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TRANSACTIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 |iova ^Koiim Institute of §[afttal Mm^t 
 
 Art. I.— Notks on the DeBkrt Coal Field, Oolchkstek 
 Co., N. S. By Edwin Gilpin, Jr., A. M, F. 0. S., 
 F. R. S. C, Inspector of Mines. 
 
 (Road 12tli Nov., 1SS3.) 
 
 Di'KiNO the past few rnonth.s a good deal of interest has been 
 shown in Mining circles over the reported discoveries of Cf.-al 
 seams, r»f workable size, on the DeBert River, Colchester Co. In 
 this conclusion the following notes of a brief visit to the ground 
 may ])rove interesting to the members of the Institute, and I 
 only regret that the attention necessarily directed to mines in 
 operatJDn has prevented me from .J^'ing more time to the 
 problems presented by this practically u; Icnown district. 
 
 The presence of coal beds on the DeBert and Chiganoise 
 Rivers has long been known to the geologist. Gesner, one of the 
 pioneers of Nova Scotian Geology, writing in 183G, described the 
 signs of coal at various points along the north side of the Basin 
 of Minas. from Cape Chignecto to Truro, and remarks, page 12!) 
 of his " Geology and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia," that " About- 
 five miles northward of the Lower DeBert bridge the coal 
 measures of the mountains rise above the gypseous and saliferous 
 sandstones, and a Vjeautiful section of their strata is made by the 
 river passing over them. Two small veins of coal have been 
 intersected, although it is not, inown what quantity of that 
 valuable substance is still hidden in the adjacent rocks." 
 
 Dr. Dawson, in the second edition of his Acadian Geoloijv. 
 page 214, speaks of the metamorphic slates of the Cobecjuid 
 Mountains being succeeded by conglomerates, and tlien by " coal 
 measure, rocks, consisting of gray sandstones and dark shaleS; 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
94 
 
 NOTES ON THE DEBERT COAL FIELD, — GILPIN. 
 
 and a few tliin seams of coal, and abundance of leaver of 
 coi'ilaites, and a few calaniites and stiytuaiia." 
 
 Ho further remarks : " We can trace this coal measure back 
 from Advocate Harbour, near Cape Chignecto, to the upper part 
 of the Salmon Kiver of Truro, where it adjoins the carboniferous 
 district of Pictou. It is (generally speaking) much broken and 
 disturbed ; and although it widens considerably towards its 
 eastern extremity, it nowhere attains a great development, 
 either in horizontal extent, or in the magnitude of its coal 
 sean\s." From Advocate Harbour to Partridge Island the belt 
 contains contorte-I shales and sandstones yielding a few fossil 
 plants, scales of fishes, and shells of Naiadites. Mr. Matthew 
 Jones, a member of this Institute, some years ago found in these 
 strata footprints of a large reptilian animal, )" ferable to the 
 genus sauropus. Similar shales and sandstones outcrop on the 
 banks of the various livers falling into the Basin of jMinas, and 
 show beds of bituminous limestone, with cyprids and fish scales, 
 fireclays, clay ironstones, etc., and yield characteristic fossil 
 plants of several of the species found in the Joggins section. 
 
 In the same work Dr. Dawson has discussed the physical con- 
 ditions which governed the deposition of the coal and associated 
 carboniferous measures of the district. The evidence of the 
 foldings ot the carboniferous of the north side of the Basin of 
 Minas, plainly given by the various river sections, leads to the 
 anticipation that the coal measure band may prove disturbed. 
 The longitudinal foldings are useful to the prospector, as they 
 bring the various coal crops to the surface, and define the limits 
 within which his researches can be canied on with profit. The 
 transverse folding and faults caused by unequal strains, and by 
 the irregularity of the great mountain chain, the determining- 
 element, may prove a source of expense to the miner engaged 
 in economic development. 
 
 The upper DeBert bridge, on the Londonderry road, appears 
 to be a little to the south of the centre of the Basin in this 
 locality. Following the stream downwards from the bridge the 
 coal beds appear about in the relative order of the section, which 
 is descending geologically .speaking : — 
 
 t 
 
/ 
 
 NOTES OX THE DEBEllT COAL FlKl.l), — MLI'IN. ()•') 
 
 Fl. la. 
 
 Strata 200 !) 
 
 Coal soain 2 (i 
 
 Strata 120 
 
 ? Coal seam (,so-callo<l " whw feet ") !» 
 
 Strata .".0 
 
 Coal seam . 2 
 
 Strata 140 
 
 Coal scam (i 
 
 Strata 100 
 
 Conglomerate, base of section. 
 
 Total (iO!) (J 
 
 The first seam met is one on the west side of the River, and 
 it is stated to measure about 2 ft. in. of coal. The nine feet 
 scam, so-called, had not been opened at tlie time of my visit, 
 and the thickness is that given by the man \n charge of the 
 boring. The seam below this is exposed on the west bank of the 
 river, nearly on the liiie of the seam just referred to as being 
 nine feet thick. 
 
 The six feet seam was opened last winter by a short slope, and 
 about 50 tons of coal were extracted. It is stated to have in the 
 centre a band of shaley coal about 9 inches thick. I was unable 
 to verify the dimensions by actual measurement, as all the 
 openings were full of water at the time of my visit, but the 
 outcrop of the bed under the waters of the river apparently 
 confirmed them. 
 
 The coa^l looked unusually well for a crop exposure, and 
 samples selected to form an average gave the following results : — 
 
 Coal compact. Cleavage planes very obliquely inclined to 
 each other. Fractures of the coal presented a conchoidal and 
 lustrous appearance. The deposition planes showed a good deal 
 of mineral charcoal. The coal is laminated with numerous 
 bright pitchy layers up to one-half of an inch in thickness. A 
 few films of calc-spar .showed in the cleavage planes, and there 
 was very little visible pyrites. Powder dark reddish brown. 
 
 
 ^^^ 
 
■n 
 
 90 NOTES ON THE DEHEIIT COAL HELD. — GILPIN. 
 
 ON ANALYSIS (Inj fast cokiiuj.) 
 
 Hygroscopic moisture 1*594 
 
 Volatile combustible matter 381(S8 
 
 Fixed carbon 58-200 
 
 Ash 7012 
 
 100 000 
 Sulplmr 2-648 
 
 Coke fairly coherent. 
 
 From this analysis it will appear that the coal, although 
 holding more sulphur than is usually found in the coals of Nova 
 Scotia proper, is of good quality, and similar in genei'al composi- 
 tion to that mined at Spring Hill. 
 
 About 100 feet below the feet seam is a bed of conglomerate, 
 having a dip to the north similar to that of the section given 
 above. The conglomerate appeared to bo about 150 feet wide 
 on the river, and to grow broader to the westward. Where 
 exposed on a small brook about ^ of a mile west of the river, it 
 presented a double dip S 5° W and N 10" W, apparently form- 
 ing the saddle of an anticlinal, and was overlaid to the south by 
 gray shaley sandstones dipping S 5° W and at an angle of 25°. 
 
 On the north side of the conglomerate, on the brook, at about 
 
 the same distance from it as the so-called nine foot seam is on 
 
 the river, an imperfect exposure of coal is met presenting the 
 
 following section : — 
 
 Ft In. 
 
 Coal, with shaley bands 2 
 
 Fireclay 2 2 
 
 Coal, good 10 
 
 Total., 5 
 
 About loo feet further up the brook a four feet seam! of coal 
 is said to have been proved by a bore hole. 
 
 About 100 yards above the bridge is an exposure of measures 
 holding a seam of coal about 18 inches thick, and running nearly 
 at right angles to the course of the seams already described. 
 From this it would appear that the beds exposed on the river are 
 
 .JL_ 
 
NOTEi=? ON MATnGANESE ORES <W LOm LOMOXD. — fUr.IMN'. 97 
 
 at the eastern apex of a subordinate basin formed by transverse 
 folding. 
 
 Should further research show that at this point the seams 
 referred to maintain their size, and extend in a form permittin.i,^ 
 of economic exploitation, the discoveries are of great importance. 
 The search for similar seams may then reasonably he made at 
 other points along the coal band, and certainly the areas of the 
 Minas Basin coal field is large enough to allow a hope that in the 
 future it may be added to the list of our productive districts. 
 
 Art. it.— Notes on the Manganese Ores of Loch Lomond, 
 C. B. By Edwin Gilpin, A. M., F. G. S., F. 11. S. C., 
 
 Inspector of Mines. 
 
 (Head 11th Jan., 1SS4.) 
 
 For a number of years the presence of these ores in Cape 
 Breton was recorded culy by the mineralogist. Recently, how- 
 ever, deposits of economic value have been found and worked. 
 The ores of manganese occui-, in Nova Scotia proper, in strata of 
 Lower Carboniferous agii, occupying a horizon low down in the 
 Marine Limestone formation. The late Dr. How, in a paper 
 read before this Listitute some years ago, gave an interesting 
 account of these minerals as they occur and are worked in Hants 
 County. This evening I purpose merely to draw the attention 
 of the Institute to their occurrence in Cape Breton, an interesting 
 fact, as the knowliMlge of their presence in workable amounts in 
 the Loch Lomond district will lead to a search for them in other 
 parts of the Island. In all probability, the wide extent of the 
 Cape Breton Limestones will before long afford several localities 
 containino deposits wortliv of the miner's attention. My notes 
 are from l: visit to the mine, and from information kindly 
 furnished me by Mr. Fletcher, of tlie Geological Survey of Canada, 
 who made a detailed survey of this district summer before last. 
 The geological featin-es of this part of Cape Breton are repre- 
 sented by a bau'I of millstone grit extending from Mira River, 
 
OS 
 
 xoTKs o.v M.\.V(i.\\r;sK (»im;s of- Lor'ir r,o.Mo.vT). — rjiLPTN'. 
 
 up tin- Salmon River, to fjocli F.oinond ; atnl liouinloil on ihf 
 north l>y tlu; tV'lsitL's of Ivast Buy, and on th(,' south by the 
 felsitcs of tilt! Miia Hills. At several points tho Lower Car- 
 honifiTous marine limestone formation ci'ops out beneatli the 
 millstone ^n-it, ami occurs as isf)lattMl patches resting- directly on 
 tlie felsites, and there are patches of the hasal carboniferous 
 coii'j,lomeiates brought U[) l)y faults thi'ough tin; millstone L,n'it. 
 
 The localit}' in which tlieso deposits liave been discovered is 
 on the Salmon River Rcmd, about two miles cast of Loch 
 Lomon(b near the line dividing Cape Breton and Riclimond 
 Counties. 
 
 The felsites formeil a shore along which we now tind lime- 
 stones, conglomerates, sliales and grits exposed as they were 
 accunnilated under the vaiying conditions of current, depth of 
 watei', and of the prevailing winds of the period nndei- con- 
 sideration. At some points the limestones rest on tV.e felsites, at 
 other points conglomerates and sliales intervene. The discoveries 
 of manganese ores, more particulai'ly the su Inject of my paper, 
 were made in one of thest} l)aYs, where the felsites are succeeded 
 by shales, grits, conglomerates, and fnnilly by limestones, the 
 latter extending ap[)arently from point to point c-f the ancient 
 Bay. 
 
 Tho manganese ores are found at the Western, or IMcCuish 
 Mine, in irregular bedded layers in a soft arenaceous shale, which 
 is in places calcareous, and coated with manganese oxide The 
 layers vary in thickness up to LS inches, and are sometimes 
 connecte<I by vertical stringers of ore. The shales when 
 weathered present nodules of oi'e, and large quantities are present 
 as films on the cleavage ])lanes of the shale. 
 
 At the Eastern, or Morrison mine, the ore at the time of my 
 visit was mined from a bed underlying a thin layer of black 
 manganiferous limestone, with led and greenish shales and sand- 
 stones and conglomerate. The thickness of the ore and of the 
 limestone varied from 2 to 8 inches. The average thickness of 
 the two layers being 8 inches. 
 
 The ore was found at several other points in the vicinity as 
 lenticular masses and irregular nests in conglomerate, etc., and. 
 
 
NOTES ON MANOANESE ORES OF Locil I.o.MOND. — CilLlMX. 09 
 
 soniotimtjs forming the coinontini;" material. Tins latter mode 
 of occurrcnc<5 is similar to that shown by the reil hematites foimd 
 in the lower carboniferous conglomerates at several parts of tlie 
 island near their junction with older sti-ata. And nt!ar the Loch 
 Lomond post office a liiglily mani;'aniferouH red hematite occurs 
 undri- conditions appar(;ntly of a siiuilar natui'e. 
 
 The limestone overlyiuL;' these measun^s is hii^dily mauLfaniffr- 
 ous and ferriferous, and contains numerous crystals of j^'alena, 
 which some time ago incited prospecting, as they were thought 
 to bo silver ore. 
 
 Tl\o ore from the Western, or McCuish mine, is a tine-grained 
 pyrolusite, sometimes holding a little brown, or hard ore. It is 
 irenerally amorphous, but the better grades show a subcrystalline 
 structure. The McCuish ore is a soft black amorphous ore, 
 apparently of high order. At several points considerable masses 
 of lenticular hard ore are met, with calcspar and heavy s]nr. 
 The minerals associateil witli the ore are calcite, liaryte and 
 limonite. 
 
 The following analyses by Mr. G. C. HofFman, Analyst to the 
 Geolo'dcal Survey, will show the character of the ores : — 
 
 Sample No. 1. — Pyrolusite with a little manganite, gave — 
 Binoxide 8lo2 per cent. 
 
 Sample No. 2, consisting almost exclusively of pyrolusite, gave 
 
 Binoxide 88-9<S per cent. 
 
 Ferric oxide 21 " " 
 
 Ores represented by the above analyses would be adapted for all 
 uses to which the mineral is usually put, and especially to glass 
 making. 
 
 As the extent of manganiferous ground is considerable, and 
 the quality good, it is to be hoped that these ores will form a 
 permanent addition to the list of Cape Breton exports. Up to 
 the close of the year 18>s:i about 200 tons have been shipped. 
 
 These ores have been worked by Mr. E. T. Moseley, who 
 deserves credit for having inaugurated a new mining industry 
 in Cape Breton County. 
 
 rasr^