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Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mithoda. errata Id to nt le pelure, qon A 32X 1 2 3 1 a S 4 8 6 ,/?•" A COMMEMORATIVE ORATION, DELIVERED AT THE miMk IN KING'S COLLEGE, FREDERICTON, JV NK 25, 1857. BY WIILIAH imiDOXE JAOK, II. f. I. rnoiicssou or m a rii em atics and natuuai. r ii i t, n so rii v I'll EIM:K1C TON : MMI'HdN, l'ltlNri:H ltA.IKKTVi 1857. 1 ■<*% y# /' KD 4 PR A COMMEMORATIVE ORATION, DBLIVEEED AT THE ENCINIA IN KING'S COLLEGE, FREDERIOTON, JUNE 25, 1857. BY WILLIAM BRYDOIIE JACK, D.G.L. rRorisson or matuimatics and natorai. pHiLosornr. FREDERICTON: 1, SIMPSON, PRINTKR TO TUB UIIIRN'S MOST BXCIIitINT MAJBSTt, 1857. *>sr L The Oration Founde duty thi ■o often you wil I now a In ev man's p are und from th( power e due to 1 of the I things f upon tl means though faculti< vidualt impro^ throug w A COMMEMORATIVE ORATION. The Statutes of this University require that an Annual Oration be delivered within these walls, in praise of the Founders and Benefactors of the Institution. This year the duty thus prescribed devolves upon me ; and after others have ■0 often and so eloquently addressed you upon the subject, you will readily give me credit for sincerity when I say, that I now appear before you with no small degree of diffidence. In every civilized community, — in every country wherein man's proper place in creation and the dignity of his mission are understood and appreciated, — it is perceived that, apart from the divine inflatus whereby he becomes a living soul, his power and superiority over the rest of the animal creation are due to the peculiar gifts of reason and of language. By means of the former he is enabled to trace the mutual relations of things and their influences upon one another, and to speculate upon the mysterious connection between cause and effect : by means of the latter he can make known his motives, his thoughts and his feelings to his fellow-men. These peculiar faculties are possessed in different degrees by different indi- viduals, but in all they are susceptible of great and marked improvement by cultivation. Seeing, then, that from and through them originate all advancement in knowledge, all pre-eminence in art, all the blessings of government, and all national changes, whether for the better or the worse, it is clearly of the utmost importance that every effort should be made not only to increase their efficiency, but also to give to their powers a beneficial and suitable direction. Hence it ! IHVrZl comes that in all nations which have occupied a prominent place in the world's history and heen instrumental in promoting human proj^ress, Schools for intellectual discipline and instruc- tion have received generous encouragement and support. Every body has heard of the Schools of the ancient Grecian Philosophers; and although these sages, for the most part, scorned that simply useful knowledge which is now too generally regarded as the only knowledge worth possessing, yet who would venture to assert that such illustrious men did not exercise a beneficial influence in their day and generation, and that their lofty speculations have not most materially contri- buted to the elevation of the human race ? Permanent and well-appointed establishments for imparting instruction in the higher branches of learning exert an advan- tageous and wholesome influence in many ways. In them are found embodied the wisdom and intellectual advancement of the age ; and they serve as resting and rallying points, from which fresh inroads are to be made into the dark regions of the unknown. In them mind acts upon mind, and the intellect is not only invigorated, but prompted to take loftier and bolder flights. The student who has the high privilege of resorting to such an institution feels, on entrance, that he is not merely to acquire a certain portion of information, but that he is admitted a member of a learned community } — that he has become connected with that which is substantial and lasting, not merely with that which is artiflpial and transitory. He flnds around him men who can appreciate his cravings for intellectual superiority, and the spirit of emulation fires him with the noble ambition to excel. Even if he cannot stand pre-eminent, it becomes a point of honor with him to strive to be no disgrace to the venerated body in whose ranks he has been enrolled. If in these respects this University has hitherto failed in achieving aught that is great or glorious, the fault does not lie with the founders. To them still belongs the merit, and to them be a(;curded the praise of founding in New Brunswick an Institution with such high objects in view. The principle that in tl ions an ti sound in establ] tained ii and beat It will loj tiiat it 01 iome pa| duty an( been fou at once, and time dence, t( Ihroughc of be pr« for glorj Ever) improve ledge se advance Hence £ Univers sible ; x mark o Institui encour talents progre Loo and ta sued V much from i the Fi to the from •ed a prominent Jtal in promoting 'ine and instruc- 't and support, ancient Grecian the most part, owtoog^enerally ssing, yet who s men did not generation, and aterially contri- s for imparting xert an advan- In them are dvancement of ? points, from ark regions of pd the intellect tier and holder :e of resorting is not merely ut that he is —that he has I and lasting, insitory. He cravings for lion fires him cannot stand 1 to strive to onks he has to failed in does not lie 8"t. and to Brunswick he principle Ihnt in this country provision should bo made for affording its ions an education not inferior to the demands of the age, was d sound one, and one worthy of the good men who succeeded hi establishing it. This was the fundamental principle con- tained in their work, and one which they believed would live and bear fruit after they were dead and forgotten ; and I trust it will long be regarded as a principle of such inestimable value that it ought never to be abandond. If experience has proved iome parts of their scheme to be faulty, these it becomes the duty and the privilege of their successors to amend : if it has been found that there are other parts which cannot be realized at once, but which require to be modified to suit persons, places and times, it may be an act of true wisdom, as well as of pru- dence, to alter these in conformity to such requirements. Rut, throughout every change, let the grand principle I have spoken of be preserved, and New Brunswick may yet have good reason for glorying in her University. Every day of life supplies the means of self-culture and improvement to the wise ; and the boundaries of human know- ledge seem capable of almost indefinite extension, as mankind advance in their destined course of civilization and proficiency. Hence an education, such as that afforded by Colleges and Universities, is becoming every day more and more indispen- sible ; and all thoughtful and clear-sighted men regard it as a mark of sound policy in a nation to establish and foster such Institutions, and provide them with the means of directing and encouraging in their onward career of study, those whose talents and acquirements promise to contribute to human progress. Looking at the matter from the narrowest point of view, and taking into consideration only one department of study pur- sued within these walls, 1 beg you to consider for an instant how much really valuable information our young men may acquire from an experienced and able teacher regarding the Flora and the Fauna of our Province ; and how much profit might accrue to them from a knowledge of its geological formations, and from an intimate acquaintance with the nature and properties of the minerals underneath its surface ; and then, I would ask you, whether you can have any sympathy with those, who in their blind zeal for the total subversion of the College, vii-tually say to the youth of the Province, * we will allow you no oppor- tunity in this your native land of obtaining instruction on these subjects, — so far as it depends upon us, the great book of nature with all its wonders shall remain to you an illegible book, — so fur as it depends upon us, your minds shall never be elevated, nor your reverential feelings excited by a systematic study and an intelligent contemplation of the marvellous beauty, the harmonious adaptation, and glorious majesty of the Works of Him whose kingdom ruleth over all.' It is sheer folly or shallow pretence, in the would-be-destroyers of the College, to say that our young men can acquire all the needful infor- mation on these and other useful subjects at our Academies or Grammar Schools. This, I am certain cannot be accom- plished, unless in these as ample provision be made for the pur- pose of giving special instruction in the different departments of study as is at present enjoyed by this Institution. To obtain the hii^her, and therefore the most efficient and useful instruction in the various subjects comprehended in a liberal education, it becomes absolutely necessary to make a division of labour among the teachers; and science has now penetrated so deeply into the mysterious laws of nature, and can show by so many examples how these may be made subservient to the objects of art, or rendered available for practical purposes, that even the most clamorous for only useful learning are obliged to acknowledge the value of this higher teaching. Many arts and professions owe their very existence to Chemical Science alone ; and their onward progress towards perfection is depen- dent on the rapid flow of the tide of discovery in that science. That these are really useful matters on which instruction is needed, inasmuch as they can be made directly available and turned to profitable account in the ordinary business of life, the so-styled practical man will in all probability admit ; but then, he may perhaps be ready to ask, with a triumphant air, what benefit society is likely to derive from the vain theories ji ..J^ fyr- m then, I would ask i^ith those, who in College, virtually ow you no oppor- struction on these 'at book of nature illegible book,— - 'ever be elevated, eniatic study and ous beauty, the of the Works of Js sheer folly or of the College, 5 needful infor- our Academies nnot be accom- lade for the pur- departments of f To obtain the 'eful instruction eral education, 'sion of labour rated so deeply 'W by so many to the objects ses, that even ire obliged to r* Many arts mical Science tion is depen- that science. instruction is available and iness of life, ' admit j but Jniphant air, ain theories ||nd empty speculations of philosophers ; and of what possible Ikse the study at College of the loftier and painfully accessible branches of learning can be to mankind in general. This question could be most readily and satisfactorily answered by •n appeal to facts ; — by showing that most of the grand dis- coveries, which have contributed so largely to the advancement <»f the age, and which form at once its glory and its boast, have lleen the fruits of purely theoretical investigations. To these we owe the discovery of Electro-plating and gilding, and the beautiful art of Photography : to these the Miner is indebted for his Safety Lamp, which preserves him from harm while lurrounded by an element of destruction, apparently uncon- trollable by human power : and the discovery of the Electric Telegraph itself, — the most wonderful invention of modern times — can be traced, by a process of pure deduction, from the fundamental principles of abstract science. Without, however, wearying you with illustrations of the value of theoretical science, even in a merely commercial and practical point of view, I may be permitted to ask, what could bo apparently more remote from any useful application than the investigation of the curious phenomena of polarized light ? Who could have believed that the narrow track of observation opened up by Malus, a young French officer of Engineers, as he looked through a prism at the windows of the Palace of the Luxembourg, would have taken such a direction as to furnish the Navigator with the means of detecting rocks and shoals in the depths of the ocean, and thereby preserving him from their lurking dangers, — as to enable the Chemist with unerring certainty and a rapidity previously undreamt of, to tell the amount of Sugar in the Cane, Beet, and Parsnip juice, at different stages in the growth of the plant, and thus to point out to the manufacturer when and on what article he can most economically bestow his labour, — as to assist the Engineer to discover the laws of tension in beams, and thereby give addi. tional security to life and property, — as to provide the Astro- nomer with a new method of measuring unapproachable objects, and even of marking the passage of time, as well as of deciding 8 whether yon far distant shining speck which has just burst upon his astonished vision, owes its brilliancy to the light pro- ceeding from itself, or borrowed from other bodies ?* These facts in the history of physical science, and others which might be adduced in almost endless profusion, afford incontrovertible evidence of the value of theoretical investiga- tions ; and prove that it would be presumption in any one to assert that such investigations are unworthy of attention, because being to all appearance of a purely speculative character, they can never lead to any usmi result, or be brought to bear upon matters connected with the ordinary concerns of life. In this particular, the tide of public opinion seems now to be setting in the proper direction ; and^ it is beginning to be recognized at last, that in an advanced stage of civilization a competition in industry must be a competition in intellect ; and that more and more encouragement must be given to the cultivation of theoretical science, as forming the bnsis and ground-work of all true progress. It thus appears that instruction in the highest and most abstruse branches of learning ought nut to be neglected, even though we should ngreu to measure the value of all knowledge by the stan- dard adopted by those who maintain that science is only useful in so far as it can be rendered applicable to practice. This 'See Plajfair'is Lecture in the Hecords of tin- Sohool of MincH. On the Bnme Bubiecl, Mill, in 1)18 work on Political ICconoinv, mnkcs tho followitia reinorks : — " In n national, or universal point of viow, the labour of the xuvpnt, ur speculative thinker, is ns much a part of production in the very nnrrowcst HiMite, as that of the inventor of a practical art; many such invenlioii.H being the direct conietpienccs of tlieorrtic discoveries, and every extension of knowledge of the powurs of nainru being fruitful of applications to tho purposes of outward life. The ♦•Ipctro-maonetic iclcgraiih was tho wonderful ami most unexpected consequence nfihu uxporiiiiiMits of (Krstcd ana tho mathematical investigations o(^ Ampere : and the modern art of navigation is on uiiforsocn emanation from the purely speculative and nppuruntly iiu'rcly curious enijuiry, by the iiiathoiiiiuicioim of Alexandria, into the proper ties uf three curves formed by the intersoctiun of n plane hurface and a cone. No limit can be set to the importanco, oven in u purely pnuhuuivo and moteriol point of view, of more thought. Inusmucli, however, as these matoriol f I'.itn, thouj;h tho result, arc seldom tlie direct purpuBu of the pursuits nf savants, nor i:\ tin .r remuneration in general derived fVom ilio increitsed pradut.tion which miiv be cauiicd incidentally, and mostly after a long interval, by their discovurios, this ultimiitu Influence docs not, for inoKt of the jxirposcs oT pulilioal economy, require to be taken into consideration ; and speculativu tliinkeri are generaliv classed as the producers only uf the bonks, or other useable or saleabln articles which directly emanato from them. Hut when (as in politicol econmny ono should always be prepared to do) we shift our point of view, and consider not iniliviJual acts, and tho motives liy which they nro detormineil, but notiounl and universal results, intellectual speculation must be looked upon as a most inlliinntial part of the productive labour of society, and the portion (if its resourees employed in carry iiigoa and in remunerating such labuur, us • highly proUuotivo part of its oxpvndilura," fnit of ts it do| which c ignorani •f the ' ■landari iMis beeil «ften as| will be For, in(3 tedge isl ftre foU([ we are to our us supe| on this preteni that he and th wants t than th iha it Is a its chi cumst anyth sayini quite foUy, since to ri crro subj . pcrf lual 10 I inl '^as just burst to the light pro- dies ?* nc«, and others rofusion, afford etical investi^a- > in any one to y of attention, e'y speculative •"csult, or be 1 the ordinary pubh'c opinion 'on ; and, it is dvanced stage a competition fnent must be » forming the most abstruse 'cn though we o by the stan- oiily useful in ictice. This 'l/Iiegnmesubjeci, • in n national, or » as much a pan of •«' ««( iiianyguoh >y«ry exieinion o( rpoHog of outward cte.l consequence Ampere i and the speculative and "1(0 tlie proper «• No limit can ' view, of more are soldom tli.. nil dorivod from • a 'onu[ interval, "SI'S of political • a":" Bonerallv onicle. whicJi »uld alwayn be •nil the inotivea '«! "peculation ""cty, and the 9 i&it of measure is undoubtedly of great value ; and affording ii it does outward and visible manifet ations of its worth, which can be appreciated equally by the learned and the ignorant, it has in our times, and more especially on this side •f the Atlantic, come to be looked upon as the true and only Handard. In the teachings at this University, every disposition Ins been shown to acknowledge its merits, by employing it as «flten as occasion permits. Nevertheless a very little reflection will be sufficient to convince us that it is partial and^impcrfect. For, independent of the transitory things of this world, know- ledge is valuable for its own sake. In the acquisition of it wc are following the dictates of both nature and revelation, since we are cultivating that special talent which God has entrusted to our keeping, and through which he has been pleased to give us superiority and dominion over the rest of his animal creation on this terrestrial globe. In all systems of education which pretend to educate man as man, it ought never to be forgotten that he is an intellectual and moral, as well as physical being ; and that he has been so constituted by his Mokcr as to have wants and pleasures of a far more refined and exquisite kind than those which merely concern the body. I have indulged in these somewhat trite remarks, because it is a very common thing in this Province, more especiiilly in its chief commercial City, for parents, even in affluent cir- cumstances, to excuse themselves for not giving their sons anything beyond a common Grammar School education, by saying that, as they are intended fur men of business, this is quite sufficient for all their requirements ; and that it would be folly, or at least un utter waste of time, to send them to College, since they could there gain nothing which would enable them to ride faster or higher in the world. Now this is a very erroneous and mischievous view to take of this very important subject, and one which every educated and right-thinking person ought, to condemn ; inasmuch ns it ignores the intellec- tual and moral nature of nmn, excepting so far ns conducive to his self-gratification and mere worldly aggrandizement. It in truth owoi its origin to the same spirit of mammon as that I 10 which renders man a foe to godliness ; and against which the earnest and pious minister of religion finds too much and too just cause for incessant complaint. It behooves us, therefore, to unite our efforts with those of the Clergyman, and resolve to check as far as lies in our power the far too prevalent idea that wealth is the real measure of worth ; that professions and trades exist merely for the sake of the riches which they draw in their train ; that the acquisition and accumulation of money is the grand end and aim of our existence ; and that for this purpose we are to toil and moil and waste our energies and even our lives. Such ideas tend to the degradation of man's higher and better nature, and of ali those pursuits which are immediately connected with mind ; — they stifle the feelings of his spiritual existence, and deaden the consciousness of his belonging to a nobler and more excellent economy than that which is conversant with money-making, or the manufacture or sale of commodities. A taste for literature and science, so far Trom being incompatible with the necessary business of life, serves to relieve and sweeten its toil ; and the man who, huppily for his own sake, has been imbued with it in early days, finds that he possesses within himself many sources of pleasure and enjoyment, which arc unknown to and untasted by others who have been less fortunate in their education. Before I conclude, it may be expected that I should offer a few remarks upon the Bill relating to King's College, which has been recently laid before the public, under the auspices of the College Council. This Bill merits attention, not only on account of the source from which it emanates, but also for the important alterations which it contemplates in the administra- tion of the Institution. The scheme which it embodies may not nrobably corroHpond with the ideal which many of us may have formed ; but we ought to bear in mind that the Council may have considered the existence of the College at stake ; and that at a crisis when decided changes wer^ expected, it would bo well for the honor and educational prosperity of New Brunswick, if these could bo so controHod as to prevent their assuming nn excessive and violent character. Such being the gpgition o1 iUfbether i predilecti frbich ack be preser| education It woul| examine ndvantag question consider lated to contain t ncceptab fair and the want and use inducein Provinc for a s< generoD and mc enumci success Alumn the w(i I ar . quartc litts be of the is ind youtl well lion, Sedj heui tind inst ivhich the much and too us, therefore, and resolve to alent idea that ions and trades fhey draw in •on of money ^ that for this energies and t'on of man's its which are he feelings of isness of his fny than that manufacture and science, y business of Ije man who, nearly days, ' of pleasure etJ by others ould offer a 'ege, which auspices of not only on ilso for the tdministra- odies may of UB may 10 Council Qt stake; pectod, it y of New ont their ^eing the 11 llbsition of affairs, it might be matter for grave consideration ilhether it would not be sound policy to concede some of our |ifredilections and opinions in order that the vital principle, which acknowledges the necessity for such an instituion, might be preserved, and the interest of the higher branches of •ducation continue to be represented within the Province. It would be out of place in me, on the present occasion, to examine in detail the various provisions of the Bill. The advantages likely to be derived from some of these, might be questioned ; while of the measure as a whole, all circumstances considered, a favourable opinion may be entertained, as calcu- lated to be productive of good. At all events, it seems to contain the germs of such a measure as ought to be generally acceptable, and as is most likely to secure for the College that fair and impartial hearing, which has long been denied it, and the want of which has stood so much in the way of its popularity and usefulness. Could public confidence be established, the inducements held forth by the Bill to all the young men of the Province, without distinction of rank or creed, to resort hither for a sound and liberal education, are of such a free and generous nature, us to lead one to anticipate from them the boi^t and most satisfactory results. And if the different branches enumerated in the schedule of instruction, can be well and successfully tuuglit within the specified time, sure I am that tin; Alumni of this University would rank second to those of fv.\\ in the world. I am aware that the scheme has been objected to in certain quarters, ns having the effect of turning the College into what lins been d<>nominatcd a Godless Institutiin. The originators of the Bill, however, expressly declare that religious instruction is indispensable to a .collegiate course of study, and that no youth can be well-educated who is not instructed in Religion as well as in Science and Literature. They quote with approba- tion, and emphatically endorse the sentiments of Professor Sedgwick, when be says: — "A Philosopher ma^ be cold- hearted and irreligious, n Moralist may be without benevolence, and a Theologian may be wanting in the common rlmritiei^ of : m 12 life. All this shows that knowledge is not enough, unless feel- ings and habits go along with it, to give it meaning, andio carry it into practical effect. Religion reaches the fountain head of all these evils, and she alone gives us an antagonist principle whereby we may effectually resist them." It is, therefore, not only conceded by the framers of the Bill that man is a spiritual and accountable being, but also that all education is good, only so far as it proceeds upon this supposi- tion ; and they lay down the doctrine that " the Government, if not as representing the collective sentiments of all religious persuasions, yet as being at least the guardian of their equal rights, should require that the evidences, the truths, and the morals of Christianity should lie at the foundation of all public Collegiate instruction, and the spirit of Christianity pervade its whole administration. As to the teaching of what is peculiar to each religious persuasion, this clearly appertains to such religious persuasion and not to the Government." The objection which I have been considering, would proba- bly be deprived of any weight which it may still have in the minds of some religious and conscientious persons, if every ohristain denomination — and be it observed that all are respect- fully recognized in the Bill — were allowed the option of con- necting with this University a School of Divinity for the purpose of teaching its own peculiar religious tenets ; — each of these schools to enjoy all the advantages and privileges conferred by such connection, but to be supported by the denomination which it represents. It might also bo allowable for the Pro- fessor, or Professors, in each of these schools, to have a voice in conferring degrees in Divinity, on distinguished members of their own persuunion. Moreover, such an arrangement as that just mentioned, has something like. a |irecedent to recom- mend it to favour. In the Scotch I'niversities, although the Established Church is alone admitted into immediate union, yet there the Faculty of Arts is wholly untrammcled by that of Theology, and its course of study is altogether independent, «inco it not only works apart, but owes its maintenance to funds drawn from an entirely separate source. Now, to the |eneral) teligiousl mode ofl unafTect^ iheologyl as by hal fessors W religious latitudir whethei instalm* least, til Wha that th< tution branch< the c'lvi us who as well ability, the enl . i 'gh, unless feel- meaning, and to es the fountain IS an antagronist them." It ig^ •^ t'le Bill that 't also that all >n this supposi- |e Government, of all religious of their equal ••u'lis, and the n of all public 'anity pervajle S of what is ' appertains to ment." would proba- ^ 'lave in the 'ons, if every " arc respeet- ption of con- >■ the ])urpose ach of these cs conferred cnominaiion ^or the Pro- •tt*'e n voice tl members "ffoment as * to recom- though the iato union, ' h that of dependent, onnnco to w, to the 13 Jeneral, literary, and scientific curriculum, students of all feligious persuasions are freely admissible, and the scheme and node of instruction therein pursued would continue equally anafTected by having in legalised connection ten Schools of theology belonging to as many different christian denominations, ts by having one. It is true that in these Universities the Pro- fessors in even the Faculty of Arts are required to subscribe some religious test more or less stringent ; and even in this land of latitudinarian principles it may still be permitted to doubt whether it would not be better that the Professors should, before • instalment in office, be obliged to declare their belief in, at least, the inspiration and authenticity of the Holy Scriptures. Whatever changes may be at any time effected, let us hope that the necessity for maintaining in New Firunswick an insti- tution for affording its youth such instruction in the higher branches of learning as is commensurate with the demands of the civilization of the age, will never be overlooked ; and let us who are in any way connected with this University, Students as well as Professors, each in his place and to the best of his ability, strive to make it a worthy and lasting monument of the enlightened policy of its Founders.