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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following d:agrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagramnes suivants illustrent la mdthode. Rta 9lure, 3 i2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 RtprhiUd Jrom the. Afuntreal Htdtcal Journal, Jamtary, 189[\. / QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AND MEDICAL EDUCATION. An Address Delivered at Kingston, Oct. 14, 1892. IJy Sik .Iambs Grant, AM)., K.C.M.G., Dttawa, Ovr. The present is a new departure in the life history of the Koyal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Kingston. It is a move certainly in the right direction, and one which cannot fail to be productive of good, to the well-being of the medical de- partment of Queen's, which the medical section has now virtually become. Queen's Medical School has been in operation over a quarter of a century, and its graduates are filling positions of trust and responsibility in various portions of the world. One of its founders was a personal friend of my own, the late Dr. Dickson, who was the first President of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. His record was a most honourable one, and in his calling he was a noted surgeon and a well known contributor to the literature of the profession. The ieal, energy and ability with which he laboured to carry out the work of this medical school is well known, and the record he made as a man of genuine scientific and professional merit is generally acknowledged. Frotn this time actually dates the very commencement of systematic medical education in the Province of Ontario. True, we had good meilical schools and excellent medical men prior to that date, but the Medical Council, in which as first president Dr. Dickson took an active part, gave new life and vigour to the whole subject of medical H': education in this Provinct. The curriculum advanced stage by stage to the present high standard of a five years' course of study and a preliminary examination, almost the equivalent of a B.A. degree, in order to meet the demands of our country that only men of educational standing and known ability shall be admitted into the ranks of the medical profession. This is said to be an age of general progress and advancement in almost every line of thought. True, in Canada we have legislative confederation of our various Provinces, and why ? In order ttiat there might be a un'formity in trade and commerce and thus understand each other better in all the relations of life. In medical education, however, this idea is not being carried out. What do we find to-day ? Each Province legislating for itself in matters medical, and no special effort being made to bring about central examining boards or councils in each Province, of e({ual standing, so that medical degrees of one Province would pass current in any other Province, without being subjected to a second examination. Failing this course, the only other open is for all the Provinces to agree to a central examining and registering body at the capital, the license of which would be recognised in the entire Dominion. This would require a change in the British North America Act which could be so modified as to meet the requirements of our people, providing each Province agreed to such changes. The present state oi medical education must shortly undergo some change in order to give evidence of a progressive spirit in our people, and such can only be brought about by placing the whole subject, so intimately associated with our welfare and prosperity, before the proper tribunal. The authorities of Queen's are to be congratulated on the large class of young men entering upon the study of the medical profession, possessing, from gei;era! appearances, a fair share of both mental and physical powers — so necessary in life's struggle at the present time. The student of this date certainly labours under great advan- tages, surrounded as he is with all the varied appliances for scientific investigation, and a well qualified staff" of professors, in the various departments of the medical course. True, out pro- .. fessions are becoming crowded, and yet there is ample room in the upper rungs of the ladder of fame, which can only be reached by care, energy, peraeverence and time, an excefedingly im- portant factor in the path of duty and success. Such is truly in keeping with the sentiment of the great American poet — " Let us then l)e up and tloin}:, With a heart for any fate, Still achieving, still pursuing', Learn to labour and to wait." Our country is large and our population steadily increasing, but not so rapidly as I could wish ; however, with the present energy in that direction, we hope to see the most sanguine expec- tations fully realized. The higher functions of medicine are now before you, which e/en extend beyond the healing of the sick : the instruction of tlie masses as to the means and methods by which disease may be prevented and death deprived of its supremacy and power. In the medical schools of the present in Canada, sanitary science is one of the chief subjects of study, and by this line of investi- gation we have hope that in the near future the contagious dis- eases, like scarlet fever, measles, cholera, etc , will be as effec- tually stamped out as small-pox is to-day. True, the fluids we drink, such as milk and water, occasionaily contain the germs of typhoid fever, scarlet fever and diphtheria, and in this line of investigation how marked have recently been the marvellous results of science and how greatly has the death rate from such causes been reduced. In the path of progressive medicine what a marked change has taken place even in hospitalism, by which such dreaded diseases as puerperal fever and hospital gangrene have been in a great measure stamped out. This is a line of duty and labour worthy of serious thought — how if possible to prolong Hfe, by preventing outside or accidental influences ao operating on the human frame as to cut short the vital spark, often in the very prime of life. To be successful in preventing the causi^s of disease is certainly noble work that will carry blessings to thousands and mark in a most positive manner the progressive character of the age in which we live. It is only within a short period that this truly humanitarian movement has stirred up sanitarians of the world and thus aroused the interest of the general public. The great sanitary congress held last year in London and presided over by H.R.Il, the Prince of Wales was an evidence, should such be wanting, illustrative of the deep interest now being taken in public hygiene. Science has much to do with the possible triumphs of sanitary reform. It is the art, however, not the science alone — the doing, not exactly the knowing, that must take first rank in the medical work of life. It is, in fact, the actual bearing of the necessary training that directs the after life-work of the physician. Doubt- less there is great value in science, and in medical practice such science as can be turned to practical account, does far more to build up a professional reputation than accumulated theories, which cannot in any way be applied to the really great work of the physician. Doubtless you have profited by the application of this form of medical training, scientific in its character, and at a time of your mental evolution, when the for- mation of habits of observation is of the greatest possible value. It is the care and accuracy of your observations and practices, the soundness and balance of your judgment, which will alone enable you to turn to practical account the varied knowledge you have acquired. The application of scientific methods and a scientific mind to the problems of disease is actually more than the study of a single life-time. Let man rejoice in the promotion of truth. True, science is ever humble, and discoverers such as Newton and Faraday were the humblest of men. How vigorous have been the attacks on Sir Joseph Lister, the father of anti- septic surgery, and with what commendable spirit he upheld his position, marking beyond doubt the greatness of the man. It is well to be up and doing, keeping pace with every line of ad- vance in our profession. True, we are living I... an age remark- able for its discoveries. The younger members must not run away with the idea that the aged fathers in the profession are not likewise progressive. This is a reading age as well, in which current medical literature is almost superabundant, and young and old must labour and continue to work in order to keep any- thing like pace with the progress of science. The affiliation of 'I the various sciences bj the present change in the medical depart- ment does away with the isolated form in which matters were previously. Thus the different sciences take, notwithstanding the diversity of their objects, one and the same development. The one series of ideas brightens and fructifies mental power, the other tends to promote health, strength and general systemic vigour. When a student graduates, what course should he adopt in order to insure public confidence and gain a practice ? When he has selected the place in which he has decided to pursue his professional work, there are points of the greatest possible importance to be investigated. First, study carefully the physical character of the city or country section in which he resides, as to soil, drainage, water supply, food supply, public and private schools, endemics, epidemics and all such influences. Once he has familiarised himself on these points, he is then in a position to give confidence to those he may be fortunate enough to attend professionally. During the past few years the Ontario Government, through the Board of Health Department, has accomplished much in the line of public sanitation, and through energetic exertions the death-rate in this Province has undoubtedly been reduced. A move is now on foot to establish a " Health Institute " at Ottawa for the Dominion ; however, such is at present in the incipient stage of development, the only specified information from the Dominion Government (until recently) being the mortuary statistics, issued monthly by the Department of Agriculture. In time we anticipate more energetic action in this direction, as nothing tends more to advance the interests of the public at large than what concerns public healLli. In country sections the matter of drainage cannot be too clearly observed. How frequently, in farm-yards, the surface liquid from manure heaps drains into the water supply of the animals, thus communicating impurity to the milk supply of the nearest town or city, and frequently becoming a fertile source of disease. What, also, is more important than the care- ful inspection of meat in order to guard against the spread of such diseases as tuberculosis. True, so far, in Canada our food supplj, on the whole, is pure and simple, and yet too much care cannot be exercined as to proper inspection ii' this directirn. Another point of most importance is the study of the ' .Jtmnce the present system of education is producing on the germinal intellectual power which must in time guide and direct the best interests of our Dominion. The great effort at present is towards a species of hothouse culture, as far as education is concerned. The multiplication of subjects, even with pliant and unde- veloped child-like brains, in the very formative process, becomes a serious problem, and one which cannot be too carefully studied out and directed accordingly. Each thought, each mental evolu- tion is the production of a chemical change in the elements of brain tissue, and thus the successive flashings along the line of continuous mental strain have a powerful effect, not alone on brain structure, but the genera! systemic powers as well. How is education to be accomplished without brain strain, is a cogent question, and one which will very naturally be asked. Ordinary brain effort is one line of action, but over strain and excessive brain work is (juite another. How frequently is it the case that the highest indications of brain activity in the child by over- strain, and without the parents being aware of the fact, become clouded for the duty of after life. The same result is frequently observed with honour men in university life, although there are exceptions, where inherent physical power, guards the balance and thus upholds the system. These are points to which I desire to direct the attention of our young graduates, who may have an opportunity of quiet study and patient investigation, while seeking a practice which will grow gradually and surely as public confidence is gained, on these lines of observation. In conclusion let me say, you have enjoyed the able services of Professor Williamson, who for over forty years has been con- nected with Queen's University. He has made a most honour- able record, and the influence he has exerci-ed in the develop- ment of germinal intellectual power has greatly redounded to the credit of Queen's University. What more honourable calling in life can there be than that of a iieacher ? This University is tho parent of many, in variuus distinguinhed academic pusitions. Thus the impress of this centre of learning is transmitted from one generation to another. The teachers' work does not die with him. It Uvea after him, and in the discharge of the honour- able responsibilities of life the still small voices hover round ; hushed though they be, the impression of the past is there, and is a cheering ideality in the per[ilexitie8 incidental to a labour of love — medif-al duty. Thus we observe there is a grand con- necting li: A *»fltablishod, which strengthens the attachment and promotes an ever living desire to uphold the honour and dignity of your Alma Mater.