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Muy yean MlMioauy la tiM North Wert ; and projector of tke CoMeatra- tloB or tiM Indiaa Trikea» for the Promotioa oT tkeir ImpreveBieBt. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: 0. OILPIN, ff, BI8H0PS0ATE STREET WITHOUT. EDINBURGH: ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK. DUBLIN: JAMBS B. GILPIN. 1851. K. % i'Y }VrfJ, ^ * ^ i--f TO 0HBISTXAN8 OT ALL DlNOMINATIONd, TUIS BttlEV Distotii of a €\}\li of % >'onst, ir. IS MOST ]t£SJ*£CTVULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY INSOJtIUEO, BY THE AUTHOB. CONTENTS. lii Praftwt is A Woid 10 11m llMdsr si CHAPTER I. Earlj lUii umI pvnoito— Indian god»— TlM Pantyolwt Spirit— TIm Qjibway nation— My gnat-grandflrtlMr —Subjugation of the Huroni — Interooune witli tiM early lettlefa—Wiffwami— Indian hunting grounds. . 1 CHAPTER II. Indian tuiTeringa — Restitution — Parental moniUons— Traclcing the deer — Bear shooting— Reward of the young hunter 16 CHAPTER III. The Indian gods — Modes of worship-^Grand Medicine Lodge— Medicine men and women — Sayings of the mrdicine men— Indian perils-«War Song of the Ojibway nation 27 CHAPTER IV. Belief in omena— Dreams— Effecto of the " Devil's Spit- tle" — A ** whiskey spree" — Anecdote of a fire-water drinker.......... ,.., 88 covniiTt. CHAPTER V. IndUn traditbns— Do Um Indluit telmtg totiM «*lotl tribes of IirMl ?"— InvlneibiUCy of tbt Qilbwap* Tbeir nigratioM — Conneils of peaoo— OJibway notions of • future tUle 44 CHAPTER VI. Dsseription of Riee Lsbe— Sale of landt to tbe British Government— Tribute to the memory of the Rer. James Evana ftS CHAPTER VII. Pint visit of the Miasionaries to the Ojibwajr nation— Reception of the *' bUck eoats"— Tbe whiakejr thrown into the lalce— Visit of tlie Ojibways to the flrst eamp meeting— Conversion of my fatlier and mother— Happy death of my motlier 56 CHAPTER VIII. Visit to a camp meeting with my father — MyeflTorts to pray— My conversion — Beauties of nature— Selected for the work of a missionary — Reluctance to enter upon it— Decision and departure €6 CHAPTER IX. Journey to the Ke-wa-we>non mission— Opposition expe- rienced—Conversion of John Sottthwind and the Spear Maker— Tlie old medicine mon— Old Anna- Journey to Sault St. Marie—" The King of Birds'* 74 CHAPTER X. Fkrilous voyage to La Pointc— Tlio *• Black Fast"— Home, dear home {—Departure for the Ottawa Lake and hardships on the road — ^The battlegrounds of the Ojibways and tbe Sioux— Labours of the Rer. Mr.Hall 84 CONTENTS. TU CHAPTER XI. Pii|». Nanroir empeof R«v. John Cluk from htiag drownad— Raiidgiico at OtUwa L«ke— Dange'tras jooniejr throngh the land of the Sioux — Sent to aehool at Jackaonville* Illinois county, for two years — Letter from a schoolmate— Return to mj friends— Kindness of a Quaker — ^Msit to Kew York and Boston — Retro- spective glance at the condition of the red men .... 9S CIIA1*TER XII. Arrival at Rice Lake — Emotions on beholding my native village— Celebration of Christmas and the Near Year— Conversion of "Rig Jacob" — General Council —•My marriage — Remarkable dream-~Departure for Buffalo — Journey to Prairie du Chien — Mishapa and privations on the road 109 CHAPTER XIII. Kindness of the Indians— Chief Hole-in-the-Sky— Threat. ened destruction of tbe Ojibways— Efforts to save I . them — Missionary labours and sufferings— Hostile feelings of the Sioux and Ojibways, and in whet way they might be removed 133 CHAPTER XIV. Presbyterian missionaries — Evils of the American appro- priations—Travels to Canada — Labours at the Sau- geeng Mission— Progress of the Indiana 143 CHAPITER XV. General Council — Speeches— Order — Documents, &c.— Manual Labour School — Plan, or remedy for the preservation of the difTerent tribes 133 ?iii OOHTIMTB. CHAPTER XVI. PUfe, GcograpUal tkeCch of the Ojibway natioB— Minionf— > Pretbyteriaiif— Methodists— Baptist!— Report from the Commissioners to the Provincial Parliament ro> specting the following tribes :— 1. Chippewas on the River Thames 169 2. Chippewas at Amherstburg 169 3. Chippewas of St. Clair 170 4. Chippewas at Walpole Island. 171 5. Chippewas of the River Credit 171 6. Chippewas of Alnwick 172 7. Chippewas at Rice Lake 173 8. Chippewas at Mud Lake 173 9. Chippewas at Balsam Lake 174 10. Chippewas of Rama ■ 174 11. Chippewas of Beausoleil Island, Matchadisk Bay, Lake Huron 175 12. Chippewas of Snake Island, Lake Simcoe 17G 13. Chippewas of Saugceng, Lake Huron 176 14. Chippewas of Big Bay, in Owen's Sound, Lake Huron 176 15. Chippewas and others in the Township, of Bedford 177 Appeal to Christians — ^The wrongs of the Indians 178 CHAPTER XVII. Address before the Legislature of Pennsylvania in favour of the plan for giving the Indians a permanent home between the Nebraska and Minesotta territories — Resolution of the North Carolina Legislature in favour of the plan 184 CHAPTER XVIII. Letters of the Author and Notices of the Public Press . . 211 PREFACE. X ) •« # ■ ■. Iir preflenting my life to the British pttblio, at the esniest solicitation of friendsy I do so with the greatest diffidence. I am an Indian, and ain well aware of tho difficulties I have to en* counter, to win tho finvourable notice of the white num. Yet one great object prompts mo to per- scTcre, and that is, that I may, in couuectiou with the memoirs of my life, present the jtreaent Hate ond prospecta of my poor countrymen — feeling that the fneuds of humuuity may still labour and direct their benevolence to those who were ouee the lords of the land on which tho white man lives — and assist in rescuhig them from an untimely grave. If ever I see the day when my people shall become happy and prosperous, I shall then feel great and lasting pleasure, which >vill more than X PBErACX. repay me for the pain, both of body and mind, \rhich I have endured for the hist twelve yeara. My motto is still — ** Hfy poor people** My book goes to the firesides of the thousand happy homes of the white man ! As much as I may desire to see them in person, my short stay in this country will not allow me this pleasure. Tell your own story of my grntitudc to the white man, — my joy and pleasures. AVliispcr in the ears of your children to pray for the red man. Yes ! go, where I never shall be, and you ^ill still be speaking, long, long after my tears will have ceased to flow, and I be nunibei'cd witli the past. Visit the gaudy palaces of the great, and whisper in their ears wliat rivers are in store for doing good. Visit the humble homes of the poor, and let the cares, hopes, and joys of the one you s|)eak of comfort and console the care-worn pilgrims of earth; for I love them because they are my brethren in affliction! Septenilerf 1850. It A WORD TO THE READER. y.i !(», •. It would be presumptuous in one, wbo has but leoently been brought out of a wild and sayage state, and wbo bos since received but three years' schooling, to undertake, without any assistance, to publish to the world a work of any kind. It is but a few years since I began to speak the English language. An unexpected opportunity occurred of submitting my manuscript to a friend, who has kindly corrected all serious grammatical errors, leaving the imimportaut ones wholly untouched, that my own style may bo exhibited as truly as possible. The language (except in a few short sentences), the plan, and the arrangement, are all my own ; and 1 am wholly responsible for all the statements, and the remaining defects. My work is now accompli;se — who drove the bad spirit from the surface of the earth, down to the dark caverns of the deep. Yet he was a kind spirit. My father taught mo to call that spirit Ke-sha- mon-e-doo — Benevolent spirit — for his ancestors taught him no other name to give to that spirit who made the earth, with all its variety and smiling beauty. His benevolence I saw in the running of the streams, for the animals to quench their thirst and the fishes to live ; the fruit of the earth teemed ■MM XAH-«B-0A-OAa-BOWH. i wlMrarer I looked. Ererything I mw Mniliiigly Mid, Ke-iWmon-e-doo nitt-ge-oo-ilie-ig— #iU J9m#* ftoleiU tpirU made me, ** Whore it he ?*' My father pointed to the lun. " What is his will concerning me, and the rest of the Indian raoe ? *' This was a question that I found no one could answer, until a beam from heaven shone on my pathway, which was very dark, when first I saw that there was a true heaven — not in the far^ setting sun, whcro tho Indian anticipated a rest, a home for his spirit — but in the- bosom of tho Highest. I ^iow my life like tho mariner on tho wide ocean, without a compass, in the dork night, as he watches the heavens for the north star, which his eye having discovered, he makes his way amidst surging seas, and tossed by angry billows into the very jaws of death, till he arrives safely anchored at port. I have been tossed with hope and fear in this life ; no star-light shone on my way, until the men of God i)ointcd me to a Star in the East, as it rose with all its splendour and glory. It was the Star of Bethlehem. I could now say, in the language of the poet— " Once on the raging seu I rode, The storm wu loud, the night wu dark ; The ocean ya«rned» and rudeljr blowed The wind that toised my foundering bark." SHI uwM or Ym, I Hope to ling some daj in the lealint of blisi— > ** It was my guide, m j light, mj all 1 It bade mj daric foreboding eeaae t And throngh the atonn and danger'a thnllf It led me to the port of peace." I have not the happiness of being able to xefinr to written records in narrating the history of my forefathers, but I can reveal to the world what haa long been laid up in my memory ; so that when *' I go the way of all the earth," the crooked and singular paths which I have made in the world may not only bo a warning to others, but may in- spire them with a trust in God. And not only a warning and a trust, but also that the world may learn that tlicrc once lived such a man as Kah-ge- ga-gah>bowh, when they read his griefs and his joys. My parents were of the Ojibway nation, who lived on the lake back of Cobourg, on the shores of Lake Ontario, Canada AVcst. The lake was called Bice Lake, where thero was a quantity of wUd rice, and much game of different kinds, before the whites cleared away the woods, where the deer and the bear then resorted. My father and mother were taught the religion of their nation. My father became a medicine man in the early part of his life, and always had by him / XAH-ei-eA-OAH-BOWH. th« implementi of war, wbioh genenU j diitinguiih oar head men. He wai ai good a hunter aa anj in the tribe. Very few brought more fUrs than he did in the spring. Eveiy spring they returned from their hunting grounds. The Ojibways each ckimcd, and claim to this day, hunting grounds, rivers, lakes, and wholo districts of country. No one hunted on each other's ground. My father had the northern fork of tho river Trent, abovo Bel- mont Lake. My great-grandfather was the first >vho ventured to settle at Bice Lake, after tlio Ojibway nation defeated tho Hurons, who once inhabited all the lakci) ill Western Canada, and who had a large vil- lage just on tho top of the hill of tlio Anderson farm (which was afterwards occupied by the Ojib- ways), and which furnished a magnificent view of the lakes and surrounding country. Ho was of the Crane tribe, i.e., had a crane for totem — coat of arms — which now forms the totem of the villagers, excepting those who have since come amongst us from other villages by intermarriage ; for there was a law that no one was to marry one of the same totem, for all considered each other as being related. He must have been a daring adventurer — a warrior —for no one would have ventured to go and settle down on the land from which they had just driven the Hurons, whom the Ojibways conquered and re- • ffni tiyc or duecd, unloM bo wai a great lioro. It if Mid tliat ho lirod about tho iilandi of Itico Loko, iecreting himiclf from tho oncni^r for leveral yean, until lome others came and joined him, when they formed a settlement on ono of thq islands. Ho was a great hunter, and this was ono of tho principal induce- ments that made him venture there, for there must have been abundance of game of every kind. The Ojibways nro liero eallod jMassissungnys, because they eanio from Mc-sey Sah-gicng, nt tho head of Lake Huron, as you go up to Sault St. Mario fulls. Here he lived in jeopardy — with his lifo in his hand — enduring the unplcanant idea that ho lived in tho land of hones — (iiiuiht tho gloonif which ahrt)udod tho onco happy and populous village of tho Hurons ; here their hones lay broad-cast turound his wigwam; for among these woods onco rang the war-cry of the Hurons, echoing along tho valley of the river Trent, hut whose Hinewy arms now laid low, with their badges and anus of war, in ono connnon grave. Tiieir graves, forming u hillock, are now all that n*niain of this onco powerful nation. Their bones, gun-barrels, tonmhawks, war spears, largo scalping knives, ai*o yet to bo found there. This must have taken placo soon after tho forma- tion of tho settlement in Quebec. Tho Crane tribe became tho sole proprietors of this part of the Ojibway land ; tho descendants of ,1 :| \ \ XjUI*OS-OA^OAn*BOWH. thii tribe oontinue to wear the diitingulihing lign ; except in a few instances, the chiefs are of this tribe. My graudfather lived here about this time, and held some friendly intercourse with the whites; My father here learned the manners, customs, and worship of the nation. He, and others, became acquainted with tho early settlers, and have ever boon friendly with the whites; and I know the day when lie used to shake tho hand of tho white man, and, very friemVift the white man would say, "take some wJMrjf.** AViien he saw any hun- gering for vcnii»ou, lie gave thoni to cat ; and some, in return for his kindnoMtt, hnvo repaid him alitor ihoy beenme good and gn\it furmerd. My mother was of tho £tiffle tnle; sho was a Bcnsible woman; she was as good a hunter as any of tho Indians ; sho could vhoot tho deer, and tho ducks Hviug, m well um ihoy. NatutH) hud done a givut deal for lior, for hUo was uciivo ; and slio was inu !i more cleanly titan tho nutjority of our women in those days. She lived to see tlio day when most of her children were given up to the Lord in Chris- tian baptism; while sho experienced a change of heart, and the fulness of God in man, for she lived daily in tho enjoyment of God's favours. I >\ill speak more of her at a proper time, respecting her life and happy death. 10 THi lue or My father still lives; he is from sixty-flve to seventy years old, and is one of the chiefs of Bice Lake Indian Village. He used to love fire-water before he was converted to God, but now lives in the enjoyment of religion, and he is happy without the devil's spittle — toTiUJcey. If ChriHtianity had not come, and the grace of God had not taken possession of his heart, his head would soon have been laid low beneath the fallen leaves of the forest, and I left, in my youthful days, an orphan. But to God be all the praise for his timely deli- verance! The reader will see that I eamiot boast of an ex.iltcd parentage, nor trace the past history to some renowned warrior in days of yore ; but let the above suilicc. My fathers were tliose who endured nuich, and who first took possession of tho conquered lands of the Ilurons. I was born in Nature^ a wide domain ! TIjo trees were all that slicltered my infant limbs — tho blue heavens all that covered me. I am one of Nature's children ; I have always admired her ; she shall bo my glorj' ; her features — her robes, and the wreath about her brow — tho seasons — her stately oaks, and the evergreen— her hair, ringlets over the earth — all contribute to my enduring love of her ; and wherever I see her, emotions of pleasure roll in my breast, and swell and burst like waves on the M. KAH-GI-OjL-OAH-BOWH. 11 shores of the ocean, in pnijer and praise to Him who has placed me in her hand. It is thought great to be bom in palaces, surrounded with wealth — ^but to be bom in Nature's wide domain is greater still ! I was bom somotimo in the fall of 1818, near the mouth of the river Trent, called in our lan- guage, Sah-gc-dah-wc-gc-wah-uoong, while my father and mother were attending the annual dis- tribution of the presents from the Government to the Indians. I was the third of our family ; a brother and sister being older, both of whom died. My brother died without the knowledge of the Saviour, but my siater exporiuuccd the power of the loving grace of God. One brother, and two step-brothers, ore still alive. I remember the tall trees, and the dark woods— the swamp just by, where the little wren sang so melodiously after the going down of the sun iu the west — tlio current of the broad river Trent — ^the skipping of the finh, and tlie noise of the rapids a little above. It was hero I first saw the light ; a little fallen flown shelter, made of evergreens, and a few dead cabers, the remains of the last fire that shed its gonial warmth around, were all that marked the spot. When I last visited it, nothing but fur poles stuck in the ground, and they were leaning on account of decay. Is this dear spot, 12 TBI Lira Of mode greon by tho toon of momoiy, any leu en* ticing and hallowed than tho palaces whore princei ore bom P I would much more glory in this birth- place, Anth the broad canopy of heaven above me, and the giant arms of the forest trees for my shelter, than to be bom in palaces of marble, studded with pillars of gold! Nature will be Nature still, while palaces shall decay and fall in ruins. Yes, Niagara will be Niagara a thousand years hence ! The rainbow, a wreath over her brow, shall continue as long as the sun, and the flowing of the river — while the work of art, however im- pregnable, shall in atoms fall! Our wigwam we always carried with us wherever we went. It was made in the following manner : — Poles were cut about fifteen feet long ; three with crotches at the end, which were stuck in tho ground some distance apart, tho upper ends meet- ing, and fastened with bark ; and then other poles were cut in circular form and bound round the first, and then covered with plaited reeds, or sewed birch bark, leaving an opening on the top for the smoko to escape. The skins of animals fomied a covering for a gap, which answered for a door. Tho family all sat, tailor-fashion, on mats. In tho fall and winter they were generally made more secure, for the purpose of keeping out the rain and cold. The covering of our wigwam was always carried by my «i \ XAB-OI-OA-OAn-BOWH. 18 mother, whenever we wont through the woodi. In the lummer it was easier and pleasonter to moTO ahottt from pkco to pkce, than in the winter. In the lummer we had hirch-hark canoes, and with these we travelled very rapidly and easily. In the winter every thing was carried upon the hack. I have known some Indians carry a wholo deer— not a small one, but a buck. If an Indian could lift up his pack off the ground by means of his arms, it was a good load, not too light nor too heaAy. I once carried lOG Iba. weight of flour, twelve lbs. of shot, five lbs. of coffee, and some sugar, about a quarter of a mile, without resting— the flour was in two bags. It felt very heavy. This was since I travelled with the missionaries, in going over one of tlie portages in tho west. Our summer houses were made like thoso in gardens among the whites, except that the skeleton was covered with bark. The hunting grounds of the Indians were se- cured by right, a law and custom among themselves. No one was allowed to hunt on another's land, without invitation or permission. If any person was found trespassing on the ground of another, all his things were taken from him, except a handful of shot, powder sufHciont to serve liim in going itraiglit home, a gun, a tomahawk, and a knife ; all the fur, and other tilings, were taken from him. If THB LITE OT he were found a second time trespaBBing, all bit things were taken awajfrom him, except food suffi- cient to subsist on while going home. And should he still come a third time to trespass on the same, or another man's hunting grounds, his nation, or tribe, arc then informed of it, who talce up his case. If still he disobey, he is banished from his tribe. My father's hunting ground was at the head of Crow Eiver, a bninch of the River Trent, north of the Prince Edward District, Canada West. There are two branches to this river — one belongs to George Poudash, one of the principal chiefs of our nation; the other to my father; and the Crow River belongs to another chief by tho name of John Crow. During the last war tho Indians did not hunt or fish mucli for nearly six years, and at the end of that time there were large quantities of beaver, otter, minks, lynx, fishes, &c. These hunting grounds abound with rivers and lakes; the face of the country is swampy and rocky; the deer and the bear abound in these woods ; part of the surrendered territory is in- cluded in it. In the year 1S18, 1,800,000 acres of it were surrendered to the British Government. For how much, do you ask ? For 2,9G0 dollars per annum ! AVliat a great sum for British gene- rositj'! Much of the back country still remains unsold, M • 11 '111 ! f I ! XAH-ei-GA-OAH-BOWH. 15 and I hope the scales will be removed from the eyes of my poor countrymen, that they may see the robberies perpetrated upon them, before they sur- render another foot of territory. From these lakes and rivers come the best'furs that are caught in "Western Canada. Buyers of fur get largo quantities from here. They are then shipped to New York city, or to England. AVhcn- ever fruit is plenty, bears are also plent}', and there is much bear hunting. Before the whites came amongst us, the skins of these animals served for clothing ; they are now sold at from three to eight dollars apiece. My father generally took one or two families with him when he went to hunt ; all were to hunt, and place their gains into one common stock till spring, (for they were often out all winter,) when a division took place. t ' ; 16 THE Liri or '/ CHAPTEB II. Mjr life U not dated by yean- There ere mouiento which act m a phmgh t Aiid there it not a furrow appeara, But is deep in my Mttl aa uiy brow.— rjriWM. Thb change of seasons changed also our mode of living, as well as the places where we then had our wigwam. In the fall we gathered the wild rice, and in the winter we were in the interior. Some winters we suffered most severely, on account of the depth of snow, and the cold; our wigwams were often buried in snow. Wo not only suffered from the snow aud the cold, but from hunger. Our party would be unable to hunt, and being far from the white scttlcincnta, wo were often in want of food. I will narrate a circuinstauce of our suffer- ings, when I come to speak of the actual conditiou of our people, before Christianity was introduced among us, which, when I think of it, I cannot but bless God for his preserving kindness to us, in sparing us to hear his blessed word. Soon after being Christianised, my father and another Indian, by tho name of Big John, and FT ni i f ■i KAH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWB. 17 mjrielf, went out hunting ; mj father left hii ikmil j near the nuBaion station, living in the wigwam. While we were out on the hunting grounds, we found out that some Indians had gone before us on the route up the river, and every day we gained upon them: their tracks were fresh. The river and tlio lakes were frozen, and wo Iiad to walk on the ice. For some days together we did not fire a gun, for fear tlicy would hear it and go from us, where wo could not find thcin. At length we found them by the banks of the river — they were Nah-doo-waya, or IMoliawks, from Bay Quinty; there were seven of tliem, tall fellows. AVe sliook hands witli them: they received .us kindly. My father had determined to take all they had, if wo should overtake them. After they gave us a good dinner of boiled beaver, my father stepped across the fire and ripped open two packs of beaver furs, that were just by him. lie said to them, " AV"o have only one custom among Uit, and that is well kuowu to all ; this river, and all that is in it aro Tti'tie. I have come up the river behind you, and you appear to have killed all before you. This is mine, and this is mine,*' he said, as ho touched \nth the handle of his toniah.iwk each of the packs of beaver, otter, and musk-cat skins. I expected every moment to see my father knocked down with a tomahawk, but none dared touch him ; he counted c 18 THE Lin OV the Bkine, and tben threw them acroM the fire-place to us. After this was done, the same thing took phee with the guns ; only one was left them to use on their way home. Ho talked to them by signs, and bade them, as the sailors say, " weigh anchor, and soon bo under way ;*' they left, and wo took possession of tho temporary wigAvam they had built. AVo never saw thcni afterwards on our hunting grounds, thougli souio of them havo been there since. Mv father was ever kind and aflectionate to me, particularly after tho death of my brother, which was occasioned by the going olT of a gun, tho load passing through the arm, and so fractured it that it soon mortified and caused his death. He be- lieved in persuasion ; I know not that he ever used harsli means, but would talk to me for hours toge- ther. As soon as it was dark he would call me to his side and begin to talk, and tell me that the Great Spirit would bless me with a long life if I should love my friends, and particularly the aged. Ho would always take me with him when goiug anywhere near, and I learned his movements, for I watched him goiug through the woods. Often would he tell me that when I should be a man that I must do so and so, and do as ho did, while fording the rivers, shooting the deer, trapping the beaver, Ac, I always imitated him while I was a hunter. :* KAR-OI-eA-OAH-BOWH. 10 1 i fi Mj mother was also kind and affectionate; she seemed to be happy when she saw us enjoying our- selves by her; often she would not eat much for days together; she would leave all for us! Sho was an industrious woman ; in the spring she made more sugar than any ouo else ; sho was never idle whilo tho season for gathering wild rice lasted. I was taught early to hunt tho doer. It was a part of our father*8 duty to teach us how to handle tho gun as well as the bow and arrow. I was early reminded to hunt for myself; a thirst to excel in hunting began to increase ; no pains were spared, no fatigue was too great, and at all seasons I found something to i^tiniulatc me to exertion, that 1 inight become a good hunter. For years I followed my father, observed how ho approached the deer, the manner of getting it upon his shoulders to carry it home, &c. Tho appearanco of tho sky, the sound of the distant waterfalls in tho morning, tho ap- pearanco of tho clouds and the winds, were to bo noticed. The step, and the gesture, in travelling in search of the deer, were to be observed. Many a lecture I received when the deer lay bleeding at the feet of my father ; he would give me an account of the nobleness of the hunter's deeds, and said that I should never be in want whenever there was any game, and that many a poor aged man could be assisted by me. ** If ifou 02 20 TRS Lm 01 reverence ike a^ed, many ieill be glad to hear iffgour name" were the words of my father. ** The poor man will say to his children, ' my cliildren, let ub go to him, for he is a great hunter, and is kind to the poor ; he will not turn us awny empty.* The Orcat Spirit, who has given the aged a long life, will hlcss you. You must never Inugh at any suf- fering ohject, for you know not how soon you may be in tho same condition: never kill any game needlessly." Such was his language when we were alone in the woods. Ah ! they were lessons directed from heaven. In the spring but few deer were killed, because they were not in good order, the venison being poor, and tho skin so thin, tliat it was no object to kill tliem. To hunt deer in the summer was my great delight, which I did in the following manner : — During the day I looked for their tracks, as they came on the shore of the lake or river during the night to feed. If they came on the bank of the river, I lighted pitch pine, and the current of the .river took the canoe along the shore. My lantern was so constructed that the liglit could not fall on one spot, but sweep .iloug tho shore. The deer could see the light, but were not alarmed by it, and continued feeding on tlie weeds. In this way I have approached so close, that I could have reached them with my paddle. In this manner our fore- KAH-01-GA-OAR-BOWH. 21 fiithen shot them, not with a gun, m I did, but with the bow and arrow. Bows were made itrong enough, so that tho arrows might pierce through them. Another mode of hunting on the bkes, preferred by some, is shooting without a light. Many were so expert, and possessed such accuracy in hearing, that they could shoot successfully in the dark, with no other guide thau tho noise of tlie deer in the water ; tho position of tho deer being well knovrn in this way on tlic darkest night. I will hero relate an occurrence M'hich took plnco in ISS-li. My father and I were hunting on tho river Trent, in the night; after we had shot two deer, and while returning homewards, we heard the noise of a deer*s footsteps. The night was dark as pitch. Wo approached iuo deer. X asked my father at what part of tho animal I should aim. Ho replied, "at the head or neck." I poised my gun and fired; hearing no noise, I concluded tliat my game Mas sure. I lighted somo pitch pine, and walked towards tho spot from which the noise had come. The deer lay dead and bleed- ing. On examination, I found that I had shot it just below the ear. In the fall of the year, also, I was accustomed to hunt ; tho meat was very fine, and tho skins (from M'hich our moccasins were made) were much thicker at this season. Those that could track tho deer on fallen leaves, and shoot TBI Lit 1 or one each day, were considered flrtt-mte hunten. The fall ia the beat time to determine the akill of the huntaman. Of all animala the bear ia the moat dangcroua to hunt. I had heard ao many atoriea about ita cun- ning that I dreaded to meet one. One day a party of us \v'cre going out to hunt the bear, juat below Crooke'a mpids. After wo had made a temporary place to stay for several days, we marched in file ; after a while we halted, each took a diflcrent direc- tion. My father said, " My son, you had better loiter behind the rest. Do not go far, for you may lose yourself." AVe parted — I took m^ course, and the rest theirs. I trembled for fear I should sec what I was hunting for ! went oiily where I least ex- pected to see a bcnr, and every noiac I heard in the woods, I thouglit nnist be one. As I stood on an old mossy log, tliore was such a crack on tho sido of the hill, that my heart leaped within me. As I turned and V ked, there was a large bear runniug towards ii ! hid myself behind a tree — but on he came ; x atelied him ; he came like a hogshead rolling down hill ; tliero were no signs of stopping ; when a few feet from me, I jumped aside, and cried Yah ! (an exclamation of fear.) I fired my gun without taking sight ; in turning suddenly to avoid me, he threw up the earth and leaves ; for an in- stant I was led to believe that the bear was upon 1 KAK-OI-GA-OjLH-BOWH. 23 me. I dropped my gun and fell backwards, while the bear lay sprawling just by me. Having rcco- yered, I took up my gun, and went a few feet from where I fell, and loaded my gun in a hurry. I then sought for a long polo, and with it I poked it on its side, to see if it was really dead. It did not more— it was dead ; but even then I had I'ot courage to go and touch it with my hands. When all was over, and I had told my father I had killed a bear, I felt as though my little leggings could hardly contain me. In examining it, I found the ball had gono through its heart. Bear meat is like pork. It can be kept a long time when cured. For some weeks together this was the only kind of food we used to cat. The oil of tlio bear is u^ed for various purposes. One use is, to prevent the fulling out of tho hair. The apothecaries buy it from the Indians for about five dollars a gallon. The skins of bears are what our forefathers wore, before the whito people caino amongst us, as blan- kets ; but now land-sharlst culled traders, buy them from tho Indians for a mere trifle. I loved to hunt the bear, the beaver, and the deer ; but now, tho occupation has no charms for me. I will now take tho goose quill for my bowt and its point for my arrotv. If, perchance, I may yet speak, when my poor aching head lies low in the 24 THa UFi or S«ve; when thehand that wwte thew recoU«.r 8haU have crumbled into dust «. "^"^^^'on* -m not have been writtoui :!!'''' *^^^^ ^ lien will the .e«Hon come. 4"rr ;„';;;r r -f - '«• Beaver «kia, „,„ i"";' J^ """• «' "'» %• dollars apiece, or fourd!.. ™"' "«'" '» "•'» Tl,„ « ' *" """^ """ars per pouiul The otter, too, « ,„uel, valued iT . • «- »kins, and „.ako caps of the^ JL "''""* ''"^ caught in trans T„ fi ,.„• ^''"Ja^ mostly »'«„3o„ JL,'" "" ^''" •■'"'' ^K'-S they J K i' be hai/rri'rrr" "■"' "'■'"« »•''-• paring ia tl.e J^^' " '"^ --' »">■ ^od pn>- AV' hen about five years oh] T ijii KAH-OI-OA-eAK-BOWH. 25 \ eooked by the grandfather and grandmother, and there was great rejoicing, to inspire the youthful hunter with fresh ardour. Day alter day I searched for the grey squirrel, the woodpecker, the suipo, and tho snow bird, for this was till iny employ* mcnt. Tho gnu was auothei* instrument put into my hands, which I was tuuglifc to uuo both cai'ciuUy and skiltuUy. 8cldum do accidents occur from tho U8o of iiru-nnns among our people. I deliglited in running after the deer, in order to head and shuot It was u well known fact that I ranked tho hunters. I remember the lirst deer I ever shot, — it was about ouo mile north of tho Tillage of Kecno. Tho Indians, us has just beeu said, onco had a custom, which is now done away, of making a great feast of tho first deer that a young hunter caught : tho young hunter, however, was not to partake of any of it, but wait upon tho others. All tho satisfaction he could realise, was to thump his heels on tho ground, wliile he and others were singing the following hunter's song : — " Ah yuh ba wah, ne gab me koo nal: vah ! Ah yah wa sceb, ne gub me koo nah nah."* The fattest of the bucks Fll take, The choicest of all animals I'll take. them. high among * These lines are sung over and over again, for about half ■a hour. i! THE Lin 01 In the days of our ignorance we used to dance around the fire. I shudder when I think of those days of our darkness. I thought the Spirit would bo kind to me if I danced before the old men ; and day ofter day, or night after night, I have been employed with others in this way. I thank God that those days will never return. ",» ■ml >.•. .. t ■( ..! ' i'' .• .-(4' j) i' m 1*1 1 lit nl 11 || ii H ^( •'M HGyr *; m \ XAH-OI-OA-OAK-BOWH. 27 E> CHAFTEB III. • What tat theie. 8o witlwred uid lo wild Id tbeir attire, That look not like the inkaliitante o' the ««tl^ And yet are ou't ?->& HowETBB absurd may have been our notiona of the multiplied deities of the earth, yet, as a general thing, the Ojibways, as well as many others, believed that there was but one Great Spirit, who made the world ; they gave him the name of good or -bene- volent; keaha is benevolent, monedoo is spirit; Ke-sha-mon-e-doo. They supposed ho lived in the heavens ; but the most of the time he was in the 9un, They said it was from him they received all tliat was good through life, and that ho seldom needs the ofTor- ing of his red cliildren, fur he was seldom angry. They also said he could hear all his children, and see them. He was the author of all things that they saw, and made the other spirits that were acknowledged by the Ojibways. It was said that these other spirits took special care of the varioua departments of nature. The god of the hunter was one who presided over the animals ; the god of war 4 V > r la \r 28 THE LIT! 07 was one who controlled the destinies of men ; the god of medicine was one who presided over the herbs of the earth. Tlie fishes had their god, and there was another over the moon and stars ! *' Millions of fpiritual creatures walk the earth Unseen, both when we sleep and when we wake." There was one iiiinppoasnbic spirit, called the Bad Spirit, IMah-jc-mah-nc-doo. He, it was tliought, lived under tlio earth ; and to him was attributed all tijat was not good, bad luck, sickness, even death. To nlm they oflercd sacrifices more than to any otiicr spii'it, of tilings most dear to them. There were three things tliat were generally oflcred to the Bad Spirit, viz., a dog, whiskey, and tobacco, — fit ofTerings, with the exception of the poor dog. The poor dog was painted red on its paws, with a large stone and five plugs of tobacco tied about its neck: it was then sunk in the water; while the beating of the drum took place upon the shore, and words were chanted to the Bad Spirit. The whiskey was thus ofTorcd to the Bad Spirit : — "Wlien the Indians were seated aroiuid the wigwam, or on the grass, and the person who dealt out the whiskey had given all tho Indians a dram, then tho devil was to liavo his share ; it was poured on tho ground, and if it went down quickly, it was thought he accepted the offering. Pire-water was sometimes poured out near the M Hi: I ''I'l ■1< I I I i m m KAU-ei-eA-OAH-BOWH. 29 I 9 hetd of tbe graves of the deceased, that their spirits might drink with their former frieikds. I have often seen them sit around the grave, and, as they drank, make mention of the name of their dead, and pour some whiskey on the ground. Our religion consisted in obsoning certain cere- monies every spring. Most of the Ojibways around us used to come and worship the Great Spirit with us at Bice Lake. At tliis festival a great many of the youth were initiated into the medical mysteries of the nation. AVo were taught the virtues of herbs, and the various kinds of minerals used in our medicine. I will liere describe the Ale-tae-we- gah-mig, or Grand Medicine Lodge. It was a wigwam 150 feet lung and 15 feet wide. The clan of medicine men and women alone were allowed to be inside, at each sitting, with then* medicine badge, on each side of the wigwam. Then tliero Mere four old men who took the lead in singing, and beating the drum, as they stood near the centre. Before them were a company who were to take degrees. There were four grades in the institution. A medicine man is the most imi)ortant personage in the worship of the Indians. He is the high priest of the ceremony, and keeps all tlie ivcords of tra- ditions and emblems. He is also the keeper of the great bag which is fiUl of herbs, which is opened only when lectures are given for to illustrato them. *1 ao THI Ufi'or Aftcr the .imrin! °°'y"""«f■»•»• of toe .is.., eoTht : 7 ri """ °"""'' onchalf of them c«st ti?.- i . ^^ «" '»»»<». thrust at each other- T, ! '^ ^'"'""'''^ *» ignorant. These Llr "" '" ''"«'»° *« •«• Xl.e part V to T "? "'"""»<^'' «''»'"»1 -omen loot dlt « """"" """"'-"'«' »"»' -I ;%-on,ahate7it::i:'-re^ taken to another place «-.> h . ,. ^'"''^ "'^ a™ taught the aeirj ~^^^ -. -d instruetions, another day , atZt.^?"''^'''""* iu^truetiou on moralit/ tW ' ° ^"^ "'«» various subjeets An i 1^ """' '^"««' »" endeavonrt^LtlnL ''-P«"onee,a„d he«. give so«e o7t : .Sr:/""*'''- ^««' men :— ^ "^^ °^ o"r medicine XAH-OK-OA-OAH-DOWB. 81 I ''Nerer pan hj any indigent person without gi?ing him ■omcthing to eat. Owh wah-jah- hak-mek ke-gah-shah-w a-ne-mig — the Spirit that ■ees you will hlcss you.** *' If you seo an orphan in wont, help him ; for you will be rewarded by his friends here, or thanked by his parents in the land of spirits.** " If you own a good hunting dog, give it to tho first poor man who really needs it.'* "AVhen you kill a doer, or bear, never appro- priate it to yourself alone, if others are in want ; never withhold from them what the Great Spirit has blessed you with.*' " AVhcn you eat, share with the poor children who are near you, for when you ore old they will administer to your wants.** " Never use improper medicine to the injury of another, lest you yourself receive the same treat- ment.'* "When an opportunity offers, call tho aged together, and provide for them venison properly cooked, and give them a hearty welcome ; then the gods that have favoured them will be your friends.*' These are a few specimens of tho advice given by our fathers, and by adhering to their counsels tho lives, peace, and happiness of the Indian raco were secured; for then there was no whiskey among them. O ! that accursed thing. ! why did the 82 TH^ ura or g white man give it to my poor fathen P None but fiends in human shape could have introduced it among us. I recollect the day when my people in Canada were l)oth numerous and happy ; and since then, to my sorrow, they have faded away like frost before the heat of the sun ! Where are now that once numerous and happy people? The voice of but few is heard. When I think of them, I feel pained to know that many have fallen a prey to Its soid and body- destroying iufluence. I could adopt the language of the poet : — *' I trill go to my tent and lie down in despair, I will paint me with black, and sever my hair, I will sit on tlie shore where the hurricme blows, And relate to the God of the tempest my woes ; I will for a season on bitterness feed. For my kindred arc gone to the mounJs of the dead. But they died not of hunger, nor wasting decay. For the drink of the white man hath swept them away." The Ojibway nation, that nation luiconquered in war, has fallen a prey to the withering influence of intemperance. Their buoyant spirits could once mount the air as on the wings of a bird. Now they have no spirits. They are hedged in, bound, and maltreated, by both the American and British governments. They have no other hope than that some day they will be relieved from their prlvatiops and trials by death. The lire-water has rolled ,h I KAn-OI-OA-OAR-BOWU. towardi them like the wavei of the ma. AUm, alas ! mj poor people! The tribe became diatipated, and conaoqucntly improvident, and often Buffered inteniely. It waa in visiting the interior that we alwaya suffered most. I will here narrate a single circum- stnnce which will convey a correct idea of tho sufferings to which tho Indians were often exposed. To collect furs of different kinds for the traders, we had to travel far into the woods and remain there tho whole winter. Once we left Bice Lako in the fall, and ascended the river in canoes, above Belmont Lake. There were five families about to hmit with my father, on his grounds. The winter began to set in, and the river having frozen over, we left the canoes, tho dried venison, the beaver, and some flour and pork ; and when we had gone further north, say about sixty miles from the whites, for the purpose of hunting, tho snow fell for five days m succession to such a depth that it was impossible to shoot or trap anything. Our provisions wero exhausted, and we had no means to procure any more. Here we were. The snow about five feet deep ; our wigwam buried ; the branches of tho trees falling around us, and cracking from the weight of the snow. Our mother boiled birch bark for my sister and myself, that we might not starve. On the seventh 9) I 84 VHS uri OT day, some of them were lo weak that they could not raiae themselves, and others could not stand alone. They could only cmwl in and out of the wigwam. Wo parched beaver skins and old moccasins for food. On the ninth day, none of the men were able to go abroad, except my fatlicr and uncle. On the tenth day, being still without food, those only who were able to walk about the wigwam were my father, my grandmother, my sii^ter, mid myself. O how distressing to sec the starviuglndians lying about the wig>vam with hungry and eager loolis ! The children would cry for something to eat. My i)oor mother would heave hitter Jtif/Jis ofdeapah'f the tears falling from her cheeks profusely as she kissed us. AVood, though plenty, could not be obtained, on account of the feebleness of our limbs. My father, at times, would draw near the tire, and rehearse some prayer to the gods. It appeared to him that there was no way of escape ; the men, women, and children dying; some of them were speechless. The wig>vam was cold and dark, and covered with snow. On the eleventh day, just before daylight, my father fell into a sleep ; he soon awoke and said to me, *' My son, the Great Spirit is about to bless us ; this night, in my dream, I saw a person coming from the east, walking on the tops of the trees. He told me that we should obtain two beavers this morning about nine o'clock. Put ]UU-OI-OA-eAB«BOWU. on your moccMini and go along with me to the rifer, and we will hunt the heaver, perhape for the last time.'* I saw that his countenance beamed with delight ; ho was full of confidence. I put on my moccasins and carried my snow shoes, staggering along behind him, about half a mile. Having made a fire near the river, where thcro was an air-hole, through which the beaver Imd come up diuriug the night, my father tied a gun to a stump, with the muz/Je towardd the air-hole ; ho also tied a string to the trigger, and B!ud, " should you see the beaver rise, pull the string aud you will kill it." I stood by tlie tiro with tho string in my hand. I soon heard a noise occnHioued by tho T)h)w of his toma- hawk ; ho had killed a beaver, and ho brought it to me. As he hiid it dowu, ho said, " then the Great Spirit will not let us die here ; " adding, as before, "if you seo tho beaver rise, pull the string.*' He left me ; I soon saw the nose of one, but I did not shoot. Presently another came up ; I pulled the trigger, and oft' the gun weut. I could not see for some time for the smoke. My father ran towards me, took the two beavers and laid them side by side ; then pointing to tho sun, said, '^ Do you see the sun P Tho Great Spirit informed me that we should kill these two about this time this morning. We will yet seo our relatives at Bice Lake ; now let us go homo and seo if they are still alive." We D 2 vni LIFE or hastened home, aiid arrived jiitt in time to mto them from death. Since which, we visited the same spot, the year after the missionaries came among us. My father, with feelings of gratitude, knelt doHn ou the spot whero wo had nearly |)erishcd. Glory to God! But what have I done for him since ? Comparatively nothing. TVe were just at death's door, when Christianity rescued us. I have heard of many who have perished in this way, far in the woods. lu my travels to the west, I have met many whoso families had perished, and who liad themselves merely escaped starvation. May >Ood forgive me, for my ingratitude and indolence in his blessed cause ! I will here introduce a favourite war song of the Ojibway natiou. It was accompanied by dancing, and an occasional war-whoop. At tho end of each ctauza, a warrior rehearsed some former victories, which inspired them witli ardour for war. Unchris- tiauiscd Indians are often like greedy lions after their prey ; yes, ai times, they are indeed cruel and blood-thirsty. I have met with warriors who, when they had killed their enemies, cut open their {)rcasts, took out their hearts, and drank their Llood ; and all this was out of mere revenge. But to tho War Sonj, which was first translated for Col. McKinney, "MhiloM>phy.—& Supehstitiok raises and nurses children from the cradle — ^through the Avido world. Ijaugh at we may nt another's simpliuity and folly, the civilised and imciviliHod have always had their notions of ghost- spirits. Our people believed much iu omens. The harking of foxes and of wolves, the ble^tbg of the deer, the screeching of owls, had luck in hnntingi the llight of uncommon kinds of birds, the moaning uoiHo of a partridge, the noino of a chuck chuck ale Met/,* were ominous of ill ; the two last were certain omens of death. But the sailing of an eagle to and fro, and the noise of a raven, were omens of good. ^\\ * To thia bird I have given its Indian name, because I have not been able to discover it otnong the collection:! of the various birds in the books and in the museums. It is about the size of the smaller kind of parrot. The colour of its feathers is like that of a jay, having short wings, small and broad beak, with an upper and lower row of teeth, like a human being. In this last respect, it is diflTerent from any other bird. It takes its name from the sound it utters,—* viz., chuek^ ehuek. f 'H KA.n-OE-ei.-OAH-BOWH. 39 Breami, toO| were mach relied on by our nation. They thought the Bpirits revealed to them what they were to do, and what they should be, — viz., good hunters, warriors, and medicine men. I would fust sometimes two, and sometimes even foiu* days. Wlicu fastinjj^, wo were to leave the wigwam enrly in the morning, and travel uU day from ono place to another, in search of the favour of the gods. I was tauglit to beliuve tliat tliu gods would cuiamuuieatu with me, in the shapo of birds, annuals, i^c, &iu AVhcu I Ml asleep iu i\\o woods, niid dn^aiuod souio strange divani, 1 IVlt cunlldtnt tliat it was from thu spirits. I will now relate whut I dreamed when I was but twelve years old, and also my father*s interpretation of my drvam. jyfvself and others wero sleeping far fi\>m the Migwain, near a large pine. I saw, iu iny dream, a pei*son coming from the east; he approached, walking on the air : he looked down upon me, and said, " Is this where you are ? " I said, " Yes." ** Do you see this pine ? '* « Yes, I see it." « It is a great and high tree." I observed that the tree was lofty, reacliing towards the heavens— its branches extended over land and water, and its roots wero very deep. *' Look on it while I sing ; yes, gaze upon the tree." lie sang, and pointed to the tree; it commenced waving its top; the earth about its roots was heaved up, and the .'0 40 THE LIFE OS iraten roared and tossed from one side of their beds to the other. As soon as he stopped singing, and let fall his hands, everything became perfectly still and quiet. ** Now," said he, " sing the words which I have sung." I commenced as follows:-— Lt he Its Its • • }d le le " It is I who travel in the winds, It it I who whi<:;if r in the breeze ; I sh".w<; the trvej, I shake the e.uth, I trouble the waters on every land." ^Vhilo singing, I heard tho winds whistle, saw the trco waving its top, tho earth heaving, heard tho waters roaring, hccaaso they were all troubled and agitated. Then said he, " I am from the rising of th«3 sun ; I \iill come and sec you agam. You will not see me often : but you will hear me speak." Thus spoke the spirit, and then turned away towards the road from which he Iiad come. I told my father of my dream, and, after hearing all, he said, " My son, the god of the wiiuh is kind to you; the aged tree, I hope*, may indicate long life; tho wind may indicate that you will travel mucli ; tho water which you saw, and the winds, will carry your canoe safely through tho waves." I relied nuicli on my dream, for then I knew no better. But, however, little reliance can bo dreams ; vet may not tho Great Spirit take I l! *;'iE|f« ■ pkccdi ; yet may l^'l IK KAK-OB-OA-OAn-BOWU. 41 tbii method, ■ometimes, to bring about some good IMUltP There was no such thing known among our people as swearing, or profaning tho name of the Great Spirit. The M'liitcs Hrst taught thorn to swear. I often swore, when I knew not what I said. I lirve seen some while firet with black hearts^ \\ \\o took delight in teaching them to pro- fane the name of God. O merciless, heartless, and wicked white men, may a merciful God forgive you your enormous turpitude and recklessness ! There was a custom among us, bcfora Christianity visited us, that whcu tho Ojibwuys intended to take a general whiskey "spree," several young men were appointed by the head chief to collect all the fire-arms, knives, war-clubs and other weapons, and keep them in a secret place^ till the Indians had completed their frolic. This was done to prevent them fi*oni mi^rderiug each other when intoxicated. By this means many lives have been saved ; although many have been killed during their drunken ii^hts. Tliey would walk vcr}'^ far for a dram of liquor. I once heard of an individual, whoit: I had seen many times, who would travel all Say for a single druik of iirc-water. When he arrived at tho trading post, ho obtained and guzzled down a cup full of whiskey. When tho poison had operated, he said tliat he felt u^ if his head was going down THE Lira or j< liis throat ; and added, '* Whah ! I wieh my neck was a milo long, so that I might feel and hear the whiskej' running all the way down !" A certain Indian once teased a H^Irs. F. for whiskey, which he said was to cure his " hig totf* that had hcen badly bruised the preceding night. Mrs. F. said, " I am afraid you will drink it." He doi'lared he woidd not drink it; and after much pleading, she handed him some; ho took it, and looking first at his toe, and then at the liquor, altornatfly, all of a sudden he slipped the whiskey down \\U throat, at the same time exclaiming, as he pointed to his toe, " There, icliUkey^ go down to my poor big toe.** One of our people, who had much resolution, and was dctemiir.?'! to seek religion, when he heard that the ^lethodist Indians were not to drink any more iire-water, remarked as follows : — " Wellf if til at is the case. Til go to-night ^ and hilling old friend whialceg a final farewell ^ He went, and drank and caroused with his rum-com- panions all night. On the following day, about noon, he came staggering towards his wigwam, singing out to all whom he met, " Me goes to Metho- dist ; me no drink little more; me am Methodist.^* He was true to his word, for he drank no more, and the Lord blessed him in the forgiveness of all his For eighteen vears he was a consistent Ui' sms w KiH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWR. 48 Ohristian, and died lost June, with the brightest hopes of immortal bliss. Oh! the heights and depths of the goodness and mercj of God ! In view of these things, I have often exclaimed from tho bottom of my heart, in the language of ^'The Indian's Segrct/' and which is the language of all who have born brought Irom darkness to the marvellous light of the Gospel : — '' O had our Indian fathers known What prophets told of Christ and heaven ! For them we drop a tear nnd mourn, But weep for joy our sins forgiven." 'Iv V*"'. u »,-..■ ^■V^ • '.''■ '. THS LIFE or -■.,1 •' ' 1 . 'I t CHAPTER V. lUdi, flrnitlcN ww, frjm wmtoa glorj waged. It uBiy •! ImM munlcr^— r. TuE traditiont handed down from father to Bon were held very sacred ; ouo half of these ore not known by the white people, however far their researches may have extended. There is an un- williugncss, on the part of the Indians, to commu- nicate many of thcb traditions. The only way to come at these is to educate the Indians, so that they may be able to write out what they have heard, or may hear, and publish it. Should I bo spared till next suiiuner, I design to visit my people in the far west, aul abide with them long enough to Icani the rest of their traditions, with an account of their migration to this country.* My own belief is, that they came to tliis country, aud fought with the original iiiliabitants ; aud having over- powered them, became the ownei's of the soil. I * This tradition history of the Ojibways will soon be given to the public, and each may judge for himself with reference to the former hiiitory of our Indians. !' 11 u. XAU-OI-OA-OAU-BOWn. 45 will not now giro my reasons for this belief, as I expect at some future day to collect all the neces- sary information for this xiurpose, from histories and discoverios, corroborated by theae traditions. My readers will then be able to judge whether we are to be identified with the dispersed and " lost tribes of Israel.'* Can it bo possibiio that, had we sprung from any of the Hebrew tribes, wo should be so completely ignorant of a McHsiah, a Sabbath, or a single vestige of the Lcvitieal law? But enough of this for the present. As far as I am able to learn, our nation has never been conquered ; and have maintained their ground wherever they have conquered. The Saxe iribe have tried their ingenuity, power and braver)', to drive them frum the south shore of Lake Supe- rior. The JIui'ona mustered their warriors against the aggressions made by the Ojibway nation. Their war canoes were once directed against the Ojibway nation, but they were obliged to turn back, and flee for protection to the Shawnee nation. The sound of the war-whoop, which once rang all around the shores of Lake Huron, receded, and died away on the waters of Sandusky. The arms that once wielded the war-club were strewed about their gromids, on account of brokeu treaties made in former days, and massacres at the mouth of French River. The IraqitoiSf who struck terror whei-ever 46 THl XJFB or their mere names were mentioned, also tried to check our progress, after we hod conquered the Hurons. Their war-whoops resounded over the dismal regions of tho conquored hmd ; hut they, too, sbiired tho same ftite. Thoy went, ns spies, ns fur as La Pointo, on tho south shoro of Liiko Superior; but not with their armies any further than Ke- wa-o-nou, in the copper regions. Here they were massacred by hiuulrcds, and fell in their canoes at one of tho narrow pa8se^<, on their way to the portage, about fourteen miles from the Bay of Aunce. ^ After these fruitless attempts to tU-ive tho Ojibways from their laud, they fought many battles with them in the regions now called Canada "West ; but in these they suffered much, and were defeated. It was then, probably, that the Hurons and Iraquois leagued together, hoping by their combined forces to conquer us. This accounts for tho confederacy tliat existed when the whites came among them. The migration of the Ojibways has been traced fifom the upper part of Lake Superior, and even several hundred miles above its head, along tho shore of Lake Superior, down to Lake Huron, St. Clair, the foot of Lake Michigan, north of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and some distance down the St. Lawrence, 'j'.v" ' ' They now inhabit a portion of land extending about 2000 niiles east and west, and from 250 to 300 , /., i3 Y // U- -- * < ill KJLH-OI-OA-OJUI-BOWU. 47 milet from north to louth. They ha?e in each village a chief who govcrnB them, besides a great number of war chiefs. Each village has a council of its own, nmdo up of tho diiTcrent tribes. A tribe is n band of Indiniis whoso sigu or murk is tbo same ; for example, such as >v(Mir tlio »\^\i of the craiief recognise each other as relatives ; and although each village may bo composed of diil'ereut tribes, yet they must be of the same nation. Councils of peace must bo held by two nation:^. These councils are held in high estcciii. When two nations are at war, if either su(>s fur peace, they hand to each other some token, such as a belt of wampum (or beads), or a calumet (a long pipe.) There was once a general coimcil held between the Ilurons and the Ojibways ; it was conducted in the following manner : — They came together near Sault St. Marie, and agreed upon a peace for five years. After the pipe of peace was prepared, the Ojibway and Huron warriors arniuged themselves in two lines, on each side of their chiefs, and said that they must ascertain whether the Great Spirit would approve of their proceedings. Two fi-om each nation were chosen: the Uurons held tho pipe filled with tobacco; the Ojibways, the steel, flint, and spunk. The steel was then struck against the flint, and if, on tho first stroke, tho spunk was ignited, so as to tire the tobacco, and thus enable 4$ TlIK LIFE or the irarrior to draw in and to emit a volume of smoke, then the evidence was complete that the Great Spirit approved of their plans and proceed- ings ; and the whole assembly now would set up the most tremendous shout of joy. The two na- tions were successful in this. Tho shout was given, peace was secured, and these two powerful nations separated for their own homes. For three years, no dark cloud hung over the two nations. Tho Ojibways Vegan to trade with tho whites at Quebec. It usually required all tho summer to journey from tho shore of Lake Superior to that place and back again. These were tedious and perilous journeys; but they were determined to obtaiu " the snake which Kpitjire^ »moke and death ;" this was their description of a gun to their brethren. It was during these journeys that forty of them were massacred by tho Hurons, at the mouth of French Bivcr, without the least provocation ; plunder alone was their object. This, in connection with similar acts, occasioned that war which resulted in their complete extenniuation from Canada by our nation. T\\e future state of the Ojibways was in the Far West. They described that state or countrj- as leivg full of game^ and with trees loaded with fruit of ever g descrijfttion, "When mi Indian warrior died on the field of f..i r';l XAH-OB-OA-OAH-BOWH. 49 Utile, hit Mul, it waa Mid, took ito immediate flight to thii pandiie. The loula of thoae, how- ever, who died in other circumstoncei, it wiui be- lieved, departed from the grave, aud journeyed in the ordinary way, although unseen by mortals, to this same laud. There wus a difHcult bridge near this land, over whieli the houI was to cross. A warrior, hunter, or medicine man, would have no diftiuulty in crossing this bridge. Under this bridge was a rapid stream, aud hu who was not a good warrior, hunter, or medicine man, >vould either full into the water, or lose his way, after having crossed, in some barren country, where there was no gaHic or fruit, although there might be, occasionally, a deer, or the like. 0, how barren! How dismal! A place where distress, want, and despair would continue! On the other hand, the favoured warrior entered the fields of paradise, amidst the shouts and welcome of his fellow-warriors, who had preceded him to this land of plenty. The deer, the moose, the elk, and all kinds of animals, fruits, flowers, and the singing of birds lill and charm the land; while the ever rolling valleys are visited with delightful and re- freshing winds. To kill, eat, and shoot, are their only employments. No sickness, no fatigue, no death, will ever visit them. Tlie valleys aud the mountains are to be clothed with evergreens. Ko £ GO THE iirz ov winter to chill tlio earth. A canwl heaveu indeed I A Bonsunl paradise ! Oh ! the credulous and mis- guided Indian ! ** Lo ! the poor Indlon, whoM ttntntorad mtod Sves God in cloud*, or hetra him in the wind i Whose loul proud icience never taught to itray Beyond the solar walk or milky way. Yet simple nature to his hopes has given, Beyond the cIoud>toppcd hill, a humble heaven, Some safer world in depths of woods embraced. Some dista tt island in the watery waste, >Vhere slaves once more their native land behold, Nor fiends torment, nor Christian thirkts for gold." My father often spoke of that countr}*, while I was young. lie informed me, that if I should become a great warrior, a hunter, or a medicine man, I Avould have no diiHculty in reaching that happy spot. Little then did he know of a heaven revealed in the Gosj}el. That heaven, vlu'?o angels and pure spirits dwell, and where we shall see tho blessed Jesus as he is, and, what is n. still greater honour, be like hun. *'0 for a tlionsniid tongnci to siug My great lUdccnur's praitc ! Tlie glories of my tiod uiitl Kiii^, I'ite triuui|)ht of his i;rucf ! ** My irrnrioui Mnttrr, and my God, Atiist iiii* to pi'crlaini. To Bitrvad thru' all tin* i-:irtli nl)ror.d llie Uoncuri of tity Name. "Oil uli pn-pith ke rlir ingo' dwok, Nccj nil ne tlic iiug bni^, Che null null gull liio till: wuli wod ^iug c zliu Muu c-duoiu. " Ning e rlic Xoo in wccj c iliin, Clii; wt'cit dull iiiiili gtt yon, O mull a nc go;i i h ill Lit f KAH-ai*OA-OAH-BOWH. 08 ;!' OoTemment a large parn of their teiritoiy, for the turn of £750; reserving, as they had good reason to believe, all the islands. As they could neither read nor write, they wore ignorant of the fact that these islands wero included in the sale. They were repeatedly told, by those who purchased for the Govcniment, that the islan^.^ wore not included in the articles of agreement. But, sihco that timo, some of us have learned to read, and to our utter astoniahincnt, and to tho everlasting diHgruco of that paeiuh Chrisiiuu nation, wo laid tliat wo have been !iH)Ht grusttly abuHcd, doct^ivoii, and ehoatud. Appoalrt Imvo biuui fiH*(|iiently mtiuc, but all in vain. liicc Lake contains quantities of tho ilncst HmIi. In the suiunier great numbeivi of boats may be seen trowling for maacdloungCt a ipccics of pike, some of which weigh about thirty pounds. Basis, eels, &c., are also found in this lake. Since locks havo been made on the canal doA\ii to Trookc's rapids, much fur can be procured all around the lake, especially muskrata — Shah-v on-dose O dab me koo mun. This is the spot on which I roamed during my early days. Often have I gone with my birch-bark canoe, from inland to island, in (picst of ducks and fish. The plain on tho south shore is called Whor* tlebcrry Plain. A steamboat runs from Goro'a Landing to Pcterboro once a day. Tiio village of the Ojibways is on the north ; tho 54 Tus Lin or land gradunlly slopes towartls the water. Its fhrini, church, school-house, and council-house, can be seen at a considerable diatance. It was hero where tho llcv. James Evans, whose obituary was noticed in tho following manner in tho '* Albany Evening Journal,*' December 22, 184G, first taught an Indian school. " Suddenly, on the 23i*d of November, at Keelby, England, Bcv. James Evans, for many years a "Wcsleyan Missionarj' in Canada, and tho territory of tho Hudson Bay Company. On Sunday, tlio 22ud, ho preached twice, and on Monday evening, 23rd, spoke at a missionary meeting with great fervency. He had complained of a slight indispo- sition previous to the meeting ; but, after he had linished his address, he said that * his indisposition bad been completely removed.' Soon after his head £ell back and life was gone." He was a missionary in every sense of the word. From Bice Lnko he went to Lake Superior, and afterwards to tho Hudson Bay territory, where ho Ikboured Avith much success. His precious life was t^peut in rescuing tho Ojibway nation from misery mid degradation. Fatigue and hunger were often his companions ; but the power of living faitli was that on which his soul feasted. O thou man of God, enviable are thy labours, thy rest, and thy .^ory ! I, myself, still hold in sweet remembrance r. r!. it I KAU-OZ*0A*0AXI-D0WU. 55 the lacred truths which 'hou didiit teach me, oven the commands of the l^id^h High ! Memory, like an ange], will still hovt . over the sacred spot, where first you taught me the letters of the alphabet. There are numerous lakes near Bice Lake, about some of which the Ojibways rcMido, particularly Mud, Schoogaug, and Balsam Lakes. The country, iu this vicinity, is rapidly increasing in population; the whites are continually settling among us. Tho deer was plenty a few years ago, but now only a few can bo found. Tiic Ojibways ai'C, at present, employed in farming instead of hunting ; many of them have good and well cultivated farms- They not only raise grain enougli for their own use, but often sell much to the whites. Tlio Canadian Cominiiiisioncrs on Indian affairs, iu their report to Parliament, in 1815, remarked, in relation to th(!! Eicc Lake Indians, as ioUows:-— "These Ind'' IS are Methodists, and have either a resident missionarj', or have been regularly visited by tho missionary belonging to the Alnwick settle- ment. They have a school, and a school-master is supported by the Methodist Missionary Society,'* se TBI un or 3 a id le- lis CHAPTEE VII. He pttieat iliowed as tb« wIm eourM to ttcer, A candid eentor, and a friend lincere i He taught VI how to live ; and (O I too high The i>riec of knowlcdgt* ) tiiut^ht ui how to die.— X SsTXRALyeara wo had been with the English p^o* pie after the war, and learned to drink thejire'teater of the Paleface. The day at last arrived when wo were to learn something better from them. The niiiisionarii^s iii*8t visited us on the island called Jic-quah-qua-yongt in 1827| under the fol- lowing circumstances. My father and I went to Fort Hope, to see our principal trader, John D. Smith, in order to obtain goods and whiskey, about twelve miles from Kice Lake. After mv father had obtained the goods, he asked for whiskey. ISIr. tSmitli said, " John, do you know that wliiskey will yet kill you, if you do not stop drinking? "VV^hy, all the Indians at Credit ]^iver, and at Grape Island, have abandoned drinking, and arc now Methodists. I cajiuot give you any whiskey." ^^ Tail yah! (an exclamation of surprise,) it cannot he; I must have whiskey to caiTy home; my people expect it," said my father. Ho wished to buy a ! , XAU'01-0i.-6A^H-B0WH. 57 [ '! I barrel, bat only obtained, after much pleading, about five galloni. My fiither pramiud to drink no more when the miasionnrieii should have come to Bice Lake. We reached home the same day, about one o'clock, and the Indiana were awaiting our airival, that they might have some iire-water.. They assembled themselves together and began to drink and to .^moke. Iltlany of them were sitting on the grass whea the whiskey began to steal away their brains. Oiu) of our number suddenly ran into th6 crowd, and said, " The black coata (missionaries) are coming, and arc on the other side of the point." Each looked at the other with perfect astonishment. My father »aid to our informer, " Invite them to come over to us ;'* and to the one who was dealing out whiskey, "cover the keg with your blanket, and don*t let the black coats see it." Tlie whiskey was concealed, and then came the messengers of glad tidings of great joy. They were converted Indians, saved by grace, and had been sent to preach to us, and to invite us to attend a camp meeting near Cobourg. After shaking hands all around, one of them delivered a speech to the halt- drunken Indians. He referred to the day when they were without the good news of salvation. He spoke with great earnestness, and the tears fell from his eyes. He Siiid, ** Ji'sua Christ ^ Ke-ahu' moU'C'doo O'gwe-aoiif (i. e., the Benevolent Spirit's s 58 THK LIIFS 07 Sod,) came down to the world, and died to save the people; nil the ludians »t tho Credit liiver And I Grope Island are now on their road to the place whcro the Saviour has gone. Jesus has left a book containing his commands and sayings to all tho worhl ; you will see U^ and hear it rcad^ when you go to Cobourg, for tho black coats Imve it. They wish you to como and hear it. To-morrow is tho SalhatJif and on that day we do not hunt, or work, for it is tho day which tho Great Spirit made for himself." He described tho way that tho Son of God was crucified. I obsenTd some of them cry- ing; my mother heaved deep sighs; the half- drunken Indians were struck dumb, and hung their heads. Not a word was uttered. The mis- eionaries said, "Wo will «/;i^, and then we will kneel doivn and jpray to the Great Spirit." He gave out the following hymn :-— *' Jesus ish pe ming kah e zhod." " Jesus, my all, to heaven is gone." They stood up and sang. O what sweet melody ivos in their voices ! The echo was so great that there appeared to be a great many more singers than wo could see. After the hymn, they prayed with the same fcn'ency as tliey sang. Peter AVason prayed, and in his prayer said, ** O Great Spirit ! here are some of my own relatives I j '11 'I ■''!• KJLH-OB-OJL-OJLn-BOWH. 69 open their ejei and lave them !*' After the prayer, they said they were going to Cobourg that eveii^ng ; and if any dcsiroi^ to go mth them, they woi^ld have them do bo. My father aroso and took tho keg of whiskey, stopped into ono of tlio small canoes, and paddled some thirty feet from tho shore ; here ho poured out tho whiskey into tho lake, and threw the keg away. Ho then returned and addressed us in the following manner : — ** You have all heard what our brothers said to us ; I am going with them this evening ; if any of you will go, do so this evening ; the children can attend the great meeting some other time." Every one nni at once to the paddles and canoes, and in a few minutes wo were on tho water. The missionnries had a skiif, in which tliey went from tho island to tho opposite side. They sang again, and their very oars seemed to keep time on tho still water. how charming ! The scener)' of tho water ; tho canoes moving !v. files, crossing the lake to visit their iiriit camp meeting. "When wo arrived on tho other side, it was about dusk, aud wo bought live candles fur a dollar (!), and obtained an old lantern. Wo marched on a new road tho whole of Saturday night, in order to reach tho camp ground. During the journey, wo had to wado .through deep creeks. Just before the dawn, wo were about half a mile from the camp TBI &Xf I 01 ground ; here we tarriod untkl daylight, and then approached the camp. .When the Indians heheld the fence and the gate, and a great numher of whites, thej hegan to feel rather timid and auspicious, for the trader had told my father at Bice Lake, that it toaa for the purpose of killing all the Indians that the black coats had invited them to the meeting. My father told me to keep awny from the ground, and hmit birds and sqiiirivls with my bow and arrow; his object was to save my life^ in the event of the Indians being killed. After remaining on the camp ground awhile, I departed ; but while there, I saw a large number of converted Indians who belonged to Credit River and Grape I:)land. Some of tliem were singing, some praymg, and others lying about the ground as if dead. There were a great many preachers present. On the third day many of our company were converted; among tliis number was my dear father! As I entered the ground in the afternoon, I heard many voices, and among them my father's voice. I thought my father was dying ; I ran to him, and found him lying partly on one of the seats. "My father," said I, " what is the matter witli you? Arc you sick ?" " Come here, my son ; I am not sick, but I am happy." He placed his hand upon his breast while he spoke. " 1 told you, you must if ii n xAn-ai-oA-OAH-BOwn. ei I keep away ftom the ground, that your lUb might beipared; but I iind that theno are good, and not bod people; kneel down and I will pray for you.** I knelt, while he prayed. Thia wai «ty father* t Jini praj/er ! The people were all around roe kneeling, and most of them praying. The feeling was so general and powerful, that the iuflueuee was felt throughout the camp, both by the ludinns and the whites. This was ono of the happiest seasons I ever witnessed, except the season of uiy own conversion. Many of my relatives were converted on this occasion. Many of them have since gone to tlie world of spirits, and ore now «iing;iiig the praises of redeeming love. This heavenly Jire began to spread from tlio camp to Mud, Schoogaug, and Balsam Lakes, the liomes of the Ojibways ; also to the shores of Lake Simoco and Lake Huron, and to t]io vicinity of Lake Superior. *' Waft, waft, ye winds hit storjr, And you, ye waters, roll. Till like a sea of glory It spreads from pole to pole." On the camp ground, the Ojibways sat in squads, giving and receiving instruction in singing, leam« log and teaching the Lord's prayer, and other things. Some were singing. • •■ ♦ — —^ 1 ' G2 THE LIFE OV " Jnot, Lab U k0 sliig Mng M e null ah luoi, Vh pa fiib kuli ke uuli vabb* dna 'wod Niiif cc 'null ilii niuMh A the ne the abinf, ge eke o duh nub put ah via.** •* jMUt all fb« daj bmg, Wm my Jo)' mhI aiy soag i that all hit MlvaUun Might Mtl JlehathktvvduM.Irricdt lifl Iwtb luFured aud died To Ndeem aucU a rebel u aie.** - • . Tho eonvertion qf my mother took place during tho summer, on Poutosh Island, where the Indians had erected a bnrk chapel. For two years she lived in the enjoyment of religion. Before this elmpcl was ready she woidd call us together in tho wig- wam, and pray with and for us, several times a day, wlicther our futlier wns at home or not. I remem- ber well, at this moment, tho language of her prayera. • She was taken sick in tho winter of 1829, and was confined to her bed, most of the time, for three months; her disease was consumption. During these tlirce months she enjoyed nuich religion; there was not a day in which she did not B])eak of Jesus and his promises with the greatest conlidenco and deliglit. AVhen she grew worse, sho called for the class leaders to pray with her. She said to her mother, whom she supposed would die first, because her hair was tchite. " You will still live, but I am going to die, and will sec Jesus first ; soon, however, you will follow me, tt The spirit of my dear mother took its flight on I 1] Ci KAn-QI-OA-OAH-BOWn. / the 27th day of Februaiy, 1880. Juitheforo her dotth, the pnyed with her children; and advised 111 to be good Christianif, to love Jotus, and meet her iu heaven. She then sang her favourite hymn — ** Jeioi bh pa minf kth e ihod." '* JeinSf mjr all, to heaven li gone." This waa tho first hymu she had over hoard or learned ; and it is on tliis account that I introduce and sing tliis sweet hymn, whenever I lecture " On the origin, history, traditions, migration, and cus- toms of tho Ojibway nation." "Wo all knelt again by her bed-side, and while clapping her hands, and endeavouring to shout for joy, she swooned away in death. The last words, which slio feebly uttered, were, ** Jeaua, Jesua." Her spirit then Hcd, her lips were cold, and those warm hands that hud so often and so faithfully administered comfort and relief, were now stiff. I looked around the wig>vam ; my father, sister, and brother sat near me, wringing their hands ; they wero filled with bitter grief, and appeared inconsolable. I then began to understand and appreciate fully her kindness and love. Who, who can, or will, toko the place of a mother? Who will prny for us when wo arc sick or in distress ? Her body was consigned to tho gravo without any parade. No church bell was tolled ; but tho whistling wind souuded through tho woods. I have often knelt down, at tho head of her grave, W Tni Liri or and wiahed that the time would Mxm arriTe when it might pleaRc God to reliere me from my trouhlei and carea, and conduct me to the ahode of mj beloved parent. My sister Sarah, too, who has since died, is doubtless with my mother. O how glorious the thought, that both are now in heaven t Tliere is one 8|K)t whore none will sigh for houie. The floweri) that blossom there, will never fade; the crystal waters that wind along those verdant Talcs, will never cease to send up their heavenly music ! The clusters hanging from the trees over- shadowing its banks will bo innnortal dusters ; and the friends that meet will meet for ever ! Little then did I think that I should have to pass through so many aillietions, and so many hardships. my mother, I am still in a cold, tmcltaritahlef niiserahle world! But the thought that thou art happy and blessed, is truly sweet and encouraging ! It is this fact, and my own ho()e8 of future bliss, that buoy me up, and sustain me in the hours of confliet and des})ondency. Although many years have elapsed since her death, still I often weep with mingled joy and grief when 1 think of my dear mother. " Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord.'* '^ I ani not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, for it is the |)o>\ er of God unto salvation to every one that believcth." The Gospel is the only remedy for the miseries and sins of the M'orld. I ,■ i KAn-OE-OA-OAU-BOWH. 68 My mother and sister*! coses are not the only ones that I could relate concerning the happy lives and deaths of those once degraded and henightcd Indians. Many have already reached heaven, and many more are how rejoicing on their road thither. Who will now say that the poor Indians cannot ho converted P The least that Christians could have done, was to send the Gospel among them, after having dis()0i)se88cd them of their lands; tluis preparing them for usefulness here, and happiness hereafter. Let no one say that I um ungrateful in speaking thus. It was the dutif of Christinus to send us missionaries ; and it is now their duty to send more of them. There are still 25,000 of my poorhrcthren in darkness, and without the Gospel. Let the prayers of all tlie churclies ascend to tho Most High in their hchalf, tliat He who has power to deliver may save the poor Indian from misery^ ignorance, and perdition. 66 TBI Lin OF CHAPTEE VIII. Itliilehelirea. To know ao bliu but tliit vliich tirtve givai ; And when he dirt to leave a Miy nuue, A light, a land-mark ou the cliffa of fanM.— Jf. Hebe comes the aundhine of my life. The first my of light flashed in my soul, and, strange as it may appear, it remained. In the summer fol- lowing my mothcr*s deutli (1830), I felt that I was converted. The follo>Yii)g arc the circum- stances connected with my conversion : — My father and I attended a camp meeting near the town of Colboumc. On our way from Bice Lake to the meeting, my father held nue by tlie hand, as I accompanied him throu'^h tlic woods. Several times he prayed witli me, and encouraged me to seek religion at this camp meeting. AW luid to walk thirtv miles inider a hot Him, in order to reach the place of destination. Multitudes of Indians, and a large concourse of whites from various places, were on the ground when we arrived. In the evening, one of the white preachers (Wrigljt, I believe, was his name) spoke ; his text was, " For the great day of His wrath is come, and who shall I' li 'f KAH-OI-OA-OAB-BOWH. 67 be able to. itMid P" He ipoke iu Engliah, and aa he dosed each ■entence, an Indian preacher gave its interpretation. He spoke of the plain and good road to heaven ; of the characters that were walking in it ; lie tlicu spoke of the bad phico, the judgment, and the coming of a Saviour. I now began to feel as if I was a ttinucr before Ood. Never had I felt so before ; I was deeply distressed, and knew not the cause. I resolved to go aud prostrate myself at the mourner's bench, as soon as an opportunity offered. Wo were now invited to approach. I went to the bencli and knelt down by tlie roots of a largo tree. But how could I pray P I did not understand how to pray ; and besides, I thought that the Great Spirit was too great to listen to the words of a poor Indian boy. What added to my misery was, that it had rained in torrents about three quarters of an hour, and I was soaking wet. Tho timuder was appalling, and the liglitning terrific. I then tried again to pray, but I was not able. I did not know what words to use. My father then prayed with aud for me. Many were praising God, all around me. The storm now ceased, but nearly all the lights had been extin- guished by the rain. I still groaned and agonised over my sins. I was so agitated and alarmed that I knew not whicli way to turn in order to get relief, and while kneeling down with the rest I r 2 \m 68 TUE LIIE OF '^ii found relief, as though a stream had been let loose from the skies to my heart. Joy succeeded this knowledge, and, were I to live long, I never can forget the feeliugs with which I rose and spoke the following first English words — " Glori/ to Jiesus.** I looked nround for my father, and saw him. I told him that I had found " Jesus." Ho embraced me and kissed me ; I threw myself into his arms, I felt as strong and happy, yet as humble as a poor Indian boy saved by grace. During that night I did not sleep. The next morning, my cousin, George Sliawney, and myself, went out into the woods to sing and pray. As I looked at the trees, the hills, and the valleys, O how beautiful they all appeared ! I looked upon them, a^i it were, with new eyes and new thoughts. Amidst th,.- smiles of creation, the birds sang sweetly, as they flew from tree to tree. We sang " Jesus, the name that charms our fears." how sweet tlie recollections of that day! " Jesus, all the day long, was my joy and my song.'* Several hundreds were converted during this meeting. Many of the Indians were reluctant to leave the camp ground Avhen the meeting was broken up. When we reached our homes at llico Lake, everything seemed to me as if it wore a different aspect j ever}'thing was clotlied with i ■ KJUI-eS»OA-eAH-BOWH. beauty. Before this, I had only begun to ipell and read. I now resumed my studies with a new and different relish. Often, when alone, I prayed that God would help me to qualify myself to teach others how to read the word of God ; this circum* stance I had not tcld to any one. On Sabbath mornings I read a chapter in the New Testament, which had been translated for my father, before we went to meeting. During this summer, one of our chiefs, John Sunday, with several others, departed from Bice Lake for the west, with a design to preach to the Ojibways. AVTien they returned, they told us that the Indians were very eager to hear the word of God, !>ud that many had been converted. John Suudav informed us of a certain Indian, who was so much opposed to the meetings that he coufiued his wife and children to one of tlic islands, to prevent her attending them. But this poor woman was so anxious to obey God in attendance on worship, that she was in the habit of fordiug the river every night, and carrying her cliildren on her back. Her husband was afterwards converted. lie mentioned also an instance of an Indian who brought his medicine sack with hiiu to the meeting, but on being converted, he scattered its contents to tho four winds of heaven. Tliese sacks were held very sacred among the Indians. He spoke likewise of 70 THB Lira OV the oonTerrion of many chiefs, and of the flocks of children anxious to hear the word of Ood. He left such an impression on my mind, that often, while alone, I prayed that God might send me to instruct the children in the truths of religion. I joined my father's class meeting, and as often as possible I attended school during the period of two years. In June, 1834, our white missionary, Daniel IMcMullen, received a letter from the Eey. Wm. CaHc, in which it was stated that a letter had been sent to him by the Kov. John Clark, who was then the superintendent of the mission on Lake Superior. The superintendent requested that two native preachers and two native teachers should be sent to him. John Johnson and I were told that we were to accompany Brothers John Taunchey and Caubage to Lake Superior, to aid Brotlicr Clark. Brother Caubage and my cousin Johnson took their departure. John Taunchey hesitated about going, because I was undecided, and my father felt unAnlling at first to let me go. One day I determined to leave the village so as to avoid going to Lake Superior ; I hunted along the river Trent, hoping that John Taunchey would be gone before my return ; I felt very unmlling to go. I was absent over two weeks ; they were the longest two weeks I had ever experienced. Yet ZAH-01-OA-ei.H-BOWH. 71 the whole time I folt dissatiifled ; tometK ing seemed to whisper to me, ** George, go home, and go to Lake Superior with your uncle John Taunchej." I returned to the village. The first person I saw iiiiformed me that my uncle was waiting for me, and that my father had loft it to me to decide ^A'hetb'^r to go or stay. Hero I was ; the missionaries came, md said, " George, your fiithcr has left it with you to go or stay. It is your duty to go; John is waiting, and to-day you must conclude.'* Our school-miritrcss, IMiHsPinncy, canio and reauoned with me. I recollected, too, that I had prayed that God might prepare mc to be useful to my brethren ; and now, that I hod some good reason to think that my prayers had been heard, and still to refuse to go, would perhaps be acting in opposition to the indi- cations of God. I wept and prayed ; but ! that night of struggle! I could not sleep. In the morning, I said to my father, ** I have concluded to go ; prepare me for my journey." That morning we were prepared ; aad on the I6th of July, 1834, about noon, we weto on the shore. The canoe was ready ; many of the Indians prayed with us on the beach. After shaking hands with my father and the rest, we bid farewell to all we loved so tenderly. We went on board the steam-boat " Great Britain," at Cobourg, and arrived at Toronto the next day. On the 20th July, we left in the stage for Holland n it S le id y- 11 72 THX Lin Of Landing ; here we remained two dayi, for the want of a conveyance to the Suake Island mission. At thia isbind we tairied the whole of the Sabbath with the Indians, and had some glorious meetings. They conveyed us to the Narrows mission. In crossing from Narrows to Cold AVatcr mission, we were obliged to carry our trunks on our backs. About 11 o'clock wc met two runaway horses on the road to Narrows. AVc caught them, tied our trunks on their bocks, and led them back to Cold Water. Thus wo were relieved of our heavy loads. On Wednesday, the 2Cth July, wo went from Cold "Water misiaion to Pane-ta-wa-go-shcne, where we saw a groat numboi of Ojibways from Lake Superior, Ottowas, Mcnomcnese, &c. Here we fell in with John Sunday, Frazer, aud othera, wlio were engaged in instructing the Indians in this vicinity. An opportunity occurred now to go to Sault St. Marie, whcTC the Rev. John Clark resided. We were out of provisions sovcral times. By fishing and shooting gulls on our way, we Mere enabled to reach Sault, where we met Brother Clurk, John Caubage, and cousin Johnson ; this took place, I believe, on the 24th of August. We stayed here about two weeks, preparing to go to the Aunce, thn Ke-wa-we-non mission. During our delay in thiw place, the Eev. Messrs. Chandler and Bourne (the i! ... ,1-M I ';j r4 i:AH-OI-OA-OAn-BOWH. 78 Ifttter A member of the Ulinoii Conference) Anired. Brother Chandler has since died. My cousin, H. P. Chase, was Brother Chirk*8 interpreter. The Indians were comfortable in their new houses. We held meetings with them several nights. h I ..( ,. f i . I ■>, ll 74 THE Lira OF CHAFTEB IX. /V^ Ike dmids muj drop dowa tiUet and nUtei, Wenlth aaj leek lu, but witdon miut ke Moght— /*. I HOW began ^o feel the responsibilify resting upon me. The thought of assuming the station of a teacher of the Indians, with so few capabilities, was enough to discourage moro gifted men than myself. Frequently did I enter the woods and pour out my soul to God, in agony and tears. I trembled at what was before me, and said, " who is able for these things ? " But a still small voice would answer, " My grace is suiTicient for thee." Soothing words indeed, especially to an unlearned and feeble Bed man — a mere worm of the dust. Hanng pro\ided everything necessarj' for our journey, and a residence of eight montlis at the Ke-wa-we-non mission, we started in company with Bev. Mr. Chandler, uncle John Taiuichey, and the traders who intended to winter on the shores of Lake Superior and do business with the Ojibways. We were more than three weeks on our journey — three hundred and fifty miles. At one place, we were weatlier-bound for one week. Our French h (^ ai KAH-aB-«A-OAH-BOWH. fV Mmpanicnui were the most wicked of men. They would gnuh their teeth at eaeh other, oune, swear, and fight among themselves. The boat, oars, the winds, water, the teachers, Ac, did not escape their execrations. I thought now that I understood what hell was, in a very clear manner. Mj Tciy hairs would seom to stand, while I would be obliged to listen to their oaths, when they gave vent to their malevolence and passions. They would fight like beasts over their cooking utensils, and even while their food was in their mouths. I will just say here that I have often seen them eat boiled com, with tallow for butter. Om our i^ad, we saw the celebrated Pictured Bocks, Band Banks, and Grand Island. On a point of the latter place wo encamped. Every Sabbath I devoted about an hour in sighing and cr}'ing after home. "V/hat good can I do, when I reach the place of labour?" was a question that often occurred to my mind. Still we were going farther and farther from home. Wo were obliged, too, to do our own cooking, washing, and mending. At last, in September, we arrived at the Aunce Bay. Here, our house was no better than a wigwam ; and yet we had to occupy it as a dwelling, a school-house, a meeting-house, and a council^ room. We commenced labouring among our poor people, 'll Lunce lan a filing, ^uncil- jople, 70 TBI LirS OF and those that had been Chriatianiied were exceed- ingly glad to leo us. Brothers Sunday and Fraier had already been among them ^"^ 9 than a year. We began to build quite h' ^n the fall, and although we removed a house •*' *ho other side of the bay, yet we experienced mucti inconvenience. Wo visited the Indians daily, for the purpose of conversing and praying with them. There were about thirty, who had, for more than a year, pro- fcsscd to experience a change of heart. As my uncle was experienced in conversing with the un- converted, I endeavoured to pursue his course in this resp'. *t. Each day we took a different direc- tion in vii i^ '. ^1^ 1.0 I.I lai|2l |u ■50 ■^~ H^H Hi 14.0 1^ 1^ 1 '-^ lUi^ ^ 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)872-4503 ^ ^^^ ^ ^ KAH-OE-OA-OAH-BOWn. 77 ] I an escaped bird, whose glad wings had saved it fiom danger and death. Brother Chandler preached twice every Sabbath, and taught school every other week. One Sabbath, in January, 1835, Brother Chandler preached from theso words, **And they were all filled mth the Holy Ghott" He spoko iiith unusual liberty; I caught some of tho same fire with which the scnnon was delivered, and interpreted it with much ardour. O what a melt- ing season it was! The anxious and esprcusivo looks of the Indians — the tears streaming down their cheeks, all tended to add to the occasion. My readers, hero was comfort! here was one bright 8|M)t, at least, in my chequered life, that I never can forget ! My poor brethren appeared to swallow every word of the sermon as I interpreted it. One John Southwind, who had been notoriously cruel and revengeful, was among tho huinblcst and tho happiest, lie had been a great conjuror. On Sabbath evenings, every converted Indian would try to induce his rehtives to embrace reli- gion, and pray in the wigwams of their unconverted relatives. These happy scenes often made me for- get home. Many of tho unconverted were very revengeful ; but we let them espeuvl their vengeance on the air. One of them, Xah-be'wah'he'ko'kayf — i. e. Spear Maker, — threatened to tomahawk us, if wo should 75 TBI Liri or ion ted for- come to hii wigwam ''with the white man*! reli- gion ;*' for, said he, " already >ome of my family are very sick and crazy.** Notwithstanding this threat, we commenced our visits, and with no other weapon than a little calico bag containing our Tes- tament nnd Hymn Book. Whenever he saw us near his wigwam (we were obliged to pass near his, in vitiitiiig other wig>vam8), he would run out, and grumble and growl like a bear escaping from its den for life. In this way we continued our visits, and luid opportuuities to converse with the family, which resulted in the conversion of all his children. In the mouth of February, he himself came to us, and pleaded eamcMtly for our furgiveneHs. He had gone out to hunt the marten, with his youngest daughter, who was about ten years old. While her father was preparing a marten trap, or dead-fall, as it is sometimes called, the daughter slipped behind a tre(>, knelt in the suow, aud prayed for her father. The Lord heard her prayer. The old man "felt sick in his heart," and everythiug he looked at ap- peared to frown upon him, and to bid him " go to the missionaries, and they will tell you how you can be cured." lie returned home three days earlier than he had intended. Just after day- dawn, we heard a number of Indians prayiug. John Southwiiid came in and said to us, " Ke-ge-ke^ tca-ifc-icahf Kak-be'ivah-le-koo-baif ke-che-ah-koih KAU-OI-OA-OAH-BOWU. 79 My,** t.#. '* Your fnend Spent Maker is Teiy tick ; he wishei you to call at his wigwam and pray with him.** This was good news indeed ! We went at once, and prayed with him. He could not speak, but sat sobbing and siy[hing o?er the fire. We conversed with him, and then left him ; but before breakfast ho entered our house with his large medicine sack, containing little gods of almost every description. Ho stood before us, and said, '* Ah ba^, ah wa» ah yah vtook,**^^*^ Here, tako this.** He cast the bag, or sack, down iqiou the floor, and wopt and sobbed bitterly, saying, ** I have dono all I could against you, but you have been my fricndii. I want you to pray for nie, and to burn these gods, or throw them where I can nover seo them." Shortly after tliis interview, he obtained religion, and became truly happy in the Lord. There were nmny v^qunlly interesting conversions about this time. I must here mention what was often very amusing to the missionaries, and would often create a smile, if notliing more. When sor; e of tlie Indians were under conviciiont they would take some of their own medicines (herbs) tc euro their "sickness,** — for so tliey termed conviction* An old medicine man once sent a message to us, statiug that his daughter was dying, and that it was caused by our singing and praying before her ao much ; ho also added, that in tho event of her 80 TUB LTf 1 07 death, he would have his revenge by killing ui, and insisted upon it that we must come immediately, and endeavour to relievo her. We went, and after having prayed with her for some time, she rc\ived, and expressed her confidence that tho Holy Spirit had operated ui)on her heart. Tho old man soon became convinced that his daughter was not dying, except unto tin; he, therefore, at once, • became reconciled nnd delighted too. AVe now commenced travelling on snow shoes within fifteen or twenty miles around where tho Indians were hunting, praying and preaching to them. The Lord owned and blessed our labours wherever we went. "\Vo held prayer meetuigs in the woods. All this timo tlic Mah-jee Mtm'C'doo (Bad Spirit) was not asleep. In the spring the heathen party started in a body to visit their old friend Spear Maker, for the purpose of unituig with him in dancing, and in their medicine wor- ship ; but tho old man had too much religion in him to gratify them. As soon as they discovered that they could not prevail upon tho old man, they sent word to all, that they could excel us in wor- shipping the Great Spirit, and that they intended to hold their regular spring Grand Medicine Wor- ship. "Every night we held meetings. They com- menced >\ith their paw'WaJts (singing), and beating of the drums, on the other side of the bay, and KAH-ei-eJL-eAH-BOWH. 81 eontinued it for » whole week. We kept up our uaual meetings, and »t the end of the week their drumming, flinging, and dancing ceased. We con- tinued our meetings for two months. The chief of tliis placo was yet unconverted. During this spring. Brother Clark, our superin- tendent, arrived from Sault St, Marie, with Brother William Herkimer and family, and my cousin John- son. These were to take our places in the mission. We had now an exccUcut quarterly meeting. Bro- ther Clark preached a sensible and warm sermon ; my cousin interpreted it. It was a blessed time ; over twenty were baptised before the services be- gan. There was a circumstance which rendered the occasion peculiarly interesting ; an old Indian woman of about eighty years came crawling to the mectiug, for she was unable to walk ; her luimo was Anna. Tlio year before, she had travelled three hundred and fifty miles in a canoe, to be baptised by Brother Clark. She now lived about two miles from our mission, and on the Subbath was brought to meeting in a canoe. But on this Sabbath the wind was so high that no canoe could be launched. In the moniiug, after the others had left, she started for meeting, and crawled over logs, through creeks, and other difficult places near the edges of rocks. Old Anna made her appear- ance in the house, to the astonishment as well as o 82 TUZ LIFE or to the deUght of all. She seated henelf iii front of the preacher, aud listened attentively to the words of eternal life. She united with others in praisinf;^ God for his mercy and goodness, especially to herself. Sho spoke Of the day in which she was in darkness; hut now she knew, hy experience, that the Lord had forgiven her sins. She eared not for the water, mud, or precipices, if slie could only crawl or creep to meeting, for sho felt well re- warded, because the Lord blessed her. She did not, like some, fear to soil her clotlios, neither was she a fair-day visitor of meeting. Defore her con- version she was a celebrated conjuror, and a dread to the nation ; every one was afraid to incur her idispleasurc. The last time I saw her was in 1S42, and she was still confiding in the Lord^ ■ "\Vc were now to accompany Brother Clark to &i. Marie. We started on Tuesday afternoon, at about thi*ee o'clock, m our large bark canoe, which was about thirly-six feet long, five feet wide in the centre, and three feet high. Wo paddled about niuo miles. On the next morning, we hoisted our sail before a freiih breeze, and sailed at the rate of nine knots an hour. Wo reached the |)oint on the Sand Banks in the cvcniug, having piwiously tar- ried three hours with the Indians at Grand Island. The next day wc sailed about six miles from the shore ; it was quite boisterous, and when iu the lUH-OB-OA-OAH-BOWH. 88 ,i"l trough of the wtYe, it wm impouibb for us to lee tho land. We now came within a few miles of White-fish Point. On the following day we hoisted our sail again, and had a favourable wind ; we went down the falls of St. Marie in handsome style. About twelve o'clock, WaiA-ke'newhf^ (White Eagle) walked about Sault St. Marie, attending to the interests of the missions. He was the theme of conversation in every circle, for none had ever travelled the distance in so short a time. Tho traders were much surprised. Tho Indians could hardly think it possible for any jierson to travel tho distance in so short a time. NOTE.—On our way to St. Marie, we saw that one of the points of Grand Island had sunk. It was formed of quicksand. It was told to the trader, Charles Holiday, by the Indians, that the Oreat Spirit had removed from under that point to some other point, because the Methodist mis- sioimrics had encam[)ed there tho previous fall, and had, by their prayerSf driven tlio Spirit from under the point. Thoy did not winli the missionaries to encamp any where on their island again, fearing that tho island would sink. * This wai the name given by my poor brethren to Brother Clark, and a more appropriate one could not have been given '"The King of Blrdt, They knew that he had come to be in- itrumental in saving their never-dying louU. o2 84 THi Lira ov CHAFTEBZ. And ke vbo't doooMd e'er wares to ma. Or vuder OM a foitigB itnuii, Wm ligh whene'er 1m thiaka of hoaM, And better hwe hit aatire Uad.— IT. 8. Ither liYea in- Wb spent a few weeks at the Sault with the hrethien, with whom wo had some precious seasons. Wo were soon informed hy our beloved superin- tendent that three of us would have to go to Ottawa Lake : — Taunehey, Marksman, and myself. We had, as was supiiosed, provisions enough to hist till we reached La Poiutc, where wo were to obtain a fresh supply for seven months. Brothers TY'n to me. May Ood reward him for his labours of love, and for his Christian benevolence. He is like a pure and limpid stream which is ever running, and which never dries up. He is like a high rock on the sea- shore, when the storms and waves have passed by, unchanging and unchanged. He is in all respects the most suitable man for this work, being devoted, humble, kind, afiectionate, and benevolent, and is master of our language. I hopo to see him once, if not many times more, that I may thank him 92 THi idwm or again and again for hia Christian goodneaa. May his holj and arduous life and health be precious in God's sight. Ucro I must make a remark. In that eountrjr, we ought not to know each other as Presbyterians, Methodists, or Baptists, but ouly as missionaries of the cross. We shoidd labour with and for each other, and do all the good we can. Our language should always be, " Come, brethren, let us labour side by side, liold up each other's Imnds in the work, sliare each other's trials and privations, and spread the Gospel of the blessed God." I^Iay many Brother Ualls be raised up for these stations, so that the poor outcast red man may soon take his station amoug Christians of every civilised clime. Should these observations fall uuder the eye of dear Brother HoU, ho Avill, I am sure, forgive me for the warm and candid confessions of a sincere heart. KAH-ai-OA-ttAH-BOWH. i> 'I OHAFTEB XI. Hm adMiAQly dayi WB o*«r. Hie MMlBeM of tiM yew, Of waOiag vteda, ukl BodoA Aad mcMlows Ihowb unA Mard^F. ft A Wb ipeiit parfc of the summer at La Pointe, Wiitmg for our superintendent, Bey. John Churk, who intended to go by the way of Ottawa Lake, down the Mississippi. Ho arrived in the hitter part of June, with his companions. Wo went in two canoes up Bad Biver^ and thence over the portagea abeady named. Wc divided our provisions, bed- ding, &c., &c., so that each shoukl carry an equal weight. In ascending Bad Biver we were nearly half of the time in the water, dragging the canoe up the stream. One day, Brother Clark stepped on a rock above the water, in the centre of the river, for the purpose of holding tho canoe, while those that were exceedingly tired might rest. As soon as ho had put his foot on tho rock, the canoe wheeled around with tho current, which drew him into it, and carried him down tho river. We were alarmed for some time, and it was with the greatest effort that we could save him. At times, we could 4i 94 vRi Lin or 3t Id only aee hit white hat above the water. At lint, we could not render him the least auittance. The stream com'ej'ed him near the shore, where he seized the limb of a tree, which enabled him to reach land. We hurried to the spot where he landed, jumped out of the canoe, and ran after him ; but before we could see him, wo heard him cry out " tchoop" and in a few moments saw him coming through the leaves, soaking wet. Wc were all tUoukful, indeed, to see him alive, and mo cheerful too. On that day we would not permit him to carr}" but two loads, or packs, the others carried three. Our wish was, that ho sliould not, at any time, carry anything ; but lie insisted upon helping us, and to this we had to submit. Tliis was one of those kind traits which endeared him so mucli to aU his fellow labourers. He has also shared the last morsel of bread with us. Often has he carried tlie canoe on his back ; and wlien wc were discou- raged and faint, lie would encourage us by his cheerful countenance, and words of consolation. Our sinking lieai*ts have often been made to beat with emotions of joy; for during these journeys we had ample reasons and time for des[x>nding. But according to our trials did we enjoy the smiles of lieavcn. AVe were three days going over the Nine Mile Portage, where we spent the Sabbath. We had 'I'l KAH-OI-OJL-OAH-BOWU. 95 I ll three loadi each ; and the two canoei had alio to be earned, each one taking hia turn eveiy half mile. We were now oomplotely jaded out; our bonea ached. Thia was the hardest journey that I ever made, with the exception of the one which xn\l hereafter be related. After severe toil and privations, we arrived at Ottawa Lake, where Brother Clark met the chief and some of his warriors in council. Ho explained the object of our visit,— vix., to Hvo among thorn and teach thoni ; to wliicli tho chief asseutcd. Brother Chirk now left Johnson, ^larksman, and myself here, to do all the goo.Dr. Vandcvantcr, Brother Bond, and many others, still sjieuk of your preaching at Versailles. We have some good times there now. Brothers Billy and Cabbie Patterson are married ; yes, and Acjuiliu, too* He preaches and teachea to •f imo bnoa icheft 109 THl IiXTB or •ehool. Brother 8uK was in Bloonifield, in 1830, where I parted wit)i f^onie of my dearest friends and companions, for nine mouths. Still it was pleasant to reAecfc that the Conference had appointed Brothers Spates, Huddleston, Johnson, and Peter Alarksman, to kbour at the head of the 3Iississippi. Brother Kavanaugli was appointed superintendent of the missions for that year. I was allowed to visit home in the fall, to see my friends. I travelled to Chicago free of expense ; I drove a pair of fine grey horses for an individual who was on his road to that place. AV^o slept in our waggons every night. At Chicago* I embarked in a schooner for Builalo ; but getting tired of this, lefl it at Detroit, and took steamboat for BufiUlo, where I arrived just about daylight. I had lost my cap; the wind blew it into tike lake, with my pocket book, containing 27 doUars in bills, and 2.50 doUars in silver, with a silk * Chicago signifies tA* place qftiunkt. KAH-OB-eA-OAH-BOWH. 108 handkerchief in which my all was wrapped. Here I was — moneyless, friendless, and hatless, and in a strange land ! I had, however, a little change left. I had made up my mind to viuit the East before my return to Canada. But this must now be abandoned. I walked about BuiiUlo quite dis- heartened. At last I saw on a sign, " Temperance Hotel." I concluded to put up at this house, and, to my surprise and joy, the landlord was a warm- hearted Methodist — James Madison. At night, I accoiiipauicd him to the prayer meeting, where he told a Brother Cupeland my cireumstauecs. They made up the whole amount of my loss, and gave me a dollar over. I could now visit the East, us I had purposed before my loss. The next day I started for Boehcstcr, where I spent the Sabbath. I was ver)' anxious to sec the great cities, of which I had read so much at school. I resolved to go through thick and thin for the sake of seeiug New York. At liochester I stopped with Brother Colby i Miss Colby, perceiving that I won not warmly clad, gave me a cloak, which she obtaiiied from Brother S. Biehardson. Should either, or both, of these dear friends see these remarks concerning tlicir kindness, I hope they will excuse me for thus mentioning their names. I must tliank them again for their goodness ; I often remember them in my closet and by the way- side. May God reward them and all other friends. 104 THE Lin OV 1 On Df ondaj I left for Albany. When I reached Syracuse, I took the long-looked-for railroad. We urcre soon on our way, moviug along like a streak of lightning. In the morning I arrived in Albany in tmio for tho morning boat for Now York. I iralked around this Dutch city, and as everything appeared to bo somewhat now, I was interested, especially with tlio vessels, &c. As I wished to bo economical, I left without any breakfast. I was charmed with the steamboat. AVe passed down tho Hudson ; tho to^\lls, villages, and tho splendid scenery enchanted me. I liad seen but very few such magnificent scenes before. About noon, a plain looking man approached me; I discovered at once tliat he was of that class of men called Quakers. He spoke of what they were doing for the Indians in New York. I was very much interested with his conversation. I felt glad and proud to have the honour and pleasure of seeing and conversing with one of Pcnn's descendants — the friend of tho poor Indians. AV^hilc conversing with him, tho boll was rung for dinner ; he wished mo to go down and eat ; I told him I was obliged to bo saving, as I had but little money, and was not accustomed to travelling. Upon 8a}iug this, he pulled out a dinner ticket from his pocket and said, " Friendf thou must take this and come down to dizrncr.'* I had an exalted opinion of tho Quakers KAH-OE-OA-OAn-BOWH. 105 m I\ before, but this kind act increased my feelings, and eonfinned all that I had ever heard of their genero- sity to my poor people. ** Ood bless the Quakers," said I, silently, as I descended to dinner. After dinner wo finished our conversation. Ho said he was on his way to Pliiladelpliia. God bless him, wherever ho is. He has my kindest wishes. In the evening I arrived at New York, and went immediately to sec Brathcr Mason, who directed me to go to Sister Lackey's, in Broome-strect, where I tarried during my stay. On the 25th of October, came that great jubilco of ISIethodism. In the morning I went with Dr. Bangs to meeting. Ho preached tlio centenary sermon, whicli was afterwards printed. In tho evening I attended the Allen-street Station. Oh, what a happy meeting this was. Here I saw some of the greatest among tliem weep for joy. " Amen," "Hallelujah," " Glory to God," and similar ejacula- tions, rang tlirough, and filled the house. In this vast assembly was a solitary Indian— George Copway! Never can I forget that evening ! Whatever may be my future lot in tliis life, I will always thank God for the privilege of attending these scniccs. May the Lord pour out his Spirit on all his churches. Tho next day I visited Newark, X. J., to see Brother Abraham Hcdeuburg, with whom I Iiad 106 TBE Lm OV It see become acquainted in Ulinoia, at the house of his brother James. Here I met ^ith a great deal of kindness. Brother Bartine, of the Franklin Station, requested me to preach for him in the morning; and Brother Ajrcs, of the Northern Station, in- vited me to preach for him in the evening. Brother Ayres gave me about <^8.00 worth of books, which I had tlie pleasure of perusing during the winter. Tliis was a favour — a distinguished favour indeed. I have scon that dear brotlier but once since. May the Lord be gracious to liira. My visit to Brother Hedenburg was delightful. I met many fncuds here, to whom I can never be thankful enough. May God visit theiu in great- mercy. 1 saw them again last suinnior, and ptu** took of tlieir kind hoApitulities. 1 foel more and more indebted to tlu>m; especially to Brother Hedenburg.* My next journey was to Boston. Dr. Bangs gave me a letter of introduction to a brother in that city. I remained about two weeks, lookiug at the Yimkees and their eit}'. Boston is much over- rated ; there are a few, very few, pretty spots ; the rest is crooked and narrow. It is far behind New * My English friends will, I hope, excuse uie for calling all good people that I have met " Brother" (though this apology may not be required by many, yet it is necessary with some), for God ii my father, and every man a brother. KAn«OI-eA-OAH-BOWH. 107 Tork, Philadelphia, and, perhaps, Baltimore and New Orleans. I met uith a few choice spirits — Brothers King, Band, Wise, and Smith ; and on the Sahhath I addressed the Sabbath school in Bussell- street. In the CTcning we liad a delightful meet- ing. I remained with Brother H. Merrell's family during my sojourn, and I shall always recollect them ^ith feelings of sincere gratitude. I visited several noted places wliile in that vicinage,— the monument on Bunkcr*s (or rather Breed's) Hill, &e. ; I went also on the top of the State House when the sky was clear. It was from this point that I 8'\w the works of tlio white man. The steeples, vosmcIs arriving, and others spreading their sails for distant lands. The wharves W(*rc filled with merchandise. A few sicaniboats were nin- ning hero and there, breathing out lire and smoke. On my left I noticed several towns. The steam cars from Worcester rolled on fram the west ; others were starting for Providence, and whizzed along the flats like a troop of runaway horses. Here were factories in different directions. As I saw the prosperity of the white man, I said, while tears filled my eyes, ** Happy art thou O Israel ; wlio ia like unto thee, O people saved hy the Lord!" When I thought of the noble race of red men who once lived and roamed in all the land, and upon the waters as fur as my eye could reach, the following 108 TUE LIFE OF thoughts aroBO in my mind, which I have Binoe penned. Once mora I see mjr fathers' land Upon the heach, whero oceani roar t Where whitened bonrt bestrew the sand, Of some brave warrior of yore. The yrovn, where once my fathers roamed— The rirer«, where the beaver dwelt— I'be takttt where angry waters foamed— Their chanui^ with my fathers, have fled. O ! tell me, ye " Palefaces," tell, Where have my proud ancestors gone ? Whose Emoke curled up from every dale. To what land have their free spirits flown ? Whose wigwam stood where cities ri;e ; On whose war-paths the stcam«horse flies ; And chips, like mon-e-doos in disguise, Approach the shore in endless tiles. ' I now visited the Missioimiy Eoome of the . Amerienu Board, whose invaluable labours are felt throughout the globe. 1 saw soine articles, wrought by our people in the west, such as bead work, porcupine quills, moccasins, war clubs, &c. I thought, tiiat if Brother Green had seen as much of war clubs as I had (for I have seen them stained with blood, and notched according to the number of individuals they had slain), he would conceal them from every eye. KJLH-OZ-OA-OAH-SOWH. 100 CHAPTEE XII. 8m, winter eomn, to rule the raried jrew, SnUm Mid mmI« with all bis riaiuf train— Vapount ami doiuU, und ttunu.— 3*. About the 4th of Xovomber, I took my leaye of Boston, for tho great commercial emporium, on mj route homewards. My travelling companion wai the Bev. E. Taylor, tlic Bailor*^ friend. He was on his way to Philadelphia to preach. I should Bui)p08e that a better sailor'a preacher cannot bo found in the Union. I was much pleased with his conversation. In one of his public addresses I was told that ho said, " When I die, smother me not under the dust ; but bury mo in the sea, where the . Bca-wced will bo my winding sheet, the coral my coffin, and tho sea-shell my tombstone." I heard an individual say of him, " start him where you will, he will go to sea." I was now, onco more, in tho magnificent city of New York. I bought a few books at tho Book Booms. After surveying the beauties and curio- sities of the city, I lo€t in the steamboat "Rochester" for Albany. I spent oue day in Albany, and 110 THi un ov L»» attended a Methodist prayer meeting. The Be?. Mr. Seymour, the preacher in charge at the Divi- sion-street Station, introduced me to Brother Pago, who had the charge of the South Forry-strcet Church. At the latter church I was present at a delightful and soul-stirring meeting. The following day I took the canal for Syracuse and Oswego. On my way from Schenectady to Utica I preached twice on board the boat; and even here I found somo pious souls. I observed the tears falling froui several eyes. *' The Lord be praised," was tlic language of my heart. AVhen shall this pour heart feel fully and wholly alive to the unsurpassed favours of heaven ? I took a steamboat at Oswego, and arrived at Kingston, C.W., on the evening of Nov. 11. Hero 1 had to pay duties on the books which 1 liad obtained in New York. The amount to be paid was ^32.50, and 1 had but %21. I went to Charles Oliver, deputy collector ; and as soon as I laid my circumstances before liim, ho said, " pay the 2^27, and I will advance you the balance ; and as soon as you reaeli home, write to Mr. McCaulay, the inspector-general, who lives in Toronto, mid inibrm him who you are; he will, doubtless, authorise me to refund you the money." I did so, and shortly afterwards received the whole amount. In this public way 1 would express my most hearty 14 KAB-OI-eA-aAH-BOWH. Ill f thanki to these gentlemen for their acta of kindneM towards an Indian stranger. I arrived at Bice Lake on the 12th daj of Norembcr, 1839, having been absent from home five years and four months. Never did I feel so rejoiced as when I stood on the top of a hill, and saw my village, seven miles across the lake. I gazed upon it with pure delight ; and an I took a retrospective view of all the scenes which I had passed through, I wondered at myself, and at the great goodness of God. I knelt down and " blessed and thanked Ilim who liveth for ever," for his unspeakable goodness to a child of sin. While crossing the lake, I was in perfect ecstaeies ; my heart leaped with joy ; and my thoughts and emo- tions were at my home long before my person. O how tedious and tardy the boat seemed to be ; I wished for wings several times. But, at last, I planted my foot upon the spot on which I had been reared from my infancy, and where some of the sweetest and happiest recollections of my life were centered. But " every sweet has its bitter.'* On inquiring for some of my relatives, I was informed that they had left tliis, for a better life. Many of my old friends and acquauitances had gone to try the realities of another world. Numbers were bathed in tears, and the woimds of their hearts were re-opened. My OAvn heart seemed to bleed 112 Tn£ l:fi of |8 at every pore. AYlmt a painful interview ! I now requested to bo shown the graves of mj dear relatives and friends. I wended my way to these consecrated spots, and sighed and wept over them. My reflections were Bolemu indeed! I followed many of them, in iny thouglits, to heaven, where they doubtless now are, celebrating the prniaes of God around tho throne of the blessed Bcdecmer. This was great consolation amidst my griefs ; and I felt now determined, M'ith God's assistance, to follow them, so far as they followed Christ, and thus bo prepared to unite with them in tho ttongs of tho upper world, wlieucvcr God Hhall bce fit to call me hence. Brother Jolin Sunday was at tliis time stationed in our village. Tho Lord soon visited this mission ■with a glorious revival ; many were converted, and others reclaimed. Tho tracts that I had received at the ]3ook Booms, and tho books from the American Tract Society (N. T.), I distributed among those that could read, and they were duly appreciated. I believe that these were the means which prepared tlieir minds to relinquish the world, and place their liope in God. I will now speak of Christmas and New Tear. "When Christmas arrived, we were invited to a centenary tea party, in company with the Eev. AVilliam Case, a welUkhown friend of the Indians. XAn-OI-OA-OAH-BOWH. 118 The party met at Alderville, eight milei from the miBsion. This waa a leaaon of much joy and happi- ness. The chiefs referred to the time when they were without tho Gt)upcl. One of them said, '* Before I heard the Goapel, when Chriiitmas came, I began to thuuk tho Great Spirit fur the day on which I could get plenty of whinkey. Brothers, you know how ollken 1 was dragged through the snow to my wigwam, wlicre my wile and children were cold and hungry. Now, I drink tea instead of whUkct/t and have religion with it; now my house iM comfortable, and my ehildi'en are pious and happy. I expect to pursiue a Cliristian course till I arrive in heaven. 3Iy fund hope is to meet these good missionaries in the land of blisd ; and not onl^ these, but idso the good John Wesley, i^ith whom I expect to shake hands there." John Sunday's brathcr (Big Jacob) said, "When tho Methodists were preaching to our people, I heard that the chiefs and warriors were frequently in tears. I then said, I would not shed tears were I to hear them. Still, I >vished to understand for myself. I went, with a full determination not to behave myself like a woman — I mean, by crying. I sat near the door. Tho preacher was speaking about the Saviour's dying on the cross, wliilo the Indians all around were sobbing. I began to feel serious, and then tho tears fell involuntarily. I 114 TUE LIFE or Ihc Prcquently I wiped my eyes, but atill the tears teouJJ flow, I asked myself, am I crying tool Brothreu, I was ashamed to exhibit tears ; but now [hero he raised his hand to heaven] it is not through cowardice that I cry, for I never shed a tear on the battle-iiehl, nor even when my children or iny friends lay dead beforo me. No ! I never dropi>cd a tear. I feel to-night vciy happy and thankful to know that tho Great Spirit did not, wliilc I was in darkness, fiiay, * I w ill never bless this Indian.' I feci an ardent love for you all. I love Jesus^ who has done so nuicli fcr sinful me." Ho then sat down, brother John Sunday now arose, and inter- preted what his brother liad just said ; and at tho close of his remarks, ho turned to the whites, who had come hero from Cobourg, and several other places, and said, " Brotlitrn, that was a great hig mei'cgior that great lig man,** I might add other cases here, but it is scarcely necessary. Suffice it to say tlmt wo enjoyed tho services tliroughout. As I looked around, I recog- nised somo whom I knew, and had often seen before tho Gospel readied us, and who had usually spent Christmas in tho gutter, — degi-aded, misem- ble, and starving. The language of the Psalmist might well have been quoted by each of these i)Oor brethren — "Thou hast raised mo up out of tho filthiest sink (English translation, ' the mirg dag/) >'• XAn«az-0A«ojin-BOWH. 115 ^l| tnd bait plauted my feet firmly on » rock." Yes, the rock Cbriit Jesui. Now Year*8 day wai obtcnred iii tbe lame reli- gious manner. And I cannot but remark bere^ that it is to bo greatly regretted that so many Christians in the States spend this day in gadding about from houso to house, and indulging in luxuries to excess. Nay, more ; I have been in- formed that not a few professors entertain their visitors >vith Jlre-toate)* or dcviV* ipittle on that day. AVlmt a contmdictton this would be in tho estimation of converted Indians, were they to wit- ness theso scenes ! During the winter, tho General Council of tho Nation was held at tlio Credit River mission. Chief Joseph Sawyer was elected President of tho Council. This noblo chief has filled tho chair several times since, with gi*eat credit. Several petitions, and other important documents were drawn up and signed by tho difterent chiefs, to bo- presented to tho Government of Canada. Tho whole Council waited on the Governor General^ Lord Sydenham, in a body; they presented their petitions. (Seo Note A, at tlic end of this chap- tor.) In i*eply, we received but little Butisfaction j; he closed his note by saying, " jNIy children, for tho, present I bid you all farewell." His Lordship did not even deign to aflix his name to the note. Since- i2 »!r 110 THl LITE or then, nothing has been heard of our papen, and therefore wo must concludo that thoj haTO been laid under the table. But whnt could bo expected of a ** father" M'ho could smile in the presence of his " ehihhen,** and yet stab thorn in the dnrkP (Sec Note B, at the close of the chapter, where tho reader will find an extract from his letter to Jjord John Russell.) To rebut his false represontntions, I would nppc.ll to the Keport of the Commissioners on Indian Afiairs in Canada ; to the missionaries ; and to the whole civilised and O'.rlstianisod ])(>pu- lation of the Chippewa nation. I can therefore say, without the fear of rospcctuhlo contnuliction, that his assertions have no foundation in tnith. A few drmiKcn Indians, it is true, may bo found in Canada ; and these alone woulu be willing to cull him Father. It was at this Geuenil CDuncil that I became acquainted with Captain JIowiU's family, of Toronto, formerly of England, and after an inti- mate acquaintance of me nix months, I was uniti>d in marriage t \\> aughtor Elizabeth. My wife has been a help . .cet indeed ; she has shared my woes, my trials, my privations, and has faith- fully laboured to instruct and assist the poor In- dians, whenever an opportunity occurred. I often feel astonished when I reflect upon what she has endured, considering tliat she does not possess much 1 XAH-OE-OA-OAH-BOWH. 117 physical •trengtb. I can truly Bay that she has villingly partaken of the same cup that I have, although tliat cup has often contained gall. I trust that I have not tronsgreuscd the bounds of delicacy, in speaking of one who has sacrificed so much in becoming the partner of an Indian missionary. I will simply add, that Mr. and Mrs. Howell, and their daughters Caroline and Elizabeth, were then, and are now, members of the Methodist church. In the spring which preceded my marriage, I was appointed by my people at Rice Lake to transact some business for them at Toronto. I accord- ingly left Kicu Lake and reached Toronto in April. Just before leaving for Bice Lake, I called to see my cousin, Tliomas Kexhig, who was confined to his house by conuumption. While on my journey homewards, between Toronto and Port IIo|)o, as I was sleeping on one of the sofas of the steam- boat, I had the following singular dream in relation to my cousin above mentioned : — I found myself in a path on a wide plain, which led towards the south, between two cottages. I was impressed with a belief that it was my duty to proceed to the end of the road, which, from appearances, great multitudes had walked over. On nearing the cottages, I discovered a small gate, attended by a keeper. At first he refused me an entrance, but after much persuasion he permitted 118 TnX LIFE OF me to pass, extorting from me a promise to return OS soon as I should reach a certain spot, from which I could see the end of the path. I passed through tho gate and travelled over a beautiful rolling countr}% with groves, flowers, and fruits, on my right and on my left, which delighted my eyes ; while tho singing of birds delighted my cars. I walked through several streams which ran smoothly over beds of beautiful pebbles. From one of these streams I drank, and felt much refreshed. In some places I saw the impress of meu*s feet on the peb- bles, which proved that persons had gone before me. Some time after this, I heard several voices conversing about tlie country to which they were travelling. I ascended a hill, from which I beheld a scene whicli no language can describe. In front was a large granite rock, in the form of a pyramid ; it was exceedingly liigh; liad seats on each side from the bottom to the top ; and on these sat a great multitude who had died in the Lord. Hero and there was a vacant seat. Some, however, were standing, and all had a pair of wings. Those that were sitting had wings, and seemed ready to fly ! On the very summit, and above the rest, there was a spacious seat, or magnificent throne. One sat on this throne wlio shone like the sun ! Over his crowned head was a circle, resembling a rainbow, on which was written, with letters of gold, " This 1 It.' KAH-OS-O^-GAU-BOWH. 119 IS THE Knro Jesus." What a splendid sight! it dazzled my eyes. Above liis head were clouda of angels ; these were perlbrmiug beautiful gyra- tions. Sometimes they dojicendcd so low, that I plainly could see tho upper side of their wings, which reflected a brilliant light from tho throne. 1 did not hear them speak, but there was a noiso like 0. mighty rushing wind, occasioned by their \nngB, which were constantly in motion. Thero were myriads upon myriads of these winged angels ; tlie very heavens were covered with tlicm. I ob- served between mo and tliis great rock a river, part of which was as black as jet, and the rest as yellow as gold. It flowed gracefully along the edge of tho beautifid green, near the rock. I saw two men plmige into its bosom, and swim. As soon as they reached the spot where tlie water was black, their clothes fell oft' of them, and were carried away by the current, while they themselves readied tho' shore on the opposite side. They now assumed forms too glorious for touguo or pen to describe ; even imagination must fail here. They now seemed to rise up out of the river ; and as they stood upon its bed, with their long white wings maje&lically expanded and dripping, they clapped their hands and exclaimed, "Glory to God in tho highest; .glory and honour to Jesus." They now stepped out of the stream, walked side by side, and ascended 120 THI LITE OV to their seats midwaj up the rock ! While they wero ascending, the entire multitude cheered and welcomed them. " Gloiy to God," "Hallelujah," with many other exclamations, were echoed in loud peals throughout the wholo region. My eyes wept big burning tears, which overflowed my face. I tried to join the happy throng in ejaculating Jialle- lujah, and made several fruitless attempts to cross the river. I felt as if I Mere fettered, and fastened to a stake. Prcsentlv, I heard the sound of foot- steps behind nic ; I turned around suddenly, and beheld my cousin, Thomas Kezhig, passing along. I addressed him, and said, " AVhcro are you going, cousin ?" He replied, " I am going whore my mother and sister have gone ; but i/ou must return home soon, for you are needed there ; you will one day follow us to the skies." 1 exerted mysolt' to approach him, but in vain. He turned about, ran down the hill to the water, plunged in, and swam like a duck. His clothes now fell off of him, as did those of the two individuals referred to above. I saw him rise ; he exclaimed, " Olori/ to Jesus /" Some one exclaimed from the rock, " Tiiomas Kez- hig is come, Tho...a3 Kezhig is come." Imme- diately two flew from their seats, and presented themselves before him, near the edge of the water. They embraced each other, and clapped their wings, as if filled with joy. O what a happy, happy scene I XAH-GB-GA-OAH-BOWH. 121 The immenBe throng of angelic beings witnessed this sight, and lowered their flight. Those on the rock now stood up at his approach, and flapped their wings. The two who had flown to him led him hy the hand to a scat. Every eye was now upon him ; and the whole heavens seemed to echo, '* Welcome to thy rat, tJiou child of affliction." I recognised in these t>vo his mother and sister, who had died a few years before, with a ho[)o lull of glory. I could havo given worlds for permission to cross the river. I wept sorely, and felt it incum- bent to return, according to my promise to the keeper of the gate. The keeper inquired, " AVcll, did you see them P'* But my heart was too full to give utteninco to my thoughts. I now awoke, much agitated, and still weeping, I looked at my watch, aud discoverad that it was a quarter-past one o'clock, p.m. In the evening I met ono of my step-brothers at Port Hope ; he had just arrived. The first words that ho uttered were, " Our cousin is no more." I inquired, " When did he die ?" He replied, " To- day, about oue o'clock." "Then," said I, "he is happy in the realms of bliss." The next day, as I stooped over his cold remains, I could still see his glorified spirit as in my dream, welcomed to the land of angels. O ! " Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my bst end belike his." I loved u I is I us Ibe Ibe U 122 THE LIVE OF him tenderly, and had good reason to believe that ho also loved me. My readers vnXl, I trust, excuse me for having inflicted upon them this dream. It is even now so vivid in my recollection, and being somewhat curious and peculiar, that 1 have ven- tured to give it. It is but a dream, and I wish it to go for what it is worth, and no more. I left Toronto for the west, on tlie third of June, and arrived at BuHalo tho same evening, just in time to fulfil an engagement. I was to address the Sund.ay Si-hool jSIiss^ionary Society at tho Metliodist Episcopal Church. I was obliged to leave Mrs. Copway at Toronto, as she was not quite prepared to depart ; but the following day she met me in Buffalo. Hero the brethren prevailed on us to stay over the Sabbath. Sabbath morning I preached at Black Kock, and in BulValo in tho evening. AVliat a curious, inquisitive, aud teasing people, some of the Yankees are! Tet, they are very friendly iiithal, for cvexy one seemed to be striving to uiduco us to go to their homes to take tea aud to pass the night. I had been married but a few days, and tho following were some of tho questions put to me : — " How did you obtain your wife ?" " AVhere were you married ?' * "Did her father consent ?" " How many of your people have married our white women ?" These and similar inquiries were con- stantly made, and were exceedingly annoying. But V'V i KAK«OB-OA-OAH«BO^rH. 121 notwithstanding all this, I could say, '* Farewell, dearfrienJi of Buffalo ; thank you for your kind- ness, your good Ttishcs, and your prayers. Farewell, Sister Dobson, Brother M., and Brother Yander- pool," — a nolleAieartcd and whole-souled man. On the seventh of June we paiiied with my wife's sister, Caroline, who had come with my wife from Toronto as far as Buffalo. We were soon sailing on Lake Erie. On the eighth wo were in Cleve- land. Here we were obliged to stop, as the regular boat was engaged to convey persons to the great Whig Convention at Foii; Meigs. But wo passed a very agreeable time, however, especially with ]VIr. and Mrs. Peet. On the twelfth, an opportunity offered by which wo coidd go as far as Amhcrst- burg, on our way to Detroit. The steamboat Mil- tvaukie stopped at Cleveland on her route upwards, and on board of her we went. Soon we fell in with Bev. John Clark, who was on his way from tho Ge- neral Conference to Chicago, iu company with Bev. Mr. Colclazicr, of Detroit. It was my design to preach on board, but was prevented on account of the rolling of the boat, which caused much sea- sickness, and our early arrival at Amiicrstburg. Here we stayed one week, and passed many happy hours, especially with Sister Scott. From Am- herstburg we went to Detroit. On the eigliteenth, we started from Detroit for Mackinaw, on board 124 THE LIFB OV the steamboat Itobert FuUtm, which pUice we reached on the twentieth ; here we remained a few days with B. Chapman, Esq. Here I heard of the death of one of our traders, Lavaque, a pious mac, and a particuhir friend. I preached his funeral sermon, and then his remains were consigned to the grave. Many wept on this occasion, for ho was much beloved. Mrs. Copway was now suficriiig from chills and fever, wliich sho first contracted at Toronto. On the twenty-third, we took passage on board the sieaniboat Fuirport^ and umved ut Oivoii Bay early the next mornivg. ISIrn. Copway's in- disposition induced me to remain here until she should feel better. Brother Chenoworth, the sta- tioned preacher, was absent, and it devolved on me to fill his pulpit on the Sabbath. A\^e had a most interesting season in waiting on the Lord. Mrs. Copway*s fever continued three weeks, and when it was thought that she had recovered, we took land carriage to Prairie Du Chien. But before we had gone many miles, she was again seized with chills and fever, and we were obliged to tarry at the house of a Mr. McCarty. His family were kind, and would not receive any compensation for their trouble. I now proposed to Mrs. C. to return to Green Bay, but i^lsc would not consent; saying, that as we had started, it. were better to keep on. Evcrv other day she had the fever. O how it dis- KAH-OE-OA.-01.n-BOWn. 125 tressed me to witness her a£Biction ! We passed through the villages of tho Stockbridge and Brother Town Indians. Tlieir lands arc good, and it is to be hoped that ^hcy Mill continue to conduct them- selves well. On tho seventeenth July, wo arrived at Winne- bago Lake, where we took dinner with Brother AVhitc. After leaving this place, we had to kindle up a iiro in tho groves several times, in order to cook Homething for brcukfuHt, and for tho rest of the day; there being no HoitU^rs within twenty miles. Some men seem to have come to tlieso "diggings'* only for tho pnrposo of defrauding travellers out of their gootls and money. For ievery slim and dirty meal wo had to pay fifty cents. There is a house between Fort Winnebago and Prairie Du Chien which I can never forget. Wo had to pay fifty cents for each meal (?) ; twenty- five cents for lodging in beds swarming with fleas and bugs. Sleep was out of tho question ; so I spent the hours of tho night on tho scat of what was called a chair. August twenty-third, wo arrived at Prairie Du Cliicn, after much fatigue, having travelled ten days. Brother Kavanaugh had just arrived from St. Peter*s, and had us convoyed to Bubuquo in a canoe. Here Mrs. Copway remained, till I returned from tlic Conference, which was held at Mount Morris. From Bubuquo wo went to 120 THE LITE or Id Frairio Du Chion in a steamboat ; on tlie twenty- sixth wo wero compelled to go in our cauoo to St. Pctcr*By on account of the slmllownoss of the river. Our company comiiBtcd of Brothers Spates, Ilud- dlcbton, Brown, Jones, Mrs. Copway, her sister, and myself. Wo encamped, occasionally, on the banks of the ^lississippi. AVo were more than two weeks travelling 300 miles, to St. Peter's. "W'c had a tent, wliich wo pitelicd every niglit. On the twenty-sixth September, we had to mount theblufl'd of the ]Mis&ti»sippi river ; hero wo found a number of Indian deities, made of stone. IMrs. Copway and her sister tumbled them all down into the river. Their worsliippers must liave been astounded and mortified when they returned, and discovered that their gods had vanislied. On several occasions we were dripping w et. On the ninth of October wo arrived at St. Peter's ; wo here had the hap- piness and privilege of associating with the Pres- byterian missionaries three weeks ; they wero aflec- tionatc and truly kind to us. These were Brothers Ganin, Pond, Denton, aui their wives. AVe had yet to journey nearly 300 miles. After some delay in getting ready, we started in our canoe. On the t^venty-scventh of October we went about fifteen miles up the river ; on the twenty-eighth, wo could proceed no further on accouut of tho ice. Now what was to be done ? If tho winter sets in, while KA1I-OK-OA-0An-310Wl[. 127 we arc on our jounioy, wo fihnllhavo toiuiTor much. We therefore concluded to go by land to Elk Bivor miflsion. Ou the nineteenth, wo hired a Frcncli- man to convey our things in his cart. It being lato when we started, we walked but five miles the first day ; we really dreaded the journey. On tho thirtieth, whilo we were crosaing the Hice River, tho cart was upset; our provisions and clothes were iilled M'itli water, and many of our tilings wont floating down tho river. I mado a fire, and wo passed tho rest of tho day in drying our arti- cles ; fortunately, not one of us was in the cart. Mrs. Copway exhibited much patience and forti- tude ; she reproved us for murmuring, on account of this and otlicr mishaps, and laughed, while our pies and cakes were sailing down tho river. Ou the thirty-first we walked tho wholo day, and »?ached Bum Bivcr, — called so, because a barrel of rum had been concealed there. It would be too tedious to narrate all tlio circumstances comiectcd with tho rest of our journey. On tho sixth of November wo arrived at tho mission, having travelled, in all, about 2080 miles. The Ojibway Indians had fled from this mission, on account of their enemies, the Sioux, whom they dreaded. Here, then, wo had no employmeut ; no one to instruct ! "We now endured much suffering. I was taken sick with the dysentery, and remained 128 THE LITE OF to four months, although, ocoaiionaUy, I oould move about. Brother Huddleston, also, became sick ; he was taken on the twenty-fifkh of December, and died on the thirtieth, of djsenter)'. This was truly a time of trial. We buried him near the bnnlcs of the Mississippi, on Xcw Year's day. He had come here to do good ; but O liow inscrutable are the ways of God ! The chief of the Ojibways had now arrived, and addressed us in the following lanj^ungo : — *^ Hrothers, I atn sorry to see you all in such afilioting circur: stances. I see that you loved him ; and from what little I saw and knew of him, I believe he was a good roan. lie came here to do us good — to teach our children. You ask me where you shall bury your brother ? I will tell you. llury him on that little hill (pointing to it), so that we may see his grave as we pass up and down the river. I w ill tell my people to keep the grave in good order, and to respect it. No grass shall be allowed to grow too near it ; we will see that it is weeded. Next summer, I will build a heap of stones about it, that all may see and know where the good man lies — he who came to bless us. Tell his father that the Sioux, our enemies, will not molest his remains.'* This chief was not a pious man. Three of his warriors now went to the hill, cleared awav the !l "i lUH-01-OA-GAH-BOWH.* 120 - mow, and dug the grave according to our direo- tioni. We committed hii lifeless body to the cold grave in a strange laud ! I never knew how much I loved him, until he was gone. Filled ivith tears, sobs, and sighs, Brotlicr Spates performed the last sad office over the remains of our dearly beloved brother, while the rude blast was blowing the snow in everv direction. Just before ho died, he ad- moni«ihcd and entreated us to meet him in heaven, wliere he aMHured us he was going. " BlcHsed oro the dead, that die in the Lord." Tiie chief now invited us to go and reside with him at Babbit Kiver ; and in February >vo did so, after having travelled three days. During these three days, however, we had often to shovel away the snow, build a fire, and spread the bedding without any teut over it. AVo awoke one morning, and found the snow two inches deep on the bed clothes. AVc built a large fire, by which we warmed ourselves and boiled some coilee. Our bread was frozen ; but we thawed it, and made a meal. AVhcn this was over, oil' we started. By the way, I ought to have mentioned that I had a pony for Mrs. Copway and her sister, on which they could ride. Through the winter he lived on rushes, and browsed like a deer. The poor fellow had to give out, about two miles bcforo we reached Babbit Biver ; Mrs. Copway, therefore, had to walk this distance on tho K 180 THE Liri or !oe, 'U'hich greatly fatigued her. On Saturdaj night, quite hite, wo arrived at the shanty of Chief Ilole-in-thC'Sky. In all our journeyingt Mm. C. was always ready and willuig to endure every hard- ship. She never murmured nor appeared discon- tented. This often encouraged me, and aflbrded us much relief. I record with gratitude that God enabled her and her sinter to bear up under the severest trials and hardships. AVe could have no earthly gain in view; the grace of God alone, therefore, supported us by day and by night, in sickness, in perils, in storms, in fatigues, in des- pondency, and in solitary places. At Kabbit Eivcr we Saboured M'ith considerable success; but on account of the war raging between tlio Sioux and the Ojlbways, these two missions, with that at Ottawa Lake, had to be abandoned. NOTR A. " Ist. The soil at the Credit is generally very poor, and, consequently, the crops are light, and this, in a great measure, discourages our people from becoming good farmers. The situation of the Credit Resenc is better calculated for com- mercial than agricultural purposes. *' 2nd. We have learned, by experience, that lividg together in a village, whilst endeavouring to follow farming, is attended with many disadvantuges, and loss of time; it is therefore desirable, that all the Indians who wish to become planters should be settled on their own lots. ** 3rd. The evil example of many of the white people around our village exposes our people to the temptation of drinking fire-water, and of committing other vices. KAR-OI-OA-OAB-BOWn. 181 **4tli. We an of opinion, that, if we go end lettle on n good tract of land, many of our yoang men, who are now spending their time in idleneM, would be indoeed to become industrious, and attend to their farming." NOTB B. " GOVBRNMBNT HOUSB, «< XingttoH^ 22nd July, 1841. ** My Lord,— I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch of the 1st instant, No. 393, on the subject of the Indian Department in Canada. I beg to assure your lordship that I have given the subject my attentive considera- tion, and I hope to be able to submit for your approval a scheme for the consolidation of the Department. At the same time the matter is attended with great difficulty, arising from the peculiarity of the duties which the officers of the Depart- ment have to perform, the extent of country comprised within their jurisdiction, and, above all, from thesystum pursued with- regard to the Indians, which, in my opinion, is of the most mistaken character. All my observation has completely satisfied me, that the direct interference of the Government is only advantageous to the Indians who can still follow their accustomed pursuits, and that if they become settlers they should be compelled to fall into the ranks of the rest of her Majesty's subjects, exercising the same independent control over their own property and their own actions, and subject to the same general laws as other citiseens. *' The attempt to combine a system of pupilage with the settlement of these people in civilised parts of the country, leads only to embarrassment to the Government, expense to the Crown, a waste of the resources of the province, and an injury to the Indians themselves. Thus circumstanced, the Indian loses all the good qualities of his wild state, and acquires nothing but the vices of civilisation. He does not become a good settler, he does not become an agriculturist or a mechanic. He does become a drunkard and a debauchee, k2 132 THE LIFX OF and his feinalea and family follow the same coune. Ho occnpiea Talnable land, unprofitably to himaelf and injnriottdy to tbe countrj. He $vrt* infinite trouble to the Government, and adds nothing either to the wealth, the industry, or the defence of the province. "I have, &e., (Signed) ** SVDEN'HAM." " The Right Hon. Lord J. Russell." The above is a fair specimen of the treatment we have received, in many cases, from those wlio ought to have done all thoy coidd to raise us to a position of i-esiMJctability. Tlie natives are now doing well. Thoy have farms of their own, upon wliich many of them raise from ten to iii'tccn hundred bushels of wheat for their families. By their own means they have kept up their schools. Churches, erected by themselves, are everywhei*© to be seen. VJ^o have ministers and school-teachers belonging to our own nation. And yet we have not impraved. I would ask, how much encouragement and assistance in education have wo received from our former fathers ? Again and again mo have asked to be aided in education; if we had asked for whiskey, we could have got it; but anything to raise and benefit us we could not get. k or ee. • 1 ( KAH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWn. 133 CHAPTER Xm. a ■ — — Let terror strike ilavei mate. Modi danger makci great hearts nuMt Ntolattd— Jf. Ik the spring we were out of provisionB, and had to fish for a living for about three weeks. Brother Spates taught school, and cousin Johnson and myself visited the wigwams daily, for the purpose of singing and praying, and reading the word of God. They always received us kindly ; and soon their minds and hearts began to feel serious, and they inclined strongly towards Christianity. It was not long after, that many of them professed to have made their peace with God, and expressed their determination to obey the precepts of tlesus. Here we must acknowledge that God ** made us glad according to the days wherein he had aftlicted us." We had ''not laboured in vain, nor spent our strength for nought," although we had to conicss that we were unprofitable servants. While conversing with a chief upon the importance of true religion, he became much troubled, and admitted that his on\ii religion was not so good as the religion of the Bible ; " But," said he, " I will ^ 134 mv Lm 01 embrace your religion when I shall have returned from one more battle ^ith the Sioux ; and I yniXi then advise my people to embrace it too.** What a struggle this poor fcUow had ^nt]lin ! Ilis name V!fi% Bah-goo-na-ge-tliig (Hole-in-the-Sky.) He had always been kind to mo and mine ; in the spring he presented me about eighty pounds of sugar, observing, at the same time, " I liave brought tliis from the Sugar Bush to-day ; you will require some for your family, and I cheerfully give it.** Brother } 'nrr and liis family now arrived from Prairie Du T' *? ,i. What tales of bulforing did they communicate ! They had travelled six hundred miles in the midst of winter ; and were exposed to all winds and weathers. But, thank God, now they were with us ! Their clothes were almost in strings, and their children weiv in rags. Expcctiug to find enough to live on as soon as they arrived, they brought nothing witli them. Thank heaven, wo were just enabled to keep them and oui'selvcs from starving. The Indians desired us to visit several other places, and establish ourselves there. The wliole country seemed ripe for the Gospel. It was thought best that Brother Spates and myself should go down to St. Peter's, by water, and obtain provision. We were four days going, and, on our arrival, a war party was just on the eve of departing KAn-«I-OA-OAH-BOWa. 185 fbr our mission, where they intended to murder all the Ojibways they coiUd find. I requested Brother Spates to accompany mo back by land, to inform the Indians of the intention of tho Sioux. He said, " there would be too much risk in going before the war party." But my wife and siatcr were there ; they, as well as my poor people, might bo barbarously murdered. After repeated efforts to get some one to accompany me, but without success, I was determined to go alone. I trusted in tho Gtod of battles, and, with his aid, I was confident that I could prevent tliese merciless and blood- thirsty warriors from imbruing tlieir bauds in tho blood of my nation. I was ready for a start ; and went to Chief Little Crow's village, to tell him that I was going to tlie Babbit Biver mission. Not thinking that I was iii earnest, or had courage enough, he said, " Tell Hole-in-the-Sky, I am coming to get his scalp." This took place three hours befora they were ready to march. In the midst of jeers and icar-whoopst I left their misaion-house. They did not believe tliat I intended to go farth'jr than Fort Suelling. As soon as I was out of sight, I began to run as fast as I was able. I call ad at the Post Office, which was nine miles from the Grow mission, got my papers and letters, and ran about seven miles over the prairie without stopping. I bought a pony on the road, of a Frenchman, and 186 TBI LDZ OV luTiDg no saddle, I rode but three mOei of tlie whole distance. I tied my pack on his back, and made him run all the afternoon. In the night, I slept Tiithout a fire. I was so anxious to get home that I had no appetite for eating, the first two days. I went at tho rate of about BCVCut}'-fivo miles per day, and arrived homo at uoou, on tho fourth day ; ha\'ing walked two hundred and forty miles, forded eight large streams, and crossed the brood ^lissis- sippi twice. M}" coat and pantaloons were in strips. I crossed tho Mississippi just in front of our mission- house, and, as soon as possible, I told the chief that the war party were now on theur way to our mission, to kill them. I advised him to lead away the women and children, which they did, and the next day they all left us. "We, that is, my family, myself, and the other missionaries, were now letlb to the mercy of the Sioux. l>ut they did not come, although they sent spies. Brother Brace, cousin Johnson, and I, now ventured to take our families down to St. Peter's. We left in a large bark canoe, and had only one loafoi bread, two quarts of boons, and two quarta of molasses. Brother Brace was so sick, that we had to lift him in and out of the canoe. "We saw tracks of the war party on our way to St. Peter's. They watched us on the river, as we heard afterwards. We encamped about one mile 1 I !■ XAH-ai-OA-AAH-BOWH. 187 and * half thit aide of their watering place, during the night, and did not know that they hnew thia fiK^t, aa inUl he seen in the aoquel. They came and held a council just across the river from our encamp- ment ; they could see the light of our fire. The war chiefs agreed that four of the warriors should swim over to us and take us all prisoners. One was to take the canoe to the other side of the river, to hring over tlie rest of the party. They were to kill me and my cousin Johnson. But the chief said to them, " If you kill those men, the Great Spirit will be angry, aud he will send his white childreu to kill us and our children." Oue of the warriors told the chief that he was a coward, and that he ought to have remained at home. To this the chioi' replied, ** I am no coward ; and we will see wlio are cowards when we come in front of our enemies." Thus they disputed, and even quarrelled, among themselves, till daylight. The same morning we left without breakfast, and on the morning foIlo^^'illg we were beyond their reach. We saw where they had raised a number of logs, so that they might lie in ambush. I ought to mention, that we were perfectly ignorant of all their plans and actions, until we arrived at St. Peter*s. The chief himscU* communicated to us what has been stated above, in the presence of his warriors. 188 TBI Lui or Tills countiy is, indeed, a daugerous place for the Ojibiray inissioimries ; but not so for the whitei, for tbey never pretend to interfere with them, in any way. Before Conference, and while I was obliged wO be at their misHion, for there was no other road for us to go, the Sioux tried to intimidate me by pointing their guns at my breast, and by flourishing their war clubs about my head ; thoy would say, ** I Mish you had longer Jtair, so that I could take a good hold of it and scnlp you." I often went to sec them in their tepees (wigwams) ; this was good policy. They frequently showed mc some of the Bcsilps of the Ojibwa} s, and danced tlie scalping danei*. What awful noises they made, as they ibnced in their fantastic dresses, with their faces painted black. They reminded mo much of his Satanic and fiendish majesty, rejoicing over a damned spirit entering hell. Duiiug this summer I accompanied brother KaTanaugli to Sandy Lake mission, at the head of the Mississippi. I returned by the falls of St. Anthony, while Brother Kavanaugh went by the way of Lake Superior, he having business with the American Fur Company. AVhcn I arrived, I learned that the elder son of Brother Kavanaugh had been drowned ; he fell from a ledge of rocks. Sister Kavanaugh felt, deeply, this mercifully severe i ■ -I SAH-01-aA-OAH-BOWH. 189 diipeiiMitioii. Brother Kavanaugh now airived; poor man f He could not speak to me for some time. I met him some distance from his house ; he had heard of the circumstance, but had not, as yet, been home. "How unsearchablo ore God*s judgments, and his ways past finding out.** Yet, withal, in such dark houra, many a Christian sees parental love. Ah ! we may often exclaim, in the laugiuigo of good old Jacob, " All these thingH are against mo;*' but we may also say, ** God orders cver^'thiug for the good of his own.'* That summer we went to Conference, which was held in Plattoville. I was then appointed to csta* blish A mission at Fon du Lae, at the head of Lake Superior. Brother James iSiiiipsou was appointed school teacher. AVe travelled from the Sioux mission up tho St. Croix Bivcr, crossed over to Burnt-wood lliver, and thenco to Lake Superior. Having provided food, I departed with Mrs. Copway and her sister, John Jacob, Masscy, and Brother Simpson, about the fifteenth of September. AVe were two weeks on the St. Croix Biver ; and part of this timo I was so sick as to become delirious. I was just able to walk over the two-mile portage to Burnt-wood Biver. The other men, therefore, had to carry the large canoe two miles ; this was hard, but it was impossible for me to help them. AVe were now out le las lut 140 THl IIFB OF of provisioiii. I have been told, by good Authority, the following singular fact :— There is but ono spring which forms the two rivers — the St. Croix, which runs down to the Misttirioippi ; aud tho Bunit-wood Bivcr, wliich runs duwn to Luko Huperior. In going doM'n tho Bunit-wood Kivcr, our pro- gress was slow. AVo were out of provisions from Thursday till Sabbath nioniuig, when wo arrived at Foil du Lac. On Saturday, Mrs. Cop way and her sister had a small piece of bread between them ; the rest lived upon hope. In the afternoon, we rowed about twenty-eight miles, and on Sabbath morning, just at day-break, we had to start for our station, Fou du Lac ; about twelve o'clock wo arrived there, and saw John Lauudree, the trader, who was cele- brated for his hospitality. I shook hands with him ; he asked mo if I was sick, and said, " You look pale.*' I told him we were all hungry, and had hud nothing co eat but a small piece of bread since Friday evening. " Ah, indeed !" said he, " I will soon have breakfast for you." ]Mrs. Laundi*ce, after a few minutes, had every thing necessary for our cheer and comfort. While eating, I thought, that whatever might be said of Catholics, this was a truly Christian act, and heaven will not let it pass unnoticed. Li the evening I addressed a company of traders and Indians. I found the Indians in a miserable I • .:'' ■ XJLU-OI-OA-OAH-BOWH. 141 •tate ; the cause of whicli I attribute wholly to their intercourse Miththe trailcm, the principal part of whom are notoriously wicked and profane. I felt very thankful, however, that wo were hero ; yet I was filled with anxieties; fur how Hliould I begin my labours P Brother Simpson and I commenced by fitting up the old niinsion-house, ibnnerly occu- pied by tho Eev. Mv, liHy, who had taught many to read and write. Tho school-house, oIho, was fitted up, and in it Brother Simpson taught, till tho spring. Our prospects seemed to brighten up, and we had good reason to think that tho Indians wore glad to have us with them ; for they sent their children regularly to school, and our religious meet- ings were well attended. During tho winter, several became seriously and religiously afTected; and in the spring, a few believed that they hod ex- perienced a change of heart. This encouraged us much. 1 can never forget tho happy seasons I enjoyed, in my visits from house to house, and in the woods. I endeavoured to seek out all ; and the good Master Was gracious to me. I have often tra- velled about among them on snow shoes, weeping for joy. Often, too, did I sleep alone in tho woods, having had to dig away the snow to prepare a place to lie on. Though frequently hungry, faint, and lonely, I enjoyed the presence of the Lord. On one occasion I was sorely tried. I accompanied 142 TBK jjwm ov d m id one of tbe traders about 180 milei, to purchase cattle for our place. I bought a cow for my own immediato family, and in tho spring it was killed and eaten by the Indians. Had they been in want, there might have been some excuse for such an act. AVo expected her to "come in" in about three weeks, and her milk was to be our chief dependence. It WAS a cruel piece of work. After having tra- velled, too, :)G0 miles for tho pur|)ose of obtaining her, and then to be thus deprived, was a hard case truly. Had she lived, many of the children of the Indians would have shared in the milk. AVhen will the poor Indians be instructed in riglit principles ? From a long experience and close observations among tho Sioux and the Ojibways, iu regard to the hostile feelings existing between them, I have been brought to tho following conclusions :— 1. That Christianity and education alone will check their malevolent and hostile feelings, and thus put an end to their bloody wars. For this end, missionaries nuist be sent to both nations. 2. That it is useless to send missionaries without suitable interpreters to assist them. 3. That missions should be established in the \icinitles of the borders of the neutral grounds of these two powerful and savage nations ; because in these places there is but little, if anything, to excite them to revenge. .!« ZJLH-GI-OA-OiJI-BOWH. 148 t.l I 4. Tbftt wherever a miMion ii once ottablialied, it mutt never be abandoned. 5. That where any Protestant miision ii eita- jbliihcd in any village, no other denomination ■hould eBtablish another in the same phice, or in- terfere in any other way. 0. That iniHsionnrictt ought to asHlst each other, whenever they happen to fall in each other's way, or are requested to do so. 7. That missionaries ought not to preach their oivn peculiar doctrines, to the disadvantage of other denominations ; for this not only lessens their own influence, but likewise that of others. The scenery near the head of Lake Superior is almost as splendid as that of the beautiful Hudson. There is a maguiticent fall, about eight miles abovo the mission. The Indians often kill moose, bears, and deer, in this region. In the spring, summer, and fall, they live on fish. As we had no salt, wo were obliged to preserve our fish by hanging them on poles, with their heads downwards, and in this manner they would freeze. When the spring ar- rived, they began to thaw, and becoming soil, would fall from the poles. Lute in the fall, whiio fish ascend the rapids, and can be scooped up with nets. In the spring, fish of every kind, and in great abundance, ascend these rapids. On the 0th of April, 1842, it pleased the Lord 44 Tni Lira or to bless us with a son. This was our ftnt ohild— a fine healthy boy. AVe thanked Ood for his good- ness and mercy in prcaervuig all our lives iu the desert, and whilo surrounded by savages. I com- mitted and commended him to God. Mav he live to take hia stntion in the missionary field. Brother Kavanaugh was kind enough to visit i:.s ; he returned by the way of Sandy Lake mission. I accompanied Iiim over the Hrstt portage ; here ii « knelt down on the green, and worshipped the God of missions. We ^ow parted ; but I still hope to see this aflcctionate brother again, even in this world. But if wo shall never meet on earth, I trust we shall iu heaven, " where the wicked cease from troubliug, and the weary arc at rest.'* " Where we shall forget our lorrows and pain, And with our Redeemer in glory shall reign ; Shall sing the anthems resounding on high, And bathe in the ocean that never sliall dry." I lt< KAU-OE-eA-OiLH-BOWH. 145 CHAPTEBXIV. lu«««llt— • word tbnt luth bees and nut to | A MMud that nwkcs lu linger^yet, Aurewdl 1«A Wi were often delightfully associated with th» PresbTterian missionaries at La Pointe, the Bev. Messrs. Hall and Wheeler, and their amiable famU lies. Their benevolence and Christian courtesy are above any praise that we can render ; but we would acknowledge that our hearts overflow with great gratitude whenever we recall them to mhid. It was here that I became acquainted with the Bev. Mr. Boutwell. I preached for these beloved bre- thren several times, and wo enjoyed sweet commu- nion, and some thrilling seasons together. The Council of the Ojibway nation assembled in this place about the first of October. Tho Go- vernment agent, B. Stewart, of Detroit, treated with them for their mineral regions, for which the Government gave them, a large amount in money. From this time I shall date the dissipation, misery, and ruin of this part of our nation. 1. Because it induced speculators to visit tliem yearly, to sell their goods at enormous prices, and L 146 THE LIFE OF hem I and their whiskey, which inevitably ruins both body and soul. 2. Because it opens the door for all sorts of un- principled men and vagabonds, and for the miners, many of whom arc no better than pick^iockcts. 3. Because, in possessing so much money, with- out any correct news of economy, utility, or pru- dence, it becomes to them " the root of all evil" — a curse, instead of a blessing. In these appropriations the American Govern- ment have grossly erred. AVliat benefit can the many thousands of dollars, which arc paid annu- ally, be to the Indians, if they arc not capable of exercising any judgment in relation to a proper uso of money ? The fact is that, at the end of every year, tliey are sunk into deeper degradation. I would now ask, what are millions of money without education? I do not mean that an equivalent should not be given for lauds ceded to the Govern- ment, ^o; but I do mean that this equivalent should be appropriated in such a way as to produce the greatest benefits and the happiest results. If a certain amoimt had been given in cash, ano- ther amoimt in cattle and farming utensils, another in clothing, another in houses and school- houses, and the like ; and with these, if a few mechanics, farmers, and teachers had been sent among them, the Indiims might have become indus- KAH-eS-OA-eAH-BOWH. 147 trioiu, inteUigenty and useful citizeni. One-third of each annual payment would be sufficient to educate, and to supply all the wants of their chil- dren. It may be supposed by some, that the white people settled near them give them good advice, and urge upon them the propriety and necessity of appropriating their money iu the manner just sug- gested. Yet this is not oidy not the Cxtse, but these ?ery wliites, at least a large majority of them, are Goutiuually laying plans by which they can extort from these unlettered and ignorant Indians wliat- ever they possess. I write not at random, ou these matters. I am too well acquoiutcd T^ith them, from painful observation and bitter experience. I have been present at ten payments; viz., at Sault St. Marie, Mackinaw, Green Bay, Prairie Du Chien, and St. Petcr*s. During these payments, quantities of whiskey were brought to the Indians, or else they were seduced to go elsewhere to purchase it. Poor untutored red men ! you were deluded, and made drunk by white men, and then, in your hellish and drunken passions, you turned around and im- bued your hands in tlie blood of your own relatives and brethi'en. And were I to narrate some of the scenes which occurred among the white faces (with bkck hearts) on these occasions, it would sicken the heart ; nay, it would make mad the guilty, and appal the iimocent. The very devil himself might shudder. L 2 148 THE Lin OT It was now two jean since I left Canada ; I re- ceived letters firom there, from the Ber. Messrs. Stinton, Green, and Jones, requesting me to return homo and labour with them. At first I did not deem it advisable to go, because I felt under many obligations to those who had sent mo to school for two years, and had rendered me other kind ser- vices ; and it was not until after repeated solicita- tions had been made, and money to defray my travelling expenses had been remitted, that I con- sented. I obtained permission from my su})erin- iendcnt, Kev. J. S. Goodrich, to depart. I left La Pointe, Oct. 10th, in the schooner " Algonquin," for Sault St. Marie. From there we took a i-ow-boat for IVIackiuaw, and at M. took a steamboat for Buffalo ; we now proceeded onwards, and arrived at Toronto on the 28th of October. 'My wife's parents and relatives, and very many dear friends, were de- lighted to see us again, after an absence of two years. AVe found them all well, and felt grateful to God for another expression of his abundant goodness and mercy. I spent much of my time in narrating the scenes we had witnessed, and a full account of my mission. In about a month I Mas sent to Credit Biver (Mrs. C. remained behind, in her father's family). Here I taught school till Christmas, when I began travelling with Bev. Wm. Byerson, on a missionary IF iiii 1 ' XUE-ei-GA-OAH-BOWH. 149 ipitf tovardt Montreal. We were abieiit ftbout three months, and preached or .^poko e?ery day. We collected ahout a tliousand Mlun per mouth. The eloquence and piety of Brother B. seemed to he duly appreciated wherever he went. He is the hest platform speaker that I ever heard in the Me- thodist connexion. I had supposed, however, that he would ho dull and monotonous ; but this was far, very far from the fact. Having returned from this tour to Toronto, I was next appointed by the Misslouary Society to labour at tho Saugccug mission, in the place of the- Bcv. Thomas Williams. On this journey my wife accompanied mc. The distance was 160 miles, mid we reached there on tho 12th of April, 1813. On our way, we stopped at Goderich ; and from thence we took 0, CAUoc about sixty-five miles. X entered upon 'my duties as a missionary amoug the Christian Indians. I met with difficulties, for I could obtain notliiug without money ; and even when a request was made, it was not met by the Society. I could not bo convinced that it was my duty to starve, and, thei*efore, concluded I must leave. My Indian. brethren stepped forward at this time, and i)etitioiied Governor Metcalf to aiford me a living from the Government. Their request was granted, and I Mas paid by Government 400 dollars per year, for three years. I should have 150 THl LTVI OF continued here, but the next year my lenioes were demanded among my relativet at Sice Lake. In the summer, I took Mrs. Copway to Toronto, and left her at her father*0, while I was absent at Montreal with the Bov. Mr. Jones. Here we waited on the Governor-general, and presented our views, and those of our people, respecting the fois mation of a !Manual Labour School for the benefit of the Indians. The Governor expressed himself as faA'ourably disposed, but was too sick to take an active part in it. But before this, tho Cauada Con- ference had appointed Eev. F. Jones and myself, to visit the missions, and ascertain how much each mission was willing to contribute for this object.* During this fall, Mr. Jones and family left for England. I returned to Toronto and took my family back to Saugeong mission. While on our passage, in a schooner, our little son, who was about three years old, fell overboard ; we heard him fall into the water. I ran immediately to the side of the vessel, and jumped into the lake. The schooner was sailing quite rapidly, and had passed him about twenty yards. I swam as fast as possible, and saw him sink. When I reached tho spot where he sank, I dived do>\'n about seven feet, seized hold of him, t re * The Mnonnt reported from the Indians alone was $2,800. |i! I KAH-eK-GA-0AH-BOWH. 161 ttid bionght him to the lurfaoe. Ai the wa?ee were nmning high, it waa with the greatett diffi- culty that I could keep him ahove the water, 80 that he could breathe; and I waa compelled at times to let him sink an inatant, that I might breathe myself. I heard him sry, which was encouraging, for I was fearful that he was dying. At one tlma I olnnost despaired of saving cither of our liTcs. I wa;i about giving !ip all hope, when I saw the yawl boat near me, and I was told that I was just about sinkinijf, when the captain rescued us from a. wateiy grave . Tho captain, and all on board, were so frightened, that tlicy lost some time iii concluding what to do. Had tlicy luiTcd at Oiice, and despatched tho yawl, two or thrco minutes might have been saved. But I ought not to complain; our lives were spared, and thanks bo to a kind Providence ibr his timely deliverance. I then gave him up to God, aud prayed that he might be presen'cd, and be devoted to the cause of Christ. We now resumed our labours at the mission. While at this station there were many hoi)efid conversions. A remarkable circumstance is, that during the whole three years of my sojourn in this field of labour, I never knew but one tingle ease in which fire-water was used. I must not omit no- ticing liere a very faitliful teacher in my charge, I 152 Vni LIFE 07 ^«cob Jackson; hi. influence vm. oT^h. i_* ... «"S."6 the ,,rai^. „f GTil777' «^ « Govormncut adopted tl,«T" "" '*»""'^«« ^i'o."tei„dCr;r;r;r"^^''"'' adopted tonards tli^s. m Oovcmniciit would have c^su j. "' "•" «""« '-""6 We».i„g. XAn-OI-OA«OAH-BOWS. CHAFTEBXV. Staflkib MoUiM, umI wiiM by Iwru.— A Or ktOi the Oenorol Councils of the ChriitiMiiied Qjibways have been convened and conducted in the Mune nutnner as public and other business meetings •re conducted among the whites. The last General Council, which consisted of Ojibways and Ottawai^ was held at Saugceng. The chiefs came from Lakes 8t. Clair, Huron, Ontario, and Simcoe, and from Bice and Mud Lakes. The object of this conven- tion was to devise plans by which the tract of land now owned by the Saugecng Indians could be hdd for the solo benefit of the Ojibway nation ; to peti- tion the Government for aid in establishing a Ma- nual Labour School; to ascertain the views aui feelings of the chiefs in relation to forming one large settlement among themselves at Owen's Sound, there to live in future ; and to attend to other things of minor importance. There were forty>eight chiefs present from Canada West alone. Chief Sawyer took the chair, and the writer hod the honour of being Vice-president. Chief Jolm Jones, 154 THi Lin or mi me lii'i to \ere itbe JB, of Owen Soundi was selected to delivor tbe opening Address, in which he was to give an oi^tUne of the subjects to bo discussed. The meeting was now called to ordor ; and after singing, and an oppro- priate prayer by Chief John Sunday, Chief Jones arotto ; all were Hilent, and every oyo was turned towards him. After rolling his small but piercing black eye over the vattt assembly, ho spoko as follows : — " Brothers ! You have been called from all parts of Canada, and even from the north of Georgian Bay. Tou are from your homes, your wives, and your children. Wo might regret this, wore it not for the circumstances that require you here. ** Fellow Chiefs and Brothers, I have pondered with deep solicitude our present condition, and the future welfare of our children, as well as of ourHclvoB. I havo studied deeply and anxiously, in order to arrive at a tiiio knowUnlgo of the proi)or courm^ to bo pursued to secure to us and to our dem'cndunts, and even to others araund us, tho greatest amount of peace, health, happiness, and usefulness. The interests of the Ojibways and the Ottawas are near and dear to my heart ; for them I have passed many sleepless nights, and have often suifered from an agitated mind. These nations, I Am proud to say, are my brothers ; many of them are bone of my bone, and for them, if needs be, I i\ t KAH-OI-OA-OAR-BOWn. 155 could wiUingly, iiajr, cbeerfUUj, samflce ttnything. Brotben, you lee my heart. [Here the speaker held out a piece of whit0 paper, emblematical of a pure heart.] ''Fellow Chiefd and 'Warriors! I hare looked o?er your \iigwam8 throughout Canada, and have arrived at the concluBion tlmt you are in a warm phice ; your neighbours, the whites, are kindling firos all around you [that is, clearing the lands.] One purpoHo for which you have been called toge- ther, is to deviso some plan by which we can live together, and become a luippy people, so that our dying Ares may not go out [our nation may not become extinct], but may bo kindled in one place, which will prove a blessing to our children. "Brothers! 8omo of you are living on small pan*els of hind, and others on iHhmds. We now oiler you any portion of the land wliich wo own in this region, that wo luny, tlio rest of our dayi, smoke tlie pipe of friendship, live und die togethefi and ueo our children play and be reared on ono spot. Wo ask no money of you. Wo love you ; and because we love you, and feel for your children, we propose this. "Brothers! There arc many other subjects which wo think ouglit to come under your con- sidt mtion besides those already stated. But the most important are : — 150 TUB Lm or m- Ihe « 1. Wbotber it would not be better for tbe wbole Ojibway uation to reside on this our territory P ''2. Would it not be well to deviie wayi and moans to establish Manual Labour Schoolb for the benefit of the nation ? ** 3. Ought not a petition to be drawn up and presented to our Great Father [the Governor Ge- neral], for the puqiose of fixing upon a definite time fur the distribution of the annual * presents/ and the small annuities of each tribe ? • *^ 4t. Is it not desirable to petition the Governor General to appoint a resident Indian interpreter, to assist the agent in Toronto ? **6. As we [the Christian part of our nation] have abandoned our former customs and ceremo- nies, ought we not to make our o^ii laws, in order to give character and stability to our chiefs, as well as to empower them to treat with the Government under which we live, that they may, from time to time, present all our grievances and other matters to the General Government ? " My Chiefs, Brothers, Warriors I This morning [the speaker now pointed his finger towards heaven] look up and sec the blue sky ; there are no clouds ; the sun is bright and clear. Our fathers taught us that at such assemblies, when the sky was without clouds, the Great Spirit was smiling upon them. May he now preside over us, that wo may make a KAR-«l-eA-OAn-BOWR. 167 II >' III! A II! Ill i \4 longf imootli, and itnight path £or our children. It ii true, I ieldom ice you all ; but thie momiDg I ihake handi with you all in my heart. ** Bfothen ! Thii is oil I have to say.*' On taking hii scat, eighty-four chiefv responded **Hah!** an exclamation of great appkuse. Several chiefs spoke, and highly approved of what had been proposed, and expressed their gratitude for the kind offer of tlie lands. It was proposed to petition liis Excellency the Governor to grant and secure to the Indians the whole of this ter- ritory. The following was drawn up by John Jones, Jacob Jackson, and David AVa-wa-nosh : — "The Petition of the Ojibway Chiefi, in General Council Msembled, respecting the unceded lands north of Saugeenf and Owen's Sound, June Oth, 1845 t " To our Great Father, Lord MiTCALr, Governor General of British North America, and Captain General of the same. &c., &c.. Humbly Shbwkth : *' FATHER~Your Petitionera having ceded a great portioa of their once extensive territory about Saugeeng and Owen's Sound, and a portion of it having been restored to them since the treaty of 1836, by your Excellency's gracious commands; " Father—Your Petitioners are very anxious that the reserve (now still known as the Indian Territory) be a perpetual re- serve ; as a future refuge for a general colonisation of the Ojibway nation, comprising the scattered tribes in Canada West; " Father— And that these lands may now and for ever be opened to all the tribes ; that whenever any tribe is disposed Ml 108 TUl Lira OF be Ised to mof«t that Ihej may bavt notbiag to fnr, b«k kiift i to tnj of the good lands to leClle upon. " Father— Yoo have settled your whito diUdren oa thoie lands that once were oar fathers' ; wo ask now to let ns hare the only remaining land we have to ourselves, unmolested. "Father—This is the prayer of your red children; and feeling confident that you will give it every important eon* sideration which it requires, your red children will listen to hear the answer of their Great Father. And they, as in duty bound, will ever prny." Forty-ijcveii iiuinc8, bosidet) that of the Presi- dent, were attached to this petition. ^Tever was I more deliglited than ^\ ith the ap- pearance of this body. As I sut aitd looked at thein, I contrasted their former (degraded) with their present (elevated) condition. Tho Gospel, I thought, had done all this. If any one hod told me, twenty yeai*s ago, that such would bo their con- dition, I should have ridiculed tho idea, and set the narrator down for a fool or a maniac. This assembly was nut convened for the purpose of de- vising schemes of murder — plans by which they could kill their enemies — but to adopt measures by which peace, harmony, mid love might be secured, and a " smooth and straight path** made for their children. I see nothing at present to hinder them Irom increasing in knowledge, happiness, and useo fulness, except tho conduct of the Government f agents, many of whom are inimical to our nation J and often prove a curse to her. / I I KAH-eS-OA-ejJI-BOWU. 169 iiii i Several other papers were drawn up, and signed hy the President, by order of the Oeneral Council. One of these I must be allowed to give, although it concerns myself: — "To AU. TO WHOM IT MAT coNCEHK.— Ill tbo Gcncnl Council of the Ojibway nation of Indians. We, the chiefs of the variotts tribes of the Ojibway Indians, do hereby appoint and authorise our beloved brother, the Rev. George Copway, u our agent for the Manual Labour School, to procure sub- scriptions for the same, believing that this will be one of the greatest means, if established, of raising our young men to become like our white brothers ; to learn industry, economy, and to gain knowledge, that we may become a happy and a prosperous people. " Signed, by order of the General Council, '< Joseph Sawyer, [l. s.] ** President of the General Council of the Ojibway Nation. " Saugeeug, July 4, 1845." I will also give an extract from my letter to the Bev. Mr. AVilkinsou, 'uho was then Presideut of the Canada Conference, immediately after the close of the General Council. [Extract from Letter Book, Page 151.] " Sauoebng Mission, July 14, 1845. "To the President of the Conference, Rev. Mr. Wilkinsok. * * « « « " The late General Council have appointed me their agent for the Manual Labour School. I shall be happy to receive any bstructious you may think proper to give, on my way down (to Montreal), for I am anxious to see this going on. * * « * « "I remain, yours, &c., "George Copway, ** Missionary at Saugeeng." 100 THi un or The speeches of Jones,Sunda7,Taunche7,McKue, D. Sawyer, J. Youngs, and W. Herkimer, were ex- cellent. That of John Sunday, particularly, was imeommouly eloquent, llis keen black eyes flash- ing fire, and his large bra>\7iy arms extended, gave great efTect to his speech. As a matter of course, there Avero often differences of opinion, as well as warm discussions, upon various subjects ; some would even feel that their views were not fairly treated; still, there were no unkind remarks, no calling of hard names, no abuse, no ridicule, no insidts, no threats, no intrigues, no blows, and no ehnUenges to meet on the field o/*iionouk (?). The individual who had the floor was never interrupted; profound attention was given, and a death-like silence was observed. Occasionally, it is true, there was perpetrated a pleasant and innocent jeu if esprit f an example of which I will give. During a protracted debate, in which Chief John Jones took a very active part, some facts were elicited, and some views were presented, which induced him to change some of his former opinions, and vote on the other side. One of the speakers, at the close of his remarks, referred to this fact, and observed, very good humouredly, " If he wishes to bej like ]a Jlsh worm without a head — capable of moving forwards or backwards — let him alone." I have often been asked the question, " What ii m ii m '1 mi m M KAB-OB-Ol-OAn-BOWH. 101 the reaaon that tho Indiana aro diminishing in numbersy in the midst of their white neighbours?'* To state all that might bo said in replying to this question, would require almost a sopnrate volume. But tho following arc a few of tho principal reasons : — 1. Tho introduction of King Alcohol among them. 2. The introduction of new diseases, produced by their intercourse with the whites, and by adopting their intemperate habits. t3. Their inability to pursue that course of living, after abandoning their wigwams, wliich tends to health and old Rf^o. 4. Their spirits are Broften down, in consequehco of seeing that their race aro becoming homeless, friendless, moneyless, and trodden down by the whites. 5. Their future prospects are gloomy and cheer- less — enough to break down the noblest spirits. There are many other reasons which could bo assigned for their diminution ; but aro not theso sufficient of themselves to crush and exterminato even any wJu'te race, if not protected and defended by friends aud whoK^somo lawsj ? Our people have been driven from their homes, and have been cajoled out of tlio few sacred spots where the bones of their ancestors and children lie ; and where they 162 THE LIFE OF. IVO icy themsclvet} expected to lie, wlicu releoeied from the trials aiid troubles of life. Were it possible to reverse the order of things, by placing the whites in the same condition, how long would it be endured ? There is not a white man, who deserves tlie name of man, tliat would not rather die tlian be deprived of his homo, aiul driven from the graves of his relatives. " Oh nhanie, where is thy blush ?" AVith all the wholesome and enlightened laws — with all the advantages and privileges of the glorious Gospel, that shine so richly and brightly all around the white nian — the poor ignorant Indians are compelled, at the point of the bayonet, to forsake the sepulchres of those most dear to them, and to retire to a strange hind, where there is no inhabitant to welcome tliem ! ! ! iMay the day soon dawji, when Justice will take her seat ujion the throne. If I did not think that there were some who are alive to the interests of my people, and o^ton shed a tear for them — if I did not "^hink that I could discover u gleam of light and hope in tlie future " I should of all men be most DTiserable." " Surely the bitterness of death" would be " past." I look, then, to the Gospel and to education as my only hope. I will now state, in a very brief manner, what I think ought to be done, by those whose benevolent ml If ^i •I" i f ill IP 1^ m mi ;i u (4.1 i' KAU-OI-OA-OAU-BOWH. 168 ' 'i llfl' , if feelings lead them to commidenite the condition of the aborigines of America. 1. Tliey should establish missions and high schools wherever the whites have frequent inter- course with thoiu. 2. They should use their influence, as soon ns the Indiaua ai^ well educated, and understand the laws of the land, to have them placed on the same footing an the whites. 3. They should tiy to procure for them a terri- torial or district government, so that they may represent their own nation. 4. They should obtain for them deeds of their own bmds ; and» if qualified according to law, urge their right to vote. The IndiauH will bo sure to waste and squander whatever they may feceive from the American or British Government, unless aomCf at least, of the above suggestions shall have been put into practice. The Council was now dissolved. The President, Chief Sawyer, proceeded to his Excellency the Governor Geneiid, and presented the petitions, in the name of the General Council. These petitions, as we learned afterwards, were received with a simple nod of the head ! mercy ! is this for ever to be our destiny? Common humanity, at least, might have induced his lordsliip to speak a few consolatory words, if nothing else. Our rijcep- m2 164 vni Lin or tion was both discouragiog and chilling. When wo have a press of our own, we shall, perhaps, be able to plead our own cause. Give us but the JUbht and the influence of a Preu, and we ank no more. The General Couticil appointed me to go to AVnlpoIo, to present their nddress to tlie Wnlpolo Island Indians, entreating them to embrace Chris- tianity. I vioiicd them in July. ■\'- a for at : a ;ep- *• • -* '':>^l r- ,;k'k^ ''* '' Uti: > * • >»'> . - ■ i' r •■ V t"- ' 1* >\i 3 i: I III" lit, III; til"' MS III I; i! ■ ''' : If ;, XAII-OB-QA-OAH-BOWH. 165 -.A- CHAPTEBXVI. BrMthcf theM H Bawi with Mtal M ieai. Who Bcver to hiMMlf hath uid^ Hut it my OK'B, luy native huMl?<— A / : v^« QjibM'ay nation are within the boundi of the twQ Ghov^mments-^tho American and the British — I will give a separate account* of each. The number of our nation, according to Drake, in 1842, was thirty thousand ; and this is not far from the truth. The best work upon the Indians, however, is that deservedly popular book, by Col. McKiuney, of New York— the {i;t. Tlie JMethodists m ere the first who preached to tlie Ojibwayy, or Massissnugas (as they are frequently called). The)' commenced at Credit Biver, in Canada West, in 1824, and at Grape Island in 1827. The conversion of some of the Ojibways comiuoucod during those years. Native teachers were tlien >t nt to tlicir bretlu*en in the west, where tlie influence of Christianity is still felt. There are twenty-tliree Metliodist [Mis- sionary Stations ; six of which are in the States, and the remainder in Canada. There arc four Presbyterian Misi»iuii£>, all of whieli aiv in the States; viz., La Pointe, Bad Biver, Leach Lake, and Bed Lake. There are seven Episcopalian Mission Stations, all of which are in Canada, [■tm m I 11 li \ . KAU-OE' OA-OAH-BOWH. 167 except one, which is at Greeu Bay. There are two Baptist Mission Stations, one at Sault St. Marie, and the other at Green Bay. The Boman Catholics have their mismonaries in nearly all the principal places in tlie west. Those who are not under religious instruction, although accessible, are wandering without the Gospel. There is a field in the territory of AVis- cousiii where miHsiouurics should bo sent. Thero are Indians all around tlie shores of Lake Superior, who have, from time to time, eullod for misuionaries, and have not yet been supplied. The Hudson Bay Company have, of late, adopted a plnn which, in my opinion, does them nuich credit ; they employ missionaries to gi\o instruction to the Indians and their children in the priuciplea of Christianity. There are persons who once belonged to other nations, who now live in tlio territorv of the Ojibways. The present state of the Christianised Ojibways is such, that they aro fully ripe for greater advance- ment in religion, literature, and the arts and sciences. Multitudes have left their wigwams, their woods, and tl;e chase, and are now endeavour- ing to tread in the footsteps of worthy white men. The reasons for all this, are the following : — 1. Their chiefs have seen the necessity of making a "smooth and straight pcth f([»r their children," by i' 1 108 THE LIFE OF raya ice- and ims, [our- Inen. [king r ty appropriating as much of their means as they could spare. 2. The rising generation are beginning to thirat for learning, and are cultivating a taste for improve- ment mora than ever. 3. Native toiichcrs are now being trained to go to their brethren, and pivach to them, in their own language, Christ, and liim crucified. By tins means the nation niUHt be elcvntcd. Our prospectH an a nation are becoming brighter through mistiioiiary ctlurts. There are many in AVittcousin, and at Lake du riaiiibeau, wlio have requcssted tliat nii8.sionaricH be Kent nhuig the south shore of Jiukc Superior. Tlio Hauie nuiy be said of those residing about AVinnipeg and Ucd Lakes. ]Much of the wostcrn part of lied Lake is fiUl of *' the habitations of cruelty ;'* for the Chippewas and Sioux are habitually destroying each other. I will here give extracts from the lleport of the ConuuissioncrM, in 1812, to the Provincial Parlia- ment, relative to tlie Mission Stations; also subjoin the names of the viUagcs, with their condition, and the chiefs of eadi village*, as far as 1 could ascertain them; which will show their progress, and their present state, and also those who have abandoned the wigwam and the chase, and resorted to farming for a living. m m m I t f I 1 H if 3 I'.'H \ KAU-OS-OA-OAU-BOWU. 160 I 1. CairpBWAt OM THi Rivsm Thamu. Tha CUppewka and Monaeea ooeupy • tract of land, con- taiaing aboat 9000 acres, in the townabip of Caradoc, within tba London distiict, a diitanoe of about twenty-live milca from the Moravian village. It ia only within ten yeari that the Chippewai have been reclaimed from a wandering life, aiid settled in their present location. The Munvecs have been settled since theyeur IBOO, on lund belonging to the Chippewas, with the consent of that tribe. The pieHent number of Chip- pewas is 378, and of Munsees, 212. The Chippewas and Munsecs uic not collected in a village, but live on small farms scattered over their tract. Some of the Chippewas arc settled on vurveyed lots of twenty acres each. This tribe occupy scvciity-six log^houxeit, and six wigwums ; they possess twcnty«Hve burns. Titey have 450 acres under cultivutiun. Their stock consists of tliirty oxen, twcnty>seveu cows, fL-i'y«fuur heilcrs, eiglity-two horses and colts, ttitd iOO Hwinc. Tl>«;ir agricultural inipliMnents include nine ploughs, nine hurrows, twcnty«thrce scythes and sickles, nineteen ox*ciiuiiis, a t'uiiaiitg mill, four waggons and carts, leveu spades, &c. ; they h^ve u blacksmith's forge, and two and a half sets of carpenter's tools. John Rilky, CAief. 2. TlIC Cllll>l>bWA8 AT AMHKRSrUURC. They all profess Christianity, and »everul of them are examples of true piety. The majority ure Wesleyau Metho- dists, and the others Roman Catholicfi. They have no place of worship of their own. They can command the means. Th« Methodist minister, however, who is stationed in the town of Amherstburg, visits those of his persuasion every Suuday, and, with the aid of un interpreter, preaches, leuds, and expounds the Scriptures to tht;m. They also have a general prayer meeting among themsehcs, once a fortnight, and they meet occaMonally more privately ior social prayer ; some of them maintain family worship. The Roman Catholics attend 170 Tllli LIFl! OF chapel at AmlMrtftbiirf , which U about three milet from their lettlement. There is et preaent no school among them, but thej have expressed their desire to establish one, and would gladly avail themsekes of instruction for titcir children. When there was one, the attendance of the scholars waa ver> ^ular, but their ability in acquiring knowledge was in n inferior to that of the white cliildrcn. 3. CnirPEWAs or thk St. Claih. These Indians are among the first whom Sir John Colborue endeavoured to settle and civilise. Previously to 1830, they were wandering heathen, like their brethren elsewhere, scat- tered over the western part of the Upper Province ; tliey were drunken and dissipated in their habits, and without either religious or moral restruint. In 1H30 and 1831, a number of them were collected on a reserve in the township of Sarnb, near the head of the Hiver St. Clair, and containing 10,280 acres. A number ' v' L ouses were built for them, and an officer was appointed fur ;li r superintendence. Their conversion to Christianity, and tlui, progress in religious knowledge, and in the acquisition of sober, orderly, and industrious habits, have been, under the care of missionuries of the Weslcyan Metho« dist Society, both rapid and uniform. From the formation of the mission, 221 adults und 239 children have been baptised and admitted into the .Methodist community. The total number, up to the year 1839-40, does not nppear to have exceeded 350. Since then, their number has increased greatly by immigration, chiefly from the Saginaw Bay, in the State of Michigan, and by the settlement of wandering Indians ; and, in 1842, as many as 741 received presents. The Indians of the lUver aux Sables have about sixty acres under improvement, and one log house. Those at Kettle Point have twenty acres of improved land, and two log houses. The land on the Upper Reserve was regnlarly surveyed and laid out into farms. The clief, with the approval of the superintendent, placed most of the present occupants on these ^^^. ^ \^ # IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I I ISO ■^" ^ 1^ 12.0 |Z2 I IfflIB IE 1.25 1111.4 ^llii^ ■/m > /. Hiotographic Sciences Corporation \ ^ ^ ^^ 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4S03 '<^^ >V^ V \ KAU-OE-GA-OAU-BOWH. 171 1} bat it is not indiipcaaable that ht thoald be oonralled, M tbe membera of the tribe may choose any vaoceapied spot. When once in possession tiiej are secure from intrusion, but repeated ill oonduct, or drunkenness, would subject them to be expelled from the reser? e of the chief. Wa-wa-nomh, Salt, 4. Chippkwa!* at Walpolb Island. \ckitf». These Indians are also known under the name of Chippewas of Chenaille Ecarte. The Chippewas who have long hunted orer the waste lands about the Chenaille Ecarte and Bear Creek, are a branch of the same nation which is settled in Samia, and shore in the same annuity. The Pottawatainies are recent immigrants from the United States. The settlement at Walpole Island was commenced at the close of the American war, when Col. AI'Kie, called by the Indians '* White Elk," collected and placed upon the island, which lies at the junction of the River and Lake St. Clair, the scattered remains of some tribes of Chippewas who had been engaged on the British side. Being left for many years with- out any interference or aMistance on tbe part of the Govern- ment, they became a prey to the profligate whites settled on the frontier, who, by various frauds, and in moments of intoxication, obtained leases and took possession of the most fertile and valuable part of the island. 5. Chippewas on the River Credit. These Indians are the remnant of a tribe which formerly possessed a considerable portion of the Home and Gore Districts, of which, in 1818, they surrendered tbe greater part, for an annuity of jC&32 lOs , reserving only certain small tracts at the River Credit, and at Sixteen and Twelve Mile Creeks. They were the first tribe converted to Christianity in Upper Canada. 172 TUB LIFE OV Preriottt. to the y«tr 1823, they wen wtaderlif p«gaiu. I« that yetr, Meurt. Peter end John Jonec. the aom of a white Bunreyor and a MawitMuga woman, having heea eonverted to Christianity, and admitted members of the Wetleyan Methodist Church, became anxious to redeem their Montrymen from their degraded state of heatli«uism and destitution. They accordingly collected a considerable number together, and, by rote and frequent repetitions, taught the first principles of Christianity to the adults, who were too far advanced in years to learn to read and write. In this manner, the Lord's Prayer, the Creed, and the Commandments, were committed to memory. As soon as the tribes were converted, they perceived the evils attendant on their former state of ignorance and vagrancy. Tliey began to work, wliich they never had done before ; they recognised tlie advantage of cultivating the soil ; they totally gave up drinking, to which they had been greatly addicted, and became sober, industrious, and consistent Christians. J. Sawybr,-* « , >Chtef$, P. JONKS, ) J. Jom:s, H ar CAitf, 6. The Chippbwas or Alnwick. These Indians were converted to Christianity in the years 182G-7. Tliey were then pagans, wandering in the neighbour- hood of Bellville, Kingston, and Gananoque, and were known nnder the name of tlie Massissaugas of the Bay of Quinte. In those years, between 200 and 300 were received into the Wesleyau ^lethodtst Church, and settled on Grape Ukind, in the Bay of Quinte, six miles from Bellville, where they com- menced planting, and where schools were mtablisbed by the missionary for their instruction. On this island they resided eleven years, subsisting by agriculture and hunting. Their houses were erected partly by their own labour, and partly at the t jcpense of the Methodist Missionary Society. The number, at length, amounted to twenty-three ; besides which, they had a commodious building for religious service and school, another 1:1 XAH-OI-OA-OAn«BOWH. 178 nom tor mi lalluit mIwoI, a luMpital. faltlMry, • ihocniaktr't ihof I and a baUdiag §ut Jointn' and oaUnaC work. SVNPAY, ") ^. , - Simpson, ) O. CoMBOO, Ck, if J#. M9r, 7. CHiPrawAS at Rick Lake. Thcta Inditas belong to the nnie tribe, the Maninaugu, or Cbippewaa of Riee Lake, who, in 1818, surrendered the greater part of the tract now forming the Newcoitle district, for aa anniUtj of ;f 740. They have all been reclaimed from their primitive wandering life, and settled in their present locationa within the last ten or twelve years. The Rice Lske settlement is on the northern side of the lake, and at about twelve miles from Peterborough. The number of Indians is 111. They possess about 1550 acres of lend, which are subdivided into 50 acre lots; of this, 1120 acres were grsnted, in April, 1834, to trustees, ** in trust, to hold the same for the benefit of the Indian tribes in the province, and with a view to their conversion and civilisation;" and the remaining 430 have been since purchased with their own funds. They have rather more land cleared than the Indians of Alnwick, about 400 acres ; but the cultivation is not so good. The village contains thirty houses, three barns, a school-house, and a chapel with a bell. The head chief of the tribe resides here. For some time these Indians were under the charge of an officer appointed by the Indian Department, who assisted in their settlement ; but at present they have no special super- intendent. Povdasii,^ Cuow, ) 8. CuippBWAa AT Mud Lakb. The Mud Lake Indians are settled on a point of land on the Mud or Chemong Lake, sixteen miles north •west of Peter* 174 THE LIFI or borongli. They are Binety-four in namber, aad potw tivMty dwellhig hottief , with three stable*. Thejr oee«pj a gnat ef 1600 acres in the township of Smith, made to the New England Company for their benefit, in April, 1837| of which about 200 acres are in cultivation. These Indians were for some time under the mnnagement of the late Mr. Scott, agent for the New England Company, and belong to the Wesleyan McthoiKst Church. A choiicl is in the courne of erection at the village, where there is already a mitwion-house and a school. NOGEE, '\ I ROW, iCkitfi. McKuE,j !). Chippewas at BAtAAM Lake. The Balsam Lake Indians, ninety in number, are at present settled within the township of Bexley, on a point of land jut- ting out into Lake Balsam, which is the most northerly of the chain of lakes, running northward across the back town- ships of the district of Newcastle. The i^serve, which was granted to them by the Crown, is 120C acres in extent. Of this tliey have about 200 acres in cultivation, llieir village contains twelve houses, a bam, and a commodious school- house, in which Divine service is performed by a resident Methodist missionary. But within the present year (1843), these Indians having become dissatisfied with the climate and the quality of the land at the Balsam Lake, have purchased 600 acres on the banks of Lake Scugog, to be paid out of their share of their annuity, and are making preparations for re- moving from their former settlement. Their improvements will be sold for their benefit. Their reason for removing evinces their desire to advance in the purttuit of agriculture. Crane, Chief. 10. Chippewas op Rama. These Indians formerly occupied the lands about Lake Simcoe, Holland River, and the unsettled country in the rear li KAn-OE-OA-OAU*BOWH. 175 :T •f the Hove Dbtriet. Genenl Darling rqiorted of them, in 1828, that they had espreaicd a strong dea ire to be adatitted to Christianity, and to adopt the habits of civilised life ; and that, in these respects, they might be classed with the Massis« savgas of the Bay of Quinte and Rice Lake, but were then in a more savage Ktate. In 1H30, Lieutenant-governor Sir J. Colbome collected them on a tract of laud on the north-west shore of Lake Simcoe, of 9800 acres in extent, where they cleared a road between that lake and Lake Huron^ They consisted of three tribes of Cliippewas, under Chiefs Yellow, head, Aisance, and Snake, and a baud of Pottawatamies from Drummond Inland ; their number was about 500, under the care of Mr. Anderson, now the superintendent at Manitoulin, who was appointed to take charge of their settlement and civilisation; they made a rapid progress. The tribe under the Chief Yellowhcad, now settled at liama, were located at the Narrows on Lake Simcoe; Aisance's tribe, at present residing at Bcausoleil, Matchadash Bay, was settled at Cold- water, at the other extremity of the reserve, the distance between them being fourteen miles. Yellowhbao, Na-xau>gi£-skung,^ C/iiVJr* Big Shilunge, 11. CuippfiWAb or Bbausoleil Island, Matchadash Bay, Lakb Huron. This band, under the Chief Aisance, is the same which was settled by Sir John Colborne ut Coldwater. Their pre- sent village, which is not very distant from the former settle- ment, was only commenced last year. It contains fourteen houses and a barn ; the number of the band is 232. They have about 100 acres under cultivation. The majority of these Indians are Roman Catholics. They have not, as yet, any place of worship or school. In tlie former settlement they were occasionally visited by the Roman Ca- tholic priest resident at Penctonguishene. AlSANCB, \cA' f Jambs KA-OAH>GR-aooN, j '''"v*' :UNG,V t. 3 176 TUK Lin OF 12. Chipprwas op SiffAEK Island, Lakk Simcok. Thit body of Indbni wai one of the threo bamb cttabllahod at Coldwater and the Nerrowa, and 8e|»anited from thena o« the abandononent of those aettlementa. Thej now occapy one of the three blandi on Lake Simeoe which were set apart for this tribe many yeara ago. Tliey are 109 in number* and occtt)iy twelve dwelling-houses. They have also two barns and a schooUhouse, in which their children are instructed by a. respectable teacher, and Divine service is performed by a resident missionary of the Methodist persuasion, to which these Indians belong. Thry have about 150 acres in cultiva- tion, and are improving in liabita of industry and agricultural akill. Tlieir missionary, who has been acfpiointed with them since July, 1839, states that the majority of them are strictly moral in their character, that most of the adults are decidedly pious, and that many of them, for consiiitcncy of character, would not suffer by a comparison with white Christians of any denomination. J. Snake, Chitf, 13. Chippewas op Sauckcno, Larb Huron. It was from these Indians, and their bretliren, since settled at Owen's Sound, that Sir Francis Head, in I83G, obtained a sunender of the vast tract of land lying north of the London and Gore Districts, and between the Home District and Lake Huron, containing 1,600,000 acres. He reserved, at the same time, for the Indians, the extensive peninsula lying between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, north of Owen's Sound, and supposed to contain about 450,000 acres. J. Metkgoub, Alexander, ^ChiifM, Ah-YaII' rSGOUB, ^ KDER, > I If -DANCE,) H. Chippewas op Bio Bay, in Owkn'm Sound, Laki Huron. The»e Indians were formerly either wanderers in the Sau* geeng tract, surrendered to Sir F. Head, or lived in scattered KAH-OI-eA-OAU-BOWH. 177 wigwuM Ml Um ilioni of Bif Bay. AMording to tk« i meat then madt with then, it wm propoied that Uwf •hoild •itk«r ivpair to Mraitoolint or to that part of tlieir fomor lar* ritorj whioh lies north of Oven's Sound ; npon whieh it waa proniaed *' tliat houiea thonld bo bnilt for then, and proper aasbtanoe given, to enable them to become ciTilieed, and to eultivate Und." JOHKjOKia.1^,^ IS. CHirpBiTAa ANu OTHsna, in the TowNKUir or BaoroRD. Within a few year* pant, some stragglers from the Rioe Lake tribe have settled in the township of Bedford, about twenty-live miles north of the town of Kingston ; and re- cently they have been joined by a band of eighty-one Indiana from Lower Canada, belonging to the post of the Lalie of Two Mountains. As the settlement is of recent formation, and the claim of these Indians upon the attention of the Department of Upper Canada has only been brought forward last year, they have not yet been visited by any officer of the Depart* ment, and no account can be given of the settlement. By instructions issued in 1843, they were transferred from the Roll of Lower Cunada to that of the Upper Province, and, accordingly, received their presents for the first time in that Province. My beloved Header — I am now about closing my narrative, and in doing thiu there are but a few things to say. Throughout the work I have con- fined my remarks chiefly to my own nation. But it must not be supposed, on this account, that I am forgetfid of my brethren of the other Indian nations. The prayers and benevolent efforts of all Christendom should be directed towards all men 178 THE uwm Of eroiy wbere. The Oospel should be preaehed to every creature ; and the field is the wide would. The Menomenecs in Wbconain, the Wiunebagoea and Pottawatamica in Iowa, the warlike nations of the Sacs and Foxes, the Osagcs, Pawnees, Man- dans, Kansas, Creeks, Omahas, Otoes, DcUiwares, lowas, and a number of others elsewhere, must perish, as did their brethren in the eastern States, unless the white man send them the Gospel, and the blessuigs of education. There is field enough for all denominations to labour in, without inter- fering with each other. It is too late in the day to assert that the Indians cannot be raised up out of their degraded state, and educated for God and heaven. Xoue need be discouraged since the Ojibways in Western Canada have been converted. Xo language is adequate to portray the misery, wretchedness, and degradation in which we were, when the word of God was first brought and preached to us. It is not necessary to detail each and every wrong that my poor people have suficred at the hands of the white man. Enough has already been aaid, in various parts of the work, to prove that they have been most grossly abused, peeled, and wronged. Nor shall I notice the personal wrongt that I my- self have received; and from those, too, of whom I had good reason to hope better things. I once KAH-OB^A-OAH-BOWB. 170 thooght that there were lome things that I oould nerer forgive ; but the religion of Jetui, and the Uw of lo?e, have taught me differently. I do tot* give them ; and may God forgive them and me too. I have Bomctimes heard it said that our fore- fathers were cruel to the forefathers of the whites. But was not this done through ignorance, or in self- dofcuco P Ilnd your fathers odoptcd the plan of the great philanthropist, William Penn, neither fields, nor clubs, nor waters, would have been crim- soned with each other's blood. The white men have been like the greedy Hon, pouncing ui)OU and devouring its prey. They have driven us from our nation, our homos, and possessions; compelled us to seek a refuge in Missouri, among strangers and wild beasts ; and will, perhaps, soon compel us to scale the Kocky Mountains ; and, for aught I can tell, wo may yet bo driven to tho Pacific Ocean, there to find our graves. IMy only trust is, that thero is a just God. Was it to perpetrate such acts that you have been exalted above all other nations ? Providence intended you for a hletnu^, and not a curse to us. You have sent your mis- sionaries to Burmah, China, the Sandwich Islands, and to almost every part of the world ; and shall tho Indians perish at your own door? Is it not well known that the Indians have a generous and magnanimous heart ? I feel proud x2 180 THi Lirs or to mention in this connection the names of a Pocahontaa, Massaioit, Skenandoah, Logan, Kuaic, Fuahmataha, Philip, Tecum«eh, Oaceohiy Petale- sharro, and thouannda of others. Such namea are an honour to the world ! Let a late Oorernor of Mftssachusctts* s\yeak for our fathers, when they first belield the trenililiug white man : — "Brothers! when our fathers came over the great. waters, they wen* u small band. The red man stood upon the rock by the senuide, and saw our fathers. He nn;;Iit have 'pushed tliem into the water aud drowned them. But he stretched out his anus to our futhors and snid, * Welcome, white men !' Our fathers were hungry, and the red man gave them corn and venison. Our ftiihers were cold, and thu red man wnipped them up in his bhuikct. AVo are now numerous and jiowerful, but we remember the kindness of the red man to oiur fathers." And what have we receiv{>d since, in return ? Is it for the deeds of a Pocahontas, a l^Iassasoit, and a host of others, tliat we have been plundered aud oppressed, and expelled from the hallowed graves of our ancestors ? If help cannot be obtained from England and America, where else can we look P Will you, then, lend us a helping hand, and make some amends for past injuries ? * Edward Everett, E«q. KAH-eS-OApOAH^BOWB. 181 It U often laid, that tho Indians are r§9§ii0ffitit enul, and mtj^oMmable, But go to them with nothing but ik€ Bibub in ffour hondt, and Lots mi four hmrUt and you may live with them in perfect lafety, Bhoro their morael with them, and, like the oelobratcd Bartnim, return to your hornet VH- ]UB3fEO. They very noon learn to venerate the Bible ; as u proof of thin, I will give au instance that came uudtT my own eye: — While at the Babbit Bivcr miHsion, a chief from the west visited me. After n^uling to him sovcrul chapters from the Bibl(>, he said, with much surpris(% " Is tki$ tho book that I hour so much about in my cuun- tiy ?'* I replied, " Ves ; and these are the words of Ke-aha-nion-e-Joo" (the (iroat Spirit.) "Will you not/' Miid he, " ^ive mc one ? I wisli to show it to my people." I told hiui, "Xut without you first promise that you will take cure of it." He promised me that ho would. I handed it to him ; he took it, aud turned it over and over, and then exclaimed, " Wonderfuh wonderful! th'u i» the hook of the Cheat Spirit !" He then wrapped it up iji a silk handkerchief, and the handkerchief in three or four folds of cloth. I heard, afterwords, from the trader, that the book was still kept sacred. O, if my poor brother could but read and underetand that blessed volume, how soon would his dumb idols be " cast down to the moles and to the bats !" Will no one 182 THi ura ov go and tell bim and hit nation of tlio boundlest, beieeching, bleeding, dying love of a Sayiour, and urge upon tbem tbe importonco of luch a prepara- tion of heart as will enable them ** to give up their account with joy?** The Great Spirit is no re- spcctor of persons ; Ho has mode of one blood all the nations of the earth ; lie loves all his children alike; and his highest attributes are /ore, werey, and juttiee. If this bo so, — and who dare doubt it? — will Ho not stretch out his hand and help thorn, and avenge their wrongs P " If offences mutt come,*' let it be nH;ollcctcd that woe is denounced against them ** from whom they come." I again propose thf:t the territories of the Indians* in the British dominions be annexed to that Go- vernment, and tlioso in the American dominions to the Federal Union. And, finally, in the language of that excellent, magnuuimous, and benevolent friend of the poor children of the forest, Col. Thos. 3IcKinncy, I would say, — " I have already referred, in the commencement of this proposal to annex the Indian territory to our Union, to those good men, who, in the character of missionaries, have kept side by side with the Indians, in so many of their afflictions and migra- tions. I will again refer to them, and implore them, by all the lost labour of the past, and by the hopes of the future ; by the critical condition of the pacific KAH-OI-OA-GJLH-BOWH. 188 lelationi tiiat exwt between the Indians and us ; and hy the sacredness of the cause in which they are engaged, to look weH and earnestly into this subject, and learn from the paut wliat mutt attend upon their labours in the iiituro, if the change I propose, or somo other change equivalent to it, be not brought about. And seeing, as they must see, that the plan I propose, or some other, is indis- pensable to the success they seek to command, I implore them to take up the subject in all its bear- ings, and by the instrumcntuUties >vhich they havo at command, manufacture, collect, and embody public opinion, in regard to what may be deter- mined to be done ; and by memorial, and pergonal agencies, bring this opinion to bear upG!i Congress, with whom alone the power is vested, to redeem, disenthral, and save, and bless, the remnants of this aboriginal race. And I make the same appeal to all the good, of all religious persuasions, both in the Church and out of it, and politicians of all par- tics, to second this attempt, feeble as I know it to be, to savo the Indians, and consolidate and per^ petuato peace between them and us, and, by so doing, ward off the terrible retribution which must sooner or later, unless it be averted, fall ujion this nation." 184 TBI lui or CHAFTEB XVII. l^iM wen ac'cr lit aad vaQ their Um, But cheeriy leck bow to redrrM their hank~& Tub following address before the Legislature of Pennsylvania will give some idea of the great object I have been endeavouring to bring before the different legislative bodies of tlie United States. At the close of the address I insert a copy of the resolution which has been passed in the North Carolina Legislature, as a specimen of the desire entertained by many for the success of my cause in America. 3Iany others have passed similar resolu- tions. I have received letters of commendation from Goveriuucnt and from the mayors oi' the largest cities, and it is for this great object tliat I desire the kind aid of the Christian public. GEXTLE^kiEN, — ]My limited knowledge of your language will render it somewhat difficult for uie to be understood this evening, as I speak a tongue which is not my own — which is not my native language. Permit me, however, to ask your indul- genco while I eudeavour to present to you the XAH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWH. 186 i daunt of the Indian, and at the lame time I •oUeit you to extend to me, pcnonalljr, jour aym- pathy, aa well as to the cause in which I am engaged. Besides the emhornuusments under which I labour at the present moment, I have hod for several days past a severe cold, which, in a great degree, incapacitates me from speaking with that ease and freedom that I could wish, in order to lay my heart open to you. In presenting the claims of my unfortunate race, I caunot resist recurring to the period when the Indian and the white man first commenced their iatcrcourse, three hundred and fifty-six years ago. The ludiau was then an inhabitant of all the eastern countries on which rest the dilfereut cities of the Atlantic States. The Indian was tlie sovereign of the whole comitry ; the mountain echoed witli his voice, and, all he saw was his. The game of the forest hu claimed as his own, the fish of the waters and the course of the rivers were also his. Proudly he then roamed thraugh the country where now stand your farms and your mighty cities. There was then no cloud that the heathen saw portcuduig to danger. The heavens were clear before his eye. He knew no boundaries ; he knew no limits to his desire. And when he was found in this country, he had no extent of society, he had no extensive institutions, which have since been esta- ' 186 TUE LIFE or blished where he then lived. There were no palaces, with their gaudy attendants; but, wherever you now SCO tho mountains of your State, whether in the north, the south, or the west, you may picture to your mind's eye tho noble form of tho Indian standing on one of their lofty peaks. He made his native mountains his throne, and it was from thence ho could sec, to a limited extent, his boundless empire. While tho Paleface trembled on Plymouth Sock, shivering there with cold, his billow-tossed limbs were gathered by our fathers, who braught him to their firesides, and introduced him to their people. The Palefaces were then a small nation, but they have since become a great one, and the proud sons of the forest have, one by one, fallen away, like the stars that die at a distance in the skies. In return for our kindness and friendly feeling towards you, we look to you for protection, for guardianship, for instruction, as wo protected and taught your fathers in the early history of this country. Several years back, with nuich solicitude, I endeavoured to study the peculiar wants of my poor people, as well as the condition of the emigrants westward ; and in order to promote the welfare and interests of both, I attempted, to the best of my ability, to mature a plan which, I think, if carried into effect, will prove highly beneficial and advantageous to both people, KAH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWH. 187 the whites ai well m the Indiani. OentJemen, I feel asiured that when you shall have heard all my remarks on this important and interesting subject, you will not accuse me of selfishness on this occa- sion, as I have not overlooked your nation in advo- cating the claims of my awn. In presenting my plan before you this evening, gcntU;mcn, permit mo to state, in an few words as possible, what I have to say, as I wish to accomplish my visits to the diftcreut State Legislatures now in session, on this errand, with as little delay as possible. On the 31st of March last, you may remember timt a meeting was held in the city of Philadelphia, where I attended for the first time, and broached the subject of eivilisntion among the Indians in a more extensive and elaborate manner than on the present occasion. I found, however, that it was done at a consumption of a great deal more time and an expenditure of money than 1 could conveniently afford. I found that the getting up of meetings in cities was a more tardy and ineffi« cient method of obtaining the action of Congress in the matter, than in personally soliciting and enlisting the aid, influeucc, and action of the legislatures of the several States. I have visited the difibrent States of the Union, presented to them my views in relation to saving the Indians, and, if possible, to get their expressions of approba- 188 THl IIFB OF tion of my plan, in order that their reMlutions might be addressed to Congress, in the hope that thej may set apart a territory in the west, in which all the Indian tribes shall be collected, and there remain unmolested for ever. Gentlemen, I have found this project^ as far as I have gone, meet the views of those who have counselled me in the matter. The object I have in view is to call upon the G^eneral Government to grant to the Indians a part of the north western territor}', west of the Iowa territory, and between the Nebraska nnd Minesotta territories, for the use and occupancy of all those Indians who are living there in a scattered condi- tion, where they can enjoy permanent homes, the advantages of education aiul agricultural instruc- tion, so that, after a time, when tluy shall have become Christianised and oiilightcnod, they may be incorporated into the IVderal Union as a State. Before we can do much good for the Indians, we must, as I have already said, provide them per^ manent homes, and by that means secure to them peace of mind, which is absolutely nccessar}' to ensure their impravement and progress in the arts of civilisation. Much good can be cflected in this way; and all the Indian tribes will assemble together, and go to their new and permanent homes, there to live in peace and harmony. KAH-01-OA-OAH-BOWU. 189 But the Indians, in their present isolated condi- tion, are eternally at war with each other, and OTCiy influence is now brought to bear upon them, that is calculated to increase their revengeful feel- ings towards one another. I do not refer to the civilised, educated, and enlightened portion of the Indians that are now living in diircrt>ut parts of the Uuit4;d States, us, for instance, the Indiana of the State of 2Co\v York, and tliosc in Michigan, and the States of North and South Carolina, as well as Georgia. All these Indians, however, will go to the far west, and there join their brethren and form one family. I repeat, that I do not juean that the more improved and educated portion of them will remove fi'om their present homes, but only those who are not so advanced in civilisation. Let them remain where they are, and go on im- proving and enjoying all the blessings of civilisa- tion. I mean that those Indians that are scattered in Michigan, tho territory of Iowa, and on the banks of tho Mississippi, shall go to one place, and form a great settlement among themselves. Gentlemen, in advocating this plan in the dift'e- rent States of the Union, I have been asked the question — "Have not tho Indians now homes in the west, which the United States have granted them, on the other sidi* of the Mississippi ?' ' Those Indians in Arkunsas^tlu* Chickasaws and Creeks, 190 THE un or and •eTcral other nationt have homea there, and the same kind that they had when they were eaat of the Mississippi rivor. It is said that their homes have been so secured to thorn that no one can buy their homes from them. That, gentlemen, is our present version of tho acts of the General Govern- ment with the Indians ; but haw they not been violated in bygone ages ? Have not the laws which liave been secured to this people been violated by those who succeeded to the law-making power? Most assuredly they have. Unibrtunately for tho Government of the United States, the commis- sioners appointed by it to select a territory for the Indians, selected the best portions of the west, and the consequence has been that circumstances have rendered it impossible — and unfortunately — for them to hold their lands. In the first place, their position is such that their land extends all tlic way from Texas to the North, like a barrier through which emigration nuist press. There, roiuls arc to be constructed and canals opened through their country. Military roads, too, will bo opened for emigrants ; and, no sooner do you propose to go and buy one acre of land to open these highways, than the eye of tho Indian will be directed with suspicion to their Great Tather, and the Indians will be removed from the last acre of land that they hold. KAH-OI-OA-OAII-BOWH. 191 2. The quality of their hind ii another great iiip dttcemeut to deprive thorn of it, and they never can hold it. Several months ago, I was conversing on the subject with Mr. Albert Gallatin, of Now York, when he remarked, '*That is one of the greatest reasons wliy the Indiana can never hold the lands which the United States has ceded to them. The quality is such, that the people living out west will tease the Indian, and also the Go- vernment of the United States, that in the end the land will be bought again from the Indians by the (Government.** . Then, again, the day will come when we will see trouble, as in the State of Georgia. 3. The quantity of the land is so great that they cannot hold it. And what do the Indians want with so nmch laud, when we are attempting to teach them the science of agricultui'c ? For the haWng so much land begets a feverish anxiety on their part for deer hunting ; and, as long as tliero is a doer on their territory, so long will they let full every agricultural implement from their hands, and take their guns, to maintain themselves by huntuig. 4. They have no means of educating their chil- dren, because they are inhabiting so broad an extent of country, that it is impossible for the people of the United States to supply them with schools, and teachers of morality, and the arts and sciences, which are necessary to elevate their condition. 192 TDK LIFI OF 5. They depend upon the proceeds of the salei of their hinds, jind haWng a great quantity for tale, they diHposo of it, and Mill reason thus :— *' My children will fare no vorsc than I have fared. I was living yonder ; my father sold a portion of the territory which we occupy to the United States, upon the proceeds of which I and my children have lived, and now tho United States will buv this land from UH. My children will fare the same as I fared, ever sinco I Hold it to the United States.* There- fuiv, it will not bo worth while to have plantations, because they will only bo a loss to us; for, no sooner have we our plantations and our fanns, than we must bo compelled to sell them through uccost- sity.'* Tliis nionng, then, must still go on west- wardlv, till the last Indian shall stand on the barren peaks of the Kocky Mountains, and gaze on the land which has beeu taken from him. Tho kind- hearted then will drop a tear for the fate of that race, whieli was once noble and free ns the eagle that soars in the skies. C. The scarcity of food which must follow, will produce trouble between the Indians aud the Oo- vemmcnt of the United States ; for, as long as there is a deer or a buffalo on this side of the Bocky Mountains, no cloud of discord will be over * Tliat is, living on their annuities for the time being. I KAH-OI-OVOAH-BOWH. 188 the head of the Indian and the white man. But, no sooner will the last resource of the Indian be gone, than ho will nerve himself for the worst, hnd toko up his weapons of warfare. Ho will feed fur a time upon tlio cattle ou tho frontier, but no sooner has he killed a bullock or a steer for his subsistence, than the newspapers abroad will pro- claim that ''the Indians are coming against us, and they aro killing our cattle by hundreds ;*' tlmt the whole country is in danger ; and soon tho sol- diers will bo on the Hpot, and the rnitling of their fire-arms bo heard, giving proof of tlie deiitruetiou of a race that once lived in this country. And when, gentlemen, that day comes, the Indian will die with his wcajions of wnr — for he will not die but at the mouth of tho cannon, wlieu dcHperation has driven him to it. In order to avert this state of things, I have addressed the legislatures of tlie several States. I love peace — I um for peace. 7. The Indians, in their present distinctive posi- tion — ^in the isolated condition in which they are found — will perpetuate the peculiarities which clm- racterise them as a nation apart; from others. The Sioux, the AVinnebagoes, tho Fottawatamies, tlie Osages, and the rest of the Indians have their several peculiarities ; but when you come to tl:row their interest in tho centre, the effect will bo to unite the ono tribe to the other — an interest which o IM THE Ll^'B or the TJiiited States nloue is capable of giving and controlling. What, I oak, would bo tho natunl results of such an arraugemcut, if carried into operation? lu tho first place, there would be a perceptible improvement in the physical, intellec- tual nud moral couditiou of the Indians. Their seminaries of learning would be permanent. There is now annimlly approprinted, by the generosity of the people of the United States, for the puqiose of educating the Indians, the sum of 10,000 dolhm, and that is so divided in the west, tliat sometimes two or three dollars of it come to us at the head waters of the ^lisnis^ippi and the Lake Superior. The money, in short, is so scattei*ed along the banks of the ]ilississippi river, and the bonks of the great nortliem lakes, as not to bo of any |)erceptiblo advantage to those for whom it is intended. The small sum of 10,000 dollars, circuhited over so extensive a country, and intended to be used in paying teachers to educate the Indians, does little or no good. Suppose you were to go and sow seed on the ground, putting two grains there, and one here, and another yonder, when the ground was rich to produce fruit ; and, in the spring of the year, on going to it, you would find but a very spare crop — a little stick here and another there only — the little birds having had access to the seed at all times. XAU-GI*OA-OAH-BOWU. 105 ind much of which would be deitrojed by diiease. Thii bj way of illuitntion. But, gentlemen, put the Indians on one territoiy, in a central position, and use the fund now sot apart for school purposes, and you will have schools and seminaries of learning that shall reflect credit alike upon the Indians and the Oovemment of the United States, the benefits and good eflects of which vnlX bo felt for ages to come. AVherever the Government and the mis- sionaries have succeeded in eduenting the Indians, they have become an industrious, moral, and well- behaved people. AVe have ]ennied to read and UTite. "We have tried to become like the wliito people, but when the Indian sees the doer bound- ing before him, ho will let drop all his implements of husbandry, and follow the clmse. But no 8ooner have the Indians gone on and made improvements, and our children begun to like to go to the school-houses which have been erected, than we hear the crv of the United States Govern- ment, " "We want your lands ;" and, in going from one place to another, the Indian loses all that ho had previously learned. But were they to be placed in a position whore they would for ever be free from molestation, then thoy would profit by the establishment of schools among them, and religion and piety would inerease and flourish among that people. The disastrous eftects of removing the o 2 i?***" 100 vm Liri or Indiani have been ahown on the banks of the Ohio and the Sanduakjr, and in Oeorgia and New York, where the Presbyterians kboured hard to make the Indians what they wore, twenty-fire or thirty yean af^o. And no sooner did the trco of piety begin to expand its limbs, than eomcs the roqucnt, "We want yon to go westward. AVe wont your lands.** The Indian reluetantly gives up his land to tho Ameriiwi (jovcnnnent, not believing, at llrttt, that they Merc in 'janiest ; but, when ho was convinced of the fact, and his soul being almost teased out of him, and the soldiers having dug up the tree, and taken it to the woods of Arkansas, there to plant it, he surrendered. We have ever been told that while tho eve of philosophy has ever looked on, that, under all fa- vourable circunidtanccs, the Indian would be Indian still. And, I would ask, who, under such circum- stances, would improve ? A\^o cannot find institu- tions of learning, even among the whites, chcHshed though they may bo to a greater extent, always pa- tronised according to their worth. 2. When the Indians have a ]^>ermanent home given, then what they did on their plantations would of course be permanent. AVhen you give them a home, you will find contentment around their firesidt's; but, if they see a probability of their .being removed still farther westward, the Indians :f m t \ KAH-OI-GA-OAH-BOWH. 107 will act as thoy have always done, showing that they have no faith in the Government of the United States. Yea ! when I went to AVoshington, last April, I saw there a chief from Oreon Bay, whoso name was John Quincy, to whom I opened my heart as to what I intended, if posdible, to accomplish. No sooner did ho learn what my object was, than ho roino from liis scat, and stretching forth his liands — the tears running from his eyes — ho said, " I hope the Great Spirit will preserve your life till you ac- complish this object ; for if the day shall come when the United States sliall grant to the Indians a country to the west, I will be the iirat one to move there, for I am tired of moving about from pUice to place ; for, when we came from the State of Xew York to Green Bay, we were told that we should not have to i*cmovo again ; and now, again. Col. Mcdilly will not settle with us for <^7,000, in order that wc might sell our lauds again, as we did seve- ral years ago." The poor man thon sat down. Ah, my dear friends, if there bo anyone here who calls himself a man, I would ask him if he would not feel for any one placed in such circum- stances as these P 3. By circumscribing the domains of the Indians^ you will make agriculturists of them. Twenty-five years ago, in Canada, we were all hwiters, and it 108 THI Lin OF audit ia DOW Boveutcou or oighteen yean imcowe became agricultunBts. So long as there was a doer to hunt, witliin a range of eighteen or twenty milea, we did not regard agricultural puntuits; but no sooner was tlio country cleared and settledf than we be- came agrieulturidts. Xo sooner did they find tluit they could ruiHO graiu in the quantity of 1000 bushcU a yeor^ than they were encouraged to labour. 4. The Indians are a social race. They arc social among themselves, and were they to be phiced in a central position, the intimacy between the several nations would soon become strong, and they would be on the most friendly terms. Their respective nationalities would, bcfoi'c the lapse of many years, be lost, and they would become social and kind towards each other ; and thus would be brought about a peaceful state of society, wliich is necessary in order to their improvement. 5. Contentmcut would be followed by all its attendant blessings. The missionary societies would have gi*cat iuiiuence, and one school teacher could be employed iu educating hiuidi*eds ; but, while the Lidiaus are in a separate and isolated condition, they cannot avail themselves of these advantages. So that, in forty or iilly years hence, the condition of the Indians will be greatly ameliorated and im- proved. I say it is impostsible for you, according iM KAH-OI-tt^-OAH-BOWK. 190 f to your present ijstem, to succeed in conrerting the whole of the North American Indians. 6. You must connnce the Indians that it is for their good and their salvation— that it will be just and right. Tho Indian is not a stupid being. When he is convinced, by tho advice and arguments of some kind-hearted man, that hia homo is never to be touched again — ^that his children are never to be removed, and that the fruit of liis labour is never to be blauted as heretofore, — then >\'ill ho accept it and act u[)on it. 7. Tho improvement of which I speak cannot be accomplished in one day, or in one year, or five years. The cicmeuts are now ripening in the for west. If tho Government of the United States would look to tho example of William Fenn, and assure tho Indians that their new homo should be permanent, then they need never fear that one arrow is ever to be directed against it, or the people of the United States. So long as the people follow the example of that kind and good-hearted man, William Pcnn, towards the Indians of Delaware, when ho first came to this country, they need nevev be at war with the Indian tribes. 8. Emulation would spring up all around them. Some may do well, and thus set an example to those who are not doing well. We do not expect much from the old men, but after they shall have passed 100 ting ■ for just ^hen ncnta never never our is ill ho not be or five the far States n, and ouldbe lat OHO people follow id maiif claware, ;d nevei id them, to those ct much re passed 200 THE LIFE OV away— have ceased to exist— their- children wUl imbibe a different spirit from them. They will be guided and governed by Christianity on the one hand, and education on the other. 9. Your Government expenses would become less. Now you ore trying to fortify the whole of the west by means of barracks and garrisons. You have spent thousands upon thousands, and millions upon millions of dollars, for the last forty or fifty years, and what has it been for P Because, it is said, it is necessary to defend tho frontier settle- ments from tho encroacliments of tho Indians. Therefora it is that you have sent your soldiers to your garrisons from Arkauoas away down to the north. Now all that we have to ask is, to have but one garrison in the central part of tho terri- tory. If there is any bad feeling among the Indians, that will be a check upon them. Instead of incurring so much expense and trouble in under- taking to fortify tlie entire far west with barracks and garrisons, I would ask tho Government to give us four or five hundred soldiers, to go (not as a great many have done, to break down and overawe the Indian spirit, under pretext that they are encroaching upon tho white people) to ward off tho hard-heai'ted white men, who dis. turb tho peace of tlic Indians by selling them liquors — for many of them arc worse than tho I'l KAH-01-OA-aAn-BOWH. 201 wont kind of Indians I ever did see. (Applause and laughter.) 10. ]bi buying up the country which lies on this side of the Bocky Mountains, I would have given but one price for it — for, according to Col. Ho Kinney's statement, you have given a quarter of ft cent i)cr acre for the land to tho Indians, who have afterwards sold it to the Govenimcnt for half a cent, by having to purchase it so often. 11. Tho expense of sending agents to reside among the Indians has become a loss on the part of tho Govennuent, for we would usk but one or two. You 'lavo got ten or fifteen among tlie Chippcwas, and ten or fifteen among other nations, and consequently you have expended thousands of dollars needlessly. And some of these agents do not know the Indian character, and are, therefore, unfit to be agents. AVe want agents who would keep the door, and all tho whites that should come among us would have to come through them. By this means we would ward off a great many wicked men ; and when there ai*e any ofiendera against the laws of the United States, we will hand them over for punishment, and when also there should happen to be any offenders against our own lawn, we will punish them. If there is any mifunderstanding between tho Iiulians and the agents, then the diiK- culty can be adjusted between the parties. 01 ISO iliia ven He r of who half Bsido I part no or r tho tions, iiddof ita do rctbre, would como By kicked lat tho III over appcft tve will audhig 10 diiH- 202 THE un or 12. Tho expense of troiisporting the Indians hai been great to the Oovomment, but as soon as you give a country to the Indians, you will be relieyed from the trouble of removing tliem, for they will go there of themselves. 13. The misBiouary labours there would become pcnnancnt, which has not been tho case since their labours have been broken up. And the Indian ha» always been tlio suHercr. 14. Gentlemen, in conclusion, I deem it necessary to give the reasons why the Indians have decreased and not improved, — why they have decreased in a vastly greater proi)ortion since the introduction of the white race on this continent, than before. Prior to their landing on these shores, the small pox, and many other virulent and noxious diseases, were unknown among the Indians. The wars that have raged among themselves. Before the discoverv of America, and before the introduction of iirc-arms from Euro))e, the wars among the Indians were not so fatal and destructive as they are now. They have been taught to handle fire-nrms with a great deal of skill. The history of Pennsylvania, — tlic history of the New England States, and the history of tlie south, all tells in what manner those wurs were conducted. Cliamplain, in 1C12, supplied the Indians in the north with lire- arms, to oppose the Six Nations in that part of KAH-OI-&JL-GAn-BOWH. 203 Canada, now composing a portion of the State of Vew York, who at length became so reduced in numbers that they were compelled to give up the contest. And so it was with the Spaniards in the soutli, who, as well as the French and English, also furnished amis to the Indians. In all the wars that have been waged in this country among the European powers, the Indian was always asked to show his fearless nature on the battle-iicld, in behalf of the English, French, Hpaniardn, and Americans. And whcu the Indian has received these weapons of war from them, his heart has bled, and he has suflered. Yes ! look towards the south. In 1763, the Spaniards were waging war against the French. Look in the State of New York, among tliat class of people who were of German descent, who encou- raged the Indians to war against each other. Look, too, among the people of the north in Canada, where the British Government furnished tlie Indians with munitions of war, and encouraged them to fight against tlio North Americana. Sometimes tho Indian has been called a savage, because he has been called upon to go and show his bravery in the field. I ask you, gentlemen, as intelligent men, — men who live in an enlightened age, — which was the most savage, thoHo v\\o knew not the origin of these wars, or those who did ? Spirituoim liquor 201 THE LIV£ or has been tho great cause of the decrease of the Indians of this country. Disease, war, and famine have alike preyed upon the life of the Indian. But» ah, alcoholic spirits have cut off tho existence of those nations who have left the records of their existence upon their rivers and their mountains. I remember well, when I was but a child, that my mother related to mo the introduction of liquor on tho sliores of Lake Superior. Some young men* (said slie,) were urged to go down to Montreal. They wont, and returned late in the year ; a council of the nation was called, and one of the men seized a war club and knocked dowu another. lie then Hed into the woods, and his brother took the place of the murderer, ordered the men to make two fires, and place a post behind him ; then to paint his bare breast black, and put a white spot near the place where he felt his heart beating. And wlien all these things had been done, twelve warriors came forth with tlieir bows and arrows to shoot him in the breast as soon as he was ready. " Don't shoot me," he said, *'till I have sung the death song." AVhen he was ready, he called out to his brother, " I am now ready to die in your stead, and if you can live to endure the idea, that the world shall look upon you as a coward, you will not dis- grace the clan to which you belong, by shrinking fix)m that V hich you merit ; " and then he began to MfinramfBii XIH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWU. 205 ling. The murderer now ran to him, and pushing him aside, pointed to his hreast, and made a white spot where he felt his heart beating. He then exclaimed, *' I am not a coward — I am not afraid to die—I went to the woods to get sober, for I would not die drunk.** After saying this, he commenced singing the death song, and wlien ho gave tho signal that ho was ready to die, twelve arrows pierced hia heart, and ho fell, one of the first victims to alcohol. 41 Ah ! brandy, brandy, bane of life, Spring of tumult, source of strife ; Could I but half thy curses tell. The wise would wi«h thee safe in hell." [Hero Mr. Copway read the scrica of resolutions which had been pasacd by the legiahitiirea of North Carolina and South Carolina, respectively.] Mr. C. resumed, saying, — In concluaion, gentle- men, I will say that I have detained you too long. I ask nothing more than what is reasonable, and in asking this of the people of tlio United States, I feel more confident that my humble petition will bo granted by this legialature, at least, on account of Pennsylvania's parly history, in connection with the Indiana. I am convinced that there has been friendly relations existing between the Indians and the people of Pennsylvania particularly. Oh, when I tliiuk of that day when peace reigned between 05 206 TBI LITE OF iite len Lto »uld iced tho rows itions S'ortU [entle- long. id in fitea, I rill bo lunt of ItU the been IS and |,v:licn jtwecn tho Indian! and WiUiam Fenn! That waa a glorious period, and ho was a kind-hearted and humane man. I have ever vencrncod tho name of William Fenn, and whenever I havo thought of tho tree under whicli he made his treaty, which never has been broken, I have often thought, if I had only been imdcr tlic boughs of that old elm tree, I should have been satisfied. I sent to Philtulolphia, thrco or four years tt»Ot to endoavour to procure a littlo piece of that tive, but I failed to obtain it ; and I never bucceedcd in getting liold of any of it until yesterday. TcHterdny I received a card from a lady in Pliiladelphia, requesting nie to caill at her house ; I did ho, and, on entering one of the rooms, I saw a picture of tlic old tree. After salutation, she said, " There is the tree under whicli William Penn made his treaty with tho Indians. I havo understood that you were inquiring for a piece of it, and many have tried to get it from me ; and I do not know why I have not parted with it before ; and now, it seems to me, is the proper time to 2)art with it. I will give it to you." And I took it in my hand and pressed it to my bosom. There it is, and I liope, as long as I live and venerate the name of William Penn, that I shall keep it close to where my heart beats, for I revere tlic memory of that old man. I venerato ii't I'll KAn-OX-OA-OAH-BOWU« 207 the very day when he first came to negotiate with the Indians of this country. For seventy years not a doud in the houvous portended (hingcr and dis- cord. Tho Grciit Spirit oven smiled upon the wild Indian and tho whitu man, as they smoked the pipe of peace. Oh, last bummcr, when I was in tho city of AVashiugton, on the 4th of July, I thought to myself, whcu I saw the people enjoying themselves, and flocking around ut tlio laying of tho comer- stono of tho monument to tho memory of AVush- ington, that if tho day came when the Indiana bhall have peaccallo possession of tlieir homes in the west, I would get my people to raiso another monument to tho memory of George Washington. AVo M'ill point our children to his noblo form, and speak of his exalted character nud love of country, in tho hopo that they may emulate his spirit, and follow his glorious example in all that was great and good. AVo trust that tho time may come when the In- dians of tho far west will have it in their power, as it is their inclination, to erect a monument as well to tho memory of Gen. AA^ashiugton as to that of AVilliam Fenn. The eagle of liberty is stretching forth his wings all over the earth, and the moun- tains of Franco and Germany have received him. Tho isles of the sea are celebrating their songs of liberty, and will not, I ask, the Indian portieipato 208 THE LIFB or in the glorious jubilee P You, gentlemen, have too much patriotism in your hearts — you have too much love in your hearts — to let the Iii^linu die without being lamented. Many have asked — ** AVho is that Indian? Where has lie come from, and whcra was ho bom ? And what is he about ?" They have awked ono another these qucstiuns, when I have been endeavoiuring to cxi)Iaiu my views in relation to the salvation of my poor coiuitrymcn. Thank heaven, I am an Indian. Yes ; were I to be the last to stand on the peaks of tlic llocky Mountains, I would still raise my hand to tlie world as a part of a noble specimen of Immanity, the representative of the Indians who once lived in this country. I heard one gentleman say to another — " AVho is that?" alluding to myself. "AVho is he?** Now, if he is in this hall at the present time, tell him *' 1 am a native American.** [Applause and laughter.] Mr. C, in conclusion, said — I beg this audience — highly intelligent and respectable as it is — to receive my wann acknowledgments for their kind attention this evening ; and I pray the Great Sj)irit that you and I may, while we live, do something for the benefit of the world — that, when we aro about to visit the world to come, and the Angel of Death appears to sever our bodies from our souls, that the latter may fly, like an eagle, to mansions 1 1 I r. I XJLH-Ol-eA-OAU-BOWU. 200 in the ikiei. I trust that the white mm and the Indian maj meet where thcjr ihall iwear eternal friendship before their Ood. A few days after I had delivered the foregoing address, a very appropriate n^sohition was padscd by the Pcnnsylvuninn Legislature, npproving of luy plan for saving my i)oor brethren. I luid a i)etition before tho Congress of the United States at their last meeting, which will be acted on during the coming sciibion, and I shall never cease to petition the Government until some* thing is done in furtlierance of the object I have proposed. I subjoin a copy of the resolution passed by tho Lcgislatiure of Xorth Carolina, after I had delivered an address before that body : — " AVhercas, tho condition of tho various Indian tribes upon tho western frontier of tho United States appeals to tho humanity and justice of tho General Govcnmient, to devise some plan by which a i)ernuuieut home may be secured to them; by which tlieir existence as a people may be secured and perpetuated ; by which their moral, intellectual, and social condition may be improved, and tho blessings of civilisation and civil liberty at length secured to tlicm : '*Be it therefore resolved, &c., that we recom- 210 TUE tiFs or mend this subject to the serioui coniideration of the CongreM of the United 8talot, that in the exercise of their iiisdom they may mature a plan by which the Indian Tribes inhabiting our western frontier territory may bo placed more directly under the paternal care of the General Oovomment ; by which a specific region of coimtry may be set apart for their permanent abode, secured to them for ever ogauist further encroachment, and undisturbed by the great current of western emigration; by which their moral, intellectual, and social condition may be improved and elevated ; by w Inch the bless- ings of education, civilisation, and Christianity may be impart(;d to them ; by which they may all be brought together and united in one grand confede- ration, and thus prepared for the enjoyment of civil and religious liberty ; and, if fouud practicable, they may be ultimately admitted into our rcderal Union." Governor Ch. Manly, of thi^ State, transmitted the above resolution to the Congress of the United JStatcs. KAU-OE-OA-OAH-BOWn. 211 CHAPTEE XVIII. ,'■4 ' The following letters were originally addressed to the newspapers in Boston. I have been requested to give them in this work, with a fewof tho notices from the editors of tho American papers, to whom I owe a great debt of gratitude for aiding me in all that I have done for my brethren. LETTER I. New York. Sir, — Before leaving these Atlantic cities for tho woods in tho far distant west, permit me to con- verse with your readers, some of whom may have seen notices of tho addresses and lectures of on Indian chief, in tho halls of different legislatures from south to north. Tho great object of my efibi*ts has been to awaken on interest in the minds of the people of tho At- lantic States, in behalf of that long-neglected race^ tho aborigines of America. That Government might collect the Indians iu one body, in tho west, for the purpose of forming them into one State, thus preparing the way for their improvement. p2 212 THE Lin or Tho dcop interest I have seen mauifested in be- half of tho Indians, by tho American people of the States through which I have travelled, leads me to believe that the majority of tho Palefaces wish the red men well. Tho North Carolina Legislature passed a joint resolution after I had addressed them, strongly re- commending my plan to the eouKideratiou of tho American (Jovernmcnt; and tlio resolution was transmitted to Congress. My next visit was to the Legislature of South Carolina, where I was received in the kindest manner, and had the honour of addressing the members on the lifteenth of last December. At tlic expiration of a finv days a resolution was passed by the House in my favour, and concurred in by the Senate. I then started for the north, remaining for a short time in Charleston, whero tho crowds who attended my lectures denoted the feeling of the people of that city, to whom I am indebted for numerous favours. I stopped in AVilmington, N. C, and addressed the Virginia Legislature, but that body was so pressed with business that no resolution was passed ; but I was infonned that one will be, at its next session. My address before tho Pennsylvania Legislature was published in fiUl. I greatly esteem the people KAn-OE-OA-OAH-BOWU. 218 of that state, for their deep regard for my efforts to educate and elevate the Indian. They are worthily' the descendants of William PenTi. They have always been frieiuk of the Indians, and have stood at their side when all others forsook them and fled. They have taught them to handle the hoe, and taught them to lovo the Maker of nil. After delivering a courMO of lectures, by request of the mayor, and other eminent eitixcns in Phi- ladelphia, I left for New York. Tliis is the Borne of the New World. It takes full one year of close effort to interest the people, and there is but one way in which this can be done — to let the shadow of a mighty dollar appear on tho walls of their public halls. By tho advice of friends, I visited your city, in which I. found many warm-hearted friends. The kuidness bestowed upon an Indian stimnger by your worthy governor, by Amos A. Lawrence, Esq., and other influential citizens, can never bo for- gotten. As my friend H. W. Longfellow has beau {;ifidly said: — " Friends, my soul with joy remembers ! How like quivering flames they start, When I fan the livini; embers, On the hearthstone oiT my heart." What else conld I do but love and esteem the American people? I love their Bible and their 214 THE LIFE or institutions. I ftdmiro their mognnuimity and tbeir perseverance. Industry, being guided by their intelligence, causes the sea to do their iiill, and has opened channels, through >vhich commerce i)our8 its treasures at their feet. Tho roar of the cannon speaks for its defence, and tlio flag that waves over it is tho charter of its rights. AVhile revolution after revolution follows in tho Old AV^orld, and thrones cnunblo beneath tho giant tread of freedom, our own nation stands firm in tho right, and, instead of blood and carnage, difluses | among its inhabitants the principles of education. The struggle in the Old World has but commenced. The fearful struggle between the powers of darkness and the powers of light, between the lion of despo- tism and the eo^lc of freedom. America ! America ! I adore thee ! Land of in- telligence, of industry, and tho fruits thereof. I have drunk from thy mountain streams. I liavo gazed at thy lofty mountains, and floated in my birchen canoe over tho calm surface of thy glassy lakes. *' America, America, hea«<-ii's blessing* attend thee, '^^'liile we live, we shall cherish and love and defend thee ! Though the scomer may sneer, and the witless defame thee, Our heart swells with gladness whenever we name thee." IVfy letter is dated in New York. As an Indian, ^ I walk these streets auiid tho palaces of tho white | : X^H-Ol-OA-OAH-BOWH. 215 man. The walls, how high — the streets, how liard ! All rush by me with arrow-like speed. Silks and rags go side by side in Broadway. Here are the world's extremes. I cannot remain here long. I must away to the western woods and lakes, to tho fiills of St. Anthony, across tho prairies, to tho base of the Itocky Mountains. I shall take tho fish-hook and polo. AVhon I have been lucky you sliall liear from me, and I will send you an invita« tiou to partake of a feast at tho foot of the Hooky Mountains. You will hear from mo at AVashiugton, before I leave for the west. Yours, &c. Eaii-oe-ga-oah-Bowii. LETTER II. Washington, May, 1849. Sib,— In my last I told you tlmt I would write irom Washington, and now, not knowmg how soon I may bo off from here, I sit down to talk once again with your numerous readers. Washington! What a name! The nation's pride, the centre of patriots, and the model of men for centuries to come. Tho wide world's hinguagos 216 THE LIVE or with their dialects have learned to pronounce it. The fame of the man, though silent, will speak to new-bom millions. Mothers whisper this name in the ears of iiinocency. How appropriate for a new- bom republic ! Tlioso massire pillars of the Capitol and the White House, and that slmft which is about to be reared to the skies, must wear away before the name ^nll cease to bo a motto for nations abroad, and for the two hundred States which must exist, wlicn all this American laud is subdued by commerce nud art. WTashington is comparatively still to what it generally is. But the same dust tliat rose in wliite columus, when I first saw the city three years ago, is still hero rising from the Avenue. To«day tlio nortli-wost winds have been rather uucourteous to aged heads, aud garments play I'athcr curious tricks. The trees on the Avenue look quite green. Tho song of birds among them is heard, and the tiny homes for a tiny race are being built. The flowers sweeten the air, and children sportfully play with the gold fish in the reservoir, in front of the Capitol. To-day, tired with looking at mud walls, just before sunset I went to Georgetown heights. I passed by people who Iiad the same disagreeable disease witli which Yankeedom is aiilicted, namely, " cu- riosity," — ^wliite men and women, a glorious mix- SAH-OX-GA-Oin-BOWH. 217 ; tore— you know what I meim. Mouths wcro opened. *' There is that Indian chief/* said am urchin, advancing before me. I made at him as though I would eane him, and I have not since seen him ; for, as he started, ho mado an ciTort to squeal, and whirled around a corner as though he would run to tho end of the world, and neither stop nor look back. Scare tliat boy again in like manner, and ho would bo as white as his neigh- bours. Poor child, I would not harm a straight hair of your head. After reaehing tho top, nearly out of breath, I glanced my eyes over tlie panoramic view about mc. The wind, liow bracing — the gentle rustling of the leaves of the trees, how musically delightful ! Before mo lay tho waters of tho Potomac, clothed with white sails. " AVhat is yon dark streak ?'* inquires my friend. ** It is the bridge, a mile and a quarter long.*' The Sim begun to sink. With what a gorgeous fold it enwraps itself, as the music of creation lulls it to rest. The clouds around it, attending minis- ters on its departure, on one side appeared as a full blaze ; on the other, like giant waves foaming and careering onward. It has sunk belaud the trees, and their foliage is in a crimson hue. O, could I have a bower there ! Methiuks that when I slept I should dream of Eden's pleasant groves ! 217 rcro nas ince rt to ;hhe ithcr like Lcigh- •aiglit ath, I about ling of htt\il I lotlicd L'ieud. rscous o 111 lulls Iminia- afuU ig and trcea, mid I slept 218 THE UFI Of IVliat a beautiful sigbtf A Boston poet stood before mo like a statue, gazed, wondered, admired! lie said notliing, but liis eyes flashed with the fire of his soul. In his silenco there was lauguago ! Far off on yonder branch sings the mocking bird of tlic south, and nearer was a robin, both chanting tlio praise of tlicir Creator. Other birds flew by to their nest. Night creeping over tho vale below, I turned away rchictantly from tlie glorious scene. JiiMt now I liavo passed tho largo building, tho Treasury — Uncle Saniucrs pocket — in which is held tho common cents of tho natie?i. Good night ! My friend has gone ahead of me, and is waiting my arrival in the land of nod. May 15. — I have just learned a Washington secret, viz., that my friend is to dine with the Cabinet to-day, or rather that tho Cabinet is to dine with him. Mention it to no on^. You can whisper it to tho ladies, however — they can keep a secret. The dust ! I wish to leave it, and away to the green fields of the west. I am to know to-day whether I am to receive tho aid of Government in the prosecution of my plan to concentrate and civi- lise the Indbns of tho west. God knows that the Indians deserve aid and instruction from the Ame* rican people, and they seem desurous to grant it. AVImt the people wish to do, the Government will . .f. - .-li^ 'Jf' '■■> 1 I«I JW» 1 .J1J »»1I ] I XAH-OI-GA-OAn-BOWH. 219 not hinder them from doing ; and, to the credit of the men at tho head of national affairs bo it said, the/ seem anxious to recompense the red men for the WTongs of the ^^ast. I must dose. Tho clouds are at this moment gathering in their might, and threaten to flood us with cold water. I am, yours, Kau-oe-oa-oaii-Bowu. LETTER III. Mount Vernon, l^Iay, 1840. SiB,->To-day, for the first time, I had the good fortune to find time to visit this place ; the final resting spot of tho greatest of luodcrn men. Mayor Seaton, of Wnshington, gave us a note to the present occupant, Mr. Washington ; and after a ride of sixteen miles by land, in company with my friend Mr. John S. Adams, of Boston, wo came in \icw of tho spot. On our way to the tomb we were obliged to travel n moat disagreeable road- ditches, rivulets, narrow passes, tangled woods, and other evils obstructed our way. AVe drove up to the gate and " uncle' ^ somebody came hobbling along to open it. In these diggius, habituate 19 220 TBI LI7E OF of lid, for lent 1 us II. Bgood io final loteto d after vitU came 3mb we poad^ \N00dt), rove up obbUng abituate yourself in calling every negro you meet, who it half a minute older than yourself, ** uncle,** and you will pass anywhere. He opened the gate and we entered ; looking upon the old dilapidated brick walls on our right hand, and going up to the door, I delivered my note, and was soon requested to walk into the pasnage. " Dah," said a curly-headed urchin, " walk round and see what you can see." " Mut where ia Mv. Wanhuigton ?'* I inquired. " He is in dat room dah, sir.** "AVhat, ishesick?" " No, sair ; but you will look round de room and see what you can see." AVc strolled about the parlour, sittiug-room, and passage, and used all tlie exertion we could to " see what we could see." "We looked about us in vain for some person to conduct us to the tomb. AVhen I asked the coloured boy the location of it, he struck out his long arm in a horizontal posi- tion, and pointing to a long brick wall, said **Dah!'* I went to the front of the once elegant mansion, and stood on the brow of a hill, under the branches of a tall tree. The Potomac lay below, and not a ripple was to be seen. The air was sultry and still. O, how still ! Two magnolia trees in front of the house were seemingly drooping into decay, but the :«f5«*!..j(«*,.-. KAE-OE-OA-OAn-BOWH. 221 oool air of the evening was only needed to revive thenit The house was in a very neglected, timewom condition ; the oak trees seemed to flourish better thiui anything else ; and the windows corresponded with other parts of the house, except two of them, which seemed to have more nttoutiou bestowed on them tlitm did the othciti, bohig adorned with superb curtniu hangings. Seeing no white man, we avuilcd ourselves of the guidance of an old negro. He begau to speak of the greatness of George Washington, and between eacli word would escape a sigh. "There," said he, "is the place where massa Washington sleeps." Here, at the gate, I stood, and when I gazed on the marble coiliii which contained his body an indescribable feeling filled my soul, of pleasure and regret. Here rest the remains of a man whose fame is as boundless as the ocean — whose honour towers above the skies — whose virtues are sung in other lands, and will be a lesson to the children of generations yet to come — a model for heroes, a model for Christians. Hero rests the man in whose breast burued tlio true flame of patriotism ; the man whose voice was heard above the din ot* battle — whoso counsels piloted the ship of freedom through tempestuous seas, and who hoisted the 222 THi uri or •ton and Btri^icf, beneath which American com- merce now floats in security. It was he who fed the young eagles in their defenceless homes, in their hour of peril, till they hccanie strong, till the hour of peril was past, and they wero let loose to bear over the world the charter of freedom which WTashiiigton marked out for it. They go from cast to west, and soon all shall bo free — this earth a paradise, and men and angels one. AMio of all the ambitious Caesars of the Old World could be compared with GcorgeAVatihingtonP When we speak of Napoleon, the heart is sickened with tlio thought of blood. But aromid the memory of A\^ashington, the light of an unclouded sun is seen. The one led on his warriors with an iron sceptre — the otlicr governed them with a smile. Both died. One soothed by tlie hands of an angel, the other pressed down by the thoughts of the anguish he had caused. The grave of one was where the ocean looked in fury — the grave of tho other in quiet, watered by the tears of grateful millions of freemen. Absorbed with tlioughts like these, for tho first time my iufiexible nature gave way to its feelings. I could not help it. I am sorry that they do not keep it better. It should be a marble castle, in which the angel of light misht watch his dust till the mom of theresurrection. i XAII-OI-OJL-OAH-BOWU. 228 I turned Aom tho tomb, aud on the tree there ■at a moaning dove. It leemod to bo conncioua that we came there to weep. Warble on, little bird ! When we are blest uith a homo in paradise, I will feed thee with fruits immortal. The sun is sinking in a blazu of glory. The skies are of a crimson hue, and tho foliage of the tree throws its shadow upon our path. Tho tame deer are sporting around us, and with many pleasures and regrets wo leave. It is now nearly seven o'clock, p.m., and we have eighteen miles to go ; so, for tho present, farewell. K All-a E-OA-O AU-Bowu. ' LETTER IV. Norfolk, Va., May 20, 1849. Dear Sib, — From the date of my letter you will learn that I am still going south, instead of north or west. Norfolk is now full of alarming rmnours. The cholera is here, and people are more religiously inclined than usual. A revival is now in progress in one of the churches, the result of which will, I trust, remain longer than the epidemic; though, doubtless, in some coses it will pass away with the alarm that gave it birth. 224 Tni LUM Of This place ii favounbly tituAted for commerce, having a good harbour, the bcit I hare orer leen. The land iu its vicinity is very good for agricultural puri)0tic8, and the principal products arc com, tobacco, and sweet |)otatoes. ^hips are here from all portii. In view are vessols just arrived, others just departing. Hark ! you can hear the sailor's song and the rattling of the cordage. Up, up go thu sails— one toss of the sailor's hut, one adieu to the landsmen, nnd tlicy arc oft*. Those white sails on the ocean are like lilies on the |)ond, dotting it wherever couimeifc has travelled. There is something sublimely gi*and in the idea of a frail bark tftruggling across from continent to continent. Storm rsiging, winds howling and waves nioanin;^:, and thus to bo upon the deep, hemmed in by the mighty walls of tlie ocean ! — but I must stop writing about it, for a sensation of sea sickness already creeps over nie at the bare thouglit of it. It is near ten o'clock, a.m., and curiosity leads me to go over the ferry, to the place where that ship of ships, the Pennsylvania^ is anchored. Her masts tower above all others, a hundred feet higher than tho highest. "When I inquii'cd whether I could bo conveyed on board, I was told that the cholera was on board, and that one of the four persons who had been attacked by it was dead. So, instead of going on board the ship, I strolled \ KJlH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWH. 225 •bout the nAiy yard, which exceedi any place of the kind I hare ever leen; the row of houtee, workflhopa and ship-houses. What a noisy phice. Go it, ye hammers and tonga and saw-milli ! There are at present a thousand men at work in this yard. Spike-makers, cable and anchor makers, groups here and groups there, making extensive preparations for war; and nothing is done for peace! I think the day is not far distant when the good reputation of our nation will not be based on the number of its giuis or the size of its naval fleet. Cannons and balls ! Tliis is a part of civilisation which I hope my people will never learn. Some time ago the famous warrior Black Hawk was brought from Washington to this yard, to sec the preparations which the Government was making for war ; more particularly, however, to see the great ship. I am told that he was conducted all over the yard, and no sign of emotion did he manifest imtil he was led to the great ship. He gazed in wonder at the tall masts, the strong rigging, the steam engine, and the boilers, and asked, "Who made this great canoe ?'* He was told, and with a shako of the head said, " I should like to see the man that made this big canoe ; he must bo a great warrior.** He inquired who it was that guided it ? When ho was shown, he could hardly believe that 226 TU£ UFE OF the penou bad power in his arms to iiteer such a canoe in a storm. Strawberries are plenty here, but few persons eat them, supposing them to contain too much cholera. I devoured a pretty good portion of them the other dav, and am certain thera was none in those I ate. In Portsmouth, I found the streets well limed and wJutC'tvanhed. I think the prevail- ing epidemic will rage here, as the groimd is very low, flat, and there is much stagnant water. The famous Cypress Swamp is not fur from here, where the staves are ubtahicd, and in which snakes and alligators abound. Many runaway blavcs are housed in this swamp, and live like bears in the woods, seldom seeing any white people. Some have lived thus for twenty years. They raise their grain in patches, and the region is very large. The Virginians are very hospitable people. About a year ago, while in lUcliinond, a request was scut to mo to visit Charles city. In about a week after* wards, I made arrangements to go. WHien 1 arrived in the city I did not know it. I alighted, and found about one thousand people who had met to hear the Indian. A church was open. Tall oaks and pines shadowed us, that had maintained their position for at least a liundrod years. There was not tuiother house at a less I I KAH-OI-OA-QAH-BOWH. 227 diatanoe than three miles,— and such was Charles city ! I thought, if that was a citj, we could boast of many cities in the wild woods. Though the people here are very hospitable, there are two classes of Yankees against whom they hold an mveterate dislike, namely, fanatical abolitionists, and clock pedlers. WouUl to God slavery was abolished ! but there is too much fire and brimstone in the denunciations of men of misguided zeal. What ! crush the Con- stitution of the United States ? It seems like a mole beneath the earth, crying out, " take down the sun', for it does mo no good." If you attk, what shall bo done to abolish slavery? I reply, uso those means which aro in the luuids of the people ; diffuse sound education ; let the ministry of north and south preach and practise a pure Cliristianiti/ ; then will the slaves bo set free. The Virginians are not a stubborn people. lifany of them have spoken freely to me, and expressed their convictions of the evils of shivery, but they aro mucli like tlie Indian in one particular ; they will not be driven to do a good act. You may drive an Indian to the very gate of heaven, but ho will not enter to enjoy its pleasures ; but entwine the thread of lovo and geutlencHS with the hand of kiuthiess and you can lead him — ycu, a nation too. That spirit which is thus diilused in the act disarms Q 2 i 228 THI LIFB OF the savage breast of its fires, and thus it is with all men. I bad expected to have been on my way west before this, but the Indian department having no funds at its disposal, I shall bo obliged to endeavour to interest the American people during this summer. Having received assurances of kindness from the various departmentn of Oovemnient, I am led to liope that at the next session of Congress I shall secure its aid. My next will "he . notice of the noble deeds of Pacahontas, the da' <;V;tt r of the renowned Powha- tan, the pride and glory of the American Indians. I am, Sir, yours, &c., KAH-0£-OA-OAIi« BOWII. ti LETTER V. JAUE8 BIYER— SMITH AKD fOCAHOKTAS. Chesapeake Bay, July 15, 1849. DxAB Sib, — The noble river which has its name from the first adventurer in that part of our country now known as Virginia, flows amid scenes of pictu- resque beauty. It is swollen by a number of smaller streams that empty into it. I never gazed on any ii KAH-OI-OA-OAH-BOWR. 220 object in my lifo more attentively than I did on that river, when for the first time I paised over iti Burfaoe. I gazed thoughtfully on either side, and fancied a bold untutored Indian bounding among its shaded coverts, before the Palofiice came among his tribe with those elements of sin, which have caused the downfall and almost entire extinction of his race. About noon, quite a stir was seen among the passengers of the " Curtis Peek,** ns we passed down the river. Many eyes were directed towards a point on our left, and some one said, " we shall soon see old Jamestown.** It was at this place tluit tho first settlement was made by Smith and his com- rades, in th3 year 1607. Virginia can boast of the many sous she has produced to fill the presidential chair of our nation, and of many daughters who Bigualis(id themselves by acts of bravery iu the struggle for freedom. Of these last, none exceeds, in point of disinterested benevolence, Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, tlic thou ruling eliief of that vast area of country. Smith was taken by a party of tho warriors of Powhatan, some distiiuce from his own residence, and after being led about from village to village as an object of wonder, escorted by a party of warriors, dressed in the skins of wild beasts, and their heads decorated very fan- tastically with feathers, was led to Werowocomoco, 280 TUI LITE or on the north side of the Fork Biver, at that time the residence of Powhatan. Word had previously been sent to the chief that the pale stranger had been taken, and no doubt his pleasure was asked respecting the disposal of him. Smith was taken by a guard to the door of Powlm- tan's lodge, and he was not mistaken in his suppo- sition that lie was to bo presented to that renowned prince. Aroimd were the A\igwams of the warriors, and ho was obliged to withstand the inquisitive gaze of the people. He says, in his narrative, that when ho entered the lodge, Powhatan sat on his throne .nt the upper part of the enclosure, with a majesty he had ncv6r before seen in Christian or pagan lands. The lofty and bold demeanour of the prince gave Smith a very favourable opinion of him. His family and friends were around liim, and his couch was hung with, rich furs. A consultation was held to decide as to what shoidd be done. ]Mcanwliile, he was treated as a distiuguislied warrior of their nation. Tlie queen herself brought the water that ho used in washing. She placed food before him and desired him to eat, but the anxiety lie felt as to his fate prevented him from partaking. It was at length decided that he should die at their hands, as he was at the head of the band of strangers who had come among them, and they knew not but that his intentions were evil. * li! i! KAH-OE-OA-OAH-BOWH. 281 PreparationB for his execution wore quickly niade —the Bong and tho dance begun. All gazed at the fictim with wild intensity. The women brought their young to look at tho jialo stronger. Yoimg and old pitied his fate, but, according to the custom of the people, reniamed silent, and looked on the fulfilment of tho decrees of the ngcd. The warriors were commanded by Powhatan to bring a stone from the side of the river. All being arranged, tho victim was seized by two warriors, and led to the place of oxccutiou. Smith showed not the least sign of fear, but calmly laid himself down as if to sleep, upon the spot from which he never expected to ride. Tho warriors stood with their heavy clubs raised, wliioli, at tlie beck of Powhatan, would fall \\\)on tho bold adventurer. Men, women, and children surrounded the spot, and it was at this time that they sympathised with the ill-fated man. A little girl was now seen whispering iii the ears of Powhatan. Her simple and childlike actions betrayed the feelings of a heart which pitied Smith. She spake earnestly, aud held on his arms, as if she would not bo denied her request. The chief advanced. One motion from him, and all would be over. A shout pierced the air, and Powhatan gave the word. As soon as given, Pocahontas flew from beside her father, and flung herself between Smith 232 THB LITE OF and the uplifted club of the warrior, and gaied with imploring look, and eyes bathed in tears, upon her father. O what a lovely picture! — how godlike! how noble ! Ilard-hcartcd must that man be, who could not be moved by such an exhibition. The warrior's amis hung down ; the fiery flash of Pow- hatan's cyd disappeared, as ho bado his warriors desist. Pocahontas haviug done her work, ran among the crowd, to escape the gaze of the people. Smith was liberated, and by special favour became an inmate of the chief's lodge. Pocahontas was but ten or eleven years old when this occurred, and how romantic nmst have been the scene ! Heroic was the deed which has immor- talised her name ! Keader, she was a savage ! And it has been suid of lier ruce, that they are without tears — unfeeling, cold, cruel, revengeful : but show mc, if you can, in American history a parallel. A few words more. First, historians have dis- agreed as to the motive that influenced licr in the matter. Some say tliat Poealion(,:\s loved Smith. I cannot And anything in tlie history of those times that leads mo to suppose that the love she had for him was any greater than that she had for all her fellow-creatures. Smith has been charged with ingratitude, on account of his not reciprocating the love wliieh some liave supposed the ludian girl bestowed upon him. I, for one, admire the deed of t : , XAH-ei-OA-eAH-BOWH. PoeahontM, and hATe alwayt regarded Smith u ft worthy man in every particular. Ai a warrior, bold; in hit ■chomea, fearlesB; in danger, calm; and in misfortune, never despairing. Notwith- Btanding all these traits of character, I still must censure his after-conduct. When Pocahontas was in Euglaud, he did not notice her, nor even acknow- ledge her as a benefactor, although by periling her life she had saved his owu. Such conduct on his part stamps his character with a foul blot, which his deeds of braveiy can never conceal. Second : her name, which must have been given her after her rescue of Smith, indicates that her nation looked on her with some susj)icion — Fah-ka- on'tis. In this she suiTercd wrongfully. Partially disowned by her nation, the neglect slie received in England at the hands of Smith was more than her spirit could bear, and, after receiving Chris- tian baptism, she died at Gravesend, England, in the year 1017. Pocahontas ! No marble would long enough en- dure, to Imud down the record of her noble deeds to all who should listen to the story of her heroism. You will not wonder that I admire her character, or think her name merits a place among the great of earth. I am, yours, &e., Kau-oe-oa-oau-Bowh. 284 TU ijri or P.S. — I leave loon for the west. You will next bear from mo at Ningnra; then fW>m tho fiilltof St. Marie — Lake Superior — falls of St. Anthony, and tho Bocky Mountains. THE PLEASURES OF SUMMER TRAVEL IN THE WEST. (For the Chicago Tribune.) " llf lurkt intdligt'iicc in every dime, Ami ■prrndi the liunry of hit drrp rcMiurrli, At his return— A rit-h rciuiit for luc." The many sources of recreation and amusement which a traveller finds along his way in the west, are varied and interesting, and seem to me a world of successive glowing scenes. My memory still bums with the heat of excitement, caused by the animating objects of interest with which I have often been surroimded. Tho wide-spread prairies — ^the gardens of Native — the streams of crystal waters wliich roll their tides over tho pebbled course of vales, singing their music to the skies — the bluffs towering on each side of the " Father of the Waters," as it seeks its level in the ocean, far off in the sunny south — the mounds which often, one after the other, in chains, skirt their way through woodlands and then on the prairies— -the relics, or rather the tombstones of by-gone generations now KAH-OE-OA-OAH-BOWH. 285 Ntiiug in thoir ■ilonoe— tho waving gran over the rolling prairio by gontlo windt, and tho thousand wild flowcn which often make tho very air iweet with thoir frngranco. O, the weat, tho wost, tho miglity west for mc!— where groves wave their tops to tho sweet air, wlioleHouie, fresh, and pure ; and where gamo roam with tho child of the forest, from brook to brook, and qualV wholesome waters as they gush from the side of hills. During tho past season, wunderiug over the great west, I found nuich pleasure, pi>rliaps more, where few would feel interested. Tho same things may not excite in the minds of many, while, from my own nature, and tlie early ussiociations of childhood, they seem natural. In ascending tho waters of tho Mississippi I found many things which gave tno pleasure. The toweriug naJced blufls on tho banks arc imposingly grand at times. They appear like giant sentinels watching with vigilance the silent waters of the river below. In the moruuig they seemed to blaze forth in tho aii*, when the siu*. arose with an un- clouded sky. It was just evening, when the boat, which carried a full freight of merchandise and passengers, neared the " mountain in the water," about ninety miles above the to^n of Prairie du Chien. We had been puffing and puffing all the day long, and our boat 285 • tUo uuind iweet b, tlio tUeir pure; Lorcst, iiratersi [» great where »8 may om iny ildhood, wippi I e. The posingly eutinela k of the to blaze an un- l\ carried J, neared 3ty miles Ihad been lour boat 286 THi Lm or wai ftill heading up stream. On our right was a TOflt wilderness, and on our left were to be seen the naked jicaks of the bluflTM, as though in the act of falling on the waters, as they dimly api>carod, whilo the rnys of the sun rapidly diMappcarcd, from the waters of the great river. Bt'twcen these is the noted mountain called the ''mountain in the water/* hceauHO it is surrounded at its baso with the waters of the river. "When we wore nearly ten miles from it wo could discover the woods which skirted the edge — the lone pine ..d cedar trees which deck its brow. The sun no longer reflected on the waters, nor its rays lighted the lilies of the vale ; but tlie mountain in the water assumed one of the grandest scenes I ever beheld. There it was, in full view, clothed in all the princely array of nature. The shadows of the bluffs from the western banks began to creep up to its heights, slowly as* cendiug to its top. All around, in nature*s own garb and in natui'c*s own fires, glowed with its splendour. The wild water-fowl in flocks ascended, and in descending lit on the surface of the water, and the surrounding shore was echoing with our boat's hoarse pufl', which seemed animated with the pleasing view. The top of the momitaiu was in a blaze — the red sky of the west reflected in the waters, and the sun's rays began to disrobe the mountiun ; *' Ave minutes more," said I, as I held KAB-OB-eA-OAH-BOWH. 287 the wateh in my hand, ''and then the inn will tink ;" and aa the kuit rayi of the sun diiappeared, the ehadea of night began to creep from the waters below, until they covered the whole from view. The mountain and light reminded me of the death of the virtuous, dying in full lio|)c of immortality, disrobed of their cares, and to slumber in submis- sion to the will of a propitious God. The next morning, at sunritte, we were just en- tering the lake called *' Lake Fepiu." The river here widens, and the bluftd can bu seen unobscurcd on each shore. The pebbly beach i^ full of corne- lians, which are found along its shore. One of those bluifs is noted for being the place where a Sioux damsel, some eighty years ago, made a fatal leap on account of disappointed love. The numerous things bf interest which I found in the Upper Mississippi, I cannot now speak of; but my visit to the Government offices of the terri- tory, and to the American Fur Company, having been satisfactory, as well as to the Indians, whom I had seen, in pursuance of tlic great object of concen- trating the North-west Lidiau tribes, which every- where met with favour. I had two days of hunting to my satisfaction, which will last mo until next summer. One was to hunt with the gun ; and havihg secured a brace of pigeons and about a dozen of wild ducks, I re- 287 288 THE LITE OF turned that day satisfied ; but the following, at the crystal waters of St. Croix, was worth all the shooting, when, with my angling rod, I caught orer three dozen of tho \ery best speckled trout. My hands twitch nt the recollection of that day's sport, I cannot write intelligibly, and will finish in my next the ramble I made in tlio valley. I remain, Yours, &c., Kau-oe-oa-oah-Bowh, or, G. CopwAY, Ojibway Nation. Chicago, lU., Oct. lOih, 1S49. NOTICES OF THE PRESS. Lecture of Kah'ge-gthgah'howhf on the tubjeet tjj eoneentrating the Indiane of the North^weetf upon Terntory to he set apart hif the General Government. Last CTcning, tlic celebrated Ojibway chief, Kah- go-ga-gah-bowh, or George Copway, lectured in the City Saloon upon tho abovo subject, to a brgo and highly-gratified audience. The lecturer commenced by referruig to the present condition of the Indians — thecalamitou9 effects of the policy pursued towards 1LiU-eE-0A-0AH-B0WH. 289 them by tko TJiiitcd States Government— the cauaes which have heretofore o^icratod to check their pn^ gress in civilisation, and to thwart the efforts con- stantly being made by philontliropists, who have gone among them for that pur|)oso— all going to show that the iiiovitublc destiny of tlio Indian race is a yet deeper condition of degradation, of igno- rance, of barboiism, and final extirpation, unless some scheme bo devised for the amelioration of their condition. Mr. Copway, after having obtained his education, at the hands of some benevolent gentleman of this State, during the years 1838-9, returned to his nation, iired with the noble impulse of expending his energies in labours for the elevation of his people. For years he toiled and planned in this behalf -~ established schools and missions — in- structed his people in the art of agriculture — endeavoured to teach them tho true principles of government, and nil other tilings calculated to ad- vance them in civilisation and individual happiness. These labours gave evidence of abundant fruit ; but it was only for a day. A stroko of policy on the part of the General Govenunent — ^the purchase of lands owned by the tribe — their removal to another territory •^the influences under which this removal was cfi'ected — the duplicity of agents — the cupidity of contractors and traders— the malign influences 289 240 THE LIFI or and oomipting examples daily around and before them — these obliterated all traces of past labours — destroyed in a day the work of years, and laid prostrate the hopes that had animated the hearts of the labourers. Mr. Copway had thus become fully convinced that, under existing circumstances, the cause of his brethren must ever remain hopeless, unless some- thing be done to place them in a position entirely re- moved from the causes whicli have heretofore barred thci. progress in civiliHation. Impressed with this belief, he had devoted much serious reflection to the subject, tlie result of which is embodied in the following scheme : — The Indians of tlio Xorth-west, consisting of about 100,000 souls, to be concentrated upon ter- ritory to be set apart to their use in p^jetuity, by the Government of the United States one hundred miles north of Council Bluffs, on the east bank of tlio jMissouri river. The territory thus given to be one hundred and fifty miles square. A Govern- ment to be at once organised, by the appointment of a Governor (wlio shall be a white man), Lieut.- Governor, and Secretary of State, by the President of the United States. A Territorial Council to bo elected by the diflcrent tribes, in proportion to their population, which council shall pass all hiws needful for the govenimcut of the whole people, subject totlio KAH-0E-01.-aAK-B0¥rH. 241 Teto of the Governor. The hinds to be distributed, free of cost, to the people, subject to suchreguhi« tions of transfer and limitation as the council shall establish ; one of which, however, must be that it shall never be transferred to white men. Com- mon schools and higher seminaries of learning to be established throughout the territory, a leading branch in all of which shall bo the science and practice of agriculture. AVhite reside ats to be excluded, except such as shall be employed by tho United States and Territori:il Govenimcnts. For the present, tho territory to bo represented at Wash- ington by Commissioners to be appointed by the council. Enjoying these facilities for civilisation — from the necessity of things becoming confirmed in local habits, and compelled to the pursuits which elevate and refine — liaviug become familiarised with our institutions, and prepared to appreciate, love, and live under them — in process of time tho Indian Territory to apply for admission into tlio Union as a State, and become an integral part of the great confederacy. Such is a meagre outline of Mr. Copway's plan. The arguments by which ho supported it were plausible and forcible. His audience were carried along with him, and by loud and repeated applause testified to tho reasonableness and justice of his arguments and conclusions. Wo regret that our 242 THE LIFE 07 limits prevent us from giving a more complete synopsis of tbe address, which occupied near two hours in the delivery. Mr. Copway is a forcible speaker — at times witty, convulsing his audience nitli laughter — nov** thrilling them with bursts of lofty eloquence, and now convincing them by cogent logic. The pcrioration of Mr. C.*s speech was touching and impressive in the highest degree. Jfo one that Iieard it will readily forget it, or easily lose the impressions made by it. Wo m.ay add, in conclusion, that whatever may be said in regard to the plausibility of Mr. Copway's scheme, all must admit that this nmeh and more he may in all justice claim from us for his people. He, as representative of those who once owned tho en- tiro continent from sea to sea, without a rival to dispute tlieir claims, may well demand of us who, by the law of might, have forcibly taken possession of their fair heritage, so small a boon as the one ho now craves from the American people. ! AK IMPRESSIVE SERMON. Yesterday afternoon, amidst the celebration of the solemnities of religion that took place in this City of Churches, few perhaps could have produced more interest than the sermon of the Rev. Mr. Copway, otherwise known as ll»e Indian Chief, •IW^'' KAH-OE-OA-aAU-BOWH. 243 Kah-ge-ga^gah-bowh. It was delivered before a laigo congregation, in the church at ;ho comer of Tilloiy and Lawrence Streets. The si 'inject of the lecture was principnlly confined to mo influence of Christianity, with all its sublime influeucesi among the untutored children of the west — the remnanta of those who were once possessors of this soil. Tho advance of tho pioneer white mnn, as he bore his lire^>como attached to the place of their concentration. Tho above is but a ulight sketch of the remarks tliat ncre delivered ; remarks wliich lead many to hop. thiit tho time may yet come when tho abori- gines of a new world — which has afforded a resting phicc to the tribes that were persecuted by the old, when new ideas had dawned upon them, and made them seek these shores to acquire a liberty that was denied them at home — will finally become a portloii of civilised huuianity, and worthy asso- ciates with their pale brethren, both in this world and the next. — Broohlyn AdvcrtUer. KA-GE-GA.GAH-BOWH. This celebrated chief of the Ojibways, alter a laborious tour south, has returned to our city. He 246 THE LIFE OF is engaged to deliver lecturea in Boston and vicinity the coming t^'o weeks. His lectures on th*? man* ]i€!;>9 rniHi '.ustorns of his people are very interesting. The one delivered not long since in this city, upon the " Somance and Poetry of the Indians/* was an iiT tore sting and beautiful production. We purpose m this notice, however, to mention o) ly his lectures on tcmpemnce, hoping to answer the many queries made to us on t\m subject by friends from various parts of New England. To this end, we extract from the Cliarleston Courier a notice of one of his lectures in that citj*. which comes so near the point, that we give it preference to anything wo (yew EnqUnder, Boston,) can write :— " A crowded house assembled to listen to Mr. Copway, tlic Indian chief and orator. Ho argued the caur«e of temperance in every variety of man- ner, insisting mainly, as was to be expected, on its profound and even awful relations to the red nations of the west. Shouting aloud, in clear tones, he exclaimed, with true Indian enthusiasm, in reference to that cause, * J love it!* Then, with manner more subdued, he dwelt on the reasons wliy he loved it. He demonstrated suc- cessively that it was favourable to humanity, fa- vounible to morality, and favourable to religion. With burning indignation he depicted the wrongs that had been inflicted on his bretliren by unprin- KAH-OE-OA-OAU-BOWU. 247 1' cipled traden, who wero themselveM oftea but the •cum and refuse of civilisation, aud the only me- dium of com.! anicatiou between the Indians and the better class of whites. ^ Vhat, he asked, could be expected from the members of hid nation, when goaded, insulted, corrupted, aud maddened by these agents of holl ? lie showed how much these disas- trous influences hod been mitigated by the mis- sionaries of Christiauit}'' and the Temperance Beform. lie then applied tlie subject to the state and prospects of tlio cause among the whites. Here he seemed as much at homo as the most ex- perienced temperance lecturer of a paler hue. " A keen observer must he have been of our insti- tutions, our social structiurc, and our prevailing chanicter, whether for good or evil. Much even of his English was singidarly idiomatic. Biting satire — pmigent anecdote, set oft* with most ex- pressive Indian gesticulation — strokes of wit and humour — touches of pathos — bursts of vehement declamation, after the manner now of a Forest, or a Cooper, aud now of a zealous western preacher — slip-shod conversational talk — most poetical de- scriptions of nature, fearless statement, oft-hand, cahu, Indian independence, altogether formed a compound of a rather rare and inimitable nature. And although there might liave been a few things for a very fastidious taste to object against, yct*ou 248 Lin OV XAH-Gl-OA-eAJI-BOWH. the whole, hs muat hare been a quenilou* man indeed, who came awaydissatisfied with his e?ei ing*a treat, or unimpressed afresh with the inhe^ st the character of WiUiam Penn. By W. E. Forster. 8vo, sewed, price Is. the ReT, viN Anobl . Barrett. names and ^n Milton, stinguished ect. * * * eedom, hu- ' • feelings of lie sense of admiration, friend and resentations irdofFrce- w •ogress, and he influence West India 1 2 mo, cloth, Hint of valu- the progress 'an Times. al of all who ancipation. >i concerning valuable." — me.**—Anti' AY; being '.Macaulay's ;r of William ice Is. 8 Charlei Gilpin's List of Books, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A WORKING MAN. By "Onb who has whistled at the Plough.*' Post 8vo, price 7s. This work contains the " Barrack Life of a Draeoon ;** what the author did to save Britain from a Revolution ; his Court Martial and Punishment at Birmingham ; the Conspiracy of the Secret Committee of the Trade Unions in London to " Assassinate the Cabinet Ministers, and Capture the Palace, Royal Family, and BauJkof JBngland;" how planned, and how prevented. *' Here is a genuine, fresh, and thoroughly true book ; something really worth reading and remenibcriug."— Manchester Examiner. "The well-known author of this work, who has attracted much public attention, and has acquired a well merited reputation, has done the public a great service by publishing his autobiography.** — Economist, ** This is one of the most interesting works which has come under our notice for a loiig time. It is tine genuine record of the inner and outer hfe of a genuine working man. * * * There are few writings in our language, which, for power of graphic description, surpass tlie letters by hiin under the signature of ' One who has AVhistlcd at the Plough;* and in his auto- biography we find the same facility of description^ >''\" — Leeds Times. READINGS FOR RAILWAYS ; or Anecdotes and other Short Stories, Reflections, Maxims, Charfl'jteristics, Pas- sages of AVit, Humour, and Poetry, s. '* Wc earnestly commend this very able Essay to the early attention of those whose philnnlhropy leads tlicm to seek a remedy for the fearful amount of iuvenilo depravity whicii now giuigrenes society, and will prove fatal if not cheeked and removed. The author admi- rably uses his statistics, and shows an intimate know- ledge of human nature, in its multifarious circum- stances." — Christian Examiner^ April, 1819. " It is impossible to read many sentences of this volume without perceiving that you are in the company of a Christian philanthropist — a man who is bent, as far as in hirn lies, on the removal of a great national evil ; and who has suiKeient patience and courage to investigate the sources of that evil, to examine with candour the various remedies proposed for its removal, and to point out with honesty that which he believes to be the onlv appropriate and eflfectual remedy,," — Tee- total Time's, April, 1819. **Mr. Worsluy's is, unquestionably, a very able treatise.*' — Patriot, April, 1849. Tt^ RHYMING CAME; a Historiette. 16mo, sewed, price Gd. This little book is designed as a winter-evening recrea- tion for young persons. Its object is, that of calling up their ideas into ready exercise, and habituating the mind to a prompt and accurate description of objects, as well as a more subtle delineation of thoughts and feelings ; and it has particularly in view Ihe monition that, even in their recreations, they may remember "T utile," as well as •« Tagr^able." Juvenile I, Enston lepravity, Intempe- them to id by the !v. James Harrow. iny to the >nus tltcm f iuvcnilo will prove lor admi" ite know- i circum- )S of this 1 company bent, as t national ourage to nine with s removal, )clicves to vcvy able 10, bcwed, ng Tccrea^ calling up the mind t», as well I feelings ; it, even in ," as well JUVENILE DEPRAVITY. An Inquiry into the Eitent and Causes of Juvenile Depravity* Dedicated, by special permission, to the Right lion, the Earl of Carlisle. By Thomas Beoos, late Secretary of the Health of Towns' Association, and author of "Lectures ou tlie Moral Elevation of the People.** — 8vo, price 5a. ** Few men were better qualified to deal with such a case than Mr. Beggs, whose lot it has been largely to be mixed up with the working classes, and who has made their characters, habits, and circumstances, the subject of his special studv. He is, moreover, a man of strong penetrating intellect, and possesses, in a high degree, whatever is needful to constitute a student of human nature. Let all read Mr. Beggs's volume. A heart brought very largely into sympathy with the subject could scarcely read a chapter of it without tears. Its revelations are those of the darkest chambers of spiritual death and moral desolation. The work has our cordial commendation. It is one of the class of books which cannot be too widely circulated." — Brituh Banner, August 25, 1849. " Mr. Beggs writes with all the confidence which a practical knowledge of the subject has given him, and it is impossible to peruse the pages of his work with- i out obtaining a fearful insight into the extent of the moral depravity of the lower orders of society. In the paths of vice, in which his reverend competitor fears to tread, there Mr, Beggs boldly steps forward, and denounces, while he exposes, those gigantic and apnal> . ling evils, which must be brought to light before they can be effectually grappled with and overcome." — Journal of Public Health, July, 1849. "Whether we regard the graphic picture of the actual condition of the neglected classes, or the impor- tant collection of original and selected statistics which this volume contains, we must pronounce it to be one of the most trustworthy expositions of oui' social state and evils which has yet beeu produced."— Tr«/A Seeker, July, 1849. t t f.i j; THE ROI^IISH CHURCH. The Doctrines of the RomiBh Church, as exhibited in the Notbs of the Douat Bibie : arranged under separate heads. By Samuel Capp«.r. 8vo, price 12s. " Mr. Capper's book may be regarded as a monu- ment of diligence, of fairness, and of Christian benevo- lence ; anc^ k will find its way, we doubt not, into the library < i «:very man who wishes to be informed on what ni' ■\, after all, be one of the great controversies, if rot ft reatcst controversy, of the times upon which the ( hurc'i of Christ is entering.** — TAe Patriot* ' ' iZ »vovk is not only prepored with perfect integrity, but h c ^*vs and worthy of place in all libraries, and especia » oi ministers who may have occimon to deal with these matters in pursuance of their duties."— Standard of Freedom. '' It is a most vnhmble contribution to the aids and a[)plianccs of that species of religious controversy which contends /or truth and not for victory ^ and uses the weapons of reason and charity, not of acrimonious debate and reviling.*' — Morning Poit, "This is a valuable publication of the Notes of the quarto edition of the Doimy Bible, classified under various heads, so as to afford an easy and ready roferchee on the Icailing points of doctrine. The notes arc taken from the ctlitions of 1633, 163.5, and 181 C, and arc the result of many years' labours; and the book brings into one's rerty i ar important portion of controversial matter, which uiay be used w'th effect in our antagonism with the o"rovs of the Ciiurch of Rome." — JJublia Christian Examiner. PORTRAITS (N MINIATURE; or. Sketches of Character in Verse. By IlENnicTXA J. Fuy, Author of the "Hymns of the Reformation," &c. Illustrated with Eight Engravings, 8vo, j>rice 10s. 6d. This little volume holds many a name dear to the i>est interests of society, like those of Elizabeth Fry, J. J. Gurney, W. Wilberforce, Hannah More, Bishop Heber, &c. 11 12 Charlet Gilpin* t List o/Booki, be Romish UAt Bible : L Capps*. s a inonu- ian benevo- ot, into the iformed on iitroversies, upon which ?atriot* ct integrity, brarics, and sion to deal dnties."— he aids and controversy ry, and uses acrimonious notes of the wified under and ready fine. The 3, 1635, and abours; and tant portion d w'th effect le Ciiurch of of Character tlior of the strated with dear to the lizabeth Fry, lore, Bishop HFTY DAYS ON BOARD A SLAVE VESSEL. By the Rev. Pascob Gbenfbll Hill, M.A., Chaplaia of H.M.S. Cleopaitra. Demy ]2mo, cloth lettered, price Is. 6d. *'This curious and succinct narrative gives the experience of a short voyage on board one of the slave ships. We shall be rejoiced, if the publicity given to this little but intelligent work by our means, assist iu drawing the attention of the influential classes to the B\ih)cct.**—lilackwoo(rs Magazine, ** We hope this little work will have a wide circula- tion. We can conceive nothing so likely to do good to the righteous cause it is intended to promote.'* — Examiner, A VOYAGE TO THE SLAVE COASTS OF WEST- AND EAST AFRICA. By the Rev. Pascoe Grenfell Hill, R.N., Author of " Fifty Days on Board a Slave Vessel." 12mo, cloth lettered, price is. " This brief but interesting narrative proceeds from one who has witnessed the horrors of the Slave-trade, as carried on in various parts of the glolic. * * * * The unpretending style in which the narrative is writ- ten, and the stamp of truth which it carries with it, induce us to recommend it to an extensive perusal." — Standard of Freedom. CARDS OF CHARACTER: a Biographical Game, a neat case, price js. In «■ This Game, which is prepared by a young lady, contains much amusement and instruction. It consists of brief sketclies of the lives and characters of about seventy of the principal persons of the past age, and questions corresponding in number with the Cards. The Gaune is well arranged, and very simple.' o ■^ I 6, BUhopsgate Street Without, 13 THE CAMPANER THALi or. Discoanei on the Imn^ortalitj of the Soul. B}' Jean Paul F«. Richtbb. Translated from the German hj Julistti Baube* Foolscap 8vo, price 2s. 6(1. ** Beport, we regret to soy, is all that we know of the ' Cainpancr Thai/ one of Bichter*s beloved topics, or rather the life of his whole philosophy, glimpses of wliich look forth on us from almost every one of his writings. He died while engaged, under recent and almost total blindness^ in enlarging and remodelling thi» *Campaner Tiinl.' The unfiuislied manuscript was borne upon his cofHn to the burial vault; and K^opstock's hymn, < Auferstelien wirst du!' 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" Some of its details of Cannibalism and Feejeeism arc very terrible ; nnd that such anthropophagi sluould have been recovered to a conmion hun^an nature with ourselves, and to the higher hopes of the Christiaui life, is a testimony to revelation wliicli the sceptic may well ponder." — Nonconformist, " That portion of the narrative relating to the Feejee Islands is especially worthy of perusal, displaying as it does tlte friglitful characteristics of a society 'm wiiich hi^itual and ferocious canit^tisim maintained ks ground, nnd its gradual transition to a more hopeful and satUyt'actory cooditioti, m which the * influence of the press is already becoming a power for good.**— JUot'ninff Advertiser, 1\ 13 on the RiCHTBB. I Baum. t we know • beloved bilosophy, nost every ;ed, under irging and unfinished the burial wirst du!' have been 1 over the s. ; ; A Mis- th Seas, in With an institution, nd mytho- ion among 12uio, Feejeeism iQgi should laturc with (christian jeptic may the Feejee aying as it in wliich itained its re hopeful ifluc'uce of good."— 14 Charlei Oilpin*» List ofBookt, A KISS FOR A BLOW. A Collection of Stories for Children, showing them how to prevent Quarrelling. By n. C. Wright. Twenty-sixth Thousand, ISino, price la, "Of this little book it is impossible to speak too highly — it is the reflex of the spirit of childhood, full of tenderness, \nty, and love: quick to resent, and equally quick to forgive. We wish that all children could imbibe its spirit, then indeed would the world be happier and better." — Mary Hoivitt, ** This volume, of which it were to be wished that every family in the country had a copy, has been reprinted in London, by Charles Gilpin ; it is an inva- luable little book." — Chamberis Tracts, SKYR ACK ; A Fairy Tale. With Six Illustrations. Post 8vo, cloth extra, price 2s. 6d. *' It is simply the story of an old oak ; but it carries you away to the forest, and refreshes you with its dewy, sunny, solitary life. The spirit of the book is pure as the breezes of the forest themselves. All the imagery, and the whole tone of the story are of that kind, which you wish to pervade the mind of your children. In a word, we have rnrcly enjoyed a more delicious hour, or have been more thoroughly wrapt in sweet, silent, dewy, and balmy forest entrancement, than during the perusal of Skyrack"— -Standard of Freedom. THE PEASANTRY OF ENGLAND. An Appeal on behalf of the Working Classes ; in which the causes which have led to their present impoverished and degraded con- dition, and the means by which it may best be r.crma- nently improved, are clearly pointed out. By 6. M. Perry. 12mo, cloth, price 4s. 5, Biihoptgate SireH Wiilwut. 16 If \i SPARKS FROM THE ANVIL. By Elihu Buibitt. ]2ino, sewed. The Thirteenth Thousand, price Is. "These are sparks indeed of singular brilliancy."— Britiih Friend. " They deserve to bo stereotyped, and to form part of the standard literature of the age." — Kentith Ade- pendent. ** Wc say to all, read it, imbibe its spirit, and learn, like the writer, to work for and with God, towards the regeneration of your race." — Nottingham Review, " Reader, if you have not read the ' Sparks from the Anvil,' do so at once." — The Echo, A VOICE FROM THE FORGE. By Elihu Bubbitt, with a Portrait. Being a Sequel to *' Sparks from the Anvil." Seventh Thou;:atiid. 12mo, sewed, price Is. 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The fonowing Scries of Origiiml and Reprinted Worki, bearing on the KenoTAtion and Progress of Society in Religion, Morality, and Science, is now in course of pubhcatiooi printed uniformly, price 2s. Gd each volume i UTOPIA; OR, THE HAPPY REPUBLIC. AF V sophical Uomauce. By Sir Thomas More. LETTERS ON EARLY EDUCATION. By Pestalozzi. With a Memoir of Pcstnlozzi. EFFECTS OF CIVILIZATION ON THE PEOPLE IN EUROPEAN STATES. By Charles Hall, M.D. THE CHRISTIAN COMMONWEALTH. By John MiNTER Morgan. To which is added, An Inquiry re- srECTiNu Private Property, from a Periodical of 1827. LETTERS TO A CLERC Y.VIAN, on Institutions for Amcliornting the Condiii. . of the People, chiefly from Paris, in the Autumn of 1 d45. By the same Author. A TOUR THROUGH SWITZERLAND AND ITALY^ in the years 181G-47. By the name Author. COLLOQUIES ON RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. By the same Author. TRACTS. By the same Author. THE REVOLT OF THE BEES. By the same Author. 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Post 8vo, price 58. *'We have now to congratulate the donor and the public on having obtained an Essny from one of the most eminent physiolosists.'*— ^onconybr/MM/. **' It must be no sniall source of gratification to them (the Teetotallers) that the important publication to which we have been calling the attention of our readers (the above Essay) should find its way to the royal palace; and that the enlightened Prince, so distinguished for his earnestness in promoting the best interests of his adopted country, should sanction the dedication of the worL to himself, and thus confer an honour alike deserved by Mercury. the author and his cause." — Bristol ROGERSON'S POEMS. The Poetical Works of John Bolton Rogcuson, author of '* RhyniO) Romance, and Revery," &c. ** His sterling talents arc alike a credit to himself and the land of his birth, and we doubt not will shortly win for him a foremost rank among English Poets."— County Herald, HYMNS OF THE REFORMATION. Oy Luther and others. From the German. To which is added his Life, from the original Latin of Mclancthon, by the Author of " The Pastor's Legacy." ISnio, cloth, price 2s. 6d. ; and neatly bound in silk, price iis. Od. THE ART OF MEMORY. The new Mnemonic Chart and Guide to the Art of Memory* By W. Day. Neatly Illustrated with upwards of 200 Woodcuts, ^c. Cloth, price 2s. Gd. 17 ABUSE By W. B. mission to Hundred lay on tho led to Dr. >RBEs, Dr. 8vo, price »r and the Dne of the ist, \M to them ilication to )ur readers the royal itinguisncd interests of idication of jiiour alike '^Bristol of John lancej and to himself ill shortly Poets."— jTHEu and d his Life, Author of . 6d. ; and mic Chart Y. Neatly C. Cloth, NARRATIVE OF WILLIAM W. BROWN, an American Slave. Written by Himself. The Twblfth Thousand^ Foolscap 8vo, price Is. 6d. *' We would that a copy of this book could be placed in every school library in ]Massach::setts. 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THE PEACE READING BOOK; being a Series of Selections from the Sacred Scriptures, the Early Christian Fathers, and Historians, Philosophers ond Poets,~-the wise and thoughtful of all nges ; condemnatory of tiie principles and practice of war, and inculcating those of true Christianity. Edited by H. G. Adams. 12mo, cloth, price 2s. THE ACE AND ITS ARCHITECTS i Ten Chapten on the People and the Times. By Edwin Pazton Hood. Fcap. 8vo, price 58. The figures of the statist will generally, in the course of the work, be conveyed by portraits anu descriptions of the people with whom we live, and the places in which wc live. It will be a lucid analysis of the age and its virtues, vices, and views. Historical, Ms&ciie, and Didactic Dcliiieations of the Devclopmoiit of Individual, Domestic, and Social licgcneralion. Written especially for the youthful aspirant to a life of intelligent labour and usefulness, A POPULAR LIFE OF CEORGE FOX, the First of the Quakers. 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