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IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to Dottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmte A des taux da rMuction diff Arents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est fiim6 A partir da I'angSe supArleur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant la nombre d'images nicessaira. Les diagrammas suivants lilustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I ;:;! ^^ m 0NE HdNDRED Lessons in Business. BY V'" --,-=-. SEYMOUR EATON, Author of "Eatm's Practical Grammar," "Manual of Correspondence:' " Easy Problems for Young Thinkers," " The New Arithmetic," " Graded Exercises in English," " Civil Service Help Manual:' and "How to Write a Good Business Letter." 'J^O a young man who has in himseli Lhe magni- ficent possibilities of Hfe, it is not fitting that he should be permanently commanded ; he should be a commander. You must not continue to be the em- ployed ; you must be an employer. Young men talk of trusting to the spur of the occasion. That trust IS vain. Occasions cannot make spurs, young gentle- men. If you expect to wear spurs you must win them. If you wish to use them you must buckle them to your own heels before you go into the fight. Any success you may achieve is not worth the having unless you fight for it. Whatever you win in life you must conquer by yon own efforts, and then it is yours— a part of yourself.— James A. Garfield. Published by A. RILEY, 175 SHAW STREET TORONTO. • ana') I:'. - L .:: 11 1 %:■ m^ I If HFf35'6.f3 \ Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the OBce of the Minister of Agriculture, by A. Riley, Toronto, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-one. Jambs Mukkav St Co. Ptlnten and Bookbinders, Toronto, I- •a LB8SON 1. OCice of the ight Hundred •0 J ii,r .3 Jock, when ye hae naething: else to do, ye may be aye sticking in a tree ; it will be growing, Jock, when ye're aleeping.-SiR Wal- ter Scott. Sound Business Advice. " I WOULD name, first a lack of special preparation on the part of young men for a special occupation or profession. Most boys get a fair general education, and when that is done, take hold of the thing which promises the most immediate return for their labor, not stopping to look forward to the end, or to consult their adaptability to the business or profession. Some look only to see what stand- mg it will give them in society ; others consider if it will enable them to dress in fine clothing and make a good appearance. Next stands the mistake of young men in being in too much of a hurry to spend money as fast as others, a desire to be considered in better circumstances than they really are, and a pressure to get ahead faster than they learn their business. In this way one often climbs a ladder before the foundation is made secure ; and afterward, when he has to take the responsibility, does not know all his business, and has to intrust a part of it to others, and does not know whether they are doing it right or not. By and by, when he thinks he is safe and beyond danger, the foundation corner, which he trusted to some one else, has given way, and he is overthrown. He needs to know his whole business, so that he can tell when it is done right. Another great mistake is, that, when a young man sees his name on a sign, he is apt to think that his fortune is made, and so begins to spend money as if he had already got beyond any chance of failure. Another common mistake is, that men, old as well as young, are too ready to use their credit, not realizing that the goods bought on credit are not theirs, and that a pay-day is coriiing. When they find their notes coming due, and have not the money to pay them, they are tempted to sell goods without a profit, for the sake of getting the money, or a note which they can turn into money. Just the moment a man is obliged to do that, he is r>ot master of his own business ; and, as a rule, it is only a matter of a little time when he will have to go down. Let a young man/^ar God, be industrious, know his business, spend a little less than he earns, and success is sure." »nn^°";7'^u r'^''%"'!'''*'^^ ^'■°'" " ^'■°°"''" '"*" "^ '""« experience In business life, first appeared In " Successful men of To-Day," a book published by Funk & Wagnalls, «o and u uey {street, New York. I One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copvrioht, iSgi, bv A. Rilev. m^i I.ESSON 2. » Let every man be occupied, and occupied in the highest employ- ment of which his nature is capable, and die with the consciousness ' that he has done his best. — Sydney Smith. Safe Business Rules. Be strict in keeping engagements. Do nothing carelessly or in a hurry. Employ nobody to do wisat you can easily do yourself. Keep your plans and busiiess to yourself, yet be candid with all. Let dealings with strangers be carefully considered, and let tried friendship be duly appreciated. Never be afraid to say no, and always be prompt to acknow- ledge and rectify a wrong. Because a friend is polite, do not think that his time is valueless. Be clear and explicit in bargains, and put everything in writing. Always be at the head of your own business. Be cautious how you become security for any person. Be economical in expenditure, always living within your income. Constantly examine your books, and see through all affairs as far as care and attention will enable you. Prefer short credit to long, cash to credit, either in buying or selling, and small profits with little risk, to the chance of better gains with more hazards. One HuNnHKn I.RSsnNS in Husinrss: Copyrioht i8oi. bv A. Rn,EY. LESSON a iousness ur income. 8U,thful m buamess, fervent la .pirit. serving the Lord.-Cominit I^IZ7a7a. . ''I'^'.^'^^^ *^* ^"'""^ ^^^ P«th».-Wluil8oever thy hand find to do, do it with thy might. -Bible. What Successful Men Say of Success. Success is doing your best every day. It is making the most of your abilities and opportunities. Each person should ask himself, How does what I am compare with what I might be?" Christ commended Mary of Bethany by saying, " S/ie hath done what she could. -^Z' ?.!*?'*' f P';°'"T^°* journalist, gives these three secrets of success: all details , third, preseverance, to -arry ail through " chaf.fr.?**''®'*?®'!,^*'**^^®^' °^ ^^•°^- «^^-«« *^««« essentials: "First, character; second, industry; third, perseverance." to s^u^ct^-'^cTsf ™^-''!''' """'"'''' ^"'*"' "^^'=^"^*- ^'-« ^°"^ «*-^- tising •- ■ ^PP'>^^t>on ; integrity ; attention to details ; discreet adver- ••Ffs?fo,?H"*^.****®.°^ '^°'"'" University, gives these conditions: First soundness of mind and heart; second, clear judgment ; third fai^ hr^h^^eidrof^;::^ ^^^^ '-'''- '- -- °- -^- °^ -t Dp. J. H. Vincent's secret of success is given in a single sentence : An entire surrender of impulse and inclination to the demands of duty as expressed and made possible in the life of Christ." Ralph \Valdo Emerson put his opinion as follows: " The art of gettmg rich consists not in industry, much less in saving; but in a better order, m timeliness, in being at the right spot. " .l.""***"' f ***®P** MedlU, a Chicago journalist, gives ^he following as elements of success : " Sobriety, avoidance of intoxicating dru.ks and all forms hlnesTy '"*' ^ ""^"^"^ "^^ = ^^^'^^ *° employers, close study ; hard worT; Gen. John A. Losran gave the following advice : " Labor unceas- mgly and do not try to do too many things, instead of sticking to the thine you know most about." » Jacob Es^y, of organ fame, gives these secrets of success- Economy ; avoid the use of tobacco and all stimulants, and bad company •• ..^!?!^*s f^'^u^*'^""' °^ *^^ ^*''"'''''' ^"'''''' «^^e« this advice: Study how to do the most good, and let the pay take care of itself " «t .?**. f ?'**®'*' ^•°" ^'''^^ *^^" ^^^''^^^ "^«'y "P°n your own strength of body and soul. Take for your star self-reliance faith, honS^ and industry Don't take too much advice-keep at the helm, and steer your own ship, and remember that the great art of commanding is to take a fa-V share of the work. Fire abo.e the mark you intend to hit. Energy, invincible determination, with a right motive, are '.ne levers that move the world " Oke HuKDSfcu Lessons -.n Business: Copykight, iBgi, bv A. Riley. LESSON 4. It is worth a thousand pounds a year to have the habit of looking en the bright side of things.— Dr. Samuel Johnson. -JK What Successfiil Men Say of Failure. ^ Wilbur F. Crafts, author of "Successful Men of To-Day," a every young man should read, sent the following a large number of prominent and representative book which question to Americans : What, in your obaepvation, have been the chief causes of the numepous failupes In life of business and ppofessional men ? We take the liberty of reproducing below abridged extracts from the replies received : — Want of will; over smartness ; unwilling to labor and wait.— Lack of principle, of fixed purpose, of perseverance. — Acting from policy rather than from Christian principle. -Haste to get rich. — Want of punctuality, honesty and truth.— Incorrect view^ of the great end and aim of life.— Lack of the power of practical adaptation.— Tricky conduct, cheating, idleness, shirking hard work.— Entering in operations outside of regular business. -A desire to take things easy. —Want of thorough knowledge of the businesis ; lack of application and undue haste to accumulate. — Living beyond one;'s means, and intemperance. — Going into responsible business too young — Lack of enterprise. — Bad habits ; insufficient business training ; speculation ; passion to be rich without work —Bad company ; bad habits ; dishonesi:y in little things as well as great. --Fast living: mental, spiritual and bodily.— Lack of attention to details. — Lack of energy ; failure to improve every moment; lack of strict integrity.— Having no definite objects in life; drifting.— Want of promptness, and unwilling to achieve success by earning it in the old- fashioned way.— Having a proud and selfish aim.— Lack of moral strength. — Want of thoroughness of preparation ; want of fixedness of purjiose ; want of faith in the inevitable triumph of right and truth.— The combined spirit of laziness and self-conceit that makes a man unwilling to do anything unless he can choose just what he will do.— Waiting for opportunities.— Unwilling- ness to work persistently.— A want of high moral and religious character.— Wasting efforts on illegitimate pursuits.— Absence of principle, leading to dishonesty and dissipation. —Disposition to float down stream being easier than to row up.— Lack of appreciation of the opportunities of life.— Want of truthfulness in business, especially in buying and selling.— Unsteadiness of purpose and lack of knowledge.— Want of a steady and definite purpose. — Mistakes in the choice of employment.— Instability, and lack of persistent application and industry. — Lack of appreciation of the value of time.- Too many irons in the fire —Overtrading and lack of judgment in giving credit. —Unwillingness to begin at the foot of the ladder and work up. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 5. The heights by great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden flight ; But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night.— Longfellow. Rapid Addition Made Easy. Every business man has more or less to do with figures. It is very important that he should be accurate and rapid in addition. One small error in footing up an account may throw the total out several hundred dollars. Let accuracy be the first consideration, then dHll, drill, drill, until you can add rapidly. Rapid adders are usually the most accurate. Note the following suggestions :— Write the numbers in vertical lines. Irregularity ip the placing of figures is the cause of many errors. Think of results, and not of the numbers themselves. Thus do not say, 4 and 5 are 9, and 6 are 15, and 7 are 22, etc.: but' 9, 15, 22, etc. ' Make combinations of 10, or other numbers, as often as pos- sible^and_add tjiem as single numbers. Thus, in adding 9 "34 7] 214 9 54 82 123, say, 9, 16, 26, 33, 42, 51, 61, 67, taking each group, at a glance, as a single number. Where a figure is repeated several times, multiply instead of adding. In adding horizontally, begin at the left, since the eye is more accustomed to moving from left to right than right to left. In adding long columns, prove the work, by adding each column separately in the opposite direction, before adding the next column. When numbers are in regular arithmetical order,— as 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, or 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.,— to find their sum, add the first and last, take half, and multiply by the number of num. bers. The half-sum represents the middle or average number. TEST EXERCISE: nr. ^""•7^"'!""^, .'"^"' ^"'^ accountants, find it necessary to be able to add readilv amoun s when placed in a horizontal pcion. as well as when placed in a vertical posufon In the following exerc.se, add both ways, and then prove the work by adding the results. $246.00 + $1024.60 + $24.31 +$3.72 +$241. 20 = ***»■♦♦ 39-85+ 319-24+ 63.84+ 4.96+ 321.62-****** 412.40+ 2108.50+ .03+ 2.12+ 421.23 = **** ♦* 31.60+ 316.42 + **■» *» 2-41 + 3-24+ 312.15 = **** ** 4. *f:****j^ «**^ -im-**^ ♦*■-;=*♦ ^ *♦#* #* ^^£.a «_K l,r.«c.^r,, . r? UU3irfC3S: V,OPVRIGHT, i89i, BY A. RiLEY. LESSON 6. hr — m If the history of our citizens of wealth were written, we should find that fully three-fourths have risen from comparatively small begin- nings to their present position.— Hon. William E. Dodge Business Fractions, and How to Handle them. The Fractional arithmetic use. .n ordinary merchandizing is usually very simple. The boy who can tell what one-quarter of a pound of tea is worth when he knows the price of a pound, or who can find the cost of 2J yards of print at 12^ cents a yard, has a fair start in the fractions of commercial arithmetic. The following method of abbreviating the writing of /la/ves and /our/Zis is frequently made use of by business men. Thus, in writing the number of yards in each of several pieces of cloth, instead of writing 24, 2 7 J, 35, 26 J, write 24', 27', 35, 26". Example 1. Find the sum of J and J. 4 + 3 = 7 I _ 7 "^'^ ^^""'^ """^ ^"^^ fraccions, and the numerator is i in 4 X 3 = 12 ) ~ TJ. each case. To find their sum, add 4 and 3 for the numer- ,. . ,.^ , ^^°'' ^«^ '""'I'Ply them for the denominator. To find their difference, subtract 3 from 4 for the numerator, and muhiply them for the denominator. Example 2. Find the sum of § and *. Here the numera. -rs are greater than the denominators. 1, To find the sum t X 5 = 10 ) 2x/? = 3 3 X 5 = 15 = denominator. 5 "^75 =It5 = answer. of the fractions, multiply the numera- tor of the first by the denominator of the second, and the denominator of the first by the numerator of the second. and add the products for the numerator o. the answer ; multiply the denom'inators for the denommators of the answer. In subtraction, subtract, after multiplying instead of adding. ^ ^ °' In order that fractions may be added, they must have like denominators. Thus, before we can add i, | and |, we must reduce ^ and f.to eigM^.- 1^ = ^ and |=« ; then i + | + |=4^S + l = V-=l|- 2 4 5 5 5 In adding mixed numbers, such as 247§, 3^1 i&h add the fractions first, and to their sum add the sum of the whole numbers. 1. h + h 2. i + i. 3. * + 4. 4. i + i EXERCISES. I 9. l-i 6. i + §. 10. i-i 7- l + i- II. 4- J, 8 § + i 12. 5- I + |. •i-l 13. ii + 3f 15- 3I + 4. 16. 4f + s|. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891. By A. Riley. LESSON 7. should find lall begin- m le them. handizing is luarter of a Jnd, or who , has a fair f halves and i, in writing instead of ator is i in r the numer- 5r. To find them for the greater than find the sum the numera- nominator of inator of the the second, lenominators multiplying, have like , we must + 5^ = 4 4. « \, add the numbers. 1 + 4- ik Poverty is uncomforteble, as I can testify ; but nine times out of ten the best thing that can happen to a young man is t^ be tossed overboard, and compelled to sink or swim for himself. In all my acquaintance I never knew a man to be drowned who was worth the saving. — Carfield. j^ Business Fractions, and How to Handle them. In small transactions the fractions of a cen/^\Q usually not con- sidered. Thus, if a purchase amounts to $2.21 J the \ cent is omitted ; or if the fraction be ^ cent or more, one cent is sometimes added. To multiply a fraction by a whole number, multiply the numer- ator or divide the denominator by that number. When the multiplicand is a mixed number, multiply the frac- tion and whole number separately, and add the results. Thus, si X 4 = 20 + (1^ X 4) = 20 + 2 x= 22. To multiply a whole number by a fraction, multiply by the numerator of the fraction, and divide by the denominator of the fraction.^ Thus, 635 x § = (635 x 2)-^5 = 1270-^5 = 254. To divide a Fraction by a whole number, divide the numerator or multiply the denominator by that number. To divide a mixed number by a whole number, divide the whole number and the fraction separately, and add the results. Thus, 2I3^4-2 = (2I3^2) + (J-2)=I06i + i-I06f. To divide a whole number by a fraction or mixed number, invert the terms of the divisor and proceed as in multiplication. Thus, 3612 -r§ = 3612x1 = 5418. I. 22l| X 4. 2- 364x3. 3. 421^X4. 4- 5o6|x5. 5. io3|x8. 2162^2^. 3121^3!. 4105-4. 1232 -5|. 4215 -9s- EXERCISES. 6. 213 X2i. II. 7. 421 X 3^. 12. 8. 526 x^J. 13. 9- 319 X i|- 14- 10. 842 X9J. 15. 16. How many vests, each containing | of a yard, can be made out of 24 yards of cloth ? 17. If an acre of land is worth $284, what is \ of an acre worth? 18. Find the cost of 203 pounds of tea, at 37^ cents a pound. 19. A farmer sold 24 dozen eggs at 22 J cents a dozen, and 12 pounds of butter at 27J cents a pound. He was paid in tea at 87 cents a pound. How many pounds of tea should he receive ? Ey. Onb Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rilby. I LESSON 8. t.l^A ? ^ f/'*"" ^""^ *"" *^**y' "*=»» °f poor, weak or strong talented or not w.ll and work are sure to win. Wishes fail M wills prevail. Labor is luck. -Wilbur F. Crafts 3K- Deeimal Numbers, and what they are Good fop. V The decimal system of money values was first brought into practical use in America. In this system each value is divided into fen or oue hundred smaller values. Thus one eagle equals ten dol- lars, one dollar equals one hundnd cents, one cent equals ten mills In money items the dollars are considered units, and the cents or mills are considered decimals or fractions of a unit. Thus in $2.25 the 25 cents represents zs-hundredths-that is, one-quarter -of a dollar^ The decimal point separates the fractional part from thewhcle. Thus, 2.5 equals 2 and 5-tenths, or 2^ Each removal of the decimal point one place to the right multiplies th. .alue of the fraction by xo, and one place to fhe left divides the value, by 10. Thus, 2.25 x xo .22.50, and 2.25-f-XO = .225, Or.22|. ^ ' .n^^K^.'^l'"^/'"'"^'''''""^ ^""'"^"^ """^'^^^^^ ^^^^"ge the numbers so that the decimal points will be in a vertical line. This rule applies to money items as well as to ordinary decimals Multiply decimals as you would ordinary numbers. Point off from the product as many figures as there are to the right of the decimal point in both numbers to be multiplied. Divide Decimals as you would ordinary numbers. Point off from the quotient as many figures as thee are decimal figures in the dividend less the number of decimal figures in the divisor. tinW H u ''''^*/^ !""''''•■ ^' ^ ^^""" P"^^ P^^ thousand, mul- •ply the number ot feet by the price and divide by xooo. T^ find the price of a certain number of pounds of coal, multiply by the price per ton and divide by 2000. If coal or produce is quoted at a certain price per hundred, multiply the number of pounds by the price and divide by 100. p^unub oy EXERCISES. Find the cost of 2468 feet of Uimhpr ot Thus, in one-quarter il part from ) the right ace to the 22.50, and le numbers This rule Point off ght of the Point off figures in 'isor. sand, mul- To find )ly by the is quoted )ounds by ■37-50 per Men of character are the conscience of the society to which they belong.— Emerson. You cannot dream yourself into a character ; you must hammer andforgeyourself one— James Anthony Froude. -JK -m Valuable Exepcises fop Ppactice. 1. Find the sum of all the numbers ending with 45 between 9899 and 11021. 2. Write neatly the correct abbreviations for the names of the days and months. 3. Foir dozen boxes of equal capacity contain 5,184 oranges ; how many dozen oranges in each box ? 4. IIow many days from August 19 until December 22 ? 5. If May 22 falls on Friday, upon what day of the week will June 13 of the same year fall ? 6. How many times can a quart measure be filled from a bag containing 3J bushels of wheat ? 7. An exhibition is visited by 12,804 persons during six days of a week : what is the average daily attendance ? 8. You find an old book with the date MDCCXLVII. printed at the bottom of the title page : in what year was it published ? 9. A grocer has a ton of sugar and a hundredweight of tea : he divides the former into 2j-pound parcels and the latter into quarter-pound parcels : how many parcels will he have altogether ? 10. How many dozen sneets of paper in 60 quires ? 11. A bookseller buys sevep dozen slates for $7.56 : at how much each will he have to sell them to gain three cents on each slate. 12. A butcher pays $119.25 for 159 turkeys : at how much a pair must he sell them to gain $39.75? 13. A fruit dealer buys 31 dozen oranges for $7.44 : how much does he pay for each orange ? 14. Three tubs of butter weigh 554 pounds, 57J pounds and 48I pounds : find their total value at 22J cents a pound. 15. A grocer buys 214J pounds of sugar at 7i cents a pound and sells it at the rate of 12 pounds for a dollar : how much does he gain ? 16. What will 22,450 envelopes cost at $i.37i cents per M. ? 17. Cash on hand at the beginning of the day, $498.40; received during the «Jay. $532.27 ; paid, $168.40 : what is the cash balance at the end of the day ? 18. A man bought 34,750 pounds of Jiay at $15 a ton, and sold the same at 85 cents a hundredweight : how much did he gain ? 19. How many yards of satin f yards wide will it take to line 22i yards of velvet ^ yard wide ? 20. A rectangular field containing 27 arres is 30 rods wide: what '-•.■•!! j* cost to fence it at 5 cents a yard ? lY. One Hundred Lessons in Business; Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 11. — 5K Do your work well, whether it be for life or death. Help other people at theirs when you can, and seek to avenge no injury. Be sure you can obey good laws before you seek to alter bad ones.— RUSKIN. Shopt Cuts in Fig^upes. Most of the short Methods of arithmetic explained in text- books, ready-reckoners and lightning calculators, are of little, if any, use to the ordinary business man. There are, however, many short cuts practised by book-keepers, bank-clerks and others, which every person should know. These are explained in this and the four lessons which follow. To multiply any number by ii, write the first right-iiand figure, add the first and second, the second and third, and so on : finally write the left-hand figure. Carry when necessary. Example. 358425x11=3942675. Put down the right-hand figure 5. Then say, 5 ar,d 2 are 7. Then, 2 and 4 are 6. Then, 4 and 8 are 12, put down 2 and carry i. Then, 8 and 5 and i are 14, 4, carry i. Then, 5 and 3 and i are 9. Then write the left hand figure 3. In multiplying any number by 21, or 31, or 13, or 17, or 51, or 501, or 103, or any number of two xigurcs where one is i, or of three figures where two are o and i, a good deal of time can be saved by abbreviating the ordinary process, as below :— Examples. 231423 x 21 = 4859883. Instead of putting down 231423 with 21 under it, drawing a line, multiplying by i, then by 2 or 20, then adding, simply multiply by the 2, placing the product one figure to the left, and add. 231423 = 231423x1 4628460 - 231423 X 20 4859883 -product. 20213 X I.'? 60639 20213 ^ 201 40426 262769 = product. 1. 2134 X II. 2. 6215 XII. 3. 2143 X II. 4. 3212 X .1. 5. 4-^5 "' ^^■ EXERCISES 6. 2153x21. 7. 1024x31. 8. 8461 X 41, 9. 2222 X 14. 10. 3120X 19. 4062813= product. 11. 2132x201. 12. 2146 x 102. 13. 9842 x 301. 14. 8002 X 402. 15. 4621 X 105. Onb Hundred Lessons jn Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. ^ Help other njury. Be ad ones.—^ LESSON 12. ined in text- of little, if vever, many ind others, in this and ; right-hand and so on : 17, or 51, 3ne is I, or ime can be I 21 under it, n by 2 or 20, e 2, placing add. iduct. 2 X 201. 6 X 102. 2 X 301. 2 X 402. 1 X 105. ILBV. «- m The boy who resolves to do one thing honorably and thorougfhly, and sets about it at once, will attain usefulness and eminence.— Rev. E. P. Rob. ^ -5K Shopt Cuts in Fig^upes. Example 1. Multiply 96 by 97. The complement of a number is the difference bet- ween the number and the unit of the next higher order. Thus the complement of 96 is 4 ; of 97 is 3; of 987 is 13, etc. To multiply these two 96 97 , 4 (Complement) 3 (Complement.) 9312 numbers, multiply the complements, 4 and 3, and place the product, 12, in the answer. For the remaining two figures subtract across, either the 4 from the 97, leaving 93, or the 3 from the 96, leaving 93. Apply this rule to the first and second columes of exercises below. Example 2. Multiply 37 by 43. The mean number— that is, the number which is as much greater than 37 as it is less than 43 -is 40. Forty squared, or multiplied by itself, gives 1600. The square of 3, the difference between the mean number and one of the numbers, is 9. 1600 -9= 1591 = the product of 37 and 43 . Apply this rule to the third column of exercises below. Example 3. Multiply 76 by 46. 46 6x6 = 36, carry 3. 76 6x(7 + 4) = 6xii=66, and3tocarry, 69. 3496 4 X 7=28, and 6 to carry, 34. Multiply units by units for the first figure of the product, the sum of the tens by units for the second figure, and tens by tens for the third figure, carrying when necessary. A similar rule applies to numbers having the left-hand figures the same. Work the exercises in the fourth column below. EXERCISES. z. 97x98. 14. 994 X 995- 27. 87 X 73. 40. 56 X 56. a. 95 X 94. IS. 993 X 994- 28. 63 X 57- 41. 72 X 32. 3. 99 X 88. 16. 999 X 992- 29. 22 X 18. 42. 94X 44. 4- 99 X 97. 17. 995 X 993- 30. 93 X 87. 43- 65 X 75- s. 97 X 96. 18. 989 X 998. 31. 42 X 38. 4*. 87 X 37. 6. 96 X 98. 19. 991 X 997. 32. 48 X 52. 4.5- 81 X 87. 7. 95 X 93- 20. 992 X 995. 33. 45 X 35- 46. 62 X 63. 8. 99x96. 21. 987 X 998. 34- 112 X 108. 47- 43 X 41. 9- 93x97. 22. 988 X 997. 35- Ii6x 124. 48. 114 X 114. 10. 97 X 95. 23- 975 X 998. 36. 115x105. 49. 142 X 162. II. 97x94- 94 A 09. 24. ^5- 976 X 999. 977 X 99S. 37- 1012 X988. 50. 51- 137x177. x«. 38. 1009 X 991. 264 X 244. 13. 99 X 89. 26. 954 X 998. 39. 1025 X 975. 52. 125 X 122. I One Hundred Lessons in Business; Copyright, 1891, bv A. Riley. LESSON la *^'!!*'* ''l t»>»°8:«. be truthful ; never try to appear what you are" not; honnnr your father and your mother Be d^LirrecoUect.^^ ^otolC-r^"* ■"""''' '""'* '« ^"«*» - laborBVch^fuble'^ of n^dt ^r ^"T* •»"* '" y''" opinio-". Prefer the respeS of mankind to their applause.-WiNFiELp S. Hancock. ^ Shppt Cuts in Figures. J^btbr' ""'"'^ '' '''' ''' ''''' ''''''-' ^"^ '^'^'^ rZZ.Tl^'^^^ \"""'^'' ^^ '"y ""'"•^^ «^ «^«^^' add as many ciphers to the number as there are nines, and from this subtract the origmal number. To multiply any number by 2^ add one cipher, and divide by 4. To multiply any number by 3 J, add one cipher, and divide by 3. To multiply by 33 J, add two ciphers, and divide by 3 To multiply any number by 1 3, add one cipher, and divide by 7. To multiply by i6f,>add two ciphers, and divide by 6 TO multiply by 14^, add two ciphers, and divide by 7 To multiply by 875, add three ciphers, and divide by 8. To divide by 25, multiply by 4, and cut off two figures. To divide by 125, multiple by 8, and cut off three figures. ro multiply by i2|, add two ciphers, and divide by 8. To divide by 12^, mukiply by 8, and cut off two figures. ro find the value of any number of articles at 75 cents each, say 248 yards of cloth at 75 cents a yard, deduct one-quarter of 248 from It, and caU the remainder dollars. At a dollar a yard the result would be $248 ; then at 75 cents it must be $248 - (J of 248) z. 2. 3- 4- S- EXERCISES. Find the cost of 84 yards of cl.^th at 12^ cents a yard. What will 328 bags of potatoes cost at 75 cents a bag ? Find the cost of 20 gross of pen-handles at 25 cents each. What will 216 pounds of raisins cost at 16J cents a pound ? wood and h?/,''Tr ""' ' '""'' '°' *'" ^''' 50 miles, for carrying a cord of 6. If a clerk receives $640 a year, and his expenses are $325 a year how many ye„s will it take him to pay for a s6.acre farm at $45 an acre ? 7. A fruit dealer bought 5 bushels of cherries at $2. so a U..M o„^ .^^A »u— ai 15 cents a quart ; did he gain or lose, and how much ? " '""" One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 189,, by A. Riley. LESSON 14. — '■ — ^ at you are i ecoUectlng charitable, he respect HC i divide the and divide Id as many ubtract the iivide by 4. iivide by 3. ;■ Iivide by 7. 8. rerf. es. :ents each, ter of 248 yard the (i of 248) m- ig a cord of :ost to carry year, how i sn'.d them .KV, Let all your things have their places; let each part of jout bMsi- ness have its time. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform, without fail, what you resolve. Lose no time ; be always employed m something useful. -Benjamin Franklin. m -« Shopt Cuts in Fig^upes. The short methods of multiplication explained below will be found very helpful. See that they are thoroughly mastered. Example 1. Multiply 76 by 74. 76 Here the two left-hand figures are the same, and the two right- _74 hand figures add to ten. Multiply the two right-hand figures, 6 gg24 ^"d 4. and place thte product, 24, in the answer ; then add one to one of the two left-hand figures, and multiply 7 and 8, and place the product, 56, m the answer, to the left of the two figures already obtained, makmg a total product of 5624. Try this rule on the first column of exer- cises below. Example 2. Multiply 128 by 122. 128 The same rule that applied to the above applies to this exercise. __ff The two right-hand figures give 16, and 12 times (12-1- 1), or 13, 15616 IS 156. Apply this to the second column of exercise below. Example 8. Multiply 124 by 104. 124 Multiply the excesses -that is, 24 by 4 -and put down the ^ product, 96, two places to the right hand side, as in the illustration. 12896 '^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 'wo numbers, 104 and 124, omitting one of the <>«« at the left. Carry when necessary in the third column below. Apply this rule to the exercises I. 2. 3> 4- S- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 12. Example 4. Multiply 1 102 by 1007. Multiply the excesses, 102 and 7, placing the product, 714, three places to the right. Then add the two numbers as in the preceding exercise, omitting one of the ones. Apply this rule to the exercises in the fourth column below. EXERCISES. 1 102 1007 1109714 24 X 26. 17x13, 34 X 36. 25 X 25. 35 X 35- 85x85. 27 X 23. 33 X 37- 42 X 48. 57 X 53. 61 X 60. 84 X 86. 104 X 106. 112 X 1x8. 143 X 147- 152x158. 127 X 123. 107 X 103. 108 X 102. Ill X 119. 132 X 138. 295 X 295. 24. 992 X 988. 13- 14. IS- 16. 17- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 25- 26. 27- 28. 29- 30. 31. 32. 33- 34- 36. II2X 106. 113x105. II4X 102. 115x107. 122 X 108. II2X 103. 122 X 105. 121 X 102. 127 X 103. I24X 104. 1 35 - 103- 137 X 102. 37- 38. 39- 40. 41. 42. 43- 44- 45- 46. 47- 48. 1312X 1003. 1009 X 1004. 1003 X 1006. 1007 X 1008. IOI2 X 1003. 1098 X 1002. 1006 X 1009. 1002 X 1212. 1342 X 1002. 1099 X 1009. 1199X I005."\ 1265 X 1003. Onb Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rilbv. ;l»!i LESSON 15. ^ To cram a lad's mind with infinite names of things which ne never handled, places he never saw, or never will see, state- ments of facts which he cannot possibly understand, and which must remain merely words to him, is, in my opinion, like loading hts stomach with marbles — James Anthony Froude. ^ Shopt Cuts in Fig»iipes. To multiply two small numbers each of which ends in 5, such as 35 and 75, take the product of the 3 and 7, increase this by one- half of the sum of these figures, and prefix the result to 25. Thus, 35 5 X S = 25 75 7 >: 3 = 21, 81 + M7 + 3) = 26 2625 This rule will be found to hold good with any two numbers each of which end with 5. Apply it to the first column of exercises below. In the multipiication of large numbers, where one part of the multiplier is a »mlitj>/e of the remainJer, the work can always be considerably abbreviated. See the examples below :— We first multiply by 7, then by 2043 427 = 420 + 7 = (7 X 60) + 7 14301 X 60 420, thus taking the number 2043, 4-27 times. The contrac- tion is made in multiplying by 420. We take its factors, 7 and 60 ; we have already multiplied by 7, so that all that remains to be done is to multiply 14301 by 60 and place it under. The sum of the two partial products gives the whole 3142 972 = 900 + 72 = 900 + (9 X 8) 14301 = 2043 X 7 858000 = 2043 X 420 872361 = product. product. As a test exercise, multiply some number by 14412 so as to have only two lines in- stead of five to add. See exercises in seond and third columns below. Remember that any number is t/tvisi/'/e by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3 ; that any number is divisible by s if its right-hand figure is 5 or o ; that any number is divisible by g if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. 2827800 = 3142 X 900 226224 - 3142 X 72 = 28278 X 8 3054024 = product. 1. 45x85. 2. 95x25. 3. 35x65. 4- 75x95- S. "' EXERCISES. 6. 2013x927. 7. 1214x279. 8- 3135x728. 9, 2146 X 287. iO. 3210 X 1S9. 11. 21401 X729. 12. 31252 X 14412. 13. 42001 X 70357. 14. 15421x81273. 15. 3»^»2x 94572. Onb Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley, LESSON 16. ;s which ne see, state- and which like loading; ^ -i^ ids in 5, such s this by one- 25. Thus, lumbers each of exercises e part of the in always be by 7, then by the number The contrac- multiplying by factors, 7 and ady multiplied hat remains to jm of the two 3 + (9 X 8) I278 X 8 f its digits is hand figure is divisible by 9. t X 729. IX 14412. : X 70357. X8127J. ! X 94572. Riley. It is not work that kills men ; it is worry. Work is healthy ; you can hardly put more upon a man than he can bear. Worry is riist upon the bUde. It is not the revolution that destroys the machinery, but the friction — Henry Ward Beecher. — m Shopt Cuts in Figupes. To multiply any number containing ^, such as 7^, 19^, i2», etc., by itself, multiply the whole number by the ne.it higher whole number, and annex I to the product. Thus, 7I x •j^ = y x S + \-^ 56i; and 19^ x 191 - 19 x 30 + ^ = 380^. Apply this rule to the first column of exercises below. Td multiply two fractional numbers, such as 7J and 7|, multi- ply 7 by 8, and add to the product the product of | and ^, or j% and you have the correct product. Apply this rule to the' second column of exercises below. To multiply two fractional numbers each containing |, such as 52 by 7^, add the product of the whole numbers plus ^ to ^ of the sum of the whole numbers. Thus, 5 x 7 = 35 : 35 + ^ (5 + 7) = 35 + 6 - 41, and to this add I, making 4i|, the product. Apply this rule to the third column of exercises below. To multiply two fractional numbers each containing |, such as ii| by 13I, to the product of the whole numbers add the product of their sum by |, after which add the product of | by |. This rule applies in all cases where both fractions are the same. Apply it in working the fourth column of exercises below. EXERCISES* I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 6ix 61 six 3f 4ix 44. 95 X 9i. Six si- 7ix 7i. ix 8j 8i. 11^. 12^ X 12^. I9i X i9i. 41. How much is at 12^ cents a quart? 42. What will it cents a square inch ? II. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. 17- 18. 19. 20. Si X 5J. 2\ X 2j. 8i X 8f 9i X 9J. 7? X 7|. 6Jx6i. 8Jx81. 2f X 2f . 9ix9|. 21. 22. ^3- 24. 25- 26. 27- 28. 29. 30. 2i X sh 6i X 7i. 4ix6i. 7i X 3i. 2i X 8J. 9i X 4^. 9ix8i. 7ix9f 2i X 7i. iix9i. 31. 32. 33. 34- 35- 36. 37- 38. 39- 40. 2| X 4f . 2? X 5|. 3l X 3J. 9i X gl 83 X 2?. Six9J. Sfx4f. 6f X 2f . 9i X 4^. 8i X 2l received for 18 pails of berries, each containing | of a peck, cost to bronie a cube, each edge of which is 3 feet, at li I One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rilbv. LESSON 17. I Whatever cultivates care, dose observation, exactness, patience and method, must be valuable training, and preparation for all studies and all pursuits.— PROt. Runkle. -JK How to Make Change. Salesmen usually make change by addition. They have the money to count out, and in doing so they add to the amount of the purchase until they reach the amount of the bill presented. P^or example, if you buy something worth $3.35 and present a ten-dollar bill in payment, you will probably receive in return 5 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents, $1, and $5 ; the salesman saying 40, 50, $4, $5 $10.' This method is least liable to error. Accuracy and rapidity in counting out change can best be ac- quired by practice behind the counter or at the cash desk. In the exercises immediately below, the amount of the purchase and the amount of the bills presented are given, and it is required to find the amount of change to be returned. Do the work without pen or pencil. EXERCISES. 6. $5.00 -$1.90. 7. $1.00 -$o. -,. 8. $2.00 -$i. 2a 9. $2.00 -$1.03. 10. $7.00 -$5.19. .^. ^^_._ ^_.„„. 16. If you have no change except 25 -cent, 50-cent and $1 -pieces, how can you make change for $7.25 out of $10 ? 17. You owe $5.75, but have only a $5 bill, a $1 bill and a 25.cent piece ; the collector has nothing smaller than a half-dollar : how can change be made ? 18. You owe $4.40, and have a $10 bill, a silver dollar, and 3 lo-cent pieces • the collector has $7 in bills. 3 25-cent pieces and a five-cent piece : how can change be made ? 19. If vou have no change except a 2S.cent piece, a so-cent piece, and a $c bill, how can you pay a bill of $1.65, if the collector has 2 lo-cent pieces and several $2 bills ? 20. A customer buys 13^ yards of print at 11 J cents. 14 yards of flannel at 37i cents, 3 yards of silk at $1.75, and f of a yard of lace at 24 cents : how much change should she get out of a $20 bill ? 21. A customer buys 12 pounds of sugar at 11 J cents, 3^ pounds of butter at 18 cents, I of a pound of tea at 75 cents, 15 pounds of cheese at 12^ cents, a pec', of apples at 22 cents, and some small articles amounting to $1.64. She presents I4i dozen eggs worth 13 cents, and a $10 bill, in payment : how much change 1. $10.00 -$3. 14. 2. $15.00- $2. 13. 3. $30.00 -$9.94. 4. $10.00 -$7. 16. 5. $20.00 -$2.95. 11. $40.00 -$23. 18. 12. $25.00 -$15.65. 13. $20.00- $13.21. 14. $i5.oo-$ii.i5. 15. $50.00- $22.68. SiiOllrCt Sti6 icCciVt Onf Mundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, bv A. Rilky. LESSON 18. 5K- n 'Tit only noble to Se good.— Tr.NNvsoN. God blesses the generous thought— Whittier. The noblest mind the best contentment has.— Spenser. Be there a will, and wisdom finds a way.— Cramhe. How to Mapk Prices of Goods. Business men make use of various devices to prevent the cost and selling-price mark of their goods from becoming known, except to their salesmen. The device most fr quently consists of some word or phrase containing ten different letters or characters, each representing a figure. Thus take the word CUMBERLAND 1234567890 If it is required to write the cost, say $2.45, and the selling-price, say $3-7S> the proper mark will be '^^€ '^n A An extra letter, called a repeater, is used to prevent the repetition of any letter. Hence, instead of writing $6.00, according to the above Key, which would be rdd, the letter' K, or any other letter not found in the Key could be used, which would make tlie mark rdk. The following words and phrases afford examples of marking keys : — Black Horse. Cash Profit. Hard Moneys. Vanderbilt. Charleston. Bible Words. Handy Girls. Do be quick. Importance. Now be sharp. Gold Watches. Pay Customer. Be quick now. Send for Him. For practice, write down a hundred imaeinarv nrices, to letters, using any of the above Keys. and rhano'e One Hundred Lessons in Business: CopyRioHX, 1891, bv A. Riley. LESSON 19. No young lady could have a better safeguard against adversities of fortune, or a better resource in time of need, than a good knowl- edge of business affairs.— Harriet Beecher Stowe. 5K- -M Something^ about Wages and Pay Rolls. Wages or salary may be defined as "a compensation given to a hired person for his or her services." The hackman receives fare ; the expressman, freight; the inventor, royalty; the author, copy- right ; the postmaster, salary. And yet all these are wages received for personal services. The price of labor is constantly changing. There are numerous circumstances which tend to establish the price of labor at any given time and place. The cost of living has an important influence. Higher wages are paid for skilled than for elementary labor, for mental than for physical labor. The reason is obvious. The qual- ity of the service is not the same. The man who has spent years of the best part of his life, and a large sum of money, preparing for his voction, should not work so cheaply as the common laborer who has inade no preparation. Demand and supply have an influence upon wages. When there are more laborers than there is work, wages decrease. When there is more work than there are workers, wages increase. These changes result from competition. Manufacturers and employers of labor generally keep what they call a wages-book or pay-roll, in which are entered the names of the several employees, the wages which each is paid, and columns for marking the time, the number of hours per day, etc., of each work- man. Books specially ruled for this purpose can be bought in any bookstore. EXERCISES. 1. A man dams $2.25 a day; how much -should he earn in a month of August the first day of which is Wednesday ? 2. A man working ii^ hours a day at 30 cents an hour will earn how much in J5idays? 3. A farnrier aired a man on March 15, at $24 a month ; the man left on Nov. Jl following, iiow much did he earn ? 4. A foreman receives $3 a day, ten hours, and 50 cents an hour for overtime. During a certain week he works from 6.30 a.m. until 10.30 P.M., less 2 hours for meals, each day. What are his wages for that week (6 days) ? S- At the rat'i of $2.70 for a day of nine hours, how much should a mach'aist rs' work ? I4ii One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 20. Id a macb'aist This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth ; but thou Shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein : for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success.— Bible. Losses and Gains. The difference between the cost of anything and the price at which it is sold is a gain or a loss,— a gain when the selling price is the greater, and a loss when the cost is the greater. EXERCISES. 1. A man rented a skating-rink for three weeks at $95 a week. His expenses for heat and light were $1.75 a day for eighteen days. He charged 25 cents for adults, and 15 cents for children. The total attendance of the former was 3254, and of the latter 2106. How much did he gain ? 2. A grocer bought 100 loads of potatoes, of 30 bushels each, at 37i cents a bushel. Allowing 7A bushels for waste, how much will he gain by retailing the rest at 15 cents a pecR ? 3. A mi'k dealer buys 27 ten-gallon cans of milk each day at $1,75 a can. He keeps three delivery wagons at an expense of $ i . 75 each a day, an* . sells the milk at 7 cents a quart. Find his gain in ten weeks, including Sundays. 4. Three brothers chopped wood during 20 weeks of a certa... winter. They averaged 7 cords a day. Their board cost $2.50 a week each. They sold the wood at $1.75 a cord. How much did each make ? 5. A man bought a house and lot for $7842. He built an addition to the house at a cost of $1643. The house was destroyed by fire, and he received insurance of $3520. He then sold the lot for $5215. How much did he lose. 6. A merchant had goods on hand January i, 1887, valued at $12,324. He bought goods at a cost of $7,62^, and sold goods to the amount of $14,265 during i.ie year. On December 31, 1886, his stock book showed goods on hand valued at $8,937. How much did he gain during the year 7. Two farmers hired a steam thrasher for six months at $22 a month. They were employed during 127 days of that time, and their expenses were $3.25 cents a day. They threshed 63,246 bushels of grain, for which they received 3 J cents a bushel. How much did they make during the six months. 8. A book agent bought 90 books at $2.75 each; he sold them at $5 each; his expenses were $12.25 ; he was unable to collect for three books. How much did he gain or lose. 9. A lumber dealer bought 32,450 feet of lumber at $22 per M., and sold 11,750 feet at $34 per M., and the remainder at $28 per M. How much did he gain. 10. A merchant had goods valued at $16,324 at the beginning of the year ; he bought during the year $11,372 worth, and sold $20,115 worth ; had $3,621 worth destroyed by fire, and received $1,225 insurance ; at the end of the year he has $6,359 worth on hand. Find his gain or loss for the year./ One Hundred Lessons in Business: CopyRioHT, 1891, by A. Rilby. LESSON 21. What IS really wanted is to light up the spirit that is within a boy. In some sense and in some effectual degree, there is in every boy thfc material of good work in the world ; in every boy, not only in those who are brilliant, not only in those who are quick, but in those who are solid, and even in those who are dull.- Gladstone United States Money. ^ Money is an exchangeable commodity, set aside by general con- sent to serve as a medium of exchange. Any commodity, in order to satisfy the functions of money should contain great worth in small bull:, and should not vary much in value. Gold and silver, answering best to these requirements, have been almost universally adopted as money. Gold, as it varies slightly, and contains great value in little bulk, is preferable to silver, which suffers more marked fluctuations, and is considerably more bulky. ' These minerals are used in manufactures, and are not peculiarly money, except by virtue of general consent. Paper-money is money founded on credit ; and although it repre- sents value, it really is not value. It is simply a promise to bay in gold or silver on demand. This class of money includes bank- notes, government bonds, etc. United States money consists of gold, silver, nickel and bronze coins, and government or bank-notes, all duly authorized by law The standard unit of value is the gold dollar. EXERCISES. - I. What is the cost of 112 bales of cotton at 13 cents a pound, if each bale contains 477 pounds ? other $1000. If the property rise m value to $3750, what will be the value of each one s share. v.»v« 3. An estate dealer bought a house and lot for $6420. He sper: «^., in repairs. He then sold it for $2130 in cash, and a boat valued at $5900. r'ViH^^ was burned shortly after the sale. How much did he lose ? ' 4- If you buy a pound of tea at 65 cents, 3 dozen eggs at 13 cents, 2 pounds of .oda at I. cents 7 yards of ribbon at 24 cents, and a haf at $1.25 and the merchant throws off 10 cents from every dollar's worth bought, how much change should you get out of a $5 bill ? ^I'lngc J'JT A^''^''^^^\ ^^""^ ^ ^''''^'^'■^ °^ ^"''^'"g "^ J^°"se for $2751. The one works steaddy for 32 days of 10 hours each : the other works 24 days of 8 hours each. They pay $12,5 for material. How much of the profit sLld each Lhvc ONE Hundred Lessons ,n Business: Copvright. .891. bv A. R.i.ev. LESSONS 22, 28, 24, 26. r general con- I, if each bale He who is taught to live upon little owes more to his father's wisdom than he that has a gfreat deal left him does to his fath,er's care —Believe nothings against another but on good authority ; nor report what may hurt another, unless it be a greater hurt to conceal ' it— William Penn. JK ._ ^ Valuable Exercises fop Ppactice. 1. Find the cost of excavating a cellar 20 feet square and 6 feet deep, at 90 cents a cubic yard. 2. What will it cost to plaster a room 32 feet long, 18 feet wide, 13 feet and high, at 12 cents a square yard, allowing 200 square feet for doors and windows ? 3. How mnny yards of carpet 27 inches wide will be required for a hall 11 feet 3 JTiches wide and 64 feet long ? 4. What will it cost to kalsomine a room 26 feet by 14 feet and 9J feet high, at 7 cents a square yard ? 5. A foreman receives $2.90 a day, ten hours, and 60 cents an hour for overtime. He is charged 20 cents for each hour he is absent. His time for a certain week is as follows : 12J hours, 8 hcurs, 8^ hours, 13 hours, loj hours, and 12 hours. What should his week's wages be ? 6. A map is drawn on a scale of 10 miles to an inch, and a township is represented on it by a square whose side is half an inch. How many acres in the township ? 7. Find the value of the lumber, at $i8 per M., that will be required to build 500 yards of plank sidewalk 10 feet wide, 2 inches thick, and resting on 3 continu- ous lines of scantling 4 inches square. 8. ^. sleigh upon which four-foot wood is piled is 10 feet long. How high should the wood be piled to i.iake two cords ? 9. Wheat has been bought at 85 cents a bushel. At what price per cental must it be sold so that after paying freight charges of 8 cents a bushel the gain may be \ of ihe entire cost ? 10. A New York manufacturer owes an advertising bill of ;^2I i is. 6d. in London, England. How much will a foreign draft for this sum cost him, supposing the charges to be 75 cents and exchange $4.87 ? 11. A furniture dealer has on hand at the beginning of the year, furniture valued at $4,935.55. He bought during the year, $7,428.40, and sold during the year, $8,420.90. A fire destroyed furniture which cost $1049, upon which he received insurance, $825. His stock-book at the close of the year showed furniture on hand valued at $5620. Find his gain or loss. 12. A merchant mixes 22 pounds of coffee worth 45 cents with 18 pounds worth 50 cents. What is a pound of the mixture worth ? 13. A grocer received \\xy at 72 cents a pound for what he supposed to be 5^ pounds J. tea. His pound weight was one-half ounce too heavy. How much money should he have received. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, bv A. Rilev. lis I II I LESSON 26. )K- Be sure you are right, then go ahead. Oeftds, .lot hours, are the measures of life. Stroi g men have wills ; weak ones, only wishes. Never buy what you do not want because it is cheap. ^ The Use of Capital Letters. The letter I, when standing for the person • .cing, should always be a capital ; as, when I returned from the city, I received your kind letter. Names of persons and places should begin with capital letters. When the name consists of more than one word, each word should begin with a capital : as, Thomas Gibson, New York, Red River Valley. Every important word in a group of words used as a name or title should begin with a capital ; as, The Gulf of Mexico, The Cape of Good Hope, New York Z>at/y World. The first word of every sentence, and the first word of each line of poetry should begin with a capital. Names of the months and days, names of religious denomina- tions and political parties, names of important things, events, or bodies of ri.en, and names of associations, fraternities and companies should begin with capitals ; as, February, Thursday, Good Friday, Eastei Sunday, Decoration Day, Presbyterian, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Republican, Democrat, The Reformation, The Battle of Gettysburg, The Declaration of Independence, Young Men's Chris- tian Association, Boston Transfer Company, Any name of Deity, and any word standing for the name of Deity, should begm with a capital ; as, God, Creator, The Almighty, Saviour, Names of peoples and languages should begin with capitals ; as, English, French, Chinese, Greek, Latin, Hebrew. Miscellaneous. Each article mentioned in an account, and all the leading woids of advertisements should begin with capitals. Compound titles like Attorney-General, Vice-President, etc., should' have both words capitalized. In the superscription of a letter only the first word should be capitalized ; as. Yours truly. Your sincere friend, etc. The words north, south, east and tvest, when they refer to portions of the country, should begin with capitals; as. The C One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A, Rilby. LESSON 27. ivord of each W. JiC- Only live fish swim up stream, A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck. You must earn a dollar to know how to use it. Failure should be the stepping-stone to success. How to Speak and Write Coppeetly. Plurals. Be careful in writing such plurals as moneys, journeys, valleys, chimneys, turkeys, negroes, calicoes, buffaloes, sons-in-law, solos, piano fortes. Verbs and number. Follow plural subjects with plural verbs; as, we 7aere, not we was ; you tvere, not you was ; they are, not they is; they were, not they was; the men are, not is; the children were, not was ; the boys /lave, not has ; my sisters wrtfe, not writes. These are (not is) the boys who were (not was) at school. Jennie and Annie we^e (not was) schoolmates. To do ; to see. These two verbs give considerable trouble. Their prmcipal forms are do, did, done, and see, saw, seen. The second forms, did and saw, should never follow is, are, was, were, have, has or had The third forms, done and seen, should always fol- low one of these words expressed or understood ; as, I did the work, or I have done the work, or the work is done. I saw the picture, or I have seen the picture, or the picture was seen. Miscellaneous verbal forms. The rules above for to do and to see apply alike to all verbs. Such expressions as have come, has sang, was drove, have broke, have begun, have knew, is froze, have gave, knowed, has went, has give, has rang, have ran, were took, Ms stole, throwed, etc., are gross errors and should be avoided. Possessives. The possessive of nouns, both singular and plural is formed by adding an apostrophe and "s,» (s); as, the man^s hat is on the table. The children's play-ground is behind the house. When a plural noun ends in " s," only the apostrophe (' ) is added ; as The pupils lessons should be explained. The apostrophe is never' used in forming the possessive of pronouns. I, me, he, him, she, her. Many persons continually make mis- takes in conversation and in correspondence in the use of these words. The following are examples : Let you and / go ; say me. He is as good as me; say, /. She is as tall as him ; say, he. You are older than me; say, T. John went with James and I; say, me. You are stronger than him ; say, than he. Between you and I; say -•." ■•' "'^- ^"'^ '^'''■^ ''"''« ^^" Larry u ; say. He and /. Ifer and her sister are coming ; say, she and her sister. Onb Hundred Lessons in BusI^ESs: Copyright, 1891, by A. Ri LEV. LESSONS 28, 29, 30, 31. 3K— M Nothing can be had for nothing ; whatever a man achieves, he must pay for ; and no favor of fortune can absolve him from his duty. —Bayard Taylor. Valuable Exercises for PraetJce. 1. Write a telegraphic message, not exceeding ten words, and containing three distinct statements. 2. Write for your country paper a sHort description of a serious accident, of which you were an eye-witness. 3. You are shortly to move to a -w store some distance from your present stand. Prepare a circular to be sent to your customers, apprising them of the change. 4. You have lost a valuable gold watch. Prepare a notice of the same to be put up in your village post-office. 5. You are a member of a local literary society and wish to give notice of a motion which you intend to make at the next meeting. Write the notice. 6. Write neatly the names and addresses of five prominent business houses and five well-known manufacturing establishments, ' 7. You are in want of a situation as clerk in a grocery business. Prepare an advertisement for the paper, setting forth your desires. 8. You are the secretary of the Public School Committee of your town. Write a notice calling the members together for a special meeting. 9. Write five short notices of your goods, to be printed in the local column of your village paper. 10. Distinguish the difference in meaning between ^^-^^^'f and wares, business and concern, wholesale and retail, cost and expense, wages and salary, tact and push, custom and fashion, character and reputation. n. The merchants of your town h.ive decided to close their places of business at 7 o'clock each week-day evening, and at lo o'clock on Saturday evening Prepare an announcement or agreement to this effect, to be signed by those interested. ' 12. Explain these synonyms so as to show clearly the distinction in the meanings they bear, and write a sentence in which each is property used :— Lie, lay; 'wo couple: few, less ; many, much ; lease, hire; exceed, "excel ; hope, expect- denk'Sse ' ' ' ' "'"" ' ''''=""' ''^°'°'' ' ''*'"^^°'"«' '--'iful ;' findTdiscover'i 13. Write neatly the names of twenty kinds of dry goods and twenty kmds of grocenes. Be careful about your spelling. 14. What will it cost to mail the following articles. VhT"'° drop-letters j three domestic letters, each less than i or. In weight; one domestic letter weighing .ioz; one small newspaper ; one domestic registered letter o xj oz. wTigh one letter, weiffhino t1 nr »r. Pri^i^r.^ . =! „ -• u- T ■ »a "*. woigiu, weighing ji poinds."' '"" ^ ~"' ' I'-e! wc.ghmg 5} pounds ; o„e pacicage of books One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 32. local column of wenty kinds of in- ^ As the twig is bent, the tree's inclined.— Pope. The love of money is the root of all evil.— Bible. They fail, and they alone, who have not striven.— Aldrich. That life is long which answers life's great end.— Young. ~V& How to Write a Business Letter. ,, The parts of a letter are the heading, the address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature. The heading should show where and when the letter was written It should include the name of the posf-o0ce where the letter is supposed to be mailed, and if it be a small place, the name of the county and State should be given also. If an answer is to be sent to the place from which the letter is written, the heading should give m full the address of the writer. The name of the place should be followed by the date, which includes the name of the month, the day of the month and the year. All letters, notes and cards should be dated. There are many places in the United States which have the same name. In writine from ^y^8uch.even though it be a large and well-known city, be careful to add Ihena^e'ofTe The heading should be placed in the upper right-hand comer of the sheet of paper, and should begin about one inch and a half from the top of the sheet. It may occupy a part of a line, of two Imes, or of three lines. Note carefully the punctuation and abbre- viations of the headings below : — (Sheet of Paper.) CitLo^^i^, 9{.y., Oct. % IS8J. (Sheet of Papkh.) 50 /&-« How to Write a Business Letter. The body of a letter may begin one line or space below the salutation, and just where the salutation closes ; or it may, if the address be long, begin on the same line and immediately following the salutation. A margin of about one-half an inch should be left down the left-hand side of the sheet. When a new paragraph is necessary, it should begin directly in a line with the first word of the body of the letter. A new paragraph should be made whenever one begms to write about a new subject. In acknowledging the receipt of a business letter, give the date of it. The complimentary close follows the body of the letter and immediately precedes the signature. The closing words should not be more fam-liar than the salutation ; and like the words of the salutation, they depend upon the relations between the two persons " Respectfully yours," "Very respectfully yours," " Very truly yours,'"' etc., are the usual closing words of formal or business letters. The first word only of the complimentary close should begin with a capital. The signature follows the complimentary close, on the next line and to the right. It should end near the right-hand side of the sheet! Note the follov.ing illustrations :— 1. Respectfully yours, John R. Emerson. 2. Your sincere friend, Mary Anderson. 3. /, am, Sir, Yours respectfully, Wallace Reynolds. 4. Yours very kindly, Mary Jatte Holmes. 5. Very truly yours, Thomas Gibson. 6. / have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, T. R. Walmsley. The signature should be written veky plainly ; for no matter how familiar your immediate friends are with your dashing ink lines, your business correspondents may have considerable difficulty in associat- ing them with your printed name. J* Bear in mind the importance, in your correspondence, or ujtng alivaya the most chaste find heautitni lannuaa^ it ts possible to command, consistent with ease and naturat- ness 0/ expression.'* Onk Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891,3V A. Riley. LESSON 86. M- ^ Borrowing money at ten per cent, to put into business that nets about the same, is much like the Irishman's cutting off the top of his blanket, and sewing it on the bottom, to make the blanket longer. -3K A Sample Business Letter. MAEK B. EATON, (^gricuffutaf :im^tmmiB. Jm^)rot»el» farma for ^fc. QPoncg io fcoan. +0+ Office, Main St. East Blomfield, N.Y., May 19, 188y. Ci^e/-n«i c^^ Cja-td. ^-tff the top of the blanket m io £^oan. ay 19, I887. ■a*^ ■of ■t^iX'U-i (Qrt'i-a'yi, ^ Who does the best his circumstance allows, Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more. -Young. in I^^T "*/ "^'' ^" ' ^ ^*^* ''«*° *>»1« to Observe, consist, in fortitude and perseverance. -Scott. -3K -5K Hints and Helps f bp Coppespondin^ Clepks. Abbreviations. Avoid abbreviations such as "&" for "and"- r ^fZ^^l 5°' " Cross-Roads " ; " Bait." for " Baltimore " ; - Phil.'' ;or Philadelphia'; "Cwood "for "Coll ingwood"; "Wms'^own-for W.hamstown ; " Jno'town " for " Johntown " ; "ad." for "adver- tisement " ; "Gents." for " Gentlemen," etc. Envelope Address. When the post-office is a city, it is generally necessary to give the number and the street. Sometimes it is desir- able, m order to facilitate delivery, to give the part of the house, as Room 14, 650 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia." Avoid the following error, and others similar: "322 Broadway St." Here "way" con- veys the idea of a street. Officials. In letters to ordinary officials, it is customary to begin with the salutation "Sir," and dose with "I beg to remain, your stvant''''"" ' °''' "I have the honor to be. Sir, your obedient Corporation. A petition or memorial to a Board of Aldermen or other officers, may begin with " Gentlemen," and close with "All ot which IS respectfully submitted." Captain. When this title is used instead of " Sir " in the saluta- tion or complimentary close, it should not be abbreviated. The same rule applies to " Colonel " and other titles. Junior. The abbreviation of this word is "Jr" or "Tun" Its place is immediately after the name ; as, " Wm. Brown, Tr Esq » It never takes the place of any title. Degrees. Scholastic degrees— M.D., D.D., M.A., A B etc — are always abbreviated in addresses. Titular addresses of high rank however,-such as President, Governor, Archbishop, etc.,-should never be abbreviated in such use. It is not in good taste to address a man as Mr. Charles King, M. A." ; or, " Charles King, Esq., M D " r.tles are multiplied on title-pages and catalogues, but not more than one should appear on letters. Doctor. Doctors of Divinity may be addressed "Rev. Dr." .... ,j.!...iu maj uc auuressea ; "A—— - T< M.D.";or,"Dr.A B ' Riley. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copvr.ght, ,891, bv A. R.lev. LESSON 87. -JK Men who have made their fortunes are not those who had five thousand dollars given them to start with, but started fair with a well-earned dollar or two.— Grace Greenwood. 3K- * Hints and Helps for Coppespondin^ Clepks. Titles. The following miscellaneous titles, for use in addressing letters or notes of invitation cover the field of ordinary superscrip- tions; His Excellency and Mrs. Grover Cleveland ; Governor and Mrs George B. McCldlan; Hon. and Mrs. James G. Blaine; Sir and Lady John A. Macdonald ; Rev. Dr. and Mrs. T. Deivitt Talmage ; Prof, and Mrs. F. H. Anderson : Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Howland P.O. Except in special instances, it is not necessary to write the letters P.O. after the name of the post-office. The letter if it reaches the town, is not likely to go to the court-house or jail. Postage Stamps. The proper place for the stamp is at the top of the envelope, at the right margin,-in the right-hand upper corner — and above the address. ' Paging. If the letter consists of more than one sheet, the sheets should be arranged in order, and paged carefully. Folding. A letter-sheet should be folded from the bottom for- ward, bringing the lower edge near to the top edge,— so as to make the half-length a little shorter than the envelope,— and then break the fold. Next, fold twice the other way, beginning at the left edge, fold- ing towards the right. A note sheet should be folded twice, from the bottom forward. When the envelope used is nearly square, a single fold of the note sheet is sufficient. Paper. The. paper, whether letter or note size, should be the best the writer can afford. Let it be white, or with the faintest tinge possible of blue or cream. Unruled paper is to be preferred. Esquire. The correct abbreviation is " Esq." not " Esqr.," or " Esqu're." In addresses this word is accepted as the correct title of a gentleman who has no professional title. Envelopes. In social correspondence, the envelopes, like the paper, should be white and plain, and should correspond to tLe paper used in size and quality. It is considered bad taste to use colored paper, or other than black ink. Introduction. Letters of introduction should bear upon the en- velopes the name and address of the person to whom the letter is ad- dressed, the same as if sent bv mail, and also th<> «r^r^e ing Mr. ," at the lower left-hand corner. iiiiivjuuC- One Hundred Lessons in Businkss: Copvright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 88. m- et, the sheets What's done we partly may compute, But know not whafs resisted.— Burns. Many a shaft at random sent, Finds mark the archer little meant.— Scott. Hints and Helps fop Coppesponding Clepks. Mesdames. The contraction of this word is " Mmes."' It is the plural of the French Madame, and is used in Enghsh as the plural of Mistress (Mrs.). Any number of spinsters associated in a business firm, in a committee or in any ether co-operative body, should be addressed with the pro-title of « Misses " ; but if any one of them rejoices in the title of " Mrs.," then the pro-title of the body must be Mmes. The salutation in any case should be " Ladies." Miss. In youth, the masculine of this word is " Master " and in adult age. "Mister" (Mr.). This word should never be used as the salutation of a letter. Not like "Sir," and "Madame" and "General," it cannot be used alone. In addressing a young lady, one must know either her given name or her surname- and with these, one may say, "Miss Mary," or, "Miss Brown" or " Dear Miss Brown." In writing to strangers, a woman should.' in her signature, indicate not only her sex, but also -.whether she is a " Miss " or a " Mrs." Mister, Messrs. The plural of "Mr." and of "Esquire" is " Messrs." This is a contraction of the French Messieurs (Gen- tlemen). We say, "Mr. President," "Mr. Speaker," "Mr. Chair- man," " Mr. Editor." etc. Mistress. This, the pro-title of a married woman, is almost always used in the abbreviated fcrm,-Mrs.,-and is pronounced Misses. It^ IS sometimes coupled with a husband's title, as " Mrs. Dr. Stone." This use is convenient, but questionable. Nota Bena. The abbreviation is " N.B.," and the meaning. • note specially." This, like the postscript, follows the completed letter. Business letters should not require added remarks. Official Letters. In official correspondence, it is better to address the office than the officer, as "To the Secretary of the Interior, etc., Sir," instead of, "To the Hon. B K Secretary of the Interior, etc." * Soecial Dir«»rfiftne \f ror,t,i^^A -1 ij -1 1- - • !_ . „ .. .. ...,„.^._^^ aiiu-uiu unvays ue put m brackets to indicate that they are not a part of the address proper. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 88. Let us have faith that right makes might ; and in that faith let us, to the end, dare to do our duty, as we understand it— Abraham Lincoln. -m Thingrs fop Lettep-Wpiteps to Remembep; No Gentleman or lady ever writes an anonymous letter. Do not fill your letters with apologies and mere repetitions. Avoid writing with pencil, or with other than black or blue-black ink. In Acknowledging the receipt of a business letter give the date of it. In business correspondence it is better not to write on both sides of the page. The chief requisites of a business letter are clearness, explicitness and conciseness. Except in writing dates and sums of money, do not use figures in the body of a letter. Every business man should keep an exact copy of all business letters which he despatches. In opening letters containing money, the latter should be immediately counted, and the same noted- Letters about one's own affairs, requiring an answer, should always enclose a stamp, to pay return postage. Short sentences are easier to write than long ones, hence more suitable for correspondence. All letters that are to be answered should be answered promptly. Business letters should be answered the day they are received. Never write a letter when you are laboring under great excite- ment ; for you will almost certainly write things that you will repeni next day. EXERCISES. 1. You have a young gentleman friend in St. Louis. Write him, asking what are the chances for a young man of your abilities in that city. 2. You are living in a Western city, and receive a letter from a young friend in the East, such as is described above. Write an advisory letter in reply. 3. You promised to meet a youn^ friend last evening, at the latter's home : you ilcd uo so. Write him an apology. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 40. m, asking what JK- .u ^1° "[! ''°™J**» ^"^^ «y"' but with one tonpie, in order that they should see twice as much as they speak.— Colton. -¥ Answeping^ Adveptisements and Applying fop Situations. In applying for a situation by letter, be careful to write neatly and in a good business hand. Let your letter be short and terse, res, ectful and not servile. State your qualifiritions and experience modestly and clearly, and in as business-like a tone as possible. Answer all particulars required by the terms of the advertisement. The originals of testimonials should not be sent with a letter applying for a situation. Copy each testimonial on a separate sheet, mark " (copy) " at the top of the page, and enclose with your letter. As a general rule the shorter the application t^ie better. In ordering goods, state very explicitly the amount, kind, color, size, etc., and on what terms wanted ; also whether you wish them sent by freight, express, or mail. Do not write about other business mat- ters in the same letter. EXERCISES. 1. Write a letter to a wholesale book-dealer, ordering a stock of books. ■ 2. Answer the following advertisements : — "y^ANTBD. Salesmen, first-class, for staples. Pushing and energetic man. State salary and references. Box 205, Herald office, "U^ANTED. A country store to rent. Must be within fifty miles of Boston, and near railway. Will buy small stock. Address Box 421, Worcester, Mass. ^^ ANTED, An experienced traveller for territory west of St. Louis. Gro- cery business. Apply by letter, stating for whom you have travelled, how long, in what sections of the country, and amount of sales of last year. Liberal salary to a first-class man. W. K. Wiggins & Co., Wholesale Grocers, St. Louis, Mo. 3. You are thinking of moving to Colorado for your health. Write to a friend in Denver asking him to do what he can in the way of securing you a situation as salesman. 4. Write a letter to G. & C. Merriam & Co., Springfield, Mass , ordering 24 copies of Websters Dictionary, and requesting them to draw on you at sight for 5- Write short advertisements to go under the following newspaper headintrs • (I) Situations Vacant, (2) Houses to Rent, (3) Business Chances, (4) Farms for Sale (S) Agents Wanted. ' I One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copvriqht, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSONS 41, 42, 43. Waiting for a competitor to iTail, lo as to gain his trade, has never been known to make a man rich ; and starting a business to run another nian out is about equally successful. Valuable Exepcises fop Practice. I. Write a social letter to an old schoolmate, discussing your business plans and prospects. a. What is a title ? Mention the proper titles of three persons whom you know, and tell how each title should be abbreviated. 3. Write a letter to an absent friend, giving your opinion of certain public events. 4. Re-write the following envelope addresses, making necessary corrections : — Mr. Thds R. Bond Esq' r Dr. E, D. Davis M D. gdj Broadway St Erie Co. SpringvilU New York New York Box 27 NY 5. Correct all errors in the following letter, anr^ arrange the na' ts properly : — Jan. 39, 1888, Chicago, 242 State St. Messrs. Dotnby & Son. jy^ b'oadway, N. Y.,dear sir : your favor of the 30th prox. received to-day enclosing $19 (nineteen). Accept our thanks for your prompt attention in sending money. We are yours truly, Chas. Daniels & Co. 6. Give an appropriate salutation for a letter to ( i ) a business firm, (2) an intimate cousin, (3) your teacher, (4) a strange lady, (5) a little boy, (6) an old gentleman whom you know. 7. You are about to visit an intimate friend at a distance. Write a letter giving particulars and noming the train upon which you expect to arrive. 8. Write a letter to Prof. S. S. Packard, 805 Broadway, New York City, asking for an announcement of the school of which he is principal. 9. Write a suitable reply to a letter given in Lesson 35. 10. You are clerking for a retail bookseller. Write a letter to a publisher order> ing a stock of school-books. 11. You have just received a monthly statement of your account from a general merchant. Write him a letter enclosing ten dollars to apply on account and a«-,king time on the balance. 12. Write a letter to A. S. Barnes & Co., iii William St., New York, ordering 30 copies of" Barnes' Brief Ilisto.y .^f the United States," and requesdng them to draw at sight, in 30 days, for the amount of the bill. 13. Messrs. Baker & Jones, 16 West St., Chicago, owe you $125. Write them a brief note stating that you will draw on them for the amount on the loth of the following month. LESSON 44. a publisher order* People generally are what they are made by education and com- pany between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five-CuKSTERFiELn. X- How to Make Out an Account, and Receipt a Bill. A bill, or an account, is a detailed statement of merchandise sold, or of services rendered. A person who owes money, goods, or services, is called a debtor ; and the person to whom the money, goods, or services are due, is called a creditor. Goods are sold on account, or on credit, when they are not paid for when delivered. NOTE.-A bill should state the na-.nes of the buyer and seller, the place and time of the ransacfon and any special terms agreed upon b, the parties. A bill is receipted when the words. Received Payment," or " Paid," are written at .he bottom, and the creditor, or r °!!T ^ f • ""^"^ '''* ""'""• ^^''' "" Itemized bill has been rendered, and of°lS fh^',! °'f "r?'"""'''"'''''^""'" ''''^°"'* bill complete, but simply the form of a b. 1 w.th the words "To Merchandise," "To Labor." or "To Account rendered," and the total amount This incomplete form is termed a statement. If goods are sold on r ^TuV'^'T!^ *''" °^^ P^«'i°"« purchase has been rendered, the new bill will have beer/ald. • "^ " T° Account rendered," at the top; that is, if nothing ha. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE. ofc'l?Rfnwn\*?""*~''^"^- ^°' i^^^- '^°P^'*'»' '^""- R'^^hard Ball buys ot C. L. Brown \ Co., -n account, 26 yds. Silk at $1.45 ; 4 yds. Lining at i« cents; 2 J yds. L.n.ng at 20 cents ; 4 yds. Muslin at u 'cents^ 2 do" BuUons ofCEtrL^Vr"- ^''""'^ '' 38 cems.-Oct. IS, 1887 Richard BaUbuy nt «; fc T ^°-o2" ^^?°""t' 15 yds. Black Cloth at $2.io ; 5 yds. Tweed at $i.8s.-Nov. 13, 1887. Richard Ball pays C. E. Brown & Co on account «'/>,^M5t'^«<=- ^5. 1887. Richard Lll pays C. E. Brown & ^o.^cash' $42.26, to balance accoun.. ^ ^ ^u., casn, n ct?,*®***^*® Work.— Make out and render an itemized bill, Auy 31 ; render thf „cT^K-n°">uPV 3° 5 "^^1^« «"' the account to be rendered Oct. 31; credh r^^.,-if K^'' "^'^ '^^ ^""P"!?^ P^'^ N°^- '3; render a statement on Nov! 30 • receipt this last statement in full Dec. 15. ^ ' [itemized bill.] MR. RICHARD BALL, ''°^''"' "'"■' """■ "' "'■■ To C. E. BROWN & CO., Dr. Accounts rendered Monthly. Aug. 20 26 yds. Siik 4 yds. Lining 2lyds. Lining 4 yds. Muslin 2 doz. Buttons 12 yds. Flannel @ $145 @ J @ .20 % .11 @ 25 $17 7o\ 6o\ 45^\ $44 30 One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 46. -JK Associate with men of good judgment, for judgment is found in conversation; and we make another man's judgment ours by fre- quenting his company.- Fuller. -m Bills and Accounts. (Continued from Lesson 44.) When a clerk receipts a bill, it is customary, id necessary, for him to write his initials under the name of the creditor, or to write his own name, and directly underneath his own name that of his employer, preceded L- the word for. [statement.] Topeka, Kan., Sep. 30, 1887. MR. RICHARD BALL, ' /- ^ . ^'"'/. . To C. E. BROWN & CO., Dr. Accounts rendered Monthly. To Account rendered Aug. ji 4430 [statement and BILI-] Topeka, Kan., Oct. 77, 1887 MR. RICHARD BALL, , ^ c . ji, jccsj. To C E. BROWN & CO.. Dr. Accounts rendered Monthly. Oct. rs To Account rendered Sept. jo . J S yds. Black Cloth . . @ ^2.10 5 yds. Tweed . . . @ j,8s Received Cash, $45.25. C. E. Broivn & Co. j 925 44 40 85 30 75 05 [statement.] MR. RICHARD BALL, ■ ''''^""'' '"""■' '^"'- ^''' '^^^■ To C. E. BROWN & CO., Dr. Accounts rendered Monthly. ' To Balance of Account . 39 80 One Hundred Lessons \h Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rilev. t is found in ours by fre- m esson 44.) >.. /"^-/. i. r t/f. I UJ \^UA!l , 20 00 One Hundrkl Lesson in Business: Copvrioht, 1891, bv A. Riliy. LESSON 48. I the wisdom viceable, and )K- 00 H 50 00 33 08 06 25 18 00 41 4-1 43 4r 41 75 50 00 -?o 00 % Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel.— -Shakespeare, Hints and Helps fop Accountants. RULES FOR JOURNALIZING. -a? Capital. Z>g<5«V amounts withdrawn. C;'^^?/ investments. Loss and Gain. Debit losses, expenses, salaries, insurance, exchange, com- missions, taxes. Credit gains, rebates, etc. Merchandise. Debit goods on hand, purchased, returned by customers, discounts allowed customers, freight. Credit goods sold, discounts allowed on goods bought. Manufacturing. Debit raw material, labor and cost of production. Credit amount of sales. Real Estate. Debit value at commencement, purchases, improvements. Credit rents -and sales. Shipments, Consignments. Debit amount of shipment or consignment, with freight, etc. Credit amount of returns. Cash. Debit cash on hand, received. Credit cash paid and deposited. Debtors. Debit amount due, amount of goods sold the debtor, and interest on overdue account. Credit cash or notes received from the debtor, goods returned, discounts allowed him, money due him by you. Creditors. Debit money given the creditor, his draft which you accept, goods returned him by you, discounts which he allows you. Credit amount you owe him, goods you buy, mterest you owe him on overdue accounts. Bills Receivable. Debit notes on hand and amounts of your drafts accepted by others. Credit money received in payment of note or acceptance, and amount of notes discounted. Bills Payable. Debit notes redeemed. Credit notes outstanding which the concern owes, notes and drafts signed or accepted by the concern. Interest and Discount. Debit interest paid by the concern, discount allowed on bills payable. Credit interest paid the concern, discount allowed on bills receivable. MISCELLANEOUS HINTS. In joint>stock companies the Capital Account contains only the investment. The gains and losses are distributed among the stockholders in the form of dividends. Interest and discouut on notes payable have to do with Interest Account and not \ I Bills Payable Account. Interest and discount on notes receivable have to do with Interest Account and not with Bills Receivable Account. The proper entry of any transaction may be found in the answer to one of the following questions : — First. What values were received, (Debit,) and from whom or what received? //"* 1.*. \ Second. What values were given, tCredit,) and to whom or for what were they given? (Debit.) Onb Hundred Lessons in Business; Copyright, 1891, bv A. Riley. LESSONS 4e, 50, 61. 5K- JK Train a boy to be brave, and to speak the truth, and you have -jk Receipts, Opdeps, Due Bills. 1 crJ^i ^?*^"Pu '^ ^ '^""^? acknowlegment that certain moneys or ' goods have been received. When a payment has been made, a receipt should be taken as proof of the payment $2 7^2. ^■cc-ifu^ue^ (Qc-^. 7, 7 requesting the payment or delivery of certain moneys or goods on account of the writer. ° $I22i». '-^-2^e/«*«^j;^^i. jj /(5>^. //^ -^«.*., c^^. cT/<.^^d ^«^^, /«.*^ ^^ amo.,nf"f« Hnl '%r ^°'"'''^ """"^^ acknowledgment that a certain amount is due. If payment is to be made in goods the words $i9» ^^uo.^ C^//^ ^wuis. p, 1887. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 189,, ay A. Rilbv LESSON 52. ^-'yyie'yid.. -5K The best education in the world is that got by struggling to get a living. What is defeat ?-Nothing but the first step to something better.— Wendell Phillips. JK- Pepcentag^e. The name percentage is applied to certain arithmetical exercises in which loo is used as the basis of computation. Per Cent, is an abbreviation of the Latin per centum, meaning by the hundred. This sign % is used for the words per cent. Thus, io% of a number equals y^Oj, or J^ of the number; 50% equals ^^^, ox \, etc. FRACTIONAL EQUIVALENTS. SO % = .5o =\. 33j% = -33^ = 3. 20 % = .20 =i. i6§% = .i6f=-J. 5 % = .os =5V 3i% = .o3j = 5V 4% = .02^=sV I. EXERCISES. What fraction of $200 is $5 ? What per cent. ? a. What is the difference between 2^% and 3^ % of $800 ? 3. A clerk who received $325 a year had his salary raised 40%. What does he receive now? 4. A lawyer collected $3,264, and charged 5% lor his services. How much did he pay over ? 5. If goods are bought for $8,728, and sold for $9,819, what is the gain per- cent. ? ^ r 6. A merchant marks an article $2.80, but takes off 5% for cash. If his pront is 33%, what was the cost of the article ? 7. What per cent, above cost must a man mark his goods, in order that he may take off 10% from the marked price, and still make 20% on the cost ? 8. How many gallons of water must be mixed with 29^ gallons of wine, in order that the mixture may contain 17^% of water ? 9. An estate dealer sold a house and lot for $5,620 at 2^%. What is his commi. sion for selling ? 10. A salesman receives 2 J% of his sales. His sales for a certain week amounted 'O $943- SO- What was his commission for that week ? 11. What must a traveller's sales for one year amount to, that he may, at 3% com- mission, have a yearly salary of $2,400 ? 12. My attorney collected 80% of a debt of $5,300, and charged 7i% commission? What amount should he pay me ? 13. A book agent receives a commission of 25% on the gross amount of his sales, 480 books at $7 each •"•T. 3-..'ju, luiu a salary or 4,120 a yeai. During a certain year he sold What was his income for that year ? Ohb Hundred Lessons in Business; Copyright, 1891, bv A. Rilkv. LESSON 68. The world generally gives its admiration, not to the man who does what nobody else ever attemps to do, but to the man who does best what multitudes do well.— Macaulay m- Tpade Discounts. When a reduction is made from the nomina/ price of an article, from the amount of a debt, or from the face of a note, it is called a dis- count. Some kinds of merchandise— books, furniture, musical instruments, etc.— have fixed prices. Manufacturers and whole- sale dealers invoice such merchandise to the trade, or retail driers; at the fixed or list-prices. The list-prices are usually the retailer's selling-prices. The manufacturer or wholesale dealer allows the re- tailer a trade discount, which is deducted, at a certain rate per cent., from the face of the invoice. The amount of the discount allowed depends sometimes upon the amount of the order, and some- times upon the terms of settlement. Very often two or more dis- counts are deducted in succession. Thus, io% and 5% off; or, as it is generally expressed in business, 10 and 5 off, means a discount of 10%, and then 5% from what is left; 20, 10 and 5 off, means three succes- sive discounts. A retailer's profit is smaller when he is allowed 10 and s off, than if he were allowed 15 off. The result is not affected by the order in which the discounts are taken. Example 1. Goods are invoiced at $80, with 20 and 10%. Find cost. $80.00 ^^'^ Multiply by a, and carry one place to the right. 64.00 ^•40 Multiply by i, and carry one place to the right $ 57-60 Ans. Example 2. Goods are invoiced at $243.27, with 40, ao and s'"' Find cost. "' $243.27 97308 Multiply by 4, and carry one place to the right. 145-96 _29-i^ Multiply by a, and carry one place to the right 116.77 S83 3 Take half, and carry two places to the right. $ 110.93 Ans. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copvrioht, 1891, by A. Rilky. LESSON 64. m- Leara to treat a shabbily dressed customer with aa much ci^lity as you manifest towards the richest of your patrons: .the dollar you get from each is of the same value. Trade Discount.— Business Exercises. Note.— Find the retailer's cost price, I. List price, $258. Trade discount, 5 and 20 off. 3. List price, $380. Trade discount, 5 and 30 off. 3. List price, $649, 4. List price, $954, 5. List price, $472. 6. List price, $684. 7. List price, $252, 8. List price, $333. 9. Invoiced price, $1,020.45. 10. Invoiced price, $2,142.45. Trade discount, 50 and 5 off. Trade discount, 60 and 5 off. Trade discount, 20 and 3 off. Trade discount, 10 and 4 off. Trade discount, 10 and 10 off. Trade discount, 50 and 12^ off. Discount, 10, 5 and 3 off. Discount, 20, 5 and 2ioff. II. Invoiced price, $1,421.60. 13. Invoiced price, $2,063.25. 13. Invoiced price, $6,021.40. I Discount, 40, 10 and 5 off. Discount, 30, 20 and 10 off. Discount, 33^, 20 and 2^ off. 14. What direct discount is equivalent to a discount of 20 and 10 off. 15. What is the difference on a hill of $425 between a discount of 50% and a discount of 30% and 20% ? 16. A book broker buys books at 20% and 10% from catalogue prices, and sells them at anadvance of 10% on catalogue prices. What per cent, profit does he make? 17. A retail bookseller buys at a discount of 20, 10 and 5 off, and sells at list prices. What per cent, profit does he make ? 18. A merchant buys furniture at 20% and 10% from list prices, and sells it at io% and 5% from list prices. What per cent, profit does he make. 19. A Sewing-machine agent buys $60 machines at a discount of 30% and I6^i%. He sells them at an advance of 5% on the list price. Find his profit on each. 20. The gross amount of a bill of merchandise is $186.36. What is the net amount, the rates of discount being 30% and 20% ? 31. What direct discount is equivalent to a discount of 33^%, 20% and 1% off? 33. An agent buys 3 pianos, the list prices of which are $420, $630 and $800. He is allowed 20 and 10 off. He sells the pianos at an advance of 50% on the cost prices. Find his total profit. 33. A wholesale dealer sold at a profit of 25% to a retailer, who compromised with his creditors al 40 cents on the dollar. Whi dealer lose ? I One Hundred Lessons in Business: CorYRioHX, 1891, bv A. Riley. LESSON 65. X- — 5« You can't find out by fig:uring what the profits of the comine Tears business will be, «,y more than you can lift a barrel of suear by figunng on its weight. " -M Hints and Helps for Invoice Clerks. An Invoice is a detailed statement of merchandise sold by one dealer to another. can be g,v en. The peculiar methods of any particular business-house can be learned only by actual practice m that hou.se. The exercises which follow are intended for general liusiness-practire. [SAMPLE INVOICE,] S. R. WARNER & CO.. ^'"^ ^'''^' '^''"' ^' '^^^- Oxford, Ohio. Bdught of A. S. BARNES & CO. TERMS CASH. -9 /c? \ 12 i8 Sets New National Readers ^j.75 [S6 40 Popular History of U.S. Monteitk's Science Primer . Sill's Lessons in English Comprehensive Geography . Practical Arithmetic . . Steele's Chemistry . . . Steele s Physiology . . . Watson's Elocution . . . 5.00 1.25 90 •75 .80 1 20 1.20 .40 21 ♦* « 00 ** «««« Less 30 % and 10 % ** «» * *» Do3. Copy Books. Net . . . .6j Doz. Drawing Books. Net . . .75 Packing .... »» «» ** 7S *»♦ One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, bv A. Rilev. LESSON 56. The key to success in any department of life, it self-denial. Idleness, lazir >;ss, wastefulness, come from lack of it ; while in- dustry, promptitude, economy, th.-ift and a successful career are the result of it.— Neal Dow. -)K Wpitinff Up Invoices. The student is expected to write up neatly and carefully, after the sample given in the previous lesson, the following bills of goods, sup- * posed to be shipped from wholesale dealer or manufacturer to a retail dealer : — EXERCISES. 1. Dry Goods. Chicago, June 3, 1887. Messrs. E. T. Stone & Co., Grand Rapids, Mich., bought of William Cross & Son, 24 pes. Gordon Prints, 48 yds. each, at sh cents ; 18 pes. Merrimac Prints, 47 yds. each, at 4J cents ; 32 pes. Standard Prints, 45 yds. each, at 4 cents ; 20 pes. American Prints, 50 yds. each, at 6 cents. Cooperage $1.25. 2. Canned Goods. Wilmington, Del., Jan. 9, 1886. S. W. Clark & Bro., Kansas City, Mo., bought of James Morrow & Son, 5 doz. 3 lb. Peaches at $2.10 ; 4 doz. 6-lb. Peaches at $3.45 ; 4 doz. 3-lb. Tomatoes at $1.90; 3 doz. 2^- Ib. Apricots at $3.90. Less 5% for cash. Cooperage 90 cents. 3- Books. Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 3, 1886. Canada Publishing Co., Toronto, Ont., bought of J. B. Lippineott Co., 15 Dickens, People's Edition, 15 vols. , at $22. so ; 7 George Eliot, 20 vols., at $35 ; 13 Thaekery, Globe Edition, 12 vols., at $15 ; 14 Charles Reade, 17 vols., at $21.25 J 3^ The " Duchess " novels at$i. Less 40%, 10%, and i%. Cooperage $1.20. (A certified invoice neces- sary.) 4. GPOCerieS. Baltimore, Md., March 12, I'o . James R. Wallace & Co., Syracuse ,N.Y., bought of H. Chisholm & Co., 3 bbls. Granulated .Sugar at $7.50 ; 17 boxes Raisins at $1.75 ; 4 boxes Layer Raisins at $2.15 ; 15 lbs. Spice at 16 cents; 24 boxes Currants at $1.40; 2 bags Rio Coffee at $27.20; 2 bbls. Syrup at $18.50; 12 lbs. Nutmegs at 90 cents. Special discount 10 and 5 off.' Cartage $1.50. 5. Fruit. Rochester, N.Y., Aug, 13, 1886. S. R. Riley & Co., Jackson- ville, 111., bought of H. P. Wallace & Son, 273 bbls. Winter Apples at $1.15; 136 bbls. Fall Apples at $1.05; 362 bush. Plums at $2.12^; 163 baskets Peaches at 63 cents ; 428 baskets Pears at 42 cents. Less 20%. Cartage $12 85. 6. FlOUP and Feed. Montreal, Que., April 15, 1886. Edwin Ball, Sherbrooke, Que., bought of Thompson W^tt & Co., 13 bbls. Best Flour at $5.30 ; 14 bbls. No. 2 Flour at $4-75; 32 bbls. Pork at $18.90; 942 lbs. Hams at 13 cents; 432 bush. Oats at 31 cents ; 15 cwt.Bran at 55 cents. Less 33^%, 10% and 7. HaPdwaPe. Toronto, Ont., March 13, 1886. Hugh Cleland, Meaford, Ont., bought of Rice Lewis & Son, 200 Carriage Bolts at $2.25 per C. ; 150 Carri- r.ge Bolts al^$3. 15; S doz. R.S.K. Knives at $2.14; 4^ doz. Pieced Bread Pans i Stoves Posts at $1.30. Less 7% for cash. 14.90; 13 Royai I $18.40; 6 Iron One Hundred Lessons in Business; Copvright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSONS 67, 68. Many men do not allow their principle, to Uke root, but pij them up, every now and then, as children do flowers they have planted to see if they are growing. -Longfellow. -JK Valuable Exepcises fop Ppactice. 1. In an invoice just received from a wholesale dealer you find an error in addition. Write a letter to the wholesale dealer, calling his attention to the matter. 2. As corresponding clerk for the wholesale dealer, write a suitable reply to the foregoing letter. 3. One of your salesmen is about to move to a distant city. Write him a letter of recommendation. 4. A young friend of yours has recently been elected mayor of a western town. Write him a short congratulatory letter. 5. You are paid secretary of the Board of Trade of your city. Write a letter to the Board, tendering your resignation. 6. You are a young man beginning business for yourself. Write a letter to a wholesale dealer with whom you desire to open an account. Give references, and state what terms of payment you propose. 7. The traveller of a wholesale firm is on the road. Write him a letter from the firm relative to his movements from this date. 8. Find the cost of insuring a cargo of goods for $ 1 2,000 at | %. 9. A man's resources are $4,800 and his liabilities $7,200! How much can he pay on the dollar ? 10. A bankrupt merchant pays 37^ cents on the dollar. How much will be lost ' by a creditor whose bill is $750 ? ir. A merchant bought a bankrupt stock at 45 cents on the dollar, and sold it 10% below the original price. How much per cent, did he gain ? 12. A, B, and C are partners. A puts into the concern $6,000, but withdraws half of it at the end of 6 months ; B puts in $4,000, and adds $1,000 to it at the end of 4 months ; C puts in $5,000 for the whole year. The gain during the year is $5, 100. What is each one's share ? 13. Two men, M and N, are associated in trade. M receives $25 a month and 10% of sales for managing the business, the net gain is then divided equally. Their sales for a certain year amount to $9,320, and their books show a gain of $4,220 before M's special interest is paid. Find N's share of the net gain. 14. If I compromise with an insolvent debtor at 70 cents on the dollar, and then discount 2 % for the immediate payment, what is my total loss on a claim of $6,500? 15. Find the duty on a shipment of books from the United States to Canada, One Hundred Lessons in Business ; Copyright, iSgx, by A. Rilbv. LESSON 50. 5J<- lettc from the Money and time are the heaviest burdens of life; and the unhap- piest of all mortals are those who have more of either than they knew how to use.— Johnson. -* How to Collect a Debt. The best way to avoid having outstanding accounts is to do a strictly cash business. Mark your goods at your very lowest prices and tl>en part with them only for cash. It is absolutely necessary, however, for dealers in many branches of trade to give credit. Send goods abroad to be paid for C.O.D. If goods are sold on instalments, or to be paid for at a certain time, let the time be specified, and the collection made promptly on that day. When difficulty is experienced in collecting an account, get the same, if possible, converted into a promissory note; notes are more easily handled and collected. Whether the course to bo pursued in collect. ing a debt be sharp and positive or mild and lenient, will depend entirely on circumstances. Write a letter calling attention to the account, stating the time when the obligation was due, and accom- panying the same with a bill of the goods bought ; then if necessary, a second letter, more pointed and asking immediate settlement. If you cannot collect the whole debt ask your debtor to pay part and arrange at the time a date foi the payment of the balance. A payment in part is an acknowledgment of the whole. EXERCISES. 1. Write a letter to a delinquent customer, enclosing statement of his account and calling his attention to the same. * 2. The person to whom you have written has given your letter no attention. Write him a second letter more pointed than the first. 3. Put yourself in the debtor's place and write a suitable reply to above letters, enclosing cash in part payment of the account and asking time on the balance. 4- Answer the foregoing, acknowledging the receipt of the money and granting the request, but stipulating a certain date for the balance to be paid. 5- Prepare a circular to be sent out to all customers whose accounts are over- due, requesting them to pay before a certain day, and notifying them of a proposed change in the management of your business. 6. Write a letter to your largest wholesale creditor, calling his attention tn Lh- uiaiie^s of trade in your town at this season, and asking for a renewal of the note which you gave him three months before. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copvright, 1891, By A. Riley. LESSON 60. Checks. In indOfatng checks, note the following directions ; — 1. Write across the back— ntt' lengthwise. 2. The top of the back is the left end of the face. Do not indorse wrong end up. 3. To deposit a check, write your name across" the back. 4. Write your name on the back in the same way as it appears on the face. For instance, if the check is payable to '"T. Walmsley," indorse "T. Walmsley;" if to ' Thos. Walmsley," indorse " Thos. Walmsley;" and if to "Thomas R, Walmsley," indorse in the same way. If the spelling of your name < is wrong, indorse twice, spelling your name wrong and right. 5. If you wish to make the check payable to some particular person by indorsing, write Pay to (Person's name.) or order. (Your own name.) Simply writing your name on the back of a check signifies that it has passed through your hands and is payable lO bearer. Do not give your check dated ahead, nor take one dated that way. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 6t He is not great who is not PH •■ °ot 8rre«tly good.— Shakbsfkake. We must take the current when it serves, or lose our ventures— bHAKKSPEARK. There is a divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them how we will. — Shakespeare. Hints on Adveptisin^. Does advertising pay? It does if done discreetly and care- fully. Thousands of merchants and manufacturers are losing money daily in advertising, while others are piling up wealth as the direct results of their advertisements. Do not advertise simply because your neighbor on the right does so. If you have something that the people want and that they don't know about, tell them of it, and state your price. Never mind "our neighbor. The most effective means of reaching the people is throusa the newspapers. The day of usefulness of handbills is passed. A visit to any rural fair will convince you of this. Make your advertisements attractive, so that the people will notice and read them. Excite a little legitimate curiosity about your goods. Nothing draws like curiosity. John Wanamaker, the great Philadelphia merchant, tells a million people daily what is going on in his store, if it be only the putting up of a new shelf or the painting of a door. Study the methods of successful advertisers. \V'riters of good advertisements are scarce, and nothing but careful study will make you a success in this department of business. Determine how much you can afford to spend in advertising, and place your advertisements where they will do the most good, making your contracts for a period of months. A single insertion of an advertisement is of very little value usually money thrown away. You must keep your name and goods continuously before the public, and keep them interested in what you are doing, the new goods you are buying, the changes you are making, the goods you are selling, and your prices. Never promise more than you can fulfil. Bombastic announce- ments may do for a time, but nothing except hard, solid facts will live. EXERCISE. You are agent for all kinds of aijririiltural implements. Pre•^.^r(~ a suitable advertising circular to be sent to the farmers of your immediate locality. I One Hundred Lessons in Business; Copyriohv, 1891, by A. Riley.. LESSON 62. Checks. In Great Britain and the Provinces the printed form of checks is made payable to bearer. It is customary in Canada to cross out "bearer," and write ' ' order. " When a check is drawn payable to bearer, it is payable to the person holding it. To get a check cashed, present it first to the Ledger-Keeper, who turns to t' bank account of the person who signs the check, deducts the amount from the account, stamps and signs the check, and returns it. The check is then said to be marked ; and the bank, and not the person signing it, is respon- sible for its payment. Then present it to the Paying Teller of the same or any other bank, and the face amount will be paid in cash. Persons unknown to the Paying Teller must be identified before money is given them. If you desire to draw money from your own account, write the check as follows : — II Pay to the order of jel/.. or Pay totheorder of Cash and sign the check in the ordinary way, writing the date, amount, etc., as you would in any other check. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Coi>VRioHT, 1891, by A. Riley. LESSON 63. ^ ^ If the power to do hard work is not a talent, it is the best pos- stble substitute for it.— James A. Garfield. The 60-Day Interest Method. In what is called the 6o-Day Method, 360 days are considered one year, and 30 days one month. Upon this basis the interest for 60 days, or two months, at any rate, will be ^ of the interest for one year; and when the rate is 6% the interest for 60 days Js Vo or Txm of the prmcipal. Thus, the interest of $247 for 60 days at 6% is $2.47. Example 1. Find the interest of $1,728 for 80 days at 6%. $17 5 ?23 28= interest for 60 days. 76= interest for 20 days. $12 6 2 I $22 The interest of $1,728 for 60 day., at 6% is 1% of $1,728, or $17.28 ; and the interest for 20 days (^ of 60) is , . .„ , ^ * of $i;.28, or $5.76. Hence for 80 days It will be $17.28 plus $5.76. or $23.04. Example 2. Find the interest of $i,2(5o for io6 days at 6%. 04= interest for 80 days. 60= interest for 60 days. 30 -interest for 30 days. 10= interest for 10 days. 26 = interest for 6 days. 26= interest for 106 days. Cut off two places to the right. i of $i2.6o=$6.3o. i of $6.30 -^$2. 10. i of $6. 30 = $1,26. NoTE.-Any number of days can be divided into convenient parts. Thus to find the an erest for ,58 days, we could take twice 60 or uo. then 30. which I J of J chel 5 which IS J of 30 ; then 3, which is ^^ of 30. Example 3. Find the interest of $2,340 for 3 mos, 27 days at 7%. $23 40= interest for (So days or 2 months. II 7 2 $45 7 $53 70 = interest for 30 days or i month. 80 = interest for 20 days. 34 = interest for 6 days. 39= interest for 1 day. 63 = interest for given time at 6%. 61 = interest for given time at 1%. 4 of $23.40 = $7. 80. i of $ii.7o=$2.34. i of $2.35= .39. * of $45.63 -$7.61. 25= interest for given time at 7%. Note.— Add i cent when the fraction is | or more. at onpr r^nr'anTI "". " "" ° ^" ""'- ^^^ * '^^ '"" iu'erest at 6 per cent, to itself, 'ract I; etc *' '°P- cent., add J, at 3 per cent., subtract J ; at 4 per cent., sub! One Hundred Lessons in Business; Copvriqht, i8gi. bv A. Riley. il' LESSON 64. I \ Notes. If Perry Mason & Co. desire to have this note discounted at a bank, or if they wish to transfer it to a third person or firm, they will have to indorse it. The note is payable at the place named on the day of maturity. To get a good title to negotia- ble paper the holder must have re- ceived it in good faith for value. A note may be written on any paper with ink or with pencil, and it will be good. A note made on Sunday is void. Notes bear interest only when so stated, except after maturity. When negotiable paper is lost or Stolen, it does not release the maker. Notes obtaiiied by fraud, or made by a person while intoxicated cannot be collected. The maker of an accommoda- tion note is not bound to the person accommodated ; but he is bound to any other person receiving the note for value. The holder of a note has a claim against every person who has in- dorsed it. If a note or a check received in payment of a debt is dishonored, the debt revives. Ignorance of the law does not excuse any one. No contract is good unless there be a considera- tion. No consideration is good that is illegal. Onb Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, bv A. Riley, LESSON 65. ^ ikniiiiiyaiiiriiiiWriliiil When you set out to do anything^ never let anytning^ disturb you from doing that one thing. This power of putting the thought on one particular thing, and keeping it there for hours at a time, takes practice ; and it takes a long time to get into the habit. — Thomas A. Edison. 5K- Abcupate Interest. Interest is the sum charged for the use of money. It is really the use of money or the benefit derived from its use. The principal is the sum for the use of which interest is paid. The rate of interest is the per cent, of the principal charged for its use for one year. Simple interest is the interest on the principal only, for the full time ; compound interest is interest on the principal for the full time, and interest on each interest payment after it becomes due. To find the accurate interest on any sunt of money at a given rate for one yea-', multiply the sum by the rate and divide by lOO, To find the accurate interest on any sum of money at a given rate for any given nu.nber of days, multiply the interest for one year by the number of days and divide the product by 36S, EXERCISES. Note.— It is required to find the interest. 1. Prin., $200; time, 2 yrs. ; rate, 6 %. 6. Prin., $400; time, 73 dys.; rate, 4%, 2. Prin. , $347 ; time, 3 yrs. ; rate, 7 %. 7. Prin. ,$212; time, 48 dys. ; rate, 3% 3. Prin., $621 ; time, ij yrs. ; rate, 2j%. |8. Prin., $300; time, 64 dys.; rate, 2% 4. Prin., $237; time, 4 yrs. ; rate, 4 %. 9. Prin., $200; time, 33 dys.; rate, 5%, 5. Prin., $843; time, 5 yrs. ; rate, 5 %. 10. Prin., $621 ; time, 95 dys.; rate, 6% NoTE,--'In the exercises which follow, consider the time even months. 11. WTiat is the interest of $240 from June 3, 1887, to Aug. 3, 1887, at 6% ? 12. What is the interest of $425.80 from .Sept. 15, 1887, to Nov. 15, 1888, at 2%? 13. What is the interest of $125.50 from May 15, 1886, to Dec. 15, 1887, at 4%? 14. What is the interest of $480.40 from June 18, 1884, to Aug. 18, 1884, at S%? Note. — In the exercises which follow, reckon the interest for the exact iiumber of days. Count one of the two days named and all the days intervening. 15. Prin., $1,200 ; rate, 3% ; time, Jan. 3, 1886, to Mar. 15, 1886. 16. Prin. ,i $1,520; rate, 4%; time, Dec. 5, 1886, to Apr. 18, 1887. 17. Prin., $1,736; rate, 5% ; time, Nov, 9, 1886, to May 27, 1887. 18. Prin., $2,190; rate, 2i% ; time, Sept. 4, 1885, to July 19, 1888. 19. Prin., $4,380; rate, 3i%; time, Dec. 3, 1885, to Mar. 21, 1887. 20. Prin., $3,625; rate, ii% ; time, Oct. 2, 1885, to May 17, 1887. 21. At how much a muiiih siiuuiu I rciil a house which cost me $3,200, that I may receive 6% per annum upon the sum expended ? One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Kilbv. LESSON 66. Bank drafts are nearly always drawn on banks in large cities — money centres, such as New York, Chicago, St. Louis, etc. Now suppose that you live at Fredericton, Mo., and you wish to send $544 to John E. Byrant, Springfield, 111. You go to your town bank, and fill out your order for a draft in favor of John E. Bryant for the alx)ve amount. The cashier, Charles Dickens, writes up the draft for you and charges you 25 cents for doing so. He writes a draft on a Chicago bank because his bank has money on deposit there. Local banks keep money on deposit with banks in large cities. This draft can be cashed at Springfield or an/ other city or town. ■ *: 4^ I ^ I One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley LESSON 67. His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles, His love sincere, his thought immaculate ; His tears pure messengers, sent from his heart. His heart as far from fraud as heaven is from earth. — Shakespeare. -m Bank Discount. The sum charged by a bank for cashing a note or time draft is called bank discount. This discount is the simple interest, paid in advance, for the number of days the note has to run. Wholesale business houses usually sell goods on time and take notes from the retailers in payment. These notes are not often for a longer period than three months. Some are placed in the banks for co/- lection, others are discounted. When a note is discounted at a bank \!ci& payee endorses it, making it payable to the bank. Both maker and payee are then responsible to the bank for its payment. If the note is drawing interest the discount is reckoned on and deducted from the amount due at maturity. Most notes discounted at banks do not draw interest. The time in bank discount is always the number of days from the date of discounting to the date of maturity, Example. A note of $250, dated July 7, payable in 60 days, is dis- counted July 7 at 6% ; find the proceeds. This note is due in 63 days, or September 8. The accurate interest of $250 for 63 days at 6% is $2.59. The proceeds, then, will be $250-12.59, or $247.41. EXERCISES. Note.— Find the proceeds; compute accurate interest. 1. Face, $340 ; time, 3 months ; rate of discount, 6% j dute of note, March 13 ; date of discount, March 13. 2. Face, $400 ; time, 4 months ; rate of discoui-t, 6% ? date of note, May 24 ; date of discount, May 24. 3. Face, $300 ; time, 5 months ; rate of discount, 6% ; date of note, April 13 ; date of discount, April 13. 4. Face, $420 ; time 2 months ; rate of discount, 8% ; date of note, June 3 ; date of discount, June 3. 5. Face, $1,000 ; time 4 months ; rate of discount, 7% ; date of note, July 24 ; date of discount, Aug. 3. 6. Face, $1,200 ; time, 3 months ; rate of discount, 5% ; date of note, Aug. 15 ; date of discount,, Aug. 30. 7. Face, $2,410: tim.e, 3 months : rate nf discmint, 9% ; date of note, Sept. 14 ; date of discount, Oct. 3. k^^^iA^M One HtiNnRRn Lkssons in Businrso: Copyhioht, 1891, by A. Riley. i. i LESSON 68. Drafts. A draft is a written order by one person on another for the payment of a specified sum. Drafts on foreign countries are called Biiis of Exchange. A bank draft is a written order by one bank on another for the payment of a specified sum to a person named therein, or to his order. A bank draft can be cashed at almost any V)anking house. Drafts are made payable at sight, on demand, or at a certain time after date, or after sight. Drafts are usually present- ed to the person on whom they are drawn, for his acceptance. He accepts by writing accross the face the word, "Accepted," with the date over his signature. A draft when accepted is the same as a note, and the laws governing one govern the other. A draft on two persons who are partners need be presented to but one of them. A draft does not bind any one until it is accepted. The accompanying draft is a bank draft It is intended to be cashed in Rutland, Vt., but Fred W. Rogers can get money for it at any banking house. When a draft has been presented for ac- ceptance or payment, and it has been reftised, it is said to have been dis- honored. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rilev. LESSON 69. ^ -5K Try to find out the business for which you are best adapted, and stick to that one thing. A young nuui should have a real love, amounting to a passion, for his calling. 5K- -^ The 60-Day Interest Method. EXERCISES. Note.— Find the interest by the 6o-day method. 1. Prin., $245 ; rate, 6% 2. Prin., $368 ; rate, 6% 3. Prin., $725; rate, 4. Prin., $463; rate, 6% S- Prin., $842; rate, 6% 6. Prin., $520; rate, 6% 7. Prin., $368; rate, 6% 8. Prin., $863; rate, 6% ; time, 18 ds. 9. Prin., $721 ; rate, 7% ; time, 48 ds. ; time, 14 ds. 10. Prin., $484 ; rate, 7% ; time, 69 ds. ; time, 15 ds. 11. Prin., $285 ; rate, 7% ; time, 73 ds. ; time, 16 ds. 12. Prin., $393 ; rate, 5% ; time, 86 ds. ; time, 19 ds. 13. Prin., $685 ; rate, 5% ; time, 89 ds. ; time, 27 ds. 14. Prin., $268 ; rate, 4% ; time, 95 ds. ; time, 33 ds. 15. Prin., $936 ; rate, 8% ; time, 99 ds. ; time, 37 ds. 16. Prin., $481 ; rate, 9% ; time, 42 ds. Note.— The interest for years and months is found by the 60-day method, by multiplying the interest for 60 days, or two months, by one-half the number of months. 17. Prin., $4,253 ; time, i yr. 3 mos. 19 ds. ; rate, 7%. 18. Prin., $5,631 ; time, 2 yrs. 5 mos. 25 ds. ; rate, 8%. 19. Prin., $4,280 ; time, 3 yrs. 7 mos. 18 ds. ; rate, 10%. 20. Prin., $3,216 ; time, 4 yrs. 10 mos. 29 ds. ; rate, 2^%. Note.— In many examples labor can be saved by having the time and principal change places. Thns, instead of finding the interest of 8600 for 139 days, find the interest of $139 for 600 days. The result will be identical. 21. A man pays $375 a year rent for a house worth $5,400. Will he gain or lose, and how much, in 4 years, if he borrows money at 7% to purchase the house ? 22. A house which cost $4,600 rents for $24 a month. What is the net rate per annum of interest received on the investment if the average annual expense is $18? 23. Find the interest of $4S3-6o from Sept. 5, 1887, to June 13, 1888, at 9%. (60-day method.) 24. What is a banker's gain in 2 years on $12,000 deposited at 5% and loaned 22 times at 1^% a month? 25. A tradesman marks his goods with two prices, one for ready money and the other for a credit of 6 months. What fraction of the credit prices should the cash prices be, allowing 5% simple interest ? 26. I bought a piece of property for $3,600 and agreed to pa) for it in 8 — /u' TT iini n!:-.tu!, •.Till be uuc m inc expiration of the time ? One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copvrioht, 1891, by A. Riley. l>»f<<>«Ai*ii* ■•iAi<>n>iAiA»■▼' T'T " »' Onk Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, i8»i, by A. Riley. LESSON 71. Checks. A bank check is a draft on a bank- ing house or on a Ijank, and is usually presented for payment. Checks are not considered as actual payment until they are cashed, but in course of business are regarded as cash. Checks are usually drawn payable to order, and, thus drawn, a check is ne- gotiable ; that is, it can be transferred from one person to another. The amount must be written twice, —once in figures and once in words. Checks are usually numbered, as issued, in one of the left-hand corners. The accompanying check is drawn on the Manufactur'irs National Bank of Whitehall, N.Y., where John Adair has money deposited. It is in favor of A. Kiley. Note that the money item and words begin at the extreme left. If this check were for seven dollars, and the "seven" written where it is, it could easily be forged to make " Two hun- dred and seven," or '• Ninety-seven," or iny sum ending with seven ; or if there were not an ink-line following the "seven," it mie;ht be changed to "seventy." A.Riley will have to indorse :hi ; check before he can get it cashed- See rules for indorsing. EXERCISES. I. Write a check on the Boston Na- tional Bank in favor of William Thomp- son, or order, for ninety dollars and seventeen cents. Put yourself in Thompson's place, and indorse this check, making it payable to the order of A. Ward. 2. "vrite a check on the First National Bank, Chicago, in favor of Thomas R. Hardy, or order, for eighteen dollars. Put yourself in Hardy's place, and in- dorse the check in blank. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rilev. LESSON 72. Checks. If W. H. Huston wishes to get this check cashed, he will write " W. H. Huston " accross the back ; if he wishes to give it to Colin Fraser in payment of an account, he will write on the back, " Pay to Colin Fraser, or order," and sign his name. Colin Fraser will then have to write his name under the above before he can get the check cashed. Checks should be presented for pay- ment within a reasonable time. A bank cannot charge payment of a forged check to the one whose name is forged to it. The signature should always be written in the same way. Banks return old checks to the maker at the end of each month. They serve as receipts for all amounts paid in this way. The number of every check, the name of the person in whose favor it is dravm, the amount, the date, and for what given, should be entered in the margin of your check-book before the check is torn off. If you have a check payable to your order, do not indorse it until you wish to deposit or use it. Never accept or give a check or note without carefully reading it. Words indicating for what the check was given may be written under the amount, as in the accompanying check. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, iSgr, by A. Riley. ) c^ ms>m. wa^j^ Ms i"®i LESSONS 73, 74, 76, 76, 77, 78, 79. No abilities, however splendid, can command success withput intense labor and perseveringf application.— A. T. Stewart. REVIEW LESSONS. 78. Coppespondenoe. You have received a monthly statement of your account from a gen. eral merchant. Write him a letter enclosing ten dollars to apply on account and requesting time on the balance. Write a suitable reply to the letter you have just written, 74. Business Composition. You are one of twenty-five citizens desiring certain improvements on one of the streets of your town. Draw up a letter tc the mayor and aldermen, placing the matter before them and requesting their atten- tion thereto. 76. Bills and Accounts. On May 13, 1887, you sell Alfred Hunt a bill of dry goods amounting to $47, and on June 25 another bill amounting to $24. On June 12 he gives you a check for $35 to apply on account. Write i p the first bill ; make out a statement June i ; receipt the statement iox the amount paid June 12, and make out a second statement July i. Put yourself m Hunt's place and write the check. 76. Lumber Measurement. A plank sidewalk 18 feet wide and 2 inches thick is to be built around a block 5 chains square. What will the lumber cost at $18 per thousand ? 77. Building*. If one thousand laths cover 70 yards of surface, and 1 1 pounds of lath nails nail them on, what will it cost to lath the walls and ceiling of a school-house 42 feet long, 30 feet wide and fourteen feet high, at $2 a thousand for laths, 6 cents a pound for nails, and 3^ cents a yard for labor ? 78. Commepoial Law. Give some particulars of the law in your State or Province regarding (i) Leases, (2) Mechanics' Liens, (^) Promissory Notes, (4) partnerships. Explain the terms : negotiable, mdorser, acceptance, protest. How does a sight draft differ from a check ? If a note falls due on Sunday when is it legally due ? Why are the words " value received " inserted in notes ? What does an endorser do by his act ? When is a note due, if dated Jan. 31 and made at one month ? 79. Adveptislngr. Your spring stock of dry goods has just arrived. You have many season novelties and a great variety of miscellaneous articles. Write five short reading notices and one large advertisement intended for your town newspaper, announcing the character and prices of your merchandise. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, i8gi, ay A. Riley. LESSONS 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 86. The secret of success is constancy of purpose — Benjamin Dis- raeli. -J« REVIEW LESSONS. 80. Coppespondenoe. You are corresponding clerk for a wholesale firm, who have just received from a country merchant a letter ordering goods on credit. Write a reply, declining to open an account and giving reasons. Make it very polite. 81. Coppespondenoe. Write a letter to a wholesale house, acknowledging the receipt of part of the goods which you ordered, specifying some which have not arrived, and some which are not equal to the samples shown you by their traveller. 82. Coppespondenoe. Write a letter to some prominent person with whom you are ac- quainted, or have been employed, asking for a letter of recommend- ation. Write a letter of recommendation for a young man seeking employment. 83. Business Papep. Y ou owe your hired man, Thomas Kingsley, eighteen dollars wages. Write him an order on G. C. Watson & Co., grocers for the amount, payable in groceries from their store. 84. Loss and Gain Exepoise. You had on hand at the beginning of the year, furniture valued at $58204.55; bought during the year, $7319.40; sold during the year, $8420.90; furniture destroyed by fire during the year, $1094; on hand at the close of the year, furniture valued at $5620 ; received insurance on furniture destroyed, $875; paid insurance expenses, $27. How much did you gain or lose on furniture during the year ? 85. Abbpeviations. Explain the meaning of each of the following abbreviations: Ai., 0], Do., Com., Bbl., FoL, Inst., Prox., Ult., Mdse , #, Per, C.O.D. 86. Paptnepship. X, Y, and Z formed a partnership to carry on a milling business. X owned the site, valued at $1500; Y put up the building, worth $2400 ; and Z put in the machinery, costing $3000. They ran the mill for one year on this basis, and then agreed to take equal shares in it ; but meantime the value of the land had increased 20%, the value of the building had decreased 10%, and the worth of the machinery had depreciated 25%. Who should pay the other, and how much ? One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Riley. -M )K- I-ESSONS 87. 88, 89. 90. 91. 92. 98. ^.f. H 1 T *"^ "*'"*• '* '**»"*^" ' ^'"t <*«*» of Will and . great deal of cauhon to mak. a great fortune, and when you have go it u require, tea time. a. much wit to keep it-BARoJ Roths REVIEW LESSONS. 87. Business Papers. Chicago, July 20, 1887. T. D. Wood borrows ia^i from R q « ilton, and gives his note at ninetv days in oavment wS. fh^' "^'"' make it payable to bearer. When wiU it be due ? Tf^n*« l"""*^ ' charged at 6%. how much would be due at mati^tj ? """'^ 88. Business Papers. of •"s'^ofroln^l* R 'Eas?^.nJ-^T- ^^"^."'>' ^^^^^ g°«^^ ^o the amount 89. Business Papers. Baltimore, March 3, 1887. S E Grnv r bmro «f o i- n Garrison. How much cash should he receive ? ^- J' 90. Business Papers. Str^falSg'tXT''" P^y""-""-""-' y-^tore on Slate 91. Business Papers. r., y^\X' ^"ght, Hamilton, orders by teleeranli from ViA,4Ar,^ n ^rytT%% ".^'^ Composition (75 cTnfS^ndTHistnfc^^^^^^^^^ istry(»i). Write the message for W V Wrip-hf w-^'+T Vu • • for Eldridge Bros. (Discount 35°/). WiSe a lett^.^n T^"-"^ receipt of books. '"' ^"®^ acknowledging 92. Business Papers. 93. Business Papers. Write a due bill for the balance nf your acroimf ftr-v >- i r- • iJarson & Co. " account ^19.20 due Canos Onk Hondrkd Lessons in Business: Copvright, iJ 31, BY A. RlLBY. LESSONS 94, 96, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100. I Seest thou a man dilig^ent in his business ? He shtcU stand before kings : he shall not stand before mean men.— Bible. JK- -« REVIEW LESSONS. 94. Business Composition. Your townspeople are going to have an appropriate celebration on the Fourth of July, and you have been appointed by a committee to prepare a subscription paper to secure voluntary contributions to defray expenses. Write a suitable heading for the paper. 95. Fupnishinfp. How many yards of carpet, 27 inches wide, will be required for a hall II feet 3 inches wide and 64 feet long ? What will it cost to kalsomine a room 26 feet by 14 feet and g^ feet high, at 7 cents a square yard ? 96. Coprespondenoe. You are a wholesale commission merchant in Chicago. Write an advisory letter to a farmer friend, who proposes to sell his farm and invest in a flour and feed business in your city. 97. Adveptisingr. There have been some changes in the name and working of the firm of which you are a member. Prepare a circular letter to be sent to your customers, informing them of the changes and soliciting a con- tinuance of their patronge. 98. Business Stationepy. Print Oil letter or note paper what you consider a neat business letter heading for (i) a retail merchant, (2) a wholesale or dry-goods merchant, (3) a real-estate, loan and insurance agent, (4) a manufac- turing concern, (5) a book publishe' 99 Business Papeps. Write in a neat business form (i) a firm promissory note, (2) a time draft, (3) a bank check, (4) an order, (5) a due bill, (6) a receipt. 100. Business Composition. Write a composition of about two hundred words on one of the fol- lowing subjects : (i) Business Ethics, (2) Success and Failure in Busi- ness, (3) Cash and Credit Systems, (4) Citizenship. One Hundred Lessons in Business: Copyright, 1891, by A. Rily. efore -m ition on littee to ions to id for a [ 9^ feet Vrite an rm and :he firm sent to : a con- ausiness ■y-g3ods lanufac- ) a time the fol- Ln Busi> Memopanda. ONE HUMDRED LESSONS IH BUS/MESS. Part II. Short Cuts in Figures ►♦^•fc-i «-•■ A. RILEY, ' Publisher, X7S Shaw St., Toronto, Ont ■ EDITOR'S NOTE. Every person has more or less to do with figures, and everything likely to make his labor in this direction easier and shorter should be received with favor. Labor-saving machinery is in demand, yet ninety per cent, of those who have had telephone and typewriter for years, do their "figuring" by the laborious process of half a century ago. I admit that most of the short methods of arithmetic explained in text-books, ready-redkoners and lightning calculators, are of little, if any, use. There are, however, many short cuts, which every person should know. Those who desire to become familiar with them should study these pages carefully. I; Copyrigrht i8qi, k> A, RIIEY. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. RAPID AND ACCURATE ADDITION MADE EASY. It is important that business men and accountants be accurate and rapid in addition. One small error in footing up an account may throw the total out several hundred dollars. Let accuracy be the first consideration, then drill, drill, drill, until you can add rapidly. Rapid adders are usually the most accurate. Write the numbers in vertical lines. Irregularity in the placing of figures is the cause of many errors. Think of results and not of the numbers themselves. Thus, do not say 4 and 5 are 9, and 6 are 15, and 7 are 22, etc. ; but 9, 15, 22, etc. Make combinations of 10, or other numbers, as often as possible, and add them as single numbers. Thus in adding 9 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 3 + 2+1 + 4 + 9 + 5 + 4 + 8 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 8 this Hne, say, 9, 16, 26, 33, 42, 51, Ci, 67, taking each group at a glance, as a single number. Where a number is repeated several times, multiply instead of adding. In adding horizontally, begin at the left, since the eye is more accustomed to moving from right to left than from left to right. In adding long columns, prove the work, by adding each column separately in the opposite direction, before adding the next column. Many accountants put down both figures as in the illustration. The sum of the first column is 19 ; carrying one the sum of the second is 20; carrying i7t>o, the sum of the third column is 15 ; carrying one, the sum of the fourth column is 21, and the total, 21509, is **£kn A • found by calling off the last two fi"!! the right hand figures, following the wave line in the illustration. This method is better than the old one of pencihng down the immber to carry. If one desire to SHOUT CUTS IN FIGURES. go back and add a certain column a second time, the number to carry is at hand and the former total is known. When numbers are in regular arithmetical order, as 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 5, 10, 15, 20, etc., to find their sum, add the first and last, take half, and multiply by the number of numbers. The half sum represents the middle or average numbers. - For instance, suppose you want to find the sum of all the numbers from 51 to 97 inclusive, you would proceed as follows : 51 + 97=148 i of 148 = 74 97—51 + 1 = 47 74x47 = 3478 The sum of the first and last is 148, and half of this is 74. To find the number of numbers subtract 51 from 97 and add i, which gives 47. Then 47 times 74 is the desired sum. The rapidity of thought is much beyond the power of speech, and a person of ordinary memory, who is familiar with a paragraph which is read, can anticipate what is to follow in its order, and in his own mind, keep several sentences in advance of the spoken words of the reader. Variations in the order of the nine digits can be made to the number of 362,880; but only ninety changes are required in order to add each digit to each of the other eight and to itself; and these may be so thoroughly memorized that the sum of two or more numbers is instantly presented to the mind when the eye sees them for that purpose. After sufficient experien^.e, the mind grasps the figures almost unconsciously, and the result is reached as quickly as the eye c^n glance along the line with attention. In practising the reading of a column of figures, pass the eye over the figures as if you were reading a sentence, slowly at first, increas- ing the speed as proficiency is acquired. Practise a half hour each day, and the result will astonish you. Remember that the abilU? to add rapidly is of more value to business men than is a knowledge of any other department of arithmetic. SHORT CUTS !N FIGURES. tc tpnoua tuAAix, ocrCu> ^xumc aoarU juvoC cc trtvCcfl-c><__ Sil GO. 32 / Zd /oo Sit ^no Z7 J26 -27 32 20 / 2 «/UM<\«. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. THE LIGHTNING CALCULATOR'S ADDITION. There are experts who can add very rapidly. The best of them however, cannot add up a column of ones any faster than you can. Here is how some of «:he ** rapid addition " is worked. The " professor" writes a line of figures, then another, and so on. The second line, however, added to the first makes nines^ except at the extreme right, where the two figures add to ten. The third and fourth bear the same relation, and as many more as he chooses to put down. The last two lines, however, are put down at random. Now, to add these columns, he begins anywhere, perhaps at the left hand side, putting down 2 (the number of pairs above), then by simply adding the two bottom lines, he gets the correct sum. Try this. 2345621 7654379 2598432 7401568 2132142 3121421 25253563 student's Notes: i '1 Q%'i 3 '6 L|Cj I'^'V 5 3^ ^^^ 7 7 l^^ )} b 7 ^ ^c 1^ ^ ^ r i SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. HOW TO PROVE ADDITION IN TEN SECONDS. Thts proof of addition is now published for the first time. Nothing more simple or practical has ever been made public. It is a modification of the old method of casting out the nines : 234213 = 15=: 6 349842 = 30= 3 456312 = 21= 3 987645 = 39 = 1 2= 3 &2r7B31 = 21= 9 428569 = 34= ' 7 436852 = 28=10=1 32=5 3420770=23= 5 It takes a good many figures to explain this rule, but very few to apply it. Add the figures in each line. The first adds to j 5, and the sum of these two figures (i +5) is 6. The second line adds to 30, and 3 + equals 3. The third line adds to 21, and 2 + 1 equals 3. The fourth line adds to 39 and 3 + 9 equals 12, and I + 2 equals 3. In each case keep on adding until you have reduced the line to one figure. Now find the sum of all these unitates and we get 32, which gives (3 + 2) a final unitate 5. Then find the unitate of the answer and you will get 23, which gives (2+3) a final unitate, 5. If the addition is correct, the final unitate will be the same. Note the example below : 9876=30=3 8949=30=3 5678=26=8 9843=24=6 2698=25=7 3987=27=9 5425=16=7 46456=25=7 =43 = 7 You will find that after a little practice it will not oe necessary to write down more than the last line of figures, or the unitates. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. TO MULTIPLY ANY NUMBER BY 11. Write the first right-hand figure, add the first and second, the second and third, and so on; finally write the left hand figure. Carry when necessary. 358425 11 - avv42675 Put down the right hand figure 5. Then say, 5 and 2 are 7; then, 2 and 4 are 6; then, 4 and 8 are 12, put down 2 and carry i ; then, 8 and 5 and i are 14, put down the 4 and carry i ; then, 5 and 3 and I are 9; then write tl)e left-hand figure 3. In multiplying small numbers, such as 23 by 11, write the sum of the two figures between the two figures, making ^53, the required product. TO MULTIPLY BY 101, 1001, etc. To multiply by 10 1, add two ciphers to the multiplicand, and add to this the multiplicand. 2563 X 101 = 256300 + 2563 To multiply by looi, add three ciphers to the multiplicand, and add to this the multiplicand. 2563 X 1001 = 2563000 + 2563 Itkl iiiii TO MULTIPLY NUMBERS ENDING WITH 5. To multiply two small numbers each of which ends in 5, such 35 and 75, take the product of the 3 and 7, increase this by one- half the sum of these figures, and prefix the result to 25. Thus — 35 5 X 5 -= 25 75 7x3 = 21, 21+U7 + 3) = 26 2625 This rule, though the working of it seems complicated, is very simple. Apply it to the following exercises : 1. 45 X 85 6. 75 X 25 2. 25x35 7. 75x55 3. 95 "" 25 4- 35 " 65 5- 85x55 8. 95 X «5 9. 65 X 25 10. 35 X 45 SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 10, ovIOO, tnr lOOO.'t/e. Jt^ C^u^Au^UiU^ c^ 96 i^ jy ^ OutfL ^ **• - *X ~t^^4Ji. duo fytu.vu6*Ad^ OtCHJ&Ciitf "7^ fuJU, Glkjt ^fv^ouku^ ; 99^/ X99*r , 9,SyK ^/9f^ ^7CK999* 9i Q ^^^ ^^^ *^"^ ^° ^'^^ '^^^ figure doubled. In this ex- *0»W*tt ample say : Three twos = 6. Three times o = o, and double the right-hand figure, 2, = 4. Three times 3 = 9, and double the next figure, o - 9. Three times i = 3, and double the next figure, 3, = 9. Three times 2 = 6, and double the next figure, i, = 8. Then double the left-hand figure, 2, = 4. In multiplying by the hventy's never use any other method. TO MULTIPLY ANY NUMBER BY 21, 31, 41, Etc. In multiplying any numl^er by 21, or 31, or 401, or any number of two figures where the last is one, or of three figures, where the last two figures are 01, a good deal of time can be saved by abbreviating the ordinary process as here illustrated. For instance 231423 suppose we have to multiply 231423 by 21. In- 4628460 ^^^^^ °^ putting down 231423 with 21 under it, ^ggQOQo *^^" drawing a line, multiplying by i, then by 2 or 4009000 20, then adding, as is the ordinary custom ; all that is necessary is simply to multiply by the 2, placing the product, one figure to the left, and then to add. Try this method, using 31, 51, 61, 91, 201, 3001, and 901 as multipliers. There is a saving in the above example of eight figures. TO MULTIPLY BY 0, 99, 999, Eto. It is easier for most people to subtract than to multiply. Instead of multiplying by 9, we multiply by 10 and subtract the number from this product. \ 8759632 x 9 = 87596320 8759632 Product, = 78836688 To multiply by 99, add two ciphers and subtract ; to multiply by 999, add three ciphers and subtract j etc. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 11 cm -I^wdl %jm.^Jim^^ 63 42 doi^ UtriL ^u/»- ^LOcL CrVLP Co 'dui ^ -♦'/ = 'S ^iAjux. yocuf -tr tilujC^ (^^ OA^ 'iO. (PxxM oUrunc 4;-o-tL Oijauaud. vffu luA l/> /UA^fiL. ; -Jji CLJxf-MccUiin^ of U ic oLccz/r £9 A? .5J SJo £<)- ^t/u: ixl^J Ze^. 3i 9i 33 Ji^ 30'. ^ /y 31 1? 37 36^ J^- lu^'^- gcAjllLO . -V/ ^a -93 -^^V ^i" Z;^. ^S" >v_7 ^^6 Jft- du.-J< 997 TO MULTIPLY ANY NUMBER BY 13, 19, 10*, Etc. The rule for this is similar to that already given except that the figure I is the first figure of thb multiplier instead of the last. 20213x13 20213x104 60639 80852 262769 = product. 2 1 02 152 —product. Instead of writing down 13 and multiplying by this number in the ordinary way, simply multiply by 3 placing the product one figure to the right. In the second example, multiply by 4, and place the product two figures to the right. Practise this method by using 17, 103 and 109 as multipliers. TO MULTIPLY BY THE 'TEEN'S. To multiply any two numbers between 12; i 20, the following will be found valuable. To one of the numbers udd the unit's figure of the other, and affix a cipher; increase this result by the product of the two unifs figures, and this will give the product required. 17 19 19 + 7 = 26, say 260 7x9= 63 323 323 T'liis rule will be found of very little value in written arithmetic. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 15 TO MULTIPI Y 76 BY 46, ETC. This rule applies to numbers of two figures each, when the left- hand figures are the same. Multiply units by units for the first figure ' 46 6x6 = 36, carry 3 76 ex(7 + 4) = 6xll = 66, and3, 69. 3496 4 X 7 = 28 and 6 to carry 34. of the product, the sum of the tens by units for the second figure, and tens by tens for the third figure, carrying where necessary. Apply this method to the exercises below: I. 67 X 56 6, 82 X 62 2. 72 X32 7- 33x43 • 3- 94x44 8. 93 >< 73 4- 65 ^ 75 9- 27 ^37 5- ^1<11 10. 45 ^ 95 Student's Notes : %.-^ 10 SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. PROOF OF MULTIPLICATION IN TEN SKCONDS. Here is a simple proof of multiplication which is a modification of the old method of casting ont the nines. The unitaie of a number is the sum of its digits reduced to a unit. Note these examples : 24562=19 = 10=1 398469 = 39=12 = 3 400298 = 23 = 5 The sum of the digits of the first number is 19 ; these digits added equal 10, and these added equal i. Note the following example in multiplication : 252=9 321=6 = 54=9 252 504 756 80892=27=9 The unitate of the multiplier is 9 and the unitate cf the multiplicand is 6 ; 6 times 9 equals 54, and the unitate of 54 is 9. Now the unitate of the product is found to be 9 also, which is a proof of the correctness of the work. Note this example : 7598 = 29=11 = 2 3463=16 =7 14 = 5 22794 45588 30392 22794 26311874 = 32 = 5 It is not necessary to write down as many figures as are written SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. Vt SHORT METHOD OP MULTIPLYING LARGE NUMBERS. ' People object to short cuts because they forget them? If, however, they had been made as familiar with the short method as with the long method when at school, the former would be as easily remembered and much more satisfactory than the latter. The rule of which the following is an explanation applies to a large number of numbers. Example 7.— Multiply 2043 by 427. ^ Note. -Note the multiplier; one part of it, 42, is a multiple of the remamder. Whenever this occurs the method explained below will apply. 2043 427=420+7= (7xe0)+7. 14301 = 2042x7. 858060 - 2048 x 420 = 14301 > 60. 872861 Producl. Axn f2lT~Tll ^'''\ ""r ^'P-^ ^y /' Z^*^" '^y 420. thus taking the number 2043 437 times. The contraction is made by multiplying by 420. We take its factors 7 and 60; we have already multiplied by 7, so that all that remains to le doieb ^vriRh^ Jrlt;.^"' ^n^^ ""'^^'- ^'^^ -"^ «^ "^^ -« partial pfXS Example 2.— Multiply 3142 by 972. 314^ 972='900+72=900 + (9 X 8). 2827800 = 3142 x 900. 2SSI2&^ = 3142 X 72 = 28278 x 8. 8054024 Product. Example j.— 42013 by 14412. •1O01S 14412 = 14400 + 12 = (12 x 1200) + 12. 504456 = 42018 x 12. 604987200=42013 x 14400=504156 x 1200. 605491356 Producf. EXERCISES. 1. 2013 X 927. 2. 1213 X 279. 3- 3135 >< 728. 4. - i 41; ~ zaj. 5 3210 X 189. 6. 21401 X 729. 7. 31252 X 14412. 8. 42001 X 70357. 9. 1542/ X 81273. 10. 30012 X 94572. 18 SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. • I ENGLISH INVOICES TO AMERICAN MONEY. MONTREAL METHOD. Invoices of goods bought in English Markets are in pounds, shillings and pence. The money items have of course to be changed to our currency. When money is at par value, and for nearly 'all practical purposes, the following is the best and shortest method of reducing English money to dollars and cents : Begin by reducing the shillings and pence to the decimal of a pound as follows : Write one-half of the greatest even number of shillings as tenths, and if there be an odd shilling, write five hundredths; reduce the pence to farthings and write their number as thousandths. ' If the number of farthings is between 12 and 36, add one to the thousandths; if between 36 and 48 add two to the thousandths. £3 14s 6d= £3.725. Note. — Divide 14 by 2 ^d put down 7 ; then multiply 6 by 4 and add i, getting £5. £4 15s lOd =£4.712 =£4.792. The pound sterling is equal to $4.86|. Now 80 is \ of 400, 6f is j^ of 80. Then, to multiply by 486§, multiply by 400 ; divide the product by 5 and place the quotient under; then divide the quotient by 12, and place the second quotient under the first. Add, and the sum will be the same as though the number were multiplied by 4.86f in the ordinary way. Find the value of £3.725 in dollars and cents. £3.725 X 4.86i=^«J. £3.725 4 5 12 14.900 2.980 .248 $18,128 Multiply by 4 for tlie dollars. Then divide this product by 5, which is eauivalent to multinlvinff /"i.-rae bv Sn • fh'»n Hivirlft 9 cSL by 12, which is equivalent to multiplying ^(^3.725 by .o6f SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 19 HANDLING FRACTIONS: CASH BOVS METHOD. The fractional arithmetic used in ordinary merchandizing is usuahy very simple. The youth who can tell what one-quarter of a pound of tea is worth wlien he knows the price of a pound, or who can find the value of 2^ yards of print at t2i cents a yard, has a fair start m the fractions of commercial arithmetic. 1+1^ |4 + 3 = 7 ) _7_ 4 3 14x3=12 / 12 Note the above exercise in addition. Here there are two fractions, and the numerator is i in each case. To find their sum, add 4 and 3 for their numerator, and multiply them for the denominator. To find their difference, substract 3 from 4 for the numerator, and multiply them for the denominator. Apply this rule to other examples. To multiply any number containing | such as 7 J, 1 9^, 1 2^ etc by Itself, multiply the whole number by' the next higher whole number, and annex \ to the product. To multiply two fractional numbers, such as yi by 73 multiply 7 by 8, and add to the product the product of f by 4 or -« and you have the correct result. ' *' To multiply two fractional numbers, each containing * such as 5i by 7^, add the product of the whole numbers plus i to one-half of the sum of the whole numbers. This is a valuable rule. To multiply two fractional numbers, each containing « such as I If by 13!, to the product of the whole numbers add the product of their sum by f , after which add the product of f by |. This rule applies to all cases where both fractions are the same. ' I. 2. 3. 4- EXERCISES. Find the cost oi^ pounds of sugar at 8i cents a pound. Find the cost of i8i pounds of coffee at 19! cents per pom.A Find the cost of f.i yard.: r.f print at 9^ cents a yard. Find the value of 22| yards of flannel at 2o| cents per yard. Ill 20 SHORT CUTS JN FIGURES. CONTRACTED MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. For business purposes two places of decimals are sufficient. Hence, much unnecessary labor is frequently performed in commer- cial calculations, which may be avoided by the following method of cutting off all decimal places, in both numbers, which produce others that fall below the hundredths place. To illustrate, find the cost of 32\ yards of cloth at 42\ cents per yard. 1 22 64 32«5 42 y^ 6125 575 50 12.900 $ 13.786875 32«5 5^24 can 12.90 = 64 = 22 = 2 = 322 = 032 = 03 O x4 + 2 x2 + x7+l x5 + S $13.78 The first operation represents the long method, the fractions having been reduced to decimals. In the second the order of the figures in the multiplier is reversed, but the units (2) still remain under the units (2). Multiply one figure to the right simply to find out how many to carry. FRENCH AND ITALIAN METHODS OF DIVISION. There are a few short methods of Division. The work, however, can be contracted, and considerable labor saved. In the French Method, the divisor is placed on the right of the dividend, and the quotient below the divisor. In the Italian Method, each product is subtracted mentally from its partial dividend, and only the difference written down. This method, after a few trials, will be found quite easy and practical. HOW TO ADD TWO COLUMNS AT ONCE. To the inexperienced it will be a difficult task to add two 2312 columns at once, but many of those who have daily SSSS practice in addition find it about as easy to add two 2610 columns as one. Say 99 and 50 are 149, and 6 are 1256 ^5S> and 10 and 50 are 215 and 3 are 218, and 12 3199 ^'■^ 230- Carry 2, and say 33 and 12 are 45, and 20 ""^ "' 23 are 126. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 21 FIVE NEW POINTS FROM IOWA. Note. These valuable points were contributed by a business man of Shelby, Iowa. The rules for multiplying will be found particularly helpful. I. To multiply two figures by two figures, proceed as follows : Multiply units by units for the first figure. 82 ^^'■'■y ^"^ multiply tens by units and units by tens, 54^ (adding) for the second figure. Carry and multiply — -— - tens by tens for the remaining figure or figures. In this 'hHs^AS example proceed as follows : 2x4 = 8= 1st figure. (4 X 8) + (5 X 2) = 42. Therefore 2 = 2nd figure. (5 X 8) + 4 carried = 44 = 3rd and 4th figures. By a little practice any one may become as familiar with this rule and as ready in its application as with the ordinary method. 2. To multiply three figures by three figures, proceed as follows : i^W/.— Multiply units by units for the first figure. Second.~mx\\x^\y units by tens and tens by units for the second figure. r/^/>ar.— Multiply hundreds by units, units by hundreds and tens by tens for the third figure. /^4.— Multiply hundreds by hundreds for the remaining figures. Carry when necessary. 913 123 712 254 180848 613 243 112299 4x2 (4xl) + (6x2)=14 148959 = 8 =^ (2x2) + (4x7) + {5xl) + l = 38 = 8 (7x5) + (2xl) + 3=40 =0 (7x2) +4 =18 ^/w. =180848 This rillp IS miir»h cVl/^rfax i-Unn «-U« ^I J _--*!- _ -1 ^ • • . — •■• ' ""•■" "-t. \jvi mctnuu ^la IS just as easily learned. It applies to all numbers. 22 SHOUT CUTS IN FIGURES. £-\ 24 = Selling price. 18 = Cost price. isTeoo 3. To find the interest of a given sum: Reduce the time to months, and to the number thus found annex one-third of the days, which whole number multiplied by one-half of your principal will produce you the required interest in dollars, cents and mills, at 6 per cent. If days only are given, multiply one-third of the days by one-half of the principal for the required interest at 6 per cent. Note these exercises : $250 at 6 % for 8 mo. 6 ds. = 82 x 125 =$10 25. 250 at 6 % for 93 ds. = 31 X 125 = 3 88. 250 at 6% for 9mo. = 9x125= n 25. In some respects this rule is superior to the well-known 60-day method of reckoning interest. 4. To find the rate per cent, of profit when you know the cost and selling prices of your goods: Subtract the cost price from the selling price, and to the remainder annex two ciphers; then divide by the cost price and the quotient will be the rate per cent, profit. Note examples : 60 = Selling price. , 50 = Cost price. 50 1 1000 20 = rate per cent, profit. 334 = rate of profit. 5. To find the day of the week when the date is known : Divide the years of the century given by 4, to ascertain the number of leap years occurring since the first of the century given, and this quotient added to the years of the century, together with the date of the month, and the assignment of the month will j ro- duce a number indicative of days, which divided by 7, will give in the remainder the desired day of the week. If there be no remainder the day is always Saturday. The assignment of thb months is here given: June -HO April -I- 2 Oct. -I- 3 Nov. +6 Sept. -I- 1 July -f 2 May -1- 4 Feb. -f 6 Dec. + I Jan. -1- 3 Aug. 4- 5 Mar. -f 6 What day of the Week was May 2, 1813? 1813 3 = No. of Leap years in 13 years. 4 = Assignment of May. 2 = Date of month given. 22 -r- 7 = 3 with 1 as remainder. Indicates thn firsf dav "i^ Ciiri/4«,. r Leap "I L years. J Jan.-^2 Feb. + 5 SHORT curs IN FIGURES. 38 tuuLlXuL duMnuMuxJjrr ofiiU ZUoZ C>xftL rHuAHsarUar- ai lAa student's Notes : ^. Vsi^"^a5^ W. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 T 13.2 2.5 2.2 U4.0 1.4 2.0 1.6 <5>^ ^ ^^^/ />#- -/, >> / ^.'^^'V >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ «^ \\ <<^ ,'*^ ' ^ ^J\ 6^ ri? 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <^ vV 24 SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES, Jot. J.d l« ccxiLcL-it Oo-cLcu^ 'y^ H^rtA J-oi- •6'*"-V J^Stro X -iTJ/ = ^S-yo T'^^ iH' SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 29 2' NEW METHOD OP AVERAGING ACCOUNTS. The following rule for averaging accounts is taken from Ropp's Commercial Calculator, a valuable little work : Compute the interest at 12 per cent on each item from Jan. i, adding in the time of credit, If there be any; then find the balance of interest, and balance o account, and divide the balance of interest, by one month's interest of the balance of account; the quotient will be the time in months and decimals of a m.onth. Count this Wm^ forward from focal date if the balance of account and balance of interest are both on the same side; backward if on opposite sides. Assuming Jan. i, preceding the earliest date in the account, as the focal date, makes it convenient to find the time. Thus, to Mar 25 is 2 months. 24 days. To June i, just five months. To Aug 6 is 7 months, 5 days, etc. ' ILLUSTRATION, From what date should the balance of the following account draw iuterest ? Dr. Mar. 25, To Mdse Apr. 19, " " LEVI BLUMENTHAL. $400.00 300.00 Apr. 7, By Cash, May I, " " Cr. $250.00 150.00 Map. 26, S400, Iq. 2 nio. 24 da. $11.20 Apr. 19, 300, " 3 " 18 " 10.80 De^tt, $700, III. on Debt. Credit, $400, " " Credit, OPERATION. $22.00 $14.00 Apr. 7, $260, In. 3 mo. 6 da. $8.00 May 1, 160, " 4 " 6.00 Credit, $400, In. on Credit, $14.00 $300, Bal. of Aoot. $8.00, Bal. on In. The interest on balance of account ($300) for i mo. =$3; and to produce $8 (bal. of in.), it will take $300 (8 - 3) af mo., or 2 mo. and 20 da. The balance of account and the balance of interest being both on the same side, the time, 2 months and 20 days, must be counted forward from the focal date, showing that the balance of account should draw interest from March 21. If each debt had 30 days' credit, the interest on it would have been reckoned for i month more, making it $29 instead of $22 ; the balance $15 instead of $8, and the time of credit 5 months, or to June i instead of 2 months and 20 day,, or to March 21. * SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 32 43 54 65 76 87 98 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 42 53 64 75 86 97 24 35 46 57 68 79 52 63 74 85 96 25 36 47 58 69 62 73 84 95 26 37 48 59 72 83 94 27 38 49 OP TRANSPOSED NUMBERS. 99 J TOO 001 The transposition of figures is a frequent cause of errors in prov- ing accounts and balance sheets. This table is founded on the fact that all differences between trans- posed numbers are multiples of nine. The difference be- tween the figures misplaced is equal to the quotient of the re- sulting error when divided by nine ; thus, 91-19-72; 72-^9=^8; 9-1=8, and the labor of searching for it may be confined to examining those figures the transposition of which would made the difference, as they are the only ones that can cause the error. Thus : if the error in the balance-sheet be 81 cents, it is possibly caused by a transpo- sition, and the clerk can first examine the cents column of his books for items of 90 cents, or 09 cents, alone with a strong proba- bility of finding the cause of the error without further revision. Transpositions may occur in any decimal or integer place, and the differences caused thereby are divisible by nine without a re- mainder ; but, beyond this table the numbers ascend in regular progression, each difference increasing by nine, as follows: 120 . ( 130 , 82 93 28 39 117 I 13' 126 i 140. 1 14' etc. The quotient of the difference in a regular progres- sion, when divided by nine, gives the figures transposed, thus: 130 -I3=II7-^9=I3, which are the figures to be sought for when a discrepancy of 117 is shown; but this will not apply to differences below 81, nor to mixed transpositions. An error divisible by two may be caused by posting an item to the wrong side of the ledger. SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. 31 TABLE OP TIME, IN DAYS. dates, thus, required the t.me from Feb. lo to Oct. i8, in the same year. Feb. lo ,s numbered 41, and Oct. 18 is numbered 201 • l7 Urr^"' "; '^'"' '"''"'^"^ ^'^^ '^^' ^^y' but not the first.' If boh days are taken, subtract 40 from 291 = 251, Ans. When Feb. 29 occurs m a term, count an additional day. The day of the date of a note is not included in its term ; thus, required the last day of grace of a note dated March 24, at 90 days. March 24:.8v 83 + 93 = ' 76 = June 25, ^w. ^03. Jan. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Feb. H|ar. Apr. 32 IZ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 58 I 86 87 89 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 lOI 102 103 104 105 106 T07 108 109 no III 112 "3 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 May. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 »3i 132 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 M5 146 147 148 149 151 June. 152 153 154 155 156 157 T58 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 1 80 181 July. 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 199 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 Aug. 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 ^2>Z 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 Sept 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 'j7 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 Oot. 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 ?8i 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 269 299 270 300 271 1301 272 302 273 \zo2, - 304 Nov. 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 229 330 332 334 Deo. 335 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 32 SHORT CUTS IN FIGURES. HOW TO RSAD A GAS METER. loo Thousand. lo Thousand. i Thousand. The second hand goes ten times as fast as the first, the thinj :en times as fast as the second, etc. As the meter now standi it rt-ads 66,700. This taken from the state of the meter last month will tell you the amount burned. MISCELLANEOUS HINTS AND HELPS. A number is divisible by 2 when the last digit is even. A number is divisible by 4 when the last two digits are divisible by 4. A number is divisible by 5 when the last digit is o or 5. A number is divisible by 3 when the sum of its digits are divis. ible by 3. A number is divisible by 9 when the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. The product of every three consecutive numbers is divisible by 6_ The difference between any number and its square is an even number. Square numbers never end in 2, 3, 7, or 8. The product of any four consecutive numbers -}- i is a square number. The sum of any fraction and its reciprocal cannot be less than 2. Odd numbers multiplied together always give an odd number. The product of any four consecutive numbers is divisible by 24. Any number consisting of three equal digits, as iii, 222, 333, etc., is divisible by 37, and the quotient is the sum of the digits. Eleven is an exact divisor of 10+ i, of 100- i, of 1000 + 1, etc., 7, II, 13, and their multiples 77, 91 and 143 are exact divisors of 1 00 1 and its multiples. QUE HUMORED LESSOMS IM BUSIHESS. Part III. HOW TO WRITE A GOOD Business Letter. ■ » « <>» » » Published bv A. RILEY, 175 SHAW STREET, TORONTO. Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, by A. Rilev. Toronto, in the year Onb Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-one. Jambs Murray & Co. Printers and Bookbinders, Tortnto. HOW TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. Can you write a good business letter ? Can you convey the desired meaning, clothe your thoughts mcourteous, business-like language, spell words correctly, write neatly, and dash off the letter in a few moments? If you can you will never need to apply for a situation. There are hundreds of business houses lookine for inst suc^ as you. We venture to say that there is a greater demlnV" fab f nr"'°"'r ^'^" '°^ ^"^°^^- ^'"do^ edultToffice abor. Of course, to be a good correspondent, one must be abMo thmk mtelhgently and display business tact, for one's letter is sirno v . photograph of one's thought and purpose. BusinessletTer sS be clear, exphat and concise. There should be nothingTeffcrve nothmg superfluous, nothing ambiguous. ''While the ifnt of arrangmg the various parts of a letter is unimportant when the document is considered merely as a medium ;" '' .^ ^^^ ce„.i„ fo™.„f a™„g.„e„. hav^ tyl'T^Z.t:^'':^^::, as reasonable, orderly and in eood tasfP • c.r.A • . accepted are in harmony with L be« «ige l; a's "adflv te r ^ "h" others not so justified, and as surh acrepted fe™ 7 ^ "' i. .eems en..„e„„y proper that J^ sTu'dlnf Xuld StugS encouraged to employ only these." ^ ° The simple punctuation marks in. i,y^ti«^ futtv capital letters „„a kow they are ^ "' '* ""••" HO IV TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. OOOO Lett A letter is a written com- munication from one person to anocher. Circumstances determine it form, length, style and general tone. The primary idea of a letter is conversation at a distance: If this be kept in mind, one can scarcely fail to write appropriately, if one can converse properly ; for a letter may be familiar or reserved, jocular or dignified, according to the relations between the writer and the person addressed. The chief essentials in letters of friendship are, that the style be simple and the manner of expression natural. It is the incidents of every-day life, the little things, the home chat that make a friendship letter interesting. Letters of courtesy include invitations, acceptances, letters of congratulation, of condolence, of introduction and of recommendation. All of these are more formal in style than letters of friendship, A personal business letter is a letter on personal or private business. This class includes the letters of merchants, manufacturers and others in connection with their business, either as individuals or as business firms. An official business letter is one written either by a p':Mic officer or to him, on business pertaining to his office. This class includes the correspondence of the various officials of a city, state or nation. Public letters embrace news letters, or communications tc news- papers and essays or reports addressed to some person or persons. Frequently a writer publishes a letter addressed to some prominent person, criticising his opinions or his actions, or putting to him a number of formal questions with the view of receiving a published reply. This is usually called an open letter. Neatness and con^ectness are essential in letter-writing of all kinds. Nothing excuses a carelvuslj/ written letter. THREE IMPORTANT NOTES. Instant. The abbreviated form is inst. In correspondence ihis word means present month. Ultimo. The abbreviated form is ult. or ulto. In correspondence this Latin word means the month last past. froximo. The abbreviated form is Frox. In corresponde.ice this Latin word means next or coming month. HO IV TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. Ja •••-~ /-• The parts of a letter are the heading, salutation. the address, the the complimen- tary close, and the signature. The heading should show where and when the letter was written. It should include the name of >''^"-% the post office where the letter is supposed to be mailed, and if it is a small place, the name of the county and state should also be given. If an answer is to be sent to the place from which the letter is written, the heading should give in full the address of the writer. The name of the place should be followed by the date, which Includes the name of the month, the day of the month, and the year. All letters, notes and cards should be dated. There are towns and cities in different states and provinces which have the same name. In writing from any such, even though it be a large and well-known place, be careful to add the name of the state or province. If you live in a city you should always give your street and number, or post office box, no matter how well acquainted with your address you may suppose your correspondent to be. If your letter is written from a prominent hotel or boarding-school, or other institution, the name of the hotel, or institution, should occupy the first line of the heading. Every important part of the heading should begin with a capital letter. A period should follow every abbreviation, and the parts should be separated by commas. A period should be placed at the end of the heading. The heading should be placed in the upper right-hand corner of the sheet of paper, and should begin about one inch and a half from the top of the sheet. It may occupy a part of a line, of two lines, or of three lines. (Sheet of Paper.) <%?^4 0^% iQ./. 9,^S8 The address shows to whom the letter is written, and to what place it should be sent. It should include the title and name of the 8 HOW TO writs; a good business letter. SKELETON LETTER. THE HEADING. THB ADDRESS. THE SALUTATION. f HE BODY, THE BODV THE COMPLIMBNTARV CLOSE. THE SIGNATURE. HOIV TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. person or firm, and their post-office address in full. The address may be placed at the beginning or at the close of the letter. In (Sheet of Paper.) 50 ^/«z*yi^^^^ ^ad'^^'n, p^y. 20, 1888. business letters the best place is at the beginning, and in social letters at the end. The address is omitted from letters between intimate friends. The address, if placed at the beginning of a letter, should (Shbkt or Paper.) 'A-ue-dt^r/, ^^ ^^. 25, 188 begm near the left margin, and on the next line underneath the last Ime of the heading. Titles should not be omitted, but they should be used sparingly. It is generally sufficient to use the most promi- (Sheet of Paper.) nent title of the person addressed. To have a neat appearance the address should not occupy more than two hnes. The salutation IS the greeting at the beginning of the letter,-the « Dear Sir " the "My dear brother," and the like, with which it is usual to begin a letter. What the salutation shall be must be determined by the relation between the writer and the person addressed. Onr most formal salutations are "Sir" and "Madam." If we wish to be" a little more familiar, we write " Dear Sir," or " My dear Sir." Beyond 8 HOW TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. these is a nimerous variety of forms that a numerous variety of rela- tions warrant. Between firms the salutation should be " Gentlemen." Sheet of Paper.) (The Heading.) « fL ftiiiadelphia," "C'woofi "fnr xf--.]!- , "«»uuiore, i'nu. tor vertisement," etc. ' * ^°^ ^'^v." or " ad- yoffntred rr^^NT"r/,:oMor^^^^"'^^'^^^""- ^^^* reads your letter like -N I " Cnn. .' ?""«P°°di°g '^l^rk who distinct. '' • ^°"*^^^tions of names should be made Anonymous Letters. No gentleman nr \*,a anonymous letter gentleman or lady ever writes an Answer alrp^Zl*: L^^" ^ ."etTofa? "^ "' ^°'*^- originals of testi,„„„ials should not be seZ ,h' 1^7 'T"*' ™° sitnatiou. Copy each testimonial o n a d^ 11'" "T f'"" '^ ^ a. the top of the page, and enclose wUh yo r lette; "I a """"^ ", rnle, the shorter the application the better ^''°"''' Both Sides. In business correspondence it i,i ]>.»„ .. rrr;ot::;i'X-r -- - -- :re":s^rj,rrs! ast^;'Ls;t;Sfi"^-t--^ tences and words are preferable to long ones ^™^''- ^^^^^^ ^^"- Business Letters should be clear hripf ^,v^^*. j ...nessLnshrdtr^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Captain. When this title is used instead of" Sir >• in fh i . x- or co„.pH„,entary close, it should not be abbreviated T^e "m ? applies to " Colonel " and other titles ^""^ ''"^^ world. Thebu;ine;schai^';:for; his correspondence. '' ^ °^ ''^^ strangers from 12 HO IV TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. Condolence. A Letter of Condolence is a letter sympathizing with a friend who has suffered loss or bereavement Great care should be taken in the writing of such letters. Copying Letters. Copies of all letters containing matter of impor- tance should be preserved, kfac simile made with a letter press is a most satisfactory means of preserving a copy of a letter. CorporAtion. A petition or memorial to a Board of Aldermen, or or other officers, may begin with " Gentlemen," and close with " All of which is respectfully submitted." Date. The date consists of the nonth, the day of the month, and the year. It is not necessary to write the forms ist, 7th, 23rd, etc. ; the figures are sufficient. Note that the proper contractions of the ordi- nals ending in 2 and 3 are 2d, 3d, 22d, 23d. In acknowledging the receipt of a busines letter, give the date of it. Dear Sir. This salutation is more intimate than " Sir," and not so officious. It is preferable to "Sir" for ordinary business correspon- dence. Degrees. Scholastic degrees- M.D., t>.T>., M.A., A.B., etc., are always abbreviated in addresses. Titular addresses of high rank, how- ever, such as President, Governor, Archbishop, etc., should never be abbreviated in such use. It is not in good taste to address a man as " Mr. Charles King, M.A.," or " Charles King, Esq., M.D." Titles are multiplied on title-pages and catalogues, but not more than one should appear on letters. " Esq. ," as an honorary title, is going into disuse. Doctor. Doctors of Divinity may b^ addressed " Rev. Dr." or "Rev. , D.D." Doctors of Medicine may be addressed "^ B , M.D." or '* Dr. A. B ." Don't. Don't write illegibly. Don't write crooked. Don't use red or violet, or green ink. Don't use fancy note paper. Don't place a " bill poster " advertisement on either envelope or letter paper. Don't use a monogram on your envelope. Don't direct an envelope wrong side up. Don't use postals for private correspondence. Don't write like Horace Greeley. Don't flourish. Don't write " My dear Sir " with a capital D for "dear." Don't write "&" for "and." Don't use slang. Don't cross your letter. Don't grumble on paper. Envelope Address. Where the post-office is in the city, it is gen- ei ally necessary to give the number and the street. Sometimes it is de- sirable, in order to faciliate delivery, to give the part of the house, as " Room 12, 650 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Avoid the following error and others similar : " 205 Broadway St." Here "way " conveys the idea of street. Envelopes. In social correspondence, the envelopes, like the paper, should be white and plain, and should correspond to the paper used in size and quality. It is considered bad taste to use colored paper, or other than black ink. EraoUres. Avoid all erasures nr hlota. ot^en if vin ^^vp t - ■'*- your letter. >* void writing with a pencil, or with other than black ink. ffOW^ TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. 13 gentLan who htrX^r? 7,^''^ "^ '"^ »'-' ««' "' ^ principal words of as Zee luld'brl^ "/ T' """ ""• f"" the most impression, '"''"''' "'«"■'' *"'y "*!' maice "Fo,r "%'?^' --""" ^ -e-rra;-: f ^."rdf "" ^" mtle shorter hrthtrT °^; '° ^' '" "'^''^ "■= •"« '»8'h a ..ce the oth^r-:: ^^^ ^ --- ^^'.J:! T. right. Measure these folds also sn aer "Miss Mary " or "Mrs, Br T ',''"'' "">■ 'h^'^ ™« -ay say shouid. in H^r si^atrinrt-e J^^ l^CT? ' TT she IS a " Miss " or a " Mrs " ' ^'^° whether "Mr. Pr.si,.T■Z:^'t2:f..T'•:^ f*^™"--)- Wa say etc. peaKer, Mr. Chairman," " Mr. Editor," use^irra.Je':tid=c:"':,:!'ardt'' "°'""' ''"'""-' ^'-^' sometime, coupled with air band ;,i.Ie::?:r"""''"'""- " "' use is convenient, but questionable. Mrs. Dr. Stone." This Mistakes. Five million mistaken a™ m. j addresses, for that number of ,et o sgo rtra/T rj '" TrT says ; -A dozen times a day we search fo, th ^ Boston publisher state, in the postmaster's s'amVon L /„ e o'rr '"7°'"-'"«- "'^ ceive letters without any siguatLe whate™ r T.' aslllif;?-!" ' ^ ^ " we find in our mail an envel„n» . ■ ■ "sionally, he says, The experience of this publ she Tthe"' ' """ ''"' "°''="^^-" ' in the country. Do,,; S^^'^LL """""^ "' =-">■ P"""*" imSaTiy iVnSiiiiii?^:::,:;^^ 7cro„rd'^"r''°"''' '^ money promptly. Acknowledge the receipt of spfc?at?Thi, ^!'%f'^^^^^^t^°" - N. B.. and the meaning <- note nml\ ' 1 ^ \ P°^tscript, follows the completed letter Officials. In letters to ordinary officials it ,•= . with the salutation <.Sir." and c"ose wTh " Th ! ^"^t°"»^^y to begin entservant,-or<• rignt name. When it is necessary to write the namp nf th« ! thest^^et^um^^ .O-'?^,! L .0^- and legible and fh. . ?7 penmanship should be distinct Even^n tL; cLe of lat;?: ""^ '"' '''^"^"*' "'*^°"* o-amentat,on tne case of large cities, it is necessary to write the name of the T. W & C. B SHERIDAN. Bookbinders' liCachinexy, 55 Cinlre, ud 2, 4 i 6 FmJo Et., VRn' YORK. U^ ^. -O <,« jtJLua.*C-^jL^ JAjUcj. HOIV TO WRITE A GOOD BUSIXESS LE TTER. 23 MJTTERING ORDERING GOODS. m^m (T^maf ^^i, (Jiionf veaf, Que. ^(^Hua^ij^ jg^ iS8S. fied-Y ia/e, anc/ oMae^ ^ jfcul iAety a is {/TaZ/'eU, M ttM. STYLES OF PENMANSHIP. t' No two business men write alike, and the difference is more decided in the United States than in any other country in the world. The round English hand so much admired by our business men, and of which we give two examples here, is universally practised in Great Britain and her colonies, except Canada. Canadian business writing cannot be ^ iMvtb ^rV^ Ckvmi , lohrr^ OMvd. kifitv*^ <»nMHu& e^WdUlbtMV distinguished from that to which we are accustomed. Canadian ladies write an angular hand, French, ItaUans and Germans write a pointed angular hand with considerable shading. All nationalities are blended here, and the writing is as mixed as the people'?. The first illustration HOW TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. 25 IS from the house of j . C. Ayer, of patent medicine fame ; the second is from a publishing house in New York. In the illustrations on this page we have fair samp- js of the ordinary American business penmanship. «rt«i^i ^ « »» y - ^* i «-l « OfJ - g^''^^ X ^&T..*^-> /t-X^Z^i^i^ The fourth is frohi one of the largest boot and shoe houses in Boston, and the fifth is from the pubUshers of the Youth's Companion. In aU of •«:;r-. o-r^^t.^^^ A.A^ these examples the penmanship has been reduced by photographing, and appears considerably smaller than in the original. G. & C. Mer- nam & Co., publishers of WehsWs Dictionaries, send out letters famous 20 ^ TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. for neatness. Be careful in signing letters to wrJfo That"; K%f 'jtj!; i".;;rch'*^ "rf ^ -^^^ ^'-"' "^^'- ^s *46r •>C "t'-t-*!-. y^ - Pnnt. Lar,e companies frequently, as in the example below.' stamp *i^.-•«//« writing. Bank-checks wher writ/;; ^^P^-books. with entries in /md5. wholly or partly ft IrtlinT cl'^.^^^^'^I cancelled or not. Con- graph, or other similar pTocess' c£ ' '"^'^^ ^y type-writer or cali- when act accompanied by proo^sheets n/r"""'^'?^ ^°' publication, f^-rfs, wholly or partly in writ?nt 1j .f ''•^"^^ted proofs of same I^'^signs, or plans Lu nor sketched hi h^'', ^''n"''^"'' ""' unexecuted writing therein. DrufisXhoUv or nLf f"?' ^•"''^'''' ^^^^ entries in signed, cancelled or uncr^fce L ^^V}"" '^"^'"^' ^'-"^d or un- thereon. /«s«r«„.././SS^whonv o r 1^^ ^"' "" '^ """^" ^^^^^'^^^^ therefor. Invitations, wholC or dL^^^^^^^^^ '" ""Ir'*^"^' ^"^^ applications nr .,.,-...^ (except ci;cularsnL?tf;i^H"""!.^\>^«^?'-'^^ther written or printed e^^^^rSc^E^^f anJSS"^^. ^f 'T' ^'^^^^ -itS cahgraph or other simila^proSss «' Olc' In "^" ^l ^'f"^^ type-writer. in a bulk. Manuscript Wfl«/^ rnans mn.^i ?/ ""^^^^'^'^ "^"^ ^^"f^lv o; for publication, unhi accompaS by proof tlZ "^'^""^^^P* desighed Packages, when sealed or sewed or of h/rr^'^*^°'"''"^''^^'ted proofs. If one full rate be paid tfeywiUhiw ^'''?'^'^ ^^^^"^^ inspection. ficient postage. If less thST nn r TT'^'^'''- ,'^*^d "P ^'^h the de- treated as a short paid letter Vn /5 3/^" Paid, the package will be dence of being sent to seyeral nersont n •^'' "t^^ f'^""- ^"^^^^1 ^vi- notes, wholly or partly in rSn/Sn^ " identical terms. Pro;««5on; wholly or p^artly in w^r t"ng, ex^^^^^^^^^^ .^'^«^>^^. whether clased with, second-classed pubHcItbns 9/ ""^^•^"P^i"" *". -^nd en- notes. Telegrams, when offereHor r"-f' ^^'""Srapitic or short-hand receipted for unless regltered pT.^^.? 1'^- T ^""^^' ^"^ "°t to be thereon other than the^name of t£ send'er '' ' "^^"^ "'^"''' ^^ """«" tol'tt^'ra^eTwtnX'lon^'liS"'' ■'^P"^^*^ parties are subject ^«<. and address. An Sarmed" osT^r""^^" ""^"^^ ^" addition to the ter, even though his addresTI. It '^ • ^ ?°* returned to the wri- Letter Office. Postal cards tha? if^'''' V^"" 'V- ^"* ^^ ««"* *« the Dead- the inside are not maikble P< s?nT care and promptness n the m^iief TJ^YH ^^ndjed with as mSch they were letters, even though thi matter tt^ ^- "^ ^-^""7 ^« though IS regarded as unmailable if i has nm n " ^^P^nted. A postal but it can be forward.dlfe.!!^!?!.^"^*^''"^ Pasted or attached to it. postal card is not mailable' with Vm."", "'".°""* ^^ postage is affixed. A side except the «rf^ms PosTd carl I^^'"^ °' P?"*^"§ °" the address rostai cards aie never returned to writers from 28 HOIV TO WRITE A GOOD IWSLXESS LETTER. ?rfon°?r °j/Jdress, when undelivered, and printed or written reouest '^:.SS^::p::!tt:^-:T'' '' ^" '- ^non-deliver/r-eSt ceSr^r ^^^-^^^^^ -of two ^.? "'"V'^* ^".?^"'" "^'^^^^ ^'^^" deposited in a post office without stamps affixed, they are not subject to double rates, but may be d^ iver ed upon the pa^-ment of the full single rate thereon A req^uest for the tTn °^ % ^"vi^-I '^'"P '"*^"', *° the writer at some officnther than the one at which it was mailed, if uncalled for, cannot be respected unless one full rate of postage has been paid thereon. Theri L no difference between regular and "drop" rate on third or fourth class Second Class Matter embraces all newspaper t? and other periodi- cal publications within the conditions named in Uie next paragraph 1 he postage on second class matter, when mailed from the office of publication is one cent per pound. Fir^t, it must be regularly issued at stated intervals, as frequently as four times a year, and bear a date of issue. Second, i must be formed of printed paper sheets, without board, cloth, lea her or substaXl binding, such as distmguish printed books for preservation from neri odical publications. Third, it must be originated and pubTisheS?o?Se dissemination of information of a public character, or devoted to liter ature, the sciences arts or some special industry, and having a leeiti- mate hs o subscribers. Providdd. however, that nothing he^rein con ained shall be so construed as to admit to the second class rate regu- lar publications designed primarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation, or for circulatftm at nominal rates Second-class mail! natter, can have no advertising sheets, notices, memoranda or ch-cu- lars enclosed therein. All advertisements in magazines must ho P.r .u^ncnily attached thereto, by binding, printing, pasting o? other W and mu.. be of uniform size with the pages ot^he publication. Maps' hagrams, or illustrations which are referred to in the publicatio im- form a necessary part thereof, are admissible. There can also be en- closed m the paper, but they cannot h.^ mailed separately, supplements with the name of the paper they supplement and date ofissue There may also be enclosed bills or receipts covering subscription (not for J. vertising) on which the number and nan.es of papers encloLd may be designated or orders in blank for subscription (without additional mat ter) to be filled up and returned by the addressee. A supplement and order, bills, receipts, etc., cannot be combined in one. Any other addi tion to a regular publication than those indicated above, subjects the whole to higher rates of postage. SampU copies, marked sample o? specimen on the wrapper or paper itself, either singly or in quLtity rnay be sen by niail to one address, to any reasonable amount, and as often as desired, by the publishers, if not sent continuously to the "ami r' '"°"«y not a legal tender by the laws of theUnited States. ^^^^f-}\Zult °'' promissory notes cannot be received. The given Src ? ^ remitter and the payee should be introduced into money- orders, as for example, John E. Boyd instead of J. E. Boyd ; and mc-r- ThliVt K '"""r^' dcscriDed by their own names and not by those of Mrf Z?"'^^"'^?,' as for example, Mrs. Frances Cleveland and not nn.hi?f off ^.V'^^.^'r^'^^^- When an applicant for a money-order is unable to state the tntttals of the payee, the postmaster is not permitted 32 HO IV TO WRITE A GOOD BUSINESS LETTER. An order can be made payable to only one person to issue the order, or firm. Postal Notes. A postal note, not presented for payment within three months from the last day of the month of issue, becomes invalid To get your money back on a postal note which has expired, it is neces- sary lOr you to present it at the issuing office and sign an application tor a duplicate, to be issued by the Superintendent cf the money-order System, Washington, D. C. This will cost t' ree cents. If a postal note is lost or destroyed, no duplicate can be issued. This regulation is never departed from. It becomes necessary from the fact that postal notes are all made payable to bearer. A postal note is also payable at the othce of issue at any time within three months from the date of issue. Postal ■ ^tes are issued for sums of $4.99 or less, and the charge is only three cents, no matter what the amount. Never leave the post- office, after procunng a postal note, without first examining it to see if It has been properly filled. Postal notes are payable at any money- order office, no matter on what office drawn. «96i/z. 3 person t within invalid, s neces- ilication !y-order I postal lation is t postal payable date of ! charge le post- :o see if money-