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Meps. pistes, charts, etc.. mey be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. psuvent itre fiimis i dss taux da rMuction diffirsnts. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour fttra reproduit en un seui clichi. ii est film* k partir da I'angia sup4rieur gauche, de gauche i droita. et de haut en bas. an prenant la nombra d'imagas nicsssaira. ilea disgrsmmos suivants iliustrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 •••eweorr moutnoN mr omit (ANSI and ISO TEST CHAUT No. 2) A JPPUEDIIVMGE In 1«53 Coat Main SIrMt (716) 288 - SaeS - Fo> — < . ' 6' ? f > 0.20. NOf>A SCOTIA Tffl ^ * w R a M 64; v/ N \ oi>' i- j^j^^ T ^LEG£ND. 'Oonl^Htic Limes f one (pre-C^nidrtar \*f. \ tmoo—i'—^t a r X s ^ i>S L£:G£ND. 't I V rmtmn 0¥9Hy/f*f imf/ 609*0 of Cc f/tt^ro0ss\ •til rsmamu mt iLt 'f. ]F ^1. 1^ # \ O^ X ^ © .^ / PuKfiN?! ■■simam^sss . CAHADA DEPARTMENT OF MINKS ■IMM 0' vim. W. TmvuaiAM, Mumrw; A. P. Low, LUD., DBrtm MiMiaTBR; Etwm Haanbl, Ph. D., nimcToR. REPORT UN THK Iron Ore Deposits or Nova Scotia (PART I) J. IC WOOOMAN, A.M , «c.D., (HAm?.), W.QJiJi., M.A.l.li.K. (JTTAWA JMJVERNMENT PRINTING Ill'UEAU 1900 No. 20. H L LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. H- Db. Eijo«mb Haanbl, Halifax, Nova & otia. Director of Mines Branch, * September Ist, 1907. r>ept. of Mines, Ottawa. Sir,— I beg to submit a paper, " Report upon Iron Ores of Nova Scotia, " prepared in accordance with a Letter of Instructions received from you under date of 2f)th of May, 1906, and rtubsequent correspondence. This letter is as follows: — •Ottawa, 26th May, 1906. Dear Sir,— You are hereby instructed to make as complete investiga- tions as possible of all important iron ore deposits so far discovered in Nova Scotia. It is desirable that deposits which are favorably located as regards transportation be taken first. The information desired is to be of such a character as will aid the de- velopment of the iron industry in Canada. Geological features are to be considered only in so far as they may he necessary for a comprehension of the nature of the ore deposits. It may lie advisable at some future date to make magnetic surveys of the more important magnetite deposits and for this purpose it will l)e necessary that in your report you point out deposits which should be examined by the magnetometric methoti, .stating whether the ore field is fairly level or com- prises a difficult terrain. The following are the points to which attention should be paid: — Ist— Localities of iron ore deposits so far discovered, and names and addresses of owners. 2nd— Histor)' of development of mines and companies (if any). 3rd — CJeological description. 4th — Analyses of ores. 5th— In case of mines which have l)een worked, output and statistics. 6th — Transportation facilities. 7th — Limestone in neighborhood of deposits. 8th— Stat.- in general terms character of forest in neighborhood, i.e., whether the supply is sufficient for mining purposes and for the proiluction of charcoal in the event of the introduction of electric smelting. 9th -Majis of mines (and drill holes, if any). The report is to furnish as complete a survey of the iron ore deposits of Nova Scotia as the field work planned for the summer will jicrmit. You are further instructed to organize your field ptirty at the earliest date and proceed to carry out the work as outlined above. Professob J. E. Woodman, Yours truly, (Signed) EUCIENE HAANEL, Superintendent of Mines. Wwk began immedistdy.upcm receipt of orders, and continued until stopped by the inclemency of the late autumn. A few points l^t unfinished were cleared up in the spring of 1907. So far as has been possible, all instructions as to scope and character of work have been carried out to the letter. The general nature of this work and its limitations are discussed in the introduction. As it has been impossible to cover the whole field in one season, the present report is labelled Volume I. I have the honor to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, J. EDMUND WOODMAN. GetJogical Laboratories, Dalhousie University. -i TABLE OP CONTENTS. » , Page Letter of transmittal Uj Table of contents y List of illustrations vi y Introduction vi v Summary of report vvi PART I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. CHAPTER I. Ge(M!raphic Rklatioxs of Iron Ork Deposits. General Distribution of Ore Relation to Fuel Relation to Fluxes Possible Smelting Centers Relation to Ore and Metal Markets CHAPTER II. The Iron Mineraus Sources of Metallic Iron Magnetite Hematite Linumite Siderite Ankente Impurities Common Accessories Silica Alumina Lime and Magnesia Manganese Moisture and Combined Water Titanium Phosphorus Sulphur Sumniarv' of Chemical Conditions Ores elsewhere than in Nova Scotia. . . . Ores of the Triassic Clementsport Basin Nictaux-Torbrook Field 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 l.i 13 13 14 14 Page. Brookfirid 1* LoiHluu U Ty 1* Ariaaig '* Whyrocomagh 16 Barachoia 16 CHAPTER III. Genebal Geology or Iron Deposna 17 Faeton Influencing Iron Ore Diatribution 17 Purpose of Chapter 17 Comparative Shallowneaa of Iron Ores 18 Limiting; Conditions of Deposition 18 Characteristic Indications 19 Elxploration and Development 20 Surface Continuity 20 Underground Development 20 Use of Core Drills 21 Analyses 21 Geolog>' of the Deposits 22 Rock Series Represented 22 Pre-Cambrian 22 Ordovician 23 Silurian 23 Devonian 23 Lower Carboniferous and Triassic 24 CHAPTER IV. Mining Policv 25 Cost of Labor 25 Capitalization 26 Snieitiu); Centres 26 CHAPTER V. Bounties ipon Native Iron Ore I'roduction 28 MethcKis of Direct Aid 28 Conditicms Affecting Ore Production. 29 Present Aid to Manufacture of Pig Iron 29 F^ffects of I'resent System 30 Attitude of Steel Companies ■ -iO Projxiwd Reme- of Ores 163 The West Mines and Old Mountain 163 Kast Mines ItiS Current Values 167 (leneral Chenii«'al Considerations 170 CHAITER VI PaKTIAI.lv liEDOKD OkKS OF AlUSAUi AND MaLIOXANT CoVE. Location and Kxtent Topography Power and Timlier Transportation Tenure of Ore Lands 175 176 176 176 17S 178 Mov» tiralia SUmi mkI Coal CoafMny Ommni (^eoiacjr OfdovtctMi tfihuua EruptivM UHrriptton «»f Opcntnp 8e«tt«i«d Eastern Oerurrencw . . Silurian Ore Beil« McKensic V na Ea«t Brancu, Doctor Brook Cherointry of VjuX Branch Ores . . . Iron Brook • Reiationfl of Iron Brook Oi« \\et\n . Chemist r>' of Iron Brook Ores Tunnel Lead OpeninKs Tunnel Lead Ore Tunnel liead Analyiea Coarse Leatl Intermediate Ore Bed Miitoellane^iuM I'itH Mrlnnes Brouk Chemiiitr>' of Mclnnes Bnwk Ores Gillift Bnwk OpeninKs Western IMts (jeneral Chemist r>' of / risaig Ores . . . . Cnidentified AnalyMes Chemical QutiUty I'hywpal ProhleniB Ctrntinuity alonjf Strike tlxtenmon of Field Continuity in Depth Amount of Ore Working IVilicy Paok. 170 179 179 181 181 181 181 182 182 182 184 187 188 180 190 190 191 192 193 193 194 195 196 197 198 198 201 201 202 203 203 2i>4 205 206 206 CHAITKR VII. Iron Obks of WHYrfM«)MAtiH and Midulk Uivkk. Capk BRirroN Situation Tran«plwn-on AreaH 22C) Location and Rock I>iHtributi«)n 22() Mafinetite I>e()oHit8 . . _ 220 Analyses .>2| Summary of Conditiunn 221 (Jeneral Imlex 223 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. l'l«t« 1. Map uf Nov* Hnitia, iihuwing lucaUtiM ot inm, liiilnniite, lime* irtone mm! rual. Plate 2. (httliiM map of Nova Hrotia, ■howing natural amcltinK centre*. Ilate 3. a. Hematite; Watiana. Newfoumllnnil. b. Shell magnetite; Ttirbruuk. Hate 4. a. (liiethitp; Hridgeville, Pictou rounty. b. Filtr JK limonite; Luntionderr)-. Ilate 5. a. Batr>'oi(lal limonite; Lomlonderry. b. Limonite in geude form ; liondonderry. Plate 0. Ankerite and aperular ore; Londonderry. b. Ankerite core numiunded by limonite; liondonderry. Plate 7. Index of HymlMilii uaed in following ma[M and Hertiona. Plate H. Index geolo^ral map of C'lementHport iron diiitriet. Plate 1>. IMailett map of Clementavale iron working)*. Plate 10. H Fallii ttf Moose river; Clementaport district. b. Fall."* of Nirtaux river; Nictaux-Torbrook ditrtriet. Plii'e 11. Index grulogical map of Nic-tuux-Torbnxjk iron dixtrict. Plate 12. Pru|)erty map. Nirtaux-TurbnMik tli.-itrii-t. Hhowing holdings of iron cunipaiiit'H and ItM'atiun of iron ore o|»0Iling^). Plate 13. Diagranutiatic rroKS-Hertion of .\irtaux-Torl>r«H>k baHin, on theory of Mitiiple synclinal folding. Plate 14. niagruniniatic section across centre of Nictau.x-TorbnH»k btwin, to illu.str.Ue |Mi.s.Hihle xvnclinorium .structure. Plate 15. SectionH of ore in pits, South mountain: — a. Pit Xo. 3 (.Mes.senger pit). b. " " 5 (Whitfiehl Wheelock pro|)ert i. c. " " 7 (J. L. Hniwn firti}>erty) d. " " 10 (K. and M. Haker pn)j)erty). XV I1«te 16. HwtUHM of ore io pita, Mperty). I'lute 17. Detailml nmp of pitM on north niile of t^aain. iMntr IN. I'late 21). riute 21. I'lutp I'late -M. Section* of orp in pitn. I^kie ami SMI vpim*: B. I'it No. 24 (Stanley Hn.wn pn.pcrty). 27 ((i*«)rKP Holland pni|ierty). c. d. 2M (du:o). :W (J. (lourher profierty). I'Uttf lit. I-^erlionii of ore in pit*, north itide of Itavn:— a. I'it So. .14 (J. (lourlier property). •>. " " 34 (Kdwanl Martin property). '•■ " " M (ditto). d. Uan Hematite vein (lieckie mine). e. I'it No. .17 (J. Allen property). Se«'tioiw of ore in pits, on I^erkie and Shell veinH:— u. I'it No. M ((ieor^e Hollaml pn;w.rty). *'• " " •*>* (M. Hoffman pn»|»erty). «•■ '• •' 4<) (ditto). *'• " " ■*' (•'^''"••y f'«>»ter profierty). Set'tions of ore in \>iU. on Shell vei.n:— u. I'it No. 4.J (Kdwwnl Hunkx pMtate). •'• " " 4:> (H. I'. Whcelo<-kpro|M?rtv r. Ore in trenrh near pit No. 40 (H. I'. \V.,eelook an.l K. Banks projierty). 'i. I'it No. 47 (K. Hank.s estate). Sertion.t of »)re in pits: — a. l^ckie vein (Hoffman .shaft). 1>. I'it No. ;«) (I'ajse ami Stearns pni|)erty). '■• " " i^ (K. Martin pro|)ertv). d. Ore in trench ;.l. .Allen pro|)ertv). V. I'it No. M (S. .MH'.mnell pn.fH'rty). Sections of ore in pits:— u. I'it No. IS (M. and E. .Arm.strong property). '' " " -<'y (l^tanlev Hmwn pri){>ertv), *■ '■ " ^'J Cage and Stearns prof)erty). Sri [ E (i. Pit No. 46 (E. Maftia property). e. " ■• 42 (M. Wheelock property). f. •• •• .31 (ditto). Piat« 24. Plan and lonfEitudinal or atope section of Leckie mine. Plat? 25. Transveme aection of Leckie mine, showing rock structure. Plate 26. Plan ami lonptudinal section of Wheelock mine. Plate 27. Transverse section of Wheelock mine. Plate 2X. Structure sections in Wheelock mine: — a. Tninsverse section between Xo. 1 and Xo. 2 levels in shaft. h. Xo. 2 east level; termination of ore. <•. Xo. 1 ea.st level ; l^ginninf; of ore. d. " " " end of main ore l)ody. e. Xo. 2 east level ; section of roll. f. " " " showing pitch of end of ore b. M<'('(>nnel calyx drill h«)le. c. Portion of Hoffman diamond drill hole. (I. " " Jo-sejihinc Wheelock diamond drill hole. e. Shell vein in Hoffman shaft, f. Portion of Page and Steani.-i diamond drill hole, p. Portion of .losephinc Wheelock <'uly.\ drill hole. Plate ;U. Profile lietwt-en Leckie and WheeUick mines. Plate '.V2. Index geological map of North Mountain iron localities. PlatP H.'^ I?id*'\ ge<»U)gJ'';d m.np of inm defM»sits in western Hants county. Plate ;M. Inilex geological map of Selma. XVII Plate 35. Plate 36. Plate 37. Plate 38. Plate 39. Plate 4(). Plate 41. Plate 42. Plate 43. Plate 44. Plate 4.'-). Plate Mi. Index geolopcal map of Clifton (Old Bams). Index geological map of Bniokfield. index geological map of district between Portapique and Deljert rivers, showing iron-bearing zone. Projjerty map, Londonderry Iron and .Mining Company. Approximate profile along the line of ore-ljearing zone, from Matheson brook to Deliert river. Plan and longitudinal section of Aorkings from Cuml)eriand (West mine) to Martin brook. Plan and longitudinal or stope section of surface and underground workings of Cook brook and Old .Mountain. a. Wheelock sliaft house. Torbrook tlistrict. b. \'iew of Cumber and Brook openings, west side. a. (Jenerai view of valley of Cumlierland brook and loading plat- form. b. View of Martin Brook ofwnings, west side. a. General view of furnaces, liondonderry. l>- " " of valley of Great Village river, east branch, from l)elow furnace. a. View of blast furnace, .\cadia .Mines, from west. ^'- and stock and pig shetls, from cast. a. \ it'w of falls, west branch of (Jreat \illage river. b. Near view of head of gorge. CJn'at Village river, below Lon- donderrv. Plate 47. .Section of Deny hematite oi^c-body north of Londonderry. Plate JS. pljii, ;i,„i sections of Kast .Mines. Plate 4it. In.le.v lease map of .\risa'g irtm district. !'l,it<> .'yi. Index geulogiral map, .\risaig iivu disuicl, Plate oL Detailed pro|K«rty and geological m-.xp ot .\risaig district. znu ,. It Plate 52. a. View of an ofND-eot io aakerit*, East Mines, Londonderry. b. View of Pit No. 33, Ahaaig, kxtking westward along foot-wall. Plate o3. a. View of Pit N'o. 53, looking west. b. " " 52, looking east. Rate 54. Detailed map and profile along line of openings on base line between East Branch and Mclnnes brook. Hate 55. a. View of Pit No. 13, looking south-weft, b. Specimen of kidney orp, from Tunnel vein. itate 56. a. View of Pit No. 40, looking west, b. View of Pit No. 29, looking east. Plate 57. Index lease map, Whycoeomagh iron district. Plate 58. Index geological map, Whycoeomagh iron district. Plate 59. a. Valley of Brigend brook and Indian river, looking west. b. View^ westward over Whycoeomagh from Salt mountain, show- ing shipping facilities. Plate 60. Map and profile of Drummond workings on Iron brook, Skye mountain. Plate 61. Index lease map, Barachois iron district. Plate 62. Index geological map, Barachois iron district. Plate 63. a. ViewofSkye mountain from the north-east, showing elevation of land holding Drummond iron workings, b. View over Little Bras d'Or lake from near the McPherson iron field, Barachoi.s district, showing character of water. MS XIX REPORT ON THE IRON ORE DEPOSITS OF NOVA SCOTIA BY Dr. J. E. Woodman. INTRODUCTION. The iron ores of Nova Scotia have- been touched upon so often in geolo- gical literature that, if a bibliography of the references were to be made, it ^•ould appear that there is no room for fiu-ther work. With the exception of a few papers, howevvr, no attempt hae been made to give detailed accounts 'f any of the ore deposits; and tlie casual references, constituting the larger part of the literature, are so scattered and all but inaccessible as to be of little help to the inquirer. When the orders were received which are noted in the letter at the begin- ning of this volume, two courses were open to the author. One was to attempt a rapid reconnaissance of the whole province, covering in a single season all the formations containing iron and all the localities from which it has been reported; but to do this would have led to the same superficiality as marked much of the early work upon this siibject. The policy chosen has perhaps led to the opposite extreme; but it was thought that, by selecting for the first season's work a few localities and examining them in some detail, a greater service would be rendered to those intere.sted in the iron ores of the country. Unlike many other places. Nova Scotir. hrs never had the benefit of a single attempt to treat any of her geologica; ft atures after the manner of a monographic study, however limited. Tliere has been an undue op- timism on tlie pju-t of .some, and an undue pessimism on the part of others, as to its iron. It is a country which i»a.s not limitless metallic resoiu-ces, but it has fonie which are well worth greater exploitation, and its people will not be satisfied until they liavo lH>fore them authentic and detailed accounts of what they do antl do not {possess. Thus will they know how far tiiey can go in each direction in tlie dfvelopment of tlieir land, and upon what lines the empha.si.s should be laid. It was. therefore, planned to seh-ct for the first season's work localities w-hich should lie typical of the various methods of occurrence of the ores, and either of present or prt)S|)ective economic importance. In making this seh-i-iiiiii not all the promLsing districts could ix'. visited, so that there re- mains for a second sea.-*on a fair number of those which lay some claim • to Ix'ing valuable, together with others about which too littl is known to WMTMM Bueh Mttunption. In atTtrduiM wHb tiw spirit of the instruct- ions many proUenw of MicBtific interest. not«Uy those of feneais of the ores wid of stnictunU and eheimcal history, have been I^ untouched. It was at first intended to ineiude a general stuciy of the limestones in this voluine; but difficulty in securing infwDution in the time required, and the large sise to which the work had ahwady grown, made postponement adviei^ite. The ilh»ti«tions are from many sources, in part personal, in part govern- nnnt and private 8ur\'e\-8. The various individuals and companies possessing data germane to the study have without exception been most kind in offering assistance, and much of whatever value this monograph may have would have been lost, were it not for the information and documents placed by them at the disposal of the party. Some little exjdoration and develop- ment was conducted by a few of the interested parties, under personal direction, with benefit alike to the owner and the investigator. It is much to be regretted that, except in one instance and then only for a brief time, it was impossible to have access to any of the drills belonging to the Nova Seotit. Mines Department. Their use would have cleared up several impmtant points which as it is remain dark. The survey party consisted, besides the author, of Messrs. F. li. Mc- Leam, F. A. Grant, and J. B. Morrow, fourth-year students at the School of Mining end Metallurg>', Dalhousie University. No camping or packing was necessary, thus dccreasiiig the sise of the squad. Day labor was freely used whenever advisable. xxi SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT. Part I. Chapter 1 details the several geographic relatione of the iron deposits of Nova Scotia. The ores are very widely distributed, only the great gold- bearing series occupying the southern part of the mainland being entirely exempt. A few important ore bodies are known, some which may upon future exploration be found to be important, and many that can never be of other than academic interest. The largest deposits now recognised are within easy reach of transportation, and are not too remote from fuel and limestone to make smelting possible under favorable condition.s. The somewhat isola- tt d situation of the province makes possible the production of iron and steel, when a keener competition and the proximity of powerful rivals would prevent profits from accruing. Chapter 2 deals with the iron ore minerals in general. Magnetite is not promising n amount, except as a mctamorphic product from hematite. The hematite in specular form, while often of high purity, has not yet been found in other than small and discontuiuous bodies. The variety which has the greatest continuity is the massive Clinton type, typically developed at Torbrook. Limonite occurs under many conditions, notablv, however, as contact deposits near the edge of the lower Carboniferous, and as an altera- tion product from carbonates in a very extensive series of fissures along the southern side of the Cobequid mountain range. Siderite exhibits some de- velopment in Pictou county, and in the Londonderry field in association with ankerite, but by itself has little importance. Ankerite in the London- derry district is the immediate source of the hard and soft limonite, and by the gradual exhaustion of these is a.s8uming an increasing value, being at once a flux and an ore. Its use causes unavoidable irregularity in the furnace, however, and its value is slight unless accompanied by a sufficient proportion of good ore. Chemically tne Clinton ores are low grade, high in phosphorus and silica, and variable but usually low in sulphur. The Londonderry limonites are especially low in both sulphur and phosphorus, and ^.ere exceptionally pure ores in the superficial workings before the zone of ctrbonates assumed the importance which it ha.s to-day. Chapter 3 di-scusses in a very general way the geology of the deposits. Special emphasis is laid upon the limiting conditions of iron deposition, as applicable m this province. It i.s held that, while iron indications are wry widespread, a commercial degree of concentration will be found only wheii certain distinctly favorable factors have worked in harmony. In addition to abundance of solution, wluch is most likely t> b«' iM-esent. there must be some limiting structure which will ' isiu-e concentrated deposition within certain n »w bounds. Such are strata favorable for replacement , and some A M«e k mmim of the dwnetcrktie indiMtioiii of iMie in «aatinaM» tedy, and of eotain methods of expioratiui and develop- —nt tooUttb f oBi w ie d iB the gamtry. rmaliy, the raia added* brief lUtement «l the fermatioM in which the iron area f>eetir. Ckm p t tr 4 tahaa op eartain mattara ralatingtoininingpoliey in the prov- inaa. Tha coat of labour ia noted, low relatively to weatem wagea but high in eonpariMm with wagaa which until raeently were paid in Newfoundland. With regard to pobdea of eapitalitation and qpwation, it ia pointed out that few depoaito at pnaent give promiae of aueh siae aa will warrant large aeaie <^ieratiaii>, and the wisest policy in most fields ia small individual ownership and a tonnage contract with any smelter that will taka the ore. It is held that thoe may, under slightly changed conditions, be opportunity for the succearful operation of one or more smdten in the western part of the province, and possibly one in Pictou county. Chapters discusses the system of bounties paid upon iron and steel. It is held that, whatever may be thought of bounty systems upon principle, the present method has failed to stimulate the mining ofiron ore in the province; and » method is proposed— not of necessity supplanting the existing plan— by which a bounty will go to the miner of the ore, thereby giving him direct en- couragement. Chapter 6 gives some information as to the steps necessary in securing and maintaining titles to iron ore properties in the province. |: I- ; Part II. Chapter I : ClemenUport diatrict.— The ores of this basin are magnetites which have been metamorphosed from Clinton red hematites. Their extent is unknown, but tl. .« occurrences have been worked to a small degree in early years. Iron was made at the mouth of Moose river early in the last century, and appears to have been of Rood quality. The openings at present are those known as the Potter. Milner and Milbury pita. At least two of the beds cut should be continuous for a long distance, and should yield » large amount of ore. The grade ia not well known, and must be established by drillings or fresh pits. Water power can be taken from Moose or Bear rivers. The district is regarded as a promising field for proper exploration, especially with a view to makmg it tributary to London- derry, or to a new smelter at Parrsboro. Annapolis, or Victoria Beach. Chapter 2: Sictaits-Torhrook basin— T)\\& is at present the most im- portant and promising field in the province. Its ores are Clinton hematite and liedded magnetite metamorphosed from it. all replacements of Silurian hmestones and siliceous slates. In a general way they occur in two sones striking north-east. The northern zone contains two deposits of economic value— the Leckie and the Shell, the latter highly fossiliferous. These are the only two which have been operated, although openings have been made on several «rthers. On the south are two continuous beds which have been thought by some to Ije equivalents of those mentioned on the north. Evi- XXIll d«M to support thia is iMldag. The northern lone dipt louth-MMt at ancles yvyxtif from 50» to 80"; the southern dips north-west at 80» or a^ve From the evidence now obtainable the general structure is tentatively re^ garded as that of an abnormal sj-nclinorium, with an anticlinal centre pitchina south-west and oompoPed of smaller folds. In the east the dominant rocks are red slates and quartiites, as a whole underlying the ore-bearing formation At the west the rocks are all gray, slates and quartiites predominating" Many isolated iron openirgs are to be found here, and it is impossible at present to tell the exact number or relationship of beds. The centre of the distnct IS occupied by the two iron sones and their associated gray rocks jon the sides of the basin. Black or Torbrook river gives a partial section of the centre of the banin in its western half, all in gray rocks. It is therefore inferred that the underlying barren red rocks plunge below the surface some- where in the eastern half of the district. At the western end of the field sundry surface openings were made many years ago. and some smelting done at Nictaux and Clementsport The only mine until recently, however, has been the Leckie, at the eastern end of the productive area, and now closed. Thence westward the Leckie bed is known for l.-S.OW) feet, and near the end of this a new mine, the Martin is being opened. A third mine, begun a few years ago, is the Wheelock located on the Shell bed. This deposit is known for 13,000 feet. Iii depth the Leckie was worked somewhat more than 330 feet being lost by a pinching-in of the foot-wnll. The Shell Ijed is known by drilling for 382 feet. It is probable that both are productive to a much greater depth, m the di.stribution of the bedded ores has little or no relation to present topography in this district. In some shallow workings at the west, a shell ore does appear to l)ecome more calcareous and of lower grade within a short distance of the surface. Both the Shell and the overlying Leckie deposits are characterized by a rolling or shoot-like .structure, the iron pinching to six feet or less, and in placed to nothing, and in the rolLs openins o».t to fifteen or eighteen feet The dip of both walls is variable at the rolls. These structures pitch west at a low angle m the f^kie mine, and ea.st in the Wheelock. Details of occurrence and method of wt^rking are given for both mines. The chemistry of the ores in all parts of the field is given in as great detail as p-sible, from a large series of commercial analvses and those made innhelahorator>' of the Mines Branch. Of the propertira recently in opera- tion, averag^ are given l,elow. The Martin opening was shallow at date oWriting. The P and S of the second analysis are from the whole vein i Leckie (UeVir Vein) Fe ~ ~ p^ 15.6(K) S I -922 ' .077 Wheelock I Martin (Hhrll V«in) (Leckie Vein) 43.693 17.460 .750 .098 5.J.670 14.840 1.054 .074 niv TW J h uirt b pagMtkd m am d coM i d w b te importaao*. W«t«r ■uflbiit for workiaf patpowi can be obuiasd from Nietauz riv«r by ■> Of mi T» iM | wrt > tMi i i by rail i» ■t i M ri bh in oii« diwetion «t tb» miim, •■d taM iwadUy b» brought wHhia i«Mh by • Moond Um '"> i: Nietaux if raquirad. Tba oi« at prw t gow by rail to Loadoadarr- fc uixing with local hmoiut* and earboiiataf; but water thipinaiita could ba .-tua from Mar- garatviUe, AanapoUa, or Victoria baach with a short rail haul, and Ann- itaaif ia wall located for a amelting oentar. Ckofkr 3: Iron tf M« Tria$»ie trap. — Volcanic traps of this age extend eontinuoualy from Cape Blomidon to Brier island, along the south shore b«'quid rangt- of hills from .\dvocatt' on the wi-st, east- ward through Cumbeririid and Colcheater counties and into I'ictou county. The pr('Sn llic- east. While there arc many isoiated loralitios in the Devonian at which the ore is exposed, most of them lie along a zone on the mountain side, stretching for many miles east and west. This narrow area XXV it th« rpM of HMurififf and shrariiiR, Menmpanying tlir tiplift of the range ; and in the finunfl are vi-inn of ir<>n mineral*. The original varietiM are siderite («»r Dtrictly a magnesian vi«riety caDed mderoplemte) and large amountu of ankerite— a carbonate of iime, iron and magnesia. The oxides which form the pnxluctive ore ane relatively Buperficial. rarely being found far l»elow present drainage, hence the workable part of the depomiu in limited clonely downward. How- ever, their great length given a relatively large rapacity. Acadia Mines, the renter of the mining and smelting, has been active intermittently for many years. Steel is not made, but excellent pig has long been characteristic of this place. The ore is very low in P and S. An average of early workings here is as follows:— Fe. . p. MgO. SpMular ' Red Ore i Hematite Hard Paint Limonite Limonite Ankerite ' Siderite 67.440 .401) .out 50.040 .N19 57. 450 3.720 .083 45.470 ltt.4U0 .136 9.830 .260 .049 29.16N U.Bll 35.060 3.180 .068 For the year 1906, ankerite and siderite Iwing included under the head general carbonite, the average was : — Fe Insol. General linionite . . . General carbonite . . 40.72 16.63 20.20 4.21 Details of the underground workings arc given, as far as they could be gathered. A special point m made of the distribution of the ore-bearing «one. which is much more e.xtensive than the worked portion of it, and it is shown that exploriition is advisable away from the present mines. Chapter 0: Partialbj bedded oreK of Arimig and Malignant coif.— The ores of the shore di-^trict of Antijtoni.sh county are in large part Clinton hematite. Some blebhy deposits in trap have Iwen exploited, but are not promising. The bedded ores run roughly parallel with tlio shore, chiefly in Ordovician ylates. Thotiies, including those from Mclnneit l>rouk, give : — Fe 42.514 mh 28. 6M The western part uf the field, including Mclnnes brook, gives (Mines Branch analvMs) : — Fe.. 8iOa. P.. . 41.090 16.340 (only fourMmplM). .758 .018 Analyses which may fairly be credited to the Intermediate bed average: — F«.. 47.45 14.85 The Kidney or Tunnel lead should average, when free from stone, 47.00 Fe. Chapter 7: Iron area of Wkyeoeomagh, etc. — Claim has been made of the presence of large amounts of specular hematite and magnetite north and east of Whyrocomagh, but could not be verified. To the west, at the eastern end of Skye mountain, a number of openings in pre-Cambrian slates and quart- sites show irregular deposits of some sise and a few which appear stratified. Some of these may prove to (« capable of yielding enough good ore for the Sydney smelten to pay for working, but cannot be of great sise. The quality is good, the Tunnel openings gi\nng (ave/age of five Mines Branch analy- 8) Fe 64. 230 mtt 14.364 P 547 S .036 xxvii Shipmcat to Sydney cut b« mad* by w»tcr duriiiK half the ytw, with httia hMl«ffe. Chapter 8: /nm area of BanekoiM.—Thmt wn tituatwl mw Little Bmd'Or lake and but a few milee from the Sydney ntnelten. On eompar> •Uvely low land by the water side are irregular bodies of specular hematite and aiderite, largely replacement maiees. The chief deposit of the former ia apparently diMKintinuoua but of good grade. The spathic ore, which holds a small amount of spet alar, is lean for the most part. At an altitude of 700 feet and a distance of a mile from the shore, magnetite occurs in a aeries of irregular bodies in re-Cambrian dolomitie limestone, part of (he protaxis of t he Boisdale hills. The form and extent an unknown, but give promise of enough tonnage to pay for mining for Sydne)-. The ore is likely to be high in sulphur. The quality of the specular and magnetic ore may be judged from he following avprages:— 1 I ' i |» A II T I.— (iKNEUAL COXSIDKU ATIOXS. • HAI'TKR I. OEOORAPBIO RELATIONS OF IRON ORB DEPOSITS. CoNTKNTM Or CiiArrKH 1. (irnpral (iiHtrihulioii of ore . KHatiun to fuel ., Relation to flitxeN .' I'oMihle HtneltinK rentren ', Relation to ore ant! metal nmrketH ;{ • A plance at a Kcneral map of N..rth Amerira will show the p««ition which Nova .S»otia holtlx with referenrc to the rest of the world. With a lonif couHt line and wveral remarkahle natural shipping centres, with no part of the country remote from rail c.imniunication or inacci-jwihle throtigh topography, the province is es|)ecially well mtuated with reference to two lines of endeavor-providing the l.est gateway into Canada from Kurope for imports or exports, and acting as a manufacturing centre for the west. To apply this to the case in hand. X.ivn Scotia is well adapted for im- porting ore«. if ne<-essary. to Ih> mixed with native varieties for manufacturing any of the numerous forms of finislietl iron and steel prmiucts. and for dehvering these to theiiu.i.. western |K.rt ions of Canada by rail, or exporting them l.y water to any desired ,)oints. From the standpoint of manufacture and transportation, what the .x. iboard Atlantic commonwealths are to the United States, Nova Scotia is to Canada. Genrral dintrihution nfort:-^ Looking at the map of that province. ( Plate 1 ), it will »)e seen that iron ore is very widely distribute.!. ( ieographically. almost ever>- part of the countr>-. except the southern, is represented. It is the aim of this intrwiuctory chapter to indicate the relaficms of the ore-bearing localities to each other, and to the distribution of the rem:uning two essentials for iron manufacture — coal and limestone. Commencing at the west, detached small deposits are found along the s<.uth side of the Bay of Fundy, all the way from Brier island toCafK- Blomidon, and on the souti. shore of Coliequid bay towards Truro. Behind or .south of the former line of depo«it-s are the more persistent and important ores of the Clemen tsport and Nictaux-Torbrook fields. On the north side of the Bay of Fundy are many small and i.solated occurrences near the shore, and a persistent and probably connected line of ore bodies from the 4 '^•wtern part of tbr Cobequid mountains east for many miles into Pictou eounty, and Iring for the must part upon the south flank of the hills. Detached depoeitd orcur eastward through Pictou county, and through GuyaiK"'"' . north of the country occupied by the granites and the goid-k nir-T.t; .,<••: In Antigonish county is a large field On the coast, that of Aris. .ni* ' ther south small and numerous occurrences are noted, similar to .oe onts> mentioned for Pictou and Guyaborough counties. In Cape Breton the iron ores are to be found in widely separated localities, and some few of the deposits promise to be of commercial im- portance. Many of these occurrences are close to the tide water of the Bras d'C)r lakes, or within reach of transportation by stream or on the railway. Thus the iron ore of the province is widely distributed; and is, in prac- tically all localities now known, in close proximity to transportation, or can be brought into easy connection with it, should conditions warrant the expense. Relation to fuel. — The coal fields of the province are numerous, and so widely distribute*! as to supply fuel at a number of smelting centres, should it be re<]uired. The plants of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Com- pany and the Dominion Iron and Steel Company are fed from Sydney Mines and the Glace Bay district. On the west coast of Cape Breton are the Chimney Comer, Inverness, Mabou, Port HochI and Richmond fielcls, the first and last in initial stages of development. In the centre of the pro- vince is the I .ctou field. In the northern part of the countrj' is the Cuml)erland county field, represented at present by the line of small collieries stretching from Joggins mines, on the .shore of Chignecto bay, eastwards, and by the Springhill district. This field has great potential importance, in view of the fact that the horizon;? which contain the Springhill coal underlie the great stretch of 400 square miles of country westward to and under Chignecto bay. Thus there is at least a possibility of coal in great amount being present at a workable depth in that field. The Londonderrj- Iron and Mining Company obtain their fuel chiefly from Springhill and the Pictou field at present. Relation to jiuxrs. — The fluxes fall into two groups — limestone on the one hand, and dolomite and ankerite on the other. The first is low in magnesia, the second high, and the third not only high in magnesia, but containing a certain amount of iron. The limestones are found in the pre-Cambrian (George river series) a id Cambrian of Cape Breton, and in the Ordovician. Silurian, Devonian and lower Carboniferous limestone (Windsor series) throughout the province. The dolomites are found in the pre-Cambrian (George river series) of Cape Breton. The ankerite. which is practically an iron-l»earing dolomite, occurs in abundance in the Londonderry district, and in variable quantity through- out the Devoniiin area south and east of the Cobequid mountains, in Col- chester and rittou counties. J OUTUINK MAP* or NOVA SCOTIA SHowInc Natural aty^ ^v^n*e\ T L 'A N T I C \ Platen? 2 lyMnr/^ o E N r In the west no limestones are to be found until the vicinity of Windsor is reached. Thence eastward up the Kennetcook valley, and intermittently to the strait oi Canso, they occur in several formations. Some little uf this is near present transportation. In Cape Breton limestone abounds within reach of shipping. Out of all the occurrences of limestones and dolomites only a small proportion would be found fit for use, because especially of irregularity in composition. But even so, a sufficient amount of flux can be ha') for the use of any smelters likely to be erected. Possible smelting centres. — It will be shown in the sequel that there are many small deposits of iron ore in Nova Scotia, anl a very few of considerable size. That Iteing the case, if the question arises of additional centres for the manufacture of iron and steel, it will be possible to point to but very few localities possessing the requisite qualifications. These are an adequate supply of suitable iron ore, flux and fuel, with cheap transportation for all these raw materials to the furnace, and proper shipping facilities for both incoming and outgoing freight. Since the cost of labor is even throughout the province, it does not enter as a factor in determining position. From this standpoint the following may be taken as indicating a natural grouping, based upon proximity of location, ease of transportation, and relation to fuel and flux (See Plate 2): — (1) a western section in IMgby and Anna[)<)Us counties, with its industrial centre at Annapolis; (2) a west cen- tral section, draining Kings, Colchester and Cumberland counties, and having Londonderry a.s a centre; (3) an east central section, embracing Pictou, Antigonish and Guysborough counties, with a focus somewh'—e in or near the Pictou coal field; (4) an eastern division, including all of v'lpe Breton, with its centres at Sydney and Sydney Mines. Reference to the accompanying map will serve to indicate more clearly the limits of each district. Relation to ore and metal markets. — ^The province of Nova Scotia .shows no probainlity of developing an iron industry from its own ores that will enable it to compete very extensively with the American and Ontario pro- ducts in their own fields. Its success must result from its comparative isolation, which diminishes the intensity of competition. It has, so far as now known, no deposits showing such size, quality and low cost of treatment as to compare favorably with Bell island on the one hand, or the Lake Superior ores, both Canadian and American, on the other. But there does appear to be a possibility that Nova Scotia may yet be able, with her own ores, to supply eastern Canadian demands; and prodi'-'ta manufactured from Newfoundland ore already find a market whose extini is increasing each year. Every ton of iron or steel that can be made from native ores at a cost to meet the existing conditions of trade can be sold. Whether or not iron and steel can be made from native ores for export, there certainly will l>e room in the near future for all the metal that can be produced for manufacturing purposes in eastern Canada, and especially in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. CHAPTER 2. THE IRON MINERALS. Contents ok Chaptkr 2. Sources' <>i nictullii- iron. Mtt^jnetite Hematite Liinonite Siderite Ankerite .... Impuritie^' Common accessories Sili'-a .'llumiiia Lime and magnesia Mancanesp Moi.sturpantlfonil)ine«! water Titaniun? I'ho.splionis Sulphur Summary of clieriiical conditions Ores pjtiewliero than in Xova Scotia Ores of the Triassic Clementsport l>asin Nictaux-Torlirook fiehi Brookfiehl Lon(|onderr>- .Ari.saij: Whycocomagh Harachois SofKCK.s or Metallic Iron. PAGE 4 5 5 7 7 s 8 8 la 10 10 11 11 11 12 i;i \:i i:{ 14 14 15 1.5 15 10 16 It may he wortli while, in view of the mineralogical references and der^cripfi'in^ in this report, tu.-H forth Kriefly the eliaracteristies of the various minerals which go to make up the iron ores of Xova Scotia, and the accessory impurities which affect their value. FU\TK 3. (d) Hciiiatitt-: Waltana, N'pwfiuinilUiiiii. ih) Shpll iiiiiKiirtiti-: TnH>k. The former may i* enumeratetl m maKnetifo, hematite, Hnicmite (the hn.wn hematite of the trade), ankerite and sideritc. Certain varietie* which are lew common t»r are but slight variatioiwof other species are tursite, Koethite and Hiderople-site. .VogRf/iVe.— Composition Fp.,()„ viehhnK when pure Fe 72 4' ,' . Tiiis gives the hitjhe«t ratio of metallic iron jMWNihle in an ore, a fact worth rememl«Tin>t when approut-hod liysome optimintic owner (ji agent with tales of ore SO';;, iron. It ha.s never l>een kn«)wn to occur pure in inas.< 27 for a large numl)er. Few of these are metamorphosed hematites, while .«»everal of the magnetic ores of Nova Scotia are of this charac- ter. Wo iiave here, moreover, none of the gabbroidal magnetites which furnish the titaiiiferous ore in other parts of the; world, and which are excluded from the average given al)ove. ThcTriassic trap magnetites of this province vary much, from )»s 33 to ;{.•). 25, an average of ten samples Wing 55. 13. They often contain some specular hematite. The altered hematites of the Nictaux-Torbrook and Clementsport basin.., while highly magnetic, usually have a brownish or reddish streak. They should l)e cla.ssed for the most part with the Clinton rwl hematites; but such as have been sufficiently metamorpho.^^ed. like those of South mountain, are true m;ignetites. \ fair average of these, ba'^ed upon twenty samples, is 44 ()2. The shell magnetite of the Ileatley profxTty. from nine .sami)les, averages 35 2t>; that from the Ward estate, ea-st of Nicta\i.\ river, of seventeen samples, averages 40 515. An average of all the wes'rn occurrences gives 42 32. The pre-Cambrian magnetites of Ca|)e Urctou vary widely. Those of the Mcl'herson areas. Harachois, apjiear to run approximately 52 07. The magnetite of this country rarely, .so far as known, occurs as a load- stone. In all other res|K>cts, it is typical in various ca.ses. In theTria.ssic trap it is at times extremely well crystallized in gas and gash cavities, and in most of the deposits it is coarsely granular to massive. In .some places the mineral martite occurs but ha'^ only a scientific interest. In the pre-Cambrian limestones of the (Jeorge river series, in Cajie Breton, it is in places dis.seminated in grains in the dolomites (WhycocomaglO, and in others massive to granular (Harachois). In the Nictaux-Torbrook basin it is an alteration product of hematite, priibablv by contact metumorphism, ami Iioro it preserves the ai>i>eara!:(e of the latter as far as comUtions i)€rinit. //«ma///«>.— Compositi(m. Fe./I.,. yielding when pure 70' ,' Fe. Taking all the factors info considerafion. it is by far the most important s[)ecies woaomkMUr- Thw it due to tbe grmt aiae of its body a Bome cmw, ■wi to the UrpB tooaaffe ol bi|^ frade on. Ito vwictlM arc MvsnO— ocbraout, ■pMular, and maMive odiitic being ■Otoe at them. The first named ki the rlcheat ore, nullion* of tona of Lake Suporior ore nmninK 65% or even more. The famoua Spaniah ore from Bilbao givea 49%; the Almeria from Alquife, 48.85 dry. In the Lake Superior region, of the non-niliceoun ores, Marquette in earlier yean averaged 86 ft, Menominee 55 24, Goftehir 5(i 308, Vermilion 61 . 36, and Meubi 56 . 10. The ailieeoua oree found in three of these diatricta ran :— Marquette 42.27, Menominee 42.129, Vermilion 51.194, which are more like the values in our own non-specular hematites than are the first named figures. In Nova Scotia no high grade specular deposits have yet been sufficiently exf^ored to prove that they are of workable siie; thus such analyses as can be given are for the most part sample assays from veins only, or are from districts outside the scope erf this report. The chlrf exception is the Bara- ehois specular ore, small lotoof which run to fi«1.6fl. The specular ores of Lcmdcmdeny are in a claas by themselves, in that they have a highly mica- cer tructure, but for the most part a brown to brownish red streak, due Ut the percentage of moisture. To get average analyses is by no means easy, as at least in recent years the specular iron is so mixed with ankerite, limon- ite and siderite that no large lots of moderately pure ore come to the fur- nace. As close an average as could be made, extending over some years, gave 67 44. The Clinton red on*. I- Vova Scotia are, next to the mixed ores of Londonderry, the most important. The typical Clinton ore in New York averages 44 7<. The Leckie ore at Torbrook averaged 49.20 for a numlmr dy on the Greener areas at Barachois, Cape Breton, yieldeiii.|ii| liinniiite: I^>iirry (h) I inioiiifp ill pi,K|, f„mi: I^.ndon.l«.| It J.!*^ 'i^T*?" **' *•** ^"**** ^^*^' " worked, range from 40 to 50C' erou^thTlT !;'"°°'** ^^P**'*" ^ ^°^* S*'""* be'°"« Jargelv to two groupe— the Londonderry series, and contact pockets Part of Vk j group Ues outside the scope of this volume '*'" "^""^ At Londonderry and Brookfield, the two localities eonsiderp.i h.r. the .ron contents vary within wide Umits, dependinrno Zv uln !?' amount of impurity, but also upon the type of o^ and de^ of hXiln' At Londonderry the assay has run as high as 59.40, proSdue to a I„li percentage of specular ore. An average of very m Jy C^ J^ns Ir^ed isT36° Va"' "*%""r " '" '^ ^^^'^ onlyThrhaTlimonUe content, is much lower than the bottJa?d\;':;iIro";j^^^^^^^^^ i:'drn:ir:he t^r ■ ^^^-^^-^^^ *« ^^« •-« «^ --^ ^» ^^ '-- Tnni*^®'"*^^*''' *''*' ^'^^^^ *"'''y««' ^f the Chambers pocket at the anaT'l'T rT '"" f ''' ''"^ "^ ''^''^^ ^^ ^^^^ frortwJtv^L en S^v i!^ ^"°°* ^"™'^* **•« ^^^'"^ '^'^ said to be 47 . 523 the J^eo'frrT. ^'^^'' '^''"'^ ^' '" 27%. This is in the main Iniln ! T ^°"d°"d«"y. and would not be considered were it not an mportant const.tue.it of the iron-bearing veins. In the United StatL spatlbc_ o^ are regarded as far too lean to work, f^^uently gdng dol; with*'lLt?«'^?o"rt'^f'i^'"*' •' "^"^ ""''^ '''»''«"*«' «°d to a less extent InLlllt T "''""'; '°''°^'^ '^^' '^o'nP^atively few separate analyses exist. An average of such as could be secured is 35 06 The sutttTir;;^ "^ "-'-- ^- *^« --^ p- - ^^e -- jl^ CaCot2;% M;''cri7'';ro'"''T '^^^''^ ^^^' ^'^ ^^3, >-ielding 50- Th« ^i^ I • * " ^^" """^ ^''•"« ''^ 00% Fe for thi.s formula w.th 8 dente. sideroplesite, specular ore and massive limonite Elsewhere than in the Cobequid mountain i-egion of \ova Scotia thi, vanety .8 so uncommon that in text books on mine^alog>- it Jgiv „ onU a >e,y mmor place, and nowhere else, so far as known to the aufhor i""' of ance anXr;" «"'«'t^'""- "^"^^ " ^"^^ ^'-"P^^" of ul'apf^a^- ance and ,ts effect upon the furnace charge may not l^ out of place here to bJ?^nvT,t'l'^'""" ?'r ^''^"^^ ^'' "ideroplesite) so cioselvas to be easily m..,taken for .t. Indeed it is doubtful whether in .some cases neurons, and m the coarse specimens the surface of the rock is midP of numbe.. of inte^ecting rhombohedral faces. Ordinarily it Ucolr^rlh^ mkrit* is die Hune part of the mine, but it in mmy to find hand specimens of the two iperMB with identical texture. Weathered faces show croes- hatebed Ibwe aod are brown in color. tAnec anJcerite contains iron, lime, and magnesia, it is useful .:^ u flux and at the same time contributes to the iron content of the furnace charge. It renders possible at I^ndonderry the use of liinonite of lower iron value than would otherwise be serviceable; but it requires a larger proportion cd ankerite thui would be used if an onlinary Hmestone were employed, because of the low percentage of CaCOs- It is difficult to obtain ani^ses of ankerite sufficiently pure to l)e ron.sid- ered typical «)f the country-. The iron appears to range from 7. "i? to 1 1 .31, Mid to average 9.83. ImPURITII'^. Common accestorien. — Chemical purity in any iron ore is not to be expected. Nevertheless, in the earlier days of Lake Superior mining npecular hematite ran (\9% Fe in the Republic mine fmr a whole seanon. The common impurities are, of course, the substances entering into the gangue when present, and into the wall rock or into the ro<;k which the iron mineral hits imperfei-tly -eplace' many of the Nova Scotinn ores to l)e highly silice«)us. The magnetites of the Triassic trap vjyy widely, l)ecause of the different percentiiges of gangue. .An average of the analyses n»)w availal)le gives 13 80. In the Xictaux-Tt)rl)r(Mjk mixed magnetites and hematites an average of a very large nunilM?r (2of)) of analyses front many hnalities gives 17 .55. Tv^o pro|K'rtie« have !ieen workeil to the extent of yielding a large tonnage, ship[>ed from Torbrook to the Londii(ic>iuierrv. (t>> Viikfriic j'l >ri' Mirriiiiiiiieil liy liiniiiiitc: loiiiloii.tt' * Binelter— namely, the Leckie and Wheelock mines. The latter \« new and still in process of development, the former m worked out. .The Leckie mine, operatinR on a bed of massive Clinton ore with onlv an otca-^ional fossil shell, averaged 14.808. The Wheelock mine, on a hinhlv f.).«siliferous bed of magnetic hematite, has averager* 17.40 throughout ioOd. In the early part of 1907 the ore was running Mi 58 insoluble matter at the furnace. Of the limonites J)etween Windsor and Truro too little is known chemi- cally to give fair average analyses. In the Brookfield limonite pocket worked by Mr. R. K. Chanil)ers. that part shipped to Acadia Mines averaged 23.02 SiOj. The portion later smelted at Ferrona was said to average 12.(M), but computation from a large number of nnaly.ses gives 14.955. Assuming that approximately one- half went to each smelter, which apjiears to Iw the ca.se, the general average is 18.988. Why the fii-st or Lrmdonderry shipments were so much higher does not appear, for it wjuj during the use of the Ferrona furnace that^the pocket was skinned, the leaner ore from the wall l)eing taken. Of the more calcareous ore now Iwing mined at Brookfield a fair average is Hi. 39 in.soluble. Turning next to the Londonderry- ores we find great diversity, partlv dejH'ndent upon the type of ore. partly upon the portion of the mines imder operation at the time. Thus, 14 samples of red hematite from West Mine.'* give 1.40',' SiOj. Another gives 4 (K). Red hematite from the Rogers field, lying west of the Intercohmial railway, and l)etween Acadia Mines and East Mines, ran 17 2(), part l)eing very pure, but toward the last degenerat- ing so far as to give Fe 40 20. HiOj 22. 35. Limonite paint from Kast Mines gave Hi 40; of .semi-crystalline black ore. a hard botryoidal form, the only analysis in full gives 2 <)7. Specular ore avenaged "40. A general average of brown ore for HMMi was 20 20: of ankerite and white ore (siderite) mi.xed. 4 31. The Arisaig hematites are very highly siliceous as a whole. Thus the average of four samples from various pits on East Branch Doctor brook gave Dr.Hoffman 25 7(i' ; SiOa; of eight samples on Iron brook. 2() 3:!; of five samples at Mclnnes brook. 22.50. Analyses from saini)les taken by the present writer do not inchule the poorer ore. here as elsewhere: hence it is not p<).s.«»ible to slate the conditicms west of Mclnnes l)rook with certainty. The analyses at hand average e mountain, while not tested sufficiently for accuracy, run 4.898 in the samples collected in the season of 1906. One previous analysis gives 2.42. The hematites of Barachois gave 1.90 at the big pit on the Greener-Ingraham areas, the magnetites of the Boisdale hills 3.22. Lime a. J magnegia.--The magnesia in Nova Scotian ores is so rela- tively unimptirtant. except at Londonderrj', as not to require detailed treat- ment. In the white ore and ankerite (both carbonates) of Londonderry it is very hinh, averaging 25.04 MgCOg in the latter and usually present in the former. Xonnal pure ankerite would give 21%. Obviously, there- fore, less majtnesium is replaced by iron in the ankerite than the formula calls fur. The lime is of interest in certain instances, notably in Torbrook and Londonderry. The former is a hematite replacement of calcareous beds (Shell vein); the latter limonite, and specular hematite or limonite, associ- atetl with carbonate ores. At Torbrook two localities are important as indicating the greater com- pleteness of the replacement near the land surface in some instances. Other deeper openings show the conditions not to be universal. But in the pits on the Ward estate, between the Bloomington road and Nictaux river, and in the Hoffman shaft, a distinct increase in lime and decrease in iron \va.« met downward. In the former the change is steady, in the latter not. At Londonderr>- the proportion of lime depends ver>' largely upt)n the kind of ore. When the oxides decrea.se and the carbonates increa.se in depth, as appears to lie the ra.se universally but at various levels, there is a loss of iron and pain in lime. Typical specular ore gives .20 CaO; paint or ochre .46; ankerite -'t> 1»*. anil siciprite 2.89. Normal ankerite should have 28% of CaO, and pure siderite of course would have none. A/anc/an.*^.— Probably no other accessory constituent of the iron ores is so capriciously distribvited an the manganese. All the varieties seem to ■n 11 have it in places, while a few ores are practically free from it. The Triassic magnetitefl and the Torbrook magnetites and hematites have very little, and that not persistently. One exception at Torbrook is the Foster ore, which has reached 21.27. The contact Umonites and hematites of Hants and Colchester counties, on the other hand, have much in places. Thus at Goshen one sample, unusually high, ran 24 . 74%. Two subsequent tests gave only .55 and 1.11. As nianganene mines lie for some miles to the east, it is not to he wondered at that this element should be present in some of the iron ore of the vicinity. The limonite pocket at Brookfield carried a small amount in places, in others considerable, and averaged 4.253. The ore now coming from there gives 2.75*^^,. The Londonderry ores are verj' erratic, but as a whole are not charac- terised by manganese, a general average being about .506. Some of them, however, run up to 9.80, although this is very rare. The Whycocomagh magnetic hematite of the Tunnel mine gave .329. At Barachois the hematites run .058, the magnetites .302. Moisture and combined vmter. — For practical purposes these are impor- tant only in the limonites and associated ores in this province. The moisture varies in the same ore with different conditions of the ore ground, many large bodies having both hydrous and anhydrous iron. Thus, of the high grade ores of the Lake Superior region, mixed hematites and limonites, Mar- quette has 11.85% water, Menominee 6.525, Gogebic 10.828, Vermilion 4.365, and Mesabi 12.316. The siliceous lean ores run much less: 1.23% for Marquette, 2.20 for Menominee, and 3.21 for Vermilion. Normal limonite has 14.4% water. Unfortunately, in analysis often no distinction is made between hygroscopic and combined waters. The Torbrook hematites have verj' little. The Brookfield limonite ran 10.223. At Londonderry moisture ranges widely, a fair average for the brown ores i)eing 18.365 Titanium. — Nova Scotian ores are not impaired to any serious extent by titanic oxide. The magnetites from the trap appear not to have it under ordinary circumstances, while the Torbrook magnetic hematites only occasionally show any. In fact, titanic oxide is a negligible quantity in Nova Scotia. Phoaphoruf. — Unfortunately the iron ores of Nova Scotia are almost everywhere high in PjOj— , hosphoric acid; and it is quite safe to say tliat, unless some high grade specular ore-body of magnitude is discovered, there are no uniformly Bessemer deposits of importance in the Province. As many writings on the subject do not make the matter clear, refer- ence may be made here to the Be-ssemer limit. The limit of phosphorus allowed in pig by the Bessemer process is .1%. American operatois are becoming more exacting within the last few years, accepting no Lake Su}HMior ore which gives over .05 P, no matter how high the iron. The error tha.' is often made is in considering that the ore may run .1' j P and still lie a Be.-*- semer ore. But since the metallic iron in an ore is always 72 . 4 or les.«!. the amount of phosphorus allowable in the ore to make .1% P in the pig, will N ts j!jf**I: or km «.! « fouad by divklinc the metaUtc iren content by I^iW. Thu» ft 45 A) ore will be a Rewrmer ore only if it Hm .04567 P or K- !!L^1^^ *™'' '""' "^ '■ '•'*'* '" P»»«T>horua and mime low; bw the bedded aint4.n orm of the Silurian are uniformly high. The numlier of MMlyMK for South mountain i« »mttU. but the average for that part of the TorbrcKik dirtrict ap|. .« to l« 1.995. For the Cleveland mountain or we»t emi of the dwtrict. and the Ward eirtate eaat of Xictaux river the average « 709. In the Wheelwk n.ine thuK far the magnetic -hell hematite ^ 7" ' "" ^^ 7*"f [»•• »h« '""•ive re,l hematite of the I^kie *ai« VI2. An average for the district as a whole would I* I o;M) The cmtact deposits of limonite are ever>whe.e low. with a few individ- ual exception.. Thu. Brookfield aver»geova N-otian dep,«<.t^. while some ores run high liK-allv. The Triassic traD mm m as a whole verv- free from it. The Clinton ..res ..f the Torhnmk region will run 1U9. The Brookfield limonite .HH-ket was verv free from if but any ore nearer the CaHMmifer.3Us contact may In- more liable to it, l,ecau.se of the ,,rcs..nrc ,.f harjtes at the contact. |„dee.l. at one <.utcn,p limonite has replmcl l.arite. retaining the crystalline ..utline of the latter The .An.snig ..re.s run fr..m a trm-e to (M)5. The Skye mountain magnetic hematite of W hycn.m.agh varies, having much .sulphur in places, especially near the r<.„t of the tunnel .uul .m the east wall. The .Mines Branch samples gave (».{.}. The Baracho.s hematites yield .mi. The magnetites will ^ar^•. hven at the trans-mountmn road, where are the only workings oarts contain much, others little. The range u,. to the ,,resent" is from 204 to CIS from the nj».,„„ps near the trans-moimtain road. North-eastward the ..re Uvumcs ,„.,rp .sulphuri.us. giving a wholly pr..hihitive amount at the end ot the range a mile awav. tm iMH 13 HUMMARY OP ChKMICAL CONDITIONS. (htt fUrwhere than in Sova Scotm.- For comparison, analysen of cer- tain foreiKn ores are given, an«l of the Michipicoten ore. Ff HiOj AJjO, CbO : .MkO p Miiixtiirc k i-oiiib. watpr Purp iiiagiu'titr ' 7'„' 4U) Hweciiuli iiiHinu'titrN . ft! triO Hitiemiu, N.J., iiiHKtiHitpii tCJ 7'iO Miiipvillp. X.Y. inaKm-titiit «_» UK) Aver. 1 1 .\iiiericun maiOH-titPH .W WW) Ptirr hiii.Aliiii.) 5fl ."iOO Muri|u<-tte HilirmiiH orp 4i •J7() .Mi>noiiiinf<> (iH-rn. fi liin.) .W lMJ MeiMirniiieeHilireouHDri- X'i !>» Vernulion (hi-ni. ft lim) «J1 :«iO Wrmilioii (•ilicfimx «iiv. h\ . MM Michipicotrii (IWK)) . .X 7(M) C'lintiiti, X.V , fiwMil hciiiutitp WiiironMiii fuxil iieniat ite N*<»niml linionito Aluhumtt tinioiiiteM . . Alalianui linioiiitcK, avpruKi" Colonulo liiiioiiilcM . . Avpr.'Jtt P•'lltl.linlollit<■^ (OnJovicuiii) .Aver. II Aiiipriciin liin- nnite8(vari(iuHMtutp!<) 47 SSl Nonn.'il ankprilp 13 97,S Xorniiil diilpritp 4S 270 III INN) » 944 I 4511 .013 .364 I l»S .17» 4 .VI4 Vt S;J4 •I 7IW .14 141 1 4 ■.'.•>fl . . •->•.' M\A ■> WM) 7;io JIK) traiT 44 1(N) 12 «i:W .5 LW 750 WW SIN) .VK) INN) .03.5 .0.12 .059 .024 a37 .0.% 114 .I5.V) 1.392 .009 010 047 .2;io I1.8.V) 1 2») « 52.-) 2 200 4 .VI5 3 210 2.770 I4.4IN) . JS-i 11 -^It 3 filO S40 20 IWO 43 470 IH !»70 2 3w Averajn* «s /jao ;» J.")!) .V) i;«) 24 JIN) .5 460 u.r.'o .^i H(N) H..s;j() 17 610 1 2(N) no »».'»."> 4 S40 937 2 317 0.il) tract' 02.^ .046 .021 034 M ClmmUtport battn.— Few MwIyiM are available for the Potter and MUner opMiiap. Bttch aa can be had, however, give the foUowing averagM:— r« «i. 199 ao*. w»« iSl »iw F 340 8 IM Nietawt-ToHtrook /l«M.— Many test« may be had for thia baain, and aa a result aeveral averagee are given bdow. Ft... S^ MbOi F. . 8 ... LmU* miM 49 aoo 15 oao 15." No. Oen. No. averafie anal. 36 28 5 10 5 6 13 13 48.767 17. 552 4.214 4 941 .443 .506 1 000 .109 476 236 39 41 27 39 173 76 The contact ores between Windsor and Truro have so few analyses to their credit that averaging is not feasible. OH lA BnokfiM.—An avenge of the large pocket worked out by Mr. R. E. Chamben is giyen below. That of the ore now l>eing extracted by Mr! J. K. Peanon will be treated in a tubaequent volume. Sin i*»w £*y» 7.«» S""» 4.2iW \.\j 100 ""•rtuw 10. W3 Londonderry.— In this diHtrict it will be neceasant- to keep separate ac- count of the different clasMeH of ore. Earlier analyses give higher iron ratios than more recent ones, as may be seen by turning to the current analy- ses in I'art II. Whether this is due to difference in the ore or to stricter accuracy in analysis at present, or to both, is an open question. Of red hematite (chiefly Rogers ore) there has l>een an exceedingly small amount. Specular Red Limonite Limonite Ankerite SWerite ore hematite hnni paint Fe «7 AM) «0, 400 iMtJ 2.3« Al,0, .187 CaO 200 M«0 095 MnO, .0.50 P 001 8 194 Moietiire 2.010 SO 040 S7.450 4.'5 470 9 830 1^060 3 720 16.400 .260 3 180 1 4 953 7 210 .525 2 210 no reronle B70 1.^70 371 4«) 29 168 2 889 «73 ^19 4-20 11911 5 .M5 .806 934 1 9.36 1.109 2.266 »>9 083 136 049 .068 3.M 013 0.M 11.557 10. .W2 . ilriaotg.— Since this district is chiefly distinguished with reference to control of its iron ores i>y being «livided into two pnjperties, averages are given here first for the ores as a whole as far west as the west side of Mclnnes brook (only analyses of the best ore l)eing available for SiO,), and second for the exposures -^vest of that point. Mdnnei* briiok West of Mr- Cieneral aver. Gen. uvpr. anil east (.M. Inws l>nx)k (previous (Mines Uraiirh *im.) (Mines Hr. analyies) Br. samples) samples) Fe 37 188 44 680 SiO, 19 260 15 580 Al,(), 5 5.W 6 748 CaO 2.310 2.638 M«K> ! 347 .700 P I .770 .7.W 8 .010 .021 42.514 28.6.55 6.643 .572 .051 38 070 18.9.')0 6 0.12 2.440 .488 .765 .014 H' W'ft«rw*;j I ma .177 l).T« Afcir(ir*/»w.— ("» 1 •!-!.. t.t. «ndthemuKnctileaure fierc j{iv»!n «purul«ly:- IllM>l. !• J*. tiiiititf^ MdKiH'lif*^ 4:i HI'.' .">.> 070 15 Mm H.HlUt 1 UNI 3 -A>ll H.72H 1 O-.M no (iMtn .5 I.W OAh :Mi2 lINt (Km IMMi 1 IMI i Fniiii thin pan U' jtatluTvil a geiu'ral idea of the chcmij^fry «f the irt»ii ores iti the f a pnifitable ore bo' nature. While rock masses fur- nish chemical opportunity for the deposition, they may also be helpful in a mechanical way Strata afford resting places for the ore when their sulwtance can be ex- changetl for iron oxides, as limestone in many of the Clinton ores and sand- stone in others, ami as cherty limestone and jasper in the Lake Superior districts. They act as limiting horizons, when as impervious layers they have controlled the downward movement of the water in some permeable bed J>etwcen or alM)ve. This also is a common characteristic of the bedded Clinton ores, such as those of Torbrook and Arisaig, and in part of the Lake Superior ores. Original structures become factors in the process of deposition, when strata are folded so that the water has gathered in the troughs. To the accomplishment of thi.«» result an impervious base is practically a necessity; and when, with these two factors, there is also present a permealjle and easily replaceable bed al)ove the impervious basement, a large iron ore de- posit may result. This is characteristic of the Marquette district of Michigan. 19 It is an important point for determination whethe.: it may not be a feature of the Nictaux-Torbrook basin, the ore lying in abundance in the trough of a large syncline, or more probably at a shallower depth in several smaller folds. There is probably no other deposit in Nova Scotia in which this con- dition is likely to be found; but the size and importance of this basin brings the question of distribution of its ore into prominence. The secondary structures which may control iron ore deposition are numerous: — (1) a folded dike or sill ; (2) the intersection of a dike and an im- pervious bed; (3) the dying out of joints against a compact and resistant rock mass; (4) the intersections of major joint planes in rocks especially favorable to deposition ; (5) zone.s of rending and shearing in regions subject to moun- tain-building disturbances; (G) unconformable contacts; (7) one or more systems of regular joints; (8) the presence of irregular fractures. All these give opportunities, in varying degree, for the accumulation of iron ore. Of the first two Nova Scotia po8sest>es no illustrations, so far as known; but of the remaining, instances may he found in one or another part of the countrj'. If rocks favorable to substitution of iron oxides for their own material are adjacent to or intersected by the.se structures, the opportuni- ties in favor of accumulation of ore are much enhanced. Of the fifth, the pre-Cambrian ores of Whycocomagh in part, and of the Hoisdale hills (Barachois), are probably cases. The sixth is illustrated by the interesting contact limonites of Pictou county, which are not within the scope of this volume. The third, fourth, seventh and eighth divisions prob- ably furnish a large share of the deposits in the province. Such deposits are S.irge and extensive just in so far as the disturbance which rent the rocks was widespread and effective. Moreover, the presence of rocks which could be replaced y iron minerals under the circumstances that attended the movement of the solutions vastly increa.«es the probability of finding ore in quantity, and in most cases niakes the afference between an ore l>ody and a loose network of stringers, films and narrow veins of some variety of iron oxide or carbonate. Thus, to take two extremes, the Londonderrj- ore range occurs along a very persistent zone of fi.ssure8, which as a whole follows rocks more or less easily replaced. The Logan Glen hematites of Whycocomagh occupy irregular, local, non-persi.stent cracks, and lie in rocks which were extremely difficult of replacement. In the former there is a very large amount of ore, almost continuous for miles; in the latter a few stringers and pockets of mineral, of a high degree of purity it is true, but with almost no possibility of a large body being present. Charaeteriatic indications. — In a comparatively undeveloped district there is much uncertainty as to the chara-^ter of the ore body and its size and extent. The unfortunate tendency to regard every film of hematite as indicating a mass of ore has resulted in many properties being left unex- plored, while the owners are on a htmt for a purchaser. There are certain indications which should be looked upon as unfavor- able, and it may be well to mention them. Discontinuity on the strike; wm ; ! of margin, wpeciklly into itringHn; ftppareot lack «n wtiiinring BMraiy ■• fiUinp of distinct and 0t im^ n a ro wdimentaiy wail-roeka, suob ai ttm all tktn are unf avoraMa whera found upon hava bad in the paat, and have in the present, an wida diatribtttMB in the ahaiiower portions of the earth's crust. . Withoitt going into the ehamical causes of the deposition of iron oxides from each soiatioas^ it abou l d be evident that if there are multitudes of oppcurtu- aitiea, but small quantities of iron mhierals can be precipitated in any one piaee; and therefore, while in a large area there will be contained i. great amount hically. There is, in the province as a whole, a very great amount of ir HTved to the eiowa bald oat for moat csorMtant i»ieea for territory not •««a Vfopmij eapkirad, nnieh haa developed. If, instead of attempUng to ,1,1 iiji ^hmt prafNiilas at unapproachable figures, serious effort were made to work tbem mtfividually and to get what profit is poaable while the ore lasts, nMt« prosperity would result. A large number of the iron ore deposits of the province are such, in •Etent and quality, that no ethical sanction can be gained for the practice of large capitafisation. It is even an open question whether i^ would pay fffMtin t smeltinf companies to buy them up. But if, instead, t. . individual owners were to develop them and contract for sale of the ore to the smelters, if necessary attempting an understanding with one of the smelting eompanies whereby the latter supi^ics the tools in instances in which the owner has no capital upon which to work, even under the present market eooditiocs a number of the isolated deposits could be profitably opened up. This plan is known to be feasible, because it is in practice to-day. The wisest method tot working the small deposits, then, is individual ownership and tonnage contract with the smelters. This is now employed by one of the companies for a considerable amount of ore each year. SmeUing eentrea. — Mention was made in chapter 1 of natural geographic ■ di\'ision8 into which the iron on regions of Nova Scotia group themselv«a. Of these the eastern section requires little comment. There is no immediate probabilitv of any Cape Breton deposits developing to such siae as to require or permit local reduction. The east central dixision requires further study before much can be written about it. Some years ago a smelter was erected at Ffcrrona, in Pictou county, and the steel mills at Trenton, north of New Glasgow, later came to handle its pig. This furnace used Pictou county and Brookfield ores, which all have proved to be local and limited; and on account partly of the development of it« Bell island deposits in Newfoundland, the Ferrona works were dismantled, and the large smelters at Sydney Mines erected by the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company. How much iron ore could be depended upon within the field outlined mi the map as properly feeding this centre it is impossible to state without study subsequent to the preparation of this volume. .\t preseit the only large deposit known is that of ^risaig, part trf which would not pay to work under the present conditions o irket and melttllurKj-. Buf lUe possibility must be kept in mind thai : the future it may be feaMble again to erect a plant in the vicinity of New Glasgow, where fuel and flux can be assembled with the iron ore at a minimum expense. Bi t ■H 27 There remains coniideration of the west-central and western regions. At iHfesent the formw is drawing upon three soureee— the Londonderry range, Torbrook, and, to a small extent, Brookfield. If the ClemenUport ores should be found of sufficient grade upon proper exploration— which, by the way, they have never had— they are as suitable as Torbrook ore for the furnace, and of the same variety and characteristics. They are nearer Annapolis than is Torbrook, and they naturally become a part of any large proposition looking to the development of the western ores. The Londonderry ores are difficult to work upon a sufficiently large scale, without the aid of Torbrook or some other depout. The capacity of the latter remains to be seen, but it will be by far the largest in the province unless some new deposit of great extent is discovered. Speaking entirely impersonally, without regard to the financial arrangements involved in the present ownership, but only lipon the basis of the natural conditions, it seems as though Parrsboro offers a most suitable site for a plant of large size. To it could readily be brought the ores from the whole western Cobe- quid range directly. Annapolis is, according to plans abeady on foot, to be a shipping port for th<> Nictaux-Torbrook field, and Clementsport would feed this as well. Brookfield is but eight miles from Truro, and with a Truro-Parrsboro railway, survey for which has been made and charter issued, it is within as easy reach of that town as of Acadia Mines (Londonderry) to-day. The Hants county deposits also would reach Parrsboro as easily as Acadia Mines. Flux would come from the Londonderry range (ankerite) and from Hauta aud Colchester counties, especi&lly at and near Windsor (limestone). Fuel would come chiefly from Springhill, along the road over which most of the tonnage now goes, giving a short down-grade haul and avoiding the cost- ly and roundabout freightage across the Cobequid mountains, now necessary on the Interrolonial railway. The road from Springhill mines to Parrsboro eroeses the mountains by a verj- low pass, which involves no heavy grades. Should the buried western section of the Cumberland coal field be developed, there would be one or more additional sources of fuel at close range. It is a large enterprise even under present conditions; but it appears as though it might be po8.sible, and is worth investigating by capitalists. It IS the only case of its kind in the province which would not require long and costly exploration of iron fields before being regarded seriously. m CHAPTER t. I OrOM IIATIVI nON OBI PRODUOnON. Coimntn or CMApm 6. FAOB Mttbodi of dirwt Aid 28 C?wditiiiiM allwttag an production 39 rrmnt aid (o uHuittlaetura of pis iron 30 ■iMta of p t w t qnlMa 30 Attitudo of ilool eompMiioi 30 Pwpow d rtnady for ioMtivity 31 Motkod of sppiieatiaa 81 Automatic op«ration 33 Critidsino 38 Neod for » now qratom of aid 32 Special advantagea 33 Method* of direct aid.— A certain type of economic requirement is met in one or more of three way*— by tariff oo impcwte, by bounties upon produc- tion, or by export duties. Tlus econdmic need is tbe protection of a people- against the competition of others who are more favored in the conditions under which they labor, and ce favorable for the erection of large reduction works. Second, the conditions under which the hematite occurs at i^ell island, Newfoundland, on the other hand, are especially favorable. The ore is inter- bedded with the strata. The beds now worked, two in number, lie at a low dip and are ho situated that large amounts were extracted by open-cut methods at an extremely low cost. Since underground mining has become necessary the expense is greater, but still low. Owing to the dip, a very large amount of ore can l)e extracted before sufficient depth is reached to give any substantial increase in cost of production from that source. The location is such that loading for water transportation can be accomplished very cheaply, and the freight charge to Sydney or North Sydney is small. Third, the cost of labour is less in Newfoundland than in Nova Scotia. Unskilled labour has been until recently $1.10, ns against $l.;i5 to $1.50, and drill men $1 .60 as contrasted with $1.75 and $2 00. The result of all these conditions is that liell island ore can be delivered at Sydney or Sydney Mines at a fraction of the cost at which that from Torbrotik and lirookfiekl ean be obtained at Londonderry. The latter ore has been sold by contract for $2.75 at the smelter. In addition to this handicap upon native ores, there is a difference in percentage of iron. An average of the upper bed at Wabana at present ia 52 66, of the lower bed 48 00. Compared with this, the Wheelock mine at Torbrook averages 43 . 00 and is higher in insoluble and in phosphorus than the Wabana ore. The Leckie ore averaged 61.72 in iron; and this lends encouragement to recent developments on this bed in the western part of the field. Preaent aid to manufcuture of pig iron. — To ofl et slightly these discre- pancies, the Dominion Government now pays a bonus of $2 . 10 upon each ton lem under di»- cmm». A bounty nrntem inauRuratod tm a derreaainK ^lidinR acale In 18»7 •spind in June, 1W7. Thi« bepaa vritii a bonui «rf *^i per ton on irtm frnn native or«, 12 upon tital from foreign <>re, and »3 up«m ateel. Ae««vdii« to thf new tariff arbedule rei-ently put in forre, direct aid to tlM iron industry ia m fonotra, baad aatirely upon tlie pniductM>n of pin: for 1907. upon piff from native ore «2 10; for 190S, III. 10; for 1909, $1 .70; for 1910, $0 90; upon pig from foreign ore tar 1907, tl 10; for 190N, $1 . 10; for 1909, 10 70; for 1910, 10.40. Uptm iron bara and steel ingot* the bounty for 1907 i« $1 «6; for 1908. «! »»; for 1909. $1 «5; for 1910, «0.W). All bounties ceaee at the end of 19H), unleea renewed, as haa been doiw twice already. EfetU «/ prrawil »y*tein.— That thia bounty tyttem haa been a marked atimulua to the mining of iron ore in Nova Seotia not even the moat sanguine would Msert. It haa arcompliahed that for which it was intended; it has made poiwi»>le the Injilding up of a great steel industry. No criticism ran be directed toward the plan upon this basis; but the result has been accomplished not with native but foreign wee, and under it no appreciable amount of Nova Scotian iron haa been used by the two steel companies. The Londonderry district haa been worlced for a few years under the provisions (rf thin Iwmnty, but its governing conditions are exceptional. The furnace is so locate that it must of necessity use native Ore. In addition, it is able to employ an iron-bearing flux, so that it can accept a lower grade ore than otherwise would be financially possible. And finally, the ore is not reserved to the Crown, hence no royalty has to lie pui«l. AUitude of $teel eompaniet.— The great differMJce in c«i«t «>f production between the Wabana and native f>res, the small siie and uncertainty of yield of much of the latter, and the gn .tt sise and continuity of the former, create a degree of nati.-«faction with present conditions on the part of the large com- panies which makes them unlikely to take the initiative to any extent in searching for native ore. But, on the other handf they are not in any way hostile to native ores cm such. There seems to l»e an itlea through parts of the province that the local steel companies deliberately shun native ores. Nothing could lie further from the truth. Corporations are not swayed by sentimrait. Imt by the sense of profit and loss. What the history of iron mining in Nova Scotia would have been but for the discovery and purchase of the Bell island depoaita, none can say. Very likely it would have included the openins up of many of our deposits; certainly it would have developed a smaller steel industry than is now possible, and as certwnly it would have induced a higher cost for iron and 8t«el and their products. mmm 11 Th« stMl cotrtpanieK are nierelv prmaeding ijp«in an obvious buuini-at priwiple— gating tii^r raw matertiil whwp it \» leut expensive. 1 hey are able to import ore at an extremely |. v expense They can do thi^ without grsat incrvAM in coet. for a . onuideral.ie length o( lime. And fii.Jly, contrary to general opinion and current rumor, they h.'»ve probal)!e renerves Hufficient to carry them forward for many years. 80 far from Hhunning native ore. these coi-ipaniee will arcept. up to the full capacity of tlM producers, anv and all ore offereil at the ^nielteru l>j Unial mlnen* and from Nova Scotian mines, if arceptabie in quality; and for thin ore a fair market price will be paid. Proptmd remedij ftvr inarl ivit if. —Hinve one form of l>ounty ha»i not pro- duced tlie effect d«)ir«ounty need in vd wise l)e deducte ;', i. .-,;.- A properly adjusteti sliding scale can be devised which \vi.t;|.J .i., (.y. <.-' payments for any ore fair, no matter what the iron content - f : ^ t.w grade ore, a smaller payment ; for a higher grade, a larger payment. ; „■ * a\ e a concrete illustration, suppose that the bounty were one cent per cent — that is, for 50 per cent ore 50 cents, for 45 per cent ore 45 centos, and for 56 per cent ore 55 cents would be paid; no ore lielow 40 per cent to have a claim, and an especial bounty upon ore of (50 per cent and over. If the other ingredients of the ore were not satisfactory it naturally would not he acceptwl The figure? given alwve are not advocated, but are etiiploycd merely for illustrative purposes. Again, no ore need be given a bounty unless delivered and accepted at a local smelter, the payment to depend upon the endorsement of the pur- i ■•V»o Bd tiM iilwmiit for tlM tmrttliig emnpaajr. Thus I OM of • gn*t aaoiuit of ore raiaed to the mrfMe a bMBty awl Wt tlMre to rot. jjifm— BbHi a Bethod would eoet the Qoveraroent > 1^ It mtuMipMiri the end for which it was planned. Only »,^«.jwhk*iaaetuany turned into pig would payment be made; thua aU weAMtop^en the bounty beeomee part of the awete of the country. Only (SMttly in pcuptirtift' ae the acheme is useful, in proportion as it enriches the eoontiy and stimulates industry, will it cost— and no more. Pew ,,mtim of chteet financial aid are so automatically operative. CritieMiM.— Criticisms of the plan have been few but often repeated. They may be aummariaed as fdlows:— (1) va Scotia loc.. Can., ted in the 1 districts condition tfe of the a of iron ition was the older not profit of Guys- rge blocks atigoni^h, ited in the )re. "laoeopr rooiution mr omit (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART l4o. 2) 1.25 lit Iti IM 112 13.6 12. |Z2 12.0 1.4 1.6 ^ ^IPPLIED IN/HGE Inc 1B53 eo«l Moin SIrMI (71«) 2H-Ma9-Fo. I^ZlAiv^ _- etna TiM^l^ondoruierri^fmn anH AiUiinff Co.U:tU, f . A^ova Seotta. T.f ■ , , ■ r, . . . r ,T. .. .T. .. .'T. ■■ .ft . .ii» ■■.«»■<.■ .^iji. .. if /roft oeei/rr»nc*s rtfiaf/*^, • • • A ^\ fr** ChrlW'^ e^t.Con**** N5 St^.tfo^^'^**' 11 ^" nt- m 1^ n m a" w^jS^^IbsBB^ \ 1 H 1 \ 1 ^ .) ? I tf^^'^ u 4 I I ^ > Platen? 12 Q yfrt*'M fa**' SS*' rsnf» ' 1 I J I ^ ^/m^m gpf \ I e/n I I kj CHAPTER 6. TITLES TO IRON ORE. Contents of Chaiter 6. PAQK Systems c * holdings 33 Two systems 33 Earlier grants 33 Acts of 1858 34 Cape Breton island 34 Records 34 Ownership and promotion 34 Leasing from the Crown 35 Licenses to search 35 Conversion to leases 35 Lapsing of licenses 36 Costs and tenure 36 Systems of Holdings. Ttpo systems. — In Nova Scotia two systems obtain, under which iron ore is held as property. The situation, which is almost hopelessly involved in some localities, has been explained as clearly as is possible by the late Dr. E. Gilpin, Jr., Deputy Commissioner of Works and Mines of Nova Scotia (Mineral and Crown Land Grants in Nova Scotia; Trans. Roy. Soc, Can., vol. IX, 1903, pp. 123-134). In some parts of the province title to the iron ore remains vested in the land; in others the l-.n is reserved to the Crown, and in certain districts both systems obtain, to the great confusion of titles. The exact condition depends upon the date of the original grant of land and the nature of the clause contained in it reser>'ing certain minerals. Earlier grants. — In grants up to the year 1808 no reservation of iron ore was made by the Crown, but from that year onward reservation was a feature of the grants. "It follows therefore that, in many of the older township grants issued between 1759 and 1785, the Crown does not profit by the mining of this ore. This is notably the case in the grants of Guys- boro, Londonderry, Nictaux and Clementsport, and in numerous large blocks of land granted to the Loyalists and early Scotch settlers in Antigonish, Pictou and Colchester counties " In all of these, title to ore is vested in the land, and no royalty is paid to the Provincial Government on the ore. i M All. '" ^^.1* "?•' "T*"* *" ^"^ conveying to the Duke of York and Albany all the mineral righu of every de«rription in the province, except those previoiuly i«ued and in proces. of working. The right* were tranL ferred to an orgamiation in London, known a. the General Mining Awociation which kept them until 1868, at that time releaaing to the Pro>-incial Govern- ment of Nova Scotia all lights except those to certain tract, ol coal land. Thus all rights to iron ore. except certain early grants, came under control of the province. These rights included those in ungranted lands, in lauds granted between August 25. 1826 and the date of settlement in 1858, and m all iron reserved in lands granted previous to August 26. 1826. AcU of 1858.-The acts of 1868. chapter 2, next came into force, reserv- mg gold, silver, copper, lead, tin, iron, coal, and precious stones, and leaving all other minerals unreserved. This continued in force until 1892, when all mmerals. except limestone, gypsum and building material. I«came reserved. "At the present day the procury of title to minerals which are the prop- erty of the owner of the land is attended with much difficulty. Loose occu- pation, imperfect descripUons, non-division of property, squatters' titles etc., confront those charged with the task of searching titles fcr would-b^ purchasers. It will be necessary for the Government to devise legislation which, while preserving equitably whatever mineral rights the owner of the soil may bt entitled to, will give to investors the security of title enjoyed by those acquiring leases of Crown minerals." Capt Breton itland.— In Cane Breton, while most of the iron ore is reserved to the Crown, some 1. not; and as the history of that country is most complicated, and is different in the early years from that of Nova Scotia, it is inadvisable to uLtempt here to explain the conditions. They can only be learned in the specific cases when attempt is made to get title to the ore. Records.— In the office of the Department of Crown Lands in Halifax the grants are recorded in two series of books. One of these is numbered, the other lettered. In general it may be said that iron is resented to the Crown in the grants which are labelled on the Department maps as referring for description to books designated by letter, and in the numbered books it is not reserved. More specifically, however, iron ore is reserved in those grants recorded on the maps as of books A to Z, except part of book R and books 12 to 64. The Crown Lands office hat> maps and records only of the original grants. For all information regarding present ownership search has to be made in the various county registry offices, a slow and uncertain process. The system is by no means perfect. It is often difficult to discover the present ownership, or to find accurate maps or descriptions from which one can do his own surveying. Owneraht^ and promotion.— Taking advantage of the condition of ownership of such iron ore as goes with the land, a common method among promoters, in order to secure such title as will enable them to work off a «]e at thetr own convenienc, « to procure from the owaern of the «..! an option paying a small depo.it, .«() to $100, the option binding he owner to «11 at a .pecified price but neglecting to b.i^l the pu^ha^? to buy jnthm a specified time The balance of the payment i, to*^^ m^e when the promoter cIo.e« hu, mining deal. Ca-es are not uncommon If reporu be true, m which the ownen,, after waiting a considerable Time lor the fimt bonders to put this deal through and make payment, have yie ded to the persuasion of a new-comer, rebonding the property indefinitely and receiving another nmall advance payment therefor. Meanwhile, becauw of the wording of the option, the first bonders legal hold on the property continues. Thus the difficulty of a final purcha^r, ignorant it may b^ o^ the earlier history of the case, is verj- great in securing a clear title The involved condition may ewily discourage an investor and result in a failure to buy. Unfortunately, it is much to the interest of any promoter to get an option upon mining properties which shall omit any time limit The only gam which the owner would seem to derive from such a bargain is the ODO-r- tunity to «.oure a necond small initial payment, should a new adventurer arise But this gain would appear to be slight, contrasted with the prob- able failure to coasummate any final sale to which the dishonest practice described above leads. LEASINfi FRO.M THE CROWN. As the information contained in this report is in part for those outside the province of Nova Scotia, the following general description is given of the procedure in acquiring rights to iron ore reserved to the Crown Licenses lo smrch.-The mining districts are divided into areas of five square miles each, in shape 2.50 by 2 00 miles. In a new district the Mines Department wll lo<-ate areas upon application. For anv number of th^ areas licenses to search may be taken out at the Mines Office l-or all purposes of license and lease, every- area is composed of five unit rights, each rontaining one square mile, and the applicant receives one' two, three, four or five rights to search, according to his application! Should he apply for but one right, and no one is before him, he is given a first right; should he apply for two, tfiey are first and second rights and so on through the five. Should he not apply for all the possible rights aayone else is at liberty to make application for and to receive anv or all of the remainder. Conversion to Icaaes.-On or before the expiration of eighteen months the licensee must exchange the license of his first or otherwise earliest right for a lease of one square mile. This, if he is exercising a first right, he mav choose from anv part of the area, but its length must not be more than two and one-half times its breadth Ihis exchange he mu.st continue to make at intervals of eighteen months or less, until all his rights are exhausted. If he does not possess all five rights tht righti of may Ut«r i^pUeaot an eonvartible in due count of timo and in ordar, «ft«r his own haw baan tzhauatad, unt'' in all fiva rights hava baan eonvartad^to laaaaa. Thia would take aavan and oaa>half yaara. Whanavar a firat right is eonvartad bto a laase. but four are Mt, and what waa a ■eemd right beeomaa a first right. This change of numbers recurs at each eonversian. Lapting ^f lieenatt. — There is one method that may be employed, if one doea not deaire the expense of a lease at the time and is not working the property. Upon the expiration of the dghteen mcmths the first right, if unconverted, lapses; the second becomes the first, and so on, leaving the fifth right vacant. The applicant may immediately, at 10 a.m. of the day following that in which the fi'at right lapsed at close of business, make application for the vacant fifth ^ht. But as some claim jumper — of whom there are not a few — may apply simultaneously, or a moment ahead, the proceeding is a dangerous one. Cofte and tenurt. — ^The cost of a right to search is $30, or 1150 for the whole area. This is a single charge, and the privileges which it confers last throughout the whole seven and one-half years without additional expense chargeable to the licenses themselves. The leases cost $50 per square mile for the first year, and $30 per square mile per year thereafter. The lease runs for twenty years, subject to three renewals, so that an operator may control iron lands from the Crown consecutively for eighty years. The fees for leasts may be paid yearly, or for the whole twenty years in advance. S7 J PART II.~DETAIL8 OF IRON DISTRICTS. CHAPTER 1. THB OLBiaMTSPORT BA8XN. CoNTCim or CHArres I. PAQB Loeation and extent 38 Hiitory of Clenientapoit workingn 40 DsMription of openinin 40 Potter trench 40 Milnor openinge 42 Milbury opening 43 Structure of beein 48 Reetrietion of SOuriMi 43 Number of iron beds 43 ' Extension of iron beda on strike 44 Permanence of the deposits 44 Development of the district 44 Value s8ing at Cleroentsvale. It, too would require careful storage. Waver rights on all these streams are held by lumber companies. IM^TK Id. ((I) Fulls of MiKKM- river: (leiiieiitnixirt distriet. l''i l'iill> of .\icl;i\i\ river: \irt.iii\-T(irl>nii>k fli>trii't. M «7 CHAPTER 2. THE NIOTAUX-TOBBROOK BA8IM. COSTKNW O? CHAPntB 2. '*<»■ ,'. 60 Introduction „ Location, extent and ownenhlp ^ Topography and general feature* Transportation _ Water power and wood Adaptability to magnetic surveying ^ ^* Local smelting ^ History of previous operations Early endeavours ._ Page and Steams Leckie mine j- A^^napolia Iron Company Output jy General lithology ^^ Series represented „ . Inglesville district ._ Eastern areas jg Sediments of the basin ^g Eniptives gg Metamorphism jg Ore beds qq Structure ; gg Previous studies: simple foldmg ^ Recent studies: multiple folding Hypothesis of pitching synclinorium ^ Consequences of hypothesis Catalogue of iron occurrences ^ Properties showing iron ore * ^ South Mountain pits gg Messenger vein: pit No. 1 ^ Pit No 2 gQ Messenger pit (No. 3) gg Status of Messenger ore. . . ^ Pit No. 4 • gg South Mountwn vein: p\U 5 to 14 ^^ Scattered South Mountain openings ^^ Character of South Mountain vein 40 PAOB I OsvelMtd pita •••• ^ Heatley ore ^ Btcanu ore 7* Leckie vein ^' Leckie mine Pits toward Wbeelock mine Borehole tectionii Wheelock mine Wentern pita on Leckie vein 79 80 84 84 86 Lean Hematite vein 87 Leckie mine "^ Boreholes Allen pit Shell vein . . . Leckie mine '" Eastern pits ^ HofTmnn shaft Boreholes .... Wheelock mine 88 00 02 03 04 Western openings ®* Ward pits 100 Scattered western openings ^02 102 102 103 103 Eastern ore occurrences Spicer pits Spinney pits Scattered openings Leckie mine *"* Location and history ^"* Underground development 1^* Details of levels ^^ Structural conditions ^^ Physical and chemical character of ore JO^ Continuity of ore body Wheelock mine Location and characteristics ^^2 Shaft section ^^^ No. 1 level: west ^^'* No. 1 level: east No. 2 level: west No. 2 level: east ^^^ Chemistry of the ore Boreholes No. 1: Sam. McConnell property 118 No. 2: Fletcher Wheelock property ^'^^ No. 3: Josephine Wheelock estate 7 112 112 116 116 117 118 121 Si : fjua No.4: Jo«plili-Wli«loek«it«t« J« Na6: P«ii Mid BiWtfM irt*!* "» Na 6: MdvlWe HoffmMi propwty j^ Na 7: E. M. B«rt«kux proptrty J" "* °; .. • «'"♦*' ri^of the AnnapolU river valley nnd agaln-t the .Ide o^ the WKhl««d ^o t»,e ITth locallv caUed South mountain. The distance from the old Leck.e ^ne to wLot. on the Dominion Atlantic railway. Is 3 - e. ; f rom^^^ ^lock mine, 4.8. From WDmot to Acadia mjne., ^j* «"«««» d*^"*"* (Windsor to Truro), 137 miles; via Wmdsor Juuction, 1*3 °"J»- It stretches from the Klnpi-Annapolis county Ime on the east to he granite back of Cleveland mountain on the west, a distance of "ven "i.l-. Ub bre«lth Is In place. 16,000 feet from the granite, on the south to the W«^c roJks on The north, but the utmost width of probable ore-be»nng ^rr. 11,600 feet. Thus the territory within which Iron ore » hke ly to be found may be roughly placed at fifteen square miles, (see "»»«">: ThTLn ore de'pilt. here, na at ClementiyK.rt are held with the land, hence no royalty Is paid upon the mineral A large p«t of the Strict is now oWed or controlled by the ^nnapoli. Iron Compjy. The Londonderry Iron and Mining Company owns sorile of the """"^^ °^*^; territory and controls still more. A few farms have not been included in Th^Tp^r^ions. The distribution of ownership both of land and ore. is •hown on the accompanying property map. (Plate U). TZ^aphy andgeruralfeoture,.-The district is part of an open farm countJ^fof acceTa^ all times. The general trend of the topography L S^t in th"main part of the field, owing to the line of slope of South Lut^^d the Erection of Torbrook or Black river. TWs "tream flowing ZTS>nth mmmtain northward Into the center of the b«an. there turns n^rthS^ almost to the county line; thence north-west, PTf? ^^ "^ S^n to the Annapolis river. The valley Is narrow and steep where it SI MMntM from South mountftlii, but Imcoidm broAd and flat in the main part o( tha batrin, ao that few outcropa ean be found alonx it. North-wcat of thia river, where the minea are situated, the land b again higher, although in no part more than 400 feet aimve the atream. Within half a mile of the latter it begin* to decline toward the Annapolia river. It ia upon thifl very broad, ridge-like eminence that the north line of ore outcropa ia situated, in the form of three, or poflMtbly more, beda of iron ore intemtratified with the aedimentary roclu of the region. The mtutliem line uf ore, limilarly litunted with reference to the country rock, is found well up on the side of Bout mountain and everywhere at conaideralily greater altitude than the other, within a short distance of the granite which covers a large part of weatem Nova Scotia. The outcrops and openings are high on the west, declining eastward, because the strike of the deposit is »lightly ol)Uque to the trend of the South mi)unta»n escarp- ment, diverging in that direction. In like manner the altitutlo of the north line of the ore depowit declines eastward, being 305 feet at the Wheelock mine on the west, 131 feet at the Leckie mine on the east, and somewhat lower at the crotwing of Torbrook river still farther east. The grades from the South mountain iron ore deposit towards the railroad on the north are rather severe at any po>nt. Tron/tporto/t'on.— Transportation is not a serious problem in this field. For some years a spur line of standard gauge has run from Wilmot station southward 3 miles to the Leckie mine, over an almost level country. Thenoe it is 1.8 mile south-west to the Wheelock mine, with a rise of 234 feet. In 1906 the standard gauge track was extended to this part of the property, and in 1907 to a newer mine of small size, the Martin, somewhat farther west. As the Leckie mine' is not now in operation, all the ore is conveyed from the Wheelock and Martin openings, which are nearly ih the centre of the property, to Wilmot station. The district is controlled, and in large part owned, by the Annapolis Iron Company, which delivers the ore to the Londondorry Iron and Mining Company at Londonderr}' (Acadia Mines), where it is smelted into pig iron. From the Wheelock mine to Nictaux station on the west is 2.27 miles, down a steep grade. Nevertheless it would not be difficult to connect with the Halifax and South-western railway at thot point. This would insure opportunity to ship ore on the Bay of Fundy at Victoria l^each by one rail haul, as this road belongs to the same interest as the first-named. The South Mountain range of iron ore has not yet been opened sufficiently to warrant laying tracks from any present rail line, and greater difficulty would be experienced in grades. Present transportation to Acadia Mines is unsatisfactory, as the ore has to be hauled over two lines. The Dominion Atlantic railway is used as far as Windsor in any case. From there two routes are possible; in one the ore goes to Truro by the Midls^nd dixasion of the Dominion Atlantic: in the other to Windsor Junction, the Dominion Atlantic and the Intercolonial 62 sharing In thia, thence to Truro and Londonderry by the Intercolonial railway. By either route frright charges are an important item. Water power and wood.— Two streams of some siae run through the dis- trict—the Nictaux and Torbrook rivers. Neither has natural storage in the form of head water '"'- oi an importance; and Torbrook (or Black) river has a valley so shai . d thiu at i suitable point could it be dammed without great injury to fat."int: ii\tt jts. Nictaux river flows northward throughout the breadth of the district m a narrow valley which broadens when the Triassic rocks to the north are reached. This valley could be dammed at a number of points, forming a succession of storage basins. As it is, there is but one dam, a short dis- tance above the falls at Nictaux. The horse-power of the stream was taken during an unusually dry time, when the stream had shrunk to small proportions. Assuming the installa- tion of power at the lowest feasible point— where the stream valley widens, north of the >'illage of Nictaux— a head of 122 feet could be secured from the site of the old Nixon dam with 5,800 feet of piping, and a minimum of 133 h p without such storage as to increase the minimum volume of water. From the present dam at the falls a head of 77 feet can be secured, and the estimate gives 136 h.p., showing that the increased discharge counteracts the decreased head. ThU, of course, could l)e much augmented by proper storage. Previous estimates, made in private reports on the district, range from 260 to 750 h.p. , , , , i ♦„ There is no timber ii the district, and none of value for a few miles to the south r>ut in the heart of the south country is a larger amount of excellent wood, both hard and soft, and of several varieties each, than many mines or electric smelters would require. The timber country is all con- trolled by one or another of the large lumber companies, with whom nego- tiations would have to be made. ,. ^ • . AdaptabUUy to magnetic mrveying.-ihe iron ores of the district are peculiar in their magnetic property. Normally they are ordinary Clint^on ores But of the two main beds on the north side of the basin-the Leckie and' the Shell, which run parallel for at least 13,000 to 15,000 feet-the former is rarely magnetic, the latter always, more strongly so going west. At the western end of the field all the exposures and cuts in various beds show magnetism. On South mountain the exposures of ore are nearly all ""'^Airihe iron beds lie at high angles; thus the magnetic terrain would be narrow, long and extremely regular in shape The topography while rather abrupt in one or two places, is on the whole not dl-adapted to the use of the magnetometer. „ i • i„*„^ Two possibly three, characteristics could be especially well elucidated by this me«». In the western part of the district the J"^" J°"/"\"»7 of the beds is extremely short. Neither the Shell nor the Leckie bed. as such, can be identified with certainty. Magnetic measurement would estabUsh the length of these veins. At the east, toward the Leckie mine. 53 the Shell bed is lost— or has not been cut in any excavation. Where last met, on the Stanley Brown property, it is still feebly magnetic. Its contin- uation in this direction could be worked out with ease, as the drift is thin. The second feature which this method of research should establish is the position and character of faults in the western part of the field, and • perhaps also east of the Leckie mine. West of the Wheelock mine, as will be seen by reference to Plates 12 and 17, the ground is more or les.s faulted, prob- ably clear to the granite of Cleveland mountain. The approximate position of some of these faults is known and their offsets calculated, but of others little has been discovered because of lack of development. Short of actual sur- face trenching or underground de ••^lopment, the magnetometer is by far the best aid to surveying these l..c:ikn. Even an ordinary dip needle was moderately successful in pa s c;f the field. As will be seen later, 1. ob . of basic ii.trusive rock crop up at various places on both sides of the b \-'.r.. vn.l in on or two cases appear to interfere w^th the continuity of the ore. A magiic ^metric survey would be of value to settle the question of continuity, if the intrusives are not themselves magnetic, as is the case in some other parts of the province. From the foregoing it would appear (1) that the Nictaux-Torbrook basin offers an exceptionally good opportunity for the successful employment of magnetometric methods in surveying the ore bodies; (2) that this method would prospect much of the field better and at far less cost than any other wliich has been attempted; and (^) that the district requires the use of such means in order to bring out its full value-ami further, that it is worthy of any reasonable effort to accomplish this end. Local smelting.— The possibility of a new western smelting centre has been mentioned in Part I, chapter 1. It is here reverted to, in order to show the relations of the different factors in the case. The problem presents three aspects. According to one. the district as a whole may be regarded as a smelting centre, the coal being brought from a distance. Second, the ore may be shipped to an existing furnace, as Londonderrv, Sydney or Sydney Mines. Third, it may be shipped to a new centre of reduction, to which also coal would have to be brought. (1) There is undoubtedly sufficient ore in the ba.sin to supply a moderate plant for so long a time as to warrant in.stallation if other factors are favor- able In such event all the coal would have to be brought from a con- siderable distance, as western Nova Scotia south of Cumberland county possesses none. Coal could be had from any Cape Breton district by water shipment to Annapolis Royal, thence by rail to Torbrook or Nictaux, if the works were there. From the Pictou field coal would come by rail from Stellarton or Westville to Pictou Landing, and by water to Annapolis. From the present Cumberland field (Springhill) coal would come by rail to the Cumberland Coal and Railway Company shipping piers at Farrsboro, thence bv vessel across Cobequid bay to Annapolis. Instead of using Annapoli." as a debarking point, Victoria l^^ach, opposite Digby, might be employed, but this would necessitate a longer rail haul. ! t 64 Limestone could be brought from near Windsor and from other points in Hants county. That near Wmdsor is an especiaUy good grade of shell lime of lower Carboniferous age, similar in many ways to that of Red island, Cape Breton, used at present by the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company. The distance from WUmot, where the spur line leaves the Dominion Atlantic main tracks, to Annapolis is 32 miles; to Victoria beach, 40 miles; and to Windsor, 54 miles. In considering Victoria beach for shipping, it must be noted that the Victoria Beach raUway is a part of the Halifax and South-western system. Haulage from Torbrook would have to be over two lines at present, but by making connection at Nictaux station a single line would handle the ore. *■■ In making calculations for large scale operations upon any but the present status, it must not be forgotten that the Clementsport district con- tains ores of a character sufficiently similar to those of Torbrook to bnng its successful exploitation within the range of possibUity. Whether, with aU the factors as they are, local smelting will ever be introduced, is impossible to prophesy. Certainly present appearances do not point to it. (2> According to the present arrangements, the Annapolis Iron Company deUvU its ore by raU to the Londonderry Iron and Mining Company at Acadia Mines. The two are closely allied financiaUy, and the latter company owns outright the Leckie mine, lately closed down, and several other parcels of ore-bearing ground. Both companies own both land a«a ore on *ome farn 8, and only the iron ore rights upon others. The ore is shipped from the property (at present the Wheelock and Martin mines only) to WUmot, thence rio main line of Dominion Atlantjc and Intercolonial railways to Acadia Mines. This arrangement must be in certain ways unsatisfactory; but because of ^^^ P"-'^^ .'^'l^^^'P^" ^dv ore, in large part perfected since the present study was begun, it is likely to continue for some time. .,„ hv wat^r It would be practicable, at no greater cost, to ship ^he ore by water from Annapolis or Victoria beach to the Nova Scotia Steel and C<^1 ?«"I»«y at Sydney Mines or the Dominion Iron and Steel Company at Sydney. In this case the water haul would be approximately 650 mUes. (3) The last possibUity is that of a new smelting centre. That the ores of Torbrook and Londonderr>' weU supplement each other « readily seen when it is noted that the former is of good low grade quality, high m pho^ Chorus and in part' high in lime, and low in sulphur in most '-dances ^whUe the latter is especially free from phosphorus and remarkably low in sulphur, but high in lime and magnesia. Moreover, the Londonderry ore is porous, re- ducing easily during its descent in the furnace, while the Torbrook ore is tZ iTwould s^m, therefore, that any plan looking to the mmng of tZorL should receive consideration, and that ar.y«.heme for a new we^r^^uction centre should Uke into account the presence of the Londonderry iron ore range. 65 Leaving aside the financial problems engendered by present ownership, a smelter erected either at Parrsboro or Annapolis would fulfil the necessary conditions of situation and availabiUty. In the former case the ore from the Torbrook field would be shipped at Annapolis or Victoria l)each; aud limestone, in part at least, from Windsor on Minas basin-all these being situated on embayments of the Bay of Fundy. The distance from Annapolis by water to Parrsboro is 100 miles; from Victoria beach, 84 mUes; from Windsor 30 miles. Th. coal would come in part from Springhill by a short haul to Parrsboro, as much does at present; and water shipment from the Pictou and Cape Breton fields would be feasible. Should western Cumber- land county be developed as a coal field, fuel from the centre of the bajsin would come by raU with a much shorter haul than from SpnnghUl; and that from the western rim of the basin would be shipped probably from bhulie, which is capable of being converted into a luirbour. For ore from Londonderry a road would have to be buUt along the north side of Cobequid bay. As a charter has some time since been granted for such a road, and survey made, its construction may be looked upon as ^^''''in the case of erection at Annapolis such material as would come direct to Parrsboro by land in the first instance could be shipped by wuter thence to Annapolis. History of Previous Operations. • Early endeavors. -The existence of iron ore in the basin appears to have been known very early in the nineteenth century, and a small Catalan forge was set up at Nictaux FaUs, in which a few tons of bar-iron were made^ In 1825, as related in Part II, chapter 1, the Annapolis I/«n.^*"^^°g i'^^^^J was formed, erecting a large smelter on Moose river, m the viUage of Clements- nort Part of the ore tb-- treated came from the western part of the Nictaux-Torbrook field, . ^'ctaux river. Later a charcoal smelter was erected at Nictaux. and is of ore explored with some thoroughness^ Slag from this furnace ma, even t(vday be found in great abundance m the "'"in^tsS an English company mined a shell magnetite in the western part of the field, spoken of locally as the -^hell bed but never demonstrated fo be the same as the long Shell bed to the east. At least two openings were uJnne close to the furnace at Nictaux FaUs, the other about two miles east. Limestone for flux was brought from St. John to Port George on the Bav of Fundv, ten or eleven '-s from the furnace, whence also the pig wts shipped. " The works closea down about I860, because of too great cost °' ^T^Stearr^.-m 1870 Page and Steams started to make rail connecUon between Middleton and Bridgewater on the south sho« of the province. In cuuneotion witli the promotion nf thus scheme they opened ore pits at manv places west of Nictaux river and as far west as Lawrence- ; i:. I I i-. 56 town, lix miles fron Nict«ux, aU In magnetite. Some property was acquired, stiU known as the Steams property of Qeveland mountain and the Page Mid Stea: a property of Torbrook. Much more of the country was Uken under lease, with the intention of development when their laUway, the NicUux and AtUntic, was completed. The scheme came to nothing, how- ever. The railway was Uter completed as the Nova Scotia Central, and recently taken over as part of the Halifax and Southwestern system. In all this early work the Leckie vein appears not to have beea touched, aU interest centering upon the Shell bed and various magnetic foBBUiferous beds to the west. In these were made open cut trenches, often of consider- able length, especially on the SheU bid from the Fletcher Wheelock farm west. No underground mining was attempted. Leckie mine.-ln 1890 Major R. G. E. Leckie, thon manager of the Londonderry Iron Company, took royalty options upon certain u^n ore deoosits in the eastern part of the district, where since has been located the Leckie mine; and in 1891 operatiom. were started. This mme is described separately later. In 1896 the property became idle, because of closing down at Londonderry and an absence of any other market for the ore. Pre- viously the Leckie ore had gone in part to Londonderry, part to Ferrona. In 1903 the mine was reopened by the Londonderry Iron and Mmmg Company, coincidently with the reorganization of the Acadia mines, running untU the summer of 1906, when it became exhausted and was shut down. Evidence wiU be offered later indicating that, whUe all the ore obtainable from the old shafts has been extracted, the same horizon may carry more lower down. Antuipolis Iron Campany.-The Torbrook district has been identified with Londonderry since 1890. Recently th . Ix,ndonderry interests obtained an option upon a large part of the disiw.., and besides ^videspread surface prospecting and sinking of numerous boreholes, developed the begimiing of a mine on the SheU bed, on the Fletcher Wheelock property and close to the Torbrook-Nictaux road. During the winter of 1906-07 these options were closed, a new company, called the Annapolis Iron Company, being formed to operate. .Much the same financial interests are concerned as in the Londonderry company. Very recently underground development has commenced in the Leckie vein on the Martm property, ^^'^Bt of the Wheelock mine, with the purpose of makmg a new nune there The work was begun so late that details cannot be given in this volume, beyond a fevi analyses later. fr u i, Ouinut -The beginning of the arrangement to take ore from Torbrook (Leckt mL) to Londonderry dates back to 18««. -^;" f ^. ^^^^P^J L recorded of 1,365 tons; in 1891, 7.273 tons; '^^\^''l'%^'^^.'^{f^ of which 20,000 went to Londonderry, the remainder to Ferrona , 18»4, 2 ,^ dividTbeTwccn the two furnaces; 1895. 29.940; 1896 19^14 up to July, when the Leckie mine closed down. It reopened '" /pnl 1903 and in the remainder of the year nearly 5,000 tons were mined. For 1904 67 no public record waa made of the output; in 1905 it was 14,538 tons; in 1906, 27,000. For the very early years, during the life of Nictaux furnace, no adequate records exist. General Litholooy. Seriet represenUd.—The western part of Nova Scotia, south of the Bay of Fundy, is largely underlain by the pre-Cambrian gold-bearing (Meguma) series and its associated igneous rocks. The latter include chiefly granites, of which the main body is a great massif occupying many hundred square miles and forming the northern margin of the main plateau of the province, to a height of 600 to 700 feet. To the north of the granite the sedimentary rocks are topographically much lower, and the escarpment thus formed is called South mountain. Running along the face and base of this escarpment, intermittently from near Weymouth on the west to the Nictaux river, thence without interruption nearly to the Avon river on the east, are various types of sedi- ments, ranging from the upper group of the pre-Cambrian gold-bearing series (Halifax formation) to the Devonian. In pa.t these form a portion of the highland, or hUly country hardly lower in ahitude; in part they are so low as to grade into the flat Triassic topography to the north. All are invaded by the granites or their basic marginal equivalents, which to some extent assume the form of diorites. Inglrsville district.— Oi these sedimentary- areas, the only ones of interest in this connection are (1) the InglesviUe district and (2) the Nictaux-Tor- brook basin. The first is bounded on the north by the Triassic sediments of the Annapolis vallev and on the south by the main granite mass; on the w^t lies part of the main granite, which south of Lawrencetov n reaches north- ward to the Triassic. On the east, at InglesviUe, a broad tongue reaches from the main mass of the granite up to the Triassic and cuts this iron area off from the Nictaux district, of which it is a logical extension. Its rocks are in general similar to those of the eastern btvsin, and it con- tains a certain but quite unknown amount of bedded masnetic iron ore. But the countr\' is little prospected, and natural outcrops are few. Nothing in detail is known of its structure, or of most of its iron; and discussion of the district is not to be attempted at this time. Eastern arcas.-From the eivst side of the granite tonunie above mentioned sediments stretch without complete interruption for many miles, to the Carboniferous of the Minas basin. The detailed geology of this part of the countr^• is at present being worked out by the Geological Survey, and in this connection it is sufficient to say that the studies to date show a succes- sion of rock series occupying areas wlich are much elongated parallel with the margin of the granite plateau to the south. It is unnecessary to enumerate these areas, the rocks of which appear to l>e conformable throughout a single unit, but, in some instances at IciV^t, unconformable with those of adjacent areas. Some are regarded as of the same age as those of the 58 Torbrook basin; but thus far no iron ore deposit of importance has been discovered in them, the only reported occurrence not having been verified. The Umits of the Nictaux-Torbroolc basin have already been noted- It appears to include two of the series represented to the east, according to the pr^i^t views of the Geological Survey. Of these the upper, of Silunan «». contains the iron ore. Paleontological evidence as to age is abundant. ^ in published references hitherto part at least of the 'ft' liave been called lower Devonian. The usage here adopted is that of the field party of the Geological Survey working upon the rocks at present. Sediment, of the 6a.m.-The stratified rocks of the district include coarse and fine sandstones, and their altered equivalents as quartrites, gray, green, bluish and red shales, and their metamorphic forms V<^^iJ Saty cleavage ; and limestones. The last are, in certain instances, ferruginous, passing into hematite and magnetite. . . , j i, „^„ ^«v The south side of the basm is everywhere occupied by dark green, gray and black slates. In the eastern portion, the centre and ^^e ja nortn of i present fawn, green, black and gray shales, and many bands of Q"'^'^^"*'^"^ vSus colourTrhese are all shown well intravers^ along Saunders, M^n- ^B^ and Spinney brooks, and in the lower and eastern portion of Black °' Tt^e'ex^me west, a complete traverse of the b.i„ can ^J^a^i "p^n Nictaux river; and a section of the southern half upon Torbrook river, appro^mXlv' three-quarters of the distance toward the western end o the Set In bothl^ only the gray and black rocks appear, none of the fawn, light green or very light gray coming to the surf ace. The quartzites have some importance in any attempt to work out struc- ture aS one apparently characteristic bed is found at known d-tances north The zone ofTron ore' on the north side of the b-n, and a similar bed « found in places south of the South mountainiron ore d«P«« ^- J»l« ^^^^ rites in the centre of the basin at the east end are in many ''^t^^^ ^^^^^^^ ions; but whether any of them are the same as the two -«--;«^- ^^^^^^ iron dre, as has been thought by some observe,^, remains to be pro>ed. Very coarse sediments are not kno«Ti in the rocks of Uus basin. Eruptives.-The general distribution of the granite has already been n,enS Toward 'the margin, in places the ^oc^ .^^^^^^^^ ^ finer, turning to diorite; but this is by no means without «««?*»«"• V' addi ion to L main mass of intrusives there '^^J-^y^^'^^^^J^^'^^, dark and more or less basic igneous rocks of -ed--J° ^^ Se prJnt number and distribution of these are not kno,.-n. M^JJ^^^^^jP'^t however, than are represented in the prehmmary map of Torbrook issued the Summary Report of the Geological Survey for 1904 ThT^ef importance in relation to the iron ore deposits consists fi^, in the influence w^ch they ^^^yj^^ ZZ:^T:t7Je'':^t. be s«d that in at least one place, west of the Lcckie mine, an apparent absence of the ore along a line in which it should be found seems best explMn- ed as the effect of the prer- ace of a boss of intrusive rock immeuiately to the north. On the other hand, to the west on the properties of M. Hoffman, Pajje and Steams, and Josephine Wheelock, the Shell vein, 80 feet south of the Leckie, is not affected. But the Lcckie is thin throughout this distance and as far west as lieyond the Wheelock mine, becominR good once more on the Edward Martin proi)erty. While the western part of this lean portion of the Leckie is quite far from any boss, it is possible that the depauperization is the effect of the presence of two intrusive masses north of the ore. Another on the J. Allen proiierty, west of Martin's, may have the same effect; but whether this l>e true is not known certainly, because of tbe absence of development work. A/etamorpfci«m.— Metamorphism of both dynamic and contact tj-pes is shown in most of the field. In the northeastern portion the red rocks, and to a certain extent others, lack slaty cleavage; even here, however, the light colored sandstones have altered to dense quart zites. The southern part of the field has ever>- where slaty cleavage in the finer rocks; and this is true wherever in the basin the gray sediments are found without the red strata. In part this is the result of dynamic clmnges. However, on the south side of the ba-sin there is a progressive increase in metamorphic effect westward, and inspection of the map shows that there the granite to the south approaches nearer. The western end of the district is all much more altered than the eastern, the slates being harder and the coarser rocks more massive. Thi.^ appears to l)e due to increasmg proximity of the granite tongue behind Cleveland mountain. Ore 6ed«.— The iron ores of the basin are all of the Clinton type, inter- bedded with the strata, and all originally hematites. In the east this is still true, both of those on the north side of the basin and of those on the south. Westward all the southern ore deposits and a part of the northern Income magnetic; and west of the Bloomington road, between Black and Nictaux rivers, there are no openings upon non-magnetic ore. This appears to indi- cate that the change from FejOa to FcaO, is a metamorphic eff.Ht depending upon the action of the granites. This has another bearing. The age of the granites can be shown to be early Devonian. In exerting a metamorphic action upon the iron ore, they stamp the latter as of eariier ag.>. The fact that in the ground x\;est of the Leckie mine the eruptives apparently have prevented the deposition of the iron ore, can be explained when the mine is described. It will there be seen that the beds may have been so squeezed as to bring together the wall-rocks, shutting out the ore stratum. i • tu Clinton ores shouUl possess great continuity on the strike; and in the Torbrook district two betls on the north side and one on the south can be traced for a long distance. Of the former, the Leckie can be identified for 15 000 feet, the Shell bed for 13,300 feet, with a probable extension west- ward The South Mountwn v«n can be identified with moderat* probabihty for 10.000 feet, and with fair po-ibiUty of ita extenaion to 19,000 feet. little ia known of the depth, except in the Leckie mme ^^ in one c two of the calyx drill hole*. The former loat the iron ore at 330 '«* « »»>• Woodbury ahaft, not becaua* of lack of concewtratum, but from pmchmg of Jrw^ta Thi. i. 200 feet below sea level. The Fletcher Wheelock borehole lit The Lean Hematite vein, north of the Leckie, at 382 feet, or shghtly **'° ThTifficlilty in tracing the Shell vein westward ia due largely to the fact that in this direction there is much repetition of shell ore beds acroea the atrike-a condition which may indicat* either a number of separate ore horial^folding. Further detail regarding the ores is given m descnbmg the openings and mines. Structure. The structure of the basin is of especial i™P<>'«;'«''«;^'^"f", J."!' "°~ «.rh»«i than elsewhere in the province, should a knowledge of this feature ?d in^ni^g dlvlpment. It'is to be regretted that, with all the work put upon t^efiefd by various studenU. there still remain several essential point, to be established. Previous studies: simpU folding. -It is unnecessary to expand here upon the stages by whi.h present knowledge of the district has been reached. It L suffiTnt to say that up to 1905 no serious expression of opimon upon tlie "t'cTure had bee'n made'other than that it is a single '««« « J^^ ^^'^ appeared obvious as in the north there are certain '^V'^'^'fJ''^^;^ hematite and magnetite dipping steeply south-east; and on the south are oXr^ p3y identical with the first, dipping steeply north-west. From t^fi'rst'Tseems to have l^n assumed that the northern and^^ou h beds were the same, and that the apparent structure indicated a single large ""ThVrau!ro??he red beds in the east to the gray beds was not in- Into paleontologica. stages, which might perhaps prove a key to a structure most difficult to work out by lithological means. ,• in^rv des- RecerU studies: multiple folding^-lnim '"'T.t GeTsZTZr^^r become involved in the district. Botn me map »u nublished It ings. of which by that year there were many, were *»^rf"' P"~^^^^ vation, cannot be verified. 61 h s ! f. ti. FU»i.W. field work in 1906, in the wm* dbtrict, led him to rtrnte Mr. Fletchwr* neia wor* lu »«w, ^ ^^ (Sum. R.P. Ckol. Surv. Cn. for 906.,p. liO^ ^^J^^^ ,,„ . J^^te thi. the -"V^'J" fjr^.^ritX^ J^ic^. but it might I. «id that Even with the evidence gathered d""««J*»« ^^^^^^^ h„ i;en would be h.M>rdou« to .tate ^^^^'^^^'^'^J^J'^ .^X^^^ proved; although borings .how the certainty of one sutxirai •Mt of the l^kie mine. structure traverse of HypoOum 0/ piUhing •y^f'^!''" ""•:'^ Jj'e^^^ould appear to the the dbtricTand the lithological distnbut.on of the rock, would appe preMnt outhor to indicate are: ^^^j^ *^ (1) That the region « one of complex «>rj^^J J^„ „j i^id,, .p. 2i That the ^'^^^'^-''^r^'^otTXS^^^^^^^^ '^'^ " proximately N.40» E. <'"'*"f^'''7pitcrS or le«. There «. so rjrkn'::trr^"-"^^^^^^^^^^ -' °' ^" '^"^ «, that the ba.in »<;™'=*"">;°;°;SSlt „orth and north-west underUe more abundant toward *^« .»«"***■';"; .•„ exhibit st /eral anticlines and erosJLection is the "'^f ^ \"/i:,rti^lte tal condition obtains, shallower: -Wl« on the north-^^^^^^^^ and on the south-east margin the «y^^^ J j^ jj^t^ct the red rocks reach This means that in the eastern P?'*'"" f^"*" ^^^^^^^^^ m the middle the surface everywhere ^^^^iZZTlf^r^^^^^^'^ t.e strata on of the field the central '''^^s a^ overe^^ bj ,^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^ the .outh-eastem """P; "^ ^'^Xy ond^ th^ latter and adjacent to the of the iron ore on the °°'*^;^*' ^y^'^ j^ the western half of the basm Triassic the red rocks once r ore »PP«" ;1 no red rocks appear - ^^^^^^f^'J'^^rcertainty whether the South (7) That it cannot be d«*«^'""*f. J'^kTshell and I^an Hematite „,ountain ore beds - ^i-- ^I^^^V^^^ce^^rini^^^^^^^ however, point . '^^-r^hatthefre.uen^.^ircnore^ the field, in any traverse of the basin, may PLATE H. f^m- Diagraimmiiic section across centre of Nictaux-lorbrook basin, to illuitimte pobsibic syncUnoriuiu structure. i t 11 I 64 tk. thiw known b«li by nmrfy taoeUnal folding, or to th« pwwne. dtm .avM^iSJ5r«.*PI-i«W(n^».14) Th«yv«nottob.rn.^d«l M hTv^^iu^t»ert Wheelock estate). 30. DeLaey Foster. 37. Maynard WheehKk. :W. Arthur Wheelock. 39. Fletcher Wheelock. 40. Gen. Banks estate. 41. H. L. WheeliM-k. 42. J. Goucher. 43. Edward Martin. 44. J. Allen. 4.5. Georjre Conant. 4r>. William Ward. Scattered openings in the vicinity of Nictaux river are:- 47. J. B. Foster. 48. Nelson Vidito estate. West of Nictaux river, in the Cleveland mountain district, are:- 49. Stcarna. 50. John Heatley. North-westward, clase to the granite tongue which separates thU basin from that of Inglesville, are:— 51. 52. 8 J. H. Parker. C. F. Armstrong. 06 When, M if often the oaie, the openingB are arranged in Unear BMie. and are evidently upon the same veins, farms which are not repreeented m the above Urt probably also are underl^n by ore. South Mountain Pits. M,u0nger vein: pU No. l.-On the property of T. B. Messenger, between Bums and Messenger brooks, are three openings, apparently upon the same ore bed. which may be caUed the Messenger vem. The two eastern pits Aow bJt Uttle, either in rock section or ore. All bearings and courses given bdow are magnetic, the declination being 20» W. No. 1 pit gives no section, being caved in. The small amount of ore on the surfLe. about 200 11-.. » ^"J^; ^^^f ^^ril^r^^^^^ much femipnouB sandstone. Sample 163 is a general vbsj. ox dump. No. 163 Fe. 39.21 Pit No 2 S. Sr W. 203 feet is the middle opening (No 2 Pit) which showTtto rock but does not give a good section of the ore. The strike »d S^ ^rappear to be N. 46«> to 4r E.. 86- N. W^ The ore is similar to that in No. 1 pit. Sample 162 is a general one of 500 lbs. of loose ore. No. 162 Fe. 43.87 "^^ rtL^rS lt'iTor:^rU ^^ underground characterist^ a«lt known. A section given by Fletcher (Sum. Rep. G. b. C. for 1904. p. 313), apparently not from personal observation, is- Ore.. SUte. Ore.. .2 feet .3 " .Ifoot total 6 feet. On which side the band Ues is not stated- ^nthe preliminary map Mcomoanving. the depth of the shaft is given as 215 feet. oolitic structure. 67 ■c i ^ I 13- '5 9 ^ i I i\ A number of analyseB are extant from this property, all of which may peritape have come from the big pit. The labels, however, are in some cases eonfiuing, as will be seen below. No. 34 (Mines Branch) is a general sample from 100 tons. T-1 Compact red siliceous ore; L. I. and M. Co. T-2 Messenger farm; W. F. Jenmson. T-3 Messenger No. 1; north vein; Carlson samples; W. F. J. T-4 Sample A ; Messenger pit ; W. F. J. T-6 No. 2 pit, Messenger farm ; Carlson samples ; W. P. J. T-4 Messenger mine; W.F.J. No. 34 T-l T-2 Fe. .. sio,. laMl. 36.81 32.24 40. 11 32 28 38.06 39.86 1.37 trace T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 32.60 33.47 33.730 34.20 60.800 37.380 ! 5.790 .983 .370 .091 Although the bed has been reported 2,200 feet 80uth-w««t, on the pro- perty of Amos Bums, no data could be secured regarding its occurrence. Status of Mettenger ore.— It U noticeable that the Messenger ore is north- west of the range of the other openings on that side of the basin (or is offset down the dip) ; and it will be seen that it is somewhat different m character. It is practicaUy without fossUs, is oolitic and non-magnetic, and in many ways resembles certain ore uncovered in the country east of the Leckie mme, m and near Torbrook river. There U a further resemblance in the fact that both above and below it are the light green and fawn-ooloured slates which mark the lower part of the series at Torbrook. This would indicate that the iron ore occupies a lower, and on the whole more unfavourable horison than that of the South mountain and other beds to the west, despite the fact that its outcrop is offset toward th' centre of the basin as a whole. - j u iu Another possible interpretation would correlate the Messenger and South mountain ores, explaining the discontinuity on the strike by a left-handed twist or a fault. Both these conditions exist in different parts of the field. This seems, however, less probable than the other hypothesis. Pit No 4 —West of the Spim ey Brook road, on the farms of W. O. Baker and of John Foster, openinp are reported but could not be found. Upon the property of J. Uhlman, between the two just mentioned and close to the Canaan Mountain road, is an untimbered pit full of water A small amount of ore, about a ton, is on the surface, from which sample 8 was selected of the best obtainable. The ore is hard, black, somewhat lu-strous, and evidently highly siliceous. In appearance it grades mto a ferrugmous black to gray quartzite. 69 No. 8 31.90 F« _ _j South Mountain vein: pits 5 to. 14.— That the ore just described is part of the South Mountain vein is not certain, but is probable. The pit is sUghtly north of its proper range, but the ore is simUar to that to the '^ef.f^d en- tirely different from the Messenger ore. Pit No. 5, on the farm of Whitfield Wheelock, is the easternmost of a series which appear to represent a mngle vein called locaUv the South Mountain vein. It is a timbered shaft anj lias near it a 20 ton' dump, largely slate. The ore is a highly siliceous black magnetite. A few fossUs, Spinters, were seen, but they are rare. Ihe dump shows some light green slate, simUar in many ways to that markmg the walls of the Leckie vei'^ The following is a transve. on of the belt from south to north:— o~ o'-n* ^;;;;; ;;;;;:;::::;:::::;::: v-^" total?'-*' The non-magnetic quaUty of the Messenger ore is in part associated with its individuaUty as a separate vein; but in part it may also be due ^ its di^ tance from the granite mass to the south. Immediately south of Pit IMo. 5 the contact swings to within 3,600 feet, and thence west-.ard it remains near the Une of openings. While the ore on Uhlman's farm is somewhat magnetic, that in all the pits westward is strongjy so. There are several analyses avaUable for this ore, and they vary widely. The Mines Branch sample was selected from a very smaU dump (No. 9). T-7 W. F. Jennison; T-8 No source recorded; T-9 Ditto; , , .. T-10 Hall shaft magnetite; W. Wheelock property, taken from the thicker ore band ; Londonderry Iron and Mining Co. T-11 Hall shaft magnetite; source unknown. T-12 Ditto; "11 inch seam, south side;" the narrower of the two ore bands; L. I. and M. Co. No. 9 T-8 Fe. . . SkOf Inaol.. ^»?' CaO. . MgO. . P a.... 46.210 10.330 '5/226 3.080 .500 1.160 .004 51.410 12.980 13 720 53 630 .930 .0-22 .115 .397 T-^ T-10 T-U i T-12 .56.720 36.28 46.84 ^ 20.89 10.400 : "s^goo'i'.l. '...'. 2.000 ' none. . . ■ .434 .024 , ..I il 70 PH No. 8, on the property of SUnley Brown, is a smaU and old opening putly filled in. About 100 lbs. of highly silioeous magnetite aie on the ta> Um, from which sample 10 was selected. One other analy«s is avaUable. (W. F. J.) F*. No. 10 T-13 5?°.. 8.... 46.210 20.930 4.330 2.200 .370 1.000 .004 27.870 On the adjoining farm west, that of J. L. Brown, is a small fiUcd-m pit (No. 7) and a hoUow where another pit may perhaps have been. Three iron ore veins are reported, from north to south.giving ore 2 feet 9 mches, 3 feet, and 31 feet 1 inch. None of these could be in any way verified, and no trace of the gigantic band represented on tiie map of 1905 could be found. On p. 313 of the Summary Report for 1904, a section for some pit on this property is pven as follows: which belt is meant, is not indicated. On.. Skte. Ore.. 2'-9» 2'-8» 3'-r total 8'-6' The ore from the ...aall opening referred to, representing the northern of those reported, is . very siUceous magnetite^ ,!*T f i^"^' w"S m^ from several hundred pounds of clean ore. No. T-14 « labelled "hard mag- netite, " and is from L. I. and M. Co. ^^^^^ No. 11 Fe. 34.92 T-14 27.07 On the narrow ^-m of I. J. Whitman, near the e*"**™ »^«-^«^*«L^,P** No. ?an old untiuioered hole filled in with boulders. A dump of 1(» U«u rf siliceous gUstening magnetite is all that is to be seen. Sample 12 was sdected from this. ^______— _ No. 12 F«. 36.83 Pit No. 9 is in the middle of Obadiah Brown's farm, the ^^^^ ,««Sbv a trench 15 feet across the strike. The ore is a dark si1m»ous ^Z vU"^ much in the apparent amount of silica. No section of the 71 t«mch coald be m«i., but the ore i. reported to be 9 feet clear. Sample 13 was select^i from a ton of the beet ore. T-15 u from L. I. and M. Co. , r-lO \b by W. F. Jenniwm. Ore b reported as opened on the farm of James Jefferson, but was not ^°"°Pit No. 10 is at the eastern side of the property of E and M Baker "ind is locally spoken of as Baker No. 1. The opening is a timbered shaft 12 by 14 feet. The following elaborate section is given by Fletcher (loc. cit.) .— Ore 2'_10» Slate • • • \.Jl, Ore Slate. . Ore.. Slate. Ore... Slate . . Ore 2'- 6" W- T l'-6' 2- 3' 3'- 3' 0'- 6* total is'-a* My own section, for which the pit was unwatered, was much less com- posite as follows: — Ore e'-c Femiginoui elate ^pL Ore ; :- ^'^ South wall femignious date. total ll'-C The belt is practically vertical. The ore is very dark and heavy som^ what less siUceous than that of pits north-east. It may be noted that the granite is at a greater distance here. The 6 foot slate band is dark and can be dLtinguished from the ore only by its cleavage. It is '^^^'^f''''''iy^^''2 analySwould run up almost to a low grade iron ore. The slate on the south wall is similar to the band. A dump of a ton weight Ues on the surface, from the least siliceous parts of which sample 14 was selected. No. 150 is a general section of the 4.foot ore belt. T-17 is recorded in several pubUcations, the analysis bemg by Geol. Surv. Can. ^=-== Fe aiOa Insol AlzOa ; y. . ; I 2!950 No. 14 48.030 19.110 "6.266" No. 160 CaO MgO P.. . S.... .380 1.320 .005 45.82 22.16 "4!93 4.15 .42 1.44 .01 T-17 53.61 12.89 7a Pit No. 11 ia - On i'-a* STte a'-M>' Ow V-IO- sSUv. y-** csr... i'-v Sr.v.::::::..: v-r gu|B 3*- Cr QiT....... V-r total is'-Kr The ore ie like that in other pits near— dwlc, siliceouB and magnetic. It is (rf the best grade in the centre of the belt. Sample 16 was selected from 3 tons of dump; 149 is a general sample of the 4 foot belt. Two analyses from other sources belong here, and probably a third. T-18 is by Geol. Surv. Can., marked "McConnell No. 2"; T-19 is by W. F. J.; T-20 is by the same, but has no pit numb«r. No. 16 No. 140 T-18 T-19 T-ao f^ 36.41 34.73 55.45 34.720 54.870 Birw. 9.900 wua. , 13.03 26.496 3.192 laaoi p .750 8 ' .099 Rt No. 13 is in a comer of the E. and M. Baker farm, across which the OTe belt runs very obliquely, and is called Baker No. 2. It is a cribbed shaft, full r , *•*• !!.!'.!!'..'.. I'- 0* vir0 ■ 9 ni» Slate J,: J. Ore j/_ o* ^*« . O*- 4' total 19'-8' Otb Analysis T-21, Oeol. Surv., Can.; ._-—-==. T-21 65.89 fe-; 16.48 Jnf?' none T1O2 I hTthe MeConnell and Baker sections the ore from the central main band sometimes has a brownish streak, which, with the decreasing «hca Buggests a lower degree of metamorphism than to the eastward Itwould ap^ to be a direct result of the recession of the gramte, which here is a mile to the south-east. ^.^^„ Some of the ore shows fossil shells, as does that on the Baker property. '"^ T^: lT^::tre'cr'c::::g of Xorbrook nver by the south mountain bed. and show, nothing at present. Fletcher states that the ore is simdar to that of Baker No. 1 (pit 10). without bands. An analysis by W. F. Jen nison (T-22) gives:— ^ ^__— ~ ~ ■ 1 T-22 ^ ~ ..I 38.190 F«- 1 30.920 81O2 ! .678 P i This pit is about 2.200 feet south-west of No. 14; and while it is on the same range, the evidence that it is a continuation of the South mountain vein is in large part inferential. , x^ t» * „ On the line between the farms of M. and E. Armstrong and D-B- Arm- strong, close to the Bloomington voad, ore is reported simikr to the Sou h moimtain vein and bearing fossils. Search and inquiry failed to locate it Its importance consiste largely in the fact that, '^though 3,«)0f^t from the oWpit beside Torbrook river just referred to, and »*««« °f f^^btfu^ alignment, the ore in this Armstrong opening has been <'°f dentjr com- iS with the South Mountain vein. Such data as are available at present make it wise not to regard any ore west of Torbrook river as defimtely refer- able to this vein. It k, pwhapa, to this mtMm opmiing th»t the foUowlnf »n»ly«« (T-23) Nfm, und« the l»bel "Armrtrong f»nn, South mountain." T-23 ,n imol. P.... 8 ... M.71 11. se .43 .11 ScaUertd South Mountain opening:— li hwbeen seen that on the prop- BTty of J. L. Brown three ore becb have been reported, only one of which could be found. , l <. On Torbrook river, doM to the falls at the branching of the stream, ii an old timbered pit, of which practicaUy nothing can be seen to-day exwpt decayed cribbing, and from which no sample could be taken (pit No. 16). In the centre of the farm of M. and E. Armstrong is a small untimbei^ Dit full of water (No. 17). The ore is a highly siUceous shell magnetite, ^milar in every visible way to that of the South mountain vein, and too •maU in amount to work. Sample 17 is a selected lot from » 3 to 7 ton dump of ore and slate, chiefly the latter. The least slaty ore was picked. Fe. 22.11 On the western side of the same property is pit No. 18, 3 feet deep and showing 15 feet of alternating slate and ore, the latter in narrow bands. Sample 19 is selected from a very small amount of the least slaty ore. Fe. 24.72 On the left bank of Torbrook river, one-fourth mile below the range of the South mountain vein, is a pit (No. 19) 5 feet deep. A small amount o ore is to be seen in a dump which is largely rock. The ore r^mol«. the riUceou. magnetite of the Baker and McConne 1 pits. Its breadth could not be measured. Sample 18 is a selected oe from this ore^^ No. 18 23.61 Fa. 77 Pit No. 20 U cm the Mttte of M. Hoffman and Q. Mdito, weat .VJ.4a) M.KKI 54.840 f*- , :, 10.*.tO 9.410 I 7.970 10.870 5"**'' .:m i.mx ■ .530 , 1.462 P .016 .0;» I .028 I 015 !* ; ■ .144 THh ! ■ ' Broken and shaken ore 5 feet wide, similar to that of the South moun- tain vein, is reporte.a6 71.41 830' 2.kK>0| 37 200 at 780 T-36 40.13 1.427 .M» .051! Steamt ««.— The Page and Stearna property, between the Alpena road and the NicUux ri .er to the eaat, is the aeat of the old Qeveland minea optratod In the earty seventies. No underground development was attempted here, nor in any other of the early work in the district. A considerable number of occurrences are known, but most of the open- ings are fiUed in whoUy or in part, and littks orno ore is to be found. No recent work has been done on the property. - The iron has been divided into two groups in local usage, the northern or Taylor ore, and the southern or Doane ore. Of Jthe latter the chief opemng is pit No. 23, a trench 120 feet long and 5 feet deep. The ore is nmssive siliceous magnetite with no shells. Sample 43 is selected, the heaviest ore from a dump of 6 or 6 tons. The belt appears to be 6 feet wide, striking N. 42° E. and dippmg 80» N.W. Other analyses are also given, aU from Geol. Surv. Can. From the appearance of the ore it is safe to say that these values, from ore then being mined, could not be even approximated to-day. Plate N9 17 • W(^ tiVard / ^. A//9n / Af»3T / 00»n /•^^/X'A - / Gmor^e Conn9nt t / / / / / £^ B*nhs £^sf*fm I Arthur iVhee/ock I Zi£:TA.ML,En MAP or Pit's. OI^. JVORTM SMJOE orBASUV . _ TOKJBJROOXiROJVJJlKSTMUC^;— SceUtf afFTp0t.. ■ Ma ■ / / / / yJos*fihtnm IVhe»/aek I /Pdr^« mn*^ Sfm^rna . t I I I I /mao VnochHItO ■" --- *<. aig-.,^:^j>B;^ ^'' iiTml*iwi~'f •Oonhoim I « / Hof^mmn a/>aff\ 'I I i— ^^>^— ^J— ^^ ^*pm *nt/ Sfmmrna &9or-^0 //o//mrft/ t^./f.Afm/A/ il / / / 9 I I / / / / Sf-^n/m^ Srotyn I Ann/0 PMr*0r I I A JL. m ill ■ /" ■■ « / / / tV./f.A/m/A/ o- Sr0ncA /fr anAVEL PIT I I I PuTE N9 17 19 No. 43 T-37 T-38 T-30 T-40 T-ll w* 34.81 M.330 14.070 5.U0 3.700 .410 .860 .360 .060 57.030 17.310 M.060 AS. 140 M.ll U.M • I* • B. .180 .036 ' .m" .......... "■"if • .09 The foUowing are unideiitified uudyaee from this region:— T-42.— Average of four magnetites from Heatley, Baker and McConnell farmi; Geol. Surv., Oan. T-43.— Average of two samples, Oeveland ; N. 8. Dep. Jdines. T-44.— Cleveland; L. I. and M. Co. T-45.— Average of three samples, Qeveland; Qeol. Surv., Qin. T-42 T-43 T-44 T-45 F« 52.22 18 56 57.99 5o.no 18.950 SiOs IMOI 55.49 AI1O3. CiO i;«26' 4.010 .620 .488 .647 .060 '"s.ss"' MfO 2.70 MnOa .41 P c .18 .04 1.05 Leckie Vein. The north-western aide of the basin presents four points of special interest • —(1) the character and persistence of the Leclde vein; (2) the same regarding the Shell vein aijove it; (3) inability, possibly owing to metamorphism, to recognue the former bed in the western end of the district, and the doubt as to the Identity of the latter bed there; and (4) the very dififereni set of ores and of strata east of the Torbrook-Wilmot road. In the foUowing description the order given above is preserved, as the general probiems which the rocks suggest group themselves in that sequence For convenience, however, the extensive underground development in the I*ckie and Wheelock mines is treated under separate heads later. Plate 17 shows the locations of mines and openings in this part of the basin. Lechie mine.— In this mine, the Leckie ore was first seen under such conditions as to make its characteristics clear. As first cut at the surface it was but 18 inches thick. In the mine it ran from 4 to 6 feet, .iveraging nearly the latter. On rolls it was much thicker. It was lost on a pinch in the i bottom of tbt mine; aad tha projMtkm ol th« line ol piiieliii« upwMd Md •Mtvwd to the wrfaee would tMtef th* oMtmi tcrmiam of Uw on 1,700 iBot MMt of the Woodlniry ehaft, the oae ket und. The on pinehed out wwtward attheendof themine,MdiowBin thekwgitadinalieetkm. TUi mBjr be due to the proximity of • bom of iatrurivc roek to the OMth-weat; MA roek horiion uied to tmee the ofe aone— • wb^« quwrtiite, found oomtADtly north of the Leekie mid at a oeariy fixed dirtuiee— Is here ■era to bend aouthward and even to erom the line CM). M ~ r M.IOO i.no 4.000 2.100 .»> l.OTO The AnnapoUs Iron Co. puMnhe* the foV wing analyife marked "Cspt. Park, Munplf from Hoffman No. I" (T-M). T-^ Fe ' tO.510 8K)a »»-M0 P .000 8 i .038 On the weft iide oi the farm ia an old pit regarding which no information eould be obtained. The next pn^rty ia credited variously to Page and Steama and to J. M. Taylor. Pit No. 30 ii in the centre of this, and is situated iwarer a maas of intniaive rock than any other part of the vein. It is 10 feet deep and timbered. The section is given (H. McI. Weir) as 3 feet 6 inches mixed ore and slate. The ore is good but narrow, siate bands being frequent. Only a few pieeea of rather fossiliferous ore were found near the pit, and theae may possibly have oome from a trench on the Shell vein to the south. Sample 48 is from this. T-51 is from a dump, by N. S. Steel and Coal Co. No. 48 T-61 Fe ' 32.62 SiOj AlaOs c»o P 52.32 14.80 5.10 2.60 1.42 On the Josephine Wheelock farm is no opening upon this vein, nor on the DeLaoy Foster farm to the west. M-.u^ *** ^r^ Whedock property it a pit ne»r the road (No. 31). Nothing could be learned from H upon inapeetion; but the N. 8. Steel and Co^Co. report 4 feet of good ore. Note ia made in the same source of a •haft on the Park vein, showing 1 foot 4 inches of poor ore. The name is Med to the westward as a synonym of the Leckie, and in this instance the pit occupies the position expectable of an opening on that vein. If the Leckie IS meant m this case, the sample noted below must have been taken at the waU, to judge from its quality. On the map of the area the two appear to be m range as though from the same vein. No personal knowledge of the appearance of the ore was gained. T-62 is 1 foot 4 inches on the Park; X. S. Steel and Coal Co. T-53 18 from shaft on the Leckie; N. S. Steel and Coal Co. ' T-a-j ; T-.13 liO,.'. 21 . 12 J52~00" AiA. ..... *I"* '^ '4 C»a '•10 .5 02 p 01 1.94 1 41 1.18 Borehole aectums.-The easternmost borehole cutting the Leckie vein IS on M. Hoffman's farm, giving 5 feet 2 inches of ore, of which 2 feet are probably good. The analysis is under T-54. The hole on the Page and Stearns place stopped at the SheU vein, as did both holes on the Josephine A^heelock property. On the Ffetch^ Wheel(H;k farm a calyx drill hole was sunk through all the veins on the range. T-56 is the sample from the Leckie The core showed a length of 11 feet 5 inches of ore, dipping S.E at 70° T-S4 Fe. . . . T-a6 52.80 lU.(i8 4 03 4 .57 'J.5 8iO,. . .. ' 29.00 AlA ! 30 80 CO.. . I »«•»« p 3.56 ' .53 W hcelock mine.-The Wheelock mine is developed upon the Shell vein- but a crcKs-s-cut was run to the Leckie, cutting 2 feet 6 inches of ore. Sample 164 IS a general one of the ore in this cros^ut, and must be far l«l„w tlie average value; T-57 is an analysis at the time of first opening (L. I. and .\I. .No. 104 T-,57 insoi. .;;:;:: »«-^> ■»^47 : ; ltt.35- i i W«^mpUtonLednevein.—Oo. the E. Banks esUte, immedUtely west of the Whedoek mine, then ue no openinp upon thie vein leguding whieh any Mithentie infonn«ti{»i can be obtained. Two analysea, labelled "red hematite, Woodbury farm," may be from this rein; L. I. and M. Co. (T-«3 and 64). Fe. .. HO,.. ImoI. as-. MnOi. T-«3 83 07 T-«4 12. SS 53.060 8 200 12.400 4.KW aoo .798 .667 The next farm, that of H. P. Wheeloek, is on broken ground, as is that of J. Goucher. The Shell vein has been opened upon these properties, but ■earch for the LeeUe was nnsatiafactory. A long eross trench may at one time have exposed the vein on the former farm, but a pit made on the spot whieh the Leckie should occupy exposed only a few stringers of ore in slate. That the vein has been identified at one time is indicated by the fact that MO Ibe. of massive hematite lie beside the trench, and from this sample 32 was sdected. The ore is here found for the first time to be slightly mag- netic, and its position could be ascertained readily by dip needle or magneto- meter. Fe. .. SO,. ^■ 8.... No. sa 52. 2M 10 400 5.200 2.650 .330 1.440 017 Since the field work for this volume ceased, much of the district has been acquired by the Annapolis Iron Company; and in the spring of 1907 search for the Leckie was actively begun on the Goucher and Martin farms. Information regarding this was kindly furnished by Mr. W. F. C. Parsons, their engineer. Pits 32, 33 and 34 on the former property gave respectively 6 feet, 6 feet 6 inches and 3 feet 8 inches of highly Hatisfaetory ore. On t. . property of E. Martin is an extensive fault. East of that and near the line fence is pit 35, opened by Mr. Parsons, giving 5 feet 6 inches of ore. Pit 36, an old one, was reopened for the author, showing 4 feet 6 inebee of good grade oolitic hematite exactly tike the Leckie ore east of the Wheeloek mine except in being stronf^y magnetic. A statement by 87 the N. 8. Steal "^ C^mI Co. f^vm 5 feet 6 inches of good ore, dipping 79" S.E. T-fi0 ii an uulysia by the company. Two esmples were taken: 28, a general sample from a 6-ton dump; and 45. a general sample across the belt. T-58 and T-65 are L. I. and M. Od. 1 No. 28 I No. « T-58 "^ 44.20 ; 43.13 45.72 8id"' All . ! T-69 T-65 56.80 54.52 10.76 3.11 I 3.48 , 1.16 The following are analyses from the new Martin shaft, by the L. I* and M. Co. T-60 is a sample from a depth of 10 feet, T-61 from 16 feet, uid T-82 from 20 feet depth. T-flO i^I 54.230 ^y-y ;: -a 8 04» u,o.;-';'-- ±^ T-61 T-62 52.880 ' 53.890 15.410 12 520 2 740 3.170 2 180 2.070 .240 .410 180 .190 1 056 ! 1.032 .082 j m 1 000 1 1.000 On thfc J. Allen property and near its east line is the last point westward at which the Leckie vein can be identified, even provisionally, at present. North of the long trench on the Shell vein are two pits, the more northerly of which has been regarded as probably on the Leckie vein; and analyses have been made with that in view. As will be shown later, it is on the whole more likely that this represents a vein which in the east is poor, and which is there called the Lean Hematite vein. The more southerly of the two pits (69) showed nothing of value, but was, from its position, judged to be on the Leckie vein. Lean Hematite Veix. f Leckie mine. — In a cross-cut north from No. 3 level in this mine a small vein of low grade hematite was cut, and levels driven east and west for a few feet for testing purposes. The strike and dip are like those in the Leckie above the pinch. Between its hanging wall and the foot-wall of the Leckie vein the distance is 40 feet. The belt averages 3 feet H inches wide, and is composed of three bands of ore and two of slate, which widen and WTBfuhrljr. The eeatre on ■ better than the tnurgin«l. One MetioB M M foUom: — Hanging wafl. 2^ v-(r ^ c-s- JJ» l'-8» BiM> , V~V F^L-wi: ■•••••■■• ''-*' '^*'-^' BtnMet. — In the Hoffman borehole this vein was regarded as cut agwn, with a thickneM of 2 feet 1 inch; but the log of the core as given would make it lie ao ahort a distance below the Leckie that one hesitates to accept the figures, for they would bring the veins but 16 feet apart. No analysis is available. In the Fletcher Wheelock calyx drill hole, east of the Wheelock mine, the Lean Hematite vein was cut in mieh a manner, like the two veins above it, as to lead at first to belief in a great thickening of the ore with depth. As will be seen later, this does not DeooHarily follow from the increase of 8eeti<»t in the core over that at the surface. According to the measure- ments the vein would be 22 feet from the Leckie. md have a thickaaes of 14 feet. Allen />i<.— Nothing further m known of this ore, unless the northern <^ning on the east side of the AHen property expoees it. It has been remarked that thU opening is supposed to rei»esent the Leckie, although the N. S. Steel and Coal Company cautiouslv refers to it in its sections as the " third vein. " In support of the idea that it is the Lean Hematite vein, however, may be cited (1) that no vein occurs elsewhere between the Shell and the Leckie; (2) that the intervuLs between the veins on the Allen property are such as the three veins bear to each other in the east. As to the first, the Shell v«n IS positively identified, having been worked in the trench in early years. This makes it probable that the order of beds northward would be: Shell, Leckie. I^an Hematite. As to the second, the intervals between the veins in the east are approximately 80 feet from the Shell to the Leckie, and 40 feet or somewhat less from the Litter to the Lean Hematite vein. These are also approximately the intervals between the pits on the Allen farm. The ore in this pit (No. 37) is 2 feet 10 inches. wide, eNndentlv of good grade, hut looking in parts like the best of the South mountain ore. It is magnetic and oarries a few shells. About 300 lbs. of ore on a dump were sampled by selection (No. 24). A general test was taken also across the belt (No. 49). T-63 is hy L. I and .M. Co.; T-64 bv N. S. Steel and Coal Co. Fe. SiOj. . AlaO,. c»o.. 8. . . No. 24 No. 49 T-63 T-64 48.710 17.070 43.20 45.72 54.200 12 740 2.160 4.3W 2.020 3 330 .430 1.680 } .916 .006 ! 89 a. ■t i '; f 1 Vi —The OmO v«fai had bwooM to wdl known in the central |Mrt of tlw Tcrlirook (ttalri^ md xl» nlntioB to the Leclde vein m wdl ee- tabliihed, that it was fullv «p aBla d , when a aouth enwhcut waa nin from Na 3 levil in the Ladda nuna, that thia vain would be cut. At the position at which it should appear, the roeka ahowed approach to the azia of a piteh- ing q^iiaa; and, as ia indieatad in the description of the mine, the horiaon whidi should ctmtain the Shall vein turns acroas the axis at a depth from the suifaee of the ground less than that of the level, so that it would not •ppf in the tunnel at all (Plata 25). Ea$tem pHa.—Tht eastemmoat pmnt at which the Shell vein has been cut in bed-rock ia on the Stanley Brown farm (pit 25). At preaent nothing ean be seen; but an eariy opening, made by the L. I. and M. Co., gave the following: — Sotfrth iU* on r-f SIM*. 2'-2' North oic '.....'.'...'.'. I'-JK touie'-a* An analysis from the same source is given in T-66. The ore is full of sheila, but, unlike that in openings to the west, is not magnetic. All the ore )n was too weathered to sample. T-M -^ •«>-6fi0 fO* 13.300 ^ 21 .4«0 ?• 1.110 »• I .034 On the George Holland farm is one pit (29) and an old trench 350 feet long reaching to the west line fence. The pit is 8 feet deep, and showed 3 feet of ore without distinct partings (H. McI. Weir). On the dump only 200 lbs. were found, from which sample 5 was selected. The ore is in part oolitic, a characteristic that does not appear to the westward, and shows some slate in thin irregular bunda. Some specimens are very calcareous. •The Annapolis Iron Co. supplies analyses T-67 to T-71 inclusive. The N. S. Steel and Coal Co. reports the following section and analysis (T-72) : — Oood ore a'-O* Poor of» 0'-4' total 3'-4' i 1 Na« T-67 T-68 T-e9 T-70 T-71 1 j T-72 Fe. ... SiOa.. 46 «10 14.400 4 130 0.980 .620 1.280 .004 .16.27 45.14 48.68 .■w.si 48 18 48.60 1 ie.20 AI2O, c«o... 5.88 MgO. . • ' • P. . . 1.24 8 t ftfcrt 91 out the Hitman shaft for the prewnt, two pHs sie in the part of the M. Hoffman farm. No. 38 gave, aeoording to Mr. Weir, of food ore. Aeeording to a section by N. 8. Steel and Coal Co. it gaw :— Good ore S'-a* Pborore. V-e* toUlV-O* Analyses of these were made separately, T-73 being from the good ore, T-74 from the poor ore. SiOs. SS:: T-73 T-74 42.60 17.34 «.M 9.05 1.32 40.86 12.12 4.33 16.26 1.10 This indicates the tendency, exhibited in places by the Shell vein, to become calcareous instead of siliceous in the leaner parts. At the western edge of the property a trench at one time ran parallel with the fence, cutting all three ore beds. On the Shell vein a pit is still visible (No. 40). When fresh it exposed 2 feet 2 inches of good ore, with 2 feet of mixed slate and ore on the south side. No analysis La obtainable. On the Page and Steams place is a pit close to No. 30 which gave, when fresh, 4 feet 10 inches of ore. Sample 48 was selected from a small dump, the ore being badly weathered magnetite, highly fossUiferous. A fresh sample from the face gave, T-75; N. S. Steel and Coal Co. No. 48 T-76 Fe 32.62 ! 48.00 aOa. ' 15-10 AljO, 6.10 CuO 2.07 P 1.30 On the Josephine Wheelock farm is a pit (60) which was to have been developed into a shaft, but operations upon which were suspended owing to the great encouragement offered by the Jjeckie vein pits on the Martin pro- perty to the west of the Wheelock mine. In this pit the section gave 4 feet of we, dipping 85" S. E. and striking N. 78° E. A trench has been opened on the vein, extending (MTginally 200 feet east from the Wlieelock west line. In this the west wall gave 2 feet 6 inches of ore. On the DeLacy Foster farm is an indistinct trench at the east side, and pit No. 41. This is an old excavation, from which no data can be ob- •tpMMM;tMllt Ia4 UwimB «f tJwiiMll. to bgr tlM N. 8. 8t«el and Coia Co., an M foUowB, T-78 bring from T-W 4S.40 16.18 2.3ft «.12 1.09 T-7T T-78 61. ao 11.90 4.46 0.44 1.27 a».«> Ift.M ft.oa 11.91 1.12 On the M. Wheeloek plaoe, doM to the road, is »n old pit in ftnd around which nothing can be leen now. It wai pumped out by one of the parties holding an option on the property, but was aaid not to ahow good ore. The ■ection is not known. Two analyie* with doubtful labeU probably belong here. 1-79 is marked No. 1 . and T-80 No. 3 ; W. F. Jennimn. T-79 T-80 r«. 34.82 46.49 On the Fletcher Wheeloek property an old trench runa from the road to the wert line. No definite information could be gained from it. Two analyses are as follows (W. F. J.) :— T-81 T-82 F« 49.86 14.60 .97 .25 fiO.160 12.900 .890 .109 BiOa. P 8 Hoffman sAo/t.— Returning to the M. Hoffman property, a shaft has been sunk on the east skie, to a depth of 156 feet on the Shell vein at an angle of 79^ 30*. The walls and the an^e of dip are extremely regiilar throughout. At 150 feet depth a drift was turned off and cross-cut run north to the Leckie vein, 80 feet. The Shell belt averaged 6 feet in width. The analyses made during sinking do not var>- greatly, but were unusually low, and the furnace runs have been greatly above these. An average of 12 samples gives the following: — T-83 Fe. . SiOa. P. . . 39.29 20.10 1.04 «8 BanMm. — BoivholM in abumUnoe wen drilled undergroiind in the LmU* miM in MWth for the Shell vein, but without aucoeM. TIm MMtcnunoet hole which eutt thii ore wm mink upon the Hoffnwn property by the N. S. Steel Mid Coal Co., and wm said to have cut 5 feet 6 inehes of good ure o ! 11.320 AlA 7.000 C«0 3.800 MgO i .580 P ( 1.320 S I .002 T-101 M.60 10.24 3.77 1.94 1.29 T-102 61.39 On the H. P. Wheelock farm a trench starts at the east line and runs intermittently to the east side of E. Martin's property. The ground in this vicinity is brolcen for 2,500 feet, as is shown by the offsets of the trenches and their irregularity of strike. A cross-cut on the Wheelock property gave location for pit No. 44. now in disuse. Beside it is a dump of 500 lbs. of shell ore, much of it weathered. Sample 32 was selected from the least altered parts of this, giving: — No. 32 Fe. .. SiOj. Al,03 CaO. . MgO. P S. ... 52.250 10.400 5.200 2.650 .330 1.440 .017 Close to the Wheelock-Goucher boundary (which is not now marked by a fence), and in a short strip of solid ground along the line of the trench, is pit 45. This is a well cribbed shaft showing 6 feet 2 inches of good ore dipping 78° S.E. On the hanging wall, outside the ore belt mentioned, are 1 foot 2 inches of mixed ore and slate. Sample 33 is a general one across the main belt. T-103 is a general test of 5 feet 3 inches breadth (N, S. Steel apd Coal Co.): T-104 is from L. I. and M. Co. Fe. .. SiOjj. AljOa CaO. MgO.. S No. 33 48.520 13.730 5.000 4.400 .550 1.690 .017 T-103 54.80 12.18 4.10 3.46 1.07 T-104 50.00 97 -102 ( I k i. 0, Siiv « ^ ^ 9 —^ »' 5 * =» ^^^ V 3 •a ■» 1 .5 ■J 10 On the west »6^ oi the (ioucher farm, within a few feet of the Hne fen» a d^.ond dnll hole wa« put down « « «gie of 450. No recorcJ, 1™ ^Z able. a» they were 80 confu«d « to be v1u1«; but 6 feet 3 inches of or «e 8a.d o have been cut. Thi, probably would amount to 6 feet 1 Sinche of actual thiokr— «^n . o mcne Wert of the boundar>- with the K Martin propertv is nit Vn dR .i« t^ line of a ^ch w«ch .xtend. for 100 feet'JntTtTe M^Tac^' 'S p.t » old and uBt.mbe«d, showing nothing at present. The N S Stee and Coal Co had opened it and found 6 feet of ore, dipping 86» a E ^^^ giving the following analysis:— " PP'^g »0 s.t.. and Fe. . . . SiO,. .. AljOa.. c*o. .. P T-106 47.00 12.46 4.40 8.07 1.39 K aIa . r^ *"'°''' '' *° untimbered hole (pit 47) showinir a ^«w hundred pounds of ore on a dump, from which a general LmZ^No 27T was taken. Reopening of the pit gave opportum> for a ZL te^t 2 the belt, m sample 50. The vein is here 3 feetlO inches broL .Sth « \ Fe. . . . 8iO,. . AlA CaO.. MgO.. 8.' .'■.■.■ No. 27 No. SO I T-.106 T-107 53.320 9.680 4.690 2.750 .650 1.310 .005 43.50 50.80 10.08 3.98 6.44 Somewhat west of here is 48.21 North wall. Paint ^ ■ Ore and slate. .V. O^"?! Haid ore i -j^ Black paint ^^-O* Slate ^d ore... ^r^ South wall. 0'-«' total 6'-«' Ifn'*;!" .TT'':^ ^*^ ^'°"»i«»^ ^«d streak, like that i The ore fl^t^tk''*" ''*'" '" the°eastwarl" slmpl' m pits e 26 was taken across the 4 99 CM.. . 8.. . . No. 2 52.33 9.37 .3fi( 7.8a 7S( 1.931 1 .001 From iMsar the e^t line of the J. Allen property, obliouelv to th^ li between the Allen and G. Conant properties, is a'lrench on2 vei^ T breadth of the upemn« U 4 feet, and its attitude practically verS' T wall, appear to be hard gray slate, and that on the sSuth is exLmely LI No ore could be got from here and but one wcent «»alysis is3bte* T workings date back to the days of the Nictaux furnace T-lwTbvDl Iron and Steel Co., labelled "Allen's; Shell ore " ^ "" Fe. .. 8K)a. P.. T-109 53.310 10.130 1.227 Ward Pits, th. ^ "i?;' "»»«'»«' .""""k !• th. 1.M evidence o( the Shell ,ei„ „„,i .he d««o„ J ctTdiliTJ »; '„" '" " • "°*"^'' "'"•^ " more new ore horii^^ ^°' ''™''"'' ^'■°'" *'''** ^» *«« «««» "^ on« o' to massive. The.^ tnonelj tt ^■"^''^""^ ^'^^ ''^^ ^^^'^ «^«""'" mine ore, nor is a^- onsXabie t,' .T.^ characterising the Wheelock of the material on tr^umt' s7X in ')' "'I '*.^°'^ °' '^"«- ^^^^ aumps 18 hght in color, showing an abundance of 101 No. 20 A3. 330 9.370 .360 7.800 .7M 1.920 .003 to the line vein. The ical. The ly regular, lable. The » by Dom, T-109 53.310 10.130 1.227 i^ein until ad. The 'hange in ty. The a trench L South he ore is i-west of body of ell vein; rt a dis- r one or ignetite, granular /^heelock . Much lance of r lime; utd ferruginou* r-iio, T-111, T-112, T-113, T-IH, T-115, T-116, T-117, T-118, T-119, T-120, here better t m elsewhere can the transition upward from limestone to ore be noted. N.8. Steel and Coal Co., is above the average for these veimi. from a belt 2 feet 6 inches wide ; W. F. Jennison. No. 1, Ward trench; dittti. Xo. 1 shaft; I I. and M. Co. No. 3 pit, stock pile; ditto. No. 3 pit, hak ' magnetic ore; ditto. No. 3 pit, hard compact magnetite; ditto. No. 3 pit, 124 lbs. from dump; ditto. No. 4 pit, first foot of ore; ditto. * No. 4 pit, lis lbs. from dump; ditto. No. 4 pit, gray calcareous magnetite, depth 14 feet; ditto. Fe. . . . SiOj . . Insol . . AI2O3 . CaO. . MnO] . P s . iT^i^^m T^TVmi^^ T-llSJ T-Iioi T-120 I »i8Ji-37 5;34012;276 9.33V8;76o i.466 4.40 . 3.87 . 1.21 '.'. 8.560 ... 082 ... 1.144 1.115 ... ■Oil .041... I 12.69611. 580 I .080 1.149 .115 .275 th. Um ^^tj^ns Of the ore. In depth the iron decreases, and the Ime mcreases to 18.16 in one instance. Averages of the openings sampled, which were those numbered 3 and 4 in the above lUt, and exclud- ing some special tests of wall rock, are : — T-121 T-122 Fe I No. 3 I No. 4 Inaol 49.660 41.06 9.535 8.32 The first, especially, is too high to represent the shipping value of the ore As extremes may be cited Mines Branch samples 21. 30 and 31 The t^wt tt f'tT 'T ' ^^r **""P "' '^ ^'^^ P'^ '" '^' trench; the hird IS the hgh est and most calcareous ore from the same pit; the second is the lightest ore from the pit south of the west end of the trench. Fe. .. 8iO.. AlA CaO. MgO. No. 21 47.700 8.070 3.620 8.800 .900 1.270 .018 No. 30 No. 31 23.80 9.80 - ol iron on have b« f*P'^tmoi»»»d\omatimmthi0rmt^tlmMd. Mort of tl»m •» c op«u««.whkhh«ir»lo**ati«««ltk.oi»«*H»et«l«l«. The only cte inrtw»ceoh«mdi».th.imiiiMii o«io«thefmnnofJ.B.Fort€r,e»«t N«.uxF«lb(p.tai). TWpii.M»oi««iupon.biowni.hblMkii»«,et we. of very diflavBt fm«tim ud AppeMuioe from that of the LeokJe ( ^^T^ ''•**^ ~^ ** '*™*' *^ *•» »*'*' •«* -mple 25 wi Mieeted from twoamaU dumpa. The ore ia very variable, but ruu high i Z*^^T."* J^ -"Pte^ A few aaalywa wiU indicate thia tendene 1-123 !• from Dr. E. Gilpin. Jr.. the remainder an by W. F. Jenniaon No. 25 T-iaa T-124 T-J25 Fe.... MO... Oio. . MaO,. P. .7! T-126 ao.u 18.47 a.w *.m 34.840 ae.eao .843 26.40 32.12 I. e.08 Eabtebn Obi Occi7bkencb8. 5pi«r pito.-Thia term may be applied, aa it ia locaUy, to the pita on an( near Torbrook nver, north of thoae on the Pteleg Spinney farm. In the left bank of the stream, on the line between the Spioer and Bank eiiUte., IS a pit (52) from which has been reported haid hematite 3 feet thick There B no ore near the pit, the surface ahowing only ferruginous quartiit, with fossil shells. Oeailng the face of the pit showed no ore, there beini much decayed slate and a few thin bands of quartiite. An analysis of what ever ore could ^ found at the time gave Dom. I. and 8. Co. the insults it I'-t^ *^ L ?• ?* "*•" **'^**°* *° *''« «»™ •« "^ »^^ chiefly, stnkmg N. 60" E. and standing vertical. Fe.. SiOi. P.. T-127 34.35 32.86 .86 South from this pit, above the bend of the river and on the David Banks place, a pit m the right bank of the stream is said to have uncovered 5 feet of » soft, low^e oolitic hematite (53). At present nothing is to be seen. The strike of the rocks is as in the Spicer pit, dip 70» N.W. WKat is probably this ore gives amUysis T-129, " Spinney, No. 2 bed, " by W. F. Jennison. Fe. .. SiOa. . P. . .. T-129 47.370 12.600 1.026 T-126 r" 103 pito.— frveral piti have been opened in the northern pMt of the P»leg Spinney pUoe. No. 54 is • north-weit and Muth-eMt treneh, euttiag the rocks »t right angles. Some badiv decayed coarKly odlitic keawtite k to be found on a dump, mixed wit' uginous rock. Enough Iron is present to make the drift oohivous for bonie distance from the ore. The rocks strike .V. IT E., dipping 88« S.E. This trencli is stated to have cut 18 feet of good ore, and 1 1 feet of mi.T«d on> and red slate on the north; but the claim could not be verified. West of this pit is another, apparently upon the same ore (55). It is an old shaft, which was sunk chiefly in rock, if one may judge by the dump. The rocks are odlitic sandstone and slate, somewhat ferruginous. Scattered through the rock is more or less lean, light-weight ore, oolitic and contain- ing many obscure shell markings. The north wall is a light greasy and green slate, very similar to that in the Leckie mine. Three analyses give as follows; Dom. I. and S. Co.: — ; T-130 T-131 Fe. 37.24 48.1fi0 8IO, ! lO.fiOO iDMl 11 . «» P ! 1.320 8 ' 048 T-132 30.38 24.78 StraXUrid opening$. — Two pits were at one time opened, one on the eastern side of the Robert Neily farm and the second on the line between the Neily and Peleg Eaton farms. It is claimed that a bed of shell hematite 11 feet thick was cut, but there is no evidence of it at present. The ore is soft and of low grade. T-133 is Ubelled " Eaton No. 3"; W. F. Jennison. T-133 iO. i 32.eo 26.44 On the E. M. Barteaux place, near the road, a trench was cut for 2,000 feet parallel with the WUmot road. The rocks met are reported to be red slates; and three beds of low grade iron, one 6 feet thick, are claimed to have been cut on the range of the ores at and near the Leckie mine. Three calyx drill holes were also sunk, but located no ore. None of the ore veins opened east of the Leckie mine give promise of importance, and none of them show sign of being equivalents of the Leckie vein or the Shell vein, despite current belief. Lacsn Mini. LoeaHtm ami kiU9nf.—Tl)m Lvekir nune, which \m btrn until lfl06 tte mmuuuy of th." Torbrook dmnet. wm lomted in INei upi.n tU land of C A BMi» temuel H^rtmux. .ad Hmtb (qi.ll«d •!» Bam) .n.1 Burn., at tl at PMt of t!.^ dwriet oalfed Tort,mok Minn and el.>» .o ih«. TorbrtKik-Wiln ot n*d (Me l>istei. \J mhI 17). T»m. .^igiiui extent of kad owi»d bv tl- ott-r- •to« WM amoll, md the <»rp wm mined upon a royalty (jmih. In f»ie «prinK o{ 180' two shaft.. Km. 2 (Wotvlbur.) and 4 (Main or Baneaux) were opened, tl^. nhaUow ore iieimt worketl !,v o%erbeftd stoping m oiH- case, and underhaiul in the other. In the auumn No.. 3 (no relic of which now remain.) and 5 f.-Sear>) weiv ..mk. Four level, were driven from the* .haft«-No. 1, Perrj . X„. 2 and Xu .i. The.^ old worUog. 1 ave been inaccewible of Ute year.. The Htoping fmrn .haft No. 3 wn^ underhand from No .-5 shaft overhead. The output durinf 1891, the linit vear of pr.il duction. wu-s ujiproximately 10.000 ton.. Early in 1S02 a more ronjplete equipment wa« inrtalled. inchidinK a four^rum friction hoi.t for .iiaft. 3. 4, and 3. two air compre«or. earning .IX dnlU. and five .team pump.. No. 2 nhaft had a «.parate in.tallati,.r, of homtrng and pumpm^ nmchinery. and raimi 80P.ewt,at over one ton per skip The capsnty of ti.e n.ine in tie nprinR of ISftl was 20 tons, in the .pring of 1892 was 70 tons. an. I in the autumn of 1892 wa^ I.JO tc.ns ,*r day. In that .mall Blake pump. ■' The oiupiit untU clf«in? of the mine in 18»6 was as foUow.:- 1892 "'•WO »on« 1893. : : "S-OW " 1894 ;)0 ()00 " 18W."::: ^'•■■'Wj •• isflfl 3".w;< ;' ^ Tot.1 approximately. ..;;,;;;;;:;:;:;:; laoiow '' for .uT ?T"'"* V^' '^' Woodbur>- shaft was used permanently for aU the hoistuig, and the eastern one. abandoned. The «a.on for th^ Z«lr?„^r°''*. tl '''* P'"'''»«d «"^ «t » shallow depth in the east and deeper m the west. Thus the old company had worked out the ea.tem end have h!!'"'j **^1« «"«id«™W« ore remained in the wertem part. It must tt^^w n"*"'"^!i'' ''"^""' *^"^'^^"' '^' '^' ««' '*•'« lifted we.t- SiVed downward, and that the mine could not be very downward to the «,ueeze, and westward to the limit of productive ore In the course of this several lean rock shcH,ts were encountered If thTse ex" actions autumn upon the stope i off«,j"::?.rHii!" """- ™ "'^ - «"•««' - •'■■' 'TMJ nwp and stopr Prom till' WfKxI- fert. Eastward 4 ■pvpral plarrii gnuw-rnota. ) of the minp up y level extended 1,240 feet from in the old work- \ the floor; and t), thence west- , giving a total ■»%, fA the Wood- the surface, and > have given out »- \ 'om the surface. 1. 2 eust runs to • it stops, being the bottom of No. 2 west level arries the level ing to the level the surface. At from the Wood- H farther, until tl the level ran pe at a depth of (67 feet. surface. No. 4 : long. Recent f the tunnelling MO feet. No. 5 5 west was .300 H'-. to 840 feet, ised to 160 feet, feet in length. The Woodbury below. 1 iius It win De seen that the ore bcdy as a whole is triangular in longitu- dinal section, the apex being at ,ne east end; s short side resulting from the •^-^IP" MA' // LfXCKJM '..»... «» 5^1 ■If lllli OLD IV R Kl N6S ^/^y.... /^fc^^7 / m^mmmimif^ tUTBM • . »*mrttut» p 1 for £ wast deep of tht have war4 long! T dowlr the « tendfN the al sectiM autumn of mm. ami abandoned. •^C*** ••*- ** '-••v«ot^v« tii tr.t 105 Underground development. — Reference to the large scale map and stope flection (Plate 24) will show the chief features of the nunc. From the Wood- bury shaft to the Main is 333 feet ; thence to the Sear>' is 330 feet. Eastward from here the old workings extend at least 165 feet; and at several places there are surface crushes where the ore was stoped out to the grass-roots. The old workings are not well known, as no progress map of the mine up to 1896 could be found. It ia certain, however, that the Perry level extended westward into the Banks property for at least 210 feet, or 1,240 feet from the centre of the WfKKlbury shaft. This gives a total length in the old work- ings of approximately 2,070 feet. No. 1 level had a depth below the surface of 44 feet on the floor; and extended from the Main shaft to the Woodbury (No. 1 east), thence west- ward (No. 1 west) for a distance of approximately 475 feet, giving a total length of 785 feet. It is said that the ore ceased at 400 feet west of the Wood- bury shaft. The Perrj' level lay .39 feet below No. 1, or 83 feet from the surface, and extended, as already noted, 2,070 feet. The ore is reported to have given out approximately 435 feet west of the Woodburj' shaft. No. 2 level is 56.5 feet below the Perry, or 139.5 feet from the surface. No. 2 west runs 317 feet west from the Woodbury shaft; No. 2 east runs to the Main shaft and beyond, a total distance of 538 feet. Here it stops, being replaced 15 feet above by a short level which runs 75 feet to the bottom of the Seary shaft, and 165 feet farther east. At its west end. No. 2 west level drops by an incline 32 feet to the Intermediate level. This carries the level to a point 105 feet beyond the Banks property line, giving to the level and its dependencies a total length of 1865 feet. No. 3 level is 59 feet below No. 2, and 198.5 feet from the surface. At the time of reopening in April, 1903, No. 3 west ran 470 feet from the Wood- bury shaft. Subsequently it was run approximately 300 feet farther, until the ore appeared to have given out permanently. Eastward the level ran 360 feet east of the Main shaft and past the Seary, which stops at a depth of 153 feet from the surface. Thus No. 3 has a total length of 1,467 feet. No. 4 level is 64 feet below No. 3, or 262.5 from the surface. No. 4 west was, when the mine was abandoned in 1896, 420 feet long. Recent work added between 180 and 200 feet to this, the last part of the tunnelling being in rock. No. 4 east has been lengthened from 310 to 540 feet. No. 5 level is 43 feet l)elow No. 4 or 305.5 from the surface. No. 5 west was .300 feet in when the L. I. and M. Co. began work, and has been run to 640 feet. No. 5 east, which was but 65 feet long in 1903, has been increased to 160 feet, chiefly in lean ore and rock. No. 6 is a short level, driven since 1903, approximately 670 feet in length. It is only 28 feet below No. 5, or 333 . 5 feet below the surface. The Woodbury shaft, the only one reaching this level, has a shallow sump below. Thus it will be seen that the ore body as a whole is triangular in longitu- dinal section, the apex being at the east end; a short side resulting from the ■BdakfttfiidKbjrtlMVHyevfla piaehing irnfular pinrhiag oat on the imkm. The oW working., or tb«e c^mfimd bifan ,«p«riag Ui 1903, com- •boveNo^SJevd. The •»« bo«d«« of wme «diate levels, nothing » known. In the work of the old company under Major R. G. E Lecld? ^t,r5rtS^r''"'"**'-^*''"''^''-^-*^^'-'-<^No;5 f-. T^^ 7^ to the newer work, speaking broadly, No. 3 west ran in 5 1 .'il^ kT* ""''l^^^- « west in 4.6 fe.-t. and No. 6 in 4 feet shaft 82 f^,^ previously been worked to the Main shaft. East of this ttf L !i*" Tt"^ •" *** ^*^ *"** *'°'»t'°"«d for 56 feet. This is par^ of a rock wedge which reaches No. 2 level 92 feet from the shaft the« continumg for 50 feet, but not rising into the roof of the level. A^aw f^ from the Main sh^t rock is again met and contmues to 565 feet, wh^^^e Lh nl *^ "°°'*^*"**" *'""* *•»• °°'y ^'''l' *«» this level byihe Undondeny comply. At the surface of this tunnel is low grade ore 9 f^t n breath, g,v,ng Fe 3« 3. The ore wedges out rapidly, bofh walls clh^g mat the same place and meeting in the middle. •"commg 2-i7fw?''' Ir'tr'^!? '"^^ **" encomitered in the roof approximately Thl t.V " 7°^^"^ '^'^'' »»»« '''''"^' "^'Wng the floor at 2^ f^f feet on the horizontal but nsing in a toad-stool shape. Beyond U rock for approximately 70 feet, nearly to the boundary betwe^ the bW and Burns fTom thi ^^ "^"'^- ^'"'"^''^ «' '""''^^"^ °f the ore are obUinaWe from this pom on and are to be found upon the accompanying stope section bi^-lnfrr, ""^ '"•?'''* '^^«'*^«"° *he shaft. At 72Tfeet a^^ow dip " a/i^Zt' r'"^ " '''''^^ ''•' «*»«"y •»"*"™ «f *he Leckie vein despite an almost entire absence of foesils in the main part of the mine n^tieeaW^triir '" 'T •'^*^"*' ''' '"'^^^''^ ^^'^^ of the ore nJt For tr 1 ^ ™"' ^"* '"'y ^characteristic to the westward. of th. h I u P'"^^ '^^^^ '^'^ he had. The break or pinchinK of the bottom meets the floor of the levpl At 9Q«i f--f *,«.« *i. "\ »""'"'"« IVoodhurv sh^ft W-, J .u- . ^^ ^®*t "O" the centre of the werdevelot! east^ Th ^ ' ?f ''"' ^ '"^^ " '«'»°- ^wo rock shoots th/m tin ^J .* ^"'" 'haft as shown on the stope section, one of them being a downward continuation of the large horse fou^d in No 3 ea«t 107 Cloae up Agaiiut No. 3 level, immediately above the pinch, the ore had swelled in a roll to 9 or 10 feet. This is characteristic, as the pinch is merely a roll, in the bottom of which the banging wall turns to a steep dip sooner than does the foot-wall. In the old workings rock had been met in the roof 175 feet east of the ^Voodbury shaft, continuing for 25 feet but not found in the floor. This shoot ran upward and eastward into No. 2 level, where record of it is lost. In No. 4 west a rock shoot had been encountered in the floor of the old workings 76 feet wert of the Woodbury shaft, continuing for 50 feet. It does not rise into the roof, but runs obliquely westward and downward to No. 5 west level. At 245 feet was met a narrow portion of the large rock shoot of No. 3 level, here 30 feet across and rising westward instead of east- ward. This is the only conspicuous case of a rock mass which does not pitch westward. At 410 feet a second shoot was entered, the east wall pitching east to the floor of the level, then turning to perpendicular. The rock continues for approximately 30 feet. At 525 feet is the foot-wall of a large barren interval which would seem to correspond to two horses in No. 3 level above, the foot- wall coming down at an angle of scarcely more than 10" from the east. Ore does not come in again for approximately 75 feet. At 210 feet a Harrow shoot comes in from above, 20 feet across. Such ore breadth notes as it has been possible to get in this and other levels have been placed upon the stope section. According to the latest avulable data for No. 4, the level was still in ore; and its final length was not determined. No. 5 east level struck the break or pinch at 80 feet in the roof, and at 25 feet in the floor, the remainder of the work and a short cross-cut south being in rock. The pinch was shown in the Woodbury shaft at 330 feet depth on the west side. No further details of the ore and rock in No. 5 east are available. No. 5 west ran in ore to 125 feet, where a small horse was met, 30 foot in length, not reaching the floor but extending upward and eastward to No. 4 level. Thence to 240 feet the level was in ore, but no details of its breadth can be given. At this point a narrow chimney of rock is encounte'^d, passing downward to No. 6 and upward becoming part of the large anvil-shaped shoot which reaches to No. 2 level. In No. 6 the rock extends only 6 feet. At 420 feet a third rock mass begins, 30 feet through. This reaches downward to No. 6, there dying out; and upward it carries to No 4 and beyond, roughly perpendicular. From 460 to 490 feet rock was pierced, which does not appear to reach levels above or below. At 600 feet begins a shoot which is in many ways remarkable, bifurcating upward so as to reach No. 3 in two places, and possibly connecting with the anvil-shaped shoot above No. 3. This is fol- lowed for 45 feet, some fair ore being found beyond. At approximately 720 feet, however, rock appears to close in on the vein permanently. No. 6 level was not driven east of the Woodbury shaft, as the latter was alrecdy in rock; and the level ran west for 90 feet before ore came in at the roof. Ore was penetrated to 245 feet, where for 20 feet the downward ex- tension of the anvil-shaped shoot was cut. Thence to 420 feet ore was mrrimL m .««* pi»tm of full width Md i> o«lwn Bamming to om foot the rock w«tp« wb,ch « m« in full wkhl. a, Na « tevd, but wWch doe, not reach the fi.K.r ,tf No „. Then«. to fi25 feet come dtemation. of good and poor ore wide and n«rr:.w. m place, ni»d with rock. Beyond thia point only rock w«l Below No «. between the levd and the pinch, aome ore waa atopeJ out but It waa r.^ative*r unaatiafactorv in quantity and quality ' ^^^ °"'' SMietural rondit^on.-The above somewhat tireaome details of the of the ore J>ody. This b.Hiy may he dew-ribed broadly m a bed, triangular in iTrSrtrgotE" '''^^^-^^^-^■^"E. Itadip'intheu"pir To the east the old upper levels east of the Searv shaft appear to have s opped ,n ore: and it is to be presumed that ore continue, mTo he dT ance to the point where the pinch of the bottom intersect* the surface, abou^ U50 feet north-east of the Woodburv- shaft. At the most, hoH^v^r tWs would give but a small tonnage. """ever, inis dowJwaiJ' T. m'T. r"^ ""' '" "^ '"'«"'"'' ""•' '~» *he surface 3?°7n the n„i ^"f "1!^ '^ "^*"'«" P^'^ '^ *hi.s, but it is roughly teve Whe'? '".K ' 'I ■ "'^ ''* •^^^'^^ continuously, as at No. 3 IJt r .. !?T * P""''' "" «°*^«»ntered in the levels the foot-wall comes in junctum of the walls always pitches west, even though steeply in some places There .s some similarity f,etween this termination of the ore and the pS ilg^of^L' ^^ '"'''■ ''"* •" ''^ ^''™- ^'^^ ^« - accompanying tS The flat break or pinch at the base of the ore bodv is formed bv a more or less rhythmic change of dip of the walk The hanging wTfim plu^L" from an average dip of 38° to 58" or 60°. then to vertical The frt-waZ! ■ Sv 1^ totur IT "^ *^« '---tal. coming against the hanging walV" ttlan^ng rjl ""' '''" '"™''^ ^'^ ^'^ perpendicular and following eastern enTl^i'tr'^ '^" V^^' '^" ""' '^'^^ ^P''™^*' «« f"-- «« ««"• ^ the eastern end of he mine, where a verj- low grade ore was found to a maximum • ;i\trpii:^nV::irk"^^ ''- ^•"'^ ''' -^ ^'^^^ -p^-- ^^« - in Pll""".' "■' o:r'''^ T!T "! '^' """" "' *^^ ^^""^^•^"'^ «»>«ft i« «hown encoulrel th .7"^;\^f ^'^ f---" this chiefly in the depth at which are encountered the considerable flattening of the vein and the pinch. Sections made artherea.st would .show lK>th at less depth, and i^ctvrL. Placelup to r " wV' I'^ "1" T ^^^"'"P*™-^ ^^ thickening of the ore. in m the^ J,eing thicker and of Mter grade, a leaner and narrower portion lying between them. The pitch of the n.lLs follows closely that of the pinci * Ml ij r n I1I..J I -.1.1. .Ml nurwiva STBVCTVMX, ^^^wniv nwT'MJBLmCMCiBMiPnE* frAoTfj^i^DA^fOioC&rJUj^ mmooKl^aiirlUsTMMCT. 7 ■" ■ ■ • * — I— i- J ¥U I 4 ^'^'' ^i^:^^^ Hi t \ \\ jI I On ^ Hiett ifeittiMitaiMft PLATE m mtmm •iiii**" ...» mttmrtNm TTT *-^^ rtfa f *" ' ^ /^ ' ''^" " '' ^^ ' ^."]^"n , 7; if i tfrnn i /r; ( irm i.g IMIM # ^ if m 5* 35" IW Any reUtion between the rock ahoota and the rolla and pinch, if preaent, ia obecure. The deacription and »to\ie aectiun ahow an irregularity of dia- tribution, attitude, ahape and «iae of the ntck maaaea; but there ia a marked tendency to a we«twani pitch, and iti aonie caaea thi* approaciies that of the line of pinch of the ore. There ia no rlijthm or regularity of frequency of these ahiKitH; but they are practically alwaya accompanied by a right-handol twixt or j»flf»et. never becoming a fault. In theae ahoota the walla hold well apart ; ao that, while the ore may lie thin or wanting, the Iwlt retaina much of it« normal breadth. In other worda, the rock in part rspreaenta incomplete replacement of portiona of a atratuni by the iron. Whether thia replacement occurred before the folding of the l)ed ia not an economic problem. The important pointa are, firat, the irregu- larity of form and distribution, and second, the frequent audden offaets in the l»ed, which accompany but do not account for the rock ahoota. Phyneal and chtmical character of ore.— The ore from this mine, and at the eaatern end of the I.«ckie vein generally, is a fine-graine- rarely oolitic structure may be noticed. It haa been spoken of as devoid of shell fossils, but during the period of thia investigation scarcely a day passed without fossils being seen. Still they are relatively rare here as elsewhere in the bed. In the western part of the district one cause for the uncertainty and difficulty of correlation of the veins and for working out the structure lies in the increasing numlier of shells which the Leckie ore held in that direction, this being nearly pari pa»su with the increase of mag- netic quality which it shows. At the Leckie mine there is almost no magnetic ore. As a rule the ore in this mine is easily separnteil from the rock walls. This is in part because the hanging wdl consists of 18 inches of soft, green and highly decayed slate, the foot-wall two feet of the same material; in part because the impregnation ceased along well defined boundaries. Beyond both walls is hard blue slate. Most of the ore breaks in clean rhombohcdral blocks. A general average analysis of the ore has already been given, based upon a large numlier of tests, practically all from shipments. It will be noted that the iron runs high for a Clinton ore, comparing favourably with the lower of the Bell Island veins. From the large numlier of available analyses the following are selected to show the range v,f the diflferent components:— T-200 General sample of several cars of hematite; Sniaili. Londonderry. T-201 Sample of massive red hematite; ditto. T-202 Hematite, fine ore and rock matter; ditto. T-203 Sample from cars at Ferrona; R. E. Chamlwrs. New Glasgow Coal, Iron and Railway Company. T-204 Sample from stock piles; ditto. T-205 Signeil"J.T. D." '* t tlw im psriod of opiration, or tat TIm afaovt MO ail fran tiv on dofTB U) liM. TIm (latw of tlw foUowaig m mI lawvi^ bvl Mm MMlym m« from LowkMMi0rry:-T-aM. »7, SM, 3B>, 3M, 211. T-212 OmL Snrv., Cte., Bipu ftir 1S73-4. «0i Al/). I OiO ' MfO M^, ».« MM . . at« U tf U«ti 1 MM SOS S.M 4.U M.47 l.W 1.00 uao M ae UM low U 40 7 M M.M , a.ooo f.ts ft.«o . ft M ft. 7ft I 7.07 l.ftO 2 70 BOO 1.00 tfM«. tnn ! .A3S tiM* I .OOS .180 P I H .410 I .110 '.'.'.'.'.'. ".7M' i.aao i.iao , 087 .078 1.170 ! 1 010 ; .on 1.340 I 1.480 ' .088 1.180 .880 I .084 .780 .080 The following tm partial analyNa from varioiu sources, but practically all made at Londonderry:— T-213 Average of 30,000 tone shipped to Londonderry down to 1806 (too optimistir) ; R. G. E. Leelde. T-214 Average of seven can; Smaill. T-215 ditto. T-21d Sample from S. Barteaux, Londonderry. T-217 Best lump ore,, maill. T-218 Red hematite, "Sample from Barteaux;" 8maill. T-2ig Sample of red hematite; Smaill. T-22fki« ok body is Umit. •d in .U dirrctioM. M far m known at prmnt. In euMkieruif tfie detailed •tnirtuw of that pan .rf the diMrict, hawt^^r, it i. Men that the atiata at uJ^ »»» ™in« l» on the north aide of an UMynunatricmi ayneline, tie Umfaa of which are much rtretched and thinned. In the eaae of the ore bed thM action -mounted to a complete aeparation of the •tratum.the lower pan' beiaf carried downward. *^ It ii regardrd ai probable that the continuation of tl'.ia body, perhapa in a much thickened condition, nay lie at the bottom of the •yncIinT the ore ficcupytng the trough. Wheelock Mine iMotum and eharaeteruHa.-Thu opening on the Shell vein, atill in an early ,tAp. of development, is situated on the Fletcher Wheelock property the shaft being but a few feet south-east of the Torbrook-Nictaux rotul (see Plates 12 and 17). Access to the workings is through one shaft. 7 by 14 feet, sunk on an mchnafion of 79» W. the angle at which tlie ore dips at the surface. At ptwnt two sets of levels are being driven; set No. 1 is at a vertical depth of 80 feet No. 1 east at the end of March. 1907 was 445 feet in length. No. 1 west 370 feet. No. 2 lies at a vertical depth of IflO feet. The east level was 280t.*t long on March 28, 1907, the west 330 feet. In the shaft, as will be seen Uter, the ore ran into the hanging wall a few feet below No. 1 level. As a consequence, a crosa-cut to locate the ore was run southward at the depth now occupied by No. 2 fevel. At the bottom of the shaft a drift was carried east for 20 feet and a cross-cut north 137 feet intersecting the Leckie UmI on the way. The first dri^t ronth for the Shell vein 18 really a continuation of this cross-cut. Shaft gection.~Thv average dip of the shaft to the depth of No. 2 tevcl is 72° the slope var}inK w)mcwhat (see Plate 27). I)ow .. to No. 1 level the ore follows the shaft, firning ^.mewhat southward at this point, so that the dip » nduc«Hl fron. 79« S.E. to 54°. At six feet below the floor of the level the foot-wall flattens for part of the width of the shaft, resuming its noriral PLaI - H7iEEL,OC ■ t » W M M M U « « M Ml ***"^— * ■ ' — I ■ . V ^ ."s o < ■Ml w PLATE as. No. I underhAii Co ed in all{ struct ur and near limbs of ^ this action s being carried It is reg in a much \ the ore occuj Location an early stage the shaft bein t IHfc'W/ Kl (see Plates 12 Access to inclination of present two sei of 80 feet. No. west 370 feet, was 280 feet lo: In the sha few feet below was run t^oxit hvn of the shaft a d intersecting the vein is really a Shaft nection is 72", the slope ore follows the ai dip IB reduced fw the foot-wall iiatt^iu) u>r part ol the width of the shaft, resuming its nornal . - -. >.n. tevn S13L- 6 « 8 « «« I :/ ■ 1 ! 1 - V 1 i ,M± lutkieuB lur pan oi tnp wiatn nt tne snatt, resuming its nonrai 113 f u ft. 11 Si 1 114 dip oBfle mof«- At • (fepth of 28 feet below the levd it turai flat and even Mamnee • low nortli dip, pewing rapidly wenm the shAft ftod out of view to the aoutlMMtward. The efa«»'«ut eouth found the on »t • dietanoe of 30 faet, mMMumd between the eentiee of the drifts. At the bottom of the •itbft the dip ■ 43* S.E., the itrike SAT* W E. (nwgnetie). At 40 feet frcrr 'V uiqier level tlie dip hM inereaeed but 1" 30*. The ehangee at and near the |<»ot-wall of the iron ore are rapid, the dip increasing at onoe in the ore so that at 22 feet from the upper level it is 57*, which is maintained for ten feet, from which to the top there ii an increase to 79° followed by the flatten- ing six feet below the level. No. 1 Uvd: wett.—The west side of both levels is entirely in ore, which varies greatly in thickness. Description can be given 'only of the portions opened in the summer of 1906; whereas t'ne map and profile, made in Blarch, 1907, show min a d^ of M* 8.E. to 22" N.W. At M feet from the shaft the dip of the foot-wall has increased to 74° S.E. At 74 feet the on pinches out in the roof, the hanginc wall remaining steady, the foot- wall eonUag shar|dy south. Thence to 116 feet the level runs m rock. Over most of this barren distance the strike is N. 70^ E. (magnetic), the dip about 82* S.E. At the end the ore comes io obliqueiy on the south side oi the level, and evidently has not been pinched out for quite the whole rock interval indicated by the levri. From this onwnw* to the face, 226 feet from the shaft oentre when examined, the dip varies from 73° to 79^. Here the foot-wall again comes in against the hanging wall, pinching the ore cumi^tely out in a second rock shoot. The iron has averaged seven to eight feet thick between the two rock masses. Plate 28, figs, e and d, and Plate 29, fig. h, show some of these features. No. 2 kvel: reeU. — Of this level little can be said. It had been cut in ore throughout when examined, but was only 175 feet in from the shaft. The dip declines rapidly from the normal in going west, averaging 61° over much oi the way to the first chute, where it is 54°. At 109 feet from the cross-cut it has become 47°, and at 134 feet is 34° on the foot-wall, flattening steadily to 150 feet from the shaft. The ore thickens here and a roll begins. The details could not be had when the examination was made, because of lack of development. At the foot of the shaft a rock drift was started west on' the strike, but carried only 10 feet. The rock is sem to roll heavily here, the dip being as low as 36° S.E. above and steepening rafMdly downward. Eastward a rock level was run for 20 feet, and thence a cross-cut driven south to the ore. At the end of this rock level the roll is still felt, the dip changing from 33° S.E. at a height of 8 f?et to 58° at the floor. In the south cross-cut the dip steepens rapidly to a maximum of 82° 30' within six feet of the foot-wall of the ore. This cross-cut is 29 feet to the center of No. 2 level, and at its south end is 25 feet easl of the shaft. A croE8-cut was also driven north for 135 feet. Details regarding it are not known, beyond the fact that the dips are uniformly steep and that the Leckie vein was cut. .Vff. 2 ?erf/ ; east. — From 10 or 15 feet east of the cross-cut westward, the ore in this level widens gradually, being 8.5 to feet thick opposite the shaft 117 •ad thiekar to th* wMt. At • dbtuet of 79 feet 4 iaehm ea*tw»rd from tb* c fOMCut tiM or* pinchw out, the line of pinch b«ing vertical. The foot- w«H dipi 73* S.E. Both walla curve and convargt, the hanging wall deviating moet. The rocka aa a whole take a left-hand turn, the atrike Bwinging aa far as to N. 10" E. (magnetic). The ore begina to come in Sfi feet farther eaat, the line of pinch having an eaatward pitch of 76°, ao that the rock ia widening downward. Thia may alao be aeen by glancing at the two lev»;a aa drawn in longitudinal profile. The t Oet Nov Dec Yeariy averajps . . . " maximum. " minimum . 1907 Averagn — Jan Feb March. . . April. . . . May ... . Maximum- Jan Feb March. . Aoril . . . M^y... Minimum- Jan Feb. . . . March.. April. Mky. 44.18 43.43 42.64 41.44 46.30 41.71 39.M 41.82 42.M 43.10 42.74 47.81 36.12 42.86 45.30 43.20 4' 8.} 46.76 4«.60 48.10 46.11 49.22 48.76 40.20 40.10 40.73 41.73 43.46 15.68 18.09 17.20 18.32 lfi.47 19.30 19.23 17.92 16. M 16. b6 17.46 24.00 13.50 16.22 16.94 17.43 16.20 15.19 19.80 23.92 20.30 19.08 16.45 14.55 13.58 13.67 14.62 13.22 T-250 T-251 T-252 T-253 T-254 T-255 T-206 T-247 T-258 T-2W T-97 T-260 T-261 T-262 T-263 T-264 T-265 T-98 T-266 T-287 T-270 T-268 T-99 T-269 T-271 T-'?7'' T-lOO lit OraeMM 'Alma of Akm No I. TakM fraai tnia loMiaf U LwkM bum, fnm ■Mek pU* iMi fiMk ean froM Ivvvb 1 aad 2, and it good in JuM, ItW. No 152. QMMnJ wnpto froM old doaip. No. in. QMMrai MBpte froM fac* in No. 1 Itvol. No. 164. OMMral Mmi^ from fMo of No. 2 l«vri. No. 155. OwMTAl Moipio from (mh <^Bip; No*. 152-155 in Oetober, 1906, : No. 1 No. 153 No. 15S No. 154 No. 155 r« MO* 40.U ] 45.630 10. MO 7.030 8.630 MO 1.10ft .305 47 360 9.000 6.600 8.730 1.000 1.115 .505 43.41 40.00 AW6. cJc!* ff .:::■:■:.:. 1 t . Boreholes. Some of the boreholes in the Torbroolc diitrict have been mentioned, ■onne have not. The log of each is given below, with auch cognate data aa are available. The numbers assigned are merely tot convenience. No. 1; Som. MeConndl property. — Unfortunately there is only one hole on the south ride of the basin. This is on the comer of the McCminell pro* perty, 195 feet deep, made in 1901 by the Nov% Scotian Mines Department with a 1,000 foot Dam calyx drill taking a 5 inch core. It is to be regretted that in strata dipping at such a high angle a Diamond drill was not oftenei used, both by the provincial Mines Department and by individuals. At the surface the dip was 87" N.W., at the bottom SS". Very little of the core was to be found during the present study. The log below is from the original by Mr. James Phiimey, drillman. A slightly different version i^ in N. 8. Mines Dept. Rep. for 1901, page 74:— I Material. Surface (k-tntiis Loom dark blue slate, fint distinct core Broken blue slate South side of core iron, north side elate Black magnetite South tide of core slate, north side iron Hard dark slate, almost black South side of core iron, north side black slate Black magnetite. . South side of core slate, north side iron Hard black slate Lencth, Total Feet •Length 3 3 20 32 27 50 3 62 30 92 8 100 30 130 3 133 33 166 6 172 23 195 110 PLATf: .-». -essmuau omt r'o' '''ff •Sections of pits and (frill holes. 120 4 An«]\8i8 at a hiidily vitreous appearing portion of the core, probably from near a wall (No. 35). ^«ve Fe 38 . 52. No. 2: FUtehf "' .'.'xk yperty.—T]m was made in 1901 by the same dic. The deficiency is regrettable, in view of the fact that this is the only source which might at present Ite available for determining the character of the syncline at this point. Attempt has been made by some to show, by means of the increase in thickness of the three ore beds in the core over that at or near the surface, that the l)eds were really broadening at a definite rate. But, bearing in mind the structure of the ore body as disclosed by the developments in the Wheelock mine, both the increase in thickness of the beds and their permanent decrease of dip appear problematical. For the enlargement of the ore in rolls and the non-synchronous changes of dip in the two walls can well explain the ap- parent conditions met in the drill-core. In view of the general tendency of bedded iron ore to maintain or vary its dimensions precisely like any se- deptwits. it is not to be expecteil tliat the iron in Torbrook will increase in thickness regularly downward. 121 So. 3: Josephine Wheelock estate.— On this property and 32 feet from its west line, 280 feet north of the Torbrook-Nictaux road and 17 feet south of the .Shell bed, the same government drill was used in 1905 by the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company. Details from the original log are not avail- able. The summary in the X. S. Mines Dept. report for 1905 is as follows:— Material Thickness Total length .Surface material I'-fi* Bluiah 8lat«8. 32r-3' 322'-9'' Shaly hematite with sheila 8'-10' 331 '-7' Red hematite (8hell bed) 55'-4' .386'-! 1' The dip here is not given. Taken at the ore bed in a surface trench, it is 85° S.E. Much of the core was found. In most parts the stratification is parallel with the core, or vertical. The planes are extremely distinct, with much pyrite occurring in them. The bottom of the hole was ?ti!l in ore. No. 4; Joscjihine WhieltKk estate.— TUs was made in 1906 by the Lon- donderry Iron and Mining Company, with a government 800-foot diamond drill taking a 15/16 inch core. It is situated about 260 feet north-west of the road, 80 feet south of the vein. Here again a detailed log is not available, and the summarj- below is from the N. S. Mines Dept. Report for 1906. Material Length i Total length Surface material 12'-0' Blue and gray slate 96'-0' ioS'-O' Red fuHiiiliferous hematite (Shell bed) 6'-3' 114'-3' Blue an d gray a late 0'^' 1 1.5'-0* The hole was inclined 45° and the rock at the surface dips 80° S. E. So. 5; Page and Steams estate.— In 1906 a hole was put down upon the property locally long known by the above name, now held under the name of M. J. Taylor. It is situated 396 feet west of the east line of the property, and 42 feet south of the railway; and is inclined at 45°. The drill used was the same as in No. 4 hole. The work was done so late In the season that examination of the core was not possible; but the summary below is from the N. S. Mines Dept. report for 1906, p. 84. The rock at the surface dips 78°S. E.:— Material Surface material Blue slate Gray slate Blue and gray slate Shell bed, hematite, poor. . good. . Gray slate Iron ore mixed with cak'ite. Gray slate Thickness Total lengi h 18'- 0' 4'- 3' 3'- 0" 102'-n" 2'- 0' 5'- 0' •v_ •■>» 0'- 8' 2'- 0' 22'-3' 25'-3" 128'-2' 130'-2' 135'-2" 137'-4' liS'-O' HO'-O" 122 [!« So. 6. VflvSU Hoffman property.— This wm made by a government 4m foot hand diamond drill, taldng all inch core, put down in 1905 at an anf^ of 45°, to cut the Shdl bed. MstMMl liengUi Total length Surface material • Grayish (foaailifemua) «hale« Omyisb (fossiliferoiw) ithiUee, showing cakite. Mixed Hhalm, hrmatitr Red hematitf Dark blup and gny ilatc* Hematite and shales mixed Red hematite Dark shales Red hematite Grav shales Dar'k bluish shaleu Dark bluish shales, with liande of ore Ii|;ht ip«y shales. Red hematite Red and blue shales Red hematite Bluish shale, with calcite 18'- 0' 20'- 0* 4'- 6' 2'- 5" 5'- 2" iv- I" V- 6' I'-C 4 - r «'- 2* 4'-ir 3'- 0' ir- 7' 2'- 6' 10'- 4- 6'- 6* T-vr 38'- 0* 42'- 6* 44'-n' SO*- 1' 120'- 6* 122'- C 123'- 0* 127'- 1* 133'- 3' 138'- r 141'- r 152'- 9* 153'- 6* 156'- 0' 186'- 4' ni'-io* 174'- 8' Two holes were bored in 1905 on the J. Goucher farm, west of the Wheel- ock mine, with the government No. 3 steam diamond 400 foot drill. The records were so pooriy kept as to be unreliable, and cannot be given here. Claim was made that iron giving 6 feet 5 inches on the incline (45°) was cut with its hanging wall at 183 feet depth on the incline. So. 7: E. M. Barteaux property.— East of the Leckie mine and of the Torbrook-Wilmot road, three holes were sunk with the government No. 1 5 inch 1,000 foot calyx drill in 1900. One of these, located close to the road, did not reach undisturiietl bed-rock. Summan.- of its log is as follows: — Material I^ength Total length TxKNte detritus of flay and liouldcrs. Reddish shale, soft and broken 12'-0" 48'-0'' 60'-0' So. 8: E. M. Barteaux property.— The two other holes were a few yards from the road. No. 9 opposite No. 7 and 15 feet east, No. 8 twelve feet south of No. 9. The dip of the rocks here is practically vertical, their strike N. 62° E. The following summan.- is taken from the log by Tajrt. J. Phinney, drillman, a.s is that of No. 9 hole. \M Material Ijnirth Red shales ;«;«" and bhie slate 63'-0 Blue ^-iHte 19;-0' Hard i Token slatex with ijusinz '^','^!^ Very hard blue slates and spar stringers 102'-0* Total ■ •-'Or-O' 123 No. 9: E. M. Barteaux property. — In the record of this borehole are several items of brown hematite. In view of the character of much of the iron and ferruginous rock to the east toward Black or Torbrook river, it is to be doubte»«« " 5'- 11.6' Oh " 6'- n.5' a»te " 7'- 4.5' I Ore " 8- 3.75* Sate •' 8'- 5.5' ! Ore •• 8'- 9.5' 5*** •• 9'- 4' Ore " icy- 0' Ore and slate " 14'- 0' Slate " 16'- 0' Ore '• 17'- C Ore " 17'- 10' Ore and alate •19'- 0' ^te " ly- 4» Slate and ore '•20'- 11' Ore "21'- 9* Slate •'•22'- 11.5' Ore " '23'- 2' Slate ■'23'- 9* , Ore " '24'- 2' Ore and 8lat« " '25'- 10' i Ore " '26'- 2' '■ ^ate " •29'- 9' Ore " 30'- 0" Slate " 30'- «• Ore " 32'- 6' "^o core " 33'- 0' Slate and ore " 19'2'- 0* Slate This hole has great interest, as showing that below the pinch there is at the end east of the mine an imperfect concentration covering a great breadth. The iron is too poor to work but affords information as to the character of underground water action in disturbed ground. No.ll: Leckie miTW.— The second hole is from the end of No. 5 east level and at 45° tncUnation. The exact direction is not known. eastwardly, .- i Distance on core 1 Rock to 54'-0'- mixed slate, calcareous rock and calcite to lOS'-C slate 125 No. 12: Leckie mine.— Two holes were drilled from a point 162 feet in from the mouth of a cross-cut south-eastward from No. 3 level west of the Woodbury shaft. The first is 346 feet long, perpendicular to (he strike and At an angle of 77" N. W. The core gave the following:— Diiitance I'-O' to 3 feet 5 " 10 ' 15 ' 20 ' 22 ' 23 ' 27 ' 30 33 34 33 40 45 no 55 56 75 100 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 ' 195 196 '205 '210 '215 '225 '230 '237 '245 '250 '255 '267 '270 '276 '290 '295 '305 '315 '320 '325 '330 '340 '345 '346 Dip I Rork 83° N.W.lDark blue raU-areous »\ates SOP 80» sr 88" 86" 80° 80° 80° 84° 80° 80° 87° 90° 85° 83° 80° 85° 83 aver. 85° 84° 83° 81° 85° 82° 85° 84° 8.5° 86° 84° 85° 86° 83° 86° 86° 86° 87° 86 84° 84° 82° 83° 82° 80° 73° 80° 82° 75° 65° 66° Light reddiith fcreen calcareous sliitrs Light blue calcareous slates Light reddish green calcareous slates Dark blue calcareous slate fl u ti Light reddish green calcareous elate Eterk blue calcareous slate Pegmatite vein Dark calcareous slates with thin regular light bands to 230 ft. Pseudo-conglomerate, light quartz pebbles, slate matrix Dark blue sUtes with calcareous bands (I .1 li *t Blue slates with frequent light irregular bands, brecciating the Rlate Ditto ^ , Dark blue slate with small regular calcareous bands Ditto Dioritp? Dark slate with narrow light bands (( t( ** i Ditto, with some pseudo-conglomerate Ditto No. 13; Leckie mine.— A second hole was drilled from the same place as No. 12, but at an angle of 67° and for a length of 143 feet. The log is so monotonous as not to require setting forth in detail. For the first 20 feet are light gray and green slates with an average dip of 80° N. W. Thence to tfa* cod the rods an dark bhM rmHed and mP N. W.. imenlhr 8S*. S: 14; Lm*m mhw.— Hm WmI «ad (]< tlw croaa-eut t jvth from No. 3 when not vertical. thttf dip fhietuating betveen bond horiaontaDy from the , in 1906. The dipa an north-west DiMUK* Dip O'-Cto S'-O* '• IC-C " 12'-0' " U'-6" •' i*'-«- 4VM -AMtLiMT'i. cmexit Af/Me f i 1 - f- t 127 The aumnuiry printed in the N. 8. Mine* Dept. Report for 1906, p. 83, ie' intenwting for curopariwn. MntrrtMl nUtanre Total di»tiu)r« flUtc, Miibh i IS'-O* 8Ule «ml iron alti-ni»»* liitnila I «3'-«" 8Utr, ml. with handu of xpur ' m'Hi* gUt«, bluMb, with Unda of iron eN'-O* 8Ut«, iwi I r-v 8Ut«, Muish I W-r 8Utc, r«d i 40'-0' SlAtc, biuirii ' V-V I lA'-O* 1 ia'-3- IH3'-3' 191'-0' 2lO'-3' 2a0'-3' 3&3'-»* Interpretation or Strvctural Conditions. Many of the data available in interpreting the structure of the district have been brought out in connexion with the various topics already dia- eussed. Some others, such as the rock sections exhibited in the stream ex- posures, are far outside the scope of this study. It remains to note two points which may throw light upon the structure. Ltckie mine: erott-cuit. — A cross-cut north from No. 3 level, 240 feet north-west, is said to have passed through gray slates entirely, with steep south-east dip. In default of personal examination, which was not feasible, it can only be said that in the work of excavation it is at least possible that red and fawn-coloured slates, such as are known to lie south-east of the mine, might be overlooked by the observer. The most important rock drift is the cross-cut south-east from No. 3 level. This runs 180 feet 8. 16° W. The two inclined bore-holes already tioned were started 162 feet in. The horizontal hole from the end gives a total horizontal section of 434 feet from the Leckie. At the hanging wall of the Leckie bed the dip is 50° S. E., thence decreasing steadily for 90 feet, where it is 0° (see Plate 25). The rocks pitch heavily south-west over part of this length, and at the axis the amount is 5° to 7°. This, however, is a small subordinate fold. After some undulation, as shown in the cro^p-section sketch, the axis of the main fold is reached at il4 feet from the mouth. South of this the rocks turn immediately to 67° N. W., within nine feet re- gaining their normal strike of N. 62° E. The dip increases rapidly to over 80°, and in parts is vertical. At the end it is 86° to 88° N., and the strike N. 80°-90° E. The axis of this syncline thus dips S. E. and pitches S. W. There seems to be no doubt of the reality of this fold, nor, judging from the dips and the rocks cut in the drifts and boreholes, does it appear to be merely a subsidiary crumple, but a fold of some magnitude and of a class likely to be accompanied bj' others co-ordinate with it. Relation of synclire to Leckie ore body. — In the log of the horizontal bore- hole it will be noted that from 12 to 32 feet the rock is filled with thin leaves and stringers of iron, the individual bands rarely exceeding one-half inch in biMi^b txit in piMM oon^aiag moit ai the rork. The atuation of thU f(>mi#B(>uraam may eoirw^ad to that leeupiad by th« UrUa om bad oo tlia imiiii w> atia o' tha ayac^M. but it a diffiruh to intorprat tha atnietura Mwwstal.v aiwuglk ti> ba mum. If thia ba roirect, it ia probabla that the horiioa tirrupiad M tha mirfaea by tha Laekia bad and aquaMad out by the pioeh at tht button of tha miaa h to ba found on tha auuth aide, but imper- frrtly i«plai»l by iron Tha ahaanre of the light green talcoae walla which bound the Larkw ore ia unimpttrtant, a« their character ia evidently aecondary. and wrthout tha water-action which gave rin to the ore bed the wall roek would have nu ipecial diatinguinhing feat urea. Moraiiver. there is reaaon from the Mtrueture aa deacribed to expect that the horiion of the Leckie ore will be found, much thickened, in the trough of the unnymnietrical s>Ticline: and there ia aufficimt poeaibility of the rock being i«plac«d by iron tu warrant nareh by meana of a diamond drill. In- deed, had the steeper of the two inclined hcdea in the croaa-cut gone 150 feet farther, it would have penetrated the iron-bearing horiion. Aa it ia, the attempt may be worth making from the aurface, the total depth of such a hole being approximately MM feet. A vertical hole of thia depth, located 150 feet south-east of the Woodbury shaft, would be well situated for the purpose. This position is required by the diaaymmetry of the fold. Heen discovered more than a foot in breadth, and none have shown a greater length than a few yards. No more than a few hundred tons of ore have been extracted from any one body, and this small amount has apparently involved the breaking down of considerable trap rock, and the expenditure of more money and labor than the ore was worth. The probability of finding eHher magnetite or hematite in this trap in large bodies may be set down as nil. A considerable number of small, erratic and isolated veins take the place of a few larger masses. By virtue of the histor>- through which the lava has passed, this is to be expected. The iron minerals are either original segregations during cooling, or secondary and in part amygdular fillings like the quartz, caleite and zeolites. As magnetite is often found disseminated in grains through the trap, and as it is an original accessory constituent of some igneous rocks, the former theory may at first sight appear the more probable. But the concentration into p«)ckets and veins, at all events, is secondary, belonging to the same class of action as has brought about the gathering of the quartz, caleite and zeolite minerals; and probably all the iron in the trap has been introduced subsequent to the cooling of the lava. As the trap presents no regular or extensive fi.ssures or joint planes, and a.s it is not a rock easily replaced by the iron in solution, it follows that whatever iron is present lies in such irregular and closely localized cavities a.** it could find. Thus no expectation need be entertained that large bodies will be opened up. These deposits have had little attention paid to them in the field during the season's work; and they would not lie given prominence in this report were it not to complete the circuit of the country which might be made tributary to Annapolis or Parrsboro as a smelting centre, or to Acadia Mines, as is necessary under the present arrangement. for Mit to • ■ North ■atme of thcM d^KMits, of tiMB m^ b« kvulable quiring the iaveitment of capital. But beyond this they cannot go, and there is no hope for any of them undw the present market conditions. 138 Si (See EnUigement) i IXIfOlflAH OSP08ITB CHAPTER IV. OP HAKTB AND 00L0HB8TBR CossTExn OP Chapteb 4. rxoB Situation and general character 134 Avon river to Tennycape 136 Lants and Tomlinaon openings 135 Goehen mine 135 AmUyaea 135 Scattered occurrenceB 13fi Summary 130 Selma 13fi Location 136 Sweeney and :'iia openings 138 Summary 139 Clifton 139 Situation Ore Brookfield Situation 139 139 141 141 Location of deposit 142 The Chambers mine 142 Analyses from Londonderry 142 Analyses fr . Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co 144 Recent openings 145 Situation and general character. — From the Avcm river north of Windsor, eastward through Hants and Ci^hester counties, the rocks at and near the contact of the Devonian and Carboniferous are the seat of various kinds of mineralization, especially limonite. In all except one or two instances the deposition has occurred in the Devonian. The upper rocks are, in the cases so far observed, the lower Carboniferous limestone or Windsor series. Some of the iron localities are near either rail or water shipment, and the country is open. In most parts there is no good timber available, but others are well supplied. Water power is absent, and none of the occurrences of ore promise to be of sufficient si*« to make electric power installation an advantage. II II of the best dumps at the Tomlinson property, of fairiy siliceous ore. Sample ^^fei^MMi M**** 4S*N< 64'm' Xrf RiVEK TO TENXYrAfK. In the t«rritory covered by the Wtlton sheet («eol. Surv. Can., doe. ^v't^u*'***" "*****' ^°' '*^ ■'• * "*""'*'■ "' occurrencee of iron, aome of which have been worked in a nnall way in the past (lee Plate 33). From Tennycape wertwnnl, near and at the contact of the Devonian and the Wimlaor wries. ver}' many pockets of manganew ore (pyroluaite and oc- ca«onally manganite) are t.) be met. In parts, as at Noel. Tennycape and w alton, these ai« of a high degree of purity. LanU and Tomlituon opming$.-lowAnln the wjuth-west, at the Lanti and Tomiinson minea, the mangamw is so mixed with iron as to become virtually a manganiferous iron ore. These two mines, like the rest of those in Hants county, really pros- pects, are situated at the contact of the Devonian with the Windsor series on the south, lying in the former. The Lanta mine is one mile east of the Ctoehen n)ad and four miles south-east of Cambridge. The Tomiinson mine is a mile farther east-north-east. At the time of inspection the Lanti openings showed a few pits full of water, with no ore on the surface, hence no finrt-hand knowle<"ge of the deposit was gaine ara akipfiad usdar no more favw.bit in th« nvar at MaitlMid m 4:1 to 50 f^t. •' low tide ia B (Mt. Theae rvtnarka will mi aaat iil tha rivtr. (Htm »!•<> •■* »< ' lie leen. Snteney and ElU o/»en(iv« — The plt^ Hr .r * ikie ea t-weat (niaijnetic). At the weatem openinK, on the property • •. hAi-cr V ' 1'^ re ia a dump of idMHit 15 t«MW of a niixture of \hax*^ '-m'". tw y;l»t variety miner- alofieaUy called Koethite, and red aii< )/r'>w 'i matite. The iihaft ia twelve feet deep, full of water. The eaatern or 8weene>' p»». about 1) vam 1 .« >f the former, nhowa a anudl dump of similar ore. Sample Id7 w a general one from the dump of the first pit, l.W from the oecond. 157 IM SiU.. . CaU 1^ P. 8. i\ fi6.8W M.MO 5.9Q0 S.7W I.SIO I.MO 3.130 1 3.080 .aoo .in 4m «w .OM .(H5 .011 .UI2 The most important opening is on the farm «»f John and James Sweeney, now known tw the .^llan property, and a short distance south of the liouse. Tl»ip property is lM>undeelow (I>. 7). The second is from the Klls projierty, the third from the Sweeney farm, analyses made at Londonderry. The fifth is from the note-l)o«)k of \V. F. Jentdstm. 1V7 l)-f< I)-» D-10 n II Fe 44.00 .50. (HI S6.50 46.0-20 02.S10 SiO, 10 00 8. -'J h.m 12.010 4. WW P. 05 .o:j7 .0J9 s very !»« oao oin J i 190 II it th^w MM) that ttw nrn U prominnc, *■ it ihowi •omt bodjr, hut no tuet limit* are yrt known. ■ Major R. (}. K. l^erkit iiiilM«i|urntly maile Mvpral itpeninicM on th* Ell» farm to the WMt. \ml fuunf the Dominion Atlantic railway, or 28 miles from Acadia .Mines (Hate 35). The country is low and open. The head of Col»equid bay lies a mile to the north of the iron occurrences. (See Geol. Surv. Can., doo. »>36, Truro sheet 87.) The ore here, as is often the case in this part of the country, is cloeely related to the contact lietween the lower Carlioniferous Windsor series and the Devonian, at this place calle«l the .Mispec or Union series. Triassic rcwks lie to the north, but have no liearing up feet apart, and 4,500 feet lielow the fork of the Beaver brook road and th^ old post road, on the left bank of a small bnKjk. All that can be seen at present are the openings, one a well timlieree 70 feet deep. It is noticeable that no waste rcxk is present. No Iwdrock outcrop** in the vicinity. The ore is chiefly litnonite, (»ften Iwitryoidal, lying in concretionary form in sandstone. With it are red hematite, reil ochre, goethite and some little earthy matter. From the t>re btnly, whuh is said to Ite about si.x to seven feet thick, 497 tons were shippeund it on aU sides. Immediately south of these « a mass ve rum«te The longer direction of thi. pocket is roughly para lei with the Imt and at a v^ oblique angle to the stratification both m strike and Z ihTsi« of the lode w«, roughly 300 feet long by 30 feet wide on the te;aj Some parts were as .Ide as 80 feet. ,•">« depth was variable, the shaft through the deposit being approximately 120 feet. The ore was first opened in 1889 by Mr. R. E. Chambers near the west side of the propertv of Uander Nelson, the ore being sold to the predecessors of the iJonSerrv Iron and Mining Company. Subsequently the property wal sold to the New Glasgow Iron. Coal and Railway Company, predecessor of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company. . » j .u. In all 44 400 tons of ore are recorded a.s having been extracted, the Docket l)eing nearlv exhausted. This does not. however, account for the ^ o ,he Lv as given above. The iron ore is in the form of hmon.te. t" brown henlatite of trade, sometimes .native, sometimes ^tryou^a^^ Apparentlv its value decreased rapidly towards the margins. Miich of it as mine^lwas mixe.i with considerable red clay, and during most of he time this w:is washeooks of the Londonderry Iron and Mining Company. All are from carload lots and many are averag^ of several. Th.,* deserving espe'. From the main hne a spur line of standard gauge runs from East Mines station to East Mines, and from Londonderry station to Acadia Mines, about three mUes in each case. From the village at Acadia Mines a narrow gauge track runs west as far as Cumberiand brook, the seat of the westernmost workings. The country as far east as Debert river at least, and as far west as the Portapique. is all easily made tributary to Acadia Mines bv extensions of present railways. A line has been surveyed from Parrsboro to Truro, and spurs from this would bring within reach any iron ore deposits opened up between Parrsboro II (he pM«aptqi» rimt. l^Ml «l Tmw^MMt tnMpofUtioo becumet • diilaalt prabfeA, Md aiti^ i»v« to bt I7 «s«w. /"•Mw.—lliB Ontoqiii wap •»!«■*»*»«■•, M^y ol thMi of good ^^ La 1^ IB III -^ ^•-- ] — Bat vwy ftw hAvc MlBdMit body daiaff the •umnw for ponwr t i M i| i— , Iwirfy «»i^ »o Ihc abieBM of rawrvoir lih ^f nw the Iwilwnn la eerUua cmm Mtifietel ttoiage floiiki b« PMHtod to with mom womb, bMaun of (he |oi|e-li]r rather arbitrarily divided into four groups: —(1) pockets in the Triasnc trap near Cobequid bay; (2) scattered occui^ reneee in the Devonian, apparently unrelated to the lower Carboniferous contact or, perhaps to any wideapread structure, although in places aligned in east and west zones and in others located near igneous contacts; (3) veins in close proximity to igneous contaets of the Devonian and granites or within the latter rocks, in part highly siUceous and massive and in part Miniiii # I t d D » y It ■a « rt r. M IT 99~^W m^V^^W'^^^^ ^^W^^r^Wt^^' ■■mm t II i durii fMer eould ttM \ tat ri •n fi riwr •bly rrnr of 4 1 Un4l oftk to til smell: 18,011 cent < oontK nngl the m y X / J V t Cobeq extern ary of south ore it but ■> ocetifi € renoH contac ineaM in doi withili 140 •peeulMr tad ASsetcd by or dependem upon thk firoximity; and (4) ore bodiM oemipying • long and narrow aone in t^* Devonian, in a fvncnl way foUowiaff iU eontaot with tlip lower Carbonif«n)i. * to the ■outh, but not dtpaadent upon it. The lait it t\wi moat ImporUnt. .>fe»lfcrwi oerurrenen within the fkvonian.-Ot Ixolatcd e xpmuiM of Iron ofrfi in Devonian mrkg, coming under group 2, many are known. Whiie amall an< md tKe d-tail of our know- ledge concerning it demand tliat it be gi\.n w i uah- tniuinent. The Londondbrry Ranoe.— (1) To I'oKTAPiQur Hive«. DittrilmHon and cro$».iection.— From a point midwav between Baaa river of Five Islands and East river of Five Islands, a band of the lower Carboniferous conglomerat«» formation stretches eastward without inter- ruption f<»r 42 miles to a point south of McKenzic scttkment. Tlienoe eastward toward the southern side of the l»ictou coal Ik-Id it occurs in isolated patches only. Tliroughout the western two-thirds of its length this sone is bounded on the south by Triassic strau, whidi are followed by Devonian from Debert river east. Devonian lies to the north at all points. A north-south section on any line east of Eust river of Five Islands would give in general the foUowing:— (1) at the north the prof axis of intrusive rocks, showing igneous contacts with the next rocks soutli, and profoundly altering the nearest of tJieiu; (2) a zone of Devonian strata of variable width- (3) above an unconformable c»>ntact, the lower Carboniferous, with different •ml far less alU>Ped seilinients; (4) above another unconformable conUct the Triassic. With tlie first and the last two we have no further concern in this connection, except a.s two of them bound and limit the iron-bearing beds. ^ Zone of Devonian a-oidal; also the hydrous minerals goeth- ite and turgite, which for present purposes may be classed the one as limonite and the other as hematite. OuUropt of ore. — The westernmost location of iron on this range is on E^t river of Five Islands. Hoe annerite and quarts occur at the Devonian- Carboniferous contact. A mile farther up stream, close to the first contact of the igneous rorks, iron is again met How much indication of ore there is between these two points is not known. Eastward, at the east branch of Beaver brook, the Devonian band narrows down to practically nothing through the encroachment of igneous rocks from the north, so that all iron occurrenree to the eastward are probably cut off completely from those to the west. The next good section is exposed by Economy river. Just above Econo- my falls, which are close to the contact of the Devonian an(j Carboniferous, are cliffs of greenish shales similar to some sssociated with iron farther east; but n.T ore. Two miles above here, in the granite area, the river forks. About 4,450 feet north of this are "dark bluish gray rusty beds, very like the darker portion of the Londonderry iron >«rie6. In the planes both of jointing and bedding are f51m.s of specular iron ore. Certain bands have a pecuKar appear^ ance, a« of altered underclay, so often noticed in the iron ore series." These might ea-sily be the strata of the Londonderry range repeated by folding, with the inter\ening area »ubee«]uently intnided. \X about 5,500 feet from the fork are " light gray cream-colore<] and rusty slates, containing veins of specu- lar iron one-fourth of an inch thick." ()n Murphy brook, a tributary- from the north, "after crossinji a great breadth of igneouK rock-s are purple and greenish altere«l slates, with quartz veins and hlotrhea of specular ore." ^ 'he er, the •on ich (ed 3U8 iee, f » the an- lOf 1 the ay. I«« ibe Iwt *n ibe b- Hut mo fk, the PLA1 * t t J*» - s ft L**n la i.v«f>W^»n|ty mt—f. »» - tt M m ^trnmit m cna» V tut M WlUismt mm VLATB mXHB VCTim auiu utKHMuxB Ut O^IVK UMU U1C> Ml At Little Bass river the Devonian is leas than half a mile wide. The weond or broad band of the same starts two miles beyond. In the former, north erf a small outlier of Carboniferous rooks close to the contact with the Devonian, the strata show that "there is no break in the continuity of the iron ore series, as developed at the Londonderry mines, their identity with which is indisputable" Little Bass river is the easternmost one shown on the Econ- omy river sheet (Geol. Surv. Can., doc. 839; sheet No, 76). At Big Baas river the Devonian ha.s become a mile wide, but is interrupted by narrow eaat-west bands of intrusivea. Going northward, the Carboniferous rocks "an auccemfed in cliffs in a gorge by quartiites of the iron ore series, associated with syenite and diorites." On Miller brook, an east branch, a mass of paint ore was in 1906 Ijeing explored in the bank, a mile above the mouth of the brook and between 200 and 300 yanls north of the Devonian- Carboniferous contact. The stream appeared to be running on the strike of the body, giving the deceptive appearance of a wide deposit. Sample 54 was taken from this opening. No. 54 Ft 10.71 Between Big Bass river and Portapique river no exploration was at- tempt«d. The RANtiF— (2) LoNnoNnERRY Iron .\nd Mining Comp.\ny Pbopertt. From Portapique river to Debert river, a distance of fourteen miles, the iron (re lands are owned by the Londonderry Iron and Mining Company. At this place only a description of the ore distribution will be given. (See Plates 37, 38 and .19). Portapique riverlo irf/.<.Vinf>.— Portapique river appears to be unfavorable to the outcropping ot ankerite veia-. Staining is found 2,500 feet north of the contact with ^he Carboniferous, and boulders with ankerite veins 1,000 feet farther up stream. Carbonate and bottle ores are met in Matheson brook from a few feet north of the contact for 1,000 feet up stream. Eastward from this stream the Indications are continuous and abundant. As the brooks are unusually poor lines of tra\ erse for exploring the veins, owing perhaps to the solubility of the latter, it has happened in a few places that streams gave ore in- dications for only short distances, while the hills showed the ore bearing zone to be broad. Such places have been indicated on the map (Plate 37) by two lines, one representing the northern margin of the zone as shown in the brook, the other the .same margin as it probably runs. The greatest breadth of the zone in this part of tiie range is west of Cumheriand brook, approximately 5,800 feet. 1 ^boimdid on the touth by a black -• In TMioas pbcM, Md the icarcity - what rDcki normally bound the Fnmb Lt — f al >— t tiw The wwy ▼■liaW of aiuero|», maka it dUkoh to aooa on the Dorth. •dgB of the loaa tuna eharply aouthward to avoid a rour of the Cohi«n1H int«^th«.con«riet»« the former. On the ea.t bZh a c^S -how. tU aoM to have a b«a,^ of 1 ,000 fert. To the weet of the w« b^r ttr^ ^^^ '"^ of the .one i. much greater, the mdl^T. fj the northern, appear to have much le« iron than a strip somewhLtl^th S ^ ^^k "' *"" *"* "'^ 'r'*'' " '^'"^'y i-npre^.t.d with o« AI X^tj!^"* *'"™' '^'^ nwchanically .battered and chemi- r.«.I"^!^T': ^*°? """"^ *''• *°^' ^^"^ ^ 2,000 feet, probably remammg broad although not well exhibited in the brook taction.. The deej ^^ofJ^^l^'r" "* '^ ^»»r^«>i*» "^'"V. give- the beet ««tion of ^rl^^TZv' ^^"^^ ankente vein.. On Slack brook, where the we^mmoet of the Ea.t Mine, working, begin, the breadth of ore-bearing rock L !f tl ^«>«! «"t*"d *»>«««h the greater part of the worked area the wjuthem margin keepe very close to the Coiboniferous contact and the ?^? ^t Z, " '"'^'i^^^y 8''«''»» d«bri.. At Pine brook the breadth i. 2,050 feet, part bemg occupied by two band, of intnurives, and no opening, have a. m^.l ? i!^ "^ ^^'^ "^" ''••' ^'"'* *"°"»^ "f -P^^^"* rock leave, httle .pace for the «diment«. North of the firat band of the former i. the poMiDiiity (rf economic value. a« tolhr^t'l ."^ "' '^'^ -The Illation, of the ore. to each other give a clue a. to the probable permanency of those part, which are of sufficiently high grade to pay for working. ' '^ The surface mineral is usually limonite or other hydroxide of iron This and very pure, to yellowish brown ochre, the paint ore of the miner. The a^itsTo'i: ''^ "' '"'''• characteri^ng certain «.tricted distri".; L^d c^jrdithMrited'" "^ '^ ""-^^^^ "^ '-''' «- ''- '-" --^- - cal Js^llT}' 'T'f "^ ""^ '* '"' 'P*^'"''^- ^"•>»'«»'' i^ should lH> yel !lisrat^/; "*^^ '^"' "' •^^^^'^ '" '^'•«^" "^'her than red. often even vl^er-nan .t T '^ 'T""' '"^'^"'^^'^^ «^ '^''^«'- There is need of a wid occurs m form from thm filament, and strin^rs in other ore up to iarg; rs sx f >> M It M d « If M^tnt. fi iO at (e le « 8t 56 le St i. B. 1» :o id •n in •k mm MA7nBsaNB»€ *Mtdnmf tmt^m EAM^mmjLiNm or ^kuB-mmARMim Zonjb, SiBmSSSL ImoaK TOlkSBERTRiVBR . JjONMHumBmmKlsr.S. I »: »£Sktm It- I PomK »< totite graiitto Tht variaioo and vary hottJton app«Mi t or ia tlw could MC AlMX railed i|.>« velioiM an ■ — Ta« * ■ ! * I ^ iw «i ^ ^''"^ "^y*" "^ »»» Totten brook old workinim •! f^t Mine, «h..w a .on.paratively li^^ percentn. of .p«,m.r on wWte Lt! WT,! toward 8..ck bro<,k thm i. httie. Umonif Wn« S^ ox^dT'ln thi,^ ine ores, it may be that differenew in inten«itv of the strains and strMf .» can be held to a.. ^ount fur the marked localiiation of the speculw-'o^ thU variety oecunng where recent disturbance has been greatlt nhi^rrl for ^ u.A I ? *- "'■™' '^'**™^'' '••'■•'' o' t''« country. aU the mines so far developed lu.ve encount.n-d too large a percentage of tnkcriterd H-^nr. and have b«.n obli«cKl to caZ oJTnitior^down;.^ Jhe de^pe-t work.n«s-tho«, at CumberUnd brook-became idlTeauJ'^ fr ::; ':r^r:z:T ^'--''''^ °' -''"- p~^^'>- ^-^ Hi8T«)Kv or A» ADi* Minks. f«««w. _ u ,'"••'• *"""" the hrst stoel work;< werr erected and thp ^^ T'^ »ban'J<'n«l; and in 1874or 1S75 Dr.Siemen. „«,de t he^ h^ fS In 1877 he sUh-I plant wa« detnoIiHhod. its site boing u.s^d for ^llinir n.iSs :t^Tumrs:inTsr7^^'^'' ^^^ ^'^ ^""^ *" ^^ -"^ fimtke^:::::;' Lo^uhnderry Iron and Mining Company. -For u long tin.e previous to ISH5 the propprt V was owned by the Londond.rrv Iron d,mpanv Inl^ n he mart Z'^T't:' T T f "' " ^-^ *'"^"'^'' ^■'--- »*mt. In ,902 the Lend .nderr>- Iron and Mining Company took MKMOOPT mOWTION TKT CHAIT (ANSI and BO TEST CHART No. 2) A /iPPLED IN/HGE Inc 1653 Enl Mom Slr*^( Rjchyrtw. Hn York I«e0a USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon. (7H) 2N - 3as9 - f„ •fTTViniMmmifHivailpilIP wmm 154 3!il^?T![:.''^J'*. cnrupriae. about 33,000 acre,, including for the mot partboth Uad «d the mineral righta. In a few port ons, onlyiheTatter »« aenaed. Between 18,000 and 20,000 acres are in wood .Hv^nT.™ T ' sup,Jy for either mining or metaUurgicaluae. stTceV^g^Cg^S: the furnace, entirely remodelled, ha. been in constant ^ ^""^ °^ ^^O* r,dl Jv' "^^T"" ''P*~^/'>°"' »*° '"U" ot standard and narrow gauge ^nJ^ '«"«"• ru™, from Acadia Mines to Londonderry station; and from East Mme, sUtion, on the Intercolonial raUway, to Eai Mines The TZ.rZ^'"'^^ • line between Old mountain, w;st of the wlTb J h t^r^ T'- *'^ ^'*"'° ^'^^' ""^^ ^^-^« the latter and Sam- I^o^^nl r r'''"" ''""' ''^ '^"^"^ *•>« holdings of the Londondmy Iron and Mimng Company, and the character of them The history of the varioufl parts of the property is given below from the mimng standpoint. The districts worked, alr^dy refe^d to in v;riZ ZLTr. "1'^:!*'^^°' '""'' "'•^«" M^« (^' --" this and Martin brook) Martm brook, ^k brook. Old Mountain, and East Mines. Te latter could v^U be subdivided into the smaller units of the Slack brook Gory brook, Wetherbe brook. Pine brook and Totten brook workings Tut «s they are not aU well separated, and the information regarding some o them IS meagre, this is not attempted. fromfh^r^''^""^^'!"""'-^ '° ^^ Torbrook hematite and magnetite SrTlt^!^ «""•"'• *°^™°'" '^"""^'y '^'""'h^ Wheelock nune on the I^Z^A ^"'"L™'^ "" '''' ^'^' "^'"' ^'^^^ "^^ ""^d with the jTnh^nh"' T' 7'' '"" supplement each other, the former being high m phosphorus the atter slightly lower in iron, but exceedingly lowin ph,«phorus and sulphur, and often nearly self-fluxing by reLn of i^ content of lime and magnesium carbonates. This last quality-due to the ankeii^-« almost unique. At times limestone has b^n u^as Iflux .tZl T " 'T ^r'*^^'^ ^^'''^''''^«*«' "''^'^'y^ «»d elsewhere, but finally acoolTl fr '•'' *"'^'"''- ^''^ '"••^^^^' *"«''^" *''« P^rix^"^. '^nd, on account of the percentage of iron which it contains, admits of tli use oi a lower grade ore than would otherwise be feasible. On tlie other land its iron .8 variable, o^nng to intermixture of specular ore, and creates difficulty fnrnaT"*^ ^ '""*"'* ^""^ *^"*^ irregularity in the action of the Output—The output of this and other districts will be given in detail '"f^rri^T"' 7'r'- '^^' '"*'*' ^'"'^ ''^'" A^-^'"" ^'i'^^^ «in« 1849 is over ^.mw.UOO tons of brown ore alone. Description of Mines. T;.e diMribution of ore in tlie mines at Londonderrv and vicinity is 80 irregular, and the necessary type of mining so unsvstenmtic, that detailed description of the underground workings would be difficult to make with accura,r.y on account of in.perf.-ct records, especial! v of earlier work; and It 13 doubtful whether such description would be particularly interesting. PLATE ^^fe£l M A ff T / /S/ S a /f O O H £ST SfO£ W O K H t N G S ^^'TSt I 1 PL tV£Sr M/NeS t¥0/*K I N G 3 AJAF^Ltl l^ioTAfjBSfKs/CvinaK X< tr.r .i PLATE 40. y M A m Tt N S BMOOH ^L OIVGiTVDiN:AL SjECTiOiV. . Cvhauau.ANDBMOtu0i^J^€f\RTiNk Bmook. Li oivMtaivtMatmv. ACS. . J^LJS. T. E C S___E__JC_ "^^ 1 I It f A ■♦ » 155 Much of the knowledge that ia poflsessed regarding the dintribution of ore, •nkerite and rock ia laid on the maps and sections of the several mines.' But as it is difficult, in plotting such irregular mining as has been necessary here, to make the various rock cuts clear without great expense in colour printing, some description is given below of part of the underground excava- tions. It id to be n-gretted that the sections are not in all cases completed up to the date of the maps, or to tlie summer of 1906. Cumberland or West Mine: west aide.—TUe westernmost mine on the property is that extending westward from the west side of Cumberland brook toward Matheson brook (See Plate 40). No. 1 level starts approximately 120 feet above the brook and 595.6 feet above sea level, and extends to a point 980 feet west of its entrance and 1,400 feet west of the brook. As it IS smuous, its length is greater than the former figure. An intermediate level lies 50 feet below No. 1. There are two levels numbered 2; the older north- ern or Hoskins level, and a newer short drift on the south, both starting but httle above the brook bed. The brook is here 478.8 feet above the sea. No. 1 level appears to have run in ore through most of its lengtli. Tf.is is true of the older workings as a rule, partly because they were shallow and m larger and more frequent ore bodies than are found at greater depth, and partly because in the eariydays little expense was incurred for underground prospecting. A notable exception to tlie latter occurs at Slack brook, East Mines, noted later. The Intermediate is another old level, reopened and extended in recent years. The older workings were in ore; and in two places, as marked on the plan, large pockets of mixed ore and ankerite have been taken out. The whole of the western or newer half of tlie level, however, is in rock. About No. 2 north level no information is available. No. 2 south level started in rock and first struck ore in a round pocket of ankerite, marked upon the plan. Thence onward its cours*? has been chiefly in ankerite. Not enough underground work has been done to show how great a body of ore is present toward Matheson brook; but there is no indication that the iron ends. Indeed, su.-face evidence points to a considerable amount of ore extending as far as the western stream. Downward the operations are too meagre to prove to wliat extent the oxides arc replaced by carbonates above the drainage level of the country; but it is evident that tlie same condition ob'ii? iiere as elsewhere in the range, namely, th.at the distri- bution of th( ,xide alteration prodiict.s bears a very close relation to the present topography. Cumberland: cast.~By f.nr the most extensive workings in tlie district are those extending from Cumberiand ea.st to Martin brook, and called as a whole West Mine (Plate 40.) The upper or No. 5 level extends from one brook to the other, a length of over 4,400 feet in a straight line, and considerably gn>ater by the tunnel through the sinuosity of the latter. The whole was run in ore and all the good ground stoped out to the. surface. Along most of tlie course other lower levels were driven and much of th.e ground stepped 186 out; but for Approxiin*t«ly 780 feet, at • point about two-thirda of tht disunee eaat from Oimberlaod brook, No. 8 k the only level and no coek has been out below it for a Mill greater length. A tunnel called the Shallow level, lying above No. 8, was driven fh)m Martin brook mgt for 2,338 feet in the early years of working; but through the complete etoping out of the ground both above and below it, it haa long since become obliterated. The deposit is tapped by three vertical shafts. The western, the DuflTerin, is located 1,340 feet east of the west end of No. 8 and extends 310 feet down to No. 9 level, the bottom of the workings at this point. The second, the McClellan, is 820 feet east of the former and is 280 feet deep, reaching a short local level corresponding to No. 9 from Cumberland brook. Tiie third, the Engine sJiaft, is 225 fwt east of the McClellan and 225 feet deep, ending blindly below No. 5 level. T.ten are, in addition, numerous air shafts and a number of winiea. The earliest work on the west or Cumberhtnd brook side appears to have been in 1878, and operations continued until 1891. During tiiat time several levels were driven for long distances, only two, however, opening on the brook side. These were No. 6, abeady referred to, and No. 7 ; Nos. 8 and 9 and an unnumbered level above No. 7 were blind. The character of the sloping and its dates are shown in the profile. Beyond this it is diCicult to get information, as the work is all old. The decrease in quantity and quality of ore downward is indicated in the profile, and it will be noticed that the works stopped but little below drainage leVel; also that the car- bonates extend quite irregulariy up into the oxidised sone, as between the Dufferin and McQellan sbafts, where they are but 70 feet below the jurface. No. 7 is approximately at the level of Cumberland brook, and the lowest ore mined, that on No. 9, is less than 100 feet below this. In the pi ... . '-• noted that while near Cumberland brook the levels covered a .• 300 feet, in going east either the ore-bearing belt narrows or the si p . t of effort was not made to trace it; for the levels lie upon a sli^ .ow fissure. The tortuous course of the ore is also brought out by the plan. A new level, not entered upon the profile but shown on the map, has been driven within two or three years from Cumberland brook east into the broader part of the ore; but it has not reached a great distance on the strike as yet. Martin brook: west.— On the west side of this brook the workings are not very extensive, but are interesting on account of the depth reached in the Jamme shaft (Plate 40). The earliest work done was in 1862, in the form of a large amount of excavation above the Shallow level. The main part of the mine was opened and stoped between 1875 and 1891 ; and here, as at Cum- berland, a renewal of operations has been attempted within the last three years, tlirough the reopening of No. 6 level. Much of the work lias been in rock, and what ore was encountered was in the form of pockets of ankerite and siderite with variable amounts of oxide. The Jamme shaft is developed upon a large pocket of ore by a winze shaft from No. 7 level. The latter is 90 feet below No. 6, the inter-brook level, and \ o >lateN?4I w ^n^Ajy^SjBcriwv or. X^aNDaNgMBjmmvJV. S. T r r. coo/ris s^aoA woff/riNss. Platen? 41 3«»'v. . (a) \\'heeloek shaft hoU!«: Tnrbrook district. (/() View of ('iinil)i>rland RriHik oponiiiKs: west sidp. PLATE 43, (a) General view of valley of Cumberlaiid brook and loading platform. {h) Martin Krook openings: went side. PLATE 44. (a) General view of furnaces: Londonderty. (fc> < niifral view v( valley of Cireat Village river, eH^I Itraiioli. :rM PLATK 45 (a) Blast furnace: Acadia Miiies. (ft) Blaat furnace and Stock and Pijt Sheds: Acadia Mines. 1*1 ATK M\. (a) Fallh, west Itmnrh of (ireat VillaRp river. (ft) Head ofgorfce, (ircat Villaize river, below l^ndoiiiierry. 1*7 IM tlM tout dtpth of tlM Jmdiim siMft balow No. 7 ia 157 fMt. Th* futt Msht at land twtwMB tha two brooki b bjr bo ibmbi MUiiMd at this point, to that No.5uoBly90rMtboloirtlMiiwfMO,wliUof«rthtr««llr attaina • dtpth oT IflO fmt. But tho dUtMOMOM of tho JunoM worUnfi nuk» thorn tha doapaat in the diattiet, •pproxinutaiy 400 feat from the aurfaeo ud 230 faat b^ow tha level of the brook «t ita neanat point. It is ftatcd that in tbeae and the CumLerland worldnga not only doea the ore beeooM lean downward, turning to carbooatea, but the proportion of aul- phur inc r aaaaa rapidljr. Martin brook: raa.\ -Thin level (xee plate 40) h«a lieen re-opened into a aurceaaiun of rruahea. It proceeds obliquely into the hill on the eaat ItanU of tlw brook, atrikinf bedrock at 41U feet from the mouth; thence turning niagnetir north it cruaaeute alternating dark alatea and aandatonea for 007 feet. An old level, now caved in, continued through the aame roeka for 240 feet to a chimney uf ore. the place of which ia now occupied by a eruah of iKiuldera and clay. To avoid this a new level haa been turned off north-eaat- ward from the old. and thence parallel with it, but met the cruah at 270 feet and continued in it for 75 feet. .After 8 feet of ^)<'k a second cruah waa met, and the level abandoned. Cook 6'0(>*.— The workings at Cook brook have not det^eloped much ore, although the tunnelling haa lieen quite extensive. Seven levels have been run, three on the west side and four on the east. The lowest are No. 1 weat and No. 1 eu!elow. they rtin obliquely to the right and left into the banks of the stream, and they are developed largely in ore. Xo. 4 level is the highest and farthest up-stream, on the weat aide, ita mouth having an elevation of 571 • 1 feet. It is developed almost entirely in ore. No. 3 and the Jonah level, the latter being old workings, extend north- eastward from the east side of the stream, at an elevation of 568«6 feet. They are connected, and each has several ramihcations. These contain al- most the only stuping in the district; and altogether the information Cook brook gives regaiding distribution of ore is ver>' meagre. One point ia notable, however, namely, that the ore followed is by no means confined to a narrow fissure vein ext^-ndi-.:; parallel with the mountain range, as the ore of Londonderrj- is usually de8cril)ed as occurring. No ore has been mined lielow the local drainage level; and no positive evidence exists as to the downward limit of the oxiies here. Old Mountain.— On the west side of the west branch of Great Village river is much of the older surface and shallow underground excavation; and hcif alw>, riiucii of llie recent work has fieen done. The surface, well toward Cook brook, is pitted with ankerite and ore quarries; and one level ends within 6.5() feet of Xo. 3 level from Cook brook. Thwi •!« four pi)nei|Ml l«vel«, Itemciea wveral Hinall and at pment un- importan; one^. TheM all extend WMtward towaid Cook brook, and ara numlwrad from wuth to north 4, 1. 2, and 3. Their moutha are at very different distanrea from the river, acconling nut only to their heighta but to the portion of the ore tone which they tap. The width north and aouth occupied by the old and new workinp it alightly over l.aw feet; the extreme lenKth, from the first workinp on tiie river Iwnk to the end of No. 2 level app )ximately2,U)Ufeet. All the main levela are connecte66 feet at the bridge acn^s the river. The drainage level would be ap- proximately 250 feet in altitude, and no mining has lieen done at so low a point. Indeed, the few western instances already noted are the only ones in the whole Londonderry range. No. 4 level was run largely in ore, but little stoping was done. The end of the level is 400 feet west of the mouth, and the direction quite irregular. Two very short levels, Nos. 5 and 6. lie at lower altitudes than No. 4, the latter Iwng at 285-4 feet. Hut they are too short to have any effect upon the mining of the district. Next north of No. 4 is No. 1 , one of the two main workings of Old Moun- tain. This start*? StK) feet west of the river, at an altitude of 532-31 feet. From its mouth the main inclined roadway descends to the shipping chutes! A tramway from No. 4 ru . to a landing half-way down this incline. The chnrocter of the level its HmuoHity and ramifications, may l>e found upon the plon letter than any description would convey. The tunnelling was alter- nately in rock and ore, the latter not lying in a single well-defined vein, us might l« gathered from the eariy literature on the district. This is at present one of the chief pources of the brown ore. now largely paint. A very notice- able feature is the large unkerite quarrj-, showing a length east and west of •AW feet, and a breadth of 125 feet, and thus one of the largest in the district. North 500 feet from No. 4 is No. 2. at an altitude of 533-76 feet at the mouth, which is 1,100 feet west of the river. This is the second working of importance, extending to a point 1,0.tO feet west of the mouth. Like No. 1 this is tapped overhead l>y several quarries and pits, and in places i.s stoped out to the surface. The distribution of ore and rock is sufficiently shown on the plan. The northernmost levH, No. 3, has been recei\'ing most attention of late, having been much extended westward. It starts at a distance of 750 feet from the river, and an plevaticn of 450-52 feet, and its present face is 1,100 feet west from its mouth. Owing to its great sinuosity the tunnel is in reality much longer. Its first course takes it 200 feet north of No. 2 to the Gallagher 160 workings, where eonsiderabie stoping was done. Thence the drift works gradually south to a point under No. 2 and on the same ore, where a large amount of iron has been encountered. Toward the west end, a small cross fault has been met, not, however, offsetting the ore to any extent. Such breaks are rare in the district. No. 2 is connected with the shipping chutes by a direct oblique incline. No. 3 is connected with the top of the main incline at No. 1 by a tram, and one or two smaU quarry workings along the line have spur tracks from this tram. The distribution of the workings, both here and at the western mines, indicates that the ore is not in one or two veins only, l)ut more widely distri- buted in a north and south direction; and the evidence gained by surface tra- verses, as relatetl eariier in the chapter, tends to confirm this view. A notable exception to the classes of ores characteristic of the London- derrj- range is the Derry hematite, a contact body found near the upper bridge across Great Village river, a mile above the village of Acadia Mines. At this point a smaU brook joins the river from the west, and the north side of the brook valley is steep. Close to this valley on the north, a large projection from the main body of Coljequid intrusives has its south contact. From this contact the Devonian sediments dip sharply to the south, striking neariy east and west. Their character and attitude, as exposed by an adit near the valley bottom and by incUned bore-hole, are shown in the accompanying cross-section (Plate 47). At the contact was recently discovered a body of flinty black hematite, higWy vitreous in lustre, compact and haitl. The eariy assays gave very high insoluble matter, but the ore was developed in the hope that it might prove better in depth. The chemical results are shown later in the chapter. The silica, always high, at last became prohibitive in amount. The appearance as milicated by excavation was that of a portion of the sediments adjacent to the contact replaced by a highly siliceous iron, which thus is bounded by non- ferruginous .sfHliments on the south and by diorite on the north. The extent on the strike is not known but is evidently not great to the eastward, for it does not appear in a complete section exposed in Great ViUage river. In depth the increasing silica content of the ore shows the gradual diminution of iron replacement, and the drill-hole brought to light no ore at the contact. The occurrence is especially interesting, as showing what may be expected in an igneous contact deposit. The total tonnage extracted was not great. Great Village river to FoUy rtW.-Although the iron bearing jone has long been known to extend through the country between Old Mountain and Last Mines, httle has been done to explore it. A few short drifts, such as the Drummond, Ferguson and Bouthelier levels have been run, but no attempt appears to have been made to follow the ankerite and siderile for any distance. 1 h!« may be because of an evident scarcity of brown and black ores, com- F'umi with the abundance in eariier years on Old Mountain and thence west- want. 161 o shallow p,te. as weU a. short levels. Thence eastwanl a few pits have bee. sunk to ore; but there is no undensround development, except on Weieh- irn?l^™° ' r.*?* ""^'^ ^^ *^" mentioned already. The extent of this IS not known, but it is not great. r^ hi™ ^" **'*w'^ "^'^y ^" *"'"^*^ ^°' The surface extent of this ^^rZ'^ « probably not known definitely; but enough excavation has J^L^? I tT ^^'^u' '""" '° ^'^""^ «^«° »bove the present general dranage level. It » thus a very recent forniation. The abundance Vf retlun . /I*"*' ^J*':'^' botryoidal form of limonite-indicates a close resemblance to the conditions which obtained in the earlier years at Old Mountam, where earthy red hematite was found associated with bottle ore Z ^.r ^ ' wl.^'f '^'^'"^ ^°' """^ P^P^'^y sideroplesite) and anker- ^M Vh H^'- ^^''''" ™"*'^ "'""'^^ •" *"y ^"^"^ « P'^^'^t in the Rogers f^?;^ J^'^P™*"* "^'^ proceeding will determine. The lower topography and the shaUowness of ground-water level are against the probabUity^any such quantity as was found in the higher region from Old Mountain to Cumber- The natural exposures from Great Village river to East Mines have !rn.n ; ^^r*'* "° '^'''^'^ ^y""*^ t*'"* *bove mentioned, except a few pits made m prospecting and affording no evidence at present. East Afine.._Beginning at Slack brook on the west a continuous series of surface and underground workings goes east to Gory brook, the total dBtance through which they are uninterrupted being 2,900 feet, (see Plate SIk ^^l'^^^ "^ ''"l'^' P»rt8 of the work cannot be dis^vered in detail. Much of It was quarrying, as the succession of large pits shows. The long- est of these pits IS that at Gory brook, running from the R*id to the Mc Lean workings, 650 feet. Practically continuous with it on the west are two other quarries, giving a total length of 1,100 feet. The old Slack brook level was in the form of a rock adit from near the Th ./^ pT '^^'*'*/°"" ^'^ ^^*' P^^ ^^'''^ brook and up to the west end of the Gory brook workings. The first 1 ,200 feet were in rock, the rest in Z'^n^ K T f"*""^ ''''' ^°"'- "^^^ '"^^' ^«P« °°'y tbe south side of the ore sone. North of it is the Patrigan level, a rock adit northward about 120 feet long and just reaching into the northern part of the ore, which is a mix- mi «^;"^f " V""* .P*'"*- "^"^ '*''**'*''^ "f t^« t^o '«^^'« a« «hown upon the nmpindicates that the ore follows two zones, vhich are .t tins poinVabout Gory bro^r ''"«^'"gi"g eastward, coming practically together at -.11 Z!-^ ^^ ^'""f workings consist, in addition to the extensive quarries St 11 being operated, of a rock adit which runs northward for 175 feet; then bifurcates one branch going north-west and west, the other north-east and rl' S ""^r'**"* ^y * ^"'* *'°°« '^^ ^-^^ Two levels are or have t^^lrZh • J ' "P^*" ^ «» »° »«> f^t below the surface, according to topography, with a considerable amount of stoping. The lower is a continua- 14 tk>n oi the SUck brook fevd, eoniteetod with the otbv hy ihafta uid uprusea. The u}^r sriekled a much largw pn^wrtton of ore, the lower ahowa chiefly ankerite with oie pockets. The extreme diatance of the lower wwldnga from the stirface is 175 feet. The other extensively mined district b that of Wetherbee brook, east of Qory brook. Here the productive sone cornea to the edge of the Devonian, are outcropping against the Garboniferoua gritk. Very numy aurface pita are opened, none, however, so extensive as at Gory brook. The underground de- velopment consists of one long level and several very short ones. The Weth- erbee or No. 1 level starts from the end of a tram line well up on the hillside, and extends north-east for 350 feet to the ore sone; thence a spur runs irregularly eastward along the ore, and the main level continues north-east and north into a second ore sone at a distance of 400 to 500 feet from the first, there spreading mA and west. This is recent work and includes some stopi" ', as will be seen by the aection annexed to the map. At fnesent the ore ai this brook consists of four varieties — ankerite, siderite (the t*"*^ combined in the current laboratory tests as general carbonate), paint ar small amount of specular ore. The last is erratically distributed in small and local veinlets in the paint and especially the carbonate ore, with the result that the pro- portion of iron in the carbonates is quite variable, requiring extra vigilance in furnace practice. The veins in the East Mines district are much brecciated, and the wall- rock of green slate invades the ore as angular horses. Eastward lie^Pine and Totten brooks, where are not many openings H .ling back more than a few years; but large bodies of ankerite are be- ing developed by exploration at present. The amount of oxide ore is not known. It is noticeable throughout this country, and to a lees extent at Acadia Mines, that the ground occupied by ankerite is hummocky, somewhat like gypsum and limestone land, but with less pronounced relief. The ankerite is usually found in hollows, which owe their origin to the weathering of this mineral. Another characteristic, which is not without exceptions, is that both the oxide and carbonate ores arc poorlj' developed in stream bottoms. That the former should be absent is to be expecteu; but the latter would seem from other evidence to have been formed independently of any present topographic influence. At Totten brook there are old openings on the side of the upland north of what is locally known as the Peter Totten meadow. Igneous rocks here form a band south of the ore and swamp; and, while there are indications of ore south of these and between them and the Carboniferous, no work has been done there. No recent mining has been done in the Totten field. The earlipr exrav.-vtions discovered a proportionately large amount of specular ore. making the shipments higher in iron than those of the other East Mines workings. In the early days all of this ore was calcined, 100 lbs. of the -1 » — ^-^^ L-28J I I ^ i * i . f rum £:A.8T liWtNES. . JLONOONDBmWirNS. I , » M l»^ nawm. CiSJU-r « # far is W % roc Min ST* is lit mini botV Thai 8e«n t^w of w form of on been earlie ore, I world 103 citleined e»ibon«t« or« being equal to 140 lbs. of limestone in computing the eharge •! the fumaoe. Chemmtrt Or The Ores The Weut Mitua and Old Mountain.— Ab many analyses are referable to the different geographic subdivisions of the property, this method of classifi- cation wUI be followM as far as practicable. The analyses are largely from the laboratory books of the Londonderry Iron and Mining Company, and some of them have been published before. Such as are from other sources are especially noted in the text. We$t Minen; no »peeified location. \ 1^1 1^2 L-3 L-4 Ir-5 L-ti L-7 1^8 1^9 L-10 1^11 L-12 L-13 Lr-14 H5 lr-16 1^17 Lr-18 L-19 L-20 L-21 Lr-22 L-23 Average of a pile No data Average of 14 samples of specular ore Average of 14 samples of red hematite Earthy red hematite Black ores " Specimens taken from a cavity of black ore " Fibrous limonite Brown hematite Ditto Average sample of brown ore Calcined pyrite Cream colored white ore White ore White ore and ankerite White ore and ankerite mixed with paint Ditto Weat Mines; Cumberland. Lf-24 Cumberland brook; limonite L-25 North vein L-26 South vein; limonite L-27 No. 1, North lead, brown hematite L-28 No. 2, South lead, brown hematite ■I L-» Brown h«BmUte frooi SiniOlow level L-30 Ditto L-31 No. 3, South level; black ore L-32 Brown hematite from dump, No. 6 level lr-33 White ore from No. 6 level L-34 Ditto I^^ Brown hematite from roof of No. 5 level L-36 White ore, No. 6 level L-37— Ditto 1^38 Brown hematite mixed with specular ore ; from foot-wall ol big vein, No. 6 level L-SQ White ore. No. 9 levil L-40 Ditto AmI. No. '■ Fe 8K)j i ImoI. i A»^ j CaO L- 1 36 01 L- 2 -lO.ei h- 3 ».10 L- 4 ».ao L- 6.. M 00 L- 6 86.90 I L- 7 40.60 L- 8 ».17 L- 9 40.65 L-10 44.80 1^11 47.14 h-li 44.24 L-1.3 55.42 L-14.. SO.M L-15 47.00 L-16 6:1. .55 L-17 31.814 L-18 L-19 h-90 23.44 L-21 28.31 L-22 L-23 Lr-24 57.25 L-25 .'W.27 L-26 67.85 IXJ7 59.12 L-28 59 12 L-Jtf 47.61 L-.W 32.55 L-:n 56.16 Lr-32 44.97 1^33 Lr-34 1X15 47.84 L-36 31.04 1^37.. 1-38 48.94 L-39 :«.40 L-40 ?- 40 25.00 6.70 , .18 a.aoj 1.00! 5.30;. 6.30 1.60i 2.37: 23.821 13.55! 14.30' 6!80; 2.00 15.60'. 35 .43 .31 7.41 .21 26.57- 6.67 .92 .49 .22 McO MnO, I Vol. matter .1251 1.052; .462 .025 10.11 .025 .57 1.230 .080 .030 34.30 5.20 11.70 7.80 .13 .170 .084 I 4.123 .001 32.80 11.99 15. :» 4.11 .12 1.670 .057 5.10 .87 ■ 0.92 i i I 5.04 110.34 2.06:i .73 127.87 1.643 '27.52 ; .030 33.37 .290 .008 11.41 16.67 10.13 11.80 . . 11.20 5.37 .062 .86 .66 .63 ..52 .88 .57 .12 .25 .34 .256 .878i 3.060{ 3.05 3.90 3.00 ! I ' !■ '5:!!?:;;::;j::::: ;;;:::i;:;;::i«:tini 6.60 i i .060 .:i70 .190; Ira re .016 .004 38.80 .37. :« 10.68 11. .51 12.43 0.59 9.37 14.61 i I 7li .! ! 5.83 23.78 2.623 liai! !....! 149.32 26.29 . .8301 21 . 10 15.27 .85. .41 3.77! 3.90 3.70 26.52 4.93 1.63 .013 .' 3.42 .1 2.80 24.40 1.973 29.50 .533 I ; 26.58 6.65 I 1 30.10 165 MmHn brook mine. L-41 Limonite L-42 Limonite;"or»Mochreousuidbotryoi(lal;fibrouastructurewithiD." L-43 Kidney ore; fibrous botryoidftl brown hematite; Sp.g. 3 85 L-44 Specular ore; very scaly Htructure;iip.K. 4 48 L-4fi Ochreous brown oro L-46 Earthy brown ore; ap.g. 3. 13 L-47 Brownish white anicerite Cook 6roo4; mine. L-48. Specular ore; richer than average obtained on large scale; sp.g. 4.B3 Old Mountain mine. L-49 Ea-'hy rpitto L-82 White ore and ankerite ; red color L-83 Average of 9 samples, white ore and ankerite Folly mountain. L-84 Limonite lr-88 Browi^re;8p.g. 3.53 Lr-86 White ankerite Pine brook. L-87 Brown hematite Tottenlotandhiil. L-88 Sample of workings ; ankerite and specular ore lr-89 Average of specular ore, calcareous limunite and ankerite L-9() Dark brownish red limonite; sp.g. 3 20 L-91 Calcareous brown hematite L-92 Ditto L-93 Average of 9 samples ore L-94 Limestone ore L-95 Ditto L-9G Red ankerite L-97 Ditto L-98 White ore and ankerite L-99 Average ditto 167 Ami. No. { F* MO, IhmL > AWH; CM ! HgO MnO, P L-ao.. L-«l.. L-ia.. L- .110 40.60 .040 11.25 .012,13.33 1 .52 0.93 .63 i •" .90 .:..::i..:... !d7 .20 1.70 11.97 5.48 3.W 3.90 tr. tr. 3 77 1.891 1.6.V9 2.25 1 81 ' ' ' t none trace 10.24 18.04 .Olfl 7.07 .05 .15 .30 1 [ 1 .50 ■j 1 1 .50 ;::::: 8^37 . . ' i , in. (in 3.36 1 21.97 15.00 1.470 .008 .0-2.-) 5.89 Current values. — It i.s of interest to record the Nalue^ of iron ami iiMoluble matter i.i the furnace runs for tlie last few months. I» Its QtMni browtt ort (piiat, Md tmy mM MBOuati d tpceulw and boul* on) »vtr«CM:— AmLNo. L-ifiO Jm. L-IOt F*h L-IU2 L-IOB L-IM Mar. 45. L-IM JuM. L-IM July. L-107 Aug.. L-IOt Hup*. L-m l>ct.. Lr-IIO Nov. L-lll Dm. L-irj Jan.. L-II3 F«b. 1^114 Mar. L-115 L-ll« lMf7. 45. M.ia 37.M 40.15 40.04 41.41 40.00 4-J at 40.00 40.U 4;i.«A 42. At 4'i.«7 42. 10 4.1.60 41. iM 45.22 41. U 33.84 ».43 33.10 30.03 30.50 31.04 30. IS 18.70 31.43 18.07 17.08 lO.OO 17.12 1«.8» 13.38 15.33 17.33 Dcrry hematite: — Aoal No. IW. L-II7 Hepl. L-US »)pt.. L-llO Nov. L-iao Dm>. IWM. L-I2t Jan.. L-122 Feb. L-123 Mar. L~I24 Apr. 1007. 41.05 40.51 40.00 38.38 34.20 'i7.M) 3U.86 38.50 35.60 30.44 30.43 33.00 38.31 36.81 24. .W 18.21 General carbonates (ankerite and siderite are nut separated) Anal. No. L-125 L-12B L-127 L-I2M L-129 L'lM L-i;« L-132 L-i:W L-l.M L-l.iS L-i;}6 Jan.. Fi*. Mar. Apr.. May. June July. Auu. Sept. Oct.. Nov. Dec. 1906 Fe. Inaol. i:j7 l.w 141 Jan.. Feb.. Mar. .\pr. . May. I'.HJT. 14.41 14.14 15.21 15.01 14.03 14.44 13.78 13.24 13.43 15.01 15.61 14.10 15.32 14.02 13.6.-i 15.:« 14. ;w 5.48 0.63 4.:{9 5.36 3.W 4.19 3.83 4.05 3.97 4.25 4.00 4.0t 3.72 3.21 4.19 3.48 3.37 100 (Mm avtragM for May. 1907, tht Ut«t month for which itstUtiM wara proeurtd for thia voIuim, art:— Ami. No. Yearly averagn, 190(t:- F» laMi L-1 OM Ml. brown L-l«.l oy Mt. esrhiinkl* . L-144 EmI MiiiM MrUmal* 42.08 1&.I7 U.ttI ie.7» a.m 4.M ABia.No. Pe L-UA On. brown L-IM OMMt. brown L-147 Derrjr ore L-I4A (km. emrbonsto L-14V Old Mt. nrbonate . . L-liW East Minn rarbonate 40.72 4:i.07 30. M 14.37 14.. 18 16. (Ci IumI. 20.20 16. M 2B.37 4.31 3.83 4.21 Maxima and minima, 190<]:— Altai No. H51 On. bit.'wn. max. L-J52 niin. . L-IM Gen. carb., max. L-154 min. . Fe. 41. M :w 4S 17.14 10.71 Inwl 25.10 7.20 9.02 1.70 170 Maxiin* and minim*, 1907: — : ■; -A. Ab^No L-IM L-lfi6 L-IS7 Lr-158 L-l» L-1«0 L-161 L-162 L-163 L-164 L-165 L-166 L-ie7 L-168 Lr-lflO H70 Lr-171 L-172 L-173 Lr-174 Lr-175 L-176 Lr-177 L-178 Lr-17» L-iao L-181 L-182 H83 L-184 L-185 L-186 L-187 lr-188 L-189 L J90 Lr-191 L-19-' L-193 L-194 Lr 195 L-196 L-197 L-198 L,-199 L-200 L-201 L-202 L-Mi L-204 L-20.-) I--2()« L-207 Gen. brown Ditto Deny hem. Ditto G«i. carb. Ditto Old Ht. brown Ditto Old Mt. carb. Ditto E^t Mines carb. Ditto Jan. 44 Feb. 44 Mar. 44 Apr. May Jan. Mar. Jan. Feb. Mar. It Apr. May Jan. 4* Feb. Mar. Apr. May • 4 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jan. Feb. 41 Mar. Apr. It May max. . min. .. max. min. .. max. . min. .. max. . min. .. max. , min. . max. min. . max. max. min. . max. min.. max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . max. min. . Fe 49.80 37.01 sa.so 40.20 40.46 30.01 52.43 38.17 51.00 36.94 33.80 31.80 28.29 23.10 11.00 21.10 11.87 14.34 11.62 18.19 13.16 19.08 11.94 49.00 35.90 46.10 40.60 43.03 32.47 52.23 40.50 43.48 40.26 14.10 11.10 2:{.10 11.10 15.98 11.15 19.26 11.23 17.49 12.66 16.50 13.40 17. ;» 12.50 18.86 14.42 19.6<» 12.84 19.08 12.13 Inaol. 25.12 8.92 20.65 11.52 13.04 7.83 20.70 8.27 16.45 9.57 40.10 36.63 10.17 1.82 9.13 1.47 3.87 1.75 5.68 2.61 21.24 1.95 18.46 8.07 21.24 5.35 18.00 5.85 20.92 9.89 22.08 9.09 4.12 1.16 10.17 1.82 7.30 1.43 4.92 2.25 6.50 1.60 4.(IU 1..J0 3.73 1.8;i 3.12 1.38 4.92 2.25 0.02 2.91 General chemkd. considerations.— the percentages of ingredients have l)een given in the above portions of the chapter chiefly with reference to geo- graphical location. The following takes up additional analyses, with which many of those which have gone befon- can also be used, showing the qualities of varieties of ore as such. Here and there is a stray geographical reference. General red hematUea:- 171 Anal. No. F«. t i SiO, i 2.71 3.50 16.40 Iiuol. A1,0, 1 CaO MgO MnO, P S Vol. matter L-208 61.05 50.10 48.00 29.12 trace .92 2.44 trace .45 trace 1.05 ^65 .63 'i.'22' .70 lilS trace 1.26 none 8.01 5.20 .85 10.18 Lr-209 L-210 L-211 3.n 6!d9 ' traee The purer earthy red hematite of Old Mountain has a composition n"M\y like that of goethite (FcjOa, HjO). It also contains much less SiO, ' nd P,Oj than any of the brown ores. Rogert red hematite: — Anal. No. Fe. J-P 47.20 1^213 52.82 Hil «2-87 }-2 5 62.87 L-216 53.76 1^217 49.80 1-218 I 61.24 1-219 68.61 1-220 I 44.23 1-221 44.52 1-222 50.70 1-22:1 54.07 1-224 44.80 1-225 47.12 1-226 47.63 1-227 45.00 1-228 I 47.81 1-229 46.53 1-230 46.72 1-231 43. :M) 1-232 40.90 L-233 40.50 1-234 40.20 1-235 tS.Ki4 SiO, ' CaO MgO MnO, ' 18.34 13.15 13.15 ! 1.57 I 18.62 I 18.03 11.69 ' 12.89 i 27.17 22.70 16.00 8.02 19.90 12.57 14.12 17.80 17.70 18.80 16.14 18.80 25.42 22.48 22 .Ao 16.731 trace 1.477 1.013 .061 .640 740 1.460 These analyses began June 6, and were made from furnace chjirges up to Octolier 30, 1906; at which time use of the ore ceased, owing to the fact that the carbonates were becoming a large part of the ore. Derry hematite: — Anal. No. Fe SiOi AI2O 2'-'s CaO ' MgO ' V L-236 1-237 1^238 1-239 L-240. L-241. L-242. 1-243 L^244 L 245. L-246. lr-247 1-248. 1^249 3.5 64 410.5 41 17 42.30 43 00 43 20 36.65 37 00 43 20 39.00 51 00 39 00 43 12 38 70 1-2.50 41002 4.5 25 2.5 27 26 •29 .32 .30 23 31 19 30 26 32 29 39 60 18 10 .^5 21 49 87 82 00 00 02 70 45 941 1 37 .11 693 021 .48 2.90 3 08 2.75 2.88 2 76 2 68 2.91 3 07 2.39 172 Use of the Derry ore has ceitsed, owing to its low iron and increasing silica, and to the prohibitive sulphur content. It is evident, from the bore- hole and chemical analyses, that this ore body gradually passes into rock downward and at a depth scarcely below drainage level. Spendar ore: — Anal. .No. Fe SiO, AljO, CaO M«0 JiaOa i P 8 Vol. matter 1^251 L-252 AO 11 m 81 23 none none none trace ^ ,32l i trace ^ LimonUe (including liottle or hard black ore, general brown and paint or ochre): — L-253 "Ore as lustrous botryoidal or mammillary and stalactitic masses, dark brown colour, fibrous structure when broken." L-254 Pure specimen of brown hematite. Brown hematite. Brown hematite, average sample. Brown hematite, average sample, from ore sheds. Ditto. Ditto. Brown hematite. Bn)wn hematite, sample from shed. Brown hematite, yellow ochreous. 1 iiint from ore shed, light yellow. .Sample of paint ; carbonaceous matter present. Brown and coarse paint from ore shed. L-255 L-256 L-257 L-2oH L-259 L--260 L-261 L-262 1^263 I.-264 L-26o Anal. No. Fe ao, : Insol. AljOs L-253. L-254. L--25.5. 1^256. L-257. I.-iW. L-2.59. I^'260. I---261. I---262 L-26.1. I.,-2tt4. I.-2tt5. 59 31 2 87 59.34 .58-25 4« 93 33 06 40 35 39 97 .36 014 62 64 .52 46 49. W 43 60 66 3 75 15 97 12 68 16 01 16 86 16.75 15 64 trace 12 04 trace 25 30 .23 3 62 .62 .86 1 07 6 70 CaO ! MxO .MuOj .14 I .140 .28 trace 44 .55 .6.50 180 tnuf .18 .125 1 83 1 90 2 49 .88 .56 1 06 40 i .004 46 ! 123 Vol. matter 11 40 10 22 10 18 10 17 32 07 23.11 26 .55 10 11 9 36 to 55 White Ore (siderite or sideroplesite, rarely pure) : L-266 Sideroplesite. L-2«7 Ditto. l/-2tt8 Ditto. L-269 Ditto, average of many analyses. 173 L-270 "White ore, pearl grey, in veinlets through ordinary siderite; appoars to be sideroplesite." L-271 Raw white ore. Ditto, No. 2. White ore with specular angular conglomerate. Average of 18 samples, white ore and ankerite. White ore and ankerite; average sample supplied to the furnace. White ore and ankerite: granular cr\ptoer>stalline in boulders. Average sample of white ore and ankerite; West mine, one of Lr272 L-273 1^274 L-275 L-276 1^277 upper levels Anal. No. Fe SiOj Iiwol. i AI2O3 i CaO I MgO MnO, L-2e6 32 59 L-267 1^268 I.-269 I.-270 L-J71 I.-272 L-273 L-274 I--27.5 I L-27fi i 22 12 Ankerite: — 33 2.5 32.87 32 71 33 10 43 92 42.50 24 55 I Vol. 'matter 43 47 .25 25 55 5.80 1 00 1 34 19 .67 .24 31 576 33 1 76 1 ON 1 76 13 .37 13 79 12 49 13 47 26 02 1.64 : 03 1 56 1 40 1.56 3 36 28 34 30 68 15 41 6 33 029 21.88 26 01 21 42 11 42 .79 .97 71 L-278 White ankerite, pure. L-279 Ditto. L-280 I^njwn ankerite, pure. L-281 White cryptocrystalline ankerite. L-282 White soalenohedral pn-stals, ankerite. L-283 Ditto. L-284 White ankerite. Lr285 Ditto, streaked. L-286 Yellow ankerite. L-287 Pale brown, compact ankerite; Sp. g. 3.004 L-288 Brown ankerite. L-289 Ditto. Anal. No. Fc SiO.. lnm\. I 1^278 11.18 ! I.-279 11 10 ( J-280 10 89 ; L-281 7.88 ! I.r-2S2 I L-283 ' L-284 22.34 L285 u U I--2S6 2-... 57 . L-2X7 11.90 I 1-288 i 18.86 i 1-289 i 19.54 12 19 tmce I 53 .13 CaO 29 9^1 2" 62 .•» 78 39 S9 .tO 79 30 24 29 IS 2t .53 26 90 28 90 27 .55 1 Me<) MnO, 10 31 12 62 10 28 4 48 1 95 .27 10 56 11 02 14 78 12 44 13 73 14 50 .58 '. 51 . 97 . 1 99 . 1 12 . •1 08 ;. 6 " (xa ■■■■ 81 . 174 Special oentrremeeM: — L-290 Week's average, calcined ore from kilna. 1^291 Ditto. L-292 Average sample calrined ore from idlns. L-293 White ore and ankerite, calcined, from kilns. 1^294 Ditto. L-295 Roasted spathic ore. L-296 Roasted white ore, Mr. Jamme's sample No. 3. T. 297 Brown hematite; Ferguson's paint. L-298 Ditto; Ferguson's ore. L-299 Ditto. L-300 Ditto. L-301 Ditto, paint. L-302 Ditto. L-303 Brown hematite; Langil's ore. L-304 Sample from working opposite old charcoal furnace. AruU. No. L-'290. . L-291. . Lr-292. . L-293. . I..-'294. . 1^295. . L-296. . I.r-297. . 1^298. . L-299. . L-.100. . 1^101. . I.-302, . 1.-.T03. . L-304. . Fe Sil)j ^ .\l2(). '^•O M,rt> MnO, 1 P s Vol. matter 28 00 3 .50 ' 9 47 10 00 8.37 9 41 15 99 12 30 23 .59 4 17 15 00 2.26 i 2.34 1 1 10 25 00 30 625 :a no '22 50 21 74 30 65 4 45 ! 3 36 1 .110 .10 .11 15 09 5.89 6.28 32 79 ; 3 70 21 50 2 17 4 56 30 .014 4.04 50 99 6 30 10 00 20 70 ! 9 80 •28 17 .32 80 . 16 80 , ^ ■ 49 17 41 56 40.05 i 37 22 * ■ 1 36.86 48.21 30.66 ::;::;::::: 36.00 A small numlier of Mine.s Branch anr.ly.ses are appended:— 55. Chiefly Old Mountain; ankerite stock pile at furnace; some sider- ite mixed. 56 Old Mountain and East Mines, especially latter; siderite stock pile at furnace, with some ankerite; general sample of coarse lumps. 57 . Same a.s 56. but fine lumps. 58. Old Mountain brown ore, paint and fine lump limonite; stock pile at fuma'.'e. 59. Like 5S, but coarse lumps with some specular and carbon«t*. 60. Rogers pit; general sample of No. 1 ore at furnace. SiO,. AliC»j <'a(> . . Mk<) 12.18 No. 55 ! No. 56 14 80 4 .W 11 24 05 10 01 No. 57 15.84 1 30 06 25 05 12.05 No. 58 No. .59 No. 60 14 80 2 16 39.20 39.82 43.62 10 24 16 12 18 j i t*?iE-i 175 CHAPTER 6 PARTIALLY BEDDED ORES OF ARISAIO AND MALIGNANT COVE. Contents of Chapter 6. Paoe. Location and extent 176 Topography 176 Power and timlier 176 Transportation 17g Tenure of ore lands 17g History of operations 179 Nova Scotia Steel an' obliquely, so that at this end the elevation along the iron-bearing zone is about 430 feet on the high land between the brooks. The ore zone is at the brow of the elevated ground, and the profile thence aeiiward is in most places abrupt. At distances varying from three-quarters to one and one-half miles from the coast is a depression known as The Hollow, which also runs parallel with the shore. Outside of this the land again rises, but nowhere to .such an elevation as inland. From the crest of the ridge thus formed the profile descends to the water with only a moderate tilope. The ore outcrops at altitudes of from 240 feet in East Branch to considerably over 500 at the highest pits on the upland. The small valleys of East Branch, Iron and Mclnnes brooks are practically ravines. But in places it would be politic, in any large scale operations, to tap the ore by adi's at the lower level of Doctor brook itself. Power and timber.— The chief stream of the immediate region is Doctor brook, and there is no other which gives any promise of furnishing power. The map will show th-it this !;ri)ok has on the east East Branch, or at* it IS sometimes railed, Campbell brook, and two other branches farther west — Iron brook and Mclnnes brook, upon which many of the iron openings are situated. These all have narrow valleys and steep descent. The valley of 178 a ^ Mm! main strram, on the uther hand, is for a Ionic diatance broad with a flat flood-plain btrttum. At the ArwaiK road, and for some hundreds of yarda tthureward of it. the valley narrows, becoming a roeky gorge almost at the ttiiure. While the stream ia m> small that at the dry season it is impossible to measure the horse power, it is capable by damming at the lower gorge of l>eing converted into a reservoir a mile and a half Ion" and half a mile wide in places, whose outlet would give a 40 foot head. T us considerable power could be developed, even though the brook is normally not large. South of the iron>bearing district, between Arisaig and the Intercolonial railway, is said to be a great abundance n property, however, what hardwoo-cal led »..!. hern grants. It appears to be difficult to keep track of the two clawe. of land, especially a* the lease map at the Mines Office in Halifax covers all the territory in itH lea.^. It in important to the investor to be able to distmKuwh l^tween thc^ ,la«.se.,; for in one case leases must be taken out tit the Mines Office and a royalty of 5 cents per long ton paid into the provmcial treasury upon all ore used. In the other ewe the investor must barwam with the owner of the land for the ore. and pavs no royalty to the crown. As well as can be ascertained, the following properties are soldiers- grants and hold possession of the irm upon them:-Andrew Macdonald, John Macdonald, John Mclnn«, and Louis Gillis. the properties lying in a block, east to west, in the vicinity of Mclnnea brook. H18TOKY OF Opkrationb. The occurrence of iron in some quantities in this region has been known for many years, b«ing referred to by Drs. Honeyman and Poole, Mr. Fletcher and others. Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Compani/.-The onlv serious attempt to work the ore, however, was in 1893. when the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company had certain parts opened up under contract. The operations were chiefly on the Tunnel lead, between Iron and Mclnnes brooks, on the properties of John Mclsaac and Louis, Andrew and John McDonald— these four farms ly- ing adjacent east to west, (see Plate 51). Some attempt was made to open up the same vein in the bank on the west side of Mclnnes brook, on the farm of John Mclnnes. but little was done. Finally, the Trunk road mine consists ' of two small openings on either side of Arisaig brook, in Silurian bedded ore. These were made by the same men. The mining and transportation were alike most primitive, and it is open to conjecture whether the contractor could have received any profit The ore was trammed by gravity from the hill where the chief openings were situated to the valley of Doctor brook south-east of John McDonald's. It was then hauled up the steep valley side to the high groun.l on the north-west and trammed thence, chiefly with gravity in its favor, to Arisaig pier. A pole road was used. Operations ceased in 1895, and the total amount of ore mined can- not be ascertained. In 1894. 1 .376 tons were delivered at the Ferrona furnace. Speculatim.~Th\B is one of the districts in which attempted speculation has spoiled many chances for sale and development . Without adequate proof gained by thorough prospecting, but with considerable probability of a largo amount of ore, and with the quality of much of the ore against them, various owners have demanded the price of a large mine for an incomplete prospect. And there have been so many owners and middlemen, each requiring a high percentage of profit, that the total cost of the district to the investor could not be other than exorbitant. IW il SI i'll 181 (ir.VKHiL CiKOLfKir. (hdonrian. -Ihrfv ur..u|* .,f nn-lu an repm*nt«l in the immediate .uinity of the iron-lK-uritm zone. The oUUmt in the Or.loviriun, ^xrupying ihe hiKh ..r inlan.i «MM.iury f..r the mu«t part, hut extenilitiK to the shur^ on the north^m.t at and ii^ar MaliKiiant rove. The r.>.lw con-ist of dark slate*. aaiubtoneH and quart xitea. and to the -wmth of the iron-lwaring t>ell a zone of red Mlatett, uwful for rorrelating the ore I*,]* in the variou* parts ..f the field. The structure of the riMk» in somewhat irregular. Wliether much cIum foldmg repeats the strata in not known with eertaintv, but several local folds are visible. The dipH vary from north to Hoiith but are prevailingly in the north quatlrants. The strike is quite erratic, varving by .«)» within a few hundred feet; but us a whole it is from N. 45° E. to nearlv K.-W. (magnetic) m the eastern part of the fieUl. swinging to range fn»m N. HO" E. to N.45° W (magnetic) in the western part. Here, and throughout the description of Arwaig, magnetic readings are employed. The declination is approximately *•! 4o W . Silurian.— To the seaward of the Ordovician is a canoe-shaped synclinal basin of Silurian of various ages, occupying the shore portion as shown upon the general nuip. In this .n-curs the iron ores of Arisaig bnM)k (Trunk road) and Hoss l)r(M)k a short distance to the east. Uruf^irfx.— The third class of nn-ks, i.wt important in it.s effects upon the distribution of the iron ores, is the .series of bjwic eruptive rocks. In the Siluriaf they are confined, so far as concerns thi.s studv. to the eastern portion of the Held at (irunt brook. Hut in the Or ician they exert a great influence in the eastern part of the field, and are found to some extent in the western. South of the old tunnel workings of the .\ova Scotia Steel and Coal Com- pany. east of .Mclnnes brook, they come in as green agglomerates and tuffs, apparently parallel with the stratification and prol)ably contemporaneous with the \mlB; and lying immetliately north of the red slates already referred to. At Iron bnw.k these snme agglomerates are closely connected with the south- ernmost iron ore Iwds. They do not, however, affect the distribution of the iron ore directly. Hut toward the eastern end of the field, all about East Hranch and thence eastward, are irregular masses of b:usic eruptives called diorites bv earlier writers on the geology of the country. There are a few in CJillis and Mclnnes l)nM)ks to the west, but they appear not to affect the ore. The exact distribution of these eastern eruptives has never l)een worked out. It is given in a general way upon the accompanying map; but in advance of any purchase of this part of the district, or of any plans for large s»ale de- vel.ipment, the size, shape and exact distribution of the manv trap bodies should be determineil in detail. The reason is the practical certainty that these cut off the iron on the strike and the possibility that, in some cases at least, they may interfere with the continuity of the ore beds in depth. IB Cmrtmn •truta Mui eruptivei tkmfi the •hnrf> h«twwn Doctor brook and AfMMC PMT- uncuBMetcd with the waiioiniea of the rc((ioo, uv not eooaidercd berr. I>BM'«ipno!« or OrsNiNus. SmUrrrd t-atUm oecvrrmer$.—On the propeny of Konal'l Mc I)f a mile weni .-if the Antifconiiih or Gulf root) and iHHith-ea«t al Hugmr I^taf hill, i* n nmall pit in bedded red hematite. Heattered pie<«i and two small uutrropA trace the ore for perhapa 78 feet. In the pit (No. .VS) the hanirinK wall ia a lUw «late, well rleave<*.; the foot- wall, itray quartsite: strike N. 49° W., dip 75" 8. W. The ore is fairly proniiainK in appMranoe and not eaperialiy stlireoiui, breaks irregularly and givea a brownish red streak. It is 3 feet 2 incheii in thirkneaa, without rock partinga or extra silireous portions. The rocks on this property are ronaidered Ordovician. To the west and north, in the direction of the main iron ore field, a great mass of basic eruptivea romen in. fnmting the high land and cutting off any ore found in the vicinity of the Antigoninh road from that of the main field. Rumors were abundant of more iron ores in this vicinity and north-east toward the shore beyond Malignant cove, but they couUl not he verified. Sample 95 is a general rruse-section test of the bed. Fe. No.M 43.62 On the wentern brani !. of Grant brook, the first stream west of Malig- nant brook, there are two o|)eiiing« on u very irregular vein of oolitic red hem- atite. The country- nnk i.s a decomposed, dark green trap. Two samples of ore. rather above the average of what would be obtained in the regular course of mining, gave : — Fe. No. 86 No. 88 W.-23 i I ' 26.31 Thi.s occiirrenie l- very limited in size and gives no promise of perman- ence. Silurian ore fewfs.— Passing now to the extreme west end of the known iron-bt-aring field, a road leavt-s the Arisaig-Merigomish shore road near Arisaig pior and runs southward up the valley of Ariaaig (or Trunk road) brook and across th*. mountain. The valley of this brook is for the ffost part a very narrow rocky gorge. At 2,000 feet up this road, in fissile slfttes / 1ateN?5I (6 1 Hit No. :)3. Ari^aig. luoku^ foot w«ll. J^ORJEMT^AJAJP, ■ _ JkniSAK lRaNJ>iSTRiCT» — itoMirili Or ^•i w^^ m » ^P Wffff; , , ci* / L- ./ IJ^'^ Or. ^'■ ./. ^ T Or. mmttk / PUTE N? 51 * If-'' part » vwjr BWTW Twkr gopiB. At 2.08B fretl^^ up this ra*d. PI.ATK M. («) Open nit in Ankerile: tirt Minw, Umdimderrv PLATK M. ] Mn(>2 P H .J2,:<4 Iti.lO 8.76 truer .;J7 traee 184 On Rom braok, » few himdiwi yv&t to tl» MM Mid aloMal ittlMlljr on liii- atrike of %.m Trunk raad openiofi, te • riniter MiHkO tuaad In oi* ia IP wi'Mt bank (pit No. 54). The iron '» in chnmctcr Uko thnt nliwKly (k« ncrilxHl. Where niMMun>d it i»vi> • thic knw i of 2 feet 3 inehM. ths ore beinf ri»6n and tW wolU vrry n^fular. It is Mid to thin to 1 foot on tho •iW of the brook in an opening now ohMunKl. Hnmpip NO ii • ii»iiPiml tmt of this on. Ni>.K> F» ft-."... 1!^.. ,„::::: ■ « ...1 46.000 1 It.MO 1 S.700 2.700 .-1 .MO ; .700 .013 Oil Smith bmnk. Nonit* dixtancp to the wnt of Ariniff, tome of the older umi** hnveinmniftrVed. and Mr. Fletdier write* ((i«ol. Surv. Can., doc. 243) of " iiuui.«ivi', nuiroon-rtilored tvn^iUite, which would leem to be a depauper- atril form nf the iron ore l»nd." Whatever else there may be, it wm inipooHiblp to find any ore in the brotik. McKentie vtitu. — Retumin|E once more to the eaat, the iron pita and outrr(>|w to be described lie in one general line on tlie edge of the upland. All arc red hematite, with one exception, to l)e noted in ita place. They are ulf in the Ordovician and probably represent approximately the Mine rock horiions throughout. But the McKeniie o|ipnings are separated from the beginning of t^H* main iron on> field at Kaet Branch by 3,200 feet, occupied in part uth of the tre of the shore road.. Ti.cHiv ea^t for Reverel hundred feet are intermitt^ > outcrops and openings. T.'ie ivlatinn of the vtrious exposures is shov i in the map. While pit No. -io u the westernmost opening, the bed can be traced for ct lia-*! JOO fpet farther west by drift. Fit No. 'SJ is the easternmost one on the property. Ore has not been trac^'l eastward from this for any distance, but can be followed for at least :100 f«'«»t West, with a somewhat sinuous strike. The thickness of the ore U v:vrii\ble. r.veniging 2 feet 10 inches. Both walls are of gray quartsite, t'le hangi' " wall f^venish and somewhat slaty and decayed. The ore is <'Xtr.-inely ilici'ous to within 9 inches of the latter, the hanging wall portion Uing of U-tter gnvdi-. Th«' strike varies from N. 83° E. to N.88° W., ttviruKiriK F..-\V. Tlie hanging wall dips 63° N.. the foot -wall 40° N., so t'lat the vein is hen- pinching downward. SamfJe 89 is a geuerr.1 section of tl:<- cut, excluding thrpe inches on the south wall. Close to this 0|ipning. on the west, is a natural outcrop from which rihoMt .5(K) nw. htive Ix-en gathert-d into a small dump. Sample 97 is a ^-neral i>iw «*f thiia dump, the ore of which i« ver>- cofJtie. 185 r* ! N«. W No. t7 ■JI.2I :u HI No. 33 pit ia th« m«in npfiiinK. Hen* for 04 fwt t>.«* orr in rxpntpd eonttauotuly, partly by iMtunU ciutcntp, p»nly by fxeavation. and ban biwn broken out to m>nw> t>xtt>nt for 40 ft><>t. Tt «> Mtrikf at tL«> <>Mt end it N. 7ft* K., at the w#>rt end, X. Mf K.. »nd tKe dip O'J' N. Tlie Ud varjpii in width considerably, but not abruptly. Thiu, 15 feet from tie riuit end it ii six feet, white at 21 fi^-t it in r)>dt it b«>coiik>s n>«l«lis!i and finely oolitic. »nd fcivi-y u reddish brown streak; and it continues good in npfienranrf itmi with u n-Kulur fracture up to tie luinginK wall. Many fossil shells an* present. The bed, which is locally calle«l tlie McKenzie lead, '-an l)e connected directly with the east opening by small natural outcrops. Sample 90 was taken for 40 feet nlouK the strike of tie lied in this opening. No. 96 ii a general test of about 0s. of on< on a (iuni|i at tie west end of the long opening. Fc No. 9U No e*i MM 44.UU lit No. 115 is H long e.\|K>surp. iieur the west (iniiierty line of Duncan McKeniie, part natural and part itrtificiul. and lielonging to the same ore bed as the two p^eviou^ening precludeil accurate measurement of the thickness. I*it 34 is a shallow excavation, on n vein stime 27 feet .»nuth of the .Vlc- Kensie leatl, lielund pit No. Xi. The on' is here eouixe and very silic-eous. Two analyses. No. 98 of the oiv fnnn'the vein, and No. 99 of ore fn>m a small dump, gave:— Fr No. tts •JS 42 ! No. W .>4 •»•-» t I ' I- hi No more iron ore is known ea.st of Kast Branch. The country is cut by several trap intru.sioius. and apparently al«» is faulted in at least one IW PLATK M. — ^gtSSJSLBSSMSBSSSi ' jJ-tur MtftmMm i^^* mf y»»> . -* ■ T. C » 187 plarc, with » nwuridpriitklv lateral iiiD|>li»r«>mmt It m, im the wbcile, un- Ulnly thiit ore m> far eMt wtU lie fouml prmiiitent for any gnrnt Hvff pita, numhtmd in order u|>-«ti«un 1, .'i7, 3. 12. mmI \. on the property nf letter Rum. The exravationa matte in thiM area an> nut ennmraipnff. fruni tlie nlamlfioint of quality ur pni>»a>4e (temianencp of the depnaiu. Tlie ore v very ailireoutt, in Imndo var>'in|t fmm a few inrhe* to five feet. interfaeiMeeen done I ere. Sample "M nift taken a<'n)i« the Iwd. ' No. 94 F«. 24 02 I'l I'itc A. IIJ. 14. 4. 11, and 15 eon.stitule !i Jteries of excavations which lie between f>its \A and 17. They are .xituatetl .m the lan*urveyfil a tVw years ago by \\ S. .\Pi'l»l>ald, C.K. The distance ln-t .vet- ii th.' extn-nie \nU \> aiu.ut 2h) feet. Althoueh ;J1 tl»ew ate ri.mparatively do.-* t«)Ki'ther, it i.-- nni ver>- narrow to .-ionie lt» feet. The ore. a.s a rule, is v.ry siliceoas and mixeii with -rriiiOTni and arusee of quarU. Tl»f walls an; r.. n^eti!!le^ quartiitic. sometimes slaty. 188 SampieB 65, 66, and 103 m« from diffwant |MUts oi |nt No. 5. Sample 104 is ore arieeted from a 4-ton damp, near pit No. 10. Sample 106 ia a aeleeted one from a 20-ton dump, near pit 14. Sample 64 is of one takui aeroas the voin, in pit No. 4. Sample 71 is from pit No. 11, and sample 76 is an average of ore from IMt 15. No. tA No. M No. lOS So. 104 Fe. ») 23 3B 41 38 91 30 52 No.M No. 71 2S.2» ' 34 97 No. n ¥i.m Vf ... SiO.. AlA (VO. , 8 ... No. lOS 4ft 380 23 560 4.830 1.650 .220 .715 .012 Chfmistry of East Branch ores.—CH 54 samples taken from tl» district in 19W) by Mr. P. S. .\rchibald C.E.. record of analyses of 19 can be foimd. They all seem to have lieen analyned by Dr. Hoffman, for the Geological Suni-ey, Mr. R. K. Chambers. f«>r tl* Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company, and Mr. I). J. Pinkerton. for the Dalxell Iron and Steel Works, of Motherwell, Knjclond. What pits are reprBsenteil in these, it is difficult to say, as all references are to j»urvey stations; but it is certain that some comparatively recent openings were not available. The .samples referred to Eaut Branch are four, as follows, the numliers referring to those used in reports by the gentlemen named:— A-77 .\-78 A-79 A->«l A-Hl A K4 A-s.'i A-«6 A-H7 A-SH Ff SMI, No. « Hoffnmn 42 ,%6 Finkprtiin j 41 81 ClmnibPrt I 42 79 No 13 Hoffinnn PinkM'nn Chaii>li«'rn .N.. 14 HotTnian Pinkerton 42 3» 47 97 42 90 39 til 31 98 Chiin.l» i HotTnutn 53.00 ''inUrrtmi 35.67 ( 'homt'pt.- ! 34 78 28.65 i i 30.00 I .228 j i I I I 29.73 i 34 30 600 trM* •M.91 i i 43.00 j .960 I trace 9.99 j 44.00 ' .312 I If IM.ATF. .'..'. ('II I'it N(i. I (. U>okini5.ioiitli-»tH«-<-iiiifii i.f kidiifv i>r 250 .52 460 ,17 5.30 11 990 4 4S0 7 430 926 .476 /ronfcroo*.— Along Iron brook, on the land of Alex. .McDonald, there are several excavations, numbered 6, 7, S, <». 16, 56, and an old shaft sunk by the Nova Scotia Steel antl Coal Co.. the position of which is given on the sketch map (Plate 51). The shaft was sunk on an isolated occurrence of the Tunnel lead, which here pinclied out in all directions, and nothing can be learned from it at present. Of the pits it is Ukely that 6 unci 8 are on the same l)ed, which shows 12 feet of ore in one and 8 feet 8 inches at the other. The ore is verj- siUce»>u8, as there are stringers and grains of quartz mattered thmugh the bed. The wall on one side is slate, and «.» the other a nn-k which may Iks an altered tuff. On account of the coarseness of the ore and of the visible quartz grains scattered through the bed. it may J)e referrem the Iwd in pit 8. and VM from the ad- jacent dump. 131 69 130 Fc 34 95 30 31 I .34 95 41 90 Pits 9 and 16. are also thouglit to l)e on the Coarse lead, which at thia point is faulted south. The s'rike is N. 84° E., and the dip is 82° N. A section here shows the foUowinj; sequence:— U)'-0' I'-V A'-or OlT Mate Utc . Total is'-e* Sample 70 j.«i from aenMS the bed ezpooed in pit No. 9; Mmf^ 129 «>ine« from the dump: sample 77 is from bed in pit 18; samples 128 and 141 are from the durapa. 70 129 ft 3'-M 34 4« 77 120 35 81 37 23 141 41.87 Pit No. 7 is er«>. l"- Hoffmjtn . IHtlkf-no!! ' haiiil"er«. I'l Honiiuiit l'inkn .1 43 22 43 66 40 36 h\ 22 47 (10 4M 17 •27 10 mrt iciwn 43 13 •25 47 . 35 40 I h'09';' 32 OO 1 459 trace 210 tntr 28.72 29 10 2n 5« T 32 00 48 18 1 824 552 traee tr*ce ', J 191 Averagw (»f tlie>e follow. The first of the two quoted from Hoffnmn iiirludea Nob. 5. 9. 10, iw well :w th<»e Riven alwve. F« A-l« Hoffman. rMU>i«l>-«in te ^ A-20 " numericai Bverap- < Vi i7^ A-2I mnkertoii (No. 19 not givpn) i 4> "-^^ A-22 Ch»ml)eni (So. 12 not Riven) j 44 -•VH SiOi P 8 •H\ 'MO 600 003 3'.MJ5 M\\ trace Tiinr^l lemi ojM'tiingH.—ln Iron brook for the first time is found an ore bed which is rhararterized hy certiiin f)e- much mixed with slate an.l evidently nuich compressed and dusturl«d. it was impoBsible to get a sample. A short distance t.) the eastward, against the steep east bank, is an old shaft, filled in and with m. ore around it. It wa. sunk by the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company, in the course of their praspecting for the Tunnel lead. Their engineer it>port^ that it wiis a small hH-al depiwit. vut off on all sides. From memor>% the ore is tlu.ught ti. h:.ve mn 48 to 50 per cent iron. , . i:_„„»i,. These two oiienings have tio .lirect economic importance, but indirect!) they are of value. Fin-t. they show that a very easily distinguished dep,«it is continuous easlv ard for a long .h^tan.e: secon.l. tl .t is very hkely no in workable condition .o far tn lUv cast, and it won i-.ot pay to pri«pect especially for it east of Iron br.M.k. ^. _» Inasmuch as the w..rki..g uf the runnel lea.i progressed from the west to the east, it will W ea..ier for the moment to reverse the or.ler of description that has been followe,!. and to run over the main o,^nings on the lead, begin- ning on the west on the hiH e:.t ot Mdnnes b.ook a, the point ind..ated «M» the map. (Plate .'»i). ^^., ik,^ <^}^ Tl.e westemnu^t o,,ening is a pit on .lohn McDonald > property (No. .ol near iU east fine. The characteristics of ore and n^k here as in se^•e^d other parts of the Tunnel HH^nir.gs. have \^n of ne,eHs.ty taken by de«cnp- tion fn.m those who worke«ut t! . time of ch«ing down of the wo^l^ The vein was struck on u turn or incomplete fault, the offset l>e.ng Its to the right; that m, the wmt lide moved Bortii. The ore wee murow, but looked M li^ood m the mvenge. SMnpie 122 m a selected aample from the dump. The next pit, the weetemmoet one on Andrew Macdonald's farm, had no ore shipped, but several hundred tons of inm ore were' found in a rather weathered state on the dump. From a pit a short distance east, however, a ronsiderable shipment was made. The thickness of the surface drift is K feet. There appears to be about 3 feet H inches of rather slaty ore, (Upping W-7(f N. Sample 121 was selected from the dump. Half>way between this and the shaft, in the firat long trench (third trenrh in the series), is a small pit, said to have Iwen opened the day the work was stopped on the property, and showing 3 feet H inches ci slaty ore None is visible now. In the shaft 5 feet of good ore was worked. Sample 123 was selected from ore lying on the dump lieside the trench from this shaft to the east line of Andrew Macdonald'H farm. About 25 feet east of the first shaft the lead pinches, swelling to 8 feet at the second shaft, 25 feet farther; pinching onoe mme 20 to 25 feet tu the east. It swells at the second shaft to 8 feet in places. In pinching the hanf^ng wall remains even, the foot-wall coming in at a lower dip than normal. This holds true, whether the pinch be a flat one below, or a steep or vertical one longitudinally. Fifty feet from Andrew Macdonald's east line the ore meets a perpencficular left-handed break or fault, with an offset of 7 feet. In the segment between this and the property line the ore is fair, averaging 3 feet (i inches, {{ear the fault it is narrower. Fnpm the boundary between the properties of Andrew and Louis Mac- donald, sample 124 was selected to the end of the chain of trenches. Immedi- ately east of the farm line another left-haniled fault is encountered, with an offst;t of 17 feet. Beyond, the beil is continuous to the end of the trench. At the east end the ore is said to have l)effun at 24 inches at the surface, widening to 5 feet (i inches at a depth erf 20 or 22 feet. At 25 feet depth an almost flat fault cut the ore off completely, curving somewhat, at the east having a dip of alnHit 40° W.. and flattening rapidly westward. It is not known which way the r«K-k ^lufted. At the end of the trench the ore ended. While men who workeut no work wa« ever done up«»n it. and no information is obtainal>le, except regarding the character of lU ores. F^vidently there is faulting between thette two expiwures, as the pit is 20 feet north of the line of eastward prolun- gution of the last trench. lietween tlus pit und Iron brook, a diatancp of 800 feet, nn openings have been made on the Tunnel lead. Tunnel leati ore. — While the iron ore of this l)e-oidal variety usually nameei kidney, and in 193 some places bottle ore; that \ma(t mamniillan-. fibrous and concentric Umoiute, while this is a retl hematit*. copper brown in surfwe colour, and with a bright red streak or powder. The ore is in two conditions. The ftnm the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Con.pany are obtained the foUow- ing-t>ne sample lal^Ued " Doctor brcH.k,' but s:m\ to be the Tunnel lead on the hill where the trenches are, gave .\-u» quartwte 3'-0" total ll'-O* Ore ■ ; North wall of quartute. The strike and dip are N. 65» K.. 83° X.W. The ore is extremely coaree and siliceous, with many granules of white and smoky quartz. Sample 93 is a general section of the belt, excluding the rock; No. 126 is selected from a large dump. ________-.^ Fe. No. 93 ; ?2.32 I No. 126 35.31 l« 194 - u nit 4fl on Andrew MaedowOd'i propwty. In The •-«* "P;X*^bS\S'ore rumSng into the gr.v^ on both .id-. '^ 't"* Tr a brelShT U 'f^ without iu.y rock p^ting . It i. extre«jriy STc^*"^ fuir:f 5^. gmn. in t*. muWI. but btter .t th. -d... t^n^ * f.n.na -etion of the floor of the p.t. No. U« » W2 ¥• rrtli^^r^o^er^te o„ the .uth w.U - . J^ brooj^ - o„ i. co»r« but not «« P^^'^'y ^T ^ ^^ ^^ jitter for a few inchee irregu- aiUceouB towaiti the tuff; but it «P^*!* '* ^^ ' Li «tril». N. 82» E.. ulrly. showing the «cond»ry ongin of the iron. The bed «tnl». « "^ frt^Leni condition of the pit only upper edges a« visible and In the Pr^"* ;"" Tj „f rock matter which forms a cappmg. Th« these are ^'^^;^2T11^ rm^eri^hment of an in>n-»*aring belt, which. raTh^oTr^r-rveC inJ^'a fuU width i.n o« b«iy. These con- ^'^'i:;:^:::^ samp. IW came f.m the ^.^ ^rpit and is a general test of a two or th.« ton dump. ¥f.. the high land Detween iruii ai ^ „„xierately g.K.1 character, ^-^j'- P^""^', 7^t Vo. »). on^he thi« V .1 On the muuntain the ea«temmo^ _e.F-". P^t^ ^ • ^^^ ^ nn.ijertv of Louu. .McDonald, and north of pit No. IJ. ine quurtzite. blenuing into ore. The «cUon northward «:- fVrruginoa* quartiite. . ( iiMMl ore ... North wall tlecaywi «bite r-r MS The ore is very fine graine*!. The belt strikes S. 83» E. and dipe TT" \ Sample 92 is • general one of the ore portions of the belt; I2S U seleetixi from • dump. Pe.. Mo . 03 I .1 40.03 Xo. 135 43. S2 From the north wall of No. 19 to the south wall of Xo. 20 is 46 feet from the former point to the centre of the Tunnel leaxcluding the parting. No. 118 Fe. . . SiO,. . B 45.000 28.400 .840 l.OoO .430 .530 .016 IM far tht TwMel; but by kad fboad Sfyn tMt of the Thta bad jbouU b« •pprcadaMtaly IB tiM its 1601*00 Md Ha OM it ii aot, Bsr k Um wvM bMk of MelMM braok. PH IS ii Ml ImImmI njiinint «mI ^ tba —annimct cot oa th« TosmI iMd, OB Jeha MalMM't pto^vrty. It b north of th« nuifle of the Tunnel Wad Md it* ofe ia Una irairwd and area. Sample 182 ia a (ennml one of a very •mail damp. N«. laa r, ; «■« Melmm ftradk.— Seveial pha have been opened on the ««at braneh of this brook, moat of them at aome diatanee aboivv the bad of the atieam and duatend about the baae Ifaw. They an all on the property of Jening. Fe No. 113 41.10 South-west of No. 38 is a tmuih 20 feet long, now fallen m (No. 43). Frmn those who opened it it is (earned that three feet oi the south end contained iron. IM.ATi: Vt (a) Pit No. -to, l(i«>kin|iw-««t. (fti Pit No. .}«» looking mut. tf I«7 On th* lurfMC k a eoMid*^ thle aniuunt of ore, from two Jumpi of which MunplM 113 Mid h U were »t«w vhatU From iu poaition •ad eharartcr it ia judffad to im the Coarw lead Ni> 113 No. il4 r« 33.52 i 34.51 Soutb-eant from the mouth No. 116 r^ 38.71 In the .-iivine ciwt m" y'lt No. 41, alnost in the l>e le irr Miinr fine and siliceous ore > No. 42). Not enough had iieen shown at tlie time iM irupetiion to permit i^iimplins. Chemitiry of Mcinnrs hrook mren— Certain of the threefold series of analyaea already referred to in this chapter can l»e trmed opraximately to pita on and east of this brootk Pit No. 47 is represented by thi toUowinn:— Fe. A-Zi IlofTinati A-J4 Pii.'howing a continuation of iron ore l>eds known to the eastward. 199 On the Daniel McDonald property is pit No. 25, au opening on what is locally called the Black lead. The ore is black in colour, very feebly magnetic, and 10 feet wide. It is all siliceous, slightly leas toward the centre. An irregular portieen cut. Ijeing heavily covered with drift. The following oeetion i« vif^ihle; — l)rifl I north mde) . (Ire -V -0' HfK-k Parting '2-ir V,Hr quality, ant! n»ixed with slate. On the south is a ;:re:isy lisrht ^ray slate, similar to that on the walls of the Leckie vein at Torhrook. Next is 14 inches of piMxl kidney ore, from which sample M is taken. This is succeetletl by :i2 inches of extremely siliceous black to gray massive ore. unwling out from the kidney <'re quickly: and fintUy the north wall of quartiite. The eoataets are irregular, but the general direetifm ia N. 68° W., (Up vertical to SB" N. The walls have •harp tuma with left-banded offwta. It is evideat that the lead was uncovered in an unfortunate place, being on >. .**! is a (renerai one of 4 feet of pood ore; 82 is a general one of tin- siliteou-- p<>rtii>n of tlie Ited. 1 No 81 No. HV! F» .1 .M WW i » 20 SK>j 15 OSO i Ki-iih a .vau (all 1 «uo Mr 6» i i> .we j 901 A few other [Mtn have t>een opened in this \-icimty since the compl^oa of the field work, for whirh some claim is made by the owners. General C.' Iron and Mining Company's laboratory come the following ;— No. 1 is east of the road at East Branch, and is probably No. 1 jMt; No. 6 is the large quarr>- west of the broi.k, pit No. 13 of the ptveent study; No. 2 is spoken of xs opened in several places, so may be the series of three west of the bnx^k, N ami sfinic. A-41 -No 'J, alK>ut IJ fwt A-42 Tunnel vi-in .\-43 AvrrjijB' of K..uit Branch. F« Inwit. 43.800 26 010 43 160 29 230 34 .^'50 42 640 4.'. 740 24 820 42 ^3i .10 62.5 On I itn tironk:- A-14 S... 1, *a\<\ to Ix' Hi feet K-4H N%;i .-icutiii .Steel iwr. < uul I'udipaiiy"-' lahorator>- coiiie several, rei)re»«-iit4-i x- Umhk inmi tli»- ^t-T places, an.i carefully (•iillp>. I'Uf w;tl! no iatwl.- t)ne .seiu-<. A .'•! to »H). iiives Fe 42 »l 45, ;{7. t (3) Frotii l.oiiil"!ia>>r-v. ~ i.nple t.iark*-- 43 as :i4 go .It 41) 4tl J »o JO ' Williur .1- 41 ■ 1. I'alitx unknown b- \ol [natt«r .".S .! 2 ao2 I Chemiad quality. — In the vuious anaiyaM quoted, oertftin facta are made evident. The ore ia uniformly free from sulphur, hut, aa ia to be expected in a CHnton ore, it is high in phoHphorut). tiilica and genenri ituolubki matter stand unfortunately hiich, the average lit all Mines Branrh analyMH being '^i SUA, and of all the others obtainal>le at piesent, 28.655 In iron the general quality ia low, the average of Mines Branch analyses t*eing 3S \m, that of all others obtainaltle, 42 514. It tiiuxt lie noted that the Minea Branrh saniplw «how only the beat ore, exfiecially aH regards mlica; hence the figuret* are t(xi uptimiatir. Such averages, although likely t«) mialeaJ, have their viilue: thus ihey show that the diatrict, aa a whole, in characterizeil by low irt»n and almost disastrously high silica. But it may well be that of the veins present .-ioine .ire |>er.»ii.-'tently too poor to woric, and othera, on the avera«Er lit Iea!*t. pa^salile. Thus, averages of ail Minw Branch analysea (4 what can lay fair rluim to Ix-lug the Coarse Ieai 174 IH J,X! A-70 4ti .>i:< 1.5 .5«i5 A-71 47 302 17 479 6 802 1 333 4/sn 1 48.3 .013 Ttie InternH^iiatp ore l.e«l. l^tween the Ttinrwl :unl the Coarse lead.-, a*. far w ran lie identihetl. give- for tin three divijijon* just mentioned:— A-72 A-73 1" A-74 4-5 \H 41 177 43 .V.H IJ u» 17 Mm 14 7.50 7 175 2 100 4«> 7S3 0!0 303 These w..ul«l »eein t.i mdirat- (1) that the iron lonlent inrpeaBes miitfr- i»lly, hut not evenly. w<~twarut usually hijjh: (3) that the Course leai! is not of ntarketahle quality so far as now known; (4) that the Tunnel and the Internieuiate leatls niay I* ec«)aon;ic»lly valuable under favourable runditions. Physical Probikmh Voiitiuiiitii alinm slrih—h ha.s already been remarked that none of the iron ore l)e<]e on Kiu-t Branch or eastward can »« identified with certainty as occurrirg on Iron iircok or westward. The means of possible identifica- tion are two Kimilurity <.f ore and wall rmk and identity of relationship to some kn<.wn nnk horizon. Both these critoria e used here to some extent, but neither alciie nor both together will l>e found adequate for the whole (list rift Taking: the secnnd first, on the hill l)etween Iron and Mclnnes brooks a red slate appears some Icl*herson property or l)eyond, but was not seen. From its distribution it i^ some aid to identifying the zone <;arrying the ore beds, if . idv n a general way. It might l* useful east or west of the present limits of the Held to in«licate roughly the situation of this zone. A ».etter guide in detiUl is the wall rock south of the Coarse lead, the volcanic detritus permitting recognition of it before enough of the ore can I* sten to make sure of its characteristics Thus in the Iron brook district it i. the first clue to faulting. Thi.^ is the o„ly wall rock available over any consi.lerul.le distance. Wiiere an ore Mt ha.s one wall of quartzite and the other of slate it mav l.e possible to distinguish folding from repetition m any restri.ted section: for folding would of necessity jrive the l-eds in reverse order, in crossing from one side of the f<.leen found is 6 TWi feet the Tunnel lead from the east side of Iron bnwk to the McPherson propertv covering that length. The Coarw! lead is probably continuous 104 for at l«wt M gTMt • ctistaMe, although not opeaad to far weat. Thia ii a vary eonaidarabla length f or om inia or* bad to be practically unintcrmptad, and ahhoogfa it ia not workabia ia aU parta, a auffleient proportion at tba Tunnel lend givaa promiaa of good body and quality to make it a proqiae- ttvdy vahiable depoait. There ia at preaent no meaaa of knowing where the breiUc eooMa between Iron brook and Eaat Branch, nor how great the dbet ; nor even whether any of the depoaita in the two aections are the aame. As to the beda oo Eaat Branch, it ia difficult to make aura of the iden- tity of any on the two sides, beeauae of the evidence of folding on the west bank. That in certain caaea the depoaitfl are continuous acraaa the valley is quite probable, but uncertain. Eaatward towards the McKeniie leads knobs of trap protrude through the strata in great profuaioo. It would be impossible, without very detailed prospecting, to tell how far the ore at either end is continuous toward the other. To the eaatward from the openings on McKeniie's farm the strata are moderately free from intrusions for a mile, to the foot of Sugarloaf mountain. But to the north and north- east, and within 250 yards at the nearest point, is a contact between the Ordovitian and a large mass of trap, which extends thence north to the coaat and east for two miles, and in which the small blebby deposits of Grant brook are found. From their present strike it is probable that the McKensie lead* if continuous, run against this contact within about 1,200 or 1,500 feet of the openings. Extetuion of field. — On the east, the point mentioned above as the probable terminus of the MrKenxie leads marks the utmost limit of the ore lield in thai direction. The deposit on Ronald McDonald's farm, south- east of Sugarloaf and east of the trap contact, is isolated and unlikely to be continuous in either dicertion for a great distance. Westward it would at fin>t seem that the field should reach out for a great distance: but account must lie taken of the change in strike k they rur\e rapidly toward the west and north, con- verging upon the contact between the <)rdo\-ifian and Silurian to the north- ««'st Hence, within a short distance, the iron on the McPhoson property niu«t. if continuouw so far westwur.i, Mtop at this contact. Without working out in jtre&t detail the wology of the district, it is still passible to say that the.e dep.»f)erty, hut probably no farther, unless they take an unexpected turn sfMjthward. or are (»f!.-!t as the ore Ijeds are nearly [•erpeii'ii.ular at X\\<- surfato. it mav »>ep««sihle to extract a larjte amount oi on- within a tuo^ierate width of pr proximitv to a trap intrusion whtch may interfere with it.-^ continuity on 906 (NMHde, and on the other to the Silurian ccmtact, toward which iu atrike earrica it. BeiniK as it is far north of the main iron-hearing range, it may be negUeted in an economic conHideration of the ilistrict. The Silurian iron ore, on Uom and Arisaig brcMtlu, h of a type that ahould pcraiat for a connderable diRtance: and if it d«je8, ita topography would allow a large ammmt trf ore to Iw extracted cbeaply, although the walls are unusually soft and insecure. But the glacial drift Ih in places heavy along the line of strike of the beds, and no prospecting appear* to have been done. Continuity in depth. — Of equal importance with the longitudinal extent of the field is the character of dip tk Iht- ire lied.-* and the continuity of the latter in depth. On the first point little neee «aid. A.-< Hum been seen, there is some evidence of close folding at Ea«t Branch. How wide-spread this w is not known; but at present no evidence of it exists to the westward. Ml the dips in this part of the Ordovician are high, chiefly north and north-west ; and it is very probable that in depth the lieds will continue to have high dips as far down aa they may be worked. At all events, there is no evidence of blanket^ ing. In the Silurian also the dips are uniformly high. The problem t^ii learned at a mini- mum cost, and the value of the district perhaps greatly enhanced. As it is, two lines of testimony are available— (1) tiie present topography of the ore lone and its relation tu the condition of tlie iron; u*) the nature of the deposits as a whole. (1) The topography of tlie country !•■< (juite variek, which, while small, have nevertheless cut for themselves deep ravines. The lowest point is reached in East Branch, where the line of the iron zone is cut .>y the briK)k l)ed at an elevation of J-'S feet. The lowest outcrops are but a few feet above this, and the ore may safely be assumed to continue at least as low as the brook level in this \ alley. The highest point l^tween this and Iron brk i.«* 4o(> feet, a rise of 222 feet. Iron Urm)k is 424 feet elevation. As iron has not yet l)een proved to extenvl l>etween these brooks, the altitudes cannot !« of use except imiirectly. From Iron br«Kjk westward, however, the individual lieds can be traced. The highest point lief ore Mdnnes brook is readied i.'* 4M2 feet. The east branch of .Mdnnes hro<.k i.- 4it(i feei ele\ ation. West of this the highest point recorded is olM feet. .\^ tdc ir..n ore i>eds swing westward and northward, their outcrops no longer k«"p on the highest land. butde<-line somewhat toward the valley of Uoctnr hrxk (2) The ore Ix-ciief . i tiiis i)art of Aris-iic are broadly of the bedded type, although dep.tning froM the rock ^tratihcation in a few pla«-e«. sometimes ihiOugh irretfular replacement . * .met imes prc)cee«ling for a ver>- short distance altwc fiMurtu TiMMe hedded arm, wi«My dwtributad in roeks ol Ordovieiao and Hiluriaa aipi in the AppaiachtMi diviaon of the United Statw. an rbaracteriwd normiUly )>>' gn»t ptfrmUaaey in iitrilce Mid depth. Tbejr are ragarded by many students an repiaeenMnta of roeic strata. It has ali«ady been explained (Part I, rhapter 3) that nHwt iron ore ia a leeondary deposit Umm\ I A- dmcradinK water, and there f ore is comparatively shallow. But the Cltntun ores are found to a depth of many liundret branrh of Mclnnee hrrK>k and the high land to the weet, neverthelasa the iron is in ever>' essential similar throughout. Ores of this type are never, »o far as known, formed during continuance of the pre s e n t topography, but precede it in age, although often in a very general way dependent upon it. In the main Arisaig deposits there ia no difference that can be ascribed to t(>p«>grap))y, between the highest and lowest exposures of the beds: and the cunrluflioi, -uems justifiable that the ore beds should hold their iron ratio for a considerHble distance below the level of Doctor brook, and probably at least to the sea level. Mention has been made earlier of the trap intrusions. Just how trouble- some they may be can only lie discovered in the course of exploration. They may seriously interfere with the continuity of the ore in depth, especially about East Branch. Amount of ore. — It Im inadvisable to attempt any estimate of the total amoimt of ore, at least east of Iron brt>ok. without far more knowledge of the deponitx than is at hand. In the case uf the three identified beds from Irtm brook west, the be^t estimate of thickness that can be made, from the various openings of ore that may l»e prei^umed to lie workable. gives:— Tunnel lead 5 feet. Intermediate lead 4 feet, roarrw lead 10 feet. It is probable that the last must be thrown out of account, as being everywhere too siliceous to pay. With it there are 19 feet, without it 9 feet of workable ore. i-Isuniates for Iron brook, Kast Branch and Mf Kenxie brook are of little value. In the hrst two cases there is r^mie duplication of bed«. and in all the ore in hieh in .silica. All the estimates of thickness and tonuagc ot workable ore for this district seen by the author appear to him 5o l»e far too high. Workinti fiolicij. — These ore beds are better situated for inexpensive work- ing than alnnist any other deposit in the province. In the first place, the}' are 9taniBting. As hoist- ing and pumping are the two greatest items of r-nrrent expend in many niir^<>». ;tn(i -haft sinkin«lt way to develop w«Mild be by an adit level. from »h»- valk»v of iKw-tor brtK»k on the M'>Pher9on property. That would ojien 207 the lxd« at the lowmt p«>int postiible without an udit of too girat lenirth. The probable diatance to lie cut before Htriking the Tunnel leaii m approximately 600 feet, to Rive a heiKiit of ore overhead of 2(J0 feet. All the diatrict neeila a careful pruttpectinK by drill holes and 8maU test pita, before any undertaking ia ttet on foot liKikinK to lar^e ocule development. Eapecially ii* this true at the caat. None of the Eoxt Branch bed* have l>eeii prove*! for any considerable di>nance: and the proximity of titimerou.H sm^ll trap knoUi makei* it imperative that the depth of the iron orewhoidd !« a.«-«;r- tained by a core drill and its i|uality •.■inip|pefore any value i.'* |>la«-ed upon the leases for commercial purpoan. But drilling is required !»•* well wext of this brken RTound are unknown. If several flat break.'* are present, ^uch as the Nova Scotia Steel andCoalConi- pany met in working tlie Tuiuiel lead, the fact .should In* known. It is neces- sary to prove the depth ot the iron ore m unfaultetl portions as well. Few fields in the province w«)uld jrive more information under tiie oearch of diamond drills than this. In surface prospectins:, it mu.st not lie overlioked that the glacial ?rade ore could l)e found to warrant it. rLATCsr m *■ -frrTrrrnTiTilrTfr'**^- 2U9 CHAPTER 7. mON OBIS OF WH TOOOOMAQH AND MIDDLE RIVIR. OAPE BRETON. ('OVTKSTS or ClUFTK.H 7. 8ltu»tian Tranaportktion, power, tinitier . OrcumotflB north tA VlUyvn-onismh Lagan Glen Lewia mountain Bummary of conrhimonn. 8kye mountain Iron brook: tunnels ami exfnwiiref . Other occufpenrea Early analyse** Summary- «f ri»nrluM<»n!< Middle river PAUB -iOB auo 211 212 212 212 212 21.1 214 214 2l.'i Situation.— T\» Whyr.M-omaitli dintri.t is «t»at»^l in the rentre of the island of Cape Breton, at iinortation,fHmur.timh*r-'lht' villajte itself is eight mil."* l>y i -ad from the O-anpnialc station of the Intenolonial railwuy, which is alunit 65 milw distant frotn the smoltinK rentres (,i Sydney an.l Sydney Minef. Water trani«|>ortntlon can Ik- l.ud frnui Why< .nmuli during seven months of the year. Brigcnd »>r.K.k, at tl.«. head oi St. I'atri.k .hannel, i.< .apuble l.y sUirage of furnishing RikkI power N..ne <.f tlu- other Lru-ks h.Hve enoimh water. The mountains .oiuain mti.h hard vv..o.i. chiefly small, and some wrft wood ()ccurr,-ncf$ north of \\h„i.xo,„u,,h N-ith ..f W liy( (Komaiih villajie are the hilk Iwallv callcl the Mulht.!. -I'late 5»i. Thev are compose.l. in their central part. <.f prH ambnun n.. k. lirseU maltne^.:in hmestones and quartrites near the .outh.-n. m.-trcin lieiween ti.e mum part ot the hUb and the lake on the .-utl. are ynuriier ..H-k^. In the nudst .•• the«e aiid a mile north of the shot,- is a small a-e;, ,.f pre-. :uui-nan, t.ot vpresented .n 17 MKXocorr mmuition ran omit (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) US lit Iti \2Ji IM IM IM 12.2 I.I l^l^l^ ^ >1PPLIED IM/QE Inc ISS] Ent Main StrMt RocllM(«r. N«r roft 1460* USA (716) 4«2 - 0300 - Phon. (716) 286 - 96e» - F