
 
 * Baron de St. Castin, or Castine of Oberon in Berne, was a veteran oflBcer 
 of the Royal (Jarignan regiment which was sent out to New France. He 
 lived among the Abenakis Indians for twenty years. He married a squaw, 
 and adopted the Indian habits. He had great iniluence with the Aborig- 
 ines, and was looked iii)on as their tutelary deity. 
 
 t Louis XIV (de Bourbon), King of France, was born in 1638. He suc- 
 ceeded to the throne with liis mother (Anne of Austria) as Queen regent- 
 in 1642. His reign was long and memorabh; ; and his court was noted 
 for its gaiety and extravagance. He died in 1715, aged 77 years. 
 
 Questions,— What is said of the Baron St. Castine ? What is said of 
 Penobscot ; Villebon ; Col. Church ; the Treaty of Ryswick ; Col. Marck ; 
 Gen. Nicholson ; Queen Anne ; Louis xiv (sketch his career) ; Treaty of 
 Utrecht ; Indian hostilities and reprisals ? 
 
188 HISTOHY OF ACADIA. [Part V--1720. 
 
 9. Indian Hostilities and Reprisals. — The Indians, who 
 were fast friends of the French, waged a continuiil pre- 
 datory war against the English settlements. They refused 
 to be bound by the treaty of Utrecht, as they had not been 
 parties to it. Vaudreuil, the Governor of New France, 
 encouraged them in this view and declared that they were 
 not mentioned in the treaty, l)ut that they were an 
 independent people. In 1720 th(;y attacked an English 
 fishing station at Cancea\i, killed some of the settlers, 
 and destroyed property to the amount of $100,000. 
 They also boarded ships and i)]undered them, and even 
 attacked the fort at Annapolis. At length an expe- 
 dition was sent from Massachusetts up the Kennebec 
 against their principal village at Nor-ridge-wo-ack. The 
 village was destroyed, and many of the Indians were 
 killed, as well as their missionary, father Rasles, or Ralle, 
 who had been forty years among them, but who had been 
 accused of instigating them against the English. 
 
 10. First Capture of Louishourg. — Ca})e Breton, called 
 Isle du Cape l)y Verrazzani, and Isle Royale by the 
 French, was, although frequented by French fisher- 
 men, not taken possession of by the French government 
 until 1714, when Gen. Nicholson was appointed Govern- 
 or of Nova Scotia. Ke was in 1719 succeeded by Gov- 
 ernor Philips, who received instructions to form a Coun- 
 cil of the principal inhabitants, until a House of Assem- 
 bly could be elected. In the meantime, he was directed 
 to rei»;ulate himself bv instructions from the Governor of 
 Virginia. Having lost Nova Scotia, the French turned 
 their attention to this island as a great fishing-station, and 
 in 1720 commenced the fortifications of Louisbourg. 
 These were completed at a cost of $5,500,000. From 
 this stronghold the French harassed the English settle- 
 ments of Nova Scotia and New England. At length 
 
 Questions — Wliat is said of the Nova Scotia Indians ; of Annapolis ; 
 of father Ralle ? Trace the chief events leading to the first capture of 
 Louisbourg. What did the f ortiflcatious cost ? 
 

 ^HAP. XV-n44.] HISTORY OP ACADIE. 189 
 
 France declared war against England, in 1744. Louis- 
 bourg being a strong naval arsenal, French privateers 
 I against the fisheries of Nova Scotia and the commerce of 
 New England were fitted out and took refuges there. Du 
 Quesnel, the Governor of Cape Breton, captured the 
 garrison on Canceau island, and burned the house there. 
 Unsuccessful attacks were also made upon Annapolis and 
 Placentia (Newfoundland). This led to active measures 
 against Cape Breton; and in 1745, Shirley,'* the Gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts, propose<l the capture of Louis- 
 bourg, but he only carried the measure in the Legislature 
 by a majority of one vote. The colonies of Massachu- 
 setts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut joined and fur- 
 nished troops and transports ; Clinton, the Governor of 
 New York, sent artillery, and Pennsylvania, provisions. 
 The colonies of Rhode Island and New York did nothing 
 until after the capture of Cape Breton. The command 
 of the expedition (4,000 strong), was entrusted to Gen- 
 eral Pepperell. The celebrated Whitfield gave as a mot- 
 to for the fiag of the exj^edition, the words '• Nil desper- 
 andnm Ohristo duce^ Colonial cruisers were also sent to 
 watch Louisbourg. At Canceau, the rendezvous, they 
 were joined by some English ships, under the command 
 of Admiral Sir Peter Warren (uncle of Sir William 
 Johnson), with 800 men. They reached Chapeau Rouge 
 (contracted to Gabarus [roose]) Bay on the 9th May, 
 and landed to the rear of the town. Their encampment 
 extended in a curved line, outside the fortress. Col. 
 Vaughan, of New Hampshire, an active and intrepid 
 
 ♦General William Shirley, an English lawyer, eniijjratod to Massachu- 
 setts in 1733. He was appointed royal goveriior in 1741, and remained un- 
 til 1756, when he was succeeded in "that office by G6neral Ahercronibie, 
 lu 1745 he took part in the expedition against Niagara ; and in 1755 pro- 
 jected the scheme for the cairture of Louisbourg. He was sent to Paris as 
 a boundary commissioner under the treaty of Aix la Chapelle. He was a 
 most able officer. He died in Massachusetts in 1771. 
 
 Qlf ESTIONS.— "What did du Quosnel do ? CtIvc a sketch of Gon. William 
 Shirley. What is said of Sir William Poipperell ; Wliit field ; Sir P. War- 
 ren ; Col. Vaughan ? Give an account of the siege of Louisbourg. Men- 
 tion how it was conducted. 
 
190 
 
 HISTORY OF ACADIE, 
 
 [PAET V— 1748. 
 
 officer, soon captured the outposts, and with only thirteen 
 men, surprised the Royal battery, taking 400 men pris- 
 oners of war. (See Engraving.) Admiral Warren also 
 captured the Vigilante^ a, 74-gun ship, with 500 men, 
 money, and military stores. To reach the fort, cannon 
 had to be dragged on sledges across the marsh, and, on 
 the 21st of May, the siege was commenced. Other ships 
 soon afterwards arrived, and it was then decided to attack 
 
 the place. But, despairing of a — ~ 
 
 successful resistance, Duchambeau, — j'^™^^ 
 
 the b rench Cxovernor, capitulated on 
 
 the 16th of June, 1745, and the 
 
 troops in the garrison 
 
 were allowed to march 
 
 out with all the 
 
 honors of war. The 
 
 stores and prizes 
 captured amounted 
 to $ 500,- 
 000. The 
 Island of 
 St. Jean 
 (now ji 
 Prince 
 
 iifdward) Capture of Louisbourg in 1745.* 
 
 was also 
 
 at the same time claimed by the victors. To mark his 
 sense of the importance of the capture, the King reward- 
 ed Admiral Warren, Governor Shirley and Wentworth, 
 
 * Explanation of the Upper Part op the Map — a, Glaois, or 
 extreme outside slope of the defences ; b, Banquette, or step, upon which 
 the soldiers stand to fire over the parapet (/) ; c, Covered way into the 
 fort, under the banquette ; d, Counterscarp, a bank or wall oiitside the 
 ditch (e) ; e, The ditch or trench ; /, The parapet, or protection for men 
 and guns inside ; //, The inner banquette ; h. Ramparts, or most solid em- 
 bankments of the "fort ; i. Talus, or last slope inside the fort. 
 
 Questions.— Point out in the engraving the position of the opposing 
 forces. Explain the principal terms relating to the upper part of the 
 sketch? How were the victors rewarded? What did the French do to 
 retake it ? 
 
,7 Chap. XVI— 1752.] HISTORY OF ACADIE. 191 
 
 and conferred upon Gen. Pepperell a baronetcy. In 
 1746, the Duke d'Anville was sent with a French fleet to 
 retake the Island, as well as Annapolis, Boston, and other 
 New England cities. De Ramzay with French Indians 
 and Canadians, was prepared to co-operate with him 
 against Annapolis. When it was known that d'Anville 
 was upon the coasts, the English colonists assembled in 
 the churches, and prayed fervently that the impending 
 invasion might be prevented. Their prayers were heard ; 
 for storms and disease wasted his forces and the e»:t?rprise 
 was abandoned. De Ramzay, however, maintained him- 
 self against the English colonists who were sent to dis- 
 lodge him from Annaj)olis. The duke died of chagrin ; 
 and Jonquiere, the Governor of Canada, being on board, 
 became his successor. Me insisted that D'Estournelle, the 
 vice admiral, should prosecute the enterprise ; but Es- 
 tournelle refused, and put an end to his life in despair. 
 In 1748, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restored Cape 
 Breton to the French, against the wish of the New Eng- 
 land captors (whose expenses, of upwards of a million 
 of dollars, were, however, repaid by England in 1749) ; but 
 the same treaty confirmed the cession of Nova Scotia to 
 the British Crown. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 History of Nova Scotia from its Cession, in 1748, 
 UNTIL First Union with Cape Breton, in 1820. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Halifax — Old French War — Settled Government — Political 
 and Social Progress — Governors. 
 
 1. Frontier Commission — Exodus of Acadians. — Soon 
 after the treaty was signed, disputes arose as to the new 
 
 Questions.— How did the English colonists act at this crisis ? To what 
 does Chapter xvi relate ? Give the principal subjects of it. What oc- 
 curred after the treaty ? 
 
192 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTiA. [Part ¥-1752. 
 
 bouiularies of French and British America, especially in 
 the valley of the Ohio river and in Acadie. Colonel 
 Masciirciie,* the British governor of Nova Scotia, main- 
 tained that the boundaries of Nova Scotia, or Acadie, as 
 ce<led to Britain, extended as far south-westward as the 
 mouth of the Penobscot river, thence north to the St. 
 Lawronce, ini^luding the peninsula of Gaspe, and the 
 wlioh^ of the Nova Scotian peninsula. La Galissonniere, 
 the French Governor of New France, or Canada, insisted 
 that Acadie only extended to the Bay of Fundy (Fran- 
 ^aise) and Minas Basin, and did not include either the 
 isthmus, or the Cobequid-Chiegnecto peninsula. In order 
 to su[)port his views and to prevent further encroachments 
 u})on New France, he induced about three thousand 
 Acadian French to migrate from the south to the north 
 shore of the Bay of Fundy, and to the Isle St Jean 
 (Prince Edward). La flonquiere, who succeeded La 
 Galissonniere, hesitated to adopt the policy of his pre- 
 decessor ; but he sent an expedition against Minas, and 
 the French government directing la Corne, a military ad- 
 venturer, to erect forts on tlie disputed territory. The 
 British governor Coriiwallis despatched Major Lawrence 
 to resist la Corne, and also to erect forts on the same 
 territory. La Corne burned Chiegnecto, and defied Law- 
 rence to attack him there. Major Lawrence declined to 
 do so, and returned to Halifax. Next year, however, 
 Chiegnecto was taken. Previously to this, in 1749, a 
 joint commission was appointed to define the respective 
 boundaries of both colonies. 
 
 * erohn Piiul Mascareno was born in France in 1084. At the revocation 
 of Meuri IV's Edict of Nantes by Ijouis XIV, Mascarene's father, who 
 was a Kiiguenot, had to liy. Yoiing Mawcarene at the ago of 12, went to 
 Geneva, and thence to England, where lie was naturalizedj in 1706. Hav- 
 ing received a lieutenant's commission, he came to America in 1711, and 
 was ;Mni)loyed in Nova Scotia. In 1720 he became a member of Governor 
 Philip's Council. From 1740 to 1740, ho was Lieutenant-Governor of Nova 
 Scotia, and afterwards served as a member of the council of his gncces- 
 sor, Governor Cornwnllis. He was i do a colonel in 1750, and returned 
 to Boston, his wife's birth-place, wheio he died in 1760, aged 76 years. 
 
 Questions — Give a sketch of Colonel Mascarene. What disputes oc- 
 curred about the Acadian boundary, and with what result ? How did k» 
 Galissonniere seek to promote the French view of the treaty ? 
 
3ifAP. XV-i^5B.] niSTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 193 
 
 2. Halifax Founded. — ^ \ the mejiiitime, at the urgent 
 request of the New I'^p^^iaud colouies, the British govern- 
 
 linent offered free ijrujjts of land to such of tlie military 
 'as might choose to st^ttle in Nova Scotia. A free passage 
 was also offered, as well as tools, arms, and rations for a 
 year. In consccjU Mice of this liherality, nearly 4,000 
 dishanded soldleivs, under (Jovernor Cornwallis, arrived in 
 Chebucto Ilarhor on the 21st of June, 171)4, and on its 
 shores (jomnienced the settlement of a town. In honor 
 of the Lord Halifax, then Lord rresid.qit of the Endish 
 Board of Trade and Plantations (who had taken an ac- 
 tive interest in the pioject of settlement), they named the 
 new town -Halifax.'' 
 
 3. Colonial Govp.rmnent EHta.hlishpd. ~0 the 14th of 
 July, 1749, Cornwallis established the ^ovei- aiK nt of the 
 colony, and ap]>ointed six members of -ouncil to aid him. 
 Li 1752, Cornwallis returned to England, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Governor Thomas Ilobson. In the followhiir 
 year, nearly 1,500 Germans joined the colony, and set- 
 tled in the county oi Lunenburg. 
 
 4. Old French War, — The great war of 1755-63, called 
 the old French and fiidian war, v/hich ended in the ces- 
 sion of Canada, originated chiefly in ^he territorial dis- 
 putes between the French and English colonists on the 
 banks of the Ohio to which we have referred (see page 
 77), but it was also doubtless hastened by the harsh treat- 
 ment and unfeeling expulsion of the Acadians in the pre- 
 vious year. 
 
 5. Expedition against Nova Scotia. — At the conference 
 of British Governors held at Alexandria, Virginia, in 
 April, 1755 (see page 80), one of the four expeditions 
 planned was the reduction of Louisbourg by Governor 
 Lawrence. In 1755 the first blow was struck in this 
 memorable seven years' war. In May of that year, a 
 
 Questions.— Give the particulars of the founding of Halifax, When 
 and by whom was a settled government established in Nova Scotia ? 
 What disputes led to the old French and Indian war ? 
 
 13 
 
194 
 
 ttlSTORY OF NOVA SlCOtlA. LPAiiT V-lTST. 
 
 force under Col. Winslow was 
 (IcHpatclu'd from Boston to at- 
 tack the French forts in thedis- 
 jmted tierritory on the north 
 sliore of tlie Bay of Fundy. 
 Here lie was joined by Col. 
 Monckton with regular troops 
 and artillery. They soon invest- 
 ed Fort Beau se jour, which was 
 Fort Beau86jour. commanded by I)e Verger, cap- 
 
 tured it, and changed its name to P^ort Cumberland. 
 They also took a small fort on the Gaspereau. The fort 
 on the St. John was abandoned and burnt. 
 
 G. Expulsion of Acadians. — In the harassing disputes 
 which arose between the French and English in regard to 
 the boundaries of Nova Scotia, the Acadian French, 
 although called neutrals, incited the Indians, and took 
 part with them against the English colonists. They also 
 assisted La Corne in his attack on Bay Verte in 1750. 
 Fearing that they would aid their countrymen in invading 
 Nova Scotia, Cols. Winslow and Monckton, on the 10th 
 of September, 1755, collected the Acadian population at 
 various points, on pretence of conferring with them, and 
 then cruelly forced them, young and old, innocent and 
 guilty, on board several ships, which conveyed them to 
 New England, New York, Virginia, and Georgia. About 
 7,000 were thus exiled, and their lands and cattle were 
 confiscated. Their places were chiefly filled by New 
 England colonists. After the peace of 1763, many of 
 the exiles returned to Nova Scotia, and settled in th^ 
 interior. 
 
 7. Final Capture of Loiiishourg. — In 1756, an unsuc- 
 cessful attempt was made against Louisbourg ; but in 1758, 
 after a vigorous defence for two months, it was finally 
 taken from the French, by a force of nearly 40,000 men, 
 
 Questions.— Give an account of the expedition against Nova Scotia and 
 the forts there. Give an account of the expulsion from Nova Scotia of th« 
 French Acadians. 
 
 ^> 
 
Chap. XVi-m9.] HISTOHY OF KOVA SCOTtA. 195 
 
 under Gens. Amherst, Wolfe, and Adminil Boscawen. Its 
 fortifications were destroyed, and the inhabitants sent to 
 France. 
 
 8. System of Govornment from the Conqiiesi, — The gov- 
 ernment of Nova Scotia was, from its contjucst in 1713 
 until 1719, vestinl solely in the governor as commander-in- 
 chief. In that year a council of twelve, appointed hy the 
 crown, was associated with him in the administration of 
 public affairs. In cases of emergency, the governor was 
 recpiircd to place himself under the direction of tin; gov- 
 ernor of Virufinia. Thus the w)vernor and conncil within 
 th(;mselves excn-ciscd the thrcc^fold functions an<l })owcrs of 
 logislatnro, judiciary an<l executive. This system continu- 
 ed until 1749, wIumi the seat of government wwi^ removed 
 from Anna])oHs Royal to the new town of Halifax ; and 
 Governor Cornwallis was directed to establish three coarts 
 of law in the col on v. 
 
 9. Settled System of Goverumpnt. — In 17.08, a constitu- 
 tion was granted to Nova Scotia hy England ; and on the 
 second of October in that year, its first Provincial Parlia- 
 ment was convened, under the auspices of Governor Law- 
 rence. The Legislature consisted of the Governor, and of 
 an Executive and Legislative Council combined, of twelve 
 members, appointed by the Crown, together with the 
 house of Assembly of twenty-two members, elected by 
 the rate-payers. Although a want of harmony existed 
 between the House of Assembly and the Executive 
 Council, many good laws were nevertheless passed during 
 the first session. In order to promote the settlement of 
 the colony, liberal grants of land were authorized to be 
 made to settlers in the colony ; and a promise was made 
 to them of military protection. The Legislature was 
 prorogued in April, 1759; and, in October of that year, 
 the colony sustained a great loss in the death of Governor 
 Lawrence. Ke was deeply lamented; and a monument 
 
 Questions.— Give an account of the final capture of Louis) toiirg. What 
 became of it ? Sketch the system of government in Nova Scotiaf rom its 
 conquest to 1719 and 1740. What change then took place? Trace tho 
 ev«ut« occurring from 1758 to 1760. 
 
10(> iiTSTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. fPABT V-l80d. 
 
 was erooted to liis momory in Ilulifax. In the same 
 month George II died; and a re-election of a House of 
 UeprcHentatives iH'came neccissary. In July, 17(51, tlie 
 new Lc^gislature met at Halifax ; and wliik^ it was in ses- 
 sion, the Indians of the colony entered into a formal treaty 
 of |)ea('(^ with the Governor, and their chief solcnnily 
 huricd the hatchet in the presencie of the Governor and 
 Legislature. In 17(»'J, Cape Hreton was annexed to 
 Ts'ova Scotia, and in ITdf) it was formed into a county. 
 In 1770, Princes Kdvvard Island was separated from the 
 f,^overnment of Nova Scotia. In 177r)-7() nuuth sympathy 
 was (expressed in some parts of Nova Scotia with the 
 American revolutionists ; in conseipniuce of which, the 
 members representiuijf the disalTected districts were not 
 l)ermitte<l to take their seats in the House of Assembly. 
 
 10. Wirlous Interestinij Facts — Loytdisfs — Maroons^ Sfc. 
 — After the })eace of 17Go, many of the disaffected Aca- 
 dian Fren(!h who were exiled in 17r)5 returned to Nova 
 Scotia. In 17(51, captains of the King's ships in Halifax 
 were appointed magistrates ex officio. After the Amer- 
 ican revolution, about 20,000 of the royalists were exiled 
 and settled in Nova Scotia. In 1784, in consequence of 
 the large influx of the loyalists. Cape Breton was erected 
 into a separate government, with a capital at Sydney ; but 
 in 1820 it was again reunited to Nova Scotia, and author- 
 ized to send two members to the Legislature. In 1784 
 New Brunswick and St. John's Island (Prince Edward,) 
 were also detached from Nova Scotia and made separate 
 governments. In that year, the Nova Scotia House of 
 Assembly consisted of thirty-six members, who were re- 
 turned from eight counties and one city. In 1787, Prince 
 William Henry (then serving in the navy), afterwards 
 William IV, was entertained by the Executive Council 
 and House of Assembly. In 1791, the great Pictou road 
 was opened. In 1806 the militia was organized. In 1796 
 
 Questions.— What two noted deaths took place In 1T59? Wliat waa 
 the state of feeling in respect to the American Revolution ? Give aslietcli 
 of th« moit int«reBting faots from 1763 to 1814. 
 
CHAP. XVll-t827.J HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. 197 
 
 'about 600 of the Maroons of Jamaica (who, as a race, had, 
 for forty years, harassed tln! Kurdish settlemeuts of tliat 
 island), were removed to Nova Scotia, with a view to their 
 settlement there as a fre(^ people. After unsuccessfully 
 trying the costly experiment fcr four years they were 
 transferred to Sierra Leone in 1800. In IHIG a stage- 
 coach line was established between Halifax and Windsor. 
 In 1814, $10,000 were granted by the Nova Scotia Legis- 
 lature to aid the sufferers by the war in Canada, and in 
 1827 nearly J$20,()00 were collected in Nova Scotia to aid 
 the sufferers by the great fire in Miramiclii, ^New Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL 
 
 History of Nova Scotia and Cai'e Bkkton from 
 THEIR Union, in 1820, until 18G7. 
 
 , . Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Political and Cmnmcrcicd Proyress — Present Period. 
 
 1. Political and. Commercial Proyrcss. — In 1820, efforts 
 were first formally made to protect the English fisheries 
 on the coast. In 1823 the Konian Catholics were admit- 
 ted to the full enjoyment of equal civil i)rivileges with other 
 denominations. In 1824, an act was passed authorizing 
 the construction of the Shul)enacadie canal, designed to 
 connect Halifax with Cobequid Bay. In 1828, $1,500 
 per annum were granted to establish a line of stages be- 
 tween Halifax and Annapolis. 
 
 2. Present Period. — In 18o8, the Executive-Legislative 
 Council was dissolved. An Executive Council of nine 
 members, and a Legislative Council of nineteen members, 
 appointed by the Crown, was substituted in its place. In 
 
 Questions.— Wlmt did the Nova Scotia Legislature do in 1814, and in 
 1827? Mention tlie principal subjects of Chapter XVII. Give a sketch oX 
 tbe political auU coiumercial progress made from Vi'ffi to 1828. 
 
198 HISTORY OF NOVA SCOTIA. [Part V— 1866. / 
 
 the same year, a deputation from Nova Scotia was sent to 
 confer with Lord Durham (Governor-General of British 
 North America), at Quebec, on a proposed change in the 
 constitution. A confederation of the provinces was also a 
 subject of consideration at that time, as it was with the 
 Duke of Kent in 1814, in Canada in 1849, and between 
 all the provinces in 1804-G. In 1848, a system of govern- 
 ment responsible to tlie Legislature, as in Canada, was 
 introduced. In 1851, the public statutes were revised and 
 consolidated. In the same year further efforts were made 
 to protect the fisheries, and, in 1852, a Provincial force, 
 auxiliary to the Imperial, was placed under the direction 
 of the British Admiral for that purpose. Afterwards a 
 fishing and reciprocity treaty was made with the United 
 States, but it was abrogated by that country in 1866. In 
 1860, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales visited 
 Nova Scotia, and was enthusiastically received by all classes 
 of the inhabitants. In addition to the other valuable 
 minerals, gold was discovered in 1861. In 1864 Nova Sco- 
 tia united with the other colonies in the consideration of a 
 scheme for the confederation of all the provinces of British 
 North America under one government. With that view, a 
 meeting of delegates from each province was held at Char- 
 lottetown, Halifax and Quebec. Resolutions approving of 
 confeder[itioii were passed by the Nova Scotia Legislature 
 in 1866, and the act of confederation was passed by the 
 British Parliament in 1867. 
 
 For uames of Governors of Nova Scotia, see Appendix* 
 
 Questions. — Sketch the political and commercial progress made from 
 183.3 to 1852. What was done in ia52 to protect the fisheries? Name the 
 notable event which occurred in 1860. What important political step was 
 taken in 18G4 V What is said of the couf ederatiou ? 
 
 \, .14, >,. 
 
Chap. XVllI.J BISTORT OP NEW BRUNSWICK. 199 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 " CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 ^\ , Province of New Brunswick. 
 
 (So called from the German seat of the Koyal House of Bruuswick In 
 
 Europe.) * 
 
 Size, about the same as Bavaria, or equal to a square of 165 miles 
 Geographical Introduction. 
 
 1. Noted For. — New Brunswick is noted for its nu- 
 merous rivers, its fiue timber, and its extensive ship- 
 building. 
 
 2. Position and Boundaries. — This Province (in shape 
 an irregular square) lies south of the Gaspe peninsula, and 
 is bounded on the north bv the l^av of Chaleurs and 
 Lower Canada, on the east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 and Nova Scotia, on the south by the Bay of Fundy, and 
 on the west by the State of Maine. 
 
 3. Physical Features. — The surface of New Brunswick 
 is agreeably diversified with hill and dale, mountain, and 
 valley, picturesque lakes and noble rivers. Its forests are 
 well wooded, and the soil along the rivers and in the val- 
 leys is rich and fertile. The fine bays are well adapted 
 for commerce. 
 
 Questions. From what place was New Brunswick named ? Mention 
 ItB size ? For what is it noted ? Give its position »nd houudaries, !)©• 
 I cribe its physical foq,turo», 
 
S^OO HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. PART V1--1784. 
 
 History of New Brunswick, from its Discovert 
 UNTIL ITS Separation from Nova Scotia, in 1784. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Discovery and Settlement — Indian and Intercolonial Wars 
 — Separation from Nova Scotia. 
 
 [NoTK. — As N»iw Brunswick formed a part of the French Province of 
 Acadie, or tlie British Province of Nova Scotia for 250 years, from its 
 discovery in lalU until its separation from Nova Scotia in 1784, its history 
 is necessarily blende<l with thaL of the early French and English Acadian 
 colonies of those times. Wo havr, therefore, only inserted the following 
 brief reirnme of the precedinjj; history of Acadie and Nova Scotia up to 
 1784, with some local references, as being also the history of Now Bruns- 
 wick up \£> that date. Fvoin 1781 New Brunswick ha3 a separate history 
 of its own, and as such we have given it in this chapter.] 
 
 1. Aboriginal Indians. — When Europeans first visited 
 New Brunswick, three Algonquin nations occupied Acadie, 
 then including New Brunswick and Maine, viz. : The 
 Micmacs, or Souri(juois (salt-water men), who occupied 
 the country from Gaspc Bay to the river Ste. Croix ; the 
 Etchemins, or Malice tes (canoe-men), from the Ste. Croix 
 to the Penobscot river ; and the Abnaquis, or Kannibas, 
 whose huntinij-oTounds extended from the Penobscot to 
 the Kennebec river. These three nations became after- 
 wards more closely united, and were known by the French 
 under the name of the " Nations Abnaquises." The 
 Malicetes frequented the river St. John, while the Mic- 
 macs kept to the sea-side. These Indians do not now 
 number more than l,r)00. 
 
 2. Discovery. — Jacques Cartier made his first voyage to 
 the New World in 15o4 ; and on the IDth of July entered 
 a deep bay, which, from the intense heat he experienced 
 there, he nan ed the " Baie des Chaleurs." He was 
 pleased with the country, and exj>erienced kind treatment 
 from the inhabitants. In 1G04, Do Monts was commis- 
 
 QuESTioxs.— Mention the principal subjects of Chapter xviii. What 
 is said in the note about the early history of New Brunswick? Give the 
 names of the Indian tribes of the country, and say where they were jfoun^i 
 Sketch the discovery of New JBrunswick, 
 
OhAP. XVIII— 1632.] HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 201 
 
 sioned by Henry IV to make further discoveries ; and 
 after visiting Port Rosignol (now Liverpool), Nova 
 Scotia, he entered a bay which he named La Baie Fran- 
 gaise, since known as the Bay of Fuudy. Coasting along 
 this bay, with his companion, Poutrincourt, the latter se- 
 lected a spot on a spacious basin for settlement, and named 
 it Port Royal. De Monts hastened on, and, on the festi- 
 val of St. John the Baptist (24th June), reached the grand 
 river Ou-an-gou-dy, which he named St. John river. En- 
 tering another river, he erected a fort; and from the 
 cross-shaped configuration of the stream and its tributaries, 
 he named it Ste. Croix. This was abandoned, in 1605, 
 for Port Royal, which, for tliree years, flourished greatly, 
 under the guidance of Poutrincourt and Lescarbot. (See 
 Nova Scotia.) 
 
 3. Extent of Acadie. — At this time the entire country 
 extending from New England to the Bay of Chaleurs, in- 
 cluding the islands and peninsula, was called Acadie. The 
 English claimed it by virtue of the discoveries of Cabot ; 
 and the French from actual possession. The chief French 
 settlements were Port Royal (Annapolis) and Ste. Croix, 
 — ^which last was afterwards abandoned for Port Royal, 
 as above. 
 
 4. Original Grants. — Tn 1021, James I of England 
 granted to Sir W. Alexander, afterwards the Earl of 
 Stirling, the whole of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and 
 Prince Edward Island. With this grant he instituted the 
 order of the Baronets of Nova Scotia, on condition that 
 these baronets would colonize the countrv. In 1625, 
 Charles I renewed the grant, and included in it the whole 
 of the country from the St. Lawrence to California. 
 
 5. Disputes and Seizure. — Failing to gain possession 
 himself. Sir William, in 1627, despatched Sir David Kertk 
 and his brother forcibly to expel the French. They soon 
 captured Port Royal, Ste. Croix, and Pem-a-quid, or Pen- 
 ta-go-et (Penobscot). They also made a prisoner of 
 
 Questions. When and by whom was Ste. Croix discovered and settled ? 
 Mention the extent of Acadie. To whom was the original grant made ? 
 WJiat clisput^s followed ? How were tUe claimsJ compromised ? 
 
202 HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. [PAKT VI-1692. 
 
 Claude de la Tour, to whom the French king had made 
 a grant of a tract of country on the St. John. 
 
 6. Compromise of Claims. — In England, De la Tour and 
 Lord Stirling agreed to compromise their claims, each to 
 i^ceive a part. De la Tour was sent to Acadie to carry 
 out this arrangement ; but De la Tour's son (Charles), 
 who was in command of a French fort at Cape Sable 
 (about 75 miles from Sable Island), refused to give it up 
 to his father, who acted as the representative of the Eng- 
 lish claimants ; but in 1632, Charles I ceded the whole 
 country to Louis XIII, and granted Lord Stirling £10,000 
 (about $50,000) as indemnity. 
 
 7. Madame de la, Tour. — Charles de la Tour, son of 
 Claude, erected a fort at Gensec, on the St. John River, 
 after he had taken possession of his portion ; but his suc- 
 cess excited the jealousy of the French Governor, Charles 
 de Menou, Lord of Charnizay and d'Aulnay. In 1638, 
 Louis XIII defined the territory of the disputants. Never- 
 theless, the dispute continued ; and Charnizay, having re- 
 ceived orders from Louis XIII in 1644 to arrest de la 
 Tour, laid siege to his fort. De la Tour, aided by Gov- 
 ernor Winthrop of Massachusetts, compelled Charnizay to 
 raise the siege. Afterwards, in 1645, in the absence of 
 Charles de la Tour, he again laid siege to Fort de la 
 Tour, near the site of the present city of St. John. 
 Madame de la Tour, an heroic lady, gallantly defended 
 the Fort, and thrice repulsed him. Charnizay, mortified to 
 find that he had been so long resisted by so small a force, had 
 the barbarity to hang all the survivors, and even compelled 
 this noble lady, with a halter round her neck, to witness 
 their execution. Slie did not long survive the mental 
 agony to which she had been thus exposed. Charnizay 
 was in 1647 made Governor of the Colony, and died in 
 1650. 
 
 8. Indian inroads. — In 1639, French settlements were 
 made on the Bay of Chaleurs ; and in 1672, on the river 
 
 Questions. Wlio was Charles de la Tour ? What dispute had he with 
 Charnizay ? Give an account of the lieroic conduct of Madame de la Too* 
 iu the defence of the fort. What Indian coutesta look pl^ce V 
 
Chap. XVII1-1761.J HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 203 
 
 Miramichi, and at other places on the eastern coast. The 
 English colonists who settled in the colony after the suc- 
 cessive conquests or partial conquests, suffered much from 
 the Indians, and were involved in the contests between the 
 Mohawks and the Micmacs. The Mohawks were vic- 
 torious ; but in 1692, the Micmacs, under their chief, 
 Ilalion, attacked tlie whites, burned their houses, and com- 
 pelled them to fly. To allay this enmity, bounties were 
 offered to such colonists as would marry Indian wives, — 
 but this plan did not succeed. 
 
 9. Capture and Cession. — In 1652, Chas. de la Tour 
 married Charnizay's widow, and succeeded to his estates, 
 Le Borgne, a creditor of Charnizay, attacked de la Tour 
 in St. John ; but Cromwell having directed Colonel Sedge- 
 wick in 1654 to recover Nova Scotia from the French, he 
 defeated de la Tour at St. John, and Le Borgne at Port 
 Royal, and took the whole of Acadie. (See also History 
 of Nova Scotia.) In 1667, the colony was again ceded to 
 France, by Charles II. In 1690, Sir Wm. Phipps took 
 Port Royal and other places. Villebon, the French gov- 
 ernor, however, soon recaptured them ; and from Fort 
 Villebon, or Natch wack (near the site of Fredericton), on 
 the river St. John, the Indians were supplied with arms to 
 attack the English colonies in New England. The peo- 
 ple of Massachusetts retaliated ; and Col. Church took 
 some posts in Acadie, and then returned to Boston. In 
 1696, the country was again ceded to France, by the 
 Treaty of Ryswick. In 1704, Col. Church attacked St. 
 John, Minas and two other posts, but failed. In 1704 
 another unsuccessful expedition, under Col. Marck, was 
 sent against Acadie. In 1710, however. Gen. Nicholson 
 captured Port Royal, the chief port in Nova Scotia, which 
 he named Annapolis; and, in 1713, by the Treaty of 
 Utrecht, the whole of Nova Scotia, including what is now 
 New Brunswick, was ceded to Great Britain. In 1758 
 the first Parliament of the Colony met at Halifax. 
 
 Questions.— Give a further account of Charnizay's dispute with de la 
 Tour. How was it ended? Mention the provisions of the treaty of 
 Ryswick. What expedition was undertaken ? What local ooutests tooH 
 place V 
 
204 HISTORY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. [PAET VI— 1783. 
 
 10. Local Contests, — From 1713 until 1763, contests 
 with the Micmac Indians and attacks from the French, 
 who endeavored to regain the country colonized by their 
 countrymen, harassed the Pinglish settlements. But by 
 the treaty of 1763, which followed the capture of Louis- 
 bourg and Quebec, France renounced all claim to either 
 Acadie or Canada. 
 
 11. Settlement and Early Piivations. — !». 1761, some 
 settlers in the county of Essex, Massachuse< ts, obtained a 
 grant of an area of country aboui twelve miles square on 
 the St. John river. Next year they left Essex, and, after 
 some delay, settled at Mangerville, in Sunbury ; others 
 settled near Carlo w, at the head of the Bay of Fundy. 
 Justices of the peace were appointed for the first time, and 
 a court held there. In 1764, emigration from Great 
 Britain flowed into New Brunswick ; and during the 
 American revolution many settlers came in from the ad- 
 joining colonies. William Davidson, from Scotland, 
 formed a settlement at Miramichi, which in 1777 was 
 nearly destroyed by the Indians, who had declared in 
 favor of the American revolutionists. Privateers also « 
 pillaged the settlement. In 1783, peace was proclaimed ; 
 and great numbers of the disbanded troops and of the 
 United Empire Loyalists settled in New Brunswick. The 
 loyalists had to seek shelter in log and bark huts ; and 
 had, for a length of time, to suffer more than the usual 
 hardships and privations incident to a settler's life in the 
 wilderness. For the first year the British government 
 liberally supplied these devoted loyalists with provisions, 
 clothing, and some farming implements. 
 
 Questions. What is said of settlements and early privations ? What 
 settlements were made in New Brunswick ? Wliere did the colouibts come 
 from? Give au account of the U. E 
 
 •l->V, 
 
 't... v.. , 
 
t)ttAt>. XlX-1785.] HISTOny OF NEW feUUNsWlCK. ^05 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 New Brunswick, from its Skpa ration from Nova 
 
 ;v ■' Scotia in 1784, until 18(;G. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter 
 
 I Civil Government Estuhlislied — Fires — Ashhurton Treaty — 
 
 Responsible (' wernment. 
 
 1. A Separate Province. — In 1784-5, New Brunswick 
 
 (then the county of Sunbury) was detached from Nova 
 
 Scotia and became a separate Province. A town was 
 
 built at tlie mouth of the St. John (now the important 
 
 commercial city of St. Jolin), and anotlier at St. Anne's 
 
 Point, called Fredericton. This last place became the 
 
 capital of the uew Province. Two military posts were 
 
 established up the St. John, — one at Presqu'Isle, eighty 
 
 miles from Fredericton, and the other at the Grand Falls, 
 
 ^J a hundred and thirty-two miles from Fredericton. A 
 
 f: constitution was also granted to New Brunswick by royal 
 
 ' charter, and Thomas Carleton, Esq., appointed governor. 
 
 During his administration, of nearly twenty years, the 
 
 ' country greatly prospered. From a rude, uncultivated 
 
 wilderness, peopled chiefly by warlike Indians, he left it 
 
 with many comfortable settlements, and with a regular 
 
 Questions.— When did New Brunswick become a separate Province ? 
 What towns were soon after built ? What place became the capital of 
 the Province ? What is said of Gov. Carleton'a administration of affairs ? 
 
20G 
 
 ttlSTOUY OP NKW BRUNSWICK. [t»ART Vt-18I?. 
 
 Grand Falls, on tlie St, John Elver. 
 
 governmoTit and establislied local courts, tofifctlier with 
 other evidences of permanent i>Towth and stability. After 
 he had departed for Euirland, tlie ijovernment was admin- 
 istered, until 1 <S1 7, by olliccn's styled Presidents. In If^Oi) 
 the Parisli Pai'lianient imposed a duty upon tind)er coming 
 from the Baltic into England, while tliat from New 
 Brunswick and other colonies was admitted free. This 
 continued to give a great impulse to the timber trade of 
 the country, until, in LSSo, from over-trading, a reaction 
 took ])lace. It again recovered, and, although subject to 
 fluctuation, the tind)er trade and commerce of New Bruns- 
 wick has continued to flourisli. At the close of the Amer- 
 ican war, in 1815, New Brunswick received a large num- 
 ber of military colonists, disbanded from the British army 
 then in America. In 1817, Major-General G. S. Smyth 
 was appointed to succeed Governor Carleton. He died in 
 
 QuESTiojJS. — Wliat title had the early governors ? How was the 
 timber-trade fostered ? Did prosperity last ? Name the govemora. 
 
CrtA^.xrx-l«46.) iiistouY OK Kkw imuNswrcR. *20l 
 
 1823; and in 1824, Major-General Sir Howard Douglas 
 was appointed Governor. 
 
 2. lire in Miraimchi Woods. — In 182;"), an oxeeediiifjly 
 liot summer oa'urrexl, and a ^neaf lire (l(;vastated the intire 
 east coast of Miramiehi, covering an area of 0,000 sciuaro 
 miles, and oOO lives were lost, and [>r()|Krty to the amount 
 of a million of dollars destroyed. $200,000 were collected 
 in various places for the sufferers. In 18'} I, Sir Howard 
 Douglas, who had successfully govcaiuMl the Province 
 for fourteen years, retired, and was succeeded hy Sir Ar- 
 chil)ald Campbell, in ISfJ-S. 
 
 3. Fire, in St. Ji>lni. — 1« 1837 a destructive fire visited 
 the city of St. John, when 1 15 houses, and property to the 
 value of $1,000,000, were destroyed. 
 
 4. Hevenae Surrendered. — In 1837, the revenues of the 
 Province were surrendered to tin; local government on 
 conaition that the payment of the salaries of certain civil 
 officers, amounting to $r)8,000 per annum, should be 
 granted to Her Majesty. In 1838, Sir Archibald Camj)- 
 bell retired (the House of Assemldy having recjuested his 
 recall) and Sir John Harvey was appointed in his place. 
 
 5. Ashburton Treaty, ^c. — In 1842, the Ashlmrton 
 Treaty between Great Britain and the United States was 
 negotiated by Lord Ashl)urton. l^y it the disputed 
 boundary between Maine and New Brunswick was set- 
 tled. This territory contained 12,000 square miles, or 
 7,770,000 acres. Maine received 4,500,000 acres, and 
 New Brunswick 3,200,000. Before the boundary dis- 
 pute was settled, grent discontent was felt by the inhabit- 
 ants in the disputed territory, and collisions took place be- 
 tween them, The boundarv-line between Canada and 
 New Brunswick was afterwards peaceably settled. Reci- 
 procity treaties and arrangements with the United States 
 and Canada, and other provinces have since been effected. 
 In 1845, commissioners were appointed to survey a rail- 
 
 QuESTiONS.— Wliat calamities occurred ? Wliat revenue change waa 
 U ' made in 1837. Mention the divisions made of tlie disputed territory 
 under tlie Ashburton Treaty. What state of feeling existed on th© 
 nubject ? 
 
208 itlSTORY OF NEW imUNSWICK. [PARTVI-iSel 
 
 Way route from Halifax to Quebec across New Bruns- 
 wick, and in 1^^02-4 the project of tliis great intercolon- 
 ial railway was again revived, and has since been carried 
 into effect. 
 
 G. liesponsihle Goveniment^ similar to that of Canada, 
 was introduced in 1848. Since tlKni the Province has 
 increased in wealth, population, and importance ; an<l 
 now equally with the otlmr North Americran colonies en- 
 joys the protection of Great Britain, and the fullest exer- 
 cise of politi(!al fnuMloni compatibh; with the mainten- 
 ance of that cordial and haj)j)y connection which subsists 
 between New l»runswick and the mother country. In 
 1800 His Jloyal I Highness the Prince of AVales visited 
 New Brunswick, and was very cordially received by the 
 inhabitants. In 1804 delegates from thi^ Province united 
 with the delegates of the other provinces to consid(^r a 
 scheme of confedc^ration for the whole of the British 
 North American Provinces. It was agreed to by a vote 
 of the legislature in 1800, and consummated in 1807. 
 
 For Governors and rresidents of New Brunswick, see Appendix. . 
 
 QuESTiON — What events occurred in 1848 and 1860 ? , 
 
 A- 
 
 
 i 
 
^CAKv. xx^nio.] nrstonr o^ p. k. island. 200 
 
 Part VII. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 The Island of Prince Edward. 
 
 (So called from Prince Edward, Duko of Kent, Quoen Victoria's father.) 
 
 Size, about equal to a square of 4G niiloH. 
 
 Okoquaphical Introduotion. 
 
 1. Noted For. — Prince Edward Island is noted for its 
 fertility, and for its comparatively salubrious climate. 
 
 2. Position and Extent. — This crescent-shaped island, 
 130 miles long by about 34 wide, occupies the soutliern 
 portion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is 30 miles from 
 Cape Breton, 15 from Nova Scotia, and 9 from New 
 Brunswick, and follows the curve of their coast line. 
 The Northumberland Straits separate it from the main- 
 land. 
 
 3. Physical Features. — The surface is slightly undulat- 
 ing. A chain of hills extends nearly westward of Rich- 
 mond Bay, but in no place do they reach a high elevation. 
 The land is very level. The indentations along the coast 
 are numerous, the chief of which are Hillsborough and 
 Richmond bays. These penetrate the island from oppo- 
 site directions, and divide it into three separate peninsulas. 
 
 History of St. Jean, or Prince Edward Island, 
 
 1497-1770. 
 
 U Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Discovery — Original Grants — Survey and Settlement. 
 
 4. Discovery. — Sebastian Cabot, in his voyage from 
 
 k Questions.— How did Prince Edward leland receive its name ? For 
 MWhat is it noted ? Mention its size— its position— extent. Describe the 
 Ipbysical features of Prince Edward Island. Mention the principal sub- 
 jOQtt of obapter xx. Give au account of the discovery of P. E. I. 
 
210 ttlSTOnV or p. K. IStAND. rPAHT VII-lt««. 
 
 Bristol to tho New World, \h believed to have diHCovered 
 the island on St. John's day, 141>7. From this circura- 
 Btanctt it was called by Chaniplain (the founder of Que- 
 bec), in his sketch of New France, Isle St. .Jean, or St. 
 John, — a name which it retained until 1800. Verazzani 
 is also supposed to have visited the island in l/>24, 
 
 5. Original Grant. — The Indians found on the island 
 belonged to the Micmac and Abenaki tribes of Acadie 
 and New England. They were laft in undisturbed pos- 
 session of it for nearly two centuries after Cabot's visit ; 
 although, with Cape Breton, the island had long been in- 
 cluded in that part of the territory of New Franc;e called 
 Acadie. At length, in 1GG3, with the Magdalen Islands, 
 it was granted by the French king to Sieur Doublet, a 
 French naval captain, for fishing purposes. In l71/>, two 
 years after the Treaty of Utrecht, many French families 
 removed to the island from Nova Scotia, and a few from 
 Cape Breton. 
 
 6. Captures. — In 1745 Louisbourg, Cape Breton, was 
 taken by the New Englandei s ; and they also laid claim 
 to this island ; but it was restored to the French in 1748, 
 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1758, it was again 
 captured; and Col. Lord Rollo, with a detachment of 
 troops, took possession of it, by Lord Amherst's direc- 
 tions. Many of the French inhabitants, fearing expul- 
 sion, left the island shortly afterwards. At length, by 
 the treaty of 1763, it was, with Cape Breton, finally 
 ceded to the British Crown, and attached to the govern- 
 ment of Nova Scotia. 
 
 7. Survey and Settlement. — In 17G4-C, the island was 
 surveyed by Capt. Holland. Lord Egmont's plan, 
 among others, to erect it into feudal baronies, was not 
 approved ; but, as advised by the Board of Trade and 
 plantations, it was, by order of King George III, divided 
 into towulands (or townships), of about 20,000 acres, and 
 
 Questions. — When and to whom was the island originally granted? 
 What noted captures were made on the island in 1745 and 1758? When 
 and by whom was the island surveyed? What plan of settlement wa« 
 adopted. 
 
Chap. XXI-1T73] HISTORY OF P. E. ISLAND. 211 
 
 in 1767 distributed, by Lord Wm. Cuni|)b(!ll, the erover- 
 nor, hy lottery, among army and navy olHcers, and others 
 who had claims upon the govcirnment, on certain pre- 
 Bcribed conditions of settlement, and the payment of a 
 quit-rent. Only a small portion of tiie island (0,000 
 acres) was reserved for the king, and 100 a(;i'(!s in each 
 township for a minister, with .'JO acres for a school-master, 
 besides a breadth of 500 feet rurniing along the coast for 
 the purposes of free fishery. The settlement of the is- 
 land progressed very slowly undia* this mortmain system. 
 In 1875, however, an arrangement was made wluimby 
 this anomalous system of lan«l temire in Prince Edward 
 Island was exchanged for that effect(;d hy purchase. 
 
 CHAPTER XX r. 
 
 History of Princk Edward Island, from its Sepa- 
 ration FROM Nova Scotia until the pre- 
 sent TIME, 1770-18GG. \. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Constitution — Quif-Jients — /imnitpvifion — Political Pro- 
 gress. 
 
 1. Separate Government. — Tin; i)roprictors having peti- 
 tioned the King, and promised to bear part of the neces- 
 sary expenses, llis Majesty, in 1770, erected St. .fohn (or 
 Prince Edward) Island into a separate government, and 
 appointed Walter Paterson, Esip, the first governor. 
 
 2. Constitutimi Granted. — In 1778, a constitution, 
 similar to those of the other North American Provinces, 
 was granted , and in that year the first meeting of the 
 
 Questions. — Mention the principal subjects of clisipter xxi. "When 
 was a constitution granted? Give a sketch of the government. 
 
212 HiSTOttY OP P. E. ISLAND. Part VlI-1802. 
 
 legislature took place. The government consisted of a 
 Lieutenant-Governor, aided by a combined Executive and 
 Legislative Council, and a house of Assembly of 18 
 members. Of the Executive Council, three were mem- 
 bers of the Legislative Council, and one of the House of 
 Assembly. This constitution was modified in 1861. 
 
 3. Washington and the Islanders. — In 1775, two Ameri- 
 can cruisers, taking advantage of the defenceless state of 
 the island, attacked and plundered Charlottetown, carry- 
 ing off the acting governor and two other civil oilicers. 
 The matter having been reported to General Washington, 
 here})rimanded and dismissed the captains of the cruisers, 
 restored the plundered property, and set the governor 
 and his officers free, with many courteous ex})ressions of 
 regret for their sufferings. 
 
 4. Duke of Kent and the Islanders. — The Duke of 
 Kent (father to the Queen), who for ten years resided, at 
 different times, at Halifax, as communder-in-chief, paid 
 great attention to the stjite of its defences. lie had bat- 
 teries erected for the protection of Charlottetown ; and 
 organized the militia for the protection of the island dur- 
 ing the revolutionary war. He returned to England in 
 1800 ; and, as a mark of esteem for their protector, the 
 House of Assembly changed the name of the island from 
 St. John to Prince Edward. 
 
 5. Quit- Rents Composition. — In 1797, the proportion 
 of rents paid by the proprietors not being sufficient to de- 
 fray the expenses of government, the British Parliament, 
 upon the presentation of the House of Assembly, made 
 an aimual grant for that purpose. In 1802, the arrears 
 of quit-rents amounted to $800,000. To relieve the 
 proprietors of this heavy burden, the Imperial govern- 
 ment accepted a liberal composition for the debt. 
 
 6. Increased Immigration. — The effect of this generous 
 step was at once perceptible in the increased prosperity 
 
 Questions.— What is said of Wasliington and the islanders? How did 
 the Dulce of Kent act ? Mention the financial changes made in 1797. 
 
Chap. XXI— 1837.] HISTORY OP P. E. ISLAND. 213 
 
 of the island. In 1803, the Earl of Selkirk (who after- 
 wards colonized Red Hiver Settlement), took over 800 
 Highlanders : their numbers were afterwards increased 
 to 4,000. 
 
 7. Progress of Events from 1770 to 1833. — Governor 
 Patterson, being accused of impeding by monopoly the 
 settlement and cultivation of \\\q island, was succeeded by 
 Governor Fanning ; who during his nineteen years' ser- 
 vice did little to promote the interests of the island. He 
 was succeeded by Governor Desbarres, who was more 
 
 . successful during his eight years' stay. A brother of Sir 
 Sidney Smith became governor in 1813. His tyrannical 
 conduct, however, in refusing to call the Legislature to- 
 gether for four years, and in seeking the arrest of Mr. 
 Stewart, who had bc^^n sent to England to represent the 
 grievances of the colony to the king, caused so much agi- 
 tation, that he was recalled in 1824, and Coloncd Keady 
 appointed in his place. During his administration, a cen- 
 
 - 8U8 of the inhabitants was taken, and the Uoman Catholic 
 disabilities removed. By his excellent qunlilies he endear- 
 ed himself to the inhabitants. lie was succeeded by Col. 
 Young, who was appointed in 1830. During his adminis- 
 tration the agitation for a separation of the Executive and 
 Legislative Councils, and for responsible government com- 
 menced. 
 
 8. Progress of Event's from 1834 to 1850. — Governor 
 Young havintr died in 1837, was succeeded bv Sir John 
 Harvey in 1836. Sir John, having been transferred to 
 New Brunswick, was succeeded by Sir Charles Fitzroy 
 in 1837. During his administration, the Legislative 
 Council was remodelled. A separate Executive Council 
 of nine members, was formed, and a Legislative Council 
 of twelve appointed, exclusive of the Chief Justice, who 
 retired from it. Sir Charles having been appointed to the 
 West Indies, Sir H. V. Huntley succeeded him in 1841. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of immigration ? Give a slietcli of the pro- 
 gress of the principal events which took place from 1770 to 1833— and also 
 from 1834 to 1850. Who were the island governors during those years ? 
 
214 III8TORY OF P. E. ISLAND. [PART VII— 1860. 
 
 In that year a census was taken. In 1842, education was 
 greatly promoted. In 1837 the Colonial Building was 
 commenced ; and in 1846 a geologictd survey of the island 
 was made. Governor Huntley having retired, Sir Donald 
 Campbell was appointed in 1847. In that year the House 
 of Assembly passed an address to Her Majesty, praying 
 for the introduction into the Province of Responsible 
 Government. In 1848 a census was taken. Further con- 
 tests took place with the Legislature on the subject of 
 responsible government, in the midst of which Governor 
 Campbell died, and was succeeded by Sir Alexander Ban- 
 nerman in 1850. 
 
 9. Progress of Events from 1850 to 1864.— In 1851, 
 during Governor Bannerman's administration, responsible 
 government was fully introduced into the island. In 1852 
 an important Act establishing free education was passed. 
 In 1853, an Act establishing universal suffrage was passed. 
 Governor Bannerman having been removed to the Baha- 
 mas, he was succeeded by Sir Dominick Daly (formerly 
 Secretary of Canada) in 1854. In that year an Act was 
 passed to give effect to Lord Elgin's Reciprocity Treaty 
 with the United States. In the same year the members 
 of the House of Assembly were increased from twenty- 
 four to thirty members. In 1856 a Normal school was 
 established. In 1857 an agitation commenced on the 
 question (which was decided in the affirmative in 1860) 
 of regulating the introduction of the Bible into common 
 schools. Governor Daly having retired, he was succeed- 
 ed by Governor Dundas in 1859. In 1860, the members 
 of the Legislative Council were also increased from twelve 
 to seventeen. Three acts were passed during this year 
 for improving education in the island. The memorable 
 visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales also took 
 place in 1860, and he was everywhere greeted with de- 
 monstrations of joy. An important Commission was ap- 
 
 QUESTioNS — What improvements were made in 1837 ? What was done 
 in 1848 ? Who succeeded Governor Campbell ? Give a »ketcll of tlj« 
 progress of events from i860 to 1866, 
 
[Chap. XXII. HISTORY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. ," 215 
 
 jf appointed this year to inquire into the state of the land 
 r question with a view to suggest a fair and equitable mode 
 ol converting the leaseholds into freeholds. In 1861, the 
 Commissioners presented a minute and valuable report on 
 the subject. General prosperity has since prevailed, and 
 e^ try effort is now made to develope the physical re- 
 sources of the island. In 1864, a meeting of delegates 
 from each of the several British Provinces was held, at 
 Charlottetown, to consider the expediency of uniting all 
 the Provinces under one Confederation. Great unanimity 
 on the subject prevailed. Subsequent meetings were held 
 by the delegates at Halifax and Quebec in the same year. 
 The island was admitted to the Dominion Confederation 
 in 1873. 
 
 For names of Governors of Prince Edward Island, see Appendix. 
 
 Part VIII. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Province of Newfoundland. 
 
 (So called from being the first land " found " in the New World by Sir 
 
 eJohn Cabot.) 
 
 Size, less than one-third that of Ontario, or equal to a sq. of 245 miles. 
 
 Geographical Intboduction. 
 
 1. Noted For, — Newfoundland is noted for its fisheries, 
 and for being the first British colony established in 
 America. 
 
 — ■-I »!.. , ■■ ■ ■ I. - ■ 
 
 QUB8TION8.— What commission was appointed? To what does Part; 
 VIII relate ? How did N«wiouudland receive its name ? 
 
216 
 
 HISTORY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. [Part VIIL 
 
 2. Position. — This island is the largest iu the North Ame- 
 rican seas, 
 and lies at the 
 entrance to 
 
 ^^^ the Gulf of 
 ^^"^^^ St. Lawrence 
 It is triangu- 
 lar in shape, 
 and is about 
 1,200 m. in 
 circumfer- 
 ence. Its 
 length is 400 
 m., its great- 
 Appearance of Newfoundland from a Balloon. est width 300. 
 
 3. Physical Features. — The coast-line is pierced by 
 manj fine bays and harbors. The surface is much diver- 
 sified by numerous hills, rivers, lakes, mossy marshes, 
 and barren rocky ridges, especially along the western 
 coast. 
 
 History of the Island of Newfoundland. 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Indians — Discovery — Fisheries — Expedition — Settlement 
 
 — -Government — Wars. 
 
 4. The Red Indians. — An Algonquin tribe, called Baeo- 
 thic, or Bethuck, with some Esquimaux Indians, occupied 
 the Island of Newfoundland vhen Sebastian Cabot first 
 visited it. Their food then was raw flesh. They resided 
 chiefly in the vicinity of the Exploits river, but are now 
 extinct. They were ruthlessly exterminated by the Mic- 
 
 OUKSTIONS. — Wliat is the nositlon and shape of Newfoundland ? Des- 
 cribe its T»hvsical features. Mention the principal subjects of chap, xxxy. 
 What is said of the Baeof ic, Esquimaux, and Micmac, ox RedJn^WVit 
 
Chap. XXII.] HISTORY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 21 7 
 
 mac Indians and the Ti-liites, who waged perpetual war- 
 fare against them. o Micmacs having painted their 
 persons with the red ochre found in the island, received 
 the name of the " Red Indians." Their mode of captur- 
 ing deer was ingenious. Tliey cut down trees on either 
 bank of a river, so as to form a brush fence, leaving 
 openings at intervals, through which the deer must pass, 
 in doing which these unsuspecting animals became an easy 
 prey to the hunter. There are now very few Indians, if 
 any, on the island. 
 
 5. Northern Discovery. — It is supposed that Newfound- 
 land, or Ilelluland, was originally discovered by Biarne, 
 son of Ileriulf Bardson, a follower of Eric the Red, Earl 
 of Norway, who in the year 080, emigrated from Iceland 
 to Greenland. Lcif, son of the Earl, is said to have 
 made a second visit in the year 1000, and to have gone 
 as far south as Vinland (Massachusetts), " a place of 
 grapes." Thorwold, brother of Leif, reached Vinland in 
 1002, but returning home, fell in with the Skrelling, or 
 Esquimaux Indians, and was killed. His brother Thor- 
 stein sought to recover his body but failed. In 1004 
 Thorfinn, a person of illustrious lineage, is also said to 
 have made a voyage to Ilelluland, Markland (Nova Sco- 
 tia), and Vinland. These statements are disputed, but 
 they are supported by various authorities. 
 
 6. Cabofs Discovery. — Columbus, having in vain ap- 
 plied to King Henry VII of England to become the 
 patron of his great enterprise, was compelled at length to 
 seek the aid of th« King, and especially of the Queen, of 
 Spain. After his famous discovery was known, Henry 
 was chagrined at his own eupineness, and he then resolved 
 to retrieve his error. He therefore, in May, 1497, des- 
 patched John Cabot and his sons on a voyage of discove- 
 ry to the west. On the 24th June they reached a point on 
 the American coast, either Labrador, or more probably 
 
 OuESTiONS.— Who first discovered Newfoundland in 986 ? Mention the 
 discoveries of the Northmen. What led to Cabot's voyage ? Give an 
 ftcoount of his discovery of Newfoundland, 
 
218 HISTORY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. [PART Vlil.- 
 
 Newfoundland, to which, as the land first seen, they gave 
 the name of Prima Vista. Owing to the quantities of 
 cod-fish on the coast, they called the place Bac-ca-la-os 
 (which was the local, as well as the Breton name for cod- 
 fish). (See page 23.) This name is still given to a small 
 island off the northern point of the Avalon peninsula, 
 which would seem to indicate the precise spot " first seen " 
 by the Cabots. In the manuscript records of the pay- 
 ments out of Henry Vll's " privy purse," preserved in the 
 British Museum, is the interesting one of "£10," paid 
 on the 10th of August, 1497, "to hym that found the 
 New Isle." In 1498, Sebastian Cabot, who became a 
 celebrated navigator, again visited the island, and sailed 
 as far north as 1 ludson Bay. 
 
 7. GortereaVs Visit — First Fisheries. — In 1500,Gaspard 
 Cortereal, a Portuguese, visited the island. He gave to 
 Conception Bay and Portugal Cove the names they still 
 bear. His account of the abundance of fish on the banks 
 induced the Portuguese, in 1502, to establish the fisheries, 
 which have since become so famous and productive. The 
 French, Spaniards, and English soon followed, and in 
 1617 there were fifty vessels engaged in the enterprise. 
 In 1578 this number had increased to 400. The Portu- 
 guese soon after ceased to visit the coast, leaving the fish- 
 eries chiefly in the hands of the French and the English. 
 
 S.Verrazzcmi's Visit. — In 1523, John Verrazzani visited 
 the island, and carefully examined 2,000 miles of the ad- 
 jacent coast. Upon his examination and report, the 
 French laid claim to the whole country, as forming part 
 of New France. 
 
 9. Cartier^s Visit. — In 1534, Jacques Cartier went 
 partially around the island of Newfoundland, onr his 
 way to Canada, and so pleased was he with the scenery 
 of the cape which he first saw, that he called it " Boua- 
 vista," a name it still bears. Sailing northwards of New- 
 
 QuESTioNS.— What places were visited ? Mention the historical re- 
 cords of the discovery. Who followed Cabot ? What nations engaged in 
 tb© fisheries ? Were otUer visits made to the islau(i. 
 
[A.P.XXII.J HISTORY OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 
 219 
 
 >undland, he passed through the Strait of Belle Isle into 
 Ihe Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 10. Gilbert^ s Expedition, — During the memorable reign 
 of Queen Elizabeth, London, Bristol, and other English 
 ports actively engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries. 
 At this time the question of a north-west passage to India 
 occupied public attention. Colonization, too, had its ar- 
 dent promoters. Among the distinguished friends to 
 
 this Scheme in England was 
 Sir Walter Raleigh,* whose 
 name is so memorable in the 
 early history of the State of 
 Virginia. With his half- 
 brother, vSir Humphrey Gil- 
 bert, he obtained a charter of 
 colonization from the Queen. 
 The first expedition which 
 sailed met with disaster, and 
 returned. Sir Walter was to 
 have accompanied the second, 
 but sickness in his ship pre- 
 vented him. It sailed, how- 
 ever, for Newfoundland, and 
 in August, 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert landed, after a 
 slight opposition, at St. Johns, and took formal possession 
 of the island in the name of Queen Elizabeth. Collect- 
 ing the masters, merchants, and artisans whom he had 
 brought with him, he read his commission, and afterwards 
 promulgated several laws On his return home, he was 
 
 Sir VValt«r Raleigh. 
 
 * Sir Walter Raloigh was bom in Devonshire in 1552. He was distin- 
 guished as a courtier, soldier, diplomatist, literary man, and traveller. 
 Ho was a favorite with Queen Elizabeth, who knighted him. After her 
 death he was accused of high treason, and by the King's orders, oonfined 
 in the Tower of London for fifteen years. Here he wrote " The History 
 of the World" and other books. At length, 1616, he was released, and 
 appointed to command an expedition to South America. Being unsuc- 
 cessful, James I. cruelly had him executed under Ins old sentence. H©. 
 is said to have introduced tobacco and potatoes into Europe . 
 
 Questions.— Wliat led to Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition ? Give a 
 sketch of Sir Walter Raleigh's career. Give an account of Sir H. Gilbert'ej 
 ©xpeditiou. What did he do on his arrival in Newfoundland V 
 
220 niSTOKY' OF NEWFOUNDLAND. [Paut VIII. 
 
 unfortunately shipwrecked, and lost his life near the 
 Azores. * In 1587 Martin Frobisher, tiie noted Arctic i 
 ex})lorer, visited Labrador, and it is 8up[)osed Newfound- • 
 land also. In 1585 Sir Francis Drake made a voyage to 
 Newfoundland, and ca|)tured some Portuguese ships there, 
 which were laden with fish, oil, and furs. 
 
 11. Guy* 8 expedition. — In 10 10, James I. granted to 
 Lord Bacon and forty others, a patent to folonize the 
 island. They sent John Guy, from Bristol, who established 
 a colony at Conception Bay. lie undertook a survey of the 
 coast, and held friendly intercourse with the Red Indians ; 
 but after a while sickness compelled Guy and some of his 
 party to give up the project and return to England. 
 
 1 2. Wliithoiirne's Admiralty Courts. — In HI 1 4, pei'manent 
 dwelling-houses were first erected in Newfoundland ; and 
 in 1615 Capt. Whitbourne was despatched to the island, 
 by the Admiralty, to Irold courts, empanel juries, and settle 
 fishery disputes. Whitbourne also, in 1G17, planted a 
 Welsh colony at a place named Cambriol, now called 
 Little Britain. 
 
 13. Baltimore's Colony. — In 1622, Sir George Calvert, 
 afterwards Lord Baltimore, while Secretary of State, ob- 
 tained letters patent from James I., granted to him the 
 entire peninsula which is formed by the Bays of Placentia 
 and Trinity. This extensive peninsula he erected into a 
 province, and gave to it the name of Avalon — which was 
 the ancient name of Glastonbury, where Christianity was 
 first introduced into England. lie appointed Ca[)t. Wynne 
 local governor, who fixed his residence at Ferryland. Lord 
 Baltimore also resided there for some time ; but linding 
 
 * The Btory of his death is a very touching one. lie had transferred his 
 flag to the " Squirrel," a little vessel of only ten tons. As he neared the 
 Azores, a violent storm arose, which enculphed his vesssol. When last 
 Been by those on board his companion ship, ho was sitting on the deck 
 with a book before him. His last words heard were, ** Cheer up, boys ; we 
 are as near heaven by sea as by land I " 
 
 Questions.— Mention the incident connected with Sir Humphrey Gil- 
 bert's death. What is said of Guy's expedition in IGIO ? What occurred 
 in 1614? What did Whitbourne do in 1615 and 1017 ? Mention the con- 
 jiectiou wlti«h Lord Bttltimore had with the history of Hewfoundlau<l, 
 
CnAP.XXII.l HISTORY Of NEWFOUNDLANt). 
 
 221 
 
 the soil and climate unfavor- 
 able, and the French inhabit- 
 ants hostile, he went, in 
 1628, to Virginia ; but not lik- 
 ing it, he selected a spot nearer 
 to the sea-coast. Here, after 
 his death, in 1G32, a patent 
 (from Cliarles I) was issued to 
 his son, ('(H'il, second Lord Bal- 
 timore,* under which was found- 
 ed the colony of Maryland. In 
 this Koninn Catholic colony, the 
 
 ^ , . , , , ^ , . utmost toleration was allowed 
 
 Cecil, second Lord Baltimore. , .1 • 1 1 '^ , • ^• - 
 
 to the inhabitants in religious 
 
 matters, while in the New Enghind colonies it was denied 
 
 at tlie same time to all but the dominant party. The 
 
 name Baltimore was given to the capital of the new 
 
 colony, t Having abandoned his estates in Newfoundland 
 
 during the Protectorate of Cromwell they were restored 
 
 to him ill 1 G()0. In 1 754 (nearly a century afterwards) his 
 
 heirs claimed the peninsula, but the claim was disallowed. 
 
 11. French Tribute. — In 102G, the French established 
 a colony at Placentia, which led to many disputes ; and 
 in 1034, rather than relinquish the fisheries, they agreed, 
 for the privilege of fishing, to pay five per cent, tribute on 
 all the fish taken. The impost continued for forty years. 
 
 15. Kertk's settlement. — In 1054, Sir David Kertk ob- 
 tained a grant, and established a settlement. In 1 003, 
 there were fifteen British settlements, and about four 
 
 * Cecil, second Lord Baltimore, succeeded to Ids f,atlier'8 title in 16.^2. 
 Ho appointed his brother Leonard lirst governor ol' Maryland. He died 
 in 1(J7<>. The colony remained in the possession of the Calvert family 
 until the Anierican revolution. 
 
 t In 170;i— C5 the boundary-line between Maryland and Pennsylvania 
 was laid down by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon— two English 
 astronomenA. Ever since the phrase " Mason and Dixon's line" has in- 
 dicated the boundary between the Northern and Southern States. 
 
 Questions.— Give a sketch of the second Lord Baltimore. Mention 
 the contrast in religious liberty between Virginia and New England. 
 What Is said of Mason and Dixon's line— French tribute— and Kertk'n 
 settlement ? 
 
222 nrsTORT op nkwi^oundland. rt»ARTVitr. 
 
 huiulrofl families on tho iHhmd Thoy would liavo rapid- 
 ly increased, but for the oppressive conduct of those who 
 monopolized the fisheries. 
 
 1(). Snhstitnte for Gorcrnmvnf. — Newfoundland bein<T 
 renrarded in early times aHamerefishiii(jj-stati()n for various 
 European naviiifjitors andtradcu-s, no system of proven, ment 
 or even of police, was established on tin; island. At 
 length, in WXS, Charles I gave <lir(»ctions for the introduc- 
 tion of some system of governmcMit, in regard to the fish- 
 eries, crime, <fec. Rules were laid down lor the guidance 
 of the trading fisluM-men ; and the mayors of sonu^ of the 
 English seaports were authorized to take cognizance of 
 certain crimes conmiitted on the island. ' In lOGO, 
 " Fishing Admirals," or such masters of convoy or fishing 
 vessels as should first arrive on the coast ni each season* 
 were to have the power in such places to execute the 
 law; but ignorance and j)arti;ility generally characterized 
 their decisions. Efforts were for a time made by the*in- 
 habitants to induce the King to appoint a governor for the 
 colony; but the merchants connected with the fisheries, 
 wishing to discourage settlement, steadily resisted this de- 
 sire of the colonists. The contest for and against the ap- 
 pointment of a governor became at length so strong that 
 the King directed that both parties should be h(>ard by 
 counsel. Nothing farther, however, was done; and the 
 war with France and her encroachments m Newfoundland 
 prevented any settled scheme from being ado{)ted. 
 
 17. hhmders Deported. — In the meantime, the jealous;y 
 of the merchant fishing-traders, against the settlements 
 already formed in Newfoundland was so great, that orders 
 were even sent out to break \\\\ the settlements on the is- 
 land and remove the islandeis ; ])ut Sir John Berry, one 
 of the convoy captains, a humane man, remonstrated ; and 
 in 1676 the King ordered that the removals should 
 cease. Further emigration to the island was however, 
 forbidden. 
 
 Questions.— How waa government establishe*! ? What efforts were 
 made to establish a fixed government in the island ? What is said of the 
 attempted deportation of the islauderg ? 
 
 \ 
 
Chap. XXI ri history ok NKWKmrNDLA>.*n. 22.^^ 
 
 18. The frr//- 0/1002-8. — Tlio continued rocnmin.'itlona 
 between the rival colonies at l(Mi«rt,h resulted in a nnitual 
 determination on the ])art of England himI France to con- 
 test each other's power to ^^ain entire posst^ssion of the is- 
 land and its fisheri<;s. The Kn^nch jjost of IMacentia was 
 attacked in 1(VJ2, hut the governor made a HpiriliMl and 
 8ncc(!SHful defence. In retaliation, the French under Ilx^r- 
 ville (from Canada) and Brouillon, made two attacks upon 
 St. John's, in 1 01)0, and burned it to the ground. All the 
 other British setthantiiits were destroyed, ex((![)t those at 
 Bonavista and Carbonear, which made a successful resis- 
 tance. An attempt was made to dislodge the invaders, but 
 with little success. At length, by the treaty of Uyswi(;k, in 
 1097, the French restored all the j)laces they had taken 
 during the contest, and thus end<d the war for a time. 
 
 19. 2Vie War of the /Succession revived hostilities in 
 Newfoundland. In 1702, Queen Anne sent out Sir John 
 Leake, who made a successful attack upon the French 
 settlements and captured a number of vessels. In 1703, 
 Admiral Graydon failed in his attacks U[>on the F'rench. 
 In 170.'>-8, Placentia having been reinforced from Cana- 
 da, and further aid having arrivc^d, the Frcuich retaliated 
 with such vigor, that, with occasional reverses, they had 
 acquired, in 1708, almost entire j)ossession of the island. 
 The brave fishermen of Carbonear (ai<led by Captain Un- 
 derwood) and the fort of St. John's, alone lield out. St. 
 John's was, however, surprised and burnt ; and the French 
 held possession of it until 17LS, when, by the treaty of 
 Utrecht, Louis XIV ceded the whole of Newfoundland to 
 England, retaining only the islands of St. Fierre and 
 Mi(pielon, off the southern coast. 
 
 Questions.— What brought on tlie war of 1692-8 ? What of the treaty 
 of 1697? Give a sketch of the progress of the contest from 1702 uiitii 
 the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. For what did that treaty provide ? 
 
224 HiaTORy of Newfoundland. ipaut Viit, 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 History op tue Island of Nkwfoundland from 
 
 1828 to 1874. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter.* 
 
 Government Established — Seven Tears' War — Revolution 
 — Conspiracy — War Again — Progress. 
 
 Separate Province. — In 1728, through th(» laudable 
 exertions of Lord Vcrc Beauclerk, (H)nini(jdore on the 
 station, Nnwfoundland w;uj so})arated from the nominal 
 government of Nova Scotia iind made a distinct province. 
 Captain Osborne was appointed its first Governor, under 
 the new constitution, with power to appoint magistrates 
 and organize a government. Ho divided the island into 
 districts, and introduced several salutary reforms into the 
 administration of the laws ; not, however, without strong 
 opposition from the trading merchants, who upheld the 
 authority of the " fishing admirals." 
 
 3. Seven Years' War. — So unprotected was the island 
 left during this war, that in 1761 a merchant brig had to 
 be equipped for its defence, and in 1762, a French fleet 
 surprised and captured St. John's. Capt. Graves, the 
 new Governor, then on his way from England to Placen- 
 tia, despatched a sloop to Admiral Lord Colville, at Hali- 
 fax, for help. Lord Colville at once sailed from Halifax 
 and recaptured St. John's. The noble and patriotic con- 
 duct of Messrs. Carter and Garland, in provisioning, 
 under great difficulties, the garrisons of Ferryland and 
 Carbonear, and rendering other services during this war 
 was handsomely rewarded by the British Government 
 
 Questions,— Mention the principal subjects •f this chapter. What 
 events occurred in 1728 ? Mention the principal occurrences of the 
 Seven Yearn' War. 
 
CUM'. XXltl.l tllSTOHV OF S*tWl(>L*Nl>LA\l). 225 
 
 In 17G3, tlu! truaty ol Paris, whicli conJlrincd iho Utrecht 
 treaty of l('»I2, a;4.iiu put an oiul to t\w war and its evils. 
 
 4. Lahmdoi' Annejrpd. — In 17('>.'{, tlio I^al)ra(l()r roast, 
 from Hudson's Strait to the west <^nd(»l Antieosti, includ- 
 ing that island and the Ma^dalon Island , were politically 
 atincxtMl to Newioundhmd, They ucr*', however, in 
 1773, restored to the governiniint of (^uehiic ; hut, in 
 1809, re-annexed to Newfoundland. They are now at- 
 tached to the government of C'anada.* Cook, the cele- 
 brated navigator, took part, in 17(12, in the re-capture of 
 St. John's from the French, and was aft(;rwar(ls <!mploy(!d 
 until 1707 to survey the coasts of NewfoundhuKl and 
 Labrador. 
 
 5. PallUer's Act.—\\\ 1704, Sir Iluirh Palliser was 
 appointed Governoi*. His administration was highly 
 beneficial to tlw? island, an<l his maritinii; regulations, with 
 a little modilication, were, in 177r>, passed into a law. 
 The British navigation laws were, 17(55, extended to 
 Newfoundland, and a custom-house established on the 
 island. 
 
 6. American Revolution. — In 1774, the Americans j)ro- 
 hibited the exportation of food to Newfoundland, because 
 the islanders would not aid their cause. By the greatest 
 exertioms on the part of England (then engaged in a war 
 with Franco, Spain, and her revolted American colonies), 
 the inhabitants wore, however, saved from starvation. 
 Being acquainted with the coast, the French and Ameri- 
 
 * This interesting group of islands lies in about tlio niiddlo of tlie Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence. Amherst, the n\(tst important island, is about 5(» miles 
 from Prince Edward Island, 60 from Cai)o lircton, I'JU from Knvfound- 
 land, and 150 from Canada. Tlie other principal inland-s are : Entry, 
 Grindstone, Allriglit, Gros.se Isle, and Byron. The Bird Uocka lie 50 miles 
 north of Amherst Isle. The Magdalen Islands were ceded to England 
 by France in 1703, and granted to Admiral Sir Isaac (^oftln (a native of 
 Massachusetts) in 17!)8. They now belong to his nepliew. Admiral J. T. 
 ColBn. The population is nearly 3,000, made up chiefly of tishermen and 
 their families. The annual value of the exports from the islands is 
 nearly $.300,000. Schools have of late been established in the principal 
 islands of the group. 
 
 Questions.— What is said of the annexation of Labrador and the 
 
 Magdalen Islands ? Give an account of these islands. Describe Palli- 
 
 BQi'i Act. What occurred iu the Island during the American Eevolutioa? 
 
 15 
 
226 History of kewfoundland. [paet viii. 
 
 can privateers harassed the colonists and destroyed their 
 property, when not protected by the English cruisers. 
 But at length the treaty with the separated colonies, in 
 1783, restored peace to Newfoundland. 
 
 7. Mutinous Conspiracy of 1800. — For some time 
 after the Irish rel^ellion of 1798, a spirit of lawless dis- 
 affection spread among the floating population of St. 
 John's, and extended even to a regiment of soldiers which 
 had been raised in the island. Through the wise discre- 
 tion of the Roman Catholic Bishop O'Donnel the plot 
 was discovered and its ringleaders punished. So grateful 
 were the principal inhabitants of the island to the good 
 bishop for his loyal and successful efforts in aiding Gen. 
 Skerrett to frustrate the plot against their lives and prop- 
 erty, that they united in a petition to the King to confer 
 upon the bishop some act of royal favor. The petition 
 was granted, and a pension of £50 sterling a year was 
 conferred upon this excellent prelate during his life. 
 
 8. Disasters. — In 1775, the island was visited by a 
 dreadful storm. The sea rose 20 feet ; hundreds of 
 vessels of all sizes were driven on shore, inland property 
 was destroyed, and about 300 persons lost their lives. In 
 1812-13 a famine occurred, which was greatly mitigated 
 by the arrival of wheat and flour from Canada ; in 1816, 
 St. John's was nearly destroyed by fire ; loss, $500,000, 
 In 1817, two other fires occurred in St. John's, destroying 
 property and provisions to the value of $2,000,000. A 
 great scarcity of food was the consequence. Many riots 
 occurred. England sent relief, and the citizens of Boston 
 freighted a ship with food for the sufferers, and thus almost 
 wiped off the stain of 1774. In 1832, Harbor Grace 
 was burned. In June, 1846, another destructive fire 
 visited St. John's, and about 2,000 houses were destroyed. 
 England, as well as Canada, Nova Scotia, New Bruns- 
 wick and Prince Edward Island, sent large contributions 
 
 Questions. — Give the particulars of the mutiuont conspiracy of 1800. 
 How did Bishop O'Donnell seels to counteract it ? What was given to the 
 Bishop ? Give an account of the chief disasters related above — of the 
 more important events which occurred from 1816 to 1846. 
 
ettlt- XXtll.] tilStORt OP iJlEWfOtJNt>LANt). 227 
 
 to relieve the suffering caused by this disastrous fire. In 
 September, a furious hurricane ravaged the coast. Much 
 property and many lives were lost. 
 
 9. War Again. — In 1793, the French republic declared 
 war against England, and, before it terminated, the 
 American republic also declared war, in 1812. In 1796, 
 the town at the Bay of Bulls was taken and destroyed by 
 the French vice-admiral ; but the energy of the Gover- 
 nor, Sir James Wallace, and the loyalty of the inhabi- 
 tants, prevented any further captures being made by him. 
 The war was in other respects advantageous to the trade 
 of Newfoundland. It ended *m 1814, when treaties of 
 peace were signed. Depression m trade immediately fol- 
 lowed ; but it revived again in 1818. In 1819, a fishery 
 convention was concluded with the United States. 
 
 10. Social Progress. — In 1803, charity and Sunday 
 schools were introduced and benevolent societies estab- 
 lished by Governor Waldegrave, aided by the Roman 
 Catholic Bishop and the Protestant clergy. In 1805, a 
 post office was established at St. John's; in 1806, a news- 
 paper was issued — now there are nine ; in 1808, militia 
 volunteers were enrolled ; in 1808-11, efforts were made 
 to establish friendly relations with the native tribes, but 
 fear on their part prevented it; in 1810, Governor Duck- 
 worth made a tour as far as Labrador, with the same 
 object ; in 1822, an effort was made by W. E. Cormack, 
 Esq., to explore the interior of the island. In 1824-6, 
 an improved system of judiciary was introduced ; in 
 1828, the St. John's roads, first constructed by Governor 
 Gower in 1806, were greatly improved ; in 1830, a court- 
 house and the government liouse were erected ; in 1836, 
 a banking-house was established ; in 1839, a geological 
 survey was undertaken; the Roman Catholic Cathedral 
 was commenced in 1841, and the Protestant Episcopal 
 Cathedral in 1843 ; in 1844, the first mail steam-packet 
 
 Questions.— How did the war of 1793 affect Newfoundland ? Give a 
 sketch of the social progress of the island of Newfoundland from 1803 to 
 1810. Mention the principle events of interest which occurred in the 
 island from 1822 to 1858. 
 
 %■ 
 
228 tttstORY OF* Nitwt'otlNrjLAKft. tf'ARTVtit. 
 
 entered the harbor of St. John's ; in 1845, gaslight was 
 lirst used in the island ; in 1846, an act required the 
 liouses on two principal streets, parallel to the harbor, to 
 be built of brick or stone ; in 1847, St. John's was sup- 
 plied with water, agriculture encouraged, a public library 
 and mechanics' institute founded ; in 1858, the ocean 
 telegraph with Europe was successfully opened ; but in a 
 few days afterwards, probably from injury to the sub- 
 merged cable, it ceased to operate. Various improve- 
 ments in the island have rapidly followed, and Newfound- 
 land bids fair to enjoy peace and prosperity. 
 
 11. Political Progress. — In 1830, the civil disabilities 
 of the Roman Catholics were removed. Want of har- 
 mony between the Council and the Assembly, established 
 in 1832, as well as election contests, led to strong politi- 
 cal dissensions, both between individuals and the local 
 newspapers, and many acts of personal violence occurred 
 in 1840. In 1856, England entered into a convention 
 with France in rcijard to the fisheries. Before final rati- 
 fication, the matter was, in 1857, referred to the New- 
 foundland Legislature for their consideration. The col- 
 onists having strongly objected to the proposed conces- 
 sions to France, England declined to carry the fishery 
 convention into effect. In communicating to the Gover- 
 nor of Newfoundland the articles of a: proposed fishery 
 convention with France in 1857, the British Government 
 nobly and distinctly laid down the important principle, 
 " that the consent of the community of Newfoundland is 
 regarded by Her Majesty's government as the essential 
 preliminary to any modification of their territorial or 
 maritime rights." This principle applies to all the colon- 
 ies alike. In 1860, after the visit of His Roval High- 
 ness the Prince of Wales, a disagreement arose on a 
 financial question, bcstween Governor Bannerman and the 
 Colonial Secretary, and a new Executive Council was 
 
 Questions.— What telegraph was laid ? Give a sketch of the political 
 progress of Newfoundland from 18.'i0-60. Mention the events which oc- 
 curred in 1860-61. What important fishery concessiou was made to New- 
 foundland and the other colonies in 1867 ? 
 
Chap. XXILI.] 
 
 HISTORY OF MANITOBA. 
 
 229 
 
 formed. During the election under its auspices in 1861, 
 serious rioting took place between the Roman Catholics 
 and Protestants. Lives were lost and property des- 
 troyed ; but at length peace was fully restored. Thus 
 has Newfoundland happily reached a period in her history 
 when under the paternal and powerful protection of 
 Great Britain, she may enjoy the highest political and 
 social prosperity. It is to be hoped that under the Con- 
 federation of the Provinces, Newfoundland, although not 
 yet a member of the Dominion, will continue to be a 
 prosperous colony. 
 
 For names of the Governors of Newfoundland, soc Appendix. 
 
 QuKSTioN. — Mention tho political and social prospects of New- 
 foundland. 
 
230 HISTORY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. [PART IX. 
 
 Part IX. 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 * 
 
 Province of Manitoba and North West Territo- 
 ries. 
 
 Size, about half tliut cf British North America, or equal to a square of 
 
 l,;j40 JuiluB. 
 
 ^ ' Geographical Introduction. 
 
 1. Manitoba was settled bj Lord Selkirk in 1811. It 
 was formed into a Province of the Dominion in 1870. Its 
 boundaries now extend southward to the United States 
 boundary line. 
 
 2. Climate and Soil. — Winter in Manitoba lasts about 
 five months. The soil is deep and rich. On the Lower 
 Saskatchewan River the winters are comparatively short 
 and mild. To the north it is much colder. 
 
 3. Noted For. — The North West Territories are noted 
 for their great extent, their fur trade, and their great bay, 
 or inland sea. 
 
 4. Position and Extent. — These vast territories include 
 nominally the following divisions : 1. Labrador ; 2. Prince 
 Rupert Land ; and 3. Swan River and Saskatchewan, 
 which were granted in 1670, by the charter of Charles 
 II. to the Hudson Bay Company ; 4. Mackenzie River ; 
 and 5. The North- West Indian^ Territories, leased by the 
 Company in 1821, and transferred to Canada in 1868, 
 and Keewatin, formed in 1876 out of a part of the North- 
 West Territories. 
 
 Labrador Peninsula Section. 
 
 (Called by the Spaniards Tierra Labrador ^ it being less barren 
 
 than Greenland.) 
 
 5. Noted For. — The Labrador Peninsula is chiefly 
 
 Questions.— Give the size of Manitoba and N. W. Territories. Who 
 first settled Manitoba ? Give an account o{ its cUm^te and soil. Pe« 
 scribe its position and extent, 
 
Chap XXIV.] PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 231 
 
 noted for its valuable coast fisheries, and its severe climate* 
 
 6. Position and Physical Features. — This extensive 
 peninsula is the most easterly part of British North 
 America. The country gradually rises into mountain 
 highlands as it recedes from the coast. Near the centre, 
 a range called the Wot-Chish Mountains forms a water- 
 shed for the rivers. 
 
 Prince Rupert Land (and East Main) Section. 
 
 7. Extent. — This portion of the North West Territory 
 includes the whole of the country east, and south of 
 Hudson Bay itself. 
 
 Mackenzie and Great Fish Rivers Section. 
 
 (" Mackenzie," bo called from Sir A. Mackenzie, who, in 1789, discovered 
 tills Section which is now so named. 
 
 8. Extent, Sfc. — This section extends along the Arctic 
 Ocean to the interior waters of the Great Bear, Great 
 Slave, Athabaska, and Pelly Lakes, including the Mac- 
 kenzie, Coppermine, and Great Fish Rivers. 
 
 The North- West Indian Territories Section. 
 
 (So named from being inhabited by various North- West Indian tribes.), 
 
 9. Extent. — The tvirritories extend nominally from 
 the Mackenzie River Section to the Northern Saskatch- 
 ewan, and include the indefinite areas drained by the 
 Peace, Athabaska, and northern branch of the Saskatch- 
 ewan Rivers. 
 
 Manitoba, Swan, and Saskatchewan Rivers 
 
 Section. 
 
 10. Extent. — This section includes the valley of the 
 
 Questions.— What is said of Labrador ? What is said of Prince Rupert 
 Land section ; of , Mackenzie and Great Fish Rivers sections ; and of the 
 N. W. Indian Territories ? Give the extt^ut of the Red River, Swan, and 
 gf^ikf^tchewan Rivers sections, 
 
232 PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. [PART IX. 
 
 Assinnibolue, Qii'appelle, the southern branch of the 
 Saskatchewan, the northern part of lied River, and the 
 Winnipeg Region. 
 
 11. Physical Features. — The valley of the Saskatch- 
 ewan is an extensive tract of country, diversified by beauti- 
 ful scenery and fertile plains. Manitoba is covered with 
 rich prairies and lino lakes. From the Lake of the Woods, 
 a fertile belt of land extends westward to the Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 For names of Governors of Manitoba, see Appendix. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 History of Manitoba and the North West Ter- 
 ritories, FORMERLY CALLED THE HUDSON 
 
 Bay Territory. 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 Discovery — Trade — Charter — Intercolonial Contests — 
 North West Company — Divisions. 
 
 1. Discovery. — The Hudson Bay (or Hudson Sea) is 
 said to have been reached by Sebastian Cabot, in 1517. 
 In 1523-4, Verrazzani sailed up the coast as far as Davis 
 Straits which were reached by Davis in 1585. Various 
 other English navigators sailed northwards, in quest of a 
 northwest passage to India, but it was not until 1610 that 
 Henry Hudson reached the Straits and Bay now bearing 
 his name. 
 
 Questions.— When and by whom was Hudson's Bay discoverfc<t? 
 Give the principal Bubjects of %\m Cliapier, ^ - >^ 
 
Chap. XXV.] province OF MANITOBA. 233 
 
 2. Other Voyages. — Button, an English navigator 
 visited the Bay in 1G12, Bylot and Baffin in 1616, and 
 Fox and James in 1 63 1 . Baflin and James Bays were 
 traced out and examined hy these navigators, and received 
 their names. 
 
 3. The Connection with Eastern Canada was maintained 
 by canoe, along the Saguenay river, and then(!c overland 
 to the Bay, by the Quebec Fur Company, which was 
 established by Cardinal Richelieu, in 1627. Tadoussac, 
 at the mouth of the river, was their chief trading post in 
 Canada. 
 
 4. English Trade. — The treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 
 in 1632, confirmed the whole of the Hudson Bay territory 
 to France, and De Grozellier and Radisson, two French 
 Canadians, visited it. Having failed to induce their own 
 governments to promote trade in it, they went to England. 
 Prince Rupert entered warmly into their scheme, and 
 despatched them to the Bay on a trading voyage. 
 
 5. Charter to the Hudson Bay Company. — They reached 
 Nemisco, now called Rupert River, and their report being 
 very favorable, Charles II. was induced (though, by the 
 St. Germain-en-Laye Treaty, he had relinquished his claim 
 to the territory) to grant Prince Rupert and others a 
 charter for traffic, in furs and peltry, in those extensive 
 regions, then called Rupert Land. This was the origin of 
 the famous Hudson Bay Company's charter, of 1670. 
 This charter was, in 1690, confirmed by an a<"*^ of the 
 British Parliament, for seven years, but has never since 
 been renewed. 
 
 6. French and English Conflicts in the territory were 
 the conse(|uences of this charter, as the French claimed 
 that Hudson Bay was part of New France. In 1672, 
 MM. Albanel and St. Simon, with the consent of the In- 
 dians of that region, planted the fieur-de-lis and the cross 
 at several places, in token, for the third time, of the 
 
 QiTESTiONS.— Wliat other voyages were made to Hiidson's^ay? What 
 is said of the Sarr^oray ; English trade ? What led to the granting of the 
 Hudson Bay charter of 1670 ? Give a sketch of the French and EngUBl\ 
 conflicts in tUe Territory up to 1654, 
 
234 PROVINCE OP MANITOBA. [Pabt IX. 
 
 sovereignty of France over the territory. Having secured 
 the services of De Grozellier, the French Pilot, the new 
 English Hudson Bay Company despatched its first ex- 
 pedition to Port Nelson, on the Bay, in 1G73. De Gro- 
 zellier, not having remained faithful to his engagement 
 with the English, was dismissed, and returned to Europe. 
 Pie was received with favor in France, and returned to 
 Canada shortly after the French West India Company, 
 which traded in Canada, &c., was dissolved. In 1666, 
 another Franco-Canadian company was formed at Quebec, 
 to promote trade at the northwest, and De Grozellier and 
 Radisson were despatched by it to Hudson's Bay to open 
 a traffic. In 1679, Louis Joliette was despatched by 
 the Quebec Company to Hudson's Bay, " in the public 
 interest." The intrusion of the English in these terri- 
 tories was keenly felt during this time. In 1682, Radis- 
 son and De Grozellier were again despatched to Port 
 Nelson, to counteract the trading designs of the English. 
 In 1684, Radisson a second time deserted his fellow colo- 
 nists and allied himself to the English. He went to Lon- 
 don in 1684 and offered his services to the English Hud- 
 son Bay Company. They were accepted ; and he was 
 placed in command of an expedition, consisting of five 
 vessels, which were despatched in that year to capture the 
 French trading-posts at the Bay. This he did without 
 difficulty. The destruction of the French factories at Port 
 Nelson by Radisson, in 1684, led to spirited reprisals on 
 the part of the company at Quebec; and Chevalier de 
 Troyes and D'Iberville were despatched with troops from 
 Quebec, and, in 1686, succeeded in capturing the principal 
 forts of the company. In 1689, the English sent an expe- 
 dition to retake their captured forts, but M. D'Iberville 
 defeated them and took their ships. In 1 689, they again 
 endeavored to accomplish their objects, but were again 
 repulsed. D'Iberville returned to France in 1791 ; but, 
 
 Questions.— WLat is Bald of De Grozellier and Radisson? Give a 
 sketch of the trading contests of the French and English fit Hudson's Bay, 
 Jiow did KmlisBon ^.ct \n this matter, 
 
Chap. XXV.J PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 235 
 
 in 1004, ho was sent to the Bay, with three ships of war, 
 and completed the conquest of the Englisli forts at that 
 place. At the treaty of Ryswick, in 1097, and even up 
 to 1713, the English company had only Fort Albany 
 left. 
 
 7. Contest virtually closed — Treaties of Ryswick and 
 Utrecht — At length the contests between the rival colonies 
 in the Hudson Bay territory virtually ceased. By the 
 treaty of Ryswick, entered into by France and England 
 in 1697, both parties agreed to restore whatever places 
 at the Bay they were possessed of before the war. 
 Commissioners were appointed to determine this question ; 
 but they appear never to have met. At the time of the 
 treaty, however. Fort Albany, on the River Albany, at 
 the east side of James Bay, was the only place in the 
 territory in possession of the English traders, and it con- 
 tinued in their possession undisturbed until the treaty 
 of Utrecht, in 1713. By this noted treaty, France trans- 
 ferred to England the whole of her rights to the Hudson 
 Bay territory, and thus placed a bar on all the trading 
 privileges of her Canadian subjects in that part of New 
 France. The English company has since remained in 
 possession of the territory. 
 
 8. Northwest Company of Canada. — In 1766, various 
 traders, competitors of the company, engaged in the fur- 
 trade. Their head-quarters were at Montreal, and they 
 followed the old French routes into the interior. In 1784, 
 these traders united, and formed the Northwest Company 
 of Canada. This new company directed its trade chiefly 
 to the northwest, via Lake Superior, towards the Pacific 
 Ocean and Columbia River. They even sent trading-ships 
 round Cape Horn. 
 
 9. Northwest Company^ s Explorations. — In 1793, Sir 
 Alexander Mackenzie, a partner in the Northwest Com- 
 pany, made his famous journey from Canada, across the 
 
 Questions.— "What is said of the close of the contest aud of the treaties 
 of Ryswick and Utrecht? Give a sketch of the North West Company of 
 Cautida, What explorations across the continent did the Co, undertake ? 
 
236 PROVINCE OF MANITOIJA. [PART IX. 
 
 Rocky Mountains, to the Pacific Ocean (the first ever 
 made north of Mexico), and discovered Fraser River. 
 He afterwards discovered and explored the Mackenzie 
 River. In 1811, Mr. Thompson, the astronomer, discov- 
 ered the northern or main branches of the Columbia River, 
 and descended its stream to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 10. Lord Selkirk's Colony.— In 1811, the Earl of Sel- 
 kirk purchased a tract of country from the Hudson Lay 
 Company, lying between the United States boundary and 
 lakes Winnipeg and Winnipegoos, since called the Red 
 River Settlement, In 1812, he brought settlers from 
 Scotland for his new colony. (Swiss were afterwards 
 introduced; and in 1823, French Canadians.) Subse- 
 quently, he appointed Capt. Miles McDonell (who was gov- 
 ernor of the Company's district of Assinniboine), superin- 
 tendent, who issued a proclamation forbidding the appro- 
 priation of provisions except to the use of the colonists. 
 This assumption of exclusive jurisdiction on the part of 
 the Hudson Bay Company excited the bitterest feelings 
 on the" part of the North- Western Company, and gave 
 rise to the fierce contest of — 
 
 11. The Rival Companies in the Indian territories; 
 during the progress of which the colonists were twice ex- 
 pelled, and many lives lost, including that of Governor 
 Semple. In 1816, Sir Gordon Drummond sent part of a 
 regiment from Quebec to preserve order, and to restrain 
 the violence of both companies. In 1821, the feud ceased, 
 and the rival companies were amalgamated. When 
 Lord Selkirk died, the company resumed the purchase, 
 on condition of paying a certain quit rent. Most of the 
 original settlers left the colony. The number of residents 
 now amounts to about 12,000. It is a mixed population, 
 and is rapidly increasing. In 1869, the whole North 
 West territory was transferred to the Dominion, hav- 
 ing been sold to it by the Hudson Bay Company for 
 $1,500,000. 
 
 QUESTIONB.— Mention the particulars of Lord Selkirk's efforts to found 
 a colony. To what did they lead ? How was the dispute between the 
 rival companies settkd ? 
 
OrtAP. XxVii htittisil coLitMbiA* JiS7 
 
 • 
 
 12. Manitoba. — In 1870 Manitoba (Red River) was 
 set apart as a province of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 13. Territorial Divisions. — The Hudson Hay Territory, 
 now icnovvn as the Nortli West Territories, was divided 
 into niinierous districts, which were embraced in several 
 hiri;(; <lopartment8. There were four depots, and 112 
 forts or stations. There were also numerous smaller 
 posts aii<l outposts. 
 
 11. The ICxports arc chiefly the furs and skins of vari- 
 ous wild animals. 
 
 If). The lnh(ihit(ntts of the territory include the white 
 traders and half-breeds, besides numerous tribes of In- 
 dians. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 Island of Vancouver. 
 
 (So called from Vancouver, a Dutch navigator, who discovered it in 1729.) 
 Size, oue-tourth Buialler tlian Nova Scotia, or equal to a square of 127 
 miles. 
 
 Geographical Introduction. 
 
 1. Noted for. — Vancouver Island is chiefly noted for 
 its coal mines, and for being the largest island on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 2. Extent.— T\\U island is 278 miles long, and 50 or 60 
 wide. It is separated from British Columbia by the Gulf 
 of Georgia and Queen Charlotte's Sound ; and from 
 Washington Territory (in the United States) by the 
 Strait of Juan de Fuca. 
 
 3. Physical Features. — The surface is marked by moun- 
 tain-ranges and extensive plains. The Nimkish is the 
 
 Questions.— Give the divisions of the North West territory. What is 
 said of the exports— and of the inhabitants ? For what is Vancouver 
 Island noted ? Give the size, extent and position of Vauwouver Lilaad ? 
 D«s«iil>e it» physioal features. 
 
23S Vakcoiivkr Island. {Pavlt 13t. 
 
 • 
 
 chief river. Tluj luirborH are excellent ; the principal 
 of whi(!h are Ks(|uimuiih,, Victoria, Nanaimo (or Noonooa) 
 Inlet, He(!cher Bay, and Barclay and Nootka Sounds, 
 llaro Strait Hcparatcs Vancouver Ishind from tlie San 
 Juan Archipelago. 
 
 4. 77/*? Clirtuttc. is considtired to be luialthy. There is 
 little frost, and vegetation begins in February. The sum- 
 mer is hot, the autumn dry, and tlu^ winter stormy ; fogs 
 prevail, and the periodical rains fall heavily. 
 
 5. Products. — The agricultural cjipabilities of the is- 
 land are very great. The principal products, in addition 
 to those of the soil, are furs obtained chiefly from the 
 beaver, the raccoon, the land-otter, and the sea-otter. 
 Fish of the most valuable kind abound on the coast. Gold 
 has been discovered, and coal is found in large quantities. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 British Columbia. 
 
 (So called from Christopher Columbus.) 
 Size, with ialamls, the same as Quebec, or equal to u square of 4*50 m. 
 
 Geographical Introduction. 
 
 
 
 1. Noted for. — British Columbia is noted for its rich 
 gold-mines, and for its comparatively mild climate. 
 
 2. Extent. — This Province embraces the whole of Brit- 
 ish North America west of the Rocky Mountains. It 
 includes the colony formerly called British CoUunbia, the 
 Stickeen District, Vancouver Island, and Queen Charlotte 
 Island. It is about 900 miles long, with a breadth on the 
 mainland varying from 250 to 500 miles. 
 
 3. Physical Features. — The scenery of the northern 
 
 Questions, —What is said of the climate and products of Vancouver's 
 Island? Mention the principal subjects of Chapter xxvii. For what ia 
 British Columbia noted ? Give the size and extent of British Columbia. 
 
thUr. XXVIII BRITISH COLtJMBtA. 239 
 
 part i8 picturesque, being diverHified with mountain, lake 
 and river. The southern part inehidcs tlie rich gold val- 
 ley of the Fraser Uiver, and is wttll ada[)ted to agriculture 
 and pasturage. In addition to the principal Rocky 
 Mountain range along tho eastern boundary, two other 
 parallel ranges naturally divide the country into three 
 sections ; viz., (1) the Pacific slojje, (2) the Fras«?r liiver 
 basin, and (.*0 the valley of the Tpper Colutnbia. The 
 parallel ranges in British Cohunbia are the lilue and the 
 Cascade Mountains. The principal j)eaks are Mounts 
 JJrown and Hooker ; the former 1 (),0U0 feet, and the lat- 
 ter l.'},Gi)0, above the sea level. IJe^tween these two peaks 
 there is a pass called the Athabaska Portage, the summit 
 of which is (devated 7,'MH) f(>et above the sea. To the 
 south is the Kootainie J^iss, 0,()00 feet above the sea- 
 level. 
 
 4. Climate. — 15(!tween the Cascade range and the Pa- 
 cific coast the climatt; is e(piable ; but towards the East- 
 ern Rocky Mountains it is very variable. Winter lasts 
 from November till March ; but snow seldom remains long 
 on the ground. The prevailing winds are from the north 
 in summer, and from the south and the west in winter. 
 The soil is fertile. 
 
 5. Commerce and Fuuinres. — The annual value of gold 
 and other products exported from liritish Columbia and 
 Vancouver Island is about SI 0,000,000; imports of Bri- 
 tish Columbia are about $r),500,000 ; of Vancouver Island, 
 $4,500,000. 
 
 Questions.— DeBcribe its chief physical features. What is said of the 
 climate, commerce, imports, exports, and liuances of British Columbia 
 mud Vancouver Island. 
 
^40 BRITISH COLUMJBlA [PAKT tX* 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. ' 
 
 History of Vancouver Island and British 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Principal Subjects of this Chapter. 
 
 * • 
 
 Discovery of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 
 
 1 . Discovery of the Pacific Ocean. — Balboa discovered 
 the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Cortes explored the Pacific 
 coast of America, from Mexico, in 1536, almost as far 
 north as Cape Mendocino (California), in latitude 40^. 
 Although Maorelhaens discovered the strait which bears 
 his name in 1520, it was not until 1G15 (nearly a century 
 afterwards) that Schouten, a native of Hoorn in the 
 Netherlands, doubled the Cape which he named Hoorn, 
 or Horn, and thus for the first time reached the Pacific 
 Ocean by sailing directly round the most southern part of 
 the American continent. 
 
 2. Discovery of Vancouver Island. — Sir Francis Drake 
 is supposed to have gone as far north on the Pacific coast 
 as the Juan de Fu-ca Strait in 1578 ; and Cavendish also 
 made some discoveries in the North Pacific in 1587. In 
 that year he captured a Spanish ship off the coast, but 
 put the crew on shore. Juan de Fu-ca, a Greek sailor, 
 and one of the crew, was subsequently dispatched by the 
 Viceroy of Mexico to make discoveries along the coast 
 northwards. He is reported to have reached, in one of 
 his expeditions, the strait which now bears his name. The 
 Spaniards made various discoveries along the same coast 
 in subsequent years ; but it was not until 1778 that Cap- 
 tain Cook, by direction of the British government, ex- 
 plored the coast as far north as Nootka Sound. In that 
 year some London merchants made a settlement at Noot- 
 
 QuESTiONS. — Give a brief summary of the history of the discovery of 
 the Pacific Ocean, and of Vancouver Island. Give an account of the 
 discoveries by Sir Francisi Drake and Captain Cook. 
 
tUAt. XXnil.l BRITISH COLUMBIA. 241 
 
 ka Sound for tks purpose of establishing a depot for Chi- 
 nese trade. In 1779, Capt. Mears, R.N., named, and, in 
 part, explored the Strait of Juan de Fu-ca. In 1792, 
 Capt. Vancouver, R.N., was despatched from England to 
 the Pacific to meet Senor Quadra, a Spanish commission- 
 er, and to settle with him matters of difference, as to terri- 
 tory, which had arisen on the coast between England and 
 Spain. Vancouver was further directed to explore the 
 adjacent coast (with a view to determine the north-west 
 passage), especially *the Strait itself and Admiralty Inlet. 
 He afterwards, following the course of an American cap- 
 tam, threaded his way through the islands of the Gulf of 
 Georgia (named by him after George III), to Queen 
 Charlotte*s Sound. Out of compliment to the Spanish 
 commissioner, Capt. Vancouver associated Quadra's name 
 with his own in naming the island ; but it now bears only 
 the name of Vancouver, — that of Quadra having fallen 
 into disuse. 
 
 3. Discoveries across the Continent. — In 1771, John 
 Hearn, an employ^ of the Hudson Bay Company, was 
 induced to explore " the far-off metal river " running 
 northwards into the Arctic Ocean, and thus discovered the 
 Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake. Another dis- 
 tinguished explorer. Sir Alex. Mackenzie, discovered, in 
 his first expedition into the interior, the large river, since 
 known as the Mackenzie River, which also falls into the 
 Arctic Ocean. In 1792, while Vancouver was exploring 
 the coast, Mackenzie, following up the course of the Peace 
 River, crossed the Rocky mountains into British Colum- 
 bia. Here he reached the Tatouche Tesse, which he sup- 
 posed to be the Columbia River, but which was afterwards 
 known as the Fraser River. From this river he crossed 
 the country towards the Pacific Ocean, which he reached 
 by way of the Salmon River. In 1806, Simon Fraser, 
 an. employe of the North- West Fur Company of Canada, 
 
 Questions.— Sketch the discoveries of Mears and Vancouver. How did 
 the Island of Vai^couver receive its name ? Give u sketch of the discov- 
 eries across the continent which were made by Hearn and by Sir A. 
 Mackenzie. 
 
 16 
 
 ^ 
 
24*2 BllITISH COLtJMBIA. ft^ART iX* 
 
 explored the country from Fort Chippewayan (Lake 
 Athabaska), and crossing the Rocky Mountains, formed a 
 trading-post at Fraser Lake, on a tributary of the river 
 to which we have referred, and which was also named 
 after him. 
 
 4. Boundary and Settlement, — In 1843 "Vancouver 
 Island was first occupied by the Hudson Bay Company, 
 and Victoria, the capital, founded. This capital was 
 selected by James Douglas, Esq., the Governor, on behalf 
 of the Hudson Bay Company. In 1844, the Boundary- 
 line between the United States, and what is now known as 
 British Columbia, was determined. In 1849, Vancouver 
 Island was conditionally granted by the Queen to the 
 Company, for the purpose of settlement. Subsequently 
 a dispute arose between the British and American Gov- 
 ernments as to the construction of the boundary-treaty, 
 both parties claiming the island of San Juan, which is situ- 
 ated in the Haro Archipelago, as within their territory. 
 In 1856 a joint commission was appointed to settle the 
 dispute, but failed to eifect a settlement. In 1872, the 
 Emperor of Germany, to whom the matter had been re- 
 ferred, decided that the boundary line should pass through 
 the Haro channel, thus giving the Island of San Juan to 
 the United States. 
 
 5. Discovery of Gold. — In 1859 gold was first publicly 
 known to exist in the valley of the Fraser River, and 
 thousands immediately flocked thither. Mining regula- 
 tions were issued by the governor, and routes projected 
 into the interior, where gold was chiefly found. The ex- 
 istence of gold in these regions was previously known to 
 a few, and especially to the Indians. In 1862 it was dis- 
 covered in Queen Charlotte's Island. 
 
 6. Colonial Government established. — In the year 1859 
 the occupation of Vancouver Island was resumed by the 
 Queen ; and it, together with B^-vtdsh Columbia (now so 
 
 QVE8TiOKSw^GiT« s Rketch of yraser's discoveries. Give also a detailed 
 Account of the boundary and settlement of British Columbia and Vancou- 
 ver island. What dispute aiose ? What is aaid of the discovery of gold ? 
 
Chap. XlVinj BRITISH COLUMBIl.. 243 
 
 noted for its gold mines,) was erected into two British 
 Crown Colonies, with separate boundaries, but under one 
 government. James Douglas, Esq., the resident Hudson 
 Bay Company's agent, or local governor, was invested 
 with the same authority by Her Majesty, with jurisdiction 
 over both colonies. Laws were first made by the Gov- 
 ernor and his Executive Council and promulgated by 
 royal proclamation, after which they were submitted to 
 the Queen and both Houses of Parliament. In 1863, 
 separate Governors were appointed for each of the two 
 colonies ; and the name New "Westminster was given to 
 the capital of British Columbia by the Queen, at the re- 
 quest of the inhabitants. The site of New Westminster 
 was selected by Colonel Moody, in preference to Fort 
 Langley, which is on the American side of the Eraser 
 River. 
 
 7. Union and Confederation. — In 1866, the two colo- 
 nies were united under one Governor and Legislature. 
 In 1871, British Columbia, and Vancouver Island (as one 
 province), joined the Dominion. Such a union of all the 
 colonies of British North America will promote the con- 
 struction of the great Pacific Railway, so long projected, 
 through British territory. A route for this railway was 
 explored by Captain Palliser in 1858-9. It extends from 
 Fort Garry, at the confluence of the Red River and the 
 Assinniboine, in Manitoba, to New Westminster, and fol- 
 lows, for a portion of the distance, the course of the As- 
 sinniboine and South Saskatchewan Rivers, crossing the 
 Rocky Mountains at the Vermillion Pass. The distance 
 from Portland, Maine, to Victoria, Vancouver Island, bj 
 this route (by way of Chicago, St. Paul's, Pembina, Sas 
 katchewan, and the Rocky Mountains), is 3,200 miles. 
 
 Questions.— How are these colonies governed ? What is said of Con 
 federation with the Eastern Provinces ; of the proposed route of thf 
 Pacific railway ? How is tlie administration of the colonies conducted ? 
 
>.u 
 
 m 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 -0- 
 
 Govemors of Canada. — The following are the names of 
 the Governors of Canada since its discovery : 
 
 1. Ifew France. 
 
 Jean Fran9oi8 de la Roque, 
 
 Sieur de lioborval, Vice Itoi. 
 Marquis de la lloche, do. do. . . 
 
 1540 
 1598 
 
 2. Canada — Royal Government Ea- 
 taolished. 
 
 Samuel de Cham plain, Viceroy 1612 
 Marc Antoine de Bras do fer 
 
 de Chateaufort 1635 
 
 Chevalier de Montmagny 1636 
 
 Chevalier d'Ailleboust de Cou- 
 
 longe 1648 and 16.57 
 
 Jean de Lauzon 1651 
 
 Charles de Laiison Charny 1656 
 
 Viscount de Voyer d'Aigeuson 1658 
 Baron du Bois d'Avaugour — 1661 
 
 Chevalier de Saffray Mesy 1663 
 
 Alexandre de Proville Tracy. . 1663 
 
 Chevalier de Coiircelles 1665 
 
 Count de B'rontenac..l672 and 1680 
 
 Sieur de la Barre 1682 
 
 Marquis de Denonville 1685 
 
 Chevalier de Calli^res 1699 
 
 Marquis de Vaudreuil 1703 
 
 Marquis de Beauharnois 1726 
 
 Count de Galissonnifere 1747 
 
 Marquis de la Jonquifere 1749 
 
 Marquis du Quesne de Menne- 
 
 ville 1752 
 
 Marquis de Vaudreuil Cavag- 
 
 ual 1755 
 
 3. Province of Quebec. 
 
 Gen. James Murray, Gov. Gen, 1765 
 Paulus E. Irving, Esq., Presdt. 1766 
 Gen. Sir Guy Carleton, (Lord 
 Dorchester,) Governor-Gen- 
 eral 1766, 1774, 1776, and 1793 
 
 Hector T. Cramahe, President 1770 
 
 Gen. Frederick Haldimand 1773 
 
 Henry Hamilton, Lieut.-Gov.. 1774 
 Henry Hope, Esq., do 1775 
 
 4. Lower Canada. 
 
 Colonel Clarke, Lieut.-Gov .... 1791 
 
 Gen . Robert Prescott 1796 
 
 SirR.S. MUnes 1799 
 
 Hon. Thos. Dunn, Pres., 1805 & 1811 
 SirJ. H.Craig 1807 
 
 Sir George Prevost 1811 
 
 Sir G. Drummond, Admmist . . 1816 
 Gen. John Wilson, Administ. . 1816 
 
 Sir J. Coape, Sherbrooke 1816 
 
 Duke of Richmond 1818 
 
 Sir James Monk, President... 1819 
 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland 1820 
 
 Earl of Dalhousie — 1820 and 1825 
 SirF. N. Burton, Lieut.-Gov.. 1824 
 Sir James Kempt, Administ. . . 1828 
 Lord Aylmer, Administrator. . .1837 
 
 Earl of Gosford 1837 
 
 Sir J. Colborne, (Lord Seaton). 1838 
 
 Earl of Durham 1838 
 
 C. Poulett Thompson, (Lord 
 Sydenham 1839 
 
 5. Upper Canada. 
 
 Col. J. G. Simcoe, Lieut.-Gov. . 1792 
 Hon. Peter Russell, President. .1792 
 
 General Peter Hunter 1799 
 
 Hon. Alexander Grant, Prest. . 1805 
 Hon. Francis Gore .... 1806 and 1815 
 Sir Isaac Brock, President. ... 1811 
 Sir R. Haie Sheaffe, President. 1813 
 Baron F. de Rottenburg, Pros. 1813 
 
 Sir Gordon Drummond 1813 
 
 Sir George Murray 1815 
 
 Sir Frederick P. Robinson 1815 
 
 Hon. Sam. Smith, Adm. 1817 & 1820 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland .1818 «& 1820 
 Sir J. Colborne, (Lord Seaton) 1828 
 
 Sir Francis B. Head 1836 
 
 Sir George Arthur 1838 
 
 Gen. Sir William Evre, Adm. . 1857 
 Lord Viscount Monck. . .1861 & 1866 
 Gen. Sir John Michel, Adm. . 1866 
 
 6. Province of Canada. 
 
 Baron Sydenham and Toronto. 1841 
 
 Gen. Sir R. Jackson, Admin. . . 1841 
 
 Sir Charles Bagot 1842 
 
 Sir Charles (Baron) Metcalfe. . 1843 
 
 EarlCathcart 1845 
 
 Earl of Elgin and Kincardine. 1847 
 
 Sir Edmund W. Head, 1854 and 1867 
 
 7. Dominion of Canada. 
 
 Sir John Young, (Lord Lisgar) 1867 
 Earl of Duf^erfu 1872 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 245 
 
 Governors of Nova Scotia.— 'Sot including Senior 
 Councillors who acted as Lieutenant-Governors during the 
 absence or death of tliat officer, the following is a list of 
 the French and English Governors of Acadie, or Nova 
 Scotia : 
 
 1. Fbench Goveunoks ok Acadie at Pout Koyai,. 
 
 M. de Poiitrincourt 1604 
 
 Jsaao de Kazillai. iiVSS 
 
 Charles do Charnizay 1047 
 
 Cliarles de la Tour 1(152 
 
 M . Manival 1G»5 
 
 M. de Villebon 1687 
 
 M- de Brouillon 1700 
 
 M. de Siibercase 1706 
 
 Baron SL. Castiue 1710 
 
 2. EiJGLiSH Governors of Nova Scotia at Port Royal. 
 
 Col. V'otch 1710 
 
 Kraiicis Nicholson, Esq 1714 
 
 Kichard Philips, Esq 1719 
 
 Lawrence Armstrong, Esq 1725 
 
 Paul JVlascarene, Esq 1740 
 
 3- English Governors of Nova Scotia at Halifax. 
 
 Hon. Edward Cornwallis 1749 
 
 Peregrine T. Hobson, Esq 1752 
 
 C.'harTes J^awrence, Esq 1754 
 
 Hon. Kobert Monckton 1756 
 
 Jonatlian Belcher, Esq 1760 
 
 iSlontague Wilniot, Esq 1763 
 
 Michael Francklin, Esq. 1722 & 1766 
 l.ord William Campbell, 1766 & 1772 
 
 I'Vaucis Le^ge, Esq 1773 
 
 AJariot Arbuthnot, Esq 1776 
 
 Kichard Hughes, Esq 1778 
 
 Sir Andiew S. Hauuuoiid 1781 
 
 .lohn Parr, Esq 1782 
 
 Edward Fanning, Esq 1783 
 
 li. Bulkley, Esq 1791 
 
 John Wentworth, Esq 1792 
 
 Sir George Prevost 1808 
 
 Sir John Coape Sherbrooko 1811 
 
 Gen. Darroch 1811 
 
 Gen. Smyth 1816 
 
 Earl of IJalhousie 1819 
 
 Sir John Kempt 1820 
 
 M. Wallace, Esq 1826 
 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland 1828 
 
 Sir Colin Campbell 1834 
 
 Lord Falklanci 1840 
 
 Sir John Harvey 1846 
 
 Sir J. G. LeMarchant 1852 
 
 The Earl of Mulgrave 1858 
 
 Sir Kichard Graves Macdouell.1864 
 
 4. Dominion Governors. 
 
 Gen. Sir F. W. Williams 1865 
 
 Sir C Hastings Doyle 
 
 SirE. Kem^y 1867 
 
 Hon. Joseph How 1873 
 
 HoiL E. Archibald 18i3 
 
 The Governors and Presidents of New Brunswick have 
 been as follows : 
 
 Guy Carleton, Esq., Gov 1784 
 
 Hon. G. G. Ludlow, President..l786 
 Hon. E. Winslow, President,... 1803 
 Col . G . Johnston, President .... 1808 
 
 Gen. M. Hunter, Governor 1809 
 
 Gen. W. Balfour, President. . . .1811 
 Gen. G. S. Smyth, President... .1812 
 
 Gen. Sir J. Saumarez, Pres 1813 
 
 Col. H. W. Hailes, President. ..1816 
 Gen. G. S. Smyth, Governor... .1817 
 
 Hon. Ward Chipman, Pres 1823 
 
 HoM. .1. ^' '*Uss, Presidout. . . .1824 
 
 Gen. Sir Howard Douglas 1825 
 
 Hon. W. Black, President 1829 
 
 Gen. Sir A. Campbell, Gov 1832 
 
 Geii. Sir John Harvey, Gov ...1837 
 Sir W. M. G. Colebrooke, Gov. .1841 
 
 Sir E. Walker Head, Gov 1848 
 
 Hon. J. H. T. Manners Sutton..l864 
 
 Hon. A. Gordon, Governor 1862 
 
 Sir C. Hasiuigs Doyle, Lt-Gov..l866 
 
 Col. F. P. Harding, Lt-Gov 1867 
 
 Hon. L. A. Wilmot, Lt-G0Y.,..1868 
 
 ( 
 
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JUST PUBLISHED— Price 35 Cents f 
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 FIRST STEPS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY, 
 
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 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
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in One Vol Crown 8vo., Clothe 570 pages. Price $1. 
 (Free by Mail on receipt of the price.) 
 
 ■ ^ ■ 
 
 THE 
 
 DOMINION ELOCUTIONIST 
 
 • AND PUBLIC READER; 
 
 A system of Elocution formed on the Pniloaophy of the Human 
 Voice, and the Logical Structure of the Language. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND BXERCI8E8 FOR 
 
 THE CUL r/VA TION OF THE SPEAKING VOICE. 
 
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 Expressive Reading and Oratorical Delivery. 
 
 Selections in Oratory, Fiction, Poetry and the 
 
 Pram A, 
 
 ESPBOIALLT ADAPTED FOR 
 
 Public Beadiags, Self-Instruction, and for use in Schools and CoUegos. 
 ■ 4»» « . 
 
 BY 
 
 RICHARD LEWIS, 
 
 Teacher of Elocution. 
 
 ^ » 
 
 From th9 Bev. W. Morley Funshon, LL.D. 
 
 To those •who desire to study elocution as an art, I can recommend Mr. 
 Lewis' book. I approve the systsni jnore highly than some to which my at- 
 tention has been divc/ctcJ ; for.it-if ot<on«c cj-^tematic and Cexil^le : and the 
 rules perhaps leave ajilnYiclii iH)or>a ^H^a.ny rigjd system can leave, f^r the occa- 
 sional abandon of true. orat^n'j^. ''■'•:', 
 
 The selections ke^fi 'nproui ftcqiiaini'an^e with many old favorites, and in- 
 troduce us pleasantly t9 so^jio i^ow o^^es. , I, wish thn book every success. 
 
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 and reasonable price, is especially welcome. 
 
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