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 Uuprlnted from Jonmal ofthe KewEDgltind Water Workn 
 Asioofation, Vol. XIII., No. 4. 
 
 CLEAKIKG A WATER MAIN IN ST. JOHN. N. B. 
 
 — BTf— 
 
 WILLUM MUBDOCH, O. E. 
 
 Engineer Water Works. 
 
 ThB Dat Pbiht, New Iiondon, Conn. 
 
NEW ENGLAND WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 333 
 
 CLEANING A WATER MAIN IN ST. JOHN, N. B. 
 
 BY WILLIAM MURDOCH, C. E., ENGINEER WATER WORKS. 
 
 The city of Saint John is supplied with water from two sources 
 about 12 miles apart, the east side of the harbor, which contains 
 the larger part of the population, taking its water from Little 
 River, and the west side supply coming from Spruce Lake. 
 
 The east side mains are three in number, as follows: No. 1, laid 
 in 1851, 12 inches diameter; No. 2, laid in 1857 and No. 3, laid in 
 1873, each 24 inches diametei. Neither of the pipes had ever been 
 cleaned and Nos. 1 and 2 had not been varnished. No. 3 however, 
 was coated according to Dr. Smith's process. The length of each 
 main is 4^ miles. 
 
 The reservoir from which the supply is taken is formed by 
 damming the river with an embankment 300 feet in length and 
 20 feet high, causing the surface to stand at an elevation of IGO feet 
 above H. W. datum in the harbor, whilst the summit of the city 
 is 130 feet above datum and five miles from the reservoir. It will 
 thus be seen that with a gravitation system, the pressure on the 
 summit is very low; indeed, in zero weather, it has been known to 
 disappear entii-ely and the water actually fall away from the, pipes 
 and leave them empty. 
 
 The two older mains had become so foul through internal incrus- 
 tation that when No. 3 was shut off for repairs and the city depended 
 on the other two pipes, all the portions at a height of 80 feet or 
 more above datum, comprising an area of about 200 acres and 
 containing a population of about 8500 souls, were without water. 
 On the other hand, with No. 2 shut off and supply coming by Nos. 
 1 and 3, every pipe was full and water delivered at a level of 130 
 feet. This was an ample demonstration of the foulness of the old 
 mains as compared with that last laid. 
 
 In the summer of 1897, the Common Council passed an order 
 directing that the mains be cleaned, and preparations were forth- 
 with begun. There being no hatch boxes on these pipes> such 
 
 i^i^H- 5^2 
 
334 
 
 JOURNAL OF THK 
 
 fittings were designed and cast, and when they were placed in posi- 
 tion the work of cleaning began. Meanwhile a scrajier was de- 
 signed and constructed in the workshops of the department, the 
 pistons being of birch, built in layers crossing the grain and bolted 
 together as shown in cut (Fig. 1). The spindle connecting the 
 
 Fig. 1. First Scraper Used. 
 
 pistons is of 3 inch wrought iron pipe, and the Hanges of the ordi- 
 nary kinds screwed on and rivettodto prevent backing out and falling 
 apart when inside the pipe. Projecting beyond the forward piston 
 is an iron rod, fitted with two sets of radial arms, four in each set, 
 sloping back, as shown in the photograph. During the operations 
 in the year 1897 this style of arm and cutters w^is used, and with 
 this we will first deal. Each arm consisted of one layer of No. 10, 
 B. W. (t. spring steel, two inches wide, and was fitted with a forged 
 steel fish-tail scraper made of such a form that it passed over any 
 hard obstructions and yet reduced the incrustation considerably 
 
 with each cut. 
 
 The only main operated upon, thus far, has been No. 2, which 
 
NRW ENGLAND WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 3.'35 
 
 had an internal coating of tubercles varying up to about one inch in 
 height, closely packed all over the interior surface of the pipe and 
 resembling in appearance that of a coarse, jjcbbly walk. As soou 
 as the first section, which extended from the reservoir toward the 
 city, a distance of about ChVM) feet, had been prepared with a hatch 
 box at each end, the cleaner was sent through and given three runs in 
 one afternoon, the time taken in each case being about 20 minutes. 
 
 There is one Hushing branch near the middle of this section and 
 another placed at Hatch Box No. 2 which had been set close to a 
 main stoi> cock, (the said stop cock being shut tight). .Thes'e flush- 
 ing branches were left open in each case until after the apparatus 
 had gone by. The water on such occasions was inky black, and 
 after running about ten minutes weakened to the color of tea. In 
 the evening when the operations were finished a two hours' run was 
 given to clarify the water before opening the main stop cock and 
 placing the pipe again into service. 
 
 Section No. 2 measures about G,8G0 feet and rsaches to the next 
 main stop cock near the front of which Hatch Box No. 3 was 
 placed. In order to give the first section another cleaning, the ap- 
 paratus was run through both sections, a distance of about 13,200 
 feet. This time our cleaner came to grief, temporarily, in the fol- 
 ing manner : The leathers, having worn out during the first clean- 
 ing, were renewed with a harder and stiffer quality than before, 
 but they repeatedly caught in a new joint made while inserting the 
 hatch box. Each time the lid was removed to ascertain why the 
 cleaner did not start, it was found firmly fixed by this imperfect 
 butt of the two pipe ends. After twice extricating it, and again 
 finding it caught in the same way, a jack-screw was applied to push 
 it past this obstruction, the lid was again put on, and the water let 
 in at 4.05 p. m, and this time it started. At each of the five flush- 
 ing stations the gate was left open fully ten minutes after the 
 cleaner had passed, ind then closed. As soon as the gate Avas 
 closed the cleaner again proceeded, and the scraper, with only one 
 piston, reached the end of its run at 5.25 p. m., having been one 
 hour and twenty minutes going 2.5 miles ; but when 50 minutes of 
 total stoppages are reckoned, the machine was found to have been 
 in motion 30 minutes. As stated, only the forward part of the 
 cleaner arrived, and search had to be made for the remainder. 
 Nothing was done on the following day, which was Sunday, the 
 
33G 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 castaway piston, which was lyin^ obliquely somewhere in the pipe, 
 having but partially obstructed the How, and the water was left on 
 until the Monday night following. 
 
 A receiving chamber unites Nos. 2 and :} mains, near No. 3 
 hatch box, and they are controlled by stop-cocks on each side of 
 the receiver. It was therefore an easy matter to reverse the cur- 
 rent of water in No. !} by closing the stop-cock at the dam^and 
 opening that at the receiver, as well as the Hushing branches. This 
 was done, and men were distributed along the line to listen for a 
 rumbling noise, which at length was heard withii. about a quarter 
 of a mile of Hatch Box No. ',i, from which the cleaner had been ex- 
 tracted. The sound was followed along the line towards the reser- 
 voir until Hatch Box No. 2 was reached, when the derelict was 
 taken out, after having travelled nearly a mile, and crossed a valley 
 about 90 feet in depth. It was fouml that the pressure of the jack- 
 screw in forcing the cleaner past the uneven joint had cracked one 
 of the flanges, with the result that after having travelled about 2i 
 miles, the cleaner fell apart. The forward pa^-t, comprising a pis- 
 ton and the scraper, pushed on, but the spindle attached to the rear 
 piston fell to the bottom of the pipe, ploughed up some dirt, and 
 finally became embedded and jammed. The reverse current strik- 
 ing the piston as it did, drove it back with the spindle trailing be- 
 hind. The apparatus was repaired and three more runs made 
 through this double section of 13,200 feet, on October 29Mi, with- 
 out any further mishap, the time taken for each run, including 10 
 minutes' stoppage at each of the five fluslilng stations, having been 
 from 1 hour 46 minutes to 1 hour and 5-1 mitmtes. The cold 
 weather being on when the next castings arrived, cleaning oper- 
 ations were susjjended for the season. 
 
 On testing the efficiency of the cleaned main by shutting off No. 
 3 from the reservoir to the receiving chamber, where both unite, 
 and bringing the supply through Nos. 1 and 2, it was found that 
 the pressure in the city wf>s as good as when No. 2 was shut and 
 the whole supply coming through Nos. 1 and 3, thereby showing 
 that the capacity of No. 2 had improvad to such an extent that, 
 whereas with No. 1 it had formerly delivered to a height of 80 
 feet only, v/hen unassisted by No. 3, and left 200 acres of the city 
 containing 8, .500 inhabitants without water, now the whole city 
 could be supplied without the help of No. 3, and the water rise to 
 
NEW ENOLAND WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 337 
 
 a height of VM iwt ul)f>ve high water. The cjenernl improvement 
 in pressure, with all <he mains on, was found to be about four 
 feet. 
 
 The operation was resumed last summer, the first run having 
 been made June Dth, 1898, with the same apparatus as in the pre- 
 ceding season. After carefully studying the action of the cleaner 
 and giving it several runs, it was found that an improvement could 
 be made in the scraper, which was ac(;ordingly done, and each arm 
 fitted with a steel cutter that would not clog. It was also found 
 that the arms could be stiffened without any risk of the machine 
 sticking, and this was done also. The final outcome of all the 
 improvements was an apparatus of which the cut on page 338 is a 
 photograph. 
 
 This scraper cut through all the deposit to the baio iron, an 
 inspection at the termination of the work having shown that only 
 the scars or imprints of the tubercles romained on the interior sur- 
 face of the pipe, and it was almost as smooth as when firs-t made. 
 
 The whole amount of material removed was not measured, as 
 the tiushing branches deliver into the brooks, and the supply of 
 water having been abundant, the dirt was generally carried off in 
 liquid form, the color of the liquid becoming black as the cleaner 
 approached within one thousand feet or so of the flushing station. 
 An estimate may be had by bearing in mind that the average thick- 
 ness of the deposit was fully three-quarters of an inch, and the 
 length of the main 22,700 feet. It will thus be seen that about 
 330 cubic yards were removed. 
 
 In the Marsh Creek, at the terminal flushing pipe, quite an ex- 
 tensive bar was formed by the material discharged from the main, 
 the dimensions being about 12 feet by 8 feet, but the current car- 
 ried a large quantity away. 
 
 When flushing into Little River, by means of three different 
 branches within one mile of Silver Falls, the water of the Falls 
 assumed the color of sti-ong coffee, and Major's Brook looked like 
 a sewer at its confluence with the Marsh Creek, though it had 
 received the flushings of the main 7, .100 feet further up. These 
 facts are given to show tb'^ impossibility of measuring the material 
 taken out of the pipe. 
 
 At hatch box No. 3, where the cleaner was taken out fifteen 
 times when cleaning the upper end of the main, 108 bushels of 
 
m:{m 
 
 .loriJNAI Ol" TIIK 
 
 XI 
 
 55 
 
 
 M 
 U 
 
 ■« 
 
 o 
 r. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
Ni:\V KNOFiANI) WATER WORKS ASS-OCIATION. 
 
 :iju 
 
 90 
 55 
 
 
 03 
 U 
 Ch 
 
 « 
 
 u 
 r. 
 
 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 Si 
 
 
 hoavy uiiiierinl, whicli would not How ot^ l»y tlie driiin, romaiiicd, 
 and liad to Ix? t.iken up in buckets as it aceuniulated, but all the 
 more pulvornlent scrapini^s \v«u'(' parrieu otV in tb»' drain, and, as 
 Btatod, blackoned tlio \valm\s of the Iji'ook upwards of a niik away. 
 At tho other hatch boxes, where the current was much stronjjier, 
 an agt^n'fjata of 44 bushels had to ))e hoisted out. 
 
 The improvement in pressure, ascertained in the same numner 
 as at the end ot the 1H!)7 cleaning, viz.: by sending? the whole 
 city's sujtply throuf^li Xo. 1 and No. 2, and leaving? No. 8 shut off 
 during tlie test, amounted to eleven feet, that is to say, that the 
 two pipes whose combined capacity before tho cleaning began was 
 only equal to that of raising the water 80 feet, can at the present 
 lime supply the whole district and deliver up to a level of 141 feet 
 above high \vat< v datum in the harbor. 
 
 The lightness of the cleaner is a great advantafije, tho entire 
 weight boirig but 2<i;j p',)unds, and tho bulky portion oeing made of 
 wood, which weighs less than the water itself, it floated along with 
 the water. This quality was well exemplified when the broken 
 portion was taken from tho main, as already related. 
 
 The hatch boxes are of cast iron, consisting of a section of pipe 
 with the upper half removable, and secured in phico by means of 
 screw bolts and nuts, the Manges being gasketted with Tuck's li-inch 
 round packing, which adapted itself to all the iue<|ualities of the 
 easting, and to the curved form of the flange. Each one weiglis 
 about 'J,:300 pounds, and takes 2G square-necked bolts, besides 18 
 feet of Tuck's packing. On completing each one, the pit was 
 walled up with dry rubble and covered with tind)er. outside the 
 city. Inside the city, the covering was arched in masonry and 
 cement, and an iron manhole left in the crown, the manhole ueing 
 large enough to pass the cleaner tlirough. 
 
 The force employed to operate the cleaner consisted of a fore- 
 man, one mechanic, two watchers, six assistants and two express 
 teams and di-ivers. The watchers walked the line on the cleaner 
 being started, and had no ditHeulty in following the sound outside 
 the city, but on coming inside the city limits, the noise of the traf- 
 fic drowned the sound of the cleaner, and all that remained was to 
 watch and wait for its arrival at the terminal hatch box. Outside 
 the city, the grating sound as it .aoved along was so plain that it 
 could be distinctly heard at a distance of 40 feet, although the 
 
340 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 \ 
 
8 
 
 n 
 
 [ w 
 m 
 
 ,\ 
 
 NEW ENGLAND WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. 341 
 
 pipes have from three to six feet of covering. The diity of the 
 teams was to transport the cleaner and men back to the first hatch 
 box for each successive run. Men were placed at flushing stations 
 to operate the stop-cocks — two men at each. Their duties were 
 also to assist in operating and closing the hatch boxes and placing 
 the cleaner. 
 
 The cost of the work was as follows : 
 
 Furn: aing and placing in position niue 24-inch and four 
 1'2-inch batch boxes, being the number required on 
 all three lines of pipe $3,468.95 
 
 Proportionate cost of installation chargeable to No. 2 
 
 main .' $1,513.15 
 
 Cost of one 24-iuch cleaner 40,00 
 
 Total cost of operating cleaner 274.42 
 
 The runs made by the cleaner through the different sections in 
 No. 2 main numbei-ed fifty-seven in all, and the whole distance 
 travelled was 94.5 miles, as follows : 
 
 From 
 Hatch 
 Box. 
 
 No. 1 
 No. 1 
 No. 4 
 
 No. 2 
 No. 3 
 
 To 
 
 Number 
 
 Distance 
 
 Hatch 
 
 of 
 
 in Mih's 
 
 Box. 
 
 Kuns. 
 
 Each Kun. 
 
 No. 2 
 
 10 
 
 1.2 
 
 No. 3 
 
 IH 
 
 2.5 
 
 No. 5 
 
 11 
 
 1.0 
 
 No, 3 
 
 y 
 
 1.3 
 
 No. 5 
 
 11 
 
 1.8 
 
 Total 
 Distance 
 in Miles. 
 
 12.0 
 40.0 
 11.0 
 11.7 
 19.8 
 
 It will thus be seen that the cost of cutting this main, providing 
 and placing f'-e hatch boxes, quarrying stone and walling there- 
 with the pits containing them, restoring the surface of the ground 
 and making the cleaner, amounted to $1,553.15, or $361.20 per 
 mile, and the operating expense of cleaning the main, which meas- 
 ures 4.3 miles, was $6.38 per mile of pipe cleaned. 
 
 discussion. 
 Mr. Dextku Brackett. 
 
 In connection with Mr. Murdoch's very interesting and instruct- 
 ive paper, a brief description of similar work done on the Boston 
 Water '^^orks in 1886 and 1887 may be of interest. 
 
 The pipes laid in Boston from 1848 to 1868 were uncoated, and 
 the interior surface of the pipes is covered with a coating of tub- 
 
342 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ercles from | inch to 1^ inch in thickness. This coating, as proved 
 by Mr. Murdoch's statistics, very seriously affects the deUvering 
 capacity of the pipes, and, in the case of the smaller sizes, renders 
 them practically useless for are supply. 
 
 The pipes cleaned in Boston were not the supply mains, but the 
 distributing pipes in the streets, the sizes cleaned being 6 inches 
 and 12 inches in diameter. In cleaning these pipes the conditions 
 were somewhat different from those of Mr. Murdoch, whose work 
 was done on a pipe of larger size, where there were probably few, 
 if any, service pipe connections. As many of the service stop- 
 cocks project into the pipes from i inch to f inch, it was necessary 
 to have the scraper arranged so as to pass by such obstructions, 
 and at the same time remove the coating of tubercles. The ma- 
 chine, which was very successfully used, consisted of a flexible 
 central shaft about three and one-half feet in length, composed of 
 coiled steel springs connecting small castings, to \ 'hich were hinged 
 two sets of steel scrapers, arranged radially around the shaft about 
 twelve inches apart. The scrapers were kept against the sides of 
 the pipe by coiled springs, which permitted them to turn back so 
 as to pass taps or other obstacles. Back of the scrapers 
 were two rubber pistons placed about two feet apart so as 
 to ensure a pressure on the machine when passing branches. 
 The scraper was operated in a manner very similar to that 
 used by Mr. Murdoch, except that no hatch boxes were placed 
 in the mains. A section was cut out of the pipe long enough to 
 receive tlie scraper, which was then inserted, and the joints made with 
 lead in the ordinary manner, except that elamp sleeves were used 
 so that the section could be again easily removed and the scraper 
 inserted if desired. A similar piece was cut from the pipe at the 
 other end of the main to be cleaned, and the scraper was forced 
 through the pipe by the ordinary water pressure, which varied 
 from 30 to 45 pounds. 
 
 As occupants of buildings on the line of the pipes were without 
 water while the work of cleaning was in progress, and as it was 
 not thought advisable to pass the scra])er through valves, the pipes 
 were cleaned in lengths averaging 1,000 feet. The scraper gener- 
 ally passed through this distance in from three to four minutes, or 
 about as fast as a man would walk. In a few instances the 
 scraper was stopped by obstructions in the pipe, the one causing 
 
mM 
 
 NEW ENGLAND WA^ER WORKS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 343 
 
 the most trouble being lead which had run into the pipe at a joint. 
 The water issuing from the open end of the pipe was the color of 
 ink for from five to ten minutes after the scraper had passed through, 
 and it was permitted to run until it became clear, after which the 
 section of pipe was replaced and the valves opened. Some diffi- 
 culty was experienced from the stopping of service pipes and hoiise 
 plumbing by rust forced into the pipes by the pressure of the water 
 following the scraper, but this difficulty could be generally over- 
 come by applying a force pump to the house plumbing and forcing 
 the obstructions back into the main. 
 
 By this method the tubercles were removed from 58,000 feet of 
 6-inch pipe at a cost of 14 cents per foot, and from 20,300 feet of 
 12-inch pipe at a cost of 20. G cents per foot. These prices include 
 5 cents per foot royalty paid for the right to use the scraper. 
 
 As was the case at St, John, a great improvement was made in 
 the delivering capacity of the pipes by the removal of the coating 
 of tubercles. Experiments were made to determine the friction in 
 the pipes both before and after cleaning under different rates 
 of discharge. The discharge was measured by means of a Dea- 
 con meter, and the friction head from readings of Bourdon gauges 
 attached to the fire hydrants. Very great accuracy was not ex- 
 pected in these experiments, but they show very well the great loss 
 in discharging capacity, caused by the coating of tubercles and the 
 gain from the cleaning. It will be noticed that the discharge of 
 the G-inch tuberculated pipes was from 25% to 35% of the quantity 
 which a clean-coated pipe might be expected to deliver under the 
 same head, and that the discharging capacity of the pipe was more 
 than doubled by the removal of the tubercles. 
 
 TuBKKCULATED PiPE, 38 Yeaes Old — Lkngth, 525 Feet ; Obiginal Diame- 
 ter. 6 Inches. 
 
 Observed Head. 
 
 \'elocitv. 
 
 Observed 
 
 Value of c 
 
 (,'alculatcd dis- 
 
 Feet per 
 
 Feet per 
 
 Disoharge. 
 
 ill form 111 a 
 
 eharge ot clean 
 
 pipe under same h'd 
 
 Darcy's formula. 
 
 1,000. 
 
 Se cond. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 v = Cv^Ui. 
 
 1.30 
 
 0.38 
 
 33.3 
 
 29.5 
 
 120 
 
 2.50 
 
 0.57 
 
 50.0 
 
 32.2 
 
 165 
 
 6.90 
 
 0.95 
 
 83.3 
 
 32.3 
 
 275 
 
 14.40 
 
 1.13 
 
 100.0 
 
 27.1 
 
 395 
 
 19.20 
 
 1.32 
 
 116.6 
 
 27.1 
 
 455 
 
 25.40 
 
 1.51 
 
 133.3 
 
 26.8 
 
 525 
 
 33.80 
 
 1.70 
 
 150.0 
 
 26.1 
 
 600 
 
344 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Same Pipe, Aftbh Clbanino, Length, 525 Feet ; Obiohmal Diameieb, 6 Ins. 
 
 Obscrvefl head. 
 
 1 
 Velocity. 
 
 Observed Dis- 
 
 Feet per 
 
 Feet per j 
 
 charge, (ial- 
 
 1,000. 
 
 Second. 
 
 Ions per Minute. 
 
 2.70 
 
 0.76 
 
 66.6 
 
 1.50 
 
 0.95 
 
 83.3 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.13 
 
 100.0 
 
 3.86 
 
 l.f)l 
 
 133.3 
 
 4.20 
 
 1.70 
 
 150.0 
 
 6.60 
 
 2.08 
 
 183.3 
 
 9.40 
 
 2.46 
 
 216.6 
 
 Value of c 
 in formula 
 
 v = Cv/kT. 
 
 41.5 
 68.8 
 82.5 
 69.4 
 74.2 
 73.1 
 71.8 
 
 Calculated dis- \ 
 charge of clean 
 pipe under same h'd 
 Darcy's furmula. 
 
 170 
 125 
 125 
 205 
 215 
 265 
 320 
 
 S^