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 IX 
 
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41 
 
 iS 
 
[Fhom thb American Jouhnal of Scibnob and Arts, Vol. XLIV, Nov., 1867.] 
 
 CONTEIBUTIONS 
 
 TO THB 
 
 MINERALOGY OF NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 By PnoF. 0. C. MARSH, 
 
 I 
 
 OP YALE COLLEGK. 
 
 No 1. — Ledererife identical v^ith Gmclinitc. 
 During their first geological excursion to Nova Scotia, in 
 1827, Dr. C. T. Jackson, and the late Francis Alger, Esq., dis- 
 covered a mineral at C .. j Blomidon which has since been the 
 subject of no little discussion among mineralogists.* These 
 authors apparently regarded it from the first as a new species, but 
 other authorities differed widely as to its true nature. Mr, 
 Brooke c.f London, after measuring the angles of a crystal, pro- 
 nounced it to be apatite, a view subsequently controverted by 
 M. Dufrenoy of Paris, while Dr. Torrey of New York consid- 
 ered it nepheline. 
 
 Dr. Jackson subsequently described the mineral under the 
 name Ledereiite, in honor of Baron von Lederer, then Austrian 
 Consul at New York;f and in the same paper Dr. A. A. Hayes 
 gave the results of an analysis he had made, on which its claims 
 to be considered a distinct species wore mainly founded. The 
 mineral examined had a specific gravity of 2169, and its com- 
 position, according to this analysis, was as follows: — 
 
 Silic:i, 49-47 
 
 ^Vhunina, 21*48 
 
 Lime, 11-48 
 
 Soda, 3-04 
 
 Phosplioric acid, 3*48 
 
 Oxyd of iron, 0*14 
 
 Foroign matter, -03 
 
 Water, 8-58 
 
 98-60 
 
 * Memoirs Am. Acad., vol. i. p. 253, 
 f This Journal, vol. xxv, p, 78. 
 
2 
 
 O. C. Marsh on Ledererite from Nova Scolitt. 
 
 The large amount of phosphoric acid, and the small percent- 
 age of water obtained, although the determination of the lat- 
 ter was not entirely satisftictory, left the true character of this 
 mineral still a matter of doubt. Berzelius attempted to clear 
 up the difficulty by proposing a formula, based upon Dr. Hayes' 
 analysis, according to which the mineral would consist of three 
 atoms of lime-analcime and one of apatite.''- 
 
 This view was adopted by Mr. Alger, who suggested also that 
 the crystalline form of the analcime might have been changed 
 to a hexagonal prism by the phosphate of lime.f Rammelsberg 
 proposed to reject the phosphoric acid as an impurity, and with 
 it an amount of lime sufficient to form tribasic phosphate of 
 lime. This would leave a silicate differing from chabazito in 
 having one-third the amount of water, and hence a lime-anal- 
 cime. J The probable identity of Ledererite with Gmelinite ap- 
 pears to have been first suggested by the editors of the London 
 and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine in 1834;§ and Prof. 
 Shepard, in his Mineralogy of 1835, and Prof. Dana, in his first 
 edition in 1837, place it under that species. This vi'^w was 
 subsequently accepted by both Mr. Alger and Dr. Jackson. || 
 Finally Descloizeaux, in his Manuel (1862), published meas- 
 urements of crystals by liimself which sustain it. 
 
 Although the identity of Ledererite and Gmelinite was thus 
 rendered highly probable, the chemical proof was still wanting, 
 and it was very desirable to obtain more of the mineral for fur- 
 ther investigation. At the request of Mr. Alger, the writer 
 made a careful search for it at Cape Blomidon during several 
 visits to Nova Scotia, but v'ithout success until the summer of 
 1861, when a number of crystals were found near the original 
 locality, which had long been supposed to be exl^usted. This 
 wcs on the north coast of Cape Blomidon, at a p^, at nearly op- 
 posite Cape Sharp. The crystals were found in geodes in the 
 amygdaloid, accompanied by analcime and quartz, and in most 
 instances implanted upon the latter substance. They were sub- 
 sequently shown to Mr. Alger, Avho pronounced them identical 
 with the Led(;rerite discovered by himself and Dr. Jackson. 
 
 The crystals were from one-tenth to one-third of an inch in 
 diameter. Some of them, especially the smallest, were color- 
 less, and nearly transparent; others were yellowish- white or faint 
 salmon-red, and translucent. All were in the form of short 
 hexagonal prisms with pyramidal terminations, as shown in 
 the accompanying figures, that represented in fig. 1 being 
 the typical form. In all the crystals observed the sides of 
 
 * Jahrosbericht, xiv, 175. ■)• Alger's Phillipp's Miueralogy, p. 630. 
 
 t Handwiirterbuch, vol. i, p. 387. § Vol. iv, p. 394. 
 I Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Journal vol. v, p. 306. 
 
 . ■ 
 
 •• • • • • 
 
 . • • • 
 
 • • • • • 
 
I 
 
 O. C. Marsh on Ledererite from Nova Scotia. S 
 
 the prisms were marked with horizontal striae, while the planes 
 of the pyramids were striated parallel to tlieir polar edges. 
 ThcHe striaB were in most instances much mure distinct than 
 those seen occasionally ou crystals of Gmelinite from Irish lo- 
 calities, or from Iceland. There was, moreover, in most of the 
 specimens a tendency toward a rhombohodral form, as seen 
 in the much greater prominence of alternate pyramidal planes, 
 a peculiarity rarely observed hitherto in Gmelinite. In several 
 of the crystals this result(!d in the form given in fig. 2. 
 
 As the amount of the mineral obtained was sufficient for a 
 chemical examination, the writer, while a student at Heidelberg 
 in 1863, made two analyses of it in the laboratory, and under 
 the direction of Prof Bunsen. 
 
 An attempt was first made to decomjiose the finely powdered 
 mineral with hydrochloric acid, but without success, although 
 continued over the water-bath for +orty-eight hours. A second 
 trial was made in the same way with sulphuric acid, but strange 
 to say, the mineral was apparently little aftected. In conse- 
 quence of this unexpected difficulty, a portion of the mineral 
 which remained was decomposed by hydrofluoric acid, accord- 
 ing to Brunner's method, and the constituents, as given below 
 in analysis No. 1 b, separated in the usual manner. A third 
 portion of the mineral was first used for a determination of 
 the water, as given in No. la, and then fused with carbonate 
 of soda, and its silica separated. A portion of the same min- 
 eral, but from a neighboring locality on Cape Blomidon, was also 
 decomposed by fusion with carbonate of soda, and its compo- 
 sition, as given in analysis No. 2, determined in accordance with 
 the usual methods. The {.mount employed in each analysis 
 was one gram. The specific gravity of the mineral used in 
 No. 1, was 2-108 ; in No. 2, 2-099, and the hardness in each 
 case was about 4-5. The other physical, and the pyrognostic 
 characters of the mineral corresponded essentially with those 
 observed in typical Gmelinite. The results obtained in the 
 analyses were as follows : — 
 
O. C. Marsh on Ledererite from Nova Scot 
 
 la. 
 
 1. 
 
 a 
 
 Hilica, 53*71 
 
 Alumina, 
 
 Lime, 
 
 Potash, 
 
 Soda, 
 
 PhoHphoric acid,. . . 
 Water, 17'9S 
 
 • • • • 
 
 17-63 
 
 6-52 
 
 •80 
 
 3-10 
 
 trace 
 
 99-74 
 
 8. 
 
 51-32 
 
 18-45 
 
 6-40 
 
 by loss, 3*48 
 
 20-36 
 
 100.00 
 
 On comparing these results with those obtained by Dr. 
 Hayes in his analysis, the only one previously made of Leder- 
 erite, it will be seen that they differ widely in respect to the 
 amount of phosphoric acid and water—the two important points, 
 in fact, which had occasioned discussion as to the nature of the 
 mineral. It should perhaps, be added that in consequence of 
 this discussion, special precautions were taken to guard against 
 error m determining these substances. The small amount of 
 material at command rendered it impossible to repeat the analy- 
 ses; but the results of those completed make clearly evident, 
 what has long been suspected, that the phosphoric acid, found 
 by Dr. Hayes, must be regarded as an impurity, and that Led- 
 ererite has essentially the same amount of water as Gmelinite 
 and hence is identical with that species. The evidence of this 
 identity becomes still more apparent on comparing the compo- 
 sition of the Cape Blomidon mineral, deduced indirectly from 
 a calculation of its constituents as given below, with the re- 
 sults obtained in analyses of typical Gmelinite. 
 
 The excess of silica obtained, especially in the first analysis, 
 taken in connection with the remarkable difficulty of decompo- 
 sition, naturally suggested the presence of impurities in the 
 mineral; and, on examining with the microscope some frao-- 
 ments of a nearly colorless crystal, a quantity of minute crys- 
 tals of quartz disseminated through the mass were detected. 
 Several other crystals from the same locality were examined, 
 and all found to contain quartz. This discovery clearly ex- 
 plained the large amount of silica obtained in analyzing the 
 mineral, and also, perhaps, its resistance to decomposition.* 
 
 If, now, the results obiained in the above analyses be viewed 
 in the light of this discovery, it is evident that the true compo- 
 sition of the mineral can only be ascertained from them by re- 
 jecting the quartz. Assuming, then, that the excess of silica 
 
 * Prof. Biinsou informed tlie writer that he once experienced a similar difficulty 
 m analyzmg u specimen <,i' Caabazite, but made no special examination for' im- 
 parities. 
 
 t Edin. Phil. Jour., xxiv, 362. 
 
O. C. Marah on Ledcrerite from Nova Scotia. 6 
 
 in the substance analyzed was due to quartz, — of which, indeed, 
 the microscopical examination afforded good evidence — and cal- 
 culating, from analysis No. 1, first the oxygen ratios respectively 
 of the protoxyd bases, alumina, silica and water, they are 
 found to be, 278 : 8-24 : 28-64 : 15-95, or very nearly 1:3: 
 lOJ- : 6. As the oxygen of the bases should have to 
 that of the silica the ratio of 1 : 2, all of the latter In ex- 
 cess must belong to the quartz. This would give 12-37 per 
 cent for the amount of quartz in the mineral examined. De- 
 ducting this from the quantity of silica obtained, there remains 
 but 41-34 of this substance for combination with the bases, and 
 87-37 for tlie sum of the constituents of the mineral itself. 
 By calculating the percentage of these various constituents on 
 the basis of the sum total of the first analysis, it becomes ev- 
 ident that the real composition of Ledererite, thus determined, 
 is as follows : — 
 
 Silica, 47-19 
 
 Ahiiiiimi, 20-13 
 
 Lime, '^'44 
 
 Potash, -91 
 
 Soda, ^"54 
 
 Water, 20-53 
 
 99-74 
 These results give the oxygen ratio of 1:3:8:6, and indi- 
 cate for the mineral the formula {iNu+;:iCa)riif XiSiH^S, thus 
 clearly establishing its identity with Gmelinite. In ^ chemical 
 consitution it differs from the normal Gmelinite only in havirig 
 a considerable part of th( soda replaced by lime, resembling in 
 this respect the variety from Antrim, Ireland, analyzed by Con- 
 nell.f 
 
 The fact that crystals of this Gmelinite from Cape Blomi- 
 don contained 12-37 per cent of silica as an impurity is a very 
 important one, not merely in its bearing on the paragenesis of 
 minerals, but especially for the explanation it suggests of many 
 difficulties hitherto experienced in reconciling the results of 
 analyses, particularly of silicates. On this point M. Lechartier 
 of Paris has recently published some interesting facts, relating 
 especially to the impurities detected in staurotide.* 
 
 New Haven, Oct. 10th, 1867. 
 
 * Bulletin de la Soc. Ohetuique, May, 18G5, p. 375, 
 t Kdin. Phil. Jour., xxiv, 362.