^^ ■ ^ A^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^.^ 1.0 1.1 SKi 122 ■u 140 u& |j^ IM |16 < 6" ► /\ A* '/ Sdences Corporation 23 WBT MAIN STRHT WIBSTH,N.Y. USM (7I6)S72-4S03 ^.-^ . CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/iCIVlH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microroproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notes tachniquas at bibliographiquas Tha Inatituta has attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction, or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. D D D D D D Colourad covars/ Couvartura da couleur I I Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommag6a Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastaurAa at/ou palliculte I I Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua I I Colourad maps/ Cartas g6ographiquas an couiaur □ Colourad ink (i.a. other than blue or black)/ Encra da couiaur (i.a. autre que bleue ou noire) rn Coloured plates and/or iliuatrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Rail* avac d'autrea documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior maryin/ La re liure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion la long da la marge intArieure Blank leaves added during reatoration may appear within tha text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certainas pages blanches ajouttas lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans l« texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pagea n'ont pas At* filmtes. Additional comments:/ Commentairas supplAmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm* la meilleur exemplaira qu'il lui a *t* possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaira qui sent paut-Atre uniquaa du point da vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normala de f ilmage sent indiqute ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux da reduction indiqu* ci-daaaoua. Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagtes Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurAes et/ou peliiculAes Pages discoloured, stained or foxe< Pages ddcoiortes, tachet4es ou piqutes I — I Pages damaged/ I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ r^ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ □ Pages detached/ Pages ddtachtes Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality in6gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du material suppKmentaIre Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Th« tot Tha pos oft filnr Ori( beg the sior oth( first sior oril The shal TINI whii Mar diffi antii begl right requ metl Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un fauillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6tA filmies A nouveau de fagon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grice A la g«n4rosit4 de: aire 1 dAtaiis uaa du t modifier ger una ) fiimaga Library of the Pubiic Archives of Canada La bibliothAque des Archives publiques du Canada The images appearing hare are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantas ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de fiimaga. / u6as Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or Illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte tont filmte en commenpant par la premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sent filmte en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (mearlng "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboies suivants apparattra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". iNEY, Morthumberland-Strcct, Stnnd. 1813. liciimm t N\U.n^ ^H. * . H 4 W'i V )i* ^L,\L )'■ r -s.. • S .; ;.!', >. '[ i\ '■ .• lid.. ' J •. 1. « t '♦icDi^ H it ■ . - . f ';niJ M m&d.i utm apUJi«/i '^nj iifc^ v«i©t? I'^m fmn »»ii'-' v.? l-fc Hi id Hi: ir- Ai *^. «l i« 310 A REVIEW Of' the past Relations bet iveeti Great Britain and the United States of' America. ^ [Extracted from No. 4, of the NEW QUARTERLY REVIEW AND BRITISH COLONIAL REGISTER ; . > Published by J. M. Richardson, Cornhill, London.] * Our comineicial relations with the United States of America being now at an end, and the difterences existing between the two countries having been brought to the decision of the sword, after wasting more than twenty years in unprofitable concessions, and fruitless negotiations, it would answer no good purpose to go over all the grounds of the many errors we have committed, in our various transactions witli the govern- ment of these States. The whole diplomatic intercourse of this long period, betrays such a spirit of encroachment and fraud, on the pan of the American government, and such a system of forbearance and fluctuation on the part of the British, as has no parallel, perhaps, in the history of nations. It has been repeatedly shewn, by able and patriotic writers, that we were by our inconsistent conduct, tacitly renouncing, in favour of America, the great principles op our mari- time CODE, and that too, in behalf of a people who met every concession made by the British government with insult and fresh menaces, and who, in proportion as their extortions were admitted, came, at length, to consider them as so many natural rights. The success of their continued encroachments, and the indiscriminate acquiescence in their demands, served only to increase the haughtiness and extent of their claims ; until, availing themselves of the moment when Great Britain had to contend against the united force of all Europe, directed by the evil gcniu» of France, their importunities ripened into an open declaration of war. Such is the actual state of things : and, that we may not again return into a course which has been productive of so much vexation, eml)arrassment, and injury to our interests ; that we may not, in future, blindly commit ourselves by trea- ties, which may be the perennial sources of strife and litiga- tion; in short, that we may not, hereafter, evince a total ignorance either of the rights or of the boundaries of the two nations, we shall here endeavour to point out the many over^ sights in our former negotiations, and the remedies by which such causes of dissension may be removed for the future. Indeed, the conduct of the different rulers of America has been so flagrantly iniquitous, as to provoke the strongest cen- suf«8 from their constituents, in all the Northern and Eastera B 2 4 Great Britain and the United States. States of the Union ; so that it will be a most arduous task, for the most sanguine advocates of America in tins country, to efface the just and strong impressions which their remon- strnnces are calcuhitcd to make upon the public mind. In the present critical state of our relations with tlic United States, it will therefore be proper to exhibit the whole conduct of their government towards Great Britain, from the day of their assumed independence, to the hour when they have wickedly and rashly plunged themselves in war with the parent state, from which they sprung. The result of such an investigation, cannot fail to draw the attention of public men to the pursuit of the REAL INTERESTS of the mothev country, as well as to those of her colonies and dependencies, in every part of the globe. The first proposition which we deem it expedient to demon- strate, is, that the commerce of the United States of America, is not so essential to the welfare of the British Empire, as has been too generally imagined ; but that, on the contrary, the prosperity, security, and independence, of those States, depend more immediately on the friendship and protection of Great Britain. If we advert to the condition of our colonies, during the war between Great Britain and America, a period of eight years, when those colonies were bereft of all the usual sup- plies from the latter, we shall find, that they, nevertheless, flourished exceedingly ; a proof of itself, that they can exist and prosper, without any intercourse with the United States. One of the most striking features, in the history of coloni- zation, is the extraordinary circumstance of the sudden increase in population, culture, and wealth, of the remaining portion of British America, after the peace of 1788; a por- tion of our empire, which, until that event, was a mere vast expanse of land and waters, traversed only by wandering tribes of Indians, for the purposes of fishing or hunting, or inhabited by a few straggling settlers, vvho cultivated small portions of land, in solitude, penury, and destitute of encou- ragement. Since the separation of the United States of America from this country, it has been fasliionable to con- sider our remaining colonies upon that Continent, as posses- sions of little comparative value, in a commercial light; and important only as military stations. Many circumstances have contributed toward the currency of this unjust prejudice. The geographers and historians of the United States, in their details of their extent, divisions, resources, and population, scarcely condescended to notice the remaining British settle- ments in that portion of the globe, as if they were anxious to hide from the inhabitants of Europe, the attractions which Ui^ " < I \ Great Briluin andthe United States. ^ those settlements held out to the emigrant and the cultivator of the soil. MottSK, in ills American Geograpiiy, has con- trived to devote ouly two pages and an half to the British American dominions, in a volume of nearly five Imndred. paj^es, descriptive of the topography of the American Conti- nent; and the same defect, probably intentional, may be traced in all the accounts that have been hitherto published by Ammcaus' of those regions. They v.ere in the hnbit of annonneini;, in accents of triumph, the cargoes of Irish and Scotch emigrants, who were disembarked at New York, hut no notice whatever v/as taken of the loyal emii^rant, who tra- versed the Atlantic, to clear the forests of Canada, and who, under the protective shade of IJairisfi laws, planted a garden in tiie midst of the wilderness. Yet, it is now a well-ascer- tained fact, that the British possessions do not yield to any oilier parts of the Continent of America, either in soil, pror duetionSj convenience of navigable rivers, or salubrity of climate. When this lact became more universally known, the rage for emigration to the United States, subsided ; and num- bers of our countrymen who had gone thither, as to a land of promise, decorated with trees of liberty, have since returned to their native country, disgusted with American manners, dis- appointed in their visionary expectations, and better disposed towards the venerable usages observed in the land of their fathers. We allude here to that class of persons who re- moved with some capital, which they designed to lay out in the purchase and cultivation of land. With respect to those artificers and labourers, who were led by American seductions to settle in the United States, under the fallacious prospect of procuring a more comfortable livelihood than they could obtain at home, it is well known that they were almost uni- versally deceived. If the price of labour were greater in Amrerica than in Great Britain, the price of many inf'" pensable articles of life was great in proportion; and, if in; reader will turn to the second volume of the Duke de la Roche- FOuCAULT*s, " Travels through the United States and Canada;" he will find, that the relative condition of the same classes of people on the northern and southern banks of the river St. Laurence, differ materially. On the American side, nothing is observable but pallid sickness and filth ; while the English settlers in Canada, are full of activity, enjoying health and the comforts of life. We have selected M. dk la RocHKrou- CAULT as an authority, in preference to any other, because he is a Frenchman, and has betrayed, throughout his volumes, a virulent spirit of enmity against the British government ia America. Mi;^'.**!' io ts; t{,,q u>r'. a. -.tn^iYt . As then the American geographers have kept the British I Great Britain and the United States. settlements in the back ground as miich as possible, it is riafn- ral to enquire, why the British government has not autho- rized a comprehensive survey to be made, of the capacities and popuktion of its remaining colonies in America ? Or, rather, what has l)een done for the benefit and improvement of those colonics ? The answers to these questions will throw great light, upon our present discussion. At tneclose of the American war, the ciymmercial connection was s'ucraenly revived, though the dependence of the United States u^on the mother country was rent asunder. Ac-^ cordingiy, the eyes both of politicians and of mercantile men, were directed to \\\g future operations of a people who had en- tered upon the grand theatre of human legislation, on their own account, and with their own capital, industry, and talents. Many of our great commercial houses renewed, and even courted the American foimection ; and in their anxiety to cause the commerce of the kingdom to flow in its anoient channels, no notice whatever was taken of those colonies, ..which had remained faithful in their allegiance during the war. The definitive treaty of peace between His Majesty and the Uriited States of America was signed at Paris, on the third day of September, 1783 ; and, on the 27th of December following, so eager were we to gratify the desires of our late enemies, that a declaration of His Majesty in council, was published in the London Gazette : which, not only gave the first blow to our navigation system, but laid the foundation of that neglect and indifference, with which our remaining colonies in North America have been treated; By that hasty and impro- vident concession, we made the United States necessary to the West India colonies ; and a system has grown out of it, which has been the fruitful cause of the greater part of our disputes. Indeed it has so entangled, so completely beset us, on all sides, that it is difficult to convince, even unprejudiced and rational minds, that the West India islands can exist and flourish without ANY communication with the United States. By the declaration to which we have alluded, the commerce between the United States and the West Ihdies, which had been com- pletely suspended for eight years, was suddenly revived by public ciuthority ; and as its revival had the infallible tendency to discourage the British settlements in North Ai»eriea, by in- trbducing into the commerce of the West Indies, an enter- prlzing and active competitor, the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c. were thenceforth deprived of a market, which, if they had enjoyed until the present time, would have rendered them as valuable as any of the possessions linger the British Crown. By giving the United States this preference, we' gradually made our West India islands tribu^ Xf: Great Britain and tfte United States. tary to them, and checked the growth of our remaining settle- ments in North America. Before the American rebellion, the traffic between the continent .1 colonists and the West Indies, was so great, that the Congress, under the idea of ruining the islands during the war, prohibited all intercourse with them. The experience, however, of eight years, evinced that the West India Islands cou/d exist and prosper, even if the United States had been doomed to perpetual sterility. The traders of Great Britain and Ireland seized the opportunity which the rancorous enmity of the Americans afforded them, to extend the com- merce which had enriched tlieir fathers during happier times. Even during a consuming and expensive war, when vast fleets and armies were fed beyond the ocean. Great Britain and Ire- land. sufficiently supplied all those necessaries which the West Indians did not readily find in their own economy. Their su- perabundance even furnished the army that General Grant conducted to their aid, with several months* provisions, while the fleet sometimes partook of what the planters had to spare. The following Custom-house entries will shew whence that abundance was drawn at the beginning, at the middle, and'at the end of the war. Of salted pwvisi&ns that were exported from England alone. Irisli Boef. IrisiiFork. Eiii^.Bcef Total Ens.Bacon. En^.Tripe. Barrels. Carrels, and Pork. Barrels. Flitches. Kegs. In 1773 . . 1,195 383 259 1,787 558 306 In 1780 . . 9,844 3,471 4,480 17,795 3,369 1,582 In 1783 . . 9,843 3,059 n,619 16,526 6,188 2,55?^ From England only there were exported of butter^ cheese, and beer— - Irish Butter. English ditto. linglish Cfaeese. f ,. Cwt. Firkins. Cwt. In 1773.^.1,195 ;, 92 ^ 3,247 In 1780... 9,844 ^ '574 ^'^' 3,660' . , ,ln 1783... 3,195 ^ ^ m T' ^75 '^ "^'^ Beer. Tons. 1,881 2,042 >,170 i^ Great Briiain and th^ United Stales, From the foregoing entries, with all their defects, it is ob- vious, that Grent Britain had regained the supply of the aiti-* des contained in them ; and that, us to these necessaries the West India demand was amply answered. The planters de* rived ground provisions from the best of all resources, theirimm diligence and attention ; in short, the West Indians began to learn a lesson of the greatest importance for every people (o know, that no community ought to depend upon its neigh* hour for what the necessaries of life require ; and that the country which is p/)}/«ica%< dependant upon another, must soon become polUicdUy dependant upon it. There were besides, actually exported to the British West Bread. Cwt. 404 32,587 6,657 From Scotland there were exported in 1779— wheat-flour, 2,475 quarters; oatmeal, 177 ditto; bread, 5,254 hundred weight. There were also exported, from England alone. Indies from England a/oiie. ■ Wiiea^'flonr. Oatmeal. Quarteii. Quarters. In i77iJ... 18 In 17«>...B5,907 758 In 17!"8,.. 4,090 125 102 Barley. Peas. Beans. Oats. Wheat. Rye. Qurs. Qiirs Qiirs. Qurs. Qurs. Qurs. In 1773... 3 i556 9,089 16,615 350 In 1780...256 1,116 12,291 8,006 1,146 1,116 In 1783. ..146 7»5 7,360 6,129 8 755 Of several of these articles, Scotland exported, in 1779, as follows :...peas and beans, 1,327 quarters*; oats, 1,052 ditto ; bailey, 44 ditto ; wfieat, 4 ditto. From these Custom-house entries, it is very evident, by con- trasting the exports of three years, what was the effect of com- petition between Great Britain and the United States. The revolted colonies had gradually undermined the parent coun- try, in supplying the British West Indies, with all the produc- tions of agriculture. The British Yeomanry, burthened with the payment of rents, tithes, and poor rates, could not contend with the American farmers, who were exempted from all these burthens, and whose public taxes were so much lighter. But, whatever the difference in the price might have been to the West Indians, it should have been considered as a small equi- valent, which they ought to have paid to the British consumer, for enjoying the exclusive supply of sugar, rum, and other West India products : for the people of the United States having ceased to be our fellow subjects, ought certainly to have been excluded from a right and a benefit which we had for- merly relinquished in their favour, when subjects of the £m- (■» iO Great Britam and the l/tdttd Stntes.- •# pire. The Beitish Sailors and Farmers deserved all the pro- tection of the Legisluture ; the first fight our hattlcs, the latter supply us with food. The British farmers, therefore, wherever they may be stationed, are entitled to the preference, in supply- ing the West India markets with all the productions of agricul^ ture; while our mariners have, at least, an equal claim to the employment which arises from additional freights ; and the public will gain, in the exact proportion, us the interests of tuesc two most useful bodies are promoted. Having thus demonstrated, with what facility the West India Islands u;ere actually supplied, without the intervention of the United States we shall next proceed to shew, as a necessary deduction from this demonstration,that the British shipping was greatly increased by the exclusion of the Americam. This comparative view of the shipping employed in the foreign trade of Britain at the commencement and end of the American war, is taken, as it appears, from the register of the insurers at Lloyd's, distinguishing the British from Ame- rican-built ships. — ^ ^^,kM**H The Shipping of 1772-3-4. «. Ships. Tons. u British built 3,908 605,545 ,.^^. American do. 2,311 373,618 f. .' Total 6,219 979,163 I ^'' The Shipping of 17S1-2-S. '\ Ships. Tons. ,^, British built 3,848 708,346 K^^itiyt; American do. 1,334 225,439 ^ — .^^ -^O'j ToXh\ 5,192 933,785 ^ 4j, . Deficiency 1,037 45,378 ^j Si! 6,219 979,163 '^ It is, therefore, apparent, that of the whole deficiency of 1,037 vessels, there were only wanting, in 1783, of British ships, 60 ; and of American ships, 977 J yet, that the total inferiority of the period of war, to the period of peace, amounted only to 45,378 tons ; while there was an increase of 102,701 British tons — and a decrease of 148,179 Am«rican tons. It should also be observed, in this place, that there were vast fleets, which, though built by British shipwrights, were not included in the surveys of 1781, 1782, and 1733; because they had not touched at any British port, and were employed by government in the transport service^ From Uie report of the commissioners.of public accounts, it appears, tliat there were employed at New York, by the quarter roaster gene- '. 10 Great Briiain and^the United States. ral, the barrack-master, and the commissary general, in the four years, ending with 17^0, no fetver than 611 vessels, carrying 44,916 tons. Were this fleet brought to the account of 1733, it would about complete the defective quantity of tonnage, though not the number of ships. Many of those vessels, or, perhaps, a greater number remained till November 1783, to perform the service of final evacuation; and all, or, at least, many of them, again entered into the merchants' employment, after that epoch, and properly filled up the void, which the exclusion of the American shipping had left. From these authentic documents, it is undeniable^ that the West India Islands ivere supplied, during the terra of eight ijearSf in all their wants, by the motiier country alone, the commercial navigation of the Americans having been inter-* cepted, or ratlier annihilated, during that period. It may now therefore, be asked, why is the united kingdom, together with its remaining colonies in North America, the culture and po- pulation of which have been wonderfully increased since the ce- cession of the Un ited States, pres umed to be i ncompe tent to supply the West India colonies, when tiiirty years ago we supplied all their wants, and that too when we had to contend against the combined naval power of France, Holland and Spain ? Have there since occurred any physical causes, to impede this com- merce, or to justify its diversion into other channels. These are very important questions, and on the dispassionate solution of them, the whole support of the navigation system of this country rests. Fortunately, we have already surmounted many impediments in the way of forming a correct determination upon the subject; for in the year 17^4, the necessity of allow- ing a free intercourse between the sugar colonies and the United States of America, in American bottoms, underwent a full and thorough investigation by the pri^y council. In the report of the committee of council of the 31st of May, in that year, there is a statement of the allegations and evidence ■ produced, and the opinions of merchants and other persons, both for and against this alleged necessity. The result of this important inquiry was, the satisfactory conviction^ that, by prohibiting or obstructing the intercourse between the United States, and tlie West India Islands, the people of the United States, tvill suffer more than His Majesty* s subjects ; that their iiumherand provisiofis must perish on tJieir ttands ; and that the -British Islands may be furnished with those articles without their assistance. .ru i- The proofs offered in support of, and against the allegation^ of ^Jthe West India planters, form a mass of instruction on the sub- eject of orr colonial commerce, which is not to be derived from ^ any other source ; therefore^ we shall hero ^esent our reader;* k Great Briidin and the United States.'' II with an analysis of them, previous to the exhibition of the facts which we shall adduce, respecting the capacities of the Btitish settlements in North America. It should be particiilarli) ohservedf that twenty- eight years have elapsed since this investigation ; and that, in the course of that period, the provincesof Upper and Lower Canada, as well as of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, &c. have surpris- ingly improved in cultivation and number of inhabitants; more es- pecially Upper Canada, which has been annually rising into im- portance, and advancing in wealth, commerce, and agriculture. The representations of the West India planters, &c. con- tained the four following allegations : " First, that his Ma- jesty's sugar colonies were in such great distress, for want of a free intercourse between them and the United States of America, by American ships, that not a moment should be lost in granting them relief. Secondly, that the supplies derived to the said sugar colonies, from the dominions of the said United States, were, in many instances, and at many seasons of the year, not to be had from any other country, at any price whate.er, and that, in many other instances, such supplies are not to be had from any other places, but at prices wholly ruinous. Thirdly, that the navigation between the North American colonies and His Majesty's sugar colonies, cannot be eifectually carried on by British «hips, on account of the heavy expence, ivncertainty, and delay of such circuitous navigation, beyond that which would attend the direct navigation in Ame- rican ships. Fourthly, that the planters in His Majesty's sugar colonies can no otherwise pay for the supplies received from the dominions of the said United States, than by the pro- duce of their estates, which produce, in many instances,does not find any adequate vent in Great Britain, and if not taken off by the North Americans, would remain a dead weight upon all the rest of the produce of the said sugar colonies." •'* In support of the first allegation, an address of the assembly of Jamaica was produced, to prove the scarcity of staves, pine-bocrds, plank, and building timber, as well as the votes of the assembly, to prove the exorbitant price of flour. It was made to appear, that in Antigua, in October, 17^3, provi- sions had risen nearly 50 per cent, and that the negro provi- sions and lumber were at a very high price. Evid nee was brought to prove, that upon the arrival of the Orders in Council, restricting the intercourse with America, in Barba- does, lumber rose instantly from 71. to 251. currency per thou- sand feet. A letter was also produced from Grenada, dated February 28, 1784, stating, that every article of iumbef, was at a war price; and the same kind of evidence was offered to to prove a similar scarcity in Saiwt Christophers and Tortola- IS Great Britain and the United States. An abstract of tlie current prices of lumber and provisions at Kingston, in Jamaica, as published in the Kingston Gazette, and also an account of the prices of tlie said articles, in time of peace, were transmitted to the committee, by their own desire; and, in the letter of the chairman, transmitting this account, it was said, that provisions of all kinds are of so perishable a nature, in the West Indies, and the consumption hoth of provisions and lumber, so immense, that, unless the authorized channels of supply were opened, the clandestine ones were not to be relied upon, as sufficient to protect the islands from being again reduced to distress, in the course of a very few weeks. ai In opposition to these statements, there was evidence laid before the committee, to the following effect: that from the return made of the imports into the several ports of the island of Jamaica previous to the month of November, 178S, the apprehensions of want, in the articles of lumber, &c. by no means warranted the positive and strong assertions contained in the address of the assembly, to the governor of the island ; and that the governor had made early and repeated applications to the governors of Nova Scotia and Canada, for an immediate supply of such of the articles as were, at that time, wanted in the island, but which could not be expected to arrive there to answer the then demand. The distress which ensued upon the publication of His Majesty's Order in Council, was prin*^ cipally owing to th« planters not having expected that any restriction, in this respect, would take place; and having omitted, therefore, to make provision of those several arti- cles by ether means : for it \^as evident, from the abstract of prices current, before mentioned, as well as from other evidence, that, in the space of about ten weeks, the prices of lumber and provisions began gradually to fall in the island of Jamaica, and continued falling very considerably: and fur- ther, that from the 12th of December, 178.3, to the 17th of March, 1784, inclusive, 5cre»fy-yii5e British vessels, navigated according to law, had arrived at Kingston, with cargoes of lumber and provisions ; all which vessels, except about ten, camejrom the ports of the United States. These ships brought to Kingston 18,000 barrels of flour; 559,060 staves and heading ; 79C,253 feet of boards, scantlings, &c. and 1,450,790 shingles; and it was observed, that 18,000 barrels of flour were equal to the consumption of the island, for nine montlis. There was also laid before the committee, an account of prices current at Kingston, on the 20th of March, 1784, as trans- mitted fnom thence. Evidence was likewise given to the com-- niittee,' by two eminent merchants, who had resided many y«tr»Jia Jamaica, that they never recollected the article of Great Britain and the VnUed States, 13 no flour being so cheap as at that very period ; and that many of the other articles would have been thought very reasonable, even before the war, particularly staves : and, as the prices of those articles at Philadelphia, especially of white and red oak staves, had risen, during and since the war, more than double ; it was inferred, that, in proportion to the first cost in America^ they were then cheaper at Jamaica, than before the war. The committee also obtained, from the same authority, the average prices of lumber and provisions at Kingston, for ten years previous to the American war. To throw some light on the contradictory accounts of prices, the committee continued to examine certain merchants of great commercial knowledge and character, who declared, that they never considered the prices current, published in the Kingston Royal Gazette, as very exact ; that they knew the actual prices to vary during the time that the prices appeared in the Gazeite to be the same : that besides, they were generally the highest retail prices, and at the longest credit, which is commonly about twelve months ; and that the difference between the prices sent tkem, and those published in the Kingston Royal Gazette, arose from the former being cargo prices, paid tor in cash, and that the latter were retail prices, with profit and credit. ..It also appeared to the committee, that neither Antigua, Barbadoes, nor Dominica, had any real ground for appre- hending a scarcity of lumber, provisions, &c. from His Majesty's Order in Council. It likewise further appeared, that a great part of the rum casks, lately made use of in Jamaica, were puncheons that carried out from Great Bri- tain dry goods or puncheon packs; that puncheon packs coujd be shipped from London at 14 shillings sterling; and, including freight and charge of setting them up, would not cost the planter more than 2i shillings or 30 shillings each ; which is as low a price as was known during ten years preceding the war. The then current prices of white ^staves at Philadelphia and London were also nearly the same ; being at the former place 61. per thousand, and, at the latter, 61. 5s. In suppoit of the second allegation, it was asserted, that the colonies of North America, which still remain under the dominion of Great Britain, were not capable of supplying the West India islands with provisions and lumber, in a degree proportionate to their wants ; that the crops in Canada were ■ very uncertain ; and that, during the American war, the arroy» amounting to no more than 15,000 men, was supplied entirely, from England : that, though the white oak of Canada wos very good for stages, the other speeies of lumber wer« pf an inferior quality; and that such was the scarcity ^ of faaqd* in that colony to get wood, as to make the price of labpur Xq toe^ iV,, 14 Grmt Britain and the United States, from half a dollar to a dollar per day. With respect to Nova Scotia, it was alledged, that though the increase of inhabitanti lately gone there, might in time, lead to a supply of graiO} lumber, and the other articles from that colony, yet, at thattime> Nova Scotia itself was supplied with them from other part«.. On the other hand, it appeared, from numerous respectable authorities, that the province of Canada, was able to export great quantities of tcheat and flour for the consumption of the British West India Islands : that from the year 1771 to 177^9 inclusive, there was exported from Canada, annually, an aoerage of 265,000 bushels of wheat, and that the common price of the grain, before the American war, did not exceed three shillings a bushel ; and that, although various causes co- operated, during the war, to diminish the cultivation of the country, no flour was imported in that peridd into Canada, except for the use of the troops and Indians. It was also further represented, that the exportation of grain from Canada, would not only revive but increase, if the West India Mar- ket was secured to it ; and that an annual export of ;SOO,0(X> bushels might be depended upon from that quarter ; while from the erection of many new mills, &c. the flour would, in future, be much finer, more free from bran, and fitter for ex- portation, than it had hitherto been. It also appeared, that great quantities of lumber could be furnished from Canada and the market of Quebec, where it would be exchanged for British ma- nufactures ; and that the Canadians had learned to cut their lum- ber to great advantage, by floating mills of a new construction. It was further stated, that Nova Scotia would soon be able to supply great quantities c^ lumber ; and that, if grants qf lami were properly secured to the inhabitants, they wottld in three years be able to furnish, at moderate prices, m/ost of the articles wMch the West hidia Islands could want from JNorth America. It also appeared to the committee, that there were 1,500,000 acres in the Island of Cape Breton capable of producing any kind of European grain; and that it abounded ateo with great quantities of lumber, pine of every dimension, and oak of various kinds ; ash and elm, beech, birch, and maple, which grew to great scantlings ; that these woods were contiguous to the coast, or on navigable rivers ; and that there -Were a great number of streams fit to erect saw mills upon. .It Was likewise stated, that the disadvantage to Wihich Canada vras sttbiect in point CMf navigation, was reversed, Jn respect of ,No^ Scotia and Cape Breton, the navigation from those •countries to the West India Islands, being performed in a less jtime than from the ports of tlie United States. Besides tdvese vrticlts, there weie others of which the West Indies stand in a^ed ; )two of these were jrice and Indian corn : tlie «onsunip- r'K. Great Britain and the Umted States. 15 in tien of the first in the islands was very small, amounting, at an average of three years, to no more than 20,563 barrels amnually. It was well known, that rice cannot be produced either in Canada or Nova Scotia ; Indian corn is a more necessary article ; and the quantity imported into our West India Islands, at an average of three years, was 401,464 bushels annually. It appeared, however that a great quantity of Indian corn was grown in Nova Scotia, and that the culti- vation of it was increasing ; and although the grain might not be so large and fine as that which was produced in the southern parts of America, it would answer the same purpose nearly as well ; at all events, Canada and Nova Scotia produced all the substitutes for Indian corn, viz. peas, beans, barley, oats, and potatoes, at the most reasonable rates ; with which, except potatoes, the planters, during the American war, fed their negroes. It was also expected, that, in a short time, great quantities of Indian corn, of thejinesl sort, would be produced in the Bahama Islands, from whence the navigation was very easy and short to the West India Colonies. These Islands might likewise be supplied with live stock from Nova Scotia, from whence the British army was plentifully furnished while it was at Boston. As for salted beef and pork, besides that of Canada and Nova Scotia, the West Indies might be supplied with those articles in plenty; and, all circumstances considered, at a cheaper rate and of a mmperwr qualityf from Great Britain and Ireland, paiticularly from the latter ; as the salted pork and beef from America Was of an open texture, and more subject to decay in hot climates. Another very important article of provision, which the West Indies required, was dried and pickled fish ; and diflerent reasons were stated for believing, that the wfiole supply could be furnished by one or other of the fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland ; and those of NewfuundhiAid, Ca- nada, and Nova Scotia. The quantity imported into the British West India Is)ands,was 159,669 quintals of dried fish annually. In support of the tiiird allegation, the planters and merchan s urged, that before the American war, more than three parts in four of the ships employed in carrying on the commerce bet^'een the British West India Islands and North America, were Americans ; and they produced two accounts, by wbieh it appeared, that the number of ships so employed, in the year 1772, amounted to 1,268, of which only thirteen came from the colonies, then under the dominion of His Majesty : that is, five from Canada, six from Newfoundland, and two from Nova Si»tia. They inferred also, from the number of vessels being so considerable, that their tonnage must have been small 5 and^ consequently, that they eoald i h f6 Gnat BriidH md the United States. ndt have been British t> hips empbyed in th^ American trade, which were seldom of less burthen than 250 or SOO tpns. Tkff produced^also anothw paper, to shew, .that, of &61 sajlwlj^dh entered at the port of Kingston, in Jamaica, in the yefur 1774» 131 were British built, and 422 American built; they farther (leclared, that upon an experiment made, for two or thr^ suc- cessive years, of carrying on the trade by a circuitous voy^e, that is, by sending ships from England to America to take, ia lumber, and carry the same from thence to the Islands, it waa found not to answer. On the contrary, from the evidence of many eminent n>erchants trading to North America and the West Indies, as well as other persons who had been employed in^ His Majest 's service in America, it appeared, that there never was a period in which this country was better prepared to enter into a new branch of the carrying trade : that the owners of British vessels concerned in the West India trade bad long laboured under great disadvantages, from the diffi<< cultyof procuring ou^u;ard freights for their vessels ; but that, by going first to North America, and from thence to the West Indies, and so home, they would be sure of two freights, and, perhaps, three, instead of little more than one, and with very small additional charges, in the payment of seamen's wages and port duties. That though the ships employed in the West India trade from the port of London, called established ships, had not hitherto engaged in this circuitous commerce, ships from the outports were frequently concerned in it. It was also observed, that the number of ships which seized the op- portunity of going from North America to the West India Islands with lumber and provisions, on the first notice of the order in council, was a clear proof that this branch of commerce was profitable. It was besides asserted, that there were ten large ships from the port of London then destined for this , circuities trade ; and that three others were preparing for the same purpose, whose chief object was to obtain freight from Ame- rica to Jamaica ; and that these ships would go from hence, even in baUast, if a freight outwards could not be obtained. It also appeared^ that, besides the ships above mentioned, there were 12 sail of British ships established at Jamaica for carrying on the trade between that Island and the continent of America, with others intended to be fitted out ; to which might be added the ships of Canada and Nova Scotia, which would be em- ployed m this trade. < It was at the same tin^e proved, that many fhi^ carpenters had settled in Nova Scotia, for the pur- pnse nf ship*huildiDg-j and if the trade to the West Indies (i)v|uU^.|)econ^ned to British shipping, there was no doubt, but ttmt many more persons of the same description would be induced to settle in Nova Scotia, wh^re they would find tim- -H" • ONt^ MtHmtMiki Un^td Stti^. 17 iNr'lf erteiy itak fit for ship^Miilding ; and as the tld« in tht ti&f otVnrAy rises very high, the harboun qf that cwntty werg Better calculated for building ehips than thoteon the ^mtment ^ i^mtli America* It was also observed, that, before the Ameri'? efin war, ships of between two and three hundred tons wert btfilt in Canada, for which purpose they had timber in plenty ; and that the iotereoursc between the West Indies and AnBerioa> would be assisted by sloops beloilging to the Bermuda and Bai<>> Ikama Islands^ which haa always had a principal shave in tbil trade. In support of the fourth allegation, the planters and mer^ diants produced accoupts to shew, that besides smaller articles^ there were exported to North America, in the year 1773-— 5,77® hoj^heads of sugar ; and 93,265 puncheons of run ; and, in ths succeeding year, 5^325 hogsheads of sugar, and43,488 punebcoM r, tmt md •V, JW OVeai Briiaih and the United States. the expediency of allowing this intercourse between the West ^ndia Islands and the United States of America^ as ever wa& Submitted to the consideration of man. ,;, ,,|.^^ We have already seen, that, for the space of eigJU yeari, during the American war, the West India Islands were sub- sisted wholly without entertaining any commercial intefcoursoi jvith the, United States ; that, in that period, they were supplied % the mother country and her dependencies ; that they thrived and prospered without America, while our mercantile shipping received full employment, and flourished to a very: high tlegree. The next point, therefore, for our investigation,is, whether since the restoration of peace between Great Britain and thp United States, our remaining settlements in North America have undergone any deterioration, so as to incapacitate them from lurnishing the supplies required. We request our readers will cast their eyes upon the map of British America, that they may be able to understand us, as we illustrate its resources and im- proved state of cultivation. It will be proper first to observe, that from the height of land between lake Superior and the lake of the Woods, the waters flow to the northward and westward, into lake Wincpeg, the great reservoir, into m hich the north western waters of tlie interior, are collected, and are from thence discharged into Hudson's bay, througli Nelson's river, that fulls into the sea at York fort. .. l", ■ The principal rivers which flow into lake Winepeg, are the Saskatchewan, which rises in the rocky mountains, near the sources of the Missouri, and of the Columbia river, the latter running westward into the Pacific Ocean ; — the Red River, which has it source near the head of the Mississippi ; and the River Winepeg, which flows from the lake of the Woods, and has its source in the height of land, near lake Superior, as before stated. The last mentioned river is the route through vhich the Indian or Fur trade of the interior is conducted. There is a small river, flowing into lake Superior, which it is Beccssary to ascend in canoes ; landing frequently at portages, ^t carrying places, to avoid rapids and falls, which are nume- tons. in tliis river ; as its course, from the height of land into lake Superior, is. short and very rapid. Having thus reached the summit, and passed the portage which separates the streams that ^ffv in opposite directions therefrom, the canoes proceed down the western stream, through the Rainy lake, and the lake of the Woods, into lake Winepeg; but the vast regions, Hyhich here open themselves to the inquisitive traveller, do not £aliAvitUin4he.obJ£Ct of this inquiry ; and, at present, concern inaly tfeflse? whq are engaged in the Indian trade* We must, tbercforci turi) our view towards the river St. Laurence, where Gredt Britain and the United States. A new creation has arisen with surprising rapiditjr iti the depths of forests, perhaps as ancient as the world it^lf. The river 6t, Laurence may be considered to derive its most distant source from two small lakes, near the head of the Mississippi^ out of which, the river St. Louis flowi into lake Superior t tne latter discharging its waters into lake Huron, through the strait or rapid of St. Mary j and lake Huron, receiving also the waters of lake Michigan, through the navigable strait of Michilimackinac. The accumulated waters of these three great lakes, or inland seas, then flow through lake St. Clair and the river Detroit into lake Erie, from whence they are precipitated over the stupendous cataract of Niagara, and fall into lake Ontario ; and it is only on flowing out of this lake, that they assume the name of the river St. Laurence. These lakes are navigable by vessels of any burthen, and all of them communicate with each other, except at the cataract of Niagara and the strait of St. Mary. Canada contained but a very scanty population at the time of its conquest by the British, in \7^9. While it was in • the hands of the French, the principal occupation of the settlers consisted in the Indian trade, and in sending corn and lumber to the French West India Islands. But, after the conquest, a greater degree of attention was paid to agriculture, though not adequate to the variety and fertility of the soil. Other causes powerfully conspired to retard the growth of Canada. While our colonies of North America remained true to their allegi- ance, almost all the emigrants from Europe settled there, in preference to Canada, on account of the greater encourage- ment afforded to settlers ; and the prospect of more immedi- ate gains ; and of the prevalent opinion generally dissemi- nated, that the habitable parts of Canada were occupied by Frenchmen solely, who were equally prejudiced in favour of their own laws, language, and religion. At the close of the American rebellion, these circumstances were attended to ; and the government at home made considerable exertions' to remove those discouragements, and to promote the trade* and peopling of the province. Accordingly, on the 25th of February, 17^1, His Majesty sent a message to the House of Commons, which stated the benefit that would accrue from dividing the province of Quebec into two separate pro*nccs, to be called the province of Upper Canada, and the province of Lower Canada ; and which also recommended Parliament to make the necessary regulations for the government of the two provinces ; and to' consider of such provisions as might enable His Mftjesty to make a permanent appropriation of lands, in thosd provinces, for the support and maintenance af ^- ■.,,■• . c 2 ' n Great Britain and the United States. M t '■ \ a Protestmit Clergy, within the aam«. The discussions to which these subjects gave rise, in the House of Commons,' will long be remembered, as they furnished the occasion of a public breach between the late Mr. Burke and Mr. Fox. As the Act to make further provisions for the government of the province of Quebec laid the foundation for those rapid im* provements which have since occurred in Canada, especially in the upper province ; we shall here recite its leading principles, that the reader may perceive with greater ease, the evils it es- chewed, and the good it established. % The country was divided into two provinces, subject to two dintinct governments. It was enacted, that the legiskiture $bould consist of a council and house of assembly for each divi-> $ion ; the assembly to be constituted in the usual manner, by elec- tion, but the members of the council to be members for life, a power being, at the same time, reserved to His Majesty of an- nexing to certain honours an hereditary right of sitting in the council. All laws and ordinances were to remain in force \intil altered by the new legislatures. The Habeas Corpus act, which had been already established by an ordinance of the province, was to be continued as the fundamental principle of the constitution. A provision was to be made for the Protes- tant Clergy, in both divisions, by an* allotment of lands, in proportion to those which had been already granted. The tenures, which had been a subject of dispute, were to be settled in Lower Canada by the local legislature; but in Upper Canada, as the settlers were British principally, or British colonists, the tenures were to be soccage tenures. A new remedy was also given in causes of appeal. The judg- ment of the privy council was no longer to be final. The last resort was to the House of Lords : above all, to prevent such discontents as had occasioned the separation of the United States of America from the mother country, it was provided, tliat the Britisli Parliament should impose no taxes but what were necessary for the regulation of trade and commerce ; and that even those should be levied and disposed of by the legislature of each division. The popular principles of this act, and, above all, thef politic * See No. 3, of the New Quarterly Review, Art. Upper Canada. • f The policy of the separation of Canada into two provinces, has been doubted by many intelligent persons. It is thought, their itnjjrovcment would have been more rapid and extetisive, if there had been btTt one government, one legislature, and one language j and, untjl some alteration is made in the conStltulidti of Lower Canada, we do not expefet! its progress in agriculture,, trade, or population, to keep pace with that of the Upper Province : indeed, its extended inter- tc (( (e Great Britain and the United Statei, 21 separation of the whole into two provinces^ had an Immediate influence on the population of tipper Canada. Before tiie passing of this act settlers arrived in the Upper Province but slowly ; for it had been passed over, in a great degree, as a rej^n of eternal frost, covered with impenetrable woods, barreil wastes^ and dreary unexplored lakes, over which fogs and exhalations were suspended for the greater part of the year. Some progress, however, had been made in settling the pro- vince of Upper Canada, from the year 17^4; for during tliat year, a census of the inhabitants was taken, by orderof GeNb* RAL Haldimand, whcH they amounted in the Lower Province to 113,012 English and French, and in the Upper Province to more than 10,000 souls, principally loyalists from the United States. Tiie division of the provinces, and the erection of distinct legislatures, suddenly altered the face of the country. Multitudes of republican Americans, who had made the ex- periment of American independence grew sick of the phantom they had embraced, socn became partakers of what is still termed American repentance ; and, finding the settlers in Upper Canada were exempted from that system of taxation which had caused ostensibly the grounds of difference between thd mother country and her revolted colonies ; finding also that lands were to be enjoyed as soccage tenures, and that the soil of Upper Canada was uncommonly fertile ; capable of pro- ducing all sorts of garden stuff grown in Europe ; and equal, if not superior in goodness, to that of the United States ; they emigrated in families from those States, and established them- selves in the Upper Province. Great numbers of English and Scotch also settled there ; so that Upper Canada presents, at this moment, scenes as different from those depicted before the year 1784, as industry and cultivation are from sloth and' wildness. In short, the present state of Upper Canada, answers, in every respect, the description given of it by that intelligent and accurate traveller, Charlevoix. '' Every man is possessed of the necessaries of life ; the inhabitant is not acquainted with taxes ; bread is cheap ; fish and flesh^^ are cheap; the land is good. almost every where; and agri-to culture does not in the least derogate from its quality. How many gentlemen, throughout all our provinces, would envy the lot of the inhabitants of Canada, did they but (( ({ i i course with the mother country, renders a revision of its present laws imperatively necessary, and we hope they will become, at nO distant period, an object of legislative attention. .^ ^, , :, ^ Ei)|;Toa| ,,.-', iV,i See Mr, Gray's Letteri on Canada^ p. 7S»-,,: ^l>[, ^^-^ . .- i2 .Great Britain and tlw United Statet* m <* know it 1 There is not in the world a more w}»oIcsoin<» << climate than this ; no particular distemper is epidemical ** here ; the fields and woods are full of simples of a wunder- *' ful efficacy ; and the trees distil balms of an excellent ** quality." ijn ^liufijii, j » «r«p » value. There are various reasons for this influx of inhabitants, ' and increasing cultivation. Land is a cheaper article in Ca- nada, than in the United States. In the latter, it is impossi- ble to acquire land without paying for it ; and in parts of the country where the soil is rich, and where some settlements are already made, a tract of land sufficient for a moderate farm, is scarcely to be procured under some hundreds of dollars ; vrhereas, in Canada, a man has only to make application to the government, and, on his taking the oath of allegiance, he immediately gets one hundred acres of excellent uncleared ^and, in the neighbourhood of other settlementSf gratis ; and, ^if able to improve it directly, he can even get a larger quantity, ^id^nd, it is a. fact worthy of notice, which banishes every sus- fi^cion relative to a diminution of inhabitants taking place by 11 ■emigrations into the States, that great numbers of people from ^\the States actually emigrate into Ca)mda aunualhi ; whilst none 2f the people of Canada, who have it in their power to dis- • pose of their property, emigrate into the United States. Mr. - CoopjLB, of Manchester, who published, some years ago, a : book for the avowed purpose of inducing the people of this jCQuntry to emigrate to the United States, lays it down, as a ^iliecessary condition of the emigrant's comfort and prosperity, TmT.. ad; % Seethe Nevy.ClHarterl^ RevieWj, No^ 3, pj l6q, :^^m Great Britain and the United Statrt,^ ir* ihnt he slioukl commence farmer with a cnpltnl of not losi than three hundred pounds sterling: hut in Canada, a .* /vruth partof tiiat sum will suffice to set a cultivator nfl at. Be- sides, the formidahle and just exceptions to the titles to lands in Upper Canada, have heen ^ince removed j and, accordingly, ihe population has proportionably increased. Before unex- ceptionable titles to the land had Ix *'n 'ranted, the improve- ment of the country was considerably retarded ; and this cir- cumstance led Mr. Wrli) to remark, that, " if an opposite " system were pursued, the happy effects would soon become ** visible j the face of the country would be quickly melib- ** rated j and, it is probable, that there? would not be any put " of North America, where they would, after a short period, ** be able to boast that improvement had taken place more ** rapidly. It is very certain5 that, were the lauds granted ** in this manner, many more people would annually emigrate *• into Canada from the United States than at present; for ** there are numbers who come yearly into the country to >** * explore it,' who return solely because they cannot get '* lands with an indisputable title. I have repeatedly met *' with these people myself in Upper Canada, and have heard *' them express the utmost disappointment at not being able ** to get lands on such terms, even for money ; I have heard ** others in the States also speak to the same purport, after *' they had been in Canada. It is highly probable, more- " over, that many of the people who leave Great Britain and ^^ Ireland for America, would then be induced to settle in " Canada, instead of the United States j and the British <* Empire would not, in that case, lose, as it has done, thou- ** sands of valuable citizens every year." This intelligent tra- veller was in Canada, in the year 1706; since which, the country has been divided into two provinces, and the excep- tionable titles done away, by an Act of the Legislature. Since that epoch the inducements to settle in Canada are greatly superior to those which present themselves to a settlement in the United States ; land being plentiful not only in Canada, butin Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and at a very low prroe, and liljely to increase ; whereas, in the United States, it 4s at an exorbitant value, so that a man may provide for his family with much more, ease in the former than in the latter. In Canada, also, there is a much greater opening for young mpn, acquainted with any business or profession that can be carried on in America, than there is in the United States. The cxpence of settling in Canada^ is far less also than in any one of the States ; for, in the former country, the necessaries and con- venieiicies of life arc remarkably cheap, whilst, oi^ tlie con- I* f 1.1! i 1 'I 2i Gr^ Britain and the l/nited States;*^ trary, in the other, they are dearer than in England; Ifi contf mplation of those unexceptionable titles ])eing speedily made out to the lands, Mr. Wkld observes, ** may we not, ** whenever that measure shall take place, expect to see those " beautiful provinces, that have so long remained unknown, ** rising into general notice ? May we not then expect to " behold them increasing rapidly In population, and making ** hasty strides towards the attainment of that degree of j>rog- '* perity and consequence, which their soil, climate, and many *' Other natural advantages, have so eminently qualified them *' for enjoying ? And surely the Empire at large would be *' greatly benefited by such a change in the state of Canada ; '* tor, as the country increased in population, it would increase ** in riches ; and there would then be a proportionably greater " demand for English manufactures; a still greater trade would " also he carried on between Canada and the West Indies, than ** at present, to the great advantage of both countries ; si *^ circumstance that would give employment to a great " number of British ships. For all those articles qf AmeriooH " produce in dttmnnd in the West Indies^ may be had on much ** better terms in Canada than the United States ; and if the *^ Canadian merchants had suiBcient capitals to enable them to trade thit!\er largely, there can hardly be a doubt but that the people of the British West India isles would draw their supplies rather from Canada than from any other part of America. The few cargoes at present sent from Quebec, always command a preference in the West India markets *' over those sent from any part of the United States." It will be recollected that these opinions were published sixteen years ago j -and that they were formed from actual ob- servations made upon the means both of Canada and the United States ; and without any view to the future discussiou of the subject. Of the progress of Canada, since that period, we are, fortunately, able to give a very decided opinion. It has been ascertained from exp^ience, that more certain, greater, and heavier crops are raiseu .r, tlie same quantity of land in Canada, than in any of the northern or midland States of the Union ; the land in general is stronger. The State of New York extending from North to South about three hundred miles, is, unquestionably, a fine country ; but with the exception of the Genesee country, is much inferior to Upper Canada, which is separated from it only by the river St. Laurence. Mr. D'Arcy Bolton, who is perfectly acquainted with every part of the (State of New York, and who has resided in Upper Canada, gives the preference, in every respect, to the latter, both fov goodness of soil and extent of produce. Xhe land, he saysi (C it tc Gr^qt Britain and the- UmU4 States^,- 2S r»d; In peedily we not, e^ those iknown, tptlct tp making of JH'Og'* id many d them ^ould be 'anada ; increase greater e would PS, thaq ries ; 9 a great on much if the e them ibt but draw ler part Quebec, markets Wished ual ob- nd the mssioa period, >n. It jertain, of land of the 1^ York les, is, of the lich i$ 'Arcy of the anada, di for say8| is productive to a degree almost unexampled ; the soil is not, indeed, excelled by that of aoy country : thirty bushels of wheat per acre, is reckoned a good crop, but he hiis known fifty-fi)^e« Forty bushels of Indian corn, but still eighty and even njnety^ have been produced. Peas succeed, in a very great degree, m most parts of the province. The weight of the wheat also exceeds tltat in the United States, as it weighs seventy pounds per bushely and the price of land, as well as the fertility of the soil, are such,, that Mr. Bolton knew many instances where people have actually improved their interest, in the course of seven years, more tbau one thousand per cent. " The local situation of Upper Ca- *^ nada is such, that it will ever be the most thriving couptry m ** America. The Americans are perpetually removing into *' tins province, which produces a regular system of trade inr *' that way. 1 could instance cases where persons have p^r-^ ** chased land for ten or twelve dollars a lot (of two hundred ** acres) who, in the course of twelve or fourteen years, have " refused three hundred pounds for the same land. If a man *' has great industry, and a family sufficiently advanced to aid, " instead of incumbering him, he can, without any money, <* make a purchase of a single lot of two hundred acres ; and, « to use a common expression, make the land pay for itself; ** that is, from its own produce. If a farmer has three or four ** boys old enougii to help him, they can easily clear twenty ♦' acres of new land , and, if they have ordinary luck, the first ♦* crop will yield five hundred bushels of good wheat ; which, ** if the market price is a di)llar,. will purchase one hundred *' and twenty-live pounds currency, that is, double the value "of the land. Many hundreds, indeed, there are in this ** country, who own from eight hundred to two thousand acres, " yet began.without A capital. I could enumerate many iu- *' stances of individuals having maintained their families, and ♦* in the course of seven years, collected from six to twelve ♦• hundred acres of land. Perhaps, in the course of human ** affair^, a greater instance of rapid improvement was never, ^* exhibited than in the instance of Upper Canada." Here we have the testimony of an eye-witness of this rapid Improve- ment ; who is fully competent to enter into minute details of the comparative condition of Canada and the United States, from the circumstances of his having visited most parts of those States, from Pennsylvania to the Penobscot river, ap- proaching towards Halifax in Nova Scotia; who lus travelled through the interior of that iniineuse country, under cir- cumstances the most advantageous for procuring local inr formation ; and who has united to great precision in his narr fative th^ most clear; impartial^ dispassionate, and liberal ii>ves- i B J id Great Britain and the Umied Stales', ligation . This gentleman gives the decided preference to Upper Canada ; and, in his dedication to the King, he states, that '* few parts of His Majesty's dominions are more deserving ♦' of notice than Upper Canada. It presents a country ca- ** pable of producing the greatest abundance of grain of every ** description ; and, in truth, it has already afforded ample ** proof of its ability in that respect. In timber it is eXcellted ** by no nation on earth. It requires nothing but a continua- ** tion of His Majesty's parental care to render it opulent in ** itself, highly valuable to the world at large, and more espe- ** cially to His Majesty's dominions.'^ ' A very fallacious notion is commonly entertained respecting the produce of this neglected province; the generality of "people supposing, that no land is deserving of notice which is not immediately washed by the river St. Laurence ; but this is a most egregious mistake. The country is settled to a very different extent ; in some places, six or eight miles back, in others forty or fifty. Nor does the distance from the river St. Laurence determine the value ; for, in many instances, land produces a greater price, at the distance of forty miles, than at five. Many of the back settlements are well inhabited, and are as near to a market for their superfluous produce, as those on tlie river. In fact, there is such a multitude of navigable rivers which are tributary to the St. Laurence, and of dimen- sions that would surprize an European, that some of the inte- rior settlements are infinitely more valuable than those which border on the viver. Land, also, produces a greater price iii some of those t. arts. The reason U self-evident ; the con- venience of tl.ose navigable rivers affords to the planter a cheap and easy mode of conveyance : for Upper Canada is bounded by the United States ; that is, by a line from the forty-fifth degree of North Latitude, along the middle of the river St. Laurence, into lake Ontario, through the middle of this likewise, until it strikes the communication by water between that lake and lake Erie, and then through tlie middle of that lake, until it arrives at the water communication between it Hud lake Huron ; thence again through the middle of tlie lake Huron to the water communication between it and lake Superior ; thence through lake Superior northward to the Isles Royal and Philippeaux, to the long lake, and the water communication between it and the lake of tlie Woods; thence through tiiat lake to the most north-western point thereof, and thence in a due west line to the river Mis- sissippi. To tlie westward and to the northward, west of the Mississippi, its boundaries are indefinite ; the northern limits of Louisiana not being thoroughly known. To the I Great Britain and th§ United States. 57 K northwaTd, k is bounded by Hudson's Bay, as settled by the treaty of Utrecht, in t!ie forty-ninth parallel of North Lati- tude, extending west indefinitely. In the settled parts of this immense tract of country, there are more rivers and meaas itcd States engrossed the supply trade to the West Indies, and our shipping was suffered to go to decay. It is atso worthy of observation, tliat a great part of thtf , articles shipped from the ports of the United States, for the consumption of the West India islands, were actually the pro-!- duce of Canada, purchased by American factors, and sent from Oswego, along the river of that name ; thence into lake Oneida to Canada creek, where the vessels were unloaded, and the cargoes transported in waggons, about ten or eleven miles, as far as the Mohawk river, where they were again launched, and thence proceeded into the Hudson's river; by which navigation they were brought to New York, whence they were exported to the , West Indies in American bottoms, as the produce of the United States ; so that, in fact, the West Indies were not only sup- plied in a great measure by means of this contraband trade from Canada; but they also paid a greater price for their arti- cles than they would have done, if they had received thent direct, by means of the river St. Laurence. For instance, flour purchased by Americans at Kingston, situated at the extremity of lake Ontario for six dollars a barrel has been re-sold at the Oswego falls for eight dollars and a quarter per . barrel ; and at Rotterdam, on lake Ontario, at ten dollars per barrel. This profit is enormous ; and if we add the expence of conveyance to New York, then the rise in the sale there, and the charge of lading, &c. before it reaches the West Indies, it will be found that our colonies actually paid fifty. per cent, more for a barrel of flour from the United States, than they would ha\'e done by having their supplies direct from Canada. Even the Dukb dk Liancourt admits, ** that the navigation ** through the United States cannot, in any respect, be com^-^ f^ ic Gr£at Britain and ^le United States. ** pared with tliat of the river St. Laurence, however imperfect *' it may be '^* and we will - add, that the former is also muek more tedious and expensive. For the navigation from Osweg;o to Canada creek cannot be performed by vessels oi greater biirthea than a ton and a half; independently of the numerous obstruc- tions in descending the river, such as shallow wat», carrying places, &c. Whereas, in the lakes of Upper Canada, ship>$ of any burthen can navigate them without impediment. Many decked merchant vessels, schooners, sloops, of from fifty t<3i-> two hundred tons each, and also numberless sailing batteauvi are perpetually plying between Niagara and Kingston, on lake^.^ Ontario, and occasionally stop at other places, in the course, t of their voyage. So conveniently situated is this province^ both for internal commerce and foreign exports, that, from tiic straits of St. Mary, between lake Superior and lake Huron,^ to the Niagara river, the navigation is open to large vessels o£ any burden, which may come down to the eastern extremity of ^ lake Erie in six days. A little beyond this spot, the stupen- ;, dous cataract of Niagara intercepts the navigation, and the. cargoes must be taken out and carried to Queen's Town, oa s this side of the falls, a distance of nine miles only. From this landing place they are again re-shipped in vessels of two or three hundred tons burthen ; and in less tlian three days are conveyed, with a fair wind, to Kingston, at the eastera extremity of lake Ontario. At Kingston numberless bat-^r teaux are ready to receive the cargoes brought in the iarget *; vessels and to convey them to Montreal. These batteaux are of two tons burthen; and during the whole course of the river St. Laurence, there are but f/tree impediments to the naviga- tion ; namely, at the rapids above Montreal, at the fall of the thicket, and at the long fall, at each of which it is necessary to lighten the batteaux, if heavily laden. Canals may, however, be easily constructed at each of these places, so as to prevent the trouble*of unlading any part of the cargoes. From Mon- treal to Quebec, ships drawing fourteen feet water, may pro- . • ceed with safety ; and from the latter to the Atlantic, four hun-%,.,? dred miles from the mouth of the St. Laurence, ships of the line navigata witli ease. Thus, then, from Kingston, on lake Ontario, to the mouth of the St. Laurence, a distance of 7^3 miles, the naviga- tion is open, and may be effected In a few days ; and we have seen that lake Ontario may be traversed, from its western to its eastern extremity, in less than three days ; and that, with the exception of the nine miles portage at the falls of Niagara, the navigatiorf is open to the vessels of any burthen, i 90 Oreat Britain and the Drdted Statei^ <■ 5 > '3 1. froih the 'straits of St. Mary beyond lake Huron, "and maj^ be accomplished in six days ; therefore from the remotest' settlements of Canada to the Atlantic, the passage can be effected in eighteen days or less, ;|nd is subjected only to the necessity of unloading the cargoes at one por- tage of nine miles extent, and below Kingston to the three falls already mentioned. We need not state t6 our readers, that, from tiie mouth of the St. Laurence to the W^st Indies, the navigation is shorter and better than from the northern harbours of the United States. From this statement it not only appears evident, that the St. Laurence opens* a shorter pas- sage from the lakes for the conveyance of supplies, than any other river, but also that the portages are shorter, and fetver tlian in any other route ; that goods may be transported in the same boats from the Lakes to Montreal ; whereas, in convey- ing goods to Washington or New York, it is necessaiy to em- ploy dift'erent boats and men on each different river ; or else to transport the boats themselves on carriages, over the portages from one river to another; a circumstance, that must mate- rially increase the expencc of carriage, besides incurring the additional risk of pillage, from the goods passing through the hands of a greater number of people. Independently of these considerations, theSt. Laurence will, on another account, be found a more commodious channel than any other for carrying on of trade between the lakes and the ocean. Constantly sup- plied from that immense reservoir of water, lake Ontario, it is never so low, even in the driest season, as not to be suffi- ciently deep to float laden batteaux. The small streams, on the contrary, which connect Hudson's river, the Patowmac and the Mississippi, with the lakes, are frequently so dried up, during Summer^ (which is a greater obstacle to commerce than the freezing of the St. Laurence in winter,) that it is scarcely possible to pass along them, even in canoes.f Yet in despite of the emban'assments and expence attendant on thtf circuitous routes through the United States, our West Indies are actually supplied with the produce of Canada, under the fictitious name of American produce; when, by a direct communication, through the medium of British ships taking in their cargoes at Montreal, and Quebec, the Islands would be amply supplied, and *• See a Pamphlet, entitled " the British Treaty/'of l80S.>Si^rnii t See the account of M. de Liancourt's expedition from Oswego to Albnny. In some parts there was so Utile water, that they wero obliged te pass three-fourths of the day in die water, to lift the vessel, and push it along. « «( « I •***j ?motest' ^ can bjected le por- e three readers, Indies, orthern lot only er pas- han any I feiver i in the convey- • rto em- • else to 3ortages t mate- ing the ugh the af these mnt, he rallying tly sup- rio, it is be suffi- irns, on tow mac led up, rce than scarcely despite cuitous actually IS name lication, rgoes at ied| and Oswego hey wera ie vessel. Great Britain and the United States. 81 i At a cheaper rate, ^Ith all their wants, and the Shipping^ interest of the empire, materially benefited. Indeed, the superabun- dance of wheat and flour is now so great in Canada, tliat considerable cargoes have been annually shipped from thence to iGreat Britain, Portugal, and other places. And, Mr. At- CHESON observes, in his excellent work, entitled ^' Amcricau ** encroachments on British rights," that, ** the temporary ** causes which had checked the cultivation of this province, '* are, in some respects, removed, and an increased aimutd " export of flour and wheat may be depended upon, as the " culture of wheat and manufacture of flour are rapidly in- " creasing in that settlement ; from whence have been recently '* exported in one year, 800,000 bushels of wheat, and 30,000 ** barrels of flour."t * An Account of the Number and Tonnage of ships that entered in- wards, and cleared outwards, the British North American colonies, ' in the years 1806, I8O7, 1808, ISO9, and 1810; diittinguisbinc ' each year. • .jot Yeari • Inwards. Outwards. Ships. Tons. Ships. ToQS. 1806 - - - - J8O7 . - - - V' 1808 - - - - I8O9 - - - . . •,. • ■■ ■ ' ■ ■■' I w il ■ — -■■■ ■■I—. — ■■■■■■ ■i.aii * 111 » j ■II— ■*■■■— ^w I mm^im^mi^mi^ * Mr. Atcbeson's book, p. xliv, '*^f*-4r- t'Ibid. Appendix, p. igO; also No. 3 of the New Qnartorly ^ Hevtew, for a comparative statement of fish exported from the 3ritish ^ North American Colonies, and of fish imported into the British Wett Indies, by which it appears, that the quantity of fish annually ' eitLported from the former, w considerably aOove one third more thaft. the amount (tf the anniual consumption of the latter. o3 tiM,Khiw4 '^ *^ " t Mr, Atcheson's Book, p. 102. q^ • to taicKf I I v^ I 84 Great Britain and the Ifultcd States. '4. to New Brunswick, for Gypsum, which is becortie an article of great demand j indeed, in some measure of necessity in the United States. In 1806 upwards of 40,000 tons were export- ed from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and if the contra- band trade in this article in Passamaquoddy Bay was suppress- ed, the export of it to the United States, would annually employ at least 10,000 tons of British shipping. We, therefore, hope th'.' commissioners of His Majesty s Customs will no longer be indifferent to this subject, but strictly enjoin the officers of the revenue in these colonies, to prosecute with vigour and eflect all those who may be found engaged in this most mjurious traffic. And we trust, the applications which have bf.'cn made to government, for leave to open and work the seams of coal in Nova Scotia, will be immediately granted, and every encouragement given to the export of an article whicli is so likely to promote and increase the navigation of the country. Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Island, and Newfoundland, are the other British settlements, contiguous to the British pro- vinces in North America. Cape Breton may be considered as the key to Canada, and the very valuable fisheries in hs neighbourhood depend, for their protection, on the possession of it ; as no nation can new carry them on, without some con- venient harbour of strength to supply and protect them, and Louisburgh is the principal one for those purposes* Some advantages are now derived from the coal mines in this island, which are situated near the entrance of the harbour, the works of which and the fisheries constitute the chief empl /yment of the inhabitants ; but without trading at present directly to the British West India islands, both Cape Breton and Prince Ed- ward's Island serve to increase the exports of Nova Scotia ; they likewise supply Newfoundland with cattle, and with proper encouragement would rival some of the more opulent colonies in articles of agriculture. The war in whicfi we are now engaged, will speedily illus- trate and justify all our reasonings. It is no longer in the power of the United States to supply the British West Indies, -and we shall, tlicreforc, see how those islands can and will be supplied without their intervention ; and most sincerely it is to be hoped, that tliis second experience of the fallacy of the doc- trines of the American advocates, which we are to derive through the medium of war, will at length open our eyes, and induce us to revive, in all its vigour, the navigation system of England, to give every species of encouragement to our own colonies in America, and to prohibit in future all intercourse /I iw * (treat Britain ami llvj Vnited States, »ft t( l^ctvvccu the United States, and the British VVc ' iudia Islands.* These stril of the New Quarterly Review, p. 13. D 2 ; P !!^ SG Great Britain and t}ie United States. f i^ t5 I V I l€ I 4 ■'■9 !i * Mr. Parkinton and other modern writers on the United States. jM ■■,Uv\, Great Britain and the United Stains. «'l J short recurring periods, become influenced by motives the most secret and selfish, unchecked by that spirit of honour which gradually guides the conduct of persons of good education, and possessing pecuniary independence, not acquired by tVuthc with the lower classes of society. The people of the Southern -States are agriculturists j those of the Northern^ traders. Both .•are destitute of that diversity of pursuits which gives orna- ment, harmony, and effect, to the politics of a nation. A nation ot farmers, a nation of merchants, or a nation composed of persvms exercising any one occupation whatever, exclusively, must be narrow in their views ; and in this instance, those two divisions of tlie saine nation, being as much separated by distance as by habits, never can assimilate in any seri?s of pur- suits. Until a complete revolution in manners shall hace taken place, discord and faction must predominate among them- , selves,; and insult and vulgarity will be the only fruits to be t gatiiered from any intinjate interference from foreigners, ff"*; A nation so composed of the most opposite and discordant .materials, of which^ too, its Senates are formed, presents a singular picture in the features of legislation. Hence, we do , not perceive, in the proceedings of the American legislature, the least tincture of that liberal policy, which is thedistinguish- -Jng characteristic of European legislation. The pettif(»gging . litigious spirit of the constituent is carried by his representa- . live into the public councils, and every topic is discussed upon selfish motives and merce^iary views. Laws and the foreign .-. relations of the state are determined by the speculative views , of the jobber, and the arithmetic of the ledger. Every thing i; that is Unean and sordid enters into the composition of such a . political structure } nothing just, manly, and honourable, can :, come out of it. Accordingly, the same litigious spirit which ^.governs their internal concerns is employed to trick and over- ,i reach in their external relations ; and as every man fancies that j-^^ America was made for himself, so the State, in its aggregate ^^ capacity, fancies that all the rest of the world is made for j, America,* With a people of such a character, we should avoid, at the ijj^ restoration of peace, entering into any commercial treaty. It will be much the easiest and best mode to trade under i he '": MUNICIPAL RKGULAXrONS OF EACH COUNTRY, which may t;tbe rendered reciprocal. For we have seen that almost every of«rticle of our -"ommercial treaties with America has only , (jfServed to entangle us in fresh negotiations, and to encourage * Seethe d.jwuings of these principles in the second number of the New Quarterly Review, in the article of Pike, and Lewis and Clarke's travels. i ' Great Britain and the United States. ^ A can ( the government of that country to pursue a systematic course of fraud and encroachment, wherever such article has been unfavourable to their own views. And since we have clearly proved that the West India Islands are well supplied with fish,* that article should be strictly pr()hil)itcd in foreign bottoms, and a duty laid upon every other article imported by the Ame- ricans, should the unfortunate prepossession still prevail ^t the end of the war, that an intercourse between the United States and the West Indies ought still to be allowed. And, for this purpose, the third article of the treaty of 1783 should never be revived ; but a sloop of war should, every summer, be stationed in the Straits of Belle-Isle, as commodore, with extraordinary powers to the commander, to protect the British fishermen, and to seize all foreign vessels infringing the regu- lations. . A' ' " Ju< It will also be of the highest importance to exclude Amien- can vessels from the cod fishery on the banks of Newfound- land, and especially from the gulph of St. Laurence and coast of Labrador, where, henceforward, they should not be allowed, under any pretext, to enter, whether to fish, or for any other purpose ; nor should any person be permitted to land from American vessels upon any British territory, to dry fish, whe- ther upon a coast uninhabited or not. In fact, the third article of the treaty of 1 783 should be considered, from the present hour, as utterly abrogated, and every vestige of its. existence completely eradicated. And if we should not be able to obtain the height of land between Canada and the United States, as a new line of boundary, we ought to insist on all the islands in the river St. Laurence and the lakes ; nor should any of them be ceded without previous ascertainment by commissioners of their locality and importance. '■ *^^'^^^ '"^ H«ii>'>4 ,• Another important circumstance will deserved the considera- tion of the British goveinment, and which it may now sub- stantially realize ; we mean securing to Great Britain the possession of the Flortdas, which, if the Americans be allowed to establish as their own, will prove of infinite value and im-» portance to them.f For, they will thereby acquire an unlimited supply of live oak which grows in no other part of America; but, in our possession, the British navy may procure timber of i S't * No. 3, of the New Quarterly Review, article on Upper Canada. Likewisethe Reports on navigation and trade. Edit. I8O7. Richardson. t Ibid. Article Louisiana, Supplement No. ) ; also 1 alleyrand's account of the war of St. Domingo., and the cession of the MkiiisBippi to Frttnce. >^« .f '>'>l' *'.vki' Tnfq bmo;!-! to'i^r'^ mTi^;; 40 Great Britain and the United Statei t ! the largest dimensions, and of every shapie. It ftpp^ars, that in the spring of 17^9, the chief of the Creek nation, Gjsnishai, Bowi^Bs, was in England, and a proposal was submitted to thc^ then ministi-y, for putting Great Britain in possession of the Spanish part of the Floridas. The oft'er is stated to iiave failed, from the tenaciousness which Genkral Bowles shewed toward tlie country, whii'h he claimed is the boundary of his nation i that is, between 30 and 32 degrees north latitude, and 84 an4 88 west longitude. If this really were the ease, the British government committed an egrt-L^ous error, and acted »vith thq highest impolicy. Afterwards, Gbnkhal BowtBS caused ano-» ther memorial to be presented on the subject, detailing the great advantages of such a conquest ; not only on account of the supplies of timber anl hemp, which that country will pro- duce in any quantity, hut because it would secure the mouths of tlu» Mississippi, and thereby, hold the southern parts of the Union in a greater dependence upon Great Britain. In fact, by means of Canada on the north, as a military post; NovaScotis^ to the east, as a naval station ; West Florida, as a lock, oa the western country be}ond the Aligany ; and East Florida, on the south ; the United States must become wholly dependent upon Great Britain. And, had the then British goveirn^ent pursued the wise policy of listening to the overtures of Q^ik^^ai, PowLBS, whose sole object was to secure his nation against th^ artful tricks of the Americans, and to civilize his Indian f el lowr citizens, by the closest union with that power, in whose service he held a commission to his death, and to whose sovereign he was attached by every tie of duty and affection, we should hav^ been secured from the attacks of the Araerimns, by an army of 10 or 15,000 well-discipUned Indians, stationed rnost advan^ tageously for action, in every quarter, for attack or defence. Thus, instead of being an objectipn, the independence of the Creek nation ought, in good policy, as well as sound mojalityj to have stiinulatcd the British government to secure that people from the oppression of the United States ; which are now in a fair way to extirpate theqn, after ki^uapping, and then, murder- ing their chief, as they have done every nation of Indiana^ which has had the misfortune to c^Qine within their rea^h. Th^ lat^ transactions at Amelia Island, a^^ the purchase of ^mi^ii^ ana, are sufficient proofs of the ultimate object the Americans have in view. It is, therefore, to he presumed, now that all formcF treaties are cancelled, and that the power of the sword will enable us to carry into effect such measures as shall rescue US froiB the oversights of past times, that the British govern- ment will not allow Florida to he incorporated with ;he United States ) but that, deriving wisdom from the bittiii experience .V.V' Oritat Briidm and Vie United States, 41 .:(. -. of the past, it will look comprehensively to the future. It must, by this time, have learnt thoroughly to appreciate the ' American character, and its present power ; which) if circum- - scribed by the British possessions, in the manner we have \ here recommended, can never become very formidable. For , the western country must, for ages to come, be a drain to the - American possessions on the eastern side of the Aligany. - The space between, is a series of mountains of vast broken ; heights, across which access can be obtained only at a great expence of Iabour> too great for mercantile advantages. The country between the Aligany and the Atlantic may be divided u into two extensive districts ; one, from the former to the head , of the tides ; the other, from the flowing of the tides to the ocean. The country nearest to the Aligany is, or may be ren- dered, reasonably productive j the lands nearest the tides are capable of culture, but they are inferior by nature, and miser-r ably managed. The lands between the tides and the sea are, . generally speaking, vast deserts of sand, noc less in extent than 800 miles in length, by an average of 1^0 wide, contain- ; ing some few districts, like islands in an ocean, of tolerably good land, and even of some very rich. The lands of the New England States are not, in general, higher than a middle - quality J and, therefore, viewing the possessions of the United • vStates, on the eastern side of the Aligany, and considering the drain to which they are liable from the western country, it is natural to infer that th»*y are nearly at the extent of their popU'^ latlon and power; and that it depends upon the firm policy of ... Great; Britain, whether these shall increase or not. If, how- *, ever, we exhibit the same culpable indifference, relatix-e to the future, at we have done lor many years, the United States will ,, very soon be a tbura in our side of the most inveterate poignancy^ i ] Wc trust, therefore, that the present ministers will not be - ; deterred by the apprehension of irritating the federal party in the States, front carrying these measures into effect. The*^ federal party are all desirous that Great Britain should continue to possess Canada, because they are aware^ that, if it were even takem by conquest, or what is still more improbable,' secured to them by treaty, the French would never rest iin/tZ tkey regained possession oj it. For, under whatever dynasty France may be governed, it is, and ever has been, a predominating maxim of her policy, to consider every colony which has been once under her sway, and peopled by Frenchmen, as a pos- \ session to which she has an inherent, indefeasible right)' to be reclaimed whenever it is in her power to procure restitu- 1 tion bjr force or n^ggtiation. The nmolfesto of Count ii4 tic 11 42 Great Britain and the United States. ■!'* n D'Estaing, to all the French in Canada in 177^^* and the more recentf acquisition of Louisiana, are proofs of this truth. Tal- leyrand, tlie able monitor of Buonaparte, in a memorial, on the cession of the Mississippi to France, addressed to his master, then first consul, holds precisely the same doctrine. " We must first observe," says he, " that in gaining possession of '* this territory, (Louisiana) we shall not enter on a desert, where the *' forest must be first removed before a shelter can be built j whether " we must carry the corn and the clothes, necessary to present subsis- " tence, and the seed, the tools, and the cattle, which are requisite '* to raise a future provision. We have no wars to wage, nor treaties " to form with the aboriginal possessors. The empire thus restored ** to us will not be over English or Spaniards, whose national antipa- *' thies would make them ever restless and refractory, but countrymen *' andfriejids ; the children of' France, who are impatient of a foreign ** yoke, and who are anxious to return to the bosom of their long *' estranged ancestors." The same reasoning applies to the Floridas ; to which we may add, that their remoteness would prevent the New Eng- land States from taking any interest in them. If the public could lOnce bring themselves to regard the United States, in this,' their true point of view, they would soon penetrate into their tricking system, and perceive that low cunning and vapouring rhodomontade, aided by the most consummate effron- tery and the most persevering mercantile enterprize, have given them all their late advantages in the estimation of the world. ' 'SR: .jis, We. shall not dwell, in this place, upon another advantage which the dissolution of our political and commercial relations with America, will enable us to obtain ; namely, the imposi- tion of restrictions upon the American;]: East India tradie, so that they shall not be allowed to enjoy in that quarter of the globe^ greater commercial privileges than the great body of British subjects. The important concerns of the East India Company will shortly come under the deliberation of Parlia- ment, when, doubtless, this boon, granted to the Americans, will undergo a scrupulous revision, and the expediency of it^ for the future, be finally determined upon, not upon little, nar* ^ ., * The gtate Papers in the Annual Register for 1776. "^^ j^rf^No. 2, of the New Quarterly Review, p. 3gO, Art. Pike's Travels. ,. ♦ See the opinion of the late Chief Justice Eyre in Wilson v, Marryat, £x. Ch. May^ i799t wherein he censures this concession to the United States. ; I he more h. Tal- lemorial, to his :trine. n i session of vhete the whether It subsis- requisite )r treaties restored al antipa* untrymen a foreign long heir hich we jw Eng- e public tates, in rate into ling and :e eflFron- se, have in of the relations imposi- rade, so ;r of ^he body of ast India f Parlia- nericans, cy of itj ;tle, nar- rt. Pike's Marryaty he United I "Ji Greai Britain and the United Stated. 43 row, and crooked, views of temporai-y interest, but on the broad basis of the general welfare of the Knipire. 'i 'The dependence of the United Sintes on Great Britain may be further illustrated by the contemplation of the superiority and cheapness of our manufactures. Lntil these are rivalled by foreign goods^ in quality and price, and until foreign coin- itiercial houses exceed the British in capital, every American trader will eagerly resort* to the British market for supplies. Mercantile people^ from the highest to the lowest, have hut one object in view — their pecuniary interest. Can the good-will of the Eastern States be accounted for on any other motive ? It is that alone which inclines them to think favourably of Great -Britain, and if we secure that,' we may rely, with confidence, upon their " lives and fortunes" They are sensible, that they are completely at the mercy of the British navy, both afloat and along their whole line of coast. But this cannot be said of the inhabitants of the Southern States. With but one town of consequence, every one lives on his plantation or his farm j and wanting no one necessary article of meat, drink, or cloth- ing, the great mass of the population rest in the most perfect indifterence to our enmity. In every family, they manufacture . their own clothing, and the next distil-house furnishes them with apple or peach brandy, or whiskey, at the rate of a gallon for every bushel of fruit or grain. They have provisions in abundance, and the few manufacturers of iron which th«.y re- quire, are made in the country. This is the embargo state of . things, to the southward ; and therefore, every master of a fa- mily (those only excepted who live in the highest stations and require foreign luxuries, and they are comparatively but few in number) would prefer that his sons and daughters should be obliged, from necessity, to be industrious. For, whenever the , store of foreign goods is open to them, the next crop of to- , bacco, rice, or wheat, is taken up in advance, and very little of it ever gets into the pockets of the grower. These are the most essential differences between the Southern and the Northern States, in respect of their politics ; and therefore, it ^ ;s not difficult to perceive, that a people who have so few wants, and who, from the frequent calls to exercise their fran- ■cliises, for every petty or important office, from a constable to a senator, and, even to the supreme executive Magistrate, . should, when they think themselves free from invasion, hold at detiance the British Government, which they had successfully ^.< * No. 3 of the New Quarterly Review, Art. Mr. Brougham's Speech on the Orders in Council. t= il .fS : f J it t-i » ■ i, 4M Great Britain and tJw United Statei. »M/ir- ..r- combated for eight years, and compelled, finally, to abandon a country which it had attempted, in vain, to subjugate. '^^ ^ Thus, we have made good the propositions with which we'<« out. In reviewing our past relations with the United States, we have exhibited indubitable evidence to prove that the West India islands can be subsisted amply by our North American colonies, conjointly with the aid of Ireland and Great Britain j if the United States are utterly excluded from all intercourse with those islands, which, in point of fact, would be the most effectual mode of encouraging the British colonies in North America. We have also exposed the encroaching spirit which actuates every portion of American policy ; and we have dis- played the American character, in its true and proper colours, that our Government may be guarded against entering into any commercial treaty with a people so systematically addicted to the practice of fraud and duplicity in all their dealings. In- deed, we know of no stronger reasoning by which this proposi- tion can be enforced, than by pointing the public attention to the frauds, or rather to the "war in disguise" which the United States have tolerated and practised respecting Bri- tish seamen. The system which they pursued, in this respect, was far more prejudicial to our interests than open war. .Independently of her extorting from us as their right the privi- lege of intercourse with our colonies, America seduced our ma- riners from our service, and encouraged them to desert ; by the practice of the most shameless immorality she has sanc- tioned the grossest perjuries arid subornations of perjury ; for, while her general laws refuse the privilege of citizenship, under a terra of fourteen years local residence, she actually exempted the deserters from our navy, from the necessity of proving their titles. It is enough for the deserter to swea^f before an American Magistrate, that he is an American citi- zen, to procure the protection of that Government, and to ex- clude our commanders from the power of reclaiming them. Often has it happened, that when our naval officers have ap- plied to the constituted authorities for assistance in recover- ing their deserters, they have been laughed at, and exposed td derision and affronts, from the very men whom they went to reclaim, in the hearing and presence of the American Ma- gistrate. The proceedings at Halifax, after the British de- serters had been taken out of the American frigate, Chesa- peake, developed the iniquitous practices cotmtenanced by the Government of the United States against the maritime righti^ of this country. It was proved on the trial ef those persons, that they were British Stibjects ; that they had been tampered with, and finally seduced, by American officers^ into the Ameri- 1 'I Great Britain and the United States, 45 ndonfi . i t we set States, iWest lericail (ritairj 'course ; most . North : which ,ve dis- colours, nto any icted to 5. In- (foposi- ition lo ich the ig Bri- in this len war. e privi- )ur ma-' rt ; by iS sane* for, unship, ctually ?sity of swea«i^ m citi* to ex- themt/j ive ap* jcover- osed td went m Ma- ish de- Chesa- by the rights^ ersons, mpered Ameri- can service ; and tliat when they were reclaimed hy their own officers, the Aniericans refused to deliver them up, and openly paraded them, under the American il\^^ in the streets of Nor- folk, and in the sight of their own ofHeeis. No friendly na- tion has a right to detain the subjects of another, engaged in the service of the State, when actually reclaimed by the agents of the power from whom they deserted. Gaonus and VATr£L admit, that persons may quit their native country, and settle in another ; but they argue strongly against the pro- priety of such a measure, when their country is engaged in hostilities, and requires the service of ail its members. This refisoning. applies, with tenfold force, when we consider^ that ^ the men who entered on board of the Chesapeake, did not re- linquish their country, in a civil capacity, but actually deserted their duty as military servants of the State, who had received the pay of the public, for the express purpose of defending its interests. Their desertion could not affect the right of Great Britain to reclaim them: and, as the principle was ad- mitted by the American Government itself, it became its duty. to comply with the request of our officers ; and its refusal was a fraudulent violation of that friendship which subsisted be- tween the two countries. But the system of prevarication, subornation of perjury, and treachery, was as apparent in thCs American Government itself, as in its subordinate Magistrates. Jenkin Ratford, one of the deserters taken, when called upon for his defence, admitted that he was a British subject and a desecter. What he did offer to the Court was merely in exte- nuation of his guilt, and in this attempt a piece of villany was. disclosed, which exhibits, in the fullest light, the frauds, tricks, chicanery, and dishonourable conduct of the American officers. When Captain Townsend, who mentioned the fact, in his evidence, upon oath, on Ratford's trial, applied to tha , American Lieutenant Sinclair, who was entering men for th«i' Chesapeake, to have tlie deserters given up, he received for answer, an infiunous, wilful, and deliberate, falsehood, namely, that there were no men entered for the Chesapeake, by the names which Captain Townsend had mentioned. Moreover, when Captain Townsend applied to him, a second time, and offered to point Old the men, if Sinclair would' allow him to go into the Rendezvous, Sinclair, returned no answer. Now, we should never have come at the real state of the case,, if Ratford had not, from an anxiety to soften his own criminality, in the eyes of the Court, dropt an unguarded expression, respecting the niancauvresoi these kouestyplain-deaUng, and virtiwu&f republtt?^ cdn officers. Me stated, that " he, with allthe men who had deserted froi^ tliis Halifax;, were pexsuadod by the baatswain^i: il ,tj <( Hinmh nns oJni /4v.».n^> nwnvwVvK. >ta ,i> 46 Great Britain and the United States. f " to enter for the Chesapeake, to protect tiicmselves, which they " did ;" Lieutenant Sinclair, the very same man who had denied to Captain Townsend that tiiey had entered into the American service, asking tliern, " if'tliei/ had not a second imme ?'* This w.is an incitement to the commission of fraud, and was unworthy of men exercising the profession of arras, in whom we expect to find the most refined sentiments of honour. The government of Washington partakesof thespiritof its officers. When the British consul remonstrated to the chief magistrate at Norfolk, that officer refused acting in the business, or autho- rizing any thing that might he 4one by the British officers to re-take the deserters. This was officially communicated to His Britannic Majesty's ministers at Washington, who, repre- sented to the Secretary of State, and the President, whose answers were, " that having entered the American Service^ and ** claimed its protectiony they were to be considered as citizens, ** and therefore could not be given np." What was this but a frontless avowal, on tlie part of tlie government of the United States, that it fully concurred in the treachery, and partici- pated in the low equivocations and tricking frauds of its sub- jects ? It was neither more nor loss than a bold, undisguised, and unprincipled invitation to British Seamen to desert in fu- ture; since, to enter into the American service, by an open breach of duty, was enough to entitle the deserter, to claim its protection. This enticing our men from the service of their- country, and inducing them to change their names, ill order that they may receive American protection, is an act of public fraud which no government can justify, upon any principle of neutrality, or the laws of nations. And this le- gitimated perjury has been ascertained to have been carried on, upon a very comprehensive scale ; so that our men were sedti- ced by wholesale from the service, and the communication between our ships of war and the American shore became of such a precarious nature, thai; no ship's boat could be trusted to bring on board the necessary refreshments. /.ft/r It is vain, therefore, to hope, at the termination of hostilities with America, that any commercial treaty with a people en- dowed with a character so deeply tinctured, with fraud, should ever he observed. Such a treaty would only encourage the spirit of bickering and ill will, which supplants all social prin- ciples, and we should find ourselves again called upon to make concessions in order to silence for a while incessant importu- nities. But, the experience we have already acquired, should teach us, that concessi4)ns only give birth to fresh demands, and fresh demands to more concessions. We should again expose our maritime power to be insulted and undermined Gmt' Britfim ami ihoUnitod SWcii\ 4sP* :h tliejT lo })a(l d into I second f fraud, f arms, lonour. afBcers. ijistrate autho- icers to ated to , repre- , whose ic«, and citizenSf is but Hi United partici- its sul)- sguised, I in Ju- an open to claim rvice of names; an act pon any this le- rrled on, re sedil- inication became rouid be ostilities ople en- should rage the ial prin- to make importu- should lemaods, aid again ermined by a vapouring race, whose commercial life depends upon the protection of Great Brituin ; our seamen would continue to he purloined from the service ; and our commerce become subservient to such American good faith, as we have above described. And, what security shall we hold, in case we should reclaim future deserters, ajj^ainst an American secretary of state, or president, telling us, " that having entered into " the American sermce, and claimed its jyrotection, our dcser^ ** ters are to be considered as Anm'ican Citizens, and, therefore, *' not to be given up f" If we were to pursue the conduct of America towards Great Britain ; we should find it extremely difficult to consider her as having acted the part of a neutral pt)wer. Her bare- faced partiality to France is a proof of the fact ; and their legislators have been actually known to put a different inter- pretation uporf the law of nations, when the conductiof Great Britain and France falls under their deliberation. Thus, the most outrageous acts of tyranny, committed by the French Government on American citizens, has only served to provoke a mild note of expostulation. In proportion as the insolence of the French Government towards America has increased, the humility and friendsliip of the American Executive, have kept pace with it ; until the forbearance, the servile submis- sion, and even the acquiescence, ol" fhe American Gov^ern- ment, under reiterated wrongs, have emboldened the French to proceed, with the most perfect confidence of impunity. Whereas, if a dispassionate spectator of the events of the last twenty years could be appealed to, he would pronounce a verdict of condemnation upon the treatment we have expe- rienced from the United States. He would declare, that while France was perpetually insultins* and trampling under foot the neutral rights of America, that country has winked at her insolencies, and has been solicitous to find grounds of apology for her injustice. On the other hand, America has been haughty, turbulent, filled with animosity and dictatorial, to England. In proportion as our impolicy yielded to her demands, she instantly preferred others, with increased arrogi^nce, until our evident indifference to a spi- rited assertion of the national dignity, encouraged her to be- lieve, that we had neither the inclination nor the ability to check her encroathmfents. Amidst all the wrongs of which America has complained, France is treated in the light of a friendly aggressor, while England is denounced as the offender; and whftft laws are enacted, or resolutions framed, on the other side of the Atlflntie, they are all aimed against the violent interpolations which it is said Englaqd has inserted in he I; 48 Gfmt Britain and the United Statts, 'A public code of nations. All tliis enmity and provocation we liuve brought upon ourselves, by givini; too much coosequence to the American people as a nation j by our culpable negli' gence of our own settlements and fisheries in North America; and by that unfounded opinion, since demonstrated to be ^uch by the Ameiican embargo^ and the orders in Council, that, without A free intercourse with the United States, the British Wtst India Islands would be ruined. Now that the war has cancelled all treaties, political, and commercial, and put an end to con* cessions improvidently granted, we have a right to hope, that at its termmation, no relaxations wlmtever will take place in the navigation laws of £ngland, and that the United States will never be allowed to renew their intercourse with the British West Indies, since their folly and our necessities have taught us to draw from our improving settlements in North America,the supplies which the islands require. The eyes of the public must be now generally opened to the intrinsic wo.th of those settlements ; and the long suspension of the trade to the Baltic, has disclosed the valuable productions of which they are capable. In a word, we may say to the Britisii Ministry, in the language of that eminent statesman. Lord Clarendon, " they who shall be so honest and so wise, cou- '^ stantly to prefer the true interest of England to that of any other country, or people, preserve the religion and the laws, protect and promote the trade of the nation, thriftily and providently administer the public treasure, and study to maintain the sovereignty of the seas, so naturally, so an> ciently, and so justly, the true defence of the kingdom ; that body whomsoever it shall be com])Osed of, shpll have the weight of England on its side ; and if there can be any qf another Jrarne, they must, in the end, prove so many miserable rotten reeds." Thus have we travelled over a very extensive field of argu- ment ; and we will venture, with perfect confidence, to afiirm, that, in no argument which we have adduced, have we failed in establishing proofs, so clear and irrefragable in support of each, as to convey the most satisfactory conviction to the mind of every unprejudiced reader of the truth, justice, and rea> sonableness', of our inferences. We are far from exulting, as some persons are apt to do, in the war in which we are enga- ged with the United States of America > fcMr we conceive that our great, firm and patriotic country^ had enough to en- county witho It requiring the accession of another enemy, contemptible as that enemy's means of annoyance imiyy at first sight, appear. But, bhing actcjali^v at wab, we eon- ceive the event may prove ultiwately highly beneficial to « t( IS a J - ation we eqiufDce B D«gli« inerica ; be such , without est India L'elled all to con- >pe, that place in States ^th the ies have in North The eyes intrinsic n of the ctioDS of e British n, Lord Ise, cou- t of any the lawSj iftiiy and study to , so an- il ngdom ; lall have n be any so niany of argu- to afiirm, we failed upport of the mind and rea- ilting, as ire enga- !eive that 1 to en- enemv, QHiyV at we eon- eficial to •Great Brilnin and the United Stales. the Colonial and Maritime Intirosts of (ireat Biitnlii, if, 49 AT THK KNn OT IT, the British Ministry shall avoid the i^ross errors into which prt'crdio;!^ administrations have fallen ; if they shall I'ectify the palpahlo mistuki'fl of iie,i;otiat()rs uiid t!iifeiit<» omplfryc'd to accomniodato fo Gnut Brila'in and Ihe Vuitcd Sintfs. ^^' .1 1 ■ m w i. -in ?,* instead of our '^ivln/^ a priMiiiuni for dispossessing ourselves of them. Yet, hucli was the ignorunee or tlie negligence of the British Ministry, atid tiiosc employed by tiiem, relative to the geographical jmsitioii and local importance of the territory coded, that uhcn the merchants of London interested in the trade to Canada, waited on Mr. Oswald,"* the negotiator, to re|)resent the impolicy .'iiid improvidence of the cession of the upper country, and of the posts which commanded it, namely, JNIichiliinakinac, Detroit, Niagara, &c. and to propose some means for avertlmj the ruinous effects of it on the security of Canada and of the Hritish trade and influence with the In- dians ; he actiiallji burst info tearSf acknowledged his complete ignorance oJ\such posts hnngin our jnissessinnjor even in existence^ or that the country ceded was an object w induce the British Government to procure a new line of boundary, or demarcation, that should be compatible with the security (jf Canada and with the protection of the Indians. But these representations were ineifeetual. According to Mr. Jay's treaty of 17^4, it was agreed, that the posts should be delivered up, on or before the 1st of June, I796*> and the only provision obtained respecting the Indians, was a right of trade with them from Canada, upon the same footing as the Americans, which provision had been suggested in the representations made to Gkneral Simcoe, as an alternative, desirable only in the event of the impracticability of obtainin/^ a new line of boundary. The posts were given up, in pursuance of the treaty : and here we are furnished with another oppor- tunity of exposing the fraudulent and encroaching character of the Americans, and, of course, with another argument against tlie policy of concluding any future commercial treaty with them. Notwithstanding the explicit and positive stipulation contained in the treaty of 1794, in favour of an unrestrained trade with the Indians, so little regard was paid by the Ameri- can Government to the faith of treaties, and, in this instance, to a point on which their own faith was solemnly pledged, that they contrived to entrap the Indians into a treaiy, which was concluded at Fort Greenville, on the third of August, 1795, whereby the latter consented, that no trader should reside at any Indian town or hunting camp, without a licence for thatpur" * Mr. Atcheson's Book, p. General Washington, ii. and Mr. Justice Marshall's Life of h2 Great Britain and the United States. !}'!*, ■i i pi pyse^ under the authority of tJie United Stata. This was an overt and direct breach of the treaty of 1794, to remedy which, an explanatory article was concluded at Philadelphia, on the 4th of May, 1796, between Mr. Bond and Mr. PicKKKiNG, on behalf of their resjiective "overnmcnts. The evil coiu|)iuined of, luiwever, was merely vj by the extortions practised in the rate of duties which were required, to be paid. * In defiance of these vcx:'.tions, tiie hritish traders persevered aad continued to par- ticipate in the Indian commerce, by which they have contri- buted, in a great degree, to prcseroe that attacliment oj the na~ tices to the British nation, wliich recent experience has proved to be of great and signal importance to the security of Upper Canada. On the other hand, the American Government was pursuing an unrelenting, savage, and sy-'»tematic plan, for despoiling them of their lands, by every species of chicanery and injustice ; and it carried on its design witli such deliberate fraud and cruelty, that the natives became, finally, convinced that their extermination was the real object of that Goverh- inent and its rapacious land jobbers. In conse([uence of this just apprehension, wars ensued at ditFerent periods. The hands of Great Britain being tied up by her own impolitic acts, she did not, in the least, interfere : and, although the vexations exei^t'ised against the British traders, were not only continued, but more seriously extended, by the seizure of their boats and merchandize navigating on the lakes, in virtue of solemn treaties ; yet pacific representations, oidy, were re- sorted to, notwithstanding that the compensation for the pecu- ni^iry damages sustained by such seizures, and their consequen- * See the Representations of the Canada merchants to the Lords Commissioners, in 1805, on the treaty which was rejected by Mr. Jef- ferson. Also the New Quarterly Review, No. II. p. 367. Afier the acquisition of Louisiana by the United States, all intercourse wiih that part of it, extending to the rest side of the Missisippi was prohif.'iled to &\\ British triders, who would not a/jure their allegiance and become citizens of the United Slates, which was a flagrant violation of the treaty of 1/94, as well as of the explanatory article of I7g6. Mr. Atcheson's Book> p. x, &c. Great Britain and the United States. 5i was an remedy delphia, nd Mr. s. The hut not or any e mean- t to avail [> be the nd ha- tiation, it anadas^ to ces of the r St.Lau- any juris- he height tween the of Green- ville, to which we have before alluded, would, perhaps, answer as the new boundary line, for protection of the Indians, nearly as well as that which we have here suggested, lint this is uj)on the presumption, that all the reservations and con- ditions in tiie treaty relative to the various tracts of ground within that line, for the advantage of the United States, and all the other conditions attached by them to it, should be wholly done away f and the American Governmentexcludedfrom hacing military postSf territorial jurisdiction^ or public property of any . kind, voithin the Indian line, which line should he extended so as to run up to the Missouri, to its principal source, and the American territory to tiie westward, be bounded by the rocky mountains, as we have before suggested. Now that we are on the subject of boundaries, it may not be improper to notice a strlkitig instance of googr iphicul ig- norance in those who framed the treaty of I7>^'^, in ri.'spect of the boundary, on the side of New Brunswick, for, instead of insisting, according to their instructions, o!i tlie river Pe- nobscot being the boundary between that province and the United States, they abandoned it, and allowed thcni to go as far to the eastward as the river St. Croix; an extent of .Vfea coast of nearly fifty leagues, though the river Penobscot is the nat'u * L^mdary, which Grent Britain should, even at this day, .» eeourto obtain. The Americans, not content with this liiiprovident concession, h:ive subsequently wislied to extend it furthiM", notwitlistanding an award* against them. From ignorance or inattention to tlic locality and courses of the rivers, there is actually no communication between Lower Canada and New Brunswick, without crossing a part of the American territory, which carries, on the face of it, such a monstrous absurdity, that we deem it suiBcient to mention the fact, in order to ensure a remedy in the next treaty ; previous to which we, however, trust, as there is nothing now to prevent it, that the possession of Moose Island, and the other islands in Passamaquoddy bay will be resumed. " Tl»ese islands, it " will appear by reference to the treaty of 1783, were ad- " mitted to form part of Nova Scotia, now New Brunswick, the former having been divided Into two provinces in 1784 ; *' but since, by the unjustifiable encroachments of the subjects " of the United States, they have been wrested from Great " Britain, without any interference or exertion to prevent It ; on the contrary, they were to have been, by the unratified wns at a tiipe, wlien iseither of them owned any land' fh the golf. The Americans were then iri the spirit of pnrt'h'rtslrt^ terPi-' tovies. Many persons have supposed, tluit they had an eye to the Islands of Sh Pierre jitid^Miquelon, whiih wotild he'invalli- able to tbu^n. Should th* government of GrOat Britain 'beso iajpi^gVident as to restore again those islands to France, as sjje has hith^;rto been in the habit of doinpr, at the end of e.vevv war, t the cession Ouffht to be on the express condftion. that they should not he irnnsferable. ■ '■' •"».>jftM»'/- Vv But to return to our Intiian friends. Of all the connections Avhich Europeans have fcnmed with the uncultivated natives of the forest, none seetns to have been framed upon such humane principles of mutual good-will and kindness, as the connection between the Indians and our colonists in Canada. This con- ricciion has visibly iiiiproved the moral state of the Indians* '* In a population of r'crniy fhrly tliovsand kovU:, between tl^. " straits of Belleisle, in Lat.'JS*^' North, Long. 55® West, and " the Great Bear lake, in Lat. 67«> North, Long. 125*^ West, " there are, at least, /7 , Great Britain and the United States. to tlic f. ■. . treaty Itneirioa, ih Umds ; lii» was (lie gttlf. j^terPi-. eye i(y 'irivaKi-' In 'he so ince, as end of. lections itives of humane ncction lis oon- Ii^dians^ 'een tlie '^est, and West, e of rtie 'rifeebled vigour of lat Is the ^iency of in pos- other of laiion of le treaty, theton- strongly :d for ac- erests of lettaff to n —The r of New also Mr. Carleton, ace, and iterestinjj ** many, and to the feelings of all,) was the means which it afFord- ** ed, of * arresting the tomahawk of the savage, raised ovei* " the head of the innocent settlers on the frontier.' *'* The ru-- mours which made the most serious impression upon the ])u!iVu; mind, in the United States, and vvhieh were constciuently copied from newspaper to newspaper, witli the greatest eai^er- ness, were those of prcpaiations on the part of the Indians,'' ukider the influence of Great Britain, to conniienee hosti- lities. For men, whose very name is so formidable to an Amcriciin, and whose friv .idship has been recently shewn to he of such great importance to us, we cantiotdo too mueh.f We should see all their wrongs redressed, their territory restored to them, and themselves rendered, for evkr, secure from the sinuosities of American fraud. We trust, that the present war with the * Mr. Ames' speech on that occasion. ^ t The following observations, selected from a memorial at- tHbuted to Mons. Talleyrand, are entitled to attention. It wn» printed at Philadelphia in 1803 j but, we understand, w;is soon after- wards suppressed. It is to be regretted it has not been reprinted here, as it is one of the most important tracts which has appeared since the French Revolution. In page 45 it is observed, *' There is still another rein, however, by ** which the fury of The States may be held at pleasure — by an " enemy placed on their Western frontiers. The only aliens and en- " mics within their borders, are not the blacks. They, indeed, are " the most inveterate in their enmity} but the Indians are, in many " respects, more dangerous ihmates. I'heir savage ignorance; " their undisciplined passions, their restless and warlike habits; "their notions of ancient right, make them the fittest tools " imaginable for disturbing The States. In the territory "adjacent to the Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri, there are more " than thirty thousand merit whose trade is hunting, and whose de^ ** light is war. These men lie at the mercy of any civilized nation *' who live near them. Such a neighbour can gain their friend> ii.! lU- 'i'l 58 Great Britain and the United States, United States, will be a short one : it ought to be so, when tho relative force of the two belligerents is considered ; and it cer- tainly will be so, \f vigorous mmsures be adopted to distract and annoy the enemy. Now is the fit tinr* ; for an attack upon New Orleans, wjiicli would occupy a very trivial force, and serve as a beneficial diversion, to the war in Canada.* For, if the j)rincij)le, on which we are to wage war with the Americans, h tp be a defensive one on the Canadian line ; that very prin- ciple will justify us in acting offensively against them elsewhere. In possession of New Orleans, we should require a mighty advantage at the moment oif negotiation ; and as we are now exonerated from the shackles imposed upon us by the subtilty and encroaching spirit of the Americans, vve sincerely hope, that His Majesty's ministers will never suffer them to be renew- ed ; that they will guard the Maritime Rights of the State from derogation; that they will extend a warm protection to our " ngainsta'il the efforts of The States, should they, conifnry to all " their interests, proceed to war wilk, or mthout, provocatioB. We ** shall iind, in the Indian tribes, an army permanently cantoqed iti *' the most convenient stations j endovVed wilk skill and temper best f adapted to the Oiiture and the scene of war, and armed and irn* ** pelled with far less trouUti and cxpenre than an equal number of *' our own troops. We shall find a terrible militia, infinitely uiofd •'destructive, while scattered through the hostile settlemems, and ** along an open frontier, than ap eoual force of oiir own. We shall f' find, in the bowels of The States, a mischief that if the . leans, h [y priri'-i pewhere. mighty lare now subtilty [ly hope, renew- the State Into OUR ry ID all ion. We Intoqed in mper best and im* number of itely -aiom nems, and We shall wants' the I the utter htili derive Missigiipi. istance or ) which I )8e ' future > US; this i cost to have been lesigns on y areexe- id suspect, them. I le go my »-* J-. li > ' ' * to f life late le Collec- ;dit, 1807. NoBTH American colonies, as the surest mode of reviving the Shipping Interest of the Empire, and of rendering every part of His Majesty's dominions capable of contributing to the good of the whole ; and, finally, that they will not cease to wield the thunder of the State against America, until that nation, seeing the folly of systematic fraud anil encroach- ment, shall have returned within the boundaries of reason and justice. '''«iiiw no t'«.j}>,!n.j {Continuation of the second note in page 55.) ADDENDA, The importance of the United States to Great Britain as a market for ber manufactures has been much over-rated. It appears from these accounts, that in I SO^iWhen the intercourse wasu'i.estricted, our exports of British produce and manufactures to tVo United States, were 1 1 ,846,5131. and to other parts of America and the West Indies, 10,439,4231. In 1808, when the embargo was imposed, and in partial operation, our exports to the United States were only 5,241,7391. but those to other parts of America and the West Indies, w«re 16,5gi,87ll. Tiius an immediate increase of more than six millions took place in our direct exports to those markets, which had before been supplied circuitously through the United States ; and Great Britain has another resource which will indemnify her for the loss of the remainder of the exi^orts we formerly made to the United States. Hitherto we have received their tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and lumber, to the amount of between five and six millions per annum. The four first qf these articles are the indigenous growth of every country between the tropics, and the latter of our own provinces in North America. By prohibiting the import of these articles from the United States, who will not receive our manufactures in return, and taking them from other countries who will, we should secure a market equal in amount to the remaining six millions formerly exported to the United States. It is further to be observed, that the manufactures of the Continent of Europe have of late years been shipped to the foreign West Indies and South America, under the flag of the United States, to the amount of six or seven millions per annum, which can no longer find their way there, in the present state of things, and the want of them must be supplied by British goods. The British manu- facturers, therefore, will be amply indemnitied for the loss of iheiv export to the United States ; but it is unnecessary to parsue this branch of the subject further, as the same is fully noticed in No. 3 of the New Quarterly Review, pp. 18, 30, aod 31. Priutecl by G. Sidney, Nortbiimberlaud Street, Stiaud.