^ .J^^-- o>^.^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) rA^ 1.0 |2£ us ■■ £[ l££ 120 I l.i ^.^. J' V ^;' y Hiotograpiiic ^Sdenoes Corporation ^ 1 f\ f>' <^ 23 WiST MAIN STRHT WIBSTIR,N.Y. I49M (71«)i72-4503 '^ " . .<^ A. FOR THE INFORMATION Oi? ' >, --.. .* INTENDING EMIGRANTS. •» 'N^ BY AITTHOBITY. p«;\ aUEBEC: PRINTED BY J- BLAOKBUUN. X864, .#* ***' >*"• CONTENTS. V PftfJC. iNTRonr (TrOK 5 CakaiiA — G<'f';^'ru|ihical position aiid oxlf>tit 7 Coiiislitiitioii and lonn of Goverunient 7 Climatk — Canada Kaht H Uaiiada West 9 Laws 12 12 Vi 14 15 17 17 17 .. 17 18 18 18 20 20 21 11 21i 23 Municipal institutions Rivers, canals, railways, and postal accommodation. .^iDrCATIONAI. LSSTITUTIONS Woods and koiiksts Mixe«als AND Mining Mt'lals and olh(!r ores Non-met ail ic niiiu'ralK BriU)iNG Matkkials CoMBUSTinLliS , MiNIXO. (lOLiJ, Minim; Rkgulations Clliuudiere Division St. h'rancis Division FlSHKRIES Li^wer ('anuda Lf^piier Canada .... ThK class ok PKUSONS who SflOlM.D KMIUKATB Wago3. Demand fur laijoii GeNKRAL DiRKCl'lONS On ARRIVAL IN Canada ... Goveinment emigration agenUi Protection to Fiuigrants Crown lands Land regulations Directions to emigrants and others wishing lo purchase Crown Lauds . . Expense ol' clearing and public charges n ; V'.tkI Capital reciuired liy intending settler Thk Farming Interksts of Canada . . . EjCTRACTS from LETJ ERS by T.EAD1N« AORICI'LTL'RISTS From John Dunlop, Esq., Craigowen From David Duclian, Es:|., Toronto From D. Freeman, Esti-, Simcoe F'rom Robert Hobson, Esq., Fonthill i^'rom Robert Armstrong!', Es((., Millbrook From N. G. Robinson, Esq., Carleton. PVom T. FHnton, Eso., Carleton. From Wra. King, Es<[., Bristol Fr(jm James E. Cole, Esq., Ottawa From George VV. Perry, Ottawa From David Campbell, Esq., Ramsay HoMS Manufactuuks ... Fre£ grants — Colonization roada in Upper Canada. Roads ia Upper Canada Roads iuL.)>irdrOaa4ii a 24 24 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 2y 29 32 ;^2 ao 41 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 45 4£ 46 CONTENTS. Page. Frm oravt roads 48 Muskok a road 46 Boboaygeon road • . 49 Burleigh road 80 Hastings road 51 Addington road 63 Ottawa and Opeon;;o road 56 Progress of settlement on the Lowek Canapa cokomzation roads 56 Tho Elgin roud 56 ThoTacli«S road 56 The Muliipedia road 57 The Giiir road 67 Extracts from uei'orts ok agents of Crown* lands, Western- Canada 68 From report of Mr. James McPhorson, Kingston 58 From report of Mr. G. M. Roche, hindsay 59 From rejiort of Mr. \Vm. Hiirris, Admaston 69 From report of Mr. J. P. Motfatj Pembroke 60 From report of Mr. .los. Wilson, Sault St. Mnrio 6'> Do. — North of the River Ottawa 61 From re()ort of Mr. Wm. Thompson, FitzallcTi 61 From report of Mr. R. Farley, Chelsea 62 From report of Mr. '}. W. Cameron, Thurso 62 From re])ort of Mr. M. McBean, Northtielt 62 From report of Mr. T. Smith, Allumette Island 63 From report of Mr. F, K. Bastion. Calumet .... 63 From report of Mr. G. M. Judgson, Clarendon 63 Do. — North of the River St. Lawrence 64 From report of Mr. A. Uubord, Three Rivers 64 From report of Mr. J. Bourgeois, St. Ambroise de Kildare. . . . M From report of Mr. Jeremie Laporto, St. Gabriel do Brandon. . 64 From report of Mr. Vincent Martin, Chicoutimi 66 Crown lands agencies, Lower Canada, South op the River St. Lawrence. Eastern Townships 65 Sherbrooke — John Felton, agent. Shorbrooke 66 Compton — Wm. Farwell, agent, Robinson 66 Parts of Wolf and Compton— J. T. Lebel, Wottmi 66 Lambtou — L. Labrecque, agent, Lambton 67 Nicolet — G. A. Bour^reois. agent, St. Gregoire ........ 67 67 6M Dorchester and part of Beauoe — agent, A. Ross, Framptou . County of Bellechasse — agent, F. Lamoutagne, St. Gervais. -agent, S. Drapeau, St. Jean Ste. Anne, de la 68 68 68 County of L'Islet and Elgin road Port Joli County of Kamonraska — agent, F. Deguise Pocatiere Temiscouata — agent, J. N. Gauvreau, Isle Verte County of Rimouski — agent, J. B. Lepage, Rimouski 69 District of Gasp6 and Bonaventure — J. N. Verge, agent, Carleton .69 Ga«p6 — John Eden, agent, Ga8p6 Basin 69 Abstract from the Censis of 1H61 70 Population of the cities in Upper and Lower Canada 71 STAT/iMENTS AS TO ArEA, DeBT, REVENUE, EXPENDITURE. IMPORTS AND Exports for 1863 71 Value of English Coin throughout Canada 72 Postal Arrangements 72 INTRODUCTIOIN. TiiK following pao-es, aiHroHsed to tie notice of intcuding emi- grants to Canada, have boon compiled from the latest authentic ofFieial sources and other data, and will, it ia thought, afford infor- mation upon every important point of enquiry. It is unnecessary that I should allude , at nx\y length, to the advantages which Canada olfors as a field foi* emigration. Oh apneas and easinef:s of access (^being within twelve days' Hail by steamer, having a bi-weekly eiHuraunication in summe/, and weekly, vid Portland, in winter), a loyal and praoeablc population, healthy climate, and millions of acres of fertile lands, abounding in mineral wealth also, and only waiting occupation, — may be enumerated among some of her prominent attractions. The emblem of Canada is the Beaver; hermocto — Industry, In- telligence, and Integrity. These qualifications are required by all who desire to make honorable progress in life, and when possessed and put into practice, cannot fail to eomniai»d success. Many of our wealthy inhabitants landeii in the country v/ithout a friend to receive thom, and with little beyond their own industrious habits to recommend them, and many to whom the future looks un- promising annually resort to our shores. But in (Canada, success is to be achieved by the poorest through honest labor! Willingness to work will ensure comfort and independence ti>«very prudent, sober ujan. No promises of extravagant wages are held out, but a fair day's pay for a fair day's work is open to every man, in a country where the necessaries of life are cheap and abundant. Amongst eoiij^rants, eases of disappointment must oeeasionally occur, but in nine eases out of ten, they may be traced to the in- dividuals thenjselves. Knergy and physical ability for labor are two essential elements for success in anew country; their absence must involve failure, and exaggerated expectations will invariably lead to disappointment. INTRODUCTION. Frequent applications having been mndo to me on the subject of fisBistanco towards emigration, it is proper that T should state that the Canadian Government have no fund applicable to the granting of free passages. The cost of the ocean pasango is no reasonable compared with that to the Australian Colouics, that it cannot form an insuperable difficulty in the way of emigration to Canada ; and to all who reach our shores the Government will afford every care and protection while proceeding to their destinations. Any further information which may bo desired upon any point not referred to in these pages, it will afford mo pleasure, at all times, to furnish, on being addressed as under. A. C. Buchanan, Chief Emigrant Agent. Government Immigration Opfiob, Quebec, March, 1864. OA.isr A^r> A. GEOGRAPHIOAL POSITION AND EXTENT, The Province of Canada embraces about 350,000 square milea of territory, independently of its nortli-western possessions, not yet open for settltinent. It extends from tli(t Gulf of St. Lawrence on the East, to (accordini^ to some authorities) the Rocky Moun- tains on the West, and may Le said to bo one-third larger than Franco, nearly throe times the size of (jlreat Britain and Ireland, and more than three times the size of l*russia. The inhabited or settled portion of Canada covers already an area of between 40 to 50,000 square miles, being twice as large as Denmark, three times as largo us Switzerland, a third greater than Scotland, and moro than a third tho size of Prussia ; and so rapid is the progress of ooionizutiou, that before many years have passed away ker settled parts will most likely be equal in area to Great BribUD or Prussia. Canada was once divided into two distinct Provinces, known as Upper and Lower Canada, but in 1840 these Provinces were united, although for some purposes the old territorial divisions still exiist. Upper Canada is that part of the new United Provinces which lies to the south and west of the River C>ttawa, and Lower Canada comprises the country to the ncrth and east of that river. This extensive Province is bounded on the north by the British possessions at present in the occupation or guardianship of the Hudson's Bay Company ; on the south and east hy the States of the American Union and the British Province of New Brunswick. The western boundary of Canada, west of Lake Winnipeg, is yet undefined. Tlie River St. liawrence, and Lakes Ontnrio, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Sup>. or, with their connecting rivers, form a wonderful natural bounc ry between Canada and the States of the Union, and a means of communication of surprising extent and uusurpassod excellence. CONSTITUTION AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT. Canada, a Colony of Great Britain, rejoices in all the unfettered, religious, social, and political freedom of an indepemlcut nation. The Governor is appointed by the British Crown, and is its repre- sentative in the Province; he nominates an Exeoutiv3 Council, who are his advisers. There are two Legislative bodies, called the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly, the members of which are elected by the people. All public offices and seats in the Legislature are (much in the same way as in England) open to 8 CANADA. any candidate possessing the confidence of the people, holding a certain limited amount of property, and boiru; at the same time a British subject. Every man paying an annual household rental of 30 dollars (£6 sterling) in thecHiesand towns, and 20 dollars (£4) in the rural districts, is entitled to vote. Aliens, or foreigners, can buy, h( M, and sell landa, and when naturalised, which may take place after a three years' residence, tliey can, upon taking the oath of allegiance, enjoy the full rights and privileges of natural-born citizens. The British Government maintain a certain number of troops in Canada and the neighbouring Provinces for protection against foreign invasion, and the militia and volunteer system are in a forward state of organisation. CLIMATE. The most erroneous opinions have prevailed abroad respecting the climate of Canada. The so-called rigour of Canadian winters is often advanced as a serious obje.tlon to the country by many who have not the courage to encounter them, who prefer sleet and fog to brilliant skies and bracing cold, and who hsive yet to learn the value and extent of the blessing conferred upon Canada by her world-renowned "snows." From observations taken for one year, it appeared that the mean range of the thermometer was as follows : — In Eastern In Western Cimada, (Lower), o Canada, (Upper.) o For June, July, and August. For the winter months 77.57 77.37 11.25 22.49 In regard to weather, a year's observations showed 309 fine days, and 56 of rain or snow in Eastern Canada, and 276 fine days, with 89 of rain or sno^ in Western Canada, UW. ';, CANADA EAST. The cliir He of Canada East, lik(% that of the Lower Provinces, is unquestionably the most healthy in North America. Disease is unknown among the usual population, except that caused by inequality of diet or imprudent exposure to atmospheric changes. The extreme dryness of the air is shown by the roofs of the houses (which are covered with tin) remaining so long bright, and by a charge of powder remaining for weeks uncaked in a gun. It is supposed that the long winter is unfavourable to agricul- tural operations ; and though the period during which ploughing may be carried on is shorter than in more favorable climates, yet there are many compensating advantages in the excellence of the snow roads, and the great facilities aftorded thereby in conveying produce to market, in drawing manure, and hauling out wood from the forest. "^ i CANADA. 9 If the real excellence of a climate depends upon the earth yielding in perfection and abundance the necessaries of life, or those which constitute the principal articles of food for man and tlio domestic animals, then Canada iCast may compare favorably with any part of the world. The steadiness and uniformity of the summer heat causes all grains and fruits to mature well and with conainty. In Lower Canada melons ripen freely in the open air, and apples attain a peculiar degree of excellence, those of the Island of Mont- real being especially famed. The Island of Orleans, below Quebec, is equally celebrated for its plums. CANADA WEST. In a country of such vast extent as Upper Canada, the climate varies materially. Throughout the agricultural or settled part of it along the St. Lawrence and the lakes, and which extends from 50 to 100 miles in dejith, the winter may be said to commence early in December. Snow usually falls in sufficient quantities in the eastern section of this range to afford good sleighing about the middle of that month, vud to continue with trifling exceptions until the middle of Mar«h. In the western section, although we have occasionally heavy fillti of snow, we are subject to frequent thawc, and sleighing cannot bo depended upon except in the interior, at a distance I'rom the lake$. On the cleared lands the snow generally disappears about the Liiddle (?f March, and the sowing of seed for the spring crops begins; early in April, and ends about the 10th of 3Iay. Ripe wild strawberries iii abundance may be had by the last of June. From the head of Lake Ontario, round Ly the Niagara frontier, and all along the Canadian shores of Lake Erie, the grape and peach grow with luxuriance, and ripen to perfection in the open air, without artificial aid. Table of Mean Monthly and Annual Temperature at Toronto, Canada West, from lb40 to 1859, taken from the Records of the Provincial Magnetic Observatory, by Professor Kingston : — MONTHS. 1840 18 40 ) 59 J Jna. Feb. o 23.72 22.83 March. o 30.07 April. o 41.00 May. o 51.38 June. o 61.27 1840) 1859 > MONTHS. • July. Aug. Sept. o 57.98 Oct. Nov. Dee. o 67.06 c 66.12 o 45.27 o 36.65 25,97 o 44.11 to CANADA. Mean Monthly and Annual Fall of Rain at Toronto, from 1840 to 1859. 1840) 1869^ MONTHS. •Tan. Feb. March, i April. May. June. In. 1.408 ' In- I 1.043 In. 1.55S In. 2.492 In. 3 80d In. 3.198 1840) 1869 J July. MONTHS. Kov. Deo. Aug. Sept. Oct. In. ,'..490 In. 2.937 In. 4.099 In. 2.257 In. 3.100 In. 1.60B a -a a a a < In. 30.869 Dr. Lillia, in his Essay on Canada, remarks, that '' Professor Hind holds the climate of Canada West to be superior to those portions of the United States lying north of the 41st parallel of latitude, in mildness— in ada;^tatiun to the growth of cereals — in the uniformity of the distribution of rain over the agricultural months— in the humidity of the atmosphere — in comparative in- demnity from spring frosts and hunuuer draughts — in a very favor- able distribution of clear and cloudy days for the purpose of agri- oulture-j— and iu the distribution of rain over many days — as, also, in its salubrity. In the following points he regards it as differing favorably from that of Great Britain and Ireland, viz., in high summer means of temperature — in its comparative dryness — and in the serenity of the sky." Over the whole of Canada the melon and tomato acquire large dimensions, and ripen fully in the open air, the seeds being planted in the soil towards the latter end of April, and the fruit gathered in September. Pumpkins and squashes attain gigantic dimonsions ; they have exceeded 300 pounds in weight in the neighborhood of Toronto. Indian corn, hups, und tobacco, are commcu crops and yield fair returns. Hemp and flax are indigenous plants, and can be cultivated to any extent in many parts of the Province. With a proper expenditure of capital, England could become quite inde- pendent of Rubsia, or any other country, for her supply of these valuable articles. In a paper on " climate," recently read before the Literary and Historical Society at Quebec, by A. Harvey, Esq., F.S.S., the fol- lowing interesting remarks occur : — •' The differences of mean annual temperature between the vari- ous parts of Canada are comparatively small, there being but 2° 7' of difference between the mean temperature of Quebec and Mon- treal, wWle the temperature of Quebec and Toronto are about the same. We, however, find considerable differences if we look to the mean tempcratureu of samm :!r and winter. We have at Mean Summer Mean Winter Temperature. Temperature, Quebso 69° 1' 12° 8' - , Montreal' 79° 8' 17° 2' . CANADA. 11 Penotanguishene . Toronto Windsor Mean Summer Tomparatnre. 68° 0' 64° 8' 67° 6' Moan Winter Temperaturs. 21° r 24° 5' 26° 8' " The winter temperatures are undoubtedly severer than those cf the best countries of Europe. Looking at the summer tem- peratures, however, we find the summer of Quebec equal to that of Toulouse, in the south of Franco ; the summer of Montreal equal to that of Lisbon or Cadiz ; the summer of Toronto about the same as that of Paris. The chief posts in the Hudson's Bay Territory have as warm a summer as any portion of the British Isles. Fortunate is it, indeed, for this continent that, as we must have so low a mean temperature, we get it so unevenly. It is well for us that the cold is concentrated into the winter, so as to allow us a genial summer for vegetation, which, as well as animal life, depends to a great citent upon the summer h<.at. In Chris- tiania, Stockholm, the Faroe Islands, places where the annual means are similar to those of our chief cities, they can hardly grow cereals enough to feed a scanty population. The grasses, if rich in quality, are miserably poor in quantity, while the luscious fruits, which con- tribute so much to our enjoyment, are imported luxuries. There the forests, where not composed of coaiferae, are poor and stunted. There the cultivation of indian corn is impossible. The grape is an exotic. In Canada how different the facts ! " Bortunate is it, too, that we hnve a winter in which the energies of the human system can be braced up, and its vital forces recruited. The average duration of life here is longer than in those countries which have no such season. The temperature of our hottest days is as great as that of the warmest days in New Orleans or any part of Mexico, and the mean temperature of a July in Quebec within 10° of a July in Vera Cruz. There, however, the summer heats are almost unendurable from their duration, and are the fruitful parents of yellow and other frightful fevers, from which we are totally exempt ; while even the fever and ague, so terrible to settlers in Illinois, Indiana, and other f^tates of the American Union, cannot reach us in Lower Canada, being never met with north of Montreal." According to Professor Guy, the proportion of deaths to the population is : — Austria Denmark.... France Portugal.... Russia Switzerland United States. in 40 in 45 in 42 in 40 in 44 in 40 in 74 Lower Canada 1 in 92 Belgium England Norway Prussia Spain Turkey Upper Canada. All Canada. .. 43 46 41 39 40 in 50 in 102 in 98 in in in in in Thus proving the salubrity of the Province beyond all question. 12 CANADA. LAWS. The laws of England wore introduced into Ujtjier Canada in 1791, and still prevail, Hiilijoct tu the viiiifnis ultorations made from time to tinje by the local Pavliauiiii*. The laws of I'rauce, as tliey existed at the conquest of Canada by Britain, pK vail in Lower Canada, subject also to the alterations effectfil by the local Parlia- ment. The criminal and commercial laws of England prevail here, as Id Upper Canad;\ MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. The municipal system of Canada is admirably adapted to the exigencies of a young and vigorous country. In order to compre- hend it, it is necessary to state ihat Upper Canada is divided into countifs, 42 in number ; the counties are divided into townships, the latter being about 10 miles square The inhabitants of a town- ship elect annually five Councillors; the Councillovs elect out of this number a presiding oflBcer, who is designated the Township Keeve ; the Reeves and the Deputy Reeves of the different town- ships form the County Council ; this Council elect their presiding ofiicer, who is styled the Warden In each county there is a judge, a sheriif, one or more coroners, a clerk of the peace, a clerk of the county court, a registrar, and justices of the peace, which officers are appointed by the Governor in Council. Ail Township Reeves, Wardens, Mayors and Aldermen are, kc oJ)icio, justices of the peace. The County Council are .'^barged with the construction and re- pairs of gaols and court-houses, roads and bridges, houses of correc- tion and grammar schools, under the provisions of the school law j to grant moneys by loan to public works tending to the improve- ment of the country, and to levy taxes for the redemption of debts incurred. RIVEES, CANALS, RAILWAYS, AND POSTAL ACCOMMODATION. The natural advantages conferred upon Canada by th« St. Lawrence river are incalculable. Immediate and direct Witer communication with the sea for 2,000 miles of inland coast, without reference to the vast affluents striking deep into the heart of the country, appears in itself suf- ficient to mark out Canada ior a distinguished future. Three hundred miles from the outlet of the St. Lawrence, we pass the mouth of the Saguena , navigable for the largest vessels 70 miles from its outlet. Four hundred and ten miles' sailing from the ocean and \fe reach Quebec, the great seaport of Canada ; 590 miles brings us to Montreti 1, near wb^re the Ottawa, or Grand River of the ( ij t( u t o: ai 1- CANADA. 18 V i North, mingles itn dark but transparent waters with those of the St. Laurence, after draining' a valley of 80,000 square miles in area. Oue hundred and fiixty-eight miles above Montreal, after passing the St. Jiawrcnce canulr:', we aro in LuKe Ontario, 756 miles from the sea, and 284 feet above it. 'J'raversing its expanse and passing Kingston, Cobourg, Toronto and Iliimilton, we reach fhc outlet of the Welland eanul, through whieli we rise o30 feet to the waters of Lake Erie, 1,041 miles from the sen, and 564 feet above its level. Traversing Like Erie, and through tlie Detroit river, Lake St. Clair, and tlm St. Clair river, we arrive at Lake Huron, 1,355 miles from our starting point, and 573 feet above the ocean. We now reach St. Mary's river, and through a short canal enter Lake Superior, a fresh water sea as large as Ireland, enabling us to attain a distance of 2,000 miles by water Irom the mouth of the St. Lawrence. The late Government survey of the great lakes gives the follow- ing exact measurt-ment. Lake Superior : greatest length, 855 miles j greatest breadth, 160 miles ; mean depth, 988 feet ; height above the sea, 6271eet; area 31,000 square miles, Lak'; Jlichigan : greatest length, 860 miles ; greatest breadth, 108 miles; mean depth, 900 feet; iioight above the sea, 587 feet; area, 20,000 square miles. Lake Huron: greatest length, 200 miles; greatest breadth, 160; mean deptli, 800 feet ; height above the s* a, 574 feet ; area, 20,000 S(juare miles. Lake Erie: greatest length, 2.^0 miles; greatest breadth. 80 miles ; mean depth, 20« feet ; height ahuve the sea, 555 feet; area, 6,000 square milt's. Lake Ontario : length, 180 miles ; mean breadth, (Jomiles ; mean depth, 500 feet; height above the sea, 262 feet; area, 6,000 square miles. Total length of five lakes, 1,845 milus; totnl area, 84,000 sqnare miles. There are now 1,876 miles of railway in operation in Canada, independent of the Grand Trunk ext-n.sion to Portland. The Victoria Bi'idge has brought the Grnnd Trunk into unbroken operation, and it is now able to transport passengers and goods irora the Atlantic to the Mississippi, with a saving of s<>veral days over all other routes. The following lines are now in operation : — The Grand Trunk from Riviere du Loup to Sarnia ; the Great VrL;jtau and branches, from Toronto to Detroit ; the Northern, from Toronto to Colling- wood; the Bufi'alo and Lake Huron, from Fort Erie to Goderich ; the London and Port Stanley ; the Erie and Ontario ; the Cobourg and Peterborough ; the Prescott and Ott^iwa ; the Montreal and Champlain ; the Grenville and Carillon ; the St. Lawrence and Industry ; the Port Hope and Lindsay, with branches ; the Brock- ville and Ottawa, t) Perth and Almonte; the Stanstead, SheflPord and Chambly, and the Welland. Everywhere postal couimunication is complete. The most dis- tant hamlet has its post office, and the number of offices in Canada is now about 1,974. The electric telegraph passes through every town and almost every village in the Province, and the number of miles in operation at this time is 4,' '46. The approach or arrival of a steamer or sailing vessel at Quebec is known very nearly at the same moment in every town of the Lower and Upper portions of jthe Province. All improvements in the arts or sciences affeoting the commercial or industrial interedts of her people are u CANADA. quickly introduced into Canada, and with numerous elements of adaptation and progress within her reach, she eagerly avails he^Belf of the practice and enterprise of otl.er countries. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN CANADA. Upper and Lower Canada enjoy separate School laws adapted to the religious elements prevailing in either. Each township ^in Up[)er Canada is divided into several school sections, according to the requirements of its inhabitants. The Common Schools are supported partly by Government, and partly by local, self-impused taxation and occasionally by the payment of a small monthly fee for each scholar. In long-settled rural districts each school sec- tion is now distinguished by a handsome brick school-house, furnished with maps, authorized school books, and elementary philosophical apparatus. The salaries of teachers vary from ^130 stg. to £40 stg. in country parts, and from £280 stg, to £75 stg. in cities and towns. AH common school teachers must pass an examination before a County Board of Education, or receive a license from the Provincial Normal School, empowering them to teach, before they can chiim the Government allowance. The Provincial Normal School of Upper Canada is a highly effective and useful institution for the training of teachers, and annually sends forth from 100 to 150 young men and women, who, having been uniformly instructed in the art of condi -^ting a school and communicating knowledge, gradually are establishing in Upper Canada a system ol common school education of groat promise. The Free School system is gaining ground in many parts of Canada ; the principle it involves implies the support of common schools, open to all, by a general tax, and the nou-exactiun of fees. Any school section may adopt it by the vote of the majority of its inhabitants. Separate schools for Roman Catholics are sanctioned under certain regulations. Besides a richly endowed Provincial University, supplied with a complete staff of highly competent professors ud lecturers, there are several other Univer- sities and Colleges "n Upper Canada in connection with different religious denomina'ions. The standard of education adopted in some of the Canadian Universities assimilates as closely as possible t;y- -' ; i BUILDINQ MATERIALS. ; . : Granites; sandstone; calcareous sandstone; limestones; hy- draulic limestones; roofing slates ; flagging stones; clays; moulding sand ; fuller's earth. MarbiCiS — white, blacky red, brown, yellow and black, grey and variegated green. «* >? .. 19 CANADA. COMBUSTIBLES. Peat; petroleum; aophaltum. MINING IN CANADA. Regulations for the snlo of mineral lands, approved by His Ex- cellency tho Governor General in Council. 1. That tho tracts shall comprise not more than four hundred acres. 2. That tho dimensions ot tho tracts in Uiisurveyod territory bo forty chains in front by one hundred chains in depth, and bounded by lines running due North and South, and East and West, or as near to thjde dimension.s as the configuration of tho locality will admit. 3. The applicant for a tract in unsurveyed territory must furnish a plan and description thereof by a Provincial Land Surveyor. 4. The price shall be one dollar an aero, payable on tho sale. 5. That a tax or duty of ono dollar per ton be charged on all ores extracted from the tract, payable on renioval from tho mine. This condition applies to all mining lands sold since tho first day of April, 18G1, and is in lieu of tho Royalty of two and a half per cent, chargeable on tho ores from th(!So lands. 6. That in surveyed townships lota presenting indicatione of minerals be sold on the above conditions, but at no less than ono dollar per acre in any township, and at the same price as the other lands in the township when it is more than one dollar per acre. 7. That not more than one tract of four hundred acroa be sold to one person. 8. The above regulations do not apply to mines of Gold and Silver. 9. All previous regulations inconsistent with the above are oan- oelled. GOLD MINING REGULATIONS. Department of Crown Lands, Crown Domain Branch, Quebec, 22nd April, 1864. The following Gold Mining Regulations have been approved of by His Excellency tho Governor General in Council, viz : 1. Gold mining shall be held to mean any mode of obtaining or ool^eoting gold from the natural deposits or rocks of the country. ^. No person shall be allowed to work any gold mine without a license. ,.,- , -.j.^...i.i: ,_ '/if:.: 3. The rights of tho Crown in respect to gold shall be tranifir- r«d by temporary licenses. mM CANADA. 19 ish 4. No royalty shall be oxaotorl. ft. Gold mining liconscfl i-hull be issueJ to the proprietor of any land, Buoh licouao to convoy thu right to work for tho ^old on the lot; to bo issued for lota of one huudreo acres, or arpents, or lees, an defined by tho existing surveys, and to remain in t'oroo fur three months, subject to renewal, by new application and licence (ox- oept in cases of change in ownership of land), on tho same termii and at the same rate ; conditional on future orders of IIih l*ixcc!- lenoy the Governor General in Council, or legislative enactment» as respects gold mines. 6. Applicants for a tract in unsurvoyed territory must furnish a plan of survey and description of tho land re'|uin)d, by a Provin- cial land surveyor, such traut not to comprise more than four hundred acres, and to be of the dimeusioiis or proportion oi forty obains by one hundred chains, boundod by lines running duo north and south and east and west, (»r as near to tiieso proportions iis tb«j configuration ot the locality will admit. A separate license to bo taken for each 100 acres. 7. The number of persons authorized to bo employed in mining for gold shall be not less than fivu per license, including all em- ployed either directly or indirectly on the work, and the licenses shall be issued on the payment of ono dollar for each person so employed, subject to a further payment of oao dollar for each ad- ditional person employed. 8. Monthly returns, under oath, must be made to the Inspector of mines for the division, o*' the persons employed, the amount of gold extracted per day and any further information which His Excellency the Governor General in Council may direct. 9. Any increase in tho number of persons to be employed under the license must be notified to the inspector of mines for the divi- sion within ten days of such employment, accompanied by payment of the additional fee. 10. In cases where a lot borders on a stream, not included therein, the license will go to the middle thereof; where a stream crosses a lot, the same will be comprised in the license, subject in all oases to the public rights in navigable or floatable waters. 11. Parties holding licenses shall have the right of transfer, provided such transfer be notified in writing to the inspector oi' mines for the division ; and on payment of a fee of one dollar, such transfer and payment shall be endorsed on tho license. 12. Purchasers or^their assignees of Crown lands sold and only partially paid for will be required to pay up in full b^^re obtaining a license, and applicants for license on vacant Crown lands will be required to purchase and pay up in full before receiving a license. 13. Application for license must be made in writing to tho inspector of mines for the division, detailing title, proof of which must be furnished to such inspector. 14. Error or misrepresentation by applicant as to his right to or ownership of the land, or failure to comply with all or any tho present regulations or future orders of His Excellency the Gover- nor General in Council or legislative enactments having reference to gold mines, to which the license will be subject, shall entail immediate forfeiture of the license. These regulation^ shall not apply to the Seigniory of Kigaud- Tavdrenil. 20 CANADA. It hasalso plcnscd Hin Kxccllonc^ tlio (jl(»v<'riior Ocncrftl to ap- point tho two following f^cntUiiun t(» l.c (JdlclMiriiiif; Inspectors for the diviHions on t\w fiouth hhorc of the St. liii'vrci.'-o, below mention- ed, vk. : Charles Lcfcbvrc do Uellclcuillo, EH(|uiro, for the diviaion to bo called the Cliaiidi^re Divifiiou, to com prise the territory lying to tho nortlj-cast of tho lino dividing the eontitios of Nicolet, Artha- baska, WoUe nnd (Jouipton, I'rum the euuntioH nf Lotbini^ro, Megantic, nnd Uciince (saye the towiKship.s of Spaiildiiig, Ditehfield. Clinton and Wol»urn, to be attached to tho 8t. FraoeiH Division, hereinafter mentioned) ; whose office will be al 8t. Frangois do la Beauce; and Daniel W. Mack, EHquiro, I'ur the division to be called the St." Francis Division, to comprise tho territory lying to the south-west of tho same line, witli the four townships above men- tioned; whose office will be at Stansteinl until lurtlier orders — to whom all mining applications (as per printed lorni in their posses- sion, and which they will supply to intending applicants) are to be made. The unsold (!rown lands in the followinsj; townships are, for the present, hereby set a]»!irt for sale for gold mining purposes, under the abjve regulations, and will bo disposed of to tho first applicants, at two dollars per acre, payable cash in ono sum, without »ettlemcnt duties, viz. : CilAUDIKllK DIVISrON. Jersey, Marlow, Risborough, Jiini6re, Watford, (.'raubourne, Frampton, south-west parts ofJJueklandand Standon, and Augmen- tation and Metgermette, in tho agency of Andrew lloas, Esijuire : office at Frampton. Ware and Laogevin, in the agency of F. Rouleau, Esquiro : office at St. Clairo. Daaquam and Mailloux, in the agency of S. V. Larue, Esquire: office at St. Charles, Riviere Boyer. Bellechassc, Roux and north-east part of Buekland, in the agency of F. Lamontagua, Esquire : office at St. Ciervais. Thetford, Broughton, .Jiceds, Tnverness, Ireland, Halifax, Somerset and Nelson, in tho agency of John Hume, Esquiro : office at Leeds. Price, Colraino, Adstoek, Tring, Lambton, Forsyth, Aylmor, Gayhurst and Sheuley, in the agency of Louis Labrecque, Esquiro : office at Lambton. ; • .. ST. FRANCIS DIVISION. -' Winslow, Whitton, Hampden, Ditton, Woburn, Chesham, Marston, Clinton, Spaulding and Ditehfield, in tho agency of William Farwell, Esq : office at Robinson. Stanstcad, Barnston, Barford, Hereford and Gore, Auckland, Clifton, Corapton, Hatley, Magog (formerly Hatley), Orford, Ascott, Eaton, Newport, Westbury, Stoke, Brompton, Melbourne, Shipton, Cleveland, Windsor, Dudswell and Weedon, in the agency oi' John Felton, Esq. : office at Sherbrooke. Potton, Sutton, Dunham, Staubridge, Farnham, Granby, Shef- ford, Stukely, Ely, Roxton, Milton, Bolton, Brome and Magog (formerly Bolton), in the agency of J. A. Kemp, Esquire : office at Waterloo. OAVADA. 21 Aoton, Durham, Kingflcy, Simpnon, Wiokham and part of Upton, in tho agonoy of the Hon. William Sheppard : office at Wendovcr. Wotton, llam, South Ham, Wolfnstown.Garthbv and Stratford, in the agency of J. T. LcHel, Ksquiro : office at Wotton. Warwick, Chester, Tin^-wick and Horton, in the agency of Antoino Gngnon, Esquire : office at St. (.hriHtophe d'ArthabaHka. Arthabaskv, BuUtrode and Stanfold, for which there ia at pre- lent no agent; and application to purchase in these townshipa must be made to this Department. Applioationn made for purchase oflotf since the sale in certaiu of the above townships was stayed, to be taken according to priority of date, at the above price, provided the same be renewec! to the respective Crown land agents on or before the 20th day of May next ; after said date, in case of simulttincoua applicition, lotj will be disposed of by the said agents to the highest bidder over the upset.prico of two dollars per acre. Not more than 400 acrei will be sold to any one person. All applications to bo addressed tci the agents, those for unsurveyed tracts to bo accompanied with re- quired plan of survey and description, connecting the land sur- veyed with some known point of a previous Qovernment aurvey. Andrew Rusbell, AsBt. Com. of Crown Landa. nSHERIES. icy lef- ) at The fisheries belonging to the Province are attracting much attention, and will prove a productive source of wealth. They are inexhaustible, and are now subject to a regular system of lioensing, and every endeavour is being made to preserve them, and encourage •ease. their increase. FISHERIES, L. 0. Lower Canada possesses, in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, an extent of coast of 1000 miles, where the cod, herring, mackerel, salmon, and other fisheries are carried on successfully. Whale fishing is also carried on by vessels fitted out from the port of Gasp^. Average season value of whale oil has been about 27,000 dollars. The cod fishing ia carried on along the whole shore of Canada. The herring fishing principally at the Magdalen Islands, in the Bay of Chaleurs, and on the coast of Labrador. The mackerel fishing at the Magdalen Islands, along the coast of Gaspd, and ia the lower part of the River St. Lawrence. There are above 70 salmon fishery rivers in Lower Canada, which the Government are now fostering, with a view to enhance the commerce in this valuable fish. ^m CANADA. FISHERIES, U. C. I . ': 7> ^K v. rur •.'•I 1.V'; '-r vhr ml i 'ji ii'f'. ii't • *?." ,'h I 1 ■ ' - V J 1 i J '. OA • .'*-' tair-ii - ■it t T r ' J'loq f 1 .' * *^ '', It. VT> ' f,it, TAo-i .!■ CANADA. 63 >ilk'' .:i'--vu ■'//'./. THE CLASS O F 'n$Qn$ wU isbould #mtpjtte. Persona with capital saeking investment. Familiei with stated incomes will find in Canada a suitable home, good society, and every facility for educating and Htarting their children in life. These combined advantages being found with much less difficulty than amidst the crowded population of the Mother Country. Practical farmers, agricultural lahourers, male and female ser- vants, hoys and girls over fifieen years of age. Those possessing small capitals may rent or purchase farms with some little improve- ments, on reasonable terms. ' ;. Clerks, shopmen, or persons having no p.'irticular trade or calling and unaccustomed to manual labor, should on no account heper- wuaded to emigrate, for to this class the country ofiFers no encour- agement at present. A. AVERAGE WAGES. Farm labour per m'th, from $8 to ^12, with board & lodging. Female servants " " 2 to 6, «f Boys, over 13 years. '' " 2 to 8, ' ,'?/ Girls " " I to 3, '<' Mechanics per day " 1 to 2.50 without board. Tradesmen found with board and lodging get little more than half the above rates of wages. Farm labourers on their first arrival would perhaps not obtain the above rates on farms, but after bein a few months in the country, when they learn to chop, they will command full rates. > u OASADA. DEMAND FOR LABOUE. There is a I&rge and iDcreasiDg demand for farm labourers and female (x^ryants. To this latter class especially Canada offers great inducemADts, ani every hard-working respectable girl is sure to do well. Boja and girls over 15, carpenters, masons, bricklayera, blackgrnVbhs, and shoemakers are also wanted. GENEEAL DIEE0TI0N3- TIME TO EMIGRATE AND BEST MODE OF REACHING CANADA. It is ijaportunt to arrive in Canada early in ihe spring. Hj leaving in April or May, the emigrant will arrive at a time when there is the greatest demand for his labor. The highest daily wages are given in harvest; but his object should be to secure permanen* employment at reasonable wcges, thereby securing a home for the winter. It must also be borne in mind, that until he becomes anquainted with the country his services are of compara- tively small value to the farmer, and therefore he should be careful not to fall into the common error of refusing reasonable wages when first offered on his arrival. Unless the emigrant comes out to join friends, there is nothing to be gained by his arriving earlier than the beginning of May; he would not be likely to obtain work before then. If the mcacs of the emigrant will permit it, steamers should be E referred to sailing vessels. First-class steamers leave Liverpool, londonderry, and Glasgow weekly, from April to November, direct or Quebec. Emigrants having no fixed destination are advised not to take their tickets beyond Quebec. If any serious cause of complaint arise during the passage, the emigrant should go at once to the captain of the vessel and make known his grievance. This will ensure him immediate redress ; or, if not, it will strengthen his case very much should he find it necaesary to take legal proceedings on his arrival. The law holds the master of the vessel responsible for any neglect on the part of the stewards, or any of the ofli cers or crew. The law provides that emigrants may remain on board 48 hours after the vessel's arrival (except in cases where the vessel has a mail contract, or unless within that period sho shall proceed ia further prosecution of her voyage), and that they shall bo landed free of expense at proper hours. Luggage — Should be in compact, handy packages, distinctly marked with the owner's name and destination. The enormous quantities of useless luggage brought out by emigrants entail heavy expenses and trouble, and in many cases the cost of cartage, porterage, and extra freight exceeds its value. The personal effect of emigrants are not liable to duty. CANADA. S^ Chihintj. — Woollen clothing and all description!) of wearing apparel, flannels, blankets, bedding and house linen, &c., ire much cheaper in England than in Canada, and wherever it is practicable, the emigrant sbould lay in a good stock of clothing before weaving home. Tools. — Agricultural laborers need not bring out implements of husbandry, as these can be easily procured in the country. Arti- sans are rccomraeoded to take such tools as they may possess. But both classes must bear in mind that there is no didiculty in procurin;; any ordinary tools in the principal towns, on adractarreous terms, and that it is more desirable to have the oceans ci purchas- ing what they want after reaching their destination.^ ^an to be encumbered with a large quantity of luggage during the jcurncT" into the interior. Money. — The best mode of taking money is in sovereigns, or by letter of credit on some established bank. A sovereign is worth 24s. 4d. currency, or 4 d Uars 85 cents. The English shilling, Is. 2JdM or 24 cents. Cupital, — Emigrants possessing capital, say from £200 to £500, are advined to purchase or rent a farm with some little improve- ment upon it, instead cf going into the bush at once. Parties desirous of investing may obtain from seven to eight per cent, for their money on mortgage w'tii perfect security. A word of advice is oflFered to the emigrant coming to Canada with a small capital. He would act wisely, if, instead of buying lanl — as is often done — ^before becoming acquainted with its char- acter and the kind oi labor required in a new country — a proceed- ing invariably leading to the incurrence of debt, payment of in- terst, and entailing various other embarrassing expenses — ^he were to place his money in the Savings' Bank, take lodgings for his family in some neighborhood affording a good prospect of employ, ment, and work at wages for a year or so, thus gaining the know* ledge and experience necessary to realise independence. Such a course is not deemed degrading in Canada, and is sure to result in ultimate good. Let it be borne in mind that all persons coming to Canada, whether they be possessed of £100 or £1,000, must fail, unless they come determined to labor themselves ; and it .nay be asserted without fear of contradiction, that the family who pursues this plan will, at the c;jd of a few years, be far in advance of him, no matter what his capital may be, who has not taken to the axe and the hoe. A determination to work, carried out with spirit and consistency, will bring with it a degree ot prosperity cheering to contemplate, and not to be surpassed in any other part of America. Improved farms may be purchased at from five dollars to fifty dollars per acre, according to situation and extant of improvement ; or rented, with or without the option of purchase, at from one dollar to four dollars per acre. The emigrant should cot invest all his capital in land, but reserve sufficient to enable him to stock and work it. rn^ '\ ! 'i>f If >yi.i. m CANADA. ON ARRIVAL IN CANADA. h The emigrant should at. ouce apply to the GoverDment emigrar tion officers, whose duty it is to afford him every information and advice. He should avoid listenirifr to the opinions of interested and designing characters, who offer advice unsolicited. Many, especially single females and unprotected persons, have suffered from want of proper caution in this respect. GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION AGENTS. Quebec A. (J. Buchanan, (Ohief Agent). Offices : Old CuHtom Ilonfie Building* and QranJ Trunk Station, t'oiut Levi. Montreal J. II. Daly. Ottawa City W.J.Wills. Kingston Jamos McPherson. Toronfo A. B. Hawke, (Chief Agent, U.C.) Hamilton K. H. Rae Who will furnish emigrants, on application, with every informa- tion relative to lands open for settlement, farms for sale, routes, distances, and expense of conveyance, demand for labor, rates of wages, &c., &c. Those desirous of obtaining employment will find it to their advantage to accept the first offer, even if the wages should be less than they had been led to expect, as until they become acquainted with the country, their services are of comparatively small value to their employers. Persons seeking situations as clerks, shopmen, &c. (/or who-}' there exists no <]^ema«//), and mechanics who ex- perience difiiculty in obtaining employment in their respective trades, should accept the first offer that presents itself sooner than remain idle. Emigrants who have settled destinations should remain about the city as short a time as possible alter arrival. Farm la- borers should proceed at on-.e intc the agricultural districts, where they will be certain of meeting with suitable employment j and those with families will also more easily procure the necessaries of life, and avoid the hardships and distress which are experienced by a large portion of the poor inhabitants iu our large cities during the winter. The chief agent will consider such persons as may loiter about the ports of landing to have no further claim on the protection of Her Majesty's agents, unless they have been de- tained by sickness or some other sufficient cause. iti^' PROTECTION TO EMIGRANTS. ■f,J5*H> The Imperial and Provincial Passenger Acts provide, as far a« possible, against frauds and imposition, any instance of which should at once be made known to the nea' est emigrant agent. No person without a license shall influence passengers in favor of any particular steamboat, railroad or tavern. Tavern-keepers shall have posted, in some conspicuous place, a list of prices to be charged for board, lodgings, &o., and they will not be allowed to CANADA. 27 have any Hen upon the effects of a passenger for board and lodging beyond five dollars — about one pound sterling. Emigrants arriving at Quebec, holding through tickets for their inland transport, and desiring to obtain information, may delay their journey for that purpose, as the railway or steamboat com- pany to whom they are addressed will take charge of their luggage until they are ready to proceed. CROWN LANDS. Several millions of acres of surveyed lands are always in market, and the prices fixed at which intending settlers can acquire them, upon application to the respective Crown J^and Agents. The prices of Crown lands vary from 70 cents, 2s. lOd. sterling cash, to one dollar, or 4s. Id. sterling, an acre, on time, according to locality. Crown lands in Upper (Canada are sold for cash at 70 cents, 2s. lOd., an acre, and, on time, one dollar an acre ; one-fifth to be paid at the time of sale, and the remaining four-fifths in four equal annual instalmei ts, with interest at six per cent, on the purchase money unpaid. On the north shore of Lake Huron, and at Fort William on Lake Superior, lands are sold on time at 20 cents, or lOd. sterling, an acre. All Crown lands in the newly surveyed territory are subject to settlement duties, and no patent in any case (even though the land be paid for in full at the time of purchase) shall issue for any such land to any person who shall not by himself, or the person or persons under whom he claims, have taken posses- sion of such lands within six mouths from the time of sale, and shall from that time continuously have been a bond fide occupant of, and resident on the land for at least two years, and have cleared and rendered fit for cultivation and crop, and had under crop, within lour years at farthest from the time of sale of the land, a qu^tity thereof in proportion of at least ten acres to every one hundred acres, and have erected thereon a habitable house, and of the dimensiouH at least of sixteen by twenty feet. Timber must not be cut without license, except for agricultural purposes. LAND UEGULATIONS. Land adapted for farming purposes can seldom be obtained from land companies, speculators or private individuals, under twenty shillings an acre. The Canadian Government, being desirous oi preventing the acquisition of large tracts of land by private com- panies or private individuals, for the purpose of speculation, have coupled the sale oi the Government lands with such conditions as to prevent unduo or improper advantage being taken of their liberality in offering farming land at a low rate. Every purchaser must become an actual settler. This simple condition drives out ot the field a host of speculators. In addition to the free grants. Government lands are sold eithef in blocks, or in single lots of 100 acres, to actual settlers. Lands in blocks are sold in quantities varying from 40,000 to . 60,000 acres, at 50 cents (about 2s. sterling) per acre, 09s]i; in , 28 CANADA. Upper Cannda ; and Id Lower Ganada, at from 18 cents and up- wards, according to situation ; on condition thut the purchaser cause the block to be surveyed into lots from 100 to 200 acres each, on a plan and in a manner to bo approved by the Government; and that one-third of the block bo settled upon within two years and a half from the time of the sale, one-third more within seven years, and the residue within ten years from the time of sale. This requirement will be dispensed with as to any portion of land which, at the last mentioned period, is found to bo unfit for settlement. The settlers must have resided on their lots for two years con- tinuously, and must have cleared and cultivated ten acres uf every one hundred acres occupied by them, before they can get absolute titles. Absolute titles will be given to the purchaser on payment in full of the price, and on condition of his having resided at least two years on his lot, and cleared and had under cultivation ten acres to every one hundred acres occupied by him. -<)•'»■ DIRECTIONS TO EMIGRANTS AND OTHERS WISHING TO PURCHASE CROWN LANDS. Emigrants and others desirous of purchasing Crown lands should make application to the respective local Crown Land Agents, who are required by law to furnish all applicants with correct informa- tion as to what lands are open for sale. The Government Emigration Agents at Quebec, Montreal, Ot- tawa, Toronto, Kingston, and Hamilton, will afford information and advice to emigrants respecting the best means of reaching the localities in which they intend to settle. If the lot has not yet been advertised, and placed at the disposal of the agent, no sale of it can be made until that is done, unless the applicant is in actual occupation, with valuable improvements ; in that case he may, at his own expense, procure the services of the agent (if the lot be within the jurisdiction of one) to inspect it, or furnish him satis- factory evidence, by affidavits of two credible and disinterested parties, or the report of a sworn surveyor, to enable him to report to the Department the following particulars, viz : The whole time the lot has been occupied ; by whom occupied ; the nature and extent of the improvements owned by the applicant, and whether there are any adverse claims, on account of improve- ments made by any other party, on the same piece or parcel of land. ' If the lot is Public land, but not within the jurisdiction of any agent, the application should be made direct to the Department, applicant being careful, in order to avoid delay and prevent un- necessary correspondence, to transmit at the same time the evidence by affidavit or surveyor's report, as above stated. '"' The same rules should be observed by applicants to purchase Public lands situated in the old settled townships, with these additions : that in cases where the applicant occupies improve- ments made by his predecessors on the lot, he should show by assignment or other evidence, how he obtained possession of them, and that he is now the bondjfide owner of the same. The present foil value of the land per acre, exclusive of improTements, should also be stated by the agent, the su''veynr, or deponents, as the ease may be. All paperB necessary to substantiate the applicant's :]aim or right to purchase, if the application is made direct to the Department, should accompany the first application. AH assignments, whether by squatters or purchasers, must be unconditional to be recognized by the Department. Applications for information relative to the dates of patents and the names of patentees should, invariably, be made to the Provin- cial or Deputy Provincial Registrar. Parties writing to the Department should give their post office, the date and number of the last letter (if any) th^y received from the Department on the subject. They should, if they can, state whether the lots they wrjte about are Crown, Clergy or School lands. Each letter should be confined to one subject ; the signature should be distinctly written, and the letter addressed to ** The Honorable the Commissioner of Crown Lands." Every applicant for letters patent for lands, should state his Christian name at length, with his occupation and residence, aa these must be stated in the letters patent. EXPENSE OF CLEARING AND PUBLIC CHARGES ON LAND. The cost of clearing wild lands is about from 12 to 14 dollars per acre. The expense is. however, greater in the remote districts, in consequence of the difficulty of procuring laborers; but this work is generally done by contract. The only charge on land is a tax which seldom exceeds Id. per acre. It is ap^^ied to local im- provements alone, in which the person taxed has a direct interest. CAPITAL REQUIRED BY INTENDING SETTLER. The capital required to enable an emigrant familv to settle upon a Free Grant lot, or enter upon the Occupation of the wild lands ot the Crown, has been variously estimated. It should be sufficient to support his family for the first 18 months, until he can get a return from his land ; and although much will depend upon the parties themselves, in no case should it be less than £50 currency or two hni^dred dollars. I THE FABMING INTEREST OF CANADA. The official census taken in January, 1861, furnishes reliable data for arriving at the agricultural condition of the country, and an official Report from the Bureau of Agriculture,, issued in 1868, provides estimates of two years' later date. From these returns it appears that the number of persons in actual occupation of land in Upper Canada, in the year 1860, was not less than 131,983, and in Lower Coi^ada 103,671. The quantity of land held was as follows : d» OANADA. p. Persons holding in ' ' ' U. Canada. L. Canada. 10 acres and under 4,424 6,822 10 acres to 20 2,075 3,186 20 acres to 50 26,080 20,074 .(r' 50 acres to 100 64,891 44,041 100 acres to 200 28,386 24,739 r Abo /e 200 acres 6,027 6,809 — — — — ifl ! Total occupiers 131,983 105,671 It thus appears that there were, three years ago, not fewer than 287,654 persons in Canada who cultivate their own land ; and if the army of farm servants, choppers, carpenters, blacksmiths, waggon-makers, harness-makers, &c., directly employed on farm- work, be added, it will be seen at on ce how vast a proportion of the half million of male adults in Canada are directly employed in the cultivation of the soil. Then as to the capital employed. The estimated cash value of the farms and farming implements was, in January, 1861, as fol lows : — • In Upper Canada $306,442,662 In Lower Canada 178,870,271 y. Total value ^485.312,933 And this enormous sum docs not include the live stock and crops on hand. The last census showed the live stock to have been then as follows : — - U. Canada. L. Canada. Milch cows, No. of head 451,640 328,370 Oxen and steers 99,605 200,991 Young cattle 464,083 2S7,611 Horses, of all kinds 377,681 248,515 Sheep 1,170,225 682,829 Pigs 776,001 286,400 At present prices, these cannot be valued at much under $100,000,000 ; and the amazing rapidity with which the live stock of the country is increasing in number and value can readily b« ' seen by a comparison of the census return* of 1851 and 1861. But perhaps a more satisfactory idea of the agricultural industry of the Province can be gained from a statement of the annual pro duct of our farms. In the year 1860 the crop was as follows : — U. Canada. L. Canada Total. Wheat, bushels 24,620,425 2,654,354 27,274,779 Barley, do 2,821,962 2,281,674 5,103,636 Rye, do. 973,181 844,192 1,817,373 Peaa, do 9,601,396 2,648,777 12,250,173 Oats, do 21,220,874 17,551,296 38,772,170 Buckwheat, do. ....... 1,248,637 1,250,025 2,498,662 Indian Corn,do 2,256,290 334,861 2,591,151 Potatoes, do 15,325,U20 12,770,471 28,096,391 Turnips, do 18,206,959 892,434 19,099,393 Man. Wurj5.,do 546,971 207,256 754,227 Camtfl, do 1,905,598 293,067 8,198,60$ bo CANADA. IJ. Can H (I a. 49,143 L. Canada. 21,384 81 ToUl. 70,527 Beans, bushcb Clover and Tiuiuthy Seeds,buHhels G1,S18 83,954 05,772 Hay, tons 801,841 080,077 1,551,821 Hops, do 247,052 53,387 300,439 Maple Sugrtr, lbs 0,070,005 0,325,147 16,206,752 Cidor, gallons 1,507,831 21,011 1,588,842 Wool, lbs 3,050,700 1,067,388 5.627,154 Butter, lbs 20,828,204 15,000,040 42,735,213 Cheese, lbs 2,087,172 080,207 3,373,469 Flax and Heiup, lbs... 1,225,034 075,827 2.201,761 Tobacco 777,420 The total valuo of these products of the furui in 1860 was close upon one hundred millions of dollars '. And if we add the increase of that same year on the live stock, the improvements made on old farms, and the new lands brought into cultivation, a pretty good estimate may be formed of the highly satisfactory condition of the farming interest in Canada. And then the work is but begun. The total number of acres that have passed from the Government into private hands is — . In UpperCanada 13,354,107 In Lower Canada 10,375,418 Total acres sold 23,730,326 Of this there are in cultivation, acres : — In Upper Canada 0,051,619 In Lower Canada..! 4,804,235 .u.i!:f -TV . - - . 10,855,854 Leaving yet wild 12,874 471 Not ON£-nALF op the land already in private hands, THEREFORE, IS YET CULTIVATED, to say nothing of the many mil- lioDSof acresof wildlands still undisposed of by Government. The war on the wilderness has but begun, and assuredly the prospects before agriculturistsis encouraging enough, and the field of exertion wide enough to stimulate the best and most ambitious to active and persevering exertion for the advancement of this greatest interest of the country. 151 391 393 227 60^ v-w; vawjJi ^'iA- li*.! 89 CANADA. The following extracts from letters addressed to a Select Committee of the Honorable the Legislative Council of Canada, appointed to take into consideration the sub- ject of emigration, by leading agriculturalists, mer- chants and manufacturers in various sections of the Province, interest . &;o-, will, it is thought, prove of general From John Dunlop, E^^q., of Craigowan, by Woodstock, G W., Prcsufent of the N. R. Agricultural Aanociation, County of Oxford, C.W. " When on a visit to the United States and Canada, in 1858, I was 80 pleased with the appearance of Upper Canada, that I decided to remove thither with my family, from Ayrshire, Scotland. I visited various localities, but preferred Oxford county ; purchased a property near Woodstock, the county town, and in the following year removed. " This is a beautiful district of country, with fine rich undulat- ing land, well wooded and watered, intersected by good gravel roads and centrally situated for access to the ' Great Western/ the 'Buffalo and Lake Huron/ and the 'Grand Trunk' railroads, where there are excellent cash markets for all sorts of farm pro- duce. "There is a most industrious and energetic population, whe make excellent and agreeable neighbors. '' The appearance of the district, when the orchards are in full blossom, is really beautiful, as almost every homestead is adorned with a large orchard, there being a great dbmand for the produce. Delicious apples, pears, plums, cherries, native grapes, and small fruit of all sorts, grow most luxuriantly ; peaches and nectarines do very well near the lake shores. " The soil of this district i? generally of a rich alluvial loam — intermixed with particles of limestone — capable of raising most of the cereal and root crops to perfection ; and as the farms are gen- erally well watered, either by springs or running water, it is one of the best districts in Canada for dairy purposes or mixed hus- bandry. " In vegetable production I do not think we can be excelled, especially in bulbous roots, pumpkins, squashes, melons, citrons, cucumbers, tomatoes, cauliflowers, &c., &c. " By a judicious system of agriculture, the soil will produce good crops ; I have seen wheat, peas, flax, clover, timothy, pars- nips, carrot^, potatoes and Swedish turnips, that would compare favorably with British produce on soil of similar quality ; and ths produce of dairy cows will eomparo favorably to that in Ayrshire. '' The stock exhibited at the annual show uf the Provincial " Association of Upper Canada, really consists in great part of first class animals and would not disgrace any of the British exhibi- tions, especially in Durham, Devon, Hereford, Galloway and Ayr- shire cattle, and in Cotswold, Leicester, Hampshire and South Down sheep, many of which ar^in fact, imported prize animals. The swine, also, show good breeding, and some really fine animals are exhibited. The horses, as a class, are generally light and OAHADA. 8» smtrt, and do not oomo up to the standard of the Clydesdale farm horse, but are, I believe, better suited for the country than many ■how horses. " The machinery and farm implements have been much improved within the laHt few years, and now display excellent workmanship and great ingenuity. In reaping machines and hay rakes I think we are far ahead of the British farmer. The exhibition of grain, roots, vegetables, fruit, flowers, works ot manufacture and art, ■hewn at * The Provincial,' are really most ii csting and credit- able, and prove that the Province is capable ot producing an ezhi> bition worthy of attention and remark. " The climate of this district is very healthy, the nituation being in about the highest portion of the peninsula; wo have generally a cool breeze ofi' the lakes in summer, and from the belts of forest ■till lefl uncut, we have ample screen from the winter's cold blast. I infinitely prefer the climate here to that of Ayrshire. " Vegetation progresses most rapidly ; it is surprising to seethe progress mailc in a short time, and how sooa the crop comes to perfection; the seeds must be got in early to secure good crops ; the dry climate gives the farmer a great advantage in the harvest- ing, after which he has a long season of favorable weather for pre- paring the land for the ensuing crop. During winter ho has little also to do, but marketing, providing fuel, and attending to the ■took. "Agriculturalists of moderate capital would do very well in this district, as plenty of farms are to be rented at G to 12 shillings sterling per acre ; or land is to be purchased according to the state of improvement in clearing and buildin(i;s, for $25 to $60 per aero. Scarcely any wild land in this neighborhood is for sale ; a farm of excellent soil, with good buildings and about four-fifths of it cleared, free from stumps and fenced, can be had for about $30 to 840 per acre. Lands of similar quality in Ayrshire would readily sell for as many pounds sterling, without even a fence or a house on it. To dairy farmers, especially, I can recommend this district. "Capitalists can invest f^afely in landed propert}, by judicious purchase of improved farms, which would readily let, yielding a clear rental of five per cent, on the money invested in the pur- chase, with a certainty of the farm annually increasing in value, if let to an enterprising agriculturalist ; or their money could readily be lent on mortgage on first-class cleared farms of most unex- ceptionable security, to yield from 8 to 9 per cent. " Mechanics, as a class, succeed well here ; skilled labor is always in demand; wages are high; provisions cheap; and educa- tion, in most of the country sections, is generally free. "The industrious laboring emigrant will do well here, as, during summer, he will find ample remunerative employment in the cleared districts, by hiring out his labor, to the best advantage; and by going to the back settlements in winter, he will got plenty willing to hire him to assist in clearing the forest and making new farms, or he may purchase from Government a farm which he can, during his winter months, clear for himself^ There are thousands in this Province who landed in Quebec with only a few dollars, and are now owners of beautiful cleared farms, with most comfortable komMteadik- 84 CANADA. " Manufaoturen would find a fine field of oporation hero. Flax, beet, Hugar, f'uriuo, iiud woollon luunufucturoN cuuld bo bcnofioially established in thJH diHtrict, which is wiOl udaptod to prodnoo the raw material at a low rato. llctinorios of pcLrolciim oil have boon establiahed, which arc in successful opt'rafion ; indicationH of the oil have also been found in thin district, and trial boroH have boon commenoed in search of tlic; springs. '* Annuitants or pwrsoru; of limited income can live here in far more comfort on the sumo amount of income than in Britain, owing to the cheapness ol' the nccesHarioM and luxuries of life. (Jould they invest their means hero, thereby ineroasint? their income, it would the more benefit them, liooul tiixiition is very moderate ; ohurohes of every dcnomiuation abound ; for (>(lueatiori!il ptirposcs • the most ample provision is made, so that a elassicial C('ueation can bo obtained at extremely low charges, and, in some instances, free. Prom David Buciian, Enq., Hvrmr of the University of Toronto, dated 'l^rd April, 18G3. " A practical farmer coming here from Europe has something to unlearn, and a good deal of now knowledge to acf|uire, before he is capable of working a Canadian farm to ad\rantage. Some are alow to do this; others accomplish it with great rapidity, just as in other things ; and a man's success depends quite as much upon himself as upon the kind of circumstances which surround him. Of one thing I feel perfectly assured : an indolent man, even if he has moderate < apital, had better lie down and die at home than come out here. Hia capital will probably last longer, and he will have a much more comfortable end. " Young gentlemen, also, not practical farmers and not prepared to put their hands to work and learn everything, and even undergo a considerable amount of hardship in the outset, unless they have an income besides their farms, had better stay at home ; for, as a general rule, that class of immigrants soon disappears. " The class of farmers best adapted to this country are those generally known as small farmers, men who do their own work, or a part of it ; whose wives are also accustomed to the work of the house and dairy, and who think it no hardship to get up at four o'clock of a summer's morning, and proportion ably early in winter, to see to the milking of the cows and getting breakfast ready. Such men, if they keep sober and retain their health, are sure to succeed, unless under very exceptional circumstances. " Keeping in mind the general remarks I have made as to the kind of farmers to whom this country is likely to prove suitable, it seems to me that, without entering into minute calculations (which T am not prepared to do, and which, after all, I believe are of no practical value), I would just state the general fact that, around the neighborhood to which I have referred to in the outset ol this letter, there are scores of people who began with very small means indeed, some twenty-five or thirty years ago, who have now ex- cellent cultivated farms, with good stone, or brick, or frame houses on them, and spacious farm yards ; such farms ranging from 50 up to 500 acres, but mostly averaging from 100 to 300^ and varying in value from $40 to $70 an acre, according to oircumgtanoes. ' in CANADA. H Somo of these men arc p^oin^ on Hteudily accumulatinp^ property, adding farn: to turm. There iiru otiiers, of course, who have tailed. But you know — und ony one who hua lived through tho nottlemeut und improvouicut of uny niodorutely good section of our (jouutry, daring the lust twenty-tivo or thirty years, kuowH — that although there are oecaisional backsots owing to bad .seasons or low prioos; and although, UH happens ovcrywhcro, thero uro many who fail, oithor through iniprudeuee, initapauity, or misfortuno, a largo proportion Huoocud, and in the cnurMO of a few y*;ar.s there is a wonderful change on the fu o of the country. Tiii« proves that there must be profit in farming, if rightly conducted by the right parties. " Then there is another tostwliieh I derive from my official posi- tion as the party in charge ol' tlje endowments of the Univeruitv uud Upper (!anada College. The conditions upon which we »olI our lands arc — one-tenth of the purchase money down, and the balance iu nine e(|ual annual instalments, with the interest annually on the unpaid balance. I have been in charge of these lands for now nearly 12 years. Of rural lots I have made, for the Uni- versity, about 770 sales ; the quantity in any one sale being seldom less than 60 acres ; liardly ever more than 200. 1 find, on a hasty examination, that of these 770 sales the price in about 890 cases has been fully paid. For Upper Canada College I have made about 292 sales ; of these the price in about 70 cases has been fully paid. " I raay state that, as a whole, the University lands wore much better situated than the Upper (>anada (College lands; and many of the lots were under lease previous to sale. Hence the moru favorable res'flt,even although sold, on an average, at higher prices. I should add that, in a very large proportion of the cases, when the purchases were made, the parties could do litt'.e more than pay tho first instalment. As a general rule, also, they fell behind in their subsequent payments of principal, and very frequently even of interest ; but after getting some improvements made, and their houses and barns erected, tlicy often paid up the price with great rapidity. Out of 1897 University sales of agricultural lands, made more than nine years ago, there are only 76 for which tho deeds have not been taken out. And in the case of Upper Canada Col- lege, out of 271 sales in a similar position, only 20 are not fully paid for. " With respect to the rates of interest to be obtained on perfectly reliable securities, where that security is a mortgage of land, con- sists, in my opinion, of an amount of land which is likely to bring in ordinary times, and at a forced sale, a cash price of twice the amount of the mortgage debt. No such investments are now made for the University of Upper Canada College; but I may state that, privately for myself or friends, I have not found any difficulty in obtaining such securities at 8 and, in some cases, 10 per cent, interest ; and that xn all cases, except one, the interest has been paid with reasonable punctuality. In the one exceptional case the property has been assumed for the debt, and is quite sufficient to cover principal, arrears of interest, costs of foreclosure, and all other expenses, even under the present depressed state of things in the country. Some parties seek for higher interest ; but 9$ CANADA. I wonld adviae any one investiog to be content with 8 per oent.^ and see well to the security. « I may just add that I have recently been investing on University tocount iu good county debentures, at a price to yielc^ ultimately, when such debentures are paid, about seven per cent, on the amount invested. "It is now upwards of twenty-eight years evince I first set foot in the Town of Brentford. It was then only in its infancy. Now it has become a county town, and contains, according to the last census, a population of 6,251, and ranks the eighth in size of the qities or towns in Canada West; St. Catherines and Belleville heading it by only a few inhabitants. Then the Township of Brantford had been just surrendered by the Indians, and was al- most entirely in a state of nature. It consisted mostly of oak open- ings, and afforded, in many places, very fine park-like scenery, covered at certain seasons with wild flowers in gre.u profusion. The southern portion of the Township of Dumfries, lyir^ to the north of the Township of Brantford, and the Township ot Burford to the west, although move advanced in settlement, were then still in a very rough condition, and presented very similar natural fea- tures. Now the whole surfiace of the country is changed. I do pot think there is an unsold lot in the whole of the district speci- fied by me ; and I question (with the exception of a kind of fancy block of a few hundred acres near the front of South Dumfries, held in reserve by Mr. William Dickson) if there is a lot which is not more or less cleared in the townships I have named, or in Oak- land, unless it may be some few hundreds of acres of pine lands in the Township of Burford. Having had occasion lait summer to drive across portions of Brantford, Burford and Oakland, which I had not seen for several years, I was amazed at the number of comfortable and commodious farm-houses which had been recently erected, some of them presenting more the appearance of handsome suburban villas than mere farmers' residences. "I have already stated, as regards Canada generally, that wheat is the staple article of produce. In the particular section to which I am now referring it is particularly so, and we claim that we have the best wheat-growing county in Canada. The surface of the county, generally, is rolling, sometimes rather inclined to be hilly; and from the nature of the soil (loam of more or less strength), and of the subsoil (principally limestone gravel), the land is dry and easily worked at almost all seasons, except when the frost is in the ground. We expect to commence ploughing, in ordinary seasons, in the first week in April. We do not anticipate being stopped by the frost till towards the end of November. I have had ploughs working till the 5th of December, and I have commenced spring ploughing in the last week in March. « I remember one season, when the frost was completely out of the ground early in March, that during nearly the whole month my men were taking out stumps ; and I daresay, you know that about the last place which the frost leaves, in open ground, is the north side of a good-sized stump. " In stating the agricultural capabilities of a country such tf Canada, I do not think it is fair to say the average crop of wheat| CANADA. 87 , -if. ■i ■■')■ • ■•'■.•;,' :. c: ■ '■■■ ftf; in the whole country or section of the country, is so many bu8he!B per acre ; for there is, of course, a great deal of most miserable farming. The fairer way is to state what are the results produced by good farming. Then there have been seasons when the best farmers have been least successful; as, for exomple, in 1861, when the rain froze on the surface immediately after a very rapid thaw which took away all the snow except in a few spots, and so entirely destroyed the plant that farmers who ordinarily look for from 30 to 40 bushels of wheat per acre, did not get more than five or seven. That, however, was an exceptional year. I believe the average pro- duct of fair land, well farmed, in our section of the country, may be set down at about 80 bushels an acre. I have known of more than 50, In September last year, I was informed by the owner of a threshing-machine, who had been threshing wheat in the neigh- borhood for farmers for several weeks, that up to that time his threshing had yielded on an average 33 bushels per acre. Your fellow-member of the Legislative Council, the Hon. D. Christie, the largest, aud one of the most successful farmers we have, stated to me that his crop would average nearly 36 bushels to an acre. He told also of a neighbor of his who had threshed 900 bushels from 20 acres, or 45 bushels an acre. On my own and my neigh- bor's farms, the average from land properly fallowed was about 32 bushels ; although the season, between ^he beginning of May and wheat harvest, was the driest ever experienced. " Wheat being the staple in our country, or rather in the western and north-western part of it, everything else is made tri- butary to wheat. Oats are only grown to supply the wants of the farm. Sometimes barley is sown upon the land which has been used for root crops ; sometimes spring wheat, but only in limited quantities. As much clover and timothy arc sown as will supply hay and pasture to as many sheep and cattle as can be kept on the farm, with a view rather to enrich the land for the subsequent crop of wheat, than for the profit they themselves will directly yield. Turnips and other roots, but principally turnips, are being grown to a greater extent every year ; although, owing to the dif- ficulty of obtaining extra labor, and the trouble caased by tue necessity that exists for winter storing, we are obliged to content ourselves with a quantity very limited as compared with the amounts raised by farmers in the British Islands Stall feeding of cattle and winter feeding of sheep are coming more in vogue ; and great efibrts are being made by the more enterprising farmers to improve the breeds of all kinds of stock. '' As to climate, there is no healthier in the world, notwith- standing the assertions of some travellers to the contrary. " An important item of intelligence is the facility there is for disposing of produce when raised. For wheat there are markets ' at Brantford, and at Paris, seven miles to the north-west of Braut- t'ord, where the market price can always be obtained within two or three cents per bushel of that paid at Hamilton, Toronto, or else- where on the Lake shore. Wool is ready of sale at from 25 to 30 oents per pound for Leicester. In ordinary times, there has been no difficulty in selling fat cattle or sheep to drovers, who come round picking them up for the American or Canadian city mar- kets. This season, owing to the state of money matters across the lineS; there has been less demand; in fact scarcely any. 88 OANADA. i " Another matter of importance is facility of access. In this respect the County of Brant is highly favored. The Great Western Railway passes east and west through, or immediately adjoining, the northern parts of the county; and the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway also intersects the county to a still greater degree ; enter- ing at the south-easterly boundary of Onondaga township, and leaving near the south-westerly corner of South Dumfries : taking the county town, and also the town of Paris, on its way. " At Paris two railways cross each other. There are also several gravelled roads running in different directions ; and from the nature of the soil the common roads are generally good. " As regards taxes, rates vary in the different townships. I can only speak for South Dumfries, where my property lies. On a house which cost me $8,000, irrespective of outhouses, fences, laying out of grounds, &c., and a farm-house and farm buildings worth, probably, $1,300 more; with 200 acres of cleared land, my taxes were a little over $50 last year, and the greater proportion of that was school tax. "As regards education, btjidc ^^e Common Schools, one of which is within a mile or two o.e* c.y man's door, there are Gram- mar Schools at Brantford and Paris; at either of which a young man may be preprred to matriculate at the University. " As to religious advantages there is no lack. In the larger towns Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Methodist, Congregational and Baptist churches are to be found. In the smaller villages, also, and throughout the country, every here and there Protestant churches of one kind or another have been plant- ed, so that if a man in health does not attend to the public worship of his Maker, it must be from want of will, not from want of oppor- tunity. In some situations he may require to worship with some other denomination than his own ; but as a general rule, by a little exertion, more or less, he may always worohip with those of his own way of thinking. ■• ■ • ill t -!j From J). W. Freeman, Esq., of Simot, ' 'Yc-' date of March Ibih, 1863 : " I feel confident that our country never offerea more flattering and at the same time more reliable inducements to emigrants than at present. Perhaps there never was a period in the history of Canada at which cleared farms could be purchased with so much certainty of a sure and safe investment as now. If we retrospect the past few years, and compare the high prices which were then paid for real estate with the unprecedentedly low prices at which such property is now offered, we must : me to the conclusion that we are at the crisis at which men of t . l^al may safely invest. "As to the * returns which may be ga iiod from the soil,' there can be but one opinion : where the soil is thoroughly cultivated and the general management of the farm evinces skill and economy, the result will always prove satisfactory. Partial failures will sometimes occur, owing to circumstances over which the cultivator has no control. Yet the history of other countries assures us that such failures are less frequent with us than in most other countries. " As to the * rates of interest to be obtained,' I am sorry to say *■ In this Western joining, I Huron ; cnter- ip, and : taking ire also id from 1. Iiips. I es. On ferces, uildings and, my oportion 3, one of e Gram- a young e larger ethodist, In the here and en plant- worship )f oppor- ith some y a little se of his / March flattering ints than istory of so much etrospect ere then at which sion that ^est. il/ there ultivated economy, ures will mltivator 38 us that Bountrics. rry to say CANADA. 89 that they are extravagantly high, ranging from 8 tol2 per centum, which certaii ly indicates an unhealthy state of commerce and manufactures, owing no doubt to the unhappy struggle in our neighboring republic. Circumstances, however, warrant the con- clusion that we are on the eve of wha't we familiarly call * better times,' that our productive resources will soon receive a fresh im- petus, that real estate will advance in value, that money will feel a corresponding depreciation, and a healthy balance be again entered. '* As to the ' other advantages,' they are really too numerous to mention. A country possessing a climate so salubrious, a soil so productive, with such extensive forests, such an abundance of lake and river communication, and such facilities for all the industrial occupations of life, needs only to be seen to be appreciated. " The advantages of my ' own district of country ' will compare favorably with any other section of the Province. Our soil is di- versified, sandy loam predominating; the surface is undulating, in- terspersed with numerous creeks and streamlets. We grow a greater variety of cereals, iruits and vegetables than are grown in more northerly counties. Winter wheat is our staple production, and is cultivated with more certainty than in many other places, not su£fering so much from the frosts and the depredations of in- sects ; in quality it will compare with the best samples grown in any part of the Province or the United States. Indian corn, peas, barley, oats and buckwheat produce abundantly. Timothy and clover afford abundance of hay and pasturage ; clover is our cheap- est and most reliable fertilizer. Our county abounds with mills and manufactures. Lake Erie affords a natural outlet to our pro- ducts, and when our Southern Railway is completed we shall rr.nk number one. Materials for building and fencing are cheap and abundant. I feel warranted in the assertion that this oounty offers peculiar advantages to men of small capital. Domestic ser- vants are in great request, and would receive satisfactory wages for their services." From Robert Hobson, Esq.y of Fonthill, Sheriff of the County of WeUand, C. W. " The facility of obtaining farms that are valuable, near railway statioas or water communications, varies very much, even where farms lie side by side and naturally of equal fertility, owing to the manner in which the lands have been farmed, and the improve- ments made in the way of building and fencing the same. Good farms can bo purchased at such places at the following prices : say from twenty-five dollars per acre to sixty dollars per acre. Even at these prices — if the land is properly tilled — it will yield the owner a very good return for his outlay, where industry, sobriety and economy are strictly practised. From the knowledge I possess of English farming (being a native of that country), I am satisfied that the same close application in this country that is applied to farming in England, would render a good return for capital invested at the above prices. As to the rates of interest to be obtained upon good and reliable freehold securities, they have ranged very high| say from eight per centum per annum to twenty per centum m- i|v. 40 OANADA. i-i jw ii'-\ llJ. /.f:7; Ik -Jl; •■,n. per annum. In regard to parties coming here with a moderate capital, I think that with industrious, sober and economical habits, they would do well, as no country presents a better field for per- sons of this description ; for such persons can, in a country like this, always meet with property for sale, according to the means they may have to invest, and wit.h that care and prudence which is at all times and under any circumstances, necessary !o ensure success in any undertaking, would soon make themselves and their families very comfortable homes. With regard to facilities for manufacturing, I think that Canada presents a large field for operations of this kind, from the many natural streams which abound in almost every locality, together with the large amount of artificial permanent water-power created by the construction of canals. It is a matter of surprise to me why British and other capitalists have so long delayed making investments in this branch of industry, where I am satisfied they would meet with not <>nly a fair remuneration for the outlay, but a very handsome return for the capital invested. I shall confine my remarks hereafter more particularly to the Counties of Lincoln and Welland, and follow up the subject of manufacturing and the facilities which present themselves in these two counties. These two counties can furnish as fine and permanent water-power, perhaps, as any counties within the Province, chiefly on account of the Welland Canal passing through them, with a large amount of lockage, thereby affording at all times an inexhaustible supply of water for the propelling of machinery. The facilities for getting the raw material (when this unfortunate war in the neighboring republic terminates, which, 1 hope, will soon take place), and of shipping the goods either by canal during the season of navigation, or by railway during the time that navigation remains Closed, to any part of the Province, are not surpassed in any section of this Province, owing to the Welland Railway passing all along the line of the Welland Canal, intersecting the Great Western Railway at St. Catherines and the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway at Port Colburne, which railways form two important lines and intersect almost all other lines throughout the entire Province, whereby manufacturers can send their wares at all times to market. " The prices of well-improved farms rate, in this county, very similar to those already alluded to in the first part of my letter. Of wild lands ve have but very little, owing to this county being one of the oldest in the Province and the lands chiefly settled. We have a number of thriving villages in this county, situated along the line of the Welland Canal, at which villages the farmers j find a ready market for their surplus produce, either for exporta- tion or home consumption. I will now say a word or two with i regard to field-laborers. In this section of the country there is a great faiMng off; the general impression is that the American war hag been usainly instrumental in reducing this class ard rendering it somewhat difficult to obtain laborers of this description. lu conclusion I earnestly hope that the legislature, in its wisdom, will take such steps as will induce a fair number of all classes mentioned in my letter to emigrate to this country, as there is in my opinion an ample field open before them all, in which they can bring fully | into play their respective talenta." ^;- cr' • lage m OANADA. 41 )derate habits, or per- ,ry like i means 3 which » ensure Dd their itics for field lor 3 which aount of ction of ad other 9 branch not only 3turn for ter more follow up , present n furnish es within 1 passing affording pelling of when this . which, 1 either by uring the Province, ing to the ind Canal, IS and the 1 railways ther lines can send mty, very my letter, inty being ly settled. , situated le farmers )r oxporta- two with there is a I erican war 1 rendering I ption. In isdom, will mentioned | y opinion bring fully 1 From BoBERT Armstrong, Esq., MiUhrook, Tewnihip of Cavatif IStJi March, 1863. " The Port Hope and Lindsay Railway passes through this township, having a station with extensive storehouses at the vil- lage of Millbrook, ut which point a branch of this railway leads off to Peterborough, u town distant northerly about thirteen miles, Port Hope being ei>;htcen miles southerly. At this village and the towns mentioned, the highest prices are always paid for all kinds of farmers' produce. " Owing to the desire of many farmers to * move back,' with a view of obtaining a larger quantity of lands for their families, there could at present bo purchased probably 50 farms of 100 acres each in this township. The improved lands on these farms might be put down at an average of 65 acres each, with the usual buildings. The price of these farms would range from 630 to 650 per acre, according to situation and quality. " The returns which may be gained from the soil, by skilful farming, are such as have made most of our farmers independent, and most of them wealthy. Those who have sons to take hold and go to work have decidedly the advantage of those who have none. The yield of wheat varies from 20 bushels per acre upwards, ao- (jordiug to culture iind season. Oats, barley, field peas, timothy, clover, and all kinds of roots, are sure crops and always profitable. " The rate of interest paid hj first-class borrowers varies accord- ing to the conscience of the lender, from eight to ten per cent. Large sums could.be invested at these rates. " There is at present, owing to our heavy tariff on imports, a wide and profitable lield for manufactures, in almost every depart ment. All our coarse and fine linens could be made in Canada with profit. So could oui* cotton yarns, and coarser fabrics of that material in woolens. Many of our American neighbors find it to their interest to come amongst us and commence manufao turing. A British operative ought to be able to make money where an American can. " This district of country is highly favored by abundant water- power, cheap fuel, abundant and cheap provisions of every kind, and the best common schools in the world. The township of Oavan has, within a few years, erected, in her different school sections, new and beautiful school-houses, principally of brick j and the same may be said of the churches erected by the leading denominations of Protestants; all reflect great credit upon the spirit and liberality of their people, and furnish ample accommo- dations for religious and secular education. We have, then, room for a considerable number of our fellow-subjects from our mother- country, and if they are sober, honest and industrious, they cannot fail. We vrill give them a hearty welcome, and bid thsm God speed. 42 CANADA. EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS FROM THE OTTAWA DISTRICT. N. (t. Robinson, Esq., Warden of the County of Carleton, Recommends the cultivation uf fall wheat in preference to spring wheat. States the average yield of the former to be from 18 to 25 bushels per acre ; of the latter only from 5 to 'S2 bushels. Attaches great importance to the cultivation of turnips ; the yield varies from 600 to 900 bushels per acre, at a cost for cultivation of 5d. per bushel. The feeding of beef cattle in winter is becoming very general, even with small agriculturists. The rate of interest on landed security is from 10 to 15 per cent. P. HiNTON, Esq., Ex- Warden of the Count/ of Carleton, Recommends the Ottawa Valley for settlement and the employ- ment of capital, (cleared farms arc easily obtained in this district of country at present, and at prices which would be profitable in- vestments, tor English capitalists, in eligible situations. Farms are ciieaper now owing to the scarcity of money, which will realize 12i per cent, on real estate security. A good farm will yield an average crop in this district worth $10 per acre, free of expenses. Wm. Kino, Justice of the Peace of the Township oj Bristol, in the County of I ontiac, Thinks there can be no question but that farm laborers, and more especially agriculturists of small capital, would better their condition immensely by emigrating to this Province.' Considers the Ottawa Country to be exceedingly suitable for agriculturists of small means, and thinks there is no reason why the settlement of the country should not progress with the lumber trade, under judicious regulations. In this and the neighboring townships the chief crops are wheat and oats : the produce of the wheat per acre is from 15 to 35 bubhels (sometimes over 40) ; oats from 20 to 40; pease 15 to 20; and potatoes from 200 to 300 bushels. Ten per Rent, interest can easily be obtained on reliable security. James E. Cole, Esq., of Ottawa City, Is of opinion that in the present condition of the country, hardy, practical farmers and laborers are the class of men most to be de- sired, with a sprinkling of tradesmen and mechanics Draws particular attention to the immense water power of Ottawa and the Ottawa Valley, having a continuous supply winter and summer. Considort} this water power to offer great inducements to ' men of capital and manufacturing enterprise,' especially for the purpose of manufacturing cotton. The amount of water power at Ottawa and its immediate vicinity is computed at 126,000 horse power, ' a greater amount than England, Ireland and Scotland combined ever possessed.' Shows that, as compared with England, 43 per cent, might be saved in the manufacture of cotton in Canada. Georqe W. Perry, Esq., Civil Engineer, Ottawa, Thinks that Canada possesses many advantages to the steady agrioalturiflt of sm^U capital ; that the investment of capital in .,!'<('»■ CANADA. 43 4l<' land for actual iarniing purposes is highly remunerative. Gives an estimate of what can be done by a capital of £:iOO sterling ; puts down £50 sterling as the smallest possible sum for a start in wild lands. Recommends the Ottawa District as offering many advantages for the employment of capital. David Campbell, Esq., of the Toionship of Rammy, Secretary to the Agricultural Society oj North Lanark, Reports chiefly on the manufactories in this section of the country. At Almonte there are two woollen factories, each em- ploying upwards of 50 hands ; a hosiery factory is about being finished, which will go into operation this spring and employ about 40 hands. Besides these factories there are at Almonte three grist mills. The water power is good and extensive. At Appleton, a few miles further up stream, there is a good water power, and a new cloth factory is about finished, also a saw and grist mill in operation. On the same stream, about four miles below Almonte, there are other water-powers, a saw and grist mill in operation, ]>csides other minor streams with saw mills at different localities within the towuship. Mr. C. is of opinion that during the last two years sales at very remunerative prices have been readily effected in the markets of the Province for the products of the woollen factories. A number of agricultural servants might be employed at wages from 8, 10 and 12 dollars per month with board. A number of female domestic servants will find ready employment at three and four dollars per month with board. HOME MANUFACTURES. i^From the Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for I .. Upper Canada.^ There is a largg field open in Canada for enterprize in woollen manufacture. In 1861, woolle-ns to the value of upwards of four million dollars were imported. All kinds of woollen fabrics will be in demand owing to the price of cotton. In 1861, English wool was 66 per cent, dearer than middling Orleans cotton ; now it is 11 per cent, cheaper. Ordinary yellow East Indian wool was 83 per cent, cheaper; at the present time it is nearly 60 per cent, cheaper. It is estimated that not less than 25,000,000 lbs. more of wool were worked up in 1862 than in 1861. British North America impo»*ted last year 65,000 pieces of cloth more than in 1861. But Canada, of worsted stuffs, took 94,000 pieces less in 1862 than in 1861. Considerable increase has taken place in the woollen manufactures of Canada during the past year or two, but far from being adequate to supply the country even with the coarse kinds of cloth so largely imported. The annual review of the commerce of Toronto tells us that " American carpets have advanced to a rate which altogether shuts them out of this market. The tax on manufacturing, the high 44 CANADA. 1*^' I price for exohange, and thu deprooiatioD in ourrenoy, and the ne- cessity for the payment of duties in gold on all the imported mate- rials, has run rates up to some seventy per cent. bcyoDd the usual figures. In this, as in nearly all other brauchcs of trade, has our oomraorce with the United States ceased." In woollen goods, such as flannels, bliinketfl and hosiery, all we want is capital, skill and machiuory. The raw material would soon become abundant, and the demand is constantly increasing. The impetus given to the flax and linen trades by the high price of cot- ton has been relatively greater than that given to ^ool. While the increase at home in the imports of wool in 1852, as compared with those of 1861, amounted to 14 per cent., the arrivals of flax have risen to 85 per cent. So also with exports of linen, which have amounted to 24 per cent, increase during the same period. We imported $.^32,433 worth in 1861. Some attention has recently b jen devoted to *he cultivation of 'flax, and the introduc- tion of machines for rendering the raw product marketable has been attended with promising re alts. In 1851, Upper (Canada raised 59,680 lbs. of flax and hei^p ; in 1861, 1,225,934 lbs. The quantity of linen manufactured in 1851 was only 14,711 yards, in 1861 it rose to 37,055 yards, an increase quite out of proportion to the amount of raw material brought into the market. The increase in the amount of the wool crop during the same period was about 1,000^000 lbs. The quantity of flannel manufac- tured in 1851 was 1.157,221 yards, against 1,595,514 yards in 1861 ; and strange to say, the number of yards of fulled cloth manufactured in 1851 was greater than in 1861. The great fact however, is patent to all, that if we import woollen, linen and cot- ton fabrics to the amount of nearly ten millions of dollars per an- num, and export a quarter of a million of dollarc* worth of wool, and possess the capability of greatly increasin; the yearly amount of the raw product raised, a large field is now open for com- petitive industry in the Province, if capital and skilled labor were to be abundant in our midst. It is satisfactory to note, that so great has been the improvement which has taken place in agricultural implements and machinery, that we are now to a great extent independent of the United States, and no doubt that very soon the demand will be altogether supplied by home manufaotured articles. A population now numbering not far from three millions, rapidly increasing, cut off" by the civil war in the States from a large import trade, and possessing abundance of water-power, raw material, and growing home markets, cannot fad to furnish a splendid field for manufacturing enterprize. At no period of our history have the conditions been so favorable for the introduction of that capital which is so lavishly bestowed upon the foreigner, and the skilled labor which is pining in almost hope- ess poverty at home;. ■ ■ii\ ih.l-r ln^;g also to mention that the very bad state of the Bobcaygeon Roud has very much impeded the sale of land during tho past season. Those who have gone in as settlers, both on Free Grants and on the purchuHed lauds, are generally well pleased with their own pros- pects and those of the whole settlement, but still a difference of opinion does exist ; there is, no doubt, a good deal of rough rocky land, but ouu thing spcuks favorably for the settlement j| those who sell out do so generally for a good price to the emigrant, or to others who wish to purchase improved farms with buildings on them, and almost invariably buy again and commence the world anew on another farm. I consider this the best way for the emi- grant to procure a farm when he has means. There are about 300,000 acres for sale in the Townships of Galway, Somerville, Cavendish, Lutterworth, Snowdon, Anson, Minden, Hindon, Stanhope and Sherborne. Galway is well! watered, and although undulating and stony in places, has inter- vening valleys in which the soil is deep and fertile. The township swarms with beaver. The land in Lutterworth is in general undulating and intersected with numerous small lakes. There are excellent water privileges r. in the immediate vicinity of Gull Lake. .j Minden is a good township, and is being fast settled with an in- dustrious and intelligent class. The soil is generally composed of ''I a sandy loam, in some oases resting upon a substratum of clay and • f gravel, and is of good depth. Minden is well adapted tor settle- ment. For small craft, an almost unbroken water communication from Lindsay to within half a mile of its eastern limit, affords in- tending settlers a readiness of approach not often found by those seeking homes in newly-surveyed districts. A large proportion of good land is found in the south-eastern, central and western por- tions of tho township. In this agency the advantages of the Bobcaygeon road are incalculable to the settleri. jj? » 'v-* ... ' 1 'l 60 CANADA. i Among the improvements for the year are two grist mills in successfiil operation— one at the Gull River, about two miles from the road, the other at Burnt River, where the road crosses it, capable, each, of grinding a large quantity of grain ; and it is estimated that there ii sufficient wheat now raised in the back country to keep them both employed. This will be a great saving to the farmers of the place, as it dispenses with the necessity which hitherto existed of drawing their grain twenty or thirty miles to mill. Each of these mills has, in connection with it, a saw-mill, which saws about two thousand ^ve hundred feof of lumber daily. This may be contrasted with the fact that in the Free Grants there are as yet no mills in operation. There are also two saw-mills completed in the Township of Sl^.n- hope, from which (mills) quantities of lumber are floated down the waters of the Gull River to meet the increasing demand. As to the settlement and population of the townships in the neighborhood of the road, I think they will be found to contain sextuple the number uf inhabitants of the Free Grants, and to have a proportionate superiority in the amount of crops raised. NATIONALITY AND NUMBER OP SETTLERS ON THE BOBOAYOEON ROAD, JAN. 1st, 1864. Irish, 112 ; English, 43 ; Canadian, 35 ; Scotch, 1<> ; German, 1 ; French Canadian, 1 ; Swedes, 2 — 210 families. — Total popula- tion, 1002. IMPROVEMENTS. Acres of land cleared 2499^ ♦ Acres chopped 322J Houses .....*. 173 Barns 92 ' Stables ,... 156 Saw-mill 1 LIVE bVOCK. Horses 38 @ $50 00 124 Oxen Cows 203 @ Young Cattle... 211 Pigs Sheep 238 58 $1,900 00 00 3,720 0.) 15 00 3,045 00 5 00 1,266 00 3 00 714 00 4 00 232 00 . t , : ■:.:'■•• ' «10,877 00 Value of Agricultural and other products.... 35,303 40 Route, by Grand Trunk Railwaj to Port Hope, 437 miles; fare 4 dollars 50 cents; thence to Bobcaygeon, vid Jandsay, by rail and steamer, 75 miles. .BURLEIGH ROAD— COUNTY OF PETERBOROUGH. John Carroll, North Douro, Agent for Burleigh Road. The land in the townships on the Burleigh Road is generally very good and is now being rapidly disposed of, nearly two-thirds V CANADA. 61 ■■;■<-»• 4 id of it being adapted for settlement. Price per acre, 70 conts, or 2s lOd stg., cash, or one dollar on time. Quantity for sale 200,000 acres. There is a very fair demand for agricultural laborers in the County of Peterborough. Wages vary from 8 to 16 dollars a month; female domestics get from 4 to 5 dollars a month, with board. Plenty of improved farms may be purchased in the county for from £2 to £10 sterling per acre, according to the quality of soil and locality. A few might be rented at from 8s. to 16s. sterling per acre. A road is completed as far back as the rear of the Township of Burleigh. Route. — By Grand Trunk Railway to Peterborough, vid Co- bourg, 459 miles, for 5 dollars 50 cents. HASTINGS ROAD Agent: M. P. Hayks, Madoc. In this agency there are 290,000 acres for sale in the Townships of Tudor, Lake Cashel, WoUaston, Limerick, Faraday, Dungannon, Herschel, Monteagle, McClure, Wicklow, and Bangor. The country within the boundaries of Limerick, WoUaston, Dungannon and Faraday is the region where the waters divide, and conse- quently the height of land between the Ottawa and rivers running into Lake Ontario. It cannot, therefore, be otherwise than rough. Still there are many tracts of good arable land to be met with, and the very roughest of it would make pasture land, having water in abundance. Monteagle is represented to be superior land, thickly and heavily wooded, and the surface undulating. The Hastings road forms a direct line of communication through this agency, and is connected by the Peterson line with the Opeongo road. In his report to Government for the year 1863, Mr. Hayes states the following facts : Total number of persons in possession of Free Grant lots on the 30th December, 1863 398 Of these, 27 are non-resident. The total population of resident settlers and their families on Free Grants at the same date is.... 1,031 ds NATIONAL OEiaiiN OF SETTLERS. England, 48 ; Ireland, 173 ; Scotland, 43 ; Canada, 91 ; Ger- ' many, 27; France, 2 ; Lower Provinces, 2; Orkney, 8 ; T^uited '^'", States, 9. Total, 398. ' The number of new settlers located on 1 je Grant lots during '' ' the year 1863 is 22 ; of whom, 4 were natives of England, 4 of Ireland, 12 of Canada, and 2 of Scotland. In addition to the Free Grant lots located, I ha\?e sold durluj- '^ vl the year 72 one-hundred acre lots of Crown and Clergy lands. . , The number of acres cleared at the close of the YMff5;fn:'*ri - y^^, jg^s^ ^^ p^ee Grants, is 4,791 In process of clearing 579J Total 5,370i Number in same condition at close of 1862 4,553 Increase during the year 817 acres U-i 52 CANADA. Value of oiops and industrial products of settlers, $62,750 70. During the summer of 1863, considerablo attention was attached to the Townships of Tudor and Itake, by the reported discoveries of deposits of coppev and lead in several localities throughout these townships. The first attempt at mining was made near Glanmirc, on lot 28, 14th concession, Tudor. Some very pure specimens of galena, containing 65 to 70 per cent, of lead, were taken out at this mine, but the working of it has not been continued to any extent. A mine was opened last autumn on lot 28, concession B, Tudor, and has been worked for about two months. A well-defined vein of galena was found here, averaging about three inches in thickness, with regular rock wall of limestone on the north-east side. This vein has been opened to a depth of some 18 or 20 feet, and 12 to 15 in length. Some 14 tons of the ore were taken out at this mine. Similar deposits of pure galena have been found in several other parts of Tudor, and, I am informed, also in the south-west corner of Cashel. In Lake, extensive deposits of copper ore have been found in the 3rd, 4th and 5th concessions ; and a considerablo quantity of the ore has been. brought to the surface. Miners of experience and character have reported very favorably of these deposits, and a good many speculative purchases of lots in ths vicinity have been made on the faith of the expectations bo raised. The year 1862 was one of general hardship aad many trials to settlers in the backwoods. Many of the settlers in the lower town- ships suffered most severely from the scarcity of provisions, and the crops of 1868 were curtailed by the want of seed grain on the part of a large number, who were forced to use what they got for that purpose, in order to supply the actual requirements of their families for food. Had it not been for this, the crops, particularly of wheat, would have been much larger in 1863, as the season was in every respect most favorable. The crops were not injured by any kind of fly, insect, rust or blight, but were in general all that could be desired. The only complaint was that some of the late potatoes and oats were injured by frost ; but this did not occur to any appreciable extent. Two schools have been kept open in Tudor for the greater part of the year ; one for a part of the summer at Limerick, and one for the whole year in Bangor. The Post Office Department has continued to afford every possi- ble aid by the establishment of new offices as fast as the progress of settlement required them, and by increasing the services of the offices on the lower part of the road. We have now two mails each week to Bannockburn, Millbridge and Glanmire. We have five post offices on the road, and two more are about to be opened. A regular Church of England mission has been est9Ji)iished here since my last report. , ! 7. ' , i - Catholic clergymen visit the Road and celebrate mass frequently in the different settlements. Ministers of the Presbyterian Free Church and of the several Methodist Churches also hold iervices at points along the road very frequently. :--.-->. .:,h i;^>-,i t a Vt^ '.my :iii-- h ';;a^';:»;ii. CANADA. (8 .tly Fanning mills and threshing machines have been introduced very generally, and most of the older settlers have a good supply • of farming tools and implements. The same freedom from disease and crimo which marked the earlier years of the settlement, has, I am happy to say, continued during 1863. The nearest vacant free grant lots now are from 50 to 60 miles from Madoo, but the best settlement T have is still further north, at or near the intersection of the branch road with Hastings, and along the eastern branch, connecting with the Madawaska river. As a general rule, it is better for emigrants to buy farms with small clearings from the earlier settlers than to go a long way back into the woods the first year, and I generally advise them to do so ; but their success depends much more upon their fitness or unfit- ness for the work than upon any external condition. I fini that those who succeed best are tJiose who go in with little or no means except their labour ; tltey worls quietly and steadily on their land and in four or five yearshecome quite independent. On the other hand, those who have some capital generally idle away a great part of their time, and when their money is gone they are dissatisfied with the country. In fact, unless a man has been brought %(p to labour, lie has no business in the woods. If he lias been brought up in it, and is willing and able to work, he can do better than in any other way that 1 Inorc of. We have some very good land now open for settlement in the townships of Cashol, Limerick, and Wollaston, about 30 miles from Madoc, and oomp iratively easy of access. The land is turning out much better tliest; townships than we expected, and I have no doubt that th for them to procure provisions, and their only regret was that they were so short of seed last spring. It is better policy for Emigrants to purchase when improve- ments have been made. Emigrants when massed together are not the best pioneers, their habits and training unfit them for (deaniug land; the science of chopping is scarcely ever learnt to perfection by a man after 30. Emigrants succeed well if mixed with Cana- dian settlers; tbey soon learn how to chop and log from them ; they are more ii .ustrious and frugal than the great mass of Cana- dians who generally seek a home in the forest for the excitement of wild sports, « 'lile the emigrant has come to make a home for his family. All t1 o emigiantu in my district are prospering. From Napaiiee to the Crown Lands, the distance ranges from 17 to 70 miles. From Kingston a daily line of stages to Tam worth, 37 miles, and the Addington Road runs north 62 miles up to the Madawaska River. All the lands are within 10 miles of the Ad- dington Eoad. ' CANADA. 66 Route by Orand Trunk Railway or steamer to Kingston, 340 miles, fare ?3 75c. ; or to Napaucc, 367 miles, fare ^4 ; thence by M stage to Taniworth. OTTAWA AND OPEONaO ROAD. In this agency there arc 250,000 acres open for settlement in the following townships : In County of Renfrew : Townships of Algoua, Brudeuell, Grat- tan, Radcliffe, Sebastopol. In District of Nipissing : Slierwood, Uap,arty and Richards. There is much land of good quality in the township of Algona. About two-thirds of the township is well adapted for settlement and well wooded. There is a large, prosperous settlement of Englishmen in the township of Brudenell, adjoining the free sjrants ; and it is antici- pated that the Prussians, a hard-working, thrifty, and seemingly honest people, who are fast acquiring a knowledge of our language, and of the habits of the country, will receive a considerable increase to their numbers. Sebastopol : The whole township is remarkably well watered, and the water invariably good. All the lakes abound with salmon trout, and other varieties of lish. The settlers in the township have a ready luarket for all kinds of produce at the lumber shan- ties in the immediate vicinity. The three agencies abovementioued ct)mprlse a portion of what is termed the Ottawa territory iu I'pper ( 'anada, and contain fertile land. The difiFerent descriptious of timber prevail separately in particular tracis, and afford a convenient territorial division of the country. The first of these natural divisions is what, has been called the whice-pine country, fioni the prevalence of that kind of timber, of which it contains the finest forests, interspersed with tracts of hard-wood land. Westward of this lies the red pine country, so called from the prevalence of that kind of wood. Th<' soil of this division is generally a poor saud, more or less gravelly, and in parts the surface is rugged and rocky, but interspersed with tracts of good land. The third natural division is the hard-wood country, so called from the prevalence of that description of timber, associated with belts of white pine. It comprises an area of upwards of 7'J0() superficial miles ; and contains the head-waters of the rivers Mada- waska and Petewawa, that flow into the Ottawa, and of the Mus- koka and Maganetawan of Lake Huron, and the whole of the South river of Lake Nipissing. The rates of wages for agricultural laborers still continue high all around here ; and immigrants seeking employment during the ensuing spring and summer will, I am certain, find in this part of the country a remunerative field for their services. The German Settlement, or " New Germany " — as the settlers themselves L:i\e named it — is steadily progressing. It is about four miles south of the Opeongo Road, in the township of Sebas- topol. There are now some twenty-two German families settled here; they are all intelligent and industrious, and seem quite «6 CANADA. I M content with their position and prospects. The municipal «founcil have lately taken stops tow.irds oponinj^ n road from " New Ocrroany" to the Opoongo Road, and tho Germans are making exertions for the opening of ;i sclionl, iti which laudable effort, I am persuaded, the cuuneil will aid ii.« fir a« their power will per- mit. There are eight common .-chools now iti operation on the thirty- live miles ol' the road lying Iterweon Shamrock and Breunan Creek, and it gives mo much pleasiuf^ to he ahlo to say that they are all well attended, and that there is no tax which the poor settlers so cheerfully pay as that imposed for school purposes. The past year has not witnessed the perpetration of anything approaching to a crime upon or in the neighborhood of this road, and considering the newness of the settlement, the great mixture of nationalities and creed that prevail in it, and, I may say, the almost entire absence of legal restraint, the fact speaks well for the character of the settlers. The permission to dispose of the timber growing upon their lots is one that the settlers are largely availing themselves of, and much "scattering timber" is being taken out this winter along the road and from off the front lots. The sleighing is nowizood, and the drive to the lumber chantien on the Madawaska has fairly begun. The settlers are consequently all busy in disposing of and delivering their surplus produce. The prices they are receiving, thougli not considered high, are yet well- paying ones, and as the harvest has certainly been abundant, the cottiing year will be one of plenty, and I am perfectly certain that the '* peace and good will" which has heretofore existed will con- tinue to prevail throughout the settlement. PROGEESS OF SETTLEMENT ON THE LOWER CANADA COL ONIZA TION ROADS. THE ELGIN KOAI) 258 lots have been located .on this road, on which there are 93 actual residents. The population amount.s to 470 souls. 1507 acres have been cleared, and 741 i chopped. The settlers have 34'2 head of live stock. They sowed 1068 bushels of grain and potatoes ) but, owing to the drought in June and July, and the frost in the beginning of September, tho harvest was not sufficient for their support, and they were obliged to seek for employment in the lumbering establishmentw in their neighborhood. Mr. Drapeau, the resident agent, estimates the value of their crop at $4,359.30; and of their other industrial products, at 83,487.58. THE tach:6 koad. On the south-westerly section of this road Mr. Drapeau has located 312 lots, on which are 160 families residing, forming a total population of 745 souls. 80 M acres have been prepared for cultivation, and 480 more are in process of preparation. The aettlers have buiU 146 houses and 151 barns. They have 1009 f- CANADA. ^ ^■'' '■\K h head of cattle. Mr. Drapeau values their harvest (which appears not to have suflferod from the drouu'ht and early frosts,) at §10,050.92, and their indu-strial products at 88,918.37. 0;i the norih-ea.sterly part of this road, which is under the Hupcrinteudcnce of Mr. J. ]J. Loftx'^e, there are now lil settlers in actual occupation of their lauds. o2S acres have been cleared, and 74 chopped. Mr. Lepage values the crop of last year ut $1,584.77, the product of domestic industry (woollen and linen stuff), at $157.02. The settlers have 179 head of live $1,462.50. stock, valued at THE MATAPfiDIA 110 AD. Mr. Lepage, who superintends the settlement of lands on this road, reports that thoy are progressing rapidly. 74 lots have been located, 29 of which are occupied by actual settlers, who have cleared 989} acres, and chopped 186. He values their harvest of last year at $3,711.70, and other industrial products at $289.30. They have 303 head of live stock, valued at $2,853. The Matane and Cap Chatte road, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, is 30 miles long. 17,554 acres on this road have been subdivided into lots for gratuitous location. 11,078 acres have been located, of which 9,322 acres are occupied jjj actual settlers. The first Free Grants were made in October, 1800. There are now 110 families residing on the lots, 32 of whom .settled last yt;ar. The total population is 570 souls. Mr. Chnrles Hoy, Provincial Ltnid Surveyor, the resident agent, reports that the harvest of last year was below the average, owing to the loss by fire, in July, of 100 bushels of grain sown. This also lessened the increase of the live stock, as it diminished the amount of fodder. There are 7 acres fit for the plough, 1,452 acres cleared and already cropped, and 943 acres being cleared. 755 acres were under crop last year, yielding 14,209 bushels. Mr. Roy values the crop of 1883 at $13,123 ; the live stock at $6,112 ; the produce of the fisheries at $4,732. A church and two saw-mills have been erected. THE GULF llOAD. The line of this road extends from Cap Chatte to the Great Fox River (a distance of 128 miles), connecting the settlements on the south shore of the Gulf of St. Jjuwronce with the rest of the Pro- vince. The settlement of this road has also been entrusted to Mr C.Roy. Only 14?. luiles i'rom Cap Chatte downwards have been opened. The line for the residue was surveyed by Provincial Land Surveyor G. H. Baillarge, in ISO I, as near the shore of the St. Lawrence as the nature of the country would permit, for the convenience of the different fishing establishments on the coast. In 1801 the total resident population on the Crown Lands be- tween St. Anne dcs Monts and the River Magd.ilen, was only !>5 souls j noAv there are 209. The settlers had 116 acres fit for the plough, 150J cleared and cropped, and 107 J chopped. They had 163 acres under cultivation last year, i Mr. Roy estimates their harvest at $2,301. The live stock (200 head) at $2,097 ; and the produce of their fisheries at $4004. ^ CANADA. EXTRACTS FROM REPORTS OF AGENTS OF CROWN LANDS, WESTERN CANADA. KINGSTON, PART OF FRONTENAC, LENNOX AND ADDINGTON. * vVgent : James McPherson, — Office : Kwr/ston. According to a report sent 5u by Mr. McPherson, about 105,000 acres appear still open Tor sale in different parts of the Counties of Frontonac, Lennox and Addington, at 70 cents an acre, cash, or one dollar on the usual time. A few scattered lots throughout the older townships are sold at a valuation, there being no set price. The soil in many parts is of a very fertile description ; the crops grown are large, and no district in Upper Canada offers better in- ducement to the settler. Portions of the land are timbered with maple, beech and other woods of heavy growth, while others are unfit for cultivation, being broken M'ith hills, rocks, and lakes. In Olden, excellent crops of wheat, oats, Indian corn, potatoes and turnips have been produced, but the land, generally, is better adapted for grazing than other kinds of husbandry. Pidmerston is generally well adapted for agricultural purposes. It is traversed by the Mississippi road as well as by the line of the Lavant and Darling road. Along the first mentioned road the settlement is progressing rapidly. The entire township is well watered by creeks and springs. The Mississippi river affords an incalculable amount of water-power, [n Miller, the land, generally, is rolling or undulating, traversed by numerous brooks and stream- lets of excellent water. The facilities afforded for transport by the Mississippi and Frontenac roads, passing through a healthy section of country, the land tolerably good, building materials in abund- ance, a sufficient supply of water-power for manufacturing purposes, a ready market for the surplus produce of the settlers, and employ- ment for themselves and teams, during the winter months, at the lumbering establishmeits, serve to render Miller and the adjacent townships as desirable a field for settlement as this part of the county affords. There are 40 or 50 improved farms for sale in the district, the prices of which range from eight to forty dollars an acre. In the summer season a good oeniand generally exists for farm laborers. Wages from eight to twelve dollars a month with board, according to efficiency. Karly in the spring good ploughmen are required. After the crops are in the ground, laborers are not wanted until the 1st of July, or beginning of harvest ; after harvest is over there is no demand for them at all. Servan*. girls are in great request amongst tlie farmers for milking and farm house work ; wages from two to five dollars a month. Little or no demand- for mechanics, and none for persons unaccustomed to manual labor. Route — By the Grand Trunk Railway, or steamboat, to King- ston, 340 miles, fare three dollars seventy-five cents; by daily stage to Frontenac, Lennox or Addington. CANADA. 69 ;. f: COUNTY OK VICTORIA. ' ' Agent: (j. M. llooriE, LiiuJsnt/. The fjunntity of l.iml [H;rtalnin<>; t"t the Crown open for sale in this aL'tnit's (lixi.Mion, and subject to uctual settlement, is 200,000 acres, iu the Townships of Carden, Laxton, Dahon, Digby, Oakley and Ryde. In Car(h'n and Laxtun tlie soil is composed of a sandy loam, varying in (Jcpth from om- to two feet to stiatiiied limestone ri>ck of a soft f^rumblitig description. Digby. — The great body of the township is high rolling land. In the intcrvouing valleys the s-iil is deep, rich and fertile. Portions of the township are of the limestone loruiation. There arc numerous sites where machinery could bo effectually worked by water-power. Dalton, in a lun^bering point of view, possesses great advantages, being well watered by three rivers, on which there arc several falls and rapids. The township is settling rapidly. In Oakley, the advaJitagos of settlement are g>jod, owing to the Peterson road being opened through the township. Where it crosses the Black River there is an eligible site for a town plot, having advantages of never-failing water privileges, and good land in the vicinity, The lands arc about 30 to 155 miles from the railway station, und are accessible by the Victoria Coloni/.ai,iou Road. Improved farms may be purchased at from 10 dollars to 40 dollars per acr'.!, accord- ing to the extent of cleared land and value of improvements. Made larms can be rented at two dollars to three dollars, for the cleared land, per acre. There is a fair demand in the county for labor, good hands getting 12 dollars to 16 dollars per month, with board. Day laborers get 80 cents per day, and carpenters, bricklayers, and plasterers (the principal trades rr-quired), one dollar twenty-five cents to one dollar fifty cents. Route — Ry Grand Trunk Railway to Port Hope, 3-17 miles, thence by rail to Lindsay, 40 milea. COUx\TY OF RENFREW. Agent: William Hauiiis, AJmaston. Eveiything has been and is still being done in this district to promote and facilitate settlement. The Government are busy opening, maintaining, and superintending roads in surrounding townships. There are 240,000 acres of land for sale, the greater part of which is of a rough and rocky description, but with here and there small patches of excellent laud, well adapted for the small cotters and agricultural laborers. The townships recently surveyed are Grifiith and Canon to. The agricultural prospects of Griffith are rather indifferent, though a considerable part may serve for grazing. It is a remarkably well- watered tract of land, as that part of the country generally is, having rivers, brooks, lakes and ponds, interspersed and scattered over the whole face of it. There are several water-privileges in the township. , 60 OANADA. K ^ In Canoutu ihc land survejod is, iu genor&l, well adaptea for apriflultural purposes, producing, when cultivatod, the best quality of wheat, putiituos, oats, uud Indian corn, and as n gruzint;; country can scarcely bo surpassed, as almost every lot is supplied with spring water and excellent meadow land. The lands iu the agency arc the nearest bndy of Crown lands for sale to the scut of Govcruiueut, and uro iu tho heart of the lumber distriut. The settlers are principnlly of Irish extraction. Improved farrus can bo purchased in tlie ncigliborhood at from two to twenty dol- lars an acre, according to ^iituatiou and improvements. No steady demand exists for labor. Houte — By rail to Ottawa City, 335 miles — faro 3 dollars 50 cents ; thence by steamer to Farrel's Landiuj; — fare 57 cents, then on by laud to Admuston, 13 miles. PART OF RP]NFREW AND DISTRICT OF NIPISSING. Crown ]jand Agent : James P. Moffat, Pembroke. The total number of acres of land open for sale in Mr. Moffat's agency is 210,000, distributed over the townships of Rolph, Petewawa, Alice, Head, Maria, Fraser and McKay. Tho greater portion of this land, especially that iu the townships of Alice, Petewawa and llolph, is well adapted for settlement ; but owing to the want of roads, it is difficult of access. Tho soil in Alice is of a sandy loam and generally level. There are about 300,000 acres of good land fit for settlement. This township is liberally supplied with springs ; these are generally of pure water, but some of them are strongly impregnated with min- eral substances, the principal of which are sulphur and iron. In various parts of this agency there are extensive tracts of hardwood land, the soil uf which, though stony, may bo cultivated successfully. Fine is abundant, and is the prevailing timber throughout. The settlers are principally Prussians and Germans. There are but few farmers in the district desirous of selling their farms. ^A few improved farms may, however, be purchased for cash, at iovlt or sixteen dollars an acre. The Government wild lands are sold at 70 cents cash, or one dollar, payable in five instalments. Men's wages average from six to eight dollars a month, with board and lodging j women's wages from two to three dollars. Route — By Grand Trunk Railway to Ottawa City ; thence by stage and ateam to Pembroke, 95 miles. ♦ ., » DISTRICT OF ALGOMA. .-•; Agent : Josepu Wilson, Sault Ste.. Marie. This agency embraces a portion of the Huron and Superior territory. Sault Ste. Mario being a free port, all goods duly im- ported and entered there go into consumption free of duty within the district attached to it. In the vicinity of the town, lands are for sale in the townships of Aw6nge, Aw(5res, Tarentorua, Korah, Prince, Parke and Mac- CANADA. 61 donald. In the renr aro the Indian townships of For wick, Kara and Penncf'athcr, containiiij,' much jintnl land. The townships of Uoisc, \,vi'n>y, I'attori, 1'hunipson, Estcn, Spragfijo and Salter, on the north bliort; ot Lake Huron, aro in this agency. The lands in them arc sold tor one shilling an acre. Besides its land and timher, the characteristics of this territory are its mineral treasures* and its fisheries. Spragge is f^ituatod at the mouth of Serpent river Salter is situated near the mouth of Spaititsh river. It is well timbered, many sections abounding with maple of large size, and pine of superior quality. It is ea^y of acces.'<, a great part of the front being on Spauis'h river, which is navigable 15 miles past the township. Thompson is situated near the mouth of Mississagua river. There are 103,000 acres open lor sale, price 70 cents, or 28. lOd. sterling per acre, cash. There arc no improved farms for sale. Route — By rail to Sarnia or (JoUingwood, thence by steamor — whole distance 000 miles ; fare 8 dollars. ir It NORTB OF T HE RI VER OTTAWA. 39,500 acres is the fiuantity of land for sale in the townships forming this district, viz : Chathaui, Wontworth, Morin, Gore and Howard; price 80 cents an acre, payable in five yearly instal- ments. The soil is of good quality and fertile. In some places it is stony, buttlio lands in the main are excellent, being well supplied with water, and commanding good .sites for grist and saw mills, as well as other uiacluHery. J'artly improvtid farms can be purchased as low as iVnm ^£50 to £10U, and from that to JG400. A good de- mand exists for farm laborers ; wages from j£20 to £30 per year, according to capability. Female servants are greatly needed ; also a few cartwrights, weavers, masons, bricklayers, plasterers, carpen- ters and joiners. Route — By steamer from Montreal to Carillon on the river Ottawa, from thence a distance of eight miles by stage j fare, about 7k. Gd. — Cs. sterling. PAllT OF AKGENTEUIL. Agent: William Thompson, Pltzallan, Antndd. This agency is in the rear of Argenteuil. The lands have been recently opened lor sale, and consist of 70,000 acres, at 30 cents ♦Copi-ER Mining Districts on thk Shorks of Lake Huron ani> Lakk Sd- PBRiOR. — Not far from Sault Ste. Mario, the following Copper Minos iiro now being worked, viz : — The " Huron Copper Bay" iind *• Wellington," l);> tlio West Canada (London Joint Stock) Company, and the "Bruce Mines" by the Mon- treal Mining Company. The ajcgregatc qutintity of Ore produced itumially at these mines is not far from S.OOO tons of 20 per cent., and surface hands and miners uro always in demand at good wairos. Good farming lands, situated a few miles back in the interior from tho Bruco Mines, can be purchased at very moderate prices from the Montreal Mining Company, and the same Company poiaflsaes on the north shore of Lake Superior 18 locations; containing over 100,000 acres of carefully selected mineral lands, which can be purchased or l«Mod on farorablo terms, in quantities to suit purohasers or lessees. 62 CANADA. (Is. 4(1.) an aero, in the Townships of Moiirculni, Arundel, and DcSalnborr) . A road hns been opciuid l>y (lovornniciit through the dislrict. The ^^oiI in the limestone ViillcyH and on the j;;ently sloping hilJH is very ibrtilo, but there is much steep, reeky land, abounding in valuable timber, altliough not arable. The opera- tions of the lumberers greatly facilitate thesettlcmentof the fertile tracts, by opening roads nnu affording u ready market, at high E rices, for the products of the farmer, and labor for himself, his orsea aud oxen at^.ho sensou wlicn they are not required on the farm. There is scarcely any demand whatever lor immigrant labor. COUNTY OJ^' OTTAWA. Agent: Robkrt Fauley, Chrism. 290,000 acres is the quantity of Crown Land for sale in the above-named district; three-fourths of which are fit for agricul- tural purposes, the remainder being partly of a swampy and partly of a mountainous character. The soil is light and sandy, blue clay and loam. Ordinary wages for males, £'2 to £2 lOs. sterling a month ; for female servants, from Ss. to IGs. a month, with board and lodging. There are improved farms for sale. All the lands are easily accessible by the Gatinoau Road, on the west side of the River Gatineau, going north. Eoute — By rail to Ottawa (^ity, 335 miles — fare 3 dollars 50 cents ; thence by stage, eight miles, to (Chelsea. COUNTY OF OTTAWA. Geo. W. Cameron, Crown Land Agent, Thurso. Has about 54,000 acres of land for sale in the district under his charge at 60 cents per acre. The land in the near townships is of a mountainous character, but well adapted for settlement ; numerous tracts of fertile soil are to be found in the valleys. The settlers are principally French Canadians. The demand for labor is but poor j wages from six to twelve dollars per month. There are a few im- proved farms for sale at from four to twenty dollars per acre. Colonization roads are opening up the valley of the Ninth Nation, first fifteen miles in good condition. Route — Steamer from Montreal via Carillon to Petite Nation, 96 miles; fare three dollars. There are three landing places to get to the lands, viz : Granville, Montebello, and Thurso. COUNTY OF OTTAWA. : ,; Agent : 3L McBean, iWf/i^^'/t/. In this agency there are 283,000 acres disposable, at 60 cents an acre, in the Townships of Cameron, Bouchette, Northfield, Ken- sington, Aumand, Wright, Egan, Sicotte, Baskatonge, and Lyton. This district is well adapted for settlement, the only dra^ack being the want of good roads. tiol CANADA. 9 iges ira- per inth From Mr. Mclionn's report it jiiipours that there arc 245,144 acres of hm J at prcfitint for .tnio in thu townships undor his charj;o. Price 60 cents, or !!:■*. Txl. .storlhiu. per uvrc. 'I'ho hoil \n ^rey loam with clay bottom, well aduptud for sottleuiont, the only draw back being the want ot'<;ood rouds. l)nrin<:; tlie pnst two seasons ho sold 80,3li.'{ acios; and with rcH)>cct to the value of farms, and the demand tor emigrant labor in the diHtriet, ho Kay« : " I have no doubt but that a itumbur of improved tariuH mi^ht be purchaKed from many ol' the old scttktrs, tor cash, at one to two tlollarw an acre. They would then retire to the rear and nuike new farms, being acquainted with tho woods Hmigrants coming hero to settle CL,uld always get work from old si^tth rs at a fair recompense. The disposition here is to help any guttlers eoiuing in." Route. — By rail to Ottawa, ('ity, thone(! up the river (Jatineau to Northfield. PART OF PONTlAC, L. i). Agrnt ; Tkrence Smith, Allunu-fff hhiml. The lands sLi.l unsold in this district amount in the aggregate to 92,000 acres. Price 60 cents, erjual ro 2s. r)d. sterling, an acre. The quality of the soil is of a very light description, except in a few small tracts between the mountiuns. The emigrant would find little or no chance of employment in this vicinity, as in general the settlers depend upon the lumber trade, and prefer resident labor. There are six ituproved farms for sale, at low prices, and a few for rent or on shares of half-annual crops. Route — IJy rail to Ottawa City, thence by steamer to Pembroke, 84 miles, by stage six miles. PART OF PONTIAC, L. 0. Agent : F. X. Basti EN, Calumet. This ageney contiiius nearly 12,000 acres within its limits, the price averaging 60 cents, or 2s. 5d. sterling, an acre. The land, it must be observed, is not of superior quality, but there is g(»od ac- cess to it at all f«easons of the year. The settlers are chiefly French Canadians, and a few immigrants, at wages varying from £14 8s. to £24 sterling per annum, with board, may find em- ployment. Last year the wages were very low. Route. — By rail to Ottawa City, thence by steamer to Portage du Fort, 63 miles, thence by stage 12 miles. COUNTY OF PONTIAC, h. C Agent : G. M. JuDCisON, Clarendon. This agency is an extensive one, and the lands now open for sale withiL its limits (200,000 acres) are chiefly of good quality, and at a reasonable distance from the older settlements j price 60 cents per acre. The townships of Alleyn and Cawood oflfer considerable induce- ments to intending settlers, and are being opened up by coloniza- tion roads. The soil; varying from clay to loam, is in general ^ CANADA. good, light loamy Boil prevailint^. Lots with small cloarini2;s (say six or eight acres cleared and fenced) and a slninty, A'c, may be bought at from £40 to JE50. Farm laborers can always fiud employment; good hands accus- tomed to farm work can get 100 to 120 dollars per annum, besides their board in the old settle'ueut. Iciimigrauts as yet unacquainted with the work can reali; e very little the first year or so, perhaps not more than six dollars a month and board, wages being of course governed by the laborer's qualifications. Young single j*emales can always do well and obtain ready service. Route — ]iy rail to Ottawa City, thence by steamier to Portage du Fort (44 miles), thence by labd to Clarendon (10 miles). The .inaximura distance of the lands from estiiblished roads is eight miles, the average diiitauce four. NORTH OF THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. 1 :i THREE RIVERS. Agent : Alphonse Dubord, Thnx Rivers. This agency comprehends the Crown lands in the Counties of Maskinong<5 and St. Maurice. For the present there are, properly speaking, only two townships open for settlement — the Township of Shawinigan, in which tliere remains about 9,226 acres unsold, and the Township of Caxton, which is throughout a thick forest, containing 28,488 acres. In general, the soil is healthy, but the country is very hilly, and from want of roads, difficult of settle- ment. But few farms could be purchased, and those would fetch prices of from XI GO to £400. Tliere is little or no demand for immigrant labor. Route — Daily by steamer from Quebec, 90 miles ; fare fifty oent«. COUNTY OF JOLIETTE. Agent : J. Bourgeois, St. Ambroise de Kildare. The public lots for sale in the Kildare district are easv of access; the land is pretty mountainous in places, but the quality of the soil is good and productive. The settlers are principally cf Irish extraction. There is very little demand for labor. No improved farms to be sold. Quantity of land, 42,000 acres ; price, Is. 3d. sterling per acre. Route — From Montreal by steamer to Industry Village, 42 miles ; thence by land, nine miles to Kildare. . . _, ,. COUNTY OF BERTHIEli. Agent: J^iiJfiMiE Laporte, St. Gabriel de Brandon. Three-fourth,:) of the land in this district is adapted for settle- ment. It is rocky and mouatainou» in places, but there are still OANADA. 66 29,000 acres of exccllcafc land for sale. A good road runs from Berthior to Brandon :md totho centre of the townrunp, and several improved farms can bo got at an average price of .£2 to £2 4s. an aero. The settlers are. French Oauadiuns, and there is no demand at present for immigrant labor. Route — By .si earner from Moutreal to Industry Village, 42 miles ; thence 24 miles by land. CIllCOU'i'l.ML Agent : VrNCKNT Maiitin, ChUoutim!. The townships in this agency are Cagot, i.lhieoutimi, Latovri6re, Jonqui^re, Mesy, Tremblay, Oaron, Charlovuix, Motabctchouan, Keuogami, Lebarre, Signay, Simard, Harvey, St. John's, Ashnap- mouchouan, iloberval and Demeulos, of which there are 300,000 acres disposable, at 2G cents an acre. The valley extending from Grand Bay to Lake St. John has much deep, rich, alluvial soil, alternating with sand, but the hills, or rather mountains, are not arable. Rout* — By steamoes, containing, amongst other valuable matter, a catalogue of farms and improved lands for IT 66 CANADA. sale there, with prices and terras of purchase. Copies of these pamphlets can l»e obtained upon dirfst application to themselves, or at the (jovernmeut Emigration Office, Quebec. SHERBROOKE. Agent : JoilN Felton. Sherbroo/ce. In this agency there are about 70,000 acres for sale, at GO cents per acre, iu the townships of Aucklaud, Hereford and Weedon. It is generally good hardwood timbered laud, and the ietllement is progressing rapidly. Route — By Grand 'frunk Raihvay from Quebec or Montreal. COMPTON. Agent: William Farwell, Robinson. This agency consists of tlie townships of Winslow, Whitton, Hampden, Ditton, Woburn, Chesham and Warstou, in which the price of the land is GO cents per acre; and Spalding and Ditch- field, where the price lo 40 cents per acre. The ore about 240,000 acres for sale, generally hilly aud stony, but with good soil. The settlers located are mostly of Scotch descent. Thirty fam- ilies from the Island of Lewis settled in Winslow in 1863. In Whitton, Marston and Winslow, about one-fourth are French Canadians." There is no great demand for farm laborers in the new settlements, but iu the older settlements the emigrant can get from OS. to 5s, a day, or from about £15 to £25 a year, it he understands farming. Blacksmiths, house joiners, carpenters, masons, tailors and shoemakers, also good school teachers, would find employment in the neighborhood. Price of laud per acre, GO cents, or 2s. 5d. sterling. Route — By Grand Trunk Railroad to Lennoxville, E. T., 123 miles — faro 2 dollars* 25 cents ; theticc by L'fcsge, 25 miles — fare one dollar. PARTS OF WOLF AND COMPTON. ' Agent: J. T. Lebel, Wotton. The settlement of this part of the E'lstern Townships having commenced more than twenty ye-irs ago, the best lands are con- sequently occupied. There are still, however, 90,'':)0 acres of vacant land, situate in the rear ranges, fit for agricultural pur- poses. Price 60 cents, or 2s. 5d. sterling, por acre. A centra! road has been opened by the Government through each township, so that these lands are easily reached. The settlers are chiefly French Canadians, and no demand exists for emigrant labor. There are a number of improved farms for sale ; prices ranging from £2 to £5 an acre. Roiite — r^r Grand Truuk Railway to Danville, 84 miles; — fare one dollar. I S b fi CANADA. LAMBTON. 67 Ageut : L. Labrecque, Lamhton. T'.^ townshipH in this agency arc Price, Adstoek, Trini;, Lamb- ton, A orsyth, ('olraiuc, Aylmer, Crayhurst and Shcnley, of Avhich 130,000 acres are disposable at 40 cents an acre. Tring, Lauibton, Forsyth and Aylmer are good townships, also part of Price, and well occupied. In the others there is much rocky and broken land, more fit for lumbering than farming. Route — From Quebec up the River ChaudiiNre to 8t. Kranyois, thence by Laa-bton road. M(]OLET. Agent : G. A. Bourgeois, St. Greyoire. The greatest part of the land for sale in and about St. Grdgoire is swampy. All the good land rdaptod for .settlement in the Township of Aston has been taken up long ago; there are still, however, allotments belonging to nou-risidont proprietors, which may be pure liased here and thereat reasonable prices. The settlers arc chiefly French Canadians, and there is no demand for foreign labor, except the temporary demand created occasionally by the Three Kivers and Arthabaska Railruad. The lands are, for the most part, easy of access. Route — By steamer daily to Three Rivers, 90 miles — fare 50 cents (2s. Od.) ; thence six miles by land. DORCHESTER AND PART OF BEAUCE. Crown Land Agent : Andrew Ross, Frampton. In this agency, which comprises the townships of Jersey, Marlow, Liniiire, Watford, (jranbourne, R-amptou, Buckland and Standon, there are upwards of 100,000 acres of land for sale, a large portion of it good and well adapted for settlement, adjoining old settlements, and within reach of the Quebec market ; price from 30 to 40 cents per acre. There are a few improved farms for sale at from tour to twenty-four dollars per acre, according to improvement, but no demand whatever for foreign labor, the older settlements supplying all wants. There are two colonization roads projected, the lines of which were opened last season, — the Etche- min Road, leading fnim Frampton through Oaubourne, Watford and Lini^re, to terminate at the Kennebec ; RoaU and the other upon the south-east side of the River Ciiaudiere, through the townships of Jersey, Marlow, Risbororough and Spalding, from De L'Isle to Lake Megautic. Route — From Point Levi through St. Henry, St. Anselme, Frampton and Craubourne, by one route, and through St. Henry, St. Isidore, St. Mary's, along the River Chaudi^re to the Kenne- bec Road, by the other. The vacant lands are about forty miles from Point Levi, ^ " •■ 68 CANADA. I I I COUNTY OF BELLECHASSE. Agent : FiiAXo:s Lamo.vtagnk, (.9/. GcrvaiK. [n the township of Bollochas;si;, Iloux, Armagh, and Buckland, there are about 1(^,000 acres for sale ; price ''iO cents per acre. These lands are very favourably spoken of; in some parts timbered with maple and mixed woods of a heavy -growth, and (u others the soil is stated to be well adapted for the cultivation (d' flax and hemp. Seventy-li\t; lots were disposed of by the agent last year, but none to newly-arrived immigrantij. The .settlers are all French Cana- dians. Some of their farms are valuable. There is little or no demand for labor. The Tache Koad runs through a portion of this district. Distance from Quebec to St. Gervais, twenty-ono miles. COUNTY OF L'ISLET AND El.aiN ROAD. Agent : Stanislas Dha'KAU, St. Jea/i Port Joli The lands situated in the townships of Lafontaine, Garneau, Casgrain, and Arago, and more especially those to the south of the Tach6 Road, are in excellent condition ; the soil is decidedly good, and they are adapted for immediate settlement. Tracts of good ground may also be found in the Ashford, Fournier, and Dionne townships, but they are more difficult of access than those just mentioned. Settlers, French Canadians. Price of land per acre, 30 cents, or Is. 3d. sterling. Quantity for sale, 178,424 acres. Route —Grand Trunk Railway, fifty-seven miles. fi COUNTY OF KAMOURASKA. Agent : F. Deguise, St. Anne de la Pocati^re. This agency extends over eight townships, containing 500 or 60f> one-hundred acre lots in each township. The lands are chiefly within e:x.sy reach of established roads. The soil is very good; they are well watered, and possess many excellei.t mill sites. The settlers are all French Canadians, and about one hundred French emigrants would find employuient in the neighborhood as farm laborers, at wages ranging from Is. 8d. to 2.s. sterling a day, with rations. Improved farn,s might be bought in some of the town- ships at £4 sterling an acre. Route — By Grand Trunk Railway from Poir r Levi ; distance 72 miles. - w, _ .; Agent ; TEMISCOUATA, ^ ^^* J. N. Gauvreau. Me Verte. In the townohips of Whitworth, Vigor, Demurs, Denonville, B^gon, Armand, Hocquart and Rodot, there are about 135 ,000 CANADA. 69 acres of land for sale at 30 cents, or Is. 3d. sterling, an acre. Several improved farms are to be sold, at prices varying from £2 to £4 an acre, and French emigrants would find no difficulty in getting employment as farm laborers in this section of the country, at wages varying from £15 to £20 sterling a yea Route — Vld River du Ijoup by Griind Trunk Railway ; distance 135 miles. COUNTY OF RIMOUSKI. •"' '■•■- Agent: J, B. Lepage, Rimouski. There are about 268,000 acres open for sale, at 30 cents an aero, in the townships of Duquesnc, Macpes, Neigette, Cabot, Fleuriau, Macnider, Matane, Augmentation, St. Denis and Trouelle. The lands are in general favorable for settlement, especially in the valleys of the principal streams. The settlers are all French Canadians, and no demand exists for emigrant labor. — Route— By steamer from Quebec ; distance 180 miles. - DISTRICT OF GASPfi AND BON A VENTURE ■ — ; • Agent: J. N. Veroe, Carletcn. The lands in this agency are sold for 20 cents an acre, and consist of 90,000 acres in the townships of Matapedia, Risti- gouche, Mann, Nouvellc, Carleton, Maria and Patapedia. The land is iu general good, and well adapted for settlement. The rivers flow in deep ravines, with very deep ascents to the table lands, which are dry, and timbered with hardwood, generdly on a good soil. The settlers are British and French Canadians. Route — By steamer, viil Gasp6, weekly ; fare 5 dollars 75 cents. r--~ 'A.- \^^ ' GASP^ Agent: John Eden, Gasp^ Basin. IQ In this agency there are 120,000 acres for sale, at 20 cents acre, in the townships of Newport, Perc6, Malbaie, Douglas, York, South Gasp6 Bay, North Gasp6 Bay, Vox, Cap Rosier and Syden ham. The county of Gasp6 is generally suitable for colonization. The settlers are English, Irish, Scotch, Canadians, Norwegians, and a few Swedes. There is very little demand for labor. Routt — By steamer, weekly; passage four dollars. r.:> !i • • - - jj..^,. ., 6 :V.:^ 1^ 81 ' 70 CANADA. ABSTRACT FROM THE CENSUS OF 1861. ORIGIN. Upper Canada. Nalirusnotof FrcDch Origio. or Froueh Origin r;mi(jrants. Rngland iiud Wales Scotch Irish IJuited States B* H. A. Provinces Germans, Prussians, and Dutch., French SwisK Channel Islands Xurwej^ians and Swedes. Bast and West Indies Italians and Greeks Spanish and Portuguese. Prussians and Polos All other places At sua Not kuowD 8S9,592 33,287 902,879 114,290 98,792 191,231 60,758 8,084 22,906 2,389 617 529 261 735 104 96 161 541 323 1,395 493,212 urand Total 1,396,091 INCLCDBD UNDER OTHER HEADS* Indians Colored Persons., REIiIGIONS. Churoh of England Church of Rome Established Church of Scotland.. ) __ , „ Free Kirk \flf}^„ ^ Pnitod Presbyterians j lerians. Weslejan Methodists 1 Episcopal Methodists I Hetho- New Connection Methodists j dist?. Other Methodists j Baptists Lutherans Congregationalists Quakers Bible Christians Christians Second Adventists Protestants Disciples Jews Menonists and Tunkers , Universalists Unitarians Mormons No religion No creed given Other oraeds not classed 7,841 11,223 311,565 258,141 108,963 143,043 51,378 218,427 71,616 28,200 23,330 61,559 24,299 9,367 7,383 8,801 5,018 1,060 7,514 4,147 614 3,966 2,234 634 74 17,373 8,121 14,286 1,396,091 Lower Canada. 167,578 847,320 1,014,893 13,639 13,362 50,492 13,611 2,061 672 949 81 628 229 186 114 55 56 128 61 414 :.96,668 1,111,666 4,876 190 63,487 943,263 23,730 14,856 5,149 26,967 2,637 1,292 874 7,751 837 4,927 121 184 298 2,305 2,684 5 572 2,289 662 3 1,477 6,728 678 l,lll,56e Total. 1,087,170 880,607 1,917,777 127,829 112,154 241,723 64,399 10,146 23,678 3,338 698 1,167 490 921 218 161 217 669 384 1,809 689,880 2,607,657 12,717 11,413 376,052 1,201,894 132,693 167,899 56,627 244,306 74,152 29,492 24,204 69,310 26,156 14,284 7,604 8,986 5,816 3,866 10,098 4,162 1,186 8.966 4,623 1,284 77 18,860 13,849 14,064 8.607,667 CANADA. 71 POPULATION OF THE CITIES IN UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. UPPKR CANADA. Hamilton 19,096 Kingston 13,743 London 11,555 Ottawa 14,669 Toronto 44,821 LOWEB CAKADA. Montreal 90,323 Quebec 51,109 Three Rivers l],()58 Shorbrooko 5,899 Statements as to the Area, Population, Debt, Revenue, Expen- diture, Imports and Exports of Canada, for the year 1863. Area in Square Miles.* Acres surrejed, to Dec. 31st, 1863. Acres disposed of by sale of Free Grants, to Dec. 3lBt, 1862. Upper Canada 121,260 210,020 24,231,197 24,853,390 20,853,971 Lvwar Canada. 18,477,820t Total 331,280 49,048,517 39,331,791 * As the northern and western boundaries have not yet been surroyod, those areas are only approximate. f Of these 10,678,931 are ia the seignierie?. Population in January, 1861. Ratio ef Annual Increase between the Census of Jan., 1852, and Jan., 1861. Estimated popu- lation ia Jau., 1864, assuming the same rate of inoreaie. Upper Canada 1,396,091 1,111,666 4.34 per cent. 2.50 do 1,586,130 1,196,949 Lower Canada. Total 2,507,657 2,783,079 Revenae (1863) Expenditure (1863) exclud- ing redemption of debt. Funded Debt, 1863, less Sink Fund. Imports, 1863. excluding that from loans. Total Value. : Totol Duty. $»,760,31fi $10,742,807 $60,355,472 1 $45,964,493 $5,169,173 Bxports, 1863. Population to the square mile. Berenue per head of the population. II Expenditure,! do. do. Debt, do. do. .Imports, do. do. Duty, do. do. Exports, ' Total Value. do. do. |41,831,SS2 8.40 $3.51 $3.86 $21.69 $16.51 • $1.85 $15.03 n I. '1 I' \l ' CANADA. NGLIS .HI DOIN THROUGH Sterling. Currency £ 8. d $ CtB. 1 02 6 12i I 26 2 6 . 60 5 I 21 10 _. 2 48 1 4 86 5 24 33 10 , 48 66 20 97 33 50 243 33 00 486 66 i, ;■:,;. .r,.:M< £ :U i: :!f POSTAL ARRANGEMENTS. Letters posted in Canada, addressed to any place within the Province, pass, if prepaid, for 5 cents per J oz ; but if posted unpaid, such letters are charged 7 cents per i oz. On letters to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince J^jdward'.'* Island, the rate is 5 cents the i dz, — pnjpaymeut optional. On letters to the United States, the rate is 10 cents the -i oz., except California and Oregon, to which the rate is 15 cents on the •} oz. The rate on letters to the United Kiiigdoui is, by Canadian Packet: . Not exceeding i oz .. 12} cents. Exceeding i oz., but not exceeding I oz 25 " And so on, increasing two rates for every additional ounce ; and by British (Cunard) Packet, 17 cents per i oz., &c., &c., &c. Letters for the United Kingdom must be pre-paid, or they will be charged Od. sterling on delivery. The char^'e on books and other printed matter, by book post to England, is 7 cents on packets not exceeding 4 ounces in weight; 12J cents exceeding 4 ounces, and not exceeding i lb., and 12i cents for each additional h. lb. These charges must be pre-paid. NEWSPAPERS BY MAIL FROM ENGLAND OR UNITED STATES. Newspapers received from England by the Canadian Packet Mails are delivered free. Newspapers from England by the Cunard Packet Mails are « charged 2 cents each on delivery. (T! is is the American transit charge.) United States newspapers, brought by mail into Canada^ are charged-one c.e.nt ftacli ao_ djUverjL I CANADA. ♦ 78 "^ PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. The rate ou poriodioal publications is, if nut exceeding 3 ounces in weight, I cent; over 8 ounces, 4 cents. If pre-paid by postage stamps from the office of publication, periodicals />M/jW»/icdI m Canada, weighing over 2 ounces, may pass for 2 cents each. CANADIAN BOOK POST. One cent per ounce, pre-paid by stamp. To any part of the United States, one cent per ounce, pro-paid, and another cent on delivery at its destiuatioti. MONEY OKDEKS. u Money (Jiders payable iti the Province may be obtained at the principal Post Offices, at the following rates : — COMMISSION CIIAROEABLE ON MONEY ORDERS. " .-. Under and up to 810 Scents. Over $10 and not exceeding $20 10 " « 20 '' " 30 15 " • ' '« 30 ' •' 40 30 " e pre-paid. ' i m i V ■-:j.- -J •:,;.«,. f- ••■-•■• .» i; 4 ■^ T ■J r WS' 1 il giWWi i iii f ii r iMmw V M MWC IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 UA12.8 12.5 ■ 2.2 "J ISA ■■■ m 2.0 1.4 "^J> > /: '/ ^ Photogiaphic Sdences Corporatioii 23WriTMAINSTRifT WEr«TEII,N.Y. USM (/16) 872-4503 4^ ^ iW^W 7 4VN M^MAO \ VCKLAN JUOUlK. ''INVENN «tMO«EPHV' CRAN UCHTON\ jmuOMUIL ,^^TFOR 'Halifax / > 5 \"^-- — v / wB':vvx \ sCMEITER/ AVOLPS hwri«ViCK^ HAM WOTrOD wwswl /.J„."A>'^ NOWlCK^V^"-^**" i^^> X, / Mrv \ MIV sr- HtATjil NCM OLirTON: AU^UWI Cfuwim HHP ^" Vn"""^ V \ fjisl of VainoUiS Railway Stations, Hastpm S of the Provinre taicf their Respt^'tivp Pisl oranp trunk railwav OUCBEC&RIVItRC OU LOUP BRANCH. ?l .SHhaHcr 60 L'lrfet ^ .''^Ji'an/hrfJoli 126' J?irf'e/'e f/ffZoiy* m ]l fFt/idror J9 ]I/xi/rtp/o/t //t//r 26 ^.r/tz/px rf//r .V'> ffa/rrri//f .'if Conm/flH 47 ^htufcoo/fc 73 Jsfatiff /opk/ I?/ 1 61or/ut/ft 222 /hrf/afuf GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY BRANCH FROM RICHMOND TO PROVmCC UNC & PORTLAND. MMimALACHAMPlAm RAILWAY FROM MONTRtAL TO LA Oilt 3ilSfcff.t' GRAND TRUNK ( 9UtBCC a. MO OlVliSIOrl 7 {7uaf(/ifrf<. i9 ('/t///////r/r IS) ('m/M/it ■Jnmftfk /fi\ .7 l^r/,v I i/ Hetvi/irnti Si ■iffH//o/f/ 7/ /fi//iifii ^/ J}f I fli ■///(• Vi Hir/t i/ttti ifl,^ Ariv /)itr/4 /f>7 0/f/ /J/f/A //,'> ./f/n/t r>7 Hritaiinifi J34 S'//r/ar/4 .'V! Ht/trif 92 ,i-* Lrmt/i J/o/t/n 71 iT?r 01 L isl of Vainoiis Rail'W'^ii^ Stations, Eastern St'ctioii of the l*rovinre autf their Respective Dislaiires GHANO TRUNK RAILWAY QUEBEC & RIVIERE DU LOUP BRANCH. War tiin/cj.ei'i j4 S^ i/enri 60\L'Mei 68'.S'Uc»n7brfJoli 7J\S^AWA M/Hivere Ouelle 126 Kiv'e/Y f/uZotya 7/ fPi/tdror J9 Brontpiofi fa/ir 2.^ Sfierorvpi'r 28 LennoxiM' .5f> ffa/rrr/7/c i7 GxxtFvookc 73 Jsfcuifi /oit(/ 137 \ Gorka//f 222 Porf/aruf GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY BRANCH FROM RICHMOND TO PROVINCE LINE & PORTLAND. GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY QUEBEC & MONTREAL OIVIiSION. mnRtALACHAMPiAm railway rROM MONTREAL TO LACOILE 'J7i\ Gnaid Larie 69 (7m'7ie/^ Thui/iljei't' 7 {7nttt(/tfrfJn/ir7iflii <9 f/ut/tdie/r 7,5 ('rai^,r Hoa/^l . 20 ^BlflcJf /ftref 2a\M7Ao/iA/i/lr .17 Lifater 4^7 Jieaiiictvir 64 . /r/fut7m.sA'a 77 Hat'ii'u'k 87 J)afirf7/i' >?? KtchTHflncf 7fl3 f^eir flio'/tftm 707 O/d Ditr/iaftr 77,5 .^c7o/t 7?/ 7'ptjoii 127 liri7aH/tiuJft77,r m S^Uqa(iti7/ic 747 -f* 'Bi7turf 7471 IM(ri7 162 S( Lemtlerf 765 Poinf ,rtC7iar/fi.c ^f/on/rrcf/. 6;8 C EAf Boiuidwfe,9 ofOi 2 4 1.11 1 1 Tl ■ IP 1 .1 1 1 1 T 1 1 617 CKji ^r M T 7i3^^\ t^**' \i'' B « ; jr :e iT\r 47 « EMIGRATION ■% ^ 46 MAP OF CANADA EASTERIV SECTION 1864. Jfailroa-elf — Cttfialr . Plajt^ctfid^ ffna^^eclJiikids^^.r^ Othsr^XocuittL. Scrf/^ofJfiles Tiiiiifiii aab 3-;;: 30 i>« 45 6 6 6& ..■s ■• WIKJIrJ — .f— •"•• ••J j ■ ,. -. _ *■-!■;/ ^.....r../- U *J 5 r' Mi«M|MiPlli I ± bl ■ LrvA.,,^ OLAB' STONI ?ti^ SPNACG m:j-:-^mi.r^ s- '%;-?■ TtNHV OOUON • HANII' BALO- Pt*l»l WIN M*UAH MfRRITT , ^/...fn .1/. .1. ,1.1111-' I,,, ,,/,,„•. ■/.. •^••' "^^^■ .JheJfudkf '"^^r* "Wl .,,...'""'*" /<»V >2^ '^o. thmndtrJIay '^yj' ^ ^.95 /«e^ above ^le Sea/ 75 fatfioms deep. ., ChritHan if A ^ Clark Pf • WUCK r\»ULLI Q / \ V A N ^KLDC "OOH rA K U ■•H Nil «iaJ '•l.tH.»t\*y»» \i^->7sH 'V I \;v* /■ \ R o » s \ R I en MtMTO' I '^-Jv % tYanMlit In •<;;,.o.-\ •^ri^A^*- ^" 3v«iS"ioH^\- ©""V-Jo*-*" :;,.^-^^^'• lj.>^ .r^o^'^^ Hi"*" *" \ LUT«„ \ //- X^^^''.JS^\*>^-^iJ^'^£:t%.^^^ iitv.j M * ''!!LJM^^-^'^^^ \- ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^ fi^^^=y^ Ai*» •'^iw'f. '•If 235 feet abox,. a ' ^T. j/eT»- Si^^ndto'l ba ) — <-^-., I ^ -J I'BOUCNI OARON i»hTmI *t*n- J. CA I tow J >^ /My I * /6KNH0LW-* l^^»,t*' rt"* ^*'«o^rv»: 4\ '» , ^^^2^ /'V«i/. ALFItlD 1 I ••aj«am/*^'*»,<•< ■Htf A* f^^^" IfAR- >AA) fA;apc ►'Aw \ p _^\— .-^ m \i*aUoh\ 't" / \ \3<:g^tr\V-:'^'^*'¥ tN9< Tdv ;i> Y.y .fSlGS^ff^' Coft VinnTit ft;*«3t^f.- •• ■ ^ c?^:^ mJ J«'<'P' <^ ,-> ^ .J EMIGRATION MAP OF CANADA y f 4& 43 O jymMac^^ ^ ^ Ha^vWM t33 ♦ ■« C U L- ••< ♦-■V ff »NQI>MA ""^ \mont PHOrow TMOU PP kMON A>«^«iliM. MNlvMJ .^^ 4<|yM4 '■if-^t.- .1> •r*Hkfv I H A V k-w v/'^"* ;>rvy«* .<^^r; '^" ' ^^•/.-.-.//.V; wi"i ilW" .uici; .;<'/' ','.'<« 0»>^ y / /^. im HBi .•':.*: ^ Ki- < o n n A • 1 CILLIVI ' fl/utA '•••Ui: i«'>^ ArtBiavnl /' 'An« >eni Xewponti • OMrSBKA rMP'tOM •o»' '•a.J:^ i»/*, |0NB< 'i/f«i'l' -"'V^ZI'-A'" ^Jc' A •.•" .0*^' titri tit k |c»T- VcMBtTIR « OX) (Ml- V (y ( ♦«> . ' TU» wif A>' INO-\»C N O • NOOK '■^ *'''%M^X\Lm'*' »»•«?» ■s'uitffa.: Mtf iirot/i ,.VA I MllkA- Z OM tUtHWUi ^ . W I O H (IS -A .roN> 'o.. \ •.i N**iOTTl\ AUO- .c *«•.?; M* ^CHATNAM iAPO- f«TO»l %K' tA«T V< new.. ^S:^' H *«!(■■ U l»V D^'"*,.... oe'«- CNCtT .mti *' ^f'* f.'JMU 'airport^ 1UI,,I.. ■\; 7m ^a»a#^ ''"'^* '^k. Hand u H it.-t PNOrOM TMON ■"^PV** !^ 1 .«»«"'' 4.<» >*L Ton qntp k**^' ^i^p -«fe^' T Lt H»*;-V .^Sfes^ .•s^ iii*,^ \^ • ewe Mr ^^' i\f vv ■ fifA",....- •■•■ \9^\ X.»' .e»«J ■»f> -<->' <-»< "^ u«Lf»CH>. wt/< ,u^ \^'fl|//Htfc«kfi A K &» ,!.'.■?»• ^-. ^- •*•.'.. fl jr^. ^^ -I ►">' Ni'.' ..:,-* •>^»;^jf.' j^:^' •Vi-'C-J '/j IBIH' 'Wiitfaeaol , ^/oartic "n**/ ^» C N O LIW.V 10 MO/ Hatidw \ Vi Ul^ p."" Fcvt Brit^ \sr • *tOTTt^ 'X ;;?-" ' inm y^., d.. M V ? >iEH« ifwiMfo ^ >' £rt«' n m Jyefcott no Miiltanii. JZS Brock yilfe- ne LanxdOH'ne. iss Ganancauf MS \Ern£S'tiPtmr 27ioyaeUeville.^ 232 Thentorv 24i Brufhlon- 2i9\ColBome- 263 Cbbourq 277 7brte»pe 230 AhrtonvUle 2So\3o»^nmntt'lle 30i\7hrf trk/Oer 32&^ Jbctr&orou^A . .333 1 Tbronlo. GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY TORONTO APORTSARNIA DIVISION Jbbd MUtf J/a/ton Bntfn/tfbn Jori'tr/ (^roelotm .Man Il'e^/ HorA'U'voff Ber/iri ^ Ba fieri' Jbmiiutf S9Stnt/ford. 8' M«W)S A^ LONDON Bi^ANCH imlFTkcrTuiaJeA n^\lucan- IV \Creuap t3i\Widder J6S\StxmtcL' m\7hrtBuroti mJfUdgeii^t^ m ^M^Jbilamore ZO^Jr Gemenf 22f Detroit Junt^ton 231 Tktroit. GREAT WESTERN RAILW/W MAIN LINt FROM HAMILTON TO WINDSOR Iblal Jtaw "TT ffantition doHiiigAyn 'function Vnmtaf flamioro tbjpettnm ^niten Sarruiuryh UtrtJ' THncettm. ^i/rnoffir 43i Easttfooct. *1i Mi mi n6i Wiodttock A^BearAiTttf Irj^emyfl iMH'arrtrbuTyh London Konufka LoTtamtod Clmtoe^ AhvSuro Botha^ett Thameprii/e. Chatham BaptisteOvfJIr BellAJiiirer' Tecuntstth IVTnds-or CREi OAI WCrt/ I MItf TOR( mu 7» ^ te<*''f.-- . y/'^"' Hailway Stations, NTbstem Seclioii of theProniice ArtheirReHpective D llANb TRUNK RAILWAY lORONTO 4r PORT SAHNIA DIVISION CRCAT WESTERN RAILWAY MAIN LINE FROM HAMILTON TO WINDSOR GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY QALT AND OUILPH BRANCH. THE BUrrALOALAKE HUROK RAILWAY. FROM FORT ERIE TO CODERICH THE NORTHERN RAILWAY or CANADA FROM TORONTO TO I COLUNQWOOO DCtUSr THE ttesfon \(i MaUrn \i Brwnftfoft Jortff/ Jcfoti ll'e^/ \Guefy//i \Ber//n \Stnt6unf \Sfjrfm>ra. lARV'S a- LONDON BRANCH J.itcan Oatar W?f/ffer Sarnia JhrfJETuron A I'lf'Salumore ^ GemerM Ihfroit tTunt^ian ItefroU. Vital Milts- 37 IK ffantf'l/on Bur/ingfon 'luncfion U D». f7afftAoro (bpe/oifn 'OOt/. l/i iH 19i 29 36 3S 43t Eofbro Kttd lotpl Miles X *7i est 69i 76 m m 96i\Lo_, Mii mi mi vri lngerjv7l iMH'-iUvMitry/t Ij^iuiiurrv Lotufon^ • Gtedcoe JVhfSura TJiameivtffe- Chatham BapUfteOreelc Be/lA^ii'er TecunLfeth WtncLfor 6 72 16 m ffarri,f6urff Branchton GaU Guelphy. TM^SUSK BRIDCCa HAMILTON BRANCH . tfuiffam ffillr Thorolci S^ Catherines' Beamsi^lle- Oniario 9i Hi 17 22 m in TORONTO TO HAMIUON Toronttr 7 Afimico m JhrtCredU m Oakinl/e' JKf ffiiitrdUnmy S7\ lUirUaaArnJivutien jgXEojruJlifny lief fart A'ric Si Wdatrai/ izi S/iarUei- OtMvtnff 17 i ThrfCofdorne S3 WainfTref 3li\/ii filer S7 \J)itftnvUle i« S7i\ 6i 6ffi 7ii 7H Sli Mt 91 .K TCT Gtnfteld GfoksSTfaticn. Caledpnia. Onandaoo Qtinsvule B^vtnf/orfi Btrie Bichirood. _ Brtunbo mFiatt^yiUe^ 127 131 UH l39i Ttw^istock Stramrd AfUchel/ Carronbrooh SeaRrth Boiperhey CiirUorc Goflerich^. J 6 9 n IS 20 74 LONDON tk PORT STANLFY RAILWAY. 7 Lo7idon //^tmin^rierAr B^fniins-terS fcwmaiUh StTTtomas Whiles- Jhrf. ^Stanley THE CRIEA ONTARIO RAILW/tV a lO tMaffomy StamSrcL SuspenFiprtBir/fye Cldton. Souse ChippeH'u. \76n>n/o 6\BtUTmjorf Ttoad jtWes-tSn ui lorlr Thornhill^ Bichmond. Jfilt Mnff 14 m 23 •»i y^urora ■%i Alav. Ifarhet JS ttoUand Ztondin^ 4ii \lAiaM>rd^ 4^i\Sc€tnlaitr ^\GuilfbrcL BelL^ewt (Brh) S2 Lefrvy Jft Craiffrilltu 6Si JBarric. esfScuTisons. 7ti,\SsiiFCU pi .^^nffus 80 Stmnidal^ 96 ^tiatyastii^a M i\Ct>llin4ftvotMiL mSu> 5 . 10 . M . If ai 24. lioc 21 2r. J7 d3 Thtvoi frorr,l Thtin ■rNOrCLMISAyMCWtRTDN RAIiMfWY AND tT9 IMNCHU ID mniMiio. BfrtBope^ 6\fiuaffv sydrryitwriy io\C>xmpieUr Jd\Surnfrvit 18 jtfUlbrot^ 24 Manver^ t£ dBnaiFwicJt 28^Latiies' 3S Pniantee AT LintUay T'\t.£rou:rA. scJ^lvi : v 2tni-t.' sii Tuttr pRta a I 16i I Jfi Jttj 36 . 38 . 4U\' 4ft. i::zi.^i-:^rKue. . -.y a 'tu-u-- J^Kr'-: mK >n/o Vturmjorf Ttoad Torlr Thornhili- ItickmonA ffilt ITinff- /Aurora AhyMarket ttoOand Ziondin^ ScanlatU' GuilfbrcL Lefrvv Lefrvy Cnuffrille< Barric. BajTifons. UHHAiirMcwcirreN luiiMfm IT3 ■MNCHU TO PcnilMIIO. Tbrtffope^ Oxmpiell4' Manveiyr BnaiFiruJt LaHiep wrutmw Seifyi"' tellany IrMhOveift SmMsUlU Girle£tm.Tlaae ThtinuuK/rom-SiyiuJis RtUs tc SrtK tsIZ miitr Icn^ w)jA*Aiiam^lytk PMSCOn* OTTAWA RAILWAY. WescoU /i \7hetxu>tttJunctu>n. nt MoffUr itkSanptnlle. Sli. Giyoccle. 36 JImille&tn.' iU^GUnice-fter ift BillotM- Boundaries of Countus Do. of Townffupj RaiJroadt - — Canalf Jfanhand GravdUdy Jtoadf OOtirHoadj Scale of Milts Q323X£i^a= «0 I = r 5 714