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Les cartes, planchss, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmAs A des taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mAthode. 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 •I \t i\ l^ \ •> ^. ' »M THE LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE u\\ hs " .... the Lord called Samuel : and he answered. Hero am I. And he ran unto Eli, and aaid, Here am I ; for thou calledst me. And he said, I called not, lie down again. And ho went and lay down. And the Lord called yet again, Samuel And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said. Her* am I ; for thou didst caU me. And he answered, I called not, my son • lie down again. ' Now Samuel did not yet know the Lord, neither was the word of the Lord yet revealed unto him. And the Lord called Samuel again the third time. And he arose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I ; for thou didst call me. And EU pereeived that the Lord had called the child. Therefore Eli said unto Samuel, Go, lie down : and it shall be, if he call thee, that thou shalt say, Speak Lord ; for thy servant heareth. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. And the Lord came, and stood, and caUed as at other times, Samuel, Samuel Then Samuel answered. Speak • for thy servant heareth. ' And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing m Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. " FirH Book of Samuel. I THE LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE BY HIS SON HENRY GEORGE, JR. TORONTO THE POOLE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1900 \\b\\c\ 202217 «M Copyright, 1900, by Henry Qboboe, Je. 'Kl TO ALL WHO STRIVE FOR THE REIGN OP JUSTICE ^>i !,/ ■ I For it is not for knowledge to enlighten a soul that is dark of Itself; nor to make a blind man to see. Her business is not to find a man eyes, but to guide, govern and direct his steps, provided he have sound feet, and straight legs to go upon. Knowledge is an excellent drug, but no drug has virtue enough to preserve itself from corruption and decay, if the vessel be tainted and impure wherein it is put to keep. Montaigne. First Period. FOKMATION OF THE CHARACTER. Second Period. FORMULATION OF THE PHILOSOPHY. Third Period. PROPAGATION OF THE PHILOSOPHY. [/ \'i His form and cause conjoined, preaching to stones, Would make them capable. — iTam/e^ CONTENTS. FIEST PERIOD. CHAPTER L Birth and Eably Training (1839-1855) 1 CHAPTER II. Before the Mast (1855-1856) 19 CHAPTER III. Learns to Set Type (1856-1857) 40 CHAPTER IV. Works His Passage to California (1858) 63 CHAPTER V. At the Frazer River Gold Fields (1858) 69 CHAPTER VI. Tossed About bt Foktune (1858-1859) 83 I CONTENTS CHAPTE ^11. Six Pbintebs and a Newspaper (1860-1861) 99 CHAPTER VIII. Courtship and Eunaway Marriage (1861) 121 CHAPTER IX. Suffers Extreme Privation (1861-1865) 135 CHAPTER X. Begins Writing and Talking (1865-1866) 154 CHAPTER XI. Managing Editor and Correspondent (1866-1869) 173 V SECOND PERIOD. CHAPTER I. Commences the Great Inquiry (1869) 191 CHAPTER II. Stripe and the Natural Order (1869-1871) 204 CHAPTER III. Answers the Riddle op the Sphinx (1871) 219 t ! CONTENTS CHAPTER IV. The "San Francisco EvBNiNa Post" (1871-1875) . 236 CHAPTER V. Domestic Life (1873-1876) 350 CHAPTER VI. First Set Political Speech (1876-1877) 263 CHAPTER VII. Lecture at the University op California (1877) 274 CHAPTER VIIL A Fourth of July Oration (1877) 282 CHAPTER IX. "Progress and Poverty" Begun (1877-1878) 289 CHAPTER X. "Progress and Poverty" Finished (1878-1879) ... 301 THIRD PERIOD. CHAPTER L "Progress and Poverty" Published (1879-1880). 315 CONTENTS i CHAPTER II. V Commencing the New York Caheee (1880-1881) . 335 CHAPTER III. The Irish Land League Movement (1881-1883) . . 358 CHAPTER IV. Starting the Revolution in Great Britain (1««2^ 378 ' • CHAPTER V. Kindling the Fire at Home (1882-1883) 400 CHAPTER VL British Lecture Campaign (188-t) 419 CHAPTER VIL "Protection or Free Trade r (1884-1886) 442 CHAPTER VIIL Candidate for Mayor of New York (1886) 459 CHAPTER IX. "The Standard" and the Anti-Poverty Society (1886-1887) 4gg CHAPTER X. Progress Through Dissensions (1887-1889) 504 CONTENTS *^ CHAPTER XI. AUSTEALIA AND AkodND THE WoRLD (1890) 622 CHAPTER XII. Pebsonal and Domestic Matters (1891-1897) .... 643 CHAPTER XIII. The Last Books (1891-1896) ." 553 CHAPTER XIV. The Last Campaign (1897) 53^ Index 613 I't Now I saw in my dream that they went on, and Greatheart before them. Bunyan'a " Pilgrim's Progress." LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACINO Henry George at about five. From daguerreo- "^"^ TYPE taken in Philadelphia 1™ g From daguerreotype taken about the time that fxH w. ''^' '"'' ''"^'^ ^«^«^^^^' ^^^^ SCHOOL AND WENT TO WORK From daguerreotype taken March 31, 1855 just BEFORE GOING TO SEA Henry George when learning to set i^'pe in l-HILAOELPHIA. FroM DAGUERREOTYPE, 1857. .. . 48 From daguerreotype taken in 1865, showing Mr Georo, ,, 26^ ,,,^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ J^ EXPERIENCE . . From photograph taken in San Francisco SHORTLY AFTER WRITING "PROGRESS AND PoVERTY" 308 Mrs. George. From photograph taken in 1898. . 514 Last photograph taken, October, 1897 608 » I \ \ FIRST PERIOD FORMATION OF THE CHARACTER r / ' ?^ > «««'"»»^ *(» ^»«- >r < ' ii».«t 3K^ « !>.> '•■^ * >«■■» . ^fjy ^L^4C ^4t«. < «^ »r< . ^ i m , J a M^Ai^ -5^-^ X-- «^;^<^ -^ *^ -Si< *^ xl .. -fc^-. Reduced facsimile of page of original manuscript of ** Progress and Poverty," Book II, Chap. III. ■;> - 5* Bcript of .III. CHAPTER I. BIRTH AND EARLY TRAINING. 1839-1855. To THE 16th Yeah. HENRY GEORGE was born on September 3, 1839/ in a little two story and attic brick house, yet stand- ing in a good state of preservation, in Philadelphia, Pa., on Tenth Street, south of Pine, not half a mile from the old State House where the Declaraiion of Independence was signed. His father's blood was English, with a tradition of Welsh; his mother's blood English and Scottish, In the main he came of middle-class stock. The only persons among his ancestors who achieved any distinction were his grandfathers; on his mother's side, John Vallance, a na- tive of Glasgow, Scotland, who became an engraver of repute in this country in the early days of the republic and whose name may be seen on some of the commissions signed by President Washington; and on his father's side, Richard George, born in Yorkshire, England, who was one of the well-known shipmasters of Philadelphia when that city was the commercial metropolis of the new world. Captain George married Mary Reid, of Philadelphia, and to them were born three children, the youngest of 1 John Stuart Mill was then in his thirty-fourth year and Adam Smith had been forty-nine years dead. i 2 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE '1,839-1855 Whom, Richard Samuel Henry, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, m 1798. This Eichard Samuel Henry Qeov7e became the father of Henry George, the subject of the enty^fth natal anniversary, he wrote his son Henry a letter of remmiscences, of which the following serves to show the man and the early conditions in PhiladelpWa: ' in 2}^""^ 'T ^" *^^ Presidents, from Washington down to the present Grant-that is, I cannot say I £w Wash ^ireer is now— the fashionable thoroughfare of the pitv AJl the principal merchants lived on Front Sfriif ^* the mud, with noses touching the bank. ^ ™ Although times were hard, I did not feel them t would purehar'a"UX^of^„d'^"so"aritr h^ ^o^uT T^i":' giTrei "^r? affain Af ^^^r;- x^ * *^^*^ ^"^'^ now, nor ever will again. M hog time mother made all sorts of eood ihZ^t To 16th year] HENRY GEORGE'S FATHER 3 for father had four 'prenticed boys and two girls in the kitchen, all in good tune and happy. We had all sorts of songs and wonderful stories, both of the sea and of the land. "It was at this time (I ara sorry I have no dates) that my father arrived at Almond Street wharf from France, to which he had gone with a flag of truce, carrying out a lot of passengers and bringing back a lot. Well, it was Sunday morning, about light, when I was waked up by mother. I asked what was the matter. She said that pop had arrived and that he had on board of the ship General Moreau and family from France;^ and she wanted to get some fresh provisions for their breakfast. So I took on board lots of things— nice fresh milk and cream, butter, nice bread, chickens, etc.— for the general and his family. I tell you it was hard work getting on board, the crowd was so dense. On Almond Street from Second clear down to the wharf was a line of private car- riages with invitations of hospitality. The boys crowded me hard, and one or two fellows I had to fight before I could pass. "Going so often to the ship, I found I was as much noticed as the general himself. It gave me a big lift among the downtown-gang. I was made captain of a company and had to fight the Mead Allev and Catherine Street boys every Saturday afternoon. " Many bricks I got on the head while leading my men (or boys) into battle. . . . "One fight I had built me right up, and afterwards I was A No. 1 among the boys, and cock of the walk. I went on the principle of do nothing that you are ashamed of and let no living man impose on you, "In my youth I could swim like a duck and skate well. And I was considered a good sailor. I could handle a boat equal to anybody. I got a good amount of praise, both on the Delaware and the Mississippi, for my sea- iJean Victor Moreau, the Republican French general, made famous by the extraordinaiy retreat through the Black Forest and the brilliant Battle of Hohenlinden, and afterwards exiled by Napoleon's jealousy. / 4 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1830-1855 manship. I could go aloft as quick and as handy as anv t^S ^r^ JJ 7'^ ^^H«' I °f*«^ lent a hand oJ topsails, and could do as well as most of them." R. S. H. George made this trip to New Orleans when a young man, and there engaged in the dry goods business Eeturnmg to Philadelphia, he settled down and married Miss Louisa Lewis, by whom he had two children, one of whom died while an infant, and the other, Richard, while fivP v!I V "'^ '"^ ^'' *'"'^^*^ y'^'-' Within four or I«tp/n^^'T™^' ^^'' ^^^^ ^''^' ^^d several years rtl T. ""^^ ""^"""^^ ^^°*her Philadelphia lady Catherine Pratt Vallance. As has been said, her fathT; was John Valla.ce, the engrayer, born in Gligow, Sc^! land. Her mother was Margaret Pratt, born in Philadel- phia but of English extraction. John Vallance died in 1833 leaving his widow, seven daughters and one son in Tpv T.T' ""^''^ ^^°^y ^^^**' ^ ^^^1% merchant of Philadelphia and first cousin of the widow's father im. house. These girls received a good boarding school edu- cation, and Catherine and Mary were conducting a smaU private school when Catherine was married to Is H George who then l.d a book publishing business Mr. George had for several years occupied a good cler- n'l8 T'to" *?' "^'^i^'^'P'^^ Custom'nousef and eft It m 1831 to enter a book publishing partnershin wi/h Thomas Latimer, who had married ReUa reLTS the Vallance g rls. The business was confin d to he pub day Schn'f rl' '' '^"*^^'^"* ^P^^-P'^^ Church and Sun day School books, and for a time became the depository of the Genera^^copal Sunday School Union^'the SbJe »There was also ^'^^^<^^^^^^lim^^^^^^ marriud J. U. Evana. To 16th year] CHURCH BOOK PLj3LISHER 6 and Prayer Book Society and the Tract Society. After two and a half years Thomas Latimer withdrew and others were associated successively in the business, which for sev- enteen years Kichard George carried on, the store for a tim' being at the north-west corner of Chestnut and Fifth Streets. A contemporary in the business was George S. Appleton, who afterwards went to New York and merged with his brother in a general book publishing and book selling business, under the firm name of D. Appleton & Co. — ^the same D. Appleton & Co. who, several decades later, were to be the first publishers of "Progress and Poverty."! By 1848 the business of the general book houses had encroached so much on denominational business that the latter became unprofitable, and Mr. George with- drew and went back to the Custom House, obtaining the position of Ascertaining Clerk, which he thereafter held for nearly fourteen years. To the union of R. S. H. George and Catharine Pratt Vallance ten children were born, six girls — Caroline, Jane, Catharine, Chloe, Mary and Rebecca, the last two of whom died early— and four boys— Henry, Thomas, John and Morris— the second child and oldest boy being the subject of this work. Like the son by the former marriage, this boy was named after his father; but as the former bore the name of Richard, the first of the father's three Chris- tian names — Richard Samuel Henry — the last of the names was selected for this son; and as the father desired a short name, complaining of the annoyance to himself of a long one, the simple one of Henry George was chosen. Henry George's father was a strict churchman. He was a vestryman at St. Paul's Episcopal Church, when ' This circumstance had nothing to do with their decision to publish the book, as its author was unknown to them. / y / 6 UtB OP HENBT 8E0BGE , ■ I18M-UM Oiat church, under the earnest preachine of Dr Hi i. ^ Newton, was at the height of L prosL^v T^ "''' g«gat.on was of the extLe "Low ChS div """^ -ices n.r^-raSntntlT^^'i^rr evening. On other days there were mlT ^. ""^ mg family prayers. Et. E " Tgnatius f\o , "'" Catholic Bishop of Cleveland ^ l Horstmann, neighbourhood at the ^ ht ^Jd '«t"" ' ''?; '" *^^ George going to church every sfndav waV^.f "'^ ^iii 7f r '"^^^' ^^"^-^^ ^rht^atrefr^d t:r ■out that there were occasional breaks in iha o + -x may be certain. Rev George A T !f i ^^^^terity cousin, has said: ^ ^^*'"''' ^"°^ «««^ge'« wa:^KuslT:fT)"5?e2n'?ot^"S^^^ « the church in the main w ^^""^ ^^^ children of the afternoon fSca^eLst*"^^^^^^^^ 'T \"^«°*h in was that part of trcSsn^^thlf ^"^^^ *^' '""^^'^ towards our neie-hlimir o!?? !? ^* declares our duty my hands Lmtfe/andt'?'"^^ ^'^''' '*<> ^^ on the front ro^TLooct^^^^^^ 2^' '^^'' ^^« • b Jd, whilTarthe ^L^'^/L'^^^^I^i^] t ^^ the hands from picking and stealing.- ''^ *' ^'"^ Rev. William Wilberforce Ifewton fion nf +1, ::;;-;=i^s sohoo, with H^'orrg:: i'^r:s » Letter to " National Single Taxer," Aug. 31, 1898. [188g-18A5 Dr. Biehard y- The con- division and e utmost ab- ions — church 3ntly in the g and even- Horstmann, • boy in the •ecall Henry ing between and mother le austerity ry George's [ class. It 3hildren of month in the subject 1 our duty J, *to keep class was question : re netting 3re door?' i^oice: 'To as red as > to keep le rector, id in an Henry George at about five. t'lom lUiijxiern'utiipe taken in Pliiladelphia. ? To 10th year] SUNDAY SCHOOL BOY address after the latter's death that "that school turned out some remarkable men," naming Bishop Charles Jl. Hall of Illinois, Bishop Wm. H. Odenheimer of New Jersey, Eev. Wm. W. Farr, Henry S. Getz, Kev. Richard N. Thomas, editor of the "American Church Sundey School Magazine," George C. Thomas, of Drexel & Co. bankers, and Treasurer of the Missionary Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and Eev. R. Heber New- ton, William Wilberforce Newton's brother. Mr. Newton told this anecdote: "Our class was located in that part of the cnurch known as the basement, and as we looked out at the window, our view was obstructed by innumerable grave- stones. "My people were extremely hospitable to missionaries. One time Missionary Bishop Payne of Africa came with his wife to our house and staid six weeks. They brought with them a lot of monkeys and other beasts of the tropical clime. We used to have great times among ourselves— the boys of the neighbourhood and the monkeys and the dumb animals — playing 'firemen.' One day we were having a parade. There was no flag. So I went into the house and got a Sunday school ban- ner with an illustration of Paul preaching at Ephesus. It was not exactly appropriate, but it answered the pur- pose. Henry George insisted upon carrying the ban- ner which all the boys thought a good deal of. "As our firemen's parade was turning the corner of the house that day, Henry George heard my father say to the missionary that if he saw anything about the house that he thought would be of service to him in Africa he was welcome to it, and the missionary replied that he thought the tool chest would come in handy. George passed the word along the line and very sooii our parade was broken up and we became an army of warriors for the protection of that tool chest. But it went to Africa just the same." 8 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1680-1865 G«.g ca. to hi. chutil'Za^^TXS Ct they grew old enough to Mrs Or«l,a! ' . ^ *^ on Catharine Street near Thirr; ?>. . ? P""^**" ''^°°^> from Tenth Sfw ! !? ^'"^^^ *^^ ^'^"^^^^ having moved xrom lenth btreet to the west side of Third ^ir^i- 1 doors north of Queen, where they remafnpd f ' T twenty.five years AfLr. ^^. ^ remained for nearly and win h/r in h fLXaTrLf/- ""^^ - .e„t to a public scho^t Sn' Y^^'n'o't^r' where Ignatius Horstmann attended n a ZLtT?"' A year later in i«/iq u ^ m a ciass above him. Academy ' ''*"' •"= "'« ^^-^ «» the Episcopal This institution, flourish in rr +r. ^ ».*^„ .™;, 1,.; s;, fir .;»?»" the other as nresidpnf nf +^« n -^ "ric t^ity and Heber NewtonTd Wi ,ial wnh?>'' .^'^'^'ely- B. felW students Dr HeZ ^ r "" ^''^°° «'''<= »'«' as being in a most'^^™;'^,;f :X"^»^eTa ''^ ?°°J being quite fliJcd with bovs Ja^hlT' ^'^^ "''"P^' well filled, and attenda^ "l* ts' eTe™ T""^'^ vantage and a privilege" """' ^ "*• nofirS il ™^ Hifrth^ft/"""^ <^'«» ^'^ rr:te;^^^ft^£Htr-^^^^^^^^ TMs concession was regarTe/;;rel:;tr:;^4- lbl«thy«r] GOES TO THE HIGH SCHOOL 9 ^a,on that W the 1^ l' m^t Z LTJ\^^: At ..y rate his father, yielding to his eitos t^k ham a»ay and put him in the hands ot HenTY Uu' derbach to be prepared for High sehool. This short ™ md, Henry George always r^ognised as the IsttoS" a wayCMstn%"'"" '*"''"^- *• ^""^"^^rhad vidX 'of r ':r' ThirT' ^"""'l"^ '"' '°^'- c.ariy Lernbered-ri, ^Z r^'st: 17:1^ able among boys for quiekneas of thought, origrnairand b renrb^The""- 7^^"' '"'"™^ »»'- tfuder ei'^in'trghirrhar: ?" 'r^° *" notable men in Penn^ " Thel? ^mT Xp^ g::^ Hart tf ^- ^'"°"'^^' ^™""^'»*' J-- Mo? gan Hart professor and author; Samuel L. Gracev Meth od,st Ep>seopal elergyman; David H. Lane, a Lorte Doedf C' r .''I',"'"" '^'^^ ^'^' Commisln^ of Deeds. This school, like the Episcopal Academy was an e.ceUent one, but later in life Heni/aeor- s^id that whUe there he was "for the most part idle Tnd wasted t.me_ Perhaps it was that he had his mind's eye ^t dou'' tTaf th™ '" °' t°°' ' ^""^P' " -- a" W father w. ^"T"? '™"^ "^' P"'«-g « «'™n on Cust™^ 1^' T r'! "■"""" """ *^' «800 salaiy of a Custom House clerk, he felt that he should be supporting himself Jt „,, p^bably his Uncle Thomas Latimer Jho at this time gave him advice of which he snoke in apc^h about thirty years later: "I remetber i'VbV waited met^o T,; ' ""''* ''"'' " e^*™™' -^o wanted me to go into business as a boy in a store. I had nothing, no particular facility, yet I iLember 4 saying 10 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [l^»-1805 to me: If you are honest, if you are steady, if you are mdustnous, you can certainly look forward to being able to retire at forty with comfort for the rest of your days ' "» These words may have had a strong influence on the boy's mind. At any rate, after less than five months in the High School, he induced his father to take him away to stop his schooling altogether, and put him to work; and he never went to school afterwards. He was then less than fourteen years old.» He first obtained employment m the china and glass importing house of Samuel Asbury & Co., at 85 South Front Street, at $2 a week. His duties were to copy, to tie up bundles and to run errands Af- terwards he went into the office of a marine adjuster and aid clerical work. But though he had left school for good, his real edu- cation suffered no interruption. In school or out of it he had acquired a fondness for reading. Or perhaps it was that at his birth, while the Fairies of Gain, Fashion and Pleasure passed him by, one came and sat beside his cradle and softly sang "Mine is the world of thought, the world of dream: Mine all the past, and all the future mine." First he had a grounding in the Bible; and the Puri- tamcal familiarity with book, chapter and verse, which in the elders moulded speech, established habit, and guided the steps of life, filled the young mind with a myriad of living pictures. Then, though his father w hile a pub- JSpeech « Crime of Poverty." 1885, After uttering the foregoing pas- sage. Mr. George asked: "Who would dare in New York orin an^f our great cities, to say that to a young clerk now ? " ^ 2 At fourteen Adam Smith was attending the University of Glasgow • while John Stuart Mill was learning Greek at three. Latin'lt eighXc at twelve and poUtical economy at thirteen. . '^ '^"^ To 16th year] EABLY LOVE OF READING n lisher handled only religious books, and those confined to the Episcopal Church, there were the strange tales of mis- sionaries in foreign lands to feed the imagination. After- wards when the father left the book business there was stil an atmosphere of reading about the home, and other books came m the boy's way. He delighted in history, travels and adventure, fiction and poetry. While in his strong democratic principles and practical side, the boy followed his father, it was in a love of poetry that he re- sembled his mother, who as an elderly woman could quote verse after verse and poem after poem learned in her girl- ?n?t f ' Tfr^'^ '* "" *^"^^« «° i^*^°«« fondness for Scott, and had a taste for Shakespeare, though owing to her austere principles, she never in her life attended a Shakesperian play.^ This religious ban extended in the boy's reading to much in the realm of romance and adventure, such works as the "Scottish Chiefs," for in- stance, havmg to be read in the seclusion of his attic bed- chamber But in the open or in the smuggled way books Z%^T Ir^'V^' '^^ ^^^'^^^ Apprentice's Library and the Pranklm Institute Library furnished inexhaust- ible mines of reading matter. Book after book was de- voured with a delight that showed that now certainly the youthful mind was not '-idle" nor his ^ime w asted." He >In a speech in Liverpool many years later fNov 10 i«so\ xi George said : .-I was educated in a'vJry strict fytrMyVop^^in^Z a^Sh T ' t"''-;" -y«hildhood. the people who went7 ^r iLh and other churches of the same kind, had a notion that the theL w« a very bad place, and they would not go to one on any account Th^* was a celebrated fellow-citizen of mine of the name of B,iZ2\ went to Philadelphia, and he recognised that^^udice aTdTe salThT ^th ugh there were a number of theatres runiing or the ungld iv a theatre he could get the godly to go to would pay fxtremely well But he djd not s art a theatre. Oh. no ! He started a lecture room and we „ Li-e w.,.,K ana tnero wuru two matinees. id LIFE OP HENEY GEOBGE [188M856 absorbed information as the parched earth a summer shower, and what he thus took in he retained. To this fondness for reading he always ascribed the beginning of his real education and the commencement of his career. And what came like enchantment to his mind and sup- plemented his reading were popular scientific lectures at the Franklin Institute. This institution, named after the famous townsman, Benjamin Franklin, and incoi^- porated in 1834 for "the promotion and encouragement of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts," in the forties and fifties took first rank in scientific learning in the city, which at the same time was without peer in this country for its public libraries, museums and pri- vate cabinets. Of the Institute, Henry George's uncle, Thomas Latimer, was a member. To him the boy was indebted for access to the lectures— lectures that revealed the wonders of the physical sciences in simple language and magic lantern pictures. Like a torch they lit up the young understanding and made a fitting attendant to that university of reading to which he was of his own volition applying himself. This reading fed a desire that his father's btories and the tales and traditions about his grandfather had kindled in him for the sea. "One of our chief play grounds," Rev. W. W. Newton has said, "was about the wharves of the city. He had a friend who was a sea captain and I a cousin, and both of us had our minds set on a sea voy- age." Mr. George encouraged in his son an active life, going to see him skate and swim. One day he saved him from drowning by putting down his cane when the boy had dived under a float. Though a strict churchman, the father could not forget his own early warlike days and was not averse to having his boy fight in just quar- rels. But it was the shipping that chiefly interested fa- 's btories and r had kindled ay grounds," le wharves of laptain and I on a sea voy- n active life, he saved him v^hen the boy ; churchman, warlike days in just quar- interest^d fa- From daguerreotype taken about the time that Heury George, less thau fourteeu, left school and went to work. To 16th year] YEARNING FOR THE SEA 13 ther and son, and as they stroUed along the river-piers together, the father talked about hull and rig, wind and weather, and the wonders of sea and foreign lands, so that the wharves had a fascination for the boy, and it was around them that with Willie Newton or Bill Homer Col and Charley Walton and Will Jones he spent much of his play time, climbing about vessels, going swimming or saJing toy boats. And this was not all id!e plaT^? served its purposes in later life, for the boy's powSs of observation and reasoning were in constant exercise^ After a while, when the boy left the crockery house and went into the marine adjuster's office, the dedre for the sea increased so much that he went to his cousin, George Latimer, who was ten years older than himself, and asked him to speak in his behalf to an acquaintance oi the fam- th! fir!?- '^ ^ T "" ^^^ ^ '''''* ^°™ ^ *^« ^harf with another boy to see the first 1 on steamship which had ever crossed the ocean to o7r IT uDniiujj 01 a leaaen kite or a wooden cookinc stove Rnt «,« 1, j mmEmmn with the process of makin« boats out 07^!^' f ' ^ ', '^"» ^«™»«'»>- I'j "^^ i£ r? -- •- -r she would sink as did o„r\ 1 ? , the water would run in and keek AndthusLwrcir? .r*'.^'''" baUasted with leaden these experilVw^^; tltel^^ K I ""^'A? "*"^"^ "^^ that made her float, but her ho lown^f or LZ^\ T''" """« displacement of water."- Lecture or^T^^^tZ^^^^^^^^^ ''' ^- at university of Oaiifornia, March 9, 1877.' i^coaomy \M i 1* LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [leawesB ily, a young man named Samuel Miller who was mate and whose father was captain of the ship Hindoo. No better msight into the habits of the boy and of his con- stant thought of the sea can be obtained than from ex- tracts from a short journal that he kept at the beginning of 1855, probably at the suggestion of his uncle, Thomas Latimer Though then scarcely more than fifteen, and although he had spent all his life in a town of brick houses and perhaps had never more than seen the ocean, he noted wind and weather with the care of a veteran sea captain. Incidentally the journal shows the important part the lectures at the Franklin Institute were playing: wentTolLurT- ^'"^ '' '' ^ent to store. Evening Jan. 13, Sat. Went to store. Cominff home stonnpil S,-** i^T^- ®^^ i^ 'New York hS-aIX^^^^^ Shi^mndoo mier; Canton, July 33 Angler S 28; Cape Good Hope, Nov. 6; St. Heleia, ~ Was Bon»H '""''/" T-'^'^-y "'^W Went up t^ S M^ "Jan 14, Stin. Clear and cold, wind N W Wenf SlrAt^™™- ^"^^n'tog home, cofaero? j.nira and Catharine met Ano-nsfino aA^« j- ^.^':^'Ve^inXt^I:t«^^^ To 16th year] THE FIRST DURY 15 * i7^°* l^' T"f • Wind N.E, clear and warm. Georce about' me ' ^'^ ^"**^° '' ®"°^ ^"^^^ ^^^ t«W S "Jan. 17, Wed. Cloudy. Wind went around to N W "Jan. 18, Tues. Wind N.W., clear and cold In !I3/rr*™ ?■"* Charley'Walton came Went a week. Evening went to lecture. ^^ Jan 20, Sat Wind N.E. Last day at store Thev expect Sam Miller home to-night ^ "Jan. 21 Sun. Wind S., warm, cloudy. Sam Mil- ler did not come home last night Thev exneS Wm cZrch^'l ^''f'^''\ .^^^* '^ Sunday '"oo an^ Cnurch. Augustine sat in our pew. Took him in after- noon to Sunday school. . . ^. it blew in the even- mg very strong and about one o'clock increased to pe?- fttte"Sh.''^"^"^ '' ' "^^^^ ^^^ ^-^^ i* ^eFo'e "Jan. 22, Mon. Took up a basket to the store for crockery Mr. Young said he would give me In afternoon went down to Navy Yard with Bili Hor- crocke^r"^ "'"* *' ''''''''' ^^^^S^* home a lot of • ''^^""'^ Tues. Wind N.W., clear and cool. Even- ing went to Thomas's book sale. Bought a lot of sSc books for seven cents. ^ "Jan 24, Wed. Went to lecture in evening, first on climatology. Liked it very much. ^' «T !^''i?F^' Went to store in morning. . "Jan 26 Fri Snowed all the morning. ^Auit W becca [Latimer] says that Sam Miller did not get 16 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1880-18S5 « T^°" h a ^"^ skating morning and afternoon. '' Jan. 28, Sun. Augustine came in the afternoon. He IS going to Cuba in Brig Audurus of Union Island Jan. 29, Mon. Went to navy yard and brig \Auc- turus\ m morning. Lecture in evening. "Jan. 31, Wed. Skating in afternoon. Sam Miller did not come home. Will be home on Saturday morn- "nft' ^' '^^^'^^- Skating in afternoon. Feb. 3, Fri. Evening went to see the panorama of "Feb. 3, Sat. Sam Miller came home yesterday after- noon. Went to George Latimer's office to see him. He ^?yi"^5? goes as captain he will take me. The owners of the Hmdoo have bought the clipper Whirlwind. Both will sail for Melbourne about the middle of March and from there to Calcutta and home. Hindoo prob- ably make it in 11 months. Hindoo is 25 years old, 586 tons register, 1,200 burden; carries 14 able sea' men, cook, steward, two mates and captain— in all 19 men. Sam Miller intends going back to New York on WedQesday. Went skating in afternoon. Feb. 5 Mon Afternoon went to Fncle Dunkin Georges office. His boy is sick. Evening Pop met Sam Miller and George Latimer in Chestnut street. ^^Jf^a ^^"^ ^^ii^' ^"^ *fi^ ^^ Saturday. Very cdd! «l! r ^'Z""^^- ^^^y ''''^^' thermometer at Zero. ir,,r w- ^ at"*^ Eiver blocked up. Commenced snow- ing. Wind N.E. till mght. "Feb. 8 Thurs. Snowed again all day. In after- ^"^^ r n* !je^gh^ng with Uncle Joe Van Dusen. Qi. I A ^'-.S"- ?i^^?*- Delaware pretty nearly closed. Skated a little on the ice m the afternoon. Saw 4uffus- * ®^^^ . ^^^* ^^^ ^e ^^^ ever been on. Went to Aunt Kebecca Latimer's to tea. "Feb. 10, Sat Sam Miller and George and Kate Latimer came about five o'clock and staid to sup- E^^'i. It. • • .^^°^ ^^^^ ^e ha^ received a letter from his father saying he need not come on to New York until he sent for him. *Teb. 11, Sun. Clear and cold. Up at Uncl« Dun- kin-b office all the w<^ek. ^-i^- ^j.n ^ Idth year] PREPARES TO LEAVE HOME 17 at Uncle Dun- Feb. 19, Mon. Came home at night along the wharf. Saw Augustine on the Brig Globe of Bangor, about to sail for Cuba. Stopped at Aunt Rebecca's. Sam Mil- ler had heard nothing from his father. "Feb. 30, T es. Auntie Ann came to our house to dinner. Said Sam Miller had heard from his fa- ther to go on immediately. He went on at two o clock. ... "March 26, Mon. IJncle Dunkin's in the morning. Saw in New York papers at Exchange the Hindoo ad- vertised to sail on the 5th of April— a week from next Thursday. "March 27, Tues. Office in morning. Staid home in afternoon working on my brig [toy boat]^ . . . Before supper went to Aunt Rebecca's. George re- ceived a letter from Captain Miller [Sam Miller, just made captain]. Said he would sail about Thursday, April 5, and that he would come on to Philadelphia on Saturday and stay till Monday and take me with him. It surprised them all. "March 28, Wed. Went to Uncle Dunkin's in the morning. Told him I should not come up any more, as I had so little time. "March 31, Sat. Stayed at home in the morning fin- ishing my brig. Painted her. After dinner, my last dinner at home, went with father and mother to get our daguerreotypes taken. Came home and went to Aunt Rebecca's to supper in company with Cad and Jennie. Went home at eight p.m." Youi.g Samuel W. Miller, then about twenty-five, had obtained command of the ship Hindoo, an old East India- man, on which he had formerly sailed as mate under his father, who was now transferred to a new ship. At the suggestion of George Latimer, and after talking with Henry George's father, he had formally invited young Henry to sail with him. For Richard George was a clear- headed, common-sensed man. Much as he disliked to have the boy go to sea, he knew that his son inherited the longing. Moreover, knowing the strong, wilful nature of lilFE OP HENRY GEOBQE 18 _.. ..„ .....„.„„ [1889-1855 his son, he feared that if objection was raised the bov might run away, as he had done once before while vet going to school. The lad had made an impertinent reply to his mother and his father, overhearing it, reJ,roved him with words and a blow. To be struck by his father was so unusual that he was humiliated. He stole away got his school books and a little cold lunch-all that he could get to eat-and left the house with the resolve never to return again. He remained out until half past nine o clock that night, when he returned with a tamer spirit and was forgiven. The father had not forgotten this incident, and he was determined that if the boy must go to sea he sl.ould go with his parents' consent. So ho talked to Captain Miiler and suggested to him not to make the boy's berth too comfortable, but to let him see and feel the rigours of a sailor's life, so that by a single voyage the desire for roving should be destroyed. Henry George was then accepted as foremast boy on the Hindoo bound for Melbourne, Australia, and Calcutta, India ' CHAPTER 11. BEFORE THE MAST. 1855-1856. Age, 16-17. AUSTRALIA and India swam in the boy's fancy as in a I\. shining sea of gold. Australia, the island continent nearly as large as the United States, giving promise of a great rival, English-speaking republic in the southern hemisphere, had riveted attention by its gold discoveries in the early fifties and by the enormous treasure since taken out— €qual almost to that of wonderful California. It was the new land of wealth, where poor, obscure men in a day rose to riches. India lay like a counterpoise in the mind's picture. With her jungles and monkeys, tigers and elephants; her painted idols, fantastical philosophies and poppy smokers— this land of mysteries, old when the pyramids of Egypt and Syria were young, shone through partmgs in her gorgeous tropical foliage with the gleam of gold and precious stones, despite the pillage of the ages. Whatever the boy had read, from Bible to "Arabian Nights," in magazine or in newspaper; and all that he had heard in lecture or sermon, from traveller or sailor, burned in his imagination and made him eager to be gone. The Hindoo was to sail from New York Harbour early m April. On Sunday, April i, after Sunday school, 18 • i ^^ I^E OP HENRY GEORGE 11855.1868 Hemy George received a Bible and a copy of "James's Anxious Enquirer^'; and the next morning, bidding fare- weU at the wharf to his father, and uncles Thomas Lati- mer and Joseph Van Dusen, his cousin George Latimer and his friends Col Walton and Joe Eoberts, he and Cap- tain Miller went aboard the steamboat, crossed the Dela- ware, took train, and four hours afterwards were in New York. Two letters from him, written from the ship be- fore she got away, have been preserved. They are in large, clear, firm hand, with some shading, some flour- ishes and a number of misspelled words. In the first under date of April 6, he says : ' "I signed the shipping articles at $6 a month and ?n^''-?*^' advance, which I got in the morning. inrn^l "^^ Tt' ^7"" ^^^ ^^ ^^^PP^^ at the CuS- tom House, and Jim [an ordinary seaman] and I got a protection for which we paid $1 each to a broker. ^ The New York Custom House looks like a cooped np affair along side of the Philadelphia one-there are 80 many people and so much business and bustle. thp^?L?^''r'S''^ New York is a beautiful place- hr^J, 1 "^'H' f^^l ^""^ ^^^1«^^ *he houses all a brown stone and standing ten or twenty feet from the pavement, with gardens in front." To the foregoing letter was added this: ._ April 7, 1866. I was stopped [writing] suddenly last night by the entrance of the men to haul her [the\essel] to the end of the wharf and was prevented from going on bv their ™!f^'J^ '5 V"^^^^^- Atabouttwelvfo'cickwecSS! menced and by some pretty hard heaving we got her to the end of the wharf. It' was then abo^ut two Vdock ^ we turned in and slept until about half past five We got our breakfast, and being taken in tow by a Bteamboat about 7.30 a.m., proceeded down the stream |^A«e,i8-i7] SCENES IN NEW YORK 21 tm off the Battery, where we dropped anchor and now lie. ^ "The view from this spot is beautiful-the North Eiver and New York Bay covered with sailing ves- sels and steamers of every class and size, while back, the hills, gently sloping, are covered with country ,/,?. **? ^y first meals sailor style to-day and did not dislike It at all. Working around in the open air gives one such an appetite that he can eat almost anything. We shall go to sea Monday morning early. I should love to see you all again before I go, but that is impos- sible. I shall write again to-morrow, and if possible get the pilot to take a letter when he leaves, though it is doubtful that I shall be able to write one." It wap in these days preparatory to starting, when there were a lot of odd things to do, that the boatswain, busy with some splicing, sent the boy for some tar; and when the boy stopped to look around for a stick, the saHor in surprise and disgust cried to him to bring the tar in his handl Another incident of a similar kind appears in his second letter, which is dated April 9 and is addressed to his Aunt Mary, one of his mother's sisters, a most unselfish and lovable maiden lady who helped raise the large brood of George children, and who, until her death in 1875, had never been separated from her sister, Mrs. George. She was loved as a second mother by the chil- dren. "We are not at sea, as we expected to be by this time, but still lying off the Battery. The ship could not sail this morning for want of seamen. They are very scarce in New York now and aU sorts of men are ship- ping as sailors. Two Dutch boys shipped as able sea- men and came on board yesterday afternoon. The f i^* ®°e had been to sea before, but the largest did not know the difference between a yard and a block. M LiFE OP JMJKftY GEORGE tl8S5-18S| The second mate told them to go aloft and Blush down the masts. This morning the smallest went up, but the other could not go up at all. So I had to go aloft and do It. The work was a good deal easier than I expected. I don't mmd handling grease at all now/'» Then the letter proceeds : "Captain Miller has been ashore all day tryinir to get men. There is to be one sent on board in pla^ of the largest Dutchman. I pity the poor fellow, though to be sure he had no business to ship as seaman. He says he has four trades— baker, shoemaker, etc. An- other man came aboard this morning as able seaman who could not get into the foretop.^ They sent him ashore. The captain shipped to-day as ordinary sea? men two Lads, one a Spaniard and the other English, t believe They are fine sailor looking fellows The cook, steward and two of the men are from the West Indies. All sailed in whalers. There are no cleaner looking men m Parkinson's. "We have better living than I expected— fresh and salt beef potatoes and rice— and all cooked in the finest style; but I cannot like the coffee as yet ^v,"^7u''''^ ^'^i* ^:^}^S^^ two men aboard and taken the Dutchmen off. This is the last letter that I shall have a chance to send till we get to Melbourne, where I hope there will be letters awaiting me." "We have just been heaving the cable short and shall be ready as soon as the tow boat comes. I hope that by this time Morne [his baby brother] is well. I could 1 When a boy, his mother would frequently buy a piece of sweet suet and melting it down, would mix ^vith its oil or fat alittle bergamot, there- by making a pomade for the hair. Henry George never during his life 1 ked fats with his meat at the table, and at times would say in the fam- ily that It was because when a boy he had to put it on his head. Not- wi hstanding the use of the hair preparation, he and aU his brothers followed their father and grew bald early. A«.,UH7] SHIP PUTS TO SEA 33 Bpin out four or five pages, but I have not time. I . wf ® '^"**®'' * S'®«* °»»°y °iore letters, but could not. When you read this letter you must remember where It was written--on the top of my chest in the ter and the cook). I have to dip my pen into the bottle at almost every word. Good-bye father and mother, aunts and uncles, brothers and sisters, cousins and friends. God bless you all and may we all meet again. "PS. I have received letters from Martha Curry and George Latimer and shall reply the first chance." We are now going down the bay in tow of a steam- boat and shall soon be at sea. I shall get the captain to send this ashore by the pilot. God bless you all It is cloudy and drizzling-blows a stiff breeze from the "Good-bye, "Henry George." So it was that the doo, a full-rigged ship of 586 tons register— a very 1 -0 ship at that time^— with 500,000 feet of lumber aboard and a crew of twenty men, all told, started on her long voyage; and as she glided down the bay and through the "Narrows" on her way to the ocean on the left bank, eighty feet above the water, stood an old whitf house that forty years later, when his fame had spread through the world, was to become Henr^ George's home and witness the end of his career. But the boy all unconscious of this, had been set to work, v, he says m his sea journal , "in company with the other boys to > "In the last generation a fuU-rigged Indiaman would be considered a very large vessel if she registered 500 tons. Now we are building coast- Shirn 46 ) ''""^ *»»«"-•• Social Problems," Chap. V. (Memorial S4 LIFE OF HENBT OEOBOE [188S-1858 1 pickmg oakum for the carpenter, who was busy fastening and calking the hatches/' This journal or log, covers most of the voyage, and with the few letters that still exist, and an account of the passage written by Captain Miller for his friend, (leorge Latimer, furnishes pretty full and clear informa- tion as to this important formative period. The journal consists of an original in two parts and three incomplete fair copies. The original parts are quite rough and show marks of wear and stains of water. One is of white, the other of blue, unruled, large sized letter paper, folded so as to make neat pages of four by six inches, and stitched together with heavy liron thread, such as might have been used in sewing sails. The entries are mostly in pencil, the spelling not of the best, and the writing not uniform — ^in some places quite faint — ^but generally small, con- densed, round and clear. The fair copies are in a fine state of preservation. They are written in large, bold hand in commercial blank books and the spelling is cor- rect. Two of them may have been copied while at sea, but the fullest and best looking one was doubtless writ- ten in Philadelphia after the voyage. "^ From Captain Miller's account it appears that when the Hindoo cast ofE the tug that was taking her to sea, the wind was from the south-east and right ahead, and the' pilot advised him to anchor at Sandy Hook; "but," says the Captain, "we could not wait. We set all sail and stood E.N.E. until we saw the rocks of Long Island. We then tacked to the south'd and stood down until we were abreast the Capes of Delaware. Then a gale of wind ^In the back pages of thia little journal are some historical, soientiflo •Dd other notes probably made while reading. These bear date as late M April, 1869, at which time Its owner was in California, / '\ ical, Boientiflo late as late m From daguerreotype taken March 31, 1855, just before goinj? to sea. Age^U-lT] THE SEA JOUBNAL 28 from the north-west commenced, lasting four days; dur- ing which time we made good progress off the coast." The boy's log for these four days runs as follows : "Tues. 10. ... About 12 a.m. we passed Sandy llook, and a slight breeze springing up, set all fore and aft sail. About 3 p.m. discharged the tow boat and pilot. Soon after I began to feel sea-sick, and the breeze dying away, the tossing of the vessel very much increased it . . After supper all hands were called aft and the watches chosen. I was taken by the mate for tLo larboard. ... It being the larboard watch's first watch below, I turned in at 8 p.m.-' "Wed. 11. I was roused out of a sound sleep at 14 o niock to come on deck and keep my watch. On tT ' ' ?"? I ?.'J'^^, ^ S"*^^* «^*°ge in the weather. i ' mV^ shifted to N.W. and came out cold and fierce. The ship was running dead before it in a S.E direction, making about 8 or 9 knots an hour. After keeping a cold and dreary watch until 4 a.m. we were relieved and I was enabled to turn in again. All this day sea-sick by spells. ... It will be a long time before we are in this part of the world again, home- ward bound. Twelve months seem as if they would never pass. In the afternoon all hands were engaged m getting the anchors oa the forecastle and securing them for a long passage. The colour of the sea is green on sounding, the shade varying according to the depth of water, and a beautiful blue outside, and so ^®2nu * objects can be seen at a great depth Thurs. 12. A brisk breeze all day from N.W. with frequent showers of rain. N-umbers of Stormy Petrels or Mother Carey's Chickens hovering about the quar- ter. Weather rather cool. ^ '7j}' !?• A fine bright day; wind still the same. Hoisting the lower stun'sail in the forenoon, the hal- yards parted, and the sail was with difficulty secured. The sea-sickness has now entirely left me." 26 LIFE OF HENBY GEORGE [1865-18M The old ship after twenty-five years of hard service was pretty nearly worn out, and the log reveals a series of breakages, and some consequent accidents. "Sat. 14. Commenced with fine clear weather and* bnsk breeze from N.W. About 5.30 a.m., the larboard watch being on deck, the tiller of the rudder suddenly broke in half. All hands were immediately called and everything let go and clewed up. Tackles were got on the rudder and the ship steered by them, while the car- penter immediately eet to work on a new one. While furling the main top-gallant sail a man belonging to the larboard watch, John Prentz by name, fell from the yard to the deck. Luckily the main topsail, wl 'ch was clewed up, broke his fall, or he would certain ./ have been killed. On taking him forward, his arm was found to have been broken in three places, but otherwise he had sustained no serious injury. His arm was set and bandaged by the mate. The carpenter finished the til- ler about 4 P.M., when, everything being replaced, sail was again made on the ship and she continued on her course with a fair, though light wind. The old tiller which had suddenly broken, and which outwardly ap- peared so firm and sound, was in the centre completely rotted away. ... The account which the man who fell from aloft gave of his mishap when he had recov- ered his senses was that he was pulling on the gasket with both hands when it suddenly parted and he was precipitated backwards. He knew no more until he found himself in the forecastle with his arm ban- daged up." The fifteenth of April is noted in the log as the "first Sunday at sea," and that instead of being seated in St. Paul's Church, they were "ploughing the ocean a thousand miles away." Soon the entries take more of the formal aspect of a ship's log and less of a p„.«onal journal, though once in a while they relax into general observation Age, ie-17] HARD TACK. AND SEA PIE 27 and fancy On May 3, for instance, the ship, lying in a dead calm, was surrounded by a large school of dol- phins, which presented «a most beautiful appearance in the water, changing to brilliant colours as they swam from place to place." On May 24 calms and light airs, with this entry : o > " f»,r^! ^"^-^ A.M the mate succeeded in striking one of the porpoises which were playing under the bows. The ftsh was immediately run up to the bowsprit end by aU tAA ^ i"T?^ ^^^^"^ ^^« P^* around his «wr ^ ri ^^""M '°^°^^^' ^he^e he was soon de- spatched and dissected. We had a sort of hash of his flesh for supper, which was very palatable, and the rest , trm'oZighV-*^^ *^^"' ^'^^*^' ^^^^^ '' «p-^^^ - Thoughts kept reverting to home, and there is more than one entry like: "Would have given anything to have been back to breakfa st." Then came the Fourth of July: i''In later years I have sometimes 'supped with LucuUus,' without resiling what he gave rae to eat, whoieas I remember to this day ham and eggs of my first breakfast on a canal-packet drawn by horses that actually trotted; how sweet hard-tack, munched in the middle watch while the sails slept in the trade-wind, has tasted; what a dish for a pnnce was sea-pie on the rare occasions when a pig had been killed or a porpoise harpooned; and how good was the plum-duflf that came to the fore- caatle only on Sundays and great holidays. I remember as though it were an hour ago, that, talking to myself rather than to him, I said to a York- shire sailor on my first voyage: «I wish I were home, to get a piece of pie. I recall his expression and tone, for they shamed rae, as he quietly said: ' /Vre you sure you would find a piece of pie there ? ' Thoughtlei as the French princess who asked why the people who were crying for bread did not try cake, 'Home 'was associated in my mind with pie of some sort -apple or peach or sweet-potato or cranberry or mince-to be had for tho taking, and I did not for the moment realise that in many homes pie was as rare a luxury as plums in our sea-duff."— "The Science of Political Economy," p. 352. 98 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE Hi [185fr-186« ^ ''^At'/fS t p^^^^^ed with a fresh breeze from S At 12 f Ti^'^^ ?7^J ^* « ^-^^ ''a^^e out from o. At 12 M. double reefed topsails and sinde reefpd mamsajl. Dur ng the rest of the day showSy St lih}'''^' l^lu ^^ ^^ °'^lo«k last night the day ™ ushered in by three discharges from a small ^^-^1 which made a great deal of noise, r^usL up Jl Jho were asleep As soon as the smoke cleared Lay Ind ?f hff ^ f^ """^^^'^ ^^^« ^^^i^^ed, it was found that It had not been without execution, all the glas^ on o^p patd *a nor?L'""^ fattered/Ca loss nKsily r" paired) a port blown out; and the waddings fmade of 3 IT.C''^ ^'^y ^^'^^ ^«d parsed, oneThrough the t^ff i^^ "^f^ r*"" '^'^' «°d another throufh thi Dy a calm until 8^ a.m., when a stiff breezp frnm +'.n 13"^ Xr^.'P' accompan.ed by shf .erTof rafn A li^' ^\^i^^^ ^ere called to reef. While reeW the On the ninety-seveDth day out the Eindoo passed the Cape of Good Hope, though far to the south o?TanI entered the Indian 0«an. Thence to Port Phil p Mel- bourne) came a succession of gales from the westward « h heavy squalls of hail and rain, but th. shi^S before them made good progress. ^ stifl^ brectr^- At b'^aTTI""' "'f '^^ ""«*•■»■• ""d and setloUit^^tbult ^27^:^,1^^^ a ^«-m MUST AtTBTRALUN LAHI> jg a'nd g"~'^if°!'fS'''?;''^'' '"V™ *»« Tightly heavy gale from W hv T * i "J . ^'*^-> Wowmg a reefe-dforesdl At 8 pi^-' ^^f^ '"^'""^ *°P«aiI« an J topsail. During The 4tf fT^ ^^^^^^i^g, furled fore and hail. ShJ^coristSv *','"^.^^^«"«/qualls of wind sea vhich 8he LTS at VT-""? ''^*'^ *^^ ^''^' ^^^ aft and filling the cabin ViJh Sr "^"^ ^^"^^^^^^^ squaTof hali and rlir^J'lt ^'"^ ^- ^^^ heavy sometimes covering trdeck''i:n.''.^ "^^ *^^ ^«^ ter than any weathpr w. t . ^^*^ "^^^^ ^ike win- impossible ^J Sribe Tetl^/'* experienced.- It is the sea and sky.- ^^^^ ^^^^^ appearance of At last, on the one hundrpr? oti;i +!,• x from New YorV ihl ^^^f ^/°<^ thirty-seventh day out and ^l:^^^ T^t^t ""'' ''h ashore and strike out straiht fo7 hT V^ ."'''" *° ^'* men with little more eoZm^^^^^^ ^'''r'''> ^^^'^ BO far as the sailors' k^^t *i\V^^^^^^^^^^^^ T' tunes out of the soil. ' washing for- ^•'^Ltl%^\tl'^^Ztl r*^ ?^^^^ ^i^d from N.E. At 4io A^ hove t'hrhi^'"^-^^^ ^o™ 60 fathoms. When davliSt t ' "^1*^^* soundings at looked for land wTs twf^^rLlein^^ t^M showery, with very hazy weather Af « Sq^aUy and reef out of main tonsail Twf * .• ^ ^•*^- ^^^^k a sight steering abou K e At wT^ ''^T''' ^ turned in, having given un all Ll ^ ^/•'': ^ ^^^ J««t 'lay, when all handf were called fc ""^ '''?^ ^^^'i *«- sail and furi mainsair Wh1^U'fil'^r,rf ?^H" top- we were agreeably surprised bvfhf t.T'"' *°P«^^^ 'Land ho!' from the soPri^rJT*^ i^ ^^^^^^ sound of earing, me^^ aw^^^^^^^^ ^* the weather ahead.' wa« th^ re^il -? *^^ ^^P*^^°- 'Bi^ht - n. rep.j, aiiu sure enough there lay the 30 LIFE OF HENBT GEORGE [18SS-1866 long looked for land directly before us, looming above the horizon like a dark blue cloud, the first solid ground we had looked upon for 137 days. By the time we [the larboard watch] turned out, 12 noon, we were about 2 miles distant, running along the land. Our captain had hit the exact spot. Cape Otway, the light house on which was now plainly to be seen. After dinner all hands turned to get the anchors over the bows. It was a beautiful afternoon The clouds, which in the morning had obscured the sun, had now vanished. The ship was sailing smoothly along before the wind at the rate of 4 or 5 knots. Numerous birds, a species of Al- batross, were flying around us, now and then darting down after a fish. The land was high and apparently thickly wooded, and although winter in this part of the world, presented a beautiful, green appearance. It was looked upon by mpst of the crew as the Land of Prom- ise, where gold was to be had by all; and most of the men were engaged i laying out what they would do, and where they would go, and how they would spend their money when they got it. While getting the an- chors over, one of the small coasters which we had seen in the morning passed our bows under a press of sail, and stood in closer to the land. At 6 p.m. we furled the mizzen topsail, and at 8 p.m. backed the main top- sail and laid to all night." Next day they took a pilot and at 3 p. m. cast anchor in Hobson's Bay, opposite the Light house. Several American ships, some that had saileu before and some after Jie Hindoo, were also at anchor there.* Times were » " Thirty years ago ship-building had reached such a pitch of excellence in this country that we built not only for ourselves, but for other nations. American ships were the fastest sailers, the largest carriers and every where got the quickest dispatch and the highest freights. The registered ton- nage of the United States almost equalled that of Great Britain, and a few years promised to give us the unquestionable supremacy of the ocean." —"Protection or Free Trade," chap. XVIII. (Memorial Edition, p. 186). Captain Marryat, a by no means flattering critic of Americans, Age, 16-17] LAND OP PROMISE 31 reported to be "very hard ashore, thousands with nothing to do and nothing to eat." Notwithstanding this, the crew wished at once to get away. "As the captain was getting into a boat to go ashore, the men came aft in a body and requested their dis- charge, which being refused, they declared their inten- tion of doing no more work. After supper the mate came forward and ordered the men to pick anchor watches, which they agreed to do after some parley. 1 he mate told Jim and me to keep watch in the cabin until 12 and then call him. This I did until IQ, when after having a feast of butter, sugar and bread in the pantry, I turned in, leaving Jim to call the mate." For several days the men refused to work, demanding to see the American Consul, and on Wednesday, four days after casting anchor, the captain got the Consul aboard. The Consul "took his seat on the booby hatch with the shipping articles before him," and called"^ up the crew one by one. He finally "told the men that, as the passage would not be up until the cargo was discharged, he could do nothing until that time; but that Dutch John (the man who in the early part of the passage fell from the main topgallant yard) was entitled to his discharge if he wished it." The captain then promised that if they would "remain by the ship until she was discharged, he would pay them their wages and let them go in peace." They demanded this in writing, saying that he might change his mind, ^ *but the captain refused to give them any fur- in his "Diary in America" (First Series), Philadelphia, 1839, says, p. 186: 1 . .fP?**"' *^®°' *^** ^'■<'™ ^a"o»8 causes, our merchant vessels have 08t their saUing properties, whilst the Americans have the fastest saUers m the world; and it is for that reason, and no other, that, although sail- ing at a much greater expense, the Americans can aflFord to outbid us. and ta£d au our best seamen." i 89 LIFE OF HENBT GEOBGE [18S6-18S8 ther guarantee than his word." As they still desisted from work on the Hindoo, they were taken oif in a police boat, and sentenced to one month's hard labour in th,e prison ship, at the end of which time, still refusing to work, they would perhaps have been sentenced to fur- ther imprisonment if the captain had not reached court too late to appear ugainst them. Before he sailed, the captain had to ship a new crew. There is nothing in the journal to indicate that the boy thought Captain Miller unjust, but the incident made an indelible impression, revealing the tremendous powers for tyranny the navigation laws put into the hands of a captain, and this was to inspire a remarkable fight for sailor's rights in years to come.^ The ship lay in Hobson's Bay twenty-nine days dis- charging chargo and taking in ballast. Captain Miller in his account says : "Harry went up to Melbourne once, but did not see much to admire." Perhaps the boy saw more than the captain realised, for tliirty-five years later, in a speech in Melbourne, he said, that he had a vivid recol- lection of it — "its busy streets, its seemingly continuous auctions, its crowds of men with flannel shirts and long high hoots, its bay crowded with ships." No letters writ- ten from there now exist, but it is clear that the Australia of his dreams did not appear to be such a wonderful place after all; that there was not much gold in sight and that in this respect the "Land of Promise" was something of a disappointment. Land monopolisation and speculation had set in and cut off the poor man's access to nature's storehouse. Other dreams were to be dissipated on reaching India. The best description of the passage and arrival there is Age, 16-17] PUTS TO SEA AGAIN 33 found in a letter to his father and mother, dated Cal- cutta, December 13, 1855. "We hove up anchor in Hobson's Bay about 11 o'clock on the 34th of September, made sail, proceeded down the bay under charge of a pilot, and at about 5 p.m. passed the heads and discharged the pilot. After leav- ing Port Philip and until we had rounded Cape Lewin we had ^rong winds, mostly head, and cool weather. . . . Then the weather gradually became milder as we got to the northward, with fair, though not very strong winds. Near the line we had light airs, not even sufficient to fill the sails, but under the pressure of which the ship would go two or three miles per hour. We crossed the line November 5, when 42 days out. . . . Prom this place until we arrived at about 10" north we had the same fair airs as on the other side of the line, with every prospect of a short passage. Then the wind became stronger and more variable, but dead ahead. It would seldom blow from one point of the compass for more than an hour. Indeed, it seemed as if a second Jonah was aboard, for tack as often as we would, the wind was sure to head us off. . . . Progress under the circumstances was impossible. JPor over a week we did not gain a single inch to the north- ward. What she would make one hour she would lose the next. During this time the weather was delight- ful, warm without being uncomfortably so, and so pleas- ant that sleeping on deck could be practised with im- punity. "At length on the morning of the 39th of November the colour of the water suddenly changed to green, and by noon we were abreast of the lightship, which marks the outer pilot station. The tide was running so strongly that with the light air we could hardly hold our own against it. About 3 p.m., in obedience to a sigTial from the pilot brig, we cast anchor with 30 fath- oms of chain, furled all sail, and cleared up decks for the night. At 8 p.m. set anchor-watch and turned in for all ninht-. -. -. ." 84 LIFE OF HENRY GEOBOE [1855-1866 Then came the first impressions of the country— im- pressions that always afterward remained vivid and helped before long to direct thought to social questions; that changed the fancied India — the place of dreamy luxury, of soft and sensuous life — into the real India, with its extremes of light and shadow, of poverty and riches, of degradation and splendour; where the few have so much, the many so little; where jewels blaze in the trappings of elephants, but where, as he has since said in talking with his son Richard, "the very carrion birdp are more sacred than human life !" These impressions are preserved in a description of the trip to Calcutta up the Hooghly branch of the Ganges River scribbled in pencil on the back pages of one of the journal records. • I Arrival at Garden Reach and First Impressions of the Town. "Mon. Dec. 3. We turned out about 3 a.m. and after some heavy heaving got up anchor. About 5 a.m. we were taken in tow by the steamer and proceeded up the river. The night air was misty and chilly and a mon- key jacket proved very comfortable. The day soon be- gan to break, revealing a beautiful scene. The river, at times very broad and again contracting its stream into a channel hardly large enough for a ship of aver- age size to turn in, was bordered by small native vil- lages, surrounded by large fruit trees, through which the little bamboo huts peeped. As we advanced, the mists which had hitherto hung over the river cleared away, affording a more extensive prospect. The water was covered with boats of all sizes, very queer looking to the eye of an American. They were most of them bound to Calcutta with the produce and rude manu- factures of the country— bricks, tiles, earths, pots, etc. They had low bows and very high sterns. They were pulled by from four to ten men, and steered by an old Age, 1U-17J DEAD BODIES FLOATING 36 fellow wrapped up in a sort of cloth, seated on a high platform at the stem. Some had sails to help them along, in which there were more holes than threads. On the banks the natives began to go to their daily toil some driving cattle along, others loading boats with gram, while the women seemed busy with their domes- tie affairs. As we approached the city, the banks on both sides were lined with handsome country residences of the wealthy English. About 10 a.m. we came to Garden Reach, where, as +^.r' was no Harbour Master's Assistant rt-ady to takr as up, we were obliged to drop both anchors. After netting :l.irly moored we had a little time to look ar ou i ns. The river which here takes a sudden bend, \»n;3 env^ded with ships of all nations, and above nothi."^ could be seen but a forest of masts. On the right hand or Calculi i side, are the Met India Company's works, for repairing their steam- ers, numbers of which, principally iron, were under- going repairs. On the other side was an immense pal- aee-like structure (the residence, I believe, of some wealthy Englishman) surrounded by beautiful lawns and groves. The river was covered with boats and pre- sented a bustling scene. One feature which is peculiar to Calcutta was the number of dead bodies floating down m all stages of decomposition, covered by crows who were actively engaged in picking them to pieces. The first one I saw filled me with horror and disgust, but like the natives, you soon cease to pay any attention to them. "Tues. Dec. 4. About 4.30 a.m. the Harbour Master came along side and we were roused up to get up an- chors. ... It astonished me to see with what ease the pilot took the vessel up . . . steering her amidst the maze of vessels as easily as if she was at sea. The port seemed crowded with vessels, a large proportion of them American, some of which I recog- nised as having seen at Philadelphia. At length about 10 A.M. we cast anchor off our intended moorings About 2 P.M. we hauled in and made fast along side of an English clipper, the British Lion. After getting aJl fast WP nar] Ain-nav on/J ol^a-^/l ,._ J„ -i t j J.1- " T ".. «-i— iw »it^A \>icdicu dp ucvn.is una squared the yards." 36 LIFE OP HENBY GEORGE WJii] +1, 1. C1866-1856 uiteiest in the vicimty, and the H'. 1""""' P''"=^» »' «re observed generally b7traveui b^^ *'^"8» *>«' ■ perhaps most interest to Wn^ Z tl? "' *' '""'* <" 10 of letters from home-Z « A*' '^'''''P' ™ Deeember father sent family nTwV^^a tw^'"™ ^° "*' Hi» safely moored on the mantelpie™ pi^"" '«'» •>"« '» wake, our eyes rest npon her »^' i """^ "^'^'^ « . dear sailor boy " ^ ' """^ '^^ "^<»»"ds us of our Union; prayer-meetings a I ove/fif ^ '^*^"^ ^^ the nations uniting together in «L^ ^^°^^ ^" <^enomi- Jayne'sHall (you know .>= • J ^'^^ ^^^^^st prayer- even those largHalSc, r/"'?,^ '^ ^^«^^"ation of his boy friends. ' A year and a half afterwards, when he had gone' to California, Jo Jeffreys, at that time the closest of his friends, wrote: "Don't you recollect our Byronic quotations? Amus- ing weren't they? And yet I dare say we had more pleasure m those long moonlight nights spent in conver- sation— m counsel and reflection— than we had in a like number of hours at any other time. I remember well, too, how night after night M^e sat together and alone in your little room, smoking slowly and looking —sometimes at the little bed which was to contain us both and which rested in a corner near the door at the little case of books on the bureau, at the dim gas- light which could so seldom be induced to bum brightly and which shed its dim light upon all around— and then turning from this picture, so familiar to me now (though I have never been in that room since, though often m the rooms beneath it}, and gazing upon ea?h other, would talk of the present and the future." In this little back-attic bed room all the boys at times gathered and talked about books or public affairs or bov- 40 Age, 17-18] RESTRAINTS OF HOME LIFE 41 the boy on nd the asBO- afterwards, it that time IS ? Amus- 3 had more t in conver- 3 had in a [ remember •gether and md looking contain us he door, at le dim gas- rn brightly •ound — and to me now ice, though upon each ;ure. » fd at times ire or boy- ish amusements, and it was Henry George's habit while engaging in conversation, to throw himself down on his bed, and frequently while the discourse was raging he would sink into placid slumbers. It was c .amon enough for the family to see the boys come down stairs alone and hear the explanation: "Oh, Hen's asleep and we think it is time to go." Thus the home life had much attractiveness for young George, yet he found it full of restrictions, for with all the heavy toil and hard discipline of sea life, there was during the preceding year and a quarter complete free- dom of thought, and of actions, too, in the hours off duty. And now to come back to conditions where che moc^ in- nocent of card-playing was regarded as an evil and riding in a public conveyance on Sunday as a desecration of the Lord's Day, made the energetic, masterful boy, or rather youth, for he was now in his eighteenth year, see new charms in the sea life; and for a time, all efforts failing in the search for employment ashore, his thoughts reverted to the water. Learning of this inclination. Captain Mil- ler, before sailing on a new voyage in the Hindoo, wrote to him: "I hope you will find some agreeable and profitable employment before long. Take my advice and never go to sea. You know of the troubles of a sailor's life before the mast. It never gets any better. A second mate leads proverbially a dog's life. The mate's and captain's are very little better.'"^ 1 This yfOH probably the last letter he mcoived from Captain Miller, and before the Hindoo had returned from her voyage and the can'ain had run on to Philadelphia, Henry George had sailed for California, 8o that they never again mot. The captain died in Brooklyn, in May, 1877, in his forty-eighth year, andhifi friend. Rev. George A. Latimer, Henry George's cousin, officiating, was buried in Greenwood Cemetery, where Henry George himself, twenty years later, was to rest. 12 LITE OP HENRY GEORGE The boy's parmts were most anxious nrit to liavc him again go to sea, and at last in the fall the i'ithe- through his former book publishing ccnneetJons obUlLed a situ- ation for his son Avith the printing firm of King & Baird at that time one of the important printing houses in Philadelphia. The f ^fher's id., in putting his son there was threefold : to keep the boy at home, to give him a t)'acie and to teach him to snell. Th,,-, laicer Aort-coming in the boy was very conspicuous, requirir.g a second dr^t or fair copy of totters to insure the correct .spelling of many eye A cowjmn wordF, as drafts of such letters that have survivod f^Uow, Leariu;;,: to sot type effected a marked it .provement, and the priaifci's experience later in California perfected it In after years his letter-writing at time.^ -evealed lapses m spelling, but th^se, as was manifest en the surface arose from habits of abstraction. ' This learning to set type marked another distinct step m the education of Henry George for his life work. Not that it lay so much in type-setting itself, or in correcting his spelling; but rather in bringing him into familiar contact with another field of human activity— among type- setters, who, as a class of men, if they belong to a trade, possess, as a rule, much correct general information and are given to habits of intelligent thought. Edmund Wallazz, who was a type-setter at King and Baird's in 1856, said in after years: "Henry George was a remark- ably bright boy, always in discussion with the other boys in the office. He got in the habit of appealing to me (I am seven or eight years older) for support as to his dates and facts, historical and political." Thus through the channel of polemics he was acquiring knov, -e of vari- ous kinds, and was also learning to observe u :i o present his thoughtfc. He had a habit of sto.>:B: iray things in nig memory r ; would have passed a .:b«i^- -things that lim-im . to liavc him the: through lixed a situ- ng & Baird, g houses in lis son there him a trade t -coming in )nd diatt or ng of many s that have ^^ement, and (erfected it. 3aled lapses he surface, istinct step work. Not L correcting to familiar mong type- to a trade, nation and Edmund Baird's in a remark- other boys r to me (I his dates rough the 'e of vari- present things in hings that Heury George when learniug to set type in Philadelphia. From daguerreotype, 1857. Age, 17-18) TALKING AGAINST SLAVEBY 43 in his matured years often found expression in his writ- ings. To this period he assigned the first puzzling ques- tion in political economy. An old printer observed to him one day that while in old countries wages are low, in new countries they are always high. The boy compared the United States with Europe, and then California and Australia with Pennsylvania and New York, and the old printer's words seemed true enough, though neither the printer nor he could explain why. The thing stuck in his mind and kept rising, for answer. This propensity for investigating and arguing showed itself wherever he happened to be, when with old or with young, abroad or at home. As his Uncle Joseph Van Dusen said : "Henry is not tongue-tied.'' For years stories of slave auctions in the South, fric- tion over the return of runaway slaves in the North, the hot agitation of Garrison and Phillips in the East, and conflicts in "Bleeding Kansas" and through the West kept public thought seething. In 1850 appeared Mrs. Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and later arose the Republican party with its anti-slavery proclivities and that in 1856 forced the issue and ran John C. Fremont for President. Though James Buchanan, the Democratic pro-slavery can- didate, was elected, the new party had waged a fierce fight, and four years later was to elect Abraham Lincoln. Young George soon after returning from sea showed a lively interest in the slavery question, and, although his father was a Democrat and inclined to support Buchanan, the boy independently took the anti-slavery side, which he discussed with his mother. In the interest of peace and of "property rights,"^ and doubtless supported in 1 " I was b.-./- ui a Northern State, I have never lived in the South, I am not yet gi-ay ; "but I well itmiember, aa every American of middle ago must remember, how over and over again I have heard all questionings of slav- ery silenced by the declaration that the negroes were the property of their 44 L!F^ OF HENRY GEORGE IS 1 V [1856-1887 mind by wiiat. .i,e regarded as the sanction of the Scrip- Cf ':y^^''^^ '^'"'''y^ °°t P-'-haP« as a good thing fn rt^lf, out because of the great cost of disestablishment. The another in repeating this conversation in after years hardships of slavery "were exaggerated," for, "while some of the slave owners might be brutal, the majority were kmd of humanely-disposed people" as she herself. The boy stoutly held to his position and answered that her argument rested "on policy, not principle"; that she spoke ot what slave owners "seemed likely to do," he of what hey < could do"; "for if slaves were property, their ma^ ers, having the right to do what they pLsJd with t'dr own^property, could iU-trea. and even kill them if ,0 dis- The argument seemed sound enough to the parents but the boy was still a boy to them. One night soon aftex" returning Irom sea he came home late and his father re- proved him. The boy hotly said that h. was a child no longer and then we.t off to bed. Reflection cooled the fathers anger. JTe realized hat his son was, in mind at least, matu. , to manhood ,nd that the reproof was not quite just o. vnse. He concluded that in the morning he would talk to his son about it. But when morning nZlTl T '"'* '' 'P'^' ^^^^^^ *^^^ he h.d thougM upon what had imppened, and that .vhile he r ,,arded his conduct in remaining out as h. it.olf innocent enough JlT^ '"'Tri''^'' "'■ ^'' ^«* ^'^-'^ observe.!-hi8 fe h^ s right to object- i t t being conscous of hav- in f- been impr dent, he ked .is father's pardon. The Toh? "^^ '^"l '\''^' away a man's slave without paymelT;;;;::! Age, 17-18] LEARNS TO SET TYPE 45 father strained his son to his bosom and thereafter gave him more domestic freedom. High strung and impetuous, Henry George was at this period prone to sudden resolves. From September, 1856, to June, 1857, he worked steadily at type-setting at King & Baird's, when one afternoon, having a quarrel with Mr. Scott, foreman of the job-room, he left the house's em- ploy. When he told of what had happened, his father found for him an opening with Stavely & McCalla, print- ers, who offered $3.25 a weciv for the first year, and after- wards as much as he could earn, providing he remained until twenty-one. The pay was so small that he hesi- tated. Just then a boy friend, John Hasson, sent word of a strike in the "Argus" newspaper office. George ap- plied for and obtained employment. To Emma Curry, a girl friend, he wrote (June 29, 1857) explaining some of these matters: "I left King and Baird's about two weeks and a half ago. I was learning nothing and making little ($2 a week ^hen I left. The immediate cause of my leav- ing was thiit I would not quietly submit to the imposi- tions and doiiiineering insolence of the foreman of the room in which I then worked. Week before last I worked on the 'Daily Ev -ning Argus.' The foreman of that paper and the members of the Printer Onion (who have full control of the various newspaper office ; ; quarrelled, and they refused to work unless the fortjiij.'ui was discharged. This the proprietor, Mr. Severns, re- fused to do, and the consequence was that the Union would not allow any of its members to work on the paper. The foreman had, therefore, to get printers who did not belong to the Union. I applied for a situation as a journeyman compositor and got it; but unluckily for me, at the end of the week the Union had a meet- ing and ^isely support >d the foreman by a large ma- jority, ihib comp lieu the proprietor to discharge us I 40 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [185U-1857 who were working there at the time and take on the Union men, who, having control of the other offices, could have »ut him to great inconvenience had he re- fused to do 60. "During the aix days I worked there I made $9.50, the largest sum of money I have ever made in the same time. I had also the satisfaction of seeing that I was but very little inferior to any of the journeymen, my bill for the week being as large as any of theirs, with the exception of a couple who had worked in the even- ings also. I believe that I can set on an average of 5,000 ems of solid matter a day, including distributing and correcting, which according to the prices you tell me the printers get in Oregon, would be worth near- ly $4." Emma Curry, her sisters, Martha and Florence, and their widowed mother, Rebecca D. Curry, had been neigh- bours of the George family. They had early in the year gone to Oregon Territory to join the widow's nephew, George Curry, who had been appointed Governor. Mrs. Curry was a bright, discerning woman. Her brother, Wil- liam D. Kelley, from 1846 to 1856 was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia and afterwards repre- sented one of the Philadelphia districts in Congress for almost thirty years and was commonly known as "Pig Iron" Kelley. Henry George had had many a long, earnest talk with Mrs. Curry, who took a deep interest in him. In a letter to her (April 3, 1857) he said: "I am still at printing and am getting along very well, considering the time I have been at it. I should be able to make at least $5 a week were I getting jour- neyman's prices, but that is impossible here. If you can find out and will be kind enough to write me the rates at which printers are paid in Oregon, I shall be able to tell exactly how much I could make there. Age, 17-18] TALEINQ OF OREGON 47 "I commenced last evening to take lessons in pen- manship, and if all the old fellow (I mean teacher) says is true, by the time 1 write my next letter to you my chirography will be so much improved that you will hardly recognise the hand. I have taken your advice and am trying to improve myself all I can. I shall shortly commence to study book-keeping. After I get through that I shall be Jack of three different trades, and, I am afraid, master of none. "I am still of the same determination in regard to going West. ... I only wait for your promised account of Oregon, and advice, to determine where and when I shall go." Before receipt of his letter, Mrs. Curry had already written (April 19) : '*We talk and think of you a great deal and I have talked with Mr. Curry [the Governor] about you. He says, *Do not go to sea, but come here.' He will see what you can make at your business at Salem. He thinks you may do well. He will inquire as soon as possible, and I shall write you. Everything pays well here. He is giving a boy $30 a month for hoeing, chop- ping wood, washing a little and bringing up the cattle. A man was paid by him in my presence $35 for plough- ing from Tuesday noon till Friday noon. Give all at- tention to your business and you will, I trust, be suc- cessful. It is best to have that at your command." Emma Curry wrote in a similar strain, and to her the boy replied (June 39) : "Give my thanks to the Uovernor for the trouble he has taken in my behalf and for the information which he has communicated to me through you. Your state- ment of the prospects that I may anticipate in Oregon has decided me. I will go out as soon as possible 48 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE (1866-1867 f^li\*^® ^®^* '^^"^^'^ possible, even if I am obliged windfall I shall get into some business." ^ But the "lucky windfall" in Philadelphia showed no signs of coming. The boy vainly looked for permanent T^TI . ^' '^*"^^^^ ^ P««i««^ on a weekly paper called "The Merchant," but this proved only temporary and he became restless and thought the more earnestly of Oregon, and also of California, where he had a cousin, son of his Uncle Dnnkin George. But these places se.m- mg remote, again he thought of the sea, if only as a means of livelihood for the time being. He probably was the more restless because of the reaction from the old home rigorous beliefs and restraints. A blank book with some diary entries covering a few days during this period con- tains this : "Tues July 3. Saw Jo Jeffreys in afternoon Tn evemng Bill Jones and I took Sallie Younrand A^Jia iTrtS* *' *^J ^''^'y ^^ ^^^^^- B^* Sallie Young deserted me there and went with Bill Jones. Curs? AiZfi-' ^}u^ T^'* ^''^ "^^ '' confoundedly agaS After taking them home we adjourned to Stead's fcigar store], where Bill Horner was awaiting us. As we came down we stopped at Cook's and Be?gner's tlverri Lomi ig up again, we serenaded Charlie Walton with the national anthem after which Bill left us. Horner and I again repaired to Stead's, where after a little while we were joined by Jo and a friend of his, John Owen by name. They, together with Ebenezer Harrison fa young Sunday School teacher], had been enjoyYng X4 sneecho? aT?^ '''"^' ^T^^^ punches i^d Lking speeches. At the corner of Sixth and Walnut Jo and I awZl?'' w ' ^'^T^'^ ^' ^^" '^^^^ «°d cut his head awfully. We raised him up, took him to Owen's, washed hi. wound and then set off to find a doctor. We dragged I Age, 17-18] A LITERARY SOCIETY 49 him around for about two hours before finding any per- son who could dress the v/ound. At length we took him to a German physician, who dressed the cut and charged a V for his trouble. We left him at Owen's and returned home about daybreak." It was at this time that the boys— Jeffreys, Jones, Horner, Walton, Harrison, George and the others— formed 'The Lawrence Literary Society" and met in a small build- ing which once had been a church. Two original essays by "Hen" George are still preserved, one on "The Poetry of Life" and the other on "Mormonism," a very hostile view. There also exists a contribution from the pen of Charley Walton treating of the wide-spread industrial de- pression then prevailing and ascribing its rise to "extrava- gance and speculation which have since the revolution characterised the American people."^ But starting with this self-improving literary idea, the "Lawrence" came in the course of things to have other characteristics which Walton later described in a letter to "Hen" ( Julv 39 1863): ' "I have often thought of the time gone by when the Lawrence ' m Jerusalem Church was in its palmy days. . . . Can you or I forget the gay, refreshing and kindred spirits that formed that association and gave it a character so unenviable and noticeable as eventu- ally to cause it to be ordered out peremptorily ; its svm- pathy with ghost stories, boxing gloves, fencing foils and deviltry; its exercises tending to promote muscu- lar rather than literary abilities; and its test of merit and standard of membership— to drink Red Eye, sing good songs and smoke lots of cigars?" 1 This essay covers four pages of paper, the first page evidently written with great care, and the last with great carelessness, the whole terminat- ing with tho ejaculation, "Thank God, I'm done I" 60 LIFE OP HENBT GEOBGE [186»-1857 But however innocent all this may have been, the fact of knowing anything whatever about liquor or of card playing was significant of the break-down of the old home influences ; and it partly explains, with the loss of employ- ment and the ambition to be independent, the return of a desire for the sea. At any rate, Henry George embarked on a topsail schooner laden with coal and bound from Philadelphia for Boston. Often afterwards, even towards the end of his life, he spoke with pride of the compli- ments he received on that voyage. For when he applied as ordinary seaman, the captain measured him with some- thing like contempt and asked what he could do. "I can handle, reef and steer," was the answer. "You can't steer this schooner," returned its comman- der, ''but neverthelcBS I'll try you." Notwithstanding George's short stature and light weight, the captain found him so useful that at the end of the voyage he paid him off at the full rate of an able seaman, saying that he had been of as much use as any man aboard. The outlook ashore seemed even worse when he got back from this short schooner trip, as may be seen from a let- ter to one of his young friends (B. F. Ely, September 30) : "The times here are very hard and are getting worse and worse every day, factory after factory suspending and discharging its hands. There are thousands of hard-working mechanics now out of employment in this city ; and it is to the fact that among them is your hum- ble servant, that you owe this letter. If you will send on without delay the V. you owe me you will be doing the State a service by lessening the pressure of the hard times upon one of the hard fisted mechanics who form her bone and muscle, and will at the same time be easing your conscience of a burden, which I have little doubt bears heavily upon it. Vil [1850-1857 I, the fact r of card old home )f employ- eturn of a embarked und from n towards le compli- le applied rith 8Gme- >. ;r. comman- tnd light ,t the end )f an able se as any J got back *om a let- nber 30) : ing worse iispending isands of nt in this ^our hum- will send be doing re of the mics who ame time h I have Age, 17-18] (( INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION 61 . . I am pretty hard up at present and haven't as much money as you could shake a stick at. Indeed, I would not have any hesitation in taking a situation on board a good canal boat for a short time, provided that it would pay. "I have been trying for some time to secure a berth on board the United States Light-house Steamer Shu- hricJc, now fitting out at the Navy Yard for California ; but she will not sail for two weeks at least, and even then it is very doubtful whether I can succeed and go out in her. "There is a ship loading here for San Francisco on board of which I have b'jen promised a berth, but in the present stagnation of business it is doubtful whether she will get oif before a month or two at least. So that you see I am in a pretty bad fix, having at least two weeks of loafing to look forward to.'" Subsequently (October 5) he wrote a letter to Con- gressman Thomas B. Florence of his district asking his support. "I have long wished to go to Oregon, where, if I may believe the many assurances I have received, prospects of fortune are open to me which it would be vain to hope for here. But as it is impossible for me to raise means sufficient to defray the expenses of a pas- sage, I must strive to adopt the only plan practicable, and work my way out. "The Light-House Steamer Shubrick will sail in a couple of weeks for California, where she is to be em- ployed. I have been waiting for her for some time, hoping to get a chance to go in her; but I now learn from good authority that in all probability only a few able seamen will be shipped for her, in which case I would be unable to do so, unless I can obtain permission to ship from the Light-House Bureau. "I have been to sea before, and am competent to ship as ordinary seaman or first class boy. "If you would be kind enough to write to the proper 62 LIFE OF HENBY GEORGE [1856-1867] authorities at Washington in support of my applica- tion, It would be of great assistance to me in obtaining their permission." ^ Much to his delight, he not only was accepted for the Shuhnch, but received the appointment of ship's steward or storekeeper, at forty dollars a month; though like every one else on board, he was compelled to sign the ship's articles for one year's service, and not for the voyage to California alone, which was all that he wished to do On December 22, 1857, he said farewell to his loved ones, and the little vessel under Commander John DeCamp of the U. S. Navy steamed down the Delaware River and started on her long journey around the southern extremity of South America. .4'..: CHAPTER IV. WORKS HIS PASSAGE TO CALIFORNIA. 1858. Age, 19. AND now the boy having left home to face the world and -4. A seek his fortune in the new country, it may be in- structive to get some more definite knowledge of his char- acter A key to it, or at any rate to his own estimate at that time of it, exists in a phrenological sketch that he wrote of himself while still in Philadelphia. It is in his clear hand-writing and covers two half.sheets of blue, un- ruled, legal-cap paper, on the back of one of which are the words, Phrenologicalexaminationof head by self" The examination is as follows; "Circumference [of head], 216^; ear to ear, 12^2. 1. Amativeness j^' ^^ 2. Philoprogenitiveness Moderate. a. Adhesiveness Large 4. Tnhabitativeness '.'.',][ Larle* 5. Concentrativeness * " Smftll* . Combativeness Large 7. Destrurli /.'-r.??'!? " j^arL' 8. Aliment hiMm^, ];;; pu|J * 9. Ac(iui8ihv:n^,3 g^^U_ 10. Secretive,? 3 ^ 11. Caution ^arge.* 12. Approbntivenese 13. Self-esteem , Large, 63 ^* LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' figsg 14. Firmness Large. . 15. ConscientiousnGss Large \ 16. Hope [[ Large. 17. Marvellousness 18. Veneration ] ' 19. Benevolence \[[ 20. Constructiveness ... 31. Ideality ,.'.'/.['.'.'. 23. Imitation .....' 2^. Mirthfulness Small 24. Individuality ] Lari/e* 25. Form .;;.;;; « • 26. Size Larirp 27. Weight ^^''^^' 28. Colour 29. Order ^ '.'.'.'.','.'.'" 30. Calculation '.*.'.'.;;;:*. Small. 61. Locality Large. 32. Eventuality ' ipvill ?^ Time ;;;;;; La^ge. 34. Tune ® 35. Language ;;;;;;; Moderate. 36. Causality Large. 37. Comparison Large. •n^i^i.^^^®^*' ^^v^'^ed, fervent and constant lover- will defend the object of his love with boldness, protect his or her rights with spirit. Will feel much stronger attachment than he will express. "Is not very fond of children. May love them as friends, rather than as children. "Is strong in his attachments; readily takes the part of friends, resents and retaliates their injuries: yet mav occasionally fall out with them. "Chooses as his friends the talented, intellectual and literary, and avoids the ignorant. "Is extremely fond of travelling. Has an insatiable desire to roam about and see the world and afterwards to settle down. "Is Dfliriotin nnil rtkailv +/\ aanr.Hi^^ -n .•„ 3_^ » his country. Age, 10]. PHRENOLOGICAL CHART 66 "May get angry quickly, but, unless the injury is deep or intended, cannot retain his anger. **Will be more likely to make a general than a critical scholar. May have bold and original ideas upon a va- riety of subjects, yet will not without effort or excite- ment have a train of connected thoughts upon any. "Is qualilied to meet difficulties, overcome obstacles endure hardships, contend for privileges, maintain opin- ions, resent insults and defend his rights to the last- generally takes sides on every contested question: natu- rally hasty in temper. "Desires money more as a means than as an end, more for Its uses than to lay up; and pays too little attention to small sums. "Generally keeps his thoughts, feelings, plans, etc., to himself. Will effect his purposes indirectly and with- out detection. May sometimes communicate his feel- ings to his nearest friends, yet will seldom do this, and will exercise more attachment than he expresses May restrain for a long time the anger which is burning m his bosom-, yet when he does give vent to it, it wiU blaze forth in good earnest. Is slow in eommencinff yet when once interested in any project pushes it with great spirit. May be timid and fearful until his courage IS once excited, but will then be bold and fearless In cases of danger will be perfectly self-possessed; and yet will have fore-thought enough to do just what the occa- sion demands. Cannot soon be worked up to the stick- Sed^*' ^^* is determined, if not desperate, when once "Is inclined to enter largely into business and to push his projects with so much energy and zeal as to appear rash and nearly destitute of caution; yet will come out about right in the end aud will seldom fail entirely m his projects, though he may be obliged to retrace his steps." e «'" This "phrenological examination," tested by what others can remember of him at that period and by the traits shown later in life, must be rptrnrrlpfl o« f.,^ „„ u -.-^_ ^_ a fairly accurate presentation of the boy's chief charac 66 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE m [1858 teristics. But this should not be set down to phrenology, for there is nothing to show that he placed particular con-* fidence, or even had more than passing interest, in that teaching.! Nor is it to be set down as a lucky kind of guess about himself. It is in truth, more than anything else, the fruit of a habit of introspection which had begun about the time of the return from the first sea voyage and which was afterwards to be shown more and more strongly. Meanwhile the little Shubrick was boldly pushing her way down the coast. This was her first trip in commis- sion, Henry George having seen her building in the Phila- delphia Navy Yard that very year. She was named after Rear Admiral WiUiam B. Shubrick, of the U. S. Navy, who had been Chairman of the Light-House Board since 1853. She was to become the first vessel on light-house duty on the Pacific coast, to which service she was now proceeding; and the first tender under steam in the light- house department of the United States. She was of 373 tons burden, 140 feet in length, 23 feet in beam and 19 feet in depth of hold; with black hull, red side-wheels, black funnel and two masts, the foremast square rigged! She looked as sharp and trim as a yacht, but, as in addi- tion to her regular duties of supplying light-houses and maintaining the buoyage along the west coast, she was intended to give protection to government property along 1 Thirty years later, wlien his son, Richard, manifested interest in phre- nology, Henry George discouraged him, saying that though indirectly or collaterally there probably was truth in it, the subject was one that, in his opinion, Nature did not intend to have man know much about, since the discovery of constitutional characteristics would with most men seem to indicate foreordination, and checking free and independent action, would tend to proiluce fatalism. Moreover, he said, phrenology was not needed for man's progress, for that did not depend upon a knowledge of the relative development of the faculties, but rather upon the use of the faculties, whotever they might be. [1858 jhrenology, icular con- st, in that £y kind of 1 anything had begun voyage and e strongly, ishing her n commis- the Phila- imed after S. Navy, oard since ight-house i was now the light- as of 373 m and 19 de-wheels, re rigged. 3 in addi- 3uses and , she was rty along ■est in phre- ndirectly or )ne that, in about, since It men seem ent action, )gy was not lowledge of 3 use of the Age, 19] A WHITE SQUALL 67 the sea shore of Oregon and Washington from the depre- dations of Indian tribes, she was armed with six brass guns and a novel contrivance for squirting scalding water on the redskins when at close quarters. On Christmas day, while the Shubrich was steaming along over a sun-kissed sea some distance oS the Hatteras coast, the wind, which had been fair, subsided, and then without warning rose into a white squall, blowing from the north-east. The boat's head was swung around and she was brought to under low-steam. At night the wind blew a hurricane, the sea breaking over her fore and aft with great violence. The after part of the wheelhouse, engineer's storeroom and starboard bulwarks were stove in, and everything movable on deck washed overboard, including port shutters, harness-casks, deck engine, and spare spars and lumber. At ten that night, deeming that she was in danger of foundering, thirty tons of sacked coal and some other things were thrown overboard.'^ Many times during his life Henry George spoke of the terrors of this storm, on one occasion* saying: "A negro deckhand and I worked together throwing over bags of coal to lighten her. The sailing master hung on the bridge shouting to us through the speak- ing trumpet and barely able to make himself heard, as he told us the work we were doing was for life or death." This relieved the vessel and at day-light she was en- abled to proceed on her course, nine days after leaving 1 Notes from record of Shubnck, by courtesy of the U. S. Light- House Board at Washington, D. C, and of Captain Geo. W. Coffin, U. 8 N., fnspector 12th Light- House District^ San Francisco, Cal. 2 From shorthand notes by Ralph Meeke.'' of a conversation, New York, 68 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [18S8 Philadelphia putting into St. Thomas, West ndies, to renew her coal supply and make necessary repairs. I'o Jo Jeffreys, his young friend in Philadelphia, Henry George sent from St. Thomas a clear accou f of the passage and of the danger the ship had been in; but to his parents, under same date ^January 6, 1858), he wrote in quite different style to save them from anxiety, omitting all mention of d. nger. The letter to his parents read: "Here I am this winter's afternoon (while you are gathering around the parlour stove, perhaps thinking and talkmg of me) sitting in the open air in my white sleeves almost roasted by the heat. I wish you could view the «cene which surrounds me. The noble moun- tains ris.ng Jrom the water, covered with perpetual ve^e tation or tk> tropics and varied in colour by the shad- ows 01 a« clouds which seem to climb their sides: the little to'v^r, with its square red-roofed, Dutch houses and white iorts, surrounded by the palm and cocoanut trees which line the head of the bay; the snips and steamers which deck the harbour; and the boundless sea stretching away to the edge of the horizon, glitter- ing m the sunlight— form a picture which I know vou would enjoy. •' "Now that I have tried to give you a faint idea of the scenery that surrounds me, I shall try and give vou an account of our passage. ^ e j "We had head winds and a rough sea most of the time • and as the steamer was very slow, the spray which in- cessantly flew over her made the deck very wet and con- sequently, unpleasant. However, we made the rin in nine days from the time we left the breakwater and arrived here early on Saturday morning +1,""^ went ashore last Sunday and attended church, and then together nth Jim Stanley (the young fellow who 1- I ri"^^^ ^°^°^ °''* ^' Engineer's Store Keeper) climbed the mountain to the ruins of the castle of Jilackbeard, a notorious pirate chieftain, who for a Age, 10] A CAliL OP DUTY 69 u. lon^ time made this island his home and stronghold. After coming down, we wandered all over the town and saw all that was to be seen, which I suppose is the same as in the generality of West Indian islar-rls — plenty of darkies — men, women and children — b o shanties, soldiers and cocoanut trees. . . . "I expect our next passage to be much more pleasant than the last, as we shall not be heavily burdened by coal, and important additions have been made in the shape of booby-hatches, etc. . . . "I ki >)w, my dear parents, that you felt deeply the parting with me — far more so than I did. But let the fact that I am satisfied and that my chances are more than fair comfort you. As for me, I, for the first time in my life, left home with scarcely a regret and with- out a tear. I believed that it was my duty both to myself and to you to go, and this belief assuaged the pain of parting. "I am now setting out for myself in the world, and though yo ng in years, I have every confidence in my ability to go tl^ rough whatever may be before me. But of that I shall say nothing. Let the future alone prove." In reply to the letter he received from St. Thomas, Jo Jeffreys wrote (February 1) : I "While such fools and intolerable dolts as James Mc- Mullen^ live, it is almost impossible to expect your fam- ily to be kept ignorant of your great danger. I will elucidate the matter. Some few days since a telegraphic despatch (from Boston, I think) appeared in the Tub- 1 "Jim" McMullen, as he was commonly called, was regarded by his boy friends as slow of comprehension. One day wishing to go swimming without McMullen, they tried the expedient of telling him one after another that his head was swollen and that he must be sick. This suc- ceeded so well that the boy went home and to bed in a fever of excite, ment, and they had great difficulty in convincing him that they had been deluding him. The experience so frightened Henry George that he never again indulged in that kind of a practical joke. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |43 |23 Ufi Itt 1^ IM |a6 IK IB |i£ U ::.£ 1^ 1.8 I 1125 IIIIII.4 1.6 1 SOmm ^ \ \ ^^X'^'^ ^^"<«^.^ ^\^ «> ? *> «0 IJFE OF HLNBY QKOBOB [USB «tc. This I pressed sfmel^a?r;^^^^^^ '* ^'^^^ .^*«-' but she received vour hii^J^.hl ^f ™«^ your mother; you saying nothU^anTstort hn^ T' *^"^^' «°d rough weather enc^ouSd 'n The O"^/''!^^ "lentioning more of it. But here Mn?r,,?il * '^^^ '^^ *^°"«ht no day night (he cal onr^hnf '^'^P' '° ^'^ ^««* Satur- and afL propouLing TveralTn^^^ ^^P^'*"^) your father, /ery kindiv SriS ^ mterrogatories to had seen ai extract Anm^^ ?''''?' "^^^^^^ that he one of the SkZ'^ilk's'ZnLrlZ'a f^! ."^IJ^^ ^^ m the 'Evening Journal' /nTVon ?,/"^»<^ »n this city ing Disturber') t^ purnort nf k \''^'' *^^ '^^^^■ Shubrick had encountered^ f •^^*'^ "^^^ ^^"^^ the almost went dow^etc ^tc ' '*''™' ^^'^^ ^^'^y I had receivedTi:ttTr^*r;ou^'"Ye^^^^^ ^Tl did you sav? Vmi a»iA , ^ ®^' "6"> what Bpirifs. wis' that' VrVeT aTout df T' ^" ^''^ to say I had left the letter at the offiepSiI ""^'.'^'Fy breast-pocket of mv coaM tma ^^^ ^*« ^^ the a storm? (Tw7que8tion w«/''' ""^ ^^^^^^^^ «bout mother, whoSooked^S^e st^air in^T^^^^ ^^^^ Janie and Kate followed h?rTx«mJ. T' ""^^^f ^**^' who was reclining on the sofa S' ^"""^ ^T ^^*^«''' the answer whioh wwt 'x *,"^°®^ ^^^^^ to hear ing eyesTn front anTl^L' "^^"^ '^^"^^ ^^ ^^Ainch- m.y have som^Tnfotarrul^^^^^^^ ^«*^«' he designed to leve at Z i" f J,T * t^ '"^J^^t which ing to manufacture inSn • ^ '^^''' ^ ^«« endeavour- You had «aijl2e™ thafviu hL''"''' '"f'^i^ ^o- [US8 'luhnch had >f coal, etc., ur mother; ' time, and mentioning thought no last Satur- departure) gatories to ler that he w^ritten by Q this city the 'Even- that the that they r and was me wince, ^ell, what in good i'^as sorry ^as in the ing about by your hile Cad, r father, to hear unflinch- ir father Jt which deavour- as pos- ts stead- ing to k an aw- 5.) No. d rough almost lad tor- brain.) i«t,U] LETTERS FBOM HOME 61 To this succeeded a number of questions that tortured me almost to martyrdom, for, as you know, my very bowels yearned to tell the truth. I, however, satisfied your mother that the 'Evening Disturber' had made false representations, and so ends that difficulty. "... You are right. Hen. 'There never was any affectation of sentiment in speech between us when face to face,' and none shall exist now. How do you know that we shall never meet again? I should be obliged to you if you would not send such letters to me in the middle of business— letters which are calculated to distract my mind and render me as weak as a child. Your ideas absolutely make me gloomy, tru^'- though they be. You know I love you. Hen, as muci as any- one in this wide world. ... "I have commenced to reform, and Bill Jones and myself have for some time been studying geometry to- gether. I spend but little, 37 cents a week on cigars, and loaf only occasionally. I go to the office some- times m the evening and study law. Bill and I are to take up natural philosophy and grammar in a few days." The father's letter soon after the departure of the Shu- brick shows the man's robust nature. "My dear boy, we have missed you. I have hardly become reconciled to your absence. It seems that I cannot lock the front door wit'tout the thought of your coming in; and when the boys visit us— Jeffreys, Jones and the others— it seems as if it leaves a blank when we find you absent. Don't think I regret the Btep you have taken. On the contrary, the more I think of it, the more I see the hand of Providence in 1*. ... "Nothing has transpired since you left worthy of note. Things are much as you left them. The times are rather on the mend [industrially]. In political matters things look gloomy. The nigger question, Mor- M LIPB OP HENRY GEORGE [uu monism and General Walker/ etc., will, I think, give us trouble; but notwithstanding all this and as much more, the Union is and will be safe as long as there is bunt- mg to make stars and stripes. They may bluster North, i^ast, South and West as much as they please. Our nation is in the hands and under the guidance of a higher Power, who created this republic for a higher and holier destiny, which is not revealed, and will not be until I am long gathered to my fathers." From St. Thomas to Barbadoes and thence to Pemam- buco and Rio Janeiro the little Shubrick proceeded, hav- ing fair weather and making fair time. A letter written at Monte Video to one of the young friends in Philadel- phia (Charley Walton, February 16; gives some charac- teristic notes : ^e arrived here yesterday morning after a passage of five days from Eio. We lay five days in the latter port and had very fine weather and a pleasant time generally, marred only by one or two little accidents. . . . The first night we stayed there all hands went ashore, wandered over the -'nnd, and as a matter of course, got drunk. A con if the men i^ trying to come aboard fell over a p.v ipice about forty feet in height. One escaped uninju 9d, but the other was nearly killed. He i? now recovering fast, but it will be some time before his arm, which was broken, will be entirely healed. "I enjoyed myself very weU while we were coaling, wandering along the rocks, catching crabs and toad- Probably a reference to William Walker of Tenneraee, who led a fill- bnstenng expedition into Lower California and was driven out. Then he went to Nicaragna, C. A., assumed the title of President of that State and re-established chattel slavery, which had been abolished. He was driven from iwwer in May, 1857, but escaped to New Orieana, In 1860 he led a filibustering expedition against Hondurns, but within four months was captured and shot at Traxillo. >S=. WJ "DUST TO DUST" #8 fish and paddling from one island to another in a canoe, the exact model of the famous one constructed by Cru- soe, and like his, made of a single piece. "I was ashore in Rio but once— on Sunday after- noon — and saw but little of the town, as it was too in- fernally hot to walk the narrow streets." The chief incident of the voyage — an event of singular nature — occurred at the port of Monte Video. Two let- ters containing a brief mention of it have been preserved, but a full and graphic account appeared under the title of "Dust to Dust" in a sketch written by Henry Qeorge eight years subsequently and when he was less than twen- ty-seven, at the request of his friend Edmund Wallazz, for publication in the "Philadelphia Saturday Night,"* a prosperous weekly papt^, of which Wallazz was then fore- man and part owner. The story in substance is this. An hour after leaving Hio, yellow fever had broken out on the Shuhrick and sev- eral wiire taken down. All recovered except the Second Assistant Engineer, S. W. Martin, a popular young man on board. "The crisis seemed past, and if his strength would only last until he neared the Cape, all would be well. . . . Only one port remained to be passed before we shouM hail the rain and fog, and strength-giving winds — Monte Video. But when we entered that great stream, raore sea than river, the mighty La Plata, on which the city is situated, young Martin was dying. . . . "For some time in intervals of consciousness, Martin had been aware of his approaching end, and the only thing that seemed to trouble him was the idea of dying so far from those he loved, and of being buried where ^ This sketch on the following month, July 14, 1866, was republished in the San Francisco "Califomian," conducted by some printer Mends of Henry George. 64 LIFE OF HENRY GBOBQE [18B8 af ection might never mark his resting place. It was his last and earnest request that his grave might be made on shore, where his body could be recognised by his friends, and not committed to the waves ; and though * it was very doubtful if the privilege could be granted, yet the captain resolved to take the corpse into the har- bour, and try to obtain permission to bury it ashore. "And when night came, sadly we talked in little groups upon the deck, while the sound of hammer and plane from the gangway, told that the 'last house' of one of us was being built. Though no star shed its light, still it was not all blackness. The 'river of sil- ver* beamed with a lustre of its own. Not alone the furrows our prow threw aside, or the broad wake we left behind, but the whole surface of the water glowed with phosphorescent brightness, and we seemed to force our way through a sheet of molten silver. "All night loAg we steamed up the river, and when the sun again arose — it showed us the harbour of Monte Video. Out beyond all the other shipping lay a stately frigate, the Stars and Stripes of the great republic streaming from her peak in the morning breeze — ^the old St. Lawrence, flagship of the squadron. . . . We were bringing them news and letters from home, and every port of the great ship thronged with faces eager to see the comer from the land they loved. Running up under her quarter, we were hailed and answered, and after the usual inquiries, our captain mentioned the death of young Martin, and his wish to have him buried on shore; but was told that it was impossible, that we would infringe the quarantine rules by even entering the port with the corpse; and was directed to steam back some miles and commit the body to the waves, be- fore entering the harbour. "The shrill whistle of the boatswain sounded; a boat dropped from the frigate's davits, reached our side, took letters and papers, and our little steamer turned slowly round to retrace her path. We had felt sad while coming up, but a darker gloom hung over all while going down the river. It seemed so hard that the last and only request of the poor boy could not be complied with. CUBS' e. It was might be ognised by md though * )e granted, to the har- t ashore. 1 in little immer and ; house' of ir shed its iver of sil- alone the 1 wake we ter glowed ed to force and when r of Monte y a stately it republic 56 — ^the old . . We home, and [aces eager Running wered, and tioned the tiim buried e, that we n entering [ to steam waves, he- ed; a boat our side, ler turned i felt sad sr all while he last and plied with. Age, 10] THE BODY TO THE DEfeP 66 But swiftly down the current in the bright, fresh morning dashed our little boat, and when the lofty fngate was hull-down behind us, wc turned and stopped for the last sad rites. "Upon the quarter-deck, in reverential silence, all hands were gathered. The large box-like coffin, in which we had hoped to commit our dead to mother earth, bored full of holes and filled up with heavy mate- rials, was placed by the side, covered with the flag. Ihe beautiful burial service was commenced, its solemn sentences sounding doubly solemn under such mourn- ful circumstances— there was a pause— then came the words, *Wc, therefore, commit his body to the deep !' and with a surge the waves closed above the dead. Hardly a word was spoken as the wheels again took up their task, and we began to ascend the river, but eveiy eye was fixed on the spot we were leaving, and at the same instant an exclamation sprang from every hp as the coffin was seen to rise! The engine was quickly stopped, a boat lowered, and taking a small anchor and some heavy chain, they tried to secure and sink the box. But it was no easy task in the fresh breeze and short, chopping sea, and the coffin seemed almost instinct with life and striving to elude their efforts. Again and again they wore foiled in their at- tempt to fasten the weights, but were at last successful, and once more the water closed above the corpse. "After waiting some time, to make sure that it could not float again, we started once more up the river, and this time awe was mingled with our grief. Most men who follow the sea have a touch of superstition. There is something in the vastness with which Nature pre- sents herself upon the great waters which influences in this direction even minds otherwise sceptical. And as we steamed up the river, it was more than hinted among many of us that the strong desire of the dying man had something to do with the difficulty of sinking his body. **This time we passed the frigate, saluting, but not popping, and entered the port. It was war time; on the Pampas some phase of the interminable quarrels of this Southern federation was being fought out, and the •0 LIFE OF HENBT GEOBOB (USB harbour was crowded with men-of-war. Nearly all the Brazilian navy was there, watching the progreBS of events; and besides these, and the numerous merchant- men, the ensign of almost every nation was displayed above some armed vessel. By direction of the oflBcer who boarded ue, we proceeded past them all, to the farther side of the harbour, where we were ordered to lie in quarantine seven days before being allowed to coal. "The new scene, the various objects of interest around and the duties of clearing up, conspired to make us forget the events of the morning, but the sun was yet some distance above the western horizon when a startling circumstance occurred to recall them to our minds. "Nearly all hands were busily engaged below, only two or three loitering around the deck, when the quar- termaster, sweeping the harbour with his glass, noticed something floating in, which riveted his attention. Again and again the looked at it; then, with surprise and dismay in his face, called the officer of the deck. The whisper spread through the ship, and in a few minutes all were watching in silence the object that seemed drifting towards us. Onward it came, through ' all the vessels that lay beyond us— now lost to our view, now coming in sight again— turning and tacking as though piloted by life, and steadily holding its course for our steamer. It passed the last ship, and came straight for us. It came closer, and every doubt was dispelled— it was, indeed, the coffin! A thrill of awe passed through every heart as the fact became assured. "Eight under our bows came the box ; it touched our side; halted a moment, as if claiming recognition, and then drifted slowly past us towards the shore. "There was an excited murmur forward, a whispered consultation in the knot of officers aft; then one ad- vanced— 'Man the quarter boat, boys; take pick and spades; tow the coffin ashore, and bury the body "It was the work of a moment— the boat shot like an arrow from our side, the ashen oars bending with the energy of the stroke. Reverently and gently they se- cured the box, and with slow, solemn strokes, towed it to the foot of the desolate looking hill that skirts the Af*.l«l THE BTBAIT OF MAGELLAN 67 bay. There, breaking it open, they bore the corpse, covered with the flag, a little distance up the hillside, and making in the twilight a grave among the chaparral, laid it to rest, marking the spot with a rude cross, which, concealed from observation by the bushes, would yet serve as a mark of recognition, and secure the grave, should it be noticed, from the intrusion of vandal hands. "And so, spite of all, that dying wish was gratified, and the body which the waters refused to receive was laid to rest in its mother earth."* Prom Monte Video the Shubrick proceeded to the Strait of Magellan, arriving at Cape Virgin on March 6; for instead of taking the long route followed by sailing ves- sels around Cape Honi, she was to steam by the short route through the strait. The heavy westerly winds and strong currents peculiar to that region made such bois- terous weather that progrcKH was greatly retarded and nearly all the coal consumed, so that the erew had to go ashore and cut fire-wood with which to make the next port.' To his family Henry George has described the scen- ery in the western part of the strait as perhaps the most magnificent and impressive he ever beheld. "The water was clear and green W'th depth even up to the banks, which in places were ^vr walls of rock running up perhaps three thousand feet and mantled at their sunmiits with dazzling snow. In the valleys be- tween these and the mountains beyond were glacial for- mations, white and green and iridescent; and at the bases where the land flattened out, were heavy growths of evergreens. 1 If Mr. George had any superstitious feeling at the time regarding the matter — and there is nothing to indicate that he had — ho certainly did not continue to entertain it in after years, but believed the movements ot the coflSn due to the accidental loosening of weights, peculiarities of cur- rents and other natural caixses. « 'Shubruk'a log. LIFE OF HENRY GEOROB [UBB e turn out to be as good as reported, I shall go up there "Messrs Byron and Pipe are both well, though mthe; the worse for their long journey and long hSng/' rTV'I^?r/''"T^°^ ^^'' '""^" « ^'^^"^^ from Mrs. Curry (July 9) that ended all present thought of Oregon and increased that of the Frazer River. "As for this place" wrote she, business is dull. The mines seem to be the an-absorbmg theme." So with hope of Oregon closed and ^no chance of work offering in San Francisco, the globe seemed fabulous. HaUS0 from the first gold discovery in 1848, was to yield $800,- 000,000 of the precious metal.* "California," he wrote to his fSister Caroline in January, "is sadly in want of missionaries and I think it would be a good notion for the Sunday school to send a few out, provided they be gold-fever proof." As shown by his Frazer Eiver adventure, Henry George himself was not "gold-fever proof"; and now he kept thinking of the stories of fortune that were coming in from the California mines, and he talked with a young Philadelphian, Freeman A. Camp, who came to see him at the "What Cheer House," as to the chances they would have there. His mother, doubtless perceiving what was floating through his mind, wrote (March 3) : "Are you getting lazy? You do not write as long letters as you used to, nor tell us much when you do write. You change your business so often I should think you would have a great deal to tell. Remember, everything that concerns you will interest us. . . . I suppose the old proverb does not apply in California: *A rolling stone,' etc. Be that as it may, we will re- joice when you are settled." Two weeks later (March 17) his mother again wrote: "I am sorry Ellie has left you, though it is all right ; she certainly should be with her husband. I hope you have found some acquaintances among her friends, where you can go and spend a social evening. I don't believe in living without society, and least of all female society. And here I know you will have to be careful, for if the women are not of the right stamp, instead of elevating and refining you, they may prove your ruin. I like your early hours, but not your lonely ones. You should have a few good friends. Here, as in all other anxieties concerning you, I can only breathe the prayer : *My Father, be thou the guide of his youth.' " ^ Hittcil'a "History of California," Vol. iii. p. 160. Age, 19-20] OFF FOE THE MINES 01 But even if her soix had the disposition to keep steadily at work, the rice mill gave indications of temporarily clos- ing down. In April he wrote to his Sister Caroline: "We have not been very busy at the mill lately, ex- cept for a day or two at a time; but this does not make much difference to me, as I have to stay there whether busy or not. I generally get up about 6 a.m., go to the hotel and take breakfast, and from there to the mill I come up again at about half past six in the evening eat supper, go into the library and read until about 9 P.M., when I come up to the room and write ^r think for an hour or two and then turn in. A pretty quipt way of living; but there is no telling what will turn up next. And what did "turn up next" was anything but quiet, for the rice mill closing down, he was thrown out of work, and he started off into the interior of the State for the mines. The day had passed when more than the occasional man could find some overlooked and unappropriated spot on river bed or bar, where, with no more equipment than shovel, pick and pan, he could draw forth any consider- able amount of the precious metal. Though the gold- bearing region of California, including the northern mines and the southern mines, extended from Mt. Shasta to Mt. Whitney and embraced an area approximately as great as England's territory, every river bank, bar or bed giving the slightest indication of gold had been worked over and over. The nature of mining then became different. From "wet diggings" in the river channels, operations had turned to "dry diggings" in arid ravines, hill slopes and elevated flats; which led to "coyote-hole" mining (bur- rowing into the side of hills or boring wells) ; to 'Tiydrau- lic mining" (the concentration of a powerful column of 93 LIFE Of HENRY GEORGE tl866-18W water against a hill or mountain side so us to wash the gravel or "pay dirt" down through the sluice box or strainer) ; and lastly to "quartz mining,'* with its shafts and tunnels, stamp mills and heavy machinery. Gold min- ing, therefore, had changed its aspect, so that the average, common man could no longer expect to find, except occa- sionally, places unappropriated, where, with no special knowledge, or special appliances or other capital, he could find any considerable amount of the precious metal or where he could "dig" and "wash out" even ordinary "wages." What drew most gold seekers, and what drew Henry George, into the mining regions was not so much the hope of mining in itself a^ of "prospecting" or "locating a claim"— finding on the unworkcd and unappropriated lands places that would yield to the newer processes the precious metal in quantities sufficient to pay for the work- ing. Such a claim might be sold to or worked on shares by others who had the skill and capital, so that as soon as the rumour of a rich discovery had spread, multi- tudes of "prospectors" came rushing to the locality, eager to "stake off claims." The prospector was, therefore, essentially one who roamed from place to place at the beck of the Golden Goddess; and since she was whimsical and beckoned hither and thither, the prospector was al- ways on the move. There are no clear evidences as to what locality Henry George had set his hopes on, though the probabilities are that hearing in San Francisco confusing reports from a hundred different pointc, he concluded to strike off for some nearer and more advantageous centre, there to deter* mine to which particular mining spot to go; and it seems likely that his first objective point was Placerville, for* merly known as "Hangtown," and before that as "Dry *<«.l»-») PABJJ HAND AND TBAkP 93 Diggings" For Plooerviiie had not only developed rich finds m Its immediate vicinity, bat in some inetanees la C treasure was found by digging into the very ground S wh,ch ,ts eabms and houses stood. Moreover, it ""s on the old emigrant route from the East and the road from the Carson River to the Sacramento valley; and withto supply for all that region of the Sierras, To purpose to go to the mines was one thing; to get the,« was another, but young George was defermined quently, I started out to walk. I was, in fact what would now be called a tramp. I had a little money b, T' u V ,,r" '■" """J *" »P™d his money, and then ' though slight in build and never what would be called muscular, he was forced to do farm work and other manual wTrds the"" '"IM™- ''' ""^ ^"^ -™ dTsZ towards tho mines, but for sheer wont of living neces- saries, cou d go no farther; and with gix^at toil, and some real suffering, he worked his way back to San Francisco. This eoyered a period of nearly two iponths-for physi- cal labour the hardest two months in all his life-during home. While he was in the mountains, the Currys had rplrtlf r "Pf^^-'y to set type on the "Statesman," m Portland with pay according to competency; but when he had got back to San Francisco the time to cccpt M passed. Then ,t was that he learned of the death at Vic- taken with the experience just closed and a poor out-look for work m San Francis co, depressed his spirits, though • Mcs^ker notes, October, Uv7. 94 LIFE OP HENBT GEORGE [1808-1850 he tried to write cheerfully home to his Aunt Mary (June 17) : "Ji"* George has gone up to Victoria again, but will be down as soon as he can settle up his business, which will probably be in two or three weeks. The children are here going to school; they are in the best health and spirits. "We are enjoying splendid weather, just warm enough, though for the last few days it has been quite hot, re- minding one of the summers at home. For some time past we have had plenty of green peas, strawberries and all the early summer vegetables and fruits In ten or fifteen years this will be one of the greatest fruit countries in the world, for fruit trees are yearly being , set out by the thousand and grape vines by the million 1 am doing nqthing just now, but expect to go to work next week. I have given up all idea of going to the mines. & e "Frazer Eiver seems to have given out at last, and every st jner that comes down is filled with miners Ihe rich deposits of a month or two ago appear to have been without foundation. "I must bring my letter to a sudden close, for the clock has struck eleven, and I will just have time to get down to the post office to mail this. I intended to write a longer letter, but coming up here I stopped to look at the operation of moving a house, which must have consumed more time than I was aware of The way they raise, lower, and pull big houses around the city here is astonishing." He had, indeed, given up all hope of going to the mines and also pretty much all hope of remaining ashore, where there seemed to be no work for him and no future. Thoughts of the sea came back in a flood tide. They ranged along the line of ocean heroes, and he asked him- self why he should not follow that calling and rise to [1898-1890 Mary (June lin, but will iness, which ^he children best health irm enough, lite hot, re- r some time strawberries fruits. In •eatest fruit 'early being the million, ct to go to of going to it last, and ith miners, ear to have se, for the ve time to I intended ! I stopped ehich must e of. The iround the ng to the ing ashore, no future, de. They isked him- ad rise to Ag.. ii^aoj PABTING OP THE WAYS gg IrLfnl :r/^"^^"^ r"^«% of this, and stood af f b/acc dfnt V ZT' "'^^ ^^« ^^"^^ -«« decided as If by accident. For the second time David Bond tlirou^h a chance meet ng, offered a kinrliv o«. • ?' ^"rougli for his voiina frL r ^^.^inf'^y service and obtained on th week^f "Hol7'"'r " -"^P^-^—this time can Thou 'hf , ""'""^ ^^^'"^^ ^^ -^^^^P'^ C. Dim- can^ 1 bought of a career at sea never returned Printers wages in California were at that iime still high, the union rate for piece work being seventy-fi^eents :hi?trri rr;::i^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^^^ -- -t he go^t oi.y a bo^pay t: ^o^^^:.:!^^^^ twelve dollars a week. He resolved now tt keL if ii^ possiWy could o type-setting until he should corned age and be q^uahfied as a joprneyman. When somewhat set tied he wrote to his Sister Jennie (August 2): noH^uVll iTav^nJ^f "• ^ «^- ^^-id I do ;h.Uet into somethfnfbeltt^\triTan^^^^^^^^^ O'clock^ and ^f^^,^ ^ ^'j^^'j^TZ 06 LIFE OP HENRY aSORGE [1858-1M8 morning. There are only three others in the office- nice Bocial fellows— which mukcB it pleasant for me. I do not make much, but I am learning a good deai and think I have a pretty good prospect, so that I am quite satisfied." This contentment of mind was broken by news of the death of the dearest friend of his boyhood, Jo Jeffreys. Mrs. George revealed her sympathetic heart (August 18) : "I feel as though I must pay something to you, but my heart is full of the one theme, poor Jeffreys, poor Jo. I cannot tell you of tho anguish I feel when I think of him, and I can think of nothing else. ... The agonising thought with me is the uncertainty of hiB state. had he time to call upon his Saviour: to say: 'God, bo rtierciful to me, a sinner.' . "0 his youth, his bright mind, his sensitiveness, his love for you made mc feel an interest in him of no com- mon kind. I do ixiourn for him sincerely. I know your heart too well to doubt your grief. "Pop thought you would like to have a lock of his hair." By the same mail Will Jones wrote: 'Toor Jeffreys has paid the debt of nature, unan- ticipated and mourned by all. Brilliant in life, flash- ing upon our vision as a meteor, and as a meteor so soon to be lost in the impenetrable gloom of night. "We buried him at the Odd Fellows' Cemetery, in our lot there, the last tribute of regard I could offer. None of his family was there save his two brothers, who came on from New York to the funeral." Jo Jeffreys' death was a bitter and heavy loss. It snapped the tie of boyhood. Henry George's life from that time forward was the life of the man. In November (20) he wrote to his mother: [18S»-UM 1 the office — isant for me. : a good deal bO that I am ' news of the , Jo Jeffreys. (August 18) : ^ to you, but Jeffreys, poor [ feel when I else. ... ncertainty of J Saviour; to • • • litivenoss, his tn of no coni- 3ly. I know I lock of his ature, unan- n life, flash- eteor so soon ght. . . . letery, in our offer. None fs, who came ivy loss. It 's life from n November ^. ^^201 HARPERS' PERRY REBELLION 97 un?^hi?e%^tCd\;,?^^^^^^^ beautiful weather, ^nyself. The shortness o7frf^' opi>ortunity to sun impracticable, eS on sL^ "^"^'i '""^^'^ *b^« «^"i"«t a long walk^tsidf oAhe c?t7^^ "'^" ' ^^"^^^^^ ^«^« Evelt: "ewTo'f XtS^H""' ^^ «" ^-« -- couldn't get up the sn,« W^^T^f ' ^^"".>^ rebellion,' cept among tL noS ^'°^ ''^J^'' excitement, ex- returned tVialfnanJl^''- , ^'°TI ^^^^^ ^^^ that quarter has ceased 'for 1" '^""'^ "^^ ^""^er from terior towns have for fJf- ^ f"'^''*- ^^^^ the in- so that, except" he nol'S 1^1 '"^"^/^ ^^"^' we are left without evpnT 7 . .^ .*^^ '"^^^ steamer, observe the day with th„ ., ? ^ *"" t'y "nd think of homo Ln i'r^VerlTTr' "'"' "" ahe hoar rumou " Ct^ ';,^;' ^''''-'^ »«°0 *ould most sensational events ^ZlontJt th? ,™ " "^ '""' there were crowding info m,^M otT. "'""f' ^ »cro?:r "^ V*-- °^--^^-^^^^ scribed as 'wfn "the LT t Tt ^'""^ """"^ "»» <'- the So«th."^Zf low Tn the f '"l """^ *^ "'«S«'' '» (185D), after the Z^bi er'Ind':!!!!;" ' '^P'?""''^' campaign ever held in Calltia tie r^™ 7 '"""'™' davery, party swent the ™™'Vf ,. ""P*™- ""■ Pn>- the cinyL left man! i u^^ "°°'' ^'^'d ''•"•"'g canvass left many scores to be settled after election rr 9$ LIFE OF HEMBY GEORGE (UI»-18S9 the moBt conspicuous resulting in a duel between David S. Terry, Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, a pronounced pro-slavery supporter, and U. S. Senator David C. Broderick, the foremost anti-slavery man west of the Rocky mountains. Eighty persons were present to witness Broderick get a death-wound and Terry go un- scathed. Broderick was carried to San Francisco and half-hourly bulletins were posted before a surging and excited multitude. He was accorded a public funeral and his name became a rally-word in the anti-slavery cause on the Pacific Coast.^ Henry George was not unconscious of such events; on the contrary he took a burning and apprehensive interest in them. His father's mind, also, was filled with appre- hension arising f^m similar events in the East, for he wrote (December 3) : "We have had a high old time with the Harper Ferry 'rebellion,' (as it is called) and John Brown. The abo- litionists are making all the capital they can out of this poor fanatic. He is magnified and glorified beyond anything human, and dies a martyr, according to their belief. It is having a great effect upon business, and has thrown trade into something of a panic. Our iron men suffer, I am told, on account of the Southern mer- chants everywhere refusing to have anything to do with Northern men. What the result will be none can tell. I have always been of the opinion that this Union could never be dissolved, but if the present feeling is kept up and we do not get another Andrew Jackson for our next President, I fear I shall be mistaken in my opinion. "Brown was hanged yesterday at 15 minutes past 11 without any disturbance. But the end is not yet." 1 "Broderick and Gwiii," by James O'Meara, pp. 225-254. Terry was shot and killed by a Deputy U. S. Marshal in 1889, when committing an assault upon U. S. Supreme Court Justice Field, growing out of a casn in which Terry had been committed to jail by Judge Field for con- toinpt of court ery cauBC on CHAPTER VII. SIX PRINTERS AND A NEWSPAPER. 1860-Gl. Age, 21-32. T Printer H '^"'' »«pieio«sly for tho y„„„g JL prmter. He wm earning steady if small wages at hi! rade and purposed not to be diverted, but to C at nnt.1 he came of age in the following SeptemL ^ h! wo»M qualify as a ioumoyman, and'eouTd ta't ": mans full pay. To his father he wrote (Januai of the S....l"*.XI'S a^^ r flTe-r^" Wise hails from Philaflplnhia w^ u j ° ^^^®' pleasant time, talWnl't^r'our oU adl^J^T^^i' haTbSi to rl'V'jM'''*'"' '■> «^ Sard ill" I intend to stay where I am until my next birthdav ' '^ — *" « j^o.1 ur iwo to coiue i » e he said, 3ry differ- letter to the newly 3e moun- rnia line, yet this region was in th 1 "f""^ '" "^"^' ^^^^^^We, 000 worth of bullion Zo7' 7 ^T '' ^''^^ ^«0,000,- the "Comstock Lode- and fn \ *' '"^^^ ^"^^^^'^t^d ^ames of the "Bonanza X n f 1.T *" ^"'^^ ^^"^^^" the -d Fair. The 1^" n "^"' ''"'^^' ^''''> ^'Brien removing ^^o'Znt'luSdinff' ^Ilf P^'^^^^^^.as they are purpose, where there wHl bf'aW. ^ ^""^'^''^y ^^^ the have out a bulky folirL-^r!.?! !?^"^- However, I the United StatesUo t^t T f '^^^'^i^^ ^^^tory 'of reading matter. Do vonrnJ uT'" ^^PP^^^d ^vith l^u read, tell me? hCi would H?\ ^H^ ^««^« do We can hardly eniov JnL ^ ^'^^ *^ ^^^d with you ances oontains^Sfy te 'who^r^. '''' '' ''^^^^- newspapers. . . / ^ ^^'° ^^^^^s more than the r^f^ols^'Z^uXt AZZ'lh^^^^^^ ^''T'^'^' of the placed in them: From '1^. ^n^fT^ ^'''^ ^^^ be be a great rush to WaSoe hi f hV •''^*'°°' there will ver there in plenty-!^f tha thpr?^"^ , '^^^^^ i« «1- but still there will b7manv^,-!» •*'? ^^ ^'^^^^ doubt- is certain-you don't ca^ohL^P'''"*'?"^*^- One thing until prettyLtdn tha tereTs sSh'^ f f ^^^-^ pretnlS-- ^P the notion S iSS'^^^t'^l^^^^^^^^ Clis'X VJZ^7: '''-'' '^'^ "P- -nts. thin r^M^dHttr ftt! ?^^^ -- there «ame thing after expL ^W ^S^^ ^T^^ to the you are of age you will see it so «n^ />P« ^hen tunes can be made at home as wli ''T^"'^.^ that for- «ay, as with one voice, when ^e "/! ^\^^^- We all keep you. No more roving » ^ ^""^ ^^^^^^ we will >::f| T I ! 102 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1860-1861 From his father (April 16) : 'Mr. Brown has a letter of introduction to you. He spent last evening with us. I found him to be a great egotist, but he is an Englishman, and that accounts for it. Treat him politely." M From Henry George to his Sister Jennie (April 18) : "Washoe is walled up by snow at present, preventing both shipping of the ore and prospecting. In another month when it begins to thaw up in the mountains we will have some definite news from that locality. . "I am still op. the 'Home Journal.' On the 3d of September next I will be twenty-one years old, and then, if nothing happens, I will have a pretty good thing (comparatively) and be able to make better pay. It IS only four months off, and they will fly pretty quickly. . . . I don't expect to work at printing very long after I am of age. I will then have a chance to look ?r«r"\''^^'^ ^®* ^"*^ something that will pay better. If Washoe only equals the expectations entertained of it by sober, sensible men, times will be brisk here this sum- mer, and everyone will have a chance for *a gold ring or a broken leg.' "Duncan the proprietor of the 'Home Journal,' bought an interest in a silver lead a short time since for a paltry sum which he could sell to-day for $15,000, and which, if it holds out as rich as the assay shows' will be an independent fortune. ' "I don't read much now except the newspapers and you are getting far ahead of me in that line. It takes pretty much all my spare time to keep posted on the current topics of the day. What a time we live in, when great events follow one another so quickly that we have not space for wonder. AVe are driving at a killing pace somewhere— Emerson says to heaven, and Carlyle says to the other place; but however much they differ, go we surely do. ./ > e [18e&-1861 ) you. He be a great ccounts for April 18) : preventing In another untains we ty. . . . the 3d of , and then, food thing r pay. It ty quickly, very long ce to look >ay better, ained of it ( this sum- gold ring Journal/ time since r $15,000, say shows, apers and It takes ed on the 8 in, when t we have lling pace rlyle says fer, go we Age, 21-22] JOINS A METHODIST CHUECH 103 I am invited out to-morrow evening fn • • ing circle, and if it don't rain win ^i ° J°'° » ^^ad- polite society on the Coast Wn^/j "^""^ "^^ ^^but in make my bow, or hear 2 k. ^j^ ^^^ "^« *o see me some ha?d wo^dT But T wHl dn ^'^^ Y^^" ^ '^^^^o not as bashful as I used to iJ^ ^' "' '^^^ *^^°g- I am ways instructive, and vn,,r f « ! • ^ ^^^^ ^^e is al- vated to allow you SilfeToothr ^^^^«"^^% eulti- but then it is solely because T^; ^^^'^^^ad them, obliged to take my mental food ir. ? '''^*^°^' ^°^ ^m as possible. ^ ^^^^ ^" ^^ condensed a form long walk to breakfast buf?r„,- "'° '"™- I hove a riaZ """nr^ »^ftU ™ If ;^ aZft r ' 'pp^'^^- riage. However, the more T cn„ «f , " ^ n^ar- he more I e.an^i„e ttewoJkr °'o?T """ '¥"«^' ""-I less laehned am I to Mg^lnyti} ZP"'' '''"'' "'^ A'^utt He^r^oeor:!' ""V. ™ "^ "'' -*er. acquaintance,. 5^T„„ tt^ .P'f f * "»' *<> """ke social named CoddingtoTand Zi'™?*? "' *" ^"""g >"™ acquainted .ith some ,o! f ^;,°f '^-^VIT '"^'""^ men were ardent Methodil w 7 °' """« y"""? most a fanatic, and h7urt1V P""' "" enthusiast, al! The young printer had rse^eXl*"' Sj" "-""-■ from a literal acceptance of ^1™/! """''^ *™"k heen taught at old St P„„ • «>"? •■'^». 8«ch as he had Boving had bred or at a„v f" '" *''^ '"""'^ "'^e- 'hat, though he iid'm ,:i t r If " r"' - and especially of the dear «1. . , ^''"«' "' "'hers, reject almost compyetelvlh!' T" '"' ''"J «-"•» '» fte forms had caTo„Twt. ! '' ^ ""'' "* dined towards matZl 1°' "^ '* T""-- He in- " "'" '™ burning enthusi- !J M 104 LIFE OP HENEY GEORGE [1860-1861 asm of Hoppel, even if it expressed in the main only* personal magnetism, was contagious to a sensitive, sympa- thetic nature; and George began to have new thoughts about religion. Drawn by this, and the desire to make acquaintances, he accepted Hoppel's oiler, and went with him to the Methodist place of worship, where an upright, earnest, broad-minded man. Rev. S. D. Simonds, preached. Then the young printer wrote home that he had joined^ a church. Understanding this to mean more than he in- tended to convey, the quiet circle at Philadelphia received the news with a delight that was only little lessened when they afterwards learned that it was the Methodist and not the Episcopal Church to which he had attached him- self. His mother wrote to him (July 2) : "With what thrilling joy did we read your last letter. Good news! Good news! Indeed, so unexpected, so intensely joyful that copious tears streamed from my eyes; but they were tears of joy and gratitude. "Oh, how much better the Lord has been to us than we have deserved. How weak our faith, that God's rich blessings and overflowing goodness and sure promise should take us by surprise. I now desire to say, *Bless the liord, my soul and all that is within me, bless His holy name. For Thou hast delivered the soul of my child from death, and his feet from falling. I will offer to Thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving and call upon the name of the Lord.' "Your father will tell you, too, the heartfelt joy with which he received the news. Not all the wealth of Cali- ■ fornia would have caused a tithe of it. We feel now that our boy is safe; his feet are upon the rock. T^et the waters lash and surge, the trials and troubles of life come, he is safe as long as he clings to the Cross of Christ in humble, trusting faith. You know our beautiful hymn, 'Rock of Ages.' Turn to it if you have forgotten it. How soothing and comforting its lan-« gitage! With God for your guide, my dear child, you will be safe and happy everywhere. Age, 21-22] COMES OP AGE t05 my God, in Him will I tAs^-^ ^ ' ^""^ "^^ ^°"*^«««^ This i™^,„ „„, ,,^,7- a shC tiT" h:"'"- returned to tho «R•/^m« t ,» ^' ^^^ "^on dollars a week and T ^T' "' '"'^''"""' «' t^rtv tion might ir "' ""' ''"'"' '>">'' '™S «'o posi- GL!rw^J ' ■""'' *'"•"-«'' *>•» «»<*« of his friend STrrir.tieTtirc%r:-- MnPi^.! ^^arceiy out of her sixteenth year Mi^a McCloskey was one of the four rhilrlmr, 4. Coantv r ' *''"' ""y ^''" ^^'o". horn in Em,™ -hon: had become o,org,.en in^ i^^;Jir^Z:^ f >'l H/.= 1 l-fl 106 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1880-1861 lip Church. She herself was a woman of refined and intel-» lectual mind, and strong, commanding nature. Henry McCloskey inherited an established business and was him- self a successful man. He had the roving spirit and took his family to Australia and thence to California, stopping for a period in the Hawaiian, or as they were then more commonly called, Sandwich Islands. In Syd- ney and in Honolulu the family lived in ample means, Henry McCloskey carrying on an important iron-monger- ing business, and deriving large profits from government contracts which were invested in real estate. He settled his family in California in 1851, and two years later re- turned to build a' railroad in South Australia, where he contracted a fever and died. He was then fifty-four years old and on his way to a big fortune. But before the family left Australia Major Fox had come to a disagreement with his wife's mother. She had urged the marriage, and when asked subsequently how it was that though staunch Catholic and intense Irish pa- triot, she had consented to her daughter's marrying a man who was a Protestant and wore a red coat, the reply was that she had been "a mother first and a Catholic afterwards," and had given her sweet, gentle daughter to a soldier and gentleman who could protect her in the new, rough country that Australia then was. Discord between the gentleman and his wife's mother at length ran so high that he requested his wife to choose between them. Eliza- beth Fox, feeling a stronger sense of duty towards her mother than towards her husband, chose to stay with the former. The Major then took his last farewell and they never met again. The young wife realising her attach- ment for him after he had irrevocably gone, fell to griev- ing, which brought on consumption, of which she died in San Francisco at the age of twenty-nine. (iseo-ini 3d and intel-^ ure. Henry md was him- g spirit and California, as they were ds. In Syd- imple means, iron-monger- i government He settled ears later re- lia, where he :ty-four years jor Fox had er. She had lently how it ase Irish pa- marrying a 3at, the reply d a Catholic ; daughter to r in the new, leord between d ran so high ;hem. Eliza- towards her 3tay with the v^ell and they 5 her attach- fell to griev- h she died in U 'Si m k li From uuguerreotype taken in 1865, sliowi after job printing offi^e^eri--:-^'"'^' "* ''' ^"^^ experience. ei H cc ca ce he Fc BO] an Te da^ gra Mrj gra] Am won min call3 sayi] but But enga, prom ofH( Me idly ] the v: now ( few w A«».ai-22j FAMILY OF ANNIE FOX ^^7 Teresa and Annie were the two daughters of fhi« «, grandmother apparently IZZ\ i f'i '^^' °^ *^« Annie and Mr Geor.; '"I *u' ^^^ '^ "^"^^« ^'^""^^ ' woman who could 3' '"^^ '^'^ ^'^« ^^^ ^ind of saying: "Annie, that Mr Vlt -^ ' attention, but I fear he s del cate and wHl .' T ^'""■« "■»' But the gi., iept he':t ll: ' sltraTSt" ofHen., George, r:X%»;eH:r:„rht^°"^"« idlf m'^"\t "'"^Kf <™«^-vent;rs t ng rap. «.i,uij, ML tne new Republican partv TTpnmr n^ ew weeks later, December 20, the State of South Carolint P, mi] il Mix 108 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1860-1801 |l t formally seceded from the Union. R. S. H. George about the same time (December 19) wrote to his son: af"+T!;'Tn^''°^.^,!'i' ''^"iglooniy; men seem dismayed at the prospect before them; they confess that thev cannot see through the gloom. Car. ,> hn Iw these United Stales, forfned for the'reiuge of the down ^ndZr^ ?^r^'^ V^' '•''^^' «hali be destroyed, and that that glorious flag which is their protection n«n^?v"i *^' ''""'^^ '^''^^ ^^ t^'odden under foot? I cant think so; no, never!" The minds of most men were charged with apprehen- sion as the year ,1861 was ushered in. The States of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Louisiana fol- lowed South Carolina's example and passed ordinances of secession. On March 4 the passive Buchanan went out of office and Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States. At this time Henry George was adrift again. Duncan had sold the "Home Journal" and George turned to "sub- bing" on the daily papers. For a time he considered a mining project of which he speaks in a letter to his Sister Caroline a year later (July 5, 1863) ; "A large amount of silver is coming out of Nevada near Virginia City and the amount of goods going up there IS astonishing. One of the companies lately de- clared a dividend of $1,400 per share. Their claim however, is situated on the famous Ophir lead, probably the richest in the world. A company in which Charlie Coddington held some stock struck the same lead a cou- ple of weeks ago, raising the value of shares to a price which will give him quite a nice little start, and which will make his partner rich, if he has not sold out. Hop- pel and I and Charlie were going to buy twenty feet Age, 3I-22J SAN FBANCISCO -EVENING JOUBNAL" 109 ^^T^koZVinTCt I'X '^^--S Journal, a certainty for an uncerST fP'""'^' "' ^ "'»'■»'•*. IB worth $-10,000 ($?oo a f^f; „fi P,":f» * P""*' that «» Ophir, wiil be Ivorth muThU"e. ' P™™' "» "'^'' beo?:ol::elr-:';:f ^/>»eh Hcn^ Ge„r,o no. called the "Const'itu^tion," which mT"" ""^P""" port of the Union part pr^L ," ^Si^'inT 18C0 campaign— Bell and Everott p ""M'dates m the J. Knowlton, Abel Gee son nf i ^, P""te>-B-Jan.e8 to keep the Andersonriile " ? ^"^^ *''* "^o ^"^ 0. Smith, afterwarXan Enf "", ."'"^ *'"' ""^ J"'"' Anson c/Benh::; t^FrS a cf™"" "V"''™"' a partnership to revive ti,! Camp-entered npon "Evening ZZv'Th^:^' •"■''" '^e name of L in additfon to gatheril^L Tf."""'' ""■' ^-^^ "g"*'' pat in what at' ttt TL ^ ell J^ "'"' "'^"■"'™ '» chief item of exnense inl ''»''*°™'a constituted the er.aervice«-ear„rr;i:fhrnu:e'r-*l7™'- For telegraphic news ,JZ\u\ '""" """^ '"'»«"•• started, dii not oecurv'7 t ' '""' "'" "J"™"'" »aa , lu not occupy much space in We«t Pno.t There was no wire connection with the 1?^ Tfr' Rrams had to travel a In„„ „ 7 , , "*'' """' t^'c- "Overland Stage "But nl'^'"^ ''^""' '"^"'»« "n the mission was established in X? Tt' "'""^ "' '""■»- E^P«.ss." Two relays T;',! o7 fafr" "' "^ "'''"'' over the lifteen hundred mHef.f ^""^ "''''" "•»■> rating St. Joseph, Ssou „° /n'™ ™'' '''^'^ ^'P"" to connect the Eastern ar,^' w * '"'"°" '^"^' ^'^™''''. But this was ve^eWe !Id r.,'"'?"'^'' ^y"'™'' or intermittent naturfa Wst Iff ' "" '■"'°^"™'^ for so-called teWpanhic ?™. ■ "^^ ''"* "^"red' Washington to Sri r^'Z! '™". ^^" ^""^ <" lunnsco. Under such cirmmofor^f^™ 110 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [iMo-isei Pacific Coast newspapers did not carry much telegraphic matter, the columns being almost entirely filled with local news and comment* and when intelligence of secession and hostilities began to come in from the East the general feeling was that these were only temporary things — mere ebullitions, or "flashes in the pan!" And its promoters believed that if the "Journal" could live the short time until peace and quiet should be restored it could then fall back on the local news and be on equal terms with its contemporaries. Regarding the new daily as a good venture, Henry George bought an equal share with the others for something over a hundred dollars-*-money he had saved while foreman 1 The chief business of tlie Pony Express was to carry mail between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California; St. Joseph being the western limit of the Eastern railroads, and Sacramento being connected with San Francisco by river steamers. The distance to bo ridden was 1900 miles, going by way of South Pass, Salt Lake, Humboldt River and Carson Val- ley. There were 190 stations at intervals of about 25 miles ; and 200 sta- tion keepers, 80 riders and nearly 500 western native ponies. Postage was $5 for each half ounce. Carson City was on the way, and there tele- grams were picked up or dropped. Hittell's " History of California," Vol. IV, pp. 266-268. 2 For a time the editorial writer on the " Evening Journal " was John R. Ridge, a strikingly handsome man, whose mother was a cultured Connec- ticut woman, and whose father, educated in Connecticut, was & full-blooded Cherokee Indian, a member of one of what were known as the Civilised Tribes. In later years Henry George wrote of him in "Progress and Poverty," Bk. X, Chap, ii ("Memorial Edition," pages 490-491). " I once knew a man in whose veins ran the blood of Indian chiefs. He used to tell me traditions learned from his grandfather which illustrated what is difficult for a white man to comprehend — the Indian habit of thought, the intense but patient blood thirst of the trail, and the fortitude of the stake. From the way in which he dwelt on these, I have no doubt that under certain circumstances, highly educated, civilised man that he was, he would have shown traits that would have been looked on as due to his Indian blood ; bui which in reality would have been sufficiently explained by the broodiugs of his imagination upon the deeds of his ancestors." Ag«, 21-22] 8DMTJEE yiBBD UPON 111 Jennie (April 10, J™ ™™- »» «ote to l,is Si«ter «Me„,pt (thit iVtho pS"L?°""''''' " P«"* '■> *e I think »!e have a i3 n?„' I J"'"''. r«spected brother). have a good propel „E''l1n'' '" ^ 'j'"^ '"''"^ *' " a life-time. 'l£ ^'„d3 7/,' f "" '"dependence for fret about a sister-in-W '™ ^''"' '""^ ''-=«'" '» eomirrabfyr;rJv"d''LI5'''"\''t^ ''T" '»'»■•««« ""d send you w^llXnt a™ucrbe?^ *''" ™-^' ™1'"=^ I are yet hardly f„ the working trto "f'*"""'' «' "e paper tt Z'j;^'that*rSi, J"/' ?/^'"« "" " "aUy .Hat"thX:„it;tdl;?„T n?s:r ^°'«' ^^t;;m^i^£ £~^e:! i-^-*nitdideeX:o;td:-;i:r Henry George luul invited Jii,s Fox m,t fn .. it ., . happened, 1 e.t.a.^eV "-t ^H '^^ 'rt'' 'l' your dear old father was dead." He turnld"!' ?"?u' cou d be a greater calamity to this country?" It was not to bo wonderpd nf fiio+ „ • , another countrv mT ? /. . ^ ^^"""^ ^'^'^ ^°^° '^ should irsi^Fr„.^"/'''^ ^^'"^ " ^^^^•^^^t «^hool, ouia, m San Francisco, far removed from the seat of r 112 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1800-1861 the_£truggle, not at once grasp the significance of events; but the family in Philadelphia thorouglily understood, Mrs. George writing to her son (May 20) a few days after the President had called out seventy-five thousand volun- teers for a three months' service : "We are now, as it were, holding our breath; waiting for the news of the first battle. It is thought by all that it will take place in a few days at Harper's Ferry. this horrible, calamitous and most sorrowful of all wars; when and what will be the end ? I firmly believe the Lord of hosts is with us, and the God of Jacob will be O'lr defence. Though we have sinned against Him, He will not give us to anarchy and confusion, but will right our wrongs and make us again a happy, united people. pray for this, my dear boy.'* His Sister Jennie (by same mail) wrote : "Mrs. Browning moves two nations with one song Have you seen her last poem, written at Turin, I think termed 'Mother and Poet'? It is magnificent. It com- mences : " 'Dead ! One of them shot by the sea in the east. And dne of them shot in the west by the sea. Dead ! both my boys ! When you sit at the feast, And are wanting a great song for Italy free, Let none look at me.' "It is all we women can do— give up our husbands and brothers cheerfully. A great many we know are going, some your old friends." Later (June 10) his father wrote: "You cannot feel it as we do. All around is war- like, and young men are crowding into the ranks of the forces being raised. Nothing now but the sound of the drum and the march of troops South. . . "But, my dear boy, this is what I think I predicted [1860-1861 of events; mderstood, days after ind volun- h; waiting ?ht by all 3r's Ferry, ful of all ily believe Jacob will inst Him, I, but will )y, united Age, 21-22] SOUND Off THE DRUM 113 one song. I, I think, It corn- east, 3 sea. he feast, free, husbands know are I IS war- ks of the id of the predicted States; and we old Jon L '^^"^ '^ ^^"^^ United that it is besHhat it 2uld .rT *? *^ ^^^^^^^^^n we are a NationaT l^r^lTlr^'lfZ^^^ "'I'-T 'Iren may know the truth, aTd what the v n.'^^^' '^'^ upon. ' ^^^^ ^'^^y ai'e to depend House is short, and wha to 1 '{""t " "«' ^"»'™ merce is suspended and r A, .,''"""' "°'> Corn- that I shall te a pCr to-atrot '"'"' '"""I''* ""' discharged I know nnt wi,.J -ii r ' ' • ^f I am yet all 1 know a?e i^L iam^^^^^^^ «^ ^«- And a ship, at sea without nidrW L ^^" '''' ^ P^^' ^^ke be God. We cTn and do lool. T??''' ^"<^ ^^^''^^ and deliverance 1 ftf satilS^f. . ^"^ ^^^ «"^^«^^« or forsake uTin this our ^mf ^^ S.'^' ^^" ^^* ^^*^^^ cir' f ""r^ ^'""^ *^^ ^^«*^"^ House which R. S F (xeorge feared came soon after this Af . , ", ^ '^^ H. "Evening Journal" had !„? «'™«8>'»« months on the hehcard';;hrfathertlrf "/^ ,'^»""°'«»«- When to sell out hi inw t in r P'*'" >■« «' <"""> o&r„d bring and eenrt X7n"''l„t'th"'"^^^^^ " '""■■'' would not listen to thi. r^pliS^^l^;^':^^--' "Tour kind letter was to me worth mnm n and gold. It showed mo ihlt J ^'^^ *^^*^^ silver from\s was w llin ' to lli^ "^ ^^^-^ '^"^ ^^^^ away parents in dieke ^l^d so wi^^lT'^^T *^ ^^^^ ^^^ Surely my grey hairf wiU w "". ""^ ^^«^ children. the grave V^cUnt of he wLfn/^^^ "^^*^^^^ *« on tHe part of my dear chiMr^n > ^ ^"'^ "^'^ ^«^^*^°" f I 114 LIFE OP HENRY aEOBGE [1860-1801 He told his son that he had hopes of success in a ship- brokerage business which he and a Custom House asso-* ciate, who also had been displaced, intended to enter upon. A never failing complaint in the communications from home at this period was that there were so few and such meagre letters from California. There was ground enough for these complaints, for all connected with the "Evening Journal" had to work long and hard. In a letter to his Sister Caroline (August 19) Henry George shows this: "I am still on the paper— working hard to make it go, and as yet without any decided success. We are making now about $6 apiece per week— rather small wages you will justly think for California. But then they are slowly ibut surely getting larger, and I think the prospect ahead is worth some industry and self- denial." The little band of poverty-stricken printers pressed reso- lutely on, with the earnest hopes of Henry George's folks at home. Indeed, the latter took so much interest in the enterprise that when her brother had written that he would sell out at any price to send his father some money, his Sister Jennie had replied (August 39) : "I hope you won't sell your share in the paper. It seems hard to think of your commencing all over again. We all cried when we got your letter ; it seemed so hard on you.^i, The bond between this brotlior and sister, always close by reason of congenial tastes, seemed now to grow more tender. By his encouragement, she wrote several long news letters from Philadelphia for his paper, and in her personal letters she constantly referred, with something like wistfulness, to the days that seemed long gone when they were happy children together: "Uncle Thomas took us all on an excursion Tuesday. . . . He told us that a number of years ago he went •Ag6, 21-22J WOBK UPON WORK 116 were eating Jour^SfasrZ^ ""'^^^ ^^^^ While^ou Btrong cofffe.^ (j suppos^^^^ l'"" '^^^ very All of a sudden vou ffi .w ^""^ ""^^ "^^^ to it.) with a very grave C and it rV ^^^^^ «nd fork "tatter {^ saL qu'te "obfrJ^^'wf "T."^¥* ^«« ^^^ coffee has flew to my head/ - ^ " '^' ^ "^^ ''^^^^ve the ber^iT sh^^^^^^^^^^^^ this time (Septem- printer's mind: ""''' *^^ ^*^*^ «f «>« young es«abtuSr1^^^^^^^^^ -d more you about two weeklaffo^ bnt r,/ H**''.^/'^^^^«^^ ^^^^ amends for it, if lTan^\ /ho ?' .^ T" *^'y *« "i«ko working quite hard^Lm mJ^^W f^''' } ^^^'« ^een any intermission, and it Ts Zff^ .*^ "'«''*' without sit down and w/ite after ih^^ • '*'^'^' ^^ ^a^t, to tinuation of the use of Thp <=« ''^V T'' '' ^^^ « con- trade have been so heav ly drZn ''^^*''.'' ^^"^^^ ^° ^y and though I might at nLf- ""P^i" ^^"^^ «ie day yet I wanted tT write vn? f""^ f'l^ ^^^ « ^^w linel one as I used to write ancTsuohr'^ ^'°^ ^^*t^^> «"«I^ a I have felt unsettlefand toTrtd .h^nT.r*."^^' ^^«i°' that each day M-ould mnil ® , "* business, hoping tell you of/ins,";tiiTu^r ^''-'^^ -^ht knowing whether our paper woni? .?r P^'*^ hardly day, as I feared someS^ Z h ^ *^T"^'' *^^ «^^t a close, and in trut?^, f e^nr^^.f^''' .*•? ^"^« ^^ *« m a calm wishing for even^^ something hke the sailor AnJf/^t'^T °'' hurricane, Anytliing, to put a close To this most dread, monotonous repose!' no prospect of war with pfiri*^'"^ ^«' bappened-i ■: 'fj 11 116 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE (isoo-isei nor even of that individual with more money than brains, and an exceedingly strong desire to go into the news- paper business in a small way, whom I have been hop- ing would come along and buy me out. So we .err* What a constant reaching this life is, a constant stretch- ing forth and longing after something. But you know what Emerson in the 'Sphinx' makes his 'Qi^dipus' say: "'The fiend that man harries Is love of the Be t; Yawns the pit of he Dragon Lit by the rays froiii the Blest/ And so it is — and so it will be until we reach the per- fect, and that you and I and every son of Adam and every daughter ^f Eve, each for himself, knows we are very far from. " 'For the longing I feel is a part Of the hunger and thirst of the heart — The frenzy and fire of the brain — That yearns for the fruitage forbidden, The golden pomegranates of Eden, To ease ofE its hunger and pain.' "Truly it seems that we have fallen upon evil days. A little while ago all was fair and bright, and now the storm howls around us with a strength and fury that almost unnerves one. Our country is being torn to pieces, and ourselves, our homes, filled with distress. As to the ultimate end, I have no doubt. If civil war should pass over the whole country, leaving nothing but devastation behind it, I think my faith in the ultimate good would remain unchanged ; but it is hard to feel so of our individual case . On great events and move- ments we can philosophise, but when it comes down to ourselves, to our homes, to those we love, then we can only feel ; our pliilosophy goes to the dogs. . . . "In the meantime we eagerly wait the arrival of each pony. Twice a week it arrives, and from the outer tele- graph station in Nevada Territory the news is flashed Age, ai-»J B we are I we can YEARS FOR GOLDEN AGE in liot BO .^ueh by ion of "anyut^^^ «s by the evident determinT^rm S 7^ ^^*^^'^^ <^one^ see the thing throiX ^ °^ *^^ ^^^^^ ^o^th to havLeVvty^ttftSi*^ ""'^ T'- ^^ ^^ct, I than the newsmpers eeS "^ months-^hardly more posted on the^'Su 1 tS^ to ke% me long for the Golden A^^fT^ ^ *^^ ^^^^ How I when each one wilUe f?^o fnn ' ^I'^'^r^ Millenium, i«ipulses, unfetTered bv t^^w ^'':-^^ ^^^^ ««d noblest which our present state T J®.«t"«^««s and necessities when the poorest an iL I '"'P°'^' ^P«^ ^"w- drudge away theCf narrof ?' ?^ ^.^^ ^^ ^°^*^^d to ply wants bu^ im:p::\^^^,'zz^'- '^ -p- ant, vi'vid a;eam,'ttVnr tilf y^ofo^ri tV^T." now be able to do, and how h5^' ^^ ^^^^^^ I ^vould and so clear and distinct Zf ^T^^^' we would all be- my pockets when f iof u^ n C'^""*"^'"^ ^'^^^i^^d With the usual result i?u .*^^.T'^'°^' ^^^ al«s! luck? or do dream always L 1^' 'f**°^ ^^ ^"*"^« stead of finding, am I to Inlf «^ .T**;^""^' «^^ "i" tion will not M^r?v me for 'li u\^^^ ^^**«' ^^^osi- cannot fall far/ L f suDnol''?'^ ^^'^ ^^ ^^' ^^^^^^ men are said to of sDkndS fL T ^ ^^^-""^^ «« starving derers of shadv bTonkrl^'^'*'' or thirsty desert wan^ ^ust for Goldf' is tt anv w'P^'^-^>^°« f««"t«in«- .£:old, and are willing fn^ ''^'!''^^ *^"^t men lust for wheA it covrrs^Sn/tLt'"^^'^^?*^^ ^^' ''> sires of their hearirthe pfZ;-^ 5^^.* ^^^ ^^^-^^t de- What a pity we Var^t it ^" f *^^^^^^ knows? i4tI,rjTfeel.iTo?^^^^^^ ^^^« of our high civilised liff and thUT^'^^il?^^^' get away from cities «, rl\, • • / ^^^1^ ^^^^ to on one of the hillside.. wi,i„i; i!;;!.' i-',a""^ "i"'.". Isides, which look';;;' dim ^d'K' m 118 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1800-]80X the distance Avhere I could gather those I love, and live content with Avhat Nature and our own resources would furnish; but, alas, money, money, is wanted even for that. It is our fate — we must struggle, and so here's for the strife ! . . . "The days and weeks and months never flew so fast with me as they do now. Time we measure by sensa- tions, and working so steadily, there is not room for many. I do not like my trade when forced to work at it so steadily — ^there is not action enough in it, hardly a chance for the movements of the mind. But it will not always be so. *It is a long lane that knows no turn- ing,* they say, and I hope the turn will come soon, for I really feel tired. "It is 1 irder for me to write to you than to anyone else. When I ha^-c business to write about I can sit down and spin it right off, but when it comes to writ- ing home, I scrawl a few words and find myself lost in reverie, when I sit and think, ar>d bite my pen, while Memory L busy till the hours tly away unnoticed. "I am glad Bill Horner and Jim Stanley have gone to the waif I should like to see them. If I were home, and situated as they are, I would go, too. N^ot that I like the idea of fighting my countrymen— not that I think it is the best or pleasantest avocation, or that the fun of soldiering is anything to speak of; but in this life or death struggle I should like to have a hand. If they die, they will die in a good cause; and if they live, they will alwa^^s feel prouder and better when this time is mentioned than if they had remained safely at home while others faced the danger and did the work. I have felt a great deal like enlisting, even here, and probably would have done so, had I not felt thi,t .ny duty to you all required me to remain, though I did not, and do not, think our volunteers are really needed or will do any fighting that will amount to anything; but I should like to place my willingness on record, and show that one of our family was willing to serve his •country. We cannot tell. It may be my duty vet, , though I sincerely hope not. "I never hear from the Currys now, except through [1800-1801 -*«•, 21-22] for ;" CLOTHES IN BAGS 110 We have been having our nsimi flr,^ * ' rainy season will soon" ot ?n n^ i 1,?^ summer, but the for it. Bain is a very nice th^l '^ ''■ ^'^^^ "^^^« ^P when it gets into the hab^Jn/^^ """^ '° "" ^^"^«' but ot a timt, you almost eealLT'"^ ^^''" ^°' *" ""^"^^ be willing to haTi cC L f "PP'""^*?/^' «"^ ^^^d colder, however, 'n winterILn T'"' ^* ^' "^^^^ ^^^^^ precisely the same ^hlnVJile" ^Z""' "-"' ' "^" - wm I'Ttrto mir "^^^^"-' *'- "-^> but i tiinlc duration, lor in „ short ti,„o nS IC fl^Uh ^hT'"' were hard-driven axnin «t ^"""^eiea with the paper "until „, elS/r- in air^a' rto'" f ™'' ' -«= out. I .,ept in the o£ , ^ .^^ *- to economise but finniNr t • , , *^ ^ ^^^^^d »y bo^rd Ml" ^ ™ '" ''** 'W-^y ''"""■^ for »t a case in his shirt sleLfSr butL f ™' ^"'"'^'"S tl.o visitors, he hurried TL* «,! ^/T °" "<*"8 on his coat and ,n„^e hir p^Sle'^t "f "".' Miss Fox about tl,P liffi« ;« P^e^eniaDie. He showed a kind of Zl'"L'lZr^ P'^^^ntly pointed to pillow, that woi^^undl ™e„7thr' ^"^' """'* ""'' " * Meeker notes, October, 1897. 1 1 11 12« LIFE OF HENBY GEOROE "Oh, I hope youp mother does not know of this " "WW 't he rephea, "this is „othi,g »ftet a life .t sea.'' '^' xledon of""!f' f ° ™™ "" *"' "•'"■""'" «« th« com- m^the wfl" . '»°'-™°""'™««l WegTaph in October. a^ .1 t Jr T"^ """" *" ^0" Y""' Washington «»d al! th« Jiast, the papers that were in the press asso- mtion monopoly bad so mnch advarrfage that Henry George «,nel«dcd that for him to stay longer andS at s.eh odds would be worse than fooHsh. Ho e« h^ imv, to withdraw. Some friction had gZlZ, botw^n the »ther owner, of the paper and so itTs eon clnded towards tl« middle of November, ISGi to I solvepartnership. Of this Mr. KnowUon, Lno of h^^pat nersj has smoe said: ^ est b,ds were to stay in, and of the three lowes7bid?o' ffdJ? «™f«e .Camp and Smith were lowest thei? I'wng'rr'St-!^',!*"-^' *««' - -«S^« »^- Even this snm-sm.,11, indeed, for the months of sbain and p„vat,on_wouId have enabled Henry Geerge " «l«are h,s ighb„ur8 bmagh" to l,i« .^ «■ * """P*""^' -"»«•■ law. had the respeet^al^Ord d b, df ' ™""'* """> ^ '» "■"'e » iwt man, he htd tZ^ ''t ?' "' ™»"- ^"3 ™an. one night during 1 2 nir ^ v " """'S^'-' " » P-- ^-. he\; hr:rh,:i;"4:LtVs 121 > .••, 199 LIFE OP HENBY aEORGB [ini of Douglass Democrats stopping a Breckinridge Democrat from making a public speech ; for though a strong Doug- lass Democrat himself, he .vanted all men to have a fair chance to be heard. Thus no man in his neighbourhood was better known or more highly respected. His house, a frame building, like many others at that time, made in Australia and brought to California in sections, was when erected one of the best in that part of the city. Matthew McCloskey took no exception to the character or possible abilities of young George, but his own nature was too masterful long to brook the same trait in the young man who came , courting his niece. For the time he said nothing; while all unconscious, or careless, of smiles or frowns from such a quarter, the young printer was show- ing in his wooing the strength of his nature and bent of his mind. He brought Miss Fox books, mostly of verse, and they had reading tasks together. One work used in this way was Charles A. Dana's "Household Book of Po- etry," a large volume just published containing an admir- able collection from the writings of the great poets of the language. The lovers read, memorised and discussed. One day Henry George said he had just heard his rival's love story, and that he thought the other man ought to have the right to press his suit, and that he himself ought to withdraw. The lady intimated that the other gentle- man had few friends at court, wliereas Mr. George was well represented. The young printer needed no further word of encouragement, and at all hours, early in the morning, at midday or late at night— for one hour was as pleasant to him as another — he came dropping in at the Flintofl's on Twelfth Street, near Folsom, until unex- pectedly the storm broke and Matthew McCloskey, who came out that night to his brother-in-law's, told Mr. George that until he could show more evidence of pros- Ag«, 22] QUARREL ABOUT MISS FOX 123 123 l™ visits le.« frcquer Tl ' "™. '"'' """"'^ ""k' spirit, and the two elk Z IT' f"" "'P"'" '^«1' come lo blows l,„d Z M,' J i T'f '"™ "'"''' h«ve fled .pcetatoP of ,ho ' am, r«', M'"""" '^-' "'o «"ri. -clc, forgetting that'r; „ ,t:^ ,t!"™° "'-• Her master there, ordered tl,e """""■'"-'»»' and not he was forbade him'evor a"'in to'Z? T" '""' ""' ''»"- -» Much of that night Mhs F„v . morning, Deeember 3 m' f* '""" P''''-""*^ ""-J ™»t ivhen Henry George eame „ 7 , T' '^'"^ morning-. Jonger ro„,„in undtlr^f 'of ':;;'''' ""' ^"^ -■"-»- had resolved to go to L An! ,e ' tV! ''"""*'• "»" >« teaeher in tlie school of the sTt ''"''/^«=P' « P»«tion ,The young „,„n .aid: 4 ^ t".,f '^'r"'^- which the girl rcDlie,! *i.,/- '^ ^" ""' '«' >'«< to "« relative^ in ^^ Franlrr '" ""'1. ™' ^'"^ ""^ Tho young n.a„ drew fZ' , '«"' »»">ing else to do. "Ajmie," said he sole n,' ™ „ risTtt " ""^'° «""• ■n the world. Will y„„ ,^;rry nl"" ° """"'^ ' '''^'^ fehe gravely answei.fl • "t^' , 'he responsibilities ;arr"rr;,r"'"« '" """-take He told her when .""'"«"' ^ "" '"arry you." at nightfall ^l^nTTer'" '"f '" '"" <>'^y *•«" inquiring for W IZn-'Z^Z. f 1" '" '"» <"«' at onee to leave. AH (1^10^, ? ! " *°''''> ^ "«<'-' Joseph Flintors iZ Ta ^^ ." *" """''" »' riage, while Henry Geor" «! Iff ."'.f " ""^ *''^ ™- friends of the niatL ™» , '""'"S some of his for two persons Cr^'wi:":!;.?/" "" '"" '^*«' »»"'' appearing clothes than his own Tt""'' '"""^ ''^«"- There was some diffiouL ZuL?' """"^ » ™™«ge. driver grasped the f«et ^-.^ " °''""«'' '"• 'h™ the IM LIFE OF BENRY QEORGB [IMl ffi a runaway marriage, and that ho was to get into the very thick of it by inquiring at the door for *'Mr8. Brown," he declined, saying that he already had "a bullet ii^ one leg" for particij)ating in another just such affair. But he agreed to hold his convoyaneo in readiness at a discreet distance from the residence. Isaac Trump, one of George's Shuhrick friends, with coat collar turned up and soft felt hat drawn down, went to Mr. Flintoff's residence and asked for "Mrs. Brown." Miss Fox waa ready, and fol- lowed him out, handing him a heavy cloth-covered pack- age, which from its form and feeling he afterwards said he thought must be boxes of jewels, but which to his aston- ishment turned out to be the "Household Book of Poetry," and all the other volumes that Henry George had given the young lady, slie preferring to take these to any other of her jK'rsonal possessions. Presently Mr. George joined them and they proceeded to the carriage where the lady that Isaac Trump was engaged to marry was awaiting them. Kev. S. D. Simonds, the Methodist clergyman whom Henry George had been going to hear the year be- fore, was to perform the ceremony. But he was out of town at that hour and would not be back until nine that night. The party, therefore, wont to a restaurant to sup- per. After the repast they walked to Mr. Simond's little Methodist church called the Bethel. The night was bright with moonlight, but wet under foot from the day's storm and when they came to a pool, Henry George lifted his bride-elect over it — a habit which the young man con- tinued, at night at least, for many years. Charles Coddington and Mrs. Simonds, the wife of the clergyman, were waiting at the church. Jamea George could not get there, but his newly wedded wife, Sophia George, came and brought his hearty good wishes. Miss Fox, a Catholic in good standing, would have prfr. A««, K MABRrAOfi m MBTHOWBT CHURCH 123 ferrcd hor o^m church for the placo of the marrini?o, but foanBg the delay that that seemed to px^^ent, wa« ^ 1 "« to have Mr. «.,rge'. Methadi«t friend. Rev. Mr. Sirnondf perform the ceremony, though soon afterwards in W mento .; hml Rev. Xathnniel (JaUagher of St. Rome's C ureh g.. the Catholic sanction. Srond-nunded nl tbit dift h.y Mr. Simonds was, ho voluntarilv rond the ..,r.ic, ,f the Kpiscopnl Church in wWch the' bride- groou had been bred, and which, as ho said, "more nearly approached the Catholic" than his own short McthoSt -rnce. And in this way Henry George and Annie iox -^he one twenty-two, the other eio],teon-became hus- band and wre, the ring being the one used at the weddin. of Miss Fox's grandmother. When the ceremony was over Mr. (ieorge wrote out and eut advert.^n,ents to all the newspapers; and the clcrgy- man took down Chailos Coddington's name as one of Z witnesses. He then turned to Mr. Trump, who was to be second witness, but whom he did not know. "I Zmp ' the witness responded. «I perceive that you do," said h, clergyman, "but what is your nameP" and it ^as seveta fof« W^ '" ^"' "'* J"'^*"^^' ""^^ '^''' "i'* «tood There was no honeymoon trip for th is bridal pair; ]n- .w, or,..he,. „.„^, „M . r„.,i, fx h2t° "Se'^wh';': ^i K 136 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [uei I deed, the young groom arose at five o'clock next morning to go out and look for work. This he found as a "sub" type-setter, and worked all day; and in the evening getting another chance, he worked that night until the small hours next morning. By irregular "subbing" of this kind he was able to earn enough to pay their board bills. After a few day.s learning of an opening in Sacramento, the Capital of the State, he went up and got "subbing" work on the "Union," a morning daily, and earned good wages. He at once sent for his wife and for a time at least felt some sense of security, though adversity was soon again upon him. ,, All this while the George family was without knowledge of what had happened, nor did any but his Sister Jennie even so nmch as know of the existence of Miss Fox. Be- fore the crisis came in the love affair, and before he had drawn out of the "Evening Journal," he had written in confidence to his sister to tell her of his affection, with- holding the intelligence from the others because he would not have his father and mother think that he would so much as contemplate the taking on of new responsibili- ties at a time when they were down in their fortunes, and when he could do so little to help them— a time, indeed, V hen, under the circumstances, he could only with diffi- culty support himself. His sister's reply, without date, bears evidence of great haste, and runs : "I felt a sudden choking, a sudden loneliness and jealousy, when I first read your letter. I have got over that now; and first of all, no matter what else I say, my advice to you is : If you really love Annie, you marry her as soon as you are able to support her. I have no doubt you are sure of loving her . . . though you cannot be too sure. "I am sorry she is a Catholic, very sorry. Be care- [isa t morning IS a "sub" ng getting mall hours ind he was iter a few he Capital »rk on the ages. He felt some >ain upon knowledge er Jennie Fox. Be- re he had i^ritten in ion, with- he would would so ponsibili- iines, and 3, indeed, ^ith diffi- out date. ness and got over se I say, ou marry have no )ugh you Be care- Age, 22J THE NEWS AT HOME 127 ful about that. You sjiv vmi «n x n eubieets; let them no? h:',JZ:alZ^l^ The'^^^^^".^ IS dangerous to you, no matter how ^111.^^ f''''''^ mind may be I knn +i,„* Y ., oalaneed your that, Ma^espccia h but sS l"?'.?""' ^r"', """J^ *» withhold he/consei on th„ 'L L^t^J^'' ^ j"' you I wm i ^ r-; ^"z "s^x^t^ ^"'■ In the meantime do not forget mo L w ' ' . ' love me as much as ever, will you. rrj^pL"? T'! ^"^ places .n your heart-one for Cie a^ilfoVe^J mcv'? When he wrote in x\oyember that he was out of fi, •^l^vcmng Journal" his mother answered (^rmtril): wel/arotrei: rks^tVfdfnV'^ t^^ r^*^»-« - have had a hard tinW it Lt dS'l I '""'f '''' ever allow that to urevpnf vo« / ^.'J ^^^^^ch you, member, a whole hoSoldT. "I 7?*^°^ ^^^'"«- «e- though they say tiey are ir t'^f ' ^^"" ^? *h^<^ ««««' spivits. Keep up your sDir?f: '?P ''^ *^^" "^«*^^r'« yet be well. I feel perSnd 7 ^'T, '^"^- ^^^ ^^^ ri/?ht. You know tho S„ A ^°" •''''" ^^^ ^^'ne out I have alwaysToIste'd ofX Zy^£fuf " '''- aging tone. Nevpr fill lo**^ u /P-^' cneerful, encour- «w„. Put .^ris !fGtsn„y''«iA.^'^''" °' Then, owing to the disturbed condition nf +i,« .*« a„™d together:™:;":!: ^ S!::!; tlTnloll! nl: Ml 128 LIEE OF HENfiY GEOfiGE am ing of his marriage amd one from his wife, for both of them wrote ;just after the wedding. Perhaps the folks w,ei:e too happy on hearing ^i;om tlueir son once ipore in t^pse, troublous time? and; too nmch astonished at the news that the letters brought, tp, thinic pf deprecating his marriage. At any nite, the. whole family ujiited in a warm and earnest welcome to the new daughter and sister, and yearly alJ of thcin wrote, messages of love by the next iftiljl-i H,is Sister Ixatt} A^^rote (Jitarch 4): "My new relationship never struck mo so forcibly as It did last night at family prayers, when father prayed tor his beloved son and daughter. Before we used only to pray for our dear absent one; now it is for our dear absent ones. '' The young couple had on their side waited with some- thing like trej)idation through the long months for word of recognition from home, and though neither spoke of it, both, had alpiost settled down into despair wh<3n the bundle of letters came tO: hapd, telfing of the warm ta)cing into the heart, and then, the time slipped merrily along. But his mother and his Sister Jennie pleaded with them in qvery letter to come home. To her brother, Jennie M^rotQ.with. ft tender love (April 20) : *'Therc are a great many more things here to remind us o± you than there are out there to remind you of Hr' 1- \, ■ ^"^^^ everything is associated with you. We live the, same aa we did when you went awav • in the same house, doing the same things over and over jgain, pidy e^qh time we do them less lighj>heftr,tedly. fueling that we are gradually growing, older, that things will npt always be so. t> "We had pretty nice times when we were children chdDt we? Yesterday I was forcibly reminded ihd r both of the foJks ipore in d at the ating his ted in a nd^ sister, tl^e next rcibly as r prayed ised only our dear th sonie- 'or word ?poke of hen the a talcing y along, th them Jennie . remind you, of th you. ivay; in lid over artedly, i things liildren, id that Age, 23] HIS SISTER JENNIE 129 ne two or three eggsaUZ^'?^' * alwaya dy^ not dye one. Sh^Z^TZlhYthrY'^ '*» ^« children asked for it '"™S'" »' it and none of the Ho?tSS « ::erto"be :,^ have Christmas, too. Plantin"^ "ed t 'narZ^^rf"™ ™h " time den! w has not iZroved it rt ■ i""<''°»«' «»■- 'snub It used to be. ^U^'L L* '" "'«.«"»' "ttle 'fnub' it used To i;, 'l^Zn^k > '^ *" ^»'''"«° l-Jo-l you rememf r T„r:„''d"Va!'°"«'> Sings and pull them i,n „h„°f '.™ 7"' "srf t'o'pknt'^liingrand S SZ"" """■ i'^'-'^^y^"^ 600 if they wire g^Cl?""" "P '"'■"'t a week after to that^?J^afZ%tt'^r„:irr„«4"«'Vr- ^'^"'>™ his name down to posterity."! '"^"i^^talise and hand The bond between brothor .^,1 o- i than now, as shown by MsZtor. T ""'^ "^^^^ '^'^'^ «y nis letter a couple of months later : "My dear Jennie • Wp ^m y. ^''"^T'^^' J"n« 5. '62. and hot enough it ceriailfyTs' tT^I -^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^«t; han I would^ otherwise from th. ^f V*.J"''^' P«^^^«P« ;ng Panama I have experienced no rfn *^** ^^°^^ ^^«v-' the winds whieh draV Hh " .wi^ ""^T ^^«ther, making San Francisco JLltZfL^' ^^^^"" «^te winter But we are nowTiv ^-^ in ol'"/?."^"^^^ «« i" -anrs;rl'Siny"7;rSS^^ ting in..b?:K:';t"^^TS°^^ board .w.y „,,e„ ,,. , i„ JZTr H '"i""'' f"" '" '''»" «« 130 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE (1861 before. Aunt Mary would be delighted with this coun- try, barring the floods. "A short distance from the house is the slough- formed by the back water of the American River, which unites with the Sacramento at this point— a beautiful sheet of water on which we have a boat, and over which we frequently sail. In a word, we are as pleasantly situated as we could desire, but Annie will tell you all about how we are fixed. She will write to-night, being at the present moment 'amusing' herself by nursing a baby, the property of one of the ladies in the liouse! and of which I must in justice say that I have not yet Heard it cry. She is a regular woman, and has all tho notions and fancies that seem so strange to a man. ilut while we are so pleasantly situated, *01d Ad- versity wnlks as close behind as ever. The Legislature has adjourned, as I told you before, and though the weather and roads have much improved, the Overland Man stage has not yet commenced running. We were under the impression that it had started from the other Bide and the first budget of news would be here in a few days but on Sunday a telegraphic despatch was received from Now York dated May 36 stating that operations would probably be resumed in about fifteen days. Ihis is disheartening, for to its regular arrivals we are looking for the revival of our business, which just now 18^ unprecedentedly dull. The proprietors of the Union state their determination to commence to run two double sheets a week as soon as the Overland Mail resumes which will give me all the work I care to do But we have been expecting and looking for it so long *7J It seems that it never would come I am not onl of those who love work for its own sake, but feeling what it brings, I lov- it ^nd am happiest when hard at It. It IS no wonder tha: wealth is sought by all means good or bad for it exprep^es almost everything. With It, It seems to me, I should be supremely happy (per- haps that 18 the reason I have it not). It is but the want of a few dollars that keeps us separate, that forces us to struggle on so painfully, that crushes down all the noblest yearnings of the heart and mind. I do not Ag», 22] LONGING FOB WEALTH 131 S^'noSf oTtC^^^^^^^ ir-^-^<^ - -y behalf eome to fools, I arenS^d't^^^^^^ "^ ^'^^^'^ strive as hard in whateverX^etil T ""^"^.f ^ms that -ake the ZTof 4yZStn.^'" ^° the ta^l'tn' trust to God. ^ opportunities, and for the rest o'r V?^^^^^^^ on ., hands, I opment of either body or m?;^ -.employ it in the devel- or in reading. MaSiage Cs^Trtrr^.^^ ^^^^^^^^^ by giving a more contentp.? certainly benefitted mZ niind and will help me to doi''"^ -'"''* ^'^^^^ ^f tion It pleases God to ca i me'%^u^'*>>atever sta- enee I .an perceive. Innifand l" '' *^' ^^^ differ- J? years and temperament that \^^'^ '^ ^^'^" "matched change m either. I feelno oil ^'""^ ""^^ ""^ violent i ove you as much as ever and^ Tr "^^ ^'^' «i«ter you more. But I am afraWi? -n^^'^'^^^^ ^ong to see ^e can get home, a^d^n thp l '".^^ '°"^« timf beforl ?nd get one of you out Lre Tlf5^"^^ ^? ^«°t *« tTy m some way or other Lfor!* 7 ^® ^^^® ^i" be reduced on the trail it will Lf f^i ^"^' «"^ ^ben I once S wi«h you were dl Zof^f^V ^°*^ *^« "^S.^'l country, or that we were «H 1 °^ ^°." ^^^^^ like the us the Sw^of^t^tSs^oi ih^^ -^- ^t brings lie. I cannoi help feeW l ! ^J"'^« ^f the Repub- be over and the v^ ^, ^^^^^^ the conte^t^ the slightest part in it 7f t ^-^"^ "^y bavi,)c. ^aken ^ded I willU aUhed"amor ftTl ''''' "^'^^ b^n home I would have gone^f I no'^T- ^^ ^ bad nere there was no chanop ?«t ^ Possibly could, but sage to New York for ?L^^^? ''"^ «o«W pay his Dfl« "merely to garriS p^ts and tL7V^^ ^-^ "-e" a column is beiuff pusliPrl ai^ fJ°*^**^»s, though now though it is ve/dS? ,ilTfTey*'^.^-*« '^ ^^--a! What has become of wm rl "^'^ «?« any fi^htinm - "lii Junes and Charley Wal- 11 132 LIFE OP BimHi GEORGE tan ton? You have not told me of them, but I suppose they are m the arn;j. ^^ "Times vir i^t be improving now at home. The worst 01 the war wa soon be over rnd then I think there will be a great revival. Considering the effects of the floods and ^he nortlv'rn gold ie%or8, everything is becoming quite brisk here. ^ >=• & *'In future direct tc ihe pinion' office at Sacramento, and IX I am not hert- my letters will be forwarded imme- 'iiately. I think, however, that I will stay here for some time, and if I get a situation within a short time, 1 will be sure to do so, "For the present I luuet say good-bye. Give my love TO Alia '' "Your affectionate brother, "Henry George." "P. S. I have just received a call to go to work, so excuse my abruptness." And so the current of affectionate communion passed between brother and sister, when one afternoon, return- ing from an outing for his early evening dinner, the young wife noticed that her husband was depressed and preoccu- pied, that he ate little, and that when he spoke it was as with an effort to be cheerful. He went off to his printer's work as usual, but when he came home in the early morn- ing she asked his trouble. He said that letters from home bore heavy news which he had withheld as she was to be * alone during the long night hours. Now he was ready * to tell her— his Sister Jennie was dead ! He handed her a letter from his mother, atid unable longer to control himself, broke into a flood - , assionate tears. The letter, which was unsigned, ran- Philadelphia, August 7, 1862. "My dear Son. .->cle Thomas has imparted to you by this mail the drt-.r u], heart-crushing news. God „, I hope, has given yuu rr.^gth -o bear it. After my Age, 22] DEATH OF SISTER JENNIE 133 first gush of agony, and I could think at all, my crv tTouble^ Oh -Fl ^'^' ^r^' ^^^*«^" ^"^^ i^ thiryeat trouble. Oh if he were here to witness the dvinff scene and weep with us it would not seem so hard. aZ hen tT-^aTa/wffrtT """^^? "^^^ inexpreslle lorn-' K^IoTi, "^ *° sympathise with him, on who«e breast he can pour out his agonisir.g cry, tears to m?n gle with his tears I blessfd God that he had a wife" It IS nearly two weeks since we laid our darl iic; Jennie m the grave, and we miss her more aiS^ feel moS desolate than we did at first. every articltand eTrv spo , and everything in the house reminds us of he/ O how we mourn our precious child. . Mv heart would burst without tears ^"- • • • My death'SThp^r^' Thomas gave you particulars of her she wouM die T^^ T^^ ^'' ^^""^ *^^« ^^st that sne would die. In her first conversation with me Tshe had been m bed several days and seemed to bTeas^er and more quiet, her sickness at first being characterTsed K^/''f '.if'T'-'' ""^ «-^^«««i^e debility by urns) ^h^^jaid: 'Ma, I want to see Uncle Thomas and T)r Goddard and Dr. Reed.- She had just been telW ^on before I came in the room the same thing, mou?ninS over her coldness and hardness of heart and savh, JS ttdie1hTt*h"1 '' ^'^ °^«^^* -^ thi'tThe wHf aM ■ IL^Z' ?/* ^f ^^'^^'^^^ ^«^^<^ no<^ receive her and that she irould not go to heaven. All day when I thought !'^''^.X ??^^^^^* '^^ ^ad been strugS and Zv Jnfo Jf? ^K^'''^ '^'' '^^^^ everything efrthly Ss" into utter nothingness at the prospect of death'' I told t ""''^?^ ^'' (^"P ^^^^-i '^^ command hfs voice) told her neither we nor the doctor had a thouXt of rH ^^. ^ .,wui^ luve lo nave mm talk and prflv with mp' Jesus alone,' I again said, 'is all you want Sin^niv look to Himj cast yourself upon Him, iJan youi s?u^ fulness and weakness, as you did, my'child,'Xn yoj 1 Drs. Goddai-d and Reod were clergymen. 134 1 1 >i LITE OF HENRY GEORGE [1881 first came to Him years ago. He is the same precious* " *In my hand no price I bring, Simply to thy cross I cling.' 'Yes, yes,* she whispered. . list^ *to'^anv V/'Jh^' """'^i"^ ^^r ^^°^«- I ^o^d not iisren to any of them, not until dinner time wonlrl t believe my child was going to die N^ no ^o- w ^T/- ?^^''' °^ight lose^heir chilfrX L o'no S after she breathed her last, though after the first oS burst I was enabled to choke down the agoVand aD-' ff ^ftTv T^ ^ • f 7^' ''''' She di?d &X and gently, as an mfant just sleeping away. . ^ day at the library! Jdosbdn^rgh^TS' """^ "A piece of hair for Annie.'* inj^t^hi!'? T Y """^ *^' *'**'' *^^ y^^^g "^«°' spring- ing his feet and pacing the flc. r, as was his habit when mentally roused, protested that he could not bring him- self to believe that his dear sister was dead; and with the manner of sudden conviction, said that tiere Zt Z there «, another life-that the soul is immortal. But his words expressed his longing, rather than his conviction Immortality he now earnestly wished to believe in. But wa!, tf °^-i ^'" ^°^*^ ^'^ °°* P^^«^«^« Wm, and it was not until many years afterwards when pursuing the great inquiry that produced «Progi-ess and Povert/that he perceived the "grand simplicity and unspeakable bar- mony of universal law," that beneficence and intelligence govern social laws, instead of blind, clashing forcesfand ^en faith from reason came and immortality became a [UBl CHAPTER IX. STTPFERS EXTREME PRIVATIOlf. 1861-1866. Age, 23-26. American Eiver i» nmwL i JMtiion with the For.evoraI.eeSaUh::^:^\', rir'"""' "^ ' '^'-• throughout the State ^1/^ 7/'™'"'" *"^" San Joannin river Llfw^ *^°* Saeramento and by her huAand to i^™I t" 1 ""f ™ ^°' ^« amounted to twentv-four „„^ Sacramento, the rainfall monthly fa,, recor^d in Slifli! nt^' *^ '■^'''''»* water, the ievee broke Id A i ^"^'^ ""= ^'^ of submerged, n,oTt o LTnl ^ 1.^ °' ^^ °"^ "- covered. Outside the ci°v the if- ^' '^" ^^-^'y the eje could reach Lrfl a .'* '=°™' J "'' &■■ as the Coart Eanrrf'r„i°'"' ™""'' ""* "= '« «»* as river course betag Wdo^"^™"": " *f "' '""^'' ^e along the banks.. ^ ^ "" '"?' -' '««« that grew St«t, So™' r?' '" ^ ""^ •'"^ Hotel on K whe^'tL husS wo^kT'onr "" "'""^" ""^ 1 TT«j . ... ■■ 135 li 'i\ 136 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE UMl-MOfl The hotel dmm.,.room was on the ground floor, and out LI ■ ""': "" '-""'■■"'''t'J » ™all pool, an,l so rapidly lit ?),! """"S-™-" "'»•'= ^'-ndi-'g on their chairs and left the room on a bridge or patiiway of them But everybody was showing what is said to te an Ameri- can charactenstic-good humour in face of the inevitZe People a andoned first stories and lived and did bu 4t' above. i.r,„ters m the "Union" office came to the City Hotel over roof top,. The members of the legiltu- moved abcut in boats, as did everyone else w o Z d !" rafts. AU things seemed to pass the hotel, and ,ong them eame a section of sidewalk beari.,, a man an« hi! dog, the man on a stool, calmly contemptating the waf y aspect of c:ty and country. Bakers' ovens we^e early ul. mergod, so that for a time fruit eake in stock becLe « substitute for bread. Spirituous liquors we.*, ZZ a nunity, Wau-e, as in every new eountiy, . ,stom had made dnnkmg of some sort one of the common marks ,.f ™r! •'.ality in d.nly social Hfe. This afforded Henry Georee special ofeoaanity for amusement. Wl'le on the "Evet mg Journal" he had obtained fro., a ..-uggist, who h^d Hum " ■ oi "f It "" '™ "•""'"^ »' "^"^ England 'r'sen, trher'^th^ :;r:,'"eff^:: r;trt;r after her marriage. Mr. G^ge n .f^^t T^^^^^^Z and Bum" to his thirsty printer friends, and to -is "f- tense amusement, they emptied the bottles in a t,, .nkle When Mrs, George heard of this she was in constern tfon It was not for the stomach, but for the head-a hak (IMl-UOS IS coming. r, and out so rapidly was over 3iiairs and an Ameri- inevitable. 1 business the City egislature fould got ti'bs and id long I ana his le W(l' rj (arly ub- became a so, for a 1 a co!ii- ad made 3 of cor- ^ George i "Even- tvho had le toilet England d which relatives !w Eng- his in- tA. inkle, "nation, -a hair ■*«e. 32-20J PI-OOD AT SACKAMENTO — *"**mj!(.^ I'f i tonic," ehe said a t ' *" 'i"' what was 'g„J]f ^'^ P™'"™ venture,, to explain » -aei,, and thft „t fn^^ate ,T T' "^ ^""l ^o''e the Geo."^ rn/T^""""''' "'^'''»« ■" the ft ,. ^^^ Jn October „na«.,e„otet;3t ™ini»; I li»v» 1 *"»e— husi,.r tlnn i i ' '"'*'e Iwen verv the t m^" rfta'-g «toacl"rand LUr ''^™ ''^'^-^ ^-'t enough S'^do" l" r^* °' '"on K.^ r^'^'V'? «" been arriving with JiT ">'" ""^ 0,orlanVM r ?»' missed a rt»„ S"^""* resularitv „„!,,"' has Francisco S' ^"""^^ >'''>™ I took J'^,',^ """^ "ot share in tho v -"^^ ^^<^tan. for vvhfn? 'r -^"^^ *» $36 to ^4n « luture. I h..^^ L -^ "^" and I *t work* S^r'^' » «nd the question already ansS i„ ^^^^"^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^r That^oui/SirtLtt^^^^^^^^^^ atll. 100 feet Swansea > 100 « Pine Bark ^^^^-^O 37% « EedEock ^f'^O «6 " YorkviUe ^7.50 25.00 $462.60 tWs money eoulf ^'ITCJ'" "T * «* «»ything. If satisfied, /ou mav bP^riu T^'** f ^^^^ be verj well aw Jf thX^^rfor^vrt^hi^: ^^^-^ t' taki^ i—iS^.™^^^^^ ti^^a^N^f t^at is a sheer they were SacramentrcrpanTes "t m^^^^^^^^ 5T " As It IS, I could onlv spU m i^«« I ^^r^^ ^ different. for their valued wi^h t If JJ^' ^'^^^ ^^ friend would do, and to such? J.^/ ^"^ intimate way. I suppose' it would be a h^f^ ""^^ ^" ^° *h«t you to get iS ca«h anything hkifL'^P"''^^^^^*^ ^th "Jui' V^^^''^ -meThintco^^^ l^«ve t4 Wttl^^^^^^^^^^ fc^^ '^^tfsell every, more asP^ssments withouTTetfi.^ ^^ I-"^^'* P^^ «ny my liabilitio, it is impoliWp ^ something backi-with of the Swansea I C?d klf ^''^T^^£''^ «' «% feet want to sell. ^""^^ ^'^^ *« ^old. The remainder I imit S: atttt'asr' ^f " ^I? ^f ^^^^^^ *« ana I want to make another effnrf I ""S* ^""P^^ ^° debt and think the sooner we rP«llfLli?^. ^P"°«^ «* farthest It will be for us ^^^'^^ "^^^^ ^e can the better "I Write you as well as I can what I think and want. * ■ ¥ p 140 LIFE OP HENEY GEORGE [1861-1666 and leave you to act. If you don't want to sell, but can v Bell for me, without injuring yourself, do so. "Yours sincerely, "Henry George." Marysville, Nov. 8, 1863. "Dear Harry: I received your note a few days ago. I do not think I will be able to come down for a month yet. I cannot raise the money. Unless something turns up before Christmas I am gone in. I have gone everything on copper and now I see no way of extricat- ing myself, unless I give up near all my 'feet.' Plenty have Swansea who will not sell at any price, and others again can hardly give it away. We are about giving a contract to sink a shaft 35 feet deeper. The majority of the company think it will pay its own way after we get down 10 feet farther. An assessment on the Swansea is levied— ten cents a foot, payable before the 20th of this month. "It is very uncertain about my stopping here any length of time, for I am very much discouraged and feel like starting out on the hills to prospect. I want excitement and think I could get plenty of it on a pros- pecting tour. I have a good locality in view where tliey have struck the richest kind of copper (so it i« snid). If I could only hold onto my stock a few months longer I feel confident I must come out all right. "Harry, the Swansea is actually worth $6.00 per foot, but people here have paid out considerable this summer, and likewise the market is over-stocked with 'feet,' and folks have been 'stuck' so often that it is almost impos- sible to get men to purchase in any claim no matter how cheap it is offered. If one offers to sell low they come to the conclusion it is a sell, no matter how good your prospect is. And so it is, and so it will be, so long as men will be found who are ever willing to swindle their fellow men for the sake of a few paltry dollars. If I had been mean enough to take advantage of parties who had placed confidence in me since I have been on the 'copper lay,' I could have come out considerably 141 '> Age. 22-26] SPECULATORS GO BROKE for 'the poor whrte'evpt?.!i/' ^ "^'^^P '^^^ ^^ani on the square. '"' '"^^^"^ ^^^^hing by acting fan4 and -y To her'Tn f" '""^^ ^^^^^ in the thinl/l canS Tnd l"'orr1ol!rT*^^"^^^- ^^^ *« hard, but I suppose fa^^' Tf TV i""^ .^''''^- 'I* i« / mil come ouf aU r?^ht yet ' ^^ ^^'' ^'^^ "^ ^< "My love to all, "Isaac Trump." of 'Lt wrl,"' '"' ™^ "°'"' ««- «>« interchange In his effo^t^ tn 'Vnf i,- "^ * ^^^^ ^^^ invested, u nib enorts to get his nose out of the ^mco hnv " n had been trying about thi« fim. + ^1 ^ ^'''^'■^® It had been a year of hard work and considerable worry wth the young printer, affordinj little tin,. f„r„n T^ o occurrences beyond hi. own sr;;JuX^'y^\:^:^Z « rv" TsfTv" 'r'^' "'" """-' thon/ht. OnTn uary 1^ 1863, President Lincoln iss.iPd hi. % V ProcU..™, Which forever M;;errtterhoXT«,: .t:tr:r:::^.;rrr r^eTtr^'- *'■" for the conflict and cut o« t"^'C« .vLpe^^f'SZ" e.ol^:tt:7'rjrs:n*rf '•-'^^^^ '^-^^ - -aw.„saera^:rht;s:,-rit'x;3 ll"i Ji. ' ,1 142 LIFIT OF HFNRT GEOEaE (lMl-1805 Governor of California on the new Republican party tidal wave. He was also president of the Central Pacific Rail- road Company and on the 8th of January, 1863, amid a crowd of people at the corner of Front and K Streets, Sacramento, he turned the first shovelful of earth in the construction of a railroad system which at that time looked puny enough, but which, under the extraordinarily ener- getic, able and unscrupulous management of Stanford, Charles Crocker, a Sacramento dry goods merchant, and Collis P. Huntington and Mark Hopkins, Sacramento hardware dealers, was within the next half dozen years to cross the State, climb over the mountains, span the Nevada desert, and meeting the line coming from the Missouri River, join with unbroken track, the West with the East. The young hard-working printer took an in- tense interest in what nearly everyone in the State at the time seemed to hail with applause. He may, indeed, have been one of the unnoticed men in the crowd at the initial ceremonies; but his mind beginning to open, ques- tions were beginning to creep in, and he was before long to see that the enterprise — and likewise every such enter- prise — in private hands, must involve gigantic public evils. And taking a clear mental stand against this, thought was to expand to other and deeper problems, and at length bring the obscure type-setter into the world's gaze as a new champion of equal rights. But no outward sign of such thought was to appear for years yet. The first break in Mr. George's affairs at Sacramento was on the 26th of January, 1864, after he had been working on the "Union" for more than a year. That evening, after the midnight lunch, he got into an alterca- tion with the foreman, John Timmins, about some matter that does not now appear clear, and was discharged. He was too proud to linger around or try to get back, and two Age, 22-26] PEDDLWG CLOTHES WBINGEBS 143 days later left by steamer for San P™. • . . work there.' The dav af J ^ ,™°™«> 'o look for he wrote to his wife: '' *"' ''"'™' >" Saa Francisco House' last night. My dSnJ 'Sjf ^ '^^' ^^^' I love you until I am SaM t ""'" '"'"' """^k to the old Oriental Hot™ I™ '^ ""' *'"' » ^"^ "^-y^ afterwards took .riZtrJ^^ TheTt T ■"""■> ""^ alert for work from the JZL h \ 5"*'""' ""^ »" "-e whatever presented itself uTtnc; u """'''• ^°*">g Journal" suggested th" he ca^^tt "' '^ "^™"-8 that paper on a commission T , ^bwibcrs for ™ed by hard luckuT ™- ^''""' Trump, pu,. mountains at :t\'LT""''": ™"^ -'°™ '™» the ing clothes wringers and\ ''' """" ""^ ™»''' «<> «t sell- ^« some wring^ Tt ^ sTmTfCtrhr^"'^^ '^°""' the newspaper. Georee »t^ri„^ T • " """^ssed for but after five days ofh ,'f w!,t "^^ "'^ "^ ">« P'™- the suburban pirts „f A,! J"*'-^"'' *""''"« through San Francisco Bay, he return, ^r''' ^"'^ ""™» ™gle wringer and wfth TZ^f '""'* '"'™« «"'' « ^uhseribers." Then he wen to^n"''''?''"'' '"'" " "o^"" T.Bmin.1,.1 iBrtoJ ,„ iNf„,(" '™''"°' »«J"'« th.t fl,„„gh h, .,„| ■■(!■ 144 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1861-1865 condition, and he had difficulty in getting his wages. In- deed, the money due for his share in the paper sold more than two years before had not yet been fully paid him. But for a time no other position opened to him. He was now nearly two hundred dollars in debt, with no prospect of steady employment. However, one of the regular type- setters on the "Evening Bulletin" being taken down with a serious illness, George received a call fo the place as substitute and made good wages while the position lasted. In April he left the "Bulletin" and went on the "Ameri- can Flag." A little later, having got somewhat out of debt, he and his wife took a little house on Russ Street, or rather the upper flat of a two-story wooden house, and paid eighteen dollar* rent. A change came in the "Flag" office on October 18, when the foreman, Mr. Bradford, dis- charged Mr. George for "claiming an advertisement." Wext day the young man asked for a meeting of the "chapel" (the body of journeyman printers in the office), and after a hearing, was justified and under the typographical union rules was entitled to go back to work, but feeling that the foreman had taken a dislike to him, he concluded to re- sign. This threw him back upon "subbing" and he worked around odd days and nights wherever a friend laid off and gave him a call. All during the year he had at various times been talking with first one and then another about newspaper schemes that would give him better wages,, in the future if not at once, and a chance to do something more than set type. He talked of the Sonera "Eagle," and of starting papers at Silver Mountain, Susanville, and La Puz, but none of those schemes took form, and when Isaac Trump suggested going into a partnership with him and a skilled job type setter named Peter Daley in a job-printing office, he decided that that was the thing to do. 0^ ■Afe, 22-asj VBB8ATIUB ISAAC TRUMP 145 With a„.n s^LZfhe hid rr 1 "'"' «-«' --«y of mind that adapt^ 4tt„f '"'"'* '"^ 'J"'«t-^s his hand to anything The w^v^wi"' '''*<'■'' '<• '"» He had learLl the trid ofrtt" "T- "™ '''«'«°- o( Philadelphia, had shi;;,'™ tS'sL .T" "'"' tomia as coal passer hid ^t^ . ?! Shubmk for Cali- tad lived for , wh"'o bv ° ■'' '"""'"« "n landing,. foiled took to ,„t1'' " r^^r"'"''^ ""' ''■''™ "«* about either; had «g "t Cken. ™'"'' ""' '™°^ "'"« had done a job of wnll „ """»• ™<' "li™ he n>ade that the %™t~« »"" "- »„.plai„t ., admitted that thltZaT^SZ^T.'^''''-''''^''' '"> job was to be done in "fll e !. r f """^ ^W'"^'! "" had beeo,„e the fasMon tt If t™ "*^T *re it got a delivery route on the "Fa:'- t S . "' '""■ panted for a job-printino. „m "' ' ™''' ■' and now elicit business w^rX fn °'g?°"";'^ "■■■" "« ""-»"" do the mechaneial ^'ork Th ' S"»"° *™" >"" *yPo and last died in June and its pl»t „f r'°« '^""™'" ^ad at December, 1864, Geor« n„' h >' "" ™« '^'"8 i<"e. Jn the new busine;,, TZi:^^,^^'' 'f ?'""* '"^ -— _a_^__sjopay UOO and give $ioo Mn '«TliflSm„, /.« .../n — — IT nrpi ' — O"^'^ tp±\jyj '', ?. ""■'"■ >° tayinf-timo for «5 ?Z Z ,". T'""*'"'' '™'l " ■* I! ■ ,. ft 146 LIFE OF HENBT GEOBGE [1861-1865 worth of work, making money payment in what cash he could borrow and giving notes for the remainder. Thus heavily weighted at the outset, the three men opened their office. But hard times had come. A drought had shortened the grain crop, killed great numbers of cat- tle and lessened the gold supply, and the losses that the farming, ranching and mineral regions suffered affected all the commercial and industrial activities of the State, so that there vas a general depression. Business not com- ing into their office, the three partners went out to hunt for it; and yet it was elusive, so that they had very little to do and soon were in extremities for living necessities, even for wood for the kitchen fire. Henry George had fitfully kept a pocket diary during 1864, and a few entries at this job-printing period tell of the pass of affairs. "December 25. Determined to keep a regular jour- nal, and to cultivate habits of determination, energy and industry. Feel that I am in a bad situation, and must use my utmost effort to keep afloat and go ahead. Will try to follow the following general rules for one week: "1st. In every case to determine rationally what is best to be done. "2nd. To do everything determined upon immedi- ately, or as soon as an opportunity presents. ;*3rd. To write dovm what I shall determine upon doing for the succeeding day. "Saw landlady and told her I was not able to pay rent. "December 26. 7a.m. : "1st. Propose to-day in addition to work in office to write to Boyne, "2nd. To get wood in trade. "3rd. To talk with Dr. Eaton, and perhaps. Dr. Morse. ^ ■*«•, 22-28] AT DEAD LOW EBB 147 tr JgTlett \: ::Zj^^pPe,.t sU wood yards J^d very little in office tvaLTZ'f^^^^^ f^i^eS ^elt very blue and thought of L'- ^^"^^^^ ^^^h Ike. Eaton, but failed to maK+rL ^'^t"^ °^*- Saw Dr Morse. Have notlne an nor /• ^^^^^^^^ «^^ Dr Also wrote to Boyne, bufdiSl^S^^y, ^^^^ -«^- downTwTabout ^"o'clock "^ wjf r*.^^ ^^"- Got ^an's to see about paper ba-s^^'^'^V^^^ *« ^hina- worked off a lot. ^ ^ ^^'' Returned to office and someTaS Vtttrdoi^g. ^'^^^ « ^'^^-^^'- Worked -W^^SclI^il^^^^^allda^ ^,,,,^ '^^ *° ~°''''™ that the money wJtiZtJ"^^'^ '"'^' "nd each day the business twenty fl'e It* " '^'^"''' *«>'' o-t of mnt for food. Trump" ^i^^S"; "."f '"'^ '"-^ether he taking hi, dinner with the gZc! T^ l^^'*"™^ ""'^ on corn meal and milk Dotato„ k . ^"^ '""^"^ "Wefly n>eat they could not a&rd and 'f '' »""' ^'"ge»». ^r fch they could find.. Mr ol! '^'°° '*' *^ ""eapest office early without b,™kfa,t 7° ^tf ""^ ""»' *» the down town; but kn^t'ZtZ'Za"' "' '""" °-* " more than suapectcd that mant » °"""™^' '''» "'^^ •tituw on th. toble for mS °° ''"""^ "■"> "»"W ••«% >« "u" 148 LIFE OP HENRY OEOBGE [1881-1800 I \ exf^ept occasionally, for the drought that had made gen- eral business so bad had hurt all his friends, and indeed many of them had already borrowed from him while he had anything to lend; and he was too proud to com- plain now to them. Nor did his wife complain, though what deepened their anxieties was that they looked for the coming of a second child. Mrs. George would not run up bills that she did not have money to meet. She parted with her little pieces of jewellery and smaller trin- kets one by one, until only her wedding ring had not been pawned. And thon she told the milk-man that she could no longer afford to take milk, but he offered to continue to supply it for printed cards, which she accepted. Mr. George's diary is blank just here, but at another time he said :^ "I came near starving to death, and at one time I was so close to it that I think I should have done so but for the job of printing a few cards which enabled us to buy a httle corn meal. In this darkest time in mv life my second child was born." The baby came at seven o'clock in the morning of Janu- ary 27, 1865. When it was born the wife heard the doc- tor say: "Don't stop to wash the child; he is starving. Feed him!" After the doctor had gone and mother and baby had fallen asleep, the husband left them alone in the house, and taking the elder child to a neighbour's, himself went to his business in a desperate state of mind,' for his wife's condition made money— some money— an absolute and immediate necessity. But nothing came into the office and ho did not know where to borrow. What then happened he told sixteen years subsequently. 1 Meeker uotes, October, 1897. Age, 22-26] SECOND CHILD BOEN 149 indicate YhatTe "rd^^'toTve T^T f "^ "■■«'" rtranger-and told him I Sd S5 "So lT°r? I wanted it for. I told Wm thl* P" °^'"='' '''«»* «nd that I had nottSg"™v'„ h "^ o"f n: °°°'"''' tho money. If he had r^nt itl- , , ™,8avo me enough to havi killed hfm/'l' ^ """^ ^ "^' '''=«P«™te nerbabi^'^hi"rt' 7™™'°."*'"''' ''^"'^ '''^■^ """ ^e oZ waJ tint r ",*'"" "'" ■''"■Sgle for subsid- ence was still continuing, that Henry George abandoned the job-prin ing office and that he and hi., A and bTbts had moved into a smaller house where he had to p iv a ren of onty nine dollars a month-just half ojhil fo^L rent This diary consists simply of two half sheets of white note paper, folded twice and pinned in the mi Idle tS^s/dit-ThaHSSiiS _ ^n experiment-to aid m e in acquWng labits"! w ..ore .„ ,„ „i.H ta°„t :z[iZ'^,^izi : :'rr"°""; act bns, than we ffenprall,, «^„ j ""^ esFciaily with so-called cnmmal drive ao„nc"7„dS nSr„ L i '"' *'•''•''" ^°" ''"'^^ 1^-^*^ "'^y posed to Ivlonc. entirvTl TV , T"'''^°" ^^ ^««^« *^«t "^e sup. warm friendship, and snbsonnlnt v 'L i! *''*' '"'" ^""'^^'^ « andestabliahed'Lin, J:3rYo;k D^^^ ^7? *" * V"*^' ^^''^^^ famUy physician and .' euderhifn^I^^U ,et11'^^^ ""^"^ "^"^^^'^ I?,'! hit 150 LIFE OP HENEY GEORGE tiwi-wes larity, punctuality and purpose. I will enter in it each evening the principal eveats of the day, with noteslf they occur, errors committed or the revirse, anTp ins for the morrow and future. I will make a practice of looking at it on rising in the morning. ^ n«,7 *"^ starting out afresh, very much crippled and embarrassed, owing over $^00. 1 have been imsuccess- ful in everything. I wish to profit by my experience wh chVSiv'i' ^^r.^-lities^necc.Ba'ryTo sSs S which I have been lacking. I havo not saved as much TJ^T^^ """^ am resolved to practice a rigid economy until I have something ahead. ^ "Ut. To make every cent I can. r'o^f ' m° ^^^^ nothing unnecessarily. 3rd. To put something by each week, if it is only a LT'Kf'^''^ borrowed for the purpose. ^ 4th. Not to run in debt if it can be avoided. "Ist. To endeavour to make an acquaintance and «S^d tI'T """"IT*^ ''^'''^ ^ ^"^ ^^°^ght in contact. 4 a r^ .^ ^* ^^^^ ^^'^^' ^nd be more social. quicMy. *"* ^^'""^ consecutively and decide "Feb 18. Eose at 6 o'clock. Took cards to wood- man Went to post office and got two letters, one from Wallazz and another from mother. Heard that Smith was up and would probably not go down. Tried to hunt him up. Ran around after him a great deal. Saw him; made an appointment, but he did not come. Finally met him about 4. He said that he had written up for a man, who had first choice; but he would do all he could. I was much disappointed. Went back to office; ^AuflT Knowlton but got no money. Then went to Alta office. Smith there. Stood talking till they went IV^'h-. 7^^'^r*^ J^^ °^^^- Ike had^got four W?8 [50 cents] from Dr. Josselyn. Went homef and h^ came out to supper. ^^^i EVEEYTHING UNSUCCES8PUL ^^ "t"^ ?P ^^oo'J season. "To-morrow wi" -ifo ♦« n^ • „ haps to Wallazz ,o?her anTwiw^^^"'' ^"^ P«r- bill wl;i'Lsi?nr?o?yu"'^^^^^^^^^ ^^ «- « -all breakfast took §Jy around ^o wflh^" *'"• ..^^^^^ awhile. Went down town CmiU w^"'> ^^^^^^^ Went into *Alta' officeTevPrnl r °°* ^l* ^^ ^^ce. aroimd, hoping to strike S T^f v^^'° ^^^^^^^^ wards walked with him Tr- ^^j^ *« dinaer. After- 'Alta> office a? 6^^ n^'^o r'^^en^w^rr?' ^^«« "* ne/s and together went to *Poi / ^'^l" ^^^ *« Stick- borne and sLmed up asset^lnr/-'^ ^^"^« went to bed, with detpLiW- / liabilities. At 10 going to 'BiS office '*''" "^ ^'**^"« ^P ^t 6 and SmS'^StoS^^^^^^^^^ ;\^ooking for him at once or else trusted to luck TK *^ ^^'' ^^^^^^ ve^J^little show for me doVn%re. ll^t'S: ':,^, the tailor. Saw Smith ZTh^\ ^°* ""^ P^^^s from He seemed sorrv tChf ^ 5^*^ ^ ^°"S *«^k with him said another S7n td been Iken ^'^5* ^^ °^^'^^ to go. Went to 'Alta' offioP £f ^ I- ^""^ ^«« anxious early and went to 'Alta^oLTpfi^'^'f ' ^^"^« ^^^^e ^"' :-f; y "III as r V v* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) -^ // <- 4^ 4^ « 1.0 1.1 m u U 12.8 !3J 13.6 1125 iu li 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 150mm /APPLIED A IIVMGE . Inc .JSS 1653 East Main Street ^^S'i Rochester, NY 14609 USA JSS r^ Phone: 716/482-0300 JSsrjss. Fax: 716/288-5969 1993, AppHad Imaga, Inc.. All Rights Reserved <.* *\<' ^IM^ 162 LIFE OP HEN3T GEOBGE llMh-tm "Was not prompt enough in rising. Have been walk- ing around a good part of the day without definite pur- pose, thereby losing time. ^ "Feb. 21 Worked for Ike. Did two cards for $1. Saw about books, and thought son- of travelling with them. Went to *Alta' before com.ng home. In even- ing had row with Chinaman. ng Foolish. Feb 23 Hand very sore. Did not go down till late. Went to work m 'Bulletin' at 12. Got $3. Saw Jioyne. Went to library in evening. Thinkinff of economy. © * "Feb. 26. Went to 'Bulletin'; no work. Went with Ike Trump to look at house on hill; came home to breakfast. Decided to take house on Perry Street with Mrs Stone; took it. Came home and moved. Paid Jj of rent. About (> o'clock went down town. Saw Ike; got 50 cents. Walked around and went to Tvno- grnphical Union meeting. Then saw Ike again. Found Ivnowlton had paid him for printing plant, and de- manded some of the money. He gave me $5 with very bad humour. ■^ "Feb. 27. Saw Ike in afternoon and had further talk. In evening went to work for Col. Strong on *Alta.' Smith lent me $3. ^ T 1^''\t ??• ,^Vorked again for Strong. Got $5 from John McComb. "Feb. 29. Got $5 from Barstow, and paid Charlie Coddington the $10 T had borrowed from him on Fri- day last. On Monday left at Mrs. Landers [the Russ Street landlady] $1.25 for extra rent and $1.60 for milkman. "March 1 Kose early, went to 'Bulletin'; but got no work. Looked in at Valentine's and saw George •A«e,23-aoj I-UCK TURNS 168 Foster, who told mn f **'" «'»« p..t to work!"" '^'"'"•"■'•s «bout n oy<«k „„,! "March ». At work, "^-h 4. At work. Got ,5 in „.e.i^„ «« «ca„t .,„,, ir«;,r , r'.f '""""S." though"! ;no«th-s rent „, (,,„"'!"„ "'" "f- wi'o paid tho e4,m "''ould l« ,.|,|„ ,„ ,i ; ^'^^"nd how contentedly they My twenty dollars „ w^ '* '""•" "' "'■^'''"8 «■«/ Wl from CHAPTER X. BEGINS WRITING AND TALKING. 1863-1866. Age, 26-37. HENRY GEORGE'S career as a writer should be dated from the commencenient of 1865, when ne was an irregular, substitute printer at Eastman's and on the daily newspaperb, just after his severe job-office experi- ence. He now deliberately set himself to self-improve- ment. These few diary notes for the end of March and beginning of April are found in a small blank book that in 1878, while working on "Progress and Poverty," he also used as a diary. "Saturday, March 25, 1865. As I kne\> . would have no letter this morning, I did not hurry ciwn to the office. After getting breakfast, took the wringing machine which I had been using as a sample back to Faulkner's; then went to Eastman's and saw to bill: loafed around until about 2 p.m. Concluded that the best thing I could do would be to go home and write a little. Came home and wrote for the sake of prac- tice an essay on the *Use of Time,' which occupied me until Annie prepared dinner. Went to Eastman's by BIX, got money. Went to Union meeting. "Sunday, March 26. Did not get out until 11 o'clock. Took Harry down town and then to Wilbur's. Pro- posed to have Dick [the new baby] baptised in after- noon; got Mrs. Casey to come to the house for that 154 e] si Pj til th wi no Th trying ho wa portar notes- his mi himsel: been s< and if if' A<^M>^J NOTES ABOUT WBITING 166 «yock: bit J™„*i ye?' fc ^ ■"»« »bo»t one Went home and wmio Z *>™leo evening Si^" evening corrected proof fot *?n/'''^ «^^"* 10-30. In Workmgmon.' ^ ^^' Jo'^rnal of the Trades and Biehmond^nd?'!^^^^^ stating that Paid Frank ^Mahonttjrit^' biJl for ^eek, $33 "ith Dull and drew im .j 1"^ "P *''«re. Taltp? nothing." """' "P advertisement. In eveniia t'SSJ:: rrri';;^,'!!'''"'"' '^'^"'"■'«' "--j ho was also I«gin„i„g tf write V^" V" ""S"" hrako. Portant of the.. „,ee,^ „f "J ^;,_^ ^he first and most jm-' notes-„n "the use of time*" "^ """'""""^ ■'» «he diary h" mother, as „n indiXTr '""' ^^ ^'- ««»«» '» J'^'oW. Commencing ^tthovlild f"^''"" '" '"■P™™ •>««.«*», had the pfwer of l™f' ""f^ """•f^' «» has ""'"^'' ------ «'Cu';rthrt;r:^ 166 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [18O&-180e developn»ent of that natural power, it would bo of value. But as a matter of fact, it has a far greater value; for while repeating his purpose to practise writing— "to ac- quire facility and elegance in the expression"' of his thought— it gives an introspective glimpse into the natu- rally secretive mind, revealing an intense desire, if not for the "flesh pots of Egypt," at least for such creature and intellectual comforts as would enable him and those close to him "to bask themselves in the warm sunshine of the brief day." This paper is presented in full : Essay, Saturday Afternoon, March 25, 1S65. "On the PUOFITABLE EMrLO\MENT OF TlME." "Most of us have some principal object of desire at any given time of our lives; something which we wish more than anything else, either because' its want is more felt, or that it includes other desirable things, and we are conscious that in gaining it we obtain the means of gratifying other of our wishes. "With most of us, this power, in one shape or the other— is money, or that which is its equivalent or will bring it. "For this end we subject ourselves to many sacri- fices; for its gain we are willing to confine ourselves and employ our minds and bodies in duties which, for their own sakes are irksome; and if we do not throw the whole force of our natures into the effort to gain this, it is that we do not possess the requisite patience, self- command, and penetration where we may direct our efforts. "I am constantly longing for wealth ; the wide differ- ence between my wishes and the means of gratifying them at my command keeps me in perpetual disquiet. It would bring me comfort and luxury which I cannot now obtain; it would give mo more congenial employ- ment and associates; it would enable me to cultivate •AgP. 38-27J self. ESSAY ON USE OP TIME 187 ray mind and exert to n f n ^"^ would give me the ability t/'"" f *"°* ^Y Powern- it •°.°? '0 bo in some ™„v ?«, ' "?"""« *<> ^o, I am an"t W'sh, and yet f pom hS i"'T"''« '"Wi-'is tlinnJ^ f toemploy Jny^fr ■""" *" """■■• I cannot toll at™ tf ri^ht.; ::;pV^J:£» ^^ Hu on,y „e„o.a,7 to common braneh of ZZ\r, "^'.'^^^ «f aCt L^^' Pf;^! might have had he ZZ''^'!^ ^" those thlngj: getter printer; or been flh3 ^^^^ ^"^er; a much Spanish or any other^^oderl? ''"^ *^"^ ^^'^e pCeh '^> atit-ntiou; and the 1^ ■Ml ■■'' 11 168 LIFE OF HENBT OEOBGE [iao5-un 4 mastery of any of these things now would give me an additional, appreciable power, and means by which to work to my end, not to speak of that which would have been gained by exercise and good mental habits. "These truths are not sudden discoveries; but have been as apparent for years as at this present time; but always wishing for some chance to make a sudden leap forward, I have never been able to direct my mind and concentrate my attention upon those slow processes by which everything mental (and in most cases, material) is acquired. "Constantly the mind works, and if but a tithe of its attention was directed to some end, how many mat- ters might it have taken up in succession, increasing its own stores and power while mastering them? "To sum up for the present, tliough this essay has hardly taken the direction and shape which at the outset I intended, it is evident to me that I have not employed the time and means at my command faithfully and ad- vantageously as I might have done, and consequently, that I have myself to blame for at least a part of my non-success. And this being true of the past, in the future like results will flow from like causes. I will, therefore, try (though, as I know from experience, it is much easier to form good resolutions than to faithfully carry them out) to employ my mind in acquiring use- ful information or practice, when I have nothing lead- ing more directly to my end claiming my attention. When practicable, or when I cannot decide upon any- thing else, I will endeavour to acquire facility and ele- gance in the expression of my thought by writing essays or other matters which I will preserve for future com- parison. And in this practice it will be well to aim at mechanical neatness and grace, as well as at proper and polished language." Of the two other pieces of writing spoken of in the diary notes, the "article about laws relating to sailors," has left no trace, but a copy of the one for the "Journal of the Trades and Workingmen," has been preserved. It I ^*-«J ABOUT WORKING MEN ,g, -^"oV^' pipe? '^^^^^^^^ :ii\ioy your establish- classes, and througl Sh fhl'P^"^ ^? "»e working may be diffused, whid Iv •*' T,t ^^^^'gJ^tened viewf problems for wl ich it « ^?,;^^'^ *^«"» *« think upon a -lution. At a ti,^e wh^ntost o'fV"*"^??? '' ^^ pander to wealtli and nowir in^ ^^"' P^^^'^^ Prints man beneath tlie wheel K'"5,T? "'"«^ *h« Poor one begins to talk ofthe t^3rnl!^'f f ^"T«^«> ^hen vants' of this coast and nw^ ^J'H ""'^ '^a™ ser- rate of wages, anSla 'h ' nTaH To I'^^^^^l *^^ ^'^^ tion for any effort of n.Jchants „r *r "^"'"^ ''"P'^^a- their dues, but nothing to avL^Jn^""^,'? *° ^^^^^i^ deprive them of their riL^hff'^T f "'^ combinations to enterprise is one which^e all ^ho'uldX' wk *^^"* ^^"^ of, and to which we should lli ^^"^^ *^^ necessity In the columns of yot " a^^^T 2"' '^'^^^^ ^^PP^^t^ opin ons of men anr4aZo« pM^^^" *? ^ ^««^les8 the intelligence of our dass brou^b^ "\^k"**^?^^> ^^^^ questions of political and !!,n; ?^ * **" *^® solution o affeet us; that TmiTLZtr"''''T^ «^'^^ "^^P^^ advancement of those-Uat prinLTi*^^ '^"^!« *« ">« republican institutions rest S ^ ' "P/"" ^^^^h our foremost r/ Ao'„"g^i!:'„S ^Ji-'^^ "" P™-'"-^ *etch entitled «I HeZ'JrV"''^ '™"' " *''»»»I published i„ the ••clw„™ir;.td™''*"™i''"""''™» P^hed ., the BostonTt J:; .^^^^t'Telte't , '#''•. 160 LIFE OF HENRT GEORGE [1885-1860 The "Califomian" wng a San Francisco weekly literary paper founded in 1864, and which, under the editorship of Charles Henry Webb and the contributing pens of Mark Twain, Bret Harte and a lot of other bri^'ht writerg, had a brilliant, if short, career — being spoken of as having "lived to be throe years old and never died." A. A. Stick- ney, a printer friend, who, while they were in Sacramento working on the "Union" together, induced CIcorge to join the Odd Fellows' Order, had bought into the "Califor- nian," and it may have boon through his influence that the young printer's sketch was published. But however pub- lished is not important, nor is the sketeh itself, further than to furnish cumulative evidence of the feverish energy the young man was evincing in pursuit of his purpose to practise >vriting— ^a spirit forming (me of his most marked characteristics when acting upon an important resolve. He had proved to himself that he could write, and the use to which ho put his power came suddenly, unexpectedly and in a way to affect his whole after life. The Civil War was now about over. On April J), 18G5, I.«e's army surrendered. The South, worn ont by the terrific struggle and by starvation, lay prostrate, and the whole North and West indulged in demonstrative rejoic- ings over the prospect of peace and harmony throughout a reunited country— when, on the night of April 14, flashed tlie appalling news that President Lincoln had been shot. Never before was seen such excitement in excitable San Francisco. This deed seemed like the last desperate act of the slave-power, and all manner of rumours of a vast Southern conspiracy of assassination were afloat. The next day general business was suspended. It was now known definitely that the President, while sitting in a proscenium box at Ford's Theatre, Washington, witnessing the comedy, "Our American Cousin," was shot in the back A««, a».27j LINCOLN'S ASSASSINATION 161 of the hoad by John VVillcPB w«^*k kmfo, Imd lc.>,K.d from the ImTT ' , ''""''''*ing . fostorod ««o««i„„. ,nd ,i,T, """"P-'P"™ which l„ul erick Marriot h^J heir ll t"? '*""" "'""^ ''^ F"^" over the newfef tt? >*" ''^'•'•''''>' »™"K'" "P determined to leT„^ 1!, u"" ^™'"P """I ""«=". had hut when iJrcadfed H°T ,"T ""^ "^""'» ^t'"''-': machinery into the .(,v«,. ,, ""« *JI«' furniture and cn.1 hand hat ttl, ^ I '""'' " "'""'••'<' "»-! 'ih- the job. "* """"'"'•■•' *" ■« •'"ne to eompleto down in hi» little p'rrv stri , ' ,""'' ''"^ '"^ ^"t afforded. When tl,„T ^^ ^^ *'"''> opportunity it to the office and di„rd"'r":"'"l*''^ "'"*«'' ''= took and note appeared as follows : ^^^^^cation «Si{: J I: 163 LIFE OF HSNBY OEOROE [IMft-lMI f Tho following stirring article on the great patricide of the age was written by a printer in the office of the "Alta California"] : Sic Semper TyrannisI ••A man nwhwi to the front of the President's box, waving a long dagger in his right liand, exclaiming, 'Sic semper tyrannial'" "Alta" despatches, April 16. "What a scone these few words bring— vivid as the lightning flash that bore them ! The glitter and glare, curving circle and crowded pit, flash of jewels and glint- ing of silks— and the blanched sea of up-turned faces, the fixed and staring eyes, the awful hush— silence of death ! "And there, before all— before all mankind forever- more— stands, for an instant, the assassin, poised for the leap, the gleaming steel in his right hand, and his cry of triumph, of defiance, ringing throughout the house. o*c semper tyrannisi' "Is it a wonder they are spellbound! They came to laugh at a comedy— and a tragedy is before them M'hich will make a nation weep — and whose mighty im- port centuries may not guess ! Their frightened jjyes look oji a scene in the grand drama whose first act was the creation and whose last will be the procession of the white-robed and the shouts of the redeemed. Well may they gaze, awe-striclcon, speechless, for the spirits of the mighty dead, and generation after generation that shall be, look with them, and the past that has gone, and the future that is to come, join their voices in the shout, 'Sic semper tyrannis!' "Poised there for an instant, that black, daring heart —that spirit incarnate of tyranny and wrong— feels the import of the act, and witli voice of inspiration, shouts its own doom — 'Sic semper tyrannis!' "Amen ! and thus it will be. They have struck down the just because of his justice, and the fate they have fixed upon him shall be theirs ! A«..«»-27] SIC SEMPER TYBANNI8 j^ the solemn wafl of ?he Tone! ±^'"^^ «'*""' ««"«^ bears the sorrowr which shain^; T^ '"fu"'"^"^ '""^ic resurrection-for. on a day of wMr*."!,-*^' ^7 °' *»>« versary, One died that there milJ JrJ " ^^l" *»""'■ and Hell heard their do^m An\ ^ ^'^^'. *"^ ^^«"' human type may apnroao^ ?L ^"^ "°^ ^«« ^^ose as triumphedraud theTood o ff •'?°^ "^"'" ^«« Evil "While he wor lai^s l^M H' ''''^"" u'^'"^*'''^ '^^ ^"te. As a martyr of iveeSom^^^^^^ * ^ '''"' "^ remembered, justice of i i?reat natZ^ n ° ^^P^^sentative of the live forever;Tnd Z^JLT'" Vt' ^'^*'"^ ^'" signed with' the name a^'^SoTul'^r'^T^ 46raAam Zmco/n will remain «i,/\ * *''' ''^^^^ o^ ress of the race. " landmark in the prog- thri^ndronhtse'a' hir^^' ^^^^^ «""»^^ «hall be as that of ?Vashingt^n: AnTH/'^^ tT«^«^ ^'^^ from the frozen^a of ^le IWn ! ^"u ' •''^ *'»« ^^^'th- South, in every la^d on whiih th^ *° *^" T ^*^^^« "^ ^^e look down, whenever the stimW.^ Tu'l ^'' "'«"'* «h«» a hoai7 wrong, Ws name Si^ '''*"" ''^ ""'^^ "gainst inspiration. ^' "''' '^^" ^« " watch-word and an olephrnt 2° pr?n/boi"ro""^ .^^^^^^^^ ''^'^ now the ho4s ar^e ; aW^r ^HiktZ^'^ '^ *'"^'^ -^ haunts of the hipponotamn«--» i ^ '"I''®"' "°^ the beat, the motherX^raS^t „nK^^^ f.^^^^'' «h«» children to call him blSl^'* ""^"'" ^^«» t«««b their degenerate sons shalflearnfts i/''""^, '^M''^^''^' *heir er's shout as Lincoln felMt wHUo t«l"^ ' ?" "^^'^«^- voices. Thus shall per ^h aT whn l-^u "".? ^^ * "^^"'O" hands to shed the b looTofth 'Lf^/'^^H'^.^ '*^«« their and who strive bv wtkpin! ^^^^""^^^^ ^^ the oppressed. ii |! 104 LIFE OP HENBY GEORGE [1865-1806 port they spared no crime is numbered henceforth with the things that were. Sic semper tyrannis! Amen. "H. G" "San Francisco, April 16, 1865."^ A few days later the editor of the "Alta" engaged the printer as a special reporter to write in conjunction with others a description of the Lincoln mourning decorations throughout the city, and this was the first newspaper writ- ing for which Henry George received pay. But he had more than a report..r's thoughts in him; and again he sat down in the parlour of his little Perry Street home and wrote a communication to the editor and signed it with his initials. It was on the character of Lincoln. This, like the former one, he put in the editor's box. l^ext morn- ing he looked to see if it had been printed, and lo! like Ben Adhem's name, "it led all the rest." It did not bear his signature, nor was it printed as a letter to the editor, for it had been made the chief editorial of the paper. A few short extracts will suffice: "No common man, yet the qualities which made him great and loved were eminently common. "He was not of those whom God lifts to the mountain tops, and who tell of His truth to ears that will not liear, and show His light to eyes that cannot see— whom their own generation stone, and future ones wor- ship; but he was of the leaders who march close before the advancing ranks of the people, who direct their steps and speak with their voice. "... No other system would have produced 1 Thu article is copietl from a printed proof {wsted in a scrapbook kept by Mr. George and containing his early published writings. But since the file of the regular issue of the "Alta California" fails to reveal it, the conclusion is drawn that the communication must have appeared in a special edition of that newspaper. ■A«*(, 26-27] FIRST EDITORUL 165 that was Zti ca»o'fortrrot tte wt;t''5r?S ^^l^ilX-^^CtS'te.?' '""" «' -'» from Mroi'^l""' '"^ *° ^ "^"'''^" »««'=»«'»* to take irom Mr. George some news letters relative to a Me-tican lib t uStts " "''* "" ""»"' '» -"-""o m h!^ * " ""^^"^ '" "'"'■^ «"1 *ar N-apoleon III. had sent an army into Mexico to establisli an irn^ril? TtCr T"he''r"'^t'""^'r ^-""^ 'm-S™ tne tftrone. The resistance of the Mexican patriots xma^r ... ,. th. U.1U a.„ .„,.^ »,,':„«? i.™ "uai\,/i party, jie talked it over with hia x,rif^ -j.^ ", now, after th,^ and a hall ITl'^ w dd %!" L^T trome tr.a s of poverty, ho was sealed in the e osest bo» 8.Me reatons of eonfideneo and alfeetion Tho^L fte" pmspeet of parting and the danger he would run «re sore to bear and though the peril of being left destitutTwith t»-o babies was imminent, she would not withhold h.t bit on the eontrary did what she always afterwaMs dW-l!" r/f btrdu^'- '-" «'"- »' *"' - ^ He, therefore, arra nged^^ig^t^^ California^ p.n. ' » " Alta California, " April 23, 1865. ;*K riM . (-1! 166 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1865-18« pie to send his wife whatever money should come from the news letters that he should write, which he thought would be sufficient to maintain her; and then with his wife took the new baby to St. Patrick's Catholic church, in deference to her, and had him baptised Eichard Fox the first name after his father and the second in honour of his wife's family. Then the couple went back to their home, and kneeling down beside their babies prayed to- gether; after which, kissing his darling ones good-bye the young man set off for the meeting place. He has de- scribed this :^ ^"■^^Tu *" be first lieutenant in a company com- manded by an Indian fighter named Burn; with an ac- quaintance of mine, Barry, as major; and Hungerford, no n'r^w ^*^''*-'^-^.^^ ^^ ^^^'^^y' the millionaire, as down f'n pL'ff'^'i'i/'l ^ ^^'^ "'"°y "^^°' ^^d went down to Piatt s Hall to prepare to make a start in a vessel which should be secretly provided. We gathered there m the early evening, but hour after hou? passed without receiving the order to start. Finally, at day- light next day we were told where the vessel wis, but it was well on m the morning before we made for her. When we got down we found an old bark, the Brontes, to be the one selected for us. She was short of provisions and equipment for such a companV. She had aboard 10,000 American condemned rifles, half a dozen saddles and a few casks of water. We had hardly got aboard before a revenue cutter dropped anchor in front of her and blocked the way. This ended our ex- pedition. The Federal authorities had shut their eyes nL T§ ^' *h«y, could to what was going on, but now could do so no longer. hZ'}T''^^^^T^^'''.T''^ ^°^"S '^^*h "S' and who would have been little less than a crowd of pirates if we had got down, were some who got up a scheme to seize a French transport, and I believe, to capture one of the * Meeker notes, October, 1897. iHI0« n as ^.»-m BRONTES EXPEDITION j^T mail steamers which then left for Pnnomo +«,• andjt on tL? L^^ent'a X" " "^" ^"^^^^^ charge'ln^'^L^e sfntZ'^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ *« the Mayor in C York vc^T'n ^^^T T^^" ^ ^«« ^^^ engaged in a%>t fc^^^^^^^ I had been I ever came to enga^ngTtr and T wilf *^' T'"'* the willingness with^which my Vl?e wi« h^rr ^J-^??* children, agreed to mv loo,!-;; i! ' ^ " ^er two little dition thatTnov Tnmi coufd hi *"i^V" ^° ^-^P^" good end/' ''°''^*^ ^^^^^ ^1*^^ no possible of th^M^ later Henry George helped in the establishment of the Monroe League, which was to send an expert George saw a good opening in Sac^am ei^^ onthrSai;r„cir..T& "«^^-'- -»««ing editor the downfall of the Me^l tv^nnv3 T*' '" "" ""^^"''^ "^''«^«' *<> "We should not allow ei her LT^^ .' '*''"""" '^^ Maximilian: our eyes to his pub Hoc Les tK '{^''J'^'^'^ '^^^^^^ to blind evils upon their kind havTnot Len 7 ,^''' '"'^^^^^^^ "'^ «'^''t««t sonal .Nations. Charles I wl!!^ ', ^'^ *'"' ^™'^' "'^" >» *»»"' per. was not less the etmy^o liZtt^d h^^^^^^^^ ^'"V''^'^-' ^"t'le example That th« JZl' ""'^J'"/"'*'' "''""'»* less a salutary sensaLinEu^^'elio rd:^,^^^^^^^ ^j" -ite a dee J without benefit It is a protest a^rns; the Lt of I T ^ ^""-^'y ing and shed blood for their own Ssl ends ^m f- *" '""'" '''^''^ upon an offender of a class whose mnk hi \>i " T?'"'"''" ''^ J"''"*^^ the punishment due to their cZs it w^.w'T .^^«'*«"^^ t''^™ f«>™ .^.ore cautious W they ivI-rirfrZ^r Z 168 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [18«S-li68 contract for State official work, and so lie went there, taking his family with him and settling down at house- keeping Touching his personal matters he wrote to his aister Caroline (December 3) : » J'l am, for the present, only ambitious of working, and will look neither to the right nor left, until I have W money in my purse'-something it has never yet cSn style of living, and will endeavour, if not absolutelv forced to do so, to draw no drafts on the future. By next year we hope to have enough money saved to return home, and will do so, unless it should seem very inaS able. I will come, anyhow, as soon as I can, for I hive made up iny mind it is my duty to do so. I ^m froinff to weet n/i", ^'''V'' '' ^°'^ '^ '' commend (ths week I think) and expect to have steady work for the un h?.'nM ' ^T '"^ P^^^^^P^ "^«^- Si°«« ^e came up here I have done pretty well-have made a livinir Z'^nnF^T'' f i?r"^ ^P' «"* ^^^* ^«« necessary, and owe nothing at all here, and feel more comfortable and ftopetul than ever since we have been married." For nearly a year Henry George, following his trade of type-setting, continued at State work. He lived quietlv and since his wife and he had modest habits, very com- fortably. He had joined the Odd Fellows' Order during his former residence in Sacramento, through the advice of his printer friend, A. A. Stickney; and now in 1866 he joined the National Guard, though he soon dropped out ot It; and a literary organisation, in which for a while he engaged m discussions on public questions. One of these discussions was of great importance in his life, since it marks another stepping-stone in his thought— his conver- sion from a belief in the protective principle to the opposite principle of the entire freedom of trade. In "Protection ^.^^i BECOMES A PBEE TRADER ^.^ l".t^™^^^^^^^^ ^- «P-J^-en of his strong pro- rea examination, I had LSeTil Tr'/'^^' ^^*^^«St first placfc wo all accent n,,rKii *"® '^^'^^'^f' as in the others. So far, howevt as T thf \? f^^ authority o? ject, I was loai'cal Zl T ^ {/bought at all on the sub- Florulaana 33^ 'wlrsinSt^' ^^" ^^^^ *h« sea I thought their (Wedationsnff^'^f,"""" «^»P« at for the State in which I & n^f/»' a good thing increased risk and cos of 1 f^'^^^l^^^n^a-since the «hips (then the only tay of Zin?'""«"' ? ^"^«»«an Eastern States to Californin^ ,„ fi"^- ^''^'^^ f^^om the jnuustries something oFthat^Icll ^''! *" ^^^ ^°f««t the lower wases fltiif hnf+ . ??"®^ protect on affainst Eastern State^^rwi ?eX?e™ct',-?^?"'"-»"'^ hor from securing by a Stoto Sl-iffT "'"'" P"'"™'^'^ obility, William H Mnifthf ^f""? ''-'"nw of great Central Pacific SaiS, fe? L^f ^"™' of S protection. I „„. . „"',", -T * ^'Pweli in favour of -hen he got thTo'ugh Twaf LTee T'^f '^ ^^«°" « asked me what I thought of it T fnU .f ""• ^^^^^ they he said was true it sponl^ / ^""l^ *^<^™ that if what was hardest to^'t at Si *i™', *^^* *^« country That and that, instead of me eirnntr'* T"*^^ *« ^^^^^^^^^ brought from abroad, we otff" 1'"^ .^?"^« «« things' brought from anywherl andihl, T* *^""^ °" things impediments to trade and natv^r ^""^^ ""^ ^ars and things to levy on commerce r^"*^"" ""''' *^« ^^^y bes "Meekernotes. October. 1897. 170 LIFE OP HENBY GEOBGE [1808-1800 tmctness the incident referred to by -^nry George": LyIt'''lt"U^^^^ «« *^« 'Sacramento consideration of a natUnl I -^^T^. ™ « general or for protection T Z fi. '!^'7^"^^"' ^^^ ^^^^^e evening and took a no^li ' ^'f'""^ «P'^^^^ ^^^ t^^ policy i tLt best cKatL'^J'^T "^ t P^°*««ti^'« industrial ski 1 of our neonlP ^ ^I'^^^Ju *^" ^'°^^««t sources of the counfT FilTl' ^''''^^^P *^^ "«*"r«l re- ployment, confer tie' So f' -"I^ff* ^^""^^'^^ «f «™- greater pioS; f ^urtol '^I^Z^f^'^'l. ? always receives thp li,v^l^ ^ j skilled labour which controverted tlip *lnr.fr.«« +i 1 yyemng, Henry George He contended tlKa'Sf narpoiieirshoTlS"""^^^ would be the ponrlifSi u J absolute national isolat on tional devewTen? hat a^'^^^^^^ P^^"^«*« °«- the policy of ejection r^r«f^^^^^^ evolutionary forces, nations, isolated them nT/S*^''^'"^ ^«*^een the tensified thfmiy.rv snt^f ""^'^ ^^/' selfishness, in- and vast navSs ne7es aJv to tbp"'"'^' '^^^'^^ ^^"^'^« while free trade as an evolnHnl ^f ^ ^^ *^^ ^^^^^^ dependent, pron oted npTp" - '^- '"' ""^^^ "^*^^"« manity on tSa hi£rr.i "^."^'?^ ^°^ "^g«d hu- "In converlatiL S M^ n""^ ""^ ""^^^^««^ fraternity, to me that while he went^o%^^^^^^^ '^'' *^^°> ^« ^^^^ tectionist, he left a See tradPr k^"'""" "^^*^°g ^ P^<>- defensible only upSn the theor'^. \lTll P^^*^^*^^^ ^^s mankind into nations imnHo^ f{ • • ]^^ separation of mercial antagonism/' ^ '^ *^'^' '°^"«*"^1 ««d com- ■A«e. 26-27] HOPES FOB ADVANCEMENT 171 the latter publication he also w Jf ^''^forman." For titled "The Prayer of &l!nr>, . " '"''"""' ''''^^ en- -st coast." Boft ht itr^ '--f '«» °f 'he north- proofs of a vivid imaginat on atl , ."""" ''^''"<'' 8«™ tiv. power, and it is efrtai'to "f'" "''" °' ^escrip- diwies daring the nit two r*"^ """'^ '» >•« Pooket thinking of .4ing a nv , Jth t'^ T"' '"'' "' -« the accident to hav! turned hirabili'^T " ™'"»* >->" realm of fiction instead of to , ''"'''r/'"^ »"gy into tho tie» underlying social order ''" '" ^^ ^t^""" «ri- OU- 'aZ'irn^tdtr v™t f r^ »- -<• -0 "Daily Union" hrourtS ^ " ""' «=''timcnts in the which he signed wWetllr;' ''*'^" '" *"» »^"" «nd in September 1866 T ? """ "' "Proletarian": wrote for &„ ^^ ^ net" """""^ ''^"™^ """k. he relative to the Stat^ tor ^7"' .« ""'"'«' <" ^ters Then his newspaper Zml f? '"'" '" Sacramento, daily paper to te TmeTtte ° Ti^''„ " '^^ *°""d- A San Francisco, and ho mL ■ ""' *" l* ^'«rted in position upon k 1 lette" to . ^f .T"™ '" * ''"""g about it: "" *" '"' father (August 8) told eWo7o°"down'^^^^^^^ San Francisco, for I that I wrote yon of Is to start I.""'''?'- The paper I do not know whether I tlufct'S,!'' ■^'i''- ">»* tiL JlflJl^ ed?toriaf S^rttSn't'liSf^hTi^h I7fl LfFE OP HENRY GEORGE „8«5_,8^ tTiTJ'''''^^'''' -n u'"" '^ ^ '^^y^ ^^* h«^« concluded to go down, as I will have q bettor chance down there. irli ^" ?n f ''^'' ""^^ ^«^«> which is in itself de- sirable as It will be a good paper to work on, and will be a steady thing. But even If I do not ge a better position than that at the start, I am promised^ne BhorUy hv fh fi '^V .^f '^ *^^°^? ^^ «« ^ ^i«h them to, I may by the first of the year make $50 or $60 a week. I don't say that I will, or even that I expect to, but I see where there 18 a chance. However, I won't say anything about It until I see more clearly. a ^^i^^ "This I hope^ is our last move until we step on board the steamer. Our desire to return home increases daily ?hl;? 7^^^""' *'^^ ^' *^«* «hject. I do not think; though, that we can come till spring, but I hope that this delay will be of benefit, in better enablinrme to come home and to do better when 1 do come. I want if fwrS i"" 'T? '^™^. ^^*^^^ P"«^^ic« «°^ reputation as a writer here before going, which will not only give me introduction and employment there, but help me in going and enable me to make something by correspond- ing with papers here. If I do not overrati my aEes I may yet make position and money." He was not destined to go to Philadelphia in the follow- ing spring, for fortune threw upon him larger responsi- bilities than he had dreamed of. mmmmmmmi'^mmmm CHAPTER XI. MA^AOim EDITOH AND COBBESPONDmT. 18GC.18G9. Age, 27-30. THE San Francisco "Times'^ wn., of„ * ^ ,^. 8, 18« «4 to make its seat of emnl^ ,■?«, T' T'^^'^e *» Turk, Constantino to b, ^rZlV %"' i"'"'^^ hy theg«a But after only thlwlks-™? 1 ""' »™''" "^^d- James McCIalhyliZ^r^;; ?,^'"'' »' 'he "Times," stepping out, returnedT tt^»'«' half bending over her l,i" ', '?!",'™°'»g «« one elbow, i% all his clothes on and "uh ^°. " '"^ '""'""^ "'"«■'- fl«t unfavourable syltom .' i'"' '" '"""^' ''""^ »* «" Phvsician. When tC'g ; ItZ'JT" """ '" «"' hours afterwards, the wife awZ J " '""'O' '""f her husband with uneWed t' v'^ ^ "''"*'<'' '" A"-! Sarding her. When"he SeTtv\''°'^ *'°^ '=^''' «- all had depended on her !l ' " ™P'>' '«'■» 'hat covered from the sh™ka„drT,/''° ^'"' '"% '«■ later, eame into thetorld Iro! "'".'' """^ ""« »°'"hs -nd, and named jZ! tZ! "afterTM''"'^ '^' «ster and its mother's living!-!!' '" "" '^'her's dead womanhood. " = '" '"g s'^cr, grew up into beautiful Hen^y George became managing editor of the "Times" I 17© LIFE or HKNRY OEOBQE {ItiOO-ltMW in the beginning of June, 1807, under the chief-editorHhip L ..'; r"' ""f ""** " '" ^'''' Francisco i„>litical aifairs m that day, and who ha< bought into the paper. George i^tuined the position of managing editor until he left the paper on August 12, 18(58. During the interval, besides ihe re^ilar olhce work, he was conducting occasional cor- respondence with tlie Hawaiian "Gazette" and other newn- papers, .o that his income was much larger than ever be- fore in his life. Moreover, his work was telling, makin. him friends and extending his influence. But more important than anything else during the 1 -mes period was the preparation ho was going through for his he work. Tins related to style in writing and de velopment ,n thinking. While his style always had been free and natural, ^he had from the beginning aimed at com- pactness, and it was to the necessity of re-writing news articles and compressing them into condensed items while he was subK^ditor on the -Times," that, when reviewing his life, he mid he had obtained valuable practice in terse statement. The development in thought was manifested in editorials on the larger questions of the dav, such as free trade government paper money and inter^jnvertible bonds m place of national bank notes; personal or propor- tional representation; public obligations attached to public franchises; and the abolition of privilege in the army i3ut perhaps the most important advance m thouffht appeared in an article entitled "What the Iw... .1 ^m Bring Us" in the "Overland aionthly" in 0'c^^^'^i■ . J8 just after Mr. George left the "Times." That 8an Fran- cisco periodical was then in its fourth number, having started in July of that year, and was edited by Bret Harte -..0, with two of its contributors, Mark Twain and Joa- ii« ; > aier, constituted "The Incomparable Three" of l^l^i .^tc«.ture in California. Noah Brooka was one •Age, ! Of t\ brigi zine, it, mo what he subsequently mavh/ T " '" "■« article what is rent with whalis^nUrth"'-'' """"'«"'» »' high wages and high interestT,^', ,"* " '° '"' "^"'"K »' the "natural wealth o? tte '1?"''"'""' "> '^e fact that lised-that great opj^rtunitr ' ^ ""' "°' ^o' '»»-'?»- tinet foreshadowing TZL?"! T" '" """-« <«»- wages and interest whieht' '"""f «>° «' 'he laws of Poverty,, he put intt '^Z;^^C7/^T »^ -'o— • -tvijcwu upon \ 180 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [i8eo-i^ the margm of production, or upon the produce which labour can obtain at the highest point of natural product ivenesB open to it without the payment of rent"; and that the relation between wages and interest is determined by the average power of increase which attaches to capital from Its use m reproductive modes-as rent rises, interest :ftZ:^' ''' '' ^'' '' '''--^^' 'y «^e margin In Augiist 1868, Henry George left the "Times." Ho had asked for an increase in salary. This not being granted, he withdrew, though on good terms t.ith and at he convenience of the management. While continuing to send remittances hon^o, he had been able by economy lur- ing the stretch of prosperity to save a little money and to open a bank account. He now resolved to carry out the long-cherished plan of going to Philadelphia, and ho sent his amily East under escort of his brother, j'ohn Vallance Oeorge, who had come to California three months before- Henry George intending himself to follow as soon as op- portunity permitted. * «» up to tin It^'f ''i^'"'^' ™ ^^^'^ ^y ^^^'^'' I>«Young to help him develop a morning newspaper from the "Dra- matic Chronicle." He was engaged to be managing edfto. and at his suggestion, DeYoung made John Timmfns fore man-the same John Timmins who was foreman in the George. But Mr. George's connection with the "Chron- oiic "" ^^"^ ''''^'' ""' ^° ^''^^^^ DeYoung's It J * The success of the San Francisco "Times" in'breaking nto the press telegraph monopoly had encouraged the starting of other papers, of which the "Chronicle" was one and the San Francisco "Herald" another. There were not many important Democratic papers in the State and -^"^J SAN PBANCISCO "HEBALD" „!, George to go to New Yort »n 1 ! . " ™8«gcd Henry to OBtablish there a SMriaT ^ ''"""''^ ""= "^'"'od, Charged with this LX In ThV '" ""' P"""' beginning of Deeembe"" 12 pf /""''i™- »bout the stage route. "^ ^"" °° ^e overland and 'mud wagon.' I s„Jf ""' P'^'n^ m a four-horse driver's side"a„d I S 111 r„"^ "'?■"' ''■*""« "t th^ when we reiehed the ralro^rr,'"'Pr^''' therefore! We had to sleep twolnTbSth, hotet."". ""P"«-™'- wife and children ^gt Jo wde?.''*™' "« ''»" "» season there, he enga~d JZw ""■ ^^'^'' " ^^ort friends, to g^ in wiS, Til , ^ .? '°°' "'"' "' ^s boyhood ™de fom,f, apptat-r'f ^rs^tV; f'^l'"' ""^ "Herald" to the As«ociafprl p "" ^""^ Francisco early in January fmlTo clZs7V'^^^^^^ ^"'^^^"^ editor of the paper, he said: ®"°'°''' "^^"^^^^g tho""^;^^^^^^^^^ unless I except yond those necessary for n,v ^, acquaintances be- Wed any letters elVthScCC 't ""'' ^^* ^- offices here are like big irXfw? • "^^i^ newspaper seem to be in the habitVXrstrr ""'^ *^^^ ^^^'^ and look over the exchanges tL^^^'' ^'^ ^^^^ seats a few hours occasionally tie rl^l ^'P''''"^.^^^ down for »M LIFE OP HENBT GEOEGE „«^^ ™u „r!i, "^''.''«"'»P''P<'"- moils in the stag "ii- .^fused to allow theConher'''r "'"^ ^^ ™J^. -rvice from PhiladelpWa at X'Tf" " '" ""^''^ 'he of the California nZ, ^J ^°*''« *«' 'he agent continued C^SrtC! ^^"^ """f '" ^■"' Y"* "d by giving short nX; 0, ;„?''"'.. - """""^ "'"<"" in effect increased teln% "^^ "' ""^»' ""^h while it reduced those of 1^ 7 ''"""'^" "'"'■•g<'«> «.ent Vigorously ^^r^Zj't:!:^^ 184 LIFE OP HANilT GEORGE tiM^imo Vicfe-President McAlpine of the Western TTninn- t letter of April 21, to John Nugent th^ S^H' ' "HeraiaV owner, Henr, Geor.ercl^t wtt o'e^^^ «IlmyforcrSincidnoworr??f''' ^'""^''^'"^ ^^th agreed to ^ive a moiTnnlv nf Vi *^^^' ^^^ virtually A^ssociation^foU^OOOO^aLar J! T' ^^^'^'^^ *^ *1^« getting; that I couW no/L^ i'! *^''''' ^^''^^ ^^^^'^ ^^^^ that if t was mv mner T 2 u'-* ^^^ '^^"^'^ ^^'^ but whole transaction aKrW ^ *^ *^^ ^''*^^'3^ «f the I would sx dfovr/hrur;"^^ ^^^^^^^"^ ^^^^^ that'^L^r^reTflrif^^^^^^^^ what could be done- tW v,i\ * *^"* ^'^, ^^^ ^^^ see fror-. the beginning 'tSfi^o^^^^^PP'''^^ *bi« ^^^R that thougHe ^s sorrv forif J? ^'"^ overruled; and testing orVpealin?'"'^ ^'' '^' ^^'''' ^«« ^« ««« of pro- be;:fe^r?ut Jxertt^ir rr*- *^ ^^ ^-^ matter; 1 came tX conchis on that'^thr^'-^ '''' '^' desnprjifn +i,o+ +i, ^""yusion mat the case was ve'^v could bo h;%d'axti™r2^'{,;„f''-'i' ■""■■"^ N^ew ^.27-^] AGGRESSIVE TACTICS ' 185 ^^f'^^^^S'^ -^.^n. that night ]i my other eSortI IZld i^ff.li J^^"' ^/ Printing it instructions I expected fmrnprW^y ^"^ that if the <^ireet another course '""""^^'^^^^y f^om you did not an;;inLrik'e^4^^^^^^^ copies Orton. . T ^f M ^ ?' ?'''' "'^ ^^ see President morning, who' reLf 1h? jSr^ !!' ^^- ^^^^ *"« was sick o1 t'Hv&i^r .l£ft]!*' ^ ^^^^ **-*■ h^ had been urging this f or „'i f-^'^ "^^^^'^^ed Press Sis. »/y. ^C.^-;,,^ T -%«^ haa^be. to have giv1,„ anv n.W „ .""'"'' ''" ™"""" k" ^W started, except t7rr'r "' ^ *'■"" ^'"^^ J"' P"!*^ New IVk oZltZ leftT T "^l'^ "' Possible/ The -g done III tht" w "f Me"!™ , " "P"""" '"»' "- suit self-interest Tnd Co d , '"''*'•' '"' "»"'<• «>»- he .an the risk oHl t 1/^^"' '" ''«'^™- fornia Associated PresTaCl v •"?"' '" ">« ^ali- active and lasting h„rtmtv^f*K "'.""'' °' "■'■^"g the But What he hadC::;^?: ^^S/^'^^Ph -pan^ • ve action. He wished in rr,oi ^J.^^^'^^ ""^^Y by aggres- -ice a political ;:fsl° Tl* ^^ ^th' '^T'"' newspaper cor:.sp„nde„t f™„ the to Pa kc'r^™ te.egr.ph Goliath.' IvCl: rttdalVof' fr "° eport that the San Francisco "Herald" was on 189 MFB OP HENRY OEOBGB lim-im When t„. «».r ^i-^rtrt^rcr bune" openly attacked the California rlilrlT / ^"" Press." "* ^""'"^ »°^ tl^e Associated The "New York Herald" was abonf ih^ i of influence that published thTurot/ 7°!^ ^'''W^^ the Western Union di "ea "]^ l^^^^^^^^^ and the San Francisco "Herald's" tpW u '"'" ^'"' so long as that paper coul! c^toe t'^^^^^^^^^^ 7l? be reduced to a mere skeleton ^^ ^ °°' ^^'^ *^ was due in New Yort nr, .07 • 7 ^^^'^^a^d dollars sell v™„ V *' * contract through John Bus- f« th^^w YoTkTi"' 1'^' "' '"»'» --™' °e«"« A*.. 27-aoj BETURNS TO SAN FRANCISCO „^ after Mr. George had left New York «n^ xm,-. . succeeding as managing editor . / ? ^'*'^^^ ^i but annulled the eoniaft;^;^^^^^^^^ them, ^ng to put Mr. Young at he ZtJ^' ^^'^ °^* ^"^■ act of friendship, made no forff k '^^''°*'*«^ ^«' his and formal dissent ""'' °^J"'*^°^ ^^^^ a mild FO SECOND PERIOD FOEMULATION OF THE PHILOSOPHT One aole God ; One sole ruler—his L»w ; One sole in^teT.«ter of that I«w-Hum.nity. — Mazzini CHAPTER I. COMMENCES THE GREAT INQUIRY. 1869. Age, 30. TT is said that what put the iron into Abraham Lincoln's X soul against chattel slavery was an «„n! , ^ -edth that he witnessed " t e^ f XTI?' ''"' when another might have Bought amuBel^ f '""'"' Cat'.:ahe^7.tr;;t\^^^^^^^^ into a .ate „. A a/a ^X" Hrai^nftht'^ 191 192 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE Ill ' lii ., (1869 tion that waa °l!jd d th»t i'!?''™' '"' "' " «'""«'- «nd huddled the ma»y ;;«,/!, """ ""'"'" '^ «■« few in assailing the ZTtlf l''"^^"'"'-^- ^"^ >»' as did not wal to bf^^pttrbuVhlr'.T'P"""'' "<= forth to the contest .o 7 *^ ^ """^ '''°°° "'^pped quitethirty of "mn1l'.M 7 ""^"■"'""n man, not yet -Lose p J hadTed tht ,"^ '"^ '""'''' '^-^ """«-. whose future wlhro"^i:^«'' P"""'^ ""^ «d™'«ity, and fnaed to aeeeprtheercfoVrH ''""'/' »''''''™"''^ - sanctioned by the ten2r= " f "™^ "' Have-the edict religion, that'al^^hilltranlrr'"^ and preachers of of things and unaltJb l ffis hf'7* T"' '",""' '"""«' Everywhere else in ereati™ w "o r Z^^'cof/f, "• fail on leaching man. "the r.J a ^ ^""^^ "'"y of what he dt ": „t hmf f',f"r"""'"«''"^»'" natural order In hk .n /''" *"* "' «"'"'>S «ie New York ^yoralt nom IV """'""""' •" "'««'«' wards he said :^ nomination seventeen years after- «2Z, ZjngZlX and l"^ *™'". *"" ^-'. for the first time the sh„ckir,»-i f/I"' ■'ecogniscd Btrous wealth and dlsTng St™"l™?^'T» "■°'- vow from which I have nevnr f i'. ^ '"^'^ ^ niade a "iroedy, if I eonW, the cause th'r'i' '" ^* <""'' and dren to lead such L We m vL klw?™'!"''' '""" eh"" squalid districts.'" ^ '"'°'' "'™ »» 'ead in tho PohUcal Economy." Book II, Chap. ^ p. 201. "^ ■A«o,30J A DATLiaHT VISION m 103 — 193 tracted meditations- a flo=T,;„ voice spake: ^e pole "ffj" "f '""^- «"« th^ forth?" In a letter toTv Tl!, ' "^ "'" '»'J 'hem an?a''^5r"lTha™l:"'^ '"^'™'"'. but a priert to .peak of-thatT"eS Z^'l'T "'"'.^ "»'t^*» Once, in daylieljt „„?,■" ■?"' have told any one ■"o a thongh^rvisi™ a cair^.if *•?' l'''"-" ««»>™o please. But every nerve quiver^«"V„' it"' ""T ^™ I made a vow. Through evil „„i ^, *ero and then poverty in the midst of ,7 ''™"'"" ""^P^ning «.i«g in the EaaTt the o:;;rt^rc :%'''''' ■'- more attention than anvthinl ., u fj^ '^at attracted As he has said in "The all fy""" «<""'"'Pli*ed. "John En.«,„ Young tlatXtr '^°"""' ^""""■y-" ' the 'New York Tribun^anl T T. """'"^'''S ^'>'*"'^ "t ■The Chinese on ie PacMc 0^:? '" "'" ™ "^"""^ ™ begUB to arouse nttJ^t^'^t.tJT''^ '""' '^"^ among the working classes of fc ct"f in";"^" ?;P""»^ the unrestricted immi.Tation Jtl , •'" "PPosition to appeared on May 1 flire^ '? ■ , ''"'P'*'- ^h" article and was sign^dT ' °^ '""='*' ™'»""'» »' the "Tribune," ^!li!:!!!!!:!l!i!l^^^ numbers ■Bo«kn,Ch.p.rti,p.200. 184 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1869 commenced soon after the discovery of tml^ ,'« r. i-i! . They sp.ad over the Paome CoaZ^i f^^^t Lot 7:* the more common field, of labour, soon incurring^tnera and active opjosition, being regarded as an alien and mn .ssimdable race. In this "Tribune" article Mr oZ!: «f ttt tr *"^ "°*"^ ^-««''fi'rst''S Coast Thai ™t IT """' P'"'"^'"^'' »" ""e Atlantic v-oast. ihe kernel of his presentation was this- though widelv differing !^ 1 *" '"""' ^^"'> ™<1 tioud ohrraoteristirb!„A ™«"''^^', ""»'•""» ^^ "a- now <»ming Jmong^ -t the^otelfoTthf ^nT a^'^^stras'rr r 'n^e^r^rtS-r ""I" "'^-- eTef Lt^!Lrtrt;o"£» K^^^^ difference iSween an iJZLfl*';"^"'-^'^' '^ »' ^e races, habits of Thon^bt r™,i T^ ''°™ ^ »" <>"«=' stam^d up™ ^SsySttat^Tror' ""^ ^'"8 ;^»n«%hlHSS^"-— return to China, living while h^o n afe ^T«*^°f .*« own, and without the sliXtpff of/ u *H^ ^^'°^ ^^ ^^s S^'not'^Ta'a-STtr"'' "'^» ('-^ P™^""' [1869 .Age, 30J ANTI^HINESB AlJTICLE 196 practise all thp uTinal^ T.i ^1°^— ^^ sms at all. Thev as cruel Is th:y'ZT^U'''\1 *?^^^' ^^ «'" among them; so is abductW 'n.i '''*'''^' '' ^«"^«^o^ brayos may be hired to tat life for'f'''^''"*^""- ^heir to the risk, to be nairl fn +? • ^i'""" Proportionate death. In person thf Pi • ^^'"''^ ^^^^^^^^^ in case of eleanly, butS^n^^e rhTbir ^r^"^ ^PP-"°% with noisesome odours and arpfif I ^'"''L^'^^^^^^^ ^eek pestilence. They have a LT. "^^f ^l^g-P^acos for ganisations, forminla Sf£ -.T?^"*^ ^^'^ secret or- by their o;n laws^and We"] %' f"'ri ^^^^^^^^ courts are frequently used hi f li f*^^ ^°^^* *^at our countrymen, though Ce sum^^" ' ^.i"^'^ ^^'^' «^« times resorted to. ^ TreadiSs/r ,7 '"""^^^^ "^ ^^ten- them is attended with ^^ iS S ''^ J"'*^^^ ^"^^^g making them tell the t uth seemff? *^' ^^^?- P^'^^ ^^^ of compelling them to be Lad a nn.l ' '^'?^'"- ^hat our PfiX'nr^^^^^^^^^ incapa^ oftnde.taning standing our political instTtut on ^Tn'^''^^ 1 "^^^^- chise upon them would be to w ^l- ' ^ ^'^''■ on the Pacific in the hand Viio ^^^^°''^ ^^ P^^er conception of the trust inli i ^ P'PP^^ ^^^ bave no BO wish to use ifrig^tlVrtt'^K ^^", ^^^^^^^ have so many additional vot^V to 2nV''^!^^^ ^" *^ gi^« He referred to his expos tl;^^^ ''''' ^^^^^"^^^ ^--«' ' -nese labour th=l;e:^n:^:^^ 19« LIFE OP HENRY QEORaE [1866 Of Other labourers by liberating the latter for engagement m other fie da of industry, at the same time cheap"he cost 6f production in the primary fields that they had left and thereby cheapening all those primary commodities that all must buy. "Wishing to know what political conomy had to say about the causes of wages/' h'e wrote Z ^^l,^''''''^^^ I^^l^tical Economy"^ relative to this point: "I went to the Philadelphia Library, looked over John Stuart Mill's 'Political Economy/ and accepting I views without question, based my article upon i& In a conversation at another time he said,^ "It was the first o^f I f. '°^ investigation of what political econ- omy had to say on the subject of wages, and I adopted unquestioningjy the doctrine of the relation between wages and capital laid down by Mill.'* That is to sa^, doing now as he once had done in em- bracing the protective principle, and "accepting the belief on the authority of others," ho abandoned ^suggestion :ll'\T''lP^^^''^^^ons thought when writing the article "What the Railroad Will Bring Us," namely, that wa^e in California had a relation to "the natural wealth of the country . not yet monopolised"— and "adopted unquestioningly the explanation made by the man famous as the great master of political economy, that wages depend upon the ratio of labourers to the so-called wages fund- to the capital devoted to the payment of wages. How com- Trtide "^^^ '"^ '' '^°'''' ^^ * ^'''''^'' '" *^^ "Tribune" J?^T ?f.,*.*«°^ency of wages in different industries to an equilibrium, and of wages in general to a S which IS deter mined by the relative prVortLs o? c^i. ^ Book II, Chap, viii, pp. 200, 201. •Meeker notes, October, 1897. [IBM Ac*. 30] DEFERS TO MILL ItfT tal and labour. . pi„;„i l reduction of wages in a^v Zl ^, !" ""' ^P^l^ »f a we mean this ifw mZ^ «' ""'' P«™anent sense, «on of the U proZZnZXZ-*^"^. '" ">° <«"- share of labour is to ho .Zii »^? ?"'^ ^P'*"'. the This i, p^i^'y ':.h'„°t LTedno ion o w» "P""' ''"«^'- upon the intreinotion of SseXbluTTearr^"^"' S lL7h "' ''""""°" »" «- Atlantr e^r the" parts of the "Tribune" !r?r.','' "™P"P"" '"P""*^'' workin™,.„'. '^""';. "'">'« «nd eommondcd it. The woreingmen s organisations hailed it u-Jfl, „„ *■ i faction, in the early part of 1871 Vl P"''""'*'- sa""- and circulated b/thrMee,™ eV StTr""f '" '"" -tjoti:b"::^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - tH?"«"-"™^^ -t -e into a renewodliscrsi n^re "S^f T, T" l^ter f.™ a high outside sot.^trL7^rl^: MiU brought alettcrT/cClndl" Thet^'-"' received in November, 1869 To„M ^' "*' """ urb of Saji FranciV™ whl r T^' "" """"'"'J' ^"l"- e«ting of „ little a^y IW^heXt: '^t^T "'^ more will he lean-ed LT r, ^, ™n»'="Pt," of which he published a oTg citrial a^n, "^'.''°™'"'''=' ">' letterinfu,l,saying\r:^"l:^„l;:„~ 'ho Mil, 198 UTB OF HENET OEOBOE j^ Then came the Mill letter: *'Dear Sin- Th. u- L ^^•^°»' ^'^"''e. Oct. 23, 1869. its of th^S of/hi! morality-the extent and lim- immigration into America raiSI ,,f\„?'*i " Chinese To fumisli a general answe "to it "Vil,"* ^"^rtions- must dim?ni-sh thei~ S^'^rPji"""? ' *■>»'" rtage of physieal ISi and ^SS^Sr/V '™" manner of doubt Wnfi>i„„ „ 'feii-ocing, I have no the attempts to make oK»? t "T '«"»"<>"« than the way to raii them or thnt tL •' '° '°'""' *»««» *» in an ^onomiSl ptTnt rf vfew ^^^^^^ compensation. oi things, we^lHure^-oSiraiu's'lV'S^ [ia» Age, 30] LETTER FBOM MILL 1^9 good is done to th?C] ineseTo^^^^^^^^^^^ only a te„,porary their surplus numbers wh^l^!^ ^ admitting part of to a more civirTaTd Wnv«f ™r'°* ^^^^ ^' done "But there is much affio 1 P"'/'"" °/ "^^"^^^d. Is it justifiable t^asfumethnffi.'"^ ^" *^^" ^^^^^ «ide. of the' Chinese are isuTcepl^l*n^^ t^'^'^'' «"^ ^^^its institutions of the SS S./ '"^^IT"^^^^' ^he means that have yet ex Id fir! ^'^^-^^^ P^^«* Potent portant elements otdynltdn,Z'i'''l "^" "^'^^^ i"^" Riost ignorant of the InS^ ^"^ *° ^^^^ Poorest and nese child were comp J^^^^^^^ , If «-«ry Chi- system, or under a still 3 S^^l* '^'^'^^^ ^our school and kept under it for a iS ' f ''*V^" "»« ^^ Possible, not the Chinese pop^^^^^^^ number of year?, would of the American ?^ IT iw • i T ""^''^^ *« *he level number of Chrne;e bornlrASct'hifno't^^*^ *^^ great; but so Ion? as tlii« t ?^^ nas not been very as the Chinese So not com' -^'r' V ^'?° (*h^* i^) those who come are mostly ml '^T 'f^ '"*"^' b"* native country, the e^L har^r"'^ '1^™ ^'^ **^«ir magnitude as to reqm're th^t )ttl^ i?^^ '^ ^^^^ « to by force. ^ ^^^* '* '^^^'^ be put a stop onl^de'sirlbllttThslS^ '^T *« -« ^^t gent laws agdnst in roduofnf p^^^^ ^" "^^«* «tri°- coolies,.\./undSSiTh^-L?^''l^^^^ immigrants as of particular perso„7 All suoh oH' ^ *' *^' '^^^^«« of compulsory^ labour that ff\f^}S''^'^^^ are a form I know^he legal invaliditt of J ^^'7' ^""^ *^«"gh prevent them be nffma p T '\ «>ntracts does not pains were taken to Sake'it kZ" f 1*^^^ *^^* ^^ that sacL engagementrare r of W^f t ^}^ ^n^migranis daily if it wlvrZdea^^-^S^''^^^}'''^'''^' ^""^ e«Pe- that mode at leaTt of imSLf"'"'" ^^^*"" *"*« *hem, siderable cheek -and if ^^t'^'' "^^^^^ ^^^^ive a con- mode, among so not „r T*.-'"'"' P"^^^^^^ ^^at any attain such^dimeEs Xl^ f *^° ^^^°«««' <^«^ With American lab^uT ^tTC ^^Zl^ 200 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [IMft t^S^L^i''®'' *'!,''""'^'^''' ^^^^'^ of becoming familiar with better and more civilised habits of life is one of "Yours very sincerely, "Henry George, Esq., «J. s. Mill." , "San Francisco, Cal." "W^rTf "^ r. **"''' *'"' "T™n«>ript" editorial said: With all .ts quahficatioi.8, Mr, Mill's opinion entirely ius- t,flea the position of ti,o«, who take ground to fevour "chTnte ,'7 T° 'f ^"""'^•^o- <" these people," fe with white labour, and that it wiU aoon be eompetin^ .erj, mjunoudy; no one who has noticed how rapid? he"! n:r ""l?"^ ""' monopolising one bran'h of bu" tenths of he Chinese immigrants are eontraet labourers and It would be useless to pass laws against sueh cntrarts while as for slavery, "Chinese women are sold andTatd whl:*; tXrorTs:nt''&'^*'' '"f "P"^»- = tt-xsstip'^S^^^^^^ [IMft Ag«, 30J TaiBLi'*; TO MILL 201 f 1 ^o^erXe^^lf/^^^^^^^ «^ohn Stuart Mill never forget that h^ stooTthe truo^r^ "^j l^'fl *^^^ «^° try m its darkest day : devotiirM ^ ^^^'' «°«"- lending his great remitifinn l*+u '' ^^^* *«J«nts and public when she hacrdosed in Ivf .'"P^"^ ^^ *^« Be- death grapple; that twrsLmorofi''"^"^^ *^^'« ^^r , :.vho turned the tide of Endi nnil "" ^"^. ^^^^'^ '""n in our favour, and by exS !?!?'' """"i sympathy the struggle, gave us tho i^ ^^ ^^'"^ *'""« character of class of Great Britli^ % -^^ '"PP''^ «f the middle John Stuart MinoLofMr''' '''f '' ^^''^ entitle the respect whieh s Zt^'rj'J'r "« *^«^ «-"" phUosopher-^to our atfee^trwSirS SSn:^> -mX^rrlS^^^^^^^ ^^t *'^ ™ ^^^*- -de of the pro-ChineseTars ?T^."' ''^^^'^^"^«- ^ome form, and in s "crforrthe ll ''' '^''^ ^" ^-^led Mill. At any rate an eSi/ ^ "^'^ ^"'^ «"* ^^^^ to Chicago "TriLne^d re. ftr™ ^'^ "'^'"* ^" '^^ Horace White of that Zol J «o«inmnication to comments, the pu^eopyThtsHt' ^'^'^^"^ '^^"^ *^« a mutilated one. White mS.l il ™"'^ *^^^« heen meanwhile become ed7to?oft^f^^^^ ^''' ^'''^' ^«^ Seeing the Mill letter ornff ^ "Sacramento Heporter." and also the earlt M m I^^l^T'T'' ^^^^^^^^^ed it atte.pti„, toX:.o nS M^^^^^^^ -o' ■■"g Henry George; one of them tiT « ^'"'' '"""^ '" "'»■«■ tin," Baying that Ci f . v ' ^"^ Pranciseo "Bulle- -.geratea .„nap^;r;\^i^;tr;;::'t'™^-'^^ viHcS 01 poiiticai 202 MFB OF HENBT OEOBGE JIMS eventuated in 1883, twonty-three years afterwards in th. coming of Chmeso persons into the United States" Md To the end of his life Mr. George held to the views agamst tee entrance of the Chinese set forth in hT "c7.lT T fi ° " "^"" *'^'»''' PoWished in Lalor's of aiTot ° S°':""" ^'''"^' I'»»«-"J Eeonomy and of the Pohtieal History of the United States." And when in the fall of 1893, William Uoyd Garrison of Boston addressed a letter to James G. Ma^S Z represented the Fourth California DistrictlrCo^^i^t upbraiding the eongressman with being false to his S ta pnneiples of equal rights, in sup'poiting and vot"t for an amendment extending the Gear;Chin:se E.oSon Act, Mr George replied New York November 301 a as yourself, and it is your inalienahlp TiVlif +« „i,„ Eic"S^TnJ° T '""' -^^t^l '^nM^'Z. puatically deny. Are men merely individuals? Is l«o Age, 80] CHINESE EXCLUSION 203 of exclusion? . "' ®"^ *ne correlative right J'ir.^r ^^^^^^^ who supported slaver, true one. The fi'rst of thi p^i«""'"^"1*^«^ is not a slavery in the United States Z^fi^'T-^^^. ^y African large numbers of the black/ an evn' v T°^ ^'^^^^ of a source of weakness ami.? ^ ^''^^^^ st^^I remains gone Let me ask you If wif^.**^''"^^ ^^Hs possibility of a great cominVofB •^''' ^^« ^^e same country as there would be V Ph'^'' "'«'°^« *o tWs tion were removed ZuU ^^^namen if all restnV to permit it under pS IZT''^'' ^ ' ^^^^^UR consider it at all Snsistenf w'?k ^ ^°^ ^««*W j^ou principles or with youTrTco "nit of IT «^ti-slavery l^indly I ha"f fV^onoor'ch"' '^^ i *-«* -t un- ^^^^^^^ thinge under which such TZ, ^T"" °' « ^'at* »£ In a lectu:^ i„ San F^cfs^'f JT""'-! ""t >« necessary, and Poverty," he said: ™X and ' '^^'''''^ "^"'8'»^» only more important to abolth I / «^°"™», it is not rid of the ChLse- butt K ■ \ "onopoly than to get to make short rrk^/'he'S '"" """"""'^ ^^^^ tho land-grabber and the clr^ ''"''"'"'• <"»« »»' ^^ri;v--.-S'rmiii;:rof.-u- CHAPTER II. STRIFE AxND THE NATURAL ORDER. 1869-1871. Age, 30-32. V I WHEN (Edipus, in Greek mythology, travelled to- wards the city of Thebes he found widespread dis- tress from deaths wrought by the monster Sphinx, who had the body of a lion, and tlic head, breast and arms of a woman, and who put a riddle to all approaehing, which not to answer meant to be hurled headlong from 'the rock where she abode. Many had tried, but all had failed; and through the country as ffidipus moved on came constant lamentation and constant warning. Henry George walking through the streets of New York, had seen the want and misery wrought by the Sphinx of modern civilisation, and as if to keep him strung to ner- vous tension and ever mindful of his vow to charge the monster and solve the problem, Adversity kept close to his heels. For when he got back to San Francisco, the press- ing personal question was, what was he to do? But he was not one to wait for something to come to him. He at once got an fmti-telegraph monopoly resolu- tion introduced into the legislature, and this being popular, was easily passed. Next he sketched out several maga- zine articles on the Chinese question, (though none of these were ever finished); and wrote several editorials 204 »The !•' l¥ Age, 80-32] BACK SETTINa TYPE 206 for the "Evoninff Bulletin " for v^\.;^u i. to go Ea.t „s Uai o;4„:dtt tr r™; "«"" "hflo, hard prCBod for mouoyho ^ontlnto thf *^" '"g room of the "Herald" and set t™ T *f ."""P""- $?00 was still owing fr„„, that^, '^'^ Sor„ethmg over ■md various a^ountf inTew y„ rV" '^ '"''' '"""' « rage when the money waTdonln,.' , n"^""" «''"'"« '■"<• wiring Has.on to ^'t^L t'rrwl' "T^I^'^*-^ "^ -rviee then was, its absen™™ 7g^,t Z ''r"" """ ing, something i haieCt Z „rhTforT '° ""''- -not a tenth part as mu, 1, as I 'Zdl^^^r'' J<'"« wittUs'trr -^e'steSriet?' "^rf '»P--'" poeket diary: "^a.Lrll i ^ ' ""'"""S '" '»» diary also L.Zsl: Z't^/T:^:: r ''t' went to his room to read "fell n.i j ^""""'' •■« Wed hy ga.- tX^u p/tT^t ^f "T'^ f' ing the av was f„,„„^ •^' 7 ^' ""■ '""'''■■ ''or- cook i„ t^rri l."-tT •" "'ght approaehed. and the allowed f^ eseal Tbi ' ^''."«; ,"''»"- ^een left „pe„, onWashihgtoTXeet tirM-.t^l^rr'tr'"^ w airw!;r"cr dr;- ""-^^ --~ thafgavehrtppllt ' '"^ ""^"■'"^ '"■" ""» ■Tl,ep.per„„ft. "M„„it„,,.. ,„a a. «,„,, i„ .ii.., i^l^^ 206 LIFE OF HENBT GEOBGE [1809-1871 I a Acting upon an idea thrown out in a letter from New York to Sumner, Mr. George had got his friends to work for his nomination on the Democratic ticket for the Assem- bly. Presently he wrote to his wife that her uncle, Matthew McCloskey, who had not exchanged a word with them since the runaway marriage, was showing active hos- tility by working against the nomination. Next day the husband wrote tliat he had been misinformed; that Mr. McCloskey was working for him, not against him, and singing his praises for character and ability; and that they had become reconciled. The friendship thus renewed was of the strongest kind, Matthew McCloskey on his death-bed six or eight years later commending his family to Henry George for counsel. Mr. George's desire for election to the legislature was more than a va^ue ambition to get forward in the world. For the young man, though he had not yet come to clear ideas on the social problem, had in his mind's eye, as may be judged from his editorial and correspondence experi- ence, a mass of matters to press for legislative attention; and as for big things, there were the anti-telegraph, anti- express company and anti-railroad fights to make, and it was also quite evident that something should be done to discourage the massing of land in California into great estates. But disappointment was in store. He failed to get nominated, or rather, he could have been nominated but refused to pay the assessment asked by the party man- agers, and that ended his hope for the candidature. The disappointment was all the harder to bear because it came at the end of a line of failures since his return from the East. He had succeeded neither in making any permanent newspaper connection, nor in getting started in a higher literary field. He had not even contrived to make good living, getting a mere hand-to-mouth subsistence. ^•"^J POLITICAL DISAPPOINTMENT 307 lt*a7a.tirTr''''\'"° ■'"''"«• ™»*"*- ^t, where TZe „? iT t"""* '^"'^"' '» •«= » 'h" develop a lively intererfl ^f ' " "^^ "^P^ning to Written in A^^st ("«) : ' ' ""'"*''""' '"'™g afte^oon''" h: iral'^fw' ^"^''""^ ''"'' >•» this yours. . . "" 'Ji* f™ !S''/"'J "dent admirer of going to start a hundred th™ J .'"^ ^T"^^ ^oung is fall, and will want your *rS?. "^f"' P^P^-- » the no one like you. HaZ, SlfS' ,'\)"' "'''■*" there is that when h^ lot you go heTt lo thl"""* '"" ^'""^'y been looking for L two years." "^ °"" ''^ '"'^ J'^:::;rde?% t^frr^ ''■^ ™'^ away and tl^e nlan n thT' ^ f °* *"» 'O"? 'ar was'gr^tly de^l; * if p^^! Ts r "7'""" ^^ was like that of a traveller on th,L ""erwards, in front. The mounta „s I'^S hL" '"™"'"'' ™"«'' tant sky-uubroken and trhi^ il T'^l' *' ^* advaneed, a cleu appeared a^d th "''• ^•" "' ^e into a pass. ForT ^e ™dtt ,\ T'^ ""^ "'*™^'i can to him from an"uXt'of ior"-^ ™™ « Of TL'it tnXltrde'i!:"''^'''" "' - ■"->> were in New York. Mr oll^r'' w "'" headquarters Governor of Calif;*'. mZ 7 touch with the many as the ablest executi"thTstet„^?' T.*" ''^ ing the war TTni^kt T, J, "° ""' '=™"" had. Dur- retoZTj^^t"^^^^^^^^^ strong Republican, but he legislation that fo Led 'iT^^ oentrahsation and special lollowed. He espoused the principles of it' 208 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1680-1871 Thomag Jefferson and became an avowed Democrat and an out-spoken free trader. Henry George had gone through precisely the same kind of political change. While on the "Times" he ^rote many editorials supporting principles and measures leading away from the Eepublican strict party policy, and as a consequence even then was "rapidly becoming disgusted" with that party. He voted for Grant for the Presidency in the fall of 1868, only to see the sol- dier, as he expressed it, give himself up to his political friends, so that Mr. George concluded that "tlie Republican party had served its purpose," that it had become chiefly a party for special interests. Now, across San Francisco Bay at Oakland was a little Democratic paper called the "Transcript," owned by two men, Hiram Tubbs, proprietor of the leading hotel and much real estate there, and John Scott, a prosperous car- penter and builder and prominent as a politician. Scott was a colonel on the staff of the governor, who thereby was indirectly interested in the paper. Indeed, he and Scott had looked about for a good Democratic editor, and judging of George's principles and abilities by his Chinese article and his editorials in the "Times," and coming in contact with him through the organisation of the Free Trade League, concluded that he was the man they sought, and the position was offered him. He accepted and his name appeared at the head of its editorial columns. Henry George's connection with the "Transcript" was short, but was marked by three important events. It was then that the John Stuart Mill letter came. Mill was at the zenith of his reputation, so that it was with keen pride that this young country editor published in the columns of his paper a letter that set all the papers of the State to buzzing. It was also at this time that Mr. George made the ac- AW3MJ, THE OAKI^D "TEAN8CBIPT" 30, ,«amtance of William Swintoa, brother of Joha SwinW the well-known radical of New York w,n °'".''*<'°. WIS bom in Scotland in isqT .i f """ ^winton of a book, "Ra^s^s ro;;'S":t b',r ^'"' fessorship of ancient and liZ^Ll^Z Zl^^ war made a brini-inf ^i^^A ^«"ouages, during the York Times" ^f f correspondent for the «^^ew ;cafpi:f oft:r;rrpr:^"- --■ iH^lve Deeisive Battles of the War- a^Tin^L l^ quid ,7 C tal :f7 "' " °' "^"^-''""s, of close affinitv wifh fi.;. , .. schools, formed a age., hin, to aim at the higher dlar„Tntera tat™""" . J:Lro::r ^;i';;^e/ «n- «»-^ -.thing solution of the SnhinxVo, f ^™''™.!'* P''™^ was the "a. order; tlll'ZT^^^T^'ZZ V^'T'' the streets of New York-wl vT * '"™°" '■" in advancing lI:l:\rZ'2:Tt" T' trifling incident Mt. n ^'/^^^ about through a habit ffhlttkriding-^att™: "7™^ '"» mittenflv f«^ ,, 1 X ^ " ^"^^ contmued inter- te and had tb^^^^ "/'"'• ^' »°y i"-" '"at he was "chat t'r W? T™" "" " ''"- '«"' «"" hills. B„ The"eve ho rodV T """"'^ "*' *^ "^'- trans-ooatinentariiltd IZ ^'!f 1""' ''"• ^"^ only a few months bl™ Lt^™pi^f J^ /""P'o'-'. ^ ■'^^ °P">-e> «»aae of gold, hav- / 1- 210 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1869-1871 mg been drivea. The California terminal was at Sacra- mento, and there was a ferment over the proposal to ex- te :. the line to Oakland. A very general belief was that thd advantages from the railroad would be so important as rapidly to attract population and form a great city in and about Oakland to compete with San Francisco. Land at even far-removed points therefore rose to extravagant figures. Men made themselves ''land poor" in order to get and to hold as many feet or acres as possible in antici- pation of the rise in value that a swelling population would make. Speculation in land ran far in advance of its use. Amid these circumstances Henry George went for a ride one afternoon. Of this he has said.^ ,-«r^^f ""tn'" "Y-i'^'r thoughts, I had driven the horse into the hills until he panted. Stopping for breath, 1 asked a passing teamster, for want of something bet- ter to say, what land was worth there. He pointed to some cows grazing off so far that they looked like mice and said : 'I don't know exactly, but there is a man over there who will sell some land for a thousand dollars an acre. Like a flash it came upon me that there was the reason of advancing poverty with advancing wealth. With the growth of population, land grows in value, and the men who work it must pay more for the privilege. f\!rr ''^' r'^'^ "^f?^ ^^'""''SK to the perception that then came to me and has been with me ever since." This truth was to dwell in his thoughts and slowly de- velop for a year and a half, when it should burst into expression. Meanwhile Governor Haight's political plans matured. He determined to broaden out his fight ao-ainst the Central Pacific Railroad which now, like a monster of fairy lore, had swallowed, or was about to swallow. » Meeker notes, October, 1897. Also .so. "The Science of Political Economy," Book II, Chap, v, p. 163. ^■«^1 PBRCmm NATTOAL OBDEB i„ great and small competitors and »ii ti,- l« useful or that got inis l" P l^f t^ "■'' ""^^ of resentment at 'the entaZen^t'V""* """""^ gan to appear, and H„,VU u '"'P"'" "6^^ >»- deflnito i n^LS to itT IJ^ *-""«' «-e ™d's subsidy policy The r„il J ""'"''"8 *""= '•''«- lands, bonds and mTnev^tje 7 "' ^'""^ 'J"™ Hke a weakling pleTd^I ftlTe' "S 'S' ."" '"» "''"^ ble fact was that leavin" n„t .f -i ^ ""' """^ P"'?"" endowment in -lands i? had / T ''"*''"' *'"^ '"P^ri" -re money, or^wh;*^™ dtmfd.^rtr"';'™' money, than was necessarv t„ , " , '",'^'3' be turned into contemporary with the 2k "ft "l '^■*''^'»' -""^ *!>»* »™en the private fltltflr^^l ""*™°'"'" "'«' fortnt wr :';rr tt*' ^"""''"^ ">- •--'« policy was wrong^ C ;, t Ta Statef ' *""' '"^ to authorise its municipalities o Irsuf h! T^I' " prepared for war on iL «n » Pu'™e. He, therefore, Mr. George to take the n,, '^'"""*''" »'' '""'ed paper at fhe captl theTcf"'" °i '^' *'^* P^''^ under the name of the "St„f. r T I'" ^^'^''■" »«<"•. edited by E.-Gotrnor K^tl '''"'"''' ''"''J l-en State Publishing Comnanvt- °T '"""■''^- The paper, and besid'es aTa^rTaC" mT ?'"' '° P""'* '"» fourth f f the stock tL 7' ^'"■«° "« "fe^ed a the GovernorCoHtiea? rLtds™;^ "^ "^'^ ^^ -- of to leave the "TLscript ''TL *''■ "^■'g^ ™ «ady Scott were no longer pleasant w "' '"* ^""""l porter" offer and inVebruan Ln "'??''' *'"' "««■ and commenced work in ur^;wS *'"™""' 212 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGM [1800-1871 Soon after Mr. George took charge of the Sacramento paper a press war opened and he got into the middle of it It was nothing less than a resumption of the fight against the Western Union Telegraph Company and the Assoo-ated l^ress. A new telegraph system, the Atlantic and Pacific had entered the field against the Western Union Company' Discontent among the old newspapers and needs of the new ones seized thi, channel for news competition by the or- ganisation of the Amorican Press Association as a rival to Ue Associated Press. It was made up of a lot of strong journals m the East and started off under favourable aus- pice^ with John Russell Young, who had just started his New York <^8tandard," as president, and jJhn Hasson as general agent. Indeed, Hasson had largely, if not chiefly, to do with the organisation of the association, and in turn acknowledged that he had got much of his expe- rience and preparation under George, -yhen they were warring with the Associated Press and the Western Union Telegraph Company for the San Francisco "Herald- ioung and Hasson at once chose George for their O-li fornia agent. Mr. George drew a number of papers into the new asso- ciation, s arting with his own, t.. -Reporter,^' and includ- f .? mi"' DeYoung's paper, the "San Francisco Chron- icle. The Franco-Prussian war bein^- on, foreign news was heavy; accordingly, the expense high. The price tteair'T/r *^' ^'^^'"'"^^ ^'^''' ^^'"« advanced and the agent put the increase upon the "Chronicle," the paper which could best bear it and which got most advance from It. But DeYoung made such an ado that George called a meeting of the papers' representatives. In one of his books, s«r.i> *• Oh^n y» -r 1., ?.{i4p. Xx; ^sfomoWuI Edition, pp. 00-70). ^'1 914 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [18^1871 Irl'T^!^ ^f """"S" "» '"■»% t« Sacramento from the East, and with them his brother Vailence and settled down at housekeeping. But now he na^lw ^scaped losmg his life for one day just as he was aboTto mount a horse fop a ride, the animal jumped, and throwing h m dragged h,m for some distonee before he eould fro! h L a°ndTh "• '""■"•■ u"' ""'™'' " ^"S" blow on the head and other mjuries that were only temporary. That once he got out an insurance, a thing that before this he n regular and loving communication with his folks at •hUadelphia, his father for instance writing /^e^ Old Jackson Democrats, and many warm congratulations I ^rnrfTrirn '.""^ ^ ^^ ^° """^ -^ «" -- sistent lor the old Dem oratic principles." The father truly characterised his son's paper. While t vigorously denounced "carpet-Wg" rule in trso-caUed "reconstructed" South, it took highSeifer«,nVn ^^.n^ot question, rais ng local issues. Of necessity the young el„° was brought into close touch with Gove^or Light .nd through this intercourse became acquainted with HaigW's private secretary, a young man named Edward E. T^tV «th whom he afterwards grew intimate, until, Ten Progress and Poverty" was being wri'tei Taylor wl° chief fr'nud, critic and adviser. First of all matters of interest at this period was the ant™ .road war. The Central Pacific had set it" ZeJ^:^' 7 "^r"'"''''''- »"'«''* -' himself to M the scheme and with the scheme to destroy the princinle m public estimation; (or it was a generally approved p"£ ciple prior to this, the Governor himself, hariL g^en Ws «nct.on to several subsidy biUs in behaU of othef ^^o aud ^xwo, OBBAT RAttBO^ FIOHT jji, ations. Under his direction public thought became rou»^ Irr^Irl ^f "" ""' ""' ^"-^""-"^0^^' =:'E:rr:jr^ ''--' «■' eo,u„n"<^rr flu!iI'~^'r'r/'":'*° '■"' •"^o™ th« overshadowing in- fluence m Cahfomia. It owned or controlled raort of thn press, swayed the legislature, bent the eorrts tveLed banks and moved as a mighty force in poIi« s.T «s quck to recognise talent and as quick to engage or rLlri With al:I r"" n' 'T" " ■-"' '°*"- *" ^^' wiin a word it could make men and so f«r n. fi were concerned, could as easily Ct Zt Of tLTX eould not, or would not serve, it asked only silenrmelJv immumty from attack. Henry George had now ;,me to »!., k„e. hi™ y»„v« it r,™ u L?; r: t to tiL°% ""^ s°" uiond is a Virginian by birth anrl an ! ^ . ' ^'"^^ ^ay- During the wfr. he w« in Cahforni T™* ^^ '"'""'=* ''"'^ ^"'^"i""- was pfominent and ^^1 a ra^tV ""^r""""^*""'^^^*^"^^^^ He is a fine lawyer a man of T. 'f'T^r^^', free-tra^le Democrat. HkemostSoutTermLThiscLT r^^ ""f^ '"' nimble mind. an,l efficient aid to Goverr mS}^^\ T ^T''''''' «^ ^^^'^^^-^ -ry monopoly, and noo LTn t^e .^ . ' 1?u^^" ^'*^ "^^ ^^"«<= ^'"''•-J conve2;with:;:;i*„tr^^^^^^^^^^ fomia. Cr^ed Raymond at lengtCew M o/XT T" '' ^^'^■ hopeless fight, and the railroad'oi^u!. t"e to il I'TA?. ""''f^'^ Its service men of ability who miit hlT ^ ^ ^ **^'"« '°*« him head of its law buir^raX oS^o" " "^^tv"*'^ comes that Creed Ilavmond maV^o » • ^ * ' ^ " y^*""* ^hus it lican conyention rhld 'f , t'leir^" ^" » -""-^ R«P»h- Pacificrailroadrinff"-Si™!ll ?l^.l " representing the Centml New York. June 30. isS^''*""'''^"^"^^^''^^^''"^'^^ Standard." £16 LIFE OP HENJty aEORGK order to . .eadi™. for n^ S\1 * " ""'t' moment should comp f Ti.,f fi, ^ favourable the Odd Fellow^' buiuC Thil wa nXir"""^ "^ was TToi„i,+' 1 ^ ^ "^^°® *^ mistake, for it fell. Mr. George the.fore ™ "lil': ^l^d" ^ "I^t US recapitulate; ''^'"^"'^^^z^i^^^r'^^ Ag*,30^] AGAINST 8UB9HME8 917 Its powers and duties. ' ^ ' '"* """^'J extension ot -hASs7hfr^iJ,U''eI,e.o„at.-c principle expense of another; and the !2!- ' .""'' "«»" a* the vantages denied to'anXr ^"'« *" ""« "'"^o" »' ad! lUey are condemned hv ihn ^ country which shows tha7thov h^""'"''" ^^ *^« ^hole waste, extravagance and L*tm^ 'I? f IJ^^^^^ ^'^ to JiSThrpe^r^^--"^"^-^^^^ fiea;^%rpU;'at^^^^^^^ ab- of suUsi, lutely required by tlie le„rf?,„ i *'^'^?"'- Th s is abao- tern in its vari™rshS''h *!' f'* «" «"bsid/s^ effects which it is nrodnS • , •■" "'"ied— by the of.the m„s«,s, stiili'nglSCwr?"'^.."'^ «"^'°rt» lisiog land and corruptin J Ij " " ' *''''""""' monopo- branches. ... '^""* '"e PuUlc service in all Us op^led to the'i|rtf^i''„^'. /he Pemocratie party is should the VeZS t^ZlT^'^ P" the o^Zry o free trade and no sS,^^die^ "i^ ''^„'%VrogTamM baddrng of railroads more thS '' 7l\ ^'imulate the the subsidies it is po»iHe t„ T"'"* •» done by all J^noe the cost of Kit titoad, " "*" «* »» dollars per fflije, by taking oil thf°\"W thousand imposed on the iron used? and th/?'1'™ ^"'y now »d vastly iaS tTet.rnroflllirhu^^B.''"^^ the state as a cJ,i^^T f^ZTT ■''''''''''"''' George's name, it did niiieh '"!""'• J'earing Henrv reputation the young In t' f "' "»* ^'^g'hen the editor and auth'or o? the" Chti'Sr" " ™''"""'^' t 1 \ 918 LH^ op HENB7 GEORGE (1M»>]871 In June, 1871, the Democratic State convention met in San Franeigco and installing Henry George as secretary, nominated J . aight for re-election as governor. There was some friction among Democrats over the radical issue, but the party generally being lined up squarely for a big fight on a straight principle, and he himself beginning to thfnk clearly on the great social as well as the great political questions, Mr. Txeorge was even more desirous than he had been two years before to run for the legislature. On August 10 he secured a nomination for the Assembly in a San Francisco district and he made everal speeches there and elsewhere. Again his hopes were to be dashed. At dinner time on election day he announced to his wife that the indications were that the Democrats were carrv- mg everything, but late that evening he came home again in laughing humour. "Why," he almost shouted, "we haven't elected a constable P Haight had opened and pressed the fight-and George had taken an important part in it-that had stamped out the policy of subsidies in California; but the great railroad corporation had m turn thrown its gigantic power into the election and had cast Haight and his entire party into the dust of defeat Henry George, whose pen had been so active was a shining mark for the powerful company, and his vote did not rise to the average of the party Assembly tt" .r/." «-/-"«-• His one peLn'al satisfac- tion m that hour of defeat was that he had fought and lost on a principle. AN I CI caj gloriou when t seeming powers their bi death, a himself: Yet tj who ha\ longed, : Such a young n shining { thought, the street and suflFe him who knew noti: iiot believi we ciiAr'Tj;? Ill, 1871. Age, 33. I can ten yolZZmL t"^"' '"'™'"»'. b«' I glorious cit/" Thus «; ' Cs ■; """;; " ^-^^^ ™^ when asked if he could pLtLfv " '^""""'"'' ^^emingly arrogant enough L:'":?-. " "«» « «Ph their birth, their thrivi„„ t„ . eommunities have death, as regularly and iL^°r,'""'^' "'^i' "^^line and himself? ' " "™"'taMy as the individual man .-hlta™^':::;^: '.:r: :, *"\"'»'"^ -^ '-^ wond huch a dreamer was this f'»lif ° eommuiity. young man; ^ith full sanVvlrT'T''''^ ™«"'' ''™' fining blue eyes; who '„:,t'„f''d J "',' "'^^ '"-' thought, rode a mustang pony abou/T' '^^ ^''"^^ » the streets of the great F..*? . ! ^'"' ^™noisco. I„ and suffering that'^otf ;*" "'[ "?.'>«'' -» 'he want him Who came "from a?Z W T'T " ''"' "ado knew nothing of the soLi ■ .^ *' "'='' "' heart." He »ot believe L t^^^r'^^VX'^ '» -- he eould riHat was tiiat order? 219 220 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1871 He vowed that he would find if A-n.i „*+« -j rode in the Oakland foothmseal thel S:raL': i,„ i. . ® ^^^ "Snt : he fcwew; he was riffht Had he not come into the new country and ^rown ud with fh. phases of change? Had he no't seen'Z;o'u:rcom suffered? He did not need to go to books or to consult On Sunday night, March 2G, in his work-room i„ tl,„ eeeond «t„jy of the Stevenson Street ho,,™ HrryG^ot sat down to write out the simple answer to the mZft !f W U T"" """""^'''^ ^"'^'■''d it ™>» Plentifnl; yet the T„" ^fe it't'b ™ '""" *<""" ten the land policy that thT^J- *""" "° «'*«'»' has general thing.V p'ay "a cwT 1"^^? ''"' '"«' ^ » ™n begin to cultivate the «!? A, '"f^T"'' ''rf''"' he thousand, and hundred oTthnf^ wdividuals hold Across many of tte tst est^tr f "' ""'=^ "P^ee. eallop in a day, and one tw^vllT"' ■!'''''' "'"""" over fertile ground where no„ 1, ' ""'"' "»' •»"«> which is all owned, and on wbf^r °' '"" ^'™''. h»t »ake himself a ho™ „n°". t '"' ''"'''■' "'"' ""^e to InJUn tribes """^ Temtory had fcen mI »,„« for th. -3 I« tnO fcj-l-J^gj^gg^ :^'/l 222 LIFE OP HENET GEORGE > ^ig^ III. Land and Labour. * Land, that part of the globe's surface habitable by man, is the storehouse from which he must draw the material to which his labour must be applied for the satisfaction of his desires. It is not wealth, since wealth is the product of human labour. It is valuable only as it is scarce. Its value differs from that of, say a keg of nails, for the nails are the result of labour, and when labour is given in re- turn for them the transaction is an exchange; whereas, land is not the result of labour, but the creation of God, and when labpur must be given for it, the result is an appropriation. The value of land is not an element in the wealth of a community. It indicates the distribution of wealth. The value of land and the value of labour must bear to each other an inverse ratio. These two are the "terms" of production, and while production remains the same, to give more to the one is to give less to the other. The wealth of a community depends upon the product of the community. But the productive powers of land am pre- cisely the same whether its price is low or high. I other words, the price of land indicates the distribution of wealth, not the production. The value of land is the power wh i its ownership gives to appropriate the prod- uct of labour, and as a sequence, where rents (the share of the land-owner) are high, wages (the share of the labourer) are low. And thus we see it all over the world; in the countries where land is high, wages are low, and where land is low, wages are high. In a new country the value of labour is at its maximum, the value I I [isn Age,32J LAND AND LABOUB of land at its minimum. As population grows and lan.1 ' becomes monopolised and increases in vnlifoT , labour steadil, decreases. TdTL^^t^n^ Ind'the the more difficult is it for T^ ,, ^ ^^'^'''^ ^^^^s, produces is rightfully his ownto^^' ,^^' /^^^^ « "^^^ world. * ''*'° "* «g«"«t all the Jip^^f r„tn '" rrf " "^^ '""^ '«■» -^id- ';!f (1871 3a* LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE IV. The Tendency of Ouk Present Land Policy. The same causes which have reduced 374,000 land-hoH- ers of England in the middle of the last century to 30 OOO now are working in this country. Not only are large bodies of new lands l^ing put in the hands of the few but a policy IS pursued causing the absorption of the small farms into large estates. The whole present system, National and State, tends , *, «>\^ntration of wealth and the monopolisation of land. A hundred thousand dollars in the hands of one mpn pays but a slight proportion of the taxes that are paid by the same suhi distributed amoi^g fifty; a hundred thou- sand acres held by a single landholder is assessed for but a traction of the amount assessed upon the hundred thou- sand acres of six hundred farms. Concentration is the law of the time. The great city is stralloMng up the little towns; the great merchant is driv- mg his pooter rivals out of business; a thousand little deal- ers become the derks and shopmen of the pl^prietor of the marble fronted palace ; a thousand master workmen, the em- ployees of one rich manufacturer; and the gigantic corpora- ls, the alarming product of the Hew social forces which Watt and Stephenson intl-odueod to the world, are them- selves -being welded into still more titanic cm-porations. in .he new condition of things what chance will there be f 0^ a poor man if the land also is monopolised ? To say that the land of a country shall be owned by a .mall class, IS to say that that class shall rule it; to s.^ that the peo- ple df a -couirfcry shall consist of the very rich and the very poor, 18 to say that republicanism is impossible (1871 Aw, 32] PBOPOSEJ) LAND POLICY 226 V. i gain ,,. .„^i,,,„,„ °™ *X™; t?„r thf " ™r """' we cannot remain in .loubt »« f/ I . T '"'"' *''"»«". '■"disponing of ourVnbtCa: "'"°' *""" '^ ""' !»% snbject of speeulation l^iir. ,i^ "'' "'^'^''^here the that is eonoe'ntratin; „.„tr "?"tr>'r *"'' '^"^™«^ When our 40,OOojoOo?,^II''r"" ^'^O Stales. P» year for pnWi, ' "^^'^ ^"^ *° ™«« $800,000,000 in disoovering tl,e reZ't 1 T1 *""' '"^ *'«™Ity The feudal mltTTl J , »Bd _ " P^'">y to the public treasury. ' "^^ f C°-'»Wo..or D.vi.1 A. W^ ■ " 226 LIFE OF HENEY GEORGE Vim Why should t/-« not go back to the old sv.t.m, .md charge the expense of government upon our lands ? ^ adds nothing to pnces, and does not affect the cost of liv- ng. As It does not add to prices, it co.ts the people noth- ng m addition to what it yield, (he Government ;wMe as land cannot be hid or moved, tin, tax can bP collected ^i'l more ease and crtainty, and w.h l.ss exp^l^^^' other tax ; a..] the land-owner cannot shif ^ iUo a^y o^ ^^ A t^x upon the value of land is tho i).>st eq^al of ^li t^ ^.>r. U.0 the value oi land is something that belongs to S T'V' '""^ '''"'' ^' ""'' '"'"'^'y *«king fofthe uso o. ,e community something whicL belongs to the TT'f'^ % the value of land is meant th^alue o Z be'n n^^a '""^ -T'^'V' ^"^ impcovement which FLrT.i. "P'"" '*"-^^"* '' sometioies called in England the MMear«ed value. The mere holder would be called on to pay just as much taxes as the user of land. The owner of a'va'cant lot "ould have to pay as much as his neighbour who i. using his The monopoliser of agricultural land would be taxed as much as though his land were covered with improvements with crops and with stock. ^ "vements, •f ^ri^u!""' '"''"^^ ^'"' ^^"^ speculation would receive Its death-blow; land monopolisation would no longcrp" Mil ions and millions of acres from which settlers are now shut out would be abandoned by their present owners o" 8old to settlers on nominal terms. The whole weight of taxation would be lifted from L^dlTcTt^ "^^^^ '''^ """^" '^''^^ manufactory and needle of the seamstress, the mechanic's cottc^e and the grand hotel the farmer's plow and the ocr '.teamsWp would be alike untaxed. All would be free . ...y ortu to make or f-r., unannoyed by the ta:..,T,,^!.,.^r. " f'^- I'im I chaige ^^«2] THE LAND VALUE TAX 227 T . ^227 Imagine this country with all +o^« duction and exchangeT How i /'""'"'^ ^''"^ P^«- how trade would inc^a L '^hlt n ^"^'^^'^ «P"°^ ^P^ be applied to every i:ZCtlZ^!'^^^^^^^^ ^ol, development of wealth would tr.^/ "" enormous country free of taxation Tvith if! ^Tf' ^"^«^^°^ ^^^^ ^•"o would use it! Wo^rl ;h^ ^'^^ ^'^ *« th««« -alking the streets, ortratnin. n """"' ^^^^^trions men search for employment TvouM thT Z '''^' '° *^^ ^«- few York a hundred thousind i^^^^^^^ V'"" ^ "^^ «« festering poverty and hr:: ng Z ^^^^ ^""'''^ ^^^ the open West sick at heart? ^^ "'"'^ ^™"i This was the nature of tliP I,'*+t^ i i . Jiioh this Califoraian, Im^« '"/^ ""'»« »' during the four months and twT k'.^'™''* "■»««« «nd July 29, I8ri, thoul ?„ *>, ^' '*'''^'' ""'^ 26 Haight convention and other il*.™"""'' ™»«' *« in smalUype and irZ' Me t T T Reprinted it to P«sent i? in a bl*^:^"''] 7' '^^ "e had no money »ne pages and in that f oTl „ • '' """^'^ ""^y tWrty- few copies were oi^^: Z^^r'"'''' '"* ^^ »■»/« last part, so that Is LmE ..?"'' If "'^""^'^ ""> eight pages and had atC W to ft /^^P^^' ""a"" ^rty. fenia showing the extent of fi? ,''"'« """P »' Cali- Perhaps thf fir t*" ion 1" ™"' '»"'' «"»"■ Henry George indebted toth„X S '"' """"■ ^- views of political economv ,r ! j *° eomprehensive He answered this S^/i^M";™ ^ >"« «tt.o .»«., '^When I firflf ooT«^ J. social difflcnltifs,''^ hortV^V'.*''^ "^* of „„r 1 II mi ~. ~ * "The Standard." New Vo-u />-.., ,. 11 I IS89. 228 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' iim ^° i»'.Sj 'J^Z'':^ °t'»? "»<->» thing tor a star I ha^ seen, others must have seen it too.- ^ Whilo Eicardo and Malthus are credited witli tlie for- mulafon of the law of rent; while John Stuart Mm^ proposato compensate Iand<,wnera ia deprecaW, and hi phrase "unearned inerement," i, spoken of aa nh7m haTHe:°rl"r°' '°°''" " '' ""' '^^^^ '» « that Henry George was indebted to others further than th.s even at p,i„ts where there chanced to 1« a similari;; of thought. In hi, last book,, discussing the conoiS wnfngs of Adam Smith and the French Physiocrats^d the probably independent thought of Smith, X^bt ntteranc« dosely resembled that of the latter, Mr^^e has drawn the instance of his o™ case. ^ "It is a mietake to which tht critics who r •, th.™ selves mere compilers ore liable, to thTnk hat Zn" mns draw from one another to s'ee the same truth"« to fall into the same errors Tnifh ;» iT < r™™»,or tlon of things, whlchTto be S Xe^ntlvl"' cause it exista indenendentlv Pt-rT./ ; S ^ ^ ^' likely to indicate t^a'nltS froryn^d^'Sne? even that usually gains its strength and pemanen^* from misapprehensions that in themselves hav^T^f pendent plausibility. Such relationsTthe starlas Jhaf" appearance m the North which we call tho D pr^r or ^Zl^^'^ ^' "' *^"* ^^ *^^ South which welTl the Southern Cross, are seen by all who scan the scarry ' "The Scieuoe of Political Economy." Book II. Chap, v., pp. 1^7 urn ^f%32J for- INDEPBNPJBNT THOUGHT 999 the earth is an error St7whil?L'r /^'^ ^^™d jenses must cause all men indenpn^ tef „iony of their the first testimony of tTie seni?-^'"'*^^ *° '«"> ^^til apglied to wider oiervations ' '' ''™^^^ ^^ '«««o« views" pt Qu^sr;' iTMlol^^^ r ^ ^^-- t« the Smith, who k«ewVe ?nen pe^soS ^'". "^^^ ^^""^ there was certaiply no derivation frl^' .^^^ ''' "^^ ^^^se who have had them tuhereaKn^^^^^ "^«^« *h^«e appreciate what mys?f4 S w * l^* *^'^ ^«» vaguely static vision/ Yet at th i/" H- rlf ^^° "^"^^ the ^ec- Physiocrats, or even rood ! r ^ ^«^ "^ver heard pf the ^'Afterwards S +C l'"-^. °^ ^^^^^ Smith in my head! rprTlVa liftTo'h 'l^^^ *^« ^^^^^^^ order Policy/ in whfcl Itrffef ^^^^^^^ ?^' ^l"*^ «"d I^and on the value of land irrl .' ^""""J «^ouJd be laid Casually meeting on a San E^' 'l ^"^P'ovements lawyer, A. B. Douthitt wp J. ""JT '*'^^^ « scholarly me that what I ffi^^jf /^JPf ^*o «hat, and he tolJ the French 'EcoCist7 a 1,1^7^ ^'°P°«^^ ^«« what proposed. * hundred years before had ^ ^^?Z:^:,^J^f^ nere I heard me of it, are photographed on 1. . ^' "'"^ ^^° t^^^i you have seen a tS thnf fh^^ ^'^"'"'■^- ^or, when Bee, it is pne of thrdeepest ornf '"""^ ^^^ ^« ^ot others who have seen it ThL-.P^^*'"*'^^ *o hear of Pthers were de^d y^af^^ h2r! v ^'^'' "^^^ ^^^^g^ these stars that we of toTy ■8efwhen\'''r ?°™- ^^^ *^ be seen hundreds and +f!? ^? ^^2 ^^^^ ^e^e here to shine o. MencoCandT^n^^^^^^ They the generations of the antf" ^'^ generations, like .■if;; i' tTF^ OP HENBY OEOEOE 980 " ' X.* B.Muaax UBOEGE .^^ ac^^lld i!^ Mr 'ISr ^' ^"^^ '^ ^«"^^^"^« became land of the United ,rl«K • T ^" ^''^^"^ ^^ the thereof. ?n preparing mv «i''°,? t^"'^ ^"' *^« P««Ple George's pam'pS'^?rTaKnd l3%T^'' "T^ quoted two whole pa-es T filf r?r^ ^''^''^y a»<^ I Bonally in the moSS of May 1872 ^nd'^ ?'°'^.^ P^" all the writinir, of BrontPrr^ o'r' • ^ x^ ^°''°*^^ h'n» Gamage'8 hist^ of ctaTl^ ^S^"' ^?^'^^^' ^ith within 60 short a time that t ^¥^ /eturned them to read them carefuTlv lpf „^ °'^*'^ ."°* ^'^'^^ ^^^ time me that whS. he S thi ^ITm f u' *^™- ^e told or .een any worroftlXTq^tn/^' "^^^' '^^^ Ge!l ""''^^"""^ ^"''^ '' '"'^'''^ M,m,nU from Mr over Thk r .,.; ,',"/.^! s'^f '" ^^T '"'"'•^'' of and which ho had "t • h ^-n f ""' *''""8'" arti<.le "What »h. n T w ' "Overlan ■ Monthly" an .le. What the Bailro Wiu Mng Us," in -he fall of ' ""» **"«« «f PoHHcI Economy." B«A II eiup. Tlii, pn 200, SOI. ' »'.'"™> mind found social ordef rt en I^T"' -' '''™'" '"""" °' primary eondlt „nT of tf ""^'" ''""' *'"'» '» th^ since said; """'""°'''"'' O'this B^-Senator Days has . Sa fo"'pStl7^^1* .^a Henry George made I became president of KLn™ in i»n ^■'^•'«"'*' ^^'2' discussed various questioM^vL « *5 Francisco which invited him to onei on ti,?i j^ Sunday afternoon. I he still Cmf pri™t^n^'^r'''T 1° Ws speech the meeting ItaJr^fJT'^ '? '""f !» c&K that Ur. ^or^^ZS'S:^.^^^ "I (Ml ■AfB^: PROfBRTir m LAND Add ferfl'r^ ^' '''^'-^''^^ ^ -hi^H the Senator re- be 1.0 nionopolisatfon^^^'o ^tLdlnt^K*!"* *^^^ should who 18 willing to work and thlf!^f ^^^'^^''^ ^^e man for his labour. CVhHe it iff ^^/?^ "^*"^ ^ffe™ « country is the free gift of ho p'"'. *^"* *^« ^«nd of pie of that country to /}!«•'' ^''''"*^*' *« all the pco- an equal natural rfght? it fs ZT'".V1 ^^^^'^ ««c1iCa of private ownership nland1^.rJ^'' *^^ recognition »i8e--i8, in fact, a condiUon of S' r^ *^ ^^' P«>P^r niillennium comes, and the o?d f "^^^^^^^^O"- , When The have died out of men L m ?^'^' "^^^^^ instincts "ion; but not tiir?hen - "^ ^'"^^^^ ^^ ^^^Id in com- The idea that Mr. George wisho^ ^. necessity of securing imnrnrL . 1 ''^"''"^ ^^^ the thecaseif titles we"! to beTnT!'/'''"^ '^^"^^ ««* be to resume actual po s^Lt of aT^^^^^ T' '^' «*^*« ^-« in the instance of Senator T^ »- '''^' ^''' ^'^"^' guage expressed, whtrwH in^^^^^^^ ^'^"^ ^^^ ^^^ 1«- changed it materialirtrC^;? ^''''''' "^^ ^^verty'> he P^^^eS^^^t^S;etS;y-^ ^« -t its • • ^ The complete recoLiS S ^ ^^P^ovetnents. land need in no ^ay interff^e w1?h L'^''''"^^ ''S^U to nition of individual riffhtfolJT *^^ complete recog- • • • I do .ot propt^*rthrr4"A"*« •'^ p-^^^^^^ 234 LIFE OP HENBT GEORGE [1871 now hold it still retain if ihe^ii//'''^'^^^"^^^ ""^o what they are pleased to^alUALZ*^ to possessipn of tmue to call it their Imd tTL u ^^* ^^^^^ con- bequeath and devii it V ^^^"^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^h and shell, if we takeX kernel Tl !f ?^ ^'^'^ *hem the This Days incident and other. l,ir« ,t i • ■ George a realisation of obse^rw!! ,l\ ""^'"^ *' ^r. instances and of hfs thonZr t ""' '""^^'^^ '» ^"^^ forward most patient wilt I,'" ^^f' '"°'''' ''™ ^enee- to oomprehend'^^iTdear flounT :''"' '""''""^ ^'"""^ Of .ear^t.n.i„:tr4:^^^^^^^^^ -». th^. Stuart MMh^wM',™'"^" "*' -■" *" J^^n of the day, <: er^ is n"t°ll1 i"""''" I"'"'™' «"»-'■»'»' of the Bu^au of Statt ^ . t™ '*• ^''* ^- T- Peter,, -ad ,noted Ld' ttr:: ho^^fifdVr '^^'^^ strongly eoramendinff it- H„rL n^°; . ""P^' '"'"« Tribune" wrote that G o;gf;:s. ^^ ^ ^^^ gettiriff a -good livincr mif ui i 3«b-prmting establishment of Mahan & Go nf £ES-3'rVh:ssei^ ^b'is.^ern^:L: r"^r^oft"^^^"" ™"» and this and sS'^re that toS'5n'h°^?i;' *!''?" :^r?wltLs„-£S«" - ^^p^- no time, and on M»t;,' CmUTPiT?! Z'l'^t «cie, a few doors nS of cTay^"'^™'"^ ^"«*' ««* the East, tho price was set at one cent a copy it bein, deed tl« cent p.ece was not in commercial use on the Pacflc Coast, so that it had to be introduced Tpeluy! 238 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE (1871-1876 which was accomplished by inducing the largest finan- cial institution in the Western country— the Bank of Cali- fornia—to import a thousand dollars' worth of pennies on the presumption of their usefulness in a multitude of minor commercial transactions. Then San Francisco was astonished by the spectacle of newsboys crying the new paper on the streets for a cent a copy, and ready with a large supply of pennies to make change. The novelty of the thing caused people to buy the little "Post." For the paper, consisting of four pages, was only eleven by fourteen inches, and the type very small. The early num- bers contained little advertising and telegraphic, the space being filled with local news and editorials, written in short, sharp, direct style. In its salutatory it said : "In the higher] wider sense th^ Tost' will be Democratic; that is, it will oppose centralisation and monopolies of all kinds. But it will be the organ of no faction, clique or party. It will endeavour to deal with all questions without cowardly re- serve, but with firmness and candour; and whether it praises or censures, it will be without reference to party lines or party affiliations." Towards the end of his life Henry George told of the early history of the "Post."^ "The vigour of the little paper attracted attention and it began to run to as large a circulation as could be obtained with our press facilities. We could get only one double flat-bed press. An offer soon came from another newspaper man, H. W. Thomson, now dead, to buy at a good price a fourth interest. The third partner, Eapp, wanted to sell his share, and he did sell it for about $^,500. Mr. Hintou and I con- cluded that we had better withdraw, and we sold our interests, each getting $2,700. All three of the original i Meeker uotcs, October, 1897. ^■"•l SOLD AND BOUGHT AOAm ,3, pearod. But no sooner was the 1" ^ ^""^ '^'"« »P- cireulation of the 'pS I ^l'"' "'""iged than the B^tydaysThonisonofeedtKn' f"^ '? '^«' ">«» nominal sum. This Mr Hi«*^°''" ,'" "» '<"• » merely Frank Mahan, another prSer" «,"''• ^ ""'P^'^' »d -tn^:^;trin::;eS -rr ••'^ "■= ^-^ treatment of the land an/t, * "e* journal wad its quotations were madt ron> <0 '""r ''T'™'' '''^'"^"y and more frequently 1^2 .' "'"' ^"""^ ^"''"y taxation of land va^^aes to The . '"'""'"^ ^■'™"""g ^e Those editorials wet a Iw^t S rZl"" *^' «""=- ture grew strong enouri^ t and d.rect. This fea- *ith the oppo^uitnTrei '". ''r.7 ff *jective point But fad or no fad he Mtori l""'"'' "««»-ge'» fai" ont and snapped ip ev:'' Xl tLTd'™ "^ '""""^ other papers. WheninMav Ts^^fX.^"""' " ""'' at Avignon, Prance the 'S' J i"" ®''""' ^iU died to the passing of is ^.I /lil" "" f *"""' '"""'o economy," making eommendat „„ Tf."?"" "' P""*'""! hanng the matter'in SatTn^t ad of ""™ "' '""^ although forn^ ; .el* ^"''7"'' 'T"''"'"'." "ho, now wished to imore 1h„ '7'"''''"' "' "'"■• ™'>sures tion'e wounds. Mr 00^.-7 T ""' '''"'' "? *« ■«- Gooige was eleeted u delegate to the 840 LIFE OF HBNBY fiBOBGE pau-ieis nemocratic National Convention to meet in Baltimore, Maryland early m July, 187^. He went Bast by way of Philadelphia, wh^re he had sent his family just be- health. The^icp, aepomp^pipd by his wife, he wept to Baltimore where he was elected secretary of the Oali- fornia delegation, Ex-Governor Downey being chair- man On July 10, 1873, Greeley Avas nominated unani- mously and a few days later the California delegation visited the candidate on his estate at Chappaqua, West- chester County, m Y., George writing to his papera long signed description of the occasion, closing with the words! ^e all felt . that in this sturdy, benignant old man we had a candidate round whom we could all rally and who fittingly represented the grandest idea of the time — the ideaiof reconciliation." Then Mr. George hastened hack ta San Francisco to plunge editorially into the campaign. In this, as in all his fights, he grew more and more hopeful as his blood warmed in the conflict; but his wife, who pow was grow- mg to understand puWic affairs and therefore becoming mor« his counsellor in suc^i matters, was not so sure, writ- Z-Tv' "^r ?' ^'^ "* *^^ Pennsylvania State elec- tion. This IS the day that in a measure determines Gree- ley B fate I am not at all anguine, but I won't give up even if the Republicans win this contest." Greeley was badly beaten; and George was sorely disappointed. But he was not the man to repine. At once he was up and doing on another line. Meanwhile in August, when less than eight and a half months old, the "Pest" had been increased in si^ and Jt8 price advanced to two cents; and a month and a half ater enlarged to the size of the ordinary newspaper and the charge for single copies made five oents, "to accommo- Age, 32-36] SHIP " SUNRISE '» CASE 241 L 7 ^\^^^^ *^ "0- As a matter of fact the «Po«t'> was kept busy with fights of one kind or another Onr f these attracted wide attentinn t^ anotlie.. One of ship Sunrise, which sa'^wC *'^ Mav is'y? T,o/i * ^^^^^ ^^''k harbour in and at „„co demanded a' p"„„ X .'' °' '.' first mate fled, l.ut upon the "PostV^ nff '' "'" ""'' were apprehended and X:Jt tnT^f : "'""' engaging .peeial conn... ^. o^J^t^^^ZZ long terms of imprisonment Th<^ 'q>n=f" , ^^^^*^ ^° «a in charge1,?SZred orr'/S ""'^5 tte gate stood the redoubtable hS wit? v ■ '\' intenS':^ at"^""" '■•=«« tSthrai^t" Son Mr Q?*" 'Sf *™^, With""' theXt «.e bur,, n^an^Sgj:t1r\h?^eraI°/pr^'t^ 242 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE the yard without a word. All through that inyestiga- tion Harris avoided the steady, indignant gaze of the brave little man who pressed his charges of brutality and drove him from his position and out of the city." Another instance of personal danger arose out of the Tarpey case in the beginning of 1873. Matthew Tarpey, a brutal but affluent land-owner in Monterey County, quar- relled with an unoffending woman named Nicholson about a tract of land. He dug a pit, lay in it for hours waiting for her, and shot her in the back and killed her when she took alarm and tried to run away. The country around became fiercely excited, and more so when it was rumoured that Tarpey's wealth would clear him as others had been cleared of late, and that the first step would be to move him to, another locality for trial. Word went out at one? that the citizens would stop that and take the mat- ter m hand themselves, and despatches came to San Fran- cisco that Tarpey would be lynched. John V. George Henry's brother, was engaged in the business office of the Post" and was a witness of what followed. "Tarpey money and political influence were strong hT?h. *Pn ?' n' r}t' ^P ^^ *^^ ^*^^^ newspapers, but the Post' published the news of the intended lynch- ing and an editorial saying that there would be no re- grets if the people should deal out to him the same mea- sure he had meted out to others, and hang him to the nearest tree, as a 'ghastly evidence' that thtre was 'still a sense of justice in California.' Tarpey's relatives in ban Francisco and others of influence came to the office to implore the editor to say no more, and several anony- mous letters were received threatening violence if he did not stop but he would not change his coursp, and next day, following news of Tarpey's death, he published as a leader an editorial a column and a quarter long de- Age, 32-36] triJSTERN LYNCH LAW * « part of the edition of tl e mner W ^^^'^^ "P ^^ ^ ^^^g^ "Jfext day a irfan I tS r,^^ *^/ J^'P^^ partisans. the office inq^^iriSg for tSeditorlr^^^ ''"^^ *« and Donall/ huni around on +>,n -^^^ K?*^^^ ^«s ««t brother retumPfl r»nr^!?i *^® sidewalk. When mv the article of \te day l^^^^^^^^^^^ «"d ««ked hfm^? brother answered that itlZf\^ ^'' sentiments. My ments, but thafhe hiUe^^^^^^^ ^^^ «enti! impeached the article ^^l ZTa -.' ^^^reupon Donally brother struck him in ?h. fi^ lu ^"^^'^^ ^ ^^^r. My much largerlndlivi ?'Jr^ Thet?^".^"^ -«« « fere J and Donally left TvrSJt^ bystanders inter- there was talk f o? f me of vISf ''T ^I *^"«' ^^^^^^gh 'Post.' But the p^aperd^^iot 'h *^ ^H''^^^^^ short editorials on th^e Tarnev mnt^T }^' ^'°«* and uit larpey matter kept appearing" Touching this method of effecting \n8ticelh7I^7~^7~Tr law is a fearful thing. It is only better haV^ '^ ' " ^^"^^ repress in that the impulses of th« 1 ""'"' '* ^ ^»^«k«d to than «. passions of the'tiv:^: I ilSlfTot'^^r^ ^"^ P"- It strikes at the very foundations unnn I i, "^'' ™''*«'^««' ^nJ say that even in a cale like thrLTh , • "^'"'^ '' °'-^'"»'««^- To the ..gular and legal methLs Z tSl I" '"'"''' '^ '' ^"""^'^ t^** that our laws in tlSr pmctl wo^kfg^^^^^^^ '^^^^^ ^^ failed, and that justice in our courts is but aXZ nf , "" '""* " ^«^»«»°". of Monterey hung Tar^^y themsl store tw" W ' ''''' ^''^'^ law to do it. But it will not do to S^rT- ?, ^ '""^'^ "°* ^'^^t the flection that justice has b^et done tTI ^ T "^*' ^'^^ «™P^« - we must heed, unless we are willing toZtthJ"? """"^^ '"^ '*' ^^'^'^ short of anarchy. And there is a Clt 't t . \*'«»'^^««» ^'"le well us law makers - not for mn/vl!! , * "' ^°'" ^"^ '^'^^kers as corrupt representatives'Luhe^tC f T '!!''" ""--g officials, protection and means of esca ' TrJ f ^'^'' "''' '"'''^^ "^ ^^w i to revert upon great provoca^on ^.fiT ^ '' ""' ^''^ '"8^''^ "'"g^n^ed what its ministe'rs a J Z^Ll " /"f ^^ ^"' *° ^° ^"^^t-l^. March 18. 1873. '"''""»**«tor8 refuse to do."- «' Evening Post," 244 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ri871-M75 out of the paper's arraignment of city Chief of Police Crowley, wliom it had helped to office, but now hoti}- de- nounced for not closing the gambling hells and clearing out the crime-infeBted Chinese quarter, as conj aandcd by city ordinances. "It was in May, 1873, two months after the Tarpey case. Accompanied by Mr. Ilinton, his partner, and by City Supervisor Stuart Menzios, Port Warden Joseph Austin, and Daniel O'Connell of the ToHt' staif, my brother, one afternoon after the paper had gone to pres^i went to the Mint sale ii and rontaurant, on Commercial Street, a resort for lawyers and politicians. As they entered, James Gannon, an ex-dotoetive and supporter of Crowley, tapped my brother on the shoulder, saying that he wanted to speak with him privately. My brother stepped aside with him, when Gannon said, 'Let up on Crowley or thep will be trouble,' and when asked what he mepvt, the ex-detective seized my brother by the neck v/ith one hand and struck him in the face wi^h the oti! vr. My brother tried to strike back, when Gan- ncvi joi-theii down and drew a revolver. But before he could iiiv;, Menzies, a very strong man, caught his wrist and held the weapon down, while he and Supervisor McCarthy, who was in the place at the time, pulled Gan- non away. It was proposed at first to bring Gannon to trial, but the matter was dropped and he afterwards be- came very sorry for his part in it.'' William A. Plunkitt, a school director in the early seventies and supported by the "Post" in an investigation into a big scandal in the purchasing of school supplies, has since said: "Under Henry George's management the Tost' was a bold, fearless, reform paper. The standard of po- litical morality or public morals in San Francisco at that time was very low. While many good men i»,3Mlj CONTEMPOBABY ANECDOTES a« malefactors." ^""'™<'<'' ""d ■ 1 by all public A yet fuller picturo of the (.Jitor is presented by another contemporary, Mr. C. P. McLean, 'who was then Mi s Salho Hart, and who says that "while writing his ZofZ or correefng proof, Mr. George received any and a Cho w.th or without e.«uso, 'dropped in to .ee the editor'"^. ni.1 *r * /r*'' '" "«' Pi'^'i'' schools of San Frnn Cisco when there arose a question of the reduSion S the salaries of the teachers in the lower ffriHp.l? Z ;ng up the .'Evening Post,' I notiid anSrhl n™ So;:frrs?^;?^itr-=n^^^^^^^^ .^is-:re€EBiHrw:-"^ the door I came face to gee S HW^Ve"r°rS« :hL^a^rittrtrivr&te£5"^^^ brightened, but in an instalt Zy^rSSl-'^SrlylS 1 " Henry George : A Study from Life " " T).p a ro«- >> a . , " tha ^t c lL science of Political Economy " (pp. 282 28S^ ah the wife of the superintendpnf nf ^' ^ . V /- 1.0 1.1 HX) ^^* Ui Itt 121 U >^ . •luu IM 116 23 2.2 1.8 I 125 1 1.4 1.6 150mm «P; 0%^ y m O/l /^PPLIED^ IM/4GE .Ire .^9 I6S3 East Mam SItwt .^B-w Rocti«stet. NY 14609 USA ^^^^£ Phone: Tlfi'^az-Oaoo ^^.^S Fax: 716/288-5989 1993. Aapind imaga. inc . AM RgiiK Raaarvad ^' J\^ ^ ^ ^ \\ '^**\''*^ ^^V^ 246 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1871-1878 fiffi' ?7,tl^c man in front of me said: 'Come in mv ne said, lou must excuse me, but you are so smnll and you look so young; do sit down/ ™^"' 1 hadTol/?^' J*?^ ^u^r' ' '^"'^^ ^''«t I ^'«« saying flipn T I r V?'*°f ^*^^^^^ "^« «" "l>out myself. Even then I noticed his large head and bright eyes and at once compared them with a pi( ,c of Henry Clay that t »,^?K^r"^"' *° "^^^ ^^«'» childhood and thought the head before me was the finer of the t^o. I rcmem her now that my first interview with Henry GeorTw^s brought to a close by a boy who, I thought rathe? Tm go, but not before I had promised to call again soon." Arthur McEwen was a brilliant young contemporary newspaper worker on the Pacific Coast with Henry George ttrappeLLlaf r^i^^^^^^ *^^^*>' «''-- Worn S were appearing at local option elections soliciting votes and receiving disrespectful treatment. InstantV tlm LlLf^"^'''^ T" *^" ""^«"*^»* blackguards and in a day had every saloon in California for its oneiiy Su'. scribers withdrew by tlie thousand and advertisements e^ trS?;^>'^ *'^ '^'^''' '^' *^^* maTrSj! James V. Coffey editorial writer on the "Examiner" at this time, and since Judge of the Superior Court of San Francisco, says that Mr. George "had apparently an unsystematic method of work, jotting down a'paragniph here and a paragraph there; yet in the end the writing was smooth and connected." This apparently "unsys- Age, 83-98] NEWSPAPER HABITS » 347 tematic method of work" dnnhfioao « to a stenographer, Savin™ tbitoT '"'"' f^'"'« he put off his daily writinl until he 1 ^"^"^timtion, »n.l had to ™rk;,„de ^^X'T""','"''™ stress he enea-ed a «tennr„.ri, ■"??!""*• ^o relieve this seeretary hf ever hid ^Z,"' '""" ^'"''' *'"« «"' StephenVr w otlii; lilr """, T""^"" "^ »na Who. ys that his ehi:;Tri;;-st;'r^-: i»8 mortrantit tul/''' T^'^f »»" «•» '»«'- thoughts with W'n Z ZT' "'%*'"*'"' »' •"» tate and write, and getThrouih ,n • "^ '"' """■" '"''- work. I ought to s?v tl,„r„?.i,° ,™"'™^ »n">Bnt of Labits of absl.Ul';^'^„ « ,t . ™*|r '/" V? "'™- stop, walk to the curb and «7>, 1 . , ° ''"*' '"' «"»'<' in thought and oblivious to the iif »PP»rently deep J;aa,to .peak several tlL^^ t s'^ ^^ITJ' J,Su2 -rcely any capital 'it h„d from 'h?, ''' >"""' ^''^ ™^a hand to'n.o^h st^t^Hn "th^Z Tf^'^^-f * t." wX: Mr^a'r^" • """ "' -""^^ »- ""»'»^' "t nave Mr. Georges own story for this.' from"tvada^™i|i^j'?^'!iL,P""''dStat,^ _^!ii::!!i*^^urbe"^as.^^ rff sr £t ^ Meeker notes, October, 1897 ^- ™iv.,. 30 „r „,. I'oo .hL; ; r .177 - *"'•"»<'• '" »'■-'■ "■« ™' I 248 LIFE OP UhSim GEORGE rangement wi h tl e Bullopt rl * T^ '"'*^^' «^ *"'- was brough out and ^t nn ZTl ^''/ ^''''- ^^ on the Pacific Coas"^ ^* ' ^'"* perfecting press 1 no Ledger/ wluch we did in A'-crust 1«"? a^!^* Sunday laZwo^T-" f ™»''™, an illustrated n.entBy£gncd to mi ^^^/''''V^ '■"•. ."'I'^rtise- matter until „dPt1ae'^e"tr. , Sf„r'" ""'"'■« «ret' Vitli^atfV'f '*•■"?-> » «-••-" FraneiscanB-t:;^ in&tS f "hea'v"; fit rn"';^ '"? the greatest of , the mining stockrnml ,1,' ^ '" "°.""' "^ pajment by the Bank of Ca ?ornia Then "P™"°"-°' tense local money p„„ie d,?r n° v^SU •.? """"!"' '»" or that the MMr t^t L r ."""T ''? ''»'' '™n«l "s in the Tost^woJlKLte^'lKf; ' "•'* ""«'» and office fittings. «»Ppliea with a now drosa of type •1,600 on it ""•'■"'' " ^l""'- '"»"«ybK,k.,^ „,a grt „„,, '^^•J I^E8 HIS NEWSPAPER ' ^^ living and not caring to asK t" '"'"''^ '" '"'^ « employment from Xr paners I TT ^^ """ «' Irwin, whom I had boe„ ,S"f' ^ T'°'° '" «o™nior ...onths before, and „«'wm"n"S "' '" """['"S " '«" tliere was little to do and iL^Wn^ f \P'"'" "''"•™ might devote myself to »oZ?3 '". «•■''• ™ ^l""' I gave me the olfieo of «f?t t P""''""' siting. He which yielded, SZg" i^ teLitSTj"' <" ^'J-Meters -0 to live on „„„ whieh K""„'itl^"';VlitSe:?rt ^'^ wo^ !trhfm^t:f;„\"rti;::t' " r '" ""^ *- before him of engaginl^ 1 "^^ '"' '""' *'"' P-T"** ■"-of the -ro^'ZZ TlrrZ :''""'' ""' miBfortuno, for „ot only w„« he at „ I " *"*»' fruits of years of U\J,L ,\ f "'"■'" *'"'™ "f "'e «B an aetive f etor t^ hi'aff • ""', .'T"'" °' '''» '"'"P™ |he keenest of ^V^ :^^>^ ^^^'l^^' ^ ^M:[^ '-''- -'"' " "-entoaXning";:^ CHAPTER V. DOMESTIC LIFE. 1873-1876. Age, 34-37. WE break in on the narrative at this point for a glimpse of the home life. In the fall of 1873 the wife and children had returned from the East and the family settled down in a c^zyTo w«?n Z '* f ' ^i«-n-on Valencia Sti^t ^hlre vas a small garden, and a climbing rose covered the fron of the house with a mass of white blossoms in the eZ summer. It was there that the editor had what was de "EtlrC^^^^^ ^^^^"^ ^- ^^t^^^^^ ^vemng Jr-ost office- m the morning and back in th« afternoon, and at night putting him „p\t a nea "^ Ibk The horse was one of the small, wiry, native aniraarT; *aggy h. r at most times loolcing fro;sy and "a ™ck 'and was of the McLean pattern commonly used in California at the t.me, covered with embossed leather, and havTn! big horn pommel and ponderous, leather-envelopedr; rups Horse and rider had a careless, thought 1 graceful appearance, Mr. George with his trim iT TZ ttar "f T.""""" "«'™« -«> «'^^' as the ammal quickened into its natural lope Some t.mes he took up behind him one or the other's h^ two ^. »«7J HORSEBACK ACCIDENT ooys, now gett'ms to be ten nn^ +,^ i in company „iuf friel; ^ fort"' ™T'™' '«' "«''' «>litary "thinking" ri,Ic8 thofl .'""'^ ^ ^ *»»'' tl.0 open .ir «.n,1ng to^Jt^'^C :r„?;r^ i" It was on a Sunday afternoon iV.ti ® """''• while on one of these imTTZ Z t '"""' "', '''* l>is horse shied, threw him f,/ !, , '"*»" "^^ «'»« W» by one siir™" ^rt. ™ to, .^r'''" """ "'"'«S'=<' slowed down from a ™llnn „T ^ " """"^ "' onee dragged to deaT Ac "'"f ' ">«»* have been when the horse ran awavl', ''®'' '''^"g««^'J his foot, o™! days aftefwa^ds Th,? "".l""' '""''™""J •">«' «=- kind. BesidesTavtg W iX htLTlJ? T '^°' "' «'« Goorge's wrist was broke? „„, f^ '''^""^''' M'- againsthis body, he ma^e he long w^f of I- "'""' ''™ at nightfall back over tho lo„„i T *" ^ *'^ "''ss when he found a d«s ebi^f 7^' ,'° "'" "'^^ E™» and before anvtlunTL '^ l """«''* ™' °' •>« "i^, • not to hold slpZ^riZ K """.' " "'''^«'' '» he fall use of his ini„~^ ^ u"" '"' '"«' "hovered the ■noved to a h':r ^tinram'""' " '"'' *"» '-"^ office. "'"™° Hill, more convenient to the Domestic life was verv do.- ♦„ ii. Perhaps the necessitils rf hf. ^' '"''^''^ P""'" ">«"■ delight the mor/o t wift hTs?"?, "^,'''"' '^^' "ni sat beside with her work basket /™''y;, ™'» ""o wife in the library and Jd poe^ t^ tT t "" " '"""^^ 0' have them in turn Llrr:L;tf^^- ^ st^ 263 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE (187»-1870 Strangers as he chanced to bring homo. Or perhaps, he went swimming with the boys in a bath-house of! lx,ng Bridge, or took tho family for a row or for a mil in a plunger." It frequently happened in these trips tliat they found lying at anchor the little Shuhrick in which the father had come to California and ho would tell of hiH early seaman's adventures. Frequently there were bunday cruises about tho bay on sloop or schooner, the party made up of friends with their families. Henry George was not a member of any church, nor did his family attend any regularly, though in his broad- ness of mind he left his wife entire freedom in this for her- self and the children. He attached himself to no sect, yet his nature was sti'ongly reverent. He wished to have his children say night and morning prayers, and often at twi- light or before they went to bed he would lie on his loun-e m his library and have them and their mother mingle their voices in the old hymns that he had heard as a child in Philadelphia, and again "Praise God from whom all blessings flow" seemed to swell and echo through old St Paul's. Out of the inquiry, why want goes with plenty, religion had come to have a new meaning. In the con- viction that ho had discovered that it was not by God's win, but because of violation of God's ordinance that men suffered involuntary poverty in the heart of civilisation, a faith that was dead revived." He had turned from a religion that taught either of a Special Providence on the one hand or of a merciless fate on the other. N^^ ^jj the fervour of his spirit went forth in the belief that social progress is governed by unchanging and bcnefi- cent law. His children's training began at this time to engage his earnest attention. They had never attended any but public schools, and travelling and moving had broken even he *•»«-"! TBAmiNO OP CHILDBEN 353 ftis schooling. His own method broke it more. He di^ »ura«ed e,«,„.rt«dyi„g at home, saying that the reg2 r„r ^Tr"' '™« """■'e''' ■"<• "-at the hou« «t home sho„ d be spent in reereation and other w,y». But f his children, as a consequence, stood W at recitations they stood l,igh in general information and the Metnd- ent use of their faculties, for he would talk or S to wi l°the 'T *r? ""^ "••""• «"•'<' •» brought h! , ■ ""fo^'Mwling; and at dinner table, when the family was alone, he would ask them in turn qnW«ons touehmg history, literature, public matters or elcZ Z re',:::::^" wb '"?." ""^ ""™ "■"" •"• ■» p-*'^"- -- do^ r ,,■ """^ ""^^ "'" "'"'""• '"> himself would .0 so Heading was enoouraged. and the toys, at least were directed to such books as the father delightid in wLrS their age. A copy of "Eobinson Crusoe" was the Jst Wfc Henry George and is frequently referred to in hia writ- ngs. Another book-present to his childi^n was the "1™- bmn Nights. • which he sent while they wore in Pbilad" Phia and wli ch, he wrote to his wife, he had, "like w spent the night re-reading." Thus the children 1 2 eons tan ly fail in the «=hool lessons they were ex^e tcT „ study at home, but if asked, could n-eite from Tennyson Egypt and Yucatan, and in their own way, could talk «bou the rotation of crops, the forms of watT„r to nebular hypothesis. From either parent a request wa a »mmand with corporal punishment swiftly Xlgde! lay or delinquency: yet affection blended with oSnt for at the table, where the children were brought when old enough and t».,ght to be silent, the guests were draw" towards topics most congenial to themselves, good M^ 264 LIFE OP HENBT GEOBQE b.t8 of information, flashes of wit and tales of huraour poarcKl forth. Tho host had the habit of poUWy Tth drawmg to the pto of questioner. This Js mo t al^ ri.10 to h,s personal modesty. It also gratified a nfv^. ceas-ng desire for information-information, apparent^ of any kmd and evei^ kind, whieh, like his nisS^^hmZs' «ad,ng was to he drawn on when needed, many a dinZ wr tmgs. Men from various parts of the world came «d as It were, poured out their eontributions to X' varied and instruetive symposium. hlle ""in T' ".7^^ '"'' """ S'"™ "■»«'' "'»" ever wet^truc^l f ^ ^°^' '" *^'" """'"Ke, when they were struggling along m poverty, she had refrained from nquiring into the matters outside of domestie affairs tte ntei^sted her husband. Believing her mission to bo to ^ w^ ."l'"""' ■■" "^^ """1 ™«»«<'». Bhe avoided aU matters of business and tried to draw h s mind into other channels. But as he advanced as a writer and th^' mnner of living imp^ved, she en.e,.d the ^un H o h generd affairs and came to be his close adviser. The Georges had a small number of intimate friends FoZ T" ^"*^ *° """' '» «"« foshionabte cMes falls for the husband. On one occasion when he was kd to attend a re<«ption at the Ealston residence alone his wife being ,11, he .^turned disgusted. "Such pcorie h4 m a frivolous atmosphere," he said. "There was M^ xf doubtfZ "whf "'^°™"' ""• *'«"«^' -- ".l,. .Tj ^'^ ^' ^^'' «>iswered the husband- h* and I told."' ^'" °' " ""'"■• - «- "kei; to' have, and I told her the indications were for a wet L- ^■•""l DI9UKEI, SOCIAL EVKNT8 ^„ for«,ci.lever«lt' J° '"'' '" ''"''" "'»•" 'h" outlook to tho theatre, cvcn^hcn „f . '^l*"^^""'- «« took her for the pcrforanoca^, ,''"'''''"'•'''' ''"'«°'»othing when his ne^pater tt ™'d., "7^r "" '"'''"^' "'«'"' Wend, Henry Sa'T^' ^'"'f « Connell, or his aetor hor to "high^jinke?"' ' ''7*'^ °™^ "•" '""■ '■» took ai«lX~ ^re'ti"""?'. '"" ''°'''-' '- "' had long piness and ofrailit r™ 'T''''"^ ""= "<""'» hap r «xiu oi raising tlio mass of men onf nf ♦',„ i , of poverty had taken its place ButihT f ! '^"""^^ yond the anxieties of a hand fn .k ""''' *° «"* ^«- Mr. George into TnininVinv^ ?*^ "^'^ "^ ^'^^"^ ^^^^^ the atmosWe h^ere's fr^ " ^ «^-> -^-n When in 1872 silver bonlnt f *^' """^"^ ^^^'^r. Comstock lode n the ^r f ''"'' ^^"^'^^ «^ the drawn into investmenf, . .? ''^''''' mmes-he was and eamo ouZT^l T' '^ T ^^^^ '''''^-^^-^^ Philadelphia (My 1 1872?^'^ ''"" '' '^"^ ^^"^ i ay 17, 1872) touching the matter ran: It iTrLk a?:^^^^^^^^ 'f it as much as I do. knoM. I'm far off and cai i^k «? f h'^ ''^'P"^^^- You while you have all the excrteme«t n ''S '"'^^''^ ««o"y> thing else than newspapers T^^^^^ ^^"^^^ ^^ ^4' make anything." "P^P^^"' -^hat is the only way you 9Si LIFE OF BSNRT GEORGE (im-im up to that t.mc pmctically unp^ductivo C„„«,|id7ted Vir! pma mmc on the Coortock lodo of . bonanza that it w^ «»d would yold fifteen l,„ndred million,. The m nc Z managed, under ti,o firm name of Flood & O'Brien Ty four „K.n-J„rao, C. Ploo ''""> •>!» wife whon he Z'!, ,' '"'' '" •"•""■" ""■''•"■•'e.l lu.r when le."io„ ealW, for ,„rtanee writing to hor (FH.ruary V4) T, h r. rhi:"^::: h:.:,f" •"■^'^•' «""-" ««^'-^» "»^^^^ "I am Borry to hoar about Matt. I do not think munh Christian or reasonable to irrievc about vrl,'«t ^ f ? appointed, nor i, it „i«, tTborrow trouble T -'^ "WnjouM^o you would go oTrmcwhcm" '"" dil'uSd^lrth'' '"•", ^"T' '"^"-"""^ '"S^'her and aiscussed what they read; and besides this, Mr Oeorire ™w read some law, whieh he thought would l« usefIS kttor dated Marysville, May 30, 1876, while he was o„ t «et„ inspecting trip with hi, brother Vallanee lohe: "I have a good square day to loj^f in oo Voi • /. iz"yi p'™'^"' thorsteps a^.' '""^^tir. nice day here warm k„<^ „„4. x * • ■^'^ is a is nothing palTcX^^hoi^hTo ^'.^TalZa I^^l^ ?" '» -"y «™e this morSing rcTding and ™?tiL*1 ^d S.T''. 5^ "^ P"'««'*« >°- '™. and Sy Ster^ eated, though it does put me to sleep, knd I Sk I cTn 268 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1873-1876 do L&fC"""" I-^S'^^' "« "^^y «enta There were times when his over-wrouffht hiVhlv ., and fron. ■'''^/^^^rent of devotion ran even stronger court r;;:r:. f'^ "f ^? ^^^^^^^ --^ood, he jz sohno ^ A ^ ^u ""^'^ ^'"^ J*^^* ^^"^^ from the convent school. And what affection and the marriage tie Trlto rh:tm f '" V^ ^^^ «^^^^^*^^^ tellSctLrwrit! lock ^ ''^'''*''" ^^ "^' ^^*^^^th year of wed- «T 1. t Sacramento, March 18 IfiTft for divorces to aSry'l'^^'hTrtLb I ^"'?;' '*T direction. We have fo™d oS ^ts Kem^saU ?h«f > was dangerous to +nll- «^ .i;, ^/erson said, that it He also iidThauffei^ ltrZo'rVrnten''r- Francisco for every three raarria^. »„f T 4 j ^''" were often got in a singTe day ^ ' ""* *■"* ^"""^^ in tMs'„:?Lr''f h^i onttfy'got*teTfrM'°'='""^ rtfeih'X^ii' *"- ''^ h-^- tot^f'co^lSJ^ «T hflvn t,, ^^^ . ®"°'^*y«^ening, March W, 1876. 1 have wanted to write to you all dav • h„f T h. been movinack something in thLwhToh^;^^^''"^-, ^"^ ^« ^^^re not life? Others may bufitT. nr. '^'^""^^ *^^ P^^^^^t darling, to doubT'theVodnesT ^^^^^ 2?^ "^e, my think of it, the more I fpp] Ihff ^' ^^^ "^o^e I bound our love." ^*^ ''"^ P''^^"<^ ^^^e will not Upon such a foundation of affection was reared a nnU Courage," the wife answered. '""Ir;" IVot^'t ^'7''^' '^""^•"S »»- '««e..s. would say, Another letter from your girl. Mr. Georg; " Age, 34-37] QUALITY OF COURAGE 261 flol??fC ^1 r^'"*'^' ^■""'P'"^ "P '^^ ^valking the floor. I thought you would say virtue " "^o not virtue, because I have come to perceive that the world sets up separate standards for men and women and that what would be a breach of virtue" the woman might not be considered as such in the man I I w « Jhat is right, but I do recognise tlTthe worfdt "But why courage?" asked the husband. ±5ecause it is the manly quality " "But courage might seem to go'with physique-and I am a small man. How do you find this courage in me.'' I do not mean physical courage," replied the wife but moral courage; the courage that impels a man who Bees bi auty to follow it, though it mean'to Lkesa!^! Sees— to stand up against the world " ^»?« i'r'"""' f ■'' "■"' "''^ strengthened as well as gratified h.m and that some day he might have to askher CHAPTER VI. FIRST SET POLITICAL SPEECH. 1876-1877. Age, 37-38. Sacramento on SaXl TsTs " 1 '"" '""^ ^"P'"" »' -as to appoint Hen ^^oIHT °' '" '"' ""'= among the most lucrative offiSs witln./'^ "«**'* "' -State Inspector of Gas mS a HM !. '""'r «"* a motive of assisting a man who h^ f> 'f ^""^ '"»» ing Post" and the "MorXt„/ ^- "T"^'' **'' "^™"- his election. But E W m! , *^T ''°™ "»"=■> '» help private secretary sf^Thaf?^ "''° "™ *^ «»^^™«'« portant part iX matte, """" ^""^''^ "" -' cra?b7not%Sr§flfr """"."'"'^ " Oe»<>- and was regarded to he J^Lf^ ™ .Political hacking the GovcmSr. It was tWf^ •""""=? <"""" "Po" when ho was appo nted Gas m5? f P°""™' ^-'P"«« pointment was more th^ni?- ^"^Peetor. The ap- intellect. ""' "'*" aiyttog else a tribute to leile*houts°of*^ttrrce ,?."'''''' ^'*""-^' ""d '" the booh, public men a*d'n;iT^r°°Atr°' '" '''''"^» chary of giving praise vet T!?^' . k f Governor was -pressed his slSng ^^^ ^^ ^SJ^Z^ 268 Age. 87-38] GOVERNOR mWIN'S TRIBUTE writers. I was no' furJrL thtt S^^^^ ''' ^°^^^«^ speak of the logic mdiFawTvJ,,^ Governor should from the charlSeTorhTol^'S^ T^^ imagination, but he was lotrio?! ^1?, ^^ ^^"^ kittle trained. I 'was not s?rprisfd thai fn T^ ,5°^ ^^^'^^3^ similar qualities in gSc bi,/ T « '^T^^- 'P^"^ ^^ the latter's style shouKive „fL f / k?^'^'^^^ *h«t I myself had in 1871 Jl J^^^^cted his attention. Board of CaHsat on 'snnn?''/^'''*"'^ ^^ "^^ State tistieal mattTwhtrL uTei i^rT "^^*> ^^"^^ «*«" Phlet, 'Our Land and La^d' Po"w anfl^h f ^T' number of things. Ions and slw'^^ J- ^^^ ^^^^ « wards; but though tL. .'T*/.^""^^ ^^'^ P^n after- appreciate his mot of SL'Ln'? '.'^'^*^ ^ ^'^ ^«* The fact that this cold S' •*"' ^i*^ *^'^ Governor, often break fnto praise of P. ^''T?'^ '"*^° «h««ld so style' made a^roKd t^S IS"^ ^^^ ^""-* witriftTysXa^r^^:^^^ ^T-^ ^^ -^ by forcing a -Lrer^ulitV ^X^hlh^^^^^^^ place of sas f»Bt<.nin,. „ i, , ""ongh them in 1-1 g«a, laBtenmg a braes seal on all that », > »i- lawful requirements, A set fee 1! u / '' '""^ meter so tested and sealed ""'"'''' "^ '""'y lisi™'f:frhe1rSnV ^^ ""^'"^ *'"' "-» -"">- perhaps inadvSt,;- by whieh 7eT "f. """ '^''' some of the towns s^;tteU „t the State T' T* nnmbers of meters ™„„i,« ,i T ''' """"^ '"■'ge Francisco GarCompanvt »! '™"' °^ """-gh 'ho San inspected and sea°TCL int? ' "n" ""■""" ^■•'»" h. friends who we. ZrlX:t ^"^^ !'%,: 364 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE (1876-1877 an amendment introduced into the ".lature which should compel companies to submit for infection all unsealed meters m use or intended for immediate use. The aas companies and particularly the San Francisco company through Its president, raised hot opposition. After cut- IhW iT' ^''*"''' *' ""^''^ ^^' ^"^P«"i«« particularly objected, the measure went through and the inspector dur- ing he next few months went to the chief cities through- out the State and demanded that all unsealed meters be brought to him to be tested, his brother, John V George going with him to assist in the work. Though at first by virtue of this amendment of the inspection law, Mr George obtained what seemed to him like large sums of money from places ^ike Marysvillo and Grass Valley where numbers of untested meters M-ere in use, the office of in- spector yielded only an intermittent revenue and on the whole only enough to live on comfortably and without extravagance. Mr. George for a while entertained the expectation of going East in the summer to visit the old folks and to see the international exposition then to be opened with great ceremony at Philadelphia in commemo- ration of the hundredth celebration of the nation's inde- pendence This had to be given up, as for the time the receipts from the office fell off. "Though my official duties were light," said Mr. George when reviewing this period,^ «I never ate the bread of Idleness, but was always very hard at work." Among the matters engaging him were a number of measures before the State legislature and chief of these were two bills in- roduced by William M. Pierson in the Senate, both relat- ing to the publication of newspapers, one to compel the retraction of false or defamatory articles and the other * Meeker notea. Ag«, 37-88] PERSONAL JOURNALISM 266 requiring the signature of all original articles or cdrre- spondence Mr. George was particularly interested in the latter and wrote in support of it two bright, vivacious signed articles for the "Sacramento Bee," which were af' terwards printed in pamphlet form. His contention was that the march of concentration was putting newspapers more and more into the hands of massed capital, making newspaper workers more and more dependent upon spe cial interests and utterly helpless to get outside recogni- tion so long as they should work anonymously. m's^Z^f^""^ ""^ ^^"^ P""^'^"* anonymous system is to ThetenLoZftr ^^^'y*,^^"^^ ^h^ writer nothing, ine tendency of the personal system would be to trans- fer importance and power from the newspaper to the writers-to diffuse instead of to concentrate; to make the men who see for the people and think for he people mdependent of capital, instead of dependent on capZ and to facilitate the establishment of new papers when- ever the old ones abandoned the popular cause!" He got some personal satisfaction from this article for he wrote to his wife (March 14) : «I spent a good part of the atternoon listening to the debate in the Senate upon the signature bill. Uncle Phil [Philip A. Eoach one of the editors and part proprietor of the "San Fran- cisco Examiner"] threw himself in opposition, though he made a very handsome allusion to me, as all the principal speakers have done." Both the signature and the retrac- tion bill, while they passed the Senate, had the powerful opposition of the San Francisco papers and were killed in the House. As help- 7 to make his ideas known, the articles in sup- port of the signature bill were probably worth the effort he made, but a few months lator there was an occurrence 266 LIFE OP HENBY GEORGE [1876-1877 of much greater importance to Mr. George personally— the first set speech. At various times, beginning as far back as 1865 when a member of the Sacramento Lyceum, he had got upon his feet for a few impromptu remarks. Now came ^ chance for a formal effort. The Presidential campaign was opening, with Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, candidate of the Republican party, and Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York, for the Demo- cratic. Mr. George entered on the campaign with lively feelings, for Hayes, he considered, represented the reac- tionary policy of his party, while Tilden, he believed, was a free trader, and while demanding the remission of war- tax burdens, would take the side of the industrial masses, just now idle in thousands all over the country. Animated by something akin to the admiration Gover- nor Irwin had for George's abilities, a number of ener- getic young men of radical opinion in San Francisco, en- rolled in what was known as the "Tilden and Hendricks Central Club," asked Mr. George to speak under its aus- pices, hoping, as one of them, Walter Gallagher, said, "to make this speech the keynote of the canvass in California." George was thereupon formally invited. He spoke before a big meeting in Dashaway Hall on the evening of August 15, on "The Question Before the People." He stood^'be- side the reading desk on which he had his manuscript spread out, read by glances and spoke slowly and distinctly. He avoided the usual political declamation and struck a high tone at once. "Remember this, the political contest is lifted above tHe low plane of denunciation and demagogism and becomes not a contest for spoils in which the people are simply permitted to choose which gang shall plunder . them; but a solemn, momentous inquiry, demanding from each voter a conscientious judgment." Ag.. 87-88] FIRST FORMAL SPEECH The kernel of the speech was this: 267 «r] "The Federal tax-gatherer is evervwherp Tr, no«u exehanffe by which Inhn,,^ ,« ^^^^ywiiere. m each then ^°' f^^^"™}' »"« ""vy and the contractors thereof" fortablc little buicans aid th^n'^Jf " l"™"' '»°- little work for /o^sVate Gottreifa^d i'Jtttlf""^ J '•■"lel^ T""' ~^^ the .St of your :? r:jerTo S /'T^^ '^ ^^"'1' But cast bands, stealing what they eaSnot earn "" ff?' n om,„„„s thing that il this Centennial' y^ar' State,' - ..A^ •«VttLiX 268 LIFB OF HENBY GEORGE [1876-18n of a murdered man as to think that all the things of which you complain result from the accident of having had bad men m office. What can any change of men avaU so long as the policy which is the primary c^use of these evils is unphnrKwil V" ^ ^ of these evils is unchanged ?" Ex-District Attorney Thomas P. Ryan was president of the club. He presided at this meeting and says of the speaker and the speech : «, At that time lie looked to mo to be about thirty years of age. He impressed me then, as he always did oL^T^if i"""" i naturally nervous temperament, but as a rule to that fact by his manner. In repose his habit was calm almost placid, and age sits lightly upon those so blessed. In action there wSs no want of Te and when the situation required, it was fittingly dis- played If we rate his speech that night by th? stand- ard of eloquence of the great French orator, B shop Dupanloup-a thorough knowledge of one's subjeet-1 he was indeed eloquent. That the address was extraor- dmarily able and convincing was the universal opinion of those who heard it. The impression it left on me i° lasting and the best evidence of its force and effect s to be found in the fact that at this late day I am' a?mo withoiit effort, able to recall in the main moTt of the facts then presented and the circumstances surround- ing the speech's delivery. unTuna "At its conclusion Mr. James G. Maguire, since so devoted a disciple of Henry George, and" distinguished '/""•^PI'^^' 3udge and Member of Congress arose and said that it was the ablest political address to which he had ever listened, and moved that it be printed for distribution as a campaign document, which was done Ihe audience was a large and most appreciative one. reS'"'' ' among other distinguished men, being "Touching this speech, and indeed, of everything else Henry George said and wrote subsequently, I havl car- Age, 37-38] AN INFORMAL SPEECH 269 George made very soon afterwards. ^ "Some days after the Dashaway Hall meetinir Mr Ss/r«rs.- L aii -M Sat the rostrum. I think } L„ „ it"^ T"''''' '° So upon mind's ey. as he ;ppe,,recr„" t*^ "n" j;;'" &7 '" "■/ Sl^fentTi^a^rl'" Tr" '? f" "'«- »"^ ran to the rostrl\™,1„,J j S^^;^" - Jh-t h voice, at a verv hiVh r^iinh «.,+ i • ^ " '^^"» '"'^ the iWs before ttCopl<^.,TH,'"r " "1*,",".™" «* hat in his han,! Til P''5? '^'"' ""> t"no hold ng his of s^eSf Shi.^^L"„"trth:'?:r^/„f ™?.^ of the orator which have so muJh effS upon a2:t' peSt4ratttr:iratZttr;re .^^^^^^ 270 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE nm-mi State Committee invite-^ him to "stump" the State and 'deliver it in the princii. ' citios and towns. From no Hpeaking reputation whatever, he sprang through this one address to the place of a leading speaker in California, and was given the honour of making the final speech of the campaign in Piatt s Hall, San Francisco. Dr. Shorb was chairman and knew George well, but amused himself by introducing him as "Colonel Henry D. George." Mr. George, somewhat disconcerted, protested that he had nei- ther a title nor a middle initial, whereupon somebody in th( audience shouted: "Oh, go ahead, Hariy. We all know who you are." So the campaign passed; election day came and went, and the decision was not yet clear when Mr. George wrote to his mother (November 13) touching his personal in- terests : "Well, the campaign is over, though its result is as yet unsettled. I cannot say that I am glad that it is over, for although I think Tilden is President, the way this coast went is a great disappointment to me; but at any rate I shall now have a resting spell— a longer one and a better one than I have had before. "I did my best, for my heart was in it, and that is a consolation. And personally what I accomplished was very gratifying. I have shown that I could make myself felt without a newspaper, and shown that I possessed other ability than that of the >; i. I have always felt that I pos,«( ssed the requisites fo ,^rst- dass speaker, and that I would make om il f roulc get the practice; and I started into this campaign with the deliberate purpose of breaking myself in. It was like jumping overboard to learn to swim. But I succeeded 1 think no man in the State made as much reputation 13 i have made. From not being known as a speaker .i. .) co-nv) to the front. I wanted to do this, not as a utv^'' palm off on the unreasoZ/ , '=°n>Paratively easy to political economy ""'"""Vu Tl ."^-bsurdities as any amount of pretention; qnaclryt'aSt%r*'*'"'" even as taught by the mister, .^;„ i ' ' '™ """"=« iointed and^indeLninr'^'ls*'Cd'£TnTh?S Age, 38] THE DISJOINTED 3CIENCE 277 subUlty have been wasted to intelleitual l^AZ, explored LdVr'',' '"5'^-™'"'.^ '>»™ remained un- .thlT • "'"' ''"^ '«'™ gi™n t" a simple and idettf trt-""? """" '""•''""^M »••«= ha'1 arisen an doa of pohfeal eeonomy which had arrayed against it ™i„tT ^^^ r^"""''^ »' "^»=» ^^^ •'»<' ™«' to gam by its cultivation. . "The name of political economy has been constantlv invoked against every effort of the workTng cla es 7o increase their wages or decrease their hours^tlTour ; 1 1,* , ^^'^f *"o best and most extensively circulatod text-books. While they insist upon freedomVr capi^^^^^ while they justify on the ground of utility the sK greed that seeks to pile fortune on fortune and the niggard spirt that steels the heart to the wail of dt tress what sign of substantial promise do th^ hold out t;?n7cSfnr "^^ '''' ^^ ^^-^^ -^'"- K J?J*ll* """"l ,T ^"^P^^* ^^6" hands that should offer bread thus hold out a stone? Is it in human nature ot the injustice of existing social conditions, feeling thit they are somehow cramped and hurt, without lm?wiW ttf.'T?V^^ ^?.^*^ *^^^' should welcom rutlif thi partial form; that they should take to a science which, as It IS presented to them, seems but to iS njustice to canonise selfishness by throwing around rt the halo of utility, and to present Herod rather than __ -L .„ I.,. woiia..rexi at that they should turn in their 1178 ' I LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1877 [1877 -nee, and t.e e.eeedi., e^:^^^Zyt^ f^^^^^^ S-y ,ou need no spe- tory. You do not eveHeed t' m!^', "" ""^*^^ ^^boi-a- you wiJJ but think for yoTselves Tiwr: ^'''^''''' ^^ care in reducing complex nhonn; \ *^?* ^^^ ^^ed is »n distinguishing th7essenSTn'°'..*° ^^''' ^^^^^^nts, in applying the simple laTs of .^^^ *^^';^^"dental, and you are famili^ar. Take ?ohL ' ""^ "".'^'^^ ^^^^ which 'try all things: hold fast tW^'^T?^^^ ^^^ g^-anted ^ay, the opi^nion of o^ers tnrtf ^^ ^'^^' ^^ t^i^ gestions, elucidations and pnili r^P ^^'^ ^^ *heir sug- will be to you but as to^ds to a r'^'^^''''''' *^^^ this array of profes^orc nil !t ^ P®"<^*- • • . All ing, canft edCSTL'n 'fe^^'f ?l^^ ^^ '^-^-- educate himself TT^^l ^^ ^^^ but help him tn they will be „iM^^;f,^:\™V *ai„ the t^Cbu monkey with a microsmn^ . J"" """ ""e them. A are fit emblems oT7b7Sr,l.T^\ ^TH'^ " """rar^ are plenty-wlio pass tS^ tt™l'";'""""<"y. tliey maclunery, and come out b^,T I.„ T^" «'ie "all this array ofprow/Tn T ■"""■« '"em that 'earning, ea„ Jt edu^ter„ ^/'Lt^arof^'o^"' With a microscope" and «a n,nin ? '"°''^^y emblems of men "passL flT /!f '"^ ^ ^^^^^^^''^ ^« ohir>Prv"? A^TiJ ^ ^'"''^^ *^^ educational ma- "* '"^y • And then were ihf>v i^y.^. ^ j> regents— to fi^.i +1, , ^"^>'~*'i® professors and the netp^hilf e Xl "^2"^. T-""'^ -^''-' was the thing t„ stop ^ ' '"'"^ '° ""' ™y' '"■ere to lotnTo;?' 01:^1 7*«°»-^ ""eranee seemed George in the co.un,ns of the "I^IIXm: ,Z "^ the Post s editor the resentment of his friends Age, 38] CHAm UNFILLED 281 and of those on or connected with the Board whose lax attention to duty had permitted the scandal to occur. Thus for perhaps personal and impersonal reasons Mr George was quietly forgotten. Nothing was said about a chair by those who had the power to confer it. He was not even invited to speak again, although brief notes m his diary lead to the inference that he had commenced work on a second lecture. Yet whatever disappointment arose from this could not have been lasting, as there was uninterrupted interchange of social visits with Professor John Le Conte and his brother. Professor Joseph Le Conte, the physicist, and with other friends at Berkeley.* And his high regard for universities as institutions of progressive thought co-Id not have been much, if any di- minished by this incident. Indeed, two years later, when about to launch 'Trogress and Poverty," it was his expec- tation that at least some of the professed teachers of polit- ical economy would take up the truths he endeavoured to make clear and '-fit them in with what of truth was already understood and thought." It was not until subsequently that a change came "o'er the spirit of his dream," iHia friend Prof. William Swinton had resigned three yenra before, and going to New York, had entered uiK.n a remarkably successful career of text-book writing. CHAPTER VIII. A FOURTH OF JULY ORATION. 1877. Age, 38. NOW came the last stage before the writing of "Proff- ress and Poverty." ^ The oration on' the Fourth of July, 1877 like tho Inn sweep that Mr. George's mind was taj.;„g. "Our Land and Land Policy" .^garded politico-economical conditas primarily from the standpoint of the Califomian Z mmd now enveloped the world. Not the progress o^Cal to.a but human progress, was what enga^d him n"t' particulars, but generals; not a question of pol cy' bu mZ^^ "' '"^ ^'""°' '^^ "' "-" ^" »" »^ And as the lecture was the exordium, the Fourth ot July speech became the peroration. One pointed tothe sunphcty of the natural order, the other to the necessity of followng it. One turned to the fundamentalsTfte science relating to the social conditions under which dv! Jhsed men should get their daily bread; the other sounded equa ity One came from the solitary-the man of the coset; the other from the man of the practical world of struggle and conflict. Each was the complement of the 282 Age, 38] INDEPENDENCE DAY ORATOR 288 other— the two primary elements in "Progress and Pov- erty"— the reflections of the thinker who hands down the law; the call of the leader who marshals the hosts. A season of depression having set in, and the income of the Inspector of Gas Meters having diminished very considerably, husband and wife decided to reduce domestic expenses. They gave up the San Francisco house, and storing part of the furniture, moved the remainder to Saucelito, a pretty little village on the north side of the bay. There they took a six-roomed cottage, where they lived comfortably during the summer months, the wife doing the domestic work herself. During these Sauce- lito days Mr. George did a good deal of reading and think- ing. He also spent much time with his wife, frequently taking little walks or rides; and with his children, tak- ing them swimming or sailing, or helping to make or float toy boats. Moreover, there was the frequent inter- ruption of friends from San Francisco. But the matter of chief importance was the Fourth of July speech. It was the custom for the city of San Francisco to have a military parade and civic exercises in celebration of the nation's birthday, and towards the middle of June Henry George was notified that he had been chosen to be "the Orator of the Day" for that year. He had been ex- pecting this; had, in fact, begun work on his oration— "The American Republic." The afternoon of the Fourth was sultry, but the old California Theatre where the exercises were held was crowded. First came the reading of the Declaration of Independence and the poem of the day, and then the ora- tion. There had been a miscalculation as to length, and the speech was long for the exercises. Nevertheless the effort— the greatest that Henry George had yet made— was well sustained. iU UfB OP HENRY OEOBaE 4 tun It did not take him long to conio u ti.» . thought th»t would „„t giJZ Zt """"""'"^ the fees that maXl"L°'„,tr'' """ '"f "f «- not disguise it-republican rvernmeni i; vn. 1 'l' '" aT^™^rhaT''^Uii'!;::?if ? "» '".^^^^ under fhc sS, Zditon" "he ™thT LT' 7f" — eheap land, hish warn anil littl„ ?l: *• f- ^°P>'''''« rich and po<;r4her^™rn ve S^'^'^tr^'r" ?h ntit n^f srd? p^-" 5^^^^^^^^^ must break down '^"•"^'t"""' repubhean government Ea?rfWarSt"p±;S:'ntTu\^°'lr-' ""' «-« there is already a Bimnlo^f.?, ' i L" ""» ^''^S State any one of'Sldr^r^'en fr ^'117''' f "'■"'•«« who controls 2 800 mile, „f ™i ^ ,"^ employment, millions of Lres oHand. InTi^/i""'' '"''^S"'''?''' ""d toll on traffic and fr,v^l „, ' ""= ?<"""• »* '"ying original thirteefstrs wL°" l''" '"''='= '^at of th? VVoW it addTo fh*:''^! Xtf ?ur ^i'lSf™?-''"- were we to dub him an earl' P'" '"''^™ anSi;:aMe%S!t; :'tririri .*" "■" '-l™' it. Whatever denies or ZL, «'""^~tt "» Preserve rights i. had-,o?rswVf atr "" """ ■=""" «.nSfte^"ii'tl ti.dro'f "i " ^'"^' ""' -»>* 1 Leiand Stanford. Ajf, 38] APOSTROPHE TO LIBERTY 980 low arc not brought up, tho high must be brought down lu the long run, no nation can be freer than its modt oppressed, richer than its poorest, wiser than its most Ignorant. This is the fiat of tho eternal justice that rules the world. It stands forth on every page of his- tory It is what the Sphinx says to us as she sitteth in desert sand, while tho winged bulla of Nineveh bear her witness! The oration closed with a majestic apostrophe to Lib- erty, that became tho key-note, indeed, with l)ut few changes, the very language of "Progress and Toverty."* "They who look upon Liberty as having accomplished her mission, when she has abolished hereditary privi- leges and given men tho ballol, who think of her as hav- ing no further relations to the every-day affairs of life have not seen her real grandeur— to them the poets who have sung of her must seem rhapsodists, and her mar- tyrs fools! As the sun is the lord of life, as well as ot light; as his beams not merely pierce the clouds, but support all growth, supply all motion, and call forth from what would otherwise be a cold and inert mass all the infinite diversities of being and beauty, so is Liberty to mankind. It is not for an abstraction that men have toiled and died; that in every age the wit- nesses of Liberty have stood forth, and the martyrs of Liberty have suffered. It was for more than this that matrons handed the Queen Anne musket from its rest and that maids bid their lovers go to death ! ' "We speak of Liberty as one thing, and of virtue, wealth, knowledge, invention, national strength and na- tional independence as other things. But, of all these. Liberty IS the source, the mother, the necessary condi- tion bhe is to virtue what light is to colour, to wealth what sunshine IS to grain; to knowledge what eyes are to the sight. She IS the genius of invention, the brawn 1 " Progress and Poverty," Book X, Chap, v ' (Memorial Edition, pp. 543-545). 1,'fl 286 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE . [1877 ence. where Liberty rises, there virtue crows waUh increases, knowledge expands, inventiorinuSirhi man powers, and in strength and spirit the freer nation r es among her neighbours as Saul amid his brethren- ades wealth '7- ' ^^^^ }''''''^ ''''^^' tZeZne lades, wealth diminishes, knowledge is forgotten in vention ceases, and empires once mighty in arms' and arts become a helpless prey to freer bSrSr/ansT "^ Only m broken gleams and partial light has the sun pJl^i-^''*^ u^""^ *° "^ ^^^^ °f slaves crouching under Egyptian whips and led them forth from the House of Bondage. She hardened them in the desert and made of them a race of conquerors. ThefreesSof thp oeneia me unify of God, and msp red their Doeta with lZTv"'?' y'' P''™^^ ^'S^"'^ exaltations oTthough passea the fillars of Hercules to plough the unknown Swt?J,apt:/"dSl''^ "«"' »(Gr-e aUtZ: grew 10 snapes of ideal beauty, words became the ina+i.,! ments of subtlest thought, a^td against Xscanty S tia of free cities the countless hosts of the Great Snl broke like surges against a rock. She cast her beam! on the four-acre farms of Italian husbandmen and thTworldT C^r '. Tr ''r ^^^^^ that cTnquered tne world I She glinted from shields of German war riors and Augustus wept his legions. Out of The night that followed her eclipse, her slanting rays fell Sn on free cities, and a lost learning revised, modern dv° lisation began, a new world was%nveiled;Tnd as Uh erty grew so grew art, wealth, power, kiowled^e and [hf:„T'; ? X'^'^'^'y '^ ^'^^y nation ^e mi; Zi ChJiTLr"^^'' n* ^^' *?" «*^^°gt^^ born of Magna tharta that won Crecy and Agincourt. It was the re viva of Liberty from the despotism of the Mors that glorified the Elizabethan age It was the snirit tW brought a crowned tyrant to^he blocThat pKd here ^iMHl Age, 38] WHO WILL TRUST LIBERTY 287 the seed of a mighty tree. It was the energy of ancient freedom that, the moment it had. gained unity, made Spain the mightiest power of the world, only to fall to the lowest depth of weakness when tyranny suc- ceeded Liberty. See, in France, all intellectual vigour dying under the tyranny of the seventeenth century to revive in splendour as Liberty awoke in the eigh- teenth, and on the enfranchisement of the French peasants in the Great Revolution, basing the won- derful strength that has in our time laughed at dis- RSXGr. • • • "Who is Liberty that we should doubt her; that we should set bounds to her, and say, 'Thus far shall thou come and no furthier!' Is she not peace? is she not prosperity ? is she not progress ? nay, is she not the goal towards which all progress strives ? "Not here; but yet she cometh! Saints have seen her in their visions ; seers have seen her in their trance. To heroes has she spoken, and their hearts were strong ; to martyrs, and the flames were cool ! "She is not here, but yet she cometh. Lo! her feet are on the mountains — ^the call of her clarion rings on every breeze; the banners of her dawning fret the sky! Who will hear her as she calleth ; who will bid her come and welcome ? Who will turn to her ? who will speak for her? who will stand for her while she yet hath need?" Who would stand for liberty, indeed! his kind of Lib- erty? There was general wonderment at the orator's fine imagery and eloquent periods, but who comprehended his philosophy? The stage was crowded with men distin- guished in the city and the State. Some of these were conspicuous representatives of the institutions which Mr. George more than vaguely threatened, though they made no sign. The great audience applauded the flowing and lofty language, but who save the personal friends scat- tered about understood that the speaker was striking at the castle of vested rights — private property in land ? As 4' ], ;i r 288 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE i' ' for the press, its attitude was not very encouraging, the friendliest paper, the "Examiner," saying faintly that "the oration was good throughout and full of food for thought » while the most hostile, the "News Letter," observed that the gas measurer . . . kindly spoke for several hours on the Goddess of Liberty and other school-reader topics " 1 rivately the newspaper men expressed surprise that llarry George" could write so well. Shortly following this event the family moved back to San Francisco, taking a house on Second Street, Rincon Hill, just around the corner from the former Harrison btreet residence. The new house was dusty in the dry season from the heavy travel through the street to and from the wharves, but it was comfortable withal, and the rent low— an important consideration in that period of general depression. Mr. George was in the troubles of moving when sud- denly he found himself pitchforked into politics. In his diary he noted on August 20, "Found I had been nomi- nated for the State Senate at Charter Oak Hall," an inde- pendent political organisation. Five days later the diary showed that he was "nominated last night by Anti- Coolies," a workingmen's anti-Chinese movement. But he was not to be drawn from his seclusion just then, and on Sunday, August 36, he made this entry; "John M Days at house in morning. Went to office and wrote declination to Anti-Coolies. Home and wrote declination to Charter Oak, and sent it to Days by Harry." And so for the first time in a number of years, Henry George was a spectator of political affairs, and there is l 1° f °,*^ ""P *° ^^'^*^'''' ^^y ^^^^y i^ September other than that he stayed at home and read, among the books being G^man history, Code of Civil Procedure and Knight's "History of England." MMMSiiM Min-'r-irmiii Age, 38-39] FOURTH CHILD BORN 293 writing, we find in the diary on November 5 an entry: "Started on 'Eent.' " Meanwhile had come an important interruption. On October 3 the fourth child had been born— a girl. The other children— Harry, Dick and Jennie— were now fif- teen, thirteen, and ten years old, respectively. The baby was named Anna Angela— Anna, after her mother, and Angela, as suggested by her aunt Sister Theresa Fox, be- cause her birth came on the Feast of the Angels. The husband was all tenderness during this time- of trial and he went to market daily for some dainty that might tempt his sick wife. From the pleasure he showed in providing these and other small luxuries, it was evident that his mind kept, reverting to the terrible time when baby Dick was born and there was not a mouthful of food in the house to give to the mother. Yet even now Old Adversity once in a while made his presence known. The year 1877 closed in hard times for the family, and memoranda among his papers show that Mr. George was personally $450 in debt. The meter in- spector's office which was thought to be so lucrative was at the time yielding next to nothing. It was perhaps the necessity of eking out his livelihood during the work of writing on his book that caused him to turn to the idea of lecturing. This idea held out some hope for him, for there was now an organisation composed of his friends and based upon his principles to support him. In the latter part of 1877 a few men, among them William M. Hinton, James G. Maguire, John M. Days, John Swett, Joseph Leggett, Patrick J. Murphy and A. L. Mann, met a few times with Henry George and his brother, John V. George, in Maguire's law office on Clay Street, above Montgomery,' to diecuss the economic parts of "Our Land and Land 294 LIFE OP HENRY OEOBQE J1877-1878 Policy." These discussions resulted one Sunday after- noon early in 1878 in a meeting in the City Criminal Court room, in which on other days of the week, Robert Ferral, formerly on the editorial staff of the "Evening Post," sat as judge. At this meeting, perhaps thirty persons at- tending, "The Land Reform League of California" was organised. It had for its purpose "the abolition of land monopoly," and it was the first organisation of any kind m the world to propagate Henry George's ideas. Joseph Leggett, a lawyer, who was born in the county of Dublin, Ireland, and who came to California in 1868, was elected president; and Patrick .7. l^urphy, a newspaper writer trained on the "Evening Post," became secretary. About the first thing the League did was to invite Henry George to deliver a pay lecture under its auspices m one of the large halls of the city, and to take for his text the prevailing industrial depression and labour trou- bles. Accordingly he laid aside work on his book to lec- ture at Metropolitan Temple, on March 26, under the title of "Why Work is Scarce, Wages Low and Labour Rest- less.' He was very nervous about his manner f.nd voice and in the afternoon went to the hall for practice, invit- ing his wife to go with him. He went upon the platform and made a few trials, reading from the manuscript of his intended lecture. Mrs. George sat midway in the audi- torium, and their old friend, George Wilbur, who had also come, sat up in the gallery. Rev. Isaac S. Kalloch, who delivered Sunday discourses in the hall, came in while Mr. George was practising and said that if those were the sentiments he intended to utter that night he would talk over the heads of the workingmen whom he expected mainly to compose his audience, since their selfish instincts must be appealed to. Mr. George drew himself up and replied : "Working men are men and are susceptible of lofty Age, 3»-8«] WHY WORK 18 SCARCE 906 aspirations. I never will consent to appeal to them on any but high grounds.'* i By eight o'clock that night the lecturer was seized by "stage fright"; though for that matter he never in the rest of his life, even after his long election campaigns and lecturing trips, was free from high nervous tension before speaking. There was reason enough that night for nervousness. He told no one, yet he was about to prove the ends for which he had desired to be a speaker. As the book on which he was at work was to contain his writ- ten message to the world, so now he intended"to commence with this lecture his spoken word— to set forth his per- ceptions, thoughts, convictions, philosophy; to proclaim the equal rights of all men to the land as one potent means of ridding civilisation of involuntary poverty. His expectations of a big audience were badly disap- pointed. All his friends had been interested in the lec- ture, and advertisements and notices had appeared in the daily papers, but the house, the largest and finest of the kind in the city, was only partly filled. Yet though his audience was small, his words were the words of hope, in this way closing his lecture: X "P?y « l^**^® ^^^^® ^So nations were bought and sold traded off by treaty and bequeathed by will. Where now is the right divine of kings? Only a little while ago, and human flesh and blood were legal property Where are now the vested rights of chattel slavery? 'And shall this wrong that involves monarchy and involves slavery— this injustice from which both spring —long continue? Shall the ploughers forever plough the backs of a class condemned to toil? Shall the mill- stones of greed forever grind the faces of the poor? Ladies and gentlemen, it is not in the order of the universe! As one who for years has watched and waited, I tell you the glow of dawn is in the sky i i lii; I ii: ail 296 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1877-1878 f^al^^'i* come With the carol of larks or the roll of the war-drumB It is coming-it will come' ^ hp t^rn K^^^^^^'-d, hat I have tried to raise to-night may be torn by prejudice and blackened by calumny -it mav fnoir? ^''''^'^' ^°^ «Sain be forced bac^ ^But o^ce loosed, It can never again be furled! tried to nfi?Z° ^f T'^^P ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^t I have tneci to-night to make clear to you, selfishness will , Jii ui truin, ana the times are rine fnr a if *i,« a- 1. "PP^ "' 'he fl'-t murt split ororZbie, " """ "'"' rt„ • P'™*"''', and Apollos watercth, but God rivelh "So httle now, only the eye of faith can see it Sn face, his shoulders were squared, his head was up In- tense earnestness and intense conviction were in his man- ner. It was as if he spoke with his soul. Yet when his voice sank to the deep tones and he uttered the ^orS out to nt I r '? '"^ '"^P*^ ^«"- II« h«d started out to preach his word to the world. His voice was like a "cry m the wilderness." Mr. George drew little money from this lecture, as the expend very nearly equalled the receipts. Moreo;er the city newspapers dismissed it with few words. But as ;ome of the State papers noticed it favourably, he delivered il :Ltn:tro?4f r^^ V"- ^*^- ^^^-^ -^-'^^ attr«Ifi ^"''"^ Struggle.- But he nowhere attracted large or even moderate sized audiences. turfn?!ffort" "'*'"'' """^' ''" ^^*^- ^-"^ tWs lec- turing effort was meagre, but he had made a start to Ag», 38-W] LECTURE ON MOSES 297 preach that faith which came from his heart's core; and that counted for more than all else to him. i Nor did he let this effort stand alone. He delivered another lecture a few months later, in June; one that must be considered to be in many respects the most fin- ished address he ever gave. The Young Men's Hebrew Association of San Francisco, had just then been organ- ised. It was composed of a number of bright, intelligent young men. They invited Mr. George to deliver their opening address. He accepted, but surprise and some- thing like embarrassment seized the progressive members when he announced "Moses" as his text, as they had looked for some live topic of the day. Their feelings changed when tiiay heard the discourse. The leader of the Exodus was held up as the colossal ancient figure of the Hebrew nation. More than that, ho was hailed as "one of those star souls that dwindle not with distance, but, glowing with the radiance of essential truth, hold their light while institutions and languages and creeds change and pass"; a "lawgiver and benefactor of the ages," who pointed the way for the new exodus— the exodus of the people of this modern age out of the bondage of poverty, and laid down a code for the observation of common rights in the • soil and the establishment of a commonwealth, "whose ideal was that every man should sit under his own vine and fig-tree, with none to vex and make him afraid." The discourse abounded in vivid passages and exquisite imagery, so that at its close Dr. Elkan Cohen, Eabbi of the Temple Emanuel, turned to Max Popper, chairman of the lecture committee, and said with deep feeling, "Where did you find that man?" Nevertheless Dr. Edward Taylor, who also had heard the address, observed to Mrs. George as they walked to a car on the way home: "Considered in itself, that lecture 298 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1877-1878 was a fiao effort, but Mr. Ooorge is writing a book that i. 80 mucli superior in importance that to stop for mat- ters like this is like wasting time " «v!t'!i"l"°''*il'" *"''r "°"-' "■"" "> '^''""«»' ho did give It to other things. Besides contributing an article entitled "Each and All" to a volume of mis^llan it es»ys published for the beneiit of the Youth' mict„r fITuv t-,""' ''■■8'""«''«» "nd establishment of The he had talked with State Senator Donovan in advoc. y m 1878 with other publie-spirited citizens worked foV the passage of a State law providing for the establishm n of a number of public libraries in California. He berme a member and the first secretary of the originarBoard™ i^Hw ^ .S-.^f-i- library, the'i^ords shoC! vwll ' ?" ""' ''""dwriting and the same blue ink Potrty "."'" ""■' "' *'^ """^ '" "'«"« "^-^- a-d o„f !l'f *'"'r.'^'''' interruption to tiie work on the book grew out of politics. In obedience to a popular demand, the legislature had passed an act providing for the holdi^ „? a convention for the general amendment of the StatlMn- stitntion, delegates to which were to be eleetedT Ce Seeing in this convention a possible opportunity to graft mo the organic law of California his prineipJtoucWng the taxation of land values, Mr. George issued early in Mw an address to the citizens of San Irancisco, annound^' himself as a candidate -for the support of such votrof bodies of voters," as might deem Lt as a delS he ::^:MmyjepTe^^at^m. After declaring hisTeneral ' '''" '""")'• "«•' IS «overal city brancho, is tL« inofit complete west . tlic Rock, MouotaiM. Age. 87-88] CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 299 principles, he told in what particulars he would endeavour, so far as he had power, to amend the constitution, giving chief place to this : "That the weight of taxation may be shifted from those who have little to those who have much, from those who produce wealth to those who merely appro- priate it, so that the monopoly of land and water may be destroyed, that wealth may be diffused among the many, instead of stagnating in the hands of a few; and an end put to the shameful state of things which com- pels men to beg who are willing to work." , The Land Reform League, of course, became active in support of George and of his principles, and it moreover issued a list of questions to be put to all candidates for the convention. Mr. George was nominated by the Demo- cratic party and afterwards by the new Working men's party, which, rising from the discontent with social and political conditions. i duvving from both of the two old parties, harl a strength that no one pretended to ignore. With the double nomination, Mr. George seemed sure of election. Ail that remained was for him to go before the Working men's ratification meeting, and acknowledg- ing the leadership of Kearney, subscribe to their party platform. But there the difficulty lay. He went before the meeting where others had gone before him, and was asked the questions in which others had smoothly and quietly acquiesced. His reply was almost a sLout, "No!" He said he would acknowledge no man leader to do his thinking for him; that moreover there were some planks in their platform that he did not believe in and must oppose. He would receive their nomination as a free man or not at all. Hisses greeted his speech and the nomina- tion was revoked. 300 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' (1877-1878 This left him with the single nomination of the Demo orafc party, and with ^mall prospects of electionfor Zt" uphLir Th™ ^'^r""^ --l^-^d by the'poUM the nol h,?r "''°'° ^':»°™«-= "^^et was beaten at the polls but George received more votes than any other Democrat. His friend, Assemblyman Coffey, who had run on the same ticket, on the following morning caUeda^ the meter inspector's office. Not finding him in he pinned a card on the door bearing the mefsage «2' „! congratulations on leading the DLooratLTriy tie Thus, for the second time standing for the suttrama of the people, Mr. George had been foaten • but h^Td the consolation, now, as in 1871 when he ran for the He turned once more to work on his book and did not again suffer any important interruption. CHAPTER X "PROGRESS AND POVERTY" FINISHED. 1878-1879. Age, 39-40. ENTERING his library, one might witness the author, slightly inclined over an ample table in the centre of the room, writing on his book. Perhaps wearing a little house jacket, he sat, one hand holding the paper, the other moving a soft gold pen over it. And as he roused at sound of your entrance and turned and sank back, with one arm still on the table,, the other thrown over the back of his chair, he raised a countenance not to be forgotten— a slight smile on the lips, a glow in the cheeks, tense thought in the brow and a gleam in the deep-blue eyes that looked straight through and beyond you, as if to rest on the world of visions of the pure in heart. It was in a house on First Street,* near Harrison, to which the restless family now moved, that the main work on "Progress and Poverty" took place and the book was finished. For a while there was no parlour carpet, because the family could not afford to buy one, but the library, which was the workroom, was sufficiently furnished and was large and light and comfortable, and had three win- dows looking out on the bay. Mr. George by gradual accumulation had acquired a »No. 417 First Street, 301 mmmK!?' ,l,.|ii.,i.i)ilii IIIKHI.!!" '!i! .:.;'i: 302 LITE OP HENRY GEORGE [1878-1879 library of nearly eight hundred volumes. They were his chief possessions in the world. They related to political economy, history and biography, poetry, philosophy, the sciences in popular form, and travels and discovery, with but few works of fiction. But these were only a few of the books he used, for he drew from the four public libraries of the city— the Odd Fellows, Mercantile, Me- chanics and Free — and from the State Library at Sacra- mento ; while he also had access to the books of his friends and acquaintances. Dating from the time of his leaving the "Evening Post," he had applied himself assiduously to reading, adding to a natural taste the sense of duty of storing his mind. His method or order of reading suited the 'needs of his work or the bent of his fancy, though he most frequently read poetry in the mornings before beginning labour, and after the midday and even- ing meals. He had not what would be called a musical taste or "ear," yet he said that all poetry that appealed to him — and it took a wide range — set itself to music in his mind. He read mostly reclining, a pile of books drawn up beside him. He devoted himself with care to the reading of the standard works of political economy, yet freely con- fessed that of all books, these gave him the greatest labour. At night, if wakeful, he would ask his wife to, or would himself, take up some solid work, preferably some law treatise, which would invariably send him to sleep. He would frequently mark passages, and at times make notes ; but he could generally with little difficulty turn to what- ever in his past reading would serve an argument, fit as an illustration or adorn his diction. To most of his friends he seemed a browser rather than a deep reader, because he spent so little time on a book : and in truth, to use his own exDression, he read "at" most books, not through [1878-18TO jr were hia ;o political sophy, the )very, with |r a few of our public intile, Me- r at Sacra- his friends his leaving assiduously ise of duty of reading his fancy, B mornings r and even- l a musical at appealed to music in I drawn up the reading ; freely con- itest labour. 0, or would y some law sleep. He make notes; rn to what- mt, fit as an : his friends der, because b, to use hia not through From photograph taken iu Wan Francisco shortly after writing " Progress and Poverty." i iLge,3M0] PERSONAL HABITS 303 them. Yet in this dipping he had the art of culling the particular parts that were useful to the purposes of his mind. He needed eight hours sleep nightly, and what he lost at one time he would make up at another. He arose about seven, took a cold bath and dressed, careless about his outer clothes but invariably donning fresh linen. After breakfast he smoked a cigar and looked over the news- paper, then he stretched out on his lounge and read poetry for perhaps half an hour. And lying on his back he would do most of his thinking; but he also thought as he walked and smoked. He seldom sat in his chair except to write As he wrote much by inspiration, especially on the more elevated parts of his book, he could not always work at a set time or continuously. When his mind would not act to his suiting he would lie down and read, or go sailing or visit friends. To the casual observer his brain must have seemed intermittent in its operation; whereas, there really was an unconscious, or half conscious, cerebration when all the faculties seemed wholly occunied with out- ward trifles, for after such diversion he could write freely on the point that before was confused. His writing, therefore, he did at any hour— early or late-suiting the state of his mind. Sometimes it fell in the middle of the night, when sleep was coy and thought surged. Brilliant passages of his book came in these hours, as by voluntary gift, and his pen ran rapidly over the paper. The analytical sections he wrote slowly and with labour, since this could not be dashed off, but required thought in conception, thought in construction, thought in the use of every word. Throughout the work he ap- plied himself without saving, end if genius is the art of talang pains, his application bespoke consummate genius. First came f.he ronorK ArxiHi-^o' -n —u-'-i- 1- •• qi, ^.i.iiiiiig, in wiiicxi ne usea a bvb- 304 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' [1878-1879 ^-^ra of simple marks to reDrespnf f),n i, words. Numerous r.,i.io7ZlXTMCTr sense, arrahffemenf «7i,l ^;«r xl writings followed for writing." When flniZS ^^ .f'^ ''""""S *» '"''<' thecriticiJnf i- ? f- " """"''■ *■» ™bniitted to i- the proft^:rfotr rn'^nrhTr^- enabled to say that h„ "hZ TiT ^ ""ook-he was a-wered in aLant t t M tllT" "" n^'f ^ ""' rem tting was hirved as p-mto «^ tary to Governor Haight, and afterwards stu lied law and Witli It all he had found time to attain many of the re- finements of life had «>ad earefully and wWely, made hm,self master of polished v.rse and a eompoten^' judl of the fine arts. To him George made constant refeJcnT ith'TaZt^V"'' "*' ^"'- ^"^' >■'» «»^:« those books that every now and acain smiZ in^^h ? E. K. Taylor this copy of a book which he knows from the first anJin the production of which he has aided not only as compositor, p«,of.reador. critic and poet but still more ' by the clearness of his judgment, the warmth of his sympathy the support of his friendship and the stimulation of Saith on the day when the long, hard struggle bmks into the first success presented by Henry George ' in token of feelings which it couldljut poorly symbolise were it coyerod with gold and crusted with diamonds. San Francisco. Oct. 20, 1879. Age, 38-40] PBEOCCUPATION 309 embodied in an argument of absolute irrefraffahilitv mifi:' "" ''' ^"^ ^'^' """^^ «*- thTSts S "And similarly, the author of the book never for n moment doubted that his travail had resulted in a ereat deliverance; and he firmly believed rthi« wi, ^ o.ee faltering up to the m'oment of h s "^^^^^ During the work on "Progress and Poverty" the author gave many proofs of his preoccupation. This appeared mostly at table. He was impatient of service and was willing to commence and finish with anything, so long as he did not have to wait. One day at lunch he sat down in a dreamy way, drew a dish of cold stewed tomatoes towards him and helped himself bountifully, for he was very fond of them. By the time he had eaten them the other edibles were served Presently his eyes fell upon the tomatooi at the farther end of the table. "Well," he said with some asperity, "am I not to have any tomatoes? Don't you know I like them?" At another time one of the boys on a Sunday evening went to the cupboard and took out a cake with the intention of eating some, for the family was aecustomed on that day to take an early dinner. He had the knife m hand and was about to cut a slice, when he vras caught m the act, so to speak, by his father's entrance. father took the knife, cut himself a slice and sat down LlfiA ^" *^\*™^ ^" a ^e^erie, holding the knife and forgetful of the boy. When that was eaten, he cut him- self another and afterwards a third slice, still holding the not eating. "Here, have a piece," he said. "It is good " As he was in thPBP mo-npn+o „„ _.„_ i-_ • ,, . * ,....^«ic..^, oo Wajs liu ill ocners. While i H« h ii m 310 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' tl87»-187B contending witl, the loftiest problems possible for the hu- man mind and writing a book that should verily stir the hearts of million,, there was no more personal'sh w o pre enco ,„ or out of his worlcroom than if he were engaged da,]y in fllhng out government weather reports. ThoS- OS, of dress and often abstracted, he was unconvenSal in speech, at times even to lapses in syntax. There Z .n utter abseneo of anything that was stiff or pTpor He eouH work with his boys over a toy l,oat in fte yard and talk doll and party untU her eyes shone; sing fnd ™o to the new baby and call her "sunshine"; diseuss ifghter literature with hi, wife as if it shaped hi^ daily^um defer to a visitor who came to breik bread as'^wZau absorbed purpose to learn; lead in the merriment of a mild practical joke among his friends and laugh with the nng and cheer of boyhood over a comical story There were times in the family when the strain of follow^^g the long examination and argument and of watching the nat "with, ^'f'%'°"' "" ""^ ''™"«' '"'^•''> •"^•■-st'rung I^rs '"■■patience; but they passed as April Though writing a book that was quickly to become famous, he eould not absolutely foresee this. He beHeZ he was writing the truth and this urged him on, yet con- effo°J^^'h""7.*^ disheartening thought, how homeless the effort, how futile the sacrifice; for what could avail against such stupendous odds? And while waged this innef In- flict, here was outward stress and struggle, debts and difficulties. At one time just for a little ready money he pawned his watch. But despite all, he press«l on, until by the middle of March, 18^9, almost a year and a hal after he first sat down to it, the task was done. "On the night m which I finished the final chapter of 'Progress Ag«,8(M0] THE vow PULPILLED g^ ZtJ"7^^'/\ ?' Bubsequently wrote,> "I m thnt the ta ent intruB od to me had been accounted for-felt more fully satisfied, more deeply grateful than if all the king- doms of the earth had been laid at my feet " livll'fi''^\r?u°^ ""1 *^''' ^"'^^' «"^ ^^^^t reveals the ivmg fire hat burned in (he breast of him who uttered them and t!,e religious , oai t» ,t possessed and drove him on, IS to be found in a pr.«tscrii/ to a letter he wrote four J ears later (February r, ^883) >o Rev. Thomas Dawson of Glencree Ireland-a Ui., which in a former chapter we have quoted in part.» U^ritten in his own hand, it was attached to a letter he had dictated to his eldest son and was never seen by any eye but Father Dawson's until after death had claimed its author. "There is something else I wanted to say to vou that LTi T^^' ''"t" '''^^ "^y ^^« hand. Don't^be dis turbed because I am not a Catholic. In some thini Slen'^^Buf /r ^**?,^.*-%to -e; in others it ? repellent. But I care nothing for creeds. It seems to me that m any church or out of them one may se^^ the Ph, '^' TiV^"'/^? *^"* ^^^^ *h«t i« the soul o7your Church holds. And in mv way in thp Uno +Koi a^ has seemed to call me, that'ir^'ie^S'toX *'SLauS you are not only my friend, but a priest and a rdfgTous I shall say something that I don't like to speak of^ tha I never before have told to any one On.-e i^ daylight, and in a city street, there came to me a thouiht a vision, a cal -give it what name you pLase But every nerve quivered. And there and then Tmade a vow. Through evil and through good, whateverlhave done and whatever I have loft uSdone, to that I Kave been true. It was that that impelled me to write Progress and Poverty' and that sustained me when ee I should have failed. And when I had finS the last page, m the dead of night, when I wa entire^ 1 Preface to "The Science of Political Icouomy." 8 Page 193. ■W5! 812 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [W78-1879 a purer him Vht T } ''°' "'^''^ ""o » letter and apeak or 4ke Sy o^t^'if l^ffS^M ~t,*o onl/ Sthrm^'ch to ™ h *" """"'f "'"'"■ I have yourself about that T ,!„ ^„; u ° °°' '^'s''"''' which he has been r ,1I»,1 !„,. ^^ m the station to we shaU not eSh Pro'J "• ^'' "'"" " ^* "«' ™d different "L ^rrdXronTTni "'h*" you remember me in your prayers ThZ' T *!* ."'""' sometimes will, do not aslc thatTLt btthi o"r th^^ but only for grace, and guidance, and sTre*^? to 1h^ [U78-1879 :e a child. a feeling me. And etter and rong and Br like to yet that ', that if I call me ly differ- I have my wife disturb to be a it of it; tside of ation to us, and , set to d when ust you 3r that, to the THIRD PERIOD PROPA0ATION OF THE PHILOSOPHY What I tell fon in darkneas, that speak ye in light • and what v« hear ,n the ear, that preach ye upon the housetops ^ ' * ^" Matthew x. 27, 28 CHAPTER I. md what ye lo to kill the ml body in X. 27, 28 "PROGRESS AND POVERTY" PUBLISHED. 1879-1880. Age, 40-41. THE diary shows that on March 22 ifi^o « «« i. "Prog., and Povortr in^lZ^^l: Sel to D Apploton & Co., Publishers, New Y^rk No West Coast house was judged to have faeilitics for placila book of this kind on the market. Moreover the Ini ^ns were the American publishers of the wks „f^^ J bert .Spencer, whose "Social Statics" Mr. George regarded as having m some degree ploughed the ground to Ws L , ?. ^'Ogress and Poverty" might nerhana hn added But about the middle of April bt received word from the Applcton Company; »« received word ThllTn'' '"*!"' ^'^ ""'^"^^'^ ''"^'^ h- brother, J homaL George, t6 go on from Philadelphia and confer on publication with Profe..or William Swinton, Hcn^ 810 '■ ii 'i^l 316 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' lu^^^s^ George's old California friend, now living in New York and with A. S. Hallidin, a member of the Board of Trus- tees of the San Francisco Free Library, who had gone East to buy books. The three gentlemen called on Wil- liam H. Appleton, the senior member of the firm, and found him disposed to reconsider the matter, though his strong feeling was that the publication of such a book would not pay. And there he halted, so that the manu- script was submitted to other houses. Thomas George wrote to his brother on May 13 : "I have just telegraphed you after consultation with Professor Swmton, and by his advice, that it 'seems impossible to get publisher without plates.' Appleton rejected the MS. and Harper, also, the latter emphati- cally, considering it revolutionary and all that sort of thing. Swmton and I called at Scribner's this morn- ing . and were much pleased with our inter- Son " ^^^"* ^^ Scribnor refusing we shall try Meanwhile, and before Appleton had written the first letter of rejection, Henry George, not wishing to remain idle, and for that matter urged by necessity to do some- thing to make a living which his office of meter inspector had not recently afforded, re-entered public affairs. He started a four-paged weekly paper, "The State"— «A jour- nal of politics and opinion." It was printed by William M. Hinton, who had opened a printing office on Clay Street. Mr. George did most of the writing, but .Dr. Tay- lor, James V. Coffey and other frienJi made contribu- tions. The paper was high in tone and temperate, though strong in language. It forcibly opposed the new constitu- tion that the convention had drawn up and which was to be submitted to a popular vote early in May. Mr. George Ago, 4(M1] "THE STATE" 317 held that such an instrument would stren^hen the land :^s iTu r ar°'''" ""f '''' '' ^^^ ^«' -^ ous iaults. a he masses of the people thou/^ht otherwise The State- afterwards dealt with a number of mattpr« of public interest in California, and took a vigorous ad verso position to Gene-al Grnnf wK^ .. vigorous aa- a circle ot the g,„,«, .y'l^Xn^Z^' ^X'tT tmrd term of the Presidency. To Herry George Grant J d.st,ng«shed as the President who had hadihe w^.^ of aJl political rings and corruptionists about hZ George's attack was so sincere and s^ strenuons that la^ when Grant arrived, and John Kussell You„rwho was „i he General's party, offered to arrange for a privatein terview, George refused. '^ ™ '"" eWhfilLtlrX^hanUf', ^'"""'"'^ """ '"^ it did not have -crofa'irr;^':^!::^.^^ far »ore Important matter demanded'aU of his tulbl It is an old story how the copyright of Milton's "Para- ;ft^^^;rto htTuerp^t^^^^^^^^ crty had fallen into the same category. The abilitv it *owed was conceded, but aside from' its doctrin^ t' which some obiectod, the book was thought unlikdv to Jv the expense of handline In fr„ti, „ "■""•"y to pay economy up to that time IJ^^ Z^"^' "' <»•"-' &• -^^ txuui no work economy up to that time had paid. There was GothiiiiT » W ll M l" 318 LIFE OP HENRY GE0RQ.?2 [187C>-1880 and for the author to do but himself to male, hh vhte then try again for a publisher. ^ deTll'^"'' ''^' ^'^ ""' money-who indeed, was in deb^the expei^e of makir,. ,^ates was a serious m^^ The way cleared, Lo^vever. -^Hy old mrfno^T^ rr ton," said Mr. George la er ^ 4 if I^^'' ^'^"• printing office, the^^n 1 ^ t^^^Z^t^ I m anything I should do to n,ake 1^ p l^^'^dTn^ th. ..anuscnpt in his hands.'> The d.a y on Ma^ 17 con ^r^^tlu note: -.Commenced to set type on book Set" first I wo slicL^ myself." ^ ^^* Bui ritli characteristic pains, the ard;hor revised hi« Z T ""^ ^ P^^^ °^ ^ paragraph escaped until it met whatever new questions had arisen in his kind. And he made ^any changes, but not one affecting principle Most of them related to terseness, expression Ld arrangemfnt . Those competent to judge will perhaps hold S the EcX/'p"! IS. '''''''"' ''''■ '-' ^'-^ "^h« «--e of Political 2 A comparison of title pages will illustrate this : As submitted to Appleton " Progress and Poverty "An inquiry into the Cause of Recurring Paroxysms of Industri- al Depressions and of Increasing Want with Increasing Wealth. "A Remedy Proposed." As revised and printed : "Progress and Poverty "An inquiry into tlie Cause of Industrial Depressions and of In- crease of Want with Increase of Wealth. "The Remedy." revision cast it int« ten The onmn„T p i ^rr . " ^^^^- ^ho •A««,4(M1] THE BOOK REVISED 319 aB still farther ckarCla llth"^'' "?"' ^""'y'" ful, lucid style, but H i«^„ ™»°'hing an already grace- that chief nVntt^'tr; ^« 'rr""" ■"«"> -"= with the elosiug word, o BoS YIII oTXtT "l''"' quent numbering became Bn„t v rru ™°' ""^ ^^se- M» task, he had^a^ered tto ruidle !,° °?T "f '""^ sions, shown the cause of L^lof '"^'^'-''^P''^ of wealth and nointed J '""^"^ f fant with increase the world. He h'd nnde tb ."'T' ""' «"'"« «»* '» the Truth and to teI.Tt..M°fheT /.'"'«'' '" "■"■ understood the condition, tb^f k "f.^™* P^-^™"? He "Ultimately yes But -^ ?"* '"='"*„" ""^ ^' »"»''««'i-- Which anyte^l/of':~r-/-r»' rartVhaTXrt'" T^'" ^" '"»'^heart!? iiave taKen the cross of a new crusafln". f^ +u who seeing the Truth "will *^-i ."'''' .^^^^^^^ > to those k.«i of e«h book, thK 4Zk vmt;„°"° -r r "' •' "" * First Appletoii edition. 320 LIFE OF HENRY GEOBGE (1879-1880 ik cation of it "to those wlio, seeing the vice and misery that spring from tlic unequal distrihntion of wealth and privi- lege, feel the possibility of a higher social state and would strive for its attainment." During all this labour of making plates, Taylor was of inestimable service to his friend, encouraging and sug- gesting, reading proofs, and even, like George, going back to the printer's case to set a few sticks of type. Nor did George forget his other friends. He now did as he had done during the previous work of writing-called for their aid whenever they could give it. For instance, John •bwett has said: tv^efir/Mrr^' '"''' P"**^"^ 'Progress and Poverty' in iff boor, ,^1 ^r^SV'?"^e, saymg that some criticisms as he rrnor'f 1 / ' ^^T^ respecting syntax, and that as he [George] depended more upon his ear than upon orrnT ?f fv.™^f ' ^' "^^>' have fallen into some g?oss TZ J ' therefore, wanted me, as a friend, to read a set of proof s-the same set, in fact, on which the grammatical critic had made marks. I found that these marks related almost entirely to 'so's' and 'as's' According to my liberal view, Mr. George's use of these marked words was in almost every instance cornet iZ deed, as I now remember, the only incorrect use of them c^ritV had :Soker ^^^' "^"^^^ '' ^^"^^ ^^-- *^^ rr. '!f "■■ H^'^l^^ ^'^. ""^^^ ""^^ «^^ ^"^ pass upon the subfect matter of the work. Nor would I have felt in a S tion to do so, because I had made no special studv of such matters. He asked me to read for grammatical Blips; and from what he said, I expected to findhere and there a break. I was greatly surprised to find prac- SoT^^J? '''''''-' '''^ - -« - ^-d £ tl One of his friends had originally suggested that the book be published by subscription, and the author con- A«..4(Mi] PBOPHEC?Y AS TO BOOK ggj eluded to follow this idea to the extent of «n • f i "Author. Edition" M five hun/Jtpie ' "1";"^ cing that ho would issuo m August a small "Author's Proof ai problem. He sent this circular to those of his ratdt :,r'^^™^^ ^^^^ - interest in Ihe „.a ! ler and he sold enough copies at three dollars apiece to One of the first copies he sent to his father in Philn delphja, who had reached his eighty-first year With t" book he sent this letter (September 15) : ' in Heiven'tha? ?'? t'^^"^ "* ?^^*^*"^« *« 0^^ Father s^cS.r uof fi/i' rtiit F<>^ °^ at flrst-maybe not for™n,e i mlZt ^t 'SKr'' makes that of little moment." ^notner life for us tt?.i by the original .uuscit Whv Mr r "" " ^''''^''^'"'' "^^^^^'^ ent one in this circuTar^L^ ^7 Mr George announced a totally differ. title until it had t n^^Td wUh Z IT ^^ ^™'"' *''° ^°™- Bhowed^imikrcarewithE lattri*''''"' ^"'^ ^^P^"^'^*^^- He 329 L'sB OP HENRY GEOBQE II [187»-1680 he )M.1 again made to find a puhlisher. "I sent," he said :coi.«, the author's edition w.thont binding to 7^ Ushers both m Ameriea and England, offering to put the pUtes at their disposal f,,- ,,,.. -^g. 1 rooeitd bu" oL STndti^t''>°'/r''"" ^ ^"- '^''^^ »*-'^ '» ^^ It and bring it out at onee, and I acceded to this."' The puMishers proposed to issue the book at t™ dollars a copy and agreed to give a royalty of fifteen per cent. To his friend, John Swinton, of New York, brother of Professor WiUiani Swinton, Mr. George wroie m satis- bZ»h?T° °''°'" ""'""S « P-Wisher r W ties fhat wT= '. Tr^" ,'™"' ^°» "^ '« '1'=' diS «l 1» 1^ anything but encouraging. Tuniimr ?,.n /'"™.«reTthing else, I worked hard and fSl^f '«"? \Sftho book through, only to fSl when thp „»„,; T "l™"".'- When, in spite of your brother's sSt'l ha,? fo""* r """ *" f'*'''^ ftoi the m»u I had 8. ted'^ ^' " ' *° "'"i^ ">« ™^ pope' aat fha^in^lfTe^^ „T, r'^S|„'>-^^^^^^^ Its proper order and oarefully, you will J"' 'Wni la? .t ,» the most important contribution to the^'ien?e of political economy yet made; that, on their own » Meeker notes, October, 1887. ^««>1 THE BOOK DOES FOETH jj, . to hold the ahatte^d 4:,Xte;";l 'h™ try gothcr; but this book on,m. t? v . tl'cories to- on which they eaZf i": sS^c^STLt-^ ""^'^ .eiS^X1:»t;th':t„:h:rp^,';r^^^l• r^^^^ just made Tspe^ch or two ^T^ v °''"'"™''' ''^^ ■>-' ■and ,uc.ior::l\:;';: ^^^ ^,^;7» »« tho "socia, Static^ "i'tho ot.:;:":;"'4 : t-" ":;"'" "' appe. H^::^7„.t;:rrtJr::rt"°* acknoMi,i|cr,„nnf nio/io/ "^ '' courteous ta. card, said ^'Ha^I^t^r^r'.fVsrr 'T -; my best thanks for the conv nf ■ ! ^ '^"^'^'^P^ Which reached me t^dtriwS Tr '"^ n' examine. Therp is T1,^ ^, a- , ^^® ^'"^ *^ carefa, e.amirtio': Z.^ZZrl^'^J'''''"^ ,". ^ other countries and T ll i 1 Q'^stTon in thi.» uud information ;„'u™J tlT ^T '""^ °» "•»"-^' George Grey wrote "n « T '""'"'' """ ''«"'•" Sir large part of the bool,"'ht'LM "I ^ f ?'^ "** " the ablest Avo-tc r^„ *i, "« saia. i regard it as one of has com Tier :: Zr'TfT 1 '"' '™^' ""'* • . It h.r „T ""'' ""= »' great use to me able a man torM'^tcarf™-'' '° "''•' *''»' '"-^ ■-» ™"« "> Cahforma, upon subjects on which 824 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE livn-isao iie whole future of mankind now mainly I believe hangs." Early in 1880 John Russell Young went to London and earned a number of copies of 'Trogress and Poverty" with him whieh he presented with personal letters to notable. C T n ^.^'l^f t«"^^-' an^on^ them being W. Fraser Kae, L H. Courtney, M. P., Dean Stanlev, and Henry Labouchere, M. P., Thomas Hughes and " Henry Paw- cett M. P as well as the Irish Members of Parliament, to M; ^^y'\T^, '' ^'^*-^-r Power, and he wrote back to Mr. fieorge that most of these copies of the book were getting read and that some would probably produce results. But If such messages wore beginning to come in from the outside world, recognition at home was slow. Friendlv newspapers like the ''San Francisco Examiner" and the temnr'T. "" "'' ^-"P^^-^ntary things, without at! tempting to discuss or even to notice extendedly. Most of the papers, if they did not treat the book /ith con- temptuous silence sneered at the "hobby" of "little Harry thnfT r^ '"^ '^^'*'°'^ ^^*^ *^^ "A»t^ California" that the book never would be heard of. This belief found expression beyond the newspapers, as indicated by an inci- Economyt? '' '''' ^^^^^^ ^ ^^« "^-- of'politic^l "When the first few copies of my 'ProCTOss an,1 P^r erty" were printed in an author's edition in S^r/ CISCO a large land-owner (the lat^Q^ner^Beale Sro^Se" mw\ ^\ ^T't ."''"^'•' ""<• afterwards Um'ted K: with which httr*' f"?^"' "^ '° ^•''P™* the pleasure speak with the freedom of philosophij franSS, he 'was ^ Pages 170,171. (ISTft-iaM mainly to *"■*«■) PEBSONAI, EXPLANATIONS gjj wJt.t"r"r'r ""™'"'-U"-"." the railroad organ, iirSi' :rrT:„t;::r.!*''''''""'°r"''"'-^ rw- nf :::•;■ r;;— t::' ™»^'-« -« p-nai o,. mark-able cl.aracSi™ ^f .^ , "^f "', """ "'' *•>« re- a»u„e donb^te heToes not loel '•'"'"'"'' "" '"" '" lieve whatever I a,?t„K"'!v„' "■" '''jposed to bo- learned, and if I CoTonL^hMin^''*"'^ "'f ^""^ fielf from ideas which IwveVtte iff r ^''^'P^'"."^" do„btk«, duo to the farthaTm^'rt'jd/orjM'nrnh' lems was in a counfrv llto f;,ic I •^.? ^^^^ P^°"- presented with pecukr direct ' a *^t ^^"^ ^^^^ the fact that I C ed to thil ''''^ T^^T ^^'^ *° had a chance to7o mth^eaX'' '' ''''^" ' Mr George was depressed by hearing from the AdhIp tons that they would not attempt pubLtion until aftr" the Christmas holidays. They wrote, moreover that their London agent had failed to induce anv of tL ^ vT houses to take the book, one publilerTyi 'g tj^lt plates were sent free of cost'^ he would' not publish it ntZT\Yr''^'^^ *^^* EnglishUishers generally would not look wi+>> n^n^h f— „- ,. . , - «-„. .i^iua lavuur on tne book r Tsam 826 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [18V»-1880 : because it antagonised the tenets of the current political economy Nor did the Appletons themselves see any ad of the book the words "rights of translation reserved" since to their view there was small chance of anything of importance being done in the way of translation. Phxs dashed the hopes that had begun to rise, and what increased the author's depression was that though it had brought comparatively little return to him during the last wo years he was about to yield up his office of Inspector of gas meters, George C. Perkins, a Republican, having been elected to succeed Governor William S. Irwin! While friendly with him, Mr. George would not ask, nor did he expeet, anything' from Mr. Perkins, and a fe; days after taking his chair m January, 1880, the new Governor ap- pointed a Republican to the office of gas meter inspector. Heno^ George had written a book which he was confi- dent would ume day become famous; but in writing it he fall of 18.9, when his friend John Russell Young was m San Francisco with the General Grant party, he was tTr' tr''l "''' "^^^* bitterness the difficul task he would have from now forward in making a living- for the world regards as an impractical mL and ^a' dreamer him who is in advance of his time. To a man Avith such a mission as Mr. George had set before him- ttk *!' r^ '^^ ^^'^^^ ^""^^ ^^^^ b««^ ^ difficult task even under good general circumstances; but Calif or- Tn^r. T if'^'^f'^^y ^°d^r a cloud. He said later: I could hardly walk a block without meeting a citizen begging for ten cents.- Eighteen years later Mr. Young 1 "The Land Quebtion," Chapter XV. ■A«e, 4(M1] LiiTTER TO NORDHOFP 327 i.]kJZ 1 ^^ ^^°'^^ ^" *^^^^ California days. He talked of his career, was swimming in heavy seas This could only be divined bit by bitf for the nro^;! li J came the knowledge of the book, the new jrosnel T never see 'Progress and Poverty' without ieealZt the pathetic circumstances under which it wL writtei? and wTT"^ *^' T''^' °^ the author. The cloud IT ^ZV'- ^^'°J^f- ^^''^^l' b^^^«' smiling, hop ! ±ul-San Francisco did not appreciate him: had ne?er given him recognition. He would speak of ft as cold and barren, ruled by strenuous men too busy wi\h mines and wheat and empire building to listen to^Toph^y »' About the time he was talking to Young, George ex- pressed kindred sentiments in a letter to Charles Nordhoff one of the chief editorial writers for the "J^^ew York Her' aid, whom he had met early in the seventies in San Francisco and whose strong belief in immortality made a deep impression on his jnind. The letter (December 31) J17n ^'""^ letter reached me last Monday, but until now I have not had time to acknowledge it It ha given me a great deal of pleasure-mSre than v.n can think. It pleases me that%ou remember mo and 1 pleases me that you like my book. Your friendship an your opinion I value very much. You knovv ireai!- nest men are drawn towards those for whom hev feel an mtellec tua sympathy, and I have derived ^ ^muc from you that it pleases me vertj much that mv Ihnnl . interests and pleases you. "^ ""^ ''°°'' "As for the book itself, I believe it spfs fnrfi. .^ very great truths that ha;e beerhitWto igt ed a^^^^^ slurred over, and I think they will grow on you as thev have grown on me. To write the bSok was no an easy 1 Signed article by John Russell Young in "New York Herald," October 30, 1897. 1 'fi 328 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [187&-1880 task for me, and I could not have donp if K«+ -f ^u animat on of a verv dppn o^^ ? " "^^* ^^^ the when I ffot thrS ifL^ ^f5 '*?°^ ^^«li°g> and fulness th^t I canS exp es ^'1^.' ^^ *^^^'^- • to get it into nrint 3 +f \ -f ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^k' too, has been weaJyCi in^ tf^ '* t ^f ^^^^^^^ ^^^ i* that they ..l/pS^^^^^ in^&/^^^^*°^^ ^^^^^ - are -o^ n'^^uTo" { ^^-^ you stated the eeono Jc C TW '*r,^^ ^^^« b"«% eient if I had been wr?ti.a f ^^^^^^ have been suffi- have aimed to reach a terf r^^ Tf ^'^^ y^"" ^^* ^ have tried to makp . hJl^ ?"u^ ^^^^'^ audience. I to those who have never J /'^ T^^^ ^^ intelligible such subjects beC^Sto r\j^,f ,r'') *^^°"^^^ ^" get the primary trutliff riSv o.HM 1 f '^\u '^^-^ ^« ^" And it is astonishing wf. 1? ''^I'^'^ '"^ ^^^^^ n^inds. capable of S th?uth -fSf ^^^ ^^"^u^^^ ^'^^^^ ^^e to undertake! ^^'^''^^^-^^^ ^^^her, who are willing I w!tfllKo^S^^ ^.^ '?'^T'^ --Sensed, have said. The fact Ui l^^^'^/*'^^^ ^ should like to one volume. 5L chpp e s forlnJ'' '"''K" ^^^^P^ ^«^ development of civ'Siiu Z 1 f^°'^' '■'^"*"^^ *« *he what I should li]?e to sar^nl^'^-^ '^ ^''' '^'^'*°'' '^ the argument as SrongT/'as j ft "t ^T^ t^'''''^' outline seemed to me eUntial Id T v^^ ^* 'f ^ ^^" even if I lived if I shnnri i' i 1 ^'^ ^^^ ^now, write again. ' '^'^"^'^ ^^^^ ^"^ opportunity to ceplion'" ''°' "SiroT^ f"T'- *^ ^^-^« i* a - ar^ two book I "should ifkeTwrr'^ '' ^T"^ ?"'' '^''- economy, which, ^vntout^'^nl^^^^^^ the principles of the science and S'p ni. ^1?^ '^^"^^ ous wholel and the of W « .1 ^- °f '* ^ harmoni- i»tie philosophy S^iet w t . ^sTtori.^^rior'?™!" en<« passes current with so many """""P''™ "* so,- Yo/r^EVund^ritaKr^^^^^^^^^^ 1* -«'■ you came in contact with the higS pSpt aldTheJ Age, 40-41] THE GROUND OP FAITH 329 ^orse is the moral atmospherl^nf i ?^^ V^"* ^^^^t is which I have moved anllve^V'"'^ '? *^^ ^^^cles in pressed me so much with l^u ami r^o^J""" ^''''^ ^^^<^ ^m- with you, was that you actuallvlT^'f ' "^^^^ *« talk tahty of the soul. Jt made Z l^elioved m the inimor- ^ty, and I thought of i? over «..! "'" ^^^"^'^ ^ ^^rios- like meeting a man whol n.^ ?"^ ^'^^^ '^S^'^- It was who told ySu he saw o netSnr K 1^°^*^ ^""^^thing much like to see • but wh p}! ^ '''^'}f -^^^ would very yourself and which oteTyone^^rn''"^ ""* ^^^^'« «"fc S was worth anything laid did IT'^- T^ ^^'^^^^ ^Pinion time I should haveiladly t\C' '■'''* '* '"• ^^^ that to be found in spirSSn't Tf '''?''"'' **^"* ^^« but humbug and'in its bel evt^ 'foS^?' ^" ^^ ^^^^^-^ -tJut now I rpiDu m,.i 4? ^ iuois. Out of the train of iCihrwS'-' '1'°™ ^"h y°»- book; out of tho earny? ■ 1" '"^ '"rth in that . ™ight to relieve h™aLii'"v'all""'f ',•',''" "''aTr iitts come to me a fiith .Tk- u-*^ ., "'"''<' ''& brighter when it is really fel" 's ve ... ""-' *^h"««an-s faith, opportunity to write thnt 1?^ " """''' *» "«■■ The disaster, aid it rooresel 2 "jr ™' »' '"•'>*in° would not foreso (,?,!?,"., more thai, labour. But ? r feel that the?e ' rn^ch *? '°"'?"' .™=»^^- An, "% !r?/'/rp^^^ ° "™tSurstio;; Ti^ ' «^' -te« .th you. ^orn.u2fJ4'S^^l^^^ooy,.ro initilTit;: ":;::tft"7de!r%i!' ™' '-^ '»^ t^- B-cIl Young subse;iX;°.W™'''- ''^ *''"■" 330 LIFE or HENEY GEORGE [1870-1880 .s conditions— doubted the truth of his mission to mankind and Its ultimate success. But this obviously was not to be attained in Eldorado." All was not against him, for now two circumstances occurred that were of importance to him. One of these concerned the translation of "Progress and Poverty" into German by a cultured man named C. D. F. von Giitseho^ who having lost a fortune in Germany, had recently come to California to begin life anew, and who, chancing to read a copy of the "Author's Edition," was so impressed with the work that he at once asked for permission to translate it. Consent was gladly given on the single con- dition that the translation should bo faithful. Mr Geor^re could read no foreign tongue, but he afterwards had at sarance that this translation was excellent— by far the best of three soon published in Germany. The other circumstance of importance was the conver- sion of a scholarly Englishman, Dr. Montague R. Leverson who had personally known and studied under William' Elhs and John Stuart Mill, and who had in 1876 pub lished in Now York a primer of political economy for grammar and high schools and the lower colleges. He had come to California to arrange for the publication and introduction of the book on the Pacific Coast, but learnin"^^^ «^^«^^- pleton & Co. It vr^^ '^f /"f ^^f « of his book, D. Ap- number (1880) F J ^ ^^^ ^--d in the MarSi tation on -Phe F.! . r/ ^^.^"^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ote by inyi- appeared in August Th7 Ijr '"^ ^^"^^^"i«'" which suited to that .agazne but under? T;^^^«-«" -as not of the Exodus,'''it waVlt t "'^^^^^^^ afterwards to aL EngLl nel Tt'' ^"^™°' «»^ fc^own and the armfl^Zf'''' .^^^ ^^^^or was un- axwut, tnough one of fh« n^nqf ' •"■ , 332 LIFE OF HENRY GEOBGE [1879-1880 pieces of writing that ever came from his pen, was in both instances rejected. Again George wrote to Taylor (March 13) : "I am sorry you have not seen or heard of my book. ... I v/ish you would go into one of the Wash- ington bookstores and inquire whether they have it or have had it. You know how I feel about the ultimate fate of the book. That dors not worry me. What I am concerned about is the meeting of my obligations to Hmton. I have been calculating that by the early part of next month I could get a return or an advance from Appleton which Mould enable me to square up with Hinton. There will be no difficulty if the book is sell- ing ; but it will be hard if it has not yet begun. Well • we shall see. ' "I have been sick and am far from well— the old trouble of which I have several times spoken to you growing more intense. The doctor says I must rest' That IS the best prescription, but often the hardest to take. The illness of which he spoke was writer's cramp and biliousness, with bladder trouble; all proceeding from overwork and nervous strain. First had come the year and a half of hard writing and then the long months of striving and waiting for results. He had written in De- cember (1879) to John Eussell Young: "What a book of this kind, so much out of the usual run, really needs is such a service as Mill in his auto- biography speaks of having rendered to Carlyle's 'French lievolution' in a first review. But whether it is at first applauded or denounced makes little difference, provided it is treated with attention. The book fairly started, will go. This is not merely my judgment • it IS my experience I have put out enough copies to thor- oughly test it, and I am more than satisfied of that " it or A«e.^t] FIEST IMPORTANT REVIEWS oatf Towards the middle of March Mssn^ u ^^^^ that covered most of « JT ^ ^ "" hnlhmt review, S„n -' ^- ,f ^^'^ °* a page, appeared in the "N-pw Vn.i feun, from the pen of M W Wn, u- ! ^ ^^^^ to t.e autho. .eU tfit^r (.Si^r"' the writing ?ame X anxL y tVe°rrff'lP'""» »' waiting; and I have loZlTumtLft^U ""^ "'•'"'■J' there might be some sureiLtlfV"' t^ "* '^"^t P ant there had not falLTv thi ' *?'' ^ '"«<• to view is that 8ign: it secure, ll ^^ u^T"'^' ^his re- whieh is all I ask." ' "^ ''°* "'"t attention was ^tronger^ha^etr."Mlt':h: A T. "'""""" that if the author „.ouI an7hr ^uof /Zn'ryoT^:?"/™- i*' '» *» "» Cheap edition very much ^^^^ ^^^^^d a sympaV and^ttSr 'yjSleVerr ' ^^ ""^^ - *^e makes me feel that the bnolho expresses and which there would be some met to' if'''' I" ^'^ ^^ ^ ^"^^ This is my rewardltl^ver fie ^To? ™i' ^P^^^^' IS very, very much to me--morP fi^^ i7 ^^'^^- It fame I knew when T wrX it thn/''^\"^,'^^ *^^° sometime find such men but whplf t f^^ ^o^^ would ^t, that I could not t^) tl S^? i:!^^!^ W 334 LIFE OP HENBY GEORGE [1870-1880 ^"ifJ""/^'''^'^^ ^T f^^^^sult. And no matter how fTnr.1 % ?TT'\*n^ u°^^ "^^y ^"^^"^^ i^ ^y lifetime, I do not think I shall be proud of it, as men are proud of writing a successful history or novel. The feelinc^ IS one of deep gratitude that it has been permitted me to do something. And this, already, I know-your kind etter IS one of the proofs of it-that every here and there is a man on whom these ideas have taken hold, as they have taken hold of me, and who in his turn will be a fresh centre. 4i,-T''''/f^f^ ""i^T ^^**^^ y''" ^«" 'io- Did you ever think of it how little we know of what we can do, or of what we do? Sometimes a word, a little act, starts a tram that if we could follow it, we should see leads to the widast results. But it is not the result so much cerned^' ^^ ^"^"^ ^^*^ "^^^^^ ^^ ^^® ^°^- At length John Eussell Young wrote hopefully of being able to get George a writing position in J^ew York on the *Horald" that would permit him to do his work away from the office and give him much time to himself. Young per- ceiving his circumstances, voluntarily sent him money with which to go East. Having nothing to keep him, and arranging to pay those to whom he owed money at the earliest opportunity, in August of 1880 Henry George took train for New York, leaving his family behind him. His purse was so light that he was compelled to travel third class. But no sooner had he got well started than his spirits threw off their depression, and although he was going into practically a new world where he had not half a dozen friends, confidence came, for the time of waiting had passed. From Winnemucca he wrote back to Taylor, who had returned to San Francisco: "I am enjoying the trip and am full of hope. The spell is broken and I have taken a new start." CHAPTER II. COMMK^CIHG THE NEW YOKK CA.EEE. JT was towrds the middle of August Msn *,. . „ X George aet foot i„ N^„ YortT ' J ' """' ^enry "■oney sense «s any inmwilr. '' "' P°" '» t^ K^at city. He had but "wl .T '«■"''"' '" «■« two Swintons(VVilUar nd jZr/pf'"'^ "'^'^"'^ the "New York HcraTd " T„t « ■* '^'"'*^ ^'*'<'^'«'off of spoken hopefully oT'ttJt/"-" ^'™''=" '"""'ad aid," was away. On ^tw ? " P'"™ O" *>>« "Her- mended George for a va Int St ' "'"^ ''°'*»«' "^»«- N« action wfs taken rlj^lZT""" ™ "" ^'P"'- word eventually came th,,t th ' '°""' ""n", and San PranciscoLr^'fJ^-;;-/" chance for the and afterwards at one dolir ; 1 *f '' "' '" "io'Iars copyright to ten per cent "JaT"',,""' """"" ™t his yielded little. William HA T """'"^^ ■"" as yet it publishing flrrn, was very frtendf™' ."' ""^ """^ °' '^o fessor E. L. Youmans o7th! "P ^' ■""'^ "" '"^° *^» ^ro- The latter invite?! nol f ,''"'" ^'""^ Monthly." "■o"gh it was n:t LTXTtr' '''' ^- "^ policy. But there was ittle^^ ^ . '"^^ '" ^-^itorial and the eyes „f the Ca life It ." '"""^ J"»' "O", ->-»---^«^s;:.:i:^:::i:tced 335 ' LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE 336 „ Z\vT : ?^?*^ ^^^"'""^ ^^^^^^'^'•" ""<■ William C. Do W.tt of Brooklyn to Hancock at Governor's Island headquarters of the Department of the Atlantic, which the General commanded, Mr. George was fav(,ur.i,ly im- pressed With the candidate's sin.plicity and manly bearing. He believed that as two gene r, Is of the VAnl War were contesting, the old "bloody-shirt" issues could not be used by either side, and the >Core that there would be a chance for new ideas and radical sentiments. Suddenly the Kc- pubbcans raised the tariff issue, declaring for protection and denouncing the Democrats for free traders. The Democratic managers responded with a straddle. Just then Henry George entered the campaign. iJJi 1'^ "^ *^^" y^^^ '''''^^ '^nown in New York but mt bHore th^ election, when the tariff issue was^u^ the Y luooratic Committee sent for me and told nS J^io^.ak'tj'tr* ' r *'^ '^^^ -- ingulf i::: try to uak to the working men on the question of the tariff 1 old them I didn't know about thaHuftha? tair to T *° 7'f'l^ ^^° «^^ *h«* I should 1 ke to talk to them about the tariff. They asked me if I von d go out and make some speeehi. I said 'Cer tainly I will'; and they made a great list of engagment for me that ran close up to the day of election ^that I went out. Well, it seems that what they were after was somebody to tell the working men that the Demo- the tarffi'^'"'' f . ^"^'^ '' the' Republican parfyX the tardf. I went to a crowded meeting. The 4ntle man who spoke before me made that kfnd of a fpeech J^ ^ t"" ^7^' P^,* °^ *^« platform. I told them that I had heard of a high-tariff Democrat, though I could k^LTr"' ^""^ ^^''' ^'^"^d be such' a thing; and I faiew there were men who called themselves revenue- tariff Dem..rats; but there was also another S of Democrat, and that was a no-tariff Democrat; ancTthat what was wanted was to sweep away the custom houes and custom house officers and have free trar WeU ^-'-«I HADE A SENSATION 33^ ni«n to shake my hand llntfhJ T} °^ '''^^''^^ « man of the committee n-ot me aZ I , ^^"^ ^^^«^^- make any more epoochos."'^ ^"^"^ "^° ^ot to But there was one place in New Ynrt «f * , Henry George coulrl t-iiV . / , ! ^'^ ^^^^^ ^here that tas m Broryi 'r ' l'^ '"' '^^^' *^«^^^ "-^ "Brooklyn ^^^^Ui^l^T^J^^ f the other influential nn,»^ ^ '^"^ '^^ num her of -tic ™,,oht if rXT:, "^ ^""'"« '"^ ^™»- but now editor;/ ™SZ c; " °' '"^ "^»«'''•" meeting: i'looklyn CUizon," says of that an7had^:vffi?r tte'.]^::?:^^' ?"" *«P P>easuro disoussod it with the nioro thSif,,l ''"'' .™'J,»g«in I We greeted it as givin^Hea^fr ' ■ '°? '" "'" "ffi"- and misty thought^s th"t had bSflo™!'? '''"^ ™«r I had not met Mr. Georiro irid ,l!^l ^^'i ° °'"' ™"«Js. looked like. Ono nightXrin„ tt h1 '""f "•"" ho I dropped into Jefferson H,Vl ,!i,-? """"ock campaign being hold. withouTrno"ng"'ptrsr"„r'"'«"' speak. I was tired out wifh P^^^^^^^^ who were to work and was glad to fin J ! "^W^r and election must admit that I drowsed d^Wn^ ?."* °^ ^^'' ^^•>^' «"d of our more or less fam ?L r ^ f^^ ""^"^^'^^ of some a new voice commenced Ind/fT^^^i"" T""- ^'^^^^tly fut sentences, toother wfthtto' "^'"^r' ^^'''^' ^^«^^- Si., ti IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) & // ^•/ M 1.0 I.I n^ |2^ ys |U |M 13^ IK lit US u Htau 1.25 iu ■ 22 1.8 I 1.6 150mm /APPLIED A IIVMGE . Inc ■aas 1653 East Main Street ^^^^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA ^^■^ Phone: 716/482-0300 .ssT'.sis Fax: 716/288-59S9 O 1993. Applied Imaqe, Inc., All Rights Reserved ^\' .•\ §S. % J>^ <^ ^ ^^i;. "O ^v' 4^ ) * & 338 LIFE OP HENRY QEOBGE (1880-1881 ^^A*^^\ ^®j.^i*\*^ ^^°'*' «*"^<^y '"an, with scant hair and full reddish beard. I had never before seen him ^vJ/*'S? °°* Tli^^^ ^'^ '*y^^ *^^ «P«ech. I said to myself Thou art the man ! There most certainly is the author of that book "Progress and Poverty."^ I did no more drowsing, and after the - sch was over I went and introduced myself to Mr. George." This speech of Henry George was a rarity in the cam- paign. Democratic speakers generally dodged the tariff (juestion, and General Hancock himself pronounced it a "local issue." Mr. George believed that Hancock's defeat, which was by a very narrow vote, was due to this evasion After election Mr. George was still at sea about his plans. His wife; in California, wishing to lighten his bur- den had taken boarders, and his oldest boy was working m a printing office there. George wrote to Taylor (October 33) : "I shall not go back to California, unless for some- thing. 1 don't know precisely what I shall do, but some- thing will open. . . . Don't think me a Micawbcr. I shall go to work if I have to go to the case." He did not have to go to the printer's case; yet for a time he had to break a resolution not to seek or to accept employment that would require the publication of any of his work unsigned. Shortly before his death he said of this 1880 period : "Mr, Appleton informed me that among the men he esteemed of great reputation who had expressed admira- tion of Progress and Poverty' was Abram S. Hewitt, a wealthy man and a Member of Congress; and when Mr. Hewitt came from Europe I got a communication from him asking to see me. I responded. Pic said some good things of the ability shown in 'Progress and Pov- tll if"t *?*"* he would like to get me to do some work that he had not time to do himself, on an investigation commissions report that he intended to make to Con- [1880-1881 41-aj WRITING FOB HEWITT gress. I ability I I was to keep the use of it report."* do faithfully 2'Jke ^Zt^t'Tl^' iZI^^^io.mol^" '""""-"""^ «* «.e time gets through m,£ t\hX\^''''^''''r- ^^^«^« i* Bhall have got mX down T ^iT^ '^^^^"'y' I a suit of ellt,../a^rl^aoJ '^^^' As will ho seen, other writing interrunted thp tt. •*. work, which ended, as noted in a letter to T^^^^^^ .m 1 G, 1881) ; Taylor (March He'Vr'r„r£edTi.h S^*"* r? -•■^ » to him. wanted done in thTfurtW t ""'' ^^'J^ "»* "h"* he him for another $100 he chant'/ 'hi^J ^^"fj »*^'' ™ «,Bting too mV and1h7h?::u,TirTt'„Id nim I was very ulad tlmf i fcu , "'" *™P; I told cheap, but thathavfn; undertak™ ,1 iT/"*'"*^ '"o ff¥' LIFE OP H2MRY GEORGE [1880-18Pt a^eement, bat I had that uncomfortable feeling th«f prevents you from making out your bills in W ni style, ancT though I had intended tL $00 to £ onW on account, said nothing about any more.- ^ The best information as to the way "Progress and Pov- erty was going and other matters of interest is found in correspondence with Taylor. «T ,1; J f^^i -, , , November 20, 1880. if J ^*^/6^1 depressed when I wrote you before But It was not so much on account of circumstanis I «m in my way of thinking a good deal ut' a Cc kdlr^ fortune does not much depress me. WhPt aiwavs wo^ rjes me is the t*.o«ght that / might have doue ^etter^" m^^h n"ns7/f h:i". " *? ^}-^-~^na it Lmed'to JaVr''\'^^'''1 ^.^°^ ^^^^ *^a* *^« book had had noth- ing like a fair start in the East, and the politicV' t pa gn seemed to check its sale. I think now tf - X going to start off. The first copies of the paper f75 cent] edition were received in the store this afternoon and one wiU go to you by the mail which ^SowstWs* The preface bothered me very much. I wrote two '; three--possibly enough for ten'-and kally throwZ ^ all aeide, came down to a simple summary of the book^ barrel? JCdcr."" *'^ '^'"'''''^ ^^^Ws' doubt *;i got to-day a letter from Wm. D. LeSueur of On- tario, who has an article in the July ^Science Monthlv ' fV r, "" '°Py ^^ *^^^ ^^^^ ^hen I met Wm he^ and I attach a good deal of importance to his o^iS' for he IS a man of weight. . . . He started^ n, of » Preface appearing in tlio fourth and all ubsequent editions of " Progress and Poverty." 841 A«> ii-42] AWAKENING RECOGNITION of respect, sat dol^^^ J '"But ^ ''' ""^ ' ^^"^^ ^^^^ has never read a book with Ln . \- 7'"**^'' ^"« ^^^at he the last tow dcys^vhZhJ '""^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ "^"t durin- could think oS4%^ ,7j«,d-^ the h,, , f^J vert, with the exoeptior tlmf L .i,- ? ^^^^to"^'^ ^on- whom the State hasTolcUan s oul/f'"'''. ^^'' "^^'^ ^^ J'ense, tliou-h he adm s Zf iS^ *° ^^* '""^« ^^com- ess injustice in givingll ^LS^^^it ^l^' '^ '"^"'toly the present system • and thnf .Z ?^ ^"" '" continuing is to be a co-Vorki; for the d "7 ^'l' "'^^^ ^^'^^^^^ desii^ erty in land. . in ifrf ."'*'"'' f ^ P'^^«*« P^op- ;n, and proposes to' begin S o '"''"' *^ '^^ ^^'^"tc^l Now here is a man whofn Iv .^'™P«'gn in Canada. college proWs"n1hVlTnii7s^^^^^^^^^ "'^^'^^^ ^«^f "- *I showed the letter fn v^ , p:reat opinion of lisueur and hn'"f.Y^'^^ ^"« '-^ very reading a letter from anotlu^r 1 '* ^t f "^« *i™c ^as believe, of whom he has a ^T' ^^'^^^'^^ J^^"^^' I whom he had given a co^y o "p\K '"^Sr ,"" ^ *" It was a mos^ remarkab e book " Ji ' x ""^^"'^ ^^^^ said original book on such sub leots"^^^ T'^ P^""^^""^^ and that it ought to be'mmX tlv f/'^'frf ."^ ^™«rica; (he had jSst returneSrom rb^p!'"'''''^*?? ^^^'^ ««^'nian for his part he proposed to write « r"'' *^'"> «"^ *^at unpronounceable name) Yo H ''"" ^°' («onie these letters copied, She rr P/T'"^ *« ^ave l^aul [publishe!.] of Londo/'if wbT^*^'"^ ^^ I-gue to pu^it^Jir^ott tifaJ^f fri? *^« ^^'^ copies by Tuesday's steamer * ^ '^^"" «^°^ J"™ a 'star clu'e" f ^To M ^."^ «*h, beginning Park Godwin and Z^^C^^^^ Sntr^ "I got to-day eoDies of fh« n I>«PemlK.r 18, 1880. •ay and tastofnllj iotton up f very XL It IS loni 342 LIFE OF HBNBY OBOBOB [1880.1801 The wh„i;^S'tr//ffmoX' "" '^'"^ P"'»«''' was .„ oo™f^/f.r'n "1? P'™-"V';f"" '"-"^harf poorer S at 21 tV ?"""' '^"'^ I "n' '"oat at 43, « A k i. ^1 , January 4, 1881. began, and on the last dJ n^k^ , " * movement preview. «Jitions S 1^/^^;/:/ S^H oTo"/ fS" :Xr-?'™' -'^■' -^ »- '% -t^^n^s.n» (MBO-lASl A«», 41-42J A LITEBARY CONQUEST not thousands. Mv hnn^ • ^^ af the phenomenal one ani f *i^'°^ *^ b« regarded her« it.* Thp f,^* «nd^propo8es to receivp If l^ Englishman « -^^^ future of the book 18^1 hinl^^'^Pt^'^ns for 'enow; heiruo Jf S^-^ '^in /XiThe'^I^ o^l"^^® ^^^^ is a success TJ,« i J«n»ary.2l, mi. raore than got hi, Mn rP*^°". P""'. "ho has lf„!S that Yo«ma„l1as'at't7°P"J" ■«"'»«- this „„„,. and Povertv' rat prints over lor tnis month, \ounmns says I don't make converts- I find them in all directions. * Every daylget TtleJs '' }ZV)' ^'"n"" '^ ^^"^^*i«"« «t this time, which these letters from George to Taylor give, must be added a de- scription from memory which John Russell Young wrote the day following his friend's death. "These early New York days were of extreme and honourable poverty. I saw Henry George a gre^t deal ^TrTlntThi," 'f ^ «««^Panion.' It wfs a dSg ex- periment— this unknown gentleman, with no aid but ^ok:?i"^^'P^"*'• "'*'""^ ^" his carpet-bag Sut one book of gospel, coming at 43 to make his way into the heart of mighty Babylon. The more I studied G^rge under heavy conditions the more I admired him hIs Sel L",r.1 ^'' ''^''Se;hi. honesty, independence and intellectual power were those of a leader of men. We took walks on the Battery, whither we went under the flush of strenuous midnight work! the gr^a city at peace and no companions this side of the sto • BrlU^ '"It ^r'^' '" ^^««t«hester and the suburbs of KnT ^~"**-?. ^'^^^' "'*^^P^^ soul wrapped up in his book and smiling upon fate. ... ^ "George was resolute in his creed. * He save it tn vn,i as the truth to be accepted, in a sense ^f ^o /wp^ a dogma of political infallibility. 'Does this TotTe'aS war? Can you, unless when dealing with craven con" without war? I do not see,' said George, 'that a mus- A«», 4M2] IRISH LAND QUESTION 346 ket rxeeO be fired Rnf ,v « cause' '" ""'•«'• No, never a holier wo;]?rhnrk%*ot f *^^^^^^^^^ ^^ »-, w,. vorsnl war rather iLn fhnf i • ""^*'':' '^«^3^ ^^r uni- nccepted. It was t ^00^ Ifh'^'^ u^'^f^ "°* *- ten makes one a majority » "' ^"' *^^» ^"t- Mr. George had for a wJiile stopped report to write an arZl7 TT^ ""'' '"' ">" Hewitt "Appleton's jIu™., *"'^"" ,^°.^™'' I-"" Question for kept on With l„w" in Jntn he tl ^T^^" "" '"">> ''» tocn chapters. I^ | 'ist"! , !'' " '""" '"»''■ <>' "^ven- evidence of a l„>h "r le "f "'"'. ? ^""^ "■" ""* ""Wng msdom to avail himself of ™, • P'"'°«'P''y. he had tlie On April 30 IsT 1 "^ T* "'"'' '° W^ ". "Progrei and iveriv" IrTtn"" ""^ ™™P'^^«''» »' years of ponal 3o in or Y"!"'' '''''' '">■» *™» to the prineinlo of t^-^ " '* '"•'^» *" devotion n>ass meetinf^lX; rt"*:; "'"' "'^'^'^ « John Ferguson and 'CrrB '"'^ ^^^'°- ^'»''""J. '« eiation of^the lanlr^urnnJ™'? "j "''''■^''' '" <•"■"■»- ■Jming the western! IlTil"*! T'T""« """ ''"- e.7 of "The land lo^eTLh^iTV T '^"'' ">» Wndtal a spreading fl •„ ^he I-, "™* « '^"^ *hat anee to the English nower ?"'"'''"■« "' Physical resist- liamentary actbn Tv P 'n '^ °™ '"'"''' '"d "' Par- on the ofherdCe !rtt °?r h %'T'''"''^ ~'f-«"-. movement, to make conm,™ ^ 'T""" ""o ^avitt's landlord e ass ZlT ™ ""^ •"ndMs. This the most trt n 7nZ7rt'"'f '■""" ""^ "™« '- charge upon the toU ^ th!',", ' ""'^ "^^ » heavy rent p-y .ueh all ^^:::zz-i'^^ UMI OF HIHRT OEOBOB ,i^^ «uch ., sheriff,', gnni jurors', .„d j„rtice, of the peace be8.de. through their elas. interests controlling WisE he A ,"'??''"' """* P""""™'- I" the f.U 018 9 m r>ubl.n, wth Pamell as president and Davitt a, om of he honorary secretaries. It was to supersede the Home t!t ^Z- " """" ^''™'" """ •-» *•"= head and r to be the offleial organisation of so much of the Irish Par! taentary part, as acknowledged his leadership Its i" med a e p„,p„se was to "bring about a reduction o"'.! rents. It was also, at least, so far as Pamell .n^T nr':?':' rr "■^'" '""■^™^^' t-is'trcret tion of a peasant proprietary, in enabling tenants to he- cojne owners of their holdings by paying ! -'i^Xt ft a I m,ted number of years. There i-as division o^r this att« purpose, however. Davitt, the fire and souTof the extending organisation, continued to proclaim the nr n o.ple of "the land for the people," incluLg taits tneflts" th ugh somewhat vaguely, not only all thelnant farme s te I A^tjTv '."". "' ''«™»""™' labourers ; well. And Patrick Ford, of the "Irish World," a weeklv newspaper published in ^^ew York and devot d toTn"h the TTn"'^rr" ""'""' "■" ^'"" "'g-'-W-g fector n the United States, t»ok his stand on the old Irish dw taie that the land of Ireland "belongs to the wholtl^Th "ble P" " "^ """""' *° "» »"-- »"h "11 PO- lorward by the respective factions, all united to defend tho«, Irish agricultural tenants who were threatened S evict,o„ for refusing to pay "unjust" rents. This was strjking the ruling class on the "sensitive poeke nerr- and both sides prepared for war. The Irish^Land ^, Af«. 41-^j I^D LEAGUE WAR 847 not e.^t ,„„el, i„ tho ,vav 5 i rr^^"^' «««'-8« did 'hough he believed radicapinor" ^*''"' '"»" h™, "Jong. But ,„ Davitt, t™ "'1?'"'°" "'°°''' ""''" *"" f'nct a "„»„ „f the pe„l" aT '*',"'',"'' ""'' l*^ '"" hope, and when Davitt camel i ^^ '°°'"-''' »"h high hu^inoss, towards the aH „" ssoT" °" ^''-' ^'-g^o the result, as «.„ have seen in the W, T'L™' *"■'. "i'h pledges the Land League to ntV"r«n ^"^'"^ "davitt erty"J m Great Britaif •' '^ " f ^™S«S8 and Pov- Mr. George perceived that *i,„ i ■ . "■"king that country The thl f*" "'"'•'"■- »■«» ^t «' the land question' & tX" "? r"""'"" O™"" ;» his pamphlet, under the tltk "f X. f "^ ^'"'^'^ *" " ^on: What It Involves, aid Holll °J"* ^'«' Q-os- He "imed to show that fL , "' ^' o"" he Settled " ing the principle of 1, *';::'' l"'""™ '"^ "' obset through the n' dium " ZatrTh'" " '"""• '^ '"""S. the people. Thus thn „,'"''"'' the rental value for a! landloXlass had h ther^o r '^%"'^' '"» "ek-renti:" to the people as a whofe^r T" """"' "« transferref ™»tage as a mere landholder BuH T." '"' -"^ «"- land alone in his mi„d. SaTd hf " ""' """^ I'^" \ enional Edition, pp. log, 107^ 84t LIFE OP HENRY OEOROB riM0-l8Hl L-raHon of fl. '^ " "'^'"K it u inovoiiK'nt for the rm-n- trate and "•:: T'^'-f movcnent which nhuU conS - The pamphlet ^as finished at the end of February and was at once published by Appleton in New York Tncla month later by William Kc^c-ves in London, John Ha wo„d & i^ms m Manchester and Cameron * J" ""^^^od Glasgow. '^amuon & J^erguson in Mr. George had meanwhile brought his family East and was with them boarding at Fort Washington i„ the ranetcXth '' " T ''''' ^" ''"^^^^ ^" ^"'-^ ^an froT ho T , '""" '^ *'''"*^ '^""^^«- ^^^' quote again from the Taylor correspondence. ** AnTthp\y-*-T-^*"T' ^'/^ i" 'Charleston News ' etc Herald^ thing does not turn, can, I thln^go on^^hl lOn ••Chinese Immigration " for Lalor's •'Cyclopedia of Pohtical Science, Political Economy," etc. tt Af^«-«8J I-fCBBASmo BEPWATION 340 'Brooklyn Englc • i „„ '* ' ■''■ '"y V. fc Srr'r'/''"' M»ciotoh» „f «. dartrat hour 1 ,? •' " '"■• ""'s $'iO it\„ , py , .foil,,: 4- '■" »"-yr 'or this „,„„,h « , ,et,. of those p* "ith°»« honour in Caliform. for at th« time ttat John F. MiQer. Republican. w«s elected by the C^,fo„>ia legislature to the United States sLte. Helry Geo ^e «ceived two complimentery votes, those of George C. Gorham of sS Francisco and Warren S. Chase of Santa Barbara Z VentuTthe attr Bayjng. m making the nomination : "I shall name neither a lawyer 1 a ^S' « ^ '"°°°™^'* ^■'^^ ^"^ distinguished himself and ac n« »''^«»'»1 "P«totion; who is throughout the world recognised T. r« r. '"**"'"*' *" ^''''^''' J"'*" Stuart Mill and Malthus." TioHgh Mr G«o.:ge wrote to James V. Coflfey, who apprised him of the T^^T' IrT' ^^^ " "'^"* '^ "^"^ «" r «h«» «^«'- «o»e to being ri«cted to Miytking," yet h^ appreciated the compliment. A«e. 41-42] FRANCIS GEORGE SHAW matter was arranged and before Mr. Geor ^^^e^t new cause in wirhe ^ ^V'^'^^'^'"'^^^^ ^^^P *'« kittle money thartntwed^^^^ '' ^^^ ^^^P^^ a gations and make the sTart Bu^r """^^ T''' '''^^- the middle of October andr. .! ""^^ ^^^""^^^ ^°«1 Shaw (October 9) : ""'"""^^^^^ ^« ^^^^e to Mr. 1^88 l7po4rtt^TaT''' *^f ^^P'^Wication of Trog- hear its eirc'^Sion' s'b'S^et'ro^oS^' JT ^' This gives an enormous audS and T ^f l^^'^^^' that cannot be reached in any X tav^^^^ "^ ' ^^^ pubSerf o?^P J^re:: ^tt^ P^'^'> '^^^ ^^<^on yesterday. He ^fs2e1^kTlr'JT}''.''^^^^^ "Ues-Te?;t^^^^^^ -^ young man bred tf he trT^d ^^^^^^ "^'^'^ ^' ^^«*> ^ fair and open mind Ho Vf Possessing an extremely Poverty," formed hastv'd 1 "^'"^"^'^ "^'°^^«« ^^^ %pa4aboutTt;b"?^ret^^^^^^^^ -^ -^^ten he had gradually changed t^fJ: inlr^r^*^^"' Pered to him, "Leave thy nets and ?nl ^?''' ^^^^- obeyed. Thenceforward w ^ """"^ °'^' ^^^ he voted frienro? thTrn«\ 7 ^'"'^" ^«^ ^« ^ore de- fi,«. , , thorough and stanch discinlp TKn thor was asked to permit «TrnfK« / '^^^cipie. The au- permit Truth' to rcpubl sh thp book ft 866 LITE OP HENRY GEORGE [ISSO-lggl serially. Thoiigh comjjensation was not > red, he cori- sentfed, glad in this \^ay to "spread the light'' among working men.^ But a matter of domestic consideration engaged Mr. George's mind before setting off. His two sons were to stay behind; the problem was how to employ them during the separation. The younger one, Dick, it was settled was to return to school, and tvith the elder, Harry, the question was whether he should be put in a newspaper oftice or be sent to Harvard College, where special con- siderations at the tihie had let down the bars to poor men's sons. In talking the matter over with the boy the father weighed it in this way: "Going to college, you will make life friendships, but you will come out filled with much that will have to be unlearned. Going to newspaper work, you will come in touch with the prj, tical world, tvill be getting a profession and learning to make yourself useful." So the decision was for newspaper work. An opening was made on the "Brooklyn Eagle" by Andrew McLean, and the boy was put to the first small reporting. To assist him in learning to write, the father gave his son four rules: First, to make short sentencbs; second, to avoid adjectives; third, to use small words; and fourth— a gen- eral rule— not to attempt "fine" writing; to say ad simply and as briefly as possible all th^t should be said, and then to stop. Before sailing Mr. George wefat to Philadelphia to bid good-bye to his parents, who were now advanced in years. He was accompanied by his boys part of the \vay and was in a meditative mood, saying, as if half to Himself: "Wheii I had finished Trogress and Poverty' I was certain that 1 Afterwards the "Chicago Express" followed "Truth's' example and printed the book serially. Age, 41-42] SAILS FOR EUROPE 367 when tie tath Tl ""'.r" *■"" ""^ '™° """^ -me IV.^ f , ™ "» '' *»«Id set the world afire But I 4/ r..- CHAPTER III. THE IRISH LAND LEAGUE MOVEMENT. 1881-1883. Age, 42-43. rpWO days before Mr. George sailed for Europe news A had come tliat Parnell and two other Parliamenta- nans John Dillon and J. J. O'Kelly, had been sent to jail, which swelled the list of political prisoners under the crimes or coercion act to something like five hundred. While George was on the sea, Patrick Ford of the "Irish World," cabled to Patrick Egan, the Land League treas- urer, suggesting that the League retaliate with a manifesto calling upon agricultural tenants to pay no rent whatever until the Government would withdraw the coercion act Egan approved of the idea and transmitted it to Parnell m Kilmamham jail. The latter disliked to strike so rad- ica a blow at the landlord interests, but nevertheless he yielded to the necessity of using the only weapon left in his hands. The no-rent manifesto was accordingly sent out in the name of the Land League. At that the Gov- ernment advanced another step and suppressed the League : whereupon Patrick Egan went to Paris to protect the war chest, while the women, headed by Miss Anna Parnell organised the Ladies' Land League to carry on the field- work. As has been said, Mr. George sailed for Liverpool, but 368 he changed his plans and sot off ,t n the ship put in Jthat Irish trt^l Q"«nrtewn when ato stopping a few honrl in"^* Ic ™'' '" °"''"''' 40,000 picked troops" Thp'^ 1^ ''^ <^omtahles and Irish cLtabuIarthe IlL^^o^l^^^^^^^^^^ few^words in his fi.t letter toL ^x^™ ;- of English and Scolh rSment^sf.^n'''' T *^« ^^'^ the very prime of life we^rin^^f ?^^^ "^^n, in • • • Eveiy now anda^pn^ '™«^*> «^ean uniforms, marching down thl street fwS ^-T "''^* * detachment and blankets on their bTcL on fh.^'' '° *^^^ «^«"^d«rs to guard somebody's castlVorS ''^^.*? *'^" ^^""try tenants." ^ ^^^^^^' °^ ^e^P evict somebody's Touching the nature of the government, he said: ' tainiy^;lTSe\'n7Sid^* K^ ^-P^tism sus- Privileged class, who^ook unon fi'" *\' ^°*''^«*« «f « people as intended but to ST ^ ^""f * "^^^^^s of the drawers of their water "'"""' °^ *^^^ ^^od and ™tUr^^^^^^^^^ the moment the tional guarantees fo^r Soia? ]flw"^' ''^'" *^°^««t«- Pended, and any man iV fh?^i .^ ^^^ "**«% sus- to prison at the Tod of «n-''''*'^ "^^y ^« hauled off speak of the normaftimes anHr^^'^ ^^^*^*«'- I of government." ^"^ *^® ordinary workings •-J t 360 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1881-IR82 But, wrote Mr. George, "the people have become accus'* toihfed to act together" in wielding the weapon of paBsive reeistance. It is from his private letters to Patrick Ford that we get the clearest and most intimate view of some |)hase8 of thj movement. For instance, on November 10 he wrote: "... The truth is that I landed here at a most unfortunate time for my purpose, and have found more difficulty in ^getting my feet down' than I could have imagined would be possible. . . . "The first intimation I got was on the tender [in Cork Harbour] when the agent who had the passenger list from the steamer, called me aside and asked if I was Henry George, and telling me he was a Land Leaguer, told mo 1 was expected. He wanted to change my name [on our trunks] telling me 1 should cer- tainly be dogged from the moment 1 landed and possibly be arrested. I, of course, refused any such kindness, telling him that I did not propose to disguise myself and that the whole detective force was welcome to listen to all I had to say. "... As I said before, it seems hard for a stranger to get to the bottom, and things change. But one impression has not changed. I got indignant as soon as I landed, and I have not got over it yet. This is the most damnable government that exists to-day out of Russia — Miss Helen Taylor [step-daughter of John Stuart Mill] says, *outside of Turkey.' " . . . As to the clergy: Croke struck a harder blow than Gladstone. It was as Dr. Nulty said to me, "If I had told you what the general statement of the men I met at first was, it would have been that the clergy were the greatest force the Land League had to meet. It is really better than that. The majority of the clergy are, I am inclined to think, with the ipeople 1 Archbishop Croke became radical later and gave eucour- agemcut to the popular cause. Age, 43-43] FIRST VIEWS OP IRELAND 861 and the no-rent %ht, but they are for the most part bull-dozed and the others are most active. "Miss Helen Taylor came [to Dublin] last week to propose that she should . . . take charge, letting Miss Parnell go to Holyhead and direct from there Her Idea was that as soon as the Government found that the Ladies League was really doing effective work in keeping up the spirit of the people they would swoop down on the women, too, and that it would hurt the Government more to arrest her [an English woman! m Ireland than it would to arrest an Irish woman, and would hurt them much more to arrest Miss Parnell in Lngland thah it would to arrest her in Ireland. (Misa laylor, who is one of the most intelligent women I 'Tfl^'n,' !. .''°* ^J?'' '"°'* intelligent, says the existence ot tne Gladstone Government is involved ; that they will stop at nothing, rather than lose power.) . Miss rarnell's objection was that she could not be spared. ... I am certain that everything is working together to the end we both desire— the radicalisatioh of the movement and the people. . "Bishop Nulty told me that the English Catholics and the Irish Catholic land-owners had been delucriu./ Konie with complaints. But, he said, the Pope is a mail of strong common sense, and had refused so far to in- terfere." Mr. George had not been long in Dublin before four committees waited on him to ask him to delivet a public speech. Edward Dwyor Gray, proprietor of the "Free- man's Journal," advised him to speak in England first, as that woiild give him more influence; but writing Ford on the matter (November 10), George said: "My sympa- thies go so strongly with this people that it would seem to me cowardly to refuse anything that might encourage them; and besides at this time it is extremely important to get them into line. ... 1 will not talk politics; but J will not stint the truth." Mr. George had not yet f - if ■ r f sag LIFE' OP HENBY GEORGE [1881-1R83 ooinfi t« his full powers as a spts 'or and his wife wrote to their soius (November 10) that she was very anxious about the lecture. "I earnestly hope it will be a success," said she, "but somehow I tliink he will suit an English audience better, as he is unimpassioned like them, and not demon- strative like Irishmen." Mr. George spoke on the 14th. The result satisfied him, as he wrote to Ford (Novem- ber 15) : "My lecture last night was a grand success, and I had the hardest work possible to avoid being dragged through the streets. It was, in fact, the only chance the Dublin people had had since the suppression of the Land licague to show their enthusiasm." The demonstration after the lecture to which Mr. George alludes was a custom with which he became abruptly ac- quainted when a crowd surged about his carriage and attempted to unhitch the horse, with the intention of themselves drawing the vehicle. He got almost indignant. He ordered the driver to whip up and gave him a liberal fee when he cleared the crowd. When addressing another Dublin audience some months afterwards Mr. George re- ferred to the incident. He said the custom was undemo- cradc and savoured too much of the subservience to which through the long generations they had been habituated in giving rent and thanks for the privilege of living on 1} f common soil. The audience applauded to the ech* r'^o people were ready to hear plain speech and to embrace new ideas. A few days after the Dublin lecture (January 1, 188?) George wrote to Taylor: "The majority of the Irish d: '{ kv.nw yet how to get at what they want. Like all grea' : le aer ;;, it is a blind groping fonvard. But it is thv m >. iiLiiig of th-^ revolution, sure." Bi8hc|: ) !u. 7 had been made to feel the displeasure of 1''i:!^ ■»«««» BEV. DR. THOMAS NTTLTr 303 pastoral letter declaring coimiion rights in land and »»= probably «,.eretly reproved for an intfrvie. .T{,iT.Z2 f J; ','T, P""'"""' '" *'«' "I"* World," and Th eh lowrl „"" "" '"''''■'' '"«"' '° » London paper. M lowing this George wrote to Ford (Deeember 28) • nt^^^Tatd^ratTe *"' r^'^'^"^' ^^'"^ -'' _hoI did not ask his permission, for 1 did not want The land of evorj' country is the cift of ita rr«af„- 4. ^i perfectly free in Xe Jrb l"^rH T f ""' ^'^""^"'^"^ «'>^ -"« He bouL hi. JfX L ^ to plXus' "tli th ' '^^"« ^"-"^^^^ "^• haa t™nsfer.d it JL Xta ^ ^ Z^C' T" "''^ "^^ '*' and child of God and a, II Hi f '" *^"* """"'"^ '« «* ^'^"t'"* -ttlementof the andoflcl^" w ",r Tf '" "'^ ^'«''*' "-^ iu that country fron. his si aTiftl! "^t"^' *''^ ^"'»'''««* ""»" only an injustke Z 7^Z To that T :"''"'"°" ^^''"''^ '^ "«* • • . Hiong to that man, but, morpovpr vonniA k uuptous resistance to the benevolent intentions o^rZtor" " 364 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1881-1882 to commit him. I merely told him it was being done, and he made no object;op. ^ "Well, the thing is beginning to tell. It is going all over the country and some of the priests are distributin'^ I'l ^H ^V^ pjting pasted up, and the Tory papers and all the Jinghsh papers are reprinting it as an outra- geous official declaration of communism from a Catho- lic bishop; and from all I have heard of their temper, I shall be surprised if the English prelates don't try to raise a row at Eome about it. "But it is going to do an immense amount of good." In the same letter George made some comments from his inside point of view upon persons in the movement and its management. "There is a great amount of 'whigging' in this Land League movement, more than I thought before coming here. And I think this is especially true of the leaders. VVith very many of those for whom it is doing the most the Irish World' is anythiqg but popular. And I have telt from the begmnipg as if there was a good deal of that feeling about myself. We are regarded as dan- • gerous allies. I have, of course, never pretended to see or notice this, though I have had some curiosity about it, as to how much was due to conservatism and how niuch to influences from America. But come what may this movement is going to assume a much more radical phase. In spite of everything, the light is spreading." Mr. George then related how when "United Ireland," the official league organ, was seized, the plates of the num- ber just to be issued were got off to his lodgings and hid- den under his bed, whence they were sent in a trunk to London, where the League managers, instead of putting them to press at once, lost several days and much money in negotiating about the matter. Ultimately "one paper was got out in London, and another totally different in Age, 42-43] PARNELL AND DAVITT 366 ta lII^T/i™ ^^"'»V°'" "■' """'" P'«*«= ""^''a off ,•„ " ' ' \.T^ ^^^ ^P- I* appears to me that thprp ment, and finding themselves lifted into importance and ties and powers in which Davitt'is strong ^""^^^ I Wish I had got here before the suppression that T might have seen the thing in free play. ^^ ' ^* ^ Miss Parnell, from all I learnf is really an extraof>« dinary executive and organiser, and the Ladfes are and^* lirrartL'S^l^^^^^ -"^ --ide- ir^r^w ?^^^*''' ''''^^^ "'^ ^«* *o return to Ireland sa^ ■ ' l^fl ill ^ 7' ^'"^^^y ''''^'^' «^d that the GovernmeS will certainly arrest me before long. But wh^ri Wf put myself in the way of that I don^t f^Tlftn 7 ' ^fhltstht"^'4 ^^^^^^^' S fW •? • ''^^'"'* '^'^ tremendous odds of evfrv kmd that It IS impossible for me not to feel myself sit :i 'if ml It was at this time, when Mr. George was in London atd his wife and daughters in Dublin, that Miss ParneH got word from a confidential source inside Dublin Castlo 366 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1881-1883 that the Ladies' Land League was to be proscribed; that she and her able assistant, Miss Nannie Lynch, were to be arrested at once; and that one of the Dublin jails was actually being cleared out for the reception of the women. These two ladies needed no further hint; they immedi- ately sped for London, Miss Lynch sending her official books to Mrs. George for safekeeping. The remaining ladies invited Mrs. George to preside that day over the regular business meeting of the Ladies' League. She never before had attempted to preside at any kind of a meeting and her embarrassment was heightened by the presence of men, whom she afterwards was told were Gov- ernment detectives, and a number of reporters and corre- spondents. But the women triumphed. The absence of Miss Parnell and the appearance of an American woman in the chair completely nonplussed the Dublin Government officials and the Ladies' Land League escaped proscription. Mr. George's post of special correspondent of the "Irish World," the mouthpiece, so to speak, of the Land League ;:in America, the chief source of the "sinews of war," gave him an introduction to all the prominent men in the Irish movement, from Parnell in Kilmainham jail to Jus- tin McCarthy in London and Patrick Egan in Paris, while his reputation as the author of "Progress and Poverty" and of "The Irish Land Question" gave him a standing outside political circles. He therefore had little difficulty in making acquaintances. But he quickly discovered that the members of the Irish Parliamentary party, while cor- dial enough at dinner parties and on other social occa- sions, and polished and polite under all circumstances, were always guarded in speaking with him on the affairs of the movement, and many of them absolutely uncom- municative. As time passed on this condition of aloof- ness grew. •Age, 42-43] MISS HELEN TAYLOB 367 him to Ireland Dr K„n *f ' P°™"' *" ''«'"»'»« With andt^de man/^ ^iCs tT"' "."^""•^"■^ tions of philosophy. ^ ^**^''' ^^ °° ^^^s- Another warm Irish attachment formprl nf +v,- ,^- wiHi T?of rri ^ ""v^iiuieuc lormed at this time was ^^^:zJ^z:^^i^^ rid' '? called himseltt* filfo X"7:"-/t^^ "« -*«' t. be e^ntially a Cathol? i IX'^a P"'^ ""» that Mr. George subsequently «r;teXtt!rt . T" religious faith which has alrLytel gulled /"*""« "" i^XtX^ta!:: i-:^ ^zr r ■>^'. »* the went to London m January they accented hpr 1.0 ,^^^.^ tation to share her hospitaUty a' SoTLnsinl? T possessed sufficient means to make her i^de^fT 1 t for years had been doing all in her powe t^ ™'' """' iPaKcs 311-312. f. 866 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [lUl-1882 been among the first to greet "Progress and Poverty" as containing the truth, notwithstanding its contradiction of much that he had previously taught. After spending several weeks with Miss Taylor, the Georges visited Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Hyndman in Poitland Place, and afterwards Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Briggs at Dulwich. Mr. Hyndman had long been one of the leading writers on the London press, but a too active sympathy with the Irish movement had caused him to be "boycotted." An intense socialist, he \\a8 president of the Democratic Federation, which propagated those doc- trines in England. For a time he seemed hopeful of con- verting Mr. George to his views, while the American thought socialism in his friend was weakening. Hynd- man had found at the British Museum a copy of a lecture by Thomas Spence on "The Eeal Rights of Man," deliv- ered before the Philosophical Society of Newcastle, No- vember 8, 1775, a year before the publication of Smith's "Wealth of Nations," and for which the Society, as Spence said, did him "the honour to expel him." In the lecture Spence proclaimed common rights in land and proposed that land values be taken for public purposes, all other taxes to be remitted. George had never heard of Spence and was delighted at the discovery. He urged Hyndman to publish the lecture in tract form, believing that it would do much good. Mrs. George suggested that this might prove disadvantageous to Mr. George, for peo- ple might say that if the idea of taxing land values had been proposed a hundred years before and had since been ignored by the world, there was little use of George in his "Progress and Poverty" trying to popularise the prin- ciple now. Her husband answered that most people hesi- tate to accept an idea thought to be new; that if the pro- posal in "Progress and Poverty" could be shown to be Ag«, 42-4 really And so the lati rick Fc It Wi Mr. Ge mans, I at Mrs. the dra^ among appearai sion at ] ing a gn perous I these me cer, how( him real in the E as he pu lutionary referred v ing San ] time to w phy, whic current w: cer as imi erty in laj from the ; "Social St who, like 1 the raising mental ecc ^- 42^] MEETS HERBERT SPENCER 869 7n^\nl ""^^ '",'' ^* "^'^^'^ ^«^« ^^«i^ more rapid way the iJf ^"^"^^K^"'^"-" to publish the lecture, wS ^XfZ .'^' ""^'^^ ^^^^^ ^"«^^«^f ««^"t a copy o Pat rick Ford for publication in the "Irish World^ It was while they were guests of the Hyndmans that Mr. George me. Herbert Spencer Thmnvriting to Charles Northofftfo^felf ng ban Francisco, in 1879,. he said he would like some phT tZ\Tu tr "« "'"^ materialistlf^Z: pny. Which with Its false assnmption of science nas.,.. cnrrent with so many." But he had all along Md IZ itt7-rn*t;-:iz°"Teir~\-""^- . l^t^ipies. iheir conversation quickly J* 370 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1681-1882 turned to Ireland, for scarcely had they exchanged civili- ties when Spencer bluntly asked what George thought of Irish matters. The American condemned the Govern- ment and praised the League. Spencer burst into vehe- ment dissent. "They," said he, meaning the imprisoned Land Leaguers, "have got only what they deserve. They are inciting the people to refuse to pay to their landlords what is rightfully theirs— rent." This speech and the manner of its delivery so differed from what was expected of the man who in "Social Statics" wrote, "equity does not permit property in land," that Mr. George was first astonished and then disgusted at this flat denial of prin- ciple. "It is evident that we cannot agree on this mat- ter," was all that he could say, and he abruptly left Mr. Spencer. The meeting had proved a deep disappointment. Mr. George seldom outside the family circle spoke of it, but to Dr. Taylor he wrote soon after the occurrence (March, 1882) : "Discount Herbert Spencer. He is most horribly conceited, and I don't believe really great men are." It was about this time that Mr. and Mrs. Walter Wren entertained Mr. and Mrs. George at dinner. To put Mrs. George at her ease, Mr. Wren, in the American fashion, presented the other guests to her, among them Mr. and Mrs. Walter Besant. But Mr. George was made ac- quainted with the inconvenience of the English custom of not introducing. For after the dinner Mrs. George asked her husband how he liked Besant. He said he did not know. "Why, you were apparently on good terms with him?" "Good heavens!" he exclaimed. "Have I been talking with Walter Besant all evening without knowinc him?" ^ A little while after this came a meeting with John Bright and Joseph Chamberlain, who were members of « was released fmm PortL„d P„ '^^ '^Z"-' *''^' ^""'t Ladies' Land Lea^uf to hTj' ^''.™''" '>'«' ''•'■"'-need the »?<' LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [lMI-1882 actually did kill it by rofuBing it money from the general fund Dillon thought that the land agitation should be carried on, and he went to Parnell and asked: "What are your intentions? Do you mean to carry on the war or o slow down the agitation?" "To slow down the agita- tion, said Parnell.' By October he had succeeded so effectually with the "slowing down" that he organised a new league It was the old Irish National Land League with 'L^md" left out. He became president, and Home Kule was made the primary aim. Nothing was heard of the principle of "The Land for the People," with which Michael Davitt had set Ireland aflame. On the contrary, m his first speech under the new auspices Parnell said that no solution of the land question can be accepted as a final one that does not insure the occupying farmers the right of becoming owners by purchase of the holdings which they now occupy as tenants." It was the old peasant proprietary cry-a proposal to swap landlords, and to swap largely on the terms of the existing landlords. All thought of the agricultural la- bourers and of the great mass of the Irish nation who were too poo, to buy land-all reference to natural, equal rights to land, was ignored. But the fact of a Kilmainham treaty and of the sur- render of the movement by Parnell to the Gladstone frov- ernment came out only by degrees. In writing to the Irish World" George tried to put the best facf on the thing, refusing at first to write what he suspected: but in his private letters to Ford he spoke without reserve. On May 17 he wrote: "The whole situation is very bad and perplexing. The Land League in its present form on both sides of the water seems to me to be smashed. But " Life of Charles Stewart Parnell." by R. Barry O'Brien, Vol. I, p. 365. ^^. «-^3, TREATV OP KILMAINHAM g^^ the sood has been planted. Wo », i the light must win because mnch .ieaZ fa T' ''^^ selves are working with us " Thfr ??' *^^'^^ °"^- 'Tarnell seems to me to L Tf '^' ^'*'' ^' ^^°t^> opportunity anVU.^^r, Z\TV1T'''' for the mess of pottage- ^ '' *^^' birthright I ■t*- CHAPTEE IV. STARTING THE REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN. 1888. AoB, 43. A FEW monthfe of immurement in Kilmainham jail f^ even while mitigated by personal comfortB, if not n3'\', i.'/r''™™*'? °' ™"'"<'»» political friends had sufficed for Pamell; and he eame oat to "slow down the great Land League movement that had roused «^o enthusiasm of tens and hundreds of thousands on two continents. But neither the seven years of hard penal servitude nor the year or more of subsequent and liSr solitaiy incareeration in the English prison had br^n the spint Miehael Davitt. He had no thought of sur render to the Government. In a letter to th^ "London Standard" he showed that while he had given up hLold Jdea of the effieaoy of physieal foree and d^namite'to bring reforms, he did not wish to be a party to the ICilmainhan! tea y; and on the Slat of May he made a speech „ Man Chester on these lines. Mr. George had been invited to keture on the Irish question in Free Trade Hall and Mr Davitt to preside. To Mrs. George her husband that night wrote: "It was Davitfs lecture, not mine He wanted to make a pronunciamento, and had it all written out, and got through only a few minutes before thT "m" m Age, 43] DAVITT'S PBONUNCUMENTO 379 was nice about it, thouS Z^V ^''" ^"'"™- ^o Wm take the time and , ! 7 """^ ^W to have mainham."> ^ "* ''°™ °° ">» 'Treaty of Kil- neilSrS Zitt' • '" "' ™"^ "•■-* "^ ">e Par- fatal „y in l™v in. r'^r"'" "' «■'» =P^h-a selves Jade LSe't ?*'"'■ '^'"'^ *'"'''^d ^em- the Land iZ^oJZ^^r: f''^^ '''^"'^'^■^ -i'l'-t with aiding Fori Td Go„l T'™''^ ''"^S^'' I"""' in the ranks Davitt Im^ I" ''^'"S '" ""''"' " ^P'it shrank from thilHlrV'"*" imprisonment, but he they met in D Win hit he t?" t/T ""' '"'" '">^" -e privateiy tr^:^eri;nr?;:S4-^.e "I have seen Davitt 4. r* resent a much greater irlpo fi? V^* P*^^** «°^ ^f the largest in New 1 ork, had privately expressed strong approval of the move- ment, but had never spoken publicly on this or any kin- dred subject. He had been widely known both for the eloquence of his utterances and the independence of his views and yielding to the pressure to come out and take a public stand on the land question, he had laid prudential considerations aside, and consented to speak at the Davitt reception. He followed Davitt and made an extraorf nary speech on the lines of the land for the people. Ele- w!f«!r/.''*''''/''l'''*'"''^ ^^ ^'^''''y' i* flashed with wit and burned with enthusiasm. He spoke as a priest of the people, who bore witness to the everlasting truth •A«»,«J REV. D. EDWABt) McQLYNN 885 Ale encouraged Davitt to "preach tho „« ,« apologise for it or explai/ "«* S J 7 ^'' '" such a sensation that fh*. t^« \ ^' ^ address made preach the |ospK '^^'t^y ?;'""«, <" «. but terrible -rtnilgk SlTrtg^S pl'"?'''. '*» ««»'<' m other lands, no thanks aiv^™ "^Porerty,' as is felt system, but thanks onlv t„?i,„ t *'.?" '" »" P»'itical to the millions of a,Jes of v I 'm ?"5'' of nature, and Has blessed us. But wh^n li ^ ""?= "''"' "'h'* God been «=cupied; *K the popufatioTX/A"'"' *»" ''»^' here as it has elsewhere in nrn„^« * ' ''"™ '""^ased territory, we shall hare preSf L '" '""' "^'"n* »* f ve, and the sooner we SS^^itf, T!.?™"*" '" cheer ng.l And so T „„:* ' 'be better. TLoud to the fu-il, tnd with iTnrvT:: ""? 'SS"'''^' »«"" t cheering, a'nd three cheeSrHS r *''%'»" Poud any Umid, scrupulous sou? miKhTS thTf ^' ""/ '^" into the arms of Kenrv oS t l' ? "'"' '""iog the same platform w^tf^ S* ' i?^ *<"" I stand on land. tCfcrsJ ButLtfe^f^',"' ^^''^'h, fe" into a secret-my private m,tZ •"^*° '"' ^o" again fall into the arms^of ™yLT ll,;'/ u""' " ^ '"'^ *" whose arms I should be mS^' JZt ^7,,",^" *»*» the arma of Hemy George."^[Sd fhtrfj' *'""' """ These speeches were too marked i„ n,„-. « , lat thought in Ihi. countT tt n.lt"'"*'' P"?-^- I;eague funds, to go un„„^;erby^^^":™ f "^t dsewhere bent on „j^,,3sing the^^rcatf f^ t 386 LIFE OF HENRY GEOBGE [1882 powers which had silenced so many of the clergy of Ire- land, among them Dr. Mty, for the same kind of utter- ances, now turned towards New York. They caused Car- dinal Simeoni, Prefect of the Propaganda, in the name of the Pope, to write several letters to Cardinal McCloskey m New York complaining of "the priest McGlynn" who seemed "very much inclined to favour the Irish Eevolu- tion and who was making speeches containing "proposi- tions openly opposed to the tnachings of the Catholic Church. The Cardinal Prefect ordered Dr. McGlynn's suspension, unless Cardinal McCloskev' should deem an- other course advisable. Dr. McGly an after the first letter of complaint had ,an interview with Cardinal McCloskey He explained his doctrine, and as he said five years later ^ he defended it from the Cardinal's "misunderstandings and misapprehensions." «I told him substantially," said Dr McGlynn, "that I knew my theology well enough not to sm against it ignorantly, and that I loved my religion too well to sin against it wilfully." As a result of this inter- view Dr McGlynn said he would not speak further for the Irish Land League cause. "I voluntarily promised to abstam from making Land League speeches, not be- cause I acknowledged the right of any one to forbid me but because I knew too well the power of my ecclesiastical superiors to impair and almost destroy my usefulness in the mimstry of Christ's Church to which I had conse- crated my life." While to Patrick Ford, Dr. McGlynn was a revelation, to Henry George he was more than that, for never before had he heard of the clergyman. McGlynn was a new star m the sky; as George wrote to the "Irish World " a "Peter the Hermit" in the new crusade; and as he wrote to Ford 1 Dr. McGlynn-B review of hia own case, "The Standwd," Feb. 6, 1887. ^.48] A PETER THE HERMIT 387 York meeting had rllohT/hf T*' 'T'^ »' ^^ ^ew day there i/a despatch wn ^?'"'' ^''""^ »»)= "To- dispute between Stn^ParnT ? "'°* "^-^ " »<> sohemewill bo earrfed flret T ' .?" ^''"' *'"' '""«''« ened the eehoes both in lll»nS f- ""' ^^' "''*• fl«t and Pamell is norho L fft m '"f «'»'J- He is firm and not get seared tS W ^^^^ ^ ''"' ""^^ *'«■'-» 'ou dajs later, "mtJ^^'T^^"^'" ««"«« wrote -Government; Feianrwr, "atVr"' ^^''^ When I say Fenians T Jn ^ f ^aj'^^amentarians I in America and slelnl J T^'^'^' ^^*^ ^^ile Bricish side. He S"^^, "^^^^ ^« '^*-n^ed to the be subordinated to the ' * f"1 ^''^ "^ ^^^ ^e to tary Programme. Geo "^v^^^^^^ *"^^ ^"^--n- to Ford; ^ ' '''^''' "« reflected in letters "I got the New Ynrt 'oi -^ , , ^°*'*'"' "^"^^ ^• Bpeeehf sent to me ^ Mr'^ht^^^.^P^^ ^^^^^^^tt's more apologetic than I should iL ^ as the great leader.' But his enemies— O'Kelly first 1 thmk— charged him with being captured bv Henrv George and the 'Irish World.' They saw that "'that an- noyed and affected him, and then they pushed it All he had to do was simply to go forward and not mind them But their talk affected him so much that he was afraid to be seen with me or to have me go where he S^?^: T^^?i f° t^^y ^^^^ ^^^ morbidly afraid of the Irish World. It seems to me pitiable weakness when a man s enemies can thus make him afraid of and un- just to his friends. Davitt has let his enemies turn him and swerve him in various ways; he has put him- self on the defensive when he ought to have been on the aggressive, and has kept himself in hot water and dropped from the position he might have held. XI. "?"A,^^ ^^ ^ °°^^^ character, and by far the best of the lot." The palpable fact was that Henry George felt increas- ingly lonely in the Irish movement— all the leaders save Davitt a Davitt n off to th( mainham represent prietor o manufaci dent of also met for Irela: he wrote of the g€ Irish mo> Yet on Glasgow i host of S( carried in to carry o raising th Mr. Geor^ on St. Pa and spoke Three nig] the Natioi first meeti persons da these meet the agitatii soon blazec Davitt h war to th€ circulate " ting the SI carry the i( A««, 43] TO INVADE AFRICA 389 Davitt and Brennan hostile to him in principle, and even IJavitt noM- shunning close connection and Brennan gone off to the South of France in utter disgust with the Kil- mamham business. George had come in touch with many representative men in England like Joseph Cowen, pro- prietor of the "Newcastle Chronicle," Thomas F. Walker manufacturer, Birmingham; and William Saunders, Presi- dent of the Central News Agency in London. He had also met on very friendly terms the new Chief Secretary for Ireland, George 0. Trevelyan; and for John Morley he wrote a "Fortnightly" article. But these men were of the general British radical movement and not of the Irish movement per se. Yet on the other hand, such men as John Ferguson of Glasgow and Eev. Harold Rylett of Belfast joined with a host of Scottish and English radicals in wishing the war carried into Africa, believing that the most effective way to carry on the Irish land-for-the-people fight would be by raising the issue in England and Scotland. To this end Mr. George was invited to deliver an address in Glasgow on St. Patrick's night, the 17th of March. He accepted and spoke before a great public meeting in the City Hall Three nights later he spoke before another big meeting in the National Hall. John Ferguson took the chair at the first meeting and Eichard McGhee at the second. Many persons date the radical land movement in Scotland from these meetings, and it is clear that they put the spark to the agitation among the crofters, or small farmers, which soon blazed up. Davitt had had something of this idea of spreading the war to the British side of the Irish Sea in wishing to circulate "Progress and Poverty," and now George, get- ting the Shaw money, obtained the means with which to carry the idea forward. Shaw cabled that he would send 390 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ' (iggj, £300, and George replied by letter, "Now we shall start the revolution I" He made an arrangement with James C. Durant who had a printing office in Clement's Inn-Passage, for setting type and making plates of "Progress and Poverty" for a book of eighty-eight pages, quarto form, and paper cover to sell at sixpence a copy. Durant was an enthusiastic admirer of the book and agreed to risk one third of the expense and to take his pay out of the profits, if there should be any. George was to meet the other two thirds of expense. He did not look for any profit to himself after paying Durant; indeed, unless the sale should be very large they both stood to lose on the operation; but both were moved -d 4 It was Mr. George's idea to push the reading of "Prog- ress and Poverty" all over the three kingdoms. As a pre- liminary to this, he bought a set of plates of "The Irish Land Question" from the Ghsgow publishers, Cameron & Ferguson— the Ferguson who hud with Davitt and Age,«J A SIXPENNY EDITION 391 Brennan begun the Land league movement. From those plates an edition of five thousand copies of the pamphlet was struck off and sold at threepence each. Copies of it tc^^ether with a little four-paged tract by Mr. Shaw, en' f .'h it ZV^ ^r^'" ''''' ^^°* *^ «" *^« newspapers in the United Kingdom and to all the Members of Parlia- ment. in a similar way copies of "Progress and Pov- erty were sent out when it appeared. Sample copies were also sent to every Land League organisation and every working men's club with a circular offering to supply quan- tities at wholesale rates. This edition of the book was also advertised in some of the papers, so that the £300 from America was made to go as far as it would in the propaganda work, and Mr. George was enabled to write by June 30 to Mr. Shaw: «So, my dear friend, we are in the way of doing something-so much timt I don't like to say what I really think. The big s^.. ,. really moving. All It wants IS a little push to sUx. it rolling. And that, I think we are about to give. It is not what we do so much as what we start other people doing." As if in a measure to meet the "slowing down" policy of the Parliamentary |,arty, Patrick Ford had asked Mr George to stump Ireland; but he had dissented. "I am willing and anxir us to do all I can," he wrote (June 23), and I have done all I have been asked to do; but you must remember I am not an Irishman, and these people are jeal- ous of advice or interference from an outsider. That is the reason they are thrusting me forward, saying 1 have captured Davitt, etc. You see how Harris alludes to me as a cosmopolitan politician.' I don't like to mix in Irish politics on this account." Nevertheless, he now concluded to make a correspon- dence trip to Western Ireland. He set off early in August accompanied by an Englishman, James Leigh Joynesf one i Mit B92 LIFE OP HBNBY GEORGE [1882 Of the masters of Eton College, who wished to see some, thing of the popular side of the Irish movement and who was engaged to write some descriptive articles for the London "T mes." Joynes started out with the average Englishman's idea that rural Ireland was a place of out- rages and murders. As they rode along part of their journey on an open jaunting car, he appeared somewhat apprehensive of their being mistaken for landlords and shot from behind the walls or hedges that fringed the roads. But the most peaceable of rural country met their view and many pictures of industry that gave rise to Mr George s expression in an «Irish World" letter f Au- gust 22) that ''of ^11 the libels upon the Irish, that which stigmatises them as idlers is the worst. If there are on the earth s surface any people who will work harder and suffer more for those who cling to them, I do not know where they are to be found." At length the travellers arrived at the little town- of Loughree. It was "guarded by seven police fortresses," besides having "two police barracks and a large military barrack." «As we drove down the street to the oVhoteT' said Mr. George, "the police seemed to start from the houses on each side and follow us." And the moment the travellers sprang to the ground both were arrested under Geor e"""'' ''' "suspicious strangers." Said Mr. "The whole thing struck me as infinitely ridiculous IvZZ'V^v'f) ' ^''^ ^^^^ «^ huma^n nature in Artemus Ward's declaration that he was willinff to sac rifice all his wife's relatives to save the fS Anrl Jhro'^hTh"^'"" ?'"^^"^ «" Eton mX 'lugtd at large I lost all sense of annoyance at my own arrest Paul." ' ""^ '"^^ ''^''^ ""'' ^^'^ ^* ^^"« »« " Kegan Age, 43] The despit) some ] examii by a light while couni have could ridici Toco of sec of cat calcul Heside apparent even if t some SOI the suspe protest fi lessly am After s Corbett o "suspects. few miles town of o: the entire small a to gle doctor, constables Father Mc place, aftei Age, 43] ARRESTED IN IRELAND 393 6ome mistake th.;^ Protertahons that there must be e.amiJ^t'thfpa^tr T ^^^1;^^ ^^-^ ^^ by?tao??f 1™1"4^ W* °f Pf 7 was scanned over light general 0°^"^'^^', *™f, '* ^ad '"''"/ ^<'°''- whUe as for a little leafletTKeoe rf Zfl^r""-'. countryman, Francis G. Shaw I tS?L !?'.''? °'"" rSfcuCs, but ?f7S^ "''^ '""g ™ too supremely To come to Ireland onlv t^l?' T '' "J* ^ th« Jote of sedition, a lullSslast^n 'f Si '"^ *" ^''^^'^ of cattle, was sometliinrtn"h!5 landlords, or maimer calculations." ^""'"""S that had not entered into his the suspects were relcL^lf tw^v^ Xt IT """J pro est from Mr. Ocorge againk theTr^afntas Wd' lessly annoying and insulting" 1" »««<'"'g8 «« need- co^:r;ttri.n*r^Lrdr^^ ^r ^-^^ "suspects." Then thev rlrn/ J T ^ '^*'''^' ^^ several gle doctor,^;^ ;arrerr[rtf ^ """"^ " ='- constables and flUs^ s„ll ' ThT tr""1r" ''°"™ Father McPhilpin knA thZT .-,} *™™llera visited place, after wh^h"tre tt ^^^7''''';' ""' LHP ranwaj-stanon to take 394 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE jjgga train for Galway. But the police, a great number of whom had appeared to be lounging around, closed in and arrested George, but not Joynes. After several hours' detention, Mr. George was taken before Magistrate Byrne —the same magistrate who had examined him at Loughree --and a lot of foolish testimony was presented touching the prisoner's movements and the nature of his printed papers and written notes. One of the papers put in evi- dence was a list of names, with the supposed letters «F C. after some of them, which the Head Constable believed meant "Fenian Centre," but which the magistrate inter- preted to be «T. C- and to mean "Town Councillor " The upshot of the n^atter was Mr. George's discharge. "The magistrate then summed up with a justification of the police for arresting me, and to my surprise fin- ished by discharging me. Whether what had seemed to me the manifest purpose to require bail had been altered by the telegrams which Mr. Trevelyan stated in the House of Commons he had sent to Ireland on the subject, or whether it was the magistrate's own sense. The trip affected a radical change in Mr. Joynes' views of the state of Ireland, and he wrote letters to the Lon- don "Times" based upon what he had seen and heard that seemed incomprehensible to the editor, so that the arrangement between Joynes and the newspaper was can- celled. When Mr. George got back to Dublin in the middle of August he wrote to Mr. Shaw: "I have just returned from a very interesting trip into the west, in which among other things I saw the inside of two 'British Bastiles.'" He also sent to the President of the United States a letter of pr reprei case i fully eign ( count] police yet "t States with \ from 1 impris( Americ trial, a: action current consuls into ael prisonm of releai ell, the —"a plf "for the more dir existing letter sti: upon the such cas< States he sen to pu that all I proper ri^ In a le wrote witl •Ace,4S] A SECOND ABBEST 396 Of protest at the uselessness nf +1,0 a representation at the CouTof J T '"" Ministerial case the occasion of hi^lri^^^^^^^ "^'^^« ^' °^^ fully realised the duty oJ an f "^^""^ *^"* ^^^« ^^ eign country to 00:^11' ^^s t^ZV^'^ "^%^ '^^ country and fhof »,« 7 t-onauct to the laws of that police «r a s.:r: zt- '^"^ ^-'^ yet "that it is due to »C- ° '^^ '^^™ necessary," States should clat;„;^ °.™ '"^''^ *<" «>» United with which tht^allt fr'''"''"'''8*''»«"'™« from wanton aLovan? "' °' ^'""y' »^^»Pti°n imprisonmen" ^So^^^^^^ ^^ »d American c.: ■ ... had K«„ P'^'*™- He averred that trial, and even withoTsn^-fi ™P™"^^ 'here "without action taken by he ITm^^^^ "Wle the only currently re Ad th!"^.f ^^ " ^ as to,,™ „| consuls who "attemnted Mif K xv** P""^ °' American into actaowledS of 1^ J"""^. ^ "*'" °' ""oney Prisonment by SS*.° t!Y. '"'*r "' *^'" "Mtrary in.! of release." ^Thf S wa^Z '' Tr"^ "/ ""'"'"» oU. the United States m:^:*::"^ eh 'cZ fm Ja""- letter stirred un thp aL , :.^^^^- ^Nevertheless, the upon the GovrCe^f tr.^^^^^^^^^ *^ '^'' such cases. When ^f P'^''''*^*^^^^ for proper action in States he was^t'te^^/SarTT^^^^ ^ ^/^^^^^ sen to put in a claim inJJ^ I ®*^*® Frelinghuy- that alf he aske^.'^ Z^^Znl'l^r'^'' "^'"« proper rights abroad P'°"*"on to the citizen in his ■4 It 396 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1882 "By the ^ye, I met William H. Appleton in London. He told me that Lowell had been talking to him about me, and asked, 'Why, who in the world buys such a book as that ?' " *Well,' said Appleton, 'one man who buys it is a friend of yours — Francis G. Shaw. He bought a thou- sand, and then he came back and bought another thou- sand." " 'Goodness !' exclaimed Lowell — or words to that effect; 'he is a dear, good friend of mine, but — ^but, he must be getting eccentric !' "I brought a letter to Lowell from John Eussell Young, but never presented it." The incident of Mr. George's arrest and the Parliamen- tary questioning relktive to it were noticed by all the news- papers in Great Britain and Ireland, all of which fell in most aptly with George's plans to "start the revolution." The press had just been noticing "The Irish Land Ques- tion" pamphlet very liberally and now at last the English printers had the sixpenny edition of "Progress and Pov- erty" ready. Twelve thousand copies were printed in the first edition, and two thousand were distributed free. Within a few days there was, perhaps, reason for his joy- ous words to Shaw, "I feel as though we are really begin- ning to 'move the world,' " for the London "Times" set an example to the British newspapers and periodicals by seriously reviewing "Progress and Poverty" in a five-col- umn article — an example that brought reviews tumbling in. Kegan Paul sold all the copies of the book he had on hand by the afternoon of the day on which the "Times" article appeared. John Eussell Young, then United ^'.^tes Minister to China, sent George congratulations from Pekin, saying that the fact of such a lengthy review, was, regardless of its spirit, the "blue ribbon of critical appro- bation," and that it ranked George "at onco among the Age, 43] LONDON "TIMES" REVIEWS 397 thinkers of the age," whose words were "worth heeding in England No one more fully appreciated the signifi- cance of the article than the author himself, and he wrote to his tfan Franci'ico friend, Dr. Taylor (September 16) • 'lliTcJr *^' "^'^''' '''''''■ ^^' ^''^ ^hi^'h the Alta California' said never would be heard of is at last It IS now safe to say, famous. The cheap edition is going off well. One house in Melbourne took 1,300 copies and fhln f"" ^''^'^^'' ^° ^'' Young, he wrote shortly after returmng to New York (January 17, 1883) : Th7Time'J''L!f *!5'7iT'' ^""^^'^ «^^ ^^^7 °i^^«h. ine 1 mes had alluded to me previously in several editorials, saying that I could no longer be ignored and a good many other things not too flfttering^ I saw °n a moment that the review was from a friendly hind If you noticed it, you must have seen that it was wSt tfo^nTo th?f f\' ^'' '^' P^^P°«^ °f directing aWen- tion to the book, slurring over those things that would be disagreeable to the British people and dwel iZ on those things that would attract them. The 'Atheneum^ alluding to It, said it was by Fraser Rae. I went to talk. He had got the book originally from you He was very anxious for me to dine with him and meet a professor of political economy at one of Z Scotch uni versities who desired to mit me; but I was leaWng London for Ireland and could not do so.» ^ Then, too, .ame encouragement from another quarter Ear y m 1888 the Land x>^ationalisation Society had been started m London. The eminent Alfred Russell Wallace was at Its head and his recent book, "Land Nationalisa- tion, ostensibly embodied its aim. It contained in its membership those who like Wallace desired to take posses- sion of the land by purchase and then have the State exact an annual quit-rent from whoever held it; those who had 398 LIFE OP HENRT GEOBGE [1882 the socialistic idea of having the State take possession of , the land with or without compensation and then manage it • and those who with Henry George repudiated all idea either of compensation or of management and would rec- ognise common rights to land simply by having the State appropriate its annual value by taxation. Such conflict- ing elements could not long continue together, and soon those holding the George idea withdrew aiid organised on their own distinctive lines, giving the name of the Land Reform Union to their organisation. But meanwhile the Land 2^'ationalisation Society invited Mr. George to lec- ture under the auspices of a working men's audience in Memorial Hall on September 6, Professor Wallace presid- ing. This was Henry George's first public speech in Lon- don and he addressed the class he was very ph dous to reach. For as he said in April in writing to Mr. Shaw *I have little hope of the literary class here— never at all of the men who have made their reputations. It is the masses whom we must try to educate, and they are hard to get at through ordinary channels." This working men's lecture was followed by a meeting on the afternoon of the 19th that gave him real satisfac- tion— a meeting of Church of England clergymen. The proceedings had much the nature of a conference Mr George making a few preliminary remarks explanatory of his principles and then answering questions. He wrote to Mr. Shaw (September 21) : "The meeting of clergymen was most remarkable. It occupied three hours. The ball has surely commenced to roll." That evening he was hon- oured with a two shilling working men's banquet, and then he bade adieu to his Englisli friends and started for Dub- lin and home. On the eve of his departure from Dublin, Mr. George was entertained at a banquet by T. D. Sullivan, M. P., ^noj BAILS FOB BOME 390 Dwyer Gray owner of the "Freeman's Journal," Michael Davtt, Dr. James E. Kelly, Father Behan, Dr. J^* Kenny, and other well-known eiti^ene; and th;n, the St on oILT ' I .'?"^ P'"^^*^'' *° "^ueensto™ and shr(rept™;:t^).""^"" "'• ^^-^^ -*» *» «- ^m/^l^er "^"""^ -ithontVon llSVh^^J bnt'°T"t5„^'i? '"""'' "* "^-T earnest for me to stay Jut I know the movement will en ahead wStk™,*^' •^^Tsr^verVT^Sefr^Si^^f-' »' Age, 43-44 CHAPTER V. KINDLING THE FIRE AT HOME. 1882-1883. Age, 43-44. A YEAR before Henry George had sailed away from ^ New York scarcely notice^. Now he returned to iind himselt, as he said, "pretty near famous"; the news- papers heralding him, the labor unions crowding spacious Cooper Union for a formal welcome, and men notable at bench and bar, in politics, the ministry and commercial pursui s banqueting him at Delmonico's. Hon. Algernon «. Sullivan was toastmaster at the banquet, with Justice Arnoux, Justice Van Brunt, Henry Ward Beecher, Thomas ^- {shearman, Andrew McLean, and Francis B. Thurber among the speakers. Mr. George alarmed his immediate friends by mistaking the hour and arriving late and amused others by having forgotten to get his shoes pol- isned But the occasion passed with fine effect, the feeling, for he believed this to be but another indication that the world was awakening to the truth. That differ- ent feelings were also awakening elsewhere was manifest from the fact that amid the generally favourable notices Of the press was one observing that a number of the per- sons present representing special privileges probably had 400 no not] honoure without If Mr. once, he drawn, monico't rayed a^ to those plimonta But n banquete gave evi( of a 8tr( George i( of rising Ireland ( oured, ev Taylor at sleep and Charles the time Congress ; the counti primarily a radical that he ta! replied (0 outside of nominatior the 'Irish as fully a though I V, One of t A««.«-"]; iHONOURED AT HOME ^qI no notion of the ideas promulgated oy the man th..v honoured s.nce they acted like ait of fat h ep X td without reahsmg their danger invited a wolf into tt fold If Mr George did not feel the force of this remark at' once, he did when, three years later line« of nf' ! drawn, and many of tlise J^Lt^t^ t'^ bT monicos took front rank among the "Society S™' uuvui mm. ihose gentlemen gave me a eon, plimentary dinner once." But no matter to what changed feelings somp of fi, Congre.; that t"4 he fovdd ^^"Th \ . T'"""" '" the country and make hUMn^c 'Let f™'^ >'"" -plied (Octobe; 89 '"I ttok I^n t """f"' '^"«'' outsidp nf Pot, ^^^ ^^ ^"1*6 as useful the ;iriah WCd' peo^e atj rn^trSlT.L" One of the first things that Mr. George did after get- m 402 LIFE OF HENBY GEORGE [1882-1883 JNew lork, of IriBh parentage. At an early age he be came a prot. , f A,,hbishop Hughes, who'sent ht to the College of the Propaganda .t Eome to study for the pnesthood He was distinguished as a student and wa and at thirty, the successor to Rev. Dr. Cummings of St btephen's Church, New York. Dr. Cummings wfs a man of extensive learning and very liberal views. As such he had large influence in the community, an influence which tended. Dr. McGlynn was two years Henry George's senior, and when they met was in his forty-Lh X A copy^of "Progress and Poverty" had been given to'wm t)y A. J. steers, the young man in D. Appleton & Co's employ who had helped persuade that ho'u'se to get ou a dollar edition of the book in 1880 On nieeting Dr. McGlynn, Henry George found a large graces and remarkable conversational gifts; and with hose qualities of heart and mind that made h/m the loved and venerated priest, confessor, adviser, leader-the ft BrVr^' '^l ^''' '^ ' ^'''' ^^^ York City parish Dr. McGlynn subsequently speaking of this meeting^said Already cap ured by 'Progress and Poverty,' I wt now captured by its author. I found united w th hTloX intellect and virile character, the simplicity and sweet! ness of a chUd-in fact, that 'something feminine' 7hl each other That meeting began the intimate friendshin between "the Priest and the Prophet " ^'^endship There were many calls for lectures and some for arti- cles frc his plai Shaw, J To Mrs hastily from M very sici as I cou sorrow i and dee] see him partings Beauti by Sydne printed i dedicatioi his lastin, sentimenti "There w among th some respt he sent ix and this t\ a strength. Mr. Geo Haute anc When he , (January ] "I hav This puts intended : before thi "What mouth; ai ^«*1 MATH OP MB. SHAW ^, cles from Mr. Oeoree's wn .„;i i, his plans when deatt !tS ,^! t-"? '" "«' ""'''«' »' Sha., after seventy.t;^ '?," 'f, "™"' ^"-i» «• To Mrs. George, who wasT pl, f I"™'' '° ""^ ""'J- hastily wrote (VoveXrsV "I !\t '''''''• ■>" '"u.b.nd from Mrs. Lowell savinl tL I ^l ^° """'"K " '<="" very siek and eouir„'oTut°' fw ! t'/th """' "«' as I could and found ho I,„i , 7™' """ 'here as soon -"ow for his sake but ItJ>t T ™*^'"- ^ '"'™ »» and deeply regret that TH-^ *" '"'' "' '•"■* " «end see him Vgain' ^V:' "hi f g™ LSl 1" "P-'^'t^ '» pa^ng. seem to us-partingsCr"; "^ ""^ °" '-' printed fi privatt 'e^elL^™^ "0''""' ""''f ""•' dedication of a new book l„ J • xu ""^^^ ^^^^ ^^e his lasting triburbutt 1 ;^ ^'""' ^^' ^''^^^ ^^ sentiment! to he Vul "r^'^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ -P-sed his "There was between T. =' It ^^""'^^ (^^'ovember 15) : among the an^ T wl 7^*^^/^^ 'T' '''' some respects at least, his proxv ht ^ ^'^' ^" he sent into the stru^l Zl' t T''^^"' °^""' ^^^^^^ and this thought wiSavs h!T '"'' "^^^^^ ^^"-^^^' a strength.^ '^' ^^ *° °^^ a satisfaction and Mr. George made a lecturing trip to St t • m Haute and Wheeling snenlrin. ^ 1 ^'''''^' ^^^^ When he got back t Tw ^k'hf Y ^^"*^^- (January n) : ^"^^ ^^ ^^ote to Taylor Tf'ptLTtte' la:^^^^ ^ «^- ^eft me. intended it-to give me Zrpfn V"" ^^' ^^^ ^ ^°«^ he before that is gone I sLlTi?o *^V°^^^ ^riting-and "What a curious life m nellS^, ^''' ^f " "^der me mouth; and yet always at?! ifZ^!*!!^"^^ ^'^^ hand to .. _^. ..^..iXio tu open. I A* •I » ft-. 404 LIFE or HENBY GEORGE and an?w??^rorterLeV wJ^h^''^^^^^^^ ^-^ ^"^«*i"° farmers. And by that >7m?H r'P'''?i^''^^ *° *^« Poverty'willLvetofanlTi n?''P ^/^^^««« «"^ in^' lecture engagements ^ '^'^^ ^"'^ ™^^^ ««™^ P«>- •si^review of^?^''" ^'^'7' ^'' J"""^^/- I^ is the -St rcMew of 'Progress and Poverty' yet.'^^ best „rt!!t 'J"'^?-'','' """"■ "' ""> "•''ort'' American Eevicw"' tive o/pureharr i„tL"i L r^To t ; iflrr lormed one of the planks of his platform. oy ine way. The English cheap edition of "Procuress at,^ Poverty was doing so well that the author w 1 on « cheap American edition. He thought nf !• ^upHoate «t of the English pLS^hlrnK *: put the book m the hands of Tnhn \v t ,i were paper covered, compact, attractive volumes «Pro7 ^Signed article by George Sarson, M.T Af(«), 48-44] royalty, but this gave aw discount purposes him, con "The Library, apply to Ireland ( QuestioUj The L had since to pieces. editions o in the Oi tion had ten Phila( close of tJ by 1883 ii over the i ciples, the a clear cei special pri "The: is the he ject to I be the oj land sho eive of ir the comr While th tion of pri A/r«. 48-44) CHEAP EDITION OF BOOKS 405 royalty, tl.e same as from Appleton for the better odition- 1 e aw " "* "°"""'^' '' '^^y ''^''''' ^- the auth'; gave away so many copies and made such lar^^e persona |liHoounts to those who bought quantities fo 1" purpose, that the Lovell edition br^r.ht small r^tnTo him, considering the -reat Kile. "The Irish Land Question" , ls.> was , ut in Lovell's l^.brary, and at ten cents a cop> In or' er o n ake i Ireland exclusively, the title was modified to "The Land Question " which the book has since carried. ihe Land League organisation in the United States P^r ^ZT ''''-r' '-''-' '-''' .-rally' t 10 pieces What remained was used to push the chean n ' r 0^2 ?ft" ,^^^\ ^ '- ^-*- « - ioZ on Ld / ^^"'^^^^' of .i^our. This organisa- ten Philadelphia garment cutters in 1869 Not unH ih by 1883 It had local assemblies or branch organisations all cTIs 1 ""T^'- ''' ™ ^^^^-^ cloclar a'tion o^r;^^^^^^ cipes, though m some respects vague and confused had a clear central purpose-that of equal rights frjl and special privileges to none. Its "fifth demand' ran! is Z"ii"of diTb'" \ "'^'^^^^ «°^^^«« «f wealth, ' ject to specltfve rll^'^ '^^ '^""''^'^ ''^^ ''« sub-' 406 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1682-1883 it as a practical idea, and it had teen allowed to lie domant. But disouesion of the Irish land question had «th other things, drawn attention to the land qaestln at home; and T. V. Powderiy, Grand Master Workman made a personal declaration on tte question and helped Mr George, who had joined the order, to get "Progress and Povert/ and "The Land Question" L thllZl assembhcs. G^rge set high value on this and\^„T Ihomas F. Walker of Birmingham, England (April 21) : !. 'u 'r^f^J°^ " ""'y significant clipping. Powdcrlv' teur' U„ to f,™* »T"'^""»" °' the^Ivfighte S nour. Up to tins he (as most of the loaders of Uh„„^ Srtant effT T? • ^'' ''^^"^^ ^^^ ^^^^ « very im- the ffen^^^^^^^ H T'^^'y^' ^^^y one indication of «|w on ^^^,°g^,that IS going on. n, f ^.^^^^^-cent edition of Trogress and Poverty' ffot out m February and is working powerfully We fre gaming rapidly in every direction/ It will not be W now before the movement will show in politics." ^ Mr. George and his little bunch of immediate friends the Free Soil Society. Besides being fairly descriptive of their purpose-to free the soil from speculation-the name had historical associations, having been used by an aggressive anti-slavery party before the civil war The new organisation was federal in its plan, starting from returned to his .aw practice, was president; Rev. R. Heber Newton, treasurer; and Charles F. Adams, a young la^ of brilliant p. ts, secretary; with John P. Cranfor7 a prosperous city contractor in Brooklyn; T. L. McCready, A. J. Steers, who hau given "Progress and Pover» «*ed Meraatchv ofT ^ ^ ^'^ '""^ '"'^»"™- ^o James .^11^ A I ^'«=«'"«'»t<' Bee," who in some alarm admonished him ™t to attempt too much, he wrote (March 28) . Don t be afraid that I shaH get out of my depth I am well conscious of the limits of human effort of which you speak, and there is too much in my own line Ido Z The tUr™ r'""^ f- ""' ^'' P"P- - t-at mg the tariff question is to show workingmen that a« question is the land question, and that the/arfto a l^t extent wasting their efforts in barking up tie wrong ^" 403 IIPE OP HENBT GEOBSE When Mr. George had got well along in the writing two !i T'j . P**'""' """J ««»™raic weekly paper to he ed,ted and partly owned by George. The other was f^ a series of signed articles for "Frank U.liTv< T .J Newspaper." He wrote Taylor (fcrt h"" Sii?ii^c:SSrHSr tion to the earnmirs of mv stort ti,^, I j . ^^" on the 15th of Ma ' AfJL ! ^ ^^7 '^*''*^^ *« s^a^t I refused T fi;f;!{ t 1 ^f ^"''^ ^^^^^ ^^ consideration abo^r^epteib ^or^^ Kl' ^^^^ *^^^^'^' combination thpf ,u,ii ' °^"^^'^ ^ ^^^ make a the b^^Id'tttS'^uXn ?rgS;d ''''' ""' -™ wri£;a*t5'rs:fVStr:e:i?srsi '° "My free-trade matter I think of fiPll,-n,r +^ g.per .n the sanae n,an„er beforfhrfngt^lf „*:ttnT:t "F™„^ r". f"^" ™'' ^ ">^ '""« ""Ok io write the Prank M.e" aruoles. They were intended W the papers managers to be a connter-attraetion, as it wL to a senes of articles just started bv "Harper's Veekl^' 5ol! the pen of Professor William d. Sumner of the Ihaf^t P^^mcal economy at Yale. George's articles weret Lri w.th cnrrent social questions from his own stand Jnt under the title of "Problems of the Time'' Hi, .tr was as he w„,te in the prefa. to''th!rbooktm'X:! wards, "to present the momentous social problems of „"r Age,4»^] PROBLEMS OP THE TIME 409 time, unencumbered by technicalities, and without that abstract reasoning which some of the principles of po- litical economy require for thorough explanation" The fifth article dealt with "The March of Concentra- tion. It spoke of the obvious increase in size of land ^rl-Z^VT n^"^^^ '^'^^^ *^^* " "^^^^ «1^^«« ^t the United States Census reports for 1870 and 1880 showed that the general figures utterly contradicted the deduc- tions that the average size of farms was decfeasing, and that the reports were, therefore, unreliable and worthless. ThiB brought to the front xhe man who had superintended both censuses-Professor Francis A. Walker, who had held the chairs of political economy in two colleges and r V^'T T V'^^> 'r' T *'^ '''''^'''- '^ « --* letter to Irank Leslie's" he offered if the reports were not clear to Mr. George to supply «a more elemental^ tate- statement that the average size of farms was decreasing. George at once replied, Walker made a surrejoinder, and George a rebutter, all of which served to show George's keen analytical powers. The "New York Sun" in subse- quently reviewing the case said: «It is amusing because wble there is no lack of suavity and decorum of the part of Mr George, his opponent squirms and sputters as one Bpike of logic IS driven home through his egregious falla- cies. Kor was the matter cleared up until the Census Bureau explamed-what at the time of the controversy bad not reahsed-that the tables for 1870 were based on proved area and those of 1880 on total area thus mal- mg Walker's comparison of the two censuses impossible ^^^iP!^?!!^_GeorgeWm^^ ™P"'*"''"' issued 1883, p. xiv. ' 410 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1882-1883 In the summer Mr. George put the "Leslie" articles together with the view to publication in book form. He made each article a chapter, and added eight more and a conclusion. He named the book "Social Problems" and dedicated it to the memory of Francis G. Shaw, with the quotation from Revelation: "Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do fol- low them." With the book he printed as appendices, Mr. Shaw's little tract, "A Piece of Land"; a letter on "The Condition of English Agricultural Labourers," by William Saunders of London; and the Walker Census controversy. The book was put into the hands of Belford, Clarke & Co., publishers, of Xew York and Chicago, but was not brought out until January. In April, 1883, a proposal had come before the ]Sew York Legislature for the establishment of a State Bureau of Labour Statistics. Before the bill was passed— before he had decided whether or not he wanted it— Mr. George's name was urged by a number of labour unions for the place of Commissioner. But when the bill creating the Bureau was passed. Governor Cleveland appointed a polit ical supporter. At the end of July Mr. George wrote to Mrs. Lowell in connection with some other matters : "I have met with a loss that bites out a big piece of my work and quite disarranges my calculations as to what I should accom- plish. All the manuscript that I have been making for a book to be published this fall has gone— where I cannot tell, but I presume into an ash barrel." It was the free trade book, and was equal to about a hundred priatrd pages. The family had been boarding on Fourteenth Street, near Seventh Avenue. Thence they moved to a furnished house on Hancock Street, Brooklyn. The manu- script was lost in the Fourteenth Street house, Mr. George Age,43-M] LOSS OF MANUSCBIPT 411 ultimately settling down to the conclusion that he had inadvertently included it in a lot of waste pape.o that he told a servant to carry off and destroy. This was a loss m several senses. Taylor early in August became his confidant. _ "For past two weeks I have been staying home push- ing doggedly at work. 1 find there is considerable I want to add to 'Social Problems/ though for my own exigencies I should hurry it into print. And I have found It hard to make headway. Writing well on exact subjects IS of all work the hardest. Yet I should be de- lighted .f I could see my way clear to keeping at it. How blessed are they for whom the pot boils of itself! 1 have now just $25 in the world, about half a week's living with economy; no, not that. However, this is no new experience to me. "That MS. is a very serious loss even in the financial aspect. "I shall get out this book, and I have several other things in mmd. ^y,w ^^¥^uf *.^ T ^^ ^^"^^°^ S^i^ton is to take Smiths 'Wealth of Nations,' cut out the parts not necessary to a clear understanding of Smith's economy (giving a synopsis of such parts), annotate it, and pub- lish at a popular price. I have nearly finished a reading --really the first thorough one I ever gave the book-- with this view, and think I could make an exceedinglv useful volume, rendering Smith much more intelli- gible to the general reader, and pointing where he goes astray and all his successors have followed hiAi "What do you think of it? Write me how'it strikes you. I would give $20 of my available assets for a good Saturday afternoon talk with you." As the latter part of this letter shows, there was no Bitting down for repining. And the idea he threw out for an annotated "Wealth of N^ations," was later on taken 413 LIFE OP HaSRY GEORGE [1882-iR^ nmn- -at least a thoughtful mi;n— who dofjs noi k-e- moving. Pleasure is in action— sma the highoat pleasure in action directed to large and "^( n- erous social objects. ... "How it is all passing 1 I have been lying under the trees th.Kking of that, and of the infinite mystery witli which we are surrounded. What fools are these posi- tivists. Our positive knowledge ! More and more cer- tain it seems to me that this life must be only a stage, a passage. You are right, conduct is the one thing " The problem of individual life— it was the constant problem with Mr. George in the seasons of quietness. Yet the abstraction of the philosopher did not in his case work the result so often shown in history— make the man on the domestic side less attentive and tender, as wit- ness the note written by the husband on the night of October 13 for the wife to find on waking next morning: "It is twenty-three years ago to-night since we fi ^t met— I only a month or two older than Harry, and ■ • not much older than our Jen. For twenty-three year?" wo have been closer to ea,l other than to any one Cx e ^-* the world, and I think ^ teem each other more ' i : .ve each other better than wnen we first began to lovc. You are now *fat, fair and forty,' and to me the j^vjtnre Age, 43-44] A LITTLE LOVE LETTER 413 woman is handsomer and more lovable than the slip of a girl whom twenty-three years ago I met without know- ing that my life was to be bound up with hers. We are not rich-so poor just now, in fact, that all I can give you on this anniversary is a little love letter: but there ZZIT Tr"" "^"^i*" ^^^y' «°^ i^ «^«h other's love we have what no wealth could compensate for. And so et us go on, true and loving, trusting in Him to carry us further who has brought us so far with so little to regret i or twenty-three years you have been mhie and I have been yours, and though twenty-three-^ years your husband, I am more than ever your lover/' Just as philosophical meditations did not draw him into forgetfulness of the tender relations of his partner- ship, neither did his widening fame spoil, or in the least change him. The same directness and simplicity that had characterised the obscure San Francisco editor now distinguished the man whose book was being read in manv lands. Take a letter that he wrote to his English friend Thomas F. Walker of Birmingham regarding the British Cabinet Minister, Joseph Chamberlain. Walker wrote of a report that Chamberlain "with one keen question had once 'floored' the author of 'Progress and Poverty'" Walker afterwards found that the report was mere gossip but at the time George wrote to him (March 27) ; "As for Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, I had the pleasure of meeting him once, dining at the Reform Club on in- Brtr Tf m'- r^''^ ^^*^ ^'''''- Chamberlain and Bright. If Mr. Chamberlain floored me with one keen question, I was certainly ignorant of the fact, and I think he is ignorant of it, too. Mr. Bright left after we got through the dinner, about ten, and then we three adjourned to the smoking room and continued the con- versation until midnight. This conversation, which was very interesting to me, was not in the nature nf a i\i<.. 414 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1882-1888 cussion, and I do not think my views upon the land ques- tion were even once alluded to, either by me or any one «^« M n? ^**empt m any way to impress my ideas upon Mr. Chamberlain. I was too much interested in thf 'n?r* ""^"Z ?j^^/^ " °^^^ ^« ^«« ^°d what were i^L ?; °' ""^1 *^^ ^^'^^^^^^ ^"g^i^h Radical leader upon the general course of English politics. We talked mainly of the Irish question, the relation of the Par- nelhtes and the Liberals (this was just before the Kil- ^^'^if "^ ^IJih f ?^. ^^- Chamberlain intimated that something of that kind was coming) and the democratic feeling m England. Mr. Chamberlain said a great many things which interested me very much. He eave me the English Radical views of the mistakes of the Irish Parliamentarians, and he made a number of very keen observations upon the feeling of the English peo- pie, saying among other things that the great lower class had no ill feeling towards the aristocracy, and looked on the display of wealth with admiration rather than envy lie impressed me as a very able man, who had carried into politics keen business sense and power of combina- tion; but nothing of the reformer. My judgment of mm was that he was an ambitious man who would go as far towards democracy as was popular, but no farther: and that if he did not get his locks shorn by the fasci- nahons of aristocratic society, might play an important part in English politics in the years to come. I do not think we talked about principles of any kind— as to whether anything was right or wrong. All our talk was of pontics the feelings of the people, what might be and what might not be. . "^^ for being floored with keen questions, I am per- fectly willing, if I ever go to England again, to go into the largest hall that can be filled and to allow any one to put to me what questions he pleases. I was firmly convinced of the truth of the views ad- vanced m 'Progress and Poverty* when I wrote it. I came to them slowly and carefully, and had tried them by every test that I could apply. But I am all the more convinced since I have seen how utterly impossible it Aae, 43-M) INVITED TO ENGLAND 416 Tw! • . ^'''•''7 ''''^ *^ controvert or shake them rt ^ "i?* ^ f ^^i^ °^^ ^^ «" tl^e criticisms of -i"^ "Yesterday was the anniv pr Time goorquickTv with" oi7n / 't '"-^ ^'^'thd^.y. Cd,fora,a and that vou would try yoJTortunc tC havl'^l^d^^^^'- »"'' »°^ "■" ''™'' h"^ been aTl could wifo^«"„'!l "!??/''*? J 7™"'' '""^ '««™ from vour dear wife and childTen I broke down. The old naienW P, w gave way and burst." parental licart son. Withm a iow days he was prostrated with pneu- moma and on the mh died. He was eonseious untul most the last and contemplated approaohinK dissolution mth a serene mind. He had ali of his children at h"« beds.de and ho blessed each by turn, w th their n.ariat partners and children. He .,„d, he . a, been CS above the average. Th, icrip.ures set u.a^'s allottedTys ?„ i'T.T? ""^ '™' ■"' " '«=™ x'"'™ four scor lie had had for th.. most ,,., i a peacefu' happy li'„ ami Tow T t" "f "^ ^^»y '--'^ '>"•<•-- Ho ™ now ready, he said, to be gathered to hie fathers And 0™2 p' r* °* "'" P"''"' ''■"'"'«' Samuel Henry George. His w.fe, weakened by gn. w, seized with i. flammafon cf the stom^.h, and „ thi, lied one w,^k hu. ,n Mt. Maria Cemetery, Philadelphia. far^^th ^1i *''"' ""''' *""' Ho"y, was getting, so far as they could see from the quiet Philadelphia hom^ as much blame as praise from the world. 4XgrlTnd •n Ane,«-*1J DJ2ATH OF PABBNTS 417 IZTJ^ 17 '°°,'*'°^ *•«"»• Tho father ro.d It, ana pnde of his son's va ant couraire and hl.i, ™ pose filled hi. heart. He sa» at on™ L U tlCi sons book. And to the mother, th, son had been s H ho ch,Id, to be encouraged and gnided i„ the !„,„'" I am too old to read the book," she eaid when it eZ^ and though a ealm smile overspread her face at ti e old V : ''ntd^:rT.'" ."=' --' " »•- -etertoTe tvo. nmd 10 have h,m join the morning prayers when ' . f^' rb" "'r: 't '"^ '^"'^"■-^ »" ^™ L .K f!"* "" '""""y '" "" St. Paul's and listen „, the jv .hing of the Blessed Word. Their death, ere as beautiful as their lives " Henrv prto"s;^„n^riittr::tTh-ntT errdirni?r::o^r,rf ■-;.." Vi- B^adwa, With hisni"^ XT ^T^T^Z mc roadwaj and spoke as if musing, his eves tnm^ „„ ward, as though intently regarding t, eTuildi" , Z i^, itVetfdii ^-7:t ^'^ 'v'^ on. ■ I no longer depends upo, o," In U^ f ^'' « 'Henry George. mo^ement^I on Jan mofomen": 'TI the movement of many men in many lands i 1 [l,p rH 418 LIFE OF HENKY QEOBQZ (UK-IWU it while I live; but my death could not stop it. The Great Hevolution has begun." But if he felt this way, his friends in the cause felt that there was need of his fiery zeal everywhere. So that in answer to the increasing calls from England he set saU four days b fore Christinas with his son, Harry, on the City of Richmond of the Inman Line. As when a boy on his first voyage before the mast, he entered in his pocket diury, "Eabt wind and smooth sea." T was This of tl been gage< into storn learn Gene] had { wards Econt nold • brillia West CHAPTER VI. BRITISH LECTURE CAMPAIGN. 1884. Age, 46. rriHE s^nes into which Mr. George was hurryinir ex h«d grappled ^^^^1! wt t-^r'''"^ "' Cambridge, brillia^'^pt ; wt i/?"^ w °' '•'«'' '■"'"^ ""-l Wert End London aud iences essayed fo answer the C° Si-Alfred Mttner. "^ ^ °"">' ''""' Vl" ol<»i. frfend, 419 420 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1884 So wide had becpme the interest in it, that timid Privi- lege grew alarmed and the landlord "Liberty and Property Defense League," through Lord Bramwell, one of its council, made a furious attack; while the "Edinburgh Re- view" linked Herbert Spencer's "Social Statics" with "Progress and Poverty" in a common condem;iation, and brought from the English philosopher his first indirect denial of the truth he had proclaimed in the unequivocal words that "the right of mankind at large to the earth's surface is still valid; all deeds, customs and laws not- withstanding."^ And well might the special interests take alarm. Not only had no work qn political economy excited such gen- eral attention, but no book of the kind had ever struck 80 boldly at the mother of vested rights— private property m land. "Abolition, without compensation," was the cry. A fleeting curiosity in an audacious and brilliantly writ- ten work might perhaps account for its circulation among the educated classes; out how explain its popularity among the labouring masses who could rarely afford to buy or find time or inclination to read a book of any kind? Yet cer- tain it was that literature could furnish no precedent for the way this book was going the rounds of working men's unions, clubs and societies; and indications were not wanting that its sentiments with time must crystal- lise political and social discontent among the file leaders of tk all-pervading army of the poor and rouse a demand not to bo satisfied with the trifling reforms that hitherto had been conferred with much show and condescension. J^^' ^okss^a personage than the Prime Minister, Mr. J "Social statics." ^k 134. Spencer made his denial in a letter to" a London Tory newspaper, "St. James'. Gazette." Referring to this Spencer letter. George at the time wrote Taylor: "Spencer is going the way of Lomte — going insane from vanity. " Age, 45] GEOEGB ON ALL TONGUES 421 Gladstone, had pronounced as "in form and substance the best answer to George," an address delivered by the Gov- ernment Statistician, Robert Giffen, who proved by fig- ures the "progress of the working classes in the last cen- tury." But on the other hand, those missionaries among the miserably poor, the Congregational Union, gave voice to 'the bitter cry of outcast London" in a pamphlet that showed with startling vividness that a vast part of the population lived in homes "compared with which the lair of a wild beast would be a comfortable and healthy spot"- while the "Pall Mall Gazette," helped by the Salvation Army, soon afterwards revealed indubitably the existence of a horrible traffic in young girls. Even so-called Radi- cal leaders could see what might come. "If something is not done quickly to meet the growing necessities of the case, critd tne Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, "we may live to see theories as wild and methods as unjust as those fiuggestea by the American economist adopted as the creed ot no inconsiderable portion of the electorate."^ Cham- berlain, like a shrewd politician, had his ear to the grourd ^ or did he overlook the subsequent fact that a typical Lnghsh audience crowded into St. James's Hal) in West End London, late in December to hear the Irish patriot, Michael Davitt, lecture on "The Land for the People" under the auspices of the Land Reform tlnion. As Mr. Chamberlain said: social reform was in the air It was on the last day of December (1883) that Henry George arrived in Liverpool. He was met by Davitt anil Richard McGhee, of Glasgow. Davitt was now without let or hindrance preaching the doctrine of land nation- alisation and paying no more attention to the Parnellites V'LaWs'and Att.WDwemng«/^ „o„. Joseph ChatnborMn. Fortnightly Review," December, 1883. 422 LIFE OF HENBT OEOBGE (ite4 (who for the time were in eclipse) than to those physical- force men, who were trying dynamite explosions in Eng- land as a means of compelling public recognition of Irish claims. After stopping off over night at Birmingham to consult with Thomas F. Walker, who had been distribut- ing "Progress and Poverty" extensively among the mem- bers of the Liberal Association, the political sponsors for Joseph Chamberlain and John Bright, Mr. George went up to London; which however he left again, to make a formal entry on KSunday afternoon, January 6, when he was received just outside Euston Station "by a con- course of labour organisations; and from the top of a four-wheel cab he made & short speech, thanking them for their welcome and explaining the purpose of his coming. The conspicuous movers in the Land Reform Union were William Saunders, Miss Helen Taylor, Thomas F. Walker, Rev. S. D. Headlam, James Durant, Rev. Phillip A. Wicksteed, Richard McGhee, Thomas Briggs, Dr. Gavin B. Clark, H. H. Champion, R. P. B. Frost, J. L. Joynes, Rev. J. E. Symes and William Reeve, the publisher. These and others made up a fund to meet the expenses of the George campaign, for, unlike the custom of pay- lectures in the United States, most lectures in Great Brit- ain are delivered practically free, only a few front seats being charged for and reserved. Arrangement had been made for George to lecture in most of the important cities and towns of Great Britain, the campaign to be opened in St. James's Hall, London, on January 9. But before he opened the course, Mr. George had to settle two important questions. The first affected his at- titude towards socialism. Mr. Champion, the treasurer, and Mr. Frost, the secretary of the Land Reform Union, were in reality not wholly in harmony with the individ- ualism of "Progress and Poverty," but believed rather in Age, 45] BRUSH WITH SOCIALISTS 423 the collectivism of Karl Marx, who had a few months before died in London after a long residence there. These two men, with one or two others, waited on Mr. George and plainly said that if he did not make the socialistic programme part of his own and call for nationalisation of capital, including all machinery, the socialists would be compelled to oppose his campaign. Mr. George replied with some sharpness that he had come across the sea on invitation of the Land Reform Union to lecture on the principles with which his name was identified and no others; that his principles were clearly explained in his books; and that the socialists could support or oppose, as they pleased. As a matter of fact Champion and Frost made no further objection and quietly acquiesced in George's plans, but men like Hyndman at the head of the socialistic movement per se made covert opposition. The other question for settlement was as to "confisca- tion."i This was the most common objection to the George proposal, and even some of the members of the Land Re- form Union urged him to be as mild as possible and to say nothing against compensation to landlords, for, said they, the English nation will never consent to take prop- erty from the landlords without paying for it. His an- swer to them was short and clear. The land of right be- longed to all the people, or it belonged to those who * August Le-,vi8 on this point says : " In a conversation with Mr. George oae day, I said : 'Thomas G. Shearman thinks that it was a grave error and a great detriment to the progress of the movement that the word "confiscation" should ever have been used. You should have called it instead the gradual absorption of rent What is your opinion aboat that ? Would you avoid the term "confiscation" were you to write "Progrej^s and Poverty - to-day ?' His face assumed a sort of a troubled and dis- pleased expression, and he said : 'I don't know what I should do to-day ; but when I wrote the Iwok, I was not in the humour to have much con- sideration for anybotiy's feelings.' " 424 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGB [18M called themsolvGs landlords. If it belonged to the land, lords, they might do what they pleased with their own; and no one could have basis for complaint. If it be- longed to all the people, then it should be restored at once; nor could they in justice be called upon to pay one penny for getting back what was of right theirs. To give com- pensation, would be to concede the landlords' right of title. He himself did not want confiscation — he wanted to stop confiscation— to stop those who called themselves landlords from taking rent, which did not belong to them, an 1 to give it to the community to which it did belong, which he proposed to do by means of taxation. However, he said he would tell his audience that they could com- pensate if they pleased, but that he did not think it would be just to do so. Thus Mr. George had to contend with two seta of his own supporters before he met the common enemy. But he hesitated no more with the one than with the other. A3 showing the habits and temperament of the man, it may be interesting to note the way he prepared himself for what he believed was to be the most important address in the tour— the lecture in St. James's Hall. Most of the day before he kept to his lodgings near Russell Square thinking out the line of his discourse, which was to bo on the subject of "Progress and Poverty." Slowly and with labour he dictated to his son. In the afternoon he sent for another stenographer and worked late into the evening alternately with the two writers. In this way lie used his son up and sent him off to bed, continuing with the other shorthand writer. Early next morning when the son waked he found that his father had been up and at work betimes. The father announced, somewhat to the young man's dismay, that he had cast aside all the work of the day before and that since rising he had conimenced Agt,45] ST. JAMES'S HALL SPEECH 49B on a new, and the true, line. Proceeding along this now line, Mr. George dictated to hig Bon and the other sten- ographer who was again called in, all that day, except when interrupted by members of the committee. He wa« in fact busy almost up to tlie moment when the committee called to conduct him to the hall. Then there was a scram- ble to get papers together, to dress and get off. And the upshot of it all was that the notes were not used, for only in main points and general sequence of ideas was tliat which was delivered like that which had been dictated with 80 much labour. The great hall was packed; every seat and every foot of available standing room was filled. The platform even was crowded, mostly with members of the Union, and Michael Davitt conspicuous. All classes and vocations were represented there-^nobles and commoners, men noted in politics, literature, the ministry and the professions, or leading in the world of manual labour. Ill health prevented John Buskin from presiding or even attending, but Henry Labouchere, M.P., editor of "Truth," filled the chair with capital effect. He said that the country had in the last two centuries four Georgeg who had meddled with and muddled public affairs. Xow came George the Fifth who did not wear a crown, but who came with keen intelli- gence and a generous impulse— a man whose sympathies were with the poor and lowly, instead of with the high and mighty. Just before rising ]»lr. George whispered to his friend, Thomas F. Walker: 'If I (.peak too long, pull my coat- tail. I have the habi(»i of k writer, rather than those of a speaker. When I gti tiimking, i. iaas come with a rush ; BO that when I am on my feet I lose the sense of time." But Mr, Walker forgot the suggestion in the charm of the finiehed address. The pre-eminent qualities of the lee- ( , L 426 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1884 ture were sincerity and confidence. As in California he had spid to the edrly California reviewer that "when a man has so thought out and tested his opinions that they have in his mind the highest certainty, it would be but aflfeetation for him to assume doubts he does not feel '* so now, as he stood up before the great and distinguished audience in the capital of the world, he had that dead cer- tranty of air, which, accompanied by a direct, sympa- thetic manner, a flow of clear language, a logical order, quick response and complete command of the subject, cap- tivated his listeners, and caused the arch Tory newspaper. The Standard," next morning to say sarcastically: "He 18 perfectly simple and straightforward; a man with a mission; born to set right in a single generation the errors of SiX thousand years." The climax of the lecture was reached when Mr. George said that charity could not lift the poor of London from the misery and squalor of the slums— that resort must be made to justice. Cheers interrupted, and a voice cried- 'Who brought them into the world?" "God Almighty in n.y opinion," cried the lecturer, electrifying his audi- ence; "and whom God Almighty brings into the world who shall dare to put out?" Justice, he went on to say, compelled the returning of the land to the people without cost— but if doing this should work a hardship upon some— the helpless widow, for instance— whose case was constantly being brought forward— he would favour some provision for that. Sta- tistics showed some two hundred thousand widows in Eng- land of all kinds and ages. Every widow, from the lady who sat on the throne down to the poorest labourer's widow, could receive, not as a matter of charity, but as a matter of justice, a pension of £100 a year Laughter, cheers and some hissing followed this, and the Tory papers A«e,45J A SPARK TO GUNPOWDER 437 next day denounced George for disrespect to the Queen In response to calls at the close of the lecture, Michael Davitt made a short, spirited speech, thus again publicly associating himself with Henry George. The London lecture was to the press throughout the three kingdoms like a spark to gunpowder. Mr. George wrote to his wife, «I can't begin to send you the papers m which I am discussed, attacked and commented on for I would have to send all the English, Scottish and Irish press I am getting advertised to my heart's content, and I shall have crowds wherever I go. ... I could be a social lion if I would permit it. But I won't fool with that sort of thing." The new book "Social Problems," British rights to which the author sold to Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., was now out m various editions; and this, with his former books r' *^!^\'^'^ °^ ^^«^y bookstall of any pretensions in the British Islands. He had received £400 for "Social Problems," which he sent home to pay some debts in New lork and California. .n?u^ ^It Pf ^^""^1 lectures were at Plymouth on the f u'^^ f/'^f '''' *^' ^^*^ ^^ J^^^^^y^ t«^<^hing both of which Mr. George wrote Mr. Walker of Birmingham, from Cardiff: "My lectures both at Plymouth and here were, I think, telling successes." Then relative to "con- fiscation," he said: nul\^^'^l^ ] -"^ "^'^ ^° *^^^»g the advance ground dearly and plainly No matter how moderate I had ctti^n T.'^'^^l ^^"' ^T P^^^i^^ly *he same denun- V « ^'k • 'f ^^ "?."'" °^ ^^'' '' *h^t the land-owning ttng I sar ^'"^''' "'* '"^ P^^^^^^^^ "The advance, whatever it may be, will draw the fire- and I am doing a service to more modpraf. r^Z iHA,!!' 498 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE (UM ing that fire so much ahead of the ground they occupy. w"l make them seem and feel quite moderate. As for your Radicals who have got into a flurrv don t mind that. In a very short time they will rally again. In a few months from now you wiU see many of the men who are now so fearful of confiscation openly avowing themselves 'confiscators.' ^ ^ "The Tory press are doing our work. They will do A fortnight afterwards George wrote to Walker: "The thing to do is for you to pose as a compensationist, and me as a confiscationist, just as Snap & Gobble joir. differ- ent churches. With 'you and Miss Taylor representing the conservative wing, the landlords may well ask to be preserved from their friends."* After Cardiff, Mr. George spoke in Bristol and Bir- mingham. The Birmingham "Owl" said of the latter lecture : "It was a magnificent audience that gathered to hear Henry George, and one which gave forth no uncertain sound. It was one of the most unanimous and enthu- siastic audiences I have seen in town for years When iWhUe on a^Bit to Birmingham, Mr. George, in company «ith Mr. Walker Edward McHugh, lecture agent for the Land Reform Union, and young George, went to hear Miss Helen Taylor address a big working men s meeting at Smethwick, a suburb. As they entered the hall she had reached he compensation point in her address and said in substance : Compensation ? Yes, I am in favour of compensation to the landlords. And this can be easily arranged. First let the landlords pay to the na- tion the back taxes of four shillings in the pound on the actual value of their land from the time of Charles II.- from which time they have been paying Uttle or nothing -and, moreover, let them pay to the nation in- terest and compound interest on the money thus withheld, and then out ol thu. great fiwd we can compensate the present individual cases." Mr Creorge joined heartily in the general laughter and applauded vigoroualy' Age, 45] TABOOED BY P0UTICIAN8 429 Mr. George first came forward the cheering was tre- mendous. And again, when, after a portrayal of the evils consequent on the present state of things, the lec- turer asked 'Was it not time that a missionary came from somewhere? the applause was deafening, as the crowded HenT Geor°^^^^ and accepted the missionary in Hard upon the London lecture, the official Liberals had followed suit of the Tory end Parnellite parties, and tabooed George. Evidence of this was given in each place where he spoke; but it was most marked in Liverpool, where he appeared on January 25. The Junior Reform Club, which had invited him to be its guest at dinner, withdrew the invitation; Mr. Samuel Smith, M.P., a wealthy and distinguished citizen of Liverpool, who had spent much in public benevolence, delivered a set lecture against the American; and the papers were united in condemnation. So that, although a large audience gath- ered in the Rotunda to hear the radical land reformer, the customary platform support had to be dispensed with! He wrote to Walker: "My lecture here was a victory that would have done your heart good. The set against me in Birmingham was nothing to the set against me here. Poor Jackson, on whom all arrangements devolved, seemed utterly demoralised. ... He had not ventured to send out any complimentary tickets— said no clergyman or man of note would accept one. Not a soul was to go on the stage with me save Dr. Cummins, M.P.; and I urged him not to, but he insisted that he would. Samuel > Smith's relatives and family wer^ in the audience, which was evidently largely in sympathy with him, and warmly applauded hip name when I mentioned it. But the con- sciousnesn of opposition, which always rouses me, gave me the stimulus I needed to overeomo DhvF^cal weakp.pp.s 4 430 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE (IMi for I was in bad trim from loss of sleep, and I carried the audience \rith me, step by step, till you never saw a more enthusiastic crowd. Jackson has told me since that he believed organised opposition had been planned; but that before I got to the place where they could object I had the audience, and the fuglemen left in disgust At the close I called for a vote on compensation, and there were only three hands held up against it— two of which Jackson afterwards told me were those of land speculators. A rush was made l ;r the platform as soon as I got through, and I could not get away for some time for the handshaking. Of the effects at the time there could be no doubt, and I hear of the most grati- fying effects upon those who did not go." The Liverpool "Po(?t" next day said editorially: "Mr. George's lecture in I ivrrpool last night had all the sweet and seductive beeirty which has stolen away the judgment of many a reader ot liis famous book. ... He appa- rently has convinced a large number of persons that thiev- ing is no theft, for his great audience last night pro- nounced unanimously in favour of appropriating the land of the country and giving the present owners no com- pensation." But if Mr. George was making conquests, his oppo- nents were not idle, the most conspicuous among them being Frederic Harrison, the Positivist, and John Bright. After George had spoken in Birmingham, Bright made a speech there on "the most extraordinary, the greatest, the wildest, the most remarkable" social proposition "im- ported lately by an American inventor." George read Bright's speech in Scotland, whence he wrote Walker (Dundee, February 3) : mu"^ ?^° **°°y ^°^^ disgust if you heard Mr. Bright. The old man is utteriy ignorant of what he is talking A«e. 15] BKIGHT AND HARfllSON 431 about If John Bright would mnet me on the platform ?unitf T/i^' T''r^^ ^°"^*^ ^' g^^d of thfoppo^ tunity If you think it would be a good thine to do write to him to that effect. ^ ^ ^^' *;Frederic Harrison is lecturing against Hfls delivered two lectures in Edinburgh, and I aS to-nigh at Newcastle. His is the very. nesfof opposition. If I can judge by the reports. ^ beforo'di;;^^''!^^^^'*"''.^ *^" «"^°^^^« «ti"ed up, and before the Liberals know it will have the Radical rank and hie, no matter what may become of Seirleaders I am glad It .vas Bright and not Chamberlain that came out against us-not that I care for any one's opposition but that I am glad that he has not taken a staFwhTch might injure his future usefulness." Mr George's confidence of getting the "Radical rank and file came not only from what he had seen in Eng- land, but from what he was observing in Scotland, which he had entered after lecturing in Bolton and Newcastle. If England had discontent among her slum population to make her ripe for the consideration of the land ques- tion so Scotland had her own condition, perhaps more di- rectly traceable to the land problem. Two years pre- viously the crofters in the Western Island of Skye had centred attention by resisting, for a time with force, the mclosure, by a large land-owner, of a piece of land that had been a common grazing ground from time immemo- rial I'hysical resistance was put down only when the crofters had been brutally clubbed by a body of police sent up from Glasgow for the purpose. Public opinion sided strongly with the peasants, and the incident blew mto live sparks again the seemingly dead ashes of wrath originally set into fierce glow by clearances and evictions m many parts of Scotland, some of them within com- paratively recent times. Sheep and deer of large pro- i ',■«(: m 1 I ' . ( .a5- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l» lii IK HI u 12^ 1 4.0 1.8 i 125 mil 1.4 1.6 150mm 6" — V %l:^ 0^ '■^ >1PPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc .^ar 1653 East Main Street ■sss -j, Rochester, NY 14609 USA JS=r^ Phone: 716/482-0300 ■J^S-JS: Fax: 716/288-5989 1993, Applied Image, inc., All Rights Reserved ^ ^\' '^ o ' throughout the pro«r lings. This made a ™tft and connected discourse impossible; but when th?T* toer, aMummg h.s audience for the most part to C wdl g«.unded in economic subj.cts, cut short his add"! proper to answer questions, one man after another took the floor, not to put simple interrogatories as inviWI but possibly following the University debating hwrfo ra^e a speech, often with tue harsh manner fndstt.! epithets of a special pleader. ^ Alfred Marshall, lecturer on political economy at Bal hoi College, was the first to rise He ah«^J other things, that not a single Zn^i.'^^^, TmT George's book was both new and true, since wha? wa, new was not true, and what was true ws not new He ^wouneed that he had repeai^iy challenged any onet or,:: „*"'' 5"' *!" "° °"« ^^ -me fLard' W o^er, he was of opinion that Mr. George in W, book W not understood a single author whom he had LdTrtaSel 48f I«IFK OF HSNRT OEOBGE [18fl4 . to crifeise; but he (Marehall) offered no eenmre he cause Mr. George had uot had the .p^ial tra^taH^K^ r "', "1" '"'"* »«« " 'hower of questions. The lecturer's ehief reply <,8s that ho was ,illi„^ to SI T'" """ '•°'»''>" to »• MarshaU^s t^tl tat .t co„t„m.d nothing that was both new andT™ truth; and the truth eould not be a new thing "t a ways had e.visted and it must be everlasting, h! enie^l cured to p,ek out and answer a number „f Mai,!; questions, and he really suceeeded in winning theslf rt and applause of a considerable part of the audene^TuI there we,e eheers fron. other, for the Balliol Z; fnd tumort to his supporters and announced that the w turerha., failed to meet his queries; whe.^tpont tt' But the climax of disorder was reached when Mr Conv teare, son-in-law of Professor Miiller, dem Mr' r.r »■ .. r ^^^"""^ "»» with a tone and manner that called forth mingled cries of dissent and aZ™? f om the d,v.ded audience and that excited theTe^™ himself to say-for he did not recognise the spoake^h^f .6 must withdraw the compliment he had paid e^v °„ the e,e„,ng to the University's learning and good mai IZ "^"mT"' '™™'"'^ *^ uproaf for a toe an"; Profes^r MuUer sat on the platform, an uncomta«Ue yet outwardly ealm, witness to this caustic intereha„™ ^^^t^'o^^^m^nbo^ his family and his guest, l^ejur! ^Qeonje's final views of Marshall aa a nnl,f!„.i (UN A|?e,4aj PROP. F. MAX MCLLEB 437 bulcnce was stUled when Mr. Conybearc aro%. and said that he intended no reflection upon Mr. George's charac- ter—that he intended only frankly to criticise ideas. Mr. George had met the young man before, but had lost sight of his relationship to his host. When attention was drawn to the matter after the lecture, he was pained and mortified and expresBcd to Professor MiiUer his sorrow that he had shown weakness in allowing the young man's words to chafe him. The professor on his side was much moved. He apologised for what he called a public in- sult to a guest by a member of the family; the offence being the more flagrant he said, since the one who had caused It had not read "Progress and Poverty" and could not properly judge of its doctrines. Nothing could have added to the sincere and graceful bearing of the eminent scholar in the difficult circumstances. Tho Cambridge lecture proved to be as quiet and or- derly as the Oxford lecture had been noisv and disorderly The audience was very large; and though the questions indicated that opposition to the principles enunciated was not wanting, the proceedings wore stamped with everv mark of propriety. When Mr. George got back to London he found that his managers could not again obtain St. James's Hall for him— that on one pretext or another it had been re- fused; but he spoke four times in other halls, and so closed his triumphal tour. Ho had been speaking with iiery zeal for the best part of three months; had travelled from Plymouth in the South to John o' Groat's House m the North, and from Hull in the East to the Hebrides in the West. On the 5th of April he was given a fare- well banquet at the Criterion by the Land Kestoration League, when he said in his address that a flame had been lit m Great Britain that would be fanned by every wind. i 1*1 J 488 "MB OF HENRY GEOBGB ' [UM ^- -in «t" ""«"' '-^^^^^^^^ tt One of ttes^^rwh™ w.rf i"'"™'' »' «''''^«««»- Catholic "ZkTv nlS? ^f T* "'^"'"' ""'"« 0' tho both men *■ "'^'"" '"'* «««' *>>« death of to Ca\dKiS*„f"fe^i»tr^«- Henry George file, facing each Sr in' the dta iS ^f ',h" *"" ^^ dusk, and I recall fhp «J^1- "'°^^"^Snt of the growinff man made fSy lotlTolhTr f 'T }"" ^^^^^ '^<^^ faith. They hadiLll//n !i * "^""^ ^^ Profession of site directions. Vloved fl J^ 'f"^ «««* ^'^"^ oppo- 'and that love brouK to^^^^^^ T^ ^T^ «««^««' and teacher.' 'And I ' Taid thp P /•' ^K',"" ^'^ ^"end and so learned to love thp^Sn p^d.nal %ved Christ, -X rjga "tif ri;:^ tr- «--•» ::^oittaifS"v-^ ?—"-«-";" he went to aTSh b^Th to r Z"^''"^ ^"^«- the bath itself C„rtr.n/^ f "™ "' ^»"^«- ^^e" £ v:r a^r ,*f f-^ -^^^^^^^ "ai apparently had the least idea that Mr. tUM M^4i] INCIDENT AT THE BATH 439 George was in the apartment with them. In whatever e^ they differed, the talkers were agreed that "the ~ can'> was preaching robbery; that he wanted to take Z- erty away from people; that Americans were **all a set of hars." "All except the Canadians," said Mr Geor^ gettmg mto the conversation. Continuing, he said! L th* T ' ^"''"'" '' ''^ '^''' doctrines there be- fore they try to force them upon us." ^'Yes, yes," answered both the other men. Why, just to think what he teaches," exclaimed George wi^h show of indignation. "Here is the Marquis of bT land rhis/' ""^' '' "^^ ^^^' ^' '^^^^^- ^' -" "Yes," said the men. les, was the response. "- r j wW i''' f """■*' "*"* ^^ '""^ " ••'» «nd he can do ™; tri. ^ '/^l"""* °' ""^ population of Cardiff- Son onfelty."'™" '" "" "' "''''"^ "" »>»'*-' „J^* i""!" 'II! """' ™^ P"*<'''5 «°<1 "s Mr. George rrL 'J**"' '"' ••"*«^' "' '"o Marquis S iJute the men beeame more and more radical, until they asserted that the nobleman really had no better right to the land there than anybody else in Cardiil-the "e^ pnne,ple they had previously condemned in "the AuJ. Urtand Wt r^ ■? r* "" ""■""'' ^-^^tive to the last and eft the bmlding without revealing himself. At another time, whUe on a train to Aberdeen, he fell ^lo conversation with the only other occupant of ho oompartoent-a man who talked well and freely a„d who said he was a newspaper writer. Various 'bAts 1 1 440 LIFE or HENRY QEOROE [IIM ' [IIM . were p«,K,d under contribution until with „ K.i >.» , •"•V way, tho etranger .■«„,„ to .k„ u ? "'''" *""' George and hie loc,u™ tr p " '1.1"!^' "' "^"'"'^ Wmr said Mr. oJr«^ "A ^ ' f "' "'^ ^™ ""'"^ of n.oney.„aki„g .,.n.o ^aid V tf "^urV^'^? )«n .c cousin, are dcvcr at such thi„« Ti? ^^'" well; he puts thinm in n 7 ,^ '" """ ""■""» proposition IhichT 1"""'"" ""^- "« '"«ke» a novelty. AuarU Z'r ,?"*"'""' "■" "«-' «'>'™ »/ speaker as he is I?.' ^ , " '" " ""'^^"'•"'■'^ - « c. Jy."" '"" "''^ "'"-^ '■"» '-'"«'.•• «.id Mr. George «on of Henry Geoiet!..' ,'*""-■ " '''*<^""" ''««"-ip- .-1 until the iou'rnalist kff th Lr^rr r""- rteppmg out of the compartment M? n • ,' •"' """ you an aHoev but T^, ? ' ^ i °'"'«'' ™"' • "^ owo I did not' iZ'to IrU ?; '' ""' "" ""P'^ '""* The gentleman gave „I ^^nce tTe MT'of "".T"" «nd then almost fell out o'n th:pTatitrm "' ''^'"^"'' notXr4lTm;nT:n''T^ " '■'"™' '"' "'0 day to his son as the>r. "^ ^ ^^K'^hman," said he one "Here, porter "le!^?J'T T""^ '°"' ^"^'^ ^''Mon. Ameri a'n frunk ^!r " 11 f """ '"^^''^^■" "'' " «' to his son and s lentlv^H f.Tf^ ""•■ *^«''«» t"™"! periment ^ '^""""' *'"' '"i'™ of the c.v. - satchel d„.rrs::ttit:-ub^:s ' [t«M A»,U1 WOMAN WTTH THE SHOES 441 noticinK hat one just like it was already thcre-a aatehel wh.d, Monged to Mr. (V.rgo and »hich was o"e o1 nany receptacles for book. ,„d papers that h" iZ as by custom, aecunmlated on his trlvels. Prcl 7y th' notr T, °"f "f """ "'• '^""■•S"' thinking some .1 o!r 11 i"" " ''""«" """^ '"'"Pidatod pair of shoes irc was thrown into a «ea of wonder, from which he did not craorgo until thought recurred o the wonmn "litre he had a few nnnutcs' time, he telegraphed back "long the l,„e in hope of hearing of his par^S and «rd came that a complaint had been lodged bTI'n".' d.gnaut woman who protested that she had been robb«l of a pa,r of shoes l,y a man who stuffed her satchel S o flw.T; 'T^- ''''"' Phi'o-Pho' «•»= glad enough eh: ;"' '" ""* "'"' " '^y """ «<-' •- -n n h I CHAPTER VII. "PBOTECTION OR FREE TRADE?" 1884-1886. AoB, 46-47. Tk. ,• ' """"^ ""«' *'"> the House of w.„. The working men honoured his refnm „;T '*' ing in Cooper Union n 7 ^ "" " "»»' ""cet- politics orTho ^0™. if f™ ."';'' "■"* ' ''™»'» of They i«rne .>ei;T«l'ra;"rnd"r' "'r"" '^'""• complimentary dinnerienfo'w T " ""' *" « 1884, at the Cosmo^ Crhl ™ °L' v T", "f ^^P'"' lustre of the Delmonicrbanouet^f ^h! ^"^'^ked the a lecture in the Aeademv „f T ° ^'" ^^''"^' '"d -rcely enough t^^Zil'^Zt" ^ *"""^' A«e.4W7j GEORGE'S 8PEAEIN0 STYLE 443 Brooks^ had been in England and had witnessed Mr. George s great success there, and both men looked for •ke success m this country. The utter fiasco attending the first lecture threw the firm into gloom, as they .ould see nothing but failure all along the line. Mr. George no sooner learned of their views than, with characteristic promptness, he released them from their contract and with- out consideration. Whatever lectures he delivered during liisown ^'" ""''' ''°^'' °*'''' management, generally Mr. George had during the British tour won great lau- rcls as a platform speaker. Yet there were many who had spoken of his power as commonplace. The fact was hat he was not even. He did not memorise, nor, except n the single lecture on Moses, did he read. He some- times used a skeleton of heads, but his common practice vvas to speak without written notes of any kind. For his he prewired by meditation shortly before speaking- lying down. If possible, and perhaps smoking. He merely arranged a line of thought, and left the precise form of expression to inspiration when on his feet. This subjected him largely to conditions; a quiet audience, no matter how friendly, drawing forth a subdued speech, while a lively audience, friendly or hostile, provoked animation. He himself was conscious of this and said he could do best when facing opposition. Charles Frederick Adams tells how his friend returned from a lecture in Massa- chusetts one day and said: "Come out to lunch, Charley I am so ashamed of that lecture as an artistic perform-' ance that I want to spend the money I got for it." Louis F.^Post supplies an illustration of Henry George's two ways of speaking. He went to the working men', wel- come meeting in Cooper Union on Mr. George's return f.M ■ ii 444 WFE Of HB3NBY GEOBGE as London Times/ in rcolumn !*r^ • \ T^^^red. The him as an orator with ctbden antSr LV^ "'"^P^^^^ their disadvantage that I beTn +n^ !-^^^ '° ™"ch to of English oratoV Geor^fh«H r''*!?" *^" «*^^d«^ds writer 1 had ever read h?7L f ^""^^ *^ "^^ the best a plain speaker Ind when he'r^ "Vi^-^* ^^^^ ^^^^ of welcome at Cooi^r Union T w?°1m','^ *^ ^^^ ^P^ech by the estimate t^ LoS^Jfl^^,^^iT'h puzzled was far from oratory in anv « J 't ^^^ '"^^e- ^t excellent. George's orator^e erWd'inTh^f '* ^^« But in manner it was tamP «3 • "^ *^^* ^^^pect. he had finished, and whi e lr» unimpressive. After cal ability was^ ^pt klngf fwenHuf In"''^^^^ ?^^*«^" smoke. Upon returninf ai^rLJ^^^ ^^'' ^ ruminative senee a voice came up to mek^n u^Iu '^ ^^^^'« ^b- corridors as I entered fhp T f i""^^ *^^ subterranean which made me thTnk that now .,^' f ^^P'' ^nion^ come forth. As I descended aL«V'^^'.^"^ ^^^^^i^lj lowed a period this ir mrp ■ ^ ^""^^^ ^^ applause fol- strange tl me^and /TnSd ff > '?' ^^^^ ^«« what prodigy of platform eiruence Jhl '°^""^' «^^"«<1 Hurrying forward with that imnrf .*^^^"^an could be. coming to one of the doors whK'r ^'T'^'^'S' a^^^ a large part of an en?hus 1^,^^^"''!*^^ '^^Se and upon the platform, with on^ arm IT ^7' ^ ^'^'^^ thrown back, his vo ce filling ?hp^i.*T??^ «^^ head stirring the blood of Ls auditn^« - ^' sentiments George. He had again been cSp^ '""^ '^ ^"^ ^enry for nearly an hour he hnl^ ?• f- ''^'''' ^^ ^P^ak, and «elf among the rest Lonl h f ""f'T'^ entranced, my- I i|M« [Uu-iaaa Age, 43-47] REPLY TO ARGYLL 445 attack made on him and his principles by the Dnlce of Argyll in an article in the "NineLnth Centory" for article had appeared dnring the closing day, of the Brit! .sh lecture trip, and the "Nineteenth Century "the "Fort ...htly, and the "Pall Mall Gazette" hastened to ^fft their columns for reply. When Mr. George decided to Z7ZZ- ''' -' ^'^^'-^ throu/whfrrh.:: But Mr. George was reluctant to enter the lists Ho treated the attack as chiefly abusiv and abuse he he! lieved not worth heeding. Whatever of prinlfe an peared he considered to be answered in advan ™n 'proe ress and Poverty." But the active men in the ScftZ a I eer of the Realm, close in rank to Koyalty itself the Duke was titular chief of the great CampbeH c7a„ A controversy Mween the "Peer" and the "pLp L" woul he League advisers argued, carry the land questionTnto eveiy household in Scotland and aronse the highlanderl So Mr. George set himself to the task of repIyingTn the Zk ^ ? " .,<»'>^''J'=™''le part of the night in Cork previous to sailing for America, working in the crit'iV „ ^.° "'r"'^ """" " ™«™' «"1 the "orl ry mt c would perhaps have said, completely writt»,n; bul n not :% "r''"'""« '"'""• He 'aid to his son I 1 not send it oil now, but take it to New York an, l«hsh It like a steel shot." And with the I le of "The fieduction to Iniquity,' " the reply appeared in the Julv nupiber of the "Nineteenth Century" ^ Hent o ""' ,''°^.'''°PP«* "» suddenly and as far in Henry Q«,rge.s estimation as had that other philosopher Herbert Spencer. George acknowledged his'ob.iS 446 LIFE OP HENRY GEOBGE U884-188S tiOBs which co^peHh ~^tf "v 'r '"■' «""?'«■ the ..cognition „? o^a ive pn^^^Li^ ?"» *'"'"' *" had beheld "the sranH .L , '^ ^*'' *« Duke, he -ny of unitsnl-^tufr' ""'"'"'* ^«- amazcment that the n,iir„> . .. """ i^'raed with down when it tl hed on r.-.r'r'''' '*""'°P''y •'™''e Pery title and a p^ch „? T' f T' '""' *''"' "" t™"- had eommuned w?tt 1» ^ f ^'^^''^ "» "'"d that and hegin-^n^ "Ho^'tLt "IV'"" """ -»- fairness and personal I- "''"'' '"' ^^ I'"''^'^ <"■- them with eont:;:™ 'S: \tT "^ ""^ '"=^'"« Scotsman as untrue to m! f ^^ ""nsidered the honest philosopeU.l r hTw^^^^t^^ """ " "''■ tual leader who wonM .„„ ■ ^"^ '"' '"teUee- -ercy; so that nZ IrTeT'^ ™t';'' "e had no r^---^--°i-h^"t:::^^r^ :^Tc;^dts:e^^ei»£4^^^^ mgs excited by the ofh.,. 1 * i ° ""^«d feel- But by all those in XtY; "S. r ?"'«»'^ ^•'■ Scottish Land BestoratkTr ., . "" "''J"'*' »' the onstrations of ITlZ ^'^Vl'"^ '"'"^'J »^*h dem- it was soon pVjLdlriCh et i "' ''r^ '"''«'^' tion of "Th, Peer andt.,! p f/f" '""^" "" 'ap- of the League was ZL^ !°^^^' ""^ '" 'h" hands <" the eitiCXL it W "*" *f .''°™^» ""'J '""tories though the 'Ui^mnl ^1," ^' °^ "^'"y ™««" »omng the claaCn t„?.? '"'' "^ ^«'*'""3. ™"- simuar pamphlet was published in the United ii'»ii> I ijiniiiaB Age, 46^7] TABIPF BOOK BEGUN ANEW 447 States with the title of "Property in Land," and became an effective instrument for propaganda. The reply to the Duke of Argyll Mr. George regarded as a mere thing in passing, compared with the work to which he now settled down-the tariff book, or pamphlet, for he did not determine beforehand what size he would make it. A year had passed since the loss of the manuscript of the first book. Mr. George with his family spent the summer on a farm on Long Island, near Jamaica, worked by Walter Cranford, son of John P. Cranford of Brooklyn an early and ardent advocate of the Georgeian ideas, and who with his purse gave much help to their spread. There on the Cranford farm Mr. George applied himself with steady industry to his task. The book, intended primarily for working men, aimed as he said in his preface, not only to examine the argu- ments commonly used, but, carrying the inquiry farther than the controversialists or. either side had yet ventured to go, sought to discover why protection retained such popular strength in spite of all exposures of its fallacies; endeavoured to trace the connection between the tariff question and those still more important social questions, then rapidly becoming the "burning questions" of the times; and sought to show to what radical measures the principle of free trade logically led. In a letter to Walker of Birmingham (September 25) the author explained: "I first knock all the claims of protection; then turn around and show that the mere abolition of protection would accomplish nothing for the working classes; but that to accomplish anything for them, the principle of free trade must be carried out to its full extent, which mfeans, of course, the aboHtion of all taxes and the appro- priation of land values." When the writing was well advanced, Mr. George had 448 LIFK OF HENRY GEORGE naM-isM some correspondence about it with Dr. Taylor of s»„ Francisco, wlio suggested employment of the ,„? ^ method George replied (SepLVr i4 : "My view 'If the matter is the reverse of yours 1 do not IhL . tion employed in such question as tt toiffis'f"" »»». What the people want is theoi^ and "ntil thl 7, a^correct theory into their heads, 111 citlro! tit , Cranfo^'°;fl,'"" ""'='' '"""^''"1 '" «-« -nimal^ on the window The apim^i ™ ^l ^'^^^ °"*8ide the uuw. ine animal was much annoyed bv flipa ot,^ • walking around would wind his rope Tort Lh.; if '^ »nd drive theTuinn'^Ph ^ " "^"^^"^ *"* '» 8° ""t rnn. TK- ""* "PP"'"" direction and free hi, rope. This commonp ace incident oft r,.,^,* j the opening illustration irlhe intS^o ' T°*'' which instead of iirsi, was a tut ThelaTpart of' f' book to be written at the Cranford fam ^ "' *''" %hood friend, Rev'Tr.rH^; C^r^Ge' '" accepted an invitation to attend the nT^^ p '^° W. Kram^o N w Yo i wh "^ """"■' ^'- ^"''n gross, after;ardf L'd ' '" ™' """'"^ •" *■>« ^on- tion^l'skS"^: 1m -Tms^'^ '"T"''*' '" *-> -i""- Age. 45^7] CLEVELAND AND BLAINE 449 was published in fi.ii in *!•„ sp«aKer. Ilie address puDiisnea in tu. in the proceedings of the Congress." The presidential campaign had (or some weeks been in full swing but for the first time in many yearf Mr 0».rge could not warm up. Blaine, the BepubS^ e7n: c^M^he erf- "r" " ^""■"P'O" »f what Geo ; l„f ■*! .u P""**"'™ humbug," and Patrick Ford was Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts was running as a eluded that Butler was insincere in this and a mere "de- Zded th" ° ""r"""" P'^^-" ^'^^ "- De~ gnst. I am utterly disgusted with the attitude of the Bemoeratic party. It is a mei^ party of expediency and as such can never win. Cleveland's nomination Si's ^n for Cleveland Leavmg for Scotland before election day he paired with a friend who had intended to vote S was known to have won, George wrote a signed article for WJham Saunders' London paper, "Tho Dem<^rat" stating among other things that events had shoTtliat "nHt"fbT ""*'."" '""^^ •- -oidfd" Zd,^ *? Democratic party in two and that it would raise the underlying question of why some grow so «<* while others, though they work hard, are vet Tpoo^ The managers of the Scottish Land Eestoraiion LeaZ lecture and speaking campaign through the lowlands 460 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ^1884-18g6 which contained the important polif-il centres, for it was the purpose to force the land ,„t , int^ 'p„,ife And m order that he might the easier do .nia, they ™S a fund with which to meet the heaviest c^enses. T (.eorge deeded that this would be the most important r^LTj::"' '"^ '"- -^ '- "»'»•«' ^"^ In order to draw general attention to the campaign a big meeting was held under the auspices of the Ssh League in St. James's Hall, London. The haU wis packed. Mr. George, of course, was the central fiZe Znt^i\lt\Tr' '''''''' ™^^- Forsyth, P^e- dcnt of the Scottish League, and others spoke. George was thought by many to be the finest he had yet deliv- eredm Great Britain. The effect of this meeting tls onThe suVer ^'' '"""^"^^ ''' '^^^*^' ^ ~^«^ The Scottish campaign opened in the City Hall in Glasgow on November 21. The hall was crowded with a pay audience and people were turned away. Lectures in other towns followed .. close succession, the one tKi' marnock on Christmas Eve being appropriate to the night and particularly fine. ^ the half dozen or less landlords in Skye and the other Western Islands. Police from Glasgow and Royal N.Z Marines had been sent there to keep the peace. The League arranged for several meetings in Skye for Mr George all of which were eminently successful, some of the soldiers attending and applauding the lecturer's sen- timents. On returning to Glasgow, Mr. George was in- terviewed at length by a representative of the "Pall Mall t^azette of London. In answer to the question what, iil 11 : -(1884-1888 agog lf^«-47] BELIEF FOB THE CBOFTEBS 451 apart from his radical remedy, could he suggest in the way of immediate measures of relief for the crofters, ne said; , ' . "The withdrawal of the array of invasion, the susnen- collection of rent; the suspension of all laws for the preservation of game, and^f the law reoT^rinT^n licenses. The enactment of a short bill of S S would greatly relieve the crofters, while larger measures were being considered, and woild obviatf thTneces sity for any charitable fund, such as the Earl of Breada - bane and the Rev. Mr. McDonald of Inverness are rais ing, which could be turned to the relief of Sie landlords If any of them really suffered by not getting rents The suspension of the gun license and of gam? laws would enable the crofters to protect their crops,^nd vTrv Thdr diet while accustoming them to the use of arms IthSl in Itself much to be desired among a free peopli.- ^ The campaign was closed as it began, with an address m London The English League had asked the Lord Mayor for the use of Guildhall. Being refused that, they decided to hold a meeting of the unemployed outside the hall, or more precisely, in front of the Koyal Exchange. The meeting took plaoe Saturday afternoon, January 17 It was estimated that seven thousand people were in the gathering. William Saunders, Rev. Stewart Headlam, Rev Mr Hastings, Rev. C. Fleming Williams, William Miller, Peter Hennessy (tailor), A. Pike (shoemaker) and A. Brown (joiner) were among the speakers. The pointed to the inscription in great letters across the front of the Royal Exchange and said: "Look up there. 'The Earth 18 the Lord's.' [A voice: "The landlords'!"] Aye, the landlords'. They have substituted ih. lo^^jl iivi 462 I^E OF HENBY GEOBQE M ( lords for the I^rd above all ■ ,„ii tt went, the misery which e^l' ,T *"'" "^ ™Pl»y- dom to the' otL-the '^ V°° ^"^ ■" "-^ «»«- vWer oivili,a«„„ glT^^Y^ ^--'d^' aooiety denial of jnatice." ^ ' " '""'"^'' ""^ '^^ ™ of the 'oo't7„tf:^,„ranrit '™^^^ - ^*-* 'o "ddre.s a North of Cand 1 l"/™'\"jf ^''* «'»' "■«< tal of Ulster. Both^a hel ° "' ^"""'t' *« <»Pi- i»S Ulster Hall/nltrrfetr 'f*^' *' '"""' ^l- «and people. EnthnTari bolh f "" """' "^ *''™- The result of the trip ae^ at A r*™' '"^ ^"'"• up by Miss Taylor in a L.T ,/ i ™'"= ™8 «>™med --e is in oj n irs et; 1„v7o """'^^ "*• ««"««'= ^e has more „!/„ frS hTre C'^tr """'^"'"^ She might also have said th.lr . '"*"■ «nemies." 'hen leading Kadic: ha" in a 'th'^,'""""'"''"'"' "^« ground for the taxltion ^f . "^^ "^ "■"'' a<'™'>ced -« very fre,neX Xt ™«h t" ^' '"^ »-" visit had a further significant i! !? . '^ '^'°''^''- The "ged George to retufn and Tt^a tr 77' '"^ '"^""^^ ■ng him that he could be elJt„T • ^^^''^^nt, assur- of constituencies. He writ '?> ""^ ""'' "^ « """■'«' (February ll) : "I a^ ,7.7 . ''"'" '" ^e matter England i ol I^ewTn:tod buT rT' ," ''""" <" «" accident of my birth I sh™,M T f "* '**' ^""^ ^e your side of the water M ?"'' '^'""'vantage on it prudent to go over ttert T ""*'' ' *™" ""'deem siderable call as mal^r ? *'"' «"■« ™* « con- this point is relrd it wm'Lt"'^'"^ '"■*^- ™» Within that year a genem !^ . '" '""^ «■>»"' "■" the new f™„Jhi«, Lt «„? JH k\.'°°'= P'»"* "■"'er *o.««3 Mr. GeorgeWords "a M T V, """' »-' .».n. '.and Hesto.tionists". t::l^ ^^t t employ- the king- -s society in of the Ap,4M7l A SEAT IN PARLIAMENT 453 advanced for immediate purposes." However, Irish mat- te^ engaged British politics for some time af er^dld .ttle more than educational work could be done aC land restoration lines in Parliament ^ In addition to the foregoing signs of progress in Great Bntam was one to which, if „„t Mr. George's recent trip at least h.s former visits and the extensive readTofhS Uooks m.ght reasonably be supposed to have been a con nbutmg cause. It was the truly extraordinary reZ made m s,mng of 1885 by a "Eoyal Commission on the Housing o he Working Classes," which recommended that a local tax of four per cent, of its selling vdue be placed npj,n vacant or inadequately used land as tint ing to reheve general "rates" (i. e., local t^xes) and by foremg new land into use, to bring down the nrTce * This passage of the report rail as foUowq • «' A f «.- 7~, '■, " 464 MFE OP HENBY GEORGE ■i ! «on were, Sir Charles W Dillr» p . H.B.H. the Prince of Wa-es rit'' ,''!• (^I"™"-), Salisbury, Lord Brownlow L? p '""' *^'""""ft I«ri Goschen, Sir B. A. C^ m p ^°™"«*°''' O^'-'Ke J- Bishop of Bedford; Hon B I ;,f ^ c^ ^''""■■»'' How, logh Torrans, Henr^ B^dhn^r r '""''^' ^- "oCul- Samuel Morley, Sir^G^ Ha isonTn "'"'"• ^"S' Jesse Ceilings. The lar^^Sr'of i), "^" ^'"'''^ ""<' «*ni to have approved of thi!^ " ^-nmiseioners but three formal^dLl teVflTT ■ ,^' "^ "'»• and Cross. "^ "—Salisbury, Qoscheu While on this trip to Great Krit • ,, former oceasions, met manv\!f ,"" ^'^ ^""«'' "» •>•> b"* one of parti;ular interest 7 *.'°''™""8 '" Wm, fyce, notalJe iL Z^^TSHvr ^'^ ^""- ■^»'^» American found on personaTZt f f'™' '"^ "b"' the tion for broadness of^M ' 7,°°*' '"'"' <"" Ws reputa- two men had a C tX„n k T™"^ »' »?«'• The *» «- Mr. Br,J s'^ oTtMstXr"""- ^"''-* "i'^her'^wt^ roul"^"'*.''' -y »'«ter by ad- our household-so prMeled th r?"«<"^ «haraeter in papers with impunity anS.-.^' '* """'od over my Ho^- &'^tf ttt™- '-tuHng on reaching membered, which io «« ~- _ towMpeople thenuelra Y^.?^- , "^"-^ Md actirilv of iZ ™»d .h.. th.» -....^ Jr S^' '^r«»-'™' '«M^. [1884-188a chairman), Qing, Lord George J. ihaw How, W. McCuI- in, F.RS., Gray and missioners any rate, , Gosehen ge, as on to him, a. James who, the 3 reputa- 'it The interest ' by ad- acter in ver my Ameri- n while A...4W7J CONVERSATION WITH FIELD 455 rsflr A f 1 '^ '^'''^ '^ *^^" «""^™«^ of th« next year 188(> Articles for the ".Yorth American Keview' con fumter Zt ^' ^ "^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ appearedrtle J Ty" anTTaktL^" 'J^^^^^ °" *'^ ^^^^'-^ ^^ "Land and Taxation between him, representing his own idea. and the eminent jurist, David Dudley Field speS for the established ideas. The mana/ng iLlZiZ .eth^:; , f" ^* f ""'''''> '^^"^^'^^- gentlemen to! gether at luncheon and explained that in order to place erreTh C^^^^^^ '''^' '^ ^^"^^ -^ «-" to -! 711'/ ^ r^ }'' ^'^^ Standpoint, on the subject of Land and Taxation," while a shorthand writer should take down all that was said nf ^\.- ix ,. snouia later said: °'^**^'' ^^''- ^^^^^^^ sahon was a marvel of dear L^i^Zk p^LTtSJ; ( aching d and icially. Mr. George always considered that he had by far the better part of the conversation; indeed, later he had Inlf «Z;;h'A " -'"^'^^"^ ^^^ ^^^-^ — ^" in tne J^forth American Review" for Februarv 1««r tte author had an article treating of trailtS 2 d/^" /""" """'" «■« ""P""- »' "England aTd Ireland"; and in the April number one entitkd "More about American Landlordiem," showing the ZnM mg tendency of ownership. Mr. MetcaH had"«h Si I 460 LIFE OP HENKY (iKOROE I! (ISM-lSM diawn from the nanagcraont of the "North American Hpview" and James liodpath. who took his place, engaged M/ Oeorgo to write a series d articles on "Labour in Pennsylvania"— Pennsylvania, the home of "protection" and strikes. Th..> author visited the State and presented in four numbers between August, 1886, and January, 1887, his findings, based largely upon official statements and the evidence of the labourers themselves. The arti- cles related chielly to the great coal and iron regions owned by a comparatively few men, each in his own dis- trict as autocratic as a baron of old, for, said the writer, reaching the bottom of his conclusions, "the power of the sole landlord enables the operator or superintendent to exercise such control as he cares to and may deem pru- dent. He may ienaet dog laws, goat laws, chicken laws, liquor laws, or any other laws that he pleases, short of the point of producing a general revolt; may regulate trade and control amusements." But though these magazine articles engrossed much of his time, what chiefly absorbed him after his return from Scotland up to the middle of 1886 was the completion and publication of the book, "Protection or Free Trade?" Some of the chapters of this work had appeared in serial form in a combination of newspapers in the fall and -.unter of 1885. From this the author obtained nearly $3,000, which more than paid for the printing Jn book form early in 1886. The latter he concluded to (lo ium- self under the name of Henry George & Co., i^;^ mz Richard, being, in James Redpath's language, "Co." The office was in Astor Place, New York, in joint occupancy witli an agency of Porter & Coates, Philadelphia publish- ers, S- representative of which was Gaybert Barnes, whoi"? - \.u jitpo-e had been made through William Swintyp.. '^€-'>^m handling the new book, Henry George Agt>,i^-4^] TOM L. JOHNSON 467 & Co. became the solo publishers of the cloth editions of the other George works. It was while ho was putting the new book through the newspapors that the acquaintance with Tom L. Jolmson begun. Air. Johnson wuh a young man of just thirty-one, flushed witii success as an inventor and Western street rnilroft'i manjiger and owner. He was born in Kentucky of a line famous in that State's politics. His father had been a planter and had lost all in the Civil War. Young Tom, with little more than a year's schooling, went to work at fifteen and quickly developed a mechanical and managing genius, which, with the acquisition of street railroad franchises in Cleveland and other cities, rapidly led to fortune. One day in a railroad car he bought rnd road Henry George's "Social Problems." That led him to read "Progress and Poverty," and to accept the doc- trines that these books taught, even though their funda- mental principle was based upon the destruction of monopolies, the very things that were the source of his rap- idly increasing wealth. It was when he came to Brook- lyn to purchase a street railroad that he called on Mr. George. He says of this interview: y It; n "I had looked forward with more intense interest to the meeting than I was aware of, for when I tried to speak in a manly way of what was in my heart, I was conscious of much emotion. I said that I should rather have it to say to my children that I had met Henry George and had entertained him under my own roof as my guest than to be able to transmit to them any worldly blessing. "I did not want to talk about myself. I did not go there for that. I went to talk to Mr. George about his cause ; and I wanted in some way to call it my cause, too. But he stretched out on a lounge and I sat in a chair and I found myself telling him the story of my life. 468 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1884-1886 "Then I said: *Mr. George, your book on the tariff question will soon be out. I want to help to do good with it. I want 200 copies so as to send one to each lawyer and clergyman in Cleveland.' I also said to him : *I cannot write, and I cannot speak. The least I can do is to make money with which to push our cause,' "Mr. George answered : 'You do not know whether or not you can write; you have not tried. You do not know whether or not you can speak ; you have not tried. Take an interest in political questions. It is well enough to make money, but the abilities that can make money can do other things, too.' " CHAPTER VIII. CANDIDATE FOR MAYOR OF NEW YORK. li^ rj 1886. Age, 47. BUSY during the summer of 1886 in pressing the circulation of his new book, "Protection or Free Trade?" and in preparing the series of articles on "La- bour in Pennsylvania" for the "North American Review"; proposing towards the end of the year to start the long thought of weekly, and contemplating before that another short lecturing trip through Great Britain, as friends there suggested, Mr. George saw his time well laid out. But one day, while in his office talking with' Tom L. Johnson and Gaybert Barnes, young Richard George en- tered with a newspaper that announced that the labour unions of the city proposed to enter politics in the fall in the hope of bringing about better political and social conditions and intended to invite Henry George to be their candidate for mayor. The little group thought the story entertaining, but none regarded it seriously. Nor did Mr. George think much of the matter even when waited upon by a committee from a conference of trade and labour unions, which, representing nearly all the labour organisations in New York, was being held with the view to political action. Mr. George was qualified to run for the office, having moved to Pleasant Avenae, New 469 M 460 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1886 York, but he told the committee that he had planned important work that he would not like to interrupt. Nevertheless, the committee after a few days returned' and was more urgent. Mr. George told them that he was in sympathy with tlio trade unions and that he be- lieved that the remedy for the evils of which they com- plained lay through the ballot, but that trade union candidates the year before had not only met with igno- minious defeat, but had not received anything like the united support of the trade union members themselves. He was willing to stand for principle, he said, but did not wish to be made ridiculous by a miserably small vote. Therefore, he did not care to consider the matter. Yet again the committee returned, this time to assure him that, whereas, the unions the year before had not been harmonious, they were entirely so now; and that though there was a long list of offices to fill in the fall election, the unions would concentrate their entire efforts on the single candidate for Mayor. Mr. George had meanwhile been talking quietly to some of his friends, most of whom seemed extremely flattered over the recognition he was getting. They were anxious to use the occasion to preach the land question and the many things that it involved. Charles Frederick Adams argued that the great majority of working men held various and confusing views and that if George stood he would supply a clear, concise, coherent body of principles, which, while educating and rallying the working men themselves, would appeal even more strongly to the book-reading, thoughtful elements of the community. Tom L. John- son said that he was not acquainted with conditions in "New York, but that if George decided to fight, he would heartily support. In the emergency Mr. George con- i larsc knowl sultec -!ni\rr>i poi ctn/>oc*/7 rledge Age, 47] THE MASTER STROKE 461 political affairs and manifested a lively interest in this particular matter. The Doctor counselled him to run. Mailers were in this state when the labour committee for the third time waited upon Mr. George and urged him to consider the matter and to write a formal letter to James P. Archibald, Secretary of the Labour Conference, either accepting or declining the proposition. Mr. George consented, for he believed now that a large proportion of the men in the unions were earnestly looking to him for leadership in a fight against their hard living condi- tions. Then he conceived what Dr. McGlynn called his "master stroke." At the end of August he wrote the letter to Archibald. In it he set forth fully and clearly his own views and stated that his sense of duty would not permit him to refuse any part assigned to him by the common consent of earnest men really bent upon carrying into politics the principles he held dear. Yet failure would hurt the very cause they wished to help. "For this reason," he wrote, "it seems to me that the only condition on which it would be wise in a Labour Convention to nominate me, or on which I should be Justi- fied in accepting such a nomination, would be that at least thirty thousand citizens should, over their signatures, ex- press the wish that I should become a candidate, and pledge themselves in such case to go to the polls and vote for me. This would be a guarantee that there should be no ignominious failure, and a mandate that I could not refuse. On this condition I would accept the nomino- tion if tendered to me." Unusual and difficult of fulfilment as this condition was, it was nevertheless hailed by the labour bodies not only in New York but elsewhere with many marks of satisfaction and enthusiasm. This was particularly shown at the annual Labour Day parade early in Sep- r ifj 11 I 462 LIFE OF HENBT GEOBGE ,[1880 tember, which Mr. (Jeorge was invited to review in Union Square with tl^e then mayor of the city, William R. Grace. The working men were without political machinery and the election laws at the time made party machinery greatly advantageous. The laws were such as to make brioery, intimidation, and miscounting so common a practice as to give singular force to the cynical observa- tion of a Democratic subordinate manager, who said: "How can George win? He has no inspectors of elec- tion!'' Nevertheless, the way signatures to George pledges were rolling in daunted and even frightened the Democratic leaders; for a large part of George strength was developing in, what had been Democratic strongholds. New York City was, and under one name or another had been for the most part since the organisation of the Tam- many charitable and political society a hundred years be- fore, strongly Democratic. That society had started out with JefEersonian principles and an opposition to aris- tocracy and Hamilton's federalism, but long years of po- litical power had corrupted its principles and made it the instrument of the unscrupulous, until the Tweed expo- sures in the seventies made its name synonymous with political debauchery.^ Tammany went into eclipse and r regenerated party under the name of County Democracy arose triumphant. But power corrupted that, too, and it fell into the hands of professional politicians, though it retained in its membership list many of the respectable names with which it had started out. In the last pre- ceding city election the County Democracy party had iln exposing the naturalisation frauds, Dr. Montague R. Leverson Btnick the first blow at Tammany, though it was not until later, when evidences of the theft of public money were obtained, that the Tweed ring fell CTf*?^^iSiiPiS!!j^yg Age, 47] TALK WITH W. M. IVINS 468 elected William E. Grace to the mayoralty. Now both factions saw a common danger in the rise of George. Tliey, therefore, sent a joint emissary to wait upon the proposed labour candidate. About this interview Mr. George a few days before his death said :^ "Before mv nomination had formally taken place I received a request from Mr. William M. Ivins, then Chamberlain of the city, and a close political friend and representative of Mr. Grace, to privately meet him. I did so at Seighortner's, on Lafayette Place. We sat dov/n in a private room, unattended, and smoked some cigars together. Mr. Ivins insisted that I could not possibly be elected Mayor of New York, no matter how many people might vote for me; that the men who voted knew nothing of the real forces that dominated New York. He said that I could not possibly be counted in. He offered on behalf of Tammany Hall and the County Democracy that if I would refuse the nomination for mayor they would run me for Congress, select a city district in which the nomination of the two was equiva- lent to election; that I should be at no expense what- ever, but might go to Europe or anywhere I willed, and when I came hack should receive a certificate of election to the House of Representatives. I said to him finally : *You tell me I cannot possibly get the office. Why, if I cannot possibly get the office, do you want me to with- draw ?' His reply was : 'You cannot be elected, but your running will raise hell !' I said : 'You have relieved me of embarrassment. I do not want the responsibility and the work of the office of the Mayor of New York, but I do want to raise hell ! I am decided and will run.' " It was not the office he was after; he wanted to plant the seed. He wrote to Taylor (September 10) : "It is by no means impossible that I shall be elected. But the ^'1 1 Published reply to statement made in tlio newspapers by Abram S. Hemtt, October, lo97. 464 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE '[UM one thing sure is that if I do go into the fight the cam- paign will bring the land question into practical politics and do more to popularise its discussion than years of writing would do. This is the only temptation to me." Election really looked more than possible— even prob- able. With four other candidates in the field— Eepubli- can, Prohibitionist, and one for each of the Democratic factions— it was estimated that George would require for election little more than twice the thirty thousand votes guaranteed in the pledges now being rapidly signed; whereas, the labour organisations themselves were sup- posed to have a membership of sixty-five thousand,. The nominating convention of the Trade and Labour Confer- ence took place ii^ Clarendon Hall on September 83. It adopted a platform written by Henry George, which the "New York Worid" characterised as *'an epitome of Mr. George's popular essay entitled 'Progress and Poverty.' " One hundred and seventy-five labour organisations were represented by 409 delegates, from whom George received on the first ballot 360 votes, while 31 votes were cast for a popular furniture dealer named J. J. Coogan; and 18, purely by way of compliment, for William S. Thorn, Su- perintendent of the Second Avenue Railroad, who' had treated his ncn extremely well. The proceedings were remarkable for enthusiasm and harmony among the usually hostile and warring factions of the labour bodies. Sel- dom before had labour representatives manifested such confidence of success in a political contest. And interest in the nomination extended beyond the labour unions. It sprang up among "that great body of citizens," said Mr. George, "who, though not working men in the narrow sense of the term, feel the bitterness of the struggle for existence as much as does the manual labourer, and are as deeply conscious of the corruptions MKM ■HMI Age, 47) BEYOND THE LABOUR UNIONS 465 of our politics and tlie wrong of our social syBtom." These had not to any number signed the pledge to vote for George, but they gave voice to their support by a meeting in Cliiekering Hall on October 2, at which Rev. John W. Kramer presided, and Ecv. Dr. R. Heber New- ton, Professor Thomas Davidson, Daniel DeLeon, Ph D of Columbia College; Charles F. Wingate, Professor David B. Scott of the College of the City of Now York and the Rev. Dr. Edward McGlynn spoke. The meeting packed the hall and with a roar of approval passed reso- lutions indorsing George's nomination by the Trade and Ijabour Conference. Dr. McGlynn spoke, said one who heard him, «as if he expected that night to be his last." And it was a mighty moment in his life. He had been forbidden by his eccle- siastical superior to speak. Some days before Archbishop Corrigan had written Dr. McGlynn expressing anxiety about the latter 's "relations with Henry George" and hoping that he would "leave aside" anything that would seem "to coincide with socialism." In order to show what manner of man Henry George was and the true nature of his teachings. Dr. McGlynn suggested that Mr. George call on the Archbishop, which he did, bearing a letter of introduction from Dr. McGlynn. The Arch- bishop received Mr. George courteously, but was not pre- pared to near him explain the land doctrine, as he said, after giving a history of the case, that Dr. McGlynn had violated an understanding made in 1883 that he was to make no more public utterances. "The Archbishop told me," said Mr. George afterwards,^ "that he had called his council to meet at twelve that day for the purpose of taking into consideration the case of Dr. McGlynn, and m if' a. 1 " The Staadardj" Januar" 8 1887, 466 TJPE OF HENRY GEORGE [1886 as I understood at the time, of suspending him " "On leaving the Archbishop," continued Mr. George, «I called on Dr. McGlynn and informed him of the result of mv interview. He said that his understanding of the prom- ise he had felt himself obliged to make in 1883 was that he should deliver no more speecnes on the Irish question which promise he had kept; that he had since made speeches on behalf of Mr. Cleveland [during tne presi- dential canvass] to which there had been no remonstrances whatever, and that he had not up to that time received any inhibition from speaking at the Chickering Hall jneetmg; yet even should one come, he could not, now that he had been announced to speak, refrain from doincr so consistently wth his own self-respect and without pub^ licly renouncing the rights of an American citizen" Then it was that Dr. McGlynn received a letter from the Archbishop forbidding him +- take part in the Chick- ering Hall meeting or "to take any part in future in any pohtical meeting whatever without permission of the Sa- cred Congregation of Propaganda Fide." Other priests who were expected to attend the meeting and speak had been warned and stayed away. But the pastor of St Mephen s attended and spoke as never before in his life r t ^''^~''°* ^''^'' ^^^- Georg^know for many days after the campaign was over that on the morning fol- T^""'"!! n^' ""'f °^ Archbishop Corrigan had suspended Dr. McGlynn for two weeks. The formal nomination of Henry George having been made by the labour conference and indorsed by business and professional men in public meeting, a formal accept- ance was arranged to take place in the historic Cooper Union Hall on October 5. The multitude was so great that Mr. George had some difficulty in squeezing in, and an immense overflow meeting took place outside. Several A«a.47] COOPER UNION NOMINATION 407 ImHv ^'''^'t ""''^"'f''^ ^^' ^^^^«*^^^« «^ "^ore than thirty.four thousand voters who had pledged them- selves to support George at the polls were, amid muTh excitement passed in over men's heads and placed upon the edge of the platform in general view. Hev. Mr HarrJ nT\ *'' ^^^^^^^^^^^ °^ «- Chiekenng Hall meeting to John McMackin, Chairman of the Execut hve Committee of the Labour Party, and then Mr Mc- Mckm tendered the nomination with its indorsement to tinn f f ' Z '''^^ ^'^ '''''''^ ^^ith a long ova- tion of cheering. When quiet was restored he said: UDon n.ht?? ^X '^'''* *^ ^"^' ^^' °<^t been entered YnrV T f 4. f ^r."'? nomination for Mayo/ of New lork was first talked of I ret^arded it «« « V,rL;i„+- ^^M ""'' r4 *° ^^ thoughtXut I d^'not Sre'to be Mayor of New York. I have had in my t?me poHtieal ambition, but years ago I gave it up. KThKac tical politics meant; I saw that under the coSns as they were a man who would make a political career must thari Thourd""no?' '""f^'. '""^ «'**^^' and iTesoTved n«Jl, ^^'^^^f ,°ot SO degrade my manhood. Another career opened to me; the path that I had chosen-thaf tTatTf'thr fi^«^,^P«^--a« rather that of a ^o^*?^' that of the men who go in advance of politics the mpn who break he road that after they have gone wiirbe t^^X^.'^^'^r ^* '"'"^'^ t« me that th!re lay dut and that there lay my career, and since this noiSnat?on has been talked about my friends here and thrS he countiy and beyond the seas have sent me letter after ciS office ^Ct r^ r'''"^^1 Jy '"'^^^"^ ^'' ^ °^««i- cipai ottice. But I believe, and have long believed thaf working men ought to go into politics. I believe and I ^7^:i^fZ'\''''\'''r^^ ^''^''' was the way t^t iJi^ ^^y* ^7 ^^^^^ anything real and nerma- nent could be secured for labour.' In that path however I did not expect to tread. That, I though woiTde: t. 408 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1888 volve upon others, but when the eecretary of this nomi- nating convention came to me and said, 'You are the onlv man upon whom we can unite, and I want you to wri e me a letter either accepting or refusing to accept and giving your reasons,' that put a different facHn the f'll ^^^V*/^"'^ that way I could not refuse, bu? f«^h T^'l'^/'^''^'''- .^ ^'^'^ ^^^ « guarantee of good faith, I asked for some tangible evidence that my fellow- citizens of New York really wanted me to a^t Thit evidence you have given me : All I asked, and more.'' The office of Mayor of New York, he said, important though It was, was fettered by commissions, the occu- pants of only two of which he could remove. But still he had the powep of visitation and inquisition— of find- ing out how things were going— and the further power of appealing to the people; and those pownre he pro- posed, if elected, to use to their utmost and to destroy political corruption. But the mayoralty movement meant even more. Chattel slavery was dead; there now devolved upon them the task of removing industrial slavery. "We have hordes of citizens living in want and in vice born of want, existing under conditions that would appall heathen. Is this by the will of our Divine Creator ? No L'.V I i ?^ T""' ^^*^ ^' "^^° «^<1 citizens, on us devolves the duty of removing this wrong; and in that platform which the convention has adopted and on which I stand the first step is taken. Why should there be such abject poverty in this city? There is one great fact that stares in the face any one who chooses to look at It. That fact is that the vast majority of men and women and children in New York have no legal right to live here at all. Most of us-ninety-2e Tr cent, at least--must pay the other one per cent, by the week or month or quarter for the privilege of staying here and working like slaves. ... si-aymg "Now, is there any reason for such over-crowding? A«B,47] HEBE HE MADE A VOW 469 There is plenty of room on this ishmd. Thrre an- n.ilo« anybody else to use it, unless he pays arenormous nrtl for it-because what the Creator intenXnorTi I ff atzon of the people whom He cdledi bit L^'^^^^^^^ at an enormous rent or an enormous price. ^ ^ upon the same principle that a man who shouW to o a It: t^p fa" '::^^XT:^'rfr "™?"-w "I am your candidate for Mayor of New York Tf i. something that a little while ago I never dreamt of to-night, presenting Zself for he chief oL°'T ^'"' «ty-espou,ing the^ajse, -t Jy cftotrig^trlK those who are weaker than you. Think of it I YiM ones dying by thonaanda in this eityja verit„bk daf h' ter of the innocents before their tfme has comt ?f it" not our duty as citizens to address ourselve.Tth" -d 1 1 !< m •J 70 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE IhtT^u ""^ «°^i?I, wrongs that force out of the world those who are called into it almost before they are hlrT- ^rlJl^w * '^ ^'"''^ '^^P« «nd then into penitents nflJi 7-?'f ^^^^^n"i«g »i movement for the^abSn of Indus rial slavery, and what we do on this si(le of Z next month, that success may crown our cfforta an,l tk.I » »» "".«»» city may belong the honour orhavLvLd the van m this great movement." ^ The press gave large reports of the meeting. All of them confessed 'that George, because of his high char actcr and personal abilities, and because of the unpiice- dented s.gns of harmony among the labour uniortn support of him, would be an important factor in the mun" c.pa contest Most of the papers did not scm to Zw exactly what attitude to assume as yet. Only two „" aphL^'^^am:™;' '" "' ""'' '"^"'■" ^""^ I"-'-tJ oraph c calling George another Jack Cade and the "Evening Post" saying that while not apprehending ,i ckction, he niight "get a vote large enough' to demLt the officers of the law and diminish the protection we now enjoy against mob violence." By voluntary contributions and assessments, the labour unions raised some money for the uses of he election committee, though the amount was inadequate to meet even the necessary and legitimate needs imposed by the election laws, which, among other things, required each party to print and distribute its own tietets. The cam- paign on the working men's side began and ended with few brass bands and little red Are. The working men's heal quarters on Eighth Street were anything bu't garisl; nor Age. 47] AUGUST UBm& FRIENDSHIP 471 was there any show or pretence about Mr. Ceorge's head- quarters m the Colonnade Hotel, around the Lner on Broadway. Mont of the work was done by volunteers and hall rent for some of the larger meetings, at It was, contrary to all political usage, collected from the audience by "passing the hat." Other money came from Bome of Mr. George's close friends, chiefl/ from To'n L. Johnson; and some, in small sums, came through the mails from unknown sympathisers in the city and outside A notable contribution was a cheque for $100 from a stranger, August Lewis of August Lewis & Co straw goods importers and manufacturers on Greene Street, New lork. The cheque wan accompanied by a short note of good will, and Mr. Lewis soon afterwards followed this by a personal visit. He was born in Aix-la-Chapelle, Germany, of Jewish parents and received an ordinarv ?«^o"'T-r^'''^ '^^'""^"- ^^"^^^g *° this <^ountry in 1869, whither some members of his family had preceded him, he joined one of them in business. As a member of the Society for Political Education he had in 1883 re- ceived one of the complimentary copies of "Progress and Poverty presented to that organisation by Francis G Shaw; but not until Mr. George was a candidate and began to be vigorously discussed in the newspapers did iJ". .T'/f ^ *^' ^°°^- ^* immediately did for him what It had done for Mr. Shaw-brought him hope where before had been despair of the social problem. And feeling so, though it ran counter to his political habits and social affiliations, Mr. Lewis gave Henry George his moral and material support. He quickly took his place as one of Mr. George's closest friends, and in the end he shared with Tom L. Johnson the honour of the dedi- cation of the philosopher's last book. Mr. George's refusal to withdraw from the mayoralty I It ii' 472 liIPE OP HENRY GEORGE [1886 ,1 ' liill; contest, and his rapidly gathering strength left little hope of victory for the Democracy, save in the course some of the party papers urged— the union of the two factions. But it was evident when the Tammany convention met on October 11, that a considerable number of the dele- gates were for George and would have favoured his in- dorsement. But the little group controlling the machine had no thought of such a thing. Yet they did not see hope in a candidate from their own factional ranks. They therefore selected a man identified with the other faction — Abram S. Hewitt. Hewitt's name was presented to the convention and the perfunctory form of nomination was gone through with by the delegates, though few of them had had a hint of what was coming and astonish- ment for a tim* was supreme. Abram S. Hewitt was of the large iron manufacturing firm of Cooper, Hewitt & Co. He was son-in-law of the then late philanthropist, Peter Cooper, and brother-in- law of Edward Cooper, sometime Mayor of New York. For years he had been Congressman from New York. He was the same Abram S. Hewitt who in 1880 had spoken in praise of "Progress and Poverty" to William H. Appleton, the publisher, and who, through Mr. Apple- ton, had invited an acquaintance with Mr. George, whom he engaged privately to work on a Congressional report, which work was discontinued on Hewitt's refusal longer to pay what George regarded as reasonable compensation. Their agreement had been for privacy on both sides, as the Congressman intended to use the report as his own; but Hewitt now, during the mayoralty campaign, broke the seal of confidence, and gave to one of the newspapers a story that George had once been his secretary, but had to be discharged because he would run the land tax into everything. No response was made to this at the time. A«». 47] ABBAM HEWITT'S CANDIDAC3Y 473 but eleven years later, during the eecond mayoralty can- vass, when Mr. Hewitt was reported to have made some personal statements about him that called for reply, Mr. George dictated to a stenographer a statement of the 1880 episode, although afterwards he concluded that the occa- sion was inappropriate to publish it. Mr. Hewitt in his letter of acceptance took the ground that he had been called upon to save society. "An attempt is being made to organise one class of our citizens against all other classes, and to place the government of the city in the hands of men willing to represent the special interests of this class, to the ex- clusion of the just rights of the other classes. The in- jurious effects arising from the conclusion that any con- siderable portion of our people desire to substitute the ideas of anarchists, nihilists, communists, socialists, and mere theorists for the democratic principle of indi- vidual liberty, which involves the right to private prop- erty, would react M-ith the greatest severity upon those who depend upon their daily labour for their daily bread and who are looking forward to a better condition for themselves and their children by the accumulation of capital through abstinence and economy. The horrors of the French Revolution and the atrocities of the Com- mune offer conclusive proof of the dreadful consequences of doctrines which can only be enforced by revolution and bloodshed, even when reduced to practice by men of good intentions and blameless private life." m If Mr. Hewitt seemed to believe that since he was under- taking to defend social order and institutions against "anarchists, nihilists, communists, socialists and mere theorists," the Republicans should make common cause with him and support him. But the Republicans cleaved to themselves and nominated for mayor an able youn" 474 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE ii I [1880 man of large personal fortune and artistoeratic connec- tions and ideas— Theodore Eoosevelt. Practically all the politicians and all the daily press except the "Volks Zeitung'' and a little paper called "The Leader," which had started for the campaign and of which Louis F. Post was made the editor/ were now in fuU cry against George; and the lies, intentional and accidental, that one paper started the others took up and circulated. For instance, George was reported by the Sun" to have said in a speech that with all its horrors the great epoch of the French Revolution was about to repeat itself, and the "Evening Post," with a seeming malice prepense, repeatedly in editorials (and "Harpers Weekly," with letterpress and a cartoon) quoted this in the face of its obvious inconsistency with George's known principles and direct denials. Mrs. Lowell, Francis G. iMr. Post says: ". The Leader' was the only newspaper support that the George party had after the campaign opened, except the 'Volks /eitung,^ the socialist paper, printed in German. At first the 'Volks Zeitung oi^ned its editorial columns to articles in support of Geo«te in English, and I did the work. But oariy in the campaign < The Leader' was started. It jumped at once to a circulation of 35,000 daily, and was self supporting from the beginning. But to make it self-supporting all the editorial and reportorial work had to be contributed without pay. And this was done. Though the other newspapeiB unanimously opposed George their sub-editors and reporters almost unanimously supZted hnn. As they could do nothing for him in their own papei-s, they vol- unteered in large numbers for work upon 'The Leader.' After doin/a full days work on their respective papers, they would turn in and do an- other day s work, in the same twenty-four hours, for us. And this thev coutmued to the last. Where all were so devoted it would be invidious to mention names, even if I could rememl,er them. But the managing editor s and the city editor's chairs were filled in this way ; and as fine a body of reporters as ever came together on any paper joined with the rest of u. in working for 'The Le«ler ' without pay throughout the campaign. Kditonal writers on other papers also contributed to this unpaid work by sending m editorials and special articles." " sive; Age, 47] AN AQGBESSIVE CAMPAIGN 475 Shaw's daughter, wrote in some alarm to Mr. George about the reported utterances, and he replied : "I not only never meant to encourage lawlessness or disorder, but never did, by direction or indirection. On the contrary, I have told my people in the most emphatic way that I would preserve order and enforce the law." But George did not have much time for explanations of this kind. His campaign was not defensive, but offen- sive; not one of excuses, but of aggression. He addressed an open letter to the Democratic candidate pointing out that Hewitt himself represented the dangerous and un- scrupulous classes, as personified by Richard Croker and the many other professional politicians about him; whereas he (George) represented the great working mass of the community— the workers with head as well as with hand; and that as an English statesman had happily phrased it, the working men's movement was one of "the masses against the classes." Finally he proposed that Hewitt and he discuss the various questions of the campaign in joint debate. Hewitt's reply was quite as spirited. He ascribed George's candidacy to his "peculiar views as to the nature of property"; and asserted again that he was supported by "all the anarchists, nihilists, communists and social- ists in the community," with whom he (Hewitt) did "not wish to confound the men supporting him whom" George had "stigmatised as politicians." He also re- gretted that he could not "accommodate in debate a gen- tleman for whose 'remarkable acuteness, fertility and lit- erary power' [he had the] highest respect." Two other open letters passed between the candidates, one> from George, in which he offered Hewitt half his time at a meeting to take place that week at Chickering Hall; and one from Hewitt declining the proffer and de- li-:!; Iff tm < 476 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1886 daring it George's purpose "to array working men against millionaires."^ This was the kernel of opposition from press and plat- form to George. He was denounced as a "marauder," an "assailant of other people's rights," a "leveller," a "rob- ber of the poor," a "revolutionist," an "apostle of an- archy and destruction," a "man who attacks the sacred foundations of property," and a "recreant to liberty"— so that that cams to pass which Mr. George predicted in his speech of acceptance, when he said : "This, in my opin- ion, will be one of the fiercest contests that ever took place in this or any other American city. Every influ- ence that can be arrayed against me will be used. There will be falsehoods and slanders, everything that money and energy and |)olitical knowledge can command." One instance of this was given when a story was pub- lished that Dr. McGlynn had withdrawn his support from George. At the risk of further displeasure to his eccle- siastical superiors, the Doctor gave out a statement to the newspapers in which he said that his "admiration and affection for Henry George's genius and character" were, "if possible, increasing every day." Though it was not yet known. Dr. McGlynn had been "disciplined" for disobeying his Archbishop's order, which was literally, not to speak at the Chickering Hall meeting, but which was really, as subsequent events proved, not to help George. But now towards the close of the contest, when the last supreme efforts were being made, and when McGlynn's great influence was strongly felt, the higher resident dignitaries in the Church did not hesitate iFor the full text of this con-espondence and a sketch of the contest, see a smaU compilation by Louis F. Post and Fred C. Leubuscher, en- titled "The George-Hewitt Campaign," formerly published by John W. Lovell Company, New York. mmm Age, 47] POLITICS PROM THE ALTAR 477 themselves to enter the conflict. For, in answer to a letter from one of Mr. Hewitt's chief managers, Et. Rev. Monsignor Preston, Vicar-General of the Diocese, made a formal, written reply condemning George's principles as "unsound, unsafe and contrary to the teachings of the Church," and averring that if 'aogically carried out," they "would prove the ruin of the working men he pro- fesses to befriend"; adding that "although we never in- terfere directly in elections, we would not wish now to be misunderstood at a time when the best interests of so- ciety may be in danger." This letter was promptly given to the press and distributed at the Church doors the Sun- day preceding election day, and it strengthened the de- nunciation launched in sermons from several Catholic altars against Henry George and what he was declared to represent. A single furtive attempt was made on George's per- sonal character. A story was published in some San Francisco papers, and telegraphed to some New York papers, that he was once connected with a piratical expe- dition. This referred to the Brontes Mexican Revolution enterprise, with the details of which the reader has al- ready been made acquainted.^ The tale of piracy was seen to be ridiculous and was quickly dropped. As by common accord, George's enemies spoke of him as of pure private life and unquestionable abilities— an honest and dangerous fanatic. Yet the cries of threatened machine politicians and corruptionists and an opposing press frightened into co- operation the timid rich and a large commercial class, who always fear changes, even though they be the sweep- ing away of long-standing abuses; so that Henry George ii r-i ^ Pages 185-67. 478 LIFE OF HENBT GEORGE [1886 had a tremendous combination of forces, good and bad, respectable and disreputable, arrayed against him. But if such power's opposed, he had the intense, burning en- thusiasm of the great working masses behind him — ^"a power," to use his own words, "stronger than money, more potent than trained politicians"; something to meet and ' r .row them aside like chaff before a gale." Louis Prang, the Boston art publisher, who feared for George's dignity as an author and teacher of a great idea if he should enter upon a speaking campaign, urged him to follow General Grant's custom and make no speeches. But George replied: "I appreciate all you say. Never- theless, I have been called into this fight, and I propose to go through with it. While it was perfectly proper for Grant to make' no campaign speeches, that is the very thing I must do ; and I look forward to a month of speak- ing every night." And never before in New York, and perhaps nowhere else in the country, had there been such a speaking cam- paign. In halls and from "cart-tails," at the noon din- ner hour or at midnight, before exclusive audiences and before street throngs, in the commercial centres and through the tenement regions, Henry George spoke. Eather than a seeker for office, he was a man with a mission, preaching the way to cast out involuntary pov- erty from civilisation. Rather than a politician ready to pare away and compromise, he pressed straight for equality and freedom, and in a breath-taking way struck at the ignorant prejudices of his own followers as sharply as at those of his fiercest antagonists. While it was, for instance, the rule to temporise on the tariff and liquor questions, George called for the abolition of custom houses and of excise and licenses. He made speeches, frequently as many as twelve or fourteen a day, of a variety, strength. A«e, 47] A NEW KIND OP POLITICS 479 clearness, fire and I lan sympathy that amazed and thrilled the multitudes that flocked to hear him, and that inspired with increasing energy the scores and hundreds of all walks of life who spi-ang up to talk for him and his cause. Among these were Patrick Ford, who, though he did not actually speak, sat upon the Cooper Union platform and gave the strong editorial backing of the "Irish World"; General Master Workman Powderly of the Knights of Labour; Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labour; and Rev. J. 0. S. Huntington, son of the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Central New York, and head of the Episcopal Order of the Holy Cross. There had been many municipal elec- tions in New York before, but none like this. They had been purely political; this involved social questions as well. The sure sign of internal interest was the registra- tion of voters, preparatory to the formal balloting. This year, with no accompanying State or national contests to augment it, the registration was extremely heavy. Outside, the press of the country noted, discussed and divided, as though they were active participants; while beyond the broad seas, men at the antipodes watched and waited, and the British public, in placid ignorance of most things American, was by cable reports in its' news- papers daily informed of each important event in this New York mayoralty struggle, as though it involved the advancement or downfall of a sovereign State. The truth —the vital spark— the expression of hope of a less bitter struggle for subsistence for all men, even the meanest and lowest, that had raised the California writer from obscurity, that had given his book on political economy a world-wide circulation, that had gathered throngs to hear him speak from one end of Great Britain to the other, was now infused into a city election and centred 480 LIFE OF HENBY OEOBOE [1MB ( ' J I'' the gaze of miilions— made tlie world its audience. Let- tera of God-epeed poured in upon the candidate from a thousand sources— from organieationa whose hearts beat responsive to his trumpet call; from isolated individuals he never saw and never could expect to see. "The great question"— -he dashed off in a note of cheer to Mr. Gut- schow, German translator of ^Trogress and Poverty/' who had sent money out of his small purse for the campaign— "The great question is at last in politics and the struggle has begun.*' The campaign closed with flie Republicans deprecating both Hewitt and George, and the Democrats crying that a vote for Boosevelt was a vote for George, while the policy of those who feared the rise of tlie labour power was "anything to beat George." The last and most sig- nal proof to them that their fears were well founded was a parade of labour unions on the Saturday night three days before election. Through a oold, drenching rain, without brass bands, uniforms or any of the usual polit- ical trappings, bearing aloft their trade-union banners, and with here and there a few torches, but mostly i;i darkness, the long, dense line of men, headed by William McCabe, a journeyman printer, were two hours in march- ing past the reviewing platform in Union Square, and made one continuous, fervid shout of salutation to the man, their candidate, standing there. So the campaign closed, and election day came. Then was seen the great disadvantage of the working men's party. It had no representatives in the polling places to count the wtes. Moreover, under the election law it had to p^rint its -own ballots and distribute them to voters, and some of the election districts were actually without distrib- utors and ballots. The law worked for the benefit of the party "machines." Yet men without pay and without Age, 47] A BUNKER HILL VICTORY 481 food stood from dawn till nightfall working for George Late in the evening the returns showed that Abram S Hewitt had been elected Mayor, with George second, and Koosevelt third; the official canvass subsequently showing for Hewitt, 90,553; for George, 68,110; and for Eoose- vclt, 00,435. Mr. George believed at the time, and many circumstances afterwards confirmed his belief, that he had really been elected, but had been "counted out " But he had got all that he really wanted-a big vote At twelve o'clock election night, when the event was no lurther in doubt, he made a speech at the working men's headquarters on Eighth Street, crowded with the mor- active among his supporters. Disappointment was writ- ten on most faces there. They had fought with the con- fidence of winning. Defeat was bitter. But George's voice rang out bell-like and clear; wm? ' t£'S*' ^'^ to-night upon the victory we have won The future is ours. This is the Bunker Hill lorn Tunt? ifr if r *'^ ^'^"*^^^^*'^^ *-^p« -- +^!?^-/^ • . : ^^ *^®y w<^» 110 technical victorv they did win a victory that echoed round the world and a reality, and thank God, men of New York, we in this fight have won a victory that makes the true SepublL go ou't W?r*r • ^^ ^''' ^'' ' fi^« *hat wfK^r defert^d Id n ^t^T ^ r^«"i«^* that, defeated, and deteated, and defeated, must still go on. All the great nicin all the new forces of our civilisation are with us Thl hL"f' ^w ^'r ^''^ ^h« ^^^ in a goocrcause fnZti \T ^u*.^ '^'™'^ *h«* prepares our forces tor the battles that are to follow." % n I: I .4.) , if; These words of courage thrilled all who heard and (Jailed out round after round of cheers. iM \ CHAPTER IX. "THE STANDARD" AND THE ANTI- POVERTY SOCIETY. 1886-1887. Age, 47-48. AFTER an undisturbed night's sleep, Henry George on XJL the morning following the mayoralty election was back at his Astor Place office. To a "Sun" reporter who came to ask him of his plans, he said : "I shall buy a bottle of ink and a box of pens and again go to writing." The press, abroad as well as at home, recognised in him a new power in the public world. The London papers were thoroughly alive to this, the Tory "St. James's Ga- zette" observing that "the election should cause all re- spectable Americans to forget the trumpery of party fights and political difFerentism and face the new danger threatening the commonwealth." On the other hand, the Radical "Pall Mall Budget" said: "The two words 'Henry George' on the voting paper against which 68,000 persons put their mark did not even to these 68,000 mean only the five feet, nine inches of commonplace flesh and blood, thatched with sandy hair and shod with American leather. They meant much more than that. They meant an embodied pro- test against the kingdom of this world, which after nineteen centuries, alike under democracies and monar- cies and empires, is still ruled by Mammon *the least 482 Age, 47-48] THE FIRST SKIRMISH 483 erected spirit that fell from heaven ' incarnation of a demanrl fW iv, J ,j , **°^^ ^^ *he a better place to liv^n than it 1%?.^ '^'"ii^^ °^*^« datura was a groan of dit^.f ^^ to-day; and his candi- therefore of L&^'aftThe^^^^^^^^^ '''' ^^^-^> -^ The "I^ew York Times" expressed the views of manv ^.^« Shtful persons at home in sayin- -Thlf „l x^ vote .eariy equalling that ..st in rec'ryarbf ^y o the ejiistmg political parties is at once seen to Z event demanding the moat aerions att^Sio^ld stndv"" And well might the press so speak. For Ltos of e^ g^atnlation poured in upon Mr. George f"l part of the country, and in many places hf was talked of ,1 labour candidate for the presidency in Zs M„ rwaT^'V^*' " -w/ed mrng f^t ing was held in the large hall of Cooper Union Mr George's speech was fine in tone. "It is not Z I^/ i Tfrn-" ""^ '•^' "« - '"e begi^X. Wel:f fought the first skirmish." They must ^f n« And he now demanded a radical reform of those voti„„ "::^h,rd th "^""^^ r --^^-^ '- *;: s contest, enabled the unscrupulous to manipulate elections vocated this reform m magazine articles in 1871 and the nWo™ r^^f "'. ''"^'' ™' '" -P-- terms, in or .nv li,»t ume seriously in American poUtics. b'. y<. '\ 484 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [Wm-1887 It was taken up by the trade unions and labour move- ments in various parts of the country, and acquiring sup- port from other sources, was, in one form or another within a few years adopted by most of the States in the Union, and ultimately by all. With a view to carrying the land reform, ballot reform and lesser principles into practical effect, resolutions were passed at the Cooper Union meeting declaring that a per- manent political organisation be effected in New York and elsewhere. It was also resolved to carry on syste- matic educational work through the medium of lectures and speeches and reading matter. A committee to direct this consisting of John McMackin, Rev. Dr. McGlynn and I rof. David B. ,Scott was named. The latter, on ac- count of ill health, soon gave place to James Redpath managing editor of the ".Yorth American Review" This committee opened an office in the Cooper Union building, and with Gaybert Barnes as secretary, at once com- menced the organisation through the country, and espe- cially through Xew York State, of "Land and Labour But more important than this, at least to Mr. George personally, was the announcement of his intention to start a weekly newspaper-the first number to be issued on January 8 of the new year. A prospectus he sent out brought m many yearly subscriptions, with money in ad- vance; and with this money and $500 borrowed from a deeply interested English friend, Thomas Briggs of Lon- don, the paper was started, the printing being done on the presses of the "New York Herald,'^ by courtesy of James Gordon Bennett. Mr. George had thought of nam- RiL^'f v'^'' V'^F ^"* '^ *'^ ^"^^^«t^^^ «f John Riissell Young, he adopted the title of "The Standard " The paper started with high expectations and a large A«e. 47-48J - THE STANDARD » STAl-'F 455 prictor, there wore W^, t "f"*" f "'''" ""'' P'"" and special writer, Eev Mm Wic " "''"'"»' writer .. W. Suiiiv'an a» ^I^ li^^^^Z ^ Ja;st" r;Htii'.a 3^'°'™' -^"^ -'" "^"- were "Mri«^ P i" cil and economic matters-in fact thrown Zf. r /""''^^""S" Bnt everything wa. pen ™ "The m'p'; '' T'^ "^^^ '™» Mr. (i»rge's .':.ToZiona,%Son': '°"' '"'''' ^^' "^ *-«»S As has been said in the previous chanter Dr M.ni «. .nspended from his prLtly om^'C^^J-^TZ z trro' """"T '"' '^^"""^ *" »>•-'«"- t WGeneJS'treT' " ''S'*™^ ^all, while tio„ „ 1 general ot the diocese a few days before elec- ta wrote a letter that was published in tie new„:^ mi i^4 , /F 486 LIFE OF HENRY OEOBOE [1886-1887 I! condemning Mr. George's principles as "unsound, unsafe and contrary to the teachings of the Church." A fortnight or more following the election the Archbishop, in a pastoral letter that was read in all the Catholic churches in New York, attacked "certain unsound principles and theories which assailed the rights of property." Though not naming Henry George, it was clear that the principles were those with which he was identified. A few days later an inter- view with Dr. McGlynn appeared in the "New York Tribune" avowing the very principles that the Archbishop had condemned, and taking direct issue in asserting that they were not contrary to the doctrines of tha Church. For this the Archbishop suspended Dr. McGlynn for the remainder of the year and wrote a letter to the Cardinal Prefect of the Propaganda laying the matter before him.* This letter procured a cable ordering Dr. McGlynn to Rome. When the Archbishop by letter informed him of this. Dr. McGlynn by letter replied that several grave reasons, among them his physician's orders (he had heart trouble, which, with other complications, ultimately caused his death) would prevent his undertaking the jour- ney. But he added: "As I cannot go to Rome to give an account of my doctrine about land, I would say that I have made it clear in speeches, in reported interviews and in published articles, and I repeat it here: I have taught and shall continue to teach in speeches and writings as long as I live, that land is rightfully the property of the people in common and that private ownership of land is against natural justice, no matter by what civil or ecclesiastical laws it may be sanctioned; and I would bring about instantly, if I could, such change of laws all the world iStatement of Rt. Rev. M. A. Corrigan, "The Standard," January 29, 1887. A«e.47-.8, MOGLYNN'8 LAND DOCTBINE ^^7 that part of thiTa sto S .CV thf f "' ''"™™^ the Catholic Church in the attitude n^"*'! "' ^""""S private property i„ land/' The Irttle,", ?"'"" °' yond a quiet discussion of econol ' ""'.""'^ l"^ when Archbishop Corriirm L^ T L P"°'='P'<'s- But McGIym. to go to Eom? Mr7 '' "*' ""'^ *"' »'• -« article i^ the S'ifue of"fThr;"1 '"/ "'"■ P^^nted the importance of ThelhiS^in'r:^-' "' theTo^tTrTpol^n^i^'^'^Xcht^ "^ ^ -'^«''«^ 'orm in the history of the CaTholt rr'r.'*^"P'*««»ted States. It has in fact an 'ntil? ^r? '" "•" t^-ited ?«nntry, i„ so much ,s the Sion' »rn"'!»S *« 18 the attitude of the sreat^f !3 ?.7^i':'' '' '"^'ves towards the worJd-wMef^T.. ' °' Christian Churches and its decision «?n be frZS't ST"* °'."?'"' *™<=«' He. ached the heart of the matter when he sdd: theSe of"„^°° t P""'^^^'' '" » f<" taking instice and ^ohS fnrth/«T' '^^ '^stem ofln! made the govlrmSX ^l V«kf h"''«^''''J'='' ^avo ,!ii? ■« I* iJ ; 'Dr. Mco,,.„, „^„ ofw:::;::;:;;;:^;;;;^;;:^ »fy 5, 288?. 488 I4FE OP HENRY GEORGE [188&-1887 made some vigorous speeches in behalf of the Democratic candidate without a word or thought of remonstrance His sm is 11^ taking a side in politics which was opposed to the rings that had the support of the Catholic hier- archy." Some of Dr. McGlynn's friends, said George, advised the clergyman's obeying the summons to Rome, "in order to present the case of those Catholics who believe in the common right to land, and to force the question to an issue, which would forever still any pretence that this doc- trine was condemned by the Church."^ To this Mr. George replied: '^his might be all very well if Dr. McGlynn could go to Kome after* some such unequivocal popular express- ion as would convince the Roman authorities that he was the ambassador of American Catholics, and that they did not propose to be trifled with. But for him to go to Rome as a suspended priest with any expectation of getting a hearing as against an Archbishop, backed bv all the influence of the rich Catholics of the United btates, and by all the powerful influence of the English f» ?7 ^, English intriguers at Rome, would be folly. Dr. McGlynn would have no chance in Rome to make any presentation of the case, even if the Propaganda were a perfectly impartial tribunal. . . . % it likely that they would give any hearing now to the 'priest McGlynn, whom they condemned four years ago because ot his partiality to the 'Irish revolution' ?" Mr. George quoted Vicar-General Preston to the effect that Dr. McGlynn was "not sent for to be complimented," iThis was Mr. George's own view at first, but he yielded to the judg- ment of Dr. McGlynn, who, from what he had seen in Rome while at the College of the Propaganda, believed he would be unable to get a hearing at the Vatican. ° Age, 47-4S] ORDERED TO RECANT 489 but be disciplined." Proof, if any was needed, that he plan was to have the case prejudged came a 1 ttk later when the Archbishop published, as coming Slm Cardinal Simeoni, a cable message directing him to <'Z orders to have Dr. McGlynn again invited to proceed lo Rome and also to condemn in writing the doctrines to which he has given utterance in public meetings or which have been attributed to him in the press " The iirst issue of "The Standard," or more particularly Mr George's article, . aade a sensation, and two extra editions of the paper, or in all seventy-five Zusand copies, were struck off. But "The Standard" was prac- ^ally alone in .. fight for Dr. McGlynn. Even papers with a strong oestant bias and generally ready to seize upon any circumstances disadvantageous to the Cath. olic Church, now, because of the social and political up- heaval threatened by George and McGlynn, were glad to side with an Archbishop who used tyrannical power against a liberal and public-spirited priest and with a foreign power that dared to interfere with and curtail the rights ol a citizen of the United States. And the newspapers approved of the Archbishop's action when, in the middle of January, he removed Dr. McGlynn from the pastorate of St. Stephen's Church. Nor did they make any derogatory comments at the unseemly manner in which the order was executed, Rev. Arthur Donnallv until then of St. Michael's Church, the appointee, going to .St. Stephen's rectory, without notice of any kind and m the absence of Dr. McGlynn, walking into the latter's private room and attempting to take instant possession notwithstanding the fact that clothes, books and papers scattered about gave evidence that the man who had occu- pied the chamber for twenty years was yet its occupant and would need a brief time to remove his effects Fa- I;?- g^j Mi 490 LIFE OP HENBY GEOBGE [1888-1887 ther^Donnally afterwards went into the Church proper and tore Dr. McGlynn's name from the confessional, and later still attended by a police captain, ruthlessly broke in upon the solemn duties of confession, and in a loud voice ordered two of the assistant priests, and the people who had come to devotions, out of the place; and this and much more against the all but violent protestations of a great congregation by whom for a generation Dr. Mc- txlynn had been deeply loved and venerated. A chorus went up from the press that Henry George in attacking the Catholic Church'' had destroyed his polfticai th r.' "f. Tf "^^^ Standard's" success. He replied that he did not attack "the Church," but the men who mis- used the Church; that he had no political aspirations, else he would not have re-entered journalism; and that if the time came when "The Standard" could not "freely and franMy take a stand on any question of public interest," then It would be "high time for it to give'up the ghost" The case of Dr. McGlymi now seemed to be in the hands of the Church authorities at Rome. Yet strangely enough at this very time Cardinal Gibbons wrote irom Rome to Rev. Dr. Richard L. Burtsell, of the Epiphanv Church, Dr. McGlynn's lifelong friend^and legafSeT that in personal interviews with Cardinal Simeoni and judgment much less condemned Dr. McGlynn. Car- dinal Gibbons therefore urged Dr. McGlynn to go to Rome. As we have seen Dr. McGlynn had reluctance to going to Rome as he felt that he would get small chance of a hearing ^evertheless he now sent word through of his heart would permit, on condition that he should 5rst be remstated and that a public statement be made by some one in authority that no Judgment had been *W«-«J CROSS OF THE NEW CBUSADE 49, P^d upon the case and that his land doctrines had not > been condemned at Home. But Cardinal Gibbons Tt some reason or other foiled to pla™ before the P™p" ganda or the Pope Dr. BurtseU's letter and no effort a restatement or correction of public utterances was made Dr. McGljnn had not the least idea of recediuK^rom h.s posmon. He held that there was no conflict Mwin the doctrme of the land for the people and theluur mental truths of the Church. Towards the end of Ma^h he repeated his land doctrines in a most emphatic and dt quent manner m a lecture in the Academy of Music on "The Cross of the New Crusade," before a veTy arge latr;:, T^n t"--* *'^«^ »* cathoii^'rs largely of St. Stephen's parishioners; and which marked every period with a burst of appW This led almost immediately to a movement to awaken ^e fcitrar' r'' °\*^'' ^^ »■«' outca^r : great city a hope for a civilisation that should be based on social justice and bring peace and plenty to aU Tte ^ea had originated some time before with Thomas L McCi^ady of "The Standard" staff. His plan "a t form a militant society against poverty, and with i to go into and rouse the New York tenement regions It was a new scheme to educate the masses on the land ques- tton. After Dr. McGlynn's lecture on "The Crossof X. New Crusade," the McC^dy idea took fl!. The at ■ teps towards organisation were taken at a little meeting m The Standard • ofHce, and a name suggested by M<> Cready was chosen-«The Anti-Poverty Society."' n 49fl LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1886-1867 By common voice Dr. McGlynn was named nresident, and Henry George, vice-president; with Benjamin Urner, a commission merchant, for treasurer, and Michael Clark, an editorial writer on the "Irish World," for secretary. The first public meeting took place in Chickering Hall on Sunday evening. May 1. The hall was crowded and thousands were tuned away. Dr. McGlynn's address was the chief feature of the meeting. Of it Mr. George said in his signed editorial in "The Standard": "Never before in New York had a great audience sprung to its feet and in a tumult of enthusiasm cheered the Lord s Prayer; but it was the Lord's Prayer with a meaning that the Churches have ignored. The simple words, 'Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it IS m hoav,en,' as they fell from the lips of a Christ- ian priest who proclaims the common fatherhood of God and the common brotherhood of man; who r ants to the widespread poverty and suffering not as m accordance with God's will, but as in defiance of God's order, and who appeals to the love of God and the hope of heaven, not to make men submissive of social iijustice which brin'-s want and misery, but to urge them to the duty of sweep- ing away this injustice— have in Ihem the power with which Christianity conquered the world. And in New York to-day, as by the sea of Galilee eighteen centuries ago, thou^-h the Scribes and Pharisees are filled with rage and the high priests and rich men are troubled and dismayed, the people hear them gladly." Men and women of all religious denominations and of no religion at all came in flocks to enroll as members of to spread, by such peaceable and lawful means as may be found most de- sirable and efficient, a knowledge of the truth that God has made ample provision for the need of all men during their residence upon earth, and that involuntary poverty is the result of the human laws that allow indi- viduals to claim as private property that which the Creator has provided for the use of all" Age, 47-48] ANTI-POVERTY SOCIETY 493 following Sunday evening was in a larger place, the Acad! emy of Mubic, when Henry George naade the ch ef address The press turned loose denunciation and ridicule, but hat only served to extend the membership and to 'advertise the meetings which came to be held regularly every Sun! day evening in the Academy. ^ Tl^ Archbishop early in May had apparently received a letter from Cardinal Simeoni, summoning D.^Glynn to Rome and giving him forty days from receipt of the letter m which to do so, under pain of excommunication should ir ' ''' ''"'^ '"' '^'' '^ ^^^"^^'^ '' he Pr. McGlynn contented himself with his former reply then '"ZJ""""''" '''"'•^ P"''^"* ^'' "^'^^^^"-^ «^« i^^^^ney then The conspicuous signs in the Anti-Poverty move- men were that for his personal character, his d'octrines on the land question and his consequent attitude towards his ecclesiastical superiors, Dr. McGlynn had a large and strong following-indeed, that a large part of his former parishioners had Joined the movement and hung on every word tha dropped from his lips. If these signs failed there could be no mistaking the size and character of a parade and demonstration held in his honour and in pro- test against the impending excommunication. It was composed mainly of Catholic working men. A not- friendly newspaper-the <'New York Herald"-estimated that seventy-five thousand persons took part. But in an- ticipation of what seemed certain to occur, Henry George wrote in "^he Standard" (June 35) : ^ iny^^'^l '*^''^' h^'*^ hy *he palace of the holy inauis- ition m Rome a statue which has been placed there s^nce ^^^:^^tnT ''''''' ^^ ^ "^^^^^ V. On n i:-4m^ *©4 LIPB OP HENBT GEORGE [18W-1887 GALILEO GALILEI was imprisoned in the neighbouring palace for having seen that the earth revolves around the sun. "In after years when the true-hearted American priest shall have rested from his labo rs, and what is now being done is history, there will arise by the spot where he shall be excommunicated such a statue and such an inscription. And days will come when happy little chil- dren, such as now die like flies in tenement houses, shall be held up by their mothers to lay garlands upon it." The term of lorty days having expired on July 3, the threatened penalty fell. The Archbishop did not attempt to make any ceremony of it. He merely wrote two let- ters, one to Dr. McGlynn and one to a Catholic news- paper addressing the clergy and laity of the diocese, say- ing that the Doctor having failed to comply with the order from Eome within the time set, had thereby in- curred excommunication. Dr. McGlynn had already been stripped of his church and the right to perform his priestly offices, so that excommunication so far as the outside world could see went for little. And the loving regard of th > Catholic poor of St. Stephens parish re- mained unaltered. They continued to crowd into the Anti-Povertj' meetings and wherever else their "soggarth aroon" publicly appeared. Nor did the excommunication in the least change Dr. McGlynn's own belief that he was still a Catholic and a priest, or lessen his sense of obligation to be true to the Catholic faith. Not only did he continue strictly to follow in private life that course which had made it impossible for searching enmity to breathe against Ace, 47-4 his chj before ably oj of the religioi in his ] ancient Not Glynn, eral ins his own by trant a numb condemr nent in deprived tually oi to the I Hudson, ganda fc name of by the f the faith: of Dr. M tented pr moreover ter." Ni stances h Calvary known to attended Glynn.^ Meanwl ing in ot] *«»«-«) MOOLTON EXCOMMUNICATED 405 his character as a priest or a man, but in the addresses be ore the Anti-Poverty Society and elsewhere he in™ri ably opened wUh the reverent spirit of a devout min™ter TSr,: J^Tu P™'*' °'™^' ^ P™<' he cherished itt'";:;!^"* " """"^ *"^ ""^' ^-^"'-^ »' *« Not content with the ejicommunication of Dr Mc Glynn, Archbishop Corrigan, in the interpretation of gen- eral instructions he had received from Home, based ™„n h.s own presentation of matters in New York, punished by transferrence to less important missions in the d"^se a number of priests who failed to give outward s^of condemnafon of Dr. McGlymi. Even Dr. BurtsclT^m"- nent m the United States as an ecclesiastical juril , was to t^ ,«,' °rr\" f " ^'°* '^''^' ^^"S sent in 1890 to the httle Church of St. Maiy, at Eondout, up the Hudson. The Archbishop in his reasons to th; ftopa! bHl 1 n'"^' ""^ '^ '""'' '■y P"""' "'""io-' »« ''ell as tb. f» i? rf.T °' ^'- """^^'y™' "^ hy the clergy and f Dr M^'p, "7 ?'T'' *° "" ™' "-^y " P^-aHriend of Dr. McGlymi, but also the leader of those few discon- tented priests who more or less sustain Dr. McGlvnn and moreover the co„n 1, ^^j^^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ 3 , and tor. Nor did the Archbishop stop here. In two in- CdZ r^'T'"'!''"''^ "' P^'^""" '» «■» Catholic Calvary Cemetery, because, while these persons were Known to be strict in their duties to the Church, Z ^tended the Anti-Poverty Society lectures of Dr! ul Meaiwhile Henry George had been doing some lectur- ing in other cities on what now began to be caUed the (4 '■* 'M 406 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1886-1887 "Single Tax" question.^ He made an important trip, under the auspices of Major James B. Pond's bureau, to Madison and Milwaukee, Wis., Burlington, la., Sagina\t', Mich., and Chicago. But work on "The Standard" on- gaged most of his time up to the middle of sum.ner of 1887. Discussion over the excommunication had not entirely subsided when a new excitement commenced — a political contest for State and municipal offices. A State con- vention called by the United Labour Party of New York City, met in Syracuse on August 17, with representatives from political labour parties or Land and Labour Club.s in all the important centres in the Empire State. This was the direct outcome of the great vote for Henry George's candidacy for mayor the year before. George and most of his immediate supporters were confident that the labour movement would draw out a very large vote in the State this year, which would permanently establish the new party and make it a factor in the presidential campaign in 1888. But weeks before the convention met it became evident that the socialists, who had supported George in 1886 and raised no objection to the platform on which he lTli« term "Single Tax" may be said to have been anticipated in " Progress and Poverty" (Book "VIII, chap, iv ; "Memorial Edition," p. 425), but the commencement of its general use probably dates from early in 1887 ; Mr. George, in a speech at a single tax conference in Chicago in 1893, saying that no one had been able to devise a suitable title for tho cause until one day Thomas G. Shearman of New York remarked to him : "It seems to me that the proper title should be 'The Single Tax.'" " And then," said Mr. George, "an article was published under that title and somehow or other the name stuck." The article referred to was a report in "The Standard " of a speech by Mr. Shearman (See "Standard," May 28, 1887). Mr, George never regarded the term as describing his philosophy, but rather as indicating the method he would take to apply it *»«w»i FIGHT WITH SOCIA1J8T8 4,^ on getting their principles to the front. Thev eonsuted of <«mparatively few men in New York Citvf buT what actiuty. They now nndcrtook to steer the now political movement. They not only wished to keep thlirt. ,! Stic organisation intact while they acted as monilCTs in the larger United Ul«ur Party, birt their cwutive com" mi tee i«ued a statement insisting "that the burning BOC..I question IS not a land tax. but the abolition of all private property in instruments of production." It was ^T T /' "''''°*'"" """ "'"^t- """ onconnto J fcctun, campaign in Great Britain. He wrote in "The standard" the w«k before the convention met that there could 1« no place for the socialists in the now party f hey pi^sscd their principles. "Either they must go o^t," ZL ^T"^'' "' *'"' ""^ ''«' «'"*'"''^ 'he United Labour Party do not propose to nationalise capital and re not in favour of the abolition of all privato'property in the 'instruments of production.'" ^ The matter came to a head in the convention, to which New lork City districts. They were given a hearing but they were refused seats because they Longed to ani political party. During that hearing they insisted Tput of-fhe'^ID^'r.'Tj' ""' "" "■" "«"' '» he memb i ll' P i "^ ^^' ^'"■''' ^*"<' «^i« i» *ho United Labour Party as well. They became very bitter about heir exclusion and taxed George with throwing them over ZLT V P"""^- "^""'y ™^ "-- »-°««tes and supporters put m the field a list of their own candidates on a purely sociaUstic platform. eanaiaates ; J % MI mi- •IP..; Mj i, ^^^H 498 LIFE OF HENRY OEOBQE [1880-1887 Thus Mr. Qeorge was compelled in public action to draw a line of demiircation which in writing "Protection or Free Trade?" in 1885 he had been at pains to make very clear as separating his own philosophy from that of socialism.^ It also happened that occasion arose for him to draw a line on anarchy, or rather on the Chicago an- archists sentenced to death for being accessory to the kill- itog of several Chicago policemen in 1885. The breaking up in October, 1887, by the police of a public meeting in Kew Jersey called to express sympathy with the Chicago anarchists caused Mr, George to protest in "Thu Stand- ard" in behalf of free speech, but at the same time to say that he believed after reading the review of the testimony which was given in the Supreme Court decitsion* when the cases were apjjealed that the Chicago anarchists were guilty under the laws of Illinois. However, he thought mitigating circumstances and the fact that a "tragical death always tends to condone mistakes and crimes" would plead the commutation of the sentence of death to a sentence of imprisonment. He wrote this publicly in "The Standard," and privately he wrote a letter to the Governor of Illinois urging clemency on the same grounds. But to return to the convention. Henry George and Dr. McGlynn, who also was a delegate, were the central figures. Henry George drafted the platform, in prin- ciple the same as that he had written for his mayoralty campaign the year before. It soon became evident that he would be pressed to accept the nomination for the 1 "Protection or Free Trade?" chap. xxviiL (Memorial Edition, pp. 299-312), "Free Trade and Socialism." ^ Some of Mr. George's friends have believed that had he read the full testimony of the case, and not what they believed to be the Supreme Courts' very unfair view of it, he would have come to a different con* elusion. Age, 47-48] GEORGE AGAIN CANDIDATE 499 chief place on the ticket—that of Secretary of State. He shrunk from this because he did not like to appear as an office hunter and because he thought it bad party policy to run him just then. But an intimation that it might be said that he held back and wished another put forward because he saw small hope of election decided him to accept. The rest of the State ticket v/as filled out with men known in the labour moveme^ la t.i their respective localities, but little known in genraJ polir os. Mr. George early entered on ai r^tive leaking cam- paign through the State and was av 'omj^fiiiied by corre- spondents of the "Herald" and "VVuxld" of New York City, who gave fair reports of his speeches and their ap- parent effects. The Governor of the State, David B. Hill, having in a public speech made some reference to the labour party candidate and his principles, Mr. George in- vited him to joint debate, but the Governor ignored the challenge. However, Sergius E. Shevitch,* an able rep- resentative of the socialists— one of the unseated Syra- cuse convention delegates— challenged Mr. George to de- bate their respective principles. The latter accepted and they met in Miner's Theatre on Eighth Avenue, New York City. Dr. McGlynn also travelled over the State making speeches, as did Louis F. Post, Judge James G Maguire of California, Eev. Hugh 0. Pentecost of New- ark, and many others. Moreover, a million tracts, mostly on the land question, were distributed. It was a canvass remarkably widespread and effective, considering the lack of money and organisation. Collections were made at many of the meetings, and small sums came from indi- vidual sources, but most of the scant fund obtained for 1 A few years afterward Mr. Shevitch accepted a position in Rusai* under the Czar's government ( 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 1 -H 600 Ln^ OP HENRY GBORGE [1886-1887 the campaign came from a fair held under the ausp^es of the Anti-Poycrty Society and the superintendence of William T. Croasdale in Madison Square Garden during the first three weeks in October. All the while opposition was not asleep. The poli- ticians in both the great parties considered that this elec- tion involved the fate of New York, a pivotal State, in the national contest the next year, and therefore were bent on making strong party showings. The hierarchy of the Catholic Church of New York City of course set the seal of condemnation upon the new party and openly and secretly stirred up opposition everywhere. But what proved a great surprise to both George and McGlynn was that Patrick For^ broke with them and took the side of the Catholic Church authorities. He set aside the under- lying land question, upon which in the past Henry George himself had not taken more radical ground, nor given a deeper foundation in ethics. He ignored the fact that Dr. McGlynn had on his invitation in 1882 made the very speeches that brought the first censures of the ecclesias- tical authorities. He made no distinction between the officers or human representatives of the Church, whom they opposed, and the doctrines or spiritual part of the Church, which they did not oppose. He professed a con- tinuance of personal friendliness to both men, but said that he must separate himself froi;i their public course because they were warring on the Catholic Church. He set forth his views in three long, signed, double-leaded articles in the "Irish World," special editions of which were distrib- uted widely over the State. Then, too, George's attitude towards the socialists and the Chicago anarchists, while losing what support their small numbfc.is represented, together with the far wider and more important support they were able to influence for Age,47-«] THE CHICAGO ANARCHISTS 501 the time being by charging him with mean motives/ did not draw to him the privileged classes, who had the year before charged him with preaching blood and revolution. But notwithstanding opposition his courageous, san- ^ine nature soared. He was filled with high hopes Neither the Democr atic candidate for Secretary of State' iMr. George wrote after election (November 25) to C. D. F Giitschow of San Franeisco the German translator of "Progress and Pov J" "I have no doubt whatever that the notion that I had "Led on tbo socahsts as a mere matter of policy was widely dissemtated am„ u German population and did mo harm, for this w JT ,"! > It. The truth, however, is just the reverse Bemnnm^ li ''«rrecting tlru;:r^-dtrnr^-~^^ trove^yrthVut^tbr; :^j^:z^ --- - alternative other than to consent to have thrZelnt Inkeras": socialistic movement or to split with the socialists, i^^thll tht T f us votes for the pi^sent, I am perfectly certain Z it wm Ll ^f tf laltf T " 'T "" ^^'^°^' ^^^'^^^^^ '^ -t enter Ltomy cal f lations ; I was only anxious to do the right thing "Second, as to the anarchists. The article to which you refer [averring that the accused men had not had a fair trial], puWishrd in tL second issue of the paper, was not written by me, but by a^eMli„V whom I have confidence, Mr. Louis F. pL 'Th tpinioT treex" pressed was my opinion, simply because I had received ^tfZ him untH found that the Supreme Court of Illinois had made a «i S men. Our bench is not immaculate, but I could not believe that every one of «,ven men, with the responsibility of life and death hanging Ivlr h.m could unjustly condemn these men. In spite of aU pressure I r' fused to say anything about the matter until I Ll a chanced somewla xamme it for myself, and a mding of the derision of the SuprerCou; had not been condemned, as I had previously supposed, for mere opintn opinion of Jiid^ Magime, who expressed the same opinion which you say he ha, .xp«s»ed in California. At my eai-nest inquest he said he woSJ SuJ Tf^- ?' "™^* °" ^'' "•'"•^ y'^^ ««° i" th« Ja«t copy of^ no Standard- (November 19. letter of Judire Marrnire to S R. M ) [h I 602 LIFE OF HENRT GEOBOE [1889-1887 Fred. Cook, nor the Republican candidate. Colonel Fred. D. Grant, son of the late General U. S. Grant, made any particular canvass; whereas George spoke everywhere and to large audiences. He therefore became confident, as did those about him, of a big vote — he hoped 150,000. But fate decreed otherwise. He received only 72,000 votes, as against 459,000 for the Republican and 480,000 for the Democratic candidate, respectively. In New York City he received less than 38,000, as against 68,000 the year before. Louis F. Post, who was candidate for Dis- trict Attorney on the local or county ticket of the labour party, was with Mr. (korge when news of the crushing defeat came. He has said: "He and I went to the Astor House to watch the re- turns on the *Herald' bulletins across the way. They were frightfully disappointing. It was soon evident to both of us that the United Labour Party movement had that day collapsed. In that frame of mind we went up- town, and just as our car was about to start, we standing on the front platform, I said : *Well, George, do you see the hand of the Lord in this?' He looked at me with an expression of simple confidence which I shall never forget, and answered: ^l^o, I don't see it; but it's there.' Then he went on to say how he had thought a way of bringing back the people to the land had opened in the labour campaign of the preceding year, but now that way had closed ; yet another way would open, and when that closed still nnother, imtil the Lord's will on earth would be done." finding was that the condemned anarchists were "all guilty of wilful, deliberate, premeditated murder. "] " It is in the nature of things that the man who acts solely by con- science roust often be misunderstood and seem to others as if he were acting from low motives, when in reality he is acting from the highest. This cannot be avoided, but I so much value your esteem and friendship that I want to make this personal explanation to you." Age, 47-48] THE HAND OP THE LORD 503 Mr. George left the car to go to the' labour party headquarters. There he found a crowd of men sLck dumb and utterly disheartened with the defeat He sprang upon the platform and words of hope and courage IZr 1 l'""^ ^"."^ '''''^ ^^ ^^« ^-'-« - flood o emotions that showed themselves in frantic cheer on cheer and a pressing forward to grasp the leader's hands. CHAPTER X. PROGRESS THROUGH DISSENSIONS. 1887-1889. Age, 48-50. it TTTHO is there to whom 'years have l)rought the phil- ▼ T osoiihie »mincl/ who, looking back over his own career, may not see how often what seemed at the time to be disaster has really proved a blessing in disguise; that opportunity has come out of disappointment; and that the thing which he at the moment most strove to gain would have proved the thing which it would have been worst for him to have?" Thus wrote Henry George in "The Standard" immedi- ately after the election of 1887. He expected a new hope to rise out of the great defeat. It was a repetition of the thought he had uttered to Louis F. Post on election night, that, though the old road had closed, a new way would open. And the new way did open within a few weeks, for President Cleveland sent to Congress a mes- sage advising a reduction of the tariff. It was not a free trade message; it expressly repudiated free trade. It was the weak little cry of "tariff reform." But it -ms a crack in the tariff dike that discussion would WL-ar larger. The hitherto dominant rings and reactionary protection- ist powers inside the Democratic party, and Mr. Blaine and the Republicans outside, made dire threats against Ae^im) TABnr ISSDE RAISED EOS thigpoh^. Bat the President waB firm. He prepared for a harf stubborn fight. This could only u\Z tional and bear upon the eampaign in the fall of I8M !w f^^*'""""''"' House of Bepresentatives miit choose to do in the matter. * tenfl question wa.s precisely vhat Hemy George h„d hoped for smce 1876, when he made f,« trade ISeches m California for Tilden, and to bring on which riev eral years later wrote "Protection or Freo TraleV" Po; itU t.?a°s : "T- '^f r ""^^-'^ '» -'""'«" the m"\: eetlTh l^r tfh- ^f ^".'■- ""'- «' thing, he ,uic.Ty\rZ%tTwMleTt:r^; 30 e^pLsed :heLt,::t<:?hrstrd:r:;^^ -- ™- candidate in the &ld ^1 , ■»>^>«'^"t single ta. publican party yet thou* littf "1 *"" '"" "'" «"■ the DemLat^;7artr mhe" r. rf ^™ '"»» M..cki« and Oavtert R„™-. ,' T^'^ ^^ ''*» Mc- »n .-.dependent-X'rSl ttoltf:?-^^™-? Conaectieut, New Tort Ar««r t """»"ui states of III LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [WP-issn drawn into the debalo in the columns of "The Standard'' over the matter, Mr. George said that this did not icok like stancling up even for the single t&.v, but rt'ther like leading the "United Labour l-arty int > ihe same igno- Diiaious death trap into whicJi Butler kd the Greenback- Labour Party" in 1884 — Butler going into the field o,jCon- sibly as an independeoifc candidate, but towarcia the end oi tha canvass bowing an undisguised purpose to 'lefeat the Democru-ic c*r.jdjdnte, Cleveland, and elect the Ee- publican candidi^tCj Binine This indepeiii f;. ..■ -tnovenient probably would hsve had no standing whai^ver but tor the support of Dr. McGlynn. He had made Hpeeches for Cleveland in 1884 and was still on friendly terms with him. Moreover, he v\'as a thorough free trader. But he could not endure the idea of even the loosest kind of an alliance with Tammany Hall, the representative of Democracy in New York City. Tammany Hall had worked hand in hand with Archbishop Corrigan and his advisers in seeking to crush the land or single tax movement and those who headed it. Hence association with it was for him intolerable. Barnes and McMackin had control of the central ma- chinery of what was left of the United Labour Party. They also controlled the executive committee of the Land and Labour clubs. The names of both of these organi- sations were used in February in a call for a national convention. George was aspersed for refusing to join. And here, indeed, to the superficial was the spectacle of the prime mover in the single tax cause refusing to con- tinue in the direct line of the single tax movement. ; Vic- tion was bound to arise, and friction did arise, K utw n those who were for •■ irge^s policy and thobt i ' -n^t it. A split occurred m ..le Anti-Poverty Socie i« ot to make scandal, Mr. George and his supporters wil :. mw. At die c( the C Standi Georg( to a ] f;an clj Mr. G( Milne i cours speak prais( deadl and \ gone. I kno have shall case, i can be ke /t t. hope." Before prime in 1888, "T subsidenc excommu ran dowi was sever garded" a{ 'A few days Ace, u-ea] ANTI-POVERTT 8PUT 507 At tlus time, when feeling among single tajcers all over Z VTr' "''' ™™"S '"«'»' M"- Trances M. mZ the Cahfema poet, wrote a letter of approval „"^ oeorge belonged to a party," she exelaimed: "BeS a party! Nol not even a nation, not even an fra .an da.m hm-he belongs to the wo'rld! to S LT Mr. George rephed (March 7, 1888), and none but to Milue saw this letter till after his death : co2c!ldTthtk vou'fT """ ^»? w'^ °f "y spoalt fra^ly, l"o n° t m/Z ^7'' "P™""; ''"*' *° pra^e. This^'is' n^t^^'cfrtion tuTSLls^r a'^'dt?AreZti"^'".°«"^''"''•'hra"^^^^^^ .o£\^itTw:? I S h^d-^L^eXnrr fa'cT th^a L TeiZZrSts ^^ :^'^,';?J^^ ^ •■ ^1 Before the Presidential battle opened other things of ITsT-Zsr.' *°,„^/- ^-^^« ''^^-red. In January, 1888 The Standard" had entered its second year. With subsidence of the excitement arising from Dr. McGlynn's excommunication and the State campaign, the circulation ran down to between 20,000 and 25,000. Though this was several times as large as other weeklies that were re- garded as ^^good advertising medium s," its radical doc- U few days af^ his death a requiem by Mr.. Milne, entitled "From tJie Battle, apjmred m the San Francisco "Star." 608 LIFE OP HENRY GEORQE [1887-1889 trines made advertisers shy and the journal had to fol- low the pathwaiy of the elder Garrison's "Liberator" and of almost all social reform papers (go almost without ad- vertising — the mainstay of a newspaper). It was being read by thinking people in the varioua walks of life and was having strong intellectual influence; but its large staff was expensive and Mr. George was financially draw- ing less and less from it. Lecturing, however, now began to yield something, yet this, like his books, did not return what many of his friends doubtless supposed. Only the year before (January 39, 1887), he wrote to his friend GUtschow of San Francisco: "That you should share in the notion that I have made so much money somewhat surprises me and not a little amuses. I allow all such newspaper statements to go uncontradicted and do not publish my real condition to the world; but the truth is, I have made very little out of my books — a few hundred dollars a year, that is all. With the exception of $2,000 1 got for the English edition of 'Social Problems,' I have had almost nothing from abroad — and I am not a good saver, and besidr;^ my living expenses, have large demands to meet. But the net truth is that on the day I started 'The Standard' I was some thousands of dollars poorer than when I left San Francisco, owing that much more money. The sort of work that I have done does not pay. In lecturing, for instance, I have never made anything. The times that I have lectured for nothing and given up my fee have eaten up all I got in at other times. I merely mention this that you may know the real truth." Mr. George sacrificed his copyrights or gave away books whenever he thought one or the other would help to spread his principles; and as for lecturing, he wrote to his wife from the West in 1887: "The working class won't come to high priced lectures and there is not enough *««.*»J THE HUTCHINS' BEQCEBT eo9 of the other." At another time he wrote- «T .»„'» around asscBsing tho »eonl<."i h! V .V. ^ "^o' K» with time, for hi. liTI , ^^''^ ""« ™Pi«ved tended. Ye 888 ™? hie T '^'""« ' '"^o^gly at- of linanoial con^rn M °o " '"" P-^^'^'-g-^™ ard" office up™"™ to 12 TTn^T '""''"^'' '"^''^ «'«■"'- from Harlem to Ealt mnZltk'Z'r^ "" "^''""^ «ng hrought withira'Ct ^rVtX" ""^ What may have widened the belief 'h„t w! n enioyed ample meauB were LqtnttL^S a„T brought little r:;r If ;:i-'' «'»* -d .a.t. ti-« and ;as preptd to In e^S;:' t'hVtet o1 tt trust, when he learned from the widZ lh\ u^ 1 ** Wn adequately p:.vided L cZZdit ttat th ™' tire estate was not more tl,.„ ■,!,.> ,,^ ' '""^ «°- ho took legal advicHth the V ewTf L™^"* '" '""^' favonr, the bequest to him B« ll, ^ T?' "" ''" to impossible, for the Serai het ^ '^^ '" they wished to break thrw^I. ^ ^^"'J'^P^'^^- Indeed, thirds of the estate for .^' ^"^'"^ ^^'''^^ *" ^'^ i^- oatate for themselves. They brought aetion boots wnewhere." "' " l»J l-l my nice m„ drm 610 LIF nFN?7!r GEORGE [1887-1889 a and saddled big ciipeiijca tor law^'er's fees upon the estate. Vice-Chancellor Bird in May, 1888, held the will void on the ground that Mr. George's books were opposed tb public policy in declaring private property in land to be robbery.^ Mr. George was indig'ii.anL uiiu disgusted over this coudemnation of his principles, but notwithstanding his desire to vindicate them, he offered to forego appeal if the collateral heirs would allow the property to go to the widow. They refused. He therefore appealed and won,* his attorneys at this stage being James F. Minturn, Co 'poration Attorney of Hobokeii, N. J., and L. A. Rus- sell oi Cleveland, 0., neither of whom, as Mr. George himself said, "asked nor received even the cost of print- ing their briefs^" Mr. George then tried to have the widow made trustee in his stead. Failing in this, he in- structed his attorney not to oppose any claims made by her, and her share was thereby largely increased at the expense of the bequest. This left Mr. George as trustee a claim to the real estate (which he made over for nothing to Mrs. Hutchins) and $584 from the personal property. This money had been paid for him to John T. Woodhull of Camden, his foriu, ^ attornr . Woodhull handed George $256, of \. oh tLo latter ^^.ive $70 to the widow and retained $186, to pay for the actual cost of paper, presBWork and maili^y f some of his books to fulfill the letter of the bequest. But GeolJ^. had to bring suit against Woodhull to recover money still in the la iter's hands, and this suit dragged along igi several years. Tli.^ sequel came in 1893, when ' H' ichins, the childlesr widow, vas forced npon pub)' ch ty. Her mini had been weakened by her troubiea, and she had lost ^very 1 Hutchins m George, 44 N. J. Equity Reports, p. 124. « ■William S. Braddock exec. vs. George, 46 N. J. Equity Reports, p. 757. Age. 48-60] CLEVELAND'S CAMPAIGN gu penny ehe had obtained under the will and through Mr ueorge's ei!ortH. The announcement was made if some of the newspapers that the woman whose husband had Tf Henry George $30,000 was in the almshouse I But th was corrected as soon as the real facts became known Mr. George now quietly sent little sums of money for the when she died which she did soon afterwards, he bore ^^Z^t^r^' '^'---^ ^^ ^ ^-e beside her But to go back to 1888: Grover Cleveland, despite strong opposition of the protectionist, in the pirty was renominated by the I)emoor«f« fnr fi "'^ 1^'^"^' ^as TTn.fo^ «+ I a . -^^emocrats for the presidency, with United States Senator Allen G. Thurman of Indiana for the vice-presidency. Ex-United States Senator Benja- mm iarrison of Indiana and Levi P. Morton of New ^ork Te tk- Republican candidates. In his letter of acceptance Cleveland stood by his guns, and the tariff became t) main issue in the fight. "The Standard" went with m,-;nt and in for absolute free trade. Mr. George made a number speeches in New York State and sev- eral in New Jersey ami Pennsylvania, and he and his friends held a series of crowded mass meetings in Cooper Umoiu One of these latter meetings was o; unusual na- ture m pohtics. The entire time was devoted by Mr George to answering question, from the audience on the tariff issue. Another of these meifi.igs marked the ap- pearance of William Lloyd Garrison, the younger, in the cause. He had come to be interested in the single ^ax question by reading the controversy with the Duke of Argyll. He subsequently said : 1R«?.T' ^* Cooper Union in New York, August 27, 1888, at a great free trade meetin c, that J formalK and ' puL cly declared my adheren ^e to the cause, unreserv- \f i ■ (i. t. ■4 #« % eia UPK OF HEN BY GEORGE I\m7-168» edly joining the ranks of the workers who are to know no pause or rest while '.t'e and strength persiBt. The bap- tism was coinploto. Thereafter, it was my privilege to stand on many platforms by the side of Henry George ; to share the intimacy of his home, and to use my tongue and pen in behalf of the new abolition." In these and other ways the single taxers carried on such a vigorous, radical canvass in support of Cleve- land* as to make the moderate Democrats umrmur, "de- liver us from our friends" and to cause the Democratic managers in Now York to give out as a marching refrain in the party parade the lines "Don^'t, don*t, don't be afraid, Tariff reform is not free trade." Mr. George believed that this timid, defenceless posi- tion of the Democratic managers and lack of radical, aggressive tactics was the cause of Cleveland's defeat, just as a similar timidity had defeated Hancock in 1880. But looking beyond individual success or failure, ho believed that the fight had brought the people face to face with the taxation question and helped to make way for their education on the single tax. As he had expected, Cowdrey and Wakefield, the United Labour Party's candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency had got an insignifi- cant vote — in New York and Brooklyn, its strongest cen- tres, less than eighteen hundred. It was charged that some of the managers had openly worked for the Eepub- lican candidate on election day. Perhaps the charge was made with reason, as one of the early acts of the new ad- * Such was the enthusiasm among single taxers that Silas M. Burroughs crossed the Atlantic expressly to vote for Mr. nevclaad. A<«. 4M«] PU00KE8B OVER 8KA Ma m,n,8t™t,on wm to appoint «,vcral of ti,o loa,Ii,« „,.„, Ihorc had ten o year o£ hard work for Henry Ooori,e 1 Enghsh friend. William Maunder,. M.P, wh„ X. about to return to London after a .hort busin Jvkit h! the United States, incited Mr. George to tak a ruTwi h,m aeroBS the «,a for a change ol seene. Mr Gel ' aeeepted. and left eoon after tl.o election But „? f wrote back to "The Standard- "When Wd the lu" C Slati™ ^y^"™"' "'"' »'■" >""■•'•• when, at the Water- loo Station the surging cro«-d» of Mr. Saunders' con- S Im ha'lf ^^ :"""« '™" *"" "•'^'-"-"ke iTeS hi T h"",'. ? ■"' "'«'•*' P'"'*''' ""-"J »». 17*1 r "" ""* ^'^ ""■* "'"t i" England." . Jfh t i^","; ^""" "■"* '"' had last been them the tt tt of tlo".?"" I"* ""* «'""' P™«'- towa the last of those three stages into which the pro-^ross of an idea has been divided viz -I It i. > .', ", "" be comid™,!- tt t. .' " " '°° "didlous to wayrknew ft' "-"/'««»"'»* ■*'«-»; III_We al- wayai knew It. One striking sign of this pr„.rrc., .,„. peared i„ the form of a text-book on politieT°e onoJy YotTn J f""" ■'■ ^- ^^"-^ °f University Collei' t« Sof' y""^.' '""' ™' **'- '"»' 'he single n sd. aT; """"'^ '■""'itakable sig. was that T P O oi ^ "?''"''*'■ '- I^'"'™' "Tt>« Star." 'taT.T'^r'''"^"'' "^""^ '" his salutato^The S » it \ °™ °' 'h" '*»»'<= P'-i-^ipl^ ot tho paper bM a third sign was the utteiBuce of lird Chiet Tsfe Coleridge „ an address to the Scottish Judicial S he year before, in which, speaking with reference teth^ '-a i.w, of the lifted Kingdom, he wls^l^d L' li **"^ sH ,.f ill 514 LIFE OF HBNEY GEORGE [1887-1880 saying: "These may be for the general advantage, and if they can be shown to be so, by all means they should be maintained 5 but if not, does any man with any- thing he is pleased to call his mind deny that a state of law under which mischief can exist, under which the country itself would exist not for its people but for a mere handful of them, ought to be instantly and abso- lutely set aside?" Yet a fourth sign was an interview with Count Leon Tolstoi which appeared in the "Pall Mall Gazette." In it the great Kussian moralist said: "In thirty years private property in land will be as much a thing of the past as now is serfdom. England, America and Russia will be the first to solve the problem. . . . Henry George had formulated the next article in the pro- gramme of the progressist Liberals of the world." But without these and many similar signs, the size, character and warmth of the assemblages before which Henry George spoke during his short stay in Great Britain must have been to the most casual observer an unmistak- able indication of the set and strength of the tide of thought. He addressed a gathering of clergymen of the JSstablished Church in Zion College under the auspices of the Guild of St. Matthew, cf which Rev. Ste^VBrt D. Headlam wac chief spirit; the congregation of Rev. Dr. Parker at the midweek service in the City Temple; a conference of Congregational ministers in Memorial Hall, on invitation of Albert Spicer; a meeting of the Knights of Labour at Smethwick, near Birmingham; a meeting ci the Council of the Financial Reform Association at Liverpool, by whom he was presented with an engrossed address; a mixed audience in the City Hall, Glasgow; another at Lambeth Baths, London, and an assemblage of banqueting friends before leaving. It was at the Lambeth meeting that he uttered the pithy ientence which has since ^rii' 1^:: ii 'v-^ Ulj l. Mrs. George. ^''''"" P'lotoi/raph taken in !«!)«. 3 i ^.4W0J IN THE BBITI8H I8LES So strong seemed the effppf nf +t,„ + the friends in Great BritaL 1 . ' ""''^^ ^^'^^^^ *hat was thereforelott Ate ^ Tec'f "" "^"""^ '""'» on address on taxation matS i'"'"^ " **" '^^»*' L. Johnson and Thomas 0^17^7 *'*.^"'" "gating committee of th. ni. , , ' ""''"'^ "" 'n™' eneeatatarirreLn™ , " '^S">«*'««; "d attend- from the tw Y "C S 1^7" ? * ''^'^«''*^ in March (1889) returned to l^f'/"'- '^'^"g^ ^"X his wife, his two daughter »d S r TT"'''' ''^ of John P. Cranford V BrXf '"'' *'"^'"^' Measuring his strength by his zeal Mr r- ' , ■ , an .immense amount of work frhimi» T '""^ °"' to lecturing almost «,„!,«; j ^"- '" addition great numto of pe„nt {rf °"1"^ '"'^ "■"^'"g -i* ters to "The Standard " V '"'!'' '^ """= ^'^'^ '«'- .na hreadth ofo^ttita.? Jdtilttre^ aadiences were no larger than „n ti.! V "'''^ their character was difent He s^ d Tthe ""\''"* g.ven to him on his return home: "'^'""'" no;Tii;:ttTr^,ri'tt'r:tThiSn,iy^- « -- t was to hear something of v^i'h'ff Y i^'^ S"*"™! : _-tHng__And the m^l l^lo^ ^St'l^thT^e^r hi. ftmay, h.d found .t" c«bS7„SX ,' " "'"■ """" ""'«»" '" Bl iS LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1887-1880 ward to occupy the chairs — sat on the platform to move the Votes of thanks that are customary there on such occasions — were men who formerly would not have thought of being in such a place. They were, generally speaking, the local notables, the file leaders, the active workers, as we here would say, of the Radical wing of the Liberal party. . . . Our ideas are in the air; men get them without knowing where they come from; men get them without thinking they are getting them, and men get them who still look upon us as cranks and vi- sionaries. Mr. Henry Labouchere, M.P., for instance, recently declared in a speech to his constituents that he was not such a visionary as Henry George. He did not propose to take the land from the landlords and rent it out again. What he was in favour of was putting a tax upon laud values!" The first lecture was on the Eighth Commandment and was delivered in a London Church — Camberwell Green Chapel, Albert Spicer in the chair— and the last was on the world-wide land question in the Dublin Rotunda, Michael Davitt in the chair and making a straight-out single tax speech in introduction. "Heckling" on this, as on the former trips, was a distinct feature. We may pause for a moment for a glimpse of a meeting showing Mr. George's characteristics — a meeting of Welsh miners at Rica. He opened in this way: "Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen : I shall gladly answer any questions after my lecture, but 'turn about is fair play.' Let me ask you a few questions first. How much can a collier earn? (A voice: 'From 20s. to 258.') For how long? ('All the year round.') How much does that come to? ('Between £60 to £70.') Well, for £{)0 to £70 a year a collier can get steady work by risking liis life and limb. It is not an easy occupa- tion, I suppose? ('No,') And coal miners don't live Ji ^•«-«)J SPEAKING ANECDOTES 617 'Cuia^.^^^^^^^^^^^^ a^aughter. A voice. no wonder that pSple worshfn ^i *' f?^^^""^- ^^ i« rifices are made, that wompni^/?^''^ *^^* ^^'^"^a^ sac^ they cannot walk I beSe I?'* ff jq^^e^ed so that were only educated to UiIV^Mho' f ''." i^ "^ steam-engine, the railway tho / ^^^ advent of the machine.^ E;erywhe?e Iround L '^'^''P^' *^^° «^^°g nvented by the'^ingenuftrof m^l^^^^^^ tion, to lighten labour All S ^^J^'^'^^^^i^ produc- increased wages. But thev Ln f\*^'°^' '^^^^^^^ have if colliers can earn on V S toTo '"' ^°''^"^^^^ ^'^^S^^ old Rogers of Oxford TT,^-, to £,0 a year. Prof. Thor- after ^kin* caltlatfo^ oT^ "^l '''' ^^^^* ^^^^ money in th? reign of HeLvS^^^^ "^^^^ «^ he found that the labo^r?r7- A ' ^''? ^^^^^ ^f to-d „ year. In those^s th/Helt J^^^^^^ ^'^ ^' - « advanced to help mankind T ?'^^ °°' «^'" ^^e had than labourers get to Say/' ^^ ^'* "' ^^^^ ^^^ ^ore Chairman of the Liberf ^ ^ J" °'"'' ^^^^^"^ ^•^•' the audience in^o"::::] llug^T^' ^"''^"^^' *^^^^ ^^^ ( WMeran^aS^^^^^ ^-^> --.the air as well. many, about the 13th or l^fh flT ^^^f ^^^^g, in Ger- vent of monks, who put un « w.-^?^7^ *^"'" ^^^ « «on- in that neighbZhoodXv ""/^'u ^^^ «f the lords now (cheers)--Sn^X ?n Tr^^^" '^"^'^ robbers from them. It up a ci:? ' v ""'^ ^t ^"-^ tribute and when they put ^nZ i-^:^ ownership of the air, in these partfbeWrtct, f v.dmill said, 'All the wind «ent in hot haste to tr'^nol?^^*'';i J^' ^^°^« claim. The bishop Wuno;;T£\^S'°^' ^'"^ «f this -and cursed i^ f'ni l^^I-^^^ ^,^_*i^«^«---( laughter) -_„ie...a....al luiiguage. (Renewed ■ J I. • 'ta 518 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1887-1868 laughter.) He said the baron was a son of Belial; that he did not own the wind in that province ; that all the wind that blew over it belonged to Mother Church — (laughter) — and that if the baron did not take back his demand for rent, he would launch with bell, book and candle the curse of Eome. (Laughter.) Mr. Baron backed down. But if he had owned the land he would not have needed to set up a claim to the wind. Men cannot breathe the air unless they have land to stand on." In Eichard McGhee's words, "Henry George made a triumphant march through Scotland.' The chief event was in the City Hall, Glasgow, where on Sunday evening April 28, Mr. George delivered a sermon on the subject of "Thy Kingdom Come," under the auspices of the Henry George Iristitute. Rev. J. M. Cruikshanks of St. Eoliox United Presbyterian church, assisted by two choirs, conducted the services. Scarcely another person could have squeezed into the large hall.^ I Among the more notable events during Mr. George's 'appearance in London were two debates — one in St. James's hall with Henry M. Hyndman, the accomplished socialist, and the other at the National Liberal Club with Samnel Smith, M.P., the highly esteemed Liverpool bene- factor, who defended established interests. Hyndman reprobated the single tax for making no attempt to abol- ish industrial competition; Smith opposed it as immoral. In each case time was so brief that Mr. George contented himself merely with presenting the chief postulates of the single tax doctrine. A respite from the hard work came towards the end of A This sermon, like many other of his Scottish' addi-eases, was later printed in tract form by the Scottish Land Restoration League and scat* tered broadcast through Scotland, j h I' •" Ml ^.*^] THE PARIS CONPEBENCE George went to Paris to r„ f"""'™"" ttonds, Mr. that Michael mZIZZ oll^:^ a^ ™ ""f -- reformer, availing himself nTT"' " '""^■•getic land held out by theLnTgTmenf „fthr"t"« """P"^' progress in the Freneh eaSli "' ,"'^ ^^P»»"">n then in The eonference was in no .!' ^°* "P "' ^'"'" """i'^e. All shades of opMon we^ ' " ""«'" ^" S^^ering.. tongues. Thai rfarirMrT' '"' "»" " '^°-» vantage, since he could speak n^lv^' °* """='' '^'™'J- ^Whcless he met MiX: ZXTlt "^^«"- Agathon de Potter of T^ni,,- ^'"f^^eim of Germany, 'and; the Frenetaen g'Z «-' ■'°" '""'^' »' Hoi! Chinese City " M ,\ 'v u' ""'"• ""'hor of "The ana Charle^ongutt rtrParfSr ^^"^ H Toubeau Myinv 'ZtS'^f \''»'^ ™"- ^I- ownership in Franc^ wlsmo ! ^J '^""'"^ «>»* '"■"' the ease Lre thol^ ^22^"'''' ""•" <""' -- Aim:;t*;rf:n'':s tvr "™"^' -* «■- «-. daughter was toke" ovn wl' ™t' ^"™ *"" ^"J-' H W and had a tw r^ crBrtt'"™ 1 "^^ anxiety came from "Tho «5f/i iv ^ """^^ lasting For more than a yeaf Mr a t" 'n" ^" ""'^ Y^'^' acting as managinrediL of thf '''' '°" ^^^ ^^^^ .— _____f_^ ^'^"^ of the paper. But the staff. ew advocates had appearfr T^e Tf H "f '"r"°"' ^^^^^^ - X^t I* Monnier. had been publLed !« ^^ translation, „,a«r, unless i of J^ations' as to the econo'Sl v, "" ^''''*<^'« ^«trength system. When I puWished ^C L^TZ ?^ *^^ ^^^^a I had not even heard of the Phv^?. ?^ ^^^^^ Policy/ ^^mque. But I knew that if iT"^"^*? ^""^ *^^ "^i^o^^ Been, others must haTe seen "t toT T^^/ ^ «*^^ I had gress and Poverty.' J 'dd .' Jr^ u^""^ '« ^^^^ Tro- cometomanytowhomitwmili *b^'V^°°^ ^^^^ i* would own thoughts. AnT 1 eyond w^T rt ^^' ''^ '^ their certain that there muathp, u ^ ^^^n ^"ew, I was «aw the same es^ tr^ ^V^'^' r l^^^^^ ^« ^ho such men one after the other t ^n fu^ ^^« ^^^^d of but additional evidences tWu ''''^ ^^^* ^^^t they gave track, and still more Zhv "^ ^^^^.^^^eed on the true ::^7fe ignorance an&^^^^^^^^ ^gain^^ and faith and the wisdoW Viff ^^'''*? "« were hope clearest perceptions oiZn'' ' ^^''^^^^ ^^^P^^t and This ended the controversy. ' ! ■ ,»( : 'M Age, 8 CHAPTER XL I' ■ \ AUSTRALIA AND AROUND THE WORLD. 1890. Age, 51. .TXTHILE in England in the fall of 1889, Mr. George f f had met Charles L. Garland, member of the New South Wales Parliament and President of the Sydney Single Tax As"-": elation. Mr. Garland travelled about with Mr. George ivr .i short time and made some speeches from the same pi i'; ! .3;?. He brought urgent entreaties to Mr. George to arrange for a lecture tour through the Austra- lian Colonies, such as had repeatedly been made through Great Britain. "Progress and Poverty" and the other books had been extensively circulated, discussion of eco- nomic subjects was on and all things seemed ripe for a big harvest. Letters bearing the same burden reached Mr. George after he had returned to New York, so that he concluded to go to Australia. He arranged to start in January of the new year. Since his early boyhood, Australia had been a country of peculiar interest to him. At fifteen he had sailed to Melbourne, then famous for its gold discoveries. Since his manhood Australia obtained and held his admiration as a country of progressive thought and action; the home of the secret ballf>^ system in advance of the rest of the world; the land where railroads and telegraphs are pu]> 622 licly cda wher( by th revoh Mr ard" i mit, 1 provec to wri The accom] he plaj that he that he On the tion, fo "Your own for Mr. ( ver, Col to the C eiative a hours' li Sister T( and six clubs. Ii tive men one of th "twenty-fi along the ing to the ing word ( One of Age, 81] STABTS FOR AUSTRALU 623 licly owned find operated xv\, cfl« e.p„,. «orZ a^e\lrt :/:r^' ''°'"^' ""'^ " P"" »tec. many other th 1^ dl '°'"" '^^^'»' "-a by the public which in , ,„„^ „2 "' " ""''«^' <" "o-™ revolutionary. -^ """^ '^""ntries would seem »it, but „s\ matter of fa t ^t^ " """' "" P"' proved to be so • rtraordin r iy act2T. *? ^"''"""^ to wnte only irregularly andVr efly ^ """ "^ "'»' ""'^ -ine route lay by wav n^' « t^ ^' accompanied hfm on thi trin t T '™- *^"- '''•"«' he playfully calling « their ho " """^ ^"'t^H that he had grown so dltLT^""™- ^'"^ "•"* was that he woull no 1 ngtreo!l/r "^^ """"P'^o-ship On the other hand hf ' '° 8° '"f «thout her tion, for .he"w oteVek Cirf °° T'^' "^ *- "Your father this f^r on tt °" *° '^''' *"«'»•• own for other people'/haT. , T"""^ '"*' '^^"S^ his Mr f»„. * P. ' "™ only five times I" •rar. Oreorge spoke at Bradfor,! p , ver Coloz^do; and Los .\^^ 6 JfT"" '''''''' "™- to the Golden Gate T^ I '■ ^'"""™ia, on the way ciative audiences He'L'ta "''/' "'" '"«'' W- hours' lie over i„ St W» \ "^'^ ''"""« *e few Sister To,.sa, Mrs. Geo^eTsirfe'"^/''^^' ''"^^^'^ *" ^ and SL. o'clock dinners IrlTttr'" " "^P""" clubs. It was a shining iJ^! '"'^^ commercial tive men of the ci y b?ir„ ' T^ "* *" '^P^»«»»ta. one of the mana^rf onl ^ ' '"^ "^ ^'- ^^^^ "t-ntyflve millCd„Lrt sZH' ""'/"'""■''y -«, along the line of t« J. * ''°™ to fable." AH !»g t'o the's^'tii r^^Trr'^ '™°'' ™- '-ii ing word of piogre.. f . f "''' ""'ariahly bring- OneoftherSen^/jrUrr,^"- . - -J^v« Ox iiaiaos. it wag !i rkw^j nil ^.r^< A* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i^ <; 1.0 I.I til Itt m u IM 3.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 125 i 1.4 1.6 150mm V' <$>; O .> W y /j. /^PPLIED^ ll\A4GE . ,nc J^ 1653 East Main Street ^^~ Rochester, NY 14609 USA .^ar^ Phone: 716/4B2-0300 .^ST'.aBS Fax: 716/288-5989 C 1993. ApplM Image. Inc.. All Rights Ressrvad :i>^ i\ <^ <<* -^*<^ '^\ 524 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE 1180U in the Glorietta Mountains, in N'ew Mexico, on the Santa F6 road. The train stopped at nightfall for dinner at a wretched little station in the barren country. As Wr. and Mrs. George got off, a tall, thin man, with long, ragged, grizzled beard approached and welcomed them. Bu1; the stranger had to make .me explanation before Mr. George recognised him as a Methodist minister whom he had met some years before farther East. "Yes," said the clergyman, "I came West for my lungs, and now I am going to die of heart disease in this thin atmosphere. But while I am still here I propose to do all I can for the cause. Go in to dinner, and when you come out your disciples will b'i here to gr«»et you." And when the trav- ellers came from the repast they found the clergyman waiting, and with him five other men, one of them a train hand. There in that lonely place in the mountains they were doing what they could to preach to whomsoever came their way the doctrine of equal rights. When Mr. George entered California all the papers of the State talked of him in complimentary terms and of the name he had won in the world; and they did not leave off until he had sailed for Australia. A party of San Franciscans went to Martinez and boarded the train, and filled the car so full that the rest of the passengers considerately withdrew to other cars. Henry George was very happy sitting with his old comrades about him, lis- tening and laughing over the stories they poured out. Dr. Taylor with moistened eyes whispered to Mrs. George : "Look at him. Not one bit spoiled by the world's hom- age ; just the same light-hearted boy !" The time was fully occupied from the moment they arrived in San Francisco on Tuesday to the moment of sailing out through the Golden Gate on Saturday. Mr. (Jeorge lectured twice in San Francisco and once in Oak- [180U the Santa inner at a As We. urith long, aed them, ion before ster whom Yes," said nd now I imosphere. an for the out your I the trav- clergyman 3m a train tains they )ever came papers of [ns and of y did not L party of the train, passengers Jeorge was t him, lis- »ured out. •s. George: rld's hom- ment they noment of pday. Mr. ce in Oak- Age, 51] REACHES SAN PRANCISCO 626 ^ttnd, made an addrpss f« i j -t at the sJt^Z: ^^ t T''T •"•»"■ ^^ tamed at dinner at Delmoni Jj f ' u- ' *°^ ""^^ e°<»r. The two San Franc roL? ^ ^u '^^'""^^ ^^^^^^s. Hall (formerly called Temntt''' ^''^ '"^ Metropolitan d«y nights, the iirs to :7a i !!" °? ^"^^^^^ ^^^ *^- -ond to a f:.e audience' fe" ''^'^^"^ ^^ '^^ successful in every respect Th.\^^''' ^"*^ ^«^« each time. One of the daTl'v n "^-^'"^ ^«« P««ked five minutes after stepping TT f' *'^* "^"^ ^^^^ George looked upon TsTenl If' ,T' '^ '^' '''^'' ^' Bilence had comela breatll I/^^^ "^P^^"^-" ^hen bHng voi<^, that almostTr t ^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^«- t-m- of San Francisco^-^theTroLrri *''°--*^^ "^^'^Phet '>y Ins former fenow-towLZt s^l^d': "" '^"^ '^^^"^^^ Twjt 'yets Tgo^fttS/'^: C* ^T« ^^^ *<> -. twelve years ago; when I was h«U '/^^ ^'^ «° ^^a^- face an audience it seemed to J. ""^ 'P^'^^^ ^^en to ^ourage as it woid to fTce « baH^; ^^^^^ «« "^"«h platform to speak my first word tfj^"-^ '^'°^ «« ^^is I stand now. I stood on tWs nSf 'f '" ^°' ^h^el^ of the audience that greets m^e I ™.*.^ '''' ^^«t««d array of empty benchfs Tf ^ *^-"^&ht. a beggarly times, in this country and in k '/ ^°°^ *™e. Many stood before far greater and - -'^^ ^""^^^ ^^""« been greeted by thousands Ir'"' *^"^ ^'^^s- I have as *> would Veet7fie:5^oT^^^ ^« befool! oved. But I don't think it evl ^^ ^"^"^ ^"^ ^^11 to stand before an audienL « J ^*!f °^^ «^«^ Pleasure Jo-night. (Applaus^) 'fo? yli ^'!f *« «*^^d here been promising myself to come WtT^^'"'^ ^ ^^^e I have crossed the Af]o«+- ^ ®^^ *o San Francisco fulfill that del; I iri'' ^^^ *^°^^« before I S to the AntipoX; LZml T '° ^° ^° « ^ '^^^s ^-- ^^ I live LtKy^ -BTtol-^^^^^ 696 LIFE OF HENBT OlOROE turn Cisco, though I never again can be a citizen of Caii- fomia— though my path in life seems away so far that Califortiia looks as but a ridge on the horizon-^ my heart has always turned, and always will turn, to the home of my youth, to the city in which I grew up, to the city in which I found so many wurm friends — to the country in which I married and in which my chil- dren were born. Always it will seem to me home ; and it is sweet to the man long absent to be welcomed home. •*Aye, and you men, old friends, tried and true — ^you men who rallied in the early times to our movement, when we could count each other almost as upon one's fingers — I come back to you to say that at last out triumph is but a matter of time (applause) ; to say that never in the history of thought has a i^ ovc-ment come forward so fast and so well. "Ten years) ago, when I left, I was anything but hope- ful. Ten years ago I should not have dared to say that in any time to which I might live, we should see the beginning of this great struggle. Nor have I cared. My part (and I think I can speak for every man who is enlisted in this movement) — my part has never been to predict results. Our feeling is the feeling of the great stoic emperor: *That is the busi^'^'G of Jupiter; not ours.' 'Tis ours to do the work ?e may; ouvs to plant the seed which is to give the ici, atb. But now, so well forward is this cause ; so many st. mg advocates has it in every land; so far h?? it won its way, that now it makes no diflference who lives or who dies, who goes forward or who holdn back. Now the currents of the time are setting in our favour. At last — at last, we can say with certainty that it will be only a little while before all over the English speaking world, and then, not long after, over the rest of the civilised world, the great truth will be acknowledged that no human child comes into this world without coming into his equal right with all." The lecture was a finished one. It told upon those who had not heard Henry Geoi^e before, and with perhaps •A««,S)] IN SAN FBANCISOO 687 08' greater effect upon those who h.^ i, ginning of his s^aking^^; jJ'TJ^ '' '^' ^' "I was most gratified rfirdthatt^^ G^' T^ ^''''' oped such extraordinarv o«7l f ^^^^^ ^^^ ^evel- The "Examine/taidVr f T " ^^'"^^"^ 'P^^^'^-' "Hundreds ^aUet ^n^ZuTja ^^ T'^"^ °^^-- along the walls. Woollen stood t '° . "'^'' ""^ with elegantly dressed woVen Thf" ?' ''^' ""^ «^^« oughly republican and cosr;"litan \^^^^^ 7,*^- olements that went to make un f h' i ^^ ^'^^'^°* enthusiastic, and the Cuent Ll> '"'^^ ""''' '^'^""^ ing." irequent applause shook the build- All this demonstration ovni. +»,« i can was like honcv-de v t„ \t , '""'^ ^'"' ^^'nois- '"ho du,te«d a™ld bil i-r"'" ^^ ■"' °« """"ados tion. Ono of th^riii ^ * """'■^ "Mention of affec- after another car^flfduTf""'"""'' ""^ •«««« one got. Sonie one ob^^^d t thf H""^' ""* oach •raa being imposed npon That tL ^^'^T^^"- *»* be «« lazy Boi f„, Ti, ' f,, """ """o were beggine «Howca'nCll„TttT-Sr *7"""' ™' -* " tV^' their aetion*' 1 1 1^ tW-^ ^'' ^^ '-"»■ wh^oifrr^harf": r: -' "'•^^^ »' '---^^ George sailed on F^h^^ .^^ t"" *°"' ^'^^ """* «"• for Sydney. The voy™l t! t? ^ """""'P ^''"?<"« Ple.«.nt bnt nnevenTftS „„^ It" ""T""" M» ovemeatd. But more sjgnificant than any. 6S8 LIFE OF HENBY GEOBOE (MM thing else was the large numher of Chinese, who seemed to have pushc4 aside the Kanakas or eifaced them by in- termarriage. Mr. and Mrs. George were entertained at dinner at Honolulu by a party of officers belonging to the United States war vessels, Nipsic and Mohegan, most of whom proclaimed themselves to be believers in the single taxer. Of still more importance was the stop at Auckland, New Zealand. On sotting foot ashore the Georges found a party of friends at tlie wharf, who notified them that the Anti-Poverty Society of Auckland had prepared on illuminated address for presentation later in the day. The travellers first drove to the residence of Sir George Qjey at Pamell^and received a hearty welcome, for that diplomatist and statesman had been one of the very first among the eminent men of the world to read "Progress and Poverty" and to hail its author. Mr. George wrote to "The Standard" (February 28) : "I was especially glad to meet him and to find his eightieth year sitting on him so lightly. It is worth going far to meet such a man, soldier, scholar, states- man and political leader — an aristocrat by birth, who when hardly thirty wielded the powers of a dictator; who has been four times governor of important colo- nies in the most important crises of their affairs, and then premier of the colony in which he made his home ; who is yet an intense democrat, and who, unsoured by disappointments and undaunted by defeats, retains in the evening of life all the faith and hope that are com- monly associated with youth. . . . What struck me jMirticularly in his conversation was not merely his wealth of information of European as well as colonial history and politics, but his earnest, religious tone, his calm, firm conviction that this life is but a part of the larger life beyond, and his deep interest in the well- iMing of those who are yet to come.^' ■A«»,51] SIR GEORGE GREY B2d rovcrty Society had g.,! eL """""^ °^ *<= An«. •Iress was presented to Mr rl. "•"■^Plimentary ad- wado a toe little spoeeh att!,«f V""" ^'^ ««»»•«« Grey S»«1«I of the single t»« 7 ? '"" """"= '""h in the -til the very la:t nl^en :;;k ^ «-«« -versed »h»rf together rh„e the Ltai ' "^i """"""^ "» "«' »'.]. Bo„,ething beyond her t " T n""'"'^ """ "•" return to Ne>v Zealand and Zl °'""'«° promised i»» Australian engagements J:!" "" "■" »'"«'= '«-- i' "•ere against his eairyta? o„, ^f T'""' ''•" "'^ts "fter reaching AustralChe ^ "L'"?' '°'' '« -«=i^« have spoken every niaht Smd '" ^''»' ^'<"''- "1 '-^n able to cat LjtX'foZt':^''' """ '"'' ^ have been unable fairlv t^ „, ' ! , " ^°''"' "'""''l still hHve come to see nlZi\Z ""^ 'f" "'"' "■"'" »■'"' to say." °'"' *'«> i""™ had interesting things ;jt^it;tar s^r.s:;^^^^ a?:i r--'^ ™"™ M"yor Sydney Burdekin and ! f ""-' ''""' i""" V well as colonial dignU Ses tr '"'?■'*' "' °"'" "it^ as tio. indeed, the Cr imseXr "' ?"'""" ^"■ land-owners of Sydney so «?*, . °'"' "' "'« '"W't generous mind. 'u/'Zl^'^l «*o« bespoke a brfa d, »lKeeh from a carriairo to ., , '" "'"''" » short ''•11; a-1 then whe^ t ente^-d ^ "? '"'"" *■>» wlcome of the Mayor ho mil t "^'""^ "'« f»™al 'W» was a passa J"; ° ^t , ", "™f ^^'-■''' »' "Woh Telegraph": '"'^'^'^ ""y the Sydney "Daily Kevilw-'prop^sTnglhTiM' "'f '?•*''« "^f-rth American system of PotJnHftheVnt'^'st?; "']"? ^""Sn *» beware of the action l^Z^^^! XJ Tj??^, •■r " ' it. 680 LIFE OF HENBT QEOBGB [UW my country a month ago ten States had adopted it, and it is certain eventually to be carried in every one of the forty-two States and to become the Ameriban system. If you can teach us more, for God's sake teach it. Advance Australia!' A thunder of applause fol- lowed this declaration, which was delivered with an effect at once remarkable and indescribable." Then began a whirl of meetings, receptions, interviews and handshakings, uninterrupted during the stay in Aus- tralia, except while sleeping and travelling. Every one showed the utmost kindness. Mrs. George wrote home: "These people make Americans blush when thinking of hospitality. ... I am at this moment sitting in a bower of flow^s." The second night in Sydney the Single Tax League of New South Wales honoured its guest with a banquet in the town hall, with C. L. Garland, M.P., President of the League, as toastmaster. Again the "Telegraph" reports : "Mr. George, who was received with enthusiastic and long-continued cheering, said: *I do not like these ban- quets. To be stuffed first is not a good preparation for making a speech, and for a man to sit and listen to laudations such as the chairman has made is not pleas- ant. (Laughter.) If I am here this night, if I am here as an honoured guest; if I know this night that go where I may over the civilised world, I would find men who would gladly clasp hands with me — if it has been given to me to help forward a great movement — it is through no merit of mine; it is not from my energy; it is not from my learning; it is not from my ability — it is from the simple fact that, seeing a great truth, I swore to follow it. ("Hear, hear.") When I found the duty to do, I determined that with all the strength I could command, I would do it. ("Hear, ■AwftJ BANQUET IN SYDNEY 031 things as have 5 s^Tid^fn® ^^ myself such flatterinir would soon be eS.- *' "^^ ^^'^^g^t, my usefuK The first formal Iectiir« +««t , ■n Pilt Street CongZatil',' ^"'T '"""'""I ne;tt day George-, omUooa-fZ^ZL^"'''- ">« -'e of Mrs' rather was nnnsually rai„„ b ' T t" ^''"^"- ™e ortheleaa very large. p"2 J"' *%""'''"■'*" *"« ™v. «»d the newspapefa, esSuv tl .^. ["" '" "■"» """- ">mt. and e.tondei odS ""^ "^'^g^apV gave lino «o.arnd'S,r:„:trt::"^ '^" "^""'»« <- '-» frote homo, "fairly ,JT """'}'"""' "ow, as Mrs. Qeor™ great publio attention he awat™ J^ f ?'''"''* ■"■<• ">» •II the oKwd about ,'• Joh„ p"^?^ ^f '"'''>• "«T>at is •«k another outside the pLs. ';i;'' ""-■ """"^ ""e -an elty that's all," was tl lyXe "''"• ""''' » ■""" who is going to preach 1/!^'^ .*e'^s a man in the,,. John Kan,4, t.X™ing"t,ff'" '"■"• ^»"^» "'''• n' ■'""'»'" ""'»>- « lu t^a Tr' """"S the had carried the fiery cross p™iu' n .f """ ""^r who Australian "Standard,"^! ""b "™' '*"'^ »' «>o =0 after the lecturing had C": ^"^^ " '"^"'S'" »' a/l^UXri'd'/rSanT"' "" ■""«' ''^■"" that our preconceived adniiraTo^ x?""* """» justifies aU outspoken democracy take ??» i. . ^"^'"^ -anner and '■.aus by storm; an/ h?sin« •!"*'''» "' »" true Austra )>■? incisive loiic, and at t?m! ™™^^ "^ i«ustattT »^« his audien*ce\o la„^i/™^» ^""^onate eloquenS; tears almost at his will ^ ' *" }fP thought, or to • • • • I have had the plea- 632 LIFE OF HENRY OEOBOE [UN rare of hearing all hia metropolitan utterances and al- most every speech delivered in the country distriots, yet out of thirteen different orations, in no case was there any repetition of words or phrases, although in each the central truth was portrayed with the utmost clearness." What occurred in Sydney was repeated in all the lesser towns of Now South Wales in which Mr. George spoke, and the experiences in the colony of New South Wales were illustrations of what took place in the other colonics of South Australia, Western Australia, Queensland and Victoria. Few of the public officials appeared in Vic- toria; but in the majority of places in the other colonies, the mayor and Aldermen led the prominent men of the respective localities to tender hospitalities, one accom- paniment of which in a number of places was the presen- tation of handsome, illuminated addresses. At Newcas- tle, N. S. W., Mr. George was entertained at luncheon by the mayor and aldermen, and the mayors of eight or nine small neighbouring towns were said to have been at the board. Lithgow, a New South Wales mining town, varied things somewhat by turning out with a brass band and a torchlight procession. Nor were the smaller places to be ignored; for one morning the train on which the Georges were travelling unexpectedly stopped at a way station. The breakfast station lay beyond, and Mr. George, who always was impatient for breakfast, put his head out of the window and asked: "What in heaven's name are we stopping here for?" "It is the Mayor and Aldermen who have obtained permission from the Com- missioners to stop the train for ten minutes to read an address to Mr. Henry George," some one said. And thi^ hungry, informal man, who hated such ceremonies, had to get out and be honoured. ■A«»,51] PBEM.EB OP QUEBN8LAND l>33 n (iuccndand, Sir .S,mup| Orimil, r and .oon again to hol.l ||,.t ' m ' '""""'^y •''*""«' to «lc„mo the American ^„T'^' r'/"""* "•» «™' "mall, imprMsed Mr. Ocorm «. h ^U'tralia, thouRh « J^Bglisli audience P0%." "The,.,- ,„ia „ "!, f". r'-' '« ""> »".«lo ta.v Innd value, irrcpcctive ofin,,™, ." '"■" ""!«"«' »» at least «!,„„„ the practiLb S „7 "T' ""'' "'"^ '»'"' ■".po^iaonlyoneLr:;;; '''f„l''r ","«• ^I'o fx value, but the Government 1°^ '^ "'"' "^ ""■ ""P'tal "Pon a graduated acale TotL ''™P""'"S to increase it Almost as soon .The ItTT™ '" """ >""""'•" Goorge made the acnu»r„ '" ^°""' ^"'t™"". Mr -ho- high standinr ntd "tl; '''''"' •'"""■- Wi "> tho colony mado^hi IS"! '' T *"' "" '"««'»"v Bipeech Mr. George dei?ve,^"„^^^^^^ "'•■"^ '«tu« „,d tho latter did not fail t'a^.^cS:'''"'; -■"P-'-'-t "»' strongly impressed him w J ( i^ '""""' "'"» "ho laido, who was preach^nriJ "■ ?* •^"'"•"^' "' Ade- "jmplo in the facj^ oft?„p' Jl"^'" *°-'= '»"h pur. .„d «on e«laimed: "By GodW« ° f""" "*" °" ™o oeea- » -ne, no man shall terrify^"";," '""«"» ' have b.»th hm to be a man of large i»r,^„„i ' ''*'''-' aooountcd 0"0<-a Dr. McGlyn ,T,Sh '/"r'-f.-'O »«« taflu- younger single taxcrs in !? *,'^'""™''»- Among the I-«« H. Befens and j^Ltts ml' V' '"» "- «=q«ently wrote "The Storv „f M^ n-"''° '"S"*""" ™h- ■narkable little work of ZZ dif f- °'"='»'°'»hip"-^ «. conditions under an imfi t "« I»"«"" ""d -eial a«d which came to b^ZtZ""'V* *'"' ''"«'■' *«^ «°« the trnited States *'"""='y ""d '" Great Britain hi '^liirr^d ^i^teif :t- ««"- »*'»^ ^ the Australian tour-Victoria, ii ill .'■■3 In 634 LIFE OP HENBY GEOEGB [1800 as strong in the faith of the protection principle ns his own native State of Pennsylvania. It was said in Sydney that no matter how large his audiences might be in the other colonies, in Melbourne and throughout Victoria he must expect slender attention. But when the train on which the Georges travelled drew into the Melbourne station, there was a greater gathering than usually came to greet him, and a reception committee headed by Dr. Maloney, President of the Land Nationalisation So- ciety. "Good heavens! another reception!" the philoso- pher exclaimed in dismay to Mrs. George, and explaining that he would meet her at (he hotel, he bolted out of the door on the opposite side of the coach. When she recov- ered from her strprise, Mrs. George likewise tried to flee, but she was too late and was escorted by the committee with much politeness to a carriage in waiting. Presently Mr. George came, also, surrounded by an immense throng. He had been recognised and was compelled to endure the honours. The first lecture (on the single tax) was delivered in the Town Hall to a fine audience in numbers and char- acter. In this discourse the lecturer drew a picture of his coming to Melbourne thirty-five years before. The second lecture was to working men, on the subject of "Labour and the Tariff." Daniel Cottier, art connois- seur, of New York and London, with whom the Georges had become acquainted on the Mariposa, called upon Mrs. GtH)rge before this second lecture, and though a strong free trader himself, earnestly advised her to influence her husband not to speak on that subject in Victoria. "The people will not stand it," he said. "They think protec- tion brings them their bread and butter, and they will stone him if he denounces it." Mrs. George replied that Mr. Gec-ge was not to be diverted from what he consid- ^••.WJ THE MELBOUBNB TBIUMPH 636 ered to be his duty, even if.} • u "^^ in another wa,, wh';,rshe did 1^^^ ^^ l'^^"-- ^i- the courage, but deprecated 1 , ' ^'"'"' ^^^^^'ed ^, The City Hall was c otded ".^^^^^^^^^^ -f ^"' '' '^ P<>^-^- l>o Trades and Labour CouncilTth! T ^''"''^^ "' '- ^'"^e ti.e in going to the^ith ^fh' ^cf ' ''-'' BhouldTbolish':?! roJenurfarlff; '?^^' «^«<>^«tely. j absolutely free betw^n vS a ^ f "V?^ "^^^^ trade- tries. I should go further fh^.u*"?^ "" other coun- ttT^f ^''^^ ^^^ "X iabot^aSS*' ' f?"^^ «bS that fall upon the products of h.f ^^P'ta^-all taxes of the mo^s of human fmi . ^"""^^ "ulustry, or anv raise needed revenuSp I 271 ^?^^ then shoIlH upon land values irro«nif''"y ^^^^^ them by a tav that would fall7^ uhThoiT "V^^P^^vements^a tax near the city as C f; as uton jiloT"^' '^'' '' ''^^ a hundred cottages stood » ^ '^^ ^""^ "P"n which fn» trade utterances o/^hi't^''"'' "' ""'J""-"' -aOe up hi, add.,. It wat ^ , M r '""" "'"""'" 'or b»t the radical word tolTJl^^'"'"'^'^ "»'« whibition of clear and emJT^ ! '" ^fraordinanr which hitherto had bLnTnwtmitT ''T "'^ P°"«> ''» eat in the audience b™L m ^J^"'"""'- "■•• "ot- ">ent o, astonishn,:™ and dlli^:^: *^.T *"« "»'»^'- Past words when, after the Wh ^ """^ ''^ "'" ''"'"'t «nd hund.«Je of m»'n ft iT' "-T "''»" ^"'^ S*™ thoir names for the form ff* ''"«'"*'' '» '•'"d in ««- Of the. hei'; Zt^ttV"^: *'-'"'^ '™«»- Papers gave g(„,d reBortalT*.! ,, Melbourne. All the ^^6 s ""^Porta and the Melbourne "Telegraph" 636 LIFE OF HENBT OEOBGE [ISM 'The lecturer very adroitly led up to hie subject of land nationalisation and the single tax. Imperceptibly, almost, ho landed his hearers in the midst of it, through a panegyric of Melbourne city, and regrets about pov- erty, and pleasant jokes and amusing anecdotes. Whether the lecture was carefully prepared in writing beforehand, or was absolutely extempore is not cervain; but in either case the result was admirable. Mr. Geo^go must possess a marvellous memory; or equally wonocf- ful powers of extemporaneous speech. Every sentence was carefully constructed and well rounded off; every word was in its proper place, and the most forcible and expressive word was used." At a subsequent date, Mr. George debated the tariff question with Mr. W. Trenwith, M.P., who was put for- ward as representative of protectionist working men. The meeting occurred in Exhibition Hall before a crowded audience, "which," said Mr. George in "The Standard" (May 31), "though for the most part protec- tionist, gave mo their heartiest applause and so laughed at Mr. Trenwith's alleged facts and preposterous asser- tions that I did not have to trouble myself to reply to them, but could occupy my time in pressing home the general principles, which, when once fairly considered, will destroy the protectionist superstition in the mind of any one who thinks at all." Although he sailed for home from Adelaide, South Aus- tralia, and lectured there before embarking, the formal close of the Australian lecture campaign took place in Sydney a few days before. George H. Keid, M.P., Presi- dent of the Free Trade Association and subsequently Pre- mier of the colony, took Mr. and Mrs. George and a party of their friends on a steam yacht excursion over the fa- mously beautiful bay. Mayor Burdekin at his residence gave a dinner in honour of Mr. George at which were '^'-'1 PABEWELL TO ABSTBAIU b37 prceent all the momtes of the New South Wales Min -try, except the Minister „£ Lands and the PreSe,^"," o.»u present. On the last day a reception was held m Temperance Hall, when Mrs. George was pZnttd iriends. lo her cousternation and Mr. George's corro spondmg xnemment, she was made the object ofshorbut" formal speeches, the gentlemen of the committee standin. and addressing her dimrtlv wi, i """«ee standmg iio^ fl 4. . airectlj. \\ hen she recovered from her first surprise, she looked to> Js her husband l-ffT fta farewell lecture was in Protestant Hall The .„h jeet was "Protection a fallacy; real freetrade 7 sity." Mr. George was at his'^st andTad he au^eZ oheenng throughout what the Sydney "Tdtraph'^tZ h.s "splendid deliverance." The Jn wholM them so ves free traders, hut who had been afraid otha'te i^^Triro^^s/:? itn^f ' - -^^ ^- a household S (cter, ) Tht'TV" "^"l™"" myself one of M« if' ^^ '° '''"'^ ^^«P«^*« cannot call enSiasm (cLr^ He hZ f ^ ""'^^t^^ *^"* has earned it as a thhLr L r *^"«%«a/ned it. Ho and he has eZS^'^;r^:^^ \Sl '11 088 LIFE OF HENBT GEORGE [1890 M I It ► venture to say — and these are the concluding words in which, on behalf of this great meeting, I bid him fare- well — that he may and probably will be regarded by posterity as one of those leaders of men who rise above the sordid level of things as they are, who seek to revive the spirit and the power of Christianity, who seek to enrich the human intellect with humane and generous - ideas, who create in the minds of all noble ambition — new spheres of philanthropy and justice — quickening the world's great heart with the throbbings and glad- ness of the time to come, when the curse of toil shall cease from troubling, banished forever by the universal dignity and happiness of labour." (Prolonged cheer- ing.) There were mistakes — serious mistakes — in the man- agement of the Australian campaign which caused Mr. George much round-about travelling and loss of time. This was due chiefly to imexpected demands from scores of places, which disarranged the plans. It is probably safe to say that no man speaking on social questions had ever before been so warmly and so generally greeted on the Island Continent. But it was three months and a half of hard work for Henry George, speaking every night that he was not travelling, save one Sunday, and fre- quently he spoke twice a day. Letters and cables came from Sir George Grey in N'ew Zealand and from the Pre- mier and Attorney-General of Tasmania warmly inviting him to each of these places but he was tired out and had to refuse. Incidentally to his long exacting occupation he had seen much to interest and instruct him. At Melbourne he met and talked briefly with Henry Drummond; at the largest cities he was complimented with temporary membership in the clubs, and at Sydney he was greatly \^ amused at the exploit of an enthusiastic single taxer, who. Ag«,61] thinkii Austra! Henry asked " said th( are run The ocean's observal riod the India y, the Red the "ba: rugged ] in all pr did wher ing into foot of made a s Herculan possible t heat and Dr. Tayk sick of 6 way, unki signs, larj and some and Fran( a few days gow City ] Associatioi great prog: Aceompa York, Mr. Age, 51] THROUGH THE RED SEA 889 thinking that the American visitor onahf f. •. Australian horse race, applied Tj^XotoTCi:: Heniy George made an honorary member Th„m? asked "Who is Henry George-hasirny horses^' "v!: " Baid the single taxer; "'Progress' and TovertT' andVh' are ™nnu,g with g„„t ,„ J,, .„ ^,^ ZZ'^:''^^ ;^rrno'ra^:.t^rtori:^^^^^^ India with its tropical scenes and th. ? "''""° JhoRedSea IntLersingTheri/osCnCS "^.drLrg-i^tgrr'L:! ^"■^ "^^" in all probability pLselv ?he jn,„ '"' P'-''»^''«»g m when MosesU tSa^LTInXXse^T^ n.aL:^hrtf^St::;tr:„f^ r-""'*'' »^ Hereulanenm'to B^r^e : ufh' fy SS taT" "1 possible time of year «ll wi>„ ij T *'"' "<"■'* heat and fear of fever W^tinTl b ""!,''' '™'" '"^ Dr. Taylor, afterward^; m! Sg^3aM-'"r:r m'"* »ick of old masters. Ve hadllZl- "''* «" way, unknown and unkno^J^g, l^iZl Z^ T «gn», largely." From Eome\ey protdfd " yil''^ and some other nlaops nn/i +i, I'^^^eeaea to Venice and France to Gre^tB f T" ^^'""^^ Switzerland g™.t progress of the cause at the antipodes YotkTrGl:' '". "^^ ■'■ °- «■ H-tington of New Xork, Mr. George duruig this short trip calkd „pon q4 .j il fi40 LIFE OF HENBY GEORGE [1890 cral Booth of the Salvation Army, whom he hud met in London six years before. He now learned that Mrs. Booth, who had large influence in the management and spiritual guidance of the great army organisation, had been for some time thinking of social questions, mainly along single tax lines, and wished to initiate a policy which should preach the salvation of the body as well as of the soul — that should seek to better material condi- tions here, while holding out hope of a life hereafter. Mr. George came away from this visit to the Booths with sanguine feelings that the Salvation Army with its mili- tary organisation radiating from London all over the globe would soon become a kind of world-wide Anti- Poverty Society, that, with a religious enthusiasm, would awaken thought and make way for the single tax idea. But Mrs. Booth even then was stricken with an incurable disease, and it soon after carried her away. With her seemed to go the clearest head and the boldest heart in that movement for a social reform policy, for only small steps, and those along the lines of charity, were taken by the army; and Mr. George reluctantly gave up hope that the organisation would do anything towards the single tax. Mr. and Mrs. George arrived in New York harbour on the steamship Servia on September 1, in tir^e to take part in the first national conference of single tax men, which for two days met in the large hall of Cooper Union, where the delegates exchanged glad tidings and discussed measures for the propagation of the faith. It was an exultant home-coming to him who since January had made a circle of the globe, everywhere finding men and women in twos or threes, in tens or scores, in hundreds or thou- sands, holding the same ff'^h and glowing with the same enthusiasm. On the second day of the conference, Sep- Ag^61J tember to-day.' "I of jo; with I onl York night have : for tl "Y( you 1 Life, you Ic it be I (AppI A com present t come clof from a 1 stricken world, a one into on this, VI ard," whi plans he ] Br. Jai morning 1 he brough eialist, am ship's saili "Mr. head, in in the b [1800 Ag^Sl] STROKE OP APHASIA. 641 of 7oy'^d rir *J^ P''";™ *»■"«■" "ia feelings night' of tte '41 *tt' »t Tf^z Si^L'T •*»• pi^tnTto H.T'n' *' ™'?'*»'''*y «' '»« ««mea ever »me it f T-^ 0™"-8^. «>«i suddenly death seemed to Z, » m T' '"r" °"*"'"'' »' ™ '»*«™'»g home from a hit e informal repast with some friends, he was stncken with aphasia. The long hard trip arJnnd the ZiL Tt'.t"' """ "'^ ^■'^"'"d. then a ll* one into the Southwest as far as Texas, and foUowing arf » whTJ"^ ZT *! ""'''"' '°* *"*»■•» of "The Stand! ard, which while not paying, was an embarrassment to plans he had for ^her work, had brought the elima^ Dr James E. Kelly, the family physician, was nett morning to , an to Enrope on professional business, b" he brought m Dr. Frederick Peterson, a young brain-spe- cjalist, and himself Kmained until within an four of The ship's sailing. Dr. Peterson says of the case: L.IT'^' *!l°''*° .'■?? * S™"' P™ on the left side of his n°t'e'Srain ""t^Z^^^^ ?/ "l" '"""" ^P^h ^n^^ in tne brain. He talked quite clearly, but used wrong 642 XIFE OF HENBT GEORGE [UW words, and manufactured -"ords at times. Shown a watch and asked what it wa <^ said : 'That is a sep' ; shown a pfeneil: 'That is a se^ shown a thermometer he said : 'That is a sep/ and seemed to think he had used the correct words. He repeated words very well and was very much interested in asking about his condition and comprehended clearly the form of aphasia he was suffering from and the nature of the lesion. He ex- pressed great anxiety as to the prognosis. The trouble was a slight hemorrhage in the particular part of the brain which presides over articulate speech. He im- proved very rapidly; his mind was perfectly clear in every way, aside from the difficulty in expressing him- self. There was no paralysis of any kind. In three days he was able to name objects correctly. By the first of January the whole condition had been recov- ered from." « The friends showed loving attention, John Russell Young personally calling at the house every day, and August Lewis and Tom L. Johnson establishing a benevo- lent joint dictatorship and decreeing that as soon as he should be strong enough, the sick man and Mrs. George should go 0^ to Bermuda to stay there beyond the reach of all anxiety until he should have recuperated. Mr. George fell in with the plans of his good friends. He sailed early in the new year with Mrs. George, and accom- panied by Mr. and Mrs. Simon Mendelson, parents of Mrs. August Lewis. He was well enough to take out- door exercise and to do a little simple writing before he left, and among other things he made a brief entry on the last page of his pocket diary for 1890 — "A memorable year. Much to be thankful for." II CHAPTER XII. PEBSONAL AND DOMESTIC MATTEES. 1891-1897. Ao^, 52-58. aglow witriasti "TuT t'^i'^ ""'' "^ '-"^^ -« active powers • an<1 im +^ „ i, _l 7. ^' ^°^* "^^ 543 B44 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [189M897 ;i U 1 •l of soiiic of the boldest conceptions and loftiest passages of his later writings could be traced, it might be found in these wheel rides. This was Mr. George's second mechanical triumph, his first being over the type-writing machine, which he began to use in 1884 and continued to use until his death. With it he "blocked out" his work, and one of his sons or daughters, whoever at the time was doing amanuensis work for him, used another. The machine in 1884 was unknown in some parts of the world, and a correspondent in Paraguay, South America, inquired how he could afford to have his letters put in type and printed. Mr. George explained that he used a little mechanism having keys for the fingers to play on like a kind of piano. For a while in 1891, Mr. George tried the phonograph, endeavouring to record dictations and have his amanuen- sis transcribe at leisure. But he could not habituate him- self to talking into the inanimate machine and he suc- cumbed to the disconcerting eifects that almost invariably attack the user at the outset. The instrument was deliv- ered at the Nineteenth Street residence one afternoon when Mr. George was at home writing and the other mem- bers of the family were absent. He sat down at once to do some dictating, but could not induce himself to take the instrument seriously. He could treat it only as a toy, and accordingly fell to playing with it. Into it he shouted a sailor song of his boyhood to the effect that "Up jumped the shark with his crooked teeth. Saying, *I'll cook the duff, if you'll cook the beef;" and then another song about a winsome bumboat damsel, who, saluted by the admiral of the fleet in terms she re- sented, answered Age, 3a-58] This last voice thai tics runni the room, little tabic During noted somi had remai] "In t] George : similar c "G. *C "R. '\1 "G. *0 I can tr Great Mi "Ji. 'A "G. 'N such and or form.' Louis F. the Bermud and riding j that one's ov self. They 1 Mr. George : istence." Upi he saw nothii an analogy b and of his be At another A«e.oa^] TRAITS OP CHARACTER 645 "Kind admiral, ym he damned!" This last lino was roared intn *i.« ™ i.- voiec that hroueht Z „ , *""' ■" " ''"■■"''"ne ties ru„ni„ruplir „„rw "f "';'' '"™"'^«<' "l""'- tl." room, Iha? M OooL "f;'"" "'^^ »»"=" -"> IU«otahle„„dsin«in«X:;:„^„7;X""' '""'- ' no^::ri:::Ltt';tis!totrr"'--' i.d .mained in Ke. Yor,'7Z:T^::f^2i::'' «T„ ,, . "^'«»'%. February 16, 1891 Bimilt one?' ^ "^'* questions; may 1 ask you a "G- 'Certainly.' I can t?ac i:'i:^e:^\'i^i;!;^',- «-/^"P out there Great Mind, the tssTnc^ nLT^\"'''''^- ^^'^ i« the "J«. 'Andyou conslr W- "'^* '' S'^"*^ «»^ high.' BuehanddoSvenL butnof -^^^ *° '^''^'^'^^ ^im or form.' " ""' ^""^ ^°* ^° any positive shape tho't™„dr:'ip'^'::h'r r, •'"^' ■'°""»" » >-' ««- «nd riding: XfrLT'het^^f/; ^'^^ ^^^^-^ fhat one's own whee! como7t'„ t '^^ , '" I"'*"' '"<^' Klf. They hod i,,?t r ? ''''° P"' <"^ »"'='» o™ Mr. Ge^Z hadCnT'"""'" '°°™^^='' °''™' t^-^ «PWt: istence.- Up^ hWrird'"^ '"'T "" ''="''* '" «^ - He saw nothr, s":;^^:! :;ra:f i i\rrf„;^^^ an analoffv bptwpf.n +i,« i i.- » ^ "^t discern aiugy Detween the relation of the wheel in hi. u j and of his body to his spirit.? '' ^^^^ At another ti UP while riding slowly along i I- -tii=. Wiff ifth Avn- 646 LIFE OF HENBY GEOBOE [IWl-UHT nuc, New York, with a son and a daughter, he observed an undertaker's wagon stop before a residence, and two men get dowii and carry up armfuls of black drapety. "None of that when 1 am dead," he said to his children. "Death is as natural as life; it means a passage into an- other life. If a man has lived well — if he has kept the faith — it should be a time for rejoicing, not for repining, that the struggle here is over." Death was much in his thoughts from now forward. "How much there is of joy and sorrow and tragedy in the years that have rolled so noiselessly by since we first knew each other!" he wrote to Judge Coflfey of Califor- nia; "and now we are what we then thought were old men, and the vears move all the faster." On another occasion he wrote to Thomas F. Walker: "I have long since ceased to have any dread of death, except for the shock of parting." While on a western lecturing trip he wrote to Mrs. George concerning the death of a fine St. Bernard dog they had raised from a pup : "Poor old Thor ! I cannot help feeling so sorry for him, and I know that you all must miss him very much. But we cannot tell. Perhaps if not that, something worse might have hap- pened. Even in a dog, though, we feel the mystery of death. Let us love the closer, while life lasts." Staunch as a rock was his belief in immortality, and many of his friends loved to talk to him about it, even those like Louis Prang of Boston who had little faith. "Do you think we shall ever meet you in California again?" asked Mrs. Francis M. Milne of San Francisco, during the trip around the world. "I don't know," he answered; "for there is much to do. But if not here, then hereafter." Anothei friend, A. Van Dnsen of New York, questioned: ''What do you regard as the strongest evidence of the immortality of the soul?" The answer i^, S2-A was pi creatio; Over t] single i George "C( be? flesh our r cease inger on the remaii which more t to-day lost, still li^ When I tion of w] replied: " was. But know aboi do. We c of a plan. go forward it shall ha August ] muda givei as Will an( teresting, b bull," for t lessness of i which prove ^. ««8J BEUEP IN niMOBTALITY 047 Over the body o( Will ^ T ^ T'™ " *"« " »»" Bi»«le lax faith in A„Z 1891 f' "''" ^'"^ '" "« Oeorge i„ a funeral ."S/^ "" """"*'<"' *"• flesh that he ifas shed Porour h.f fTP"^'' '» the our reason that that which ^t.-^ J '*" """^^ '» !»a* to be. . . Thl V. "''" '■"■ 8°<^ ^"e" not ing energy that gave to this tef^"*"*'' *« P«ss- on their way to fther forms I^ "', 'T '"^ "«" "O" remain to our sieht biifT l !S 1 'T h™" 'here will whieh we imtiStefy fil^af '^„ »' ?*^«- But tha more than energy- that wmL' ■???',*»" matter and to-day we ehen^'as ts" and hi^w ''?.''^ °" '"'"^ lost. II there be in th?wnS^ highest-that eannot be still lives." " '*" *"" <>«Ier and purpose, that tio^rwXVrt' *™"^''' '" "'"«'' «"«^ the qnes- replied: «M»; wirLr."' -s iustiflable, Mr. oLrge was. But whTt Twe knora2 fr/""™'' *"»"«"" know about death? We a^het. '•""'' '"'»* *» ''^ Oo. We eame he«> n^ „r„'^;r7«» <" things to »' a plan. We have work tZ'Zn If T" T P^'' go forward with the work (,.»> C ™- " "o 'e'nse to "shall have to r.';:^^^-,tl^J^ ^"^ -ut that J^J^ air:sut;on''r/r; ^'^ »« ^^ ^■ as Will and Idea" Tr o "^Schopenhauer's "World teresting, but "'From a tTS. 7,1" """'"'"g'^ »■ h«ll," for tie Gen^n ntw r '"'' * "^ "8 *" « lessness of thing^Tarthw"?*"' '*P'**"ted that hope- whieh proved afiSjhi: tT^r^"* '-^' 11, iigc 648 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [l«yi 1897 ening hopefulnosg and faith. With all that, the brilliant mind of the great Genii ,n extreiscd its fascination. Rec- ognising in hira a philosopher of rare originality and astonishing versatility, Mr. George became fond of con- sulting (or rather comparing) his views on the most varied topics. And he seemed to derive satisfaction from the fact that, in spite of its atheism, the underlying prin- ciple of Schopenhauer's philosophy was spiritual and not material.^ Mr. George also seemed to take great delight in Schopenhauer's well known outspokenness against the professors, and indeed saw in the way that Schopenhauer had so long been ignored by them, a case analogous to his own. Perhaps many passages in Mr. George's later works bearing on this subject are somewhat to be ascribed to this influence.' Mr. George's views of the essence of Christianity he set forth in his published writings. His beliefs relative to the person of Christ were, he said one day in the last year of his life to his son Henry, most nearly represented by a short sketch written by Thomas Jefferson, entitled "Syllabus of an estimate of the merits of the doctrines of Jesus,"^ from which he quoted in "The Science of Polit- ical Economy."* iSee "A Perplexed Philosopher," Part III, Chapter iii, (Memorial Edition, pp. 125-128). 'While having only a gramTj;':r school education, Mr. i/.;\*, j' .. stes and talents had always led him to spend his leisure honrtH' Ml. '.y, and capacious and well filledjbookjshelves in his home suowuu the choicenesw and range of his reading. On questions of philosophy he was, at least in later years, the closest of Mr. George's friends ; and as to the Schopen- hauer philosophy, they had frequent conversations subsequent to the >>irmuda trip, in the studio [of George Brush, to whom Mr.JGeorge, at '» '< )Wi9 r. quest, sat for a full-length portrait ■" 3rt Vvritings of Thomas Jefferson," collected and edited by Paid ! >■>■ J8i"- he prefers asking diropf mw- "^^ ^*^tter case, talk he seldom gets ammaS ''T ^!^/"P*^^- ^^ ^is of a higher order Wh^nTni "",^ f '*^^"^ «"y« things the eloquence of feeling tLf U v. ""^"^'/'"^ ^^^' ^ut echo in his own heart ()f arf J '\^?^' '^' '^'^^S "His mind is of a beaut^f,r' ^^' ^^' ^° ^^^^^^ and comprehensive/' '^"^"^^^^l caste-simple, direct of JSTew Smifh w,i y^r^cr ot London, John Farrell "i i.>ew jsoutn VVales and Frances M Miir,^ «* n t^ . ahowea the ..tening ... B„nL\f ^^^.t't™! ■■■ ♦ I m II 650 LIFE OF HENBT GEORGE [1801-1897 well's Ironsides, the poetry that spoke most strongly to him was that which moved with the intense purpose of his soul. For verses solely of sentiment or reflection, ho matter how fine the language or picturing, his feeling was set forth in a note to Dr. Taylor (June 1, 1892) : "Thanks for 'The Quiet Wood.' It is good, but — why, when the great struggle is on, and history is being made, will you go off into the woods and play the flute ? I should rather see you put your lips to the trumpet." Perhaps it may be well to add some lines from a letter }/Lt. George wrote subsequently (April 33. 1893) to his actor friend, James A. Heme, who had just produced a successful play, "Shore Acres": "I left Boston with the spell of your genius upon me, wishing very much to see you and sorry when I found I could not. "I cannot too much congratulate you upon your suc- cess. You have done what you have sought to do — made a play pure and noble that people will come to hear. You have taken the strength of realism and added to it the strength that comes from the wider truth that realism fails to see; and in the simple por- trayal of homely life, touched a universal chord. . . In the solemnity of the wonderfully suggestive close, the veil that separates us from heaven seems to grow thin, and things not seen to be felt. "But who save you can bring out the character you have created — a character, which to others, as to me, must have recalled the tender memory of some sweet saint of God — for such loving and unselfish souls there have been and are. I never before saw acting that im- pressed me so much as yours last night. I did not feel like talking when I left the theatre; but I wanted to grasp your hand. I did not want to see you in that wonderful piece of acting of which they told me, where you reduced man to the mere animal. I am glad to have seen you in this, where the angel gleams forth." Age, 82 In speari close made suprei obscui in his was k€ poet's of this Eefl( history versati( writing great n fame fi Englan( ory Sco doing h that *no would 01 But a: the relat by one < downfall devil wh< to the th tells how, Hamilton they met but did I George di man can McHugh ' ^.»^^J HAMLET AND MACBETH 551 ™p«.e conoeptior'n: Mr'.'"/ """"«• "" obBcurity and won inWiL , . ' ° ''"' """' ""t »' in his doma"n otV^^f '"TP""' ™'"' "« "» »«« of this t,.mendo„s human 1^,^ "^ "'°''""'«°" vemtion with his elder son^'id «w? '^' '"^J" """■ writing Without being consi: lu iTg^r BufT^ Bnglan" late? ™ t f ^r"*" '"' '^"'^ '" •"■»• doing his work to i,w ^' ."™' ™ ™-te-tod, after that*no Irt^; no the 7. T™"'' '"^""« P"'""''^ would ontCt'w:.^-"""™*^ "' ''^'^' ehe^ltro;;rs^ r '""' r - '"^-^ -'-'■ by one of his fS; he said 'ZZ *".' •""."«°° P"* downfall was in noCo ;fi;,ht £7. ""rfu "* "' Hamilton, they dronned i„t„ ft T ,?^ ^^^^ »* ^"^ they met 'a mL K^t :„<• P"' ""^ '"''" ugu wnen the stroll was resumed. «A r^hilo"-^-^^-" Q52 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1891-1807 was the reply, "is no better than a bootblack. Such terms are only relative to our own small affairs." As President Lincoln modestly said he would hold Mc- Clellan's horse if that would help the general win the country a battle, so Henry George always refrained from assuming leadership. It was never "my principles," "my movement," "my cause"; but always "our principles," "our movement," "our cause." To Dr. Taylor he wrote (April 28, 1891) : "How persistent is the manner in which the professors and those who esteem themselves the learned class ignore and slur me; but I am not conscious of any other feeling about it than that of a certain curiosity." This was not assumed humility. He spoke in the sim- plicity of his nature — a simplicity that shone out in his private life, as witness in a letter to Mrs. George, during the summer of 1893 : "I slept at homo last night. Post wanted me to go down with him, but I thought I should prefer to sleep here, I had unfortunately drank two glasses of iced tea at supper (which I took with Post and the Hibbards) and owing I suppose to that, I did not get to sleep till after two. But the house was delightfully cool, and I slept until after nine, then took a bath, and for fifteen cents got two cups of coffee and all I wanted to eat at the little bakery on Twentieth Street and Second Ave- nue. Then I came back to the house, where I have been waiting for the carpets to come, having sent yes- terday a notice that I should be here between 10 and 13 to-day." As with many famous men, money matters gave Mr. George much worry. Very little money would put him at his ease, although to get it he was often put to borrow- ing. But unlike many celebrities, borrowed money witli him was always a sacred debt, and he never failed to ro- [1891-1807 ich terms hold Mc- win the ned from les," "my ineiples," he wrote in which le learned IS of any uriosity/' the sim- ut in his e, during me to go r to sleep E iced tea libbards) sleep till ol, and I or fifteen to eat at ond Ave- c I have sent yes- a 10 and gave Mr. put him o borrow- )ney with led to re- Age, 53-58J AN ABDENT CHAIRMAN 553 one Of Us uJ^^lZZ^s^riir.^^loT' the pMiosoph?;:otatisrniiJTi'''"/rf 1 to sustain hta -til ho got his start n N tVol ""' Personal homage in evcrv fn-m vi 7, with disfavonr. "I do ™ot hlo v^ "^ "^'^^ '■'""''^ wrote to Mrs Milnp w^ f /^' over-praise," he return to IZ w'fr! """ ?"" ^^^''-^^ ™ "« words l«ve spoJr „';r. ZTt' f ™f ' "" "^ came from »/„™; aL'though J 'mlZ oT" '""I for the little things, we do not for Urbil thiW-'T' when an enthusiastic young chairman ., ", i ^ "^ in Harlem New Vn^l- r.-l "'"""" "' » '"go meeting sincere Tut v^ ^a trin^' "'" T''""" "" ^"■^-' ""^ Georse the Uh ^''* """S speech in introducing Mr found beside him Th.l ^^alkmg-stick he had Th„ ''"^.r'™'"''8° ""0 ^P^'s of laugliter. The dishke of his younger manhood to social form, necessity of giving special attention to S raime" */ ."» w.th trunquillity, because us ho reasoned^ cjnlo™ 664 LIFE OF HENBT OEOBGE [1891-1897 to the small, polite usages tended to disarm antagonism to his crusade against giant wrongs in the vast body politic and body social. Yet a preoccupied mind often inter- fered with the carrying out of his good intentions, as for instance, he appeared at a reception at his home in Nine- teenth Street with the studs of his shirt bosom wrong side out, the ladies of the family being busy with the guests. At a later period, when residing at suburban Fort Hamilton, he spent a whole day in the business portion of New York and the night at the somewhat formal Hotel Waldorf with Tom L. Johnson without discovering that he had been going about with very dusty boots. But he made amends by having them polished before starting bacli for Fort Hamilton. This carelessness about dress led to many minor adven- tures, one of which was in a sleeping-car, of which Mr. George was the sole occupant. The colored porter, whose livelihood largely depended upon fees from passengers, lamented to him the "po'ness of business." He made out such a deplorable case that Mr. George was inspired to surprise him with a large tip, mentally resolving to give him all the change in his pocket. This proved to be much more than Mr. George expected and four or five times the customary fee, but he offered it nevertheless. "Dat all fo' me?" exclaimed the man incredulously, looking from the money to Mr. George's not over-fas- tidious clothes, and then back to the money. And when Mr. George assured him that all the money was for him, the porter accepted it with a burst of thanks, adding: "I of en heard it said, but I never would believe it; yo' never can tell about a frog until yo' see him jump!" Forgetfulness from preoccupation brought many petty losses. Once on a lecturing trip, with mock gravity he upbraided his wife, who travelled some of the way with Ag9, 52 him, "And smile appar overst later ] he lef was s] kind 1 found too. ] journe' "I can day." ing thi] back tc saw mu smile a of hum self wa£ Abstr street, t rection perience sleeping- went to part of i clothes, 1 Drowsine bed and i him in t he gave tl calling 01 of his SOI yo' ^«^*M.) HABIT OF PEEOCCCPATION ggg kind with LXt he wt 3;:°, "■"!. '"'"' "' *« found that other iomLnf ri''t ""'"''^ """^ ^ too. Returning Tuh one f 1 ' T" "^ '""«»' "I can see that vow chiwZ "^ '""""' "* = iJay." "Inwhatl^V-'a^^^Vrrrr "iJU^.T"^ «» maeh irtteli „f t 'f "^^^S^ ""■• ^e »on smile at, bS to Mr o J " ™»- '"^"'nd-mUe ticket, to -If wa, n; ZZ:t X^ ""^ '"*' '' "-"- .^" rioT—Lrs "" '■''" » -»^ rection to a letter h„t n!?i, ^- ^"^ * """S ^i- pcricnce was Z^ tteS ^h IT^f 1"^" '"«. *^- hegavethe^Xsff thtbethVpr ^^ "^^r^' ot^c;::^r/--"-"«^^^^^^^^^^ ms sons voice, a femimne voice replied: «I think vn„ ^ - — 666 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1891-1897 have made some mistake?' Mr. George drew back in confusion. Hb looked about him to get his ''bearings'/' only to find that on returning from his smoke during the night, he had taken the berth that some one else had ap- parently vacated, and so had finished his night's sleep in wrong quarters. It has been said that Mr. George dreaded social occa- sions. Yet there were gatherings of a social nature which he really enjoyed attending. These were little pri- vate dinners that John Kussell Young gave, sometimes at the Astor House in New York and sometimes at the Union League in Philadelphia. At one or the other of these dinners he met John Mackay, William Florence, Joseph JeffersoA, General Sherman, Colonel Alexander McClure, Murat Halstead, Judge Eoger A. Pryor, Chaun- cey M. Depew and Grover Cleveland. He had never be- fore met the ex-President, and was much pleased with him, believing from what fell in conversation, that if re- nominated for the Presidency in 1893, Cleveland would make a radical fight. John Eussell Young, though he was always a strict party Eepublican, was at heart a radical — an absolute free trader and a good deal of a single taxer. But though he talked unreservedly in private, his public utterances were veiled, one of his signed newspaper articles drawing out this message from his downright friend, George: "I don't like your "Precs" article. ... I have some question whether the ordinary reader will know whether you are for Blaine or Harrison, and I fear that your delicate damnation of the tariff will in many cases be deemed by him an indorsement. The fine in- ferences by which skilled diplomatists may convey their meaning to one another will not be understood in a town meeting." Age, 53-1 Hei very si ing nij his im '"] judg timei becai excef respo and I told ] a sem other sponsi withoi An im mind wl given in squeezing destroyin large stee L. Johns brought i o the CO] single tax the middL executive town whei of the cit; and sweep: gave place that time with life a m ^8«.«2^] SINGULAR JUDGMENT 557 ilenry George's judgment had to most of Mo ^ • -, very singular quality. Of this LouisT Po tt/rf ' ' mg many occasions, both nnhH. I ^^^^'' ^»^- Ws impressions to the test : P"'"*'^ for putting juS^t. ^1 rSTntS^?d^"^^/• ^-^^'« times to be infallibly si I sa^ if ^'^ ^^ seemed at because I never knew it tn hfUK^^^'^''^ intuitive, except when his iSlect L, 1 *^ f ^^^^^^ value responsibility; and then ft wif of ?r'^*^- ^^ « «^^«e of and accuracy/ I have o te^L^^^^^^^^^ directness told me how best to eo to Fntn ^^^^ \^ ^^'"'^y George a sense of responsililft; t ^t^r'A' ^^^^^^^^ other way; but that if he aete? , Si' '^"""^^ ^o the destroying .t™n„d w k X?' r'.^PP""^ ^-^ large steel rail maMLr "'*'"'™' enterprises. The L. JohasonranTreati ? ?T'"'"^ """"^'^ ««^' Tom b-ught fac rfattuhlf'""fr' ''"' '^^ --"• -gle ta. Lh so^*:^ Mr/oh' '"' """' ''"° '"^ the middle eighties H ! L i*"*"" """'e^on in -eeutive ahi% were .L' edT : *"""*'' ""^ "'^h town when the neverfe. ^. f ^f ""^ I'^P''^ "' J»tos- of the city in ™Tns tn .T* '"' ''°°'' '"^ ""^ ^^'^e gave pla« t! Sr L™f ^Z' """'""'^ «'"> «*- that time of disaS m7 u t "° """"™''- 1° With life and deX^"^. .^^ '» Z ""'^ '^T'' y i.mi Tor tnreu uays He held 868 liTE OP HENRY GEORGE (1891-1897 that extraordinary office. Mr. George happened to visit Johnstown an^ Mr. Moxham in 1893, at the moment when the financial stringency had brought the affairs of the Johnson Company to a crisis. He was told by Mr. Mox- ham that no course seemed to be left but to shut down, for while he could get plenty of orders for rails, he could get no money in payment. Whereupon Mr. George sug- gested that the bonds of the street railroad companies or- dering rails should be taken in payment of their orders; and that certificates to be used as money be issued against them. Mr. Moxham took the idea and developed a plan, calling a meeting of his employees, explained to them the proposal to take steel railroad bonds, place them in the hands of a trijstee mutually acceptable to the company and its men, and against these bonds to issue certificates in small denominations with which to pay salaries and wages by the Johnson Company. The employees gladly accepted the proposal aud appointed a committee to act for them, and the plan was put into execution, one-third of all salaries and wages being paid in currency and the other two-thirds in these bond certificates. The store- keepers and other townspeople accepted the certificates as readily as money; and the company, with its several thou- sand employees, passed through the "tight" period with- out further trouble. Indeed, the earnings of the em- ployees were greater at this time than at any other period in the history of the company. Subsequently every one of the certificates was drawn in and redeemed. Mr. George regarded this as an illustration of what the United States Government could do to clear up the currency difficulties— issue from its own treasury a paper currency, based upon its credit and interchangeable with its bonds. Mr. George lived in the Nineteenth Street house. New York, until the spring of 1895, when the family stored the ^.S'^'Z"TJ- *"'"",""■' »»' made a profo».i„a of Li. 'lost to h T T'^"™"^ roprc^entative .uggestod that, as DrMclL.tr" heon able to join with the elerKv 7n t^: t ^T ""' retreat, he should go on retreal L^ , * ' """""' rnent; hut when h'e w^ tl\':ru^that ti'" ''"'"■ iikely to be confifnip/i «. •, ^aaso tJiat tins was frai/ed fl u" t°Ud7eft Ir^' .?" ''""«'"° "=- Glynn's judemcnt tL T i """'" '" ^'- Mc- he Should be^r to"i'„tv':^rvtr"'"t r fK •^/^"•"^"Dg. at Cooper Union or elsewJiore wui, these things clearly understoorl T^r mo, "^ word to Archbishon ^S . ^cGlynn gave his s -'Sir £sHr f '"-- since 1887, Dr. McGlynn celebrated nifl.^ ^ T« +u at^^t^^S^d?/'"" ^*^ ""''' °^ ^^^ restorat^:;:;;;:;;^ later, that, on the 2ice of Ar Tr* T*" ^'*^^™^"-' ''''' *-« J'-rs ArchbiBho^ ConS^r th.m ^°^. t*'"'' ^' ^^^"^^ ^^ "^ ^^^^ to Mr. George wrrSa fr onS ^^'""T "' f " ^"^'^^ '^'^ J^tte; had. as toration and the .^ft^i "f Ih^'L^ res- New York Archb^r nti tof""^^^^^ '.f ^'""" ^'"«^^ ^'^ "P^"'*^ *h« coutmrv to the S--^ ^; declaration that the single tax doctrine was . - uet_.„„gs„ftneChurca. iiut Archbishop Corrigan made 062 LIFE OF HSNSY GEOBQE tU01-ltt87 was a time with him for great rejoicing. He had made the long fight and had triumphed. The odds had been tremendous, but he had overcome them. Never again could any man say that the teachings of the Catholic Church were opposed to the single tax. And he cele- brated mass with a thankfulness that he had been given the strength to fight the groat battle. He went to Home some months afterwards and was accorded an interview by the Pope. The reference to the social question was of the briefest description. "Do you teach against private property ?" asked his Holiness. "I do not ; I am staunch for private property," said the Doctor. "I thought so,'* said his Holiness, and he conferred his blessing. When Henry George heard of Dr. McGlynn's restora- tion, his own rejoicing swept all other considerations aside. He at once sent a telegram : "My wife and I send heartfelt congratulations." Sentiments of warm feeling were returned, and thus the relations of friendship, inter- rupted for four years, were re-established; and they lasted until death. tho best of his uttor defeat. He quietly assigned Dr. McGlynn to the parish of St Mary, in the little town of Newburgh, on the Hudson Eiver, close to Rondout, where Dr. Burtsell had been sent. Archbishop Corri- gan at the same time engaged to give to him the first vacant parish in New York City that would be suitable to Dr. McGlynn's talents. IT wai fully wrote to work on and if d have thoi put the i setting oj troversy.*' This wi Nordhoff to the prd friends, w of the seh go straigh things croi returned t son confir altogether voluntarily him, assun contributio I ■'(•if IMJ CHAPTER XIII. THE LAST BOOKS. 1891-1896. Age, 52-57. I'^fnr ''"/^?: '""'' '^^'' *^^ ^«*«^^ from Bermuda X fully restored to health and vigour that Mr IS! ' wrote to Dr. Taylor- "Durin^y iha i 7 ,1 ^^^""^^ wV" ™"''"'*' """"""" '™«- ■««' without con! ^. straight at it aid^^'S^r^hHar Iro'tV" — w^ «iiofl^ea for a season to fies V^ :; Pi 664 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE {1891-1806 make him independent, so that he might, if he judged that to be best, devote himself to book- writing, such; as only he was qualified to do. Subsequently dedicating "The Science of Political Economy" to his tv/o friends, he made open acknowledgment of this in the inscription. But almost at the outset of work on the proposed primer Mr. George realised the difficulty of making a simple statement of the principles of political economy — the real, everlasting political economy — ^while so much confusion existed as to the meaning of terms in the literature relat- ing to the science. He therefore changed his plan, left the primer for an after labour and laid out at once a much larger work — one that should recast political econ- omy and exaniine and explicate terminology as well as principles, and which, beginning at the beginning, should trace the rise and partial development of the science in the hands of its founders a century ago, and then show its gradual emasculation and at last abandonment by its professed teachers; accompanying this with an account of the extension of the science outside and independently of the schools in the philosophy of the natural order now spreading over the world under the name of the single tax. "Progress and Poverty"' was "an inquiry into the cause of industrial depressions and of increase of want with increase of wealth." This new book, as it broadened out, became far more ambitious in scope. It purposed to de- fine the science that names the conditions in which civi- lised men shall get their living. No writer on political economy had ever before set himself so great a task; in- deed, no writer ever before had assumed that he understood the full relations of the science, Adam Smith's immortal work being "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," and the most authoritative recent work, that of John Stuart Mill, being a treatise on the Age, 62-6 "Princ view, E the cor of dist: clearly neverth seemed pletion, nitely d should j But £ take sha terruptic XIII. e] dressing all patri Catholic of Labou and anai George i named, y papal letl to the si] and Hem Mr. Geor^ Pope's lei though he deduction Mr. Georg encyclical ^ On- the ot the first com trine, some lil to be adopted A«e.6!«7] COMMENCES LAST BOOK 060 "Principles of Political Economy " Tn vr view, none of the economists from Smfth I^m'u "^'T'' the correlation of the ]^Jlf ^ . *"" ^'^' ^^^^i«ed of distribution Z +7 if Tf ^^^^^ ^^ li^ewi^ those elearl/ln^d'f^it fh^ \':tuld%'^^^^^^^^^ ^^"^^" -- nevertheless hesitated to give hts book th^ ''"t°^' '^ seemed to warrant until ih !■ ^ ""^""^ '*« ^^^Pe take shape in the sprinK of Sot tT ^^^ *» terruption occurred wf In ' ■■emarkable in- trine, m^XZ, Dr B„rtlTl n- "'","■«'='"" *. aingk ta d«. J y _ij.viaH»ic, wiibuut justly uicurring the dis- 666 LIFE OF HENR7 GEORGE [1801-1896 And I feel very much encouraged by the honour." He later wrote (June 9) : "I think I ought to write something about it. Of course the Pope's letter itself is very weak; but to reply to him might give an opportunity of explain- ing our principles to many people who know little or nothing about them." But this was not the trifling matter that Mr. George at first purposed to make of it ; for the reply, which took the form of an open letter to the Pope, grew in his hands, as his writing usually did. It was not finished until September, and comprised twenty-five thousand words; twice as many as the encyclical, which he printed with it. He had intended also to publish Bishop Nulty's pastoral letter with it, but concluded that that would make the pleasure or the rebuke of the Church through her officers. Mr. George himself, answering a correspondent in the columns of the "New York Sun," in January, 1893f said: "That the encyclical on the 'Condition of Labour ' seemed to me to condemn the ' single tax ' theory is true. But it made it clear that the Pope did not rightly understand that theory. It was for this reason that in the open letter to which your cor- respondent refers I asked permission to lay before the Pope the grounds of our belief and to show that ' our ^K^tulates are all stated or implied in your encyclical ' and that ' they are the primary perceptions of human reason, the fundamental teachings of the Christian faith'; declaring that, 80 far from avoiding, ' we earnestly seek the judgment of religion, the tribunal of which your Holiness, as the head of the largest body of Christ- ians, is the most august representative.' The answer has come. In the reinstatement of Dr. McGlynn on a correct presentation of ' single tax ' doctrines, the highest authority of the Catholic Church has declared in the most emphatic manner that there is nothing in them inconsistent with the Catholic faith. From henceforth the encyclical on the ' Con- dition of Labour'— a most noble and noteworthy declaration that religion is concerned with the social evils of our time, and that chronic poverty is no^ to be regarded as a dispensation of Providence — is evidently to be understood not as disapproving the 'single tax,' but as disapproving of the grotesque misrepresentations of it that were evidently at fii-st pre- sented to the Pope." Ag«, 52- volum "I th: will b< have I of oui to dra writtei Booth The (Unite nenscb translai and Ho of the which i copy of tifully ] Leo XI the Vat directly Mr. V multitud at the n ing fean book to : you in J every pai powers, f But th discussior a feeling had appea 18) to a it is to see Age, 62-57] LETTER TO THE POPE 667 volume too bulky. He wrofp fn h;a to draw a l4 U^VZt!'Z''v7'^V\'^'' copy of the translation of the "LeC f n f i. ^ ?,''• ^ every paragraph that you had record aU v„ *'^ 't « to ^ a church in al, its branches off:!;!;;- „S"re' i t - I til ?.1 568 I4FE OP HENRY GEOliGE {1881-iaoe instead of bread, and thistles instead of figs. From Prot- estant preachers to Pope, avowed teachers of Christianity are with few exceptions preaching almsgiving or social- ism, and ignoring the simple remedy of justice." George at times had regrets that he had stopped work on his political economy to make reply to the Pope, but many of the friends thought the latter writing could ill have been spared on account of its brevity and exalted religious tone. A:i:ter three editions had been exhausted in Eng- land, James C. Durant, of London, who had joined Mr. George in bringing out the sixpenny edition of "Progress and Poverty" in 1883, himself paid for a special edition of the "Open Letter to the Pope" for free circulation. Subsequently in the United States this little book became a favourite in ;^ropaganda work. As has been pointed out many times, the essence of Henry George's economics is ethical — the natural order, justice. It carries with it a profound belief in an All- maker; it pulses with the conviction of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. When, therefore, Her- bert Spencer, goaded by a hot controversy raised in the British newspapers and periodicals over his early "Social Statics" (quoted by single taxers in support of single tax principles) made a recantation of his former senti- ments on the land question and repudiated the principle he had put in such clear and unqualified terms that God had made the land for all the people equally, Mr. George was stirred to the depths. To his mind Spencer's offence was not merely that of a philosopher who attempted to ex- plain away and shiftingly deny what before he had as- serted to be a fundamental, obvious and everlasting truth, but that with his later philosophy, he had allowed mate- rialism to take the place of God. Moreover, three maga- zine articles in denial of "natural rights," written in the Ag^5^^] A PERPLEXED PHILOSOPHER gee materialistic vein, had appeared in 1890 from the pen of of Progress and Poverty" were probably to the emi- you think of h m as a philosopher? T am itching to get It was early in the new year (1893) that George again laid aside work on his political economy and took .p Spencer And he took the opportunity to include Hux' ley, picturing him m passing as "Professor Bullhead" in the allegorical chapter entitled "Principal Brown." All of Mr. George's immediate friends who learned of his intention to write on Spencer were greatly pleased Pot^"'f r"^ '" achievements in his' "I Jer to the' Pope and his preceding reply to the Duke of Argyll they prepared themselves for an intellectual treat. But some of the friends were alarmed when told that he won d incidenta ly touch on the synthetic philosophy. Dr Taylor whom Mr. George called "of old my representa: tive of Spenceriamsm," thought that George ought to leave any review of the Spencerian system of phil- osophy to those who are in that special field and who have had special training for such work." Continuing he said: In your own particular field, I am satisfied you are invincible; but I should not feel so sure of you in metaphysics, philosophy or cosmogony. Remember that life IS short, and the powers of the human mind limited and that you have not yet produced (what you should produce) a monumental work on political economy " » Professor Huxley republished these essays in a volume entitled "Method and Results." 570 LIFE OF HENRY GEOBOE [1891-1^ George thanked Taylor for his frank counsel, which he took to be "the strongest proof of friendship." But there was no change of position. George wrote of the harsh- ness of his tone towards Spencer and of his views on evolution in successive letters. AprU 18, 1892. "While I shall trim down or rather, alter in places my harsher references to Spencer, so as to bring them . later — and had in fact already done so — I think they must appear somewhere. I do not regard this as con- troversy. It is rather exposure. In turning his back on all he has said before, Mr. Spencer has not argued, and no explanation is possible that does not impute motives. "As for the philosophy, I think I take a truer view of it than yoU do. It is substantially the view I took in 'Progress and Poverty' ; but it has been fortified by a closer examination. John Fiske does not truly repre- sent Spencerianism, but has grafted his own ideas on it. So too, I think, with Professor LeConte — or rather that he holds what I should call the external of evolu- tion, with which I do not quarrel ; for though I do not see the weight of the evidence with which it is asserted, it seems to me most reasonable. What I do quarrel with is the essential materialism of the Spencerian ideas; and this seems to me to inhere in them in spite of all Spencer's denials." April 29. "I simply don't see evolution from the animal as the form in which man has come. I don't deny it, and as I said in a sentence I hardly think you noticed, I at- tach no importance to the question. All I contend for is something behind the form." The book, bearing title of "A Perplexed Philosopher," was out in October (1893). But while it was widely and well read, it awakened no general demonstration in press Age.S3-57] ATTITUDE ON EVOLUTION 671 or periodical md the author had the same kind of mis- givings hat immediately followed in the wake of the Le ter to the Pope"-misgiving8 that he had misused ll^'^V^ ^ot keeping along with the political economy. Even while wri mg the Spencer book (in AprU, 1893) he wrote incidentally to Dr. Taylor: "Several tLes since be! Crw! ' . T *^''^^^* *^"* P«^^«P« i* ^ould have been better to have pushed ahead with other work" Spencer himself never directly or indirectly during Georges life noticed the tremendous indictment, and 4 IZfZVf"''^^'''' ""'' ^^' ''^' «°« ^f the George ated into other languages. Whatever may have been the reason of the comparative non-success of this book It cou^d not have been that Henry George's name had lost Its potency, for about this time occurred what must stand out as remarkable in the history of economic literature. Tom I^; Johnson of Cleveland, 0., following the advice given by Mr. George at their first interview in 1885 had gone into politics, run for Congress as a free trade,' sin- gle tax Democrat in 1888, had been defeated, had run again in 1890 in the same way and been elected. The Democrats were in power in the House of Eepresentatives at Washington and brought forward a timid little tariff- reducing bill. Mr. Johnson conceived the idea of getting Henry George's "Protection or Free Traded into the Congressional Record," the official report of the prn. ceedmgs of CongresP. "Protection or Free Trader had up to then had an extremely wide circulation, first in serial form in a number of newspapers, then in regular book form, and afterwards in cheap, popular form, through the efforts of educating groups known as "Hand to Hand Olubs, of which William J. Atkinson of New York and Logan Carlisle, son of John G. Carlisle, then FnitPrJ I. 'I 572 LIFE OF HENRY GEORGE [1891-1806 States Senator from Kentucky, were the prime movers, and through w;hose efforts close to two hundred thousand copies had been put into circulation. Tom L. Johnson now determined to exceed this. Under a "leave to print" rule, members of the House of Repre- sentatives had long been accustomed to publish speeches that limited time for debate prevented them from deliv- ering, or to publish extensive supplementary printed mat- ter to their delivered "reraarkw." But as the issue of the "Congressional Record" was necessarily limited, members invariably reprinted matter from the "Record" to send to their constituents or whoever else in the United States they chose. This printing they themselves had to pay for; but they ha4 the privilege of sending out such mat- ter free through the mails, under the "franking privi- lege." It was a time-honoured custom for members in this way to send a great quantity of reprinted "Congres- sional Record" matter into their districts, especially pre- ceding congressional or presidential elections. Acting upon this "leave to print" privilege, Mr. John- son, with Mr. George's hearty approval, divided 'Trotec- tion or Free Trade?" between himself and five other con- gressmen, namely, William J. Stone of Kentucky, Joseph E. Washington of Tennessee, John W. Fithian of Illinois, Thomas Bowman of Iowa and Jerry Simpson of Kansas. Each man on a separate day introduced his section of the book as a "part of his remarks" in the tariff debate. The Republican minority beheld this performance vidth aston- ishment. They wanted to expunge the work from the "Record" on the ground that an entire book had never before been so published. That it was not the "abuse" of the **leave to print" privilege, but that particular book which they opposed, became clear, when after having motions to expunge voted down, they endeavoured to offset A«.,KMI1 "ST. QEOSOE" IN C0NQBES3 573 the effect of the Henry George book by themselves in, -r^mg ,„ the "Bocord" a book by George'ounton defel Z TT ,?'' "■'"'«'' *^"" ™ "t "'towards enoZ The Republieans then tried to make capital out of the mmdent by charging the Democrats ,vith 'going hcalng mto he free trade heresy and making Honry George with h.s single tax doctrine, their political pro/het. f^t tte Democrats delighted to find something' that made thci poll heal adversanes ciy out, and not over-particular as to whether or not this book was consistent with their own professed prmaples and policy, showed something resem- bimg enthusiasm in circulating the enormous edition of the work that Mr. Johnson had printed. The Keplu ean press al ovc. the country took up and increased the outene, of the Bepublican Congressmen, with the misrep! resentation, perhaps unintentional, that the work was ^Z/r*i . 'k P""'" '"P'^""' *"'^ the Democratic press defended the action of the Democratic Congressmen and to some extent defended the book itself; so that the enhre a,untry was for the time turned into debating clubs, w,ft Protection or Free Trade?" for the subject matter Nothing could have better suited Mr. Johnson's purp^ Usin^r. B K?"" °* t '*"' " ™Py- The Sre^t adver- tang the Bepubheau and Democratic papers had given It made an immense demand for what was known coUo- quially m he House as "St. George," even stalwartlt pubhcana from the State of Pennsylvania being pestered .2r?T\.'"I.""'«'^^"™ '^''* '"'^e number" of the two hundred thousand copies into the State of Ohio The National. Democratic Committee had menty thousand B74 LIFE OP HENRY GEOBQE [i891-18M copies distributed in Indiana and the Reform Club of New York, which was active in anti-tariflE educational work, placed one hundred and fifty thousand in the north- west. In all more tlian one million two hundred thou- sand copies of this edition of "St. George" were printed and distributed, and perhaps as much as two hundreJ thousand copies of a better, two-cent edition; so that of this single book by Henry George almost two million copies were printed within less than eight years after being written— something never approached by any other work in economic literature save by the incomparable "Progress and Poverty," which with its many translations may have exceeded that number of copies. The expense 6t printing "St. George" was met partly by small popular contributions from free traders and single taxers scattered about the country; partly by larger sums from men like Thomas G. Shearman of New York, James E. Mills of California, Thomas F. Walker and Silas M. Burroughs of England; and partly by money from the National Democratic committee and the Reform Club of New York. But the chief expense was borne by Tom L. Johnson. Of course there was no thought of copyright in all this, Mr. George invariably sacrificing that when it would appreciably help the circulation of his writings. He looked to the propagation of the faith above everything else. It was during this period, or more precisely, on the last day of August, 1892, that "The Standard" succumbed to the inevitable, and ceased publication. After William T. Croasdale's death, Louis F. Post had by general request taken editorial control. But the paper kept running be- hind and became too much of a financial burden longer to carry, as what Mr. George said in a signed statement in the last number had become more and more evident. *The ^.^ DEATH OP "THE STANDAED» g„ mcnt has passed thereof l„T '° *''"''' ""■■ ""'e- of an idea must diminish «« if! ^ ■ .? . Propagation while it is the oX mean o n"rp '' f^'""^.^- ^^^^^^ the public and keepinTff/fH Pf 'P*i°g tJ^at idea to ceases as the ideaTnds witf' '"^ *°"'^' *^«* °^d of general cireula'tion te'^pfn K""' ^"' ff ^Sf^« it wa; i\zV:.;t:::^^a'': rv^- *'-S movements. Where 7n tho 1 • *''^ *^^'*°^^ ^^ ^^^ch there are now^'Se ^d ter^l'^Zted t^f ^l^"^> dreds of local journals tlovnZi , ^,^""<^d States hun- the columns of general new ni^^ *^'. !?™", ^^"««' ^hi^e lation are freel/opened to t^fffL' ""^ ^^^ ^f^''^ «r««- Theyare indeed Sf^ vl • «^^ocacy of our views of tCght^the pS fh^^^^^^ ^^y *?r^h all avenues islaturef, in SnS Lr^J ?f ^""^ *^^ "°^«J> ^^ leg- ignorance and SdTce Zhtt ^.'^^""^ ^*""^P- Th« 'The Standard' showed tLttethi^S ?Y^^°' ^^'' °f in their cruder forms at leLT„i ^""^^ *^ "^^^^^ ^^^e, among our mostTt vf f rTe^st^ .^'^P?"'^?' ^"^ who then believed our success woTd £ T^^' .^^ "^«° of society. Within the IaSII ^1 *^® destruction lion copii orasTngle tax boor C^'^l' ""'"^^ ^ '^^- under the sanction of one of fh. ^t ^T- "^'" ""'''' ^^' question, rar:;%r:or^:L^^^^^^^^ ^^ - "^ ^or Eiiu ueatu of "The 876 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [iM»i-i89e Standard"; and tlien came Grover Cleveland's re-election to the presidency. > All seemed propitious for great events. Henry George wanted no office; ho asked only that President Cleveland apply the chief principle involved in his election, and make war on the tariff. But Cleveland's first important official act brought a great disappointment, for he switched issues, by subordinating the tariff to the money question, in calling a special session of Congress to deal with the currency. While it worked directly into the hands of the protectionist faction in the Democratic party, it made the educational work of Johnson and George in circulating 'Trotection or Free Trade?" go for naught at that time, whatever might fesult in the future from so great a circu- lation of this book. And then, when the tariff question was up a year later, George wrote to Johnson (July 24, 1894) : "The President's letter to Chairman Wilson of the Ways and Means Committee is very bad. Free raw material is taking the burden off the manufacturers and keeping it on the consumers." Nevertheless, Mr. George sat in the gallery of the House of Representatives and listened with great happiness to Tom L. Johnson — a steel rail manr facturer — move to put steel rails on I he free list and maae a fervent free trade speech in support. The moderates in the Democratic party of course jcould not let such an incident pass. One of them, by voice and pointing finger, called attention of the House to the mabter in the gallery and the pupil on the floor; whereupon a lot of the more independent Democrats streamed upstairs to shake hands with the man who held no political office, who asked for no po- politioal patronage, who -^ rid bold things without counting consequences and who had > fascinating, indescribable in- fluence over the thoughts of multitudes. Ago, 5! If first J move( Chica ity, ii the P New "3 ten th mass E A. Du erick A the gpc Henry ( "I and n impoi princi for th locom( depot presen is the < That ii cratic i can Be applaufc And a against th that threa zuelan bou justified it But even t ^tions lik( cially over ^ Age, 52-67] CHICAGO RAILROAD STRIKE 677 If I T ^'^ B77 moved to great hostility to T™ „' r""'""'^' '"= "«= Chicago rail:«.d strike /wh° a 'l"" "? ™"«' »' 'ho ' y, mdccd, in spite of the „;„ ^ «/°"'° S'"'» ^^'hor- tho President sent Fedoral C .°^ °°™™'» Altgcld, few Yorlc ne>.spape; opp;,. '^ V" *" ^»™- ^S « ten thousand A mosTtlltnJ' ""^""^ ""'''"'• Y«' mass meeting in and about p„ '"8,™™. "sscmbled at a ^•. Bucey of St. Ws c thdirc, "T' J^'' '''""''" onelc Adams and James A Se ttT ; '""'*' ^'»'l- the speakers, and snokc offZT, ^ '"""'■' "ore amon? -".-.ge.sspeeeSLt»,-artt:'* principle of liberty t^^oJ f t"'^?"'.^"^ that is the for the rights of pr ,,, ,tv vpf ? "^K°?^ ^^ "^J respect locomotive in tln^ knd^diSed ""'^^ ''^^'' ''' «very depot burned and every raitnr5 "^^^.7 ^^' ^"d every preserved by means oFaFederd Sn'>^ *" ^^^^« *h<^S That iffr *^f '''Sned in Wamw'°^/f^ '^^^^ That ihat 18 the (u-der i5 the keZfZ i i^?""^ ^Pplause.) eratic republic before our« h? ??,''^ "^^^^'^ every demo- can Bepublic bette than I w'"" J ^°^« ^'^o AmJ^ applause.) "^^ ^ ^^^e such order/^ (Long And a little later Mr n t. against the President for hi rsL!^"""" '"''"^ •'"'S"'^d that threatened war ^VaZ'^l^'^^' '° '^"'"?"'»' «ielan boundary disnufe m 1 '""' '"'«■■ the Vene- iuetifled it wh» "S' fofnt "' ,"' ."^'^^ ''"' «««ge But even talk of waTbetwlT ""' "ght'-for liberty, ■"tions like (iroat Bri totd Tb 'T- """ ''"''^^'^ "% over wi.t at hottrh:".^^^,:,^^.^^!^ »r- 678 UFE OF HENRY GEORGE (U01-18M ble of private parties as to mineral claims, raised the wrath within him, and he made an indignant speech against the President at a mass meeting at Cooper Union. Henry George's estimation of the President had under- gone a great change since he spoke and voted for him in 1893. He wrote in the New York "Journal" on the day before the Presidential election, 1896 ; "The philosophic historian, who, after our grand- children have passed away, reviews our times, must write of him [Cleveland] as more dangerous to the Kepublic than any of his predecessors. The sequel has proved that it was the Whitneys and the Huntingtons who had really cause for rejoicing in his election; not men like me. For no Harrison, no McKinley ; no chief of trusts anA rings, such as Rockefeller or Morgan; , no king's jester of monopoly, such as Chauncey M. De- pew or Bob Ingersoll, could, if elected as a ^Republican, have used the place so to strike at the vitals of the Eepublic." Despite this disappointment, cheer came from other points. Encouraging news of the progress of the single tax idea in political affairs was coming from Australia and New Zealand. Similar good news came from Great Britain. In the House of Commons in March, 1891, James Stuart's motion, that "in the opinion of this House, the freeholders and owners of ground values in the metropolis ought to contribute directly a substantial share of local taxation," had received 123 votes to 149 against ; thus showing great strength for the idea. Since then it had been stead- ily creeping over the country and more and more becom- ing a leading question in the constituencies. The English Land Restoration League had been conducting, under the management of its able and untiring secretary, Frederick Verinder, a "Red Van" educational campaign — several A«..»«7J MILESTONES OP PBOGBESS g^^ large vans that afforded ivrn nr. +1,, ^n, slowly travelling l^r^itn;^^" 'j^^ "■"" open-air meetings and 27 ^T ""'«"' '^ "gkUy liam Saunders, Thomap'^wt"'*^ ^V*"" '*'*■ ™- this work; bnt X^Zli 7 ^^^ """"•""'tors towards to be publicly known in Z mate *'"' "'*'' "»' McObee, „, G„3g„t Xa^af S, -'" «-"■-<» jaZrG'tiSri?stte':i» *^rp-' -" come tax biU has hrnS ?>nendment to the in- into the Congi: io'nKr^r' If Z'"-' '\^^* «»« of James G. Magnire of S^ii,il«°' «"' '2''*= Those and Michael D. iSrter of Oh „ t'"' ??"" ^- Johnson sas and John imftt Wa™»r "'«"y Simpson of Kan- New Yopk-douWewhnt It .,'""' '""*''«^ Tracy of was no hopTS cari^i'^if h«^.?°™ted ™' «= 'here position in which we Sh J i, measure was in a the sympathy i^ Zb^'fl^;' ^^^^-^^^^-^b ; J^ut ■ dtofS o-f^^ufadtr'" r ' »™ ^°»~ Thi tion, and the sfngle IS mav^r^!; '"' Statolegisla! mto political imnZ.LZ'a^yt^/"' "^ ''™»S'" the rapid pr^gt o? he caur^ndTe 77' *" *°" » abhreviated form, these notesTr"a pX trXLT'' once of Political Economy" writio,r „r.i u\ ^"" of March 7, mi: ^ ^ ""^ *^'' 'h" "iate 'vl'S^rZ^'^^^T.^^tT'' the publication of "■ •' "^'^ ^^'^'^ on my part devoted 1.1 680 LH^ OP HENRY GEORGE i [1891-1888 to the propagation of the truths taught in Trogress and Poverty' by books, pamphlets, magazine articles, newspaper work, lectures and speeches, and have been so greatly successful as not only far to exceed what fifteen years ago I could have dared to look forward to in this time, but to have given me reason to feel that of all the men of whom I have ever heard who have attempted anything like so great a work against any- thing like so great odds, I have been in the result of the endeavour to arouse thought most favoured. N"ot merely wherever the English tongue is spoken, but in all parts of the world, men are arising who will carry forward to final triumph the great movement which Trogress and Poverty' began. The great work is not done, but it is commenced, and can never go back." Mr. George's purpose was to allow nothing to interfere with the finishing of his "Political Economy," which he looked forward to bringing out in the fall of 1896 or spring of 1897; but the new alignment of national par- ties drew him from his retirement and once more into the current of politics. The industrial depression and currency famine that reached its most acute stage in the summer of 1893, dragged along into 1896. Every field of industry in the country had suffered more or less during the protracted depression. Through the West and South the popular belief was that the cause of this lay mainly in an arti- ficial shrinkage of the currency, and the demand now swelled to thundering tones for the remonitisation and free coinage of the silver dollar. In the East, at least among the working men, the tariff-protected trusts, the railroads and other monopolies were denounced as having much to do with the hard times. President Cleveland had no sympathy with any of this, and he added fuel to the fire of strong feeling, for he used his office against ^ 5«7J WILLIAM JENNINGS BBYAN ggi besf " .'-r™^ ""■"' ^""^ <^«"'S^ '"«' advocated as the best ,.Ie money, paper issued by the general GnvZ mem-paper based on the publie eredit. Se^a^TZ «lver c„.„.ge proposal aa another form of thT^roteet he he Eepubhcan and Democratie National Conventions and afterwards travelled over the middle West, wSHLned and thought His sympathies were with Bryan in spite of the free silver doctrine; but at first he oould s^e Itt k hope suecess As he travelled, however, he b^ame w Tn™ T rf ■" ™"^''^"' *''°' B^y» -^""W win. ^ lom L. Johnson, Louis F. Post and a great majority of the single taxers shared Mr, George's politieaT vfews Hut there were some who o™«~.d »-■— f »-i.i'vo^a Ajijau on account of 682 LIFE OF HENBT GEORGE [1891-18W his free silver doctrine, which they raised above all other coj iderations. "To make the public understand" their position, they issued a kind of proclamation of their views, and noticeable among the signatures were those of Thomas G. Shearman, William Lloyd Garrison, Louis Prang and August Lewis, which proved the independent relations subsisting between Mr. George and his friends. This surprised Mr. George. His attitude was character- istic. On the day before election he declared in the "Journal" his view of the issue to be, "Shall the Republic Live?" "Of those friends of mine, the few single taxers who, deluded, as I think, by the confusion, purpose to sepa- rate from the majority of us on the vote, I should like to ask that they consider how they expected to know the great struggle to which we have all looked for- ward as inevitable, when it should come? Hardly by the true issue appearing at first as the prominent issue. For all the great struggles of history have begun on subsidiary, and sometimes on what seemed at the mo- ment irrelevant issues. Would they not expect to see all the forces of ill-gotten wealth, with the control of the majority of the press, on one side, and on the other a reliance upon the common people — the working farm- ers and the artizan bread-winners? Is not that so to-day? "Would they not expect to see the reliance of the aristocratic party to be upon an assumed legality and a narrow interpretation of the command, *Thou shalt not steal'; based not upon God's law, but upon man's law ? Is not this true in this case ? "Would they not expect to have every man who stood prominently for freedom denounced as an anarchist, a communist, a repudiator, a dishonest '^erson, who wished to cut down just debts? Is not this so now? Would they not expect to hear predictions of the most dire calamity overwhelming the country if the power to rob the masses was lessened ever so little? Has it themselves. Thrbanks «! 1^' 'n''*^°^ ^^^^ ranged their legitimate buSs Ser J'""^ '"^^^^^^^ ^bSut struggling for the power of pTofilX^hT ' ^'^^ ''' paper money, a funetion L^t^^^ V *"® issuance of belonging to'the nattn The iiJ/^^. constitutionally concerned about the 'fifty-cent doil^r'-ff' T^ ""^"^ selves or their employees Thl? ' ^'*^^^ ^°^ <^hem- their power of runS the Pn^ "' concerned about and administering ?hefaw, ^hlT'^f"* *^i^^ "^^^^^^g rings are not really concI'ned«L?'*' ^^^ P«°^« ^nd the wages of their VorkmeS bnf 7* !S^- ""^'^'^^'^^^ i° of robbing the peonle tI' , ^^^ their own power have frigftenedSfothS^ a'^^ffi^^'^r^ ^^t^^««t« sa^, mostr Let thet^fe^^rnt?^^^^^^^^^^^ Cleveland in 1898 «,„ f? . ""^ ™**» ''■^ «l«!ted dosed faetorie and tdld w " """T'""' ?"■"«' "' intimidation and ~Z „??'' '"* *'"' ''"='™ °' for McKinley mTZ^IV^ "P " '"" P'^^'^ '<"« ■« sure signs of Bm^Tf ^f T '""" '"' '>e»'=™d *« tieles h.d*::nlXSd W 'T 7""™'" "" when the retams J E- . .'^^''"' ^'e"*'™; «> that miscalculate the sTrcnth „f 7"' *""'" ''"^ '>» '«"' sustained a grea^htk^^it-.r"'''? "''"'''"'■ ''» liable," he ^id wT.l if / '"^ *""" ^ ■"» ">"«- as th;y ^nThoIeVXr ImV ''=. ^"^'' '»" "This result makes T%ht 1" h 'r^^^.""' ^'''^ %ht a^d 0? cCTk:fptxr!;:i:i.*t^« CHAPTER XIV. THE LAST CAMPAIGN. 1897. Age, 58. THOUGH now only in his fifty-eighth year, Mr. George felt further advanced in life than most men do at that age. While organically sound, tha iron constitution with which he ha^ started out was perceptibly weakening under the incessant toil since i oyhcod and the extraord'- nary strain of the last sixteen years in p itting the breath of life into a world-wide movement and inspiring it with his own passionate enthusiasm. He became conscious as he travelled about during th. recent presidential cam- paign that he had lost his old physical elasticity, and he found it required an effort to / ^t back to the newspaper habits of his younger days. And when, instead of the victory he had expected, defeat came, he was more keenly disappointed than over any previous public event during his lifetime. It seemed to him, as he eaid afterwards, that the century was closing in darkness; that the principle of democracy, which had triumphed in 1800 with the acendancy of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency of the United States, might be conquered by the Hamiltoniau principle of aristocracy and plutocracy in 1900. If he said little about these sombre thoughts at the time, he said less of the consciousness that he probably would not 584 Ac^s8] THE WEAKENED BODY B8S much longer be ablo physically to lead in the cause tor equal „gb s. Yet that that must be done by Z.«e' men was dearly in his mind. But if he could ^2 the army he could define the law; and he quietly tetS down agam to "The Science of Political ELomy'^the took that he hoped would prove the supreme effort' of hi life And over and over he read in the family circle and softly repeated to himself, as was one of his habto the I-ues of Browning's "Habbi Ben Em," begin^g: "2f»woI it was I broken p life is a — disappi he had f fortune; even the Just wit! lars had ( made by { who had ( ain and h Saunders one twent; cup of pre had come A«e,M] DEATH OP DAUGHTER JENNIE B87 my heart on having you hear XT r* n ''°™ «" and onr cause when I am g™o" """ '"^ "^ ■"« months' old babv hnv ^ i ^' "^'^^ ^«^ «even house, and'tfSfX iZ: thVf 'li^^''"'^' a form of influenza »„rf Z ■ '"'""''<' '» I* hut the morning of MaVf Til^^y Tf""^' ^''^ '"'^ » his room, HenrrGo„;„„ /*"; ''S"" °' ''«™ «"»« into He said hS h?had Tr 1 T ''f "^ ^'''^»' «">• pending; that twi ad Ze "tTatl "/r^'^' ^"- own way and according .„ T^ ' """^otus, in his depicted a gi^at 3 fa I 'T«"^ "* ""^ "">=' •■«•) Tyrant of sU l^d^:,.! ^ L^ of "t^ ell «e is a^sTLX:' rniarat::^r;''i'' rr/?:;rtt^:te^:hrhTEf^^^^^^^^ made by sZ M B„!^„^ ? °I "" ''"* »"' »' » '«=9"---«' who had ^TM^rr^\*^' ''*°* "'-S'* *»" fr^nd, •in and hTri" " tTn ""^ '"."T '° «'*" ^^t" Saunders inT^blt '7^f'' '""'"""« ™»«°' one twenty-fourtTlntttf nt ""^ tTTJ" e»P of prosperity full to overflo^^r™ thit Mr ol '^ had come to looi= for a reverse, a .^^ast^usf astZ 888 LIFE OP HENRY GEOBGB [1897 ters como to other men. He had apprehended that ho might be incapacitated from further work in the cause. But the blow had come in another way. Though this death was the first break in the family J though it came like a knife thrust in the heart, Henry George showed that outward cheer and cotrage and thought of others that seldom failed him. Even in so small a thing as sending messages to friends, he waited until the little telegraph station at Fort Hamilton should open, 80 as to help swell tlu' business of the woman oper- ator there, and to that extent increase her importance and help increase her pay. As soon as they learned of the death, the intimate friends hurried to Fort Hamilton to pour out their hearts' deep but scarcely spoken sympathy. Mr. George, accom- panied by one of 'his sons, went to Greenwood Cemetery, not far from Fort Hamilton, and selected a spot beside where Tom L. Johnson's father. Colonel A. W. Johnson, was buried— just over the crest of Ocean Hill, looking south and east toward the Atlantic. And there the dear daughter was laid on a radiant spring afternoon; Dr McGlynn, who had married her two years before, now conducting the simple burial service. To Thomas F. Walker, Mr. George wrote; "This is the bitter part of life that we had not tasted, but we have nothing but beautiful memories, and my wife and I have rallied for the dutiea that life still brings." Mr. Mendel- son wrote and quoted the words of a German song— "wenn Menschen von einander gehn so sagen sie 'ant Wieder- sehn' "— *When people take leave of each other, they say, *To see you again.' " Mr. George replied: "The old Ger- man song you quote is very sweet. But it really goes back to the year 1. In one shape or another, that is the constant song of our race." Am of pre 8oeme( wills, two BO ing of George Econon than ai quietly Mr. ( omy" i] duetion, form fo Once had exp hold out feeling iThediv Economy "j Auction of ' V— Money ; last tJii-ee t not complet rublished as dences of dei broken and ( "TheScienc best example the last thre( of the genera as dates on t] really last wo visions, whicl finish to his e and in this oj Age, 88] DRAWma UP OP WILLS 089 two son, „ „itJ^,; Sorhi, r "^' """ *"" ing of the house then bein?t u . "^ """ ""^ «»'*- George, tho eh.^f dnty "«s tf T *°- ^"' '" «'• Economy" that had 2t h '"'"^ "'^''^ I""'"'™' «.an any of hi othcrhook IT' "T """ ''"■°" qaictly to writing "=""" ''« '^t*'! down Once or fwinT 7 ^ ^"^ rearrangements. » ha/e;ira'To m: olt" 1 "tr"" ™''"- "= hold out to complete the w2t ? ' °' ^'"^ ""^ '<> iTlie divisions settled upon wore: "Book I Th m ^ ^ ~ Economy "; '< Book II-The Natu.^ nP w u.T.^^ ^'*"'"« «f ^«"tical Auction of Wealth"; " Book iV-Thf n ^ k "^""'^ "I-The P„.. V-Mo„ey: neMiunrnlfZ^l^o^nafT °' '^*'''^"' ' ' "Book last tl.ree books were largely written h. thl """'' °'^*^"^-" ^he not completed at the time of Mr Geol f ^r™™"" "^ ^«^'' ^"t ^^ere published as it had been ^ " Uy htTan, t ' '"' "' " *^« "^^"^ -- dences of declining powers in SeWH T^""*'"' 'P^'^'' of the ovi- broken and even ' S pTa es' i S prott"" ^°lrP«-"y - the "Tho Science of Politied Economv" - ''"r^''^' ^^' ^""^^ " th-^t best example that can be fS lyHel'^e ""°"\P"''^^^«'^ '« «- the last three divisions or " bTks " mS n. '^J' '""'^"^ °^ ^°*5 for of the general work. The mtev divZ" ™"°^. °' ^'^ ^""^'^ ''''-ft"'^ as dates on the rough -draft Tan fs^ir:'?-"" "'""^ *" ''^* «»«^ ^^^^^ really last work he did was n sm^ '? "ote-books indicate. ThI visions, which Dr. Tavloras^ldr.''^ "" ^^^' the first two di! finish to his earlier high wTr^r " ""' T' '" '''''• '^''^^^^^ «nd ana in this opinion h.' oZ;uz::i:z::L: ^'^^^^ -' ^-^^ -^ i 1 ' 690 UFB OF HENBT OEOBOB IIM7 Book II, entitled, "Breakdown of Scholastic Political Economy— Showing the Reason, the Reception and Effect on Political E.onomy of 'Progress and Poverty/" This chapter consistri of nine and a half pages treating of th6 history of "Progress and Poverty" and of the standing of the new political economy it represents. No person save the second son, who was naked by the father to make a copy of this chapter, saw it until the author's decease, three months later, and there can be small doubt that feeling that death might claim him at any time, Henry George deemed it necessary to take this m( ris of making clear to the world certain facts relating to the genesis of his writing and the progress and standing of his ideas. This did not come from any petty sense of vanity, but from passionate pride in and zeal to press forward the cardinal cause vfith which the very fibres of his nature were interwoven. He had long thought of writing an autobiography, for he held that no one could have so exact a knowledge of essential facts as the subject himself. This he had looked to do at the close of his life. But the sudden death of his daughter and his own recurring weakness made him conscious that the end might be nearer than would be compatible with such a plan, so that without speaking of the matter, he now slipped these autobiographical notes into the manuscript of his big book, and he quietly put in order his more important papers, to many attaching notes and dates. He also more freely than ever before in his life talked of his personal his- tory, and in the household and to immediate friends, in a casual way told of past scenes with a candour and un- affectedness that left lasting impressions on the listeners' ears. Later in the year, just after he had entered on his last campaign against the solemn warning of his med- ical friends, he was obviously more strongly impressed •A<«.U] GEORGE'S SUMMING UP 691 than ever with the neces^ifv «# « i • -tea, and he told Z^'^lZ l"' ^^^^^'^^^-P^-^^ who had a stenographer prl'f; ak^T'" f"'"'' ba nn, something of the L^ft his life '" ""'^ ^•^'- ontitrdrprt:itZi;t ^ ^^^ ^-^^^- tical success is of y a aue«finn 7!™'°*' ^^««« Pr«c- the scholastic politL ec^otv jf t'^'u Y^'^ ^^'^^h not been, as /at the time anficbate^^'L^'"'''"' '^ ^"^ Its professors taking upThat I ffl t '• /i^""^ ''"^ «^ iiew and utterly incolXnt L'^ ^ ^'''''^^^ °^*' but a its place in the schools ^ ^ * '"^ ""^"^'"y ^«« *«ken whATdXefclaltgt af *'^- "^^^l«*^^ --o-^^ from the time of Sfh L «H '"?^ j*^"^^ ^^^ been wealth was; no attemnt ?o ««v ""f ^*^ determine what crty, and no attemprto llJ ff 'i* ^^"^^^t^ted prop- er distribution collate iS « ^"''' "^ production burst on them from a freTb ^^'^^' ^^''^ ^^^'^ ^bus education or the sanctLn of f h?^\ ""i*^""* ^^^^^^^ tbe est verge of civilisation « 1 *^^««bools, on the remot- that bfgan to make Tts wav T5"'*'"" "^ *^^ «"^°ce, What were theiMrainin/ri Tt 'P"^"^^^^ attention it could be thus igiored '^i^«>,^"««« «t"dy worth if seen the inside ofTJollerl"" T u^^" ^^^ "^'^^^ tempted to teach prof 'Sfhf/P*^ ""^"^ ^'^ ^«d «*- science, whose edSr w ^ of"fhr'°*'^' '^ *^^^^ schpol branches whose a/^,! ? t^^, "^^^^ common castle and the nrimiL ^ '"''t'* ^'^ '^^^ ^be fore- as a science? It was Zi t V !l ^^? ^^^^ teaching while a few of thernrofLjo ? *^°"^^* ^'- ^nd so w tnese professional economists, driven to 593 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [ign say something about Trogress and Poverty/ resdrted to misrepresentation, the majority preferred to rely upon their official positions in which they were secure by the interests of the dominant class, and to treat as beneath contempt a book circulating by thousands in the three great English-speaking countries and trans- lated into all the important modern languages. Thus the professors of political economy seemingly rejected the simple teachings of Trogress and Poverty,' re- frained from meeting with disproof or argument what it had laid down, and treated it with contemptuous silence. Had these teachers of the schools frankly admitted the changes called for by Trogress and Poverty,' some- thing of the structure on which they built might have been retained. But that was not in human nature It would not have been merely to accept a new man with- out the training of the schools, but to admit that the true science wa^ open to any one to pursue, and could be successfully continued only on the basis of equal rights and privileges. It would not merely have made useless so much of the knowledge that they had labor- iously attained, and was their title to distinction and honour, but would have converted them and their sci- ence into opponents of the tremendous pecuniary in- terests that were vitally concerned in supporting the justification of the unjust arrangements which gave them power. The change in credence that this would have involved would have been the most revolutionary that had ever been made, involving a far-reaching change m all the adjustments of society such as had hardly before been thought of, and never before been accomplished at one stroke; for the abolition of chattel slavery was as nothing in its effect as compared with the far-reaching oharacter of the abolition of private ownership of lana. Thus the professors of political economy, having the sanction and support of the schools, preferred, and naturally preferred, to unite their r'lfferences, by giving what had before been in- sisted on as essential, and to teach what was an incom- prehensible jargon to the ordinary man, under the as- Age, 58 sur a g leai of; omj as i the dite men whi( expr recei tativ this both is thj the s SmitJ utter] teach; now ( Butt< the prel mours w nm as a 1 "The S said that 1 reset "Pro^ iiig the ven had found t make some phraseology cause of intc condemning not formerlj identically a the battery c Ago, 58] I-ROPESSOES ARRAIGNED 603 omy, as it haf befn^aSht ^/n^'/'f ^P"^^*^^«1 ^«o^- as taught in the schoolsf t id^^^^^^^^^ ^-^> the German, and to the assumption Vf-^^^^^ «°d dite science on which no Zw?^* '* ^^« a recon- ment of the colWes w^« T ? ^^'^'"'^ ^^' ^^'iorse- which only a maZ? great S'f, *^ T^^' «^d on express an opinion ^""^ ^'^'^ learning could ™ pu\a^^^^^^ to -ke of the tative professors of the sdelp I ^'^^' ^^ ^^ authori- this change has bLn JnS „ ' ^^^y^nced me that both of England and the nlf TSf .^" ^^^ ^^"eges, is this scholfstic utterance twf ^*'*''- ^^ ^^^^^a the science of political L-* ^^ ''''^ ^^ '^^^ ^^^t Smith and taugK^^^^^^^^^ by Adam utterly abandoned its tpnp}!,-^-^ ? • "' ^^^ ^^w been teachings of 'the classicd s^^^^^^^^ bemg referred to as now obsolete/^i ^°°^ of political economy, But to turn to external thin^' '">y- was preeminent as Tpol^ ical t ' T** *■"" '"Ue ho of the principles of dem«ra Lr °'°''' "'"' "' » '^""i^' fitted by te^rament aT ?"rr';.''° ™^ "»■ routine and mnltifarinlT ""'""S ^or the laborious and that held ^^1^™'""™'^ "' ™»h " P°«tion appn-priate the Candida;;;""' .T"" " "«"''' »»»' lican ticket, of Seth W ^'/ . ?.""'''^""^'''" K«P»b- Brooklyn, and wh h^ ;int\eld 1"!^ ^.^ ^''■'°' °' great administrative offlceTf the! f ''*'"=''''° ""^ University, one of the w!l /'""^ "" ''"'"'nWa institution in tl c^utr'-r r'""'"'^"' ^''«™«<''"1 George's reply was'thTS;!^, L" llir"" .^^: ° ^ '"cuij xaea ntted 506 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1897 to make better executives than he; but that shf^ring Thomas Jefferson's view, that democratic government called upon the people not to select men best qualified to fill public office so much as to select men best qualified to represent popular sentiment, if he ran for the may- oralty, it would not be because he thought he could make a better txecutive than any other man, but that he would represent certain principles that those who put him for- ward would wish to see promoted. As time advanced it looked as though the Democratic ring that ruled New York proposed to carry the election with a high hand, putting up for its mayoralty candidate Judge Kobert Van Wyck, who was regarded as a mere "machine" man, who would readily lend himself to the kind of rotten politics that for generations, had made the name of New Yotk Democracy a reproach to all the coun- try. The call for George as la independent candidate therefore became stronger than ever. The radical ele- ment in the Democratic party, moreover, appeared to be ready to rally for a new fight against the plutocratic pow- ers — the Jeffersonian forces once more lining up before the Hamiltonian forces. Following his custom, Mr. George called a meeting of his more intimate friends early in October for consulta- tion. The meeting took place in the New York office of the Johnson Company. About thirty persons were pres- ent. It was a mixed company and much advice for and against the fight was given, to all of which Mr. George listened and said little, except to cut short every reference to his health and strength, saying that the sole question to consider was the one of duty; and to reply to allusions relative to work on the book by saying the ' thf essentials were completed, the remainder indicating, should any- thing befall him, the direction of his thought. (1897 Age, 68J ENTERS THE LAST FIGHT 597 maKe tie light, and the moment he came to that decision there wa. a remarkable change in his co.c-ition Tncw vigour came to him. He had but one other pe "on to eo7 .u.t with-his wife-and as he started iior Fort HamH ton to talk with her, a new vivacity shone in hif,"" sen in the old, hopeful, bojish way; all unconseiou, ». oL^-r r-r tKrthf h"r ^-^ ».ainst Bichard Crok^ tl!:" InS tjTlX^ whose misrule he should denounce almost with Z drf^g' conrn^-rrsss^^'s:^---- i sh^ufd l^tm his r*i tr''^\r" '""«^ oamp'aign ? Vr^^: ^Ta'y VeftSLVsTtW h^ no one else upon whom they can unit* Tt? ^ i"" a question o/geod govemS If 1' enter trid'-f Mrs. George answered: "You should do your Hutv at whoever cost." And so it was decided that he should' run ifimmanj-iJcmucracy poiufc of view D93 LIFE OF HENBY GEORGE rsaor the issue was meirly a "spoils-of-office" one, mik a .man for a figurehead wi o had for some years sat i^pon a judi- cial bench, Ixit who outside of strictly local h;;d. e;rcle^ was scarcely known The Republican party lad set up a man of much wider name. General Beiijamin f . Tracy, who stood high at the bar of tlw c mntry and had held a portfolio in President liarrison's cabinet; but who boarcely less than the Tammany candidal? stood ior "spoils/' Each was put f u-ward by a "machine" a/id wicli was doHii- nat(.d by a "b(.;;s." Neither stood for my principle that froiu ino oatsido country could claim other attention than distriiaL an," regret The candidacy of President Seth Low of Cviinrbia College as an independent Eepublican in protep. iigainst corrupt politics awakened widespread interest- -ara interest which the entrance of Henry George at the head of a 'regenerated Democracy broadened and deepened. But Henry George's appearance brought to the can- vass more than a strengthening of the fight against "ina- chine rule" and for "pure politics." Besides a political contest, it became a social struggle; for while, even if clothed with the mayoralty powers, there was no possi- bility of his doing much at once and directly to improve economic conditions, his victory would mean that social questions had found a strong lodgment in the body politic and must soon turn the larger, potent politics to its ends. Eleven years had passed over since he had stood for the mayoralty of the smaller New York— eleven years full of work with tongue and pen to spread broadcast through the world the hope of and faith in a natural order that would root out from the earth want and suffering, sin and crime. Those who had heard him speak had multipl' ' ^o scores upon scores of thousands and those who had r u . is writ- ten message L: > welled to millions. TLi? n . j had aban- ^ntl coopBB trnioN s' jxm doned old belief, or awakened from ddl deBpaix and elaimed hi, optinustic faith and odled ClSw?™ among aU nations and spoke all tonguea. Ju^t^UlIZ th™ f^ T'" *" ™'"''«'d»; where his banner w.^' mntand better and brighter. For that reason n^en trav' dkd from distant parts of the conntry to partSteTn was brought, fervent words of God-speed went o^TZm jsponsive hearts across the wide serin EngCd 3 Scoaand and Ireland, in Germany, in Italy/to f™ tt: of ^:,'^'' *''%*"^^' «ti" «.tipode';"n the r tres of Imowledge and on the frontiers of civilisation- even m those remote and isolated parts of 2 w^?a where commnnication is slow and intdligence of L ^n djdaqr did not reach mitil after death had inteneTeS Jke stjirhght that for a time continues to shine ^TZl' the orb that gave it has ceased to be * „ J''^ T™°^ "^'^ ""^^ "tonse anxieties for those nearest Mr. George. For when he arose in croS Cooper Union on the evening of October 6 to aecepUhe rsTe"^arr' r'" '°'"'"' »'g»i»tions, hn« * as he had been eleven years before-flushed with stremrtB and vjgour-but with thin body and ashen face, mti almort fainted on his way to the haU. But his word, had the old ring and courage: re• h-s country, for his nation ("pplaure)°''wtt™urt' ^ ^'"P' J'"" »»"■!- whether thoi who stand „;ti,""i°S »■• '™inft From henceforwrS I am v^ t "^h '""^ <" '"™y oralty of Greater NeV York « °"'"'«''"« «»' 'ho Maf. tim^Z ^7Vr^ Tt' •"■' •"= words at about him at the end Lf ^^^ 't '"* '"'° <'™»<''"3 tho hall realised the "at I T'l""" """" "^ W' They said little, buT Soffu lu'"'"'* "" '"'d made. J}:\Trrtirs':.^r-^— called, roused to mZlu^^vTl '' ""'' "''™ <""=>«»» -'• He had S^agtd rr'^r "'» "»"'« would make only three fo!fr^« ""'*'* "«" he whole eanvasB- hj! ? .' ''^ 'P*™""" during the idle rJ:ZJ^\T^^l^ Tt *"" "'^^ - » th^, four^nd'te^X e-; nigir "'"*"^ "' "^h:t;^;:r-iS degraded. It had h!!T ^ ^' ^^'""^ Tammany had Holl, besid^\he old's^^^^^^^^^^^^ J^^^- «^-- none of the ^ uchinerv of n f''" ^^^ P^^*^ h«d '^'"'"'^ '^ orgamsation that professional 602 LIFE OP HENEY GEOBaU [1M7 politicitir" '.?^-n ential, but it had the intense, almost religions, entiiusiasm that makes up for organisation, Tom J. Johnson, August Lewis and John R. Waters made liberal contributions towards what there was of a fund for legitimate campaign expenses, and small sums were collected at some of th .. o- ^^^ ^^^^ ^f°"^ °*^®^ minor sources. Against the wishes of his friends who thought he should keep it all for his personal maintenance, Mr. George turned over some of the money from the Bur- roughs bequest towards this purpose. But all told the fund was ridiculously small in comparison with the other party funds. It sufficed, however, as there were no cam- paign trappings and with but few exceptions, the host of speakers paid their own expenses. Willis J. Abbott, prominent in New York and Chicago daily journalism and autnor of several popular histories, was chairman of the campaign committee. Tom L. John- son, being a citizen of another State, could not properly be one of the committee. Nevertheless, he was too ike^U interested to be inactive, and he was consulted in every- thing, letting his ovrn private affairs take care of them- selves. And August Lewis, who at the outset had not the remotest idea of taking a personal part in the fight, quickly g into ^he ver} Mck of t and became treasurer of the committee. These were the two men to wh, m Henry Geor^io had dedicated his yet unfinished book, and love for the man and devc, lon to his cause axid their cause held them close beside him in tliis crisis. The committee was conw osed of men schooled in the art of politics, yet ar ne of hem said to Arthui McEwon, one of th( intimate liei n "How it it I don't know, but every move we liave made in politics against George's advice we have been wrong, and every tini. we have fol- lowed his advice we have come out right. We all think [1M7 , almost disation. irs made a fund ms were m other ids who itenance, the Bur- told the he other no cam- 5 host of Chicago •-iBtories, L. John- properly )o dt'Oply in every- of them- i not the he fight, treasurer to wh-m )ook, and leir cause id in the McEwGn, I't know, George's have fol- all think Last photograph taken, October, I897' <•■"'■»"»*'•>'. *».<*i,r, im. Ag*.Wl TBUB TO THE END 603 we know more about the ins and outs of the game than he does, but he has a sort of instinct that guides him ■traight. The friends shielded him from work as much as they oould. August Lewis lived in the neighbourhood. Every day he took Mr. George oflf there to lunch, gently compel- Img him afterward to take a little rest. And it was in intervals of relaxation that Mr. George on invitation sat for his portrait in four different photograph galleries.* rhere was not time for much correspondence, but one letter that Mr. George found opportunity to write reveals the man. Rev. R. Heber Newton, the boyhood friend, had written words of God-speed, but said that in the pecu- liar circumstances he must vote for Low. Mr. Georire answered (October 22) : . "Deab Hebeb: Thanks for your advice and counsel. We have been wiser than you at this time thought. But this makes no matter. Vote for Low or vote for me, as you may judge best. I shaU in any event, be J^ru ^5',* '^l^ ** P'^fi* * °^«° *° gai° the whole world and lose his own soul?" Mr. George was confident of success, but showed only flashes of enthusiasm, which Mrs. George noticed and spoke of to him. "No/' he answered; 'little of the old- time enthusiasm. Perhaps it is that with success, such as has come to our cause, the mind advances to the con- templation of other things." One night— a raw night, towards the end-after he had come in from speaking, he left the hotel again with Edward McHugh to look at one of the fruits of our one- sided civilisation-a icmg Vine of decent-looking men standing before a Broadwr.y bak ery, silently waiting^ for » Schaidner'8, Prince's, See k Eppler's, and Bockwood'a. 604 LIFE OP HENET GEORGE [1807 a customary midnight dispensing of stale loaves of bread Mr. George said little, but that little showed a full heart And then came the last night— Thursday, October 38 —five days before election. Five speeches had been planned, but the places were so- far apart that the last had to be declared of!, and as it was Mr. George did not get back to headquarters till near midnight. ^ Mrs. George, whor^ ho now wanted near him at all times, had attended every meeting and was as usual with him this night, as also was his brotlior, John V. George The first meeting was at Whitestone, Long Island, where he showed signs of weariness. But his sentences were clear, his words well chosen and his sentiments direct and strong. /What I stand for and what my labour has been, T thmk you know. I have laboured many years to make the great truths known, and they are written do^vn in the books. What I stand for is the principle of true Democracy, the truth that comes from the spirit of the plain peer 8 and was given to us and is embodied m the philosophy of Thomas Jefferson. The Democ- racy of Jeffexson is simple and good, and sums up the majesty of human rights and tho boundaries of govern- ment by the people. ... "Slowly but surely the Democracy of Jefferson has been strayed from, has been forgotten by the men who were by its name, given office and power among the people. Error and wrong have been called by the name of the truth, and the harvest of wrong is upon this land. There are bosses and trusts and sumptuary laws Labour-saving machinery has been turned like captured cannon, against the ranks of labour, until labour is pressed to earth under the burden ! "And must no one rise up in the land of liberty when labour must humbly seek, as a boon, the right to labour?," ° i ll Ag«.iai EQUAL BIGHTS FOB ALL MEN e05 There was a largo audience, mostly of working men and he wa, m reduced as "the great friend of labour and Democracy." His first utterance was one of dissent: Lel^TavTritTth this^'ctrfr' '"™f °"»^"- What I stand for is the equal rights of all men!" Long and loud ehcers showed that the speaker's senti Ihe third speech was in the Town Hall at Flushiu.^ fndde^T"' "" "'■"^'' ™^ "' ''"' "»-^- H« -!"« £^^53 Sc^Ke^-'di- ^^^^^^ that the applause would permit me to introduce him 'f \tf fdVlaiftrTo^mlT X SlSttri?-' come, take a look at Tou and g„ away - "^^ *""" '" In this speech Mr. George said: however, that you will rehnlrp thl „„ ™ ™P^' not voting for^the can^^iS of *h" "--- "° ^""^ ''^ i.L_ uj ^11^ uuacCB. X am not 606 LIFE OF HENRT GEORGE [1897 with Low. He is a Eepublican and is fighting the machine, which is all very good as far as it goes. But he is an aristocratic reformer; I am a democratic re- former. He would help the people; I would help the people to help themselves.'* Many surged after Mr. George as he left the hall with his wife and his brother. Nearest of all to them was a poor, but neat, old woman, pale with emotion or ill health, who in low tones said and many times repeated: "God bless you! God bless you, Henry George! You are a good man." Presently Mr. George noticed tlie voice, and turning, said reverently: "And may God bless you, too; you must be a good woman to ask God to bless me." In a moment more there was a movement towards the car- riage and the woman was lost in the throng. On the way to thp last meeting in the Central Opera House, New York proper, the candidate showed great weariness and climbed the stairs with evident labour. It was close to eleven o'clock when he arose to speak and a large part of the audience that had left the hall and got into the street to go home crowded back again. But while in the former speeches that evening, especially in the one at Flushing, he spoke with clearness and con- tinuity, this last speech was disconnected and rambling. The contrast was marked to Mrs. George and the brother. But Mr. George spoke only briefly and then the party took carriage for the Union Square Hotel, where Mr. and Mrs. George were to sleep. It was nearly midnight when the Georges and such of the friends who still lingered about the headquarters — ten in all—went to the hotel dining-room for a little sup- per. Mr. George had for several weeks been eating spar- ingly, breakfast being the largest meal. At half past five that evening, before starting on his speaking engagements, A«e. 58] DEATH OP HENRY GEORGE gOT. he had taken a little soup and toast, and some weak tea found ,,» in » ,ai„j'g rot^Vt r.:t Te t^ rtandmg, one hand on a ehair, as if to sulrt Wmsdf sf oVcrnrif d- *'T^«^""^ ^'™ ''™"-^» thLr hi. i^ .'nechanically and a«.kwardly, as itf o,x:'aC h-r^ ^-^^^^^' -^ ««'»-- The elder son, the only other member of the family in the hotel was called, and then Dr. Kelly and Mr £^„^! »d Mr Johnson, who lived elose at hand. m7 G^l was entirely nneonseions when Dr. Kelly arrived A strote 0, .p„ 1 , , ,,„^^ ^^^ great IrtTaf wort snapped. The physieian's sympathy went out to the wife ward uZ Te fl" '"'i'"""' "^ ^'' ''™-" '-^ din: ward upon the floor. For at that moment Henry Georee'a spint was answering the call of the All-Father With tears and fierce resolution his party comnanion. vowed to push on with the contest. The/p7fo™™a u I 608 LIFE OP HENRY GEORGE [1807 the dead man's oldest son and namesake to carry the cam- paign banner; but the son drew only the votes that liis unknown and untried personality could command. Beyond party lines, Henry George's fellow-men' gave him the acknowledgment he had said would come when he was dead. He had made his fight the theatre of the world, and messages poured in not merely from neigh- bouring cities and all parts of the nation, but from Great Britain, France, Germany and Denmark, from Africa, Australia, Japan and China to lay garlands of tribute on his bier. To the watching world he had fought the greatest of battles and won the supremest of victories: he had risked and met death to proclaim justice. "To-day," they said, "the earth loses an honest man." The press far and wide rang with encomiums. "He was a tribune of the people," said^ a city paper not of his camp— "poor for their sake when he might have been rich by mere com- promising; without official position for their sake when he might have had high offices by merely yielding a part of his convictions to expediency. All his life long he spoke, and wrote, and thought, and prayed, and dreamed of one thing only— the cause of the plain people against corruption and despotism. And he died with his armour on, with his sword flashing, in the front of the battle, sealing the breastworks of intrenched corruption and des- potism. He died as he lived. He died a hero's death. He died as he would have wished to die— on the battle- field, spending his last strength in a blow at the enemies of the people. Fearless, honest, unsullied, uncompromis- ing Henry George!" Said a paper of another faction: "Stricken down in the moment of supremest confidence, Henry George, the idol of his people, is dead. He was more than a candidate for office, more than a politician, more than a statesman. He was a thinker whose work Age, 58] LYING IN STATE 609 belongs to tho world's literaturo TTi« a +r. , mourning into every oiviliLl'LS^' of ,t 'l -™' a tl,mker, „ phil„.„pher, a writer, h was g ef but t was greatest as an apostio of the truth as hf^a; if ro^^otCSif r '•°"'*"- °' J«««:e .nTh; tier! ».!,, X, ^^"^'^^est corners of the earth" While the press of the world hailed this man's nam. the pulpit, trade union meetings, gathering Tihl ?!' "g old and ' '"" ""^ '"' "'"■ '^™" -Vlr fofewdl -r™^'/'" "" "^'■' P--'l *-' "e a silent thH ts vr!/"' ^'^'^™°" " »"-'." -id one 01 ZZLZI rA ^"/™'"'"'"'' a demonstration of popular feelmg At least one hundred thousand persons pre if/" "'!,''.'" ""' ''"°"'» tandred thoul'd Z tinJnet ,f°"?r "=" " °""-' ""^ ""^ impossibility of^e ody the truth ofT™"' "7 ™*"'*"* "'^ "- 'I™* aeJtetthXtttXr.t«'° "^'^^ ''=' "'» "» And m the afternoon, with doors elosed and the great plo but majestie pubhc 8erviee3,as eatholic as his own broa,' LtT J°'™V"" ^''^'"""'"''^ Congregation" d'r Bang he solemn hy,r,n,; Or. Hebor Newton read from the beautiful ritual tbst . * bovs be „■■ l tu a V listened to eaeh S> ■'■ „ T. 1 i *". ''"'"' '"»" '«"' Dr t™„ ai, . ■■ ^'*- ^""'^ i° i'hilsdelphia- »T. Ljman Abbott recounted tim neo-l"- o-v « ■• • 610 LIFE OP HENEY GEORGE [1897 Gottheil the ancient wisdom, Dr. McGlynn the pulsing sympathy and John S. Crosby the civic virtue of the great hoart lying silent in their centre, till strong feeling rent the funeral hush and cheers burst from smothering bosoms. As night descended the long funeral procession moved. In advance a volunteer band alternated the requiem throb of Chopin's "Funeral March" with the Marseillaise' exultant "March on to Victory!" Then followed the mortal remains, mounted high upon a draped and gar- landed funeral car, drawn by a double line of led horses. Behind came the vast, winding .olumn of those, riding and walking, rich and poor, high and low, distinguished and unknown, who wished to pay homage to the dead man's worth and high-born principles — moving along without pomp or demonstration, save only the fluttering of occasional trade union banners. Chief in the multi- tude were such as had personally known and talked with Henrj' George, who had accepted his teachings and were counted among the faithful. Now in the closing drama they followed their friend and leader, so eloquent in death that all the world seemed to reverence — gathering each present shifting scene, each past look and word, to leave as a priceless heritage to their furthermost posterity. Night deepened and the great city's lights shone out as the funeral concourse moved on through the people- lined avenues, heads uncovering and eyes glistening as the funeral car rolled by. There was a halt for a silent moment before the hushed and darkened City Hall, where perhaps had he lived Henry George may have sat as chief magistrate; thence the procession crossed the bridge to the Brooklyn City Hall, where the cortege was disbanded and the casket given to the relatives. "The world yester- day paid the highest tribute, perhaps, it has ever paid to ^^B8] THE LAST SCENE 611 Next morning-Monday, November 1, 189r--with the hght streaming in on the home at Poi HamiC two W. Kramer, the friend-read the service of their Church after which Dr. McGlynn testified to their dear oS lOBpiring faith in immortality. Then the relattves and n imates bore the body to Greenwood and lowered it at the chosen spot on the hill-crest, beside the beloved daugh' tin / ^«« ^Y'^oped in the soft grey light of an L On the stone that his fellow-citizens soon raised there are fixed m metal letters these words from Henry George' first great book-words to which, after long^ears o labour, he bore final testimony with his life: wm^tf *rf ^^"^ ^ ^^^^ ^'"''^ *' ^«^« clear ZiZ^f/l"^ 'T ac..p^ance. // that could he tt would have been accepted long ago. If that Iff. / i h^^'d'—t^^ose who will toil for it • suffer forttj tf need be, die for it. This is tt power of Truth.'* i <"" j. ms is me i ; IKDEX ^uu'^h ^'"'^ J" last campaiffn 602 Abhott. Kev. Dr. Lyman, adfiess at 0'8 funeral, 609, ' """"^^s* at Abclard and Hololse, Q60. ApmhI**'!'""' J^'* Preocoupation Adams, * Charles Fred.. Free Soil Sal^ ^«n'. r?.^"* mayoralty cam- paign, 460; Chicago strike moating, " A^'2'^{ ^- ■^•' ^'8it to, 533, 636 4^5 W»^^' Boston, 381. Affectation, absence of, 309-310. 325, Affection, shown by friends «i 7i_ » a*?^ *"J?®' <3ec'8lon In, 97, 74, 30B-309 ; by G„ 64-55? 412-413 'sl^ a'^^?''', ST^^'e, « Henry George • Air, private property In bit^ih ^ ^*"**^ ^^""^ T.if« » o. . ' ^corge . A ±^"' ^'"'"^''•^^ I'unn'er X69. • Alabama, secession of, I08 269. 296, 301, 337-338, 342, 402. 440, 444 ^f Vll'i '!h ^fr^'? ',^!= «arel^;.t7^ pSia^r* ^*^'"*^° ®-' **' Phlladel- Applelon, William H., of D.. & Co 336, 336, 396, 427. ' " !.'"^^Pu?*°°^' Jo'irnal," 345, 349 "Arabian Nights," fasci^atton of, Archibald, James P., of New York, phia, 9. 438*^^™' "*y"' of Watorford, Am'^^iSltn***'''- J-/- O' H"nol«. 577. 631, 561 ' ^"''^^ against, 507, 53o- "caTS"454^''°'""*'''^®*"'^'" *!»« "American Flag," J44 American Press Association, 211-213 Anarchists, Chicago, 498. 60o4^ Anderson, Stephen, 37-38. ^^^' Animals, fondness for, 86-37, 448, 454, Antl-Coolle Party, 288. 4Qi". ^^T.^'^y Society, organization, 492 fl?«tSlf • *^^^92; ofBcors »wi .nrst meeting, 492 : irrowth anA worlr, 492-493, 499-556^ D?. Mc- Ste^?"*^' t^^^^' 506. 560; Cath- olic hierarchy and, 493-495- st.iif Jn,506; Salvation Army and, I39- "wo^ks'^'"''^* Philosopher." See ^?mft4it4?6V' *"^ ^^°°^«^^ Apoplexy, cause of G's death, 607 04, 84, 119, 121, 174, 242. 246, 250, a6«. A Study from Life," 245.*^ o?S'Vj°"*? <^'' receives "Procrosa pK^m?''"'''' ""''"'^^^ re- Army, abolition of prlvlleffe in 176- against standing. 577. ' ' Arnold, Edwin, 649. Arnoux, Justice, of New York 4no Arrests, G's, in Irelandr392-895 phr/io^^""""'' * Co.,'of PhlTadel- ^^^a-jf^S^ ^^"^^«' «°" «' ^|:»6^eTglfJen»^^^"-- Atkmson, William j., marries G'« daughter, Jennie. 669; circulates •'^Protection or Free Trade/' 671- " Atlantic Monthly," 340. Austin, Joseph, of San PrancJsoo. Australia, faHclnation of, 19, 622-623 • ^o^* J'^l*i 29-33 ; lecture trip, 522-^ 642 : South, vis t. 532-633 : fliit in S'5?2'^W^'S'"*3.536;'w!ft^rn° Idv^cifea,'^* '4^l**'M4°n*,'£ 623. 529-530. ' **^***« 522- f IJI?K '^*y' ^'espect for, 169, 196. 825 '*^?„*°*'l^FS.Phy. intentions reelrd- 613 614 INDEX Ballot. Bee Australian ballot eys- Baltlmore Convention,delegate,a39- Baltimore riots, aoo. Barbadoes, vl«it, 62. Barnum, P. T., iin. ^' "' "' ®*° Francisco, 166, Barstow, , of Ban Francisco, 162. Bailsman, William, of Ban Fran- cisco, 174, 176. Beale, Gen., of Callfonila, 824-325. 2®2riP^'5' New York, 606. Bedford, Duke of, 464. b£51?:„^*^"™®^**''" ^''3' 264-266, 324. SS^^^^'^' ^®^- P^""^ Ward, 360, 400. Beggars, G. and, 627. Belian, Father, of Dublin, 898-391* ^^ilS'Ml*'*® .'^ Co- publish "bo- olal Problems," 4io. Ben^am, Anaon C, of San Francisco, Bennett, James Gordon, 484. Bequest, by Francis G. 8haw,403; W Sf.^I«® Hutchlns, 608-611 ; by 8 M. Burroughs, 687. Berazal restaurant, dinners at, 407. Berens, Louis H., author of "The Story of my DlctatorshliJ," 633. Bicycle rldlii ', «.v sm, 646-646. ill ' ^^-'f ' J> o' New York, Blgler,!';^- ji>v.rj)M, of California, ^!??.*- Vlpe.C2;.-au'8llor, Hutchlns' CIlB6ff 010. "Birmingham Owl," 428-429. Bisset, Andrew. 226, 228, 621. "Bitter Cry of Outcast London," Bladder trouble, 332. Blaine, Hon. James Q., 604-606, 606. Blessing of an old woman, 606. 647^' "'atlon to the spirit, 646, Bohemian Club, member of, 266. ^^I'^ixf l*'^'* P- author of " Finan- clal History," 342. Bonanza, Kings, lOl ; the Big, 266. Bond, David, 83, 94-96. *' ^' 662 "** PliHosopher, 661, ^ffiolnfJo'i ^"*''' •«'«»«'"°«te« McGlynn case, 660-661, bowman, Hon, Thomas, of Iowa, Braddook exeo. v$.Q., sion. Bradford, — , on " American Flag," Brady, Thomas A., of Ban Frant itico, loll Bramwell, Lonl, against " Progress and Povertv," 420. Breadalbaue, Karl of, 4^ i. Breakdown, u's, 684-8«6, 689, 694- 698,699,601,603,604-607. Brennan, Thomas, Irish Land League, 346, 389, 390. Bret Harte, 160, 176, 177. Brlggs, Thomas, of London, ;. ;, 422, Bright, John, 370-371, 413, 422, 430- Broa^%^,»|5^ea 398. MV.Ty;2?r;^°'*-'''y »«'«?• 'SI* ^636*^' ^^ ' "' New York. 534- ^stea^d' „ir "^'^''*™»-' r^^°®J'' ' M. P.,324. Cranip, Theodore, of Philadelohln » P., 6lS*' ^'"^ ^•' <»»"«»»ter oTjohn Cranford, John P., of Brooklvn mt ^iS ^""^^' «on|"f Jo^hn k; ^\^Ji^^^'. WllUam T., of New York 485, 600, 606-606. 647, 674. ' ^n. m*^*"*^^^"' °' California, 142. cl^kA;.^^?^,''*^^"P'.1' Ireland, 3fio. 597 ' ^l*^'^a'^. of New Yort, 475, &WW'4"^^«^ York, 610. ^^^^y^oWef of San Francisco po- ^ow!m?.''' ^*''- ^ ^-' °' «»a8. ^"m™*"^^' ^®''- "''■' "' New York. Cummins, Dr., M. P., at Llven»ool. !"B.7^'=%Te'te?^r"'^^''^'""» S'a i}.%r'' '*'"'^^*«' °' K«- *^Mf'^' ^^^^'^f®' govemrr of Oregon, Cmr^Martha, daughter of Rebecca >""'(8r»e?s;',"'^^"'^«^P"^ "^YX^r^^ '^""•'"' «' ^«^ ^14W'46,^*«.' "' ®'*° ^'•anelsoo. 144, "fa'y^aCiarles A., of New York, 122, "Yort,"rc'5.^''"'- ^^°"*'' "' New ■'^StV'^ij^.lJ?"*'' relations with G., 341. 847. 373-376. 378-381. 382-38K / ^} ^ ^ V % /^PPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc ^s: 1653 East Main Street ■^= -- Rochester, NY 14609 USA .^zr*^ Phone: 716/482-0300 .^IT'.ass Fax: 716/288-5989 e 1993. Applwd Image. Inc . All nights R«Mrved J>^ a\ ^\ 4s ^o^ ^A Q ^-v;«^ 4^ ^ 616 INDEX uo, 516, 897; land nationalisation. S8>-388: talR Oxford leottire, 485. (8ee Land Leaone, Wah.) DawBon, Rev. Tliomas, of Olenoroo. ^Ireland, 367, 660». Day, Hon. John M., of California. 380. 383-334, 388, 398, 807. Death, G'» vlewB on. 607, 546, 647, 686-687 ; Boene at hlB, 606-607. Debts, saored to G., 563-658; paid by "Social Problems." 437. De Gamp, Commander John, of U. 8. steamer Sh^ibriek, 63, 71-73. Defoe. Daniel, 686. (Bee "Crusoe, Robinson.") De Leon, Daniel, of New York. 465. Delmonlco. banquet to G.. 400-401. Democracy, inherited, 11 ; G's final interpretation of, 684, 6WMMn, 604- 606. Democraoy, County, of Now York, See Politics. "Democrat. The,"William Saimdors' London weekly. 449. " Democratic Press," of San Fran- cisco, 161. < Depew, Chaoncoy M., of New York, 686,578. Depressions, Industrial, G's inquiry Into the cause of, 391-393 ; preoecl- ln*r, 80-31, 83, 49, 60-51, 146-168, 388, De Witt', William C, of Brooklyn, 836, 887. De Young. Charles, owner "Ban Francisco Chronicle," I48w., 180, 313-318. Dilke, Bir Charles W. , housing of the working classes. 454, Dillon. John, and the Irish Land League, 847, 858, 873, 874, 876; and " Progress and Poverty," 380, 381. Domestic Bide of G., 380-361, 843, 656, 668-669. Donally, Rev. Arthur, suocoeds Dr. McGIynn, 489-490. Donally, , Tarpey ease, 348. Donovan, P. J., of San Francisco, 398, 307. Douthitt, A. B., who spoke of Pbysl- oorats, 339. Dove. Patrick Edward. G. charged with plagiarism from. 6'jo. . Downey, ex-governor of California. 340. ' Doyle, Conun, S85. Drummond, Henry, 438. Duoev, Rev. Thomas A., Chicago strike meeting, 677. Dull, — , and carriage brake, 166. Duncan, Jos. C, owner of "Home Journal," 103-108. Dnraut. James C, "Progress and Poverty," 890, 668; G^ lecture tours. 415. 429,615; "Open Jietters to the Poi)e," 668. (See Letters.) " EMlei, Brooklyn," G. and, 84S-M8, 866. Eastman's printlng-offloe, where G. _ worked, 83, 88, 165H63. 164. Easton, Dr., of Bun Franoisco, 146, Eaton, Dormau B., civil service re- former, 841. "Edinburgh Review" on O and Spencer, 430. Edwards, Heury, actor, 255. Egiui, Patrick, treasurer Irish Land League, 868, 86«, 881-883. E lot, George, G's opinion of, 289. Ellis, Prof., on " Prugress and Pov- erty," 841. Ely, B. F., 60-51. Emancipation Proclamation, eflTect of, 141. Emerson, Ralph Wuldo, 116. Episcopal Academy of Philadelphia. G. attends, 8-9. ^ Episcopal Church. O. raised In. 4-6. ^8-9, 10, 12. 14-15, 19-20, 80. Eureka Typographical Union, G. joins, 106. Eusebio. Ludovico, Italian trans- latttr of two of G's books, 567. Evans. J. H., married Harriot G.. 4n. Evolution, G's opposition to, 838, 369-870. "Examiner, San Francisco," 366, 387-288, 834, 637. "Express, Chicago," publishes " ProgresB and. Poverty '* serially, 356. Fair, James G., Bonanza King, 101, 386. Farming. G's experience. 98. Farr. Rev.Wm. C., of Philadelphia, T. FarreU. John, of New Bouth Wales, 531{519. Faulkner, , and wringing ma- chine, 154. Fawoett, Et. Hon. Henry, and ., "Progress and Povoity," 334, 419. federation. Democratic, of Eng- land, 368. " Fell, William Jcnks, of Philadel- phia, 9. Ferguson, John, in Irish Land League, 346 ; and G., 848. 889, 390. Ferral, Robert, of San Francisco, 341-242. 393-294. Feudal revenues. 225, 328. S'leld, David Dudley, conversation with G., 456. Field. Stephen J., Justice U. S. Su- preme Court. 98rt. Financial Reform Association, ad- dress to G.. S14. Fiske, Jolin, evolution. 570. Fithian. Hon. John W., of Illinois, 572. Fllntolf, Joseph, 122-134. , Mi-8., 107. INDEX Pto«d, Jatnes C, Bonanza King, loi, FlZidS' «i!l»**1« ™"n«r, ICO. K> stump Ireland, 3»l; KuV)iM»rVH FoniiUals, Ferdinand, 80 81 toreytli, Wtliiain, 434. 450 3"W"lKl«rty Kollew," 42t, 44S !&. '*'"'"*^''' "' "^"^ FranclHco, w^ ^«P^»e, 10s, 100, iw, 121. '*°"'° FOX, John, father 0/ Annie r Georw, 105, 10(!, lOT, ® ^• *ox, Wistor Teremi, lo-/, 175 201 nit FrancUlso, public'. obfitloKf. E™0 "Oj' 8o« Oty, 400-407. i^fn«^? /''"''' New 7o,*;''o: Fremont, John C, 43. Frost, R. p. B., seorotary Land Ri.- ^T G'xtei'f ••^^«'«'»"«« *«' »*«. Furbisli, Cllnton,*4(W. 617 OaUlel, paraUel with MoGlynn, 493- ^'ate^i^g^- ^''*'^'»"»^^»' «f Cali- OallaKljer. Walter, O's first snt fngS'.''"" '^'''l *»'«"nal follow- «-I?iS®'"T'**'^*'''y °' ohartlsm, aao. Oarjleld, James A., 886. Garland, Oliailcs L., M. P Vnw Bouth Wales, Baa, 630. * " ^®^ Oarnler, Prof. Cliarles, of Paris BM OarrlBon, William Lloyd, 48, w'-Ms: Ga^njoters, Insiwctor of, o holdH offlco or, 040. 262-264, 2M. V aic! Gay, Sydney Howard, of Now York, Ge!f^®A{^;i^'''"ii"'^'" of Boston, 180. ^JourtS',P«rt>^er ,n "Eveidng ""'I' Major, father of, lOG. George Auule C, wife of G'h hirti. ami family Uis'toryf los-w 620 first ciill.'i?i'.^^'^^"'"i ••'••t*' o' FraLtoo,' S'^'y^'birYh ff S"" c'hldrou'iJ{,',!f.' «""« "iaJW^h her umi« s^^? ' rfcoueiled with n^nt^r2i"4'; SJS.'^iofS: ft m'-'TS' )?'So\',"ot: M.i OO.J. ' .Ilf"^'' <*' fointh child, turo, 294 ; lecture on " Mosed " 'mt erty, d06; literary tiisk. 310 • InHn 3 r »:Z SlV «12 ;%«,' boa'S *w, sells household i;o»iifl uo. aliout Stanford, 340; ^S Jt?, daughters and 6. to Ir& Vm- lam -^7 Q?o '™l'"»d and jc.j«! Thmn^s??'" conversation about nysoii and Urowning, soic nnil Bepant. 370; on Davitt/s clutir Srk. m.nnbor l^oe Soil 8< c ety. 4OT • ao oonmanieH 8 own waniuir durv'^s.))? '^i?,' '"'^^^.". osa? G'H ^.mS. Ts'eelltti'a "'«''''««*• George. Captain Rlchapd, G's Da- teiJial grandfather, 1)3^3. ^*^ / 618 INDEX Oeor«e, Caroline L.. alater of o., s. 16,60. (See letters.) George. Catharine, sntor of G.. s. 00. (See Letters.) George, Catbarlne Pratt, mother of G., Dlrth and parentage, 1, 4 ; mar- riage and children, 4, 6, 6 ; literary taste, 11, 804 ; religious nature, 11, 104 ; chattel slavery, 48-44 ; counsel to make acquaintances, 103 ; lost days and death, 416-417. (See Let- tors.) George, Chloo. sister of O., 5. George. Ounkln, uuclo of G., 16, 17, George, Ellen, cousin of O., 71-72, 83-44, 90, »3. . <*. George, Harriet, adopted sister of George, Henrr, (1839-1865) birth, pa- rentage, and ancestry, 1-6 ; moIiooI- Ing, 6-9 ; goes to work, 10 ; reading, 10-13; yearns for the sea, 13-18; (1866-1866) sails as foremast boy to Australia and India, 18-33; (1866- 1867) learns to set type, 42; reason- ing, 42-44 ; shifts about, 46-46 ; Law- rence Literary Society, 49 ; sails tc Boston as ordinal^ soaman on coal schooner. 60; appointed as ship's steward on Shubtick, 62; (1868) phrenological chart, 63-o6; voyage to CalUomla, 66-68; ar- rives San Francisco, 68-70 ; leaves ShubrUk, 71 ; goes to Frnzei River, 76-81 ; returns to San l^'ranciHcu, 81-83; (1868-1869) sotting type, 83 reading. 86-86; weigher in rico mill, 88-89; off for the mines, 91- 93; farming and tramping, 83; type-setting in San Francisco, 94- 96; (1860-1861) Joins typographical imion, 106 ; becomes foreman, 106 ; meets Miss Fox, 105 ; buys Interest In "Evening Journal," 1C9-120; courtship and runaway marriage, 121-135 ; gets type-sottin«r work in Sacramento, 126 ; first child bom, 138; losses in mining ventures, 188-141; Joins Odd FeUows ordor, 160; (1864) returns to San Fran- cisco, 142; peddles clothes wring- ers, 143 ; sets type on ",Bulletlu"' and is discharged, 144; enters Job- printing partnership, 144; suffers extreme poverty, 14«-163: birth of second child, 148'; asks stranger on street for money, 149; (1866-1866) begins to write, 166-169 ; articles on Lincoln's death, 161-165; Joins Brontes Mexican expedition, 166- 167 ; goes to Sacramento on State printing. 167-168; Joins National Guard, 168; first speech and con- version to free-trade belief, 168- 170; (1866-1869; gets m-inting-case on Son Francisco "Times," 173; wrltM artiele and hcoomcs man- aging editor, 174-176: third ohUd 5?'?',i1?.' ^J**®". " Wnat the Roil- ' road WiU Bring Us," 176-180; first managing editor of " Chronicle." 18C; goes East to get telegraph news service for "Herald,''^ IM; fight with press and telegraph monopoUes, 18S-186 • returns to San Francisco, I86; conceives his life mission. 191-103; writes Chinese article for " New- York Tribune." m-197: sends copy to Mill, m- aoij tries to gfct nominated for legislature. 206; Joins Free Ti-ado league. 207 ; vot(-H for Grant. 208; edits Oakland "Transcript," 208; perceives the natural order, 209- 210; (1870) becomes editor and part owner of "Sacramento Reporter," 211 ; wars on press and telegraph monopolies. 313-313; flght aminst railroad monopoly, 2K-318; moves to San Francisco, 21 8 ; secretary Democratic state Convention, 218 ; defeated for legislature, 2:8 ; (1971) writes "Our Land |and Land Policy." 21»-236; (1871-1876) starts " Evening Post," 236-237 ; delegate to Democratic National Conven- tion at Baltimore, 339-340; :o8es "Post," 348-349; breaks his arm, 261 i (1876) appointed inspector of gas meters, 362; travels about California, 264; writes on per- sonal Journalism, 264-366; first set spoeoli, 366-369 ; " stumps " State, 369-370; (1877) lectures before Uni- versity of California, 374-181: Fourth of July oration, 183-188; begins " Progress and Poverty," M9; fourth child bom, 393; I^nd Reform League organised, 39S- 394; begins crasade, 394-297; lec- *'"r*5,/'? "Moses," 397-398; hoips establish Free Public Library, 398 ; defeated for Constitutional Con- vention, 398-300; (1879) "Progress andPoverty " finished, 301-313 ; MS. of " P. and P." rejected by East- ern publishers, 316-318 ; G. makes plates In San Francisco, 318-330; md prints "Author's. Edition," 881; "The State," 816-317; (1880) G. goes to New York, 834, 836 ; works for election of Hancock for presidency, 336-838; works for Hewitt, 338-840 ; (1881) writes " The Irish Land Question," 346, 347-348; first lecture in New York. 860; loins Free Trade Club, 861; lec- tures before Land League organi- sations. 361-868; makes ibrieftrip to California, 863-«H ; meets Fran- pis G. Shaw, 368 ; goes m Europe to correspond with " Irish World." 867; first lecture in Dublin, 368; irjMi') » " 456 ; meets Tnm T t^i " "P^Tfl^?. PWlosoplier," 668^579- ;; George the Fifth," 426. George-Hewltt Campaign, The," ^fS'?«'J?en»y. Jr., son of a, born J88; amnnueusia to o r. Charlog, Mo- Gljmn ca«ic, ofio-soi. Grout, Col. Frod. D., political oaudl- dato oKainst H., nr2. ^iih fi?i'- Uly»8o» 8.. when at " What Cheer IIoubo," B8 ; G, voted for, a08; afterwardH opimHod, 330. !U7»-248», 317; O. mecta, 843; pub- lic BpoaklDff, 478. " Orauhio. The Dally lUustratod." of Now York, 331, 470. Gray, Edward Dwyer, M.P„ 801, 398-.')99, 454. ' Greeley, Horace, I93n, 207,233-940. Greenback-Labour Party (Jf 1884, 50«. Greene, Rov. Tboiuas, of Aaton- under-Lyne, 617. Greenwood Cemetery, G. lot at, 588, 611. GroT', Sir George, of New Zealand, 828-324. 438, 628H520. Grlfllth, Sir Bamiiol, of Queensland, 633. Gunn. Dr., of Ban Frauolsoo "Tlnie8,"l76, Gunton, George, of New York, 573, Goschon, George J„ M. P., 464. Haiffht, Governor Henry H., G'n relations with, 207-208, aio, 218, 236. Hall. Rt. Rev. Charles H., of Illi- nois, 7. Hallidle. A. 8., of San Francisco, 307, 816-316. Hulstead, Murat. of Now York, 666. Hamilton, Alexander, principles of. 584,696,600. Hamilton, Fort. See Residences. "Hamlet." 8ee Bhakespeare. Hancock, WInfleld Bcott O. in the presidential campaign of, 336-838, 612. Hancock, , ProRldent Melbourne rrades and Labour Council, 536. Hand to Hand Clubs, circulate " Protection or Free Tra< MMfffue, G'H iikst hearing of, Inductive method. :g. and the. 447- InjrorsoU, Col. Rolmrt J., m Intorost, rate In CaUfonilii 17a i^o. 5|0; relative to y^a^^Va^'rlJ^, Introspection. G's habit of fm Italian. G's " Letter to the Poi>e " In, Italy, G's visit to, 630. ■JJiil'.^^""*"' »-. Wovernor of CnH I J?.?fe,?.*.''' *'2-283. 268. 326 Ivlns. WUiiam M., of Now York, 463 091 Ja^son, Hawden, of Liverpool. 429, Jefferson. Joseph, actor una Srr^f^&tr^'ustothe Johnson. Col. A. W^tiithoVotiT AnTiWr^rs^S". «?. *«>.471, Haifmnn Krn' ^'^'' •>«»»«« at Fort 10m L, M7 i tf, MpCT-momy Wca, , K" ifv"eX^W.J^2^-^^^^ Jo««olyn, I>r., 'of Sa'S- Prancleoo. "phK' ^''''°'°<. «„ . :»n*5Ji^fiMr'"'^^-^- •""AVm"" '''"•''♦" "^«n>ooi. ^W.KS^%°l*^C'^'«>•"'a. Keelor, B.C., St. Louis. fi23 Kelley^WlUiim D.. of Pennsylva- ""Qtenir ^^7f'sr^^« 0^'^ 5?- banquet to G SOaSSlf b's Sh J Kennedy. Aleck. Of 8an Francisco. Kenny, Dr. Jas.. of Dublin, 379, 308- Kcttio, , of Dublin, 872. . I esa INDEX Klnf ,Oameroii H., of Ban Pranolsoo. 960. King dc Balrd, where O. learned to «?***JT®i*^ *»• '8« 88. Klnsena, TbonuM, editor " Brooklyn Eagle," 887. Kutffbto of Labour, G. Jolna, 40B ; hia booku among, 406-406. Kuowlton, Jauiea J., partner lu "Evening Journal," 109, lao, 143, 160, 163. Kiamer, Rev. John W., of Now York. 448-449, 466-467, 486, 611. Labouchere, Henry, M. P., 384, 436, 610. Labour Statistics, New York State Bureau of, O'a name auggeated for, 410. "Labour, The Condition of." See Worka. Land and Labour Cluba, 484, 496, 606. Land, speculation In, and O'a dla- covery, 30»-9iO; grants In United Statea, 330-331; relation of labour to, 333-338 : effect of privftte owner- ahip, 334 ; true policy towards, 336- m, 333-334, 469; the Chlneae ques- tion and, 80. 303; California con- stitution and monopoly of, 816-317 ; old English two-ahilling tax on, 438n; Chaniberlaln'a propoaal to tax, 463; and Royal Commiaaion'a propoaal, 463-464; Coleridge on laws relating to, 613-814; couoen- tratlou of ownership iu France, 610; Tolatol predicts abolition of private property in, 614; natlou- aliaation of, espouaed by Davitt. 383, 383; G. and Pamell'a attitude 883,883; Wallace's plan for natu- rallaation of, 383, 397. L^d League, American, 347, 406; Irish, organisation and work of, 346-348, 3(54-366, 868-866, 371-376; disorganisation of, 376; "Progress and Poverty" and, 341, 847, 380- 881; G's relations with, 361-^3, 868-366, 871-876; Irish nationalisa^ tion of, 876; ladies' work of, 368. , 361, 366-366, 373, 876-376. Land Nationalisation Society, Ens- land. 397-398. "LandQuestlon, The" (Irish). See Works. Land Reform League, of California, G's lectures under auspioea of. 903-394; In Constitutional Conven- tion fight, 300. Land Reform Un Ion, England, Its or- ganisation and principles, 397-308; Bavitt lectures for, 431 ; G's leo- ture tour arranf ed by, 410-437. Land Restoration League, English. 487 678-679. «» » c? , Land Restoration League, Scottish, w *34, 449-163. ' ... Lande, Edward, G's first Moretorr. 347. Landers, Mrs^of San Francisco, 183. ' Lane, David H., of Philadelphia, 9. Latimer, Catharine, 10. Latimer, Rev. George A., cousin of G's, 6, 13-17, 41n, 611. Latimer, Rebecca, wife of Thomas, 4, 16, 16, 17. Latimer, Thomas, G's uncle, 4-6. 9- , 10, 19, 14, 16, 16, 17, 20, 133, 138. Lauderbach, Henry Y., of Philadel- phia, 9. Laveleye, Emile de, and "Progress and Poverty," 330-331. Law, G. reads, 387-268 ; lynch, G. on, 343n. Lawrence Literary Society, 49. " Leader, The," of New York. 474. Le Conte, John, President Uulver- aity of California, 376, 381. Le Conte, Prof. Joseph, 281, 830, 670. Ledger- The," of Son Franclaoo, brief hiatorv of, 348. Leea, Dr. F. R., editor Leeda " Inde- pendent," 343. Lettera — to: J. P. Archibald, mayoralty nomination, 461 — Wil- liam J. ,Bryan, congratulations, 883 -J. V. ColTey, politics, 363; age, 646— Emma Curry, printing, 45-46, 47-48 -Mrs. Curry, PhUadeT phia and Oregon, 47-48; California and Oregon, 90— J. C. Durant, Parliament, 463— Rev. Thomas Dawson, G's mission, 193, 311-313 ; home honours, 401; reply to the Pope, 660ra— B. F. Ely, industrial depression, 60-81— Hon. Thos. B. Florence, the 8hubrick, 61-83— Patrick Ford, state of Ireland, 860, 301; lecture in Dublin, 361-362; Bishop Nulty, 863-364; "whig- ging,'/364, 366 ; Bright and Cham- berlain, 370-371: PameU, 373; "slowing down,'' 376-377 ; Pamell and Davitt, 879-480; Davitt, 883; PameU, 388; McGIynu, 386-887; Davitt, 8S7; Kilmalnham treaty. 388 ; Davitt, 388; Irish leaders, 391 —William Lloyd Garrison, Chl- neae immigration, 303-303— Annie C. George (wife), outlook for work, 143 — "Evening Poat," 286; forti- tude, 267 ; reading law, 287-268 ; divorce bill, 368; true marriage, 388-389 ; Abelard and Heloiae, 360 ; higher pleaaures, 360: signature bin, 366; Davitt and Pamell, 378- 379; Francis G. Shaw, 403; mar- riage anniversary, 413-413; press notices, 437; lecturing, 608-609; preoccupation, 609n; on death, 646; domeatic mattera, 663— Caro- line L. George (alster), mission- aries in California, 90; rice mill, 96; silver mines, 108-109; "Even- INDEX WIITK, 1,17; t.Vll' -MOttlll-r. KiS — M '"Mil"/? '"■• ««"• *»-«i" S; mill. ^...u^'"^®'. <»«-«» : rifo K 111 ' ^2"^> "Harper's Forrv m- TS^K.fe*' 'Ki? Vlct'K. 108, 100-101 ; babits, 102-108; "Even- atrical entertain. neiits. VlSo- .I'^'FToas and Poverty," mI.' birthday, «(Mia _ Govei-nor of Illlnole, Chicago anarchlste, io8- «;uu ^- ^°° «"t8ohoii, first nmv- "J^»'tJ:c»"'l>ulKn,480;8oclall8t8iml flnSnces *"6b« '"T'^" ' * P"™""" inianceH, S08 — JainoH A. Homo Wh acting, 660-Abr«m 8 Hewitt* Tom L. Jolinson, Fort Hamilton homo: Grover ClevoIamlT 676-ii Mrs iowell, death of F g Shaw 408; loss of manuaorlpt, 4lo7 first mayoralty campaign, 47*476-! Mrs. Maltbrop, Ban PranclsV^^^ James McOlaUhy. tariff book' m -Richard MoGhoo, single toi^ Congress, 879 -Dr. McGlyiin non wf^ ^;??**^«°,?'™«««nf after heaWlf^l^iK^^T"®'' Mendelson, ooaitA, 094-690— James E. Mills churches and Injustice. 667^- Mrs.FtancesM.a'llno.o^er-So, ow, 068 — Dr. R. Heber Nowtnn duty. 603 - Charles NoKff' ilnr*"*"" "»•• Poverty." iSr: '*\*il'„®*Sf ^^-P<>i Congress,^! — John Nugent, telegraph and S*.®^' Progress and Povertv " 8fi«, 8W-881 : fiavltt. 382. Km 391; arrestB. 394; ^ope of the and Poverty," 332, saa-sSa. K ^ireWn'a ^^clCS^t?^"' 332, 340-841. 342-344, M7 397 • lUri^i' Yo'^''S^?*H^«^^^ lom, 338; Hewitt Conffressionai alS° S?^.V?^"^g up home, 841- M3; "irWi Land Question" and 623 ,/,., '! i ?','»"'or Koonomy," losopiicr," 671 — Isaac Trumi, mln. Ing ventiircH. 138-140 -Too V^.T dent of tlH, United HtatoBaiS n Ireland. 3U4-395-Mafv Val" 21" 21 ^iS"^"*;; ',T/°'"".«"'''? to «" mV ^^-^' Callfoniia friiRs !u J Thonias F. Walker, " Promv^H and Poverty." 400. 413-416 • Bright <« d Kaot^Hrf. iif^^'iTl'"','' lecture, "»-«o, Bright. Harrison and -Tflo ?a?' '^"Srew and Poverty." 332, 397 ; veiled writing. 666 Lettors-from : D. Appletoi & Co "Process and Poverty." 816- r' P. B. Frost, British leSWU.2; pailerf' Sr.°n^®, <^"«>' ne^*" 1 y and roUglous matters. 38 -S- nches. 78; social Influence o? the war and Mrs. Browninff ila• i_iueui, 116; Miss Pox, 120-107 • domesUc. 128-129 - ThomM T ' George (brother). "ProCT^s^a^ Povertv," 316 _K. 8. ^G^Ke 72, prudence, 76-77 ; buaiueas ad^ 694 INT>EX of hiR children, 118-H4; "Hacrn- ai^'r.^^"* aud Povert>." 83."- *^^— wllllHiii JoiHH, deuth of JoflYeyg 96-jf.hii Htimrt Mill WM and Poverty," all -Dr. Tay- Vtl' 8P«n«erl«n phlloeophy, M9- JfS!S, Triimp. mining V,tV^^, J.^\" tJ**?.""" *^- Walker, " l^t- T 'i""*^?' voyngo of shubrick, 73-74 • c^-Progrese pd Poverty," »m- ^m!*'""' ^°'^" E- "urronder of, 'iS?^'„'I°''*P'^' President Lnnd Beform League of California, 29y-. Le Monnlcr, P. L., French tranw- nm. " **™«"« »n«l Poverty," 47C»t ^*'°'^««-*^ewlft Campaign." ''^T^^J^^^Jl^l '«8"28 encyclical on The Condition of Labour " 6fls • tton of single-tax doctrine, m- i^JJ°. viowed by others. 668w : SM»* : eflteot of G'e reply to. MO: (i'w ^nn )****" ""■' ««*•• (8^ Mc" Le^^ew. William D.. of Ontario, ^th' (^"^T,^ *• , f**™" , 'f i«nd«hlp SnhoirJ^iii during G'8 attack of aphasia. 642; provision for G's work. 6«!M564; dedication of Q'l ".Science of Political Economv" "nU^'n„«^' ^' reports O, on fl«wf.?i*****"ji *23n; Introduces £i,^?o''°l"*"*;^« philosophy to G.; ^rther,^"*^' ^"* '^"** «' Q'« I«wla, Mrs., wife of August, 642. j.iiHiny iind ProiMu-ty li«f«ii<.n ifiiKm (iKalnMt "Progi^ a,,i Poverty." 4ao. •"htobh wiu IJjMirty. G'H awintniphe to a8A-!Mw vat«*, .SOI -803. » ""I «* 5 « • pn- Llfe. meaning of, to O.. 419 mi lui voMt ror, 107; InaiiinirattMl ihh. aoter and work of^ ei- M^ wlia^ "rrHS "im n««ln^t c«l slav- ho^Jiia.*""*^""* «' MoOlellanV, thnS^.*^'"'"'' «'« »"'«" hoiK, of liongfelloV, 649. Longuot, Charles, of Purls. 6ia "Bhos choap edition f)f *r«Ml ,e?atf.^S««-^««-"^& ^^^a}n»..»}JUr^"to Lowell, James Jiussell, related to ^md«G.Bhaw.S68,890;"nnd: Lyceum, Socramonto, 170 oib-'jm Lynch, Nannie, of I>nhhu,m!^' Mwaulay, Thomas Bablngton, 263, Magulre, James O.. of Riin liVii.i eftco, ao2, a«8, aoa! m. 409 mil' mn;^U> iBdepenrfeiT party, mi: ^m!V°^' "' «''° Pronolsco, Malouey,' Dr., of Melbourne. 684 Madthus, Rev. Thomas rKSms. Mann^A *?*^^P- «S?'°«t. <26- SrSSnint" ki',\*'? Prancl'sco. 293. Planning. Cardinal, 439. 404 Kfut mi Manuscrfpt, loses, 41^11: ' ' "^" " Mark TwAin »» iqo .^^t"' "a™a8e, G. and the tie of H'i-hb ''tiJ?e^.''ii'4'^'»*«'«0^'««ll«e- larrlHoit'H, ooi. IMMty lJ«,feii(.o "rrogwaH and |)ho to, 38ft-a(ff. M'<» Fp»«. I'llllllc. '»illtt-l«l ; •' Ooitiitir- 161;{}'Hgtctcli 4; O. on ohur lfi*-i«5: wliftt t clintt«>I slav- ot McClellan's I. 476. luall hoiM) of 'uri8, 610. ceHHioii, 108. Bw York, unit- of O'B books, Jeofgc-Uewltt ty onndidato m-(m. 11, i-etnted «o . 805; o.ami, 170, afl/5-a«6. >ll]l, 800. kbington, 28.3, osiwaro, iftuaa King," Dundee. 482. nal, 69»-«i)9, r Ban Fraii- •7, 400, 601m, ' party, 605- t PronoJaco, ime, 884. Robert, aas, »t, 420. Qolsoo, 293. 464, 666, 667. I of, 123-126, 30S. Oxford loo- rSanPrttu- l«l. INDEJX »'«rt.n,H.w..dlodon*Aw>He*.«8-' MaUJ««w.8t..oaproachluKtl.of«lti.. 690 McC'al>« wi iy;."P" P**" I«i>-188. «5?«i.^^""'""' «' N«w York. 407, McCa,thy,Dei.iHE.. Of California. "ffifeo:^i «»P«r-l««r Of Ban "»7^ •'""""' M-P-. O. meeu, "iS'^a Vt^-- "' 8«<,ran,e„to. McCloHkcy, Cardinal, of New York. M,^n ""S*'^' H«"«T. lotioe .dolpIUa, 866: '^'«'^'^«r. of PHiia- Mccozub. Joia,. Of Ban Franolsoo. ^(fKoOy, of Now York T t „. Now York, 4iHi, m ia\ iJ' *"• *** ''SgS^'t'»"'«' New York. 246. 4«M91;' lee?iu"""iT,V&of7h*!,' ^i2;ti-&4« '^.^^ ' r?^^^^^^^ *<«^;p»'*«&k^'witi <*. rinZ'iHl Mif •J?''''"ir'l*l» with Jennie co, A., of London, 487. riraojr, G. oUarged with, 477. iT^'^JiSR ""'"^ "' 1M7, aiio. P "2?"?"®' <'al"ornla,i>a-b8, 100-101 P aiflariBin. G. charKo t»ie leaching o^ 333-333, 891-693; his pronosed primer on, 338, 863; the Ohlneae qiiostion and, 198-196 ;apeclal1S^ teresta and. 376-377, Greeley's work on, lOSn; Byrnes' wm* on refused ''Progress and Poveiiy" "Kni^.^"""*"?^' Prlm-lples of," Bee Worksf''""""^' ®''*®°°® »'•" Political iMuoatlon, Society for. G'a books for, 381-382, 471. ' Politics, G's Fremont and Lincoln Republican, 48, 107; J?ffer8on?an Democrat, 306, 207-3 3. iuna^fa 338, 289-340, 262, 366-273, m'. m^', 027 shJ; m wi' ' ''^"**' "^'^' PoiiiikjU, U'n vlnlt t*}, 839. ''Xtl'jTiTa- *" *•"»>«>•'»"''• •« Poi.por, Mux, «.f Ban Fiaiiclmo. 397 *'^«'H„a^' <';l«H»ttHl l.y Hru„h, "PoHt. Evenlug.-'of liew York, 470, "Post, Evening," of Han JYanclnco history of, 33:•■•'' ""'(fl""'. «10. PotJ^r'R7J?'-®V?''"N..wYork,& Potter,'8tephen, of Ban Fi-ancUco, PoHt, Louis P. beglnninif acauain- F^TZI\^{ ^^"M; pWdent ffi ,^/''i,?"«'oty, 406; camping with U., 413; on G'H two stylos of ««eaking. 443-444; G'sllrstmayo^ 8tamlard,''486,674; ChfcagV rtitar ouo; "iiounetta Oeorgina." 8l6»i' Hfte'^r!!"'-"' "6 ; O « domestlo ,7.?^,^'„"'" personal ooataot with 2211k^.' 2**' ^^' ^»' 853-363. 411 P'3-863j how men may be drivAii J^'th wealth started G's Inauirv "» 219 311 4C9! Whvlta?S £«?!?? advancing wealth, 310; li- ta^i « ''^in?*^' *<«i?"; Involun- "rdnldnl&sffUoSr^! Powlff P %n?£°?J' °/ ^J?^on. 834. 436? ' • ^•- °' Oiford, Praottoaljoke, O. frightened by, 6!Ht. S??»*'J^"*"' "' Boston, 478, 646. i582 ^tt. Henry, of Philadelphia, 4. 628 INDEX Preocoiipfttlon, G's, 347, 309, 4l7-il8, «»n, 5143, 664-586. Pre»ideiicy, O. talked o^ for, 483. President, the, G's letter on arrests In Ireland, 394-3»5. Preston, Rt. Rev. Monalgnor, of New \orV, 477, 486-486, 488-489. Prince, photograph of G. by, 603. Prill tlug, G's employment at, 42. 43- 46, 83-84, 88, 94-96, 102-103, 106. 108. Z^'^A^'^tl^^' 13«>-^31, 132 135 IS? 142-143, 136-162; G's couneotion with, 154-172, 154, 176. "Problems of the Time." See Works. Procrastination, G's habit of. 246- 247. " Professor," attractiveness of title to G., 275. "Krofessor Bullhead," G's name for Huxley, 669. Professors, G. and the, 280-281, 322- m, 325, 341, 548, 552, 591 ; Schopen- hauer and the, 648. "Progress and Poverty." See Works. 1 " Proletarian." See Works. Propaganda Fide, Sacred Congrega- tion of the, 386, 486-487, 488. " ftoperty In Laud.' ' See Works. "ftvphet of San Francisco," by Duke of Argyll, 444-445. Prosperity, G's tear of much, 587- 688. Protectionism, G. opposed to. See Free Trade. "Protection or Free Trade?" See Works. Pwfor, Judge Roger A., of New York, 666. "Public Ledger," of PhUadelphla, 69-60. Punishment, corporal, for children, Queensland, G's visit to, 532, 633. Quesnay, teachings of G. and those of, 229. QuoHtioning, a feature of G's speak- ing, 611, 516. Rae, W. Fraser, of London. 324, 397. Kiiilroad, Central Paciflo, early his- tory of, 142; completion of. 209- 210; Chinese question and, 196-196. 290 ; G. flghta, 182-183, 186, 192, 206, 210-211, 214-218, 236, 316-817; G. and the natural order, 209-210. (See Works.) Ralston. William H., of San Fran- cisco, 264. Ramsey, John, of Sydney, 631. Rapp, A. H., partner In " Post," 237- 238. Reading, G's love and habits of, 10- U, 84, 86-88, 91, 96, 101, 102-103, 122, 131, 263, 267-268, 288, 2S9, 801-308. Reasoning, early development in G., 13n. "Record-Union," of Sacramento, 216n, 326. "Reduction to Iniquity," G's reply to Argyll. See Works. Redpatb, James, of New York, 331. 466-466 484. Reed, D'Ar^ w., of London, 679. Reed, Rev. Dr., of Philadelphia, 133. Reeves, William, Publisher, Lon- don, 348-422. Reform Club, of New York, circu- lates " Protection or Free Trade I " 674. lield, George H., M.P., of Now South Wales, 636, 637-638. Reid, Maiy, G's paternal grand- mother, 1-2. Reld, Whltelaw, of New York, 187. " Reign of Law," G's obligations to, 446—446. Relnhart, Amelia, of Philadelphia, Religion, G's training and views, 14, 16, 36, 41, 48, 61, 90, 103-104, 106, Wo- rn, 128, 132-134, 252, 267, 260, .Sll- 312, 328-329, 432-433, 602, 641, 546-548, 6oo« Rent, relation to.wagea and interest. 178 17&-180 "Reporter," 'Sacramento, G. editor and part owner of, 201, 216m, 211- 216. Repreientatlon, proportional, 176. Residences, G. South Tenth Street, Philadelphia, l; South Third Street, 8; Wharf Street, Victoria, B. C, 78; "What Cheer House," San Friinoisco,te4 ; Watoma Street, 89; Pino Street, 89; City Hotel, Sacramento, 136; Russ Street, San BJranolsco, 144 ; Perry Street, 162 ; old Federal Building, 205 ; Steven- sou Street, 216; Valencia Street, m; first Rinoou Hill, 261 ; second rancon HiU, 288; third Rlnoon HUl, 801; Sanollito, 2«3; Fort Washington, New York, 348 ; Four- teenth Street, 4lo; Hancock Street, Brooklyn, 410; Crawford Farm, Jamaica, L. I., 447 ; Macon Street, Brooklyn, 447 ; Pleasant Avenue, New 'York, 459-4C0; Nineteenth Street, 609 ; Merrlwold Park, New York State, 658-569; Fort Hamil- ton, Greater New York, 669. Responsibility, G's judgment un- der, 567. Revenue Reform Club, of Brooklyn, 350. Rlcardo, David, G. and, 228, 362m. Rice, Allen Thorndlke, of New York, 408. ' Rice mills, G's employment in, 88- 89,91. " Richard UI." See Shakespeare. Sc S( Sc 8c Sc Sc i INDEX 629 Riobmond taken, 15S. & "^^^^ **■• ^^ ^""^ Francisco, ^*ii°4;?'!l/°"*'"«''«' *'>'* horseback, aOfl, 814, 260-261 ; bicycle, 543-644 o40-H>4o. "Rights of Man, The Real," by ThoraaB Spence, 368-369. Rio Janeiro, O's visit to, 62, 63. Riots. iiKlustrlal, 290. 266* 33^'"*^ A., of San Francisco, Roberts, Joseph, of Philadelphia, 20. YorkT' Beverly, of New Robinson, Mary E., wife of R. p. George, 669. Kookefeller, William, of New York, Rookwood, photograph of G. by, 603. Roel-8mlth, Carl, bust of G., 686. Rogers, Prof. J. E. Thorold, on wages, 617. Rome, visit to, 539. Roosevelt, Theodore, mayoralty candidate against O., 473-474, 480. RoyalExchango,London,G'8spoech before, 451-462. ^OY<iGB, G's book, 322, 333, 404-406, Ruskln, John, 425. Russell, L. -A,,Hutohin8 will case, 010. ^om"oI?""^® ^'^'^ ^«* 86* speech, Rylett, Rev. Harold, of Belfast, 389. Salisbury, Lord, 464. Salvation Army, 421 ; traffic in girls, c *21 ; G's hopes for, 639-640. San Diego, G'a visit to, 68. S*^on. George, M. A., of London, ®^««"Jj,-^"^^*''*ioP' McGlynn case, OHO-661. ■' SaturdayNlght," Philadelphia, 171. Saunders, William, Preeldeut Cen- ^iH^^VJ-^^?^^'.^?^'' "The Con- dition of English Agricultural La- bourers," 410 ; offers to back G. for London newspaper, 416; Land Re- !?^^°**?'Ia*22; "The Democrat," 449 ; Royal Exchange meeting, 461 1 S;JU^ guest across Atlantic, 518 « « *i**l? ^,';*"«*^ '•^"ture tour 516 H<.h?M*!,7"°r Y*^^^' ^1^' ^^,' *^0: death o't «»; "Social Problems" dedi- cated to, 403, 410; bequest to G., ^LY"^^ K6*« "Progress anti Poverty "from, 471. (See Letters.) Shoannan, Thomas G.. G's flrstloe- ture In Brooklyn, 350; close to Beecher, 850; Deimonlco's ban- quet, 400; the word "oonflsca- tlon." 863, 423»; suggests torij "sinrfe tax," 496n; iwlltles and ^^**"^?T6'1y Society, 605-606; be- M«? .9^^. legislative committee^ rJ? ' ^?,^**'^"<>" "r Free Trade ? " 574 ; William J. Rryan^ 682. Sherman, General W. T., 66d. fihevitoh, Sergius E„ of New York. Shipping, American, 2-8, 30n-31n. SWp^s iBteward, G. as, on Shubrick, ^^*.*^;.^^*'^""«® of G's papers for, ^ 243^2«^ «langer of being, 241-242, Short, Dr., of San Francisco, 270. i>hubrick U. 8. lighthouse tender, in YoH"" ®- '«^®"* to California, 60^ ploy by James A. "Shore Acres, Heme, 660. " Sic Semper Works. Tyrannis." Bee 630 INDEX ^"Sf *?Jl' Cardinal, McGlynn ease, 383, 386. 486-487, 489, 40(M9I, 493-496. Simon, G., EngllBh author of "The Chinese City?' 619. Slmonds, Mre., 124 ; wife of Slmonda, Kev. 8. D., of Ban Fran- cisco, 104, 124-126, 166. "'SPl*?**^' **'»' *ia-*17, 426-426, 642. 643-646, 647, 649-662, 653-666. ' Simpson, Hon. Jerry, of Kansas, 672. Blnai, G. sees, 639. ^'?r?„®^l*y' **'»' «^26, 467-470, 478. ® »ih^^ iKimtliis, joint author of 6M ^ ™^ Dictatorship," ®*?o^^®.?*^' explanation of, 229, 468- 469, 614-616 ; based on feudal svs- tem, 226; and effect. 226-227; elu- cidated in "The Science of Politi- cal Economy," 664; first use of terra, 496-496; G.on the tenn,496n; and line of least resistance to, 679 application to Ireland, 347; and the world, 348; first natl^ai con- ference In the United States, 640- 641; ChicaKo 1893 Conference, 496n; policy first tried In Soutli Australia, 633 ; first appearance In Congress, 679 ; progress of the Idea, 613-614, 616-616, 675, 678-680; de^ nounced as against Catholic doc- trine, 486-486. 487 ; McGlynn's de- fence, 486, 491 ; and Q's, 487 ; Papal encycUcal against, 666: G's an- fJI^'VoS*^"^^' "fre« doctrine," 666M^n.; Pope's changed view or, 6fl6n ; formally declared not to .P, """intrary to Catholic doctrine, o61-vio2. Sisters Of Charity, 107, 123. ^^S?L.« *"*^'' a»lta«on In, 431-432, «0-461; G. lectures In, 433, 460: his suggestions for Immediate re- llOif 451. ^m-I^.a*ui:i9^'"^'''^-««' Slavery, Industrial, what nerved G fl^nst. 191-193; way to abolish; Sleep, g! and, 303. Smith, Adam, 1m, lOn, 86. '"'8 278 ^ 868, 411-412. 664-666, 691, 693. ' ' Smith, Goldwln, 34a!34i.' Smith, John Q., partner In " Even- S.IJi?l.''°T'*^'".**^J20, 160, 161, 162. Smith, Samuel, M. p . iflnVnmn «Si™*?;'*'^«iO'«^«batew1tT5w! Smoking, 6. and, 203, 656. S»^5 roraiB. O'a dislike of, 264-266, a^«l?iJ*P'5;- against, 897-398, 498. ^°."^"y^i*' ^ " motion with. 422-423. «6-498, 499, 600-601 ; Arnold T^- ^U"«n"S*'*"«'^*«^«^»«^« "Social Problems." See Works. " Social statics," 816, sKS. ' iot-imT"°*' ^**^ «tBeo2SMon. Speaking, G's early, 168-170 9Aa-» California, 120^ o« ^ta-anscontinental line 4|i8?.l«.^2?fa°^"°°^«^^' " Telegraph," Melbourne, 636-636 ^8fflo»'''"<»""«'>J^'«'««as- TheaMcafe, G's taste for, 99, 266. l^emlstocles, 219. Thl^'Vp ^T"" Froaression, rmTiSt.'. "y F- E. Dove, 620. ^^nft G'8 habits of, 13, 34, 42-44 80, 91, 209-210, 261, 303, 326. U3^ ' ^h?a1 "^^^'^^ ^•' o' Fwi^el- de^M^""' ^'"'^d »^-' o' FhUa- IS^m ' "• '^•' **' ^*° Francisco, Thor, G's pet dog, 646. Thorn, WlUiam S , New York uu Thm-ber, Francis ^Tot New 'yS**, Thurman, Hon. Allen G., of Ohio, ^«m^2?™y®* J- «' New York,- G. supports, for presidency, 266-^272 "^•«*^^ ^**®^ estimate oli^s. wK «"ay <"> use 'of. s^ "mme8,'New York," 483. Kw, 444? ^°'*''°' ««»-^' 39*. "E"11*'" SiSj" Francisco, G's con- S WorW "'• "^"•' »«»' «S. "i48?l»o' ^°^' **' Sacramento, 142- Tolstol, Count Leon, 614. Tonbeau, M. A., of Paris, 619. Torrens, W. McCuUogh, iiu Toynbee, Aiuold, of Oxford, 419. 632 INDEX Tracy, Gen. Bcmamln P., see. Tracy, Hon. Oiiarloe, 6( New York, ^«;^»on8, G'e sympathy with, Transatlantic cable, the flrat. 79. " Transcript," of Oakland, G.' editor 0^, m, 200. 201, 008, 209, 211. "TranBorlpt, The Boston," 331. Translations of G's books, French, S.^.L?®'"?''"' ^5 Italian, 667 cenoral notes, f ' , 592. ^4?m."' ^" ^" ®*° Pranclsoo. "I^ty of Kilmainham," 371-372 Trenwlth. W. M. P.. of 'MelbSo, Trerelyan, Bt. Hon. George O., 880, " Tribune, New York," 182, 186-187 193-203, 230, 486. ^ ^oo-un, " Trlbuno," of Chicago, 201. ili^Pio*","^' *" Sa" Francisco, 124. ^TiSL*''^**' N®^ York. 36^-366. Tjibte, Hiram, of Oakland, 208. 43*^39 aiioodote of G. in a, TurreU, O. B., in San Francisco, 174- 175. Type-setttng. (See Printing.) Type-writing machine, G's use of. Typographical Union, Eureka, G. " Uncle Tom's Cabin," eflfeot on G., 48j raraUel, 317. ' ^S*"^,? JlPosraflco-Edltrlce, Italian publishers of G's works, 667. "Union," of Baoramento, G. com- Union Square Hotel, G's political h«»dquart6r8,601; where G. died, 006, 607. "m Ireland," G. helps it, 364- tJnlted Labour Party of New York its organisation, 469-481 ; the 188T campaign, 496-S()3; G'a break with, 608-606; national politics, 612: Re- ,^P'iblioan recognition, 6I2-613. U^ted States Book Company, New PoS'Cl *'^®***''' "^*t®r*othe Urner,' Benjamin, treasurer Anti- Poverty Society, 492. Valdlvia, G. touches at. 68. ^^^'^™e, John, G's maternal grand- VaUance, Mary. G's aunt, 4, 21. 130 Valparaiso, G. fouches at, 68.i' Vau Brunt, Justice, of New York, ^!i?«J?",??°'>'<»' New York, ita- mortality, 646-647. ^S? S^^' J»»epli. O's uncle, 16. *U, 43, 7y. "^Sr».5^*'*i''"^K« Robert, Greater New York mayoralty, 696. Venice, G. visits, 639. ia**'^2!««"**^*'**'J^*» flrst visit, 18, 19, 29-82; second visit, 633-636; -,, f ro^^^ and Poverty " in, 397. Victoria, Queen, G's alleged diaro- f'pect to, 426-427. v^«?.f ®*J?"°«'" o'New York, 474. ^"'i>SHiSL*'°^'A ^- *'•• translates m^?^!^"** Poverty"intoGe.> ^^.*u?{-^"!?' French translator ?,.! ^*'*®<'**o'» or Free Trade!" oi9n. ^if^^*"/?*"^**™**' 7*W-75n, 80, 84, ^S^^' ®- "° ^®al law of, 196-197 ^^ ; cprent politicpl economy tTon'»t;^:«^'^*p"^^^"«^'^«- WaJ^A Battles, of San Francisco, "^cSfJL.-^' ^l««-P'-««Jde»tlal Wales, Prince of, 484. Walker, Prof. Francis A., census re- ports, 409-410. Walker Thomas F., G's first ac- 3>T. I*i?'^:5®i>'7*^' ^»5 G. visits, 422; Land Reform Union, 422; St. James's Hall lecture, 426 Taylor le«t"™, anecdote, 428n; G's third ut^^h lecture trip, 6I6 ; circulates Protection or Free Ti-ade 1 " 574 : ^paganda work, 579. (See Let^ Walker, Gen. William, of Tennessee, ""MaV^at™"- ^^ MoCloekey, ^W7^98' ■^®*' RusseU, 353-364, 882, ^A^"S5'';o^^™""<*' "' Philadelphia, W%^^' %:'*',87» ISO, 151, 171. '^ ' ,i*?n '5"*^'"1«»> o* PhUadelphla, 13. 14, 49, 62, 73» 131-182. ' ' icJ*?i?'«S°'"^' brother of Charles, 10, zv, ov. "^|™»r'gHon. John De Witt, of New Washington, Hon. Joseph H.. of Tennessee, 572. ' Washoe discoveries, 100-101, 102. f'l'u*^^^* Justice, of South Aus- wraija, 5o3. Wealth, G's dream <.; 166-167; de- parture of dream, «55; oonoeutra- Jon. 279, 28^286, 468-469; contraRt With poverty, 191-193, 210 ; dc«*p- 2T(J"ig2-laT&7S:"^ '^^•^'^'"«' INDEX " Wealth of Nations " r n^^ W^hi.' «n ^'®*^' f' ill>lln, 363. 364. W^«.3^aviaA..of>.^YoPk,m. WeUa. Fargo Express. 182,186,192. '"wh..t V^K^^'r?*^ London, 549. W^aUUe Railroad wm Bring Us." ^Whv"^-^*?^ Greenleaf, M9. ^You'S' ^''^- ^^»P A., Of Loa- WHh.r'n^' *'" a»n«i«08 to, 42&-427 ^S,'2^'^^-^-^^«"»J°g.ofLoi^ Wjtaartli, Prof. L. E., of New York. ^ySKc."^""''- ^^ «' West Wk.gate, Charles F.. of New York. w?""!^"',!""*"! Influence of. 86-87 WoodhuU, John T.. of Camden.!?: J., Woodward, R. B., of San Francisco. Works.^G^''*^"'*"'- see Writing. Books : |6,236. 237, mSTrnJ-^V^, fiS?" Ko^rro?^;S' fcr2/^f'3#'3»i; 6?a.l8ll.S ^??' ^^' ^'^^^ ^««' "i nfiH?;^^ i'^'*'*> ^and Question" 633 n^'?.H*'**"° "r Free Trade?" /iM,v ^Condition of Labour" a89l).«atme and history oKei Ma^ Perplexed Philosopher" (1892). nature and history otMS- omv^?^/^?S,? «' Political Eoon- &c' Marazine artiolesi i9 • " Rwl'""^ ^^ Supernatural." Z.'. u^^^ *n Elections. "285 tt; "CouiuKm Sfitifl^ !,.%„_?' 1S9 2^.' <.^""«'y "1 Elections." 285 land" iSs'. 4^^S'ai'rt and Ire- & ^iL; a"^klha^y'^?i^^« "Land and 'raxatlou,"456vt^'Mm,' ey in Eleotious." 4(^'82^