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MONTREAL. Beprinted from the Fourth Mfiport of th-i Montreal HoriieuZtural Society, WITNESS" PRINTING HOUSE, 33. 3i * 37 BONAVENTURE 8TRBBT, 1879. -% , SOME OF THE INSECTS THAT FREQUENT THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN. UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES THEY INCREASE UN- DULY— WHAT INSECTS TO SPARE— WHAT TO KILL, AND HOW TO KILL THEM-WITH OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION. /a liY REV. r. W. FYLES, COR. MEM. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC, ■ MONTREAL. Beprinted front the FouHh Rp.port of the Montreal Horticultural Society. IJONtAH 06' fd^^ ^ontrtal : "witness" PRINTING HOUSE, 33, 35 Jc 37 BONAVENTURE STREET. 1879. If 5(3 ^3B i w T 3 SO.MK OF THE INSECTS THAT FREQUENT THE ORCHARD AND C.AKDEN. Sliall we wage indiscriminate \vi:r a-ainst insects ? " Tht.' noxious insect tliat intrudis may die." This is tlu- judg- ment of the poet Cowpcr, and it appears to be a reasonable one ; but we must not suppose that every insect is noxious, nor must we regartl every appearance of an insect as an intrusion. It is well for the Fruitgrower and the Horticulturist to accjuire a knowledg.. of Entomology, that they may \k able to elestroy /«(//< /('//j./r. An in- discriminate slaughter of insects is an offence against Nature, " who, when she formed, designed them an abode." Consider the case of the caterpillar of the Willow-herb Sphinx {DcilifhiliJ C/nimancni) : — In neglected spots and corners the Willow-herd {Epilohium angtis/ifolium) is wont to spring up. Feeding on lids plaul certain caterpillars of a formidable appearance, of a green or madder- brown hue, having two rows of orange spots down the back, and an anal horn, may often be met with. They grow to a consider- able size. The ordinary gardener fmding them would certainly kill them. But they are perfectly innocent. Their food-plant is of no value. The moth which tliey ultimately produce is very beautiful ; and, being one of the nectar-sipping insects, plays a useful part in the ecomony of nature by scattering pollen to aid in the fertilization of plants. A person killing the in.sect is not mere'> guilty of an act of unnecessary cruelty : he is destroying a friend. Caterpillars found foculing on .•.•.•.Is. lik- tl.oso of I .u.s. Milkrli on NcltU's. an.l Paunis Afrhippu.^ on Silk-w.o.l shonM not be killed. The probability is that they NviU eat wuhin,^ bnl weeds. I,()\V 1<> 1>KSIK()Y IN.SECTS. To de^troy the trouble- some Clis'iiamfui Amirt- aimi, the best i-lan is to look, in ilie winter, for '- the patches of e^K^ '"> the twigs of the apple- trees, and to remove them with the thumb-nail, ami then east them into the lire. The red -humped caterpillars of .Xo/odoii/a coHciniia will 1"^ found, in the early stages of their growth. l\ing closely packed, side by side, on a few of the leaves of the apple-tree. So will the striped caterpillars of Pv- fjara rniiiislni. The leaves _ so occupied should ^'^Tent C..erp!l.ar ,n^^r^,«^^^ picked and trodden with ' ' , their burdens under foot. A free use of hellebore d.ssolveu in ^vater, and applied by means of the water-can and rose, will free the berrv bushes and canes from the larvx" of Saw-flies and Geometrina. The war ^.gainst Aphides should commence as . :r y in the year as possible : for it should be borne in mind, that only every ei-hth or ninth generation of plant-lice indulges in connubi- ality. Winged males and females appear in the Autumn, (or early Sprin-). AH the succeeding broods consist of wingless females, to the" eighth generation. Males then appear again, to reorganize Aphidean society for another succession of broods. A little cluster of plant-lice, overlooked, will increase and widen its operations, f iilil not \Vl!L'ilS. 1.3 (()— llarrU. JCUOll. isolvod in , will free -flies and :e as u :rly that only 1 connubi- , (or early s females, reorganize ttle cluster jperations, f Jmr. ,cil t'lirriinl Wdriii. I,(:if sl.iiwliii,' I'tf/s (I). Mini holes wliiili llii' yo'.inn wnniKs make ('.'). till at IrnKtli a wlidlr i>lanl will siiIT.t ; wliereas an early nin<>v;il of ii wiiulii have freed the jiLiiit li>r tin- whole season. 1 he lar^,'ere.llerllil!ars should be carefully " lhiii,l'f>i>k,ii:' now IS ir iiiAr inskc rs .■"(iMr.riMKS IS( KKASK IN- Dii.v '; Under a eoinbinalion of favorable eireuni^tani.es, in- sect tribes will increase, in sonic instances to an alarni- ini,' extent, and thm, after a lime of ascendeney, dwindle away till they all but disap- |iear. The introduction of a species from a distant place is usually followed by a rapid increase of that species. This probably is largely owing to the absence of the natural counter-checks Lo its kind, iiluiiumons, \-c. .\n Knglish naturalist, on his arrival in this country some years ago, could not f.iil to notice the paucity of white butti-rdies. A few specimens of Piiiis olini<'i'>rinjf viUaKi'S, bcc.iiisc, as lu: told his friends in ^ onfidmci-, //<■ u;is sure tluyuirt unfit fir/iiiHl. ' Til,, introdm-tioii of l!ic r.n:;li-.li IIouhc I'iy to N.-w Z.-aland was followed Ity so slarlliii.i; an in. nax.! as to attract th.- noli.o even of till' Maorics, wiio, in one of tlieir songs says— '• As ihf I'aUch.i lly lias .Irivcn out the Maori lly, As the I'rtlah.i h"^'' '»'»'' J*'"^"' ''"-' •'^''*"'' K''""*' As iIk- r.»lM-lii clover has slain ilio Maori fern, So will the l'.\kih,i .Ictroy ih.- Maoii." In Ain(iit ancs of the rapid increase of iniiiorlcd insects, in the Hessian lly— sup- posed to have been broii,i,'ht (jver in straw, to Staten Island, by the troops under Sir W. Howe, and the Potato Ueetle— for the mi- gration of which, from the slopes of the Rocky Mountains, settlers unwiltini,dy l)ridj,'cd the prairies. - Till' Acclimatisation Society has not accomplished iinmised *" good. 'Ihe dreaded 1'1'y'd'J^iera. j^^^^^^^^^^,^, cumii.t Worm {ycuitmt mi- whi.-h is ravaging the vineyards ^^_ ^^^_^^^^ „. n.ni::;::'::;'!:" m... si,ow.n« of I'.urope, is belie\ed to have u-.mvMm/.,-. been carried there with new varieties of vines from America. The opening up of a country increases the numbers of many of the insect tribes ; and so does a succession of fine seasons. Insectivorous creatures sliould be pr.nected. The destruction of predatory tribes of animals, birds, and insects, is often followed by a dangerous increase of the plant con- sumers. The man who sh Jots the woodpeckers may look for an increase of destructive " borers" ; and he who drives away the Tits may expect troulde from a variety of pests. Unce upon a V. T V. time tl.f farmers of Rlioilc Island having wa^pd snci-ossful war BRainst 111.' Turpi.- r.rackl.' wen; broiih'ht to s.'f tlu' Lilly ■ llu- rapid iiuTi-asi; of llit; khiI'-* <>f Melol.mtliadx'. and olluT lu'.llcs. which destroyed their mead.>wH hy lonsiiinins? the roots of the grasses, renderiuK' it necessary for them to imjiort hay in large (inanlities. It is not Rcnerally known that the skunk consumes miinbers of these troublesome beetles in ih.ir hiia^'o or perfect state. Anions' llu' pre.Iatory insects which may be ranked as the N(>. 1. Na'i. N.i. .'I. N.>. I. 1 IMrrviiinund Hcotlo (OiMsowi CiiHilum.) 'J. Musky (Ir.)iin(l M('otl<<(/A|-;j//< •« CaWn'w^Z) ■■■.. I'l.'-Pl.^ 'riK.- Jlfutlc i('M,ih:'gui^r), Arc, ' NO, " NO. 6. No. 7. No, 8. which prey on larvx> ; by .he ProctotrupiiLc, which destroy the eggs of insects; by th.i Ilawk-rties {Syrph,\Lr\ Lace-winged flies {Hemerobiadu:), and Lady-birds {Coaindlad.r), which prey on plant- lice. The larger caterpillars that infest the orchard and garden are particularly liable to attacks from ichneumons. I have seen fifty ichneumon grubs bite their way through from the inside of a Smerinthus larva. On examining a cocoon of Attacus Cecropia, I have found the whole space, which should have been filled with the pupa of the moth, occupied by a compact mass of ichneumon cocoons. SOME OF THE LARGER INSECTS FREQCEXTING THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN WHICH HAVE AITARKNTIA' BECOME MORE NUMER- OUS IN THE E. T. IN THE LAST FEW VEARS. rillLAMPEl.US ACJIEMOX. This creature, in the larva state, grows to be three or four inches long. It is remarkable for the swollen appearance of the fourth segment of its body, and for the power which it has of protruding and drawing in its head and first three segments. Caterpillars of like build are known in England by the names of Ehphanl and Hog caterpillars. The creature loses its horn in an early stage of its existence, but retains a raised spot where the horn fell away. Its natural food is the Virginia Creeper {Ampelopsis quinque/olia), but as its name {^Mifine'fMi-) implies, // loves the vine. A very beautiful and perfect specimen of the moth was taken two or three years ago, in a frame, at the foot of a large vine in the garden of Col. Hall, at East Farnham. Last season the caterpillars were rather numerous in this neighborhood. CIICEROCAMPA PAMPIXATKIX. I This species is closely allied to the preceding. I have taken the caterpillar in Brome feeding on the Creeper. In Ontario it does much mischief, but in the E T. it is at present a rarity. In color it is green or brown ; and it has a row of orange spots on the back. Its fourth and fifth segments are much swollen, and its head is very small. Its appearar.ce suggested its name— Chcero- campa (,rovof— a pig, Ka//;r;/— a caterpillar). It is one of the •' Hog Caterpillars." \\ / f 9 Sr/IIXX QUIXQUEMACULATA. THE TOMATO WORM. The larva of the Five Spotted Hawk Moth is one of those nJled Sphinx Caterpillars from the resemblance which they are supposed to bear to the Egyptian Sphinx. Under tlie name "Tomato Worm " it has been much vilified by newspaper correspondents. Beyond, however, feeding upon our tomatoes and other SoU.nace- ous plants it does us no hurt. It is green, and has transverse side- lines of a lighter shade. Its spiracles are conspicuous, and it has a horn of formidable appearance. It grows to be three inches or more in length. As is the case with most of the sphinges the position of the Tomato W(jrm is often betrayed by the accumula- tions of its peculiarly moulded excrement. When full-fed the creature descends into the earth, and there forms a cist in which to pass the pupa stage of its existence. The chrysalis has a re- markable proboscis-case resembling the handle of a pitcher. The moth is a very large grey moth having five yellow cpots along each side of the abdomen. SPIILXX SAIA'I.E. THE SAGE WORM. This insect attains its fuH growth in September. As I have not met with an account of the larva in any of the Entomological works I have seen, I will describe it minutely. It is sepia-colored —slightly granulated like " Shagreen," and has a varnished appear- ance.° Its anal horn is black, and rather small. The first segments to a limit beyond the pro-legs are horn-colored and semi-trans- parent, bearing two black, shield-shaped spots, the hinder of which is much larger than the former. The pro-legs are black. The creature has whitish transverse side-lines-the hindmost being broader than any of the others. The spiracles arc black. The head has two longitudinal whitish lines. The moth in some respects resembles the Zebra Hawk Moth (Sphinx Kalmiaj) ; but its general coloring is much darker. It is •.he Sphinx ermitus, of Hubner ; the S. Sordida, of the Smithsonian catalogue. 1® sMEKi.yrin.s /-xc.r circs. THE I'.LIND-KYKD SM EKIN'TIIUS. The ExcKc:itus caterpillar, which foeds on the applc-trec, and sometimes damages young trees in the nursery, may be known by its granulated api)earance and its triangular head. It is of a light green, and has a stout horn. Tlie moth is a beautiful object, and has rosy hind wings, ornamented with eye-like spots. Oftiie other members of the family Smerinthus, I have taken in this neighborhood S. Geminata, .S. Myops, S. Juglanilis, and S. Cerisyi. They feed on various trees that are met with round our homesteads, but can hardly be said to be injurious. The last named is one of our rarest moths. ATTACUS C/-:CA'0/VA. The caterpillar of this magnificent insect is the largest of those that attack our apple-trees. It will thrive also on the plum and the cherry. It grows to be four inches in length, and as thick as a man's thumb. In color, it is bright green, and it is ornamented with egg-shaped warts set with short, black spines, and variously colored— coral-red, yellow, and blue. It is a voracious feeder. A The ('ecroplr. CiitcrplUnr. friend of mine observed the growtii of three individuals of the species dai'y, till they reached their full size. They were feeding on an apple-tree outside his window ; and, in the still summer evenings, the sound of their munching was plainly heard from his tl position twenty f>ct away. These insects afforded liim opportuni- ties for witnessing the pro,i?ress of sloughin,^^ After tlie head was freed, the skin was worked haekwar,!. First one se.L,Mnent of tlie body was expajided and contraeted alternately, till (jiiitc free, then the next, and so on, till the chanj^e of dre-^s w,is eonipleted. The skin even of the small spines on the warts of ihe creature came away. Thewholeprocessoccnpied20minui.es. The cocoon of Attacus Cecropia is a marvel of comfortable security. The creature, when spinning it, has the power of assimilating it, in color, to surrounding oltjects. I have before nie a cocoon whicn was spun by a larva confnicd in a white box, and is itself perfectly white, and another, wdiich is of the warm brown of the liark and dried leaves of the red ciierry tree to a twig of whiih it was attached. I saw, when a boy, a case of these insects and their cocoons, in the Crystal Palace Exhibiiion, in Hyde Park, where attention was drawn to them with a view to a possible silk-manufacturc. .So long ago as 1759, the Rev. S. PuUein make silk stockings fron: Cecropia silk, and published his observations in the Pliihisophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The obstacle in the way of utilizing the silk seems to be the difficulty of unwinding the cocoons. It has been suggested that they should be soaked in weak lye, to which slaked lime has been added ; and that the silk should be heckled and spun. The cocoons of a near relative of Cecropia, the Ailanthus moth {Allacus ricini), of Farther India, which feeds on the Palma Christi {Ricinus communis), are cariied and spun like cotton, and the stuff formed from them is of in- credil)le durability. Attacus Cecropia, in its perfect state, is a beautiful and stately object. Its prevailing colors are black, white, and Indian red, and these are presented both in broad contrasts and harmonious blendings, in a variety of cloudings, waveleis, lunes and spots. But owing to its nocturnal habits, the creature is seldom seen. The nearest approach that many a one has made to an ac- quaintance with the Cecropia moth, has been the noticinjr of a bat- like object flitting through the glocm of a summer night. 12 These six are the largest caterpillars that usually trouble our gardens and orchards in the Province of Quebec. As in their perfect state some of the insects would be looked uponas (Ai?(A'ra/a ir ble our 13 by many an entomoloRist, I would rocommcnd horticulturists not to crush thorn out of existence when they fall in with them, l)ut to pack them ofTuninjured to some entomologist of their acquaintance. By so doing they will, possibly, both save their trees and advance the cause of science. in their .sukntia V I f I MONI'UEAI, : I- i k 1