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 1 
 
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 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
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 5 
 
 6 
 
ra 
 
 DA 
 
UNITED STATES CONSULAR REPORTS. 
 
 CATTLE 
 
 AND 
 
 DAIET FAEMIlSra 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTINO OPPIOE. 
 
 1SS7. 
 
Secretary's 
 
 Capo Colony 
 Mauritius (C 
 ■iloriicco (Co 
 Sevihelles (C 
 Sirrriv Leoue 
 ZaDzlbar (Co 
 
 Nortli Amer 
 
 Doniiiiio) 
 
 Onta 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 c 
 c 
 c 
 c 
 c 
 c 
 c 
 
 Queb 
 C 
 C 
 
 Print 
 
 C 
 
 Mexico : 
 
 C 
 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 c 
 1 
 c 
 
 ( 
 Central Ax-j 
 
 C 
 
 South Anicri 
 
 Argoutii) 
 
 C 
 Brazil : 
 
 C 
 Colombia 
 
 C 
 Ecnador 
 
 C 
 Peru : 
 
 C 
 Uruguay 
 
 C 
 Venezue 
 
 f 
 
 C 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 SECBETARY'a LBTTEK 3-40 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Capo Colony (Cousul Siler, Cape Town; 669,070 
 
 MaiiritiuB (Consul Prentts, Port Louis) 673 
 
 :iloriicco (Consul Mathews, Taugiurs) -. 072 
 
 Sevih«lle» (Consul Muasey, Miihfc) 673,674 
 
 Si.'rnv Leone (Consul Lewis, Sierra Leone) 071 
 
 ZaDzlbar (Consul Cheney) 672 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 ITortli America: 
 
 Dominion of Canada ; 
 Ontario : 
 
 Canadian cattle compnuios In the United States (Consul Parker, of Sherbrooko) . . 637, 838 
 Cattle most suitabln for Cauatliau farruers (Commercial Agent Robbing, Ottawa) . . 638-54U 
 
 Cattle and dairy farming in Outiiiio (Condul Pace, Port Saruia) 640-54B 
 
 Cattle of Ontario (Consul Howard, Toronto) 647-550 
 
 Cattle in Eastern Ontario (Cousul Uazleton, llarailton) 55(J-559 
 
 Cattle and cattle products in Southwestern OnUrio (Commercial Agent Buffingtou) 650-'>64 
 
 Cattle in Proscott (Consul Slaght) 561-5BG 
 
 Cheese-dai I ying in Hastings Connty (Consul Prince, Belleville) 508-5U8 
 
 Cattlein Carlton County (Commercial 4 gent Kobbins, Ottawa) 50«, 589 
 
 Cattle iu the Simcoe district (Commurcial Agent James, Simcoe) 570 
 
 Quebec : 
 
 Cattle-raising in Quebec (Consul Parker, Sherbrooke) 671-574 
 
 Cattle iu Gaspii Rawin (Consul Holt) 574 
 
 Prince Edward Island : 
 
 Cattlein (Consul Worden, Charlottetown) 574,575 
 
 Mexico : 
 
 Cattle-breeding in Northern Meiioo (Consul-General Sutton, Matamoros) 576-585 
 
 Cattle-raismg iu the State of Chihuahua (Consul Scott, Chihuahua) 685-5S7 
 
 Cattle iu the Slate of Nuovo Leon (Cousul Campbell, Monterey) 687-589 
 
 Stock-raising in the State of Nuevo Leon (Consul Campbell, Monterey) 589-592 
 
 Cattle-raising in the State of Tamaulipas (Consul Smith, Nuevo Leon) 592-594 
 
 The breeding cattle of Northern Mexico ( Vlce-Consul Prigden, Piedra* Negras) . . 591 
 
 C -nle-raising in Sonora (Consul Willard, Ouaymas) 595 
 
 t ie iu Lower California (Consul Viosca, La Paz) 59G 
 
 Central Aa.-j..ca: 
 
 Cattle-raising In Hondoras 597-002 
 
 South America : 
 
 Argentine Kepublic ; 
 
 Cattle Industry of (Consul Baker, Buenos Ayres) 603-.621 
 
 Brazil : 
 
 Cattlein (Consul-General Andrews, Kio de Janeiro) • 630-632 
 
 Colombia (IInite<l States of) ; 
 
 Cattle on the plains of Bogota (Vice-Consul Boshell, Bogota) 633 
 
 Ecnador: 
 
 Cattle-breeding and products of cattle in (Consul Beach, Guaya«iuil) 634,035 
 
 Peru : 
 
 Cattle in (Consul Lapoint, Chiclayo) 836 
 
 Uruguay : 
 
 Cattle and cattle-breeding In (Charg6 d' Affaires Bacon, Montevideo) 682-629 
 
 Venezuela ; 
 
 Cattle interest in (Consul Bird, LaGuayra) 637,638 
 
 Cattle supply of Maracaibo (Cousul Plumacher) 638 
 
 iii 
 
IV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Weat Indies. P"!?*- 
 
 Cattle In Bei-mudft (Couiul AUeu, Bermuda) ^^ 
 
 Cattle in San Domingo (CouHul SlmpHon, Puerto Plata) 639,640 
 
 Cattle and cattle products In Saint Thomas (Conaul Smith) 640,041 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Ceylon : 
 
 Cattle of (Consul Morey, Colombo; 05!M(5fr 
 
 American v§. Danish and French butter in (Consul Morey, Colombo) 077 
 
 China : 
 
 Cattle in the TauK-tse-Kiang Valley (Consul Bhepard, Hankow) 664-688 
 
 Cattlo in Southern China (Consul Seymour, Cautou) <•<* 
 
 Japau : 
 
 Cattle In (ConsnlJones, Nagasaki) ^^ 
 
 Java : 
 
 Buffalo cattle of (Consul Hatfield, Batavia) 661,662 
 
 Malaysia and Siam : mm mi 
 
 T^ater buffalo of (Consul Sfjder, Singapore) 660,661 
 
 Philippine Islands : 
 
 Cattle in (Commercial Agent Voigt, Manila) "'* 
 
 Syria : 
 
 Cattlo in (Consul Kobeson, Beirut) 6S2-65i 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 New Zealanil : nio <!«> 
 
 Cattlo of (Consul Griffin, Auckland) 642-650 
 
 Tasmania: 
 
 Cattlo in (ConsunVobstcr, Hobnrt) ^^ 
 
 Victoria: 
 
 Cattle in (Coi-iul-General Spencer, Melbourne) "'*'• 
 
 KUnOPK. 
 
 Cattle-breeding in Kurope and in the United States (Consul Tanner, of Verviers and Liege) . . 41-50 
 
 Scicntifio dairy Insti-uinonts (James Long, Hetchin, England) 685,088 
 
 Cream-separating machines (James Long, Hetchin, Enghuid) 088-fl»l 
 
 Feeding on the soiling system (James Long, Hetchin, England) 701-703 
 
 Belgium : 
 
 Cattle in (Consul Steuart, Antwerp) l, !. 
 
 Breeds of cattle in (Consul Wilsou, Brussels) SlU-.iijj 
 
 Cattle and cattlo-breoding in (CousulTanner, Verviers and Liege) 360-370 
 
 Belgian andDutch milch cows (Consul Wilson, Ghent) - 870-383 
 
 Belgian process for preserving meat and vegotabio.i fresh ( Dr. Closaot's) 009-701 
 
 Farming in Belgium (M. Fran9oisFlcchct) 705-708 
 
 Denmark : ionino 
 
 Danish cattle (Consul Ryder, Copenhagen) 490-49. 
 
 Angeln cattle (Consul Ryder) 49'J-495 
 
 IJutter export of Denmark (Consul Ryder) 49.)-4!)8 
 
 Union dairies in DeniuBik (Consul Ryder) 498-501 
 
 France: 
 
 C:ittle breeds of France ami their products (Consul "Williams, Rouen) >40-.Gj 
 
 Division of land and cattle-breeding in Franco (Vice Consul Martin, Mursoilles) 200-272 
 
 Cattle-raising in the southwesiof Fnuice (Consul Roosevelt, Bordeaux) 272-281 
 
 Xormaudy cattlo (Consul Glover, lluvre> 282-285 
 
 Cattle products in the district of the Mamo (Consul Frisble, Rbeims) 285 
 
 Cattlo iu the district of XIco (Vice-Consul Vial, Nice) ^_ ^'80 
 
 French live stock (Oflicial Catalogue of Paris Kxhibitiou) ™'l"'* 
 
 French cattle (from the Field newsp^iper) '^^''J.t 
 
 French sheep (U. Kains-Jackson) '" 
 
 Oennany : 
 
 Breeds of cattle in (rermany (ConsuIOenpral Vogeler, Frankfort-on-tho-Maln) 389-39, 
 
 Cattle in Germany (Consul Schoeulo, Barmen) 397-403 
 
 Cattle breeds of Germany (Comiueniul Agent Wamer, Dusseldorf) 4OI-403 
 
 Cattle in Prussia (Consul-General Brewer, Berlin) 408-413 
 
 Cattlein Oldenburg, Jcverland, and E.ist Frie.^laud (Consul Wilson, of Bremen) 413-425 
 
 Cattle in Saxony (Consul Mason, Dresden) 420-431 
 
 Silcslan cattle (Consul Dithmar, Brcslau) 431-438 
 
Pnge. 
 ess 
 
 039,640 
 640, 041 
 
 055-«S» 
 
 077 
 
 604-068 
 668 
 
 663 
 661, 662 
 660,601 
 
 673 
 092-65i 
 
 642-650 
 
 t)50 
 051 
 
 41-50 
 685, 088 
 088-091 
 701-703 
 
 359, 3CC 
 
 8i''.)-;!i;j 
 
 300-370 
 870-383 
 009-701 
 705-708 
 
 490-492 
 49'J-495 
 493-408 
 498-501 
 
 240-2G5 
 200-272 
 272-281 
 282-285 
 
 285 
 
 280 
 
 724-729 
 
 729-T:U 
 
 389-397 
 397-403 
 404-403 
 408-413 
 413-125 
 420-431 
 431-433 
 
 CONTENTS. _ 
 
 Oermnny— Contlnned. 
 
 Catllu of TliurinKia (Consnl Moshor, Sonnebera) P*«^' 
 
 Volgtlami ,.„ttlo (ConH..l umiock, Annabcrjt) "«-4« 
 
 Cattlo breeds ofltadon (Consul Ballow Kebl) ""«""' 444-404 
 
 Cattle pro,lucf« in «a.len(Con8ul Smith, Mannheim) ■♦*"-^" 
 
 Havarlan cattle (Consul Harper, Munich) ♦TS-'*" 
 
 r,u-„ stock in UavaHa,c..nHus of (Consul Harper Munich *'''''^ 
 
 I airy association laws of Wurtemborfi (Consul CatllnSuttyarU '"" 
 
 'urtcmburR cattle lawH (Consul Catlin, Stutt«art) * " «9'-««-' 
 
 IWsticanimnls of Uavaria (Consul Uarper, Munich)" ^"-"- 
 
 Hollaml: ' 753,734 
 
 Dutch cattle (Consul Eckstein, Amsterdam) 
 
 Cattle ofHolland (Consul Winter, Kotterdam) '"2-514 
 
 HunKary: 615-518 
 
 Moat and dairy cattle In (Consul Sterne, Budapesth) 
 
 Italy: ^ 527-530 
 
 Cattle and dairying In Lon.bnnly (Consul Crniu, Milan) . . 
 
 Bu alo cattle ot Terra .ii Uvo, „ (Consul Hau^-lnvout, Naples")' ''*-^" 
 
 Cattle in Piedmont (Vice.Con«ul Dezevk Tuiil.) '""''"'"' 326-329 
 
 Cattle in Tuscany (Consul Welsh Flo'rence) 329,330 
 
 White cattle ofTuscany (Consul Crosby Florence') '"'^-^^^ 
 
 Cattle in Venetla (Consul Noyt-s Venice) 334,335 
 
 Cheese and buttermakiuK in Italy (Consul cVainVMilanl '''"^''** 
 
 Malta; "' (;:7-662 
 
 Cattle In (Consul Worthinston) 
 
 Russia ; 303 
 
 Cattlo.bree<lln)? in Russia (Consnl-General Stanton <Joinf t. . u 
 
 cattle in the Baltic provinces (ConsulaTA^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''^"'' 
 
 Cattle of F,nland(ActinK Consul Douuor, H.lsinKfors) •'-* 
 
 Polish cattle (Consul Rawicz, W -.jaw) 525 
 
 Spain: 525,520 
 
 Cattle in Andalusia (Consul Opponhoim, Cadiz) 
 
 Cattle in Catalonia (Consul Schcueh, Uarcdona) 384-387 
 
 Cattle in Oalicia (Consul Carricarte, Coruuna) " ^87 
 
 Switzeilaud: gjjg 
 
 Swiss cattle (Consul Mason, Basle) 
 
 Statistics of brown Schwitzcr cattle icons.VnVvV.7zur^^^^^^ ^87-297 
 
 hw.ss cattle and dairy products (Consul licaucimmp .St aalie; ^''^""^ 
 
 (,altlem the district of (;,.neva (Consul Adams Oeneval ^"^-^-^ 
 
 >I»""f"ct'.re«fSwiss cheese (Consul Adams. Geneva) ^'^-^^^ 
 
 Unitid Ivinndoni: ' 682-085 
 
 Cattle breeds of the United K'nmlnni /r«r,„„i n 
 
 Cat,Iebrcedsot-,beU„uJKi£ ."^^^^^^^^^^^ 57-78 
 
 Select breeds of British cattle (Consun::::;:;;';^^^^^^^^^^ 78-150 
 
 Hereford cattle (Consul Lathrop, !!,|.m„l) ' 150-172 
 
 Herefordshire and Hereford cattle (,r„hn KerslnvFmrVnV'n'V ■,".■;. l''2-m 
 
 Bri.i,h breeds of cattle (,r„seph f.ay F ulk ,„r v^.t!e ' ^''-■''«'""«' ^"■■■". Aylesbury).. . 811.,88 
 
 Jer.,.y cattle (Consular A,..„t He;!! iK'Isey) ''''^'""""^ '"'^«''""' «•""" Gilford) ihk.,05 
 
 Cattle la Cornwall (Consul Fox, I'lymouth) "^-207 
 
 Cattle in Scotland (Consul Wells, numlee) . .' 207 
 
 Scotch brc'eding cattle for the Uniteil St..f..a //> 1' r 208-217 
 
 Cattle in Ireland (Consul Pia.t.Wk;''^""^"'^'""''^'''^^^^^^ ^IT--! 
 
 liiitter industry of Ireland (Consul Piatt Cork) 224-228 
 
 Butler trade of Cork (T. .f. Clan.hv Cork) 22'J-m 
 
 Ihitter industry of Ireland (evidence of Willi.im'j'r'n.mnVp ',' "I"; ^^-'^'^ 
 
 House of Comm.M.s) vviiiiam J. Lane, of Cork, before committee of 
 
 A Wiltshire diary record (James i:onKrne,chin;EnKUmi; ='='^=="' 
 
 Inuisport ot cattle (.rames LouK) . • 691 
 
 British cattle nmrkets((,NmsulRyde;,'copenhairen) ""^ 
 
 M.xedluo,! for. ittle (.fames I.onK, Hetcbin, Kniflandl ''"*^'"'" 
 
 baudrlnKhan., Prince of Waloss herd (Kdmuud Beck UL'ent') ""■'•'"* 
 
 ' '' ' 710 
 
 ■ J 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 United Kingdom— Contlnnetl. p,-^ 
 
 Cattle lutbo Weald of Kont (W. MoHond, Kent) 7li 
 
 Cattle and shiiep in Buck* (John TrBnUwell, Bucks) !*.!!.'.!!!!! 711 
 
 Prlie breeders of BrltiHh tattle (Sir B. T. Brandreth Oibbs) .'.'...'....'. 712-715 
 
 MUk yield of sixty British cows (Consul-GenerHl Morritt, London) 715, 716 
 
 Position ofEnglish dairy farming in 1883 (Gilbert Murray) ',i(j!.720 
 
 Milking trials at the London Dairy Show (ConmilGeneral Merritt, London) 720-722 
 
 Central Clmniberof Agriculture 703 
 
 Eally increase in weight of various British breads of cattle (Consul-Oeneral Merritt, 
 London) ^,3 
 
 British prize cattle (CnnHiil-GHnerHl Merritt, London) 735-742 
 
 Breeds of sheep in the United Kingdom (CoiisiiltJcneral Merritt, London) 75^-760 
 
 Breeds of jiigs in the United Kingdom (Consulf ienoral Merritt, London) 700-702 
 
 Cotswold sheep (H. T. Elwes, Cheltenham, Englend) 702, 70:< 
 
 Long-wool Liucolns (John W. Macklnder, Mere Hall, Lincoln) "'703 
 
 Southdown 8heei>— history, breeding, and maimgenient (Henry Wood, Morton, Thetford) . . . 703-772 
 
 Southdown sheep and Canibridgoshiro farming (from the Field newspaper) 773-777 
 
 Weights of shoep at Islington (Mark Lano Express) 778-7H2 
 
 Sheep aud mutton in 1883 (Live-stock Journal) 782-7R8 
 
 Sheep portraits (Consul-Oeneral Merritt, London) 788, 78K 
 
 Berkshire pigs (Joseph Saunders and Alfred Ashworth) 789 
 
 Yorkshire pigs (Sanders Spencer) 789,790 
 
 Black Suffolk pigs (J. A. Smith, Ipswich) '79^^ 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 liniTISII CATTI.K. 
 
 Plate, 
 >'o. 
 
 
 
 '.'4 
 
 25 
 
 343 
 
 344 
 
 345 
 
 10 
 II 
 •li 
 29 
 :w 
 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 34!l 
 
 3:,o 
 
 Deiortption.' 
 
 I Cow, Pretty Face... 
 
 Bull 
 
 Cow 
 
 Cow, Plilox 
 
 Bull, Swoet William 
 Cow, Tomptress 8tb 
 
 1. DEVONS. 
 
 03 
 
 C4 
 
 05 
 
 317 
 3IH 
 31!» 
 320 
 321 
 322 
 323 
 324 
 o25 
 320 
 327 
 32H 
 329 
 330 
 331 
 332 
 333 
 334 
 335 
 336 
 337 
 
 338 i 
 
 339 ' 
 
 340 ' 
 311 I 
 342 
 
 Ilolfor, Leonora: 
 Ox 
 
 Hull, Flsliorman. 
 r.iill. Owi 
 
 i. IIEREFORUS. 
 
 hood only i plate 350 1h a full portrait of thU animal , 
 
 Ilerufiinl . 
 
 lorman. Owned by tho Earl of (;()vontrv 
 111(1 j.y Mr. J. II. Vi'oiilann, Stri-tton CourV"..„.„.„... 
 Hull'Rom^ ^ "■■■ *^' "• "^*°'°'''"'- «tieti.)n Court, Hereford; 
 
 Ox. A celebrated prize animai !!!.!;;." 
 
 Cow, Golden Treasure 
 
 Cow, Giantess 
 
 Hull, Tbon,;htfal 
 
 Heifer, Leonora 
 
 • ••••••• ••• 
 
 3. HnOKTHORNS. 
 
 Ox. Owned bv Mr. Bnlt. First in his class nt Islington . . 
 Heifer, V'j;A'H"'y''2 '5"'-^ Owned by Lor.l Fltzlmrd^nKe 
 Cow, Lady Wellosley 2nd. Owned by kr. HawsU^rne ** 
 
 Cow, crossbreed, dairy_ -"^luo 
 
 Hull. Owned by Mrs.1lutchinsonVC8tt^Viok,YoTki"hlre"'' 
 Cow. Owmd by Mrs. Hut. binson, Catteriolc, Yorksbire. 
 (leslsnatod " Devon " in portrait) «»">»re. 
 
 Bull, Foscoe, white. " ' • ■ 
 
 at the Royal Ajrricu 
 
 Peilhshire, Scotlui 
 Cow, 
 
 (This cow Is erroneoasiy 
 milturn. Show, finglund. Owned by LonI Sirathallkn Aucht°?a?d!* 
 
 liiiU. A prize nninial. owned in Seotlnnii 
 
 Hull. Dukeof Uudorioy 
 
 Cow, lady Violet 
 
 Heifer, Lady Violet 
 
 Hull, Ancho'r. 
 
 Hull, Xi-li>raacbu8 
 
 Cow, Lady ( "urew 3rd 
 
 Cow, Victoria [ 
 
 Cow, Maiden "' 
 
 Heifer, Gaiety «th '■ 
 
 lliifcr, Stanwiok Rose ' 
 
 Cow, April Hose 
 
 Hull, Uuke of Howl, lobn .'.' 
 
 I "(JW, HarouusH Oxford 3rd '.. 
 
 Hull, Duki- of Liiiinter 
 
 Cow, Matrblessflth *..' 
 
 Ciiw, (Jrniioiis [\[ 
 
 Hull, Aeropolls ]." 
 
 l:ull, Xiuth Uuke of TroKnnter.'." 
 
 Cow, DuchcHs 119th 
 
 CoH , Honesty [[ 
 
 Cow, Beau ty" No. 22 [ 
 
 Cow, licaut V No. 35 " 
 
 Cow, Ked C)u!rry ..,1 
 
 Cow, Innocence' 'Jnd of Naseby .'. 
 
 Cow, May I)n<'lies.s J5th 
 
 Bull, Su Simeon " 
 
 Page. 
 
 • Particulars relating to eachftnimal, ' 
 
 100 
 167 
 157 
 740 
 740 
 740 
 
 110 
 
 no 
 
 101 
 
 let 
 
 161 
 174 
 174 
 174 
 174 
 740 
 74U 
 
 in 
 98 
 
 157 
 157 
 
 213 
 
 213 
 213 
 788 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 733 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 7.38 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 738 
 
 no particulars are «lvei mUern.i^r\ltZi:^T^'^:X^^^^^^ 
 
 ▼ii 
 
 MM 
 
mA.m 
 
 viir 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I 
 
 Plate 
 
 No. 
 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 
 847 
 
 34H 
 
 1 
 81 
 83 
 32 
 
 12 
 18 
 20 
 27 
 861 
 8fi2 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 34 
 
 as 
 
 44 
 
 4S 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 
 SO 
 
 61 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 65 
 60 
 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 
 87 
 58 
 bO 
 70 
 71 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 72 
 73 
 
 16 
 17 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 353 
 364 
 
 DencriptloD. 
 
 4. LONOnORNS. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Bull, DarewpU. Owned by Mr. B. 
 
 Cow, hemlof • .■■.■■■k,"r'l"'A"'Ji^' 
 
 Stp.Tn. FlfHt nt Ifllngton. Owned by Sir John Crowe. 
 
 Bull, Prince Victor 
 
 Cow, Cnlko •• 
 
 1 
 
 5. RED POLLS. 
 
 Group. Bull, navywm 3d ; cow, Sllnut Lady j low, Po'ly--- 
 
 Uull. Owned by ^ou. J. J. Colman, Coriow IIou»e, >'>rw oh 
 
 Cow. Owi...d by lion. J. J. Colman, Carrow ouh.., Norw c 
 
 Cow. Owntdby Hon. J.J. Colmim, Cunow Uouuiv Norwich 
 
 e. 81SSEX. 
 
 Cow. Flr«tprlzoatTunlMidp,Wtdlj^^ pwuedl.yM.'8«rH^J.iU^^^^ 
 
 Heifer. 8.cood prize nt TunlirldKO Wells Owned by Mr. J. 8, lloUson 
 
 Bull Owned by Mr. John Plumer, Horslinni, t-imsex 
 
 Cow'. Owuudby Mr. John I'liinier, HoihIiuui, bu»8ex 
 
 Hetfer. Arepresentatlvo animal 
 
 Heifer. A repreneutalivo aniiual 
 
 7. POLLED AXOIS. 
 
 Bull, EnKliBhman. Owned by Mr. S. Stephenson, Baliol CoUeKO Farn>, Long Benton, 
 NewcaHtloui)on.T;SU«. ^ ^___ Owned by Mr. Stephenson, also 
 
 Cow, Pride of 'Abepfeen, at four years °f "•'''• "JJ 'i^l/'yJ; 
 Bull Owned by Mr. Clement Stevens, Saud.vf oid V ilia, J(e 
 Cow. Owned by Mr. Clement Stevens, Sandyfonl Villa, Ne 
 
 Hull, Prince of the Kealm 
 
 Yearling, Kavoniii 
 
 Heifer, Favorite ■■•■• •,•_ 
 
 Hull Prince of tho Kealm, at fourteen months 
 
 (Irnup of heifer.'*, KInoehtry breed ,,„" ' •; 
 
 Bull, VounK Hero ; bud by Mr. Hannav. of C,8veni 
 B.anf Shows . second pri/.e at the HiBhlnn.l huclet> 
 
 wcaatleupou-Tvno 
 
 Newcastleupon-Tyno 
 
 avVnwood. Won first prizes at Tui riff and 
 ■■'■■*■■ Show i plate at Turriff, ic. Brou«h, 
 
 Pag*. 
 
 04 
 04 
 
 04 
 740 
 740 
 
 88 
 182 
 
 162 
 
 114 
 114 
 lUll 
 Hid 
 7411 
 741) 
 
 i:i;» 
 
 ],■)!» 
 I(i4 
 104 
 'ih> 
 210 
 210 
 •J 10 
 210 
 210 
 
 $1,340 at public sale in 188.1. 
 
 Hei'ferPHfio of Aberdeen (plate 19 shows the matured animal). Winner of prizes as 
 calf 'yearlin«; u^'d Jwo.ye,lr old. B.ed by Mr. Hanuay, Oav.nwood. 
 
 iJalf, Prospera Prioress 
 
 Owned by Mr. itaiinny. 
 
 Calf of tho celcbri'ted prize tew 
 
 Owned by Mr. Hannay, Oavenwood 
 
 Idi ' 
 
 Heifer, Benettt. Won first prize at ""."l'/' '" \'^^f 
 Blackbird, of Coratchy, which was sold foi $.00. 
 
 deen. Bred and owned by Mr. lerguson, of Kinothtry. 
 
 Bull, Sir Maurice 
 
 Cow Juno 
 
 S\bi. 2dof TiU.vfour 
 
 8. POLLED «.4«.LOWAT8. 
 
 Bull. Prize winner at the niKhland Society Shows. 
 Cow. Prue winner at tho Highland Society Shows. 
 
 Bull, Harden 
 
 Cow, Clara 
 
 Heifer, Lalla Bookh 
 
 1». nUilllANDEKS. 
 
 hlaiid Agricultural Society Show. Owned 
 
 West Hiiihland Bull. First prize at the Hi;;hland Agricultural bociety isnoi 
 bv the liarl of Sealield, Castle Grant, Giantowu. 
 
 West HiKhlan.l bull. Iwoveiir old. Prize winner 
 
 West Highland bull. Ituke ot At ho e s herd 
 
 West HlL'hlaud cow. Duko ot Athidu sherd 
 
 10. AYR8HIUES. 
 
 Owned bv Mr. 
 
 Bull. First prize winner. Owned by Mr. Bartlemore 
 
 liSn- |^s?;,?/.J^i;i^!:r»t'u:."nl^;^liiIdA^uiturai-So<:ietyShow 
 
 C.Jv^^'^-'^ll^hm'ilnd Male'owm^l bi' nie Dowager Duchess of Athole, Dunkeld. Con- 
 Bidered very fine specimens ot the bleed. 
 
 Cow, Jane 
 
 Cow. (Representative dairy cow) 
 
 21U 
 
 210 
 2'.0 
 
 210 
 210 
 
 210 
 
 21U 
 
 223 
 
 2:!:i 
 2'j;j 
 
 224 
 224 
 
 224 
 224 
 
 212 
 224 
 224 
 
 m 
 
 212 
 
 212 
 
 I'latn 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 14 
 
 Cow. 
 
 38 
 
 Dull 
 
 ;in 
 
 Cow. 
 
 3.V. 
 
 Iteife 
 
 aoo 
 
 Cow, 
 
 ;i.w 
 
 ('ow, 
 
 3,18 
 
 Cow, 
 
 :i,TO 
 
 Cow, 
 
 .100 
 
 Cow, 
 
 301 
 
 Cow, 
 
 302 
 30.1 
 304 
 303 
 
 20 
 21 
 36 
 37 
 3fia 
 
 15 
 
 i)46 
 
 71 
 
 ('ow ... 
 
 7(1 
 
 Cow . . . 
 
 78 
 
 Hull... 
 
 77 
 
 Bull ... 
 
 70 
 
 "» 
 
 Cow . . . 
 
 80 
 
 Ox. Di 
 
 SI 
 
 Cow . . . 
 
 82 
 
 Bull... 
 
 83 
 
 Oi 
 
 84 
 
 Ox. J'r 
 
 S.'i 
 
 Ox Pr 
 
 122 
 
 Cow . . . 
 
 iU 
 
 Milch w 
 
 126 
 
 Cow. 1 
 
 86 
 
 Cow . . . 
 
 87 
 
 Bull... 
 
 88 
 
 Ox 
 
 Bull.. 
 Cow .. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I'liitn 
 No. 
 
 14 
 
 ;i5M 
 
 ;ij7 
 a.w 
 
 350 
 .1110 
 ■Ml 
 
 362 
 3('hl 
 3111 
 
 305 
 
 ;o 
 
 ;'l 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 366 
 
 15 
 
 OMoriptlon. 
 
 Cow. 
 Hull. 
 
 (A roprcionUtlvo aalnial) 
 
 It. JIB8KTI. 
 
 cow. uwnea by Mr. B. J. Arnold. SumnierlHud Uouio; Jerwy, 
 
 Ptlio wlnniTH . 
 
 •••••■••••■•a 
 
 llfiriT anil (^alvow. 
 Cow, Vulvtitt'pu... 
 
 Cow, Alice 
 
 Cow, LoDgneTlllo B«llo . . 
 
 Cow, Coomaaaea 
 
 Cow, Luoa 
 
 Cow, Lady Kmlly Fo'liy id ;.".'. "".Wl"';""" 
 
 ••••■•• •« 
 
 Cow, Valentine 8d 
 
 Hull, Snnlroof Vaajbeletn..'. '. 
 
 Cow. First lu ber cluaa at Readliijr ." 
 Cow, Eli>i{aDte " 
 
 I'i. fiDBBNSBTB. 
 
 13. WKIMH tATTlK. 
 
 w\ri?;;^T ' o!J?.e^'.Ty^'i,f u:"v;'.'i[.r' "*"• """"=" "^ ^■^"^ '•"" • 
 
 Owned hv Miilor Pint t, of IlanKor. 
 
 Owned by Malor Piatt, of Ilanuoi 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Y 
 
 Ox 
 
 Cow. Owned by MaJor Piatt, of UanKor '.■.■.'. 
 
 Yo>arliot{ ball and lieifer 
 
 K.. KKRRV CATUK. 
 
 Bmi. From the Knighi of Kerry's herd 
 
 IS. eUFFOlKS. 
 
 346 Cow, Wild Rose. 
 
 FItENCII CATTLE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. ] 
 
 71 
 
 Cow . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7S 
 
 Cow . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 null . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 Hull . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. FLEMISH A>D CROSSES. 
 
 Ox 
 
 (;ow 
 
 Ox. Unrham-Flemiab.. 
 
 SI I Cow 
 b'i i Bull 
 
 Ox.. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Ox 
 
 a. NORM.iNDY AND CROSSES. 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 Wi 
 122 
 
 m 
 
 12S 
 
 J'rize Dnrham-Swi'tV.CotentimV 
 Prizo Dniham SwItz.Norniunuv 
 Cow ■ 
 
 M ilch cow. Norman-Col'entlne'. .... 
 Cow. Durhani-Xonuau .".'"' 
 
 86 Cow . 
 
 87 Bull . 
 63 Ox... 
 
 Hull... 
 Cow ... 
 
 Bl Cow 
 
 92 Bull 
 
 B'i Ox ; 
 
 04 I'rizuor 
 
 95 Ox. Durham-Charolaluo"! 
 
 Wi Bull 
 
 HV Prize 0.x ... 
 121 I Beef cattle. 
 
 3. BRITTANT DRKKD. 
 
 4. PARTRENAISe BREED. 
 
 8. CUAROIAISE BREED. 
 
 «. tI.MOlSl.\E BREED. 
 
 IX 
 
 Pagt, 
 
 1 10 
 106 
 lOU 
 
 Hi 
 
 74a 
 
 T4!i 
 74a 
 743 
 74a 
 743 
 
 743 
 743 
 743 
 74a 
 
 13.1 
 1S:| 
 lUO 
 ICO 
 
 742 
 
 129 
 
 740 
 
 240 
 '.'40 
 340 
 240 
 240 
 240 
 240 
 
 243 
 243 
 243 
 243 
 24,T 
 
 2H2 
 282 
 
 240 
 210 
 240 
 
 247 
 247 
 
 248 
 248 
 
 248 
 248 
 248 
 
 248 
 248 
 278 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate I 
 No. I 
 
 Deacdption. 
 
 7. MANCRllE BREED. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 09 ' Ox. Duihatn-MnncoUe 
 
 IW) I Ox. Prize, Uurbam-Manoella. 
 
 a. COHTOISE BREED. 
 
 101 I Cow. 
 
 102 A prize ox. 
 
 0. FEMELIXE BREED. 
 
 103 Bull , 
 
 104 I Bull 
 
 105 i Cuv and calf. 
 
 106 i Bull 
 
 117 Bull 
 
 11. 8ALER8 BREZD. 
 12. fiARONNAISE BREED. 
 
 107 
 118 
 
 108 
 IL'O 
 
 Bull . 
 Bull . 
 
 1». BAZADAI8. 
 
 14. LANDAISE BREED. 
 
 Bull. Pacing aDimal. 
 Bull 
 
 109 Bull . 
 
 Ill 
 
 114 
 
 112 
 
 lia 
 
 no 
 
 123 
 
 15. GASCON RREED. 
 
 10. BARETON BREED. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 17. BEARNAI6E BREED. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 1«. ALGERIA.\ UREED. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Cow. Gevaudnn breed. 
 Cow. Bordelaisc breed 
 Cow. Holland breed — 
 
 19. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 3U1 
 3U2 
 
 'Mj 
 306 
 307 
 3QH 
 3o9 
 310 
 311 
 31'.' 
 313 
 :!U 
 31J 
 310 
 
 I 
 
 20. BREED NOT DESIGNATED. 
 
 Frencb 
 Frcneb 
 French 
 French 
 French 
 Fiench 
 French 
 Frencli 
 French 
 French 
 French 
 I'nnch 
 i 1 unch 
 Frencli 
 Fiuncli 
 French 
 
 bull. 
 
 bull , 
 
 bull 
 
 biiU 
 cow . 
 ox .. 
 
 bull 
 row 
 bull 
 bull. 
 
 Page. 
 
 249 
 249 
 249 
 
 250 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 250 
 
 254 
 272 
 
 25:; 
 
 2T4 
 
 256 
 277 
 
 257 
 
 257 
 
 257 
 
 270 
 
 72.'^ 
 
 T-.'R 
 
 7:'ti 
 :-2i 
 
 'irt 
 
 726 
 
 728 
 728 
 
 130 
 
 ijnl 
 
 131 
 
 ('■oy\ 
 
 133 
 
 I'li'j 
 
 134 
 
 I'rj 
 
 135 
 
 Prli 
 
 130 
 
 Hei 
 
 137 
 
 llei 
 
 :38 
 
 Hei 
 
 139 
 
 CoT^ 
 
 140 
 
 Bui 
 
 141 
 
 Cow 
 
 142 
 
 Hull 
 
 ri3 
 
 Bull 
 
 144 
 
 Bull 
 
 145 
 
 Bull 
 
 146 
 
 Bull 
 
 147 
 
 Bull 
 
 14fi 
 
 Cow 
 
 149 
 
 Uoii 
 
 150 
 
 Ox, 
 
 151 
 
 Coiv 
 
 152 
 
 Butf 
 
 133 
 
 Al' 
 
 SWISS CATTLE. 
 
 1. SPOTTED (SIMMENTUAL) BREED. 
 
 120 I Bem'si' Imll 
 
 127 ; Simiiicniiiiii cow 
 
 128 I Black ispolteri' Fr I'duik bull. 
 128 ' Black (.spotted) Froihine row. 
 
 ;«9 
 
 2M 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XI 
 
 Plate 
 No. ' 
 
 130 
 131 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 130 
 137 
 :38 
 139 
 140 
 
 DeRoription. j Page. 
 
 — i 
 
 2. BBOWN 6CHWTTZEB BBEBD. I 
 
 iinll 202 
 
 Cow ! 292 
 
 Prize cow ... i 292 
 
 Prizocow, trnetype | 292 
 
 Prize heifer, trnetype | 292 
 
 Heifer, true typi i ;>92 
 
 Heifer, true type I 292 
 
 Heifer, fair type | 292 
 
 Cow, variation from true typo ! 292 
 
 Bull, true typ-3 I 202 
 
 VrJkJjIA^Jf CATTLE. 
 
 141 
 142 
 1.13 
 144 
 145 
 146 
 147 
 148 
 140 
 150 
 151 
 15a 
 153 
 154 
 155 
 150 
 157 
 158 
 
 Cow of Swiss breed, in Lombardj'. PriM 
 
 Hull, Jupiter. Piedmonteso breed. Prize 
 
 i3nll, Pertinace. Piedmonteso breed. Prize 
 
 Bull, Napoli. I'uplieso breed. Pri7,e 
 
 Bull, Ghinassi. Puglieae breed. Prize 
 
 Bull, Tijro. Frclburfj-Fruilaua breed. Prize 
 
 Bull, Maestro. Mantua breed. Prize 
 
 Cow, Mantova. Swiss breed. Prize 
 
 UeifiT, An ver.-fa. Dutch breed. Prize , 
 
 O-t, Fausta. PuKliese breed. Prize 
 
 Cows, Minerva and Chloe. Brittany breed. Prize 
 
 Buffalo d'ltaUa 
 
 A Piidinout bull 
 
 A Piedmont cow 
 
 A Piedmont cow , 
 
 A Piedmont mountain bull , 
 
 A Pk'djiioEt mounlain beil'or 
 
 Bull, Adam 2d. Chianina breed 
 
 324 
 326 
 "20 
 326 
 320 
 320 
 3^1) 
 320 
 320 
 32C- 
 320 
 328 
 331) 
 330 
 330 
 830 
 330 
 334 
 
 BELGIAN CATTLE. 
 
 159 Belgian cow. Dutch breed 
 
 160 Flemish cow 
 
 102 Bclpliin cow 
 
 163 I A herd of Belgian cows 
 
 367 
 867 
 372 
 373 
 
 SPANISH CATTLE. 
 
 [The pictures of these Galician oxen were taken at C'orunnu as the animals were being shipped to 
 
 England.] 
 
 168 Oaliclanox; white; four years; price, $91 ... 
 100 Galician OX; yellow ; flvo years; price, $87.50. 
 
 170 ' fiallcianox; vrllow; flvoyenra; iirice. if80.70 
 
 171 { Galician OX; brown; six years; pi ioe, $83.75. . 
 
 388 
 
 388 
 888 
 
 sub 
 
 GEllMAN CATTLE. 
 
 1. NECKAR BBEED. I 
 
 172 Cow. Ucd, with white face and whit<( lower legs ' 391 
 
 i 
 
 J. bIMME.NTHALEB. 
 
 173 Cuw. Red, with white star on fmehead •i<il 
 
 168 Cow :; '.;;.■;;;.■; 404 
 
 8. LIMR01;b» BBEED. 
 
 174 Cow. Yellow _^^ g,,l 
 
 I TRIESnonK* ItlCEKD. | 
 
 175 Cow. Spot led. led and white ' 392 
 
 * Krrouoously printed l'"rie»doil' on page 392. 
 
XII 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 176 
 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 187 
 
 170 
 180 
 
 180 
 
 181 
 
 183 
 190 
 
 183 
 
 214 
 212 
 213 
 
 5. ALB BREED. 
 
 Cow. Red, with white belly and lower legs 
 
 0. SCHWAB HALL BREED. 
 
 Cow. Dark red to brown ; white (ace 
 
 7. DUTCH BREED. 
 
 Cow. Black and white j white forehead . 
 Cow 
 
 H. MONTAFCNER BREED. 
 
 Cow. Black-brown, white stripe along the back 
 
 Cow 
 
 9. MIESBACHER BREED. 
 
 Cow. White, with red-yellow spots 
 
 10. PIMZGAUER BREED. 
 Cow. Red, with white stripe from shoulder to ramp 
 
 11. ALLGACER BREED. 
 
 Plate I 
 Xo. 
 
 Cow. Tellow-brown. 
 Cow 
 
 12. SCHWITZER BREED. 
 Cow. Dark brown; Black doe-Month 
 
 13. VOIGHTLAND BREED. 
 
 Cow. Color, chestnut brown ; yellow tail tuft 
 
 Head of .i VoigJuland bull 
 
 Head of aVoightland cow , 
 
 14. ANGELN BREED. 
 
 184 
 197 
 188 
 
 1&> 
 
 186 
 191 
 
 194 
 195 
 203 
 203 
 •.>05 
 200 
 •-■07 
 •JOO 
 .'10 
 211 
 
 Cow. Color, red-brown. 
 
 Prize biiU, Thomas 
 
 Prize cow 
 
 15. PODOLISCHE BREED. 
 Cow. Color yellow ; long horns ; originally from Southern Russia ; meat cattle. 
 
 10. .Mi'RZTHALER BREED. 
 
 Cow. Color, gray; link between tho St<'ppe and Mountain breed 
 
 17. r.lA.W BREED. 
 
 BuU. 
 
 1*1. OLDE.MURG AND EAST PRLSIA.N BREED. 
 
 Wiltermarsh prize bull. .Veptiino 
 
 WiUermarsli prizo cow, Lcamlii 
 
 Oldenburg prize bull, liuiljadinger ,1il 
 
 Oldenburg prizi' tuw, Aliiiiulh 
 
 Oldenburg- lJul^|adiDcer prize bull 
 
 Oldenburg prize heilcr, Ivei^t vc.u Oldeubuig 
 
 East Frisian prizo bull, Amur; It year.s 
 
 East Frisian cow; a eelobrated milker .. 
 
 Fast FrisiiincdW; Sii^lincle. seven years old; a good miiKcr. 
 East Frisian bull. Owned hy the c'l own Prince 
 
 VJ. MESNKHUU (HADE.N) BREED. 
 
 215 
 216 
 
 217 
 218 
 210 
 220 
 
 221 I 
 
 222 , 
 22-^ 
 
 Cow. 
 Cow. 
 Ci)W. 
 Bull. 
 Bull. 
 
 Front view 
 Side view. . 
 Side view.. 
 Front view . 
 Side view 
 
 Yearling heifer. Side view. 
 
 20, IHRZ BRKED, 
 
 Bull. Five years old. Owned by Mr. Stahl, nf Altenau, on the Harz 
 
 Cow. bix years old. Owue.l liy Mr. Croiil'ai ti.ji . of ( laiistUal, ou llin Itarz . 
 
 Low. beven to eight years old. Owned by Mr. Uohnlior.-l, ot Claiistlial, on tlio Uarz 
 
 802 
 
 302 
 
 392 
 404 
 
 893 
 40S 
 
 303 
 
 304 
 
 405 
 
 394 
 
 443 
 44a 
 443 
 
 305 
 413 
 413 
 
 395 
 
 380 
 
 400 
 
 413 
 
 413 
 419 
 
 4111 
 4L'ii 
 4L0 
 41'') 
 41'! 
 ■Il.'l 
 4U 
 
 47:' 
 47:' 
 
 47:' 
 
 472 
 
 472 
 472 
 
 4f'J 
 ■l-'j 
 •182 
 
 192 
 
 Ay 
 
 199 
 
 Hbv 
 
 20O 
 
 Bav 
 
 2U1 
 
 Pon 
 
 196 
 
 Bre' 
 
 2U4 
 
 Onii 
 
 208 
 
 Poll 
 
 225 
 
 ! Choln 
 
 228 
 
 ODg 
 
 Choln 
 
 227 
 
 em 
 Cholni 
 
 228 
 
 nort 
 Redai 
 
 229 
 
 951(1 1 
 
 men 
 Dun c( 
 
 (ir.tv 1 
 
 232 
 
 233 
 234 
 23» 
 236 
 237 
 
 238 
 
 2>0 
 241 
 
 242 
 243 
 
 244 
 
 24,') 
 246 
 
 247 
 L'48 
 
 :'49 
 :'.-.0 
 ■:'>i 
 
 2.'/2 
 
 :'j;i 
 :'54 
 
 
 t 
 
 255 
 258 
 
 : Bull, -w 
 
 I Cow. W 
 
 
 2.17 . 
 258 j 
 
 Jersey cov 
 Jersey cow 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 392 
 
 302 
 
 392 
 404 
 
 893 
 405 
 
 303 
 
 394 
 405 
 
 394 
 
 443 
 443 
 443 
 
 303 
 413 
 413 
 
 395 
 
 390 
 
 
 
 4oe 
 
 
 413 
 
 
 413 
 
 • . . . . 
 
 419 
 
 
 41!) 
 
 
 4;ii 
 
 
 4:0 
 
 
 4l'o 
 
 
 4l'l 
 
 ... 
 
 4:1 
 
 
 47:' 
 
 .... 
 
 47:' 
 
 .... 
 
 47:' 
 
 
 472 
 
 .... 
 
 472 
 
 — 
 
 472 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 4-2 
 
 rz..l 
 
 482 
 
 DeBoription. 
 
 A yoke of Bavarian worklnc cattl., 
 Bavarian prize baU "^*'"s <=»"'o 
 
 Bavarian prize cow 
 
 Pomeranian prize bnllVBlondiu 
 
 Breitenburg prize bnll^ Conrad 
 
 21. MISCEILANEOIIS BREEDS. 
 
 DUXCE CATTLE. 
 
 224 Cow. Wonye. A celebrated breeder 
 
 and milker.. 
 
 XIII 
 
 Page. 
 
 406 
 413 
 413 
 413 
 4ia 
 410 
 420 
 
 SIO 
 
 KUSSIAN CATTJLE. 
 
 "''.!^'.!'!".°'.'!-. ..^'""***' Soverament of Arch. 
 Habitat, goveVnmeniof ArchingeY. nirth".' 
 
 I Cholmogovian cow rfn.Ct" ' 1 ■ 
 
 Dar^,^'^Jat«^i'-iVt^^''1r "^ """"'^ "' -eat:- Habiiat;«ove™. 
 
 Gr«arox""lf.e1/a?±"' f ??- ^^^^^ 
 
 Red cow. Four yeaiiolll'! 'Hal.r'aT""'^' fio^'Tniuoutol Va vosla'ff " 'c'u'ntV.'r t^; 
 
 238 
 
 glack and white cow. J'ivo ViiJrToM ,>-,-"■"- "°""a' Kroup - 
 
 UlackbornleHncow. Thro,, von;»"Vr- W """"'eui ot I'orm, cen- 
 
 Kroiip 
 
 A FluuiHh bull 
 
 A FiiiulNh tow ..'.'..'. 
 
 Sli nil, Ilu, primigeni'ui '.'.'.'. 
 hkiill, Sot lalifront 
 
 Polish buIJ... 
 
 I'uli.shfow... 
 
 I'olish liiill ......W 
 
 I'oiiMb bull .. 
 
 IVlish bull ....'.'.' 
 
 HUNG.UUAN CATTLE. 
 
 :'55 
 256 : 
 
 Dull. ■\VIiit(> native 
 Cow. Whlto native.'. 
 
 CANADIAN CATTLE. 
 
 2.17 
 258 
 
 I Jersey cow. 
 I Jersey cow. 
 
 o!;i;iUs"(yr':'':.^r''"' 
 
 857 
 657 
 
lav. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 MEXICAX CATTLE. 
 
 Plate 
 No. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Page. 
 
 209 
 
 Cow 
 
 
 679 
 
 270 
 
 Oxen 
 
 670 
 
 271 
 
 BnU 
 
 670 
 
 268 
 
 Mexican cattle hranda 
 
 670 
 
 
 
 
 BBAZILIAIf CATTLE. 
 
 272? 
 2735 
 274 
 
 275 
 276 
 277 
 278 
 270 
 28U 
 281 
 282 
 
 Native oxen and cart . 
 Native cow 
 
 SIXGHALESE CATTLE. 
 
 Half-breed bnllocks and cart 
 Draucbt bullocka in Colombo 
 
 Family bandy 
 
 Tanjore drangbt ox 
 
 Half-breed di'au);bt bullock. . 
 Plowing with oxen in Ceylon 
 
 HauUn."; timber in Ceylon 
 
 Ceylon' buii'alo cart , 
 
 630 
 630 
 
 656 
 656 
 650 
 636 
 050 
 C5G 
 C56 
 6J6 
 
 I'latc 
 Xo. 
 
 
 2«li 
 '.'67 
 
 19.1 
 
 Plan o< 
 
 Fa.m 1 
 
 at th( 
 
 Plan of 
 
 
 many 
 
 101 
 
 Deliver! 
 
 164 
 
 A Fiemi 
 
 I(i5 
 
 A Brabfl 
 
 106 
 
 An Ant 
 
 107 
 
 ADutol 
 
 307 Oxford II 
 368 Oxford D 
 360 Oxford II 
 
 I 
 
 SCIENTIEIC D. IRT IMPLEMENTS AST) MACHINES. 
 
 m 
 
 \>.'i 
 
 ■^ 
 
 259 
 200 
 201 
 262 
 203 
 
 264 
 205 
 283 
 •-'84 
 285 
 286 
 
 :;87 
 
 288 
 280 
 290 
 291 
 292 
 293 
 204 
 
 295 
 296 
 297 
 298 
 290 
 300 
 
 Milk tent: Specific pravity of milk from diiforeDt breeds of cow-s. (Fig. 1) 
 
 Cream test: Cream by volume, from different breeds of cows (Fig. 2) 
 
 Cream test: Cream by weight, from difl'erent breeds of cows. (Fig. 3) 
 
 Milk test: Agreement of specific gravity of milk with actual weiglit if cream. (Flz. 4) 
 Cream and butter test: Agreement of cream by weight, with butter, by weight, fiom 
 
 milk of ditt'erent breeds of cows. (Fig. 5) 
 
 Butter test: Butter from milk, bv wiight, from ditferent breeds of cows. (Fig. 6) 
 
 Butter test; Butter from cream, from milk of different breeds of cows. (Fig. 7) , 
 
 Milk-testing set: Lactometer, cruamumeter, and thermometer 
 
 Guevenno's original lactometer, or lui'todonsimeter 
 
 Creamometer on stand , 
 
 Gorman creamometcr or cream-testing tube 
 
 Lactobutryometcr on stand, with stopper 
 
 Feser's lactroscope 
 
 Copper bath, showing three pipettes and three lactrobutryometer tabes within 
 
 Aerometer for extracting fats; Professor Soxhlet's 
 
 De Lavel's Swedish separator; drum, milk chamber; cream chamber 
 
 H. C. Petersen's Danish separator 
 
 Kord's regrilar, cream , 
 
 Fjord's regulator— by this ujuihine any percentage of cream can be skimmed by the 
 
 Danish separator 
 
 Scale showing the value of each system . , 
 
 Vertical drum cream separator of Petersen, of Hambarg 
 
 Aarbus cream separator , 
 
 Narskov centrifugal separator , 
 
 Lefeldt cream separator 
 
 Lefeldt cream separator 
 
 563 
 563 
 503 
 563 
 
 503 
 503 
 503 
 0.S-, 
 68.) 
 
 6(!.j 
 
 685 
 0K5 
 flt'fi 
 685 
 685 
 6l>^ 
 688 
 
 68S 
 
 688 
 688 
 
 688 
 
 088 
 688 
 6S.> 
 688 
 
 BUTCHERING AND KILLING CATTLE. 
 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 132 
 
 How the Paris butchers cut up a beef... 
 How the Lisle butchers cut up a beef. . . 
 How the London butchers cut Lp a beef. 
 Swiss method of killing cattle 
 
 26() 
 201 
 261 
 295 
 

 Page. 
 
 
 679 
 670 
 679 
 679 
 
 
 630 
 
 630 
 
 
 
 656 
 656 
 650 
 656 
 656 
 056 
 C56 
 656 
 
 
 rom 
 
 563 
 563 
 563 
 563 
 
 563 
 563 
 563 
 0.S-. 
 08.-, 
 
 6(!.j 
 
 685 
 0K5 
 6^5 
 68.') 
 685 
 6l>^ 
 
 6»*t5 
 
 08S 
 
 68g 
 
 esd 
 
 688 
 
 688 
 68,> 
 688 
 
 • 
 
 .... 
 
 26.) 
 261 
 261 
 295 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 MODEL FARM Aim CATTLE HOTJSE.S. 
 
 XV 
 
 I'latc 
 Xo. I 
 
 Deooription. 
 
 261 i 
 '.'67 
 
 19.1 
 
 lirLTd1^'«r°f1h'e'fn1il'4'.^$rarir.''"f^V"'"- <^"«lP'', Ontario 
 
 Page. 
 
 563 
 503 
 406 
 
 MILK AKD MILKMAIDS. 
 
 101 
 164 
 I(i5 
 106 
 167 
 
 °«"^erliie milk in Belgium 
 A riemish milkmaid 
 
 A lirabant milkmaid 
 
 An Antwerp milkmaid .' ' "" ' 
 A Dutch milkmaid 
 
 
 
 37J 
 
 
 
 374 
 
 ■ *•>• 
 
 
 374 
 
 
 
 374 
 
 
 
 374 
 
 ENGLISH SHEEP. 
 
 307 Oxford Sown rara 
 
 369 Oxford Down ram, Oampsfleld: 
 
 7S0 
 789 
 
 h 
 
In 
 
 Till 
 
 meat cir 
 J'ltrmhiii 
 several « 
 
 Janiaky '." 
 
 Sir: At 
 dated -Itil.v 
 ill ibivij^ii 
 rcct'iviii''' t 
 l)r('('<UM'.s ill 
 prove our i 
 
 (!!lttl('. illld 
 tll('l'('l)()l'IS 
 
 Tlic form 
 into tlic cin 
 iiu'iit, as to 
 would not ( 
 ill liic f'oriii 
 points cove 
 
 (I) I'llC lies 
 
 (>x|M)il ; till' li 
 
 )ll i( cs of tlin 
 vniilf, 
 
 {•>) Till' t(il: 
 till' srvrral Im 
 
 Cri'MSl' lll'Ntlll'l 
 (.•!) Wlii'tll.' 
 
 nt'liiiiiii'ili'iji.'n 
 [ (li'iii,'iiiil.-i, ilii' 
 ( I) How nil 
 
 till' llCSl llll'lll) 
 
 III reifard 
 hvliicli deals 
 
LETTER 
 
 FROM 
 
 THE SECRETARY OF STATE 
 
 TliANSAirmXfi TO 
 
 Ihr, SpeakrroJ the Ifouse of UepreHcntatlmn rcpartt, hi rephi to a Demrt- 
 mcntnrvHlar.Jrom the consuls of the United States, on cattle and llairu 
 Jm-mn,!i «ud the markets Jor cattle, bee /\ and da!n, products in their 
 several districts. 
 
 .Taniakv '.^ IHSii.-Uoferrr.l to Mm (UmimUv.o on ARrinulturo an.l or.loml t., 1„ 
 
 pi'intt'il. 
 
 Depatitmknt ov State, 
 
 Washiuf/ton, Jannarif 20, ISSfi. 
 
 dated .l.ily IS, ISs.}, covonri- t\w f|uostioii of cattle and cattle. Drodncts 
 111 loiv.n-ii countncH, was tiansinitt,.,! to our consuls, with tho vi.nvoV 
 mclvm,!.- tlicrcfio.n such lufoiiuatioii as niio-ht he useful to the stock- 
 
 l)iv("dcis and dairy larinors ot tliq United States in their eflbrts to 
 prove our luitive sto(!k, and to «leveloi) a rorei;,ni market I 
 
 un- 
 
 K\\\k\ and (!attlo products. I have now th<^ i. 
 ^'2 the reports received in answer to this circular. 
 
 Tlie forms presented by the stockmen, and whiel 
 
 or our surplus 
 lonor to sulmiit herewith 
 
 . . - . , ...... ...111,11 iiv;ii3 II 
 
 into tlie Circular, were so contracted in scopcand so technical 
 iiiciit as to satisfy the l)ei)artment that the consid 
 would not cover the many interests involved • 1 
 
 I were incori)orated 
 
 ill tiie form of sii^^^restions and direcjtion 
 
 p(!iiits covered by these memoranda w 
 
 in arraiifje- 
 
 ;ir responses thereto 
 
 ; lience some memoranda, 
 
 S w(Mv added. The i»rincii>al 
 
 ere as follows 
 
 (I) llio lu'sl met lio.ls of ox-port inu; ciiltl,. to tli.> Uiiito.l Statos • tim ii 
 |M.il ; Ih.'lH.st routrsoC ,-xp„rt iin.l Mioo.stiiiiiitcdcost for Civi-'iil ; (I 
 
 piidsof tlin uiiiiiiulH anil tlic cstimiilcd 
 
 mil If 
 
 (•xpi'n,s(>s for iitt( 
 
 Im liost iiiiimals to 
 ; (Ik' |)iircliasiiiy; 
 inlancc a, 1(1 lood \vlii|(i rii 
 
 CJ) Till' tdt.il iimiiiImt of catMc in cacli district 
 
 till' M'Viiai Im 
 
 II 
 
 or conntry ami tli,» porciMit; 
 
 crease (irstncji, and the causes f liercol. 
 
 (.'!) Wliellier the stock of I'acli coniiti'v 
 oriioiiiedeijiMlids, ll 
 (leli 
 
 'erc<'nta;;t« lor the dairy and (li,. l.iit'.'lier- 11 
 
 of 
 
 M' increase' or d(> 
 
 le countries to wliicli tl 
 
 is siiflicicnt lor h 
 
 le excess i^ 
 
 aiids, the countries I'roni wliicii tl „,. 
 
 I) How ell ortliese supplies, ami their iiatiii 
 
 |iorl( . 
 needed supplies are d 
 
 I'inaiids; if in ixccss 
 irinsiilliclcnt tor lioino 
 
 raw 11. 
 
 i tlie hesi ni 
 
 KMiis lor iiicrcMsinj;- the exports to eael 
 
 . isdrawn I'loin t]w Fnitcd Stati's; 
 
 ll 
 
 I coiintiN from the I'nited Statt 
 
 nrej,Mrd to that part of tho. •,'('neral std.jc.'t i-'s-'c >,.••' ,-; » 
 
 vliich deals with the bn^eils of cattle, tln-ir teeding,' housing; and hS 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 ling, the best breeds for importntiou into the United States and tlie 
 best manner of importation hither, and the varions other points con- 
 nected therewith, and wliich from their nature, beinfr altogether mat- 
 ters of detail, are incapable of being comjjreased into such statistical 
 compactness as would render them available or useful in a short intro- 
 ductory letter, those interested are referred to the several reports, 
 which are both exhaustive ami valuable, being prejjared in many in- 
 stances by recognized authors and exjjerts, or from information directly 
 supplied by such. That portion of the subject, however, which deals 
 with foreign meat and dairy-i>rodiU!e markets, our i)rescnt share in snp- 
 l)lying the same, and the best means tor the enlargement of our trade 
 therein, being more susceptible of profitable statistiiial analyses than 
 cattle-breeding, the following figures are submitted, in the interest of 
 our exporters of cattle and cattle products. 
 
 LIVECATTLK TUAUK. 
 
 It would seem as if the cattle, meat, and dairy producers of the world— 
 that ]>ortion, at least, which prosecutes advanced agriculture — look to 
 the British marketsfor the consumption of their surplus i)roducts. Out- 
 side of our oleomargarine trade with Holland, and a comparatively 
 smsdl export of salted beef, tallow, butter, and che(>se to Canada, the 
 West Indies, &c., our trade in cattle and cattle i>roducts is with the 
 United Kingdom, as the following statement will show: 
 
 Slatiinent Hhowing the exports of cattle mid rattle prodmtHfn.m the United Slates diirimj 
 
 the year 1H84. 
 
 Description. 
 
 nonie.1 rattle I *!?• H?".!!!!!! 
 
 ]''iosli IX'I'i' 
 
 <'iiniie(l bcel' 
 
 Sillied beef ■ 
 
 Otliorbeof 
 
 l!ii ttor 
 
 Cliceso 
 
 itll'f tiillow 
 
 01iM)niaij;iiiiiio 
 
 Comli'Dscd iiiilli 
 
 Total. 
 
 TotlipTTiiitnl 
 
 To all iitlioi' 
 
 KliiKili'iii- 
 
 ( iiiinlrirM. 
 
 $17, 3.10, »m 
 
 !|i.-l«,R,Sn 
 
 11, .11 (!,:«;!) 
 
 170, !Hi2 
 
 •_', .'")4'.', I ■-••-' 
 
 o;ii,tMr. 
 
 U, ii.iH, ;!rt! 
 
 i.n:i, MI2 
 
 no. (iL'rt 
 
 7, 7:io 
 
 i,(i-(i,;!4i 
 
 l,H74,4;i() 
 
 111, .'•■(18, r.'jo 
 
 1,1. '■>.■., 187 
 
 L', '.Ml, mis 
 
 :,H.vj,,i(i7 
 
 2(i!», 0-0 
 
 .»,(i;i;r, ;i4'.! 
 
 •jo;i, ou« 
 
 4r.,;ii;i 
 
 49,L'31,411 
 
 iJ, :;:!:!, Tii.'i 
 
 _ 
 
 
 $17 
 
 >tal. 
 
 
 H",, 
 
 4(1-, 
 
 11 
 
 US7, 
 
 :i:ii 
 
 It 
 
 171, 
 
 7(17 
 
 ;t 
 
 •JO:'. 
 
 - 1 ."i 
 
 
 ti7, 
 
 1:,^ 
 
 :i 
 
 7..0, 
 
 771 
 
 It 
 
 iu;:i, 
 
 7i;i 
 
 4 
 
 7!t;i, 
 
 :i7,''. 
 
 4 
 
 84-.', 
 
 ;!ti'j 
 
 
 •J4.S, 
 
 :iJ!i 
 
 i •" 
 
 r>n:>, 
 
 17(; 
 
 In the column of exports "to all other eoiinfries'' are jnoducts ex- 
 ported to Canada to the value of ^-VJ-'Wi-tlS, a large portion of which wiis 
 re-exported to England, and oleomargarine to Holland, which alsofoiuid 
 its way as '•butter" to the I'.ritisli markets, as will apiiear further on, 
 to tlu^ value of $l,l-7,Sii7. This would reduce the e\|>(uts to all other 
 countries at least )?r),0(»(»,(KM>, and increase those to flii' United li^ingdom 
 by that amount. Our exports during tlie yeai' may therefore be .set 
 down as follows: To the United Kingdom, .*r)f,'jr>(>,(l<l(h to all other 
 countries in Europe, ><.'{,20(»,()nO; to all countries outside of I'liiroiM', 
 !i(|,H>.S,17(>.- 
 
 It will thus b(^ seen tliiit statislics .showing the conditi(»ns which pre 
 vail in the British markets, and the nieaiis which must be tiikeii to hold 
 and enlarges our interests therein, eovei-, for all jtraetieal purposes, our 
 (!onimereial relations wilh tlie tiiitside world, as f;ir as our e\poits of 
 (•attle and (;;ittle prod iicis are coiiceiiieil. Theot her conn tries of l']iiro|M' 
 essay to Siijipiy their ouii waiit.s in tliis regaid, afid mainly siu'ce;-! iii 
 80 doing, haviiig a small surplus for export besides. It should, how- 
 ever, bo borne in mind that many of those countries are relatively no 
 
 liclier in cji 
 consumiitic 
 a meat-eati 
 iiieat-eatin^j 
 countries n 
 casions. 
 
 The same 
 
 gree, in regj 
 
 while theot 
 
 tion of our i 
 
 ()\eiiooked i 
 
 Kingdom, w 
 
 market, and 
 
 in whi(!h it 
 
 lior product; 
 
 lion ami as 1 
 
 iloiK^ miK^h t 
 
 eiir iiiixicty ; 
 
 loss and to t 
 
 llieiiiselves i 
 
 ill (li(^ Ib'ifis] 
 
 (»(' their {(rodi 
 
 sinners. 
 
 Sliilrmeiit ulimriii 
 llic i/ear 1K<.|, 
 //i/Ci.s/i ojjiiial 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 •!<"• Pn^clucls, at prices ;),ich w en^ •^'mh!'"' ''''^'f ''"""'" «"l>e- 
 
 Sliidmciit Kli„iriii>/ Ihc iiiimlii 
 
 I! ' ' ' 
 
 (itimiiii xhitiiiiiii Ihc iiiiiiil,,',- ,,„.i . I 
 
 OXKN AND l!iri,I,s 
 
 Wl 
 
 K'TICO iDipi)rt(>(l. 
 
 I'liiicil StalCM 
 
 Iliilisli Noilh Aiiipi'ic't! 
 
 DiniiiMi k 
 
 I'lirtiiL'.iil I"' 
 
 lliiniuiiy 
 
 S|i:iin 
 
 .Sni'dcn 
 
 Iliilhind ]■.".; 
 
 N'(irvv:iv __ 
 
 I'liiiiiiii'l rsl.'iiMl.s ... 
 U'i'.-.( .\ (lira 
 
 NiiiiiIh'i'. 
 
 Viiliio. 
 
 •''".OM I (i, i:':i,(ioo 
 
 ■1-'. 7l(i 
 I", IKI.'I 
 
 17, .no 
 
 1 7, 4WL' 
 I:.',4'.'(i 
 
 i;, ."itii 
 1 .11 
 
 Ti.tal 
 
 Kid, r(ii) 
 
 -•47, 8B0 
 K4, (I7H 
 l'l,T.7H 
 J70 
 
 Vnlim per 
 
 Ill/art. 
 
 
 mr. 
 
 70 
 
 W.\ (it) 
 
 !»7 
 
 .'!•.: 
 
 104 
 
 i;4 
 
 !)7 
 
 n 
 
 !«) 
 
 !M 
 
 !)7 
 
 0(1 
 
 >.m 
 
 74 
 
 !»7 
 
 OH 
 
 ltl4 T2 
 
 :i4 
 
 00 
 
 100 8K 
 
 <'()\\'S. 
 
 liiiiiirilili 
 
 Ill rniiinv 
 
 Smili'll , 
 
 ni;iiiMi'l Nhiliils. ... 
 V.iW'-h N'miiIi .\iiii'i-icii 
 
 lli.llarhl 
 
 riiitiil Slalr.M 
 
 .V.iiHay .."" 
 
 TolaK 
 
 II, ir.7 
 
 ". 1.-:; 
 
 4. IKI 
 
 ■J, Kill 
 
 l,!>77 
 1 I'i'i 
 
 4t-7 i 
 
 107 1 
 
 );i,3u 
 
 ■f( 
 
 '.'iJi 
 
 4 HO 
 
 
 OL'H 
 
 .•IIIH 
 
 
 .•llll 
 
 iuV.) 
 
 
 L'.M! 
 
 mm 
 
 
 I!!.") 
 
 H.'S 
 
 
 Wi, 
 
 .".OS 
 
 
 W2 
 
 002 
 
 
 10, 
 
 084 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 S4L', 
 
 570 
 
 H7 4)» 
 Wi 02 
 I IH ,Vl 
 «» 07 
 
 77 (»;i 
 
 100 7K 
 !»4 24 
 
 05 2!) 
 
 CAr,VK,S, 
 
 Ih.llaliil 
 
 MillMIIIlk 
 
 i^\n\m 
 
 ! i!!;i!i.|.'! !-.!ai)(l;t 
 [ .MIulliiM- 
 
 Tola! 
 
 4I,.T-K» 
 »,:)4i» 
 
 ;i,;:7t i 
 
 07 
 
 H4y7| 1,251,011 
 
 $nr,7 
 
 134 
 
 IHIi 
 
 (124 
 
 «i. 
 
 7ii;i 
 
 l-'5, 
 
 4»2 
 
 
 1I2« 
 
 $2,1 14 
 
 |!> W.I 
 1'4 2li 
 71 44 
 13 Ho 
 
 •Si 1(7 
 
WV''^»^**^^»tt*immimmfi¥m 
 
 6 
 
 CATTLIC AND DAIRY FAKMINd. 
 
 Krom tho Coicfroin^' sliiloMient Hliowin;;- tlic iiiii>ortsol"oxoii aiul bullw 
 iiili) Mk) IJiiilnl Kiii^tlt.m— tliiit is, Imtclior .stork— it will bo .si'fii lliat 
 AiiuMiciiii (till tic, if wo oxoept tlio Cliiiiiiiol ImIuikIs cattlo, wliioli iuo iiii 
 
 ])()ito(l tor brccdinj;' ])iiii>()sos, ( 
 
 omiiiaiid hijjlK'r luicos than tlio <!attIo 
 
 imported from any otlior country, ami wo may assiimo tliar, tlio best 
 bntcbor stock of tlio world is represented in that market. Tho<!attlo im- 
 ported from('anada, althoiiiili malofroiis to American cattlo, are valued 
 ut iiioro than ^V2 per head less than our cattle, while tiioso of ICniopean 
 countries arc valued at from *2.'. to $1S per head less than ours, with 
 
 ttle, wlii(!li only fall short .SU.o.l por head. 
 
 the exception of Portu;;iic.so ca 
 This, therefore, bears out soiimm) 
 
 American cattle aro. the best k<'"^ 
 Hiiest cattle ranges a 
 
 four consuls ill their as.sertioiis that 
 ral cattle in tiie world. llaviiij,'tlio 
 
 lid most favorable climate for caltle-raisiii«', the 
 superiority of our cattle, as asserted in tlio I'.iitish miirkets, is siirpiisin^r 
 only to tliose who liav(! been in tho habit— persons who assumo rather 
 than reason— of coiinectinfr lM;,'li-;;rado ciittlo with the Old World only. 
 
 is nowhere better iinder- 
 
 Tho suiicrioritv of our cattle and cattlo ranges 
 
 .stood than by tho advauced and iiitclli^;(Mit ('attlcim'n of Ontario.] Ins 
 
 i.s veritied in many ways, but in no w 
 
 fact that Canadian cattlo coin])anies, in o 
 
 ly more emphatii^ally than by tla 
 rder to keep up to tlu^ demaiids 
 
 of tlu! British markets — Canadian ca 
 
 ttlo falliii.u' far below American (rat 
 
 tie therein— liiivo been forced tt) leav(^ (Canadian pastures (or those of 
 tlie ITnited States, as a report upon the subject from the consul at 
 Sherbrooke will substantiate. Tho iiiteliij;ont and .sonsililo ollorts of 
 those companies lor the imiirovement of their vast herds are worthy ol 
 dee|> study on the i)art of our cattlemen. 
 
 The Ontario A-jricultural Commission, in the report of its proceeding's 
 published in ISSl, refers in coiiiplimeutiiry terms to th(^ superiority of 
 American cattle. i^Ir. A. .1. Tiiompsoii, :i lari,'e sliipi)er of Canadian 
 cattle to England, testilled as follows belbro the coiumi.ssion : 
 
 s (;ilv ail' l';»r .sii|icri()r lo ('iiii.'uli.iii j^ijiin-lcil 
 
 Th 
 
 Ills tliiit ('(lino Crotn Kuiisa 
 
 ciitrh'; ilicro is iioiomparisoii between tlifiii. I'eople liiive tlieii 
 
 liM lliat. lli<'r(( JM II 
 
 breediiiji ainoii!:; tlio v 
 
 ittlo ill the Western States, Imttlii.s is a ^Meat mistake, lor tin 
 
 cattlo are all jnetty well bred. 
 
 A Statement, attached hereto, has been prcpiired which shows the iiii 
 
 jiortations o4" cattlo (cows a 
 during the eleven years eiidiii 
 
 nd calves omitted) into tlu' I'liited Ivingdom 
 with thevearlSSl. These details em- 
 
 brace the beginning and development of our cattle and fresh beef tr.idt 
 with that country, and are of special intercsl to our cattlemen ami 
 
 pa<rkers. 
 
 Tills statement goes to show that our exportatioiis ol cattle to hii!(i|M' 
 really begiiii in the year 1S77— previous exportiitioiis being more m 
 less in tho nature of experiiiM-nts— and reached their maximum in ISSO; 
 tho iiiii»orts into tlu^ Cnited Kiiigtlom from the I'nitcd States during 
 that vear amounting to A17,SS!),17I, against !3<l(i,Il.'(Mi()(» dining the year 
 ISSl." 
 
 The magnitude to which this trade would have grown wer(^ it not li.r 
 adv(>rso legislation- legislation the result of fear lest cattlo disease 
 might be introduced into the United Kingdom through the free impoil 
 of American cattle— which hamiicred the landing, and tlu; handling iiinl 
 killing after landing, of tho animals, would only have boon limited liy 
 our ca])acitv to supjilv tlie demand. 
 
 The changes whicli have taken ])laco in the llritish foreign cattle 
 trade during the decade ending with ISSl, and tlu- relative positions dl' 
 
CATTLI.; AND DAIRY I' 
 
 AIJMINO. 
 
 fliccouiiti'ii^s (Voiii wlii(!!» tlm catH 
 
 cud ()('tli(» (Iwiidc, are sliown in tli 
 
 <' wcio drawn at t!i« biwri 
 
 I'oIlowiiiH stateiiiciit: 
 
 imiiijr and 
 
 iiy Ilia i/eata 
 
 SUUemenl .how,,,, ihe , '^'''- ''/ "-^^''^J^-W-n^y >lw V„iua Ki„,,ao,n ,Um 
 
 (Tlftv .oiiiKriiB lii.iM whrii,,, li„,„„(.'(l i.iv KlviMi in llM.„r,l,.,. ,c ,i , • 
 
 Wlii'iK'c iriipurtitil. 
 
 I'lilfcil Slates (1(1).. 
 
 I'liiiiiila (II) 
 
 |ir aiK (■') 
 
 I'cirlii(.'al (.1) 
 
 Spiiiii (I) 
 
 (ii^i'inuii.V (I) 
 
 1H75. 
 
 2110 
 
 I, Sir.' 
 
 ;.'!>, (1H7 
 
 •ji,():ia 
 '.':i, Hr*\ 
 
 5U, 141 
 
 ]88<. 
 
 Wliuiico iiiiporlwl. 
 
 i;m.i>iii I sw..,1p„(K).... 
 
 WMIM :, llollaii.l (.■))... 
 42.7111 Norway (11).. 
 
 j-W;; Il-I«l,n„,7) 
 
 1878. 
 
 :i, «;i7 
 
 'St, .lllli 
 •.'L'7 
 
 7, i:ii) 
 
 1884. 
 
 12, 4211 
 '.',.MII 
 
 shim- an incvas., in l.SS L'n, .y^^w^^^^^^^^ an, Swcd.n only 
 
 ISTi), lias .alinj to ti.o -xtl. pil^h 'l^ " ^ .ort^n tKfV'"^^ "' 
 iK'in- not i.incli over one-third wliat tl.oy' v >,o i isTr; i •,'"\'.'''i •^'.'''"" 
 m:i<I K.an.H, liavo fallen out of tl.c trad aU.>^« 1., ?m-' ,Y'"^,^'»^'-'«"' 
 111.' l'nit..d Kin^r.lo.n <l<TCMnl,Mit ui I . >^o Kv ^'"'^ ^^'"''^ 
 
 siipiilics, the Uritish pe, i,Io wcinlil Ivn V. .Vi •) '*\"f'' l<»«'«'""cat 
 
 ,.slal.lisla.d in tl.o forc-oin«- si -nv 11^ vi/ tl /t H .7,"';' n'--"' ^'\ ''" 
 cniMvix no lonijcr npim J-i^in. n.Vf p A^'^. M''^^ t' «' Unitod Jvin-doni 
 
 .neater portion of sneh supplies '^'' ^'"^ ^''''^'''^ ^'^ ^»'- ^''e 
 
 )SlllOIIS dj' 
 
 THK FRKSH-moKF TUAUE. 
 
 .\.s the trade in fresh Ix'ef i^ ^^m ,.i/w..i.f . , 
 
 live ei.tde, and as the ,r ner i. is s > n'm H ^ '•"^^''^ ^""' ^'"^^^ ^''^''^ i" 
 ..Mlu" it inipo-ssiliie . s ss i ale s ;T;1^' "'"*" "•':: ''^'^^"' "'^ ^" 
 
 til.- oIlxT into <H,nsi(h'rati( n t hlC^^ '•"'' '"^'"'"t t'^'^*"^' 
 
 n-'. '-'• i...P<>.ta,ions into tiie'nnllel; K;;Sdr;r:.;:;^r '*''« ^"" 
 
 AVIiinco iiiipipilcil. 
 
 riirti'il Miiirs .. 
 
 KiiMsi.i 
 
 (':iliiiil:i 
 
 lii'iiniliiv 
 
 .\ii>'tMl.isia 
 
 Kr.im r 
 
 nihil ClI'Mlllil'S . 
 
 T..lal 
 
 <i'liaiillly. 
 
 PiiiiikIi. 
 
 IKMHH, )•>» 
 
 .'I,6,->I.1R| 
 
 •-', 0.»;i, 872 
 
 711, (a,S 
 
 .'IIIH, 4-IS 
 
 lli|,l!72 
 
 IIH, .■17,'i, 200 
 
 Valuo. 
 
 Valiio nor 
 ]Nniii(|. 
 
 
 CeiiU. 
 
 $10,724,. mi 
 
 11.80 
 
 .■iri2, 107 
 
 U. 02 
 
 .•i-.'o,.-,;ii 
 
 12. 12 
 12. 5« 
 
 Wl, Mill 
 
 :i2, 84.1 
 
 10. »►» 
 
 17, .in;! 
 
 10.88 
 
 10, OIH 
 
 10. r>o 
 
 ii,56a,usu 
 
 11.74 
 
 Tliissfate.nent sIhmvs that we \ iri.n.llv mono 
 I iiiteil Kiiii:(l(ini in Ibreij^n fresh liecf 
 
 1K)1JZ(^ tile trade of the 
 
 to iibdiit 
 
 .mp..r(s,,flreshlHH.f intoth,. United KinKdoniin IS7. 
 
 ■ M /.). 
 
 u 
 
 l»oMii(ls, of uhici, ;{.(;,-|(),784 
 
 iMiountcd 
 
 pounds were imported 
 
 k I 
 
 1 1 
 
8 
 
 CATTLK AND HAIRY FAKMINU 
 
 1'roiii (tt'niiaii.v, uikI only ll.'L',(!SO ixmiikIh rrniii the ('iiitcU Shil«'s. Our 
 own ollli^ial rrtiinis iniikt> no s|)<>cjiil nii>nlion of any oxport.s of ft'L'.sli 
 lict'l' bc'lori' till' year 1.S77, w lu-n lt>,L'IO,',Ml(l pnnntls— llir wlioln oxporl — 
 wiTo Hliippnl to tilt' I'nitcil ivinji^doni. Oni- trado in tVt*Hli lioct' Iuin 
 spttini^'inlosinldcn nia<rnitn<K<, ha vint; stead ilyincrcasiMl from 'l{>,lil(>,0!IO 
 )»onnd,s, vaUu'd at .iil,r).")L',r»L*,'{, in 1S77, to lL'0,7H4,0<il pounds, vahuM^at 
 
 $ii,i»H7,;5;n. in is.s4. 
 
 TIki Ihitisii olllcial ictnniH placid tho lollowin^; per pound valiio upon 
 till' inii>ortH olTn'.sli beef into tijckinydoin duriny the years ISSO, 1881, 
 1882, 188;{, and 1881: 
 
 Wliclicr liiiiHtrti'ii. 
 
 ISfW. 
 
 18III. UK'J 
 
 riiiti ti stftti'i 
 ('iiiiiiiit 
 
 liUnttlll 
 
 nt'iiiiiuiy 
 
 AiiHtraliiHia.. 
 Fraucu 
 
 CenlH. Crnli. 
 II. '.'T I II.4H 
 
 ii.u:i I iJ-ra 
 
 i:i.»t I 11. M 
 
 Ontii. 
 \j.on 
 II. :m 
 
 11.71 
 
 _ - -. .. 
 
 
 1883. 
 
 188-1. 
 
 CenlH. 
 
 Ctnii. 
 
 yi-ji 
 
 li.n) 
 
 I ■-'.01 
 
 I'J. Vi 
 
 10. M 
 
 11. !!■.' 
 
 I'.'. 1)1 
 
 I'.'. .-1(1 
 
 I'J.Ufl 
 
 Ill.lH 
 
 lU. 10 
 
 111 ^^{ 
 
 It will be seen that Aineriean beef maintained the lead of all countries 
 from wliieh meat is drawn in any <piaiitity. The slij^iit price decrease in 
 1884 can have no si^initicance when lln' iininense«iuantity imported from 
 the United States (!)(>,!»() I, lL'8 pounds) is taken into consideration. 
 
 Our eonsiilar reports a few years back repeateilly referre<l to the 
 prejudice existing in (Jreat IJritain a;4ainst American beef, while at the 
 Name time the Diltish i)eopIe were unknowin;^ly proviiij; the f;«'o"ii<l- 
 lessness for siuili prejiulice by eatinj; lnvm' (piantities thereof nn<ler the 
 name of prime lOiifilish beef— a «rick of the butchers, who had helped (o 
 create and maintain the prejudict< referred to. 
 
 The consuls asserted that this prcjiidiee, priiKiipally en^aMxli'ii'd and 
 sustained by tlu^ Initchers, whose interests it was feared would bo injured 
 by the American fresh lieef trade, re(iiiiivd for its total <li8sipation only 
 coinprelicnsive and intellifi'ent action on the part of our exporters iii 
 jdaciiifT their meat properly bcfonj the r.ritish people, who wouhl nii- 
 tlonbtedly eonstill and conserve their own hiterests in the premises. 
 
 Central meat depots, with outlyin;,^ shops in the principal cities of tlio 
 kinfjdom, controlled and directed by Hritish aj^ents in the employ of 
 the American shi|>pers, or havin;; an interest in the business, were sii;;. 
 ;;ested as the radical remedy for the iniine<liate development of an al- 
 most unlimited (ia'I(^ in fresh beef. 
 
 Jlecent reports make no referein;t^ to this phase of the trade, and iti.s 
 to beassumed that the IJritish public havebecome more or less <ronvinci'il 
 that American cattle and American meals are the very best in the worlil. 
 outside of, perha|)s. their own selecti'd cattle and beef. It may even lio 
 doubted whi^ther the best forced led l-'iijilish beef is any better than the 
 beef raised on our rich and succulent ranj;es. 
 
 Theftdlowin;;' exiracls Iroiii a report written by the consul at Manclics- 
 ter in 1882 will illustrate this peculiar phase of our fresh - beef trad«' ni 
 England : 
 
 Tlu) wide (liU'orciKM- lictwccn flii> price? F.iifxli'^li InitchiTH pay our Aiiioriciiii cxiMnt- 
 ors lor their iMc.it.H, as ciiriipariMl with tin- pi.co Ihi'v <liiirfi<-. for tho H.-iiiiti lit ri'liiil, 
 h'iids nu" fo a;;;iiii rt' "■ ;• to the ;,'ri'at need u{ Mir iuhiption of hettcr iiKtthodH for pliirin;,' 
 our iiifiitH (111 wale here. 
 
 At present tile IJi,v;li,sli dealer iiiaiux an (iim.-iiIk. i.?(>lit '"i,. of tlie Aincrican iiK'at 
 Kiippl.v. 'I'liiN itiollcii done li\- iiiiKreprcKeiiii ,x' ' '■ kind ii incut h(^ mdt.s, for it i,s ;: 
 toumiou |)raclice, 1 jiin eredihi^ iiiiDinjcd, u> i iitii.i ; 'i;u I'm betf, imitioa, «,Vc., on ta^W, 
 
M of I'rcsli 
 ■< t'xp(»rt — 
 
 llt'l'f lltlN 
 
 valtuM^iU 
 
 iiliKi upon 
 SSO, l.SSl, 
 
 883. 
 
 'entK. 
 \l-J2 
 I ■.'.(•! 
 10. M 
 !•-'. in 
 IJ. 0(1 
 
 la. 10 
 
 1884. 
 
 Cenli. 
 
 II.KO 
 
 r.'. \i 
 
 II. »■_' 
 r.'. .'ill 
 
 III (H 
 
 III ^)l 
 
 coil II trios 
 ecroasc in 
 »rt(*(I ffoiii 
 ioii. 
 
 imI to the 
 liilo at tli(> 
 
 iiiHk'r tli(^ 
 lielptul (o 
 
 Icri'd iiiid 
 •0 iiij It It'll 
 ition oiily 
 [lorter.s iii 
 vouM nil- 
 iiiises. 
 iosoftiio 
 lunploy of 
 were sii;;. 
 of an ill- 
 
 sand ili.s 
 ronviiH'i'il 
 he. woriil. 
 y t'Vi'ii \)i\ 
 rtliaii the 
 
 Alaiiclics- 
 :' tra(U^ iii 
 
 ■ill! ('X|Mirt- 
 1 lit ifliiil, 
 foriilariii;; 
 
 ricaii iiicjil 
 , for it is ;; 
 
 WC, oil Sifitl 
 
 CWVl.K AND DAIKY I'AKMINa. 
 
 i.sitll Kii^'IinIi, n Iii-ii ill c, t 
 
 AMMrinui NM„,.I, utI.iv..,;;,;i'''N:/,l|!'*;,:.V;«''' "." '"....I l.aHjuM 
 
 u. r I'll I (till I I . ' *'"'"Mllf (Irrii i» (Miu.. i : .. * ■' 
 
 HI rviilit 
 
 I mail 
 
 I'liril Willi Hoiiio wariiifli. '"\ 
 
 .;..M,.,i,.y„n,,,,,,i, ,--■;;• - 
 
 |'« 'tyro iKus.. in |,„i„,, 
 
 9 
 
 oiiin Croiii tho 
 
 W.IN i'nTiv«rNlii<r witli 
 
 .l.li|M>. U" li.iiKJ,,.,! „,„| 
 MiiiirlicNicr, ami naw H 
 
 •. Nir, I r.MiId not kcH j(, ) 
 
 laim, iiii,|„r my „,v„ „|,_ 
 
 'Ki'iinrMiaii, ami imi.JMiK.iii 
 
 .1 I , " ■ "'.y f'Vf] 
 
 iHTil 
 
 Tl 
 
 111 i««. 
 
 "iii'l. "Twd .la 
 
 iiH Nil nil 
 
 liillL' bill oC Amcrirnii 
 
 ,. . ,1 ■ 1, , . ' ■'" "1 , Jill 
 
 (.M!,'Ol UliK (,// hlHHtlllk fllaf ,1 
 
 Ntiili'MM-ntora tnrt tlln.sf ia(,.,H | 
 
 w.. .la.Ns a^'i) I wa.s ••.nninL' .I.mvi 
 
 -;;;rm;M;.iwi,atM..i.n,,.h;::X.i 
 
 Htreot in 
 
 '"•"■'" "iiKiicr III. .|i, I „„,„,,. , „:;,i; ", V "• " -Hirfior. I 
 
 ili'iiltr III rlicat ami ,\ 
 
 I'ifivo I'liiiNiiini 
 
 iiv was Amvnctit hiTf. ami ( 
 ""w I'lisyit liaslMTi'toCnn.i 
 
 i<" Nolil no Aiiin 
 nirrii (III mill/.' 
 
 ii;aii ln'ut ill 
 
 '•'ii lor I lilt Kn^l 
 
 I'll iH pi 
 
 ^T:r;::;.!^;i;"'»'«^-'v:;n:;;r:;rr "":■ ' ' ■ ■'■':■■ ,;nj:;;i 
 
 ml now lliaf < 
 
 '•iiMiiniciN aro | 
 
 wmilil III- a. \v\ 
 
 lillii'Nii'pH loron,",,,,! iiii'i'iirlil' 
 
 l;'V';.',''',''.vo|,inion, (orA 
 
 10 ll.'INl. 
 
 '•'.'iiiiii« Hu. liiiKs i.la.vnl 
 
 I 'i 
 lico .1 
 
 . am 
 
 r«tai! 
 
 iRiiinHt 
 
 SrviTill .Vi'.llh a«o hIio|ih (or tl 
 
 (IT.S, Itiitowinjr f„ tin, I 
 jiMil al.Mo on ai roniil of (|,, 
 Noiirn- iil'Hii|)|»|i,.,s „ci„,„|",.|J."j'l' 
 
 ■'' in;;. toNa.v(lio|,,,.^l,„„,'l 
 
 I'.'""!.','"'"'. '',vlmt.l,«rH, It 
 
 ::::;'" ::v:"' '';■-'':. '•••••'•"...I .nut 
 
 iK'H.ilooC Ainrrirai 
 
 itwiml <rv laiMc.l 
 
 "\l"iit«'lr-(aillMil,|„.r,s| 
 
 tdll U 
 
 fiialH Win* o)M-ii<'i| ill 
 
 '], pii',iiii|i,,.M ujll, „.| 
 
 ■'I 'i;;.iiiisf ilicn, i,y III,. ,„,;,i| , 
 
 llil'l 
 
 rad 
 
 viirimiH ceil- 
 
 .h.M,,.iy^u.o;hiM::;h:;;z:n:/;^^ 
 
 •■"."•■^'imiMM alwayH r,.«aril 
 
 '"KfiMMully 
 
 lliiii.'N wliicJi 11,1 I 
 
 111,' lAprrinioiit iimlcr w 
 «;iy i'Vi'IvmIi, .!■,., ;,,|,| o 
 ri'JM' at li'jist 'J ci'iit 
 
 '••'i«''r ,..\i.H(M. I I 
 
 nnri'r(;iii|(y of(| 
 
 •n>Vf a Nil, •,•,.„,.,. j{,,j,j,, 
 
 iNo and |iid 
 " ro In now n,, ^„o,l 
 
 .«nrw..n(rr,,risi.. im,j,„,,p_,,„, 
 
 a now 
 
 ICN, 
 
 ''•''•'V- III,, prim.nt In a 1 
 
 ivoraM,, (jii 
 
 '!''"''". """'"K""'.""l. OnrnH-alNl 
 
 ato of 
 10 l<» ropoftt 
 
 piMind 
 
 1.1 I • I'. Mini, 
 
 I111I.I1.1.S hnva ioiin,| |„.,,(i, _,^,,,| 
 tliiriliiii Iroin iiiT.sciit I ' 
 
 ■'•II- HI why ,1111 
 
 (.'iiiiil lifi'f would ii 
 
 iricc.s lit ,1 
 
 '""■"/'"■ ""•"■ m''.il.' at I 
 ''liiiK llii',oii,siii,i,.|- t 
 
 lavo won their 
 
 ,".^l'""''x N Id i.,)t ro. 
 
 ivorpool, li-aviii;,. rotail 
 
 lii';ipir niiat wonlil In 
 r;il lii'i'toii ai'onnt id'ii 
 
 iNiir,! an ,.|iori 
 
 ' 111 •■: to :t 
 
 ri'lll.s 
 
 o pnnl 
 
 ilN iii;lil iianio iiH it 
 
 ■•I Kicat liooii t 
 •'' o.\|),'n.si. 
 
 MOILS iii,r,'asi. ill tl 
 
 '■-* How nmlcr a Cal 
 
 [K'lii'an nii-iit would li. 
 
 „ , J'"'^"' <lio Haino at » 
 
 ' , ""'-..^ 'I'-'tpor N.ipi.lv of 
 
 ':i..:!'';!^':'^ '"'"t""""'. HO that 
 
 <• m>\v raroly 
 
 ;;mu.iyoni„,|;u,o,i„. ,,„„,,;;;, 
 
 'iisinadilvl 
 
 Imrr.'iMdi'onNiiinor woiilil ,.,,,. I,"',,, ;\,,y''^';^^^^^ "'kI willi this ilin 
 
 an iiiiiliii^ pi'olit 
 
 I'll. WIUT,. 11, 
 
 Till' .stati.stics flms f 
 scii.si'of.snpply, ih,, t,. 
 
 iitii 
 
 i'- ;,'iv(Mi -„ to .sli.nv that 
 
 i.-*!- wi 'tiiMiii V. I I|H ri'Milo ill (• • '^ "" '" 
 
 I lis it wo ,i,i' s^^ .,,;;; ' ' "•'''«","':'^'' ih-w i.. ti,,, i 
 
 ..,!.. H -. , ''"..^" ''«' '"<>'<1 «l«'.sil'ill,|,, Cm. n.,. I 
 
 .V l)oii>,dit under 
 
 , ,, '<'iito— tlio pro- 
 
 "iily Hio ro'ail doiilor reaps 
 
 w»; iiionopoli/,., in tho 
 /iiitod Kingdom: 
 
 ' ■ '•• •• •■ " • " ' " '"' ' '',"', i"""";t in fi,i.s r,„„,, „uhl" 
 
 IIkiii ill fli(^ form of I 
 
 I'OIII 
 
 ••Tiled will SOJ„.|'f(','t;,II,|,.„I 
 
 /...HI •, • I'H'Mlu; 
 
 <-'tfI<', It KS t()ll(>|„,,„.,| tl 
 
 li;iii(lliii;,'ii.stodo ji\vayaIfo..(.(| 
 
 iH";^«' rhi'if .swst 
 
 (idii.siiiii.st l)(i acriid 
 iirrii.s.s tlid i\tljintic 
 
 '•'I'with what iiiid(!i'fl 
 
 lat (ho.soniost direct! v 
 lis of pr<\scrvin'' anil 
 
 <"'«ltronI.K..s„„M',rad,._f lie's, 
 
 11 
 
 Til 
 
 ™;;.;;r;,:i '":,t"'!' '"'•"¥ '"-I. i.-.Ti 
 
 i« very West condi- 
 ipiiuuitof livecattJo 
 
 mm-niciit and .satisfactory 1,, thi- 1 
 
 ixi.'ty in i(..i,'ard (o (he ii,ti,„|,„.t 
 
 '■"I'll woKhl al.so bo more 
 
 ''•"fish iK'opIe, iiiid 
 
 iStiitcs, (if which thcv 
 
 •^iivc them all 
 
 WDiilil lie no iiccc.s.sjtv for I 
 
 *<«'«'iii fo stand ii 
 
 ic^'iiiiitioiis for (li<M'()ntro| of t| 
 
 rwiso thcHi 
 
 iiw.s .yovciiijii.r tl 
 
 ' •••>iisfant(lrca,|_oth( 
 
 iis licforc rcmarl 
 
 ','' ""IXM t of live cattle, and 
 
 !<('( 
 
 Till' fullest in vest i -'at i 
 
 Teat I 
 
 \"',:szt !":;;;;: ■' '"'- '-;,^-Li"i; 
 
 I would 
 
 oil iiitotli(> 
 
 .s('eiiifopla(;eth(.faiiIf_i( ,•.,„, 
 
 K' tiad( 
 I'oiidilion.s which su 
 
 ciiftif^ to r:,;vt Itrifaiii |I 
 
 slii|i|mi;,' (roi 
 
 ' it lie— for the .si 
 
 iioiind this trade 
 
 I r 
 
 '<;'■<; f«>_l,c converted i„t 
 
 iiiled St (e. in it 
 
 cattlemen and beef '.xporfer.s. q 
 
 .s I 
 
 "eat form, at tho d 
 
 iiipinent of live 
 » "K'at, instiiad of 
 
 Ijllllllllls 111 
 
 lieef 
 
 ''<• <iict that w 
 
 oiirahility to .ship three times 'that 
 Itroiil.ie and e.xpen.se than wonhl 1 
 
 .y;"'!''''^ '<» '''^^ l^''ite.l Kin^;; 
 
 oors of oin- 
 :•' now .ship JM>,(M)() 000 
 
 Iciitt;.' til iModnce that amoiinf of 
 ^vlM.lMvniild accrnetothe Cnitd 
 
 •"i<Tiiil,aiid wit 
 
 "' <•"! ailed by tl.c .sii 
 
 "'<"t in Kn-laml, besides tl 
 states from the .slauyht 
 
 l»»in is evidence of 
 
 ' ••'»mparativelylos8 
 
 live 
 
 prolit 
 
 il)nicnt of 
 
 le 
 
 pi. las. (i,c preparation of the nu-; | ,,•,,', ''''^7^''''- *»f the 
 k>IIal, \('., allot which r('pre.sentH.xn. .;,..' ..,''''•"' '"""'^ '"'ofs, bones. 
 
 ;:i'iciilliirist> 
 
 'presents .so niiiclM'ohi to 
 
 , lones, 
 our niariiif;i,.t!i!.j.,.o .,,..1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 •i^-rikbhi 
 
10 
 
 CATTliE AND ^)^Ul\' FARMING. 
 
 , , III 
 
 I' 
 
 m^^ 
 
 LIVK OATTLK IN TlIK SEVKBAL (!()UNTUIKS. ^ 
 
 The follow ii'^:^' st;i(isti(!S, lUiiiuly ollicial, sliowiiiff i\w. imiiibcrof (;;i((I(«, 
 ill the i)iiiici]»al coiiiitrics wnerciu cattle-iTaiinjj: Tor meat aiid dairy 
 purposes, or for either, is jjroseciited, will (Mial.'.e our stockiiieii to ii])- 
 preeiate the present and ]>rospective conditions wliich atl'ecfc this jjreat 
 uuliistry both at home and abroad : 
 
 Cattle ill the principal cuiiutries of Huvopc. 
 
 Couutiifs. 
 
 ItiiHnia... 
 Ni)i'wiiy.. 
 Swi'iloii . . 
 Dpiiiimrk 
 (Jcrirniiv . 
 Hollainl... 
 lii'l^iiiiu . 
 I'"rHii('ii — 
 
 nnly 
 
 AiiHtiiii .. 
 
 Huii;;;ar,v', 
 
 iiaiii 
 
 CowH. 
 
 Allolliii. 
 
 'lolal. 
 
 i 
 
 N'llllllHTdC 
 
 cattl(> Id 
 
 I'acli l.(l(H) 
 
 iiiliabiluiilH. 
 
 S\vitzi'il;iiiil 
 
 I'liitiiiial 
 
 Tlio Uuiti'il Kiumliiui . 
 
 7(1, WW 
 ;i!H,7:ii 
 
 WIH, 7U(I 
 
 !l!)7, H:i!t 
 7I)(!, 17H 
 
 i;i8, «:'"> 
 7Jo,:iuo 
 
 0-1% Vll 
 
 7!l(i, 
 
 r.7i, 
 
 fi, H15, 
 
 4:.o, 
 
 r.wi, 
 
 4, liKII, 
 -', 41(i, 
 4,41.'). 
 
 1)1!) 
 
 Hd.'i 
 
 4hl 
 
 :mi 
 (i:i7 
 (III 
 (i7(; 
 
 144 
 
 547, :m 
 
 r.rcat Uritaiii 2, 1J4,OL'0 
 
 livland .1 l,4I7,4c'l 
 
 Xotiil priucipiil couiitritM 
 
 4,47.1, 
 2, nil, 
 
 270 
 
 W>\ Olio 
 010, (il7 
 
 i!ii,(i:iii 
 
 47il, (178 
 770, 702 
 
 4;i4, in«i 
 
 ,182, HI.-. 
 4Hi, 2.-.:i 
 7,^:i, '<\\:i 
 
 .'•>S4, 077 
 
 !»04, ,'.»« 
 100,00',' 
 .'■i20, 474 
 K2li. 705 
 
 ."i07, !».'■>» 
 22K,75l 
 
 92, 093, mo 
 
 2!K». !) 
 52S. (I 
 4K(I 
 7.")4. 
 ;i41.0 
 
 ;i.')7. ,-, 
 
 2.10, U 
 
 :io:i. :; 
 
 MW. 1 
 .■i.''.l.2 
 
 2h:i. !i 
 17(1. .5 
 
 :i72. ;i 
 
 12.'->. I 
 29K0 
 
 210.(1 
 «5!l. H 
 
 The statistical rules usually applieablci lor the dciduction of results 
 from almost any general industry are of very little i)raeti(',al use when 
 ai)plie,d to the cattle industry of Euroiie. Tlie iriiitcd Kingdom and 
 JiUssia may be cited in illustration. Tiie former is the larj;(;st eonsuauir 
 of foi-eiyn cattle amonjf the nations of the world, whih'. the latter is a 
 country upon which the ' ler e.xpiuits in the very neai' future to draw 
 for a larji'e portion of its i.»iei{,ni meat supply ; yet the United Kin,i>(loi;i 
 has within a fraction of as many cattle as Itussia to each 1,000 inhah 
 itants, and if we take the (]ua!ity of the stock of both countries intd 
 consideration — the; native breeds, which constitute the ^icneral sto(;k of 
 Russia, yieldin,i;-, according; to Consul-CJeiicral Stanton, **only from lT*!! 
 to L'SS i)ounds of coarse, iiiisavory meat'' — the odds are Iar<^ely in favor 
 of the United Kinf>(lom. 
 
 Spain, which exports larj;'cly to the United Kiii,i,fdom, has only ITO.,') 
 cattle to each 1,000 of its inhabitants; Portugal, witii much less tliaii 
 one-half tln^ cattle ]>er cajjita of tlu^ United l\.inii(h)m, is another hca\ v 
 exporter; while I'-rance, with a (air averan'c cattli'. supply — .SO.J.L' tocncji 
 1,000 inhabitants — iiiipoits, over and a!)ov<' its expoits, from 70,(100 in 
 7.'),(»00 !iead of cattle per annum for consumption. Consul WilJiaiiis, of 
 JJouen, says of the bei-f consumed in l-'iancc oik- tcntii is im|»orlcd. 'flic 
 same consul says that France imjiorts beef cattle in la;;,^', niimlicrs liom 
 Italy; yet Italy h.isthe lowest (!attle <;cnsiis of tiie «'oiiiitii(s of Miiiopc— 
 that is, accordinfjf to iiopiilatioii — i'ortnual e\c(']»tcd, \ i/, Ki.s.I to cacl, 
 1,000 of its inhabitants. 
 
 Anion;;' the many conditions wiiich prevail and which inlbiencc tjic 
 interests ol" the s<'veral countries, in so tar as those interests cdine inij! 
 
 conflict with t 
 
 ci;,;!! markets, 
 
 (I) Tlie])ur 
 
 1(11' the dairy < 
 
 (1') Tile (jua 
 
 {.'>) The lioii 
 
 Spain, Port I 
 
 liciice, with til 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 i.s, the dairy i,s 
 
 Austriii and 
 
 very limited. 
 
 I;i\vs of (U'l'iii: 
 
 Irom the iiitro( 
 
 The e.xporti 
 
 Spain, (ierniai 
 
 conditions mIii 
 
 III' tile unlimit( 
 
 111 it ap]>ear as i 
 
 for export at h 
 
 'fh(>, United I 
 
 (little and frc.-, 
 
 iiiiiy be rc.nanh 
 
 lidiial iiii]»orlsa 
 
 Holland, Aiisti 
 
 villi a small si 
 
 lows in J.SSI : 
 
 r^(///^.— Froii 
 
 Fresh hrr/:~\ 
 
 pounds; from I 
 
 This, it will 1 
 
 the C'onlinent, ; 
 
 The otlit'r vo 
 
 liiid Poi'tUjual, < 
 
 llicse that (irea 
 
 |i|y of I'^urojieai 
 
 The total ami 
 
 >iiiii|ition that 
 
 jSll.OOO head of 
 
 (Stiiiiale is base( 
 
 wire (»I,.*>I I co\ 
 
 .■li.llll calves. 
 
 The value of 
 lisiical table hei 
 iiM'ii, and it is t 
 liccf repi'cscntei 
 miiiilier of the o 
 liiiiial assurance 
 ii'iil li,i;iires. T| 
 iiii|Miil is ciiniva 
 Tlic total nun 
 |iiii'U'i| into the i 
 \c;ii' IS.SI amoui 
 ~ii|i|ilied by com 
 in'iliiwiii;;- Cdiinli 
 Itoiii llie I'nilct 
 all other places, 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY I'AlOlINfi 
 
 11 
 
 NllllllHTdC 
 
 i'attl(> III 
 
 I'ilfll 1,(MH) 
 
 iiiliubiluiilH. 
 
 son. !) 
 !>'2H. 
 480 [) 
 7")4. 'J 
 
 ;mi.o 
 ;i57. ,-, 
 
 LTiO, r, 
 
 iKKi. :: 
 
 l(W. 1 
 
 itrii.'j 
 
 17(1. Ti 
 
 ;iT-_'. ;i 
 ir.. 1 
 
 •^'JK (I 
 
 'JIO.II 
 
 2h;i. u 
 
 rl'n'nnSlVfh '?^r" "'"^ cattlo produrts „r the Unitcl States i,. Ibr- 
 
 I", li"' 'laiiyoMi';" h,'„:;';.',':" '"" """'" '"■" '"'" "■'" "-■"'-"■i-n-' 
 
 (!') TliiMjiialify of tlio, <;iittl(>. 
 
 sIIm/,!"! ''.?!'"' <':'"'^"'"l>ti<"' or uiVHt an.l dairy i.,o(lu,;t,s. 
 
 ^IMiii, oi,,^i,l.jm(l Italy arc li-lit consumes of these MnMlu.-t^.- 
 
 ,. ^ Sv';^ '""" ' "^'"'1'^'"'' '""^ ^'^1^'"'" '^^^' <l->y'-.>nn k' 'that 
 ' \ .t i ■ . i V '' I""'^-'I>i'l niUnvst and the butcher bat an iiieid Vi.t 
 
 Ihe e.xpoidn- nitne eouiitiies of Europe are J)enMiaik I'oifii.r.,! 
 M.ain (ie.n.auy, Ib.Haud, Sweden, au.l in ssia. |^, t) ,' nb A' v 
 
 ;;?"; 'ii^ia ;;; nen''"y"^ V" i"*'f '"^ '•• ^"^^^^ —'^'4 -.din view 
 
 III uie ^iMiiaiuei tu'l.ls (or it.s (KnelopnaMit out.sidijof JOuroiu' i( ,lo,.^ 
 
 ;;;^"^;i;^r;;M;.!j;r;,fi^;;- '-^ -r-^^ i>->i- '^- cat;h!;;.ei.;i;;y; 
 
 r.tt ic' ■mil' ltsl,'''l7'''r'!''"'''» ^^'' ''."'>' *'"'"'^''-^' '" '•^•"•«1>*' ^^"'i'^l' i"'p„rls 
 be e.-a h 1 ' 7, "'•'" ':'!","", '"■^ ""f'^i«K* <>1' i'^nrope, s„<-h in. port. 
 I ,,..;" 7 , ' "'•^^' ^^■'"<"'' '''"••< DC, cannot siii)plv. The inleii.'i 
 
 ih ■ 'Au:,n;;';in'""''^ '"'^n '^'•""^''' ^^'^'>' «-!-^iand iJoi^i ; 
 
 • sm. M. ,; , . .'''''•^'' '""^ ^''"■'■'^"' '"•*' snllieiont unto then.selv,.,. 
 
 ,.on;uis:r,.oa.K..an;j;';:r;;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ,1 , ''.mt'hwy,' '' T''"' '-^ "• ''''>' ''^"'"" •'^"•■Klns ibr .so lar-o a portior. of 
 th ■ Con n.ent, and a , uiation of about Lt,(),()0( »,()(»( >. ' 
 
 '■;;;;;<;;• ;'o''''t.i.;s of Europe, swede,,, Norway, J)e„n,ark, Spain, 
 
 Z^J ^v!:^^^V ''^T^ ^^'*'*""^ '"-"' <>f<'='ttle'an,.ualiv. 'it.s 
 
 ply of l^urop,.,,, ,.M,,h ' "*'^^' '*"^""''' •" ''•^''"•"'' ''•'• ='"> '■•"^'"•-' ^"l»- 
 
 immJilm'flnrb''' ''"''^r "!' ^'"^ ''"'"''* '^i"^''<"", based upon the as- 
 
 e dof b mV'''''!;V''^ '■'''''' i^'^^vants. n.ay be eJtin.a'e.l „ 
 
 i,. e s I ,s d ,'' ;'n '"■ ^'"'''' <"l"i^-al<'"< *" 'V.'.sh be,.f. This 
 
 ! ^ . n;;'^^^^ lMlSSIti.ei,uportations 
 
 «n» ^<'>,-jiJ^< on. s, .;(..»,(.,,,. oxen, !),s,;J7r.,L'(»() j.ounds of fresh beef, and 
 
 •JneVt'lMe lM.;l';' ,•'■'"'' '"'"'' ''^ "'^'>' '"■ ^•■''" <"' ••^''••••""-' - tl.e sfa- 
 V ,,;;,■;''' '"""' '^ '' '*•"•' "veroneO.ird the value of ti,e 
 
 Inl'-oflh' : :,',;; '!:||'i;7^ Tl,e...eater 
 
 lion:.l as,s„,,inee thai I , ■' „• e ! T'^ Aa.enean, j-ives ad.h'- 
 
 .Twiise,p.,vaN.n;io:;;m;;:,::;^ 
 
 llifiotai n,iii,ber of iioiiii'ii ..-itf !-. .„ ti i 
 
 IHs ''' 
 
 ' m 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 11 
 
 m, 
 
 1 
 
 
 IH 
 
 
 
 ^M 
 
 J 
 
 
 ^wny 
 
 
 
 /^^B 
 
 am}. 
 
 ^^^1 
 
 ^^^S'l-* 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 , ,^ 
 
 I ^ 
 
12 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 
 11 thus iipiu'iir.s that iiOcirly ()iio-hiilC(»l' all fho loroijiii IVosh beef eon- 
 .shiiuhI ill the United Jviiifidom is drawn IVom tlie United States. 
 
 The forejuoiiiji;' estimates ih) nut iii« hide the imports of iiieiit "preserved 
 otherwise than by saltinj;," nndcr whieh <lesi,i;iiation considerable (pian- 
 tities of "jerked"' or dried beef from South Aineriea, and eannetl and 
 smoked beef from the Uniteil States and Australasia, are imported, as 
 witness the foUowiniif statement : 
 
 I , ij 
 
 Importsinio the United Kiiiijdom dKriii;/ llieiimr 18(54 of mctil presencd other tliiiii 
 
 by Miltiiii/, 
 
 Wheiico iniportetl. 
 
 Quiintit.v. 
 
 Poll nil K. 
 
 20, (I'.W, .'■>:i(i 
 
 M,;iO!l, 72H 
 
 1,410,12.^ 
 
 J,(il4,»7(i 
 
 l,.''>0t,;i(l4 
 
 4.')!), Of 4 
 
 21.'), :i!)2 
 
 i.w, lot 
 LW, r>fl2 
 ioi,;i«o 
 
 117,000 
 
 loit, 5:10 
 
 i 0,040 
 
 Valui'. 
 
 $.1, 470, 042 
 
 1, r.02. (i07 
 
 0.-,S, 400 
 
 40:1. liH.'i 
 
 1 :.->. 2;(7 
 
 h.', 275 
 01, wu 
 .■10, 100 
 20, ,''>72 
 
 20, ;!o;i 
 
 20,0,12 
 
 20. «.'i2 
 
 1,010 
 
 0, 780, 072 
 
 Value per 
 poiinil. 
 
 • 
 
 Unitod Stiiti's 
 
 jKiistriilikHJib -. 
 
 Cents. 
 11.00 
 10. 44 
 
 
 07. ■;(i 
 
 
 )r>, 42 
 
 Cnniidfi ... ... 
 
 11.20 
 
 Araeiitiuii Kcpiiblio 
 
 17.80 
 
 '.:.'■>. 'JO 
 
 
 in.7i 
 
 KorwiiV-.- - - . ... 
 
 12.0:! 
 
 < 1 01 mull V .. 
 
 20. CO 
 
 irolliiiid 
 
 17.07 
 
 Kiii/il 
 
 u>. 7;t 
 
 All otboi' 
 
 15.41 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 f.0, 509, H80 
 
 11.40 
 
 
 
 riere, as in eattlo and fresh beef, the United States Iar{,fel.v leads, 
 followed in quantity by Australasia, Uruguay, Canada, i;eljj;iiini, &;e., 
 respee lively. 
 
 Assuming that the future wantsof Europe will inereasc pro]»ortiouately 
 with the increase of, say, tiie last Jifteen years, and that t\w, increase in 
 its cattle, under the most favorable contlitions, cannot be expected to 
 keei> ])ac(^ with the e.xiiected increase of jiopuiation and the constantly 
 increasing n.se of meat foods among the people — an iiKuease principally 
 due to the fact that the e.\iK)its from the United States and other noii- 
 Kuropcan countries are liringing meat foods more and more within the 
 jnirehasing power of the general classes — it may serve a practical pur 
 jiose i'or our sto(!kmen, iiackers, and e.\portei\s to study the statistics 
 of the countiies Avhich in the near future will Ix^ likely to comj)ete with 
 American meats in the Ik'itish markets — notonly in the Uritish market.s, 
 but in tho.se of nearly every coiinlry in I']mope, for it is only a mailer 
 of detail in the jx'ilcclion of the methods for tlu' preservation of fresh 
 beef, and its (piick and regular transportation from distant eounliics, 
 when the breeding and rearing ol (tattle for meat piiipo.ses will lio 
 wholly nnprolitable, if not praetically impossible, in the greater portion 
 of l'>uro]ie. 
 
 The Iat«'jst ollicial returns and estimates of tln^ number of horii(>d (ii(. 
 tie in the prii)ci[)al cattle rearing countries oiil.side of ICtirope give Ww 
 following results: 
 
 ('(Hint lies. 
 
 riiilcdSlatiH 
 
 ISnizil 
 
 Ai'd*'"!!"" K<'|)iiMic 
 
 riiimiii.V 
 
 Canaila 
 
 AiiHtrKl»«iii 
 
 Total . 
 
 Tntal liiiiiiliri 
 I (il Otttllr. 
 
 4.'i. 170, 000 
 
 '.'0, (IHO, (HUP 
 
 12, 0011,0(111 
 
 X, 000, (HKI 
 
 1,02>,(HI0 
 
 X, 1;V1, 0(111 
 
 ur>, 248, 000 
 
 I Niinilicr Id 
 cvoiy 1.0(1(1(11 
 I lialiituiilH. 
 
 I, .'■lili, 7 
 4, VL'ld 
 ll,lJH(i 
 
 m:m 
 ■-•,7:7.11 
 
 l,2K>i.a 
 
CATTLE A¥D IMIRY FARMING. 13 
 
 r400o';^o"""" -""""'"-l-oeorore given, ,vith a "«,',Sa£°of 
 
 tnili.m of these coiulitions is -iveu by tlie ooi siV^o.. w.r..[ I ?.• i 
 
 r'ifv ((llirillf"' flip v<>'ir ii> iirl.Ir.l. I.: ^ "v-n/ iiii|)i)i ii,ii i||(,o lllllC 
 
 ( M_\ ^(1111 iii^ lilt, \C<II 111 WIllCll IS reDOrft w;i>j wnH-miN r.T^,., TT 
 
 :„nsul liak,.r n-porlMiK tl.at, will, its 12,(1(1(1,(10.) ,.. , . , |?'., ,','n'' 
 
 i.,.n..i .,;m,,.,.s ,•„,. ,„.. A,-;;s,i:,:;',';o, ',:,':„?: .ii:; , "si" """■ ""• 
 
 W itli the iiKtreasiiifj (leinaiid for beef in Fm.n.w. if 
 
 ,7.e< ... f l.iit (Ineet.on. Tho. capitalists of J.:uroi,e, it p., "irs m .Jlnn v 
 .;(.i>ttM..,.lat.nff tl.e import of fresh meats fro,,/ ( „. Ar«ei lin K,: S 
 t..io..reon,snl at Mayeriee, in a rej.ort ,late<l Sepfemh;', s^^' .^ "' 
 „„tsthe folh,wi.ij,M,l,pp,no. rro,„ a h.a,li„»- (UniLni trade jo.inml: 
 
 JMtKSII.AIKAT Ti;At.|.: Willi AI!(;|.:\ JIM:. 
 
 (1,...,, ..(..1. and ..s,...,.iall.v"ll...sl,, lor tl," .''o ! . ''"■ ,." • ' VUviZ:^^'"'' Vi' '"•"^■.'"'" 
 ii;iiti(!iil.iil.v, Jirecsii.'ciii ly oli.rii,),. f,„. t „. s mi...v .1' . . '•"•' ,'*'•"' '^ i"iil Ai.r,.„,j„„ 
 !,i„. is lo .;,. .ua.l.. 'villi ini.tt,,^ n,.r3 ,;.;':; ','*'' ? '"'•"'; •^*''^'''- A 'H-in- 
 
 .;.nnaM n..ri«..rati,>^ ,„a..ln„..s li^.v. : oj.^ ' ' ! L, """ I' ""'rr' ,V' *'"T"'""^-- 
 
 six w....k« mh, o.,i..ct still show.:., H ., whi^, fv-r'thM,::.^:;:,;;;;.^!, '^i, •;; /t ;;;;!;:,;!,;;- 
 
 The consul, in transmitthiff this "news item," pertiiieMllv ..^i-. „./ 
 o...' people cannot supply some of (his - cheap .„ , s c Iv il : i P^ 
 •(VinVI, there is said to he a «reat openini-- i.. /ie, m;,;,v ' ' '' ''' '"'" 
 
 Dii.'.iif; Iheyear ISSI wei exnoif..,] ovor i-xi o/w» /w.A 
 |h..H>r .1.i,.|. U^y^m l-nuls'^irnVJi/n!:^'';' /Xn^^hl't!! 
 mt A s...-le pound fo any other conntrv in Kurooe Tl,i< vr^ ' ■ 
 to i„.ply either one or all of (hi-ee poiids, vix 'tffi on '^^ o h:;;';: 
 ove. looked the(;erma.i market, that our iMvf is tood,>n .i. 
 
 kd.er that theiv is no '^or,,,t oi.enin-" in th. t m I m' '" '."■"'■ 
 
 h.M.f. The see..nd woul.Ksi.c.ni t e t1.e n ,, ' \ ! ':"" ''''"f" 'V^'' 
 L>...li..a(e he fbrme.i (or ^'sv^^nuuJlu^)^.^^^^^ ''^ 
 
 l..a„ eet; I.y.md the expe.imen.al ph^.se, is ';;i;'h ,t 'V^ '"""'- 
 
 \ I .e^Mnl to Anstralasm, n,.t...I (b,- i,, valuable breeds (.„th. .,s 
 hvcihis lor Its mtel!i;.(.|ir <Mtth' biccliii-- it neiv b,> ^. i. V ' ^ 
 
 I "'" '•" "' ''-"-i-'itN oi fresh beef to the United Kin- 
 
14 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 riii 1 
 
 i:|:[! 
 
 dom, as tlie exports thereto of 308,000 poands in ISSl- would seem to 
 imply. The imports of fresh beef into the United Kinsdom from the 
 United States dnring the year 1875 were only a little greater than those 
 tor Australasia in 1881. 
 
 The first imports into the United Kingdom of fresh beef from Russia 
 are recorded for the year 1883, viz, 3,402,432 pounds. For 1884 the im 
 ports amounted to 3,351,184 pounds, an increase of 889,752 pounds 
 The initiatory ettort in this case is British -British capital and British 
 direction— and great hopes are entertained of enlarging the trade. 
 
 It will be noted, in the table showing the imports of fresh beef into the 
 United Kingdom, that the Russian product is valued at 0.92 cents and 
 the American at 11.80 cents per pound. The superiority of the Ameri- 
 can beef fully warrants- this difference in price; but it must not be for- 
 gotten that a penny per ])ound is a matter of considerable moment to 
 the working and trades classes of the United Kingdom, and will go fur 
 towards glossing over inferiority in (luality. This question of cheapness 
 exerts acontrollingintluenceiu every country in Europe, and the country 
 which can supply the cheapest food products can always comraauil 
 an almost unlimited market therein. Our producers, while maintaining 
 the high quality of their products, must never lose sight of this point 
 Assuming that in the near future our stockmen iind slaughterers will 
 have to (jontend more or less with Australasia, the Argentine Republic 
 Russia, «&c.— Canada being already an imi)ortant competitor^for tlio 
 beef trade of Europe, the question naturally presents itself, how will 
 such competition atFect us ? 
 
 With the present magnificent condition of our vast herds ; their supe- 
 rior quality as beef- makers; the intelligence which governs and guides 
 every movement from the plains to the seaboard ; our almost i)erfoct 
 railway system, which insures quick transport ; the nearness of Europe 
 to our shores, and the unlimited steamship conveyance always available 
 it does not seem possible that any other country can overmatch us in' 
 the European markets. The only drawback to our exi)ort trade winch 
 can arise is the possibility of our home demands increasing faster than 
 our supply, for the home market is the controlling inlluence. Whatever 
 maybe the results to us and to the other countries which are j)repari'iL' 
 to enter into tt-.is trade, the result to the United Kingdom must be an 
 abundant and cheap supply of beef, for the suridiis beef cattle of the 
 world are ever on the move towards London. 
 
 DAIRY PUODIJCT.S IN EUROPK. 
 
 Thosoportionsof the consular reports which treat of dairy farmiu"' in 
 Europe seem to cover every point contemplated in llu^ Uejtartment" ii 
 cular, and they must prove of great interest and value lo our dairy farm 
 ens. It would be impossible, even were it necessarv, to condense their 
 various interesting descrii)tioiis of European dairy farming, from (he 
 cjire of the (tattle to the manufacture of butter andVlieese, and the con 
 ditions which surround and intluencetho iiK'ustiy, from its inception to 
 the disposal of the luoducts. The reports to be liilly appreriiated in this 
 regard must be read in detail, for the ditlerent parts of tin; sul)j( ct aiv 
 dwelt on to miniitia, leaving very little forassumptive siu'culation 
 
 The only ))hasc of the interest which scrms tixlemand any treatment 
 here is, as in the caseof catth^ and beef, that which deals with the 
 European butter and <theese markets, our share therein, and how to en 
 large that share. 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FAEMINO. Jg 
 
 fio„. wi,i,.j, Bo4r„v„r at „^°A ;;;''?'■ "■!" <"■»■«• tKo„'< 
 
 .itlior inarkels; atleiist tlii\ ml.lj ^''^ . ""f"''" ''» said to coveni nil 
 ^rui.sii between butfer ,,'7->'/"^-'^"tKsIi customs rehirns do iinr,i!Jf^ 
 
 liiitUr and buiterine imports. 
 
 Wlienci) iiiiportcil. 
 
 riolland 
 
 I''r'iirii;n 
 
 Jlcijiniirk ..." 
 
 CiTiiiaiiy .".' 
 
 Swrilon .' 
 
 nnid'd Stafos ...[,, 
 
 (JiuiikI.i [ 
 
 flc'luiiim .'.' 
 
 Niirwiiy [[ 
 
 Kiissi.'i II' 
 
 Aiistnihisiu 
 
 iini.v ;;; 
 
 Chiiriiicl Islftiids 
 llriliMli KnHt. Imlios] 
 UlhiT coiiutiii's ..., 
 
 Qnnntity. Valno. 
 
 Viilno per 
 l>i>und. 
 
 Totjil . 
 
 Pnumfs. 
 I'-M, 9'.'4, 128 
 •'■'7, 121,0()H 
 .17, r>27, ,'i04 
 Ifi. )77,L'W) 
 11, 401, 0(14 
 11.231,472 
 
 0, 2(l«, 044 
 (I. 740, 272 
 .'I, 4S!I, 472 
 
 1, 484, .">«« 
 ."■X).", 4S0 
 ir.2,4:i2 
 100,404 
 101, 108 
 
 17, .W 
 
 $24, 2R,';, mr, 
 
 », 701, 0,'-,2 
 
 4. I no, 251 
 
 -', 887, ;t84 
 
 ''■, 170, 982 
 
 1.24.% 028 
 
 y. .148, 848 
 
 CIO,,^ 
 
 2(12, .--..'lO 
 
 0;t, 024 
 
 .'to, !>02 
 
 2.';, fl8r. 
 
 2:>, 146 
 3,11,'-, 
 
 "0, OCI, 10? 
 
 21.00 
 
 It will be Tinted tint D • i 
 
 I"''' I>o'«nd in tlio iJritisI ninv. !"\"^'^ '•^''^'''^ •'^" foroian butter in nr;„« 
 ''"■•""H'l Islands l„u er ' tS^ ' ^T^ '""^'•^^^ ^'""' ^'ve" > u celebrS 
 
 l'<«i»'i' «oem to bo nnite( in ' '"'^^'> '^^ Denmark', lor(}overnrn > t • m'l 
 ^"'"'^■<^ •W.J.liance.s tor u, .^^ li"'^'"'/."^'^" t.» combine tt' 
 '^=1'*; ""<! .selection of tl e s i .? '""^^^^ ^'"^^ I'^'l'iet witl, ten most 
 !""m '^rea,n, and l>utter u d n^^' J^'' '"T: ''*'"' ^''''' •" I'un i g the 
 
 ^'-';' 'ir^ i^'tn;;rii;,,;r^ jt;^;-!!'^;^ by ti. p^oduit^'s:^ 
 
 111- w lol y due fo th.' <aet th it , o. 7 ^''^I'^^'r^ ol' tl.at country ibp 
 h;.; tl..^ IJnifed Kiui^dom s oKoiS;t!r'''"" "^"« i'nport"S;efrom 
 l',\« < r, III ins report on t\w ,? ! ^'""'* ' ''^ '""fation Imtter Co,.? 
 '" 's (act, and the his u^'^^^^^^ "t" DcMinarlc, ca s atte tio 
 " '"' 71'"rt rroin (Joii.si.l Pi ^ , •' t ''"' "'^ ^vill be seen on rJi^oZ 
 •"•f'"'' '>iilt('riii«>, or ol4.,,„,..,. .,,!:., *'"' '^' l»''<>t«'«t tliat tlio Dntel. n . . 
 ""^''V 7>-.rerleit p.^^:^" li^ ffl^'^^ ^'"^'"^"•- to ij^ J V si 
 
 i.iiI.<Mfe.{ into tli'r f',''\':'.''''>'J''fc<>t-tIii.s8o.ealled ^'Dntoh i .. „ 
 
 '"""■.'"""'■'■.V ■i.i;,.i!Hv:i„;h.';';j:si'''i^i'«^i.-'s.«o 
 
 liiriiHT year tli(^ 
 
 MolMjits in IsVS.i 
 
 ''<l '() I<J,(K»0,(M)() 
 
 , ••".'" '" ">,"iM>,(» iMHiiKls! i,„>.. :, ■■^■"" '"'I't'ifs 01 J'reneb 
 
 ter,wlnlo ,n 1884 J)„[eh Imtle^S Vlir';S.^:!i/V'''"r^«"n)uiih 
 
 ! "•'I>'»'f« of Freneli bnt- 
 ne miportsof Dutch bnf 
 tl.o French by nearly 4^^% 
 
le 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ^^1? 'I' }} '^' t'l^reforo, safe to assume that fully 50,000,000 pomxls 
 of the bnttcr imporled into the United Kiu{j<lom from Holland in the 
 year 1884 was oleomarpiriue or imitation butter. 
 
 In view of the prejudice which exists in Europe against American 
 products, and the belief whicli prevails, more or less, among the several 
 peoples that adulteration and counterfeiting of food products are mon, 
 rife in the United States than in the Ol.l World, the open manufactuio 
 ot oleomargarine into imitation butter, the counterfeiting of well-known 
 brands, and the Hooding the British markets therewith, without excit 
 mg any special wonder, is most significant. In some the Unit d States 
 we have laws regulating the manufacture of oleomargarine, which laws 
 insist that the i)roduct must be plainly branded according to its nature 
 so tlsat people who so desire can j)urchase and use it understandin'>Iv' 
 J hat It IS permitted to be imjioited into the United Kingdom underllui 
 name of butter, and sold as such, must have a very injurious effect on 
 the legitimate butter trade. 
 
 Turning to our exports of butter and oleomargarine (for the distino 
 tion IS clearly made by our customs), we find that during the year 1884 
 Jlolland took of our oleomargarine oil 3;i,173,84!) pounds, valued at 
 $4,127,827, an average of 12.44 cents per pound. Our total exports of 
 oleomaganne for the year amounted to 3!),.']2 1,000, valued at $4 842 00() 
 or 18,693,02(5, pounds, au<l $1,001,229 in excess of our butter export's foi- 
 the year. Of our exports of oleomargarine not taken by Hoilantl 
 2,865,783 pounds of the oil went to Uelgium, 1,067,263 pounds of' the 
 oil and 421,316 pounds of the imitation butter (the oleomargarine ev. 
 
 ports being subdesignated imitation butter and VlieoU by'o7u'^cu8toM*i's) 
 ^d Kingdom, and 1,062,360 imunds of the imitation but- 
 
 went to the Unite 
 ter to Canada 
 
 There need be little doubt that the greater jiortion of the exDort ^n 
 Holland wasconverted into »Irisli"and " English " butter and eonsunioi 
 as such by the IJritish people. In this connection it is worthy of not.' 
 that the exports from Holland to the United Kingdom, of which at le-ist 
 one-half was composed of this imitation butter, are valued by the liii't 
 ish customs at a fraction per i)oun<l more than the real butter iim>nrh.,i 
 from the United States. ' ' 
 
 The decrease in the consumption of American butter in the Unitp.i 
 Kingdom is noteworthy, a^he imports thereof in 187!^ amounted to 
 .>.{,23I,472 pounds, valued at §6,041,466, against 11,231,472 ixmnds v 
 nod at $2 179,!)S2, in 1884. It is more than probable that this .leci'e.' ." 
 was largely due to the increase in our home consumption, prices in th. 
 home market, especially for first (|uality butter, being more sat i si'' 
 tory than the i>rices j)revailing in the United Kingdom. The decre'Iso 
 was certainly not due to any lessened demand for forei-rn butterin 
 Great Britain, for the imports during the year 1884 were 15 OOiMMi 
 pounds in excess of those of 1880; and the Uu-l that so much iiifnior 
 butter or substitute for butter finds a growing maiket therein ^^oes . 
 prove that quality has no further bearing on th(. trade than valiiein'tl 1 
 IJiitish market. '^"nuie 
 
 The fact that American butter is valued at 6.60cents jum- pound los. 
 than tli(. Danish, (5.43 cents less than the (lennan, 5.91 cents less 1 1. ,n 
 the bw.'dish, 5.23 cents less than the FreiK.h, and even a fraction .' 
 than the Dutch, one half of which is imitation butter, should auuv t 
 the pride as well as the prolit of our .hiiry fanners. The high nasi o 
 attained by the Danish, (lennan, and FumcU butterin the Jkit sli m 
 ket 18 the result ot special preparation (or diat m."->-»» -t)'' *•■--- 
 Of the consuls from those comitri.-s show the great ckro 'tttke'n' ViHts 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRV vxnum. ,, 
 
 iigiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 boro .« no ^^ood reason wl y ti.ev w?m '' "'••'" ^« ""'■ «»'»'>' SoL i,? 
 nous than can possibly oxkf ; "^' ' ' '"^''o favorable nnavirv .' v 
 
 sfiind on a par wiM, tlu, best I) nisi' '''/''''^'''^'^^^ ''""er wl iSi S^^^ 
 reports on J)anisli dnrv ill. .'""*''' product. Tbcv slmnu o/ r""'" 
 tl.-.-s learn ll.at t e sS Jf l',"^*';"'^^^''"'"ff tli^l^^^U^rS^ "'? 
 
 consequential dama-esNvlMT I, I.'"' '""'."' "'^"'i "my bo form >d / / 
 one industry, wliicli^.^ « ,/ 1 , ' j"^^*' '^'-^'ilU'd iVoni oiir rLHl I ■ ^^*^ 
 
 liurkpt fur forty v4rs vi/ii. '?'''''"''* "I'''''' l"i('.st l,i,ft,.rh, .1 ,, 
 
 I *..i.;. iiu, .ic..i„f;;s„«iv ,1 '„;" ';*!; '■'""' "i.i<' ";,';!.' s 
 
 i.sill, 101 sl.iilinl; 'per I i,. h'" !"""."') ' 'I'"''.;,^ th 7u tid t"^ ,'. ' "^'' '•'^''" 
 
 l-Fund); and duH ^ ^;/;, : ,;^''J'i';;l 1-r l.m^ffiv ll^ i.,;'":''!^ 
 liiiiidiM -wci"l,t fL'T •> *..r,.f "^-f-''^' tuidin.r with ISSI rn i •. r'' *^<*"<« 
 
 |aii expert m (his mof'uH ' "". * '''sli j.r,.sc,n.<| 1.. r^-r " Vl • "' 
 
 pwqnaldies. ' '•'" ^' *'-"""^^ ^-'r .bis particulai.';^^!;;™:;; 
 
18. 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Consul Piatt, in referring to this bnttcr, says: 
 
 In connectiou witli Iho i 
 tion of thoHO in the United 
 
 c ;wi K.iffiT if, iiiiiv bo well to direct the uft«i»- 
 
 i„ eo„„„.«„„ wi,>, n,o ..«.£. of »..;... i.;;«;r,;^ u»;,,.,»rt,.|;;;y wMc,, i ».,.,.. 
 
 
 ter wenM.acke.1 and M-alo.l ... «;'\\'»; ';,",/,,; ':;.■.! in a..y .lin.ato, in.n.cdiat.-ly .... 
 l,n)8.Tve M.0 bntt.M- l.vsl. a..d »wo et . a lou^\ .^ ^^, i,„..vm.t itsnso in s.ip- 
 
 beins n.nd.^ at tl.o '■ry'''V<^»'''"^."" V ."',!, "f .1 ur.M..n.t.V. WI..mv>ih, ail v."S8.<lsK..i..K 
 IVo... E..ropo t(. A.Mcr.ca tako with ' « ' ' ,f' ;;„,, :,, n,,, u„it..,l Ktatos, t.. m-n..-o 
 
 tor wero pad 
 
 1» . 
 boil 
 
 Kn■l^nrop;;■VoA....ru.ataIu,^vi.l.^no.n 
 
 ,,„ito r.actioableJf tb.s o..t.«rp..s o n.^.^.h 
 
 the oi.tirotrii(lol(.r tl.o A.non<<a..oM.mU ^i >^^^_ i„„s...ucl. as all .biiry prodnctH oan 
 
 tl.eoi.tirotraclolorthoAii.oi. a.-t-M'"' > ■ • ^, j,,,,^,,,,,,.!. as all tbiiry 
 peto most 8..ece8sf..ljy with Ku.opo fi r 1 . « ;^ '' ;J'^ ,„ „f t,,„ Athu.tic. 
 
 be prodnced so much choapor ^^'V ,'"*,;' //.it.ttor is nt ili/.'d, and also for cj . 
 I.Wtholarsopa8stH,!;or8tea,..sh. s im^^^^ _^„^1 ,^^„ ,,„„,,i ,„ j„,y f,,,. j^, 
 
 toconntricH whoro tho_con8nni.ns: 1';'^"'^^:,, «o„h', America. a..d co.mtries bord. 
 
 uxport 
 
 s^^^nH^^^^^S^cSr^^S'^^ontk America. a..d co..utrie8 bordering 
 
 on tho Mediterranean. 
 
 For mercha.it 
 named conntri 
 the inferior qnf 
 
 crrai.ean. „n„vcr classes of tl.o pop.ilation in tl.o above- 
 
 i.it8hippiusaudf..rtl.epo..ciiJas''e^^^ J,„ on„„-l,, and it i» for 
 
 ries, a seco.id '"h1 th.rd qn 1. y «;' »^ .\ , , ^ar fn.n, pnldish...! n.arket 
 nalities thrt *l'^V'l' nl „H . 1.1 l.nul!'< ts of the best Ilairies. iMas...„eli 
 reports, reqnire a gr^'O-U'r ""*''';;.['' ',''i„tted with stock of this sort, cl.ietlyowinx 
 asthoAmcricann.arketsarocont ...a .vM^^^^^^^^^ Imtt.-ri.io has ma.lo ..pon th. 
 
 10 the inroads which tl.o '''iF" ^'^ '"^^^^^^^^ Huap «(•>"""" •>"tte'-. «'«'-> 
 
 markets hitherto '^va.lablo 1. tho c ns..n.p .^ ^^..„ ,^,, ^^,^.^, ^,^,^^ j,^^^ 
 
 merchant vessels nso ch.efly .'^"^.lassf batter n i-l.fc be fo....d if tl.o cannin- sys- 
 marketsforlarscqiipt. .es< l^s ass.^.^^^m^^^^^ ,, ___^^^^ K..rop,.u.. 
 
 tern wero adopted lor the supply ii"v\ in.nisii'o, 
 
 "'Frlr-i Statement, lierewith submitted, sbowinff our butter exports 
 I'loni .istaceuu^m, u inchis ve, it appears tliat tins ex- 
 
 for eleven years, 1«'^^^ . ^/.'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ uantitv .Inri.'i that period. Tl„. 
 port has n.crease(lnea>%t^^^^^^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^.^ ^^^.^^^ 
 
 K^'?i:./n;;^b.:t^Sn;i;bn ort: i„to tlu, United Kin^Unn ,;... 
 S; twi years tis found that the averaf,re pnee per imnnd m l,Sj4 w.s 
 "A cents n. for 1884 (omittinif the import Iron. 1 oland where,., 
 rmftition mt er predo...i..ated) the avera-e pr.co was l>i.<() cents ,,,.,■ 
 unitation I uai I .^^ American butter dunn- the 
 
 ;:S^^-c^^ u,^-col.!;!deratio,. nu.st l.an^ been wholly d.te todete.!- 
 orati'on i f ^^^^ I„ this connectio.nt should be re.nen,b..red, hou- 
 
 over that of ii.st-class butter limls as ^n.„d a market at ho.ne as u ;„.y I 
 tSm ou t^^^^^^ l»^^ •'^■^■'^'""^'•^ that this act alone accounts I 
 
 J-rti"" deXe in the j.rice of American exi.ort butter .n 1881, as e,„„. 
 
 '''S:!^c^:^^rli^X Europe duriu, the deyeu years increase.l 
 nearlv ninefold in (luantitv, this iuc.vase hem- wlu.llydoin.nated by our 
 evnorts to the United ivin-dom ai.d to (lermauy. , ^ , 
 
 Th" export in 1881 of American butter to Denmark and Swe.lei. 
 f4'>l '377 and ;i7(>,;'.71 ])ouiids respectively) is worthy ol attention, be.i.j; 
 \nxv first recorded butter exports to tl^ese countries. 
 
 It would be L.terestiu- to asceitmsi whether th.s pi-(.duct was .m- 
 norted into those Imtterexpurtin-comit.ies for consiimpln.i. or t(. he 
 wcnked over ibr the Eiiolish market. As tlie latter was more llinn 
 likelv th<^ real i.urpose ..f im|.oit, it becomes a .pn-st.on lor our da.iy 
 larm'ers whethei-, if it p.iys the Danish an.l Swedish butter nmkersor 
 u<sortersto import Americiin butter, m;inipiihife it over and re export 
 the same to England at pioliia hie prices, iL uuuhi n..t j.ay tla-ui (..su 
 
CATTLK AND DAIHY FARMING. 
 
 piod.ict for (.x,„)i.fc of ^"' "" " <l''"rv fanners (tnn Uirn nTt ^ .°^^- 
 
 (hose <lirectJy (w. ' m.e, . ''"'"^^ ^'■'"" t''«^-so oont m' .' . ^''f'.i'^^'^t'"" 
 
 '"' ^-«^-«>^ O.EOMA.aAU,NK .ARKKT 
 
 '' '■'"'" ''"'•"'y '/'*• //rar 1,S«4. 
 
 K\|)(il(ri| til— 
 
 Imitation bnttor. 
 
 Tlio oil. 
 
 J vaiim. giiantity. I Viih,„ 
 
 Tl)(;il. 
 
 <li'nii:Mj\ 
 
 Ilolliind. 
 
 Ilililimii 
 
 , I'liilc'il Kiiij;rl(piii 
 
 j ('iiri;iil;i 
 
 I liiiiiii.irk 
 
 ' l;isi«lii'i(i 
 
 I'otindg. 
 .'Ill, 7l»0 
 
 l,';^:Ji>'| 
 
 421,, ■III! 
 
 1,001, «oa 
 
 ""k^'ihin 
 
 'I'olal , 
 
 I "7, 17,1 i 
 
 I'oundii. 
 
 H(l, ;-,.-. 1 
 
 33, I7:t,XI!i 
 
 -. «iM, L'd;) j 
 
 1.''''4.'>,!U7 
 •'l-',(il4 I 
 
 ii,;tu!) 
 
 *II sen I ^'"""<'i- 
 Til, ^(,(J I l-'7 -.I, 
 
 1, 837, 082 1 171 iTrr.T;^ 
 
 3.W, 7li,'< 
 
 Kii, ir.ii 
 
 •I. 1M» 
 •1, L'dO 
 
 J, i;.i7 1 
 
 1.IHI7, •.•«.) 
 
 i.uii-',;ii;u 
 
 3-', (iW 
 1'3, GM 
 
 Viiliic. 
 
 ■«, l-'7,n:'7 
 
 •■'">'<, !i7;i 
 
 '-'"!", (JL'K 
 
 113, 3.M 
 
 ■I, -'00 
 
 U, :.;i7 
 
 ""■-■'» !■•«"-" 5rr7iE-= 
 
 '"""'"' '•^'■"" ■.■""— x„„;;„, ,, „^, 
 
 ■<. «j:', 3u:j 
 
 Ia|»i||((| (i)_ 
 
 "II.iimI 
 
 >i'ii;lijiii 
 
 Uiiili'il Iviiindiihi..'.' 
 
 I Imitu- 
 
 ' , »•'"'" Til,, oil. 
 
 Olitif. 
 
 '■M'"'il...| i„_ 
 
 II.3U lui. '•'■<«'-un 
 I '"■■»- i>'niimi|>. 
 
 Iniitu. j 
 tii.i, T,|,.„i| 
 I'll tier. 
 
 Cinh: j r,'„h 
 '"• <!•■» Id. 17 
 
 ''■•'-' 10. M 
 
90 
 
 CATtLE AND DAIRY PARMWO. 
 
 W 
 
 The foreffoiiiff flgurea show that our exports of ohiom.irganne In 18S4 
 wore 18,G95,dG7 pounds in <juantit,y luul 81,01)1,501 in Viilue greater than 
 our exports of butter, and at prices otdy a little more than one-halt the 
 latter. 
 
 THE FOREIGN CHEESE MARKET. 
 
 Our annual cheese export amounts to ov<t five and onc^-half tinios in 
 quantity and three times in value our butter export, t>'^' •;^P"i<;.;!"'^!'.f 
 the Year 1884 amountinj;- to U2,iHV.),mr, pcmnds, value.l at $11,<.(..{,7U. 
 
 The iniDorts of cheese into tlu^ United Kinj-doni, whi<!h cover the 
 greater portion of the surplus cheese of the several countru\s, were as 
 follows in 1884: 
 
 Imparls of cheese into the Unilrtl Kiiifidom diirino the year l.S+l. 
 
 Imported t'rora — 
 
 ITnitoil StatPB — 
 
 Cniiadn 
 
 Itollniul 
 
 Franco 
 
 ]liiHsin 
 
 Jti^l<;liim 
 
 AiiHtrnlia 
 
 Swoden 
 
 Drniiinrk 
 
 (iornmny 
 
 ElHewhoi'o 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 
 Pounih. 
 
 
 1(10, :i;!:i, '.'SO 
 
 <i:.,!i!ti,ri44 
 
 ;ir., 777, ;iif.! 
 
 ;i, o:i(i, (i.'id 
 
 IC.Pl, t<IH) 
 
 ;i(;-j, S.MO 
 ;ti.'>, ii.'ii! 
 
 'J7H, KSO 
 1S!),(','0 
 
 «;), ii;s 
 
 Viiliio. 
 
 f.rj 
 
 0.12, 
 
 ;i.-:i 
 
 7, 
 
 •i7:i. 
 
 :ioi 
 
 ^ 
 
 IM'J, 
 
 Wi 
 
 
 ■Win. (imi 
 
 
 ■)<i, 
 
 '.'IH 
 
 
 ti, 
 
 717 
 
 
 ;w. 
 
 41H 
 
 
 ::ii. 
 
 ;mi) 
 
 
 -1. 
 
 Wl 
 
 
 n 
 
 *j."iri 
 
 
 n 
 
 7JH 
 
 Valiio vor 
 liiiiiiid. 
 
 CrnlD. 
 11. 
 II. 
 li. 
 U. 
 II, 
 I'J. 
 
 r.'. 
 
 10. 
 
 II. 
 II. 
 n,. 
 
 C'J4 
 
 i;i7 
 <tt:i 
 
 711 
 
 ;f.':i 
 
 11)4 
 
 mi 
 
 «27 
 !I!I2 
 400 
 
 ;;i,'),«a9,5(i« 
 
 2l,;i07,!)4t 
 
 n.2cj 
 
 Considerinfftheimmei.se quantity of American cheese con.su med iii 
 the United Kingdom— 8,000,((0() pounds at least ot tiie, imports rom 
 Canada, above recorded,beingAmeri(!ancheeseexportedbyandcredite( 
 
 in liritish returns to the Dominion— it maybe held that it staiul.s its we 1 
 in public estimation as the product from any other country, altlioiigl. 
 the specially prepared cheese of some other countries bi:ii-- higher 
 prices in the market. These higher ligures, however, except, in tin; case 
 of Holland, cover only small (piantities, comparatively. It may well he 
 (luesticned whether the cheese of any other country, in (luably and tlavor, 
 is superior to American cheese, but the latter still sullei'.s, in price iit 
 least, for it docs not seem to sulfer in (•onsumi)tion trom that lingeriiin' 
 prejudice which regards all American luoducts as m some mysterious 
 manner inferior to the products ot tiie older countries— a prejudute 
 wliich has operated very unfavorably Ibr our prodii(!ts, but which is 
 being dissipated by the continuous good qualitiesoi the products them 
 
 selves 
 
 It will be seen that we supply the liritish markets witli a little moiv 
 than one-half their total imports of cheese. Our exports ot cheese b. 
 the United Kingdom during the year ISSl, 101!,(iS(i,;.l< p<uind.s, and 
 to Canada. 8,80;},L'9(J pounds— the greater i)ortion ol tiie latter g(i 
 ing to l<;ngland also— left only 1,S79,();L» ]K)unds for export to all other 
 countries. It will thus be seen that our f(U'eign cheese tradt^ may lie 
 said to be conlined to the United Kiiig«h)iii. Of our immen.se cheese ex- 
 port during 1881, only a little over ;5,(t(iO pounds went to all Luiope, out 
 side the United Kingdom. 
 
hid in 1834 
 renter tlian 
 ne-half tho 
 
 ilf tiinos in 
 [(ortduriii}; 
 ill,<J();},7i;i. 
 (!ovcr tlio 
 OS, were as 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 
 Viiliio iipr 
 
 
 |iiiiiiiil. 
 
 
 Cniln. 
 
 l.w 
 
 ll.C'J4 
 
 lilt 
 
 1l.ti:;i 
 
 HI'J 
 
 1-'. i:t7 
 
 ilHI 
 
 n.4i:i 
 
 -MH 
 
 11,711 
 
 717 
 
 vj.;f.':i 
 
 41H 
 
 l-.i. 1114 
 
 111) 
 
 lO.HHIt 
 
 Wi 
 
 ll.«27 
 
 'J.'i'i 
 
 ll.'.l'.l'J 
 
 T2H 
 
 ir>.4oo 
 
 04( 
 
 11.2G'J 
 
 oiisiiiikmI ill 
 ijiortH iVoiii 
 iiid credited 
 iiids iis well 
 y, aUhoiij,'!; 
 
 ■ins; liif?l't''' 
 [, in tlie ease 
 iiKi.v well hi' 
 ' and llavor, 
 , in priee iit 
 at liiif^eriii^' 
 1 mysterious 
 a ]trejudi(!(' 
 ut wliieli is 
 jduc.ts llieiii 
 
 I little more 
 d" (dieese to 
 IKiiinds, and 
 e latter ^o 
 to all otlicr 
 !id»^ may iu' 
 >e <;liees(M'\- 
 ICurope, out 
 
 "i'l<-i*'"t |Top,.rti«,ns. ( m.\v i ' ''1 "'^' ^''"'« "t its p rose .mi"^ 
 
 ]•;'>• ro eater to pa.ticuh.r am poi , J" I' ''''"'.V''^'^''^''' '^ ^vould m t 
 «dMM^set(allealn,,nnt<)f(,veI^•^0lO(m< f^'' . ^ "'" '"«t«"'ce, French 
 
 tlnrd o( flM, total importsof tI.eVj dJ S .f <;? '^'' H"'ount ecpuil to onS- 
 
 i.nti.'sl. cn.stom.s. ()„r elurs ,,,„/,?'''''"' ^"^ elieest bv t o 
 
 <;« ii.anntm^tnre in ti.e se eri h-^ m^^^^^ "'"'"'•' •'^»"«lv tl.o modeS 
 
 ^;=^-;^i;rr;;;ft;;i'^.-d^^^^^ 
 
 i;'';«'''.t, tlie ivsnlt will IH ; ;; i," :,-tse Th' '""""'' ^'".^" ^"•^' <'l>taine rat 
 l"«I«'<'|l, It would l,e l.anl stin'^^^^^^n^ 
 
 '*•' ;•""'<' '" tlH. United Kin.r, o,n Or ''^'^^^i'^;^^' <>f even n penny 
 
 ;;:''«>''-;• r<,od .npplicvs c. n I as\'^^ J»'"<"-I>i« uppS 
 
 .du..,\s 1.0 .on,,, i„ ,„j,„, J '^ \^I AS to clieese, and it should 
 
 i'-^- -Miout .aitin, lor ^o:;;:^^X'A:^^^^;^r ^"'^^ "^■ 
 
 <...d luoSJ^shlmln;;:?^,?'"':;?''^ "^ '<>''ei^n tra.lo and our present 
 and oleoniarii-arin. Kf ill I ' " ^"""'''' ^'^^tle, fresh beef b ,tt . ! i.? ^ 
 -'■.'ense,l n^k betl.re' .^'::.;^::;!;';;rl.:S ^'"^?' '-n^-" "a!^ 3 
 '' The "d''"'- ' ''-^'"•"''^^«'''- ''''"'*' l>ro.lucts, iu'this 
 
 n.ents i'mm.naL;;"^;;;;;^,;;;'^;;'/^ leiL^Jr""' '" ^''^ f'^l>»Iatea state- 
 ••attleand cattle pnxlncts v..,. f. '.^"er showinjj: our total CKDortVnP 
 
 "l<H"-^ "<>t ;fo to prove any ecr to i?^^^''-- * ? """'''^" ^''^^ ^''owinL' 
 .v^-'"'^, loi- It ,s too apparent hat beef ..' '■*'''"'"*-^ *^'"'"^' t'^'se / ivt 
 
 •'"•^^^" ' ^'"' •^'anj,d.ter of , U" , , /?!./" V'"" ?"'^^'^^"t must keep 
 l^"^'<'I.v <Iurin,i,' the years un.ler n-vT- v M n"'''" '".'''"- i"<"-^asc<l very 
 -•I"' «"xp;Tt of the former i.s who K m '•'"'' ""^' »''« '"''""'f.' oil a 
 
 ";•"• 'J'Ins increase,! <M,nsum m^, i b. h '"! """•''i^^hI h(,me consum 
 'ilacture, and our exports , f t , i '. * ^''"^ '""' "^ <>'^'«>mai-anno n •! 
 -,;.ion thereot, .,,! ^^u'L!^:^ u^^lfe S inT/^' ouM.orci:;;: 
 t.iiiow <i":y occreaso in tho export of beef 
 
 fP^:K^..':!:^^^^^^^ pounds, valued a, 
 
 "'• ' "•^•'' Kin,:;(ion., l'Van,'e rs -i 1 i , ( "';»':^' /!'='" one-half went to 
 
 l^'"o" „..• .n their respective oS^^',;//'^^ ^'"""•'«^' ^^''i?'""', and Hollaml 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING 
 
 11 Jll iinn>.». I • 
 
 wcro us lollowH : 
 
 DoBlanatlou. 
 Oattli* iininl)or 
 
 FiKhIi liwf IKMUlclH 
 
 t'HllIllll lllM'f •■ 
 
 Siilli'd Ixnf pomiclK 
 
 Other boff ..(II.. 
 
 Butter •'"•• 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Vitlae. 
 
 ino,rii8 ♦IT, Hr.r)^"''" 
 l'J(),78l,WM ii,»K7,;j:'l 
 
 42,n70,lMl 
 
 641, iii:i 
 20, 027, 'i'i 
 
 ;t, HH, 7(17 
 
 a, 2112, 273 
 
 (i7, IM 
 
 3,750,771 
 
 DoitKnAtlon. 
 
 rii....... P"->n'l« «i2,wio,r,7.i 
 
 iu-.nuii..w. '"■■ !i'!f.Vl'^' 
 
 Olcoimirjiiuiiio <l"-l ■•».•>--.'*»• 
 
 ConilenHcd milk 
 
 Total 
 
 CATTLE-BREEDINO IN FOBEION OOUNTUIKS. 
 
 b rn s U u^ U.SO ; vol. iu tho various .vports themselves; hc.co, these 
 
 Vnn 'ti u e Of eiu^ m. Care luus been taken, h.>weyer, to K^mrd 
 '';«..] enett on while, at the .same time, giving due eonsulera- 
 S'io t^e I X^ nalx 'i (.!• t he <-onsuls. Kej^ard lor consular ellbrts 
 tion ti> ti i^ "' "-^ ronserved 1»V ro^'ard for the {general interests iii- 
 l^dver^u U e vark.re^n;:; trvatin, of the san.e breeds of cattle and 
 Iu h el i^^me its, fiivi a n.any-si<led viesv of the san.e subject, an( 
 then i'^''^"V''''''-' ,.'r^,, ,1,., ,..,., .j-t each other: for the admirers ot special 
 
 breeds, AN thout It mlin^ .visilom, as vv<'ll as utility, of ^'ivin- 
 
 ;;;:rl:;;:rU i.ffuU;'l£.vil^ tl^ intc^n^t Cattle-breeders of the United 
 
 ""'T : f ;!:r m:!:rin;":s;in::1;;u;;s'oi'^^^^^^^ sublect of catHe-breed. 
 • 1^!' t ^/t clTinV ( (S^^ and its results in the several cr,u.,- 
 
 S liVS mS^^tswellasinhel,>in^n,show 
 u d ^hi n-'s which chaime of countries, or il.str.ct.s within ...untnes 
 is el ic od on what ai.^ (..lied pure bred ..ittie and on lie caJle bred 
 hah ^."^*^^^'\ "''"'*• tin. nitive breeds theiewth, the illustrations which 
 ^Znl my ' ' - s\ull ^li!^^^^^ the stocU-breeders of t he United 
 it ate^i av in-, atcorrect coiK-lusions an.l immediate 7«ults--resu l.s 
 wl icl' should be remembered, have b.-en attained m tlu- Old World 
 nlvlV si w, patient, and costly etlbrt; indeed, the whoh, experience 
 of Ku one is herein laid open to ...ir ...ttlemen and dairy l,ir iners 
 
 As there Is no portion of this vast snbJ.M-t which has produced mo... 
 he^ddi^u««ioi and honest diliercn opi.i.on umonj^ those .lirectly 
 
 concern 
 
 coiisui.s 
 
 animal ; 
 
 of th(>s« 
 
 breeds i 
 
 the onth 
 
 lii.;-,., ij 
 
 ''jtatisticj 
 
 farmers i 
 
 e.piiil to 
 
 to tho na 
 
 forei<r|, ( 
 
 «ivcn be] 
 exporter, 
 to (.'aiiad 
 
 >*'lOllI(| 1), 
 WitJMU 
 
 (•'cliii- w 
 
 fully <-()ii, 
 
 ports, I ,. 
 
 arouse n < 
 
 lion is c;i 
 
 breediiioi 
 
 IOiiiop»>iiii 
 
 piincipjiip 
 
 le ports \\\ 
 
 ally eiioii;^ 
 
 <Jiven tl 
 
 catth^bree 
 
 a con;;'enia 
 
 lo;;etli(.r w 
 
 t'ontain, it 
 
 never belbi 
 
 prove of tT 
 
 States. 
 
 1 liii< 
 
 ilon. Joi 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRV FARMING. 
 
 23 
 
 fXJaiiu li : ''" ^^''^^•''•" ^iittlo ottho Unite IS f'\ '''V.'"'^' *"!"'« 
 WitlMMu ';!'-'''''^''^''* '" ""'^ <=onnc.ctio,. '"'•'"'■'"" ''^'^"'♦'^"» then,," 
 
 ,., 'p ' iMMop,. -uHl i„ tlio7T„it,Ml States " ^^ ''"''" "" "^''^ttle- 
 
 ,,;.:'' ""'"'i, n.etl.odM „f tlM. li ^ ;, ';,! " ^'' '^^""••^•'^ «f valuable 
 
 .„.e i:^^":^ . "''!"'"t aseattle-hreedin^ ^ i^,. .: ''l '^' "^ f^'P''^ to 8«cK 
 
 l<>"Ser u ,1 ;!'"''^ iweattle-hreedini a 1 i\ ; i • '^ ^'7'''^ to such 
 
 States. 
 
 """•i",'f 'i; <'A,a,,su.;, 1' *'•' liAYARD. 
 
24 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Tahu-laUd slalvmcnta aciom/ianying the Secretary's letter. 
 
 Cattit) HtalisticN 
 
 (1) StilteillCIlt HllOWillLt li 
 
 t' I'-cporiHoC ('iiltlc I'roin tlio iriiitrd Sljitcs <l 
 
 mill;;' Mm 
 
 lov(!ii yfiirHotidiii;; with llio year 18-14, Nliowiii-r llio iiiiiiiI)..im iiikI tolal V'll 
 mm tlio value iiiu- licid of tlui eattlo cxiiKi'tiMl to each eoiintrv 
 
 no 
 
 (2) SUtoimmt,Kli()\viiiji; t ho imports of ciiKlo into the United Kiii;^«ioiii d 
 
 oleveii years eiidiii;; witli tlieyear 1881, hIiowiii;' M 
 
 iiriiiL' file 
 
 iiid the value per head of the eatth 
 
 10 niuiiher and total viih 
 
 Fresh beef statist! 
 
 iiiportiid from each eoiiutry 
 
 {•i) StiUoment showinu; the exports of fresh liocf from the United States fn 
 year 1877 (the first oliieialiy reeorded year of its extiort) to and incliid 
 
 year 1884, showiii;; t|„, ,,uaiitity and total value and the val 
 the exports to ('a(!h eoiintn-y 
 
 om the 
 in;; the 
 ne per pound of 
 
 (4) .Statement Hhowiiiff the importsof fresii IxM^f into the United Kingdom d 
 
 iirmi; 
 
 Butter statiaties 
 
 the elevi II years eiidiiii; with the. year 1881, showiiif,' the <iuantriy and total 
 value and tlie valiK! per pound of the imports from eacli count 
 
 I'.V. 
 
 (5) .Statement showinjr tIioex|mrt.s of hiittcr from the United States d 
 
 I ,." ., •, -'■■■•I. o ..nrin}; the 
 
 « even years endinj,' with the year |s-4, .s|„,v in;,' the quantity and vahie of 
 the exjiorts to eueli conlineiil; and eoimiry (hereiti. 
 (>>) Statement sliowin,!; the imports of 1. niter' and oleoniar;,'arine into ilie United 
 
 Kiiii^dom during; the elevei 
 
 1 years eii(liii;r , villi the year 1881, showiiic tin 
 
 <|uaiitity and total value and value per pound of the imports i 
 country. 
 Cllees(^ statistics: 
 
 (7) Statement showing,' the exports of cheese from the United States d 
 
 roni each 
 
 eleven years ending,' with the year IH-si, si 
 
 nriii;; the 
 
 lh(» exports to each continent and ((Hiiitrv llierei 
 
 lowiii;,' tlieciiiantity and value of 
 
 (8) Stati^liieiit sliowin;,' the imports of cl 
 
 the eleven years eiidiuj,' with the year 1884, nI 
 
 leese into tlu. United Kin^'dom d 
 
 iirini' 
 
 v.ilne and the value [lor pound of the iiiiiiorts from each 
 
 win;,' tlie i|iianlity and total 
 
 General statistics: 
 
 (It) Statement showin;' tli 
 
 l»rodnets— horned cattle, fresli Itcet 
 
 country. 
 <•_ exports froiii the United States of cattle and catti 
 
 jnitter, cheese, heef tallow, and oleomar;,'arin( — d 
 
 canned heef, salted liecf, other lieef 
 
 iny the number, (jiiautity, and value ot" th 
 each couutry 
 
 urin;,' the year 1884, sin 
 o several products exported to 
 
CATTLE 
 
 AND DAlIiY FARMING. 
 
 lltcs (lllliiij; Hid 
 iiiKl total valiio 
 
 •loin (liiriitfr fii,. 
 and total viiluo 
 
 try. 
 
 StatoH from tho 
 1 inclndi?!;; tli(( 
 i<5 iK;r ixtuiul of 
 
 ins'lorii diiriiit; 
 ntity iiiid total 
 Ir.v. 
 
 tcs diirin<; tho 
 y 1111(1 v;»lii(! of 
 
 "to llio Uiiilcd 
 , Nhowiii^r tint 
 rts from caoli 
 
 OH diiriii;r tim 
 and valiio of 
 
 n^'dom diiriiijr 
 ility and total 
 
 ■y. 
 
 t|(J and cat I If 
 ■f, other liccf, 
 ir IHHI, hIiow- 
 i cxportod to 
 
26 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 i 111 
 
 s 
 
 I" 
 
 s 
 
 »> 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 
 TS 
 
 O ^ 
 
 a 1- 1- o -" 
 a ,s T — ^ 
 Ti* cju I- r^ '•■^ 
 
 o o -^ s^l ':2 
 
 uu I- M X CS 
 
 . ~ M ?:' -* » I g 
 
 1 1-- -J t*; T-i -I" *3 
 
 t ,-c '-i? '"^ JO •*- ^ 
 
 • r I ao -n* c; — 
 
 (^ ^'^ S ^ .% 
 ti i — i-.' »J 
 
 • o o o o ■© 
 
 . -TTI O ^ -*• 
 
 • CI ?l O « I - 
 
 »-i I- c; a:j ao • au C5 ^ -O -^ "-^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
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 C3 
 
 ^■Z 
 
 inci 
 
 
 O SI ■^ t- ^ I — '-7 '^1 ^j Sc ^ 
 
 OC 2 l.-l CO ti '. rr c^ o '* C^ ?l 
 
 ^ X I' if^ •-; 
 
 ■^ TO r- rf 00 
 o t- -^ re o 
 
 s cc r- o t!^ fO 
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 r ?i «-" ^ 71 
 
 
 S '5 ?^ t^ I; 
 
 N i- X r? is 
 
 ' =^ 'J? *• — C> 
 
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 ir; cj o ri CO 
 
 C I — ' f. « — 
 ^ cti CI ^j 
 
 r-i t^ C* « lO 
 
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 . ^t CI rH f* TT 
 
 t 00 'W '— O ■ t ■?! 
 . .- If^COCJ'J I- 
 • O w. »0 CN (A ■=? 
 
 ; cT'-o'cf rTi.-rTtT 
 . »— o -* "* -■' Tl 
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 t r-'crciinco" 
 
 . ^, c j:.. 2; '-o o 
 
 . CC r- O O '^ -H 
 
 ! r^ ct o <J ^ ' 
 
 -»«• -M rt "M T> • =3 tr 3£ C; '2 
 
 ^ o 00 "M I— I tr: ^ CI o o 
 
 1^ -^ O ■* •". r> X^ ?I X ^l CI o 
 
 I- o "i - X I' rt X I - ■:* ' - 1' 
 
 o -^ o t- s TO -x i.-^ r 1 u*; t'S 
 
 
 
 
 'S' 
 
 s 
 
 I- 
 
 « 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 f; S 5 in I- ; o >n -H - -■«._-r 
 
 5 it S = ^ . I . IT -r /.' — -( 
 
 5) 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 : -^ f' X -f 
 
 • tJJ Cj •• I.. 
 
 : « £j 
 
 I'T Tl O — -^ 
 
 ■^ -rf •» O 
 
 o ^ X 1.-^ o ■ j^ ;* 25 2 " 
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 • L-. X. ; « - '-^ Ci ; 
 
 *f r- X '^ cc — ci •»■ o o '5 
 
 5 w 7 ) H- i; TJ i*; T i X X o 
 
 f- 1^ c^ ^ O O '^ r 1 .~? ^. M 
 
 r- : 1 r? -^ o r: X r^ •-■: n -- 
 
 t* r» ■'J' c — ^ cs ^ «- T4 M 
 
 O — ^ O X X O X CO 
 
 i- r-T f-T — " cT .-i" cf r r :d 
 
 s 
 
 !»' c'^ "'*" .-r'lrj'cTrrT'X xo 
 
 I': c :; ,^ O o 5 £ * iJ g 
 ,•-; H ^ « X -J 1!^ X CO 
 
 -vJ = ~ •'- 
 
 ; ^^ c n: r z.*- 
 
 
 •=^5=^-r.5£.=.^3 = 
 
 .^5^.; 
 
 
 ffi ac i o = v' — - :; r: J 
 
 c« t-cii-osr"-". " <^' : 
 
 hs 
 
 y,p,C^^U'i^-Z'r.-^< 
 
 c4i"'?r ^cr?r 
 
 
 
 •" '■^' J >. 
 
 a,/i 
 
 
 It si-. 
 
 b O II t : 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 27 
 
 
 <£ lO I, r^ CT) ,-, .- 
 
 >l t-H •*■ f-n (-, .^ ,_ _ 
 
 «> "S^XJ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 'M t^ O '^ -* - 1 — , -s ,_ 
 
 CI o a. « 2 i' 2 g ^ -fo 
 
 ^ cs c. T I j; » 
 
 «?■ 
 
 ^ r - 1- o 
 
 
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 ■Jf § s-2 nS =r. ri 
 
28 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIEY FARMING. 
 
 « 
 
 
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CAtTLE AND DAIRY FARMiNO. 
 
 S 
 
 ot ti -r a> no ?i X 
 
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 >- ^ci"-"'^-' 
 
 • t; "' '1 v f '-3 = 
 
 r^ rliO -^ .« -t -)■ I , 
 
 S '^ =< w — I - CJ X 
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 «J tl r-t O 46 CO O 
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30 
 
 CATTLE AND DAlUY FAftMrKO. 
 
 fir 
 
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 t- if; ^t -r — "T ; I 
 
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 oil ^ 
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 . I- !• CS * IC I* *' "^l 
 
 : rt — ii = X » = 53 • r" ::'.■;'- r ■£ 'i" i?; 
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CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
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CATTLtJ AtTD DAIRY FARMtNO. 
 
 I- o ac CI I- cv t- 3? 4 p. 
 
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CATTLE-BREEDING IN EUROPE AND IN THE I NITED STATES. 
 
 JiEl'OItT JIY CONtiVL TAXXER, OF LIEGE. BELGIUM. 
 
 It is luy opinion that if ii fair test wero iiiadi! of the merits of cattle 
 but little known, including tlie Belgian breeds, it would be discovered 
 tLat the "craze" for so-called blooded breeds is a great mistake, and 
 that Americans pay enormous and absurd prices for foreign cattle. 
 These things, it is to be hoped, will be rectified by the reports in answer 
 to the cattle circular. 
 
 I believe that if our people at home would use the money spent in 
 the purchase of foreign breeding cattle in constructing quarters for our 
 native cattle equal to the housing quarters of Euroi)e; if they would 
 give the native cattle the same care they give to their high-priced foreign 
 cattle, that within four generations of careful breeding, always select- 
 ing the best bulls and the best cows and keeping the others thinned 
 out by the butchers, the United States would have a native breed that 
 would rival any cattle in the world. 
 
 If those who i)ay extravagjuit i)rices lor foreign cattle will carefully 
 note what it costs to feed and keej) such cattle in good condition ; the 
 risks and losses in transportation ; will keep a careful record of their 
 iiiilk-yield in comparison with tiie best of our native breeds, giving both 
 the same care and attention, and add up their accounts at the end of 
 the year, bearing in mind the interest on 'lie money invested in the 
 foreign stock, they will lind the balance on the sidi'of'the native cattle. 
 In cattle the iide of the '• survival of the tittest" should be adojtted. 
 An inferior (!ow should be sent to the butcher as speedily as jxtssible. 
 
 If the assertion of the Dutch historian be true that William, Prince 
 of Orange, found that the cattle of England were inferior to those of 
 Holland, it shows that the iiii])rovemenl in British cattle is of recent 
 date. 
 
 I njight offer a hundred illustrations from my own observations and 
 experience, which would fortify the assertion that our native cattle can 
 be brought to a degree of perfection existing in the cattle of Eurojtean 
 couuti'iesif they will be surrounded by similar conditions. 
 
 My brother took much interest in'mattcrs of this kind, and made 
 many experiments. The r(-sults of twelve years of careful selection of 
 the best native cows and bulls pioved that" there was only a slight <lif- 
 ference between these an<l the iancy imported cattle, arid when the 
 (lidcici-cc ill i»rice was taken into account the balance was in favor of 
 the home brcctls. 
 
 The first .lockey Club that was ever inaugurated was gotten up by 
 the father of Senatcu' Wad«' llamjtton, of South Caiolina. What has 
 this Jockey Club nol done for the American race and trotting horse f 
 It has not only elevated the standard of this breed of horses bv oU'er- 
 ing sullicient iruliiccnicnt to that «■!!(! in the Unitcsl s.{ati-s, bnt' it has 
 done the same in European countries which have followed thecxamit'le 
 of South Carolina, It has greatly increased the speed in running in 
 
 41 
 
42 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING 
 
 
 tb 
 
 111 
 
 the one, and it bas made the trotting- borse, wbidi is pecnhiu- to the 
 United States, almost equal to wbat tbe rnniiing- borse was prior I o t,be 
 formation of tbis Jockey Club. Tbis only applies as an illustration tor 
 tbe subject on band tbus i^ir. Tbe race borse, it is true, comes from a 
 foreign breed, but the trotting borse bas been developed therelroin by 
 selection and careful breeding. Tbis sbows tluit where man bends his 
 energies to tbe development of cattle for any particular quality be is 
 sure^o succeed. With similar rules applied in tbe breeding ot even 
 our scrub cattle, I know whereof I speak when I assert that tlie> will 
 develop qualities, as beef and milk yielders, equal to those possessed 
 hy the iinp()rt<'d stock. 
 
 CARE OF CATTLE IN EUROPE AND IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As a whole the European people take more interest in tbeir stock 
 
 urn do tbe people of the United States, and there are uioi-e induce- 
 ments in this regard offered in the former than m the latter, ibe 
 English hold a dozen agricultural or cattle shows to our one, otienng 
 thousands of dollars to our half dollars in premiums, and it is no marvel 
 tbat the cattle are tar superior, that the farmer in England should 
 draw closer to his cattle than does tbe American iarmer to bis, treat 
 them kindlier, and give them better dispositions. ^ ., . i. . ^r 
 
 Stock-raising, bv common consent, seems to have tallen to tlie lot ot 
 tbe farmer, whereas it should be a special calling; tor it it is not an in- 
 terest of importanceenough forthe exercise of special talents, itcertainly 
 posseses so manv phases that some of them suiter horn the diyide(l at- 
 tention which th'e /armer is compelled to give his other interests, ilie 
 size and betterment geiu'rally of agraiii of corn might be much increasca 
 if the farmer would make corn a specialty, and thoroughly understood 
 tbe subject of corn-growing in all its bearings. In having so many in- 
 terests 'on his bands one «,;• all of tlsem must sutler. 
 
 It is a well-recognized fact in Belgium, and in Europe generally, wiiere 
 interest of the keenest kind is taken in cattle, that thei.; is nothing so 
 injurious to a cow giving milk as t.> run iier, ..r excite her in any manner, 
 and yet bow frecpiently are reckless boys, with their dogs and whips, 
 sent 'to drive the cattle home in tlie United States. 
 
 These things, and huiidivcis of others etiaally im[)ortaut, never tn.uble 
 the brains ot^lie An>erican farmer, because his iiead is tiill ot <>tlH'r mat- 
 ters connected with liis calling. IJow many farmers m the h nited States 
 can tell how nuich hay, or otiier food, is given to each cow < uring he 
 vear and the cost of the sam.-, and the return th.-relor in milk, l.uttei, 
 imd cheese-in tine, does he know if each <;ow is i)aying lor her oiithiy, 
 and if so. how much ? Perhaps a small numiier coiih intelligently an- 
 swer tlM^se questions. Itisentirely <litferent in lOngland and on h.' (.on- 
 tinent. There and lu'ie a farmer knows liis cows as well as it the.\ were 
 a portion of his family. Ilebalan,;es liisacc.nints regularly andknows 
 at all tiiiM's, how much he is losing or gaining by |'iU!hcow. He«-aii tell 
 you tlR> food best adapted to each cow's taste, and which will contribute 
 
 most to her milk yit'ld. ,. , ^ u i i 
 
 lie knows her cNact age, knows when it is best lor her to breed, aint, 
 above all, the c: re and attenti..n she demamls at ins hands, and l.e 
 .-ivt's it to her. knowing, as he <loes, that liy so doing she will return al 
 a hundred lohl to him in the shape of milk. Milk is the tirst and clint 
 aim and end of a ccav's subsistence, and beef tiie last. II «be ivi-eives the 
 
 best noinisliing food, is not exercise( 
 
 I too vioieiiily, and is properly 
 
 caret 
 
 I for. she will vield a rieli supply of milk for a half adozeii yearsor 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 43 
 
 a little more, and then leave a fine carcass for the butcher. She should 
 yive (i(K» •iiillons ot milk per annum, and she will do it if we will do our 
 l)iut towards making- licr do it. For the GOO gallons of milk that she 
 ^ives us, care and attention are all she asks from us. This is not onlv 
 true of one race of cows, but it is true of ail, the scrub as well as the 
 finest. This is what the Enjilish liave \o\\^ since realized, and ihis is 
 the history of the tine breeds of cattle in Europe. They are line bectause 
 they have been bred up to it by care and kindiu'ss. 
 
 The American who comes to Europe and pays $1(>,()(H» or $15,000 for 
 a bull or cow may be truly considered, as he is in England, as hav- 
 ing "the American (raze lor English cattle." The (|nestiou of breed 
 IS a rational one, but why shonhl he want to i)ay such extravagant 
 prices to England for doing that which he can do himself? The his- 
 tory of all breeds of cattle, sheep, horses, mules, dogs, and cats show 
 this. The breeding of stock not only i)ays well, but it is a business of 
 absorbing interest. A farmer should iiave an eye single to these (luali- 
 ties in his cattle, the calf, the milk, and the beef, each of which has a 
 high value of its own, and each can be develope(l in exact proimrtion to 
 a man's elforts to develop them. Those who develop tlu^ greater num- 
 ber of these recpiisites t(» the liiglu'st degree of perieetion will be those 
 who succeed best with breed, with milk, with beef, aiwl in a ])ecuniary 
 point of view. Care and attention are tlu^ foundation of su(U!ess, anil 
 rhereupon is laid the superstructure of the re<piisitesmentiotu'd, asui>er- 
 stiucture which is perennially rei)eating itself, im])roving or deteriorat- 
 ing as the foundation is kept in rei)air, is strengtlietied and improved. 
 
 Ft'w faiiners in America are there who have a «eniu 
 
 pr. 
 s or even taste 
 
 :1\V- 
 
 Ibr selection and classilicaticui ot animals, but at the same tinu> bydr 
 ing nearer their cattle, and observing them closely, and stu<lying their 
 wanis, it would be strange indeed if a marked change for the better 
 were ot soon i)erceived in our own home breeds without dashing 
 them with foreign stock. With the care and attention given to cattle 
 in lOiigland and ow the Continent, compare<l with the slip-shod manner 
 of treating them in the i;uited .States, it is in no way strange that there 
 should be the dilfeieiice that is so palpalde. V.'ith' the jtersonal atten- 
 tion, fee(l, tS:c., in ISelgium a <'ow will cost her owner at least -"i^lOS per 
 
 he pays 
 mes, and most ot the cows 
 
 year. If she gives six inindred gallons of milk in that time si 
 
 for her maintenance and attention many ti,. , 
 
 here do it. If you were to tell an American fanner that he nuist s|)end 
 81<'S per ye;ii' on his cow he would wan^ to consiun vou to a lunatic asv- 
 lum at once. 
 
 THE COST OF PRODrCING FINK CATTLE IN ENGLAND. 
 
 ^ The Ibllowjng will give an idea of what it costs in England to have 
 hue cattle. I quote froni the Fanners' (London) Journal : 
 
 The cows are lu-pt lUKtcr cover for nli.Mit: six iiioiitli ., and ur.' ticl iii. in pairx td in 
 one house iiii.l Ml.oiit ten in another. The urine runs into a htr-e un.l.T.'roiiiKl taiil< 
 Irom whieli, wiieu lull, it is c arried on to the i)astnre l)v a water-eart. Tho food of 
 t le cowH vanes with th.ir eondilion, and the nion^ milk thev an- niving tho hi-'Iier 
 they are, led ; but when dry, or n.'arly so, they have onlv roots and hav or 8tra\v.''nn. 
 less It IS (h'eide,! not to U.'ep them for the i)nr|.o>es of thedairv, in w'hieh ;-a.se thev 
 arumilkedand lattened at tho same linie. WIi.mi fai thev sellf.r al.ont si,-,(i -phe 
 lollowint,' IS file amonnt of food, in tons, eon-nnied l.,\ the .-ous « hile ii, the stalls : 
 
 Cotton cake , .,. 
 
 Barley meal !,, 
 
 i3ran :;::::; 'j 
 
 Chalf(J hay. f straw) ■" i"* 
 
 Mnii<;eN. |inli..d .(.'m 
 
it 
 
 Hi* 
 I 
 
 44 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARIMING. 
 
 lu addition to this. 13 tons of cotton cako are used duriiij; tlie summer. It is some- 
 wliat difficult to estimate the uumber of acres of pasture used by this lierd, as t!u' cows 
 have the first run of the grass, and the coarser and rougher part of the pasture is tod 
 bv other fi ock. Possiblv each cow may consume the produce of li acres. 
 
 "in the \v inter montlis tlie milk sells for about 2i cents jier gallon a price which is 
 hardly more than sufBcient to cover the cost of the food and atteiidance, so that thu 
 dairy'does not oftengot back more than the manure free of cost. The annual expense 
 of labor upon each cow amounts to about £2 ir>s. 
 
 The following are tbo prices of some of the foods enumerated above : 
 
 QUOTATIONS. 
 
 PhaMiix pure linseed cake, per ton - • • ■ • '. , ' 
 
 Plnviiix pure undecortie.ated cottrtn-cake (future delivery), per ton •> |i j-J 
 
 Yellow rape cake, per ton -, .. 
 
 riKcuix pure linseed meal (in bags), per ton ^i! J' 
 
 PhdMiix pure cotton-seed meal, per ton -50 
 
 Yellow rape meal or nuts, per ton J. „ .^ 
 
 Plueuix pure palm-nut meal, per ton ' , 
 
 D.ecnticated cotton-cake, per ton ii J„ ^ 
 
 Decorticated cotton meal, per ton •-- V'",' ""■■ n co n 
 
 Clean sieved linseed, suitable for feeding purposes, per 416 pounds in bags. b2 
 
 Per ton. 
 _ . , , * 8. il. £ 8. (1. 
 
 Linseed cake: , „ , ,. 
 
 Best quality, Euulish 3 1" n ^ in 
 
 Amenc..,n thin '^ " J '^ J J 
 
 Other qnalities English 2/-' Ti ^ n 
 
 American ' \^l ^. 5 " f^ 
 
 Marseilles 7 12 /ir, 
 
 Eaiie cake, East India eerd •' i;^ " " 
 
 oth.T descriptions i? '' " r 
 
 Cotton cake, best Loiidoninulccoiticated ■' ^f » ' " 
 
 Cottcm cake, drcnriicated " " " ^ " 
 
 Cora ami niix.'d cake, English make ■•-in n r n 
 
 Palm-nut nu-al l' ^V ^ r o 
 
 I-ocust lieaiis -, ,. .. „ , 
 
 Kice schudts, whole r {'' " 'j " 
 
 ground "^ 1" ^ •* '" ' 
 
 A little addition here on the part of twe Anieriean farmer will open 
 his eyes to nuuiv very startliii.n' tilings. It will show him that a eow in 
 Endand ^ves a larj-e and rich (piantity of niilli. but it siimvs also that 
 she" would not Ite a payinj;- institution for the Anieriean. Tlie e.xamph.' 
 o-ivon above will have to be taUeii as an illustration, thonjrh in my (»piii- 
 Ton many breeders of line cattle feed miu-h Jii-hcr tliaii those above 
 mentioned. The following, taken from the same journal, will bear nw.' 
 out in this : 
 
 Mr. R. E. TunibuU, of Twver'.s Wood Farm, Hedoii, Hull, who has gained tli«> royal 
 prize for liaviii- the best-nianaged dairy farm in Yorkshiiv. aithougli haying good 
 itastnrcs. whidipro.luce a hiuli M'iMlilv herbage, iiivarialdy supplfinriits it with artili- 
 'ial food. Now, as tlu- geiMTalitv .if dairy faniiers ..n iveii coiiiparal i vtly jioor pas- 
 tures do nothing of the kind, the fact ai)pears worth knowing that Mr. liinibiiU con- 
 siders himself aiiijilv repaid for his eiiterorisc. althongli earn. mI out to an extent of 
 sunirising liberality". From May 1 to Octol.er 21 the allowance .d" cake, halt linseed 
 and half decorticated cotton, is from 2^ to 7 pounds per animal per day, necoidmgid 
 -ize and age, \yliili' in .Inly tliey have green tares and in August ;ind Septeinlicr ea!i- 
 hages in a<l<liiioii. Of course during winter the ailowaiue to cows and heilers yiekl- 
 iug milk is still greiter. comprising tor cows ;{ pounds of linsec'd cake and some lij to 
 7 pounds each ot'cruslied oats jier day ; and heifers '> pounds each ejiherol oil-cake— 
 one-half linseed, the other half cotton— or cciual proportions of linseed cake and 
 crushed oats. The other winter food eonsists of jinlpi'd roots and hay partly chatVed, 
 or ■when oat straw is good it is iise.l as a sulistitiite tor hay, in )iouiid> ot oat straw 
 beingioiisidered an i'i|iiivalent lor 7 iioiinTis of hay. Mr. Tiirnl.oll maker, a good ]>\'i<v 
 for his milk paiilv bv retail sale in Hull and partly by eonyer-^ion to luiih-ela-s l.iitiei, 
 which sell- for 1-. 7-/. oiT iiouikI, ;ni.l he eilmiate^ that he leall/r- 1",(. )„ 1 Malh.u tnr 
 
 m 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 45 
 
 It is HOIllO- 
 
 , as t!ic ci)W8 
 
 lasture is foil 
 
 s. 
 
 rico will I'll is 
 
 ', 80 that thi' 
 
 aual expense 
 
 ted above : 
 
 £ 8. a. 
 
 1) 10 
 
 (i 5 
 
 G 10 II 
 
 10 5 (I 
 
 7 
 
 7 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 17 6 
 
 7 10 
 52 
 
 igs. 
 
 Per tou. 
 
 a. £ B. (1. 
 
 to 8 15 
 
 8 10 
 
 8 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 15 
 () 
 
 <) 
 
 
 8 10 
 
 G (I 
 
 3 
 
 4 10 (i 
 
 '!■ will open 
 iit a cow in 
 v.s also that 
 he example 
 in my oi)in- 
 ;hose above 
 I'ill bear me 
 
 iie<l I lie roval 
 1 liiiviiit; jjociil 
 if with arlili- 
 ifly ]i(«iir ii;i>. 
 Tiu-iibiill C()!i- 
 ) an extent of 
 ', lialf linseed 
 , necoKlinjj to 
 ■pteiulici' rail- 
 lieitfrs yielil- 
 
 Ull SOUK) oj tl) 
 
 rot oil-ciikt— 
 I'i'd cake and 
 lartly eliaU'eii, 
 s ot oat straw 
 
 ■."1 a jJiKiil ]ilii i: 
 
 i-( la-s liMtiii, 
 I" 1 ualluii tor 
 
 all liis milk t» Thicliever iiiii'))()se aiiplied. His .siiiihiilt average iu i|uautitv is lOi 
 quaits jicr eow and in winter 8 quarts i)er (^ow per day. 
 
 Prol>aI)Iy tlio i)nl)licalioii of facts iu relation to tlio luauajjouient on this farm will 
 lead to the eonvictiou being entertained that dairy farmers iu {general do not feed high 
 euonj^h. 'I'liis is especially trao of thoao who convert their milk to butter. Their 
 pre IJts t horoiighly depend on the high quaUti/, not quaritilj/, of the nii/fc— the largo propor- 
 tion and thickness of the cream. Consequently the addition of some oil-cake or maize 
 meal to the ordinary food would bo almost sun» to pay, yot it is uudoniable that on 
 wretchedly poor pastures milch cows aro seldom, in ordinary farming, allowed cotton 
 cake, maizo meal, or anything else supplomentary, although fho milk they yield is 
 appropriated to butter-making. A farmer of the advanced school said a little time 
 since, "I cannot atibrd to let my cows which yiehl milk feed on grass aloue," utter- 
 ing these words l)ecauso he saw that ]iarsiniony in their feeding would bo the greatest 
 possible extravagance. A similar rule apjilies almost throughout the entire dcmiain 
 of farm husbandry, for not only IIk^ most liberal feeding, but bountiful manuring and 
 highest managenient, will be found in most cases to bo attended with the grelitest 
 economy. 
 
 This feediiij? I have no <l(mbt will astonish the American farmer, but 
 it has made tiie Knslish eat tie " blooded cattle." The following-, relat- 
 ing' to the same .subject, will I'lirther demonstrate the imi)ortance of thi.s 
 subject. It admits the Americans who lue in search of English catttle 
 behind the scenes, as it were. 
 
 \ CAUTION- TO GALLOWAY UlfElODEUS. 
 
 Galloway breeders have special reasons at the present time why they should bo 
 careful to leave uncastrated only such I)easts as will do credit to tlio breed. While 
 some American stockmen have begun to purchase Galloways on the well-founded idea 
 that they are especially adapted to their severe and variable climate, yettho reputa- 
 tion of the breed as a beef-producing race of cattle has yet to bo fairly and widely es- 
 tablisheil on tho other side of the Atlantic. In many instances owners of ranches aro 
 only making inquiries regarding them, and if inferior specimens, esiiecially bulN, are 
 exported, tho ultimate success cf tl a breed will be seriously injured therebv." They will 
 bo judged by tho samples that aro sent out, and if these compare unfavorably'with 
 tho Shorthorns, Ilerefords, Polled Angus, and other varieties with which they are al- 
 ready ac([nainted to some extent, the reputation of the Galloways will sutler in a juo- 
 portiouato degree. Let owners of herds retain as bulls onlv those calves whose per- 
 sonal merit is good. Apart from tho quest ion of personal merit, if too many are kept 
 the market will bo overstocked and i)rices will lie ali'eeted thereby. Wlieii once tho 
 reputation of the breed has been firmly estal)lislied in the Western .States, it will t)e 
 impossible to produce too many, jirovided they aro iiersonallv of siillleient merit, for 
 tho plains to lie stocked are i)ractieally illimitable. But iu iht> mean tinieiliis state 
 of matters hus not yet been reache<l. 
 
 Moreover, breeders of pedigree tJalloways must make up their minds to feed their 
 young cattlo much more liberally than most of them have Iteen in iIk) habit of doing. 
 And this remark applies to heifers as much as, if not even more so than, to bulls, fn 
 regard to thu latter, it has long been known ;liat if calves were not extra well keiit 
 they would not lie fit for service when yearlings, and henc.not l)eiiig marl-etable at 
 that age, awhole year's keep of them was lost. This fact insured bull calves beiier 
 fed liberally in almost every instance. Hut, with comparatively few exceptions, heil"- 
 ers have lieen very siiaringly fed. It has not been customary to have Gallowav 
 heifers dropping their calves until tliev are three years of age, and this has alforded 
 ample time to bring them to maturity by slow degn-es. IJut the circumstances are 
 now entirely ditlerent. Breeders of iiedigreo Galloways must look to the American 
 market for purchasers. It is not prot)able that American stockineii will pui (iallowav 
 heifers to breeding purposes at an earlier ago than is done in this countrv, init it; must 
 bo borne in mindthat when our Blackskins an^ taken to theother sideof tin- Athuif ie 
 thoy aro put alongside of animals of other beef-producing breeds of tho same a-'e and 
 if they are not as well grown and as forward generally as these, their reputation 'can- 
 not but sutler in a corresponding degree. 
 
 Tho breeds with which they aro l)rought into comparison in this wavaro tho short- 
 horn, the Ilerelord, and fho Polled Angus. Every one of these has' been liberally 
 fed, and even pampered, and therefore it is a severe ordeal to which tho Galloways 
 have to bo sulyected in this respect. If, therefore, tho breeders of the south coun- 
 try Blacksknia aro to do justice, to t!,eir favorites, and, indeed, if (hey aro to bo true 
 to their own interests, they must adopt a much more liberal systemof feedin.', and 
 that, too, Irom the very hrst, than has hitherto been customarv among tho rtiirk and 
 

 46 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 file of tbcui 
 
 make the be 
 
 most valuable cliaractPimt 
 
 which might 
 
 Leasts vaore temler aiul lessen thtbanu.HH ._^ _^ „„„i.-rate decree 
 
 .ble cl.aractPristics Horn ti no ""»' '" ' j,, the nafo pivrnTvation of all 
 of 'sWadv good keeping ^vl.ich is n»'f.« «?" i\V,^^' ;;; , \ „.l it is this H.vst.Muatic lib- 
 the distinctive and valuable cliaracteristics ot tlwi.ru ;'; •' ,,^^ ,.,■..„„,.«... is important 
 
 I auu viiiuii"" V......— -;- - !,.,>,...«,. Oiialitv. ofioniMf, is iini>i>i'tant 
 
 erai feeding, even froni calf hood which ^^^^^ ^^^ a this can- 
 
 As I consider tUi« subject one of first ""P^^^f' f ^o the Aiuencan 
 stock raTse?; I feel that it cannot be pursued too lai. 
 
 FEEDIXG-STUFFS. 
 
 . . .■ > i.„.inn' delivered in the Guild Hall, on 
 rSv^Kra- M-SaI^:^^^SS'^>;^er the anspiees of the Strathearn Cen- 
 
 ^^g/ESrr^S^i|l.at^e..od.>f.^^ 
 
 First, to supply combustible "'''"•,■ ''J '.'v'. ...nlenish the we.n and tear of 1 esh 
 and thus keep up the annua ^y•'••"'tli , ^« ';?;,„,, and llesl, atoms to be store.l ,,,, 
 aoms; and, thirdly to coutribteext, at. tt^ ^^^^^ ^ ^,j. ,„.. a.utnal. 1 e- 
 
 in the animal structure so as ^'\['^^'\'';Z,,,Lun- and other saline substances. Ihr 
 sides these, there are the elements of bone '"a^f ' , fia-ture, and tlie experience of 
 main natural fcedinu-stuft' """^^ "^T^ ie.e nc in •th'!; mm^ P'opor i- cf the 
 
 overv agriculturist points to a 'lecidi I <l • i c . ^^^^^„,,,,. ^.,,,y .i.Herence „ 
 
 pastiire of one field or district as c-n parul n^^'^^^^ ; ^^^^,,,.,^,, „,,,,,, „.e water present 
 due to the varying proportion "^ ^^'V;/^^ '..Ts" 'u ordinary dry seams or dry soil eon- 
 ranges from 70 to i)0 per cent. V>o ' ^^ ^'*''; ,„. ,,„,„,, f,„ils the water is increased t,. 
 tains about 70 per cent., whi st, >» 'W^ "? /\;: i , .t'.uvs the water runs as h gh as 
 SO per cent.; and iu the produce of irratu^^^^^^^^ (jonsequently. it follows that of 
 90 lev cent, of the weight ot ll\« «";;^, i^!^^ ot' wat, 'r, an.l in the average only 
 overv 10 pounds of grass from 7 to F.'> ''« "" j , ,„at.Tial. When the grass is an- 
 one-hfth of the total weight '-■'>"«'f,t^! of moisture is reduced to about lli per cent., 
 dried and becomes tf - ;\'« i:^' s of wat >, and I ton of hay contains the soli.l. 
 so that only one-sisth ot l'!>.J,^;"''f„'^,",f ordinary pasture grass. Turnips eoutan, 
 dry, nourishing elements ot fully 4 tons oi ^.^'cent. of onliuary turnips eoiisiM 
 
 even a larger average I'^-^P^j;"" "J, V 't u ip tl ere is only 1 pound of dry fe^din,. 
 of water; so that lu every 10 P° " f, ;\ .1 .,\eing equal to three-fourths of their 
 staff. Potatoes coutam -o 1"'' .'^ ;"^- 'V < ' Vwater, the average proportion m wheat, 
 entire weight, Thecereascou a n nn ul^^^^^^^ ^^^ ,i.eir^vllole weight ; so that 
 
 oats, &c., being lo por f "f;' f,/,^^'* f" i„ ii„„.,a-cake and other cakes tho moist- 
 dve4ixths consist of dry feeding matLTU.^^^l^ ^^^.^^^^^ ^^^^,^^, ^^^^^j^^^ „f 
 
 ure averages 1-3 per c.-nt j^f ;» « ,. -Coi^Liering, th.Meln.e, the <,uestion ot food 
 and seven-eighths of dr> * <_'7> '?"„„, ^ „f jrv solid ma'ter m a given weight ot 
 thereby in the light oi the '''''' \-;"\'\\',i, ,iif ,ull..ws t hat to obtain sufficient di^- 
 the respective articles t-usnine .M l-^, •" •/, ,„„„,,„ ,„• ,;.,.,ling-ea_ke ; 1 ponn.Kt 
 
 solid food the an.mal.ma> pa. UK. « < ^ 'J ,,. ,,„„,,; r, pounds ..f ordinary dry 
 
 ounces of cereals or ;.'''--'l''7' ';'^\..' ' V irri-a '■'! li"'''^. ^'>"> H' 1'<""'<1^ ^f tunniw, 
 pasture; 10 pounds ot succuleit^gi.ss t.„.^^^^^^^^^ ^ 
 
 When the respective ^''f '»''■', ''f/' ;.//;. 7, "ulls varv even in a greater ratio than 
 properties of the natural ''"'^ ' V'' ! ^ , 7ion of tlesli-fomnngor albn.ninons niat- 
 the percentage of moisture. \' V ■ v r ■ v 'r ' -.1 -JV to :{ p.r en.t. ; iu liay, lo to 1;' 
 ters present in ordinary ^'''''-^^.''r^^;', ;''''.»:.• eet'it. : in potat.,es, Ui i-er cent.; in 
 per cent.: in oats. ♦) per eeu . " '.''"J;,;,,! ',,„.i ...pe cakes. -J.', per eent. It fol. 
 ftirnips, three-fourths percent.: dum^^^ 
 
 lowed, therefore, that in 1 -'U ot '■^':,'.l' ,.,,,, ),,.,,,. ,,a>ture. or 11 tons of j.otatefs, 
 U tons of oats, or -'i tons o, hay, or 'l' Xl^y^nh^^U^ consume tli.'se respective 
 o\ :53 tons ..f turnips: and ;'>';'^;''^,,;; / / ;'^^^^ ' i ilaran„u.nt of llesh-forming.r 
 
 quanti.iesofthefee.hng-s ul n l.o l.a^^^^ ,^ ^^.^^^^ ,^, ,,me,nbere,l thnttb,; 
 
 albumim.ns matter. At the ^;.''»\ '""'^ ' ...i,-,,.! i,„inr.l a verv large i.rop.Mt ion of 
 amylaeeou. or st.rcl. group ot ;.;; 1' ' ,1 ' | , , nportant p;irt iu the .ustena.,.. 
 natural and artUie.al vegetable- ' 7' :,i;\' ;'',,,,.. , ..l,,,' an-l llesh-formi.ig Uunl. 
 of the aninuU. It was v';r>Yi; ^ 'j '.j , ' j' ! , af v ia the rearing ami fattening „f 
 such as feeding-cakes, eould be ''"l ' • ' ' " ^' I,,;,,!, i;,„s kje.ds of Io.mI. An exc.'.siv,. 
 
 stock without •='--!.''-''''l'\^ "[';", ,7, S he health .d' .•a.tle and stnok, 
 quantity of cake not only led to I ' ';^ .^ .\^.i ,,.,j ....s.ed throusrh the animal 
 but determined much wa.-,tc ot urn i.tion-. !ii.,i.' . wu.^u i 
 8vstem with the sole result of enriching the manure. 
 
CATTLE AND I)>1RY FARMING. 
 
 47 
 
 e Aiuerican 
 
 I have couHulerod this subjecit of Nutlicieiit importance to inakt' inquir- 
 ies concerning it in Enjilaml. A IVicnd in that country sendN nie the 
 following newspaper extract, wiiich 1 hope may prove of some value at 
 home: 
 
 KXri:iUMKNT8 'X l''ATTKMN(i 8TKKHS. 
 
 ProlcHSor Brown, oxporiiiK^iitdl miporii teiidentof the Ontario Aj;riuultiBraI College, 
 
 writOH in his oilJeiiil report, on f lit' abovi^ Hiilijcct: 
 
 lu spt'akini; of Iho wciglit of si fiitfonnd Htfcr, and the daily increase it makes, we 
 lmv(^ to t'oiiNidcr breed, wciglit of calf wlu-n dropped, food, nianaj;eniont, und ago. 
 Tho nearer birth the greater tho daily rate until the calf weight in lost among the 
 teu8-of-hnndreds. Thns, a calf weighing 7U0 )ioiiuds is duo about 10 per cent, to its 
 birth weiglit ; the yearling that weighs 1,000, 7i i)or cent. ; tho two-year-old scaling 
 1,500, 5 per cent. ; and tho iinishcd, or rather the over-fed, show beast of Ji, 000 pounds 
 can only record about three and three-fourths of its weight as obtained from tho 
 average birth-weight of 7.') i)onnds. Until tho animal, therefore, is over 1,000 pounds, 
 we should always remember the eliect of this birth-weight ; thereafter it may be left 
 out of calculation. 
 
 The cxam])lo I wish to submit to our breeders and feeders now, is that of a pure 
 white, thoroughbred shorthorn steer, calved Cth May, 1881, bred by Mr. Hudson, of 
 Myrtle, and bought by us from Mr. Hope, of Bow Park. On the lith of April, when 703 
 days old, it weighed 1,710 pounds, which, of course, gives a daily rate of "J. 4U pounds; 
 tho calf-weight from this would reduce tho actual daily increase to VJ. 33 pounds; 
 something, no tloubt, but not enough to interfere when understood in ))ractice. A 
 yearling steer over 1,700 pounds is unquestionably a line exanii)lo of what breed, food, 
 and management can do, and if wo do not spoil him he should scale 2,000 pounds 
 when two years and four months old, at tho Provincial Exhibition at Guelph, on 25th 
 September. 
 
 Some interesting experiments were also made for beef and milk with Hereford and 
 Aberdeen i)oll grade steer calves. On this phase of tho Canadian experiments Pro- 
 fessor Brown says : 
 
 Having now got over the initiatory work of establishing herds, and acclimatizing 
 breeds, wo are diverting considerable attention to tho making of grades for milk and 
 beef respectively. Our ))rogres8 in milk exi)erinients is in advance of the other, as 
 evidenced in previous reports, as also is this advance issue. We make no excuse for 
 this. Our past beeiing experiments have been with high-jrrailed shorthorns, and the 
 facts, to date, are sufllcient to base upon in any comparison witli other grades, as we 
 will have to do when time calls ; and what I wish to do is to i)hice on record what 
 our farm has on hand for such a ])urpoHe. The same cows, well-graded shorthorns, 
 aver.igiug six years, that have been used to i)r()diice the steers, with a thorough-bred 
 shorthorn bull, w(>re selected to male with the llerefoid and Al>erdeen i)()ll bulls. 
 Necessarily, one of the ditilcultics is (o arrange about eipial liirlli-dates, and another 
 is to got bull-calves. We have been more fortunate with the hitter than tho former, 
 as shown by the following list : 
 
 Herclbrd grade steers: Hth April, li-'82, Huntingdon, No. lei (ear label) ; (ith Octo- 
 ber, 1882, Heat hlield, No. 11« ^ear label) ; 28th October, 1882, Hartford, No. 191 (ear 
 label). 
 
 Aberdeen poll grade steers: y4tli .Tunc, 1?H2, Alierdeen, No. 18:!: 27(h June, 1882, 
 Aboyne, 17!»: 2(1 August. IHS'J, Abernethy, No. 1>'J. 
 
 Tho average Hereford steer is, therefore, thirty-lour days yoiinijer than the Aber- 
 deen poll average, and this must be most carefullv noted in all tiiture rei)orting. 
 
 On lith April, 1883, tho earliest birth of tlui lot,' when a llrreford was one year old, 
 weights, ages in days, and daily rates were as follows : 
 
 I 
 
 Description. 
 
 Ilcroford ; 
 
 lliiutiiiKilon 
 Ilciltlitlfld . 
 UaHfoiil ... 
 
 Aborili'oii poll : 
 AbiT<U'ou.., 
 
 Aboyiio 
 
 Abei'iii'tliy . 
 
 VV.iL'lit.Olli 
 April, I>Ki. 
 
 I'diiutf. 
 7!Kt 
 5.-)2 
 4U1> 
 
 740 
 7.V) 
 670 
 
 As;i'iii(lii\8. 
 
 .■!0,'i 
 18,-, 
 103 
 
 •-'80 
 24;i 
 
 I'ailyrato 
 iiliucifuso. 
 
 Pottnttn. 
 2. 16 
 
 a.uo 
 
 3.02 
 
 2.58 
 2. CO 
 2.75 
 
 A miMti of 2.73 for tlu> Ileriloiil auil 2.01 for tin. AbcnltM'ii poll 
 
48 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 FEKDi:«0 CATTLE ON TURNIPS. 
 
 Tlio fdllowin^ iiro llii) results of an interesting experiniont uindo by Mr. Robert 
 LoRiin, JJirkonsido, Kiulftton, wit.'i the view of testing tho comiiiirative merit.s of Hliced 
 and pnlped turnipHUHii feed lor entile: On llio lllli of Oelober, ISSSi, throo Cuuadian 
 bullocks, live weighta-^cwt., 3quiirter.s, wero l)on},'lit for £()! .'>«., or :i!»«. 5i§rf. percwt., 
 live woicbt. On February ti, 1883, tho sumo animal!* won) wold at Hayiuurkot, Ediu- 
 burgh, live weight 4;; cwt., 14 pounds, for £10',, or 48». 8rf. per cwt., live weight. 
 The gain in weight was 10 cwt., 1 quarter, 14 ijounds; in monwy, £40 15«. Iheso bull- 
 ocks wero fed on sliced turnips, of which they consumed 218 pounds per )it hours. 
 On October 11, 1882, a second lot of three Canadian bullocks, livo weight, :51 cwt., 
 2 quarters, were bought for £(51 15»., or a9«. vJArf. per cwt., live weight. On February 
 6, 1883, these wero sold at Hayinarket, live weight, 3t) cwt., 2 quarters, 11 pounds, for 
 £101, or 51«., per cwt., live weight, the gain in weiglit having been 8 cwt., 11 pounds ; 
 in money, £3.5 5a. These bullocks were fed on pulped turnips, of which they con- 
 sumed 1C2 pounds i)pr Iwentv-fonr hours. Lot 1 when slaughtered yielded GO per 
 cent, on gross live weight ; lot 2 when slaughtered yielded (il per cent, on gross live 
 weight. Both lots were valued at the siiiue price per cwt., according to their live 
 weight on October 11. When sold according to liv(» weight tliose fed on pulp uiade 
 2«. 4d. per cwt. more, and yiehled one percent, more bed. In addition to the weight 
 of turnips given, as above stated, each lot wero fed with the saino proportion ot hay ; 
 those fed on sliced turnips feeding it, in the ordinary way, trom hecks; those led on 
 pulped turnips having it cut amongst the turnips. In addition each animal had I) 
 pounds of mixed cakes and bruised barley. The whole were fed in single boxes. Lot 
 No. 1 mado lOs. «ier head more tlian No. 2. The former, however, consumed 5t5 pounds 
 more turnips per day tlian No. 2. The expense of pulidng is slightly bigher than 
 slice feeding, but the value, per live weight and yield of beef, according to the same, 
 favors pulp. 
 
 FOOD OF PllEGNANT ANIMALS. 
 
 The food of pregnant animals is an important consideration. Creatures in this con- 
 dition should be well fed, and esi>eeially if they have to acecomplish a certain amount 
 of labor or yield milk. Tho appetite is generally increased, and therc^ is a tendency 
 to fatten. This tenc'ency should be somewhat guarded against, as it may prove 
 troublesome, partioularlv'if allowed to proceed to an extreme degree, when it may 
 retard tho development of the foetus, induce aboition, cause diflicult parturition, or 
 give rise to serious after consequences. This precaution is more to be observed in the 
 second than the lirst half of pregnaev, when the food should bo identifiil, but not in 
 excess, and llesh moni .ibundant in the animal than fat. The food should also bo of 
 good quality, very nutritive, easy of digestion, and not likely to induce constipation. 
 IndigeslionshouUI be earefullv guarded again-,t, and unaccustomed, hard. damp, bulky, 
 fermentable, moldy, or otherwise burtfnlly altered food, should bo avoided, as it is 
 likely t() prove indigestible, occasion tympanitis, and produce other injurious results.— 
 Fleviimfs Veterinary Obatetrica. 
 
 i I 
 
 FEEDING OF DAiUV CoWS. 
 
 The honorable secretary of the Mun^ter Dairy School, Cork, writing to a contem- 
 porary, says: There are sixteen cows in milk, calved three and four mouths. They 
 were getting each dailv from ."> to 7 pounds, according to yield, of following mixture: 
 Decorticated cake, bran, and Indian <oru meal, with four stone of mangels and hay. 
 The return not proving satislactory, I i)roposi il the dietary should be as follows: 2 
 pounds bean meal, 2 iiouiids crushed oats, 3 pounds decorticated cake, 3 J stone man- 
 gels. This feeding was commenced en March UK On March 23 the cows had to get 
 fan-saved hay (musty). Note the lesult : 
 
 March 3 
 March 10 
 March 17 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 67 ., 
 OtJj" 
 
 Date. 
 
 i Total yield 
 , per week. 
 
 Set for 
 oream. 
 
 March 24 
 March 31 , 
 
 Quart ». 
 
 1,078 
 1,107 
 
 Quart: 
 1,056 
 1,036 
 
 Hntter. 
 
 Poundi. 
 
 73 
 ti9 
 
 Fereentage of fat by Inctobutyronictf-r : March 9, 2.ffi. ; M-irch 29, 2.7. 
 These returns were carefully andaccurately kept by Mr. Smith, thosui 
 
 perintendent. 
 
t for 
 earn. 
 
 Butter. 
 
 uarli. 
 1,050 
 1,U36 
 
 Pound*. 
 
 73 
 1)9 
 
 ipfriutenUent. 
 
 CATTLK AND DAfUY KA 
 
 HMING. 
 
 49 
 
 KATTENING AMKUKJAN (;ATTLK IN KNtil.ANI). 
 
 VVo 8.;,> l„„„ iiu-Hc i'xW'M-.Us what iii.|K)r(a.ic,- is ii(|j,(!l„.,| fo tl... huI, 
 
 sJo«,l then.. I snlm.ir thrso ..xtra,.fs lurun;;;! ?x lu ^'^^^ ^ "" " 
 
 tn-.^r, Ml fills (•( ■tioii, tlic saiiMi iiMiiaiks appiv ,ur « v is ^ 
 
 Mre I'erl.aps notl.i..;, wonl.l ^o n.rdu. toS^ ' " .' m S/'^f 
 iiiN folly III (|,(. paiHKi.oiiy cC liis ((.(.(I in;,', aii.l Mu' winf ,(•.<.,. : i 
 Kivt>sl.is(.at(i.s rlia.i t„ (.-II l.in. f I.af il rm.n, t|, /,.;,;. V'//.^.:^^^ 
 I.« Nl.i|.sto K,.«Ia,i,l .,.,1 fu tlM. Conlin.nt a,., a m |. ', E r ' 
 
 pn stork nrs,.rs afU-r arrival an.l (I,., Huropca,. syi ' ' . ,v ^i 
 loocl appiu.Mo fl.,.,,, a,i,l <Iom1>Io proli.s arc .valiznl on (l.nn vI.'m, S 
 A,ii(.n(;an niiKlit have pockct.Ml lliis l,y tlio .san.c alfc-ntion o, .is ■ 't 
 nn.l iit CSS j.xp.„,s,. as his loo,! is rhrap.-r. Jl' i |,a,| .h.s •, ' „ Hi^^ 
 otter alMMHlriM .llMst.at.o.is of this (hat have con.e within ,„y ow" ot 
 m-vatiou. This, however is the most satisfacK.ry one: 
 
 AN AMKIUOA.V OX. 
 
 Ill tho (Irst im,,„rtnti..„ oC livoNtuck from Ainnica i„t„ CanlKr wiis iwl.it., si,..-. 
 Iiorn ox, Ml (h.. uionlh of .h.l.v. II,. was (niimfrin <1 l.y his mi • ih., i. 
 
 liiNcotiipanion Im ma. (^ k<'"<1 pro-ivHH won a nii/o in inr- •,,„ ,t i i ''"""•*" ' "." <<'i' 
 
 HO ..on, iH po„a.is, ..ai;:;iu« lo.. his ,v...; ^.i^i^: ';;/.-y,;'y:iiii:is;/r;e/;^'"^''^" 
 
 Persnasioii,,scol<linj;', an.! arfrinneiit aiv miiicc» .ssaiv toshowom- i.eo 
 I. .; their lolly Ml their ne_^.Iect of (.attle when we havesuel. „ 1,1 .s 
 tliKs, A( a n>ceiit exhibit on in Paris a ('ana<lian eow was nni e sal Iv 
 a.lrinre. , and when MiMnire.l to what breed she l.elo„ne,|, (Ik, W i 
 ".anoniysM,,^'«<., his shoul.U.rs an.l sai.l slu- <..iik.1vo ,. A ine.i s 
 
 ur I inquired. "\VelI,"sayshe, uh,„,,,i,,|,„„, hriished her every morn 
 
 cake, 1 Ml aiK hay, and kep( her in (lu . .all all (he (in.e. 81,,' has ho , 
 
 .If will be on exhibition at the fair two years hence, and I am sure u il 
 
 ...«:rir,;,";;^ r.\rj';::;;;,vr:i •.;■„;;;,•';• "■ ""■*■ ""•■"■ "- - 
 
 KXKitcittic I'ui: cows. 
 ^'^"^'^y'u^l^luTj:^^^^^^ -i'.- .-V .■.■.,..i..o« 1. 
 
 .lra(;t, „,.on Iht nysKMn wi,iH. nml ',:,:' ,^ ' Iv' T^ '". ' "!''"' •"•'^'"'""' '^ 
 !'nHli..'t.or|.,M|,a|.,sl,„tlM.|r..,t.smavl...a . ' V .^, ''''••"' " '"'^ '" '"•'' '"'"^ 
 
 .■x-rtin« .ho ......... TiHTo is';' , .:;UJ;n :.}' r:; ,''::, :rv.';::;'^""-' '-^ •>- ''■--' 
 
 Vt'li-t her jiiilch cows 
 
 wasiin.r his 
 
 »i iiia.-i(N oi' i 
 
 •asicn of (his lul... :.,h1 ho who .•.■mi-^.'s'Ih 
 
 tai 
 
 in(.;inMor iirolit. 'Il, 
 
 niKlcn, lo niak.. oxon 
 
 ^ ail I ma 1...;. 
 
 • N a path that will 
 
 linwiNo than thr .jaiiv 
 
 il. Ex. 51 { 
 
 '•iiiaii who, having a -iv.n ioa.lt. . 
 "■MNiivtw..nt,v-iiv.. mih.st,. r.a..|ihis.k.st 
 I'liin who trans.,.s his cowa to .lo •::, por cotit 
 
 ions that colli. 1 ho avoid...! 
 
 m.iv.' twenty mil.s, 
 illation, is nut nioio 
 nioro traviijiii^- an.l 
 
no 
 
 OATTLK AND JMIUY FAKMING. 
 
 rxcrliidi lliiiii \n iiott'HMmy to Niip|>ly MiitiiNclviis with fmnl. Tliis iimy hcciii likoMpiii- 
 iiiii^; .'1 (inn llii'i'iiil, liiK. il, is Mm nuiii iif Hiii'h llirtMclH I hat <l(i(iM'iiliiiit tll« iiurHt.ioii of 
 lirulit Willi llMKliilrvniaii. Tim Iomm in milk inoiliu'liiiii by iiuiro truvnl in urii/.iii^ thiiii 
 id iicet'Nsiiry for niiiinlaintii;,' llii» lioaltli iiiul vi(,'oi'or u Inrd of covvm Isortcii vtfiy con- 
 NidcnilHi). Vtry fow licnls iiio fitMt from Moinu Iohn ia Miis diri'dioii. In woodliiml 
 jiimfnrcH, nnil ron^Ii hikI hilly ones, iind In riiiiKCH nccM'XNurily lar<;o ImcanNd (ho land 
 in |iu(ir and (immI Hciiiry, tlm yield of milk Ih alwiiys infcritn-, lu'in;; r.nt hImiiI, liy tlm 
 lonK'diHtancisnci'UMMiiry (o ti'avol for ;,',itliiTiu;L? a tiipiily of food. Tim Iosh in milk 
 from /('I'din;: in ))aHtinvM of snrli a I'liiiractcr a.s to rciiiiiro cowm ti> Un all day in lillin;; 
 llH'inMolvfs may Im plainly hcou l>y any observant farmer. A dillerenco of ','.'» or:tt)per 
 ft nL, and t^ven of r»0 per cent., will bo easily mado lietween miii;Ii faro und a full mip- 
 ply of feeil easy of acci'ss, either by ^riizinj; or by soilmK- 
 
 l.ar^o ranges of past ores are mtadvisablo for eowsin milk. It is butter to mipply 
 only I'laslure enonj;li to fnrnish fj;ra/,in,-.r till nva»>* be;;ins (o fail from dry wealiier, and 
 to supply the herd with soilinic <rops tlirou^'li tlu^ middle of tlm summer at b'ast. The 
 siivinu ill land whent land has mncli valiiii is enou>{li by tiiis eouise lo i>ay for all the 
 eMia labor it oe.asioiis, and tho iiiereaso of milk whicli will be j^ained beeomes ii 
 sonree of increased prolil. One would hardly ima;,'ii'0, until he tries it, how inueli 
 the yield of milk for the season will be aUjLtu.eiiled by sn.li a eoiirse. In llmliivst 
 plaee.it saves the cows an imiiu'lise deal of travel if they eali havct their feeil pre,- 
 sented to Ibeiii in the siabie or other convenient plaee, instead of their having to run 
 alter it. Then, it olieii saves Ihein a ;;reat deal of depressinj,' exposure to sun and 
 storms and llie.s. They are enaMeil ;ilsii to make better use of the food they eoiisiinie, 
 by reason of liavin;^ nmn^ leisure for rnmiuatin;; tliau they can li.ive if they havo to 
 )»'iek theirliviii^ by eoliNtanl travel. The Klim of all tle.se advaiilaf^es has a telliiur 
 I lieet upon the res'ouif cs of the faiiiur, and ho eaniiot alford to i;;iioie them. 11 hi' 
 has nmgli pia' es, wooiiland, or thin pastures, wliieli will mIIoiiI only neanty leed, it is 
 beile*- to juit voiiiii: sIik k upon it to pick the seaiity feed. They eaii use it without 
 loss. They ri''i(uire eorisider.ibie exercise to work oft' th<ir sur|ilus eiieij^rjer*, and to 
 pionioti- ;,'rowth of I'liime and assimilation, and they won't mind the travel neet^siiiy 
 to uallier the f;rass Iroin siieli places, li^it the milch cow which has her eiier-i(.,.< 
 taxed to the nimost to ehib<u:ite )t bouulifill llowot milk has no vital loreo to mikiic. 
 She needs to husband to tlie best advaiita.^e all she has to enable her to do her lull 
 wiuk, anil the tanner wiio intellij^eiitly plaus his opi-rations will ni>are her all thuex- 
 ertiouii ho poss.ibly can. 
 
 CATTLE SHOWS IN KNOLANU. 
 
 If I fiikT on Niicli iiiiiticiiliirs it is because J syiiiiMitliizc keenly with 
 tlie DepiU-tiuent in itselioits in Iirlialf of American cattle, and beciiiiso 
 it (seenis to uie that notliinj; would he ntore vahiahli! to our breedei.s 
 than the experience of conntiies tiiatsnri»ass tisand have hron;,dit their 
 cattle to such a hi-h stand. ud of perfectitin. Tiie.o tire other consider, 
 ulionsthat must not lie i-iiored that have contributed t(» the adviincc 
 meiit of the standard of lOiirojiean cattle, iindto leave this consideration 
 nnmentioned would be to make niy disi»at<:h imi>erfeet, viv;, cattle shows 
 or exhibitions. Apart from tln^ interestantl benelit that a<;erne to Eii. 
 irlaiid from havin" line cattle, the .system observed in iliat eonntry, and 
 lo a less extent on the ("ontinienl.of liavinji' what is calh'd shows, olVei.s 
 adtlitional stimnliis and incentive to have line cattle, tiiwt has eattscd 
 liiecattle of Europe to \)ii piLshal, as it were, to the liij,di point whicii tluy 
 have attainetl, and keeps them there. It has cau.setl common slock lo 
 disappear eiilirely IVom lIuroiM'. 
 
 in Kii-land lor excry ilistinclive breetl of cattle tnere is a society lo 
 look to the interest and its advancenn'iit Tins is done by shows ami 
 exhibitions. There is a Shorthorn society, a dersey society, a Devon, 
 a Siuiihilown, and a Cart-hoi-e society. \Vlii're sticli ket'ii rivalry i> 
 excited as is done by llu-.'-e iiiiineroii.s societies, ail lia\ in;;- fid' their .spe 
 cial aim tin' advancement of thedilleieiit breeds, il is in no way enrimi.s 
 tiiat scrubby cattle of eveiy kind have disappeared and that lliey liavf 
 
 1),...;; j.,,11 v,.i<!)i(| i'lfd Ifloofled c:!!!!'.'. 'Jhis is a truth thnf it seems luine 
 
 shows Americans tiiat they have but to olfer the .sjime inducements lo 
 jieeompli.s*h hke restdts. 
 
lymu'in liko Npiii- 
 
 tlir i|llriHt.i()ll of 
 <1 in^ra/iiifj tliuii 
 in ol'tcii vtfiy <:«iii- 
 
 tii. Id wooilliiiiil 
 
 llC('llllH<^ llio lltllll 
 
 rill Hliorl, liy tlln 
 'I'Iki loHH ill milk 
 
 1 all iliiy ill lilliii;; 
 icnoT'^'i or :H)|U'r 
 I'U Ullll ii full Miip- 
 
 litittttr to Mii|)ply 
 dry Weill lior, Ullll 
 itM'ut. loiiNt. Tim 
 Id ]>ay 1(11- all Mm 
 iijni'd Imm'oiiioh a, 
 ii'H it, liow imuli 
 IH(1. Ill llitt liivst 
 (1 their I'eeil |ne- 
 I'lr liaviii;; to run 
 iHiiro to Niiu anil 
 111 they eouMlinie, 
 ' if t liey liavo to 
 f^es has a telliiit; 
 ore I hem. It ho 
 
 ncaiity fet'il, it is 
 III iiFe it wilhoiit 
 
 elier;rJ4.N, jukI t,, 
 
 travel iieeeMsary 
 liiiM her eiieiMic,., 
 li Ibieii l<> Hjiare, 
 ler to ilo her full 
 ■i! hur all till) ox- 
 
 ;c kct'iily wiih 
 , ami lu'i-iiiisc 
 
 our br»:t'(U;i.s 
 
 l)i<)ii;,'lit tlicir 
 tlicr consider. 
 » the inlvaiicc- 
 
 coiisidi'fiitioii 
 ;, cattle nIkiws 
 accrue to En- 
 
 country, ami 
 I sliows, ot'lfl.S 
 it lias caused 
 lit wliicli till y 
 iiuoii slocli to 
 
 '--•nveeili,,.;,, -1 u^; , J^^- - ^ Mate t.u .| , -, : 
 
 "•'t l.^.v I..C.U worth uliiie lor 1. • So 1 ,nk " '' "'"r"'^*'''- " «""''• 
 ir llM'.v l.a.l heeu its iufertor iu aH ,s ,t. .'"'!' "^ '"'"" '" ^'^'''•^''•" 
 '^"-^v with ahi.ost exactness tha I !;^; u' 7 " ^\^T' "'»-'''''-"<" ^vt, 
 l..-:!ut,n, was the spiendul s ,1' .'^, ■'•,";': ' ''"^ ..-n^rel ,,..,., 
 
 witii llie hest l)r(e<|s in lOiirope. 
 
 What lesson does this teach \i, 
 liai ' ' ' 
 
 • ••''".thai now ln.!dse(|inilrauk 
 M±''V' '!-^i"»"sthen.on,h ,e 
 
 liiiiid what care and atle„(i„„ will do •.,„| ,„. ' •^" " "^ i"''"' "" "' '<' 
 
 -'" •""';•• 't shows then, that /e ;;.,;.'';; '•''!■ ^^''''' ..e;,li.ence 
 '^'><' ""<l utiention, and iln.r, we h v. i. ' ''• " ''"*''^'i»"» •»» 
 
 ••..Itlc that we now re-a,d as sc.n s »«'H«urtvs n. the races of 
 
 nii'diMs ()|.' jji,, 
 
 "•""•'> <'ATTi,K ,NT„ ,,„, v^VVKU ST 
 
 A't'KS. 
 
 Mr. Wade Ilainidon, sr ol'Sonii, /",. i- 
 '•niK' Dnrham race. I (hiidv s u-?. .1 . .V""^*' "«'••' <'"\vs and Indls 
 
 -<•"" ""-'i.u. this stocir'!;.:;^^;!^* ;•,;•;>;;'•• '--- <"• 17s;;. ,;, 
 
 '-m'-.ncattlcor,hcnci;,ld.or!n,o.Ior L H S -'':^^ 
 
 Mdcra.Iv l.y what was soon kttown as tin- '' i.'^; ..; " V t''^^ '•""• 
 
 llain|.|()ii stock. 
 
 iil'l'''''' I" <»ur horses. 
 
 ' "'■ <';>ttle may he etjiially 
 
 Tin: AIMKIMCAN I'.MntllKS AT KAll.T. 
 With a \ ir-in soil, •,( hie..,. .,,,.. ■ ... 
 
 " ^'1""! -i .mvm, 1,1,. I.,:..;;,,.!: ';:'„'■;; '';,;;!'"''• «"■■■' ■-'•--..« i 
 
 ' ■■'■"■'i>n* .... i.i.s ,«„■, ; i,i. ,„,,,,,.., it ',;':,';;;.,■„ ,,;;,','■'»:: r'"' »:;'".► 
 
 ■pf <'M>i;il iMceuid, that 
 
62 
 
 CATTLE A\J) DAlllY FAKMING. 
 
 of the mc'cliatiic, tlio urtisiiii, aiui ollici's in tlicir iiKuliictivc iicljicvc- 
 iiK'iits, wiieii loss iiieut::! aii(l lalMuious cllurts arc rciiuiird Irom liim 
 tliaii any otiicrcalliiiiuto anivoat rtpially siH'ctssfiil icisults. 1 am jilad 
 to .sec liic l)t'i)arfiiM'nt takinii' liiiK> l)y flu^ torclock, and (li»iii,n- loi- tlie 
 fanner in ils I'llorts to cioad' (iio standard of onr cattle, tliat wliicli 
 density of jjopidation will Ibrcct snccecdinj;' i^encialions to do. 
 
 Nearly all of our States liave aj;ricnltnial dcpaifnicnts connected 
 witli tlicir Slate ^oveiiiments. If cacli State would Iiold a seiics of 
 fairs or exliibilions of all ajiritniitural [irodncts, with liberal indiicenient 
 ill the shape of iin'iniiims for the best native breeds, re(iiiirin<>- the ex- 
 iiibitor to ,uivc a full account of the father and inotI>cr of tlie cattle 
 tlieyexliihit, the mean ti'iiiiierature of the (country from which the cattle 
 came, tlie nature of liio subsoil, Ibod, and other thiii,i;s that would re 
 «iuiie a hjjiher and more ihoidu.^h kiiciw led.!.ve on the pail of the farmer 
 con<'ernin«- his cattle, if would j^'o far to elevate the standard of home 
 breeds. This is not speculative, it is a certainly, sinie the same system 
 works so well in laiiope. 
 
 I would rt'commeiid also toeach of our Stati" a,i;ii(a!!tural departments 
 to ])urehase, say one hundred of the best of our common mon.^ix'l cattle, 
 bn'cd and care Ibi- them by the most iioproved methods, au<l try to solve 
 tin- pioblem of how loii;^' it leipiires, with care, to make a breed ot callle 
 l)Ure. My icastai for meiiti<M!in!4S>) ^icat a number to experiment with is 
 this: Out of one hundred ;.'attle cxi)erimeiits could In- made to dev<'lop 
 certain (pialiiies, such as those that would yive iIh- lii/^iiest (luantityol 
 milk, like the llolsleins or SlKU'thoiii : anil ol h<>rs t hat would ^ive the 
 best (piality of milk, like the -lerscy ; those that would ;;ive miik for a 
 certain »)iialify of cheese, like llie i'lelchct, iVc. 'I'he icsults of these 
 tests mi.uhl be shown at a nacional <u- a perm.iiieul inlernatiojial (exhibi- 
 tion, to be held ill some .•eiilral point, where ail those who take an in 
 terest could see the icsull ;iud iieiietit i»y it. from this number of cat lie 
 woi thlcsscatllecoiihlbe thinned out and the liest retained fo breed from. 
 
 1 inclose list cf ••A-ricultiiral shows"* lii-ld in iMi.iilaud the prescnl 
 vea.r. Tiiis (hies not iiieludti the different society shows, such as llu- 
 
 Shoithniii SoeictN, li.e Jeisev. ill.' Carthorse 
 
 Mid 
 
 huiidi 
 
 •f oil 
 
 ler 
 
 socielies. We havt- two cattle to one in lln.i^laiid, <Mir population i.- 
 nearly (haible that of I'^ii:nlaiid. and iii iiileliijiciiee and ]»olish the Amer 
 icaii iaiiiter is superior to the fiiiropeaii, but in practical results he \n<^^ 
 far behind. 
 
 •iiii: \-Mi;iMc A.\ ci.'A/i: j'oi.' i;.\(iijsii <'Ar ri.i". 
 
 Tlic l']n,ulish farm ■!■ finds aiioll.ei- iiidiucmeiil in hasiii.u- (iiie cattle 
 o\er those of our ow II e<»iiii! i'\ . and this i^ in "llie Aiiiei lean ciazc ler 
 I'ln.ulish callle," as this < \1 lael fioin the Times will show : 
 
 Tlie AniiTira:i lit'lil.iml is.is ;^i\rn jjrn luiil riUlc :il ln'i;;lil(lifil |ii<sii jun aiiit lictln 
 I II id's, lint tlic iiii|ifliis lias 111 III mil li!im i ijiiai In I ii.il ai rmdril li> i ill' Alii'idi III lilmk 
 i'oil-'. 'Jill' ixIiaunliiKii V aiUaini-d |iriris n-ali/iij Inr the iimn; (ashioiialili' strain. 
 lit' llifsi' i.-ist s'-asnii all v\rll UimxMi, and iiki.v acinar liUrl.v iliiint;li in l>i' I'lilly mi>- 
 taiiK^il t'lir sunn- t inn' In < nliir. 'Ihi' ilisjirisinn of t lie Hi iili;il|i|i'iill( il lirld on llu- |;;i|i 
 
 Hi' Si|i1i'|iiIh r aD'oitls Miiiirniit t'valri if I Ills, wlicn sii.iH' III' I In' rmli- si rains were 
 
 • lisjKisiil lit' nf liiarvfliiiis li.^nns. Tlii' Pi'iilis Iki'iI pli'lt;, liiilili llu- same |i(isiliii|i 
 animiu iIm- lihek I'.ilU as 1 )iii!ii-<M's do li> Nlin; | li.ii ii-< ;i|iil at lli.' '1 ill;, Cull f salr iii 
 I --11 Mr. !{. f. .\i)ld, Mil' I., MHT of I 111' r-riil'4i'iid lifid. v.-'. Iriii|i!i d lt>.t;ivi''JTO Kiiinc.o 
 liir .1 li'ina'f • if tin- ti ilif. Ai l lial i inif hi -i invi'stimiit was Inulvid ii|iiin a.s aliiinst us 
 ^rrat a iiieic uf f<.ll\- as .Mr. Plait's ]iiir' liasr of llif Ifi'irlVid Imll lluraif in Ij-TI! ai 
 :.••'.} •/i!'!^: :!-- ■..:■ ! .-.id rii,'li:odii!"''-; ' '■! !id liid m' l.'i'"l v,iU!H':im l-ii- hnlci. .if Ci,;, 
 
 ■ I.i'-t jmlili'iliid 
 
 Muinidi:i(i l\ 
 
 r.ill, 
 
 iy\ in;' iliis ri'piirt. 
 
ivc iichii'.vc- 
 il lioiii Iiim 
 1 am .u'hul 
 DJiij;- lor tli(! 
 , tliat \\iik;li 
 lo. 
 
 I a Nciics ol' 
 iiidiicciiic-iit 
 liiii;- the ex- 
 4' tlie ciittlc 
 •h tlie cattle 
 it would re 
 the tanner 
 irrt of home 
 iame .s.yslem 
 
 l<'|»artmeiils 
 i,!;iel cattle, 
 try to solve 
 rd ot cat lie 
 incut with IS 
 ' to dev<'lo|( 
 <liiaiitity(»r 
 iild a'wo, the 
 e miik ioi' a 
 Its of these 
 • )jial <'.\iiil)i- 
 i lake an in 
 herotcalllc 
 inced iVoMi. 
 the present 
 sin-h as tlie 
 tls of oilier 
 ipulation is 
 I the Amei 
 •nils he la".s 
 
 : fine i-attic 
 an naze ler 
 
 Kill aiiii lii'tii'i 
 
 Ih'kIc III Itljiik 
 iliiilili' ^t iMiii> 
 I 111' I'lilly Mi>- 
 
 I'l (III till- i;;iii 
 
 !• nI ImIils Were 
 s.'iini^ |iiislliij|i 
 I;, ('(iin- s.ili' ill 
 n''JTO j^iiini'.i, 
 I iis aliiiiiNt IIN 
 lie in l!-T() ;ii 
 
 huki- 111' <'i.;! 
 
 CATTU.: AND DMRv Vau 
 
 MINO. 
 
 Mini ot l,:i(ir) Mi|j,„,.,, I r. .• '■'"' •" '■•'«' nil. nth .,,,,1 ,!,.. 11, '' ' "" <""r wcro 
 .-.Id fTMini.as, tlie |,i.i,„, .-.i;, .' w " ''"'r'' ■' ^"i'"'^-'^. I>nl Ium' yea ■ |i / i' V^^''''^''''"^ 
 
 extraorilinarv fi.r rows ,, I ■ "i;i><'.-n.s („ |,„ all-ir,-all to •loll 1 A'".''''"'--*- 
 in.inen.e (o re.na I's -iV s o i' r"' '''■"■ '''''' ^''''^WiTn I a ■ i., i'^i '""■ >'".'l'inf,' very 
 
 -i ves ( he avna-es an I, :,,:''• "T"'- "^ ''''-'l " '«• The .C h .;■'"',""'."'•"■'«"'<'. 
 «.lo. . hieh are-is t' n^i^ln"-'' ""- d |niees of ,,he ,-" n' ipai V^/S^^liirilf 7,;^^ 
 
 TlillOH. 
 
 Avorngo. 
 
 .'1 Villi's 
 
 T) I'lirlPM ]"" "" 
 
 :Mi iiiiitM 
 
 riil,.«r,n.l„ii(softlio(Jn;.o;;K,;,-,;,];,ii,;-;;- 
 
 price. 
 
 •'"• "! r^'iri 10 
 nii .t II I ,,,,, ,„ 
 
 - " 7 1 |^J I,-, 
 
 riiis is how Amoiicin^ i 1 1 • ~~^ ~^ ~" — 
 
 i^..«iHnd. With sneh'p. . 's' ;;; rr;:, ';:■;'■"- ^""^ --"^ '•^'-tion pav in 
 
 "f'-ruise sp,Mnl nearly s,,,., "r ^ ^ '"!" ''='" ^^•<'" ="1Wr,l to fe.'l ^ 
 (K'lis; HI line, then, isas ..,,.•,( ..v ; / "*' '''^ <\irtr JMid ehieke,, fvl,; ,; 
 
 •"•'"' '<';■•>;"«•'" oM.il.ited. \ ]| /' '^"'''f''''*''<'^-i'i--><>rthostand 
 somn;; that An,eri..ans will one \ v 'f' .' i;'"'; "" ."!'" ''^"""^ "'"' <>'■•<'<' 
 lisl, pears, apph-s, as ,;,, ,,„,-, .. ' ,)7 ^•', '^"-'■•'"<1 '<'i' Hieir eats, doo-s 
 i;;;'"''l.".to.Ameri,-a, at rxt av^ o ,, Z. t P '•""'' =''''"="lv in.'n im' 
 lMTeKs,MHeIlin^Mvh,.re''a.r;'^' ./';-'' I""<- l>^<id in Kn, ., 
 nlso eonimiK,.,! tin" same Cnliv ; "'".■''"!•< <"ie(> i(; i„.ni„.s wv n. ' ' 
 
 ; •' '"<'"i''-' '">^/' - .'a!!. 'i il^e ;:'!r;;';'i "'•''-«•■<' i-.^.- iVi 
 
 ""' "'=•'■ vs 01 eare and atfenti,, u,. -^^ "''^'''' '" '''"' "'•'I«''-, and Irnl 
 
 ;^s;;Ml.^M.d,.d Ilerkshin^V''"''''' '•'••' <^''-'y P.dmeil oir<»n t,,,. XX^^^^^ 
 
 II < onuress wonhi eniel 
 '^••"•■^nmd internatii.nal e':;Ml • V'n;:.' n'";''' '" "'-"•"l *" <'h> vear 
 tiK'NiiMie lor all hree.ls ot <■•„,!, ""^"■'' /^''''■'/•v ot all kinds I 
 
 l-;'.<innly that .une <■-. 'elp r'^;,;;:;:':>V'''-?V'- <'t- nu. M ;>"; V e' 
 
 "'■" '^ '«• .^ay, he coiild tak- th,,7.,.. ■"""'*"''' '"'«'<Meh i.reii inn • 
 
 '•""'•'<''»'"l'-'f<'MilhaIli;,reii.„ .. I ', "'^" '':"' Hon th.. men in , 
 
 '''•'•'-'•'--•>• <nor, ,0 eh. aPMhe s.;;:,'.!';, ;V';;:;;;;- ,^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^■'■^"■^' '<"^n..,M.a.v STOCK. 
 Al III,, exhih.l.ons held in Kurn 
 
 Mil- (,»iieen, r:n,pe,-or, 
 I'Xiill'ilioii is held. TheO 
 ill i:ii;Jand, as d(tes (In. |' 
 
 'f 
 
 <•'• \\liar not, of (I 
 
 eneoiiraf,''ed in 
 
 <;\ery way |,v 
 
 "!'•"" "'''-'lillandeviiii 
 
 ."' <'<»mi(ry i„ ^vhieh' (I 
 
 iinee of Wa! 
 
 lit 
 
 Me 
 
 «'*iit(Ieatev<"rvsli 
 
 ••"W. Hie prcperlyoC tl 
 
 ow 
 
1 ' 
 
 ' j 
 
 fsi: 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 64 
 
 OATTTiE AND DATUY FARMINO. 
 
 Qneen, took second i)rcininm at ji recent oxbibitioii,iui(l abnll third. No 
 exhibition is too iii.siiiiiiliconr and nnimportant in lUdsinm for the kinj; 
 iUulQnet'n ol'llie 15el-;iiins toopen in jK-rsoii and ins])ect personally each 
 article and to enconrauv i( by l)ein'4 an exiiil)itor ot the product. Tins, 
 it seems to me, is settinu- an excellent exan!])le to our fifovernors and 
 others at home who holil as hi.';h jiositions in public esteem and are 
 h)oked to as nun-h for examples. l',nt,!d:is, politics is the all-enffrossins 
 topic with most of our jiOvcrnDrs and lei^islators, and anythinfj: that is 
 outside of this is insipid to lliem; iind. therefore, it is for tin; ]>eople, 
 after all, to correct liv ])<ilitics the evils of jmlitics, and to elect, and re- 
 tain as lonj>- as possible when elec^ted, men who will look to their inter- 
 ests and try, by wise leuishition, to advance thorn. 
 
 I have abstained as much as ])ossii)le, in this dis|)atch, Irom theorizmfv. 
 I have advanced in its stead sii(;li methods as have accomplished the 
 results we are in search of abroad. I':\-ainple is worth more than pre- 
 cept; we have the example, niid all that remains tor us to do is to hdlow 
 it, to achieve like results. J5y adoptinju' these siini>lo methods, withui 
 twenty years it would appear as absurd to us that we ever sent abrond 
 for a, bn"ll, cow, sheep, do-', or hog as it does now that wo imported tlui 
 English sparrow. " GEORGE C TANNKR, 
 
 Comnl. 
 
 AqrUuJtimil sloirs lirhl hi Kufihoul ihirhifi Ih,' iimr l.^Sll, rxrhishr of spnUil socictii ^hnw, 
 hikIi as Shiiiihovn. .Idsci/, Ciirl-liorar, .i'c, ■■<lioii-'<. 
 
 llMtei of slinw. 
 
 Miiy 2fi to .Tune 1 
 AliiySS to.Tiitio 1 
 May no 
 
 ^^ly ai 
 
 .Tniio S 
 
 Jiiiu) H 
 
 .fiilnO'J.H 
 
 ■Iuii«.':i0-L'9 
 
 .Innoin.14, 1.-) 
 
 ,Iiiiioi;i, 14 
 
 .[iiii.'i:i. 14 
 
 .Iiim-r.i, JU 
 
 .Tunc lt>, '-'0,21. 
 
 .)iim'20 
 
 Juiir '.'!), 'JI.... 
 
 Jiini-lJIi, 'Jl 
 
 ,I.ili.>'JI/jL'.... 
 .hiii«'.'7, 'Jti 
 
 .Tuly 27. 2H.... 
 
 .Iiini'27, '.l"i 
 
 July— 
 
 .hilVri.O,?.... 
 .July 10-20.... 
 
 July C 
 
 XillllO <lf sncici y. 
 
 Affiirnltiiriil Ttall Cora- 
 
 p;in\, J.iiiiitcil. 
 I'.iitli i'liid West uri'Ji.'Jaiid 
 
 iiml Sinidn inCiiiinlics. 
 
 lJiiv:il .liiscv 
 
 Kiistorn Di.sliict nf Slir- 
 
 liiicsliiro. 
 
 Stiiliiif; 
 
 Uipoii 
 
 llcrcl'iprilsliiiv 
 
 Ilnyal ('MimlicH (limits 
 
 aiicl lll'I k.H). 
 
 Win-ill iuiil I'.likiiilii'a I .. 
 
 INsix 
 
 I'di'llidiiiii^li 
 
 AIiiilliipinnj;li ami I'lM^cy 
 
 Valo. 
 WmrislilHllllr 
 
 Tlidino 
 
 Iloval ('did wall 
 
 .NciVldlU 
 
 NiiUlir-iNt 111' ImI.iihI 
 
 IhiiiiiiHlcr 
 
 Siim.lk 
 
 Kiliiilimi;li 
 
 I'liilnl K.ist l,iillii;iii 
 
 N.iltH 
 
 j;i)vul A;:ii<'ulliiial S»- 
 
 cirtv i>r r.ii'jiMiiii. 
 
 fuili'll llaliUr-liili- 
 
 July 31 
 
 July 17 
 
 JiiU- 10. 11. rj .... 
 
 Jiilv i:i 
 
 July V> 
 
 Malloii 
 
 Sliaiiiai'i mill Kliiin >•( 
 ( iallovvas !<. 
 
 T,in'"l!i'»!iir'> 
 
 Hi'ill'iiiUliiii' 
 
 lii'Val Nnlllli'VII 
 
 July 21 lliiiiliii|!iliiii'''iii 
 
 Juh 21. 
 
 I iliiiiri -ilrl '^llil'i 
 
 AVhi.rK li.lit. 
 
 Kiitiiie of inoetlug. 
 
 AsHniltiiralllall, 
 
 Ilorsos, iiniilonients, and miscrlki 
 
 Islinulmi. 
 
 iii'oiiM anirli'.'^. 
 
 l;i iil;;«aliT 
 
 11.11 HI s. cat 111'. slii'i'|i. iii^ra clici'HO, 
 
 
 liiilti r, viMiltiy, and iiupli iiniils. 
 
 JllSlV 
 
 Sloi k, iiiiiili'iiiiiilM. Ac. 
 
 FalUiik 
 
 .si.ick, iiii|ili'niiiil.H, dairy prodii. .■, 
 
 
 and iMiiiltiv- 
 
 Slirliiij; 
 
 111). 
 
 ItitliHl 
 
 Stork, jiniiltry, j)ij;(><)tiH, dogs, .tr. 
 
 Ilir.r..ril 
 
 Slink, iiiipliiiK^iits, &.V. 
 
 WillrlliHlri' 
 
 Do. 
 
 I'itkiMilicail 
 
 SI. rk, iioiillry, iil;;poiis, doj;.'*, f.i'. 
 
 < 'olilirHirr 
 
 Stork and iiiiplriiii-lilH. 
 
 I>iti iliiiii)ii;;li 
 
 Do. 
 
 Nrwliuiy 
 
 Stork, \(i. 
 
 Willi roliT 
 
 Stoclt, Inipli'inriil.s, lior^^ca, llllI|^ 
 
 
 I'll*, &i\ 
 
 'I'liiinio (VorkH)... 
 
 Stoi k. iiiiplriiiint.x, A r. 
 
 'I'l urn 
 
 Stork al.li illllilrllli'MtM. 
 
 lakrnliaiii 
 
 Ho. 
 
 ri-lf.i.sl 
 
 Slork, iiiilili'iiii'litu, po'illry. .Vr. 
 
 li(iina.iti T 
 
 Slock, iiiipli'liicIitH, doLiH, piiiillrv, 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 I*orr|pn 
 
 Stock ntid Iniplcmi'iilH. 
 
 ElllIlllllIL'll 
 
 S'lick, iMiiilcniiiili*, Ac. 
 
 Ilaililin;:liiii 
 
 Stoi k anil iiiiplctiii'iitM. 
 
 Niiltiii^;liaiii 
 
 .'^tiick, inipli'iiK'iilH, Ac. 
 
 y,)ik 
 
 Do. 
 
 liuiiir 
 
 Slock, inipli'iiicniH, i>oiilliv, .in,! 
 dairy inodin c 
 
 
 Mftltdii 
 
 Stock and iiii|ilciiicuti. 
 
 Slraiiiair 
 
 CattlP, lioiHcs, h1hh')>, Ac. 
 
 (',aliis!iori)iii;li .. .. 
 
 Stock, ImiiliTncntH, and pmilii 
 
 iHlillllli 
 
 Hiii.ii-M, ?*titck, and iiii|iii-ii lui- 
 
 AImiiI"" 
 
 Slock, llnpll'lllCIltM, pnlllllA, !i 
 
 
 dairv iiioiliico. 
 
 St. Ivi"i 
 
 Stock,' iiiiidi 111. iilH. iii.iilirv . .\. 
 
 I'.cikriry 
 
 Slock, iiiipl. 111. Ml.-, li.H li. iiIiiimI, 
 
)ull third. No 
 n for the Kiiif? 
 ersoiiiilly each 
 rodiU't. ThiH, 
 ijjovoniors iiTid 
 stccm iiiid arc 
 all oiiffrossiiifj 
 ythiiifi: tliiit is 
 or tin; iK'opU", 
 > cU'iit, and ro- 
 fo their inter- 
 
 oin thooriziiifj;. 
 miplishcd the 
 iiorc tliaii prc- 
 I do is to t'oUow 
 I'thods, within 
 iH' sent abroiid 
 i iniport(Ml tli<( 
 
 ccial KOi'ictji kIiows 
 
 B <if montiiiK. 
 
 Miidits, and n)isci'll;i 
 
 IfS. 
 
 '. h1U'C'|I, !)!>:« cllOCHO, 
 
 Itiy, aiiit impliiiicnl.s. 
 
 llllllM. Ac. 
 
 iiriil.s, daily prodih 1', 
 
 y, |ii;;<'<)nH, do^s, Ac. 
 iiriils, \.r. 
 
 V, ]ii;;<»oiia, dojiM, S,c. 
 
 l|ll('llll-|ltH. 
 
 inciitM, liDi'-ca, lllll|^ 
 
 Mi'iitu, |io'illry. \c. 
 iiciilH, dti,L;H, |iiiu!liv. 
 
 tiirnlH, i>r)ii!li\, anl 
 
 II ('. 
 ildriiiinit^<. 
 
 1, Hln't')>, A c. 
 
 nriitx. iiiid imiiliiv. 
 ., ami iiit|iii-n t'liU. 
 rniiits, |iciiilir\. ;inil 
 
 !(■(•. 
 
 III iitH, i)..iilir\ . \i- 
 
 lll'lllH, lim lirlllllll.il. 
 
 CA'Crr.K AND nATRY FARMING. 55 
 
 ,hjr\ri,llin-(il !iI,oirH held in EiKjhnul (hnii,,/ //„■ ,/,.,„• i.^^-.::!, .(V'.-XJ.innnnod. 
 
 Date of rIiow. 
 
 .Tuly25 
 
 .. ,!v2.-,20 
 
 ,liilv'.'5,L'li 
 
 duly l!l-L'7 
 
 July 2a, L'fi 
 
 Jiilv^n 
 
 July2U 
 
 ,Tiily2« 
 
 JlllV 27 
 
 .Tulv2S 
 
 Jiii'y— 
 
 July 'J-. 2!:, 27 
 
 Nniiio of sdcii'ty. 
 
 Onii.sMilc, Soiillijioit, mid 
 
 liiiiillr. 
 
 lii'iri'.slor.'diivo 
 
 < ll:iiiiiirt.'aiHliiro 
 
 Jli'ililaiicl and Aniiciilt.- 
 
 anil (i/'ScDtlaiiil. 
 ( 'iiiiiIiiiilsicMliiio and I.sln 
 dT Kly. 
 
 IJariialcy 
 
 (.'Ii'vrlaiid 
 
 Whoro Iiidd. 
 
 S^<Mllll]ll)lt 
 
 Nntnro (irmooUiiR, 
 
 f^llll'K, illl)>lrlll(lltn, ,^r 
 
 j\lI!X. 1... 
 Aws. 2... 
 
 All-. ;: .. 
 Aiii:. n... 
 Aim. 211... 
 
 AiiK. K .. 
 AiiK. 7, f:. 
 
 Tynosiild 
 
 l)arliii;.'t(iii ... 
 
 ^\■| -iliiii l)l»tu(!(. oC Kily.. 
 J'.AUt Slurry. . _ 
 
 J>i'iiliidii and Kasf. Ifidlni; 
 
 Slini))Pliin'.'i.iid Went Mid- 
 
 land. 
 YiirU.Hlilrc 
 
 Mi'lli-.n .Minvbinv ' Do 
 
 !'"'"> i"'i'l'i '■■' ^'l"flv. ii'inil.nH.nt.M, and poultry. 
 
 iiii|ili'niiiilM, I liry, ■,,||,i 
 
 Kly. 
 
 (Jrnok. 
 
 Aii^'. 1.-) . 
 
 Aiis.— ... 
 
 An:;. — . 
 All';. (;,7. 
 
 An>r.— ... 
 Ani;.— ... 
 AiiL'.2i)... 
 An;;, (i... 
 
 An;,'. If... 
 
 Aiiu'.2n... 
 An--. 2...... 
 
 An- 
 
 2.S 2:1, :!ii, :ii . 
 
 S,.p(.12... 
 
 Srpt. -... 
 
 Sept. 4... 
 .Srpt. -1. r, . 
 Si>pf. ."•, (1 . 
 
 i.pl. 
 
 Si'pl. 12 .. 
 .'^ipf. 12 .. 
 
 .•^.•pi. :.t.. 
 
 Si'pt. II .. 
 Srpl. II .. 
 Sipl. II .. 
 S.pl. 11,1.- 
 Srpl.-..!.. 
 Si'pt.— .. 
 
 Si'iit. 21; .. 
 
 Si'pt. 2(1 .. 
 
 Si>pt. 2>f . . . 
 
 .Sflpt. - ... 
 
 Xnrfiin 7''arniiir.V (;inl) 
 
 <Ji'i|ii('t(lalo 
 
 SliKipsI 
 ISordir 
 AVhilliv 
 liailii ' 
 .«rainiril 
 
 T\'i)rtliii 
 IJraniisI 
 
 (,'iniHi 
 liiviTn 
 
 I'irty, 
 
 I.aiidi'idalii 
 
 l.i.sniori! Faniilii'V S.iriity 
 
 Hi'ii'Torihl 
 liiiil 
 
 InvcriHH.s ,M 
 
 dairy prmliiri 
 I SlocI;, jKiiilirv, inipli'incnt.^, s,i\ 
 
 Hanmliy. .... : siorU, ponllry, dou's., .Vc. 
 Sallliiun-l.vl lie Stmk, A-r 
 Sra. I 
 
 Iti'xliani ] I,,. 
 
 ]>arliii!;lini I|!i,s iil i|,,,r 
 
 /ii'In^on'''"?;::;::' si;".!;' '"'•''"'•''■'"«• ^""' i "■>-. 
 
 ><'o nii'i'lin;; lor 
 
 i.s.i^:!. 
 AVIiitilinridi (Sa- 
 
 lop). 
 
 X« inrnliii;; (',,,. 
 1S.«:i. 
 
 SlocI;. poultry, piL'ion.s, \-c. 
 Slink and iinplriin-iils. 
 
 Slork, iiiipli'nii'nls, Ai 
 
 il<. 
 
 
 
 ir. 
 
 
 III 
 
 foil 
 
 
 l.sliir,' 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 inlx'rl.init 
 
 
 III 
 
 li, rmilop, 
 ■It. 
 
 and 
 
 (ii 
 
 '.'<.s ]''arnii>r.s' 
 
 .So- 
 
 1 
 
 Clipstrrfii'ld.... 
 I.'olliliiiiy 
 
 lilnal (.-^aliip). 
 
 "Iso 
 
 'Iiilliy 
 
 idniintiin 
 
 lllllirld 
 
 •rwiidion.'rw. 
 ,Ui'.>dii'a.l 
 
 IK'I 
 
 I'i>Ml(r,\, dorr-i, i|;i 
 
 ly prnil- 
 
 Stork. .V, 
 
 Slink, inipli'inriit.j. and poultry. 
 .Sioc-li, inipli.nirni.'.i. \v. 
 
 Siork and 
 
 inipirniMil J. 
 
 ■ i Sloil;, inipli-iririit-., ,^ 
 
 Stork 
 Stork 
 
 d' Sill 
 
 Iioiillr;, 
 
 I'liio'ili, iiiiiilni'i 
 
 and 
 
 iiiipk'iiii'iiiM, ;inil poiilt 
 
 SloiU. iiiiplfMiiiitH, il.iir 
 
 tioiillrv, am 
 
 ninliii;; lor ' Slork, jinpl. 
 
 1 dol.'^ 
 
 IV. 
 
 y proihiri 
 
 iss't. 
 
 r.aiiil.rdali' 
 
 I,: 
 
 ( 'olllll V 
 
 1 1 rn . 
 
 lani Doniitv 
 
 llli'lininnilMliii'o 
 Kcclosiii Id. 
 
 TC.Mslilcy 
 
 JJoyal .Icr.^cv 
 
 Ilalil'ax and ijaldi-idalo 
 j;oyal J)nliliii 
 
 A\'i!;lon l;istiirt 
 
 Vali^ of ( 
 
 oinvav. 
 
 r.i'oniinslor . 
 
 Walrrfoiil. 
 
 I!irlinionil( Vork). 
 
 llill-.hoio' 
 
 Sliillirld. 
 Ki'i;;lili.y . 
 J-Tsrv ...... 
 
 ll:ililax .. 
 
 Uark, 
 
 ploini'iils. \( 
 
 Stoil; 
 
 Hiiplcnii'ii 
 
 and 
 
 lol.sr^, horni'd r.lil,- 
 
 Stork 
 Stork 
 
 i I" 
 
 lid 
 
 Stork, illllil 
 
 Stork 
 
 pli'airnls inol.s 
 
 D.I 
 
 .stork, iiiipl 
 
 I '.all': 
 
 Diildii 
 \V;-loii 
 JJani «.s 
 
 I'.rld-i 
 
 W 
 
 irwirksli 
 
 ootniiistrr 
 
 DrrllVNl 
 
 nil 
 
 .| < ovmlr;, 
 
 liii 
 
 Do. 
 
 pIlllH'llts, ,Vl 
 
 and lioiiiriiliiirall 
 
 I!oy,il JfaiiiliPatcr, Javi 
 pool, ami Noiili |.;i 
 i'iikIiIio. 
 
 NorMii'iml Sonni.K 
 
 (a-iiriiliiir.il | Drrliy . '. .,i Stork 
 
 Stork, liiiplrnii'iitH. A I-. 
 Slork, iinpliiiii'iii,^, ,\ ,..j, p,,,, 
 
 linllrr. i:(. 
 Slork, Ar. 
 Stork, II..Hri>. iinplrnii 
 
 Irv, 
 
 rpi.id. 
 
 I'.irn 
 
 \Va viand 
 W a t (• r f 
 
 .Sorlrty. 
 
 Slanlioiio , 
 
 II'Ih' Clllll. 
 
 I'l .Vi 
 
 linpli 
 
 llirats, l.HllH 
 
 ('111 
 
 iHlltri. poiilliT, lioitlrilKiii ,| 
 
 iliiliriy, ,Vr, 
 
 Ivii slork, inipIrnii'iilM, fat 
 
 dun 
 
 " I on I'.uk, I Stork, l.iittr 
 
 >rd r.ii 
 
 nun;; 
 
 iirar K.iih, 
 Will Inn ... 
 Watrnoiil. 
 
 illl,\ 
 id rill 
 
 111 pio. 
 
 Slork. ,V I 
 Do. 
 
 1" 
 iiilrr r 
 
 1: 
 
 Carli 
 
 shin 
 
 Manlu 
 
 III (■ 
 
 .Stiinllopr 
 Ki'l-io . . . 
 Carliiirl 
 
 ( 'low II 
 
 Sloe k and iniplriiiriil.s. 
 
 niral I!u. k.s.' lltralMarlo 
 
 Stork, doirt.poiillrv. rio|)H, ,i.i 
 Slork mill iiiiplrnii UN. 
 
 Wliil.l. 
 I.aiili 
 
 Stork, 
 
 llllnnrll! 
 
 Ar. 
 
 ion Ho|,.|, liooM, pl.iii.Jiin:; niatrlir.<, li,.,|,; 
 
 oyal Soiilli r.nrks ... ' ' 1 t, 
 ( I 
 
 inline, dr.iiiiiii..;, ,\ 1 
 
 Froiiio Di.slrirt 
 
 Osui'Hlrv I'L.'lrirt . 
 
 l"iiiiiiii 
 
 id ydidr.. 
 ploii-liiiiU iiiati li 
 
 proili! 
 
 and 
 
 ('llrr.s... llllllir, slork, 
 
 and Iniplo 
 
 Sit 
 
 N'orllnvrst ItinkH Mini id- j Mint, 
 ,ioilllll^ poiiioii of ((Mill 
 and .N'oit llrtiit.-i. 
 
 in.'liain. 
 
 inipli r 
 
 polllll V, >Vl 
 
 Calllr 
 
 '•I', 
 
 li. lit..-, I.iilirr, rhi 
 I' I and nai.; Iinrsi-a, 
 
 |iiu'i<, luittir. loom, iin.l plon-i,. 
 III!.; conipitjiioii. " 
 
• t 
 
 
 56 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 A<jrUvilhir(il sIioivh held hi EnnUind ihirii);/ the i/rtir 18<i, .Jc. — Coiitiimott. 
 
 Itl 
 
 If 
 
tinned. 
 
 miotiiif;. 
 In, pniiUry, Six:. 
 
 rlifOMc, butter, 
 liiiiS match. 
 
 v<igotabIos, mill 
 icH, rontst, tliatch- 
 
 I'k, Hlipop, pi^'s. 
 liHtal cxhibitH ol' 
 
 ■a, \-,o. 
 
 ifrt, roots, rottago 
 
 r, iiml awiinlH to 
 
 ]ir(i(lii('o, Koats, 
 oultry niid pij;- 
 
 % &.P. 
 
 iblcrt fnim sppils 
 
 K. Kiiij;. 
 
 y, iiiotM, ltd. 
 
 ililos fmiii bp(m1s 
 I'Mi \-. Sims. 
 il!.'H ('mill Hiicdn 
 iirs < 'all IT A. Co. 
 I, anil plaiilH. 
 
 lonts, iHiiiltry, .<:r. 
 
 V, loots, &.C. 
 ■iiioiils, poultry, 
 
 pIraitMits. 
 
 tr. 
 
 V, ilairy proilnic, 
 
 CATTLE-DREEDINr; AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 THE UKI lEI) KIlSfiDOM. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL MERRITT. OF LONDON. 
 
 THE DKVON. 
 
 The Iciulins- physical charjicteiistics of (h«> Dovnn i,,-.- .1 ^*- t^^i 
 bocoiKjisoIy .Inscribed as folh.ws : " '"'*'^''^ <'.'itMe may 
 
 Til,' r)i'vniis!)r(M'<.nip.ar!itiv('lysliiii(, 1, lit. (III,. Ij .n, 1,1 ],,„,.... n.,.., • , .,, 
 'Ihocoldiisajiiiro. iicli rod, witli liiicsilky hiiir 
 
 'I'llr liOIIIS llMVd il- Vl'llowi.sll. \V;| \v '1111 ,■■',,,,,.. /.. 
 
 wanls.,Ml o„,w:,nls Th. ho.-V^ m j' ; ^ '^l^^t; ,;'!'', -'■-'•'^'''y.''-.rv,..l n,,- 
 m!mI v.tv lino in (h,. Immhs an.l ll„. ai.iiiml :ilt.M^Hl, . wi •^''H-^ •■"■" nIu.H, small, 
 
 Tlic l)(>v()ii of ill! oxistiiiu- ciiltlt' hrcvtls «-ni liv ,.1..;,.. f 1 , • , 
 
 l.a.l fh.' ^Tontosf, ,rpnl:,l i.m f<,r ^^vJuZh^uZ^ " •'"'' '"'""'• 
 
 .1.0 shor.iMMM, ,h. n.o,h.n. ii..^ ;;nui , 'i : p;„ ' ;;;:;';X:;.-*'; ^^••'"■' 
 
 ox^slc.in'. This is why thiil Incf,! -il v vs ... . I • ' • ''' '"'*' "** 
 
 The history of tin^ Devon can he (litcctl I,;(ck nntil l,wt ;.. i 
 
 rcpmsmtativcsofthtMuiqinal I'.ritish l.r,.,. ,f> • . '1 «'Ms;.n- 
 
 Shorthorns aT.d IF ore for. s have h.r. , , , 1 , n .', i. ''"•''''''" <""«'-^ 
 
 .arn...rstlM-,.n,honMh,,Kin.,hnn,;rr:;;;y;„!; ',^ 
 
 •si/c iiiitl Iced lo ninch "rcatcr \vci<'lits sun .,..., i ■ T- , ''"."^ ' 
 
 1''="" i^ i" <li"<'>"-'t pans of K ^ ii , \.om^' si ■', Vv" '^l'"!' ^" ^^"'- 
 *o„nty, parts of 8o.ncr.s,>t, (^.rnwall ) 3 /nd iV , I ' ^'r"" ,"'" = ^«' 
 li.srnu.Mtionc,! counties, xImmv hit ''\, f p s ' . • "', '" ^''*^ *"'^ 
 iHtt.M- a.hq.tcl for tlai v he, s ru 1,7. shm " t"''' ^''•'>' ""•*' 
 
 i.opnh.rity with renf-payin, ial^.ers i, HM',e ;"::;;,:;:'; ,^:> 't'^' ^'^ 
 set IS oreatly enhance,! bvthe possession of v-i,,', . , S'""'''"- 
 
 M-t IJeyon, which, although not <,f HXt^UhH^'^;^^^^^ 
 
 l..:,le.i:„ot so nn.eh fn.. ,-^n .,';!:-'' ' ' V^<" '"'^••' "='ys l.,.enceh.- 
 
 -''^- A....cKond..n,>:;.i.rs/r;o;-^s^;;;',^t:;^^^^^ 
 
58 
 
 CATTLE AND DAlliV FAltMrXfJ 
 
 Mr. A. 0. SkiiMUM', of ])islioi>'s Lvdiiird. 
 \uff triiils, iiiid if \v;is ioimd (luif ti 
 
 iiinrd second |iiiz(> in (lie nulk 
 ore was ji j4i'('iil«'r inopoitioii oCsolid.v 
 
 toifsmilli thiin to that of the -Jersey and (inenisev ei.ws \vl 
 
 prizes 
 
 , \Mii(li won 
 
 A snni(M'ent reason for tlieir bein^- ])refeiTe<l 
 set was leeentiy altoided by a lar-e farmer iie;ir 
 
 to ShtMthorns in Sotnor- 
 niinster, aceiistonied to 
 
 was nsnally enabled to make qniteas miieii nioiu'v of the lesser wei-lits 
 as lii,snci,nld)or of the Iiea\ier. ' "• i,^ms 
 
 It has always been elai.ned that a l).>von yields alar^^M- jn-onortion of 
 vo.st meat a the best joints than any oth.-r beast, ami perhaps lee 
 IS none yioldm- a smaller inoi.orlion of oHid t<» the enreass In rv 
 spombn.!^to\-(;r3-earlymalnrityitwonldseare(dye<.inpetewi(htlu'«horl. 
 
 horn or JJerelbrd 
 scale of animn 
 heaviest in tin 
 
 , „ . , Tliis will t)e sntilcienlly seen by investi-ratin-- the 
 scale of animals exlnbited at, the Smithliehl CInb eattle shows. '^Th 
 
 TIFK IIKUin'OnB. 
 
 The Ilerefords are remarkably ^ood feeders, lavin- on flesh abun 
 
 lanflyniproportM,Mtot!>ean'M.nntoflbo.l,.onsui'm.d,andtheira,, ,n^ 
 U> iatten is (ayored by fheir ...'n.-ral phu-idily of t.'mper. ThrV • e 
 
 earlytomatnnty, whilst the b<.ef is well ,noiiled or marbled At] 
 
 .an, and ,s highly prized. The ,.revailinj, eharaeteris !<•" aVe s'ft 
 
 Wliito fare, tliiojit, <lii.s(, ndiici-, <|..\vhii. 
 
 lllillli'. hnvrv |.;i,i| „f l„„|y ,,,1(1 Icjtn, .i,|,| 
 
 tip of tail; .l,.-<.(l„.r|,ar.M„niH. m.Iv.iV •..;.'■. si In 1 '!' 'IF' '"" 
 
 ilic IxMly IS .•()v.r<-.l Willi loii.;rv„rt -jlossv li.ilr, wiflia l.'iir«'-iiiv (,■ ..inl 'Vt i 
 ■!I'P-"-'';"''N <i H.M.ly .lark at , h. ^nl L/ | , rV ' ^^ V il .:::,7 ;''''.^7'^> 
 
 wayo wilh a slii^lit s|)ii>ail!ip_' ii|i\vaMl t.Md.'i 
 
 ■ncy. Till' cy,' is full. 
 
 ivc a niaci-liil 
 
 Tlio clK'st i.s rx-haiiilcil, lull, am! i]v,']>, aii.t i.r.Mci i,',.. tin„lv"- «I„. .;i 
 h'.oloni .n.ss.H will, ahiios, any Im,,.!, and iMi,,Mrts an aplilu,!,. t.: l' „ i..,'" ' ' '" 
 
 s 
 t 
 Ih 
 
 annd than ibrmerly, ami th..ir w.dth^.t^.h.h would i /.:>:; 
 I Mn to b(> n.ore yvnendiy popnlu- if possessed of =, hi.l.er rep ,( i , 
 lor da.i^- purposes, S.i!l (I,e!all-.r fM..,l!v e.-, be en!:ivaf e, 
 «trauge to si.y, not only is the eross of a «h<,r(horn ami Herefonl a' o 
 
vi'/.i) ill (lie. iiiilk- 
 xntioii oC solids 
 »\vs, wliicli wuu 
 
 loriis ill Sotiicr- 
 , iict'iistoiiicd fo 
 i:it is tcriiicd ;i 
 i;»l)i'r.V(Mr,;ni(l 
 lore. Fiiitlicr, 
 ciH.yo to (Iiirfy 
 ii;Iil»()r\sJSli()if. 
 litir (jiiality he 
 lesser weij^lits 
 
 r |>roi)oi(i()ii of 
 l»eili;ij)s (lieic 
 iicass. Ill !•(>. 
 Willi tiioSiioi'l. 
 I'sti^'iitiii/^- rlie 
 ' shows. Tile 
 Ml:l(l(^ last J)(>. 
 (() tli(?(^)iie(>ii, 
 horeas fho ro- 
 lls, thi('(' (lays 
 tin', JIereror<l 
 
 M flcsll ilblU). 
 
 lli<'irai)ti(ii(l(, 
 . They ooine 
 1'I<'<1, lilt and 
 i<'s arc as fol- 
 
 y :iii.l U-fTH, .„||| 
 put 1)11 Ihc rye, 
 
 III. 'rin'IiDfiis. 
 ■ <ir white \v;ixy 
 ;■ out, .siiai-htlv 
 li;i\c ;i uriici-liil 
 
 rilis aiv well- 
 
 '•r foiistiliirinii 
 
 is li-l,f. 'I'l,,, 
 
 llh'M. 
 
 I'iicli al h'asi 
 in its native 
 every laiiu. 
 I fheiiisehcs 
 I'rdereoiiiity 
 iiU(;h I'liiliie'r 
 <l<Mi')t cause 
 '■ i<'|»ii(aii<)!i 
 ;v.ited, and, 
 reCord a jiro- 
 
 Tlli; I'NITF,!) KINrjDOM. 
 
 veihi:.! d.-ep milker l>„t fho slijjhtosl, dasli oi" ,he for 
 on tiie lafent lie_ nil (eiMliry oCihe Hereford. 
 
 ni 
 
 Mr. I';.<'.'iis(hiil some ( 
 
 69 
 
 or seems to1)rinff 
 
 {''ariiier Assoc^iaf ion's .lomnji'i 
 
 I'w yoars si 
 
 ni 
 
 est fanioiis milkers, and (he 1 
 
 (■ inil)lislied ill file Ilrifisli ]);.,,, 
 '■i<'«'«'rd elilH- milk yiehls of sixty of his 
 
 I try 
 
 llei'eford "' wliieli ans 
 
 wcred to jh,. Intfer ,! 
 
 <-st of then, iill was 11 
 
 coir called "()|d 
 
 jiiirs the Ketisinofoii disfijef ;,( the'w 
 
 cr descriiition. Mr. 1'isdall 
 
 i)iin( 
 
 and I 
 
 Slip 
 
 Ilerefords have al 
 
 <'«'Iis a. laro-e herd of d 
 
 »'st Kiid of l:ondon wirli milk and 
 
 and Somerset than in |) 
 
 \va\s 1 
 
 iir\' cows 
 
 '<'«'ii deemed 1 
 
 ire mor(^ educated fo serve (hat 
 
 x'li' own nati\(' 
 
 »<'l(<'r for the dairv in I) 
 
 •'oimty, because prohahlv tl 
 
 Cornwall, and Mr. Lewis IJoyd | 
 
 i""pose. The breed I 
 
 'ersefc 
 
 ley 
 
 ms cultivated it in S 
 
 IMS extended infc 
 
 miles of the metropolis. At 'the last Stnith'lield s| 
 
 and third pri/es iii the class of s( 
 
 animal 
 
 s >vei-|iiii,i>' M cwt. L'O pounds wl 
 
 vers nndei' two years old 
 
 iirrev wiihiii six 
 
 !iow he jiained second 
 
 one of ills 
 
 years' Iniiit. 'J'herc^ used t 
 
 motile liic'd, the s:ray, am: tho "widt.'iiil.ni 
 
 smaller in bone than tli(> f 
 
 (he oilier two. 
 
 ,"•'" only u day imd.T th,. i 
 
 obe three .listinet kimis of Me:elbn! 
 
 wo 
 
 s, fh 
 
 ormer, has well-iiiHl 
 
 red, which larter beino- 
 very where s- i)plaiite(i 
 
 I < 
 
 riie uprise of (he breed in celebrit 
 
 eons with the Sniitlilield Club s| 
 
 y may be considered comtc 
 
 ir Mr. \V'estcar won first prizes I 
 
 lows, which very miicl 
 
 mpora- 
 I iiiomofed it. 
 
 ill I7!»!>, and eontinned fo d 
 
 or oven at the first Smi("h(ield si 
 
 III fact file Sniithlield slio 
 
 iims won by the Ilerefords as t<,S, 
 iirecd. The Hereford is no donh'i 
 
 osoat the London shows fort 
 
 low 
 
 w record from I7!M> to is.'M n-iv,,,^ ,| 
 
 wenfy yean 
 
 likewise of^reat const if ntional 
 
 more than double tl 
 iiii exiiaordinary }>ra/,i 
 
 le preini- 
 lose of any other 
 
 er, and bejuii 
 
 dce| 
 
 >, compaef forms, there can scarcely I 
 
 vi«()i' iiiid fanions for possess in <;• broa.l 
 
 eoiiie so i^reat a, fa\(»iite jn j| 
 fraliaand X<'w Zealand. I 
 
 •'■ iiiiy wonder why it' has be 
 
 le wesfern prairies of Ai 
 
 (liiim weiiihls— not <|iiife so hea v\ 
 iich more so than the Devon 
 
 " =' .i^eneral "ay f In- cattle fcl fo -ood 
 
 III 
 
 'ssonie Short horns perhaps, but 
 
 nerica or in Aiis- 
 
 me- 
 
 veiA 
 
 Th 
 
 ast 
 
 (illows 
 
 Tui) siroirnioi.'Ns. 
 pliysica! <'Iiaracfeiisf ii-s of fheShorlhon, breed 
 
 may Ii(> deseiibed 
 
 A^ (he liMlilc ili(lic;il('s (lie I 
 
 Irij, III jirrs li 
 
 iliir of till' .■iiiiiiinis \,'o-i<s I 
 
 loni is sliiMt. sc 
 
 fl ;iii(l wliiti', ;iii( 
 
 I'OIII :i w hitr In 
 
 li'.iiilitiil \;iiii"^atii>ii called 
 
 NoiiieliineN tlie whit 
 
 liiin'iilarly nii\<..l. ami i-,tl 
 
 f yi-llowisll tili.r,. ,,( 
 
 whit I 
 
 'iliii'. iliteili^^eiil. anil I 
 
 HI," foiiinily si raw I 
 
 •' .•Mill leil ,,,e l.leiiili'd, ( 
 
 K'l- (lat. 
 ."■oiiie are 
 
 Iiiii Miiil tine, Wl 
 
 II' I'VlitessiiiM (loiile ;'t| 
 
 lei-rv eoloi. 
 
 Th 
 
 iM'ii'd with hair: ll 
 
 le eye is l.riMlit ami ti 
 
 oriiiiri;^ a 
 '"'.III is hanil- 
 
 iniyiii-sirai-hl (Voiii the haek. whiil, isal 
 
 K'lieck i.s short, eariyjiiu 
 
 Ihel 
 
 t 
 
 ll loiiiiillv IroiM the hail 
 
 hii 
 
 tl 
 
 sostr;iiy:ht .111,1 I, mail .•iinl 
 
 K'ad -r.acetiil 
 
 If ears an 
 
 lo hip.sare Well ei.vereil ami 
 
 round. 
 
 ';l'l'';'''''^.ovh.n;,^aniMMll,i, ihe'tail. whiihl 
 
 no( \(.i 
 
 'I'l 
 
 .\,.iiid 
 le riliH 
 
 llie hiiilv; (he Ihiell 
 
 llie under line is ev 
 linih, ,si 
 
 ixiin; lull ;ind deep and l.ro.ad 
 
 I'll : the shiiiildi 
 
 I :is to Curni ;i, ronnd dee| 
 
 III 
 l> are well laid, idd 
 
 •lllirs Str.li;;ht Jllnl 
 
 y jiioniineiit 
 
 ■(.(•omin- well forward, and theteats'l 
 
 ••hest with ll. lull swellin.'l 
 
 I' le;;s ;ire short 
 i<|iii', and I'al 
 
 -'"I Male iVoin 
 
 iivered wilh line soft hair. :ind the hid 
 
 llie e\re 
 t^liii'il it la 
 
 ellt ijaalify (d'the heef. A 
 
 yN on its tiesh, fm 
 
 • ' is tllell 
 lo'rether I 
 
 i;in^- si|ii;irel\ f 
 
 "•''Oin ; the nild 
 oniil. 'I'he |,o,l 
 
 • Old Ntr.iiyht, 
 
 on the 
 
 ••r is laiiro 
 
 lilli;' \M 
 
 iiniKi's it ail.'iplaide to all s.>i 
 
 ""* m;arly a p.ir.illelo- 
 
 ow, wiihiiriehappear.ii 
 lo animal, ow in.r (,, o 
 
 iiiliriiiiis el, mil for it ( he i 
 Sh'^ftl 
 
 X ••Old elimales, and it 
 
 i;on ; Its .mn 
 
 il''' to he plaeed as the I 
 
 s e\eellemii 
 
 i'--^' of, Mir national hiv,.,! 
 
 y is well 
 
 Kl' ln,lillltin!.r 
 K'I'NelllHss Willi 
 
 <'ons(ifii)i,n, 
 
 lie so L,rr.;|f Hint its 
 
 '"''"'■'' '^"' •'ommencemenf of th,. Mresmt cento ,• ,-, • ' V ^'"' ''''''^ 
 
!•-.! 
 
 (iO 
 
 (.'ATTLK AND DAIRV KA1?MINT.. 
 
 Iiiiiii (Iiiui Shoillionis ill niniiy piMls oC tiit'C-oiitiiiciif. At 
 
 )ii(^ pcMiod 
 
 Micro, was iin a|>|>i«'lM'iisioii that tlici Sciitcli (tliiiiatt^ would !»(> iiiisiiitnlil 
 for tliciii, liiif, tliis has loiij^' .since liccii (iispclicd, i\wy liciii;.;- (]iii(« as 
 yciKMiilly Ivci'l ill many of the. Si-ofcii lowland districts as the native 
 polled catlN', wlicthci- Allans or Calloway. Tliey also tloiirisli almost 
 at the Land's Mnd in the eontraiy direction, iis i.s sniliciently jirovi'd Ity 
 the splendid speeinicns Messrs. lloskiiiSiVc Sonsare aecnsloiiicd toliriiii;' 
 IVom Ilayle to the K'oyal, and Hath, and West of Knuland sliow.s. 
 
 After the dispersion of the herds of the ilrot hers ( 'oil inji' those of the 
 IJootlis at Wfndley \\'arlali\ and Killerliy came into r(>piita.lion. to;;ellicr 
 with that of Thomas I^ates af Kirklex iniiton, all in North Vorksliire, 
 not far distant from the original locality of the liiccd's lirst oii^in. 
 Mnt Shorthorns had eail\ popnlaiit\ in lancolnshire and Lam-ashire. 
 ;ind the old red variety of tlu^ tdrm(>r <'oMnly is still famous in some 
 districts for h<'alth, piod size, and constiiiitional vi^or. Tlui smtces.sors 
 of IMofes.sor Towiieley's Laiuiasliire herd 1 woiity years a;;'o were credit- 
 :d>h' to that C(»nnty, and it was close to Lanea.steV that Air, IJolton had 
 his famons herd. 
 
 At the present day the Duke of Devonshire at Ilolker eclipses all 
 others so far as the county is c(>iiceined, and the IJates men pay a pil 
 .liiimajie from oiu^ end of tlie J^inudoni to the otli«'r. The Marl of liathaiu 
 has a cclel)ratc<l herd of fasliionaiile I'.ates cattle at Oriiiskirk. Knt it 
 is almost im[iossii>le to sin,i;le out any quarter of the Kint;(lom where 
 tliei'e are not herds of Short hoi'iis of iiiyh reputation, from those of ihr 
 lOarl of ticcrivi". :\lr. S. I!. I'oster. an<l :\Ir. I laiidle.\ , in ('innherland 
 and Westninrciand, to those of Kurd fitzliardiuue, Colonel Kin^scote. 
 and Mr. St, dolin Ackeis, in (iioncestershiie; from Lord I'enrhyiis. 
 in yorth W'aies. to AIi'. Iluiih A\ lines, in Norlolk, Throughout the 
 .Midland dairy distiicts laivuc Siiorthorns are Itrcd, which ate deep mjik 
 CIS, and a perfect rc\olution in Irish cattle has itcen elfected 1>.\ llir 
 aiii'i'cy of the Short horn. 
 
 Ii<>ss than half a cenlui'y since Irish cattle were a !>\-\vord and a re 
 proaeh on account of ihcir iui; Imnes. toiii;li hides, and iinthrilty cli.n 
 acter; Imt now the \onn.i;' cattle that comic t() the i;ii_i;lisli i^razini; dis- 
 Jiicis in such lar.i.;e mnltil ndes aie well nit;li cipial iiMpmlily to Short 
 horns lircd in i'ai.i;land. and the hi;;- Norfolk au<l SulVoik <iia/.iers an- 
 accustomed to depend almost entirely on them for a supply of their niw 
 material, they seldom itciii;;- accustomed to luecd their own. Tlic 
 yonnyest class of Shoilhoins at Smithticld last 1 >eci-inlier .scarcely ^a\c 
 sue^l heav.\ weii^hts as the eorrespondinu Ilereloid class, the heaviest 
 I'cin;^' the one- Near, ten laonths and two weeks" old (irst pii/.e steer of Mp. 
 Ilu;.;h (loriiiL;!', weiyhiui;- I.J e,wl.. ."» tps, I pounds. The SiKuthorns c\ 
 liiliited on that occasion s^cre, however, ^jenerally much heaviei' tlia,i 
 the Ih'refords. .Mr. lierliert I-eney's third jirize six year ohl cow scalin- 
 -I ewt„ while the I'airl of < 'oveiitry's j^iaiiless eleven\ ear old llerelunl. 
 which had previouslv w<ui seveial io\ai luizes, scaling- L'O cwl., .". ins 
 2 Ih.s. 
 
 'till', i,on(;ii()i;n.s. 
 
 The Lon;r]iorn cattle may he descrihed as follows: 
 
 Till' liiirns I'lilly Ijc.ir luil Ihf iiaiiic of I lie liiccd ; 1 licy "^rou in micIi :i iiiaiiini' .is in 
 Iio \i TV (ii(*tiii(ii ve : lin-y rtii\ tUiirwiirils .'oiil li.iii!,' duw ri low jucls (Ii.- mn/, !■■. mii'I 
 •-oiMi'tiiiics ;i(l ii.illy iriiiu sri imuh iiiw .iicis lis te tdiiili I lie cliccU. 
 
 'I'lii- coliir is ^iMifiiilly tJMik iril. I>riii(|li-il, iiml pii'il, uilli wIiHc .-iIoiil; tin- ImiK- 
 Tlie iii:if is iriinil aixl 111"' l>!iil< "tiMisilit. 'J'lii' I' ■in.ili's I'.v vcrv liiiiail in ill 
 
 ;iri' 'Mm 
 
 I mil 
 
 111- lll!!-< :|!i:i 
 
 <ll<>\\ llicy li:ivi' .1 itM-.li 111' l.iiii-liHi II li 
 'fluTi' lire, llcnvcViT. inif lev Inlr 
 It IT.. ■■•■IS Will W illl !■! Ill i I.I.I , 
 
 ;iii> nrtlii- nii-sliri (I iiiij.li I'ow-. in '.niiiMis iiiiits dC Iji.'ln 
 
 III 
 il this VMlirt V II 
 
 •I.I. 
 
U oiK^ pcMiod 
 l)(> lMisuit:ilil<> 
 X'iii;^' (|iii(o iiN 
 :).s tli<^ iiiiti\(> 
 oiirisli iiliiiost 
 
 tl.V IM'OVfd li\ 
 
 oint'd toUiiii^ 
 
 I slinws. 
 
 '>^ lliosc of flic 
 
 lion, t(i;;<'liici' 
 Ml Vorksliirc, 
 •^ Jii'sr (tii^iii. 
 <l Ijiuiciisliin.. 
 nous ill sonic 
 
 IU5 SlKMM'SSOr.s 
 
 > wt'vv crcdii 
 r. I'loltoii ii:iii 
 
 ?r (M'lipsi'N mII 
 M'li pay ;i |)il 
 III ol' li;itli;iiii 
 kii'k. I'lit it 
 ii^doiii wlicic 
 I those ol' liic 
 ('iiimIm'iIiiikI 
 'I Iviii^sculc. 
 ■d rrmliyiis. 
 
 ■Oll.UllOIlt till' 
 
 '<• deep milk 
 li'<M<'d i>\ tl:,. 
 
 TIIK IJNITKD KINGDOM. 
 TlH-Lo.i-vlion, Imv.mI .h-scm'sto I.o considm'd 
 
 Gl 
 
 ,lll(l<|Mlt,V, lis ut tl.r fiiily parr of Ml,., •.Mil, „y unui, i o,m,H 
 
 t ):n. pron. ,iy any o,|„., ],,,,;.. ,„, , J.,^^"^.^;^^^'{ 
 
 llir.i .•oiisid.n.d to 1„. (I,,. iK.si.lairv Lived j ,1 
 
 uoxt oti jwcount of i(,s 
 my more LotHjhorns \\vvi\ kt'|)t. 
 ' ■ ■'" ' " 'iccaiisc it \vii,s 
 
 siu'h ill llio Midland count 
 
 ics. 
 
 wjis- extensively adojtled 
 
 !| seems sin^jMlar Unit li.e ^l•eat iJak.'WcII slio.d 
 
 lii.nldy, e-ons;d<'i'iii<;- that (he | 
 
 llielH'tlerspc^imciis. I'ordc.p mil|<iii..'sho 
 
 •onesaiv lai-,. .,j„l 1 he hides (hick (.1 
 
 il have pii/(Ml it so 
 even 
 
 '■'"';';"• '"" i' Iii's l.een denionstraini or la(e Vl 
 
 idioinsorilKj iiv,|it kind ex- 
 
 icatly imi)roved, and hi-hly merit 
 
 ill l;Oii;^horiis can I 
 
 )e 
 
 ,.nK.»i,,.wy.niiy-,^,,n.,;,,„r(i;;;.i;i;;:,!;;;,':;;;;; 
 
 oi/oiis specimens hav<> been hion-ht 
 
 CIS, chieli,>- IVom the Midland. . 
 
 '{'he ori,ninal hiced of IiOii;;lioii 
 sliii-e, thence to have siil), 
 
 several other bleed- 
 
 i« appears to have sprnii<;' IVom Voi^k 
 
 ie<liieiilly receded to I 
 
 siiire, and Derhyshiic in which c(Minnes ll 
 TllK iN(JK'l'(»I.Iv AM) SUl'TOLK 
 
 iei<M'stei\-!iire, Warwick 
 
 ley lire now most iimiieroiis. 
 l'<'l,;,Ki) (■ATTLK. 
 
 'I'll"' lirecders ol' lli 
 
 Icristics, which they slionhl posse 
 
 .•se nil lie have d,.ter,nine.l on the Ibllowinj; ,-h 
 Mioiild iiossess : 
 
 anu5 
 
 he ciHor rnl 
 
 I' 
 
 u lillr t r I III! IliUifr II. It'W ji 
 
 ll 
 
 '•'I' 111,' (ail !iii(l ii<l< 
 
 '•'■. '"".v '"■ uliit.', aiKl (ho ,.\|, 
 
 i''liysal,,iii; (|„. iiisi.i,. ,,r III,. (|,'|,'|| 
 
 iriiiark on ili,^ iiii.l<r pari „r H,,. |„'il,v |,y n 
 
 (|Halir\inj;- an animal win 
 
 K' null; \i-i 
 
 Of a Ml 
 
 ■ii>ioii of till, 
 
 uhih 
 
 (11 aiiswiT all III iiiT 
 
 iViiiMl.laM. r,..,ii|,ar(.,ran,..s(ai,li!s|,,.,l'|' 
 
 IIS Nliall iM.t, l„. |„.|,| as. I 
 
 jMll. 
 
 Till ic .sliall lie 11 
 
 sciilials ofllic N(:;ii,| 
 
 " liiirns, hli 
 
 i,:;s, (ir alinilivc I 
 
 :iiii (lr.'( ri|iii( 
 
 K'lil 1)1 Ui(! ImvciI, 
 
 'I'licsc cattle are kn 
 
 ,. I I > II I 4 , , ^ ■ •'•■Ml H .-, Ol i.^(»| 
 
 l.ni I oiled. Anion- the -o„d ,,,K,ij,i,.s \vhiVh tl 
 
 Vi?:!'.i!:.V'^' 'v':""'"^/''7'"'''"^ =""1 ^^niibik as ,1 
 
 (■(oiisiiiiiiion, which <'jialtles iheni to tl 
 
 In wiihslaiKl file severe wini 
 
 ers 
 
 i<y I'ONsess is hardiness" 
 iiive (.11 scanty pastura-e and 
 
 ''kI <-old sprin-s iisiiall 
 
 lie eastern connlics of i;ii"|;iiid 
 
 '";'' !''":i5,!;'"'"''"*'' ="? ""M<'<'«<ionable,as,hev h 
 
 y <'.vperienced 
 
 ciicy to ^(» dry like many oJier breeds 1 
 entile, and it not unit 
 
 Id 
 
 ■e( 
 
 I'leiiily happens ihat t! 
 
 iive iioi a lend 
 •iivin-;- a reputation as dairy 
 
 yield a .ii<io(l <pi;.,nt.ity ot mijk ir,,m on,. ,.;,| 
 
 le cow will contiiiiie t'l 
 
 vin^- to another, 
 
 No.haihl fheprcM.nt I'olhd i>reed was t he^esnl 
 
 ;iiiouav call 
 
 llie easlerii c. imlies to 1 
 
 e, lar^(« numbers of which 
 
 »e ''I- 
 
 wards 
 
 '>^'''l- 'I'Ik- lull of 
 
 •'"""■;'";'ln'a.l is eomniou to both breeds, wiiil 
 ""^ "•'"' '"■ il •'^l»«'t of white Oil the i: 
 
 t of a cross with the 
 
 wen' loiinerly brmi.yhl into 
 
 liair ;>rowiny down- 
 
 lack nose, a " slii 
 
 ineiilly, on the iidderor be!l\ 
 
 Tlie breed does not i 
 
 Mves an iiidieatjon of )| 
 
 "■"'"'' ''"ily, and is rather d 
 
 lii'iie.iM.sl specimen al the Iwie SinilhUehl Club s| 
 I.inKms ox by Kn.o (•i,;,,|,,,s, ,,,,i,.,^ ^^.j,,,,,, 
 
 MMlcd icwt.,., ,ps.,and <i lbs., and Air. \i. K I'.n, 
 
 ■(>«, wliich was reserved in the 1 
 
 ili;,s w 
 
 v\'AM. ixiii- 17 cwl., L'ips., and L' I 
 
 •st o«'casioiially a 
 
 lee, or, more ire- 
 
 le original blood. 
 
 iinimifive in size. 
 
 tow was Mr. .Mire. I 
 
 ly of lour years ol. I, 
 
 N ei-ht-y, .;,,..,, I, I 
 
 o 
 
 •'"I'"''' ••l;lss, .■iosely appii.N iu'ialcd t 
 
 1 
 
 :i iii.'iiiiH'i' .'IS III 
 !'• mil/, ll', Mini 
 
 iiii; 111.' iiaiK^ 
 
 !1 I ll!- ili;i-i ;ili;i 
 
 ■\H (if I'lii.'lriiiil 
 
 Till 
 
 'I ssi:\ caitm: 
 
 The Sussex breed was formeilv n.scd 
 
 'inl \\t 
 
 ;i\y work, 'I'hev were \ 
 
 in place .if I 
 
 OI'M'S 
 
 <'i.\ aelive and well 
 
 lo; plou III) 
 
 io\Y'Vei-. ..fliii,. the w..i'kiii-ofox,.,i has d 
 
 ili-ice. and Hie breeders of S 
 
 Ussex <■ 
 
 J) 
 
 '■ iiaproveiiieiil oflhe animal 
 
 h 
 
 s Ullh -re 
 
 c\'||i- in many respects, bin are 1 
 
 sueces.-- 
 
 li-er. i'ormerlv t! 
 
 tetl to siieh piir 
 eer.ased in a marked 
 iiiiied tlieir alicniioij 
 icy resemble 
 
 ie>- were not, 
 
62 
 
 CATTLE AM) DAIUY TAIiJIlNO. 
 
 H.s a riiks ;iiii/A'«l lill alter they \\vn' (lonf willi r< i ucirkiii},', but; now 
 tlicy iui' ;;<)t to ciirly uialiti ily and i»ro<liic<' /^onc! lie- I". In liuit, tliciy arc, 
 so niucli K'fiiH'd tliat tlicy arc (uiiisiUi'icd !»y iiiaiiy Id :!i>|)roa(;h very 
 cIoN(*ly lo tin- IIiTcloid ill wealth I'oi' ;;)a/,iii,i;- pmpo.ses. 
 
 At|>i'eseiit tlie bleed is restii(^ted very iiiiith to the eoiiiil ly tliat givan 
 it name and the two adjoiniii;;- oih s of UVnt and 1 bints. 
 
 Tlie cows are not :4i>ud ndlkers. They arc very hardy, however, and 
 do well on poor pasiiiics. Ijike tin Dcnoiis, tln'y aic ;!li re<l, but have 
 hirjicr liorns, heads, and boiii's. 
 
 There was an adiniiable, class of. Sussex steers nndei- two ;, i ursut thii 
 hitc kSiiiithlield show. Mr. Dimiiett's one y<'ar len months and two 
 weeks second piize one weighed \'.i cwt., L' ti'-'^-. •""' -•"» ">'^-i ^'I'd one, 
 about a l(»itni,i;ht older, belonv.iii;^ to .'dr. H. I'a^t", <»!' W'aliner, Kent, 
 weighed J.J cwt. and.'} (ps. The heaviest Siisse^x o\ was that ol Mr. 
 S. Clarke, not <piile fhi'ce years and ten iiioiilhs old, which scaled L'(( 
 
 cwt. and I <p'. The third prize ( 
 
 ow, h(»wevcr, belonjiiii;'; l(» I\Ir. \\ 
 
 \Vood,ol Crawley, iSiissex, weij^Iicd o poaiuls over a ton. 
 
 TUF. .SCOTCH I'ULl.Kl) ANCIS Ol.' A MKKDKICN. 
 
 This bleed of cattle is supposed to be desceii«led Iroin wluit were, 
 foinicily teriiied"Aii;^iis i)oildie,s,"«»r Aberdeen Iliiinmlies. li ishu-ely 
 represenled in Aberdeenshire, I'^orfarshire, and Iviiicardiiicshire, and 
 their leading' characteristics may be described as follows: 
 
 Tiiiir coat is sliorf, fnn'otli, nIINv, ami j;lossy, ami airin'sl always Mack, Minn-li 
 
 ittcaNHtiiallv Millie iiiiiiiia 
 
 Is have Miiall dull wliilc n]mi|.s, ami si ill iiikic r 
 
 llcly sniiii' all 
 
 nu, 
 
 reel i.r l)ii hilled. 'J'lic licad is lulled wiili hair, I lie ears aie lallicr I hick and li; 
 the imi/./.le is .Millie what ciiaise, llm le;,'s aro well lMiiied,aiid ol' inodcrale lcli;;!li. 
 
 (!reat improveinenl has bi en made of late years in this breed b.\ care 
 lid selection, and \er\ beaiiliriil animals have been exhibited at botli 
 lii-eediiii; and lalsfock shows. 
 
 't'liey are pot)r ii.ilkcrs, but arc very haril>, docile, laij^c, coMiin,i;e;iily 
 t(» inaliiiify, and ;,'ood breeders, and the meat is i)rexee!lenl qualify, b, 
 rcspei'l ofwcaitii and lii';ii (piabty comltined. Irr yrazin.i; purposes they 
 «'an scait'ely lie siiijiassed by any variety whalevei', I lie Scoich oiazieis 
 appear to think, the only iiol;ible pi'cleirnce on llnir part bein^^ hn a 
 ci'oss between them aiid ihe Shorthoin. .Mr. ('. Stevenson's lirst prize 
 three years eiiilit monl.'is old .stcei at tiie last Smithlielil show scaled L'l 
 cwt. and LM lbs. 'i'his was by tar the heaviest e\liibi;ed. 'J'lieici was, 
 however, a yrcat uiiiloniDiy ot \vei;;li( iieiwceii Hi cwt. and I'.i cwt. 
 
 •iin; (;Al.[,owA^ I!i:hki». 
 
 'J'he (i.dloway breed is aiiich older and ipiile as hij^hly prized as (lie 
 An,nus in the county of (ia:!(»way and maii> parts ot Scotland. TIm\ 
 weic Ibrmeriy partly lioiiied and paill.v jiolied, bin by select ion tlie\ 
 have now bceome ]nii!eil, liioii'.;!) occasionally some base small *'.-.1iil^>. 
 or s 
 
 Till 
 
 limps wliirli .lie not aliivt d to tli<' skull. 
 
 lireed IS iiio;e 
 
 liaidv than the .\ nmi.--, and bet icr lbrd;i i 
 
 purposes, while Us c.a'iiis iire 
 
 .'so iidi!iissd>le lor weallb as a iii 
 
 l/.er. 
 
 It is in tact a .•.erviceable a.l .iroiind tenant larnier s iinimal. 'i'jic vei- 
 ciaa .Met oiiibie, who st<»od lirst and loiemo.^i uinoii;. 
 wroti; as follows in his book on t!i(^ feedin,^' ol'caitle : 
 
 ■coleli j;i;i/i(M> 
 
 I have ,t;ii,'cd the. [liire Ai"-r:!'eil ami .\M'_ni--. llie .Micrijei-ii an I N'elli ('ill 
 
 ly ■-. and u li.il .lie Ic! iiied ill Aii;;tlH I lie .Siiiilli ( 
 
 cro.shcH, the ni'Jilaml. I lie ( ia! 
 
 (rv calili', I he i III (ill. ami I he, J II 1 1.1 ; II I. ll >liii' i ,0 ' ii nl I lie A • <; ili ei. and .\ii'^ii 
 
 out ol' our lid heldsciii he seclirei 
 
 1 I 
 
 ieiie\e nil ii 
 
 111 r li 
 
 ill 
 
 «liore money in lllU Uoilh Jur I lie .same V.tllle <ir kee|i 
 
 |ia\ II 
 
 ic ;il..,',ii 
 
 iMiii-li eai 
 
 III! lac lull : I 
 
ill},', Itul; now 
 iiivt, tli(!y arc, 
 )j»ro;it!h very 
 
 ry that {,'ivt's 
 
 lowcvjT, and 
 '•<i, !)nt liiivo 
 
 .ytuisiit tlur 
 [lis and two 
 l)s., and one, 
 ilincr, Kent, 
 t tliuL (»l Mr. 
 i;Ii scaled L'o 
 .■; I«» IMr. W . 
 
 1 wiiiit wcro, 
 
 It islaj-;iiclv 
 
 icsliiic, and 
 
 I'l.Kk, (I -ii 
 
 MIl'I.V .Sll|rn' ,||V 
 
 ill; and liiiii \, 
 111 liiiifih. 
 
 Tiri.^ irNlTKL, KIN(JJ)OAf. 
 
 'iif thcCiall 
 
 Mr, MrVoiwlm considcivd (| 
 rivaled cxcc|)/ pcrliap.s l)v die - 
 (hem .so easily /iiij.sl„.d as j.mic"aiV..iV| 
 
 03 
 
 «>\vuys "on poor land 
 
 'I'lio iHiro (lallow.iy 
 
 IM llNlljilly \,U,rk 
 
 "-ii Hi^'"-'.ier<' im,;iH;;iid 
 
 ''"■^"'•<-'"^s-l.red cattle 
 
 are uii- 
 "ot dccni- 
 
 (liirk iiml vrry liiiirv; M,,, |„„.)j 
 iilidl Willi hair; Hio I 
 
 kiiol 
 
 IN NtlJlij^li 
 
 <-A>i ill 
 
 •' <'.M' IH 
 
 tlH' llCllij 
 
 • Ulti 
 
 '■ <lllll UImI Nli'i'iiy ; tl 
 
 I'll I aiiil Nliuli"." 
 
 in <«ViTf(l widi 
 
 , tiio ciir IH 
 
 N<lili-.S|)|lOli. 
 
 iliailLAMj CAT 
 
 I'l.K 
 
 As the iianir deiioles, this bi 
 .Scofhiiid; (hey weie Ibriiu'rlv I. 
 
 '<<'d IS iiat 
 
 d,a.u,u.*,i,./„,,;^n;:,;;:' , ;:r;:-- N.,,,i,.vu,i.«i 
 
 !),';,!",'.'"',"■'.•"'• "iKi'i'Ni.i«..f 
 
 'I'licir Mfufiii 
 
 '•■ '- IIMIuilv Ml 
 
 in;: mImi 11(1,1 in c ,,i loiiir, yj 
 
 llir lli^lic.^l (|i';;|, 
 
 iil>ed as loliotts: 
 
 "HwImtMllilll. 'II 
 
 lure cattle, Tho 
 
 .mil ri'iiiii llics ji 
 
 lIlIM, \'l 
 
 'I'll is II 
 
 1 >lll!llll< C. 
 
 «i.-sy „i„, ,, i.„i;. iLi:':,r ':' ';;;•' ^^ "u « ..imk si, 
 
 K l•(^■|( 1 
 
 liiiii,' .sliii;,'i;y 111 
 I 111' nil. 
 
 ll'W, illlll lililllllcil (i 
 
 I" cnldi- v.ii 
 
 "1 CIH iy |l;li| 
 
 hi' Nlli 
 
 "v liinii'il ii(.. 
 
 I 
 
 ■ <'"iiiiiiH: (low 
 
 N 11 |ii(>(( (lioii 
 
 'ItlicJilit,.; |,.,,,| 
 
 " N. NUIIK, .11 
 
 ^1 II 
 
 •H'SNoCl mihl 
 
 >in,]i 
 
 IV 
 
 iliiiioii ill 
 
 "',•"'';"■'>>• Thol.ra'.l 
 
 '.'"'imIs li,.j„j, I, J 
 
 '•\'lllllll«|,|„.,„„l' „,,,!, 
 
 Drliiw 
 
 ll'MI. ,'llul 
 
 rii(Myc,.s iiln |iii.iiiiii..iil, .■iliil 
 
 i|i.iri, lull,',', n.i-MMi, ;iiii| 
 
 "live ii 1 
 
 IT 
 
 oilioi-N rcil, 
 
 ""* !t |)ll>lll.si()Il„f 
 ilH', illlll 
 
 'I'' iiiii//lti is ( 
 
 ;i!iil wi'll (iiiiiiiii. 
 
 IX'lllIld ; III, I 
 
 jllll 
 
 li 
 
 I'll I' Ml, 
 
 "i".V IS Nil-; 
 
 (I 
 
 I III' li'i;>( nil' .sliurt 
 'I'liey ;ire ccld 
 "• ''"<'-' <|iMiify, and 
 
 111, il.iik 
 
 'I'lii- 1 
 
 ;iiiil 1^ (ii'i 
 
 'K'l.V Mii'M'iila, 
 
 IKIIIN itin wiilt 
 
 )rale(| (;,,• ^^^ 
 
 ':!<''S down to t j; 
 
 "■:' '"■';'*'-^ •" >'"" Pniieipaj I';,,.-! 
 
 till Ht\t I. 1 ■ . . * ".-> ' 
 
 I'l'M'erlic 
 '• very hi'cl 
 
 liicy do not rank so hii;|ii\, | 
 IS (Iclieicnt in »|iian(i( v. 'rii, 
 iUKl active, and eapahic "uC ,.|„'| 
 '•hiiMreol tlu^ lli-ldaii.is Ti 
 
 X'C.lU 
 
 <'y an 
 
 ''•^li iiiarivci,. 
 
 !• 
 
 It 
 
 '"' '"ilk, t'lon-l 
 exticiiicly hardy 
 
 "'■'";4- both (' I'd 
 
 li('.\ are 
 
 .^rjiziii,: 
 
 ,^eiieraliy ladcmd. ;ind 
 
 Tl 
 
 'I'l'-'ivealnnrahlyo. i.nvl 
 
 meat Ix'jii^' of 
 '■••iiiiiiainis (he 
 ••'■•''iiy purpo.scM 
 ' '-'"<1 HI iinaliiv, 
 
 ^'.ii;»;«;ii'S, <niick, 
 
 eioiis 
 
 ''"Pi'lid cold hoist 
 
 leir hardy u;,) 
 
 II 
 
 iHiMil. and (hey uiij 
 
 nie 
 
 ai '■ III 
 
 .1 .iiid.s, wh 
 
 ;a -leinand in K,„,„„, 
 
 lii'i 
 
 'l> and 
 
 •o'l'Siiiii.' and (I 
 
 ""••■^ "ot rc.inir,. {|,;,f ,, 
 
 er(! 
 lor 
 
 1 1 is llC.S( (o 
 
 ;";'".v<.l.'icr kinds or,. 1,(1 
 ■ '"f'' <hein loi'j, ii„„. , 
 
 in\(' III 
 
 <• w 
 
 I coal; 
 
 "'.V .sliould li 
 
 "Mid leave nn( 
 
 in|iiiii' licjiiL;' .vradnall 
 
 ^' acciisioiiM'd 
 
 'I'li''!' <areaiMl a((cn(ioii Ims | 
 
 X'Con 
 '<» ,\ards or I 
 
 niic 
 
 pastiuv, uhi,h 
 
 iniliin.iT them (o(; 
 
 i|!i''ii!ly liandsdi 
 
 "<'v"<'n.alsare,.xh,|,j,,,l 
 
 »'■«'" |»aid (o iiaj.i 
 
 •"\es. ()!• ^.^^^ 
 
 » as (Ih'v 
 
 '"•'i' "" Iheir native lulls, ,vi 
 
 .mil .iliriuards wlicn j 
 
 •eiii 
 
 IS aiu.ivs In^liiv n 
 
 'la /J 
 
 Tl 
 
 Pl'ieciad'ii. 
 
 '♦■'■'; llicir appeal 
 ' hi pa.s(nri's, || 
 
 • >\ ,,,M' (In. ), 
 f hit slo.k ,.x|iii 
 
 ree<L 
 
 years 
 
 and t 
 
 re 
 
 '"""i.s; will's! 
 "lewh.ir uiid. 
 
 "■'""■.'•"lies of (I, is |„.,,,.'| 
 
 "lee Is .-,, 
 
 "•"■I'i«-(iires<|iu. I 
 
 '"''"""'"""'■"^•^^^'"'.^■phiKhd.iiiai 
 
 In.M I.,, sniiinird 
 
 >eaii(v 
 
 •I'lalily of nie.it. 
 ^Vi;.s.ni:i.: r.\TTi...; 
 
 "I' i(s u conihinadon of 
 
 This hind (akes ,ts nann iVn,,, .i 
 '''"^^"i^^<l'.Hac(cns(ic,s: "'<' <-'"n.ly uC .v , , ,„., 
 
 'lli'Mi' .•i.li.i' is ■isiial/v n.,1 .,, 1 
 
 i'i';«i, .•ii„is,,,,,Hiu,,.si,ia..K..,,| ;,;;;\'' ■""' '''■ 
 
 ""'li"iii>i.iii' litiv, iiirvn ii„u-,. i , 
 
 ",',"■■;"''•• ;'"• ''■•'« '^ '■'' .^-.n,;;lu "•"■'^ ""■ "'i' <■' ,,-, win, 
 
 llir liiiilv 111 iiiiiii"s ar.'.M- 1?..! • .""n 
 
 lis, u!'i'';ii !-^ ti(.f ( ! , . , , . • -,1 . 
 
 P»>'<.se/s.scs (he 
 
 ''"■•*"'"^'-'-^''-; ..rail....,.,, 
 
 ::;','|.:"',;7l';"i-aM.iii,..i,.|.,„. ,,,, 
 """•''■'N^Mnii.amv.,,;. ,;,';;; 
 
 iirrcdi 
 
 ''^ h;ne fiken p.iin.s, I 
 
 """'ii-iil\- 1,1 
 
 »\ SC 
 
 louii, iiiit c, 
 
 V ctioii 
 
 a.'jil 
 
 liKlicaais I 
 
 '■ 'liiiil (|iiar- 
 " •""! Miiall i,j 
 
 ' •■<"ishlei.ll, I,. 1 
 
 Kid 
 
 111 
 
 line 
 '4, to ill- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
64 
 
 CATTM: AM> KAMi'Y IARMIN(J. 
 
 rnsisr tlu> piopcrlii'M for wliicli Axihliiri^ <iilt!«' air fiiriioitH, and wliirli 
 
 m 
 
 . 
 
 ii 
 
 J 
 
 ait^ III ii (U';;r«'«^ iii»li;4«'m»ii.s. 
 
 Tlu'si^ aiiimiiLs an' no hardy that tlu'.v iM'ai* almost aiiv varialioii ol' 
 cliiiiatc, tlii'iviii;;' well on lii;;li l,vin<; districts witliont losiii<^ ihcii- milk 
 iii;j liropntics, \vliil.si;a milder iitiiio.s|>li«'i(' iiiid ri< li piisl Mr;i,L;»' suit tlinii 
 pcrtcctly. 
 
 'llu'ir ;;ira( attrihiitc is llicir «'\c(*]!ciit iiii!k, wiiutli is ;;ood in (piali(\ 
 and «'\ti'aoi'din:ii'il,v lat';;r in quantity. It is (rlaimod lliat a *-o\v oC tins 
 l)i'('*'d will yield as iiineli milk lor food «'oiisiiined as any memliei' of Mie 
 lioV-ine species. 
 
 Ayrshire^ cows aie very popular in their native <!onnty ami lliroii;;]!- 
 onl the dairyin;; districts olScoilaml, partly liecaiis(^ they Niiil the, sys 
 terns of tannin;:;' adopted mncli I letter than heavier (tows, such a.s Hiiorl 
 Ikm'Iis, would do. tor ilie leedni;: is yt'vy mncli resti'i<-ted to tin* arable 
 (Mtrtion of the tarm, the land liein;; kept down loaitilieial ;^iasseH two 
 years Unit <lairy cows may Ite kepf. 'IhtM-liief olijeelnni af^Minst Ayr 
 shires in Mnj^Iand is that when the cow lias ceased inilkiiij^ it is W'<»ii|| 
 wry little for ^ra/inn' piir|»oses. 
 
 .Ti:i;.SKYS AND (JIIKIJNSKYS. 
 
 The Mime ohjcction jis the fore^foinj,' applies in a still jtH-ater de;,'i 
 
 Vi> 
 
 to the Jersey. Slill there are pastures with short i»ites in the soiilh ol 
 lOiiiiland for which Jersey herds are adopted «^veii liy lemiiit laniiers. 
 As :i fancy animal I(M' nolilemen's parks, and to adorn the ^^roiiiids ni 
 oiir country f;('ntry, .lerscys nw very much exleiidin;.,' themselves evci v 
 \\ In ic. 'I hey are not only atlliient milkers, bill t lie propoi lion ofcieaii; 
 to milk is lar.iTe, and the yields of hiilier realized Iroiii some are reiiiiii K 
 al)l(^ A ^leat many ^^lod herds nw. to Ix^ found in Hants, and inile(>(i 
 all aloii;:;' the .soiithwestern coast, also in i'lssev and the home conniii's 
 riu' .Iers»>y cow is too well known tor its neatness of form, sleiidfi 
 frame, its (U-er like head. and its ;;entleiiess to reipiiro further deseiijii ion, 
 
 The cows of tin' sister isle. (Inernsey, are «'eleluated foryiehlinjr iiiojc 
 hiitter than even -lerscys. Theyaie also lar.uer in size and more hards , 
 still they seldom yield carcasses lo the satisla<'tion of IOii;;lisli rciiliii'^ 
 farmers alter tlieir milking season is over. The same parts of tiie Iviii;; 
 doiii where Jer.^eys are found most nnineions pationi/.e the yellow Cli.iii 
 ml Islands breed. 
 
 'i'lie best I'.n^lish show yard herds of (iiieiiiseys are probably Ikhh 
 Hants and Devon. In |nopaj;ation the dnernsey in iOn^^iand sci'iii> 
 naturally lo develop into iikmc uni/Au'^ chararlcr. and detraci somcwliai 
 from line (p;alily, or at least what would be coiisnleied so in ihetNcv 
 of an island jiid.;.;e. 
 
 -Icrseys and (iiicinse\s were lor a Ion;,' lime accepteil in Mii^iiiml 
 iiiidei' I lie m'lieral title ot " .Mderneys," the probability bi <\\i^ thai Ijirv 
 wcK' lirsl introduced trom the island ot that name. It l.^ only liiiih 
 
 liWll, 
 
 S IS 
 
 Mini 
 
 that the dinereiicc cm.sIiii.l; between them has become ;;»'iu'rally kii 
 In both islands llie ciilry of forei;;ii stock for breed iii;^ purpose 
 prohibited. 'I he law enforcing;- this has been loii-r in existeiic 
 most ri'4Ml!\ ob-eived; this accounts Ibr the piiril\ of I he breed 
 ll ^ 
 
 .s III 
 
 m;s(' i.- 
 
 llHlS. 
 
 'J'lie animals are narrow between the shoulders, lia\e short .si 
 
 liixilli 
 
 coats, and the eyes luixc a mild, docile expression. 'i'lie\ aie licaliliv, 
 breed well, and last ioii;^'. The pi iiiciparmalady to which they arc .siii» 
 ject IS miik fever, which, if prompt measures are not taken, ^irovo ;i 
 sure tlestioyer. 
 
THK imrri;D kingdom. 
 
 loim, iiimI wliirli 
 
 iiv v;iriiili()ii of 
 siii<; I heir milk 
 iiiii,L;»' siiil tlinii 
 
 ;^<io(l ill <|italil\ 
 
 ril a row of tills 
 
 iiicnilM'r of thv 
 
 y hihI IIiioii;,'li. 
 ii-y Niiil I lie, s.vts 
 , siicli as 8lu>i I 
 il to tli(« at'iiltlc 
 'iai ;^ra,s,s«'H two 
 >ii a},Miiis(, Ayr 
 k\u'^ it In woiili 
 
 ill liif soiiih (ii 
 tciiuiit laniicis. 
 till- ;{roiiii(|s III 
 
 'IllSCivCS t'\C| V 
 
 oi lion of c.n'aii; 
 
 )iiM' ai»'. K'liiaik 
 
 Ills, and iiiiliH'ij 
 
 Intuitu coiiiilics 
 
 f lollll, sU'lKJfl 
 
 lH'r«U'srii|(lioii, 
 )!• vichliiijf iiioii^ 
 11(1 luoic liardv. 
 IOii;;lisli iviiliii^' 
 I'ls ol' tlio Kill;; 
 le.vtillow Cliaii 
 
 |»:()hal»l> liiiiii 
 
 l'ill,l,fiaiH| S|■|•|||^ 
 
 Mad soiiicwliai 
 I so ill I lie r\c> 
 
 'llM-\\,.|sl,|{„„fs,„StlK „„..„., 
 
 w iilH.ii-iiial 1.IV...I, hut Mir.vliav,, I 
 
 .Iiiiiliiv. ^ ""r'""'^,'''"""Nnlli,:i,.utciiriniotl 
 
 WMLMH VATriA). 
 o.y lift' Noiiu'tiiiu'M called, may Ik- coiisidorcd m 
 
 MM'ii t'oiUMl to vary vfiy mucli ii 
 
 ill s('ic(Miii;; tlicm Cor Uictxlincr 
 
 fill ... . . L 1 ■ ^ 
 
 laviiiK l)wMi taken roiinmiv 
 
 Til y arc apt. to l)(> .soiiicwj 
 
 k!:!:'';!'';'"!.'"'./?"''^'""""^ ''•"•">. •'sp.H-iaiiv ..i- lai 
 
 lilt ra.-'^'cd ill oiitliiH', IIioiikIi (airly ;rood 
 
 has I 
 
 X CI 
 
 I jmvcii to I'oiiii and (jiialir 
 
 <', a.s more atUuitkm 
 
 Tlicy may he di'iioininatcd 
 
 loiij,'. 'riicliorii.s arowid 
 iii,'4 upwards. 
 
 i< iiiiddic horned Iirccd. rati 
 
 ler in<;liin'd to 
 
 ''■'^picadiii- wliii,., (i,,,„.,i with black, and curl 
 
 I"'"' •■•''"'• '•'■";•',""'•":'' i-^ "-siially ldack,a,id simie I 
 llicy arc-ood (or <lairy piirpos,.,s I 
 
 and hide Cor ;:ra 
 hrcolcrs, llicv have Ix 
 
 ■coinesoiiiiicl, rcliiicd <iCtl 
 
 lare. a little white. 
 ',;,*,'J' ;"<\"siially too Ntron^j in bono 
 
 "';!:..'r''^''''>^«'''^i'Mhchand;o,"a,^ 
 
 ;iii '<> "'=il;<^ ill' imp...ssioii at the .Sinitiiii,.|«l (!liii 
 
 icir(;oarsciies,s that they 
 
 cciiilicr Mr. Owen 'riioinas, of Aii"| 
 
 ) Nhow, and hiHt J)e 
 
 est animal in the .show with hi 
 I'L'cwt., I (jr., (i Ills. 
 
 i<;S('y, could claim to have the I 
 
 ■^nearly (our years old 
 
 leavi- 
 
 <».N, whicL wciirhed 
 
 The Welsh Cat lie Mook, puhlislied in ISTI 
 
 this hiccd most Iiill\ 
 
 , ^'ivcs the characteri.^ticsoC 
 
 KlOtMJV (.•AT|'i,|.; 
 
 The Kerry is tiie<)iily native IrLsh breed word 
 
 arc;.;<ind milkers lor their size; Croin the, 
 ill il liinMed space they aic often called tl„ 
 siinill, ha.idsome, and very docile; the head 
 
 eas< 
 le 
 
 ly oCineniioii. Tl 
 
 le cows 
 
 1 with which they are kept 
 poor man's row. 'i'hey are 
 
 i|iiiclv and animated. iMt-ijiicntly tl 
 
 i>i line and .small, tli 
 
 ill height. 
 
 animals do not exceed to ind 
 
 e eye 
 
 les 
 
 The lore-oin;.- snccinct and detailed ret 
 
 orcalllediriiish^^-ciH'iiil descriptions thai niavl 
 
 creiices to the variou.s 
 
 breed.s 
 
 liic primed Holes beiliL; I hose made bytl 
 
 )e nil 
 
 icscrvedly accepted, 
 
 \-iiciilluial Society ol i:ii-laiid. Sir Mr.indreth (iild 
 loil,\ years odieial eonneclioii with the l.'oval 
 
 eciirreiif piesideiit oC tlu^ Uoyal 
 >^, who has liad 
 
 lii'ld Cliiit, whilst the writ I 
 
 ei 
 
 I iiccoiiiit has been speeia 
 
 "•K't.v and the Hinifh- 
 
 lie by 3Ir.,losepli Dai by, an aiilhor of work 
 
 .V compiled (or 
 
 Miliji els. well known aiid est 
 
 Herewith I iiielo>e the \a 
 
 ccined in lliis «oiiiiir\ 
 
 ks (Ml cai tic, sheep, and d 
 
 iiiry 
 
 laiiicd in response to let lers addressed ( 
 
 Mous Items of informal ion whi^h 1 I 
 
 laveob- 
 
 (IW 
 
 iieis of I he Ibili.di Island 
 
 several of the leadini; .stock- 
 
 (■-(•'■'■liillv in Kssex and Norfolk. 1 .shall I 
 
 s,an(l liom personal visits made I 
 
 luiii- preliminary remarks on Hie whole subject 
 
 ».V myself, 
 lowevcr, wi.sh to make the 
 
 <i;i,i:(']|(>.N (II. l()Ki;i(i.-v CA'ITI.K I 
 
 «»ll TIIK I'NIIKI) ST. ATI-; 
 
 111 iclcrence to || 
 
 le as 
 
 'ICallle ill tile I nited Stat 
 
 •>^crlioii that there an! only t 
 
 cs, wl 
 
 cii or eleven brecd.v 
 
 ,,.1,1 , I . , , ' " 1 in n- i.s rooi 
 
 "I- MImI lai,-laiid po.s.se.s.se.s twenty breeds and I 
 
 '<•'••■ ilH'iv is room Cor* at least thi 
 
 ;iii«l i.iher Ijiiopcau countries in li'l 
 
 I'liil 
 
 iiisi (ItHibllc.s.ssoiiM! additional luceds to || 
 itcs may be advanta-eoiisly introduced ,. 
 ■ «;<''^'iil«'^ are select ions (rom the best brn-d 
 
 e proportion, I would ob 
 
 rty, 
 lance tifteeii breed!. 
 
 i^eive (hat 
 •scat present in the Ignited 
 
 .\el the cattle now in tin 
 
 •'l«is are rediieiii;^- fin- |,|,,„| 
 
 ,(• I. 
 
 '"'''''"'"' ""'pKidiiciioiiof meat and mil 
 
 , ,.,,., , "i"P<', where sioek- 
 ".' V "';■"■ '"■'•ed.sso that tho.se best 
 
 II. i: 
 
 .\. .. — 
 
 iv arecrowdin-oiit the infer 
 
 lor 
 
ili 
 
 ^:*** 
 
 66 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 hrccds very r;ii)i(l!.v. Thus tlu* rcsniction of bivcds to siii;ill nutiib(!r.s 
 iiiCci's till' '• siicvivitl of the litlivst,'' ami is iiidicatixc ratliiT of ajjiicnlt- 
 iiral pro.ivrcss tliaii tliu revt'iso. For tlif liitmeit may W Ibici-asr that 
 \\\v I'liiropoaii hrtH'ds of cattle, slice]), and iii.^s will notably diminish in 
 numbers and con i^])undin;ily imi)r<)V(^ in value. 
 
 Tlie parapaph lelcnin;; to iniiiortcd breeds prodncinj;- in their new 
 homes, wJien suitably located and manap'd, oli'sprinj^- sui)erior to that 
 I>rodueed in their original homes can only be ae(;epted with reserve, as 
 altliou^h numerous instances of.yreat breetliuj;: successes are established 
 in the rreonls of the {'nited States, that result maybe attributed to the, 
 lactoltlie imported cattle and ]>i,<;s bi'in,i;' j^cnei'ally i>icked specimens, 
 seleeled I'or their escelleiiee, whcieby their proj^eny are put out of com- 
 parison w iih the luoreordiui'i-y stock from wiiich specinieus are common- 
 ly seen at the shows of the United Ivinj^'dom. 
 
 1 am advised by eminent antlnnities that however {^rand may be the 
 American ivsults attained in the case of .lei-sey cattle &.r., yet it is 
 thou<;ht to l>e advisable to replenish stoiik l<y returning- to the ori^^inal 
 homes oft he bi'ee(is, whilst- 1 note also in a report relative to Shorthorns 
 from our eousiil at JA'eds, that bu,\ers are veco'iimended to revisit the 
 Teeswatcr disiiii'ts, where the jLirandold Durlnun slv)ck, i'en(»wue<l foi' its 
 size, /40(td constitution, and sjdendid milk-ba.^', exists in larj;e numbers, 
 and from v.Iiieh the r<'lined, imjiroved Shoi'thorn has l)een carelulh 
 bied. 
 
 So also in I'cspeet to Fiii'iieh br<'eds 1 I'eelassureil there is a wide scope, 
 for importatiou of siii(eri(U- catile ii'om their luitive distri(;ts, from whicii, 
 the best specimeiis bein^- selected, it may be expected the Ameiican con 
 lincnt will s(K»n produce a hiviliei' ;^eii'ral level of excellence in sudi 
 n>-\v brec;ls i!:aii eould bf Ibiind in i'^nnice. JU'sides the Norman, Ibit- 
 tany, l'le!ni>h, and ("harolaise bleeds, there arc (juite half a dozen 
 I'i^Micii biiM-ds of cattle which ()robably nii;ilit be a<l vanta,i;<'oUsly intro- 
 diircd i'llo tiie L'niied States. 
 
 Vonr at lent ion is called to inclosnie " Notes on I'^ieneh Live Stock,"' 
 from the orueial J'^iench catalo,:;ues ol' the I'aris i;xhibitii)n of l.STs, 
 with ill list rat ions added which do nol appeal in t lie ori;,'inal eatalojiiies; 
 also to the criliea! rep(»rt oft he last I'aris cat ! le-sliow ( I<'ebiiiary, bSS,;), 
 written bv ."Mr. Kaiii'^ Jack.sen and pnblisiied i!i the J.oinhni 'I'lmesaiiil 
 i!ie 
 
 ( V( 
 
 |e!» 
 
 i:ne!iiv;in 
 
 r pabli 
 
 iiH'd 
 
 here 
 
 wliicii uives the most eonipiete desci'iptioii 
 
 I'lin.lC.V! IONS CO.NCinj.MNCi JJUI'i'lSIl CATTLi:. 
 
 The detailed iiirMrmatinn sou.uht as to the ci).>i.s and metiiods of e\ 
 iMHtation. the «-iil ieal d'seijplious of tin- scvcial breeds, I heir lelniiM' 
 ni!iiil)eis and re. alive prodiieliou foi' meat oi' milk would re<|nire. esen 
 ill a laosl c.iiaiensed form, a \ olniiie ol' -eveial hundred i>a;4es, Siiehii 
 woik would iiitt. lie diiileiill li>eompile IVoia exi^lin^- materialsaiitl tVeni 
 the special suppli'liieiilaiy delails now olilailied, e.<peeiall\ as in lecei:! 
 \ears j^reat aetivily lias been .shown in (Ireal l!Mlaiiiaiid heland in 
 .supplyiiiy- authentic mallei' for the eom|iilation of sliid and herd liooks. 
 
 flHi Sulleik Slud-!;o((k, the C.wl horse Sluil-lJook, and the ,ler.-"> 
 ' le'il-lJuok have lah !y apptan-d, ami now the l);'\oii J leid- Hook, the 
 Cleveland Day Smd-r.ook, the Hackney Stud iW^ok, tin; l'i;,'-l!re(i|r;.-, 
 Stud-Hook, and oile '• simil.ir works are in i'oiii.>e of preparation. 
 
 'J'he Slioiiliorn. I l"ielbi<l. Seoteh. I'oHed, lied I'olled Ayrshire, aii'l 
 \\ ek-h Kiac'v ( 'a; i !e I'uid ll.:;iksha\i' been i .^iabii.liril for -.ever;;! \r.n.-. 
 
 ii|i|i!c nil lO. 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 67 
 
 ;.sanor.lin,;,nl,,M.,,,stvulnalWc'inn,n^ '""' '^''«"'<l be vousultod 
 
 t^..vri.l,ll,KsLr;,tionsoftl.o vur s ; ''''•''"^=^^ 
 an iKHMts in, l.,s.vvorI.s .:;.!!':' !:^^^ 
 
 " ' '='^'; '<•;''' ". ..msh <.ise.s ,|,aw, mm ' J ''^ '''^T'^'' "'".V ^'«"taiu 
 Hi'ivwith I lonvaid (iii(,i„si,n. ••/' \ , ' '^'""''^''^ "I'^ve iiidicatod 
 
 i.yrho JN.V. Hoi,, Hcvvi..;;;";:;.;:^ -;:;;' --11 „i.,:io,.ary ';";[;.^;, 
 
 vyar.l .IS a ,m,.s, siutcssIuI W(,,k /;,. ''^ 'l^ «l'orMi„ni.s. I ;,|.so tor 
 
 Iti the volnnu's of (i„. i',,,-,! \ • i 
 ISi., a... tonn,, tlu> i'-t/r^^ ,^1^1^^^ ^ ,;^;--^y of En.lan.l, since 
 .uivon an a.-.-onn,^ <„• ,|h, ^voio-Mi^J ,;,',' ' 'InM-ounfy, i„ ,vlu'ch are 
 
 "H'tIio.l.s <.f r <Mlin^^ an.l rea-i. 'm ,'^^ ^ s /'"'[^ ''' ':'''''-'l'- "f stoek un?l 
 
 ■''^^;;;''Kai:i:s^'r,;;;i;i:i;!:;>- 'If z^'^") «:^;'^^,^'^^'"'- -- --i^^- i.. 
 
 -i;s <.n ,I.e Roy,, Hu.iet^/y n' s";';;,l'i,''7';^VV' ''"•^^■""J-' <-ntains 
 ya.lin.i;-,son..tH..s Mere ,nav Ik. <,1 s /,' • ^ v^ ""•' various other 
 
 sloclv-hinMhTs in ,|„. cuuntiv -1(1, ,- ■""' "«''l''<''^.^«'.s ol'the ehief 
 
 •■^"^■"^"'^•'' •"'" '"— '^ <'.e •n.^::^;';;n.e::aN:r-;;^^;;;;^vjo. it. 
 
 I'liUJ; vs. OUOINAIiV STO(-|C. 
 
 In ,h(! mailer oCpriz,. ••ntl.. ui„ n . • 
 "''"^'^vnol, sn.allness,,ro,i;d:^/'7 7::'^':'7'''^''''MMalityofll,,,., 
 ='l^v:<y.s,,,,,„,., „,,.,„,^^.^^ V •, ..;.;,•' onMnen.i.er they a,, 
 
 sl.K- uhieh .s not nsnally^>;^r, 1; :;:;:';;■ '''^^'1 M.nnl.e,.or (annmV 
 
 "'■■^!''/'l M,,.,,,.>r,he,,n.u.,i,v,M;. o ; i'''^ '•7- "".s reason , he 
 pl> i.s ins,an.-e.s ol" ,s,M.eml raflMM ,1 • n ,, , V '''1" '" '"' '••^■"•{•'•l sim- 
 
 -'Mmn.haseMoekaUane; ,.,,,;:;• 'J'' j:'':';''''Olann^^^^ 
 
 '''■''-'-••''•Tuie,oni, p..,,,,,.. ,;:;.;;-. ;;;;;;;;.-;m 
 
 1 Ik ,4inloL;ieai ehai'ieler oC H i' > 
 
 ^''''lti<<^sn.ailal,i,nWeo(-|he V, !r;'.!V^^ 
 'i-"l')-ts, an.l a;;nenl,;;;'i. ' ,; Im nnr"";' '" ^""-^" "-i- m 
 
 ' "1 I'a.st.nvs an.l >,hat are eall,,,, '.,''; ""or.na.ion. Th,- „,.. 
 
 "7'"l'ansnn with the lowlan.l .'• I ;''''''''•■'■"'''•' '''^■'•''shh.rat/j,. 
 ':="; ^ ol only /^,» to 'm ,;.,.f a ,r ;^^, ^.,;''^"'V'^;, vall-ys, an.l mars. 
 ;;'•='">■" '"ay hesai.i ,ha, ,he N n .m s ■ ."':.' "' V'*'^^' "'"^''" «"" 
 
 .iniy,M\ei.vunere,ye, fl,.. i. ,..(!. ..,■ ,■'. 1 '."' A"-"a«-ter. >ih..rilinr..« 
 
 the liomc of th 
 
 ';;"'"'''rn:M,ian.iu.iihoi 
 
 t'lace. JJevon.siaiieiieri in .\ 
 
 orlolk 
 
 '''^ Us charaCei- 
 "il'ii surpass those 
 
 loins 
 
 as 
 
68 
 
 CATTLE AND DAllJY FARMING. 
 
 ift m 
 
 fed ill llu'ir native comity, and C!<)ts\v()l(] shcci) also (Iirivc, in various 
 ('oiiii(i^'.s. iSoiiUidowiis, Oxiordsliiro downs, and in lac-l iK'iuly all tlie 
 
 >t' intt'iclianucs district witli 
 
 Mi'ccds or Ktoclv in riie liriiisn islands allow oi intcrci 
 district, without losing' llicir diaractcr; fi >in wliicli tlii^ fact may he 
 infciicd tliat tlio diversities of altitude and climate arc iiisiiilieieiit to 
 all'ect stock uiuterially iu Great Britain. 
 
 TIIK SANDlflNOIIAM 1IEIM).S. 
 
 Tlic iiulosnre 7 is a return with wliic-h IVFr. Samuel IJeck, a;4'eiit to 
 the Prince of Wales, favored me. It will Jie observed that all the stock 
 are maiia.m'd, iieili.yree ^>hortllorns, Alderiieys, lllack I'oUs, and other 
 cattle, in a manner that n tenant fanner mi^Iit, jtrolitably fodow. Of 
 this 1 had the opiiortniiily of assiirin,u- myself by a, visit of inspection 
 which I made in tlu^ middle of the pieseiit moiilli, devotin,!;- several 
 hours f(»a survey ot tlu> farms, their biiildiiiins, stock and j^eiKa-al char- 
 acter, and iieiii,!;- laxored with personal ex]»Iaiiatioiis from Mr. lieck, and 
 from his sun, Mr. Fi.nik Heck, whose ininiile ac(|uaiiitaiice with every 
 a,'4riciiltural detail was of the i^reatcst advaiita.ut' to me. The jiarade 
 oi' the ])edi^iei^ .stock in the si-veral exercise yards, ami the {groups 
 ^razinii' in the o|)eii i»astures formed a "royal show" in private of the 
 most inteii'stiii.y- ciiaracter, bein.n' fi'ci^ from the turmoil and crowded 
 snrroiindiii,L;s iiiidi'r which stock are commonly seen at ai;ricultnral 
 shows. 
 
 The herds of Shorthorns, at Saiidriii,i;ham, are located u|>on two dis- 
 tinct fariiis at l>abiii,i;ley and at Woliertoii, L' miles apart. The one 
 herd of I lie ••Hates and Kni.^iitly " Idood is Ucpt se|):irate from liie herd 
 of the •• lUtotli" blood, and adiniri'i's of t'illicr have llins an easy oppoi 
 tnnily of noting the re.s])ectivo points. 
 
 Some years a^o tln^ followin.^' wonls were written by a competent 
 Clitic, oflNorfolk farmin,i;': 
 
 It is iiiitiiiiiL;' Imh m |ih,i!i tiiitli Iu s,iy lli:it X'tifDll-; funnels iiit(|i'i| a siiuini lc:nl In 
 I'dlldw ill till' iiiiiIliT 111' li VI' slo.'li niaiKiui'iiifiil, anil llnTi' isuur In lie ruiiinl al Sand- 
 rin'4li;!ni, I lianks t > Ilic !iian;!,mini'lil ol' tin- I'lincr of Wale-,. 
 
 'i'lie bull' of ilic \\ (ilferton herd imdiide the Admiial, I'.aron Wolfer 
 t(»n, Dean. Iiamp, Denmark, Dereham, Dowiiham, Dunkirk, JMirtis, Imm- 
 teriias, danc'sier, .Marias, roiisaix). I'liiio. INiyston, Samson, and \"is 
 count. Their a>;('s are from twelvemonths to six .\ ears. Aiihiiii;st tlif 
 cows arc lift"cn Diall('lll^. the otfsprin.n' of Mr. ImsIici's bull (I'awslcy 
 
 I'rince, .•}l.l."i(t, and Diamond, by I he Cliieltain, LMt.KlL'). At ,-;sl the 
 
 llabili.uley liiiii is liie bn!I r.abiiii;l<'y DilUe, r-'.<l><>, villi t lie lust of Mr. 
 iJatc.s's bluod. 'J'iiioii;^li all the mazes of the Wild I'.NCs f,Miiil\ , dam 
 l>lytlies(iiii • l\\<'s. .sire Maii|iiis of Oxiord I'd, .')7,<I.'"m, tiie bull Duke of 
 Nt'irfolli, calved . lime l.t, lss(», and bred at Saiidiin^liain, is by the li.irj 
 of Keetive's DiiivC of Cndeily .".d, .■;s.i;i(;, ami i'lich.via of llilliiiisl. 
 
 ( 'oiisideri!!!^ I lie .- i/e of t lie farms, t heir carryin,-; a pedigree herd ol 
 alioiit ;;(( bulls and .su cows, besides niimeroiis store slock of Devoiis. 
 Idack I'olis, Jli;.:hlaiideis, and dairy cows, they bear witnesses to eeon 
 omy oi' mana.ucmeiit and productive capabilities which aie asloiii.>liin- 
 III an estate tiial was ••nowhere"' twenty -live \eais a.L'o, and which li;iv 
 since ISIi.) been made into a nnsi pii tiire.s(|i;e domain and fertile l;iihl. 
 iOveii the miles ol' cvcr.uieen t ices, mosl ly Si(»le!i lirs. uiviii;; Sandiiii;.: 
 ham a moorish appearance, were planted liy .Mr. r>eck, ami in the \ii\ 
 hot season of iSfiS. 
 
 Thelaini biidii:ii''s were ii.osil\ llicoid i, ' ' r, .,..-, ,,,-,..- .,,;>,,: 
 
 .11 ill 
 
 ture.-, meieiv 
 
 in good reiMir, and here and there improved by ccoiioiiiicul addilion 
 
Sll \v 
 
 cost I ) 
 
 N'lKics ill; Sill 
 
 THE 
 
 ".V illlVW 
 
 iUOM. 
 
 KTC, IM'lfllC 
 
 III i)i 
 
 "'"■^fy, =nv i.s <^XIms.y ,i< 1 ' '"" 'V^'*''^' ^vi,H|..svv,.{>t i,„,l „i . 
 
 """'■N '^■"•(on.s iUMl Tnuv * , •^''■^^'^- ''""Iv, I);iiIi„M., H;,,,,,.,. ^^ 
 
 < "■ :.y. ,1. X. Mi,.I<,,!r,,i,,;i V, \ - -..Is or n... Mi,j..s,y .lu^^.M'n 
 A I. I.rowno i.u.l .1. (i,,,,,,,,,, ''' •^^''^- ''".^1' A.vin,..,-, II. i). Dan-hn, 
 
 llH' I'ilsflllC.S ill <■<)(((.„ „r,|,,', , 
 
 stork shows. ' "'' '" '^^'. fo Im. 1,1 (I„. jioMl rank iif, 7at 
 
 From flic n'snuiisfs (o ,,,,■ ,.;, i 
 ""' '"'ll"...-.,..: > "••"'■"■s iciiuvsti,,.. Jnr„ni,i,tio,i I pxtnint 
 
 ''"'^ ""^''^^-^ '"^Ku OK sHoirr.iouxs. 
 Mr. If. Stniftod uritcs r.-lKiv., . i ■ , 
 
 Ilixl'-ni iif' /hr.Slnil/,,,, I ; ,, , 
 
70 
 
 CATtLE AND DAIKY FAUMlNO. 
 
 My herd is now, for tlio most |i:irl, kept .i.l tlio Diiiriyii. Xcwporh, Mnnmoiith.sliiro, 
 whero the soil viiiicH from frnivcl to old icd ,s;iii(lstonc. TIk^ cattli' (lt> wi'll on cillici 
 
 Hoil'erHarefi«'i'<''"'l'y lnonjj;lit t( 
 
 it alxiiil tliii i v-tlirt'ii moiitlis; liiill ciil vt-s an 
 
 {fonerally allowed to Hiick llu'ir dams, wlii 
 
 1st iit'itcr calvc'K an- taken IVom tlKM'owsand 
 
 reared with only a little milk, as it is eoiisii 
 ons to tlie milkiiifi (|iialities 
 
 (1 that too jfeiii'ioiis I'eediiiij; is iiijnri 
 
 Milking fiiialilicfi.— I ftm };iv(> no details as to the aiinnal yield in milk ]n\r cow 
 
 per <ai)iinm, 
 
 lliKS t 
 
 year 
 
 haviiiii never kept ai 
 
 ■d. lint Sir II. II. llassey Vivian, IJart.. M. I' 
 
 wo cowso 
 
 f "SI ration" blood that have ijiven o 
 
 Size avd wcifilit. — As to size, two of my l)ii;<rest 
 
 •l,0(M»},Mllonsof milk within tin 
 n ''Odd. fair eoiidition, I find li 
 
 mc.'isiin' as lollows ; 
 
 Chloe 
 
 irth, 7 feel 1 in(dies; len;.rtli, 7 feet 
 
 Heather. 
 
 f^irth. 7 feet o inches; loiifitli, 7 feet 7 inilns. 
 
 I have liad a heifer increase as mnch as (u'J jionnd 
 As to relative live and ilead wei<.;lit, Iwoolinv 
 
 in 1 wel ve months 
 
 I'll 
 
 injiion Smillilield heifers liaAi 
 lci<'le, alive. 1'.) cuT., ;i iionnds : dead, l,tiT I pounds. Wild I'lower. 
 
 lieeu as follow _ , 
 
 alive, 17 cwt.,y ouarters, ;» ponnds : dead, 1 .f.li iioiuk 
 
 Id 
 
 not 
 
 lier the e( 
 
 )ws fnllv maimed nil 
 
 lil ^;i> 
 
 )ld. 
 
 Shorthorn e?w.s(. v.— Short horns' are far superior to all idher lireeds for orossinir pm . 
 po.ses, .'Uid it is a iiotahle fact that two or IhrcM- erosie.s of jiood, pure blood n)ion :u\\ 
 inferior nondescriiit stock will oflen stamp the proi^eiiy as pure-bred Shorthorns, ami, 
 for all intents .■ind pnriioses. they are in no w,iy interior. 
 
 siniihliidd for iiianv years past h.ive none of them been 
 
 Th 
 
 e ( h.'ininion shorthornsot 
 
 eliiiible to the Herd-Book. th<iil;;!i all by piiri 
 elli.-'iencv in cro.ssiiii; iini'iioses. 
 
 -liied bnll.-i: thus illiistrat inji thei 
 
 RESPONSES FROM YAKIors (,ir,\ TITERS. 
 
 A iiorc from Sir .lohn B. Liiwc-^. I'.iiil., IVom Kotliamsli'd, Herts, re. 
 fers to tlio district as out' (iliii'lly (icvotcil to (lorn ^ro\vinj>-, awd Iiaviii- 
 no special breed ofeattlt> or siieep. (Iiiclostire '.».) 
 
 I may lieic obscixe tiiit in recent yeais SiiJoliii lias laid down many 
 acres oV his estate in o-i-iss, and lliaf in the i)eiylil»orlioud aconsiderahje 
 lierdol' stock, cattle and sheep, ofdixerse Inceds, is l<ept, maintaining 
 the special ciiaracteristics of the districts Croni which lh(\v Intve Itecii 
 ehaniired. 
 
 Soiiicrsff f>cro)is. — ^Ir. T. II. IJisdon, of Somerset (inclosnre KM. loi. 
 Wiirds a v;diiable condensiition of inforination as to .Somerset Devdii 
 cattle : 
 
 At Wa.shford the mean leriiiK-ratiire is .'(I 
 
 It is as hiLth as dli in the summer and 
 
 the winter mi'an is imt belov 
 
 II 
 
 tl 
 
 Th. 
 
 '11 
 
 th of Mr. Risdon's Devon rows is 7 feel d inches ; <if bulls, 7 feet ti toS inclie. 
 
 Ills compel lllj 
 The a\ I 
 
 with Sliort horns. cNeept that llii' hittei' have ;;reater length. 
 >;(■ yield of milk is l.-Ml i pi, arts imlndin;^ t iine of smdiliiij;. 'i'he bri 
 
 a 
 lis n.al i ve to I he soil ami pi 
 
 ire b 
 
 iIimkI li,is been It 
 
 eeiirded for o\er one hiindii'il 
 
 vears. 
 
 r>v iiitel'cliaMj^e ol sires in-ainl in breeding is avoided .as iniicii ;ih possi 
 
 Store-stock are housed, .laiin.iry to .April, ii 
 
 The c.'ittle iire t'attened 
 
 at'ler has niakiiiu until the I'lid ol" Octolier, 
 
 Th 
 
 ;il'e bred illld tvured oil lii'ieh lii-ii 
 t .Mr. Risdon's homesleaii. 
 
 watered meadows on er;iss icrowii 
 the\ are housed in covered pens. 
 alliliides, with coricspondiii;:; lowei' temperaliire. than a 
 
 Till' avel'ay;e live wei;;ht is from I:! cut. Iiir cow lo '7 ! wt. fur bull. 
 
 Sliorlhoni (iiri/iDis. — The n-porf I'loiii I'.edl'oi'ii (inclosnre 11) rrdm 
 Messis. J. and K. Howard, (jiiotes Shorthorns (dwyiin tribe) asmatiiie 
 at .'5 years. Their live weight avera^^cs Irom 14 to 1«» ewt. The live 
 weight of fiit stock is, for flie cow, IS rwt.: bull, L'.". to'-Mt cwt.; on. lb to 
 IScwt. From the milk, Ki tpiarts daily : tiie wi'ck's butter is S poiiini^. 
 
 Norfhlh- h'cd /'e//.v.— From Stanton, mar Harlesti»n, Norfolk. 1 
 
 was 
 
 favored with a rejioit from Mr. .\Itrrd 'I'aylor/iiiclosnre ILM. whose Ini.j ol 
 i;ed-l*olle<l <';ittle is typical and of liitih excellence. Tin- firm in Soiiili 
 Norfolk is til IVet above sea Ii'mI. npo;i a clay a'ld gravel Nidisoii. ami 
 the pastniajre is of pet inanciit ^lass. orof flo\er ami rye yra^s sown 
 witJ! araiije rotation. Accessible shelter is pro\ ided in winter adjoining 
 the meadows oa which tin- cows are jtastincd. Mr. Taylor eonsidei - lie 
 
imoiitliisiiiro, 
 II on cillifr. 
 ill calves iiro 
 tli(^ cows iinil 
 iiijj; is iiijiiri- 
 
 lilk per cow 
 
 UMi-t.. M. P., 
 
 Ik wililiiii llic, 
 
 lion, I lind In 
 cs ; Meal her, 
 
 licifci's lia-\c 
 ,Vil(l I'lowcr, 
 
 IM'OSSIIlir pill . 
 
 Mill I1)MI11 ,'IIIV 
 
 lit lioi'iis, and, 
 
 ■iiiiiiiiici' aiiil 
 
 THK 1JNITKD KINGDOM. 
 
 riin keep Mure LVd-PoH,.,! cift!.^ w] 
 
 71 
 
 siiniiciciit; food, iind ] 
 
 laviiit;- I 
 
 icro 
 
 tli<' Siiiiio liirin ]i(> bases h 
 
 Til 
 
 iccoiistitiilioii of tlio KVd Poll 
 
 ''^•'IX both breeds ;if; (I 
 •y)|Hiiion (.11 exijoiiene 
 
 only two Siioi'fiinnis would find 
 
 lo s;)iiie time niid on 
 
 :uid;)iie-l.airto(la-eeyciirsold\v<>i'.i 
 
 wiieii led ill llu". ordii 
 
 weii 
 
 N IN very liavdy. J^it sleoi's / 
 
 1 m St 
 
 I'oiii two 
 
 II if«i >n li.e ordinal V wivoi. n.n. ■ i ""*^'''","' ''l>"i'rds (,S4()|)onnds), 
 J.I or ordinary f.t Lu^i!^ •!!'-' i^l,''^^^;;'":! ^'="^<'- J'"'^ iMl.edead 
 
 >ii< li .us iire '-npeiied" (or tlie Clirist- 
 
 Mias sliows have wei-hed 1,7(11 pound 
 
 l»ldet 
 
 TIio inent of tlie lied- Polled cattle 
 |)or(ion oflean when eonipared wiil 
 
 (Noe j.a-e 7 o,'' iiK^losed p; 
 
 ilUl- 
 
 i-s oxcollent. 
 
 .■\I 
 
 lylor, in icCeirino- to the sev 
 
 1 some other hiced 
 
 Hid ]ias a laroer pro- 
 
 em! 
 
 paiiipl'let, aecepis them as (^orieet stiit 
 
 writer is well reeojynixed ,„, 
 
 anil is the editor of its JlenMJooi 
 'J'iie popniarily of this breed ha 
 iiid abroad, so mueh so (hat breed 
 
 parlicnlar.i siviMi in (he above 
 ™?!-''' '!."'^ Ijiiay add that the 
 
 .sa...,npeteMteriti<.or,:u,i^.tp.;ifed;;:t;i 
 
 !iH rapidly iiiereased in it 
 
 to obtain siilJicient imml 
 
 KMs at 1 
 
 lOItK 
 
 t'lN are restricting (heir sal 
 
 sown district 
 
 T/ir LnjnSiim/c /,Vv/ Polls^.--'l\n^ h,.,.,| 
 
 <'s III order 
 
 bolVr ol' Tioston, near 1 
 
 iH-.v St. Kdmnnds, Snllbll 
 
 of Hod Polls I Hi 
 
 iii.l .;;;:>\;'\'ls owner the eonlidenee (o <.,i,ali 
 
 iiiacic i'olls to show 
 
 ionfrin.i;(o.'\Ir. 
 ' is of {;r,-at repute, 
 
 11 «rou]> of (ive an 
 
 onse thebree.h-r.sors,'o(el 
 i""i!,s in competition with ( 
 
 Ivcd I'olls. Jiowever, tiic^ comnaiisn-, ),« - ^'""peiiuon with (iv(^ 
 
 nn.i(!M'(ive'.I)od.lies''shown^^ '^^^^^^^^^ PuMi.-Iy made. 
 
 still reeonn>ze,l as the best ^ ^^I*--^omb,e at Paris. !., isr.. ! 
 
 fiOll't is to (o 70 feet abov 
 
 '■s, 111 lN7S, are 
 
 ISS;; was 4S.() deo-;(.,,,,^^ ^j 
 
 i'' i< \ I 1, P.lMl tie v.iiioM ,iC < , 
 
 o S(>a, le\ 
 
 drill, very imecpially distributed 
 
 '•' rainfilj L'd.l!) jncl 
 
 '<^ ian;;(> of teniiicratin 
 
 H\S. 
 
 (^ in 
 
 ''«' noil is a mixed 
 
 and yrave 
 
 Ol 
 
 II ii <'IiaIk,\sid>soiI,oi-,],.ii|,'.i 
 
 d Jiu'adows,yaryino- oreaily in dij 
 
 IV 
 
 sand 
 
 iiatiirid 1 last lira, ii-e, and artiOeial 
 
 irrass IS made, principally 11, r 1 
 
 pastnra-e of clovei 
 
 lerent f^Msons (■.•om )| 
 
 le 
 
 1 sainfoin, and i\^ 
 
 used lar,v,('ly //»/-.sr for hoiv 
 
 ;o;>^.;;mdeal tie keep. _ 31,, hnili. has al 
 
 i|iiiii)iit: 
 
 cs and cattl,., and 
 
 The 
 
 <'liicory, deriisalem articho! 
 
 cow slock are taken in at ni-ht 
 
 I'^os, jiiickiv < 
 
 :'i\'e.s his ,s( 
 
 '■«'k in siimll 
 
 'om:ivy, eV,- 
 
 a|»l)('ar in autumn, and are (i<.d 
 
 :is soon as wiiite t'n 
 
 the day are turned oii( (o ;nraze, or ( 
 yard, accordino- (o eircumstauees 
 
 iip in alai-oand lolty barn' but 
 
 )sls be'jiu (i 
 
 Ol" air and excn 
 
 '!SC () 
 
 ;ilv 
 
 III a 
 
 Mllii; 
 
 they are \'v(\ on the pastiii 
 
 'CS 
 
 " siiinni.'r, Ironi Ala v to () 
 
 oraiiiiiKlant food like cabba-c ( 
 
 <;ontiiinous|y.son„.iimesheip,Ml Willi cl 
 
 ol (MKC 
 
 lie win(er fccdii 
 il 
 
 I.:;- issw( 
 
 "I'liips, swedes, or (woiotl 
 
 '<'toiier 
 leap 
 
 '"•"'"•■riiieal, mall grains, and hu or st 
 
 *>''^, turnips, calib; 
 
 ii.ulluce sorts of.L'ed i'olls; ijrsi l 
 
 '■•'w chair. .Mr. Lolft 
 
 "<e poiiiids 
 'U'cs, ealvc. barlcv. 
 
 iiiiddli' sized j.;eneralpiii| 
 
 lor iiiihv only 
 Heifers «-oi 
 
 >ose animals, n 
 
 ir;;e orowihy bcef-makei 
 
 !lll 
 
 and 
 
 Is breed 
 second. 
 
 '■*'f: (hird, a small 
 
 si/.e 
 
 nm 
 
 ence (o breed irom f 
 
 1^ approved by Mv. LolVt, 
 
 diirt'iciice in wei;4iits are as ( 
 cow, !.■» c\v(. (o 17 «'w(.; 
 size: Dull, IS e\\(, i,, |' 
 L'cwt., L' years old. 
 Mr. Lidl'l looks (o for 
 
 e\( 
 
 ollows 
 
 ""■''•■n months, and Ijn,. I 
 
 fpt when s|He,'i.il ,,bj,.,.t 
 
 steer, P 
 
 Lai^ 
 
 csixe: Pull,! ton to I ( 
 
 .ii'ciiin,!.;" 
 ion e\isls. 'j'ho 
 
 Ion ; 
 
 'W. I 
 
 ••w(. (o l;; ,.\vt.. L* 
 
 yea- 
 
 on ( f'wi, 
 
 1 l> <\vt. to I I r\\\, 
 
 M 
 
 iddl< 
 
 ■<«'er, io (•.,\ I |, 
 
 'ini'Tth.' Kerry or P.retou stock, but i 
 
 m <• sm.'ill dairy b'ed i.„j| inb,.,>r | 
 
 ifniipIiMil years. Tic i 
 (IcsciAc attention. 
 
 t'inaiksof .>ir. I,,>ii 
 
 IS only bi(.d \v,,j, ,j 
 
 i on inilKiii.;^ ipialiti 
 
 ess si/.e * | 
 '••se aims Cu' 
 
 mil 
 
 es III eo\*, 
 
 The 
 
 oii'jiil of the \'.:'i] !>ol 
 
 iiiipeil.iiit that Mr. I 
 
 i.-i i.N a 
 
 'Olil distinctly stales "(i 
 
 "■''•''• poinr, and (heiefoiv u 
 
 • e loot of the t 
 
 IS 
 
 Kt- is the 
 
72 
 
 l-< ;i 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAUMING. 
 
 i 
 
 lilt 
 
 old Snil'olk cow." About tlio liino of flio (irst French nnoltiMoii Ilish 
 Siifl'olk was iiot<'<l for its herds of dun ('(tws, i);de yellow, or .sliyhtly ^in- 
 fjer <',()lor. This cow, I\lr. Lolll: helieves, is ii vji>i<'ty ot tiie old Wliit(»- 
 Polled cow indigenous to llie country, and I<ep<, i" hyj^onc times, either 
 tamo by the nioidis or senii-domesiicated in noblemen's parks. He in- 
 tends to get up two small heid of th(^se old and very scarce stock, fa- 
 mous for their milkinj^' (pialilies. 
 
 The ncret'itriJs. — In reply to my incpiiries, Mr. T. Duekham, M. I\, who, 
 as first editor of the Hereford llerdlJook and rei)resentative ancl resi- 
 dent in the county, is f^enerally associated wiili its celebiated (tattle, 
 gives his authori;,' to tlie belief that they are ''indigenous'' (inclosur*^ 
 33). lie also lefers to the records of Smithtield lor comparison of the 
 Hereford breed wiih other sorts. 
 
 I may here note that whilst staying at King's Ijynn, Noitoll:, after my 
 visit to the farius of the I'lince of \Vales, ! found the ])ictuio <tf a Here- 
 ford ox on the walls of the hotel. 'I'IiIm animal was exiiibitcd in IStl, 
 and was bred in ^S'orfolk by .'\Ii'. iludsou, of Oastle-Acre. The weight 
 was 1,1>1S pounds, tlie canrass weighing 1,710 pounds, and the: fat L'OS 
 l)ounds. The dead weight of the worhl-renowned Duriuim ox was ti,o2LJ 
 pounds. 
 
 The MorUnul ^ushc.v. — Mr. W. (.'. Moiland, of Lamberhiirst Court 
 liodge, Kent, in refei'ence to the Sussex bre* J (>f cattle (inclosure 14), 
 gives their weight at three years — row, SO to S."> stone ; bull, l()(t to I!IO 
 stone, the stone being 1 Ipounds. In this, asin othci' cases, the recorded 
 weights jit iSniithlield furnish the best comi)ariso!i between tiie various 
 breeds. 
 
 The Sussex stock are notably a heavy, l)eefiuakiiig biced. It is a 
 j)oint to be remeitibered that tiie eat lie are housed in winter, iu>t on ae 
 count of deli(!acy of constitution, i)at because of the w*'lness and enld- 
 ness of Weahl(>n soil, a- geological speeia' "lay. 
 
 The Sussex Itreed are belu'Ved by many stock exhibitors to have been 
 derived from the l)t'V(Ui bieed, but tor a long date they have been na 
 tive to Sussex, where (he.\ are favorites. 
 
 The opinion of Mr. .loliu Treadwell, Hjupcr Wincheiiden, Aylesbury. 
 Bucks, isi'cgarih'd as second to none in the mailer nf slock. Mr. Tread- 
 well's leisure is entirely taken iii)li,\ judgingat the Koyal Society and other 
 shows. This farm of L'"() arable ami ',VM) of ])a«ture acres is \isile<l hy 
 agri(!ulturists from all parts, hi his report (inclosure l.">) he states fli;i't 
 his liei'd of Shortlicrii grade iiiildi cows avrage Ki ]>ints of milk each 
 lier day. 
 
 Tlie Norlh hi'nivs. — ,\.n unsigned retuiii (inclosiiie Kj) from Noilli 
 I)(!Von speaks in favor oi" the JSiutli Devon brec(l of caitlc! for locul 
 lireeding and feeding, and gives a very moderate estimate of weight ;it 
 maturity — cow, (i to Scut.; bull, 10 to lUcwI.; ox,S t<» lOcwt. — wlncli 
 seems to lit with the appellation given to North I >evons, " the little 
 noblemen of the hills." 
 
 The inclosin'c !;erewitli sent (No. 17), I'elating to Smitlilield. gives tiic 
 names of ])rize breeders lor seveial .\ ears, and these names Ibim ji 
 dire(;torv of great value to buvers. 
 
 I 
 
 TllK AIM5KV I'AUMS IIKKI) OI' SIIOIITIIOUNS. 
 
 Ainoiig the noted herds I ua-^ I'oii iiiinte in being aide t<) pay a visit 
 to the stock tarms of Mr. Iliigli Ayliiiei, Wi .\| 1 >ere|i;iiii. I arrived at 
 the well known "Abl»c\ farm " unexpectedly, and Ibiind Mr. .\yhiicr 
 was "amongst his stock in the lields," I soon had the pleasure iit 
 
THE TJNITKI) K' I NO DOM. 
 
 78 
 
 iiiiikf 
 
 iijj^tli 
 
 "<'«;;i";.ii,(i,nn. „(•.„„. oitl.o most 
 
 Im»iiis how li\ int.'', iind wi 
 
 uccessfiil brccder.s of Slioif 
 
 llHrOV(.'l-(li('<-(.Irl,ii;(<.il l.ioud 
 
 •»«<' Mjiiiic uiMi iliiil, of Mr. ItooHi i 
 
 •S <*011Il('(tt<'(I 
 
 ClIlTCIlf-. Clllnlooiic or ,'\I,. ^^ I 
 
 IS (bmid. Tlic iiiclosuro (\o. JS) is (1 
 
 tli(;uiiriv;d,.(lrh;MaM,.r..rl|,,.,s(o,.l' 
 
 iifci s stock, to wliicli n'rciciicc will si 
 
 low 
 
 iicli. level <'"iiiili.v, soiM.-(,ri|„.|,;,s| 
 
 '<• K'liiaiiis ot llu" old al 
 
 »l>e.v, is sihialed in j|, 
 
 to tlie iicn 
 
 On two oiil olllic fjin,,. (; 
 a, sli-lit athirk of tuotandiiioi'iiird 
 
 infsearrvins-oMeaiidaliall'l.iillock 
 
 "•"i-^<»<'ei!i.i(Ml I,v Mr. A,N liner (here lia.l be 
 
 iiials worNi itdO guineas eaci 
 (rented and rented. 
 A( nereliaiii we weic on «•!; 
 
 i.sease (a (eii ihie seoiir.yc, w!n-r 
 
 ' ;"V(..x|,os«.d). wliieliliad I 
 
 (Ml 
 
 (^ arii- 
 X'l'ii siieeessfnllv 
 
 iiral-a\i(.iii niiihor, occupied (lie nioat'ed 
 
 ^M'einial;: round, i'or'r 
 
 ivni"- V 
 
 isiled (lie,,|a,in. nsclMJ (;„,„ i,',,,-,,, 
 
 I'iii'ni where (he al)l»es 
 
 nsscr. ( lie a,i;iii'iilt- 
 
 leiiiains. 
 
 and .seen (lie (jrsl j^Kinp of ;, d 
 iiij;-. diirin<;' (he preserd very open 
 
 o/.en pediiiree ( 
 
 .sea.son, we weii( lo (| 
 
 "•i;-.s, all lairly veiitiialed, 
 •s all oii( (or day ,nra/,- 
 
 (>\V 
 
 CaiMi, passin;^- (!„> iUu-\i orc'otsuold sheir'l 
 pensive s(rin;v urtl\n<x (ied (osdeks. In (henmi 
 had (liree divisions, one C " 
 
 '",i;ewes, Crnecd in wi(| 
 
 <• nianorlioiise 
 
 I ine\ 
 
 <'s(ai)h'seaeh niaiitrt'r 
 
 Cora liinip of loeksaK. 'I'hc hm 
 (ields. always accessible. 
 
 ;;;;,>^^;;;.in,,,,., ,,,,,, ,o,.h;x„'™i;;.:';;;; 
 
 er was evei\whei 
 
 on<> 
 
 <S III I>iiildiii,i;s and 
 
 On (!iis (arm, aii;oni;st (h,. sf 
 
 Sir Anrhony, a re.l-and-wlii(c bull, calved I 
 
 <"''^_ lliat I especially no(cd 
 
 were \()(iii< 
 
 twelve iiioiiths old, son oC (h(^ Sir S 
 
 ' IMiii'ch; Stoplord, j,is7 
 
 '""';•" "lii«;li lins jnst been sold 
 
 at 
 
 
 white loan. These two < 
 are consideied worth I, ()()(> 
 
 'eiiedicf, liMss 
 
 "slaiiets, half sisters .and al 
 
 » II ■splendid 
 
 The bull l''eli.\,iath 
 
 .guineas the pair, 
 
 il ( .1 year old. 
 
 er o\er two years. 
 
 pk'fe roan, and j^oes back to Coiiie't, an ill 
 
 was.a very iiamlsonie and 
 
 (^oni- 
 
 erick and, indeed, most of Air. A\ I 
 
 list nous descent. Kjj,o. |;„,i. 
 
 sliapeu lioi lis. 
 
 kSoin 
 
 e ol the ^iiJind ohl 
 
 produced ten (oiido/eii eal\,.s, s.'llin-- at 1 
 
 iiM'i's slock, haveno id.il.lv llaT oval 
 '■'.'^^•^ ^^1' \\< le look ill,;;- at had 
 
 One yoiiiiq' biill-ealf w 
 
 e saw 
 
 rnnieas. 
 
 iiiKlcr twelve nionliis oi<| 
 
 '•<"" » to lOO-iiilieaseacli 
 
 IS priced at ;;."»(» 
 
 tlier 
 
 The repute of .Mr, A\l 
 
 llh I 
 
 (■ lias Iteeii no occ 
 
 ■st>»<>k IS sn.'h dial I 
 
 ision to exinhit at sli 
 
 "I- I we :(\-(i\ 
 
 iKilcd, had (wice calved ii« the (\\e| 
 IH'iiIilii- iialnre. 
 lit .Mr. Aylniei's •' woiksii 
 
 o\\ s. 
 
 S( 
 
 e year; 
 
 \ciiioiitlis— a -oo.l cvid 
 
 "II"' "( (he cows, i 
 
 eiiee of (heir 
 
 uw 
 
 "•'';•'"''"'=" "'•■<'«'iileiiniallvNlni.i(ion'lieid 
 
 !',''^';"i"""'V^H'""'" ''^"""'1 .■'■Kdicat, 
 
 ulicie he exhibiled a pen o( his shee| 
 
 ;"' i'liilinielphia in |S^ 
 
 i»i;.\<'ni'i|.:i,i) s'ioc 
 
 '■'""1' ''"' '■' lelir.ited \ale of A\|isl 
 """• "••■•"'I 'letaiis <.(• Kiickin-haiii-d 
 
 my .Ml', ildw. Dencldield 
 
 rlnsiliv III) 
 
 llle as (o Its f; 
 
 I.'. I \('.S 
 
 iinoiis regions (in- 
 
 I'iasl.r (lav is (I 
 
 ,1111 
 
 irivcrColne. Then ( I 
 
 H' ^eoio^^ical s(i;,|; 
 
 lere I- 
 
 s''lM!H'aNt. bet 
 
 iii^l llie T.;>uor(h clay (ills up t| 
 
 •'liallv foiiiiat 
 
 \>.eeri the 'I'l 
 
 laiMcs 
 
 lo 
 
 le \ 
 
 iiof iheChilter,, lldl.v 
 
 'n"''i"iis ImUIi .'iniinal and ve,L;-etable. | 
 
 lie of A.\lesbiiiy, noted I 
 
 ifiji i>i' t! 
 
 lne,s|olie ;(iid oi'lll 
 
 <y it> 
 
 l':;:;;::;;^^':;.!!'''''''^'' -'='-••-•' '^'-H^iii^innisi 
 
 Ilic (iiiisliin- (,ir as well as (I 
 
 le leaiiii^ of si( 
 
 I) 
 
 >' '>f{-nuy (!,,, 
 
 lix- (::\or 
 •iiy herds «d' .Short- 
 
74 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 lionis flnurisli lioro, w 
 irrazc and latUMi biillo'-Us 
 
 hilst tlio suimnor meadows arc jjood oiioujili to 
 
 Yards and shdls area 
 
 (lorded ti.lionsotlie cattle in winter, Stil someof 
 
 t1»o stock remain on 
 
 tall tlie vearronnd. Tliesloek tlaiveitntlie ^rasses 
 
 ts, andartilieial Ibod in winter when 
 
 in Slimmer and }4('t iiay, straw, roo.- , , , ,. ^ 
 
 needed. The eattle are bred in the «hnr.v henls and weaned at hrst on 
 milk <n' artificial snbstitules. The heiler calves are l.ion-ht on to re- 
 plenish the herds, and the yonn- bnll calves are eith.vr sold as sb.ck 
 bnlls, or as oxen aredratted intoother countiesol tdhi^<' land, to he led 
 
 "'mf. Deneldield adds that he linds Shorthorn cattle best for dairyiii 
 
 ])nri)oses, sun 
 
 •0 thev come to heavy 
 
 wei"ht tor th<^ bntcliers wiien ted 
 
 oi 
 
 t. The vield otmilk and bntter varies m 
 
 u<'h with th(^ seasons, so that 
 
 the last decade of wet years haslowerc) 
 
 1 the aveiap'betort^ establisluid. 
 
 1 mav here observe that some o 
 
 t the very best slock of all kinds, 
 
 horses' 'catthNshee]), and pi-s, come outotthoconnty of Ibicks and wit! 
 
 r Dcnchlield has been associated lor many 
 
 such tiood stock tlie name < 
 
 yean 
 
 ■ro' 
 oviiice 
 
 COTSWOLD CATTLl''. 
 
 to. 1\1. i\, 1 n'ayconclnde. ih(> sp(M'ial rel 
 
 Coil !"'l ^lJl•el Km-isco 
 
 In the Shorthorn Herd I'.ook ( 'olonel lvinj;scote, at the ])reseut 
 
 me hi;zhlv celebrated stoc^k. 
 
 time a< in the past, will be seen to own 
 
 so 
 
 Hi 
 
 s ( 
 
 ale, Wotten nndei 
 
 ■i:d!Xe, (Jloncestershire, is SOO feet above sea 
 
 level.'m tlie west (.tthc Cotswold hills. The jicolo-ieal stratnni is o( 
 
 Mid I 
 
 LMC 
 
 , on n brash loamy so 
 
 tie. the imre-bicd Sussex 
 
 horses, and (liei>wi< 
 J note in cviden<'e ( 
 
 :)lit!, 
 ....ri'ace soil, the i>nrc-bred Shorthorn cat- 
 
 Southdown sheep, the ]inivbred Snlh.lk caif. 
 
 -bred lierksli ire iiijjs Ibrm a higher Hass stock limi 
 t the adai>tabilify of diverse lOn.ulish breeds (oii 
 
 ■liabitat," thns is, in each instance, a ( 
 
 han-re ti> their (ii'i^inal district; 
 
 bnt where thev all ilo.irish and attain a hiuh dejiiee (.t-e.\<'elleiie( 
 
 The cattle are housed in win 
 fed on hay. straw, and roots 
 wai 
 
 ami 
 
 ter. in covered yaids and ojicn sheds, 
 Tiiev reach the" wei.<,dit of IS cwt. and iiji- 
 
 •ds. and" aie disjioscd of by private and jtublic sale. 
 WEIGHTS OF TUV. VAUIOUS IUIKKT>S. 
 
 The comparison of (tattle breeds, in the r.'i'ort made b,\ .Mr. Tauil r. 
 
 whose li-nres arc valuable, Iniii-s (o-etiicr the foUow my; points. ;,s 
 averau'es"in ]>oiiiids (emln-aced in Consul |)oi-kei\"s reiH»rt): 
 
 Lire wihihi^, niiikr four i/ciuv ohl. 
 
 Hricil. 
 
 Sirfir. 
 
 Uvil'.-r. 
 
 i 'tlW. 
 
 Offal 
 wliicli 
 
 Amo 
 l»ein<,'' <i 
 iii^icxli 
 
 The .' 
 Kimiair 
 ISM. bi 
 \vciylie< 
 
 no iV 
 
 SliiirtlKirna . 
 llcri'riprdM .. 
 
 IhVlPliS 
 
 I'oIImI Alicia 
 l|:llliiu;iv . . . 
 I'..|l.-,l N. (.s(., 
 Iiijlll;lllllrr.. 
 Siis-'iA 
 
 Wrlsh 
 
 l.iMi;;li(iiliM ... 
 
 .\yiHllilC! 
 
 illI.Si'V.M 
 
 Ill a I'cc 
 11 (l:iy at I 
 .<ii|M'i'ior f( 
 lia\e alsi> 
 |icriii<l. 
 
 .Mr. I'm 
 pcrts wild 
 liivd IrnJii 
 .■^iipi'rioiity 
 rid.s.sc.s. 
 
 I 
 
 Welsh .... 
 Hell t'liIcU 
 
 Vu\W 
 
 SllHSl'X 
 
 Slii>ttliiiniH 
 
 Ui:;lil.iiiiii-r 
 Noiftilk l'(.ll.-.l 
 
 lloVdIH 
 
 Jir.si'V 
 
 "shiirllMii in 
 
 Sii-si\ -.. 
 
 I,nii^'lii)i 11^ 
 
 J»i,lli'.l .Miii.liiii 
 
 J>,,!l"l .Vo^fnlli - 
 
 Avisliirn 
 
 iKiul iniijlit, arcragiin jKiiiinh 
 
 ■.■.•4-"l 
 
 L', 1 'J7 
 
 '^. ;it:. 
 
 1.K-!:! 
 
 2, '-'41 
 
 I.FJil 
 
 ■j,-^r: 
 
 'J. <M'.t 
 
 a, (luj 
 
 !.4ri; 
 
 ?, "I'j 
 
 Hi-4 
 
 1 , !h'.«I 
 
 l.lilHI 
 
 h.'li . 
 
 
 ll'll 
 
 WKl 
 
 no 
 
 T'Jil 
 
 tlut 
 
 '.l.'ll 
 
 .11 .. 
 
 
 l,:.:a 
 
 The ;.;cii(' 
 ami licifcr.s 
 
 Slid'tlirirTl'f . 
 
 ■ \ IIS 
 
 Sl|..Mv , 
 
 .l.r-i'V 
 
THR vm 
 
 ml K()iii<> ol 
 I li(> j4 lasses 
 iiitci- when 
 ill lii'st oil 
 t oil to re- 
 (1 iis stoctk 
 1, to be Cod 
 
 >r (liiirviiifj 
 s wlieu led 
 Ills, so tlllll 
 s(:il)Iislie(i. 
 full kinds, 
 s. and witli 
 I lor maiiv 
 
 TI.e aveniyoweiVI,,, of niilk (in.s .onipaie. ,v,,„.,v : 
 
 Hrecil. 
 
 Slinrtlidt'iiM 
 
 llcri'rnnlM 
 
 lliVrPIiS 
 
 I'lilli cl Alicrdi'i'ii.H 
 
 (l;illnwav . . 
 
 iSiLmirr*!".'!' '"!'"' '"""''' '^''■^'••■'''■<i)V^-::; 
 
 ,Siissr\ , . 
 
 Wrlsh 
 
 l.iiii;;li(iinM . 
 A VI. ■•I] i 1 11. .. 
 
 illMSI'V.S 
 
 
 ^~ 
 
 j<<« 
 
 
 
 != ' 
 
 
 ." 5 
 
 ^a 
 
 
 . - a 
 
 V- 9 
 
 I'liiimli. 
 
 ^ z ■• 
 
 = s 
 
 
 ^- ~i 
 
 T c 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 5~ r 
 
 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 5 ;;_3 
 
 
 1 
 
 Pi 
 
 (C 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 8, (1(10 1 
 
 21 
 
 
 .'1, (IIKI ' 
 
 
 
 .'), 'i(H) 
 
 " M.l 
 
 
 :t, r.do 
 
 :'l 
 
 
 :i, U(i() 
 
 L'*J 
 
 
 L', 7.MI 
 
 „.i 
 
 
 4, (iil'l 
 
 ." 1 
 
 
 il, (1(1(1 
 
 -1 , 
 
 
 .'1, (II II) 
 
 •II 
 
 
 li, (1(111 
 
 •11 
 
 
 -1. W() 
 
 17 III :'ii 
 
 
 10 
 
 !) 
 II) 
 
 f'l ii '•<'«'<'ii' iiisfiiiice llie Devon row Arvrii > 
 
 have al.s,, ;:„-,.„ ,s.,„u. ];„..•.. ..'lilk ' . ' , -•■'"' ''»"''•' N<»>''ulk ...mv.s 
 
 l,,,,,j„,l .-* '"UK ie(.ord.s, iind extendin- over a lo,|o- 
 
 Mr. I''.iiilkiiei''s opjiiioii i^ 
 
 cKi.vM.... - "> '"<"deis ot ||,.n.|,„d and other 
 
 . '•''"■'^^ '>'•• T'M.: v,\i;,ors ukkkls. 
 
 Tlie;;viieiiil prices ol" ncdi. .■,,,.,> .,,,i,„.,i , , 
 
 iillieifers: ' ^"* •'"""'''^ ="'' <'l«'N«-ly appraised loreovvs 
 
 :ili 
 
 .*^it<i^^Iiiir:! 
 
 II.-, PlS 
 
 \ ..-I, 
 
 ,'<l|..-i.v 
 
 Jir,«nv 
 
 l!iv,.,|. 
 
 I 
 
 •"' \' \\ Ayrslii,,,. 
 
 •<" N'difolk.. 
 ^0 WuUIi^... 
 
 liivr.I. 
 
 Ml) 
 
 I'li.v 
 
 *'l"> to .t-.rl 
 III 
 
 ■-'•» :: , 
 .1(1 III 
 ■J() .■III 
 
76 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMINd. 
 
 'i 
 
 ™ 
 
 Tho ]>rit!('H iit wiiicli stock was sold <liiriii^ tlu^ yciir iss;{ iit, tlni llir 
 niiiiulisiin Sliow sill(^ wen* ns I'olhvs: 
 
 iSli(>rlliofns.--()\n- hull LMM) {,Miiii«':iM iiiidoiii^ ror.")() fidiiiciis; out' licifVi 
 
 Til 
 
 laoiiulil .17 <;iiin(';is, iind oiicor '' I'lictoiv <<iil stnim' S'J };iiiin'!ts, 
 ]tii(M's of others sold riiii;,n'd h('r\\(»ili tlic liist two juices ii;iiiied. 
 
 Sir Hii;;li Aylmei's siiles ofSlMirtlioiiis took jdiifeiitf lie Miiiior [louse, 
 West DmliMiii, on (lie .'mIoI' Miiy. It wjis well ii(leiided,l>iif joiees were 
 iiotsoliiijli iisMiiiiiy ;niticip;ited. I'ltty-dvi-eows l»roii;;lil ,C.'>,7!ISlS,v.(;//., 
 iiverii,itiiifi,C<!t> l.s. ."»r/. eaeli. lOiyliteeii hulls sold lor .CI,(K{S (l.v., or an 
 a\-eiii};t^ »»t'.C7L! l.'f.v. H<l. The hiyliest price paid was for iOast thorp Lady 
 lid, calved .May 1 I, ISSl, L'OO guineas. The celehrated hull Sir Simeon 
 was passed, tlie reserve olT>0(t ufniiieas no! having hceii hid. 
 
 On .Inly ll,atT. Hallord's sale of SlMUlhorns at (Castle Hill, Slier 
 hone, fonr cows and three hulls hron^lit on an average .C7 l.^i lo.y. each, 
 'I'he hiiihest li^^iire, paid hy li(ir<l IJectivc tor the Duchess (»f Ijcicester, 
 was I, .")(>."» ;^iiineas, Thiity-two cows avera;;tMi CIS,") 7(/. each, and si , 
 bulls avcr.i;;;cd .Cl'SI IS.v. (hi. each. 
 
 At Henry Ijovatt's sale, July .'?, at liow Hill. Wolverlianipton, the 
 aA'cinue obtained was .Cr».'> 'Js. LV/. 
 
 The j^rcat Halker sale ol" Sht)rt horns took place on Scplenil»cr (I. ami 
 showed a laru<' lallin;;" oil' from jucvions years. Thirty one cows ainl 
 heifers averaiicd CI.SU each; the balls averaged CllU «'acli. Twehc 
 Oxford cows and heifeis averajjed iiJlL' 17.s\ (>^/. cadi, and seven hulls oi 
 the same family £l\'J l.v. eacli. -^ 
 
 J/ir<l'(»-il prices. — At Mr. F. IMatt's sales at Uarnhy Manor, X«'wark, 
 ,?uly L'l, one bull calf, fonr months old. sold to Mr. ('. M. ("nlbeslsoii, u|' 
 the United States, lor H'O onincMs. Aimt her sold for I."i(> jiiiineas. One 
 cow and ca It sold to Mr. r.nrleii;h, of the I'liiicd Slates, i'ov 11 Tt guinea-;: 
 also a heifer to the same purchaser for ! lit yiiincas. One Inili, (irove III. 
 was sold to .Mr. Ciilhertson for S|() ;;niiieas. The a\cra;;e |)ric(i of cows 
 and cattU' was CtiS 17.v. each, while (hat of bulls was CI07 each. .\t 
 the sales (»f Mr. (leorirc Titt, on his farm of (Miadiior Coiirl, twenty on,. 
 head were sold at an aveiaj^c price of C77 l.v. !»(/. each. The hijiht'si 
 ])rice j»aid was (or the cow Kosehloom, which was piircliased hy (he Hon. 
 M. H. (^x'hr.ine, of Canada, for L'<il> guineas. He also looiv her heil'ci' 
 calf at 17 .yuiiicas. 
 
 sSiis.sr.r iiriccs, — .V( Mi'. Tlioin.is Knij; Ill's sale in < )ctolier last the price-, 
 obtained were, j»erhaps, the highest <mi record Ibr the hree(| ; twelve 
 cows bronii'Iiton ail avera;;e Clli (iv. each; four t uo ye^'r old heijeis 
 iit'.* l.v. (>'/. each; si\ yea'lin,!:' steers C'J."> lOv. each; .sl\ weanyer lieileis 
 .€-".) l.v. (ill. each ; and ti\e weanyer sleers CI 7 iL'.v. ('«l. each. 
 
 Jersri) jirirt s. — l''or.Ieisey caItU some very liiyli priwes have heeii. 
 paid. One hull call, six weeks old. sold ibi' Cl.',."i(tO. The average 
 pri'-cs of those sliipi»ed to the I'nitcd Slates dmiii.L;' the _\car (over Mill 
 III nniubcr) will exceed .CI.") each. 
 
 PiinKof Ahrnhrn !»ills.~\\ if. ('. ,\iild's sale, on (he l.'.lh of |)e. 
 cenibei' last, twelve cows aveiaifed CI I I '.'.v. i'xl, each ; eleven twoyciii 
 old heifers ,CI."t<i .'!.v. !•'/. each; seven lieifi-i' calves C'.M> 7.v. J-acli, and 
 two tive-year old hulls C.~>.'! Il.v. each. 
 
 The i^eiiern! avcr.i.ue for lil'ty one aniinals "was CM) lO.v, 
 
 /'rirrsdf UVv/ llii/hliiti'lirs. — 'i'lu^ Mall of Diiniiioie sold drafts fiom 
 bis superior licr<l of West H iL;lilandeis. in lln- island of Harris. :ii In 
 VO'iiess. nine hulls (six hcin^ calves) at an average of CM each: ;i1mi 
 ei,iihty-foiir I'ows ami lieilers at an a v<Ta.L;t' of CI!* '.'.s. each. The liiylnwl 
 •M'ices paid v\cre ."Hi ^iiiicas (or a lliree year-old lieilei-, and (wo luile!- 
 ./t the same ,i;4:e sold a( fs i;niiieas each. 
 
It, Mmi I'.ir 
 <tiM' liciiVi 
 
 III 
 
 ''"'■; ' N'TKI) KIN(J|K)M. 
 
 ''*:-.'l:;:':^':;',:';r;i-;;;;::'^^^^ ^^.^ 
 
 •P'">'"ni,(i„Ms ,1,..,, ,.,.' "'•'""' ^' 
 
 77 
 
 liiiiccs. 
 
 "•' 'll.H Illil.V Im- (;i|i,.„ 
 
 ;t'^ <>liiii;ih'(| from 
 '."'■ ' <''"iniiM (hem UN 
 
 ''■ '" liirtiMifiii;;- <Mrniii|. 
 
 .ilil,. 
 
 'poll iiKjiiiiv I Iciin, (I,.,, ,iw. 1 
 
 'i^'i- 'nil.. i-oiHioM .o k I; \' :;:;;:" ,•■;'-'<•• iii.'tn.,.s,.o,, 
 
 "".> M..I..O.. ,,„s,s,.,,^..,..s;„vo., l,oan| 
 ''Ik' |'i«>|ior(i()ii,s or (||,, ,ii(v, , 
 
 ';•""'"•- ""■.>^'...i. .1... '; ; I : '^, ;7'';; ;'i: <-"n-. ....i i.w„...,, „.,. 
 
 '>;ii'i;i<.' .iM.n.,m '•'..sr.; ,,:;:,';^,,^;;,;: •''!''•• '''»i<i=.i i.-,m.,(s : . "J 
 
 :..Wl',77). '"<"<•="• '•'•'(;„„ ..ml In.lan.l in J.s,s .,, 
 
 >:m""i.-ts (,k 1!kit,sii cattij.:. 
 .''■'"' ''M-'il «'rca(II,. /•rom(Jn..,f i;,,:,. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 III. 
 
 '•-'--..li.)..I.OH.|.,,ionsnn;:.;i :/'■';' ''••'"'-.l U> ...lu-r n.un- 
 
 " """;''<•'-. IS v..f so iin,MMl:n, •• ^1 ''"'r'^^'^^ 
 
 -'".V '•••'.^li^ll and S.-oiH/bn'r ,.' ,"'V ^^';.'"="va of <lmnan'.i, 
 
 ,,„,„,,„.„ „,„ n,...H;.nMin:,!„r ^'•""•'' '•<'"<-', N-ioik am, ^.iiir,,;: 
 
 " ""■" '"■'"'"••'i"ii ii.i.l niilK ''" ■'" <'""""nnlv ,.,vl,.m.,| lm,l, 
 
 111 till' falilf oC \>-,.i ,1,, , ,; , 
 
 '^' ■IiM',;;";;;,.!;.';;;:r;;;,.;;;j' »„,,„...„„ 
 
 'II iliiil llu' cross- 
 
 '^<'K.MiU|.|;J)(;MKNTS. 
 
 Ill ''"■•^<' ctincliKlin'r .,.,,, .,,.|. . I ,. . 
 r';:''':''''''^^'''';''H'irl-ani;;.mi;: ; ;: '^;^^^^ ..my .<.... 
 
 ->"'■■'. IMU on n..,.n| n.N m ur. ■„.■■■.;;.',;;'' '7;"'"- '"> i'"l-'-ri.'s, an!n 
 nim-spon.lnit.s Cor ,|„.i,. ,..,,,, .. ' '" '^""^^ l"l,L;''in,Mits |,, „.v scv.-r. 
 inlmniaimn wInH, ',,';, ,,:'•,;;;;;-'<■''- '-..In..ss i,, ^^^^ ;^ 
 
 MT>:oNr,,,;s(-o.sr,..v,,.:,;,,M,K,,. 
 
 '-• A. .Mi;j;h'rn\ 
 
 li 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 k 
 
 WJ. 
 
 
 
 4£P., 
 
 i< 
 
 fA 
 
 % 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 P^ 
 
 % 
 
 o 
 
 m. 
 
 / 
 
 %, 
 
 
 
 0/1 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.y. 145 SO 
 
 (716) 87^-4503 
 
 ,\ 
 
 iV 
 
 .^. 
 
 4^ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 'r\ 
 
 
 <* 
 

 4£P., 
 
 U.A 
 
 i 
 
smm 
 
 78 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAUMING. 
 
 Inelomir.s in Consul-dencral Mcrrilt'n reiiorl. 
 
 <;. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 y. 
 
 10, 
 
 11. 
 
 Notes on Fr(Mu;h Stock. 
 Itopoit of liiHt Fri'iu;h Show, by K. 
 Jjtt'k«oii. 
 
 Holt Uctlun- on Shorthorns. 
 Tho Cat til) of Groat Britain. (Illuw- 
 
 tralod.) 
 History of Ar^iiH Cattle. 
 Farnicr'.H 1 laiul-JJooU. 
 Ki'turn from Samuel Txick. 
 Return from Mr. R. Stratton. 
 Return from .J. H. Dawes. 
 Return from T. II. Ri.sdoii. 
 Return from J. ami F. Howard. 
 
 [Sueh iiorlioiis of the above-ment-ioned 
 coUMul-^enerarH report, and are otherwise 
 istH, will bo fouuil in the supplement.] 
 
 i:{, 
 
 14. 
 
 15, 
 l(i, 
 17. 
 
 in. 
 
 19. 
 
 ao. 
 
 21. 
 
 h. 
 
 iiu.' 
 of 1 
 
 , Return from Alfred Taylor. 
 
 Return fiom T. Diickhani. 
 [ Return from \V. C. Morhind. 
 , lieturu from .1. Treadwell. 
 
 Return from North Dtivon 
 
 (iivm;; name.s of iiri/.e breed«rei. 
 ! Catalogue of Mr. Aylmer'H ntock. 
 , Note.s froirl liuckiuj,'lianisliiro. 
 [ Return from Oidouel Kinysjcoto. 
 
 I'alile of milk reecu'd. 
 
 R.'port on dairy trials. 
 
 Taiile of \vei<ihtH. 
 
 Number of Kele(te<l portraits. 
 
 losures as are not incori>orated in the 
 •racticiil value to American ugricultur- 
 
 CATTLE BREEDS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.* 
 
 The jiieat iiiiiHataiice of the iuformatioi. ciiikul for to a vast mirnber 
 of iuM)i7l.. and of i.itertvsts in tl.e United StaK's U'd inr to seek out aii 
 authoritvof UMdo.ibted experience and ahilit> m hnjiiand to iun.isli 
 the de.sifed .'ata in behalf of Ameriean aKri(mltuiist.s and others. 1 
 adopted tiiis phin for tiie rea.son that, in (.rder to make it specniily iKse- 
 fnl, the report slioidd be full and reliable in every n's])eet. 
 
 A.s a matter of eonrse I could n<.t be able to e.piai an adei)t in this 
 particular line of investigation, for the reason that the .subject is one 
 eoverin- sueh a wiile field and one beset with so I'.any dil iculties that 
 only one having an extensive ac<iuaintance with Knj;lish breeders and 
 breedsof cattle could do the subject Justice. . ,, , , ,. 
 
 I wa.«' mo.st fortunate in securin;i' the .services ot .Mr. .lames '^oii},', ot 
 Iletchin, l^mland, a well-known authority on a;;ricultural sub.p'cts both 
 in Hiiiiland and on the continent, who lias i.rei)ared the accompany- 
 inii- dea ,stron.u. and exhaustive report. 
 
 It \\;ill be found that '^reat care and attention have been ;;iveii to tins 
 report, and that its iiiiparliality and fairness are be.vond .piesluui. 
 Where .so n.anv interested dealers in and breeders ol cattle have to be 
 consulted, it is imporlant that the facts about such brcds slnmld be 
 stated bv (uie who is jterfectlv free from bias m any lesiiect. 'Ihis has 
 been d(»ne in this report, and 1 submit the same with lull conhdence 
 that >Ir. Lon-i's accpiaintance with our a;iTi<mitural interest.s, through 
 this vilualile'niass of information, will h-aii to adesirc on theimrtot our 
 a'Ticulturists to followup the results(»f his future investiKiitious as they 
 may hereafter be ,iven to the public. ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 Consul. 
 
 UNI'I Ki) Statks Considatk, 
 
 Manvhr.sUr, Frhnuini I'l, 1,SS4. 
 
 "'Jhis rep«.ri was preimicd for Consul Shaw, of Mamliester, by Air. J.imes Long.of 
 Hetchiu, Eujihairi. 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 79 
 
 o<l«ris. 
 
 H Ntouk. 
 
 liro. 
 
 'HCOto. 
 
 ,itH. 
 
 raltid ill ilio 
 iiyriicultiu- 
 
 it number 
 ek out an 
 to t'urniHli 
 others. 1 
 ciiilly UHii- 
 
 pt in this 
 tM't is one 
 iltii's that 
 i!(h'r.s and 
 
 4 Lonjf, of 
 jt'cts both 
 utonipany- 
 
 s«'n to this 
 (|iU'slion. 
 lave to be 
 sliould be 
 This has 
 •onlicb'nce 
 s, llirounh 
 )i'.rtofoui' 
 >u.s as they 
 
 I AW, 
 Consul, 
 
 [lies Long, uf 
 
 4 
 
 A.— INTltOUUCTOllY— BKITISII CATTLE AND CATTLE IM- 
 
 rOKTS, 
 
 The annexed particuhirs, relerrinj,' to the only i)ure races of cattle 
 known in tiie United Kingdom wliicli are essentially British, will bo 
 lound in almost every case very complete and answer every question 
 put in the circular. The exceptions are the Shetland, t he Calloway, and 
 the bussex, about whi(jh it is most diilicult to obtain technical infor- 
 mation. Some twenty Sussex bieedcrs have l)een addressed, but their 
 answers are.not entirely satisfactory, but the information {>iven will be 
 lound reliable in everyway. The Shetland is an alm{)steiftir»ly unknown 
 race, and the Galloway, to which I desired to jiive a I'uller place, I hope 
 to sui)])lement; the editor of the.lIerd-Book, who iscollectinjjinforma- 
 tion, promising to send it to me shortly. In all, the fifteen Jiritish breeds 
 are treated, and the information given is based upon that furnished 
 by nearly a hundred of the leading breeders in the country, and which 
 has been arranged by the \vriter, who has added much which an ex- 
 tended experience has enabled him to rely upon. It will be noticed that 
 almost every breeder speaks of his own race as the best ; this is natural 
 enthusiasm, and I have in some eases been comi)elled to slightly tone 
 the rather exaggerated praise bestowed upon one breed in opposition 
 to another. I'articulars are added with reference to breeding, feediii"- 
 soiling, shipment, and scientirtc dairy instruments, and centrifugal 
 cream sej)arat(»rs,* which will be fouiul very comi)lete, the two last 
 named subjects being especially familiar to tlu^ writer, wlu) hasinvi'sti- 
 gated them in each European dairy country. Drawings or wood cuts 
 are annexed as well of these machines and "instruments as of the chief 
 races of cattle. 
 
 Foreign cattle are little kept in England, and almost all the small 
 herds which had been formed have been dispei'se<l or have degenerated 
 on account of the Cov(>rnment action entirely i)reventing importation. 
 Dutch cows wtTe at one tirm^ very largely "used lor milk production 
 while French, Spani.-ili, and Cerman beasts were imported in immense 
 numbers for beef, Is'ow the (tnly countrie.s sending live animals in any 
 numbers are Denmark and Sweden and ^'()rway; tiie lirst named doing 
 an immense trade last year, leading the United States during the lirs't 
 live months, since when she has started a large company and is build- 
 ing a new fleet of ships for fiirther extending the trade." The J)anish 
 cattle come from Aalborg,in .hitland (which port 1 vi;<ited last year), to 
 Newcastle and Hull, and are ehielly Jydsk or .liitland, a medium-sized 
 raeeof moilerate (piality. A few Swiss «!attle are kept in Kngiand, the 
 writer having a I'vw years iigo formed the largest herd; the beasts are 
 large, silver-grey in color, slightly too heavy in bone and skin, but very 
 large milkers, good feeders for the butcher,and extremelv hardy, livin'g 
 where the majority of other beasts would starve. These beasts are ex- 
 tremely pn)lital,Ie and the handsomest of any known race in color. 
 French cattle are not bred in EngiamI, but the Siiorthorn i-i hirgely 
 I»red in France for crossingupon theCharolai.se,('(»tentin,and Nivernai's 
 heast, which it much improves, the Covernment keepnig up one pure 
 Shorthorn bii'diiig establishment for the purpose. In my iiunuM'ous 
 visits among the French breeders I liav«' toiind their opiiiion of the 
 Shorthorn to be that it is bettir than any race they hav*', i-.n-.l consid- 
 ered to be (he best in the w(»rid for crossing. This, however, is not bred 
 to such perfection as in liiigland. 
 
 Tbeso sii(!ciiil piiptTrt will l»o foiiiul in tlie siiiiiiIiMmnit. 
 
80 
 
 CATTLE ANJ) DAIKY FARMING. 
 
 Best hnporiinf; cattlc—'Uhv. best bea.sts lo impoi't iiro: 
 
 /W /««■<(/. -Tlio SlK.rtlM.in. llui Ilrrofonl, tlic AImtiIcoh Poll, Uio GaUo- 
 
 /»»• /><./.-(»(/ «u7/,r«m/<i/n./.-TI>o 8l.orM...n., tlio. 1 ,•.! P..II >u.<l U'" Uovon. 
 For milt „l,»,e.-nw A.vrsliiro, tlio Kliorllioiii (not pctliyivc), tbe Red 
 
 I'oll.iUMl ihf KiTiy. 
 
 /•■<»• /</,//( r.--'ri lerso.v, tlio (Jii.'niNi-y, uml tlit) Ivfd 1 oil. 
 For bleak, cold, or wet districts: 
 
 /.y,. />,.,/.— TlieW-'st lli,<;liliiii(l and tlio AVclsli. 
 
 Forh,;;fumhlr<ui;,lil.—TUc Sussex, the Devon, (lie Welsh, (he Hl-hluml, 
 and (he Lonj;hoin. 
 
 Cost of British cattle.— Thi' cost of aiiiiiiiils of (Isesc races depends 
 solely U!»oii wiii'tlier ped'-ieeisdesircd or merely j^ood ((scliil siieciiueii.^ 
 such' as tlie best raniiers select for their own use. 'I he tollowiu}-' lij;ures, 
 liowcyer, may be entirely relied npon for (iscfiil iion-pedij?n;o beasts 
 well selected : 
 
 Uroo;l8. 
 
 SliDiiliorn 
 
 Hoift'iird ... 
 
 llrvoii 
 
 I.diijilMiin 
 
 SlIHSCX 
 
 lic.l I'oll 
 
 AUrtllcOU 
 
 Caltoviiv 
 
 West, llijililiiiid . 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Ki'irv 
 
 Slu^tliiiid 
 
 Ayrsliiin 
 
 .lersiw 
 
 liiieriihtv 
 
 Bull, 1 t 
 
 <>;i 
 
 Cow 
 
 
 Xloifor. 
 
 .vciira 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iJ-.'Oto.f.'iO 
 
 £M (i> 
 
 4;;in 
 
 £22 to £nO 
 
 •JO 
 
 iiO 
 
 ;io 
 
 iin 
 
 <)>> 
 
 ■M 
 
 •M 
 
 no 
 
 :io 
 
 ;i.') 
 
 li* 
 
 ao 
 
 •M 
 
 no 
 
 ;:o 
 
 ;in 
 
 ■J5 
 
 :tb 
 
 •Ji) 
 
 r.o 
 
 ;!0 
 
 ;o 
 
 2n 
 
 an 
 
 '.'(1 
 
 r.o 
 
 ;io 
 
 4(1 
 
 25 
 
 an 
 
 l!l) 
 
 .^(» 
 
 ;io 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 an 
 
 •Jll 
 
 no 
 
 ;!(! 
 
 40 
 
 2n 
 
 an 
 
 •JO 
 
 .'lO 
 
 :iii 
 
 40 
 
 2n 
 
 an 
 
 •Jll 
 
 .'■,0 
 
 :iii 
 
 10 
 
 *2'> 
 
 an 
 
 •JO 
 
 ;!:> 
 
 in 
 
 •2r> 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 'J,"i 
 
 40 
 
 •JO 
 
 ;)s 
 
 17 
 
 ao 
 
 ll.'i 
 
 tiO 
 
 :!o 
 
 40 
 
 2;i 
 
 ao 
 
 ir> 
 
 Mt 
 
 , 'J!') 
 
 ;in 
 
 20 
 
 au 
 
 u> 
 
 M 
 
 •j.n 
 
 .>n 
 
 20 
 
 au 
 
 For pedij-ree l.ei ts fancy ja-ices are i)aid, often most unwisely, lor 
 unless a i)articular animal is wanted the best of blo-xl can be obtan.ed 
 if the purchaser can meet with any perso.i to -uide hnn, and who wil 
 take the trouble to f>owitli him, at considerably h-ss money than^ is i>au 
 by Americans in the ordinary way. I iVe(pieiitly sec buyers ( •^nj,'li.sh) 
 \vho purchase for fashion, {•iyinj'- hi^h lifrures for animals, while better 
 animals in the same herd areoyerlooked,althouj;h they could bo bought 
 
 at market price. . ,, -^ i 
 
 Xnmhrr of cattle, in the United Kiiui<lom.— V\xv cattU' m \\n^ United 
 Kinjidoni aic as foUows : In I'^iijilaml, l,L'->(M»"<» : '" Wales, (...l,0(K); m 
 .Scotland. l,()!)r.,0(U); in Ireland, },b!>ii,<IO(» ; total, ^^^^^^f^- . ^\V r'' 
 there are cows in milk or in calf: In lOiitjIund, 1,(...(MI( (> ; '_" V\ ales, 
 200,000; inS(;otland, ;{'.)r.,00(>; in Ireland, 1, 101,000: total, .5,. 1.1,000— 
 ii decided increase, but considerably less tlian ten years a«o^ 
 
 Ivinorfs of cattle and cattle prodncts into the I nitrd hinndoni.—llw. 
 imports haye considerably decreased, owinjichielly to llie cattledisease 
 restrictions, and the same cause has prey<-iiled animals beiu},' more 
 largely bred. The imports were: In ISIm, L's:!.000 ; in 1S7I, I'l.^t.OO; 
 in l.S70,L!7 1,000: risin;;in ISSO to;!.SO,000, ami fallin- iii INSJ to ;{t;{,000. 
 In the year issj, ;il l.OOO cattle \vere broii;;ht into the metropolitan 
 cattle markets, of which .^)0,li:!) wero forei-ii. The ayera-.' !;«i<;e of 
 beasts in ISSl' was, for inferior, Jv. ;!>/. per stone ; second class. Is J^d.; 
 *]im\ class (lai^jjje, prime), fw. l.\d. ; fourth class (Scots), .^s. W.\d. 
 
I, lliu Gallo- 
 
 (l tlio Devon. 
 •im;), tbe litid 
 
 ho l[ij;liluiul, 
 
 's (lependH 
 
 SlU'cilUt'lK-i 
 
 hijji lij;uie.s, 
 Cioo beasts 
 
 Iloifor. 
 
 *22 to £:\0 
 
 2a 
 25 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 2r> 
 
 12 
 17 
 
 2;t 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 35 
 20 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 
 wisely, for 
 tc ohtiiiiu'tl 
 1(1 who will 
 hail is ]>iii(l 
 s (Hiij-lisli) 
 khilc better 
 1 Ix^ boiiijlit 
 
 tJH! lliiited 
 (;:)l,0(«); ill 
 I. Of these 
 ; ill Wales, 
 ;{,7l.'l,0()(>_ 
 
 f/f/o»K — -The 
 tth'disease, 
 ix'iiiti more 
 71, L'1S,(;(»0; 
 Jl(..{t;{.()0(). 
 letropolitaii 
 j;e priee of 
 iss, b D;^t/.; 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 81 
 
 In 1882 228 429 cwt. of salt and 403,952 cwt. of fresh cr slightly 
 salted beet, 201,000 cwt. iinenumerated, 500,000 j)reserved &c Stber 
 Bi-i onn'^'^'l a"il/o»g»e8 ^yer® i'»F'orted, a«ainst 251,000 ewt. of salt, 
 81<,000 cwt. of fresh or slightly salted, 178,000 and 575.000 cwt of 
 uneiMunerated in 1881 ; or, in other words, beef to the value of nearly 
 a million sterling less. "^ 
 
 The average weight of cattle received from other countries is: Den- 
 mark, 70; France, 103J ; Schleswig-Holstein, 85; Netherlands, 85 ; Nor- 
 !I»y ""l^^e^'^l"; 78; Portngal, 80^; Spain, 71; Canada 90; the 
 United States, 101. , , i^uo 
 
 England cannot breed snfflcient cattle either for beef or the dairy to 
 meet her requirements, and there is a great market for dairy cows at all 
 tunes. 
 
 In the face of existing regulations the best means of sending beef to 
 linglaud IS by means of refrigerators, and, where the price will pay the 
 exporter, he may reckon upon a continuous demand. Dairy produce is 
 always in demand, the home supply being tar too little, and Denmark 
 1 ranee, Holland, and Germany supplying great quantities. If a fresh- 
 butter trade or a cream (preserved in tins) trade could be established 
 It would succeed. The home-cheese trade is succeeding better, while 
 cheese and salt butter are produced from countries much nearer and at 
 «uch prices as America could hardly hope to beat. 
 
 British cattle are in general so used to a severe, changeable, and 
 moist climate that they are certain to do well in all but very hot coun- 
 tries M'here herbage is tolerably good. 
 
 I have to acknowledge valuable aid from the editors of the Heivi 
 Books of the Ked Poll and Welsh; Mr. Barthmore, of Ayrshire fau. • 
 Mr. James Guernsey, Mr. Brydon, and the editors of two of our princi- 
 pal journals, and other gentlemen, many of whom are named. 
 
 B.-BREEDING CATTLE. 
 
 Mr. Burrows says that one of the most important considerations for 
 the breeder must be the adaptability of his stock to the situation and 
 climate, the soil he cultivates, and the cioi)s he can grow. To expose 
 too suddenly some breeds of cattle to the climate of a bleak, hilly coun- 
 try would be to greatly endanger their safety. An Alderney, a' Short- 
 horn, a Hereford, or even a Sussex or a Devon beast might not main- 
 tain its condition where a Polled Angus, a Welsh limit, or a Scotch Kyloe 
 would gain flesh. In such places, and upon a poor, thin pasture, no 
 race of cattle imported Iroin good herbage and a warm and well-shel- 
 tei-ed district can be expected to pay the way without consideiable 
 outlay in artihcial food. An improved breed will, to some extent, have 
 lost those characteristics whi'jh at one time adapted the animals to a 
 rougher lite, the thick pelt or hide, the coarse hair, and abundance of 
 bone and muscle. 
 
 In selecting an animal for breeding or fattening, it is advisable to 
 look for a moderately small head and a placid countenance ; a flne muz- 
 z e, with good open nostrils ; length in the neck and depth in the 
 shoulders; a broad and straight back and a good round barrel ; width 
 across the loins and between the fore legs; large girth behind the 
 shoulders, and full and heavy Hanks. With such points we may expect 
 to rear and fatten stock capable of laying the greatest amount\)fHieat 
 upon the prime parts. The hide of such an animal should be mellow 
 H. Ex. 51 
 
82 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ' I 
 
 and covered with soft and glossy hair, and the bone should not be 
 coarse. 
 
 The form of a beast is a matter of primary importance. In the Short- 
 horn, the Hereford, and tlie improved Augus, we have this in perfec- 
 tion. The wide and level hips are accompanied by a massive loin and 
 deep, lotiff, and square quarters. The springing ribs give to the body 
 nearly a vertical section. In a i)erfect beast the breast should stand 
 prominently out between the fore legs, coming down almost upon a 
 level with the knee-joint. Given a wide back and a good wide breast, 
 and most other good points are insured. When well fed the flank of 
 such a beast in handling appears to drop into the fingers. It will prove 
 to be a grazier's without, a butcher's within. 
 
 In the matter of breeding for economical meat production, the cardi- 
 nal point to be kept in view is early nniturity. Under present circum- 
 stances of farming, with higher rents than of yore, heavier espenditure 
 on labor, increased taxation, and a score of other ills to which farm- 
 ing is heir, early maturity in tho animal and the production of the 
 largest amount of meat with the smallest amount of ottal should be tho 
 aim of the breeder and the grazier. Olose observation will generally 
 convince us that most of our races of cattle and classes of sheep have 
 some peculiar properties which especially adapt them to the districts 
 in which they have been bred and grazed for generations. This fact 
 should not be lost sight of. But in selecting the improved breed of 
 each kind we obtain the best meat-producers. This remark applies to 
 cattle, to sheej), and to pigs alike. In such the active or even rest- 
 less habits of the original breeds have, by selection, regular atten- 
 tion, and good feeding, yielded to docility, or in some instances even 
 to a certain sluggishness highly favorable to fattening. Easy access to 
 food has reduced the proportions of bone and muscle, so that a pure- 
 bred and a high-bred beast is often the best manufacturer of meat from 
 any given amount of fodder, roots, corn, and cake. The advantages of a 
 pure breed or a tirstcross are numerous. Tiiere are few greater disap- 
 pointments than f<' a favorite cow to breed back. 
 
 Age for breeding. — Upon the most contested point of the earliest age 
 for breeding we have valuable opinions from many well-known author- 
 ities. Mr. Thomas Ducldiam, IM. P., himself an eminent breeder and 
 exporter of Herefords, in a lecture given before the 15reconshire('ham- 
 ber, quoted the opinion of Dr. Uitdunan, cliairman of tlio Derbysliire 
 Agricultural Society, to the following effect : That the desire for pres- 
 ent advantage in breeding leads to great evils in the future. By 
 placing animals too young into breeding condition you tax nature too 
 heavily, and two evils ensue — the parentis stunted, and tho progeny is 
 smaller than it otherwise would be. Wlien nature is busily employed 
 adding to tlie growth — /. e., to tlie size andcompletionof every muscle, 
 bone, and viscera of the animal — every i)arti<'le tliat goes to tho build- 
 ing up of the animal system being derived Irom t lie blood of that animal, 
 the blood being supplied with those materials exchisively from the food 
 which is taken into the stomacli and digested, every organ of tho body 
 (the stomach, tho liver, lungs, heart, &c.), being taxed to the utmost to 
 fabricate the necessary materials for the growing muscles, ligaments, 
 and bones of the young animal, by causing this creation to be im- 
 l)regnated at such an early period in its growth you call a new set of 
 organs and functions uito activity; and, further, you call another 
 creature into existence, having like Gtructures to be built up. But 
 while you do this you cannot add to the digestive or the assimilative 
 
 t. 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Ill not be 
 
 the Short- 
 in perfec- 
 ) loia and 
 the body 
 mUl stand 
 Bt upon a 
 lie breast, 
 B flank of 
 will prove 
 
 the cardi- 
 it circum- 
 penditure 
 ich farm- 
 )n of the 
 uld be the 
 generally 
 leep havd 
 » districts 
 This fact 
 . breed of 
 ipplies to 
 Bven rest- 
 Lar atten- 
 ices even 
 ' access to 
 it a pure- 
 neat from 
 tages of a 
 ter disap- 
 
 rliest ago 
 n author- 
 'V'ler and 
 ire(Jhaiu- 
 erby(*hire 
 i for pres- 
 ure. By 
 lature too 
 )rogeny is 
 employed 
 ■y muscle, 
 the build- 
 at animal, 
 II the food 
 ■ the body 
 utmost to 
 igaments, 
 to be im- 
 lew set of 
 1 another 
 up. But 
 similative 
 
 83 
 
 K|^^:?=^calir 2Z:: "'"^-^«^ -^^^ -^ich to supply 
 
 tb^^;;;Ks:X^r;^S'o^^^ -y be quoted, but 
 
 years to 3 years old isaJiZ-^lu "eakened in constitution. From -^S 
 be the mothei of a iX li'u %'Zlt '''' "" ^\''^'' *« ^'-^'^'^ ^^ ^I'e is i 
 freely used without i^- in il L .?i^.l;l'^ ^"^^ °« ^"" ''^^' ^ « 
 system of breeding the tlLX .hn,! "^^^^ ^'"'^ ^^^""^^ old. In any 
 
 be regiilated by tlfe acci'.^U^^^^ gmvt extent^ 
 
 which the animals are to be kept u ,Z theVt'iS^^/''^ ?"?fh ^^^ 
 breeding. For economical nieat p. "duclion Vtl^*'^'''^.-^^^^'"^ ^"t or 
 to the very early spring. Cows il n nn? rL "'''^,'1.^ *""« Preferable 
 m-calf heifers, can be cheapirkX n irshn^"''"' ^^ •*''« '^''''y «"J 
 If they are to calve down in thrsnr iir. «n!i T'^'"^^ '^'Y'''^ the winter 
 fattened out upon tlie fodder jfndtKnnf In ""^ "^^^^ ^"^'««^'« ««'• l>e 
 animals are turned npon really good V ^'if ^* *^« hrei^diu^r 
 
 they are iu calf, they frequeutlv l?v on fin '^'''''''S the summer when 
 Wherethei)rogenyi8to£roo^^^^^ and produce puny calves, 
 
 time of calving is iSlStcHla.1^ years old, th£ 
 
 at grass and only t.'o wt^ef^lLThe ,S' ''' '"""'^« *^^^« «"'"•"-' 
 nJ^Zut'& Sa^onSS^i^f ^ -/^r preferable to tying 
 
 duce inflammation, rts.dt. 'g u milk e^er and snf 7^7' T '''^''^■ 
 the e.\e at such a Deiinrl i.i^ o „.i„ " speedy dea h. When 
 
 cine should b^L^ f/n^Ty gh eu ^ t^outTnlf""'" '''T '^^P^^'^"^ "''^^'^ 
 with some powdered g ng^r ami a1k? Ip sni i"" ^'''"^^ -^^ ^P^^'" ««lt«, 
 tbe purpose if given in tfme ^ "^ ^"'^ "^*"'' ^i" answei- 
 
 C.-STOCK-FEEDING. 
 
 I 
 
 ■'ccesscf either system pnrsuedloA v 1,^7,? r^^/l'"*^^'' ^''« "'^imate 
 ud must depend very much M on i;e "id u n/'n ^!TV ^^'^ ^^''"'e 
 top-dressing. A cow in full mi k an v Sd '?--n n"^'"^ ^"'^'^ ^^' "I^'^'» 
 up in that milk theearthy ingiedLZ of ri ^ ^ 'f ^'^ '*"'« "" 3*?ar gives 
 in.lk be sold oft- the farni or be m-^^^^^^^ 33 poi,„ds of dry bones. If this 
 ket, of course the whole .I^^ it i^lt ?, .? u!T ""1 ^''^^^'«« f^'" "' 
 
 equal to 30 pounds c,f common bcednstuL^ '"',1''^' "'•« '««« <« 
 consu ered to cany awi.y n.H,thc , o, ;u i rf ^''^^ calf reared may be 
 of such pastures can be kept up only b ?nF.T '""""'' ^'"'^ <^'0"'>i^ion 
 laud the ingredients of 50 Vou rof bone £"^' "' '^°^« ^^'"^ to the 
 known that iu the animal rapid g^^owtb and nl^^F ^^''^- ^' '« ^^^^1» 
 qualities; so, to encourage both, thrmuscK^ ./"^*?'"« nre opposite 
 euts and the iUt-forming%lements mu^f Llfi ^T?. ^^^"'"'^' constitu- 
 a general way, with liberal feSg tSen ?i,n 'n \^ ^^'^ '**"'« 'ime. la 
 to two years old than ever afterwards \V f '"^^'^^ '"^^*^' Progress up 
 state, the waste of tlu' body L W InnV^ ?" """"*^ '" **« natural 
 sumed. All excess of rooXyon ^Ust^ioes '1 i'?''^' ,^^' '^« ^"^^' ^ou- 
 lu the growing animal and fat in h^SSone ^"""^ ^"^^ "^"^^'^^ 
 
84 
 
 CATTLE AKD DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 * s 
 
 The object of the moat producer should be, by illiberal .supply of food 
 beyond natural requireiueiits, not oidy to maintain this equilibrium, 
 but also to create an artiticial condition favorable to the production of 
 fat. When tlio ox is thoroufj^hly fattened every cell throughout its cell- 
 ular ti.'\sue is well tilled. In the beef the fat will be tirni and solid and 
 of a rich creamy color. The fat in mutton is whiter and greater in ]>ro- 
 portion to the carcass. In pork the proportion is still greater. The 
 more we restrain the movements of the body the greater is the aptitude 
 f«)r fattening. Contentment aids the formation of fat. Violent exercise, 
 by stimulating the lungs, consumes the fatty matters. The size of the 
 lung has a marked intluence upon fattening. A large lung, developed 
 by abundant exercise, burns away the heat-producing matter and re- 
 tards fattening. On the other hand, a small lung and a small liver, 
 though they render the i)ossessor much more delicate, are favorable to 
 fattening. lu animals nature jn-ovides in a time of ])leuty for some of 
 their re<piirements in a time of scarcity. Starch and sugar maintain 
 beat and vitality, but unless there is a sui)i)ly of the fats and oils the 
 progress will be slow, because the maintenance of the vital principles 
 taxes the latter. All vegetable foods vary with the age of the plants 
 yielding them and the soil they grow uj/on. Hence the care necessary 
 in selecting seeds for laying down i)ast"res and in cutting and harvest- 
 ing hay and straw. When grass is couiparatively young it abounds in 
 flesh-forming substances and iu sugar. As the plant ripens the sugar 
 becomes changed into starch and the starch into wood liber. This 
 shows the desirability of cutting all grass crops for hay before they are 
 fully ripened. Cattle fed upon over-rii»ene(l hay have to consume some 
 13 or 14 per cent, more of indigestible woody fiber. 
 
 Tahie of various feeds. — Some ex])eriments in feeding with Lay alone 
 have shown that iu a large ox the store condition may be umintained 
 by giving it about one tiftielh of itsown weight perday, or, if working, 
 one-fortieth. A fattening ox, having nothing else, will consume from 
 one-twentieth to onetwentytiith of its live weight, according to the 
 degree of fatness it has attained. Sheep are said to consume about 
 one-thirlieth ]»art of their live weight of hay per day. These figures 
 will show us that when hay connuands a good jtrice in the market it is 
 not advisable to use it in any large quantity alone as a meat producer. 
 \A'ith hay slightly moldy or much weathered, the i>rocess of steaming 
 chatt", with an admixture of some maize meal, liiiely ground lin.seed- 
 cake, or even bran, renders it more palatable and much more nutritious, 
 as it greatly increases its digestibility. New hay is unwholesome and 
 iunutritious as compared with good old hay. Aftermath hay is better 
 adapted for cattle than for horses. Straw is, perhaps, less in lavor than 
 formerly as a cattle food. 
 
 I iigenial seasons, wet harvest, and blight and mildew in the crops 
 have lessened our dependence upon it, and the higii juice it has of late 
 years lealized in the market has ]daced it more on a ]>ar with hay for 
 feeding out. But the practice of cutting down large (piantities of it as 
 it comes fiesh from the threshiug-machine in the summer time, mixing 
 with a ton of the cut straw about a hundred weight of green cut fodder 
 and a bushel of salt, is kept up iu many jdaces ; and when the admix- 
 ture is properly maile so as to i)roduce a slight feruientation, it nuikes a 
 very economical winter feed. The fermentation in straw increases its 
 albumen about one per cent, and its feeding value as much as 25 per 
 cent. Green oat straw and pea straw fed out together are but little in- 
 ferior to hay. The oat straw of Scotland, where the crop is cut much 
 greener than ours, far surpasses that of this country iu feediug proiMjr- 
 
 I 
 
>l»l.vof food 
 quilihriuni, 
 oduction of 
 out itscoll- 
 1 solid uiid 
 Iter in i)ro- 
 'ater. The 
 be aptitude 
 lit exercise, 
 size of the 
 developed 
 ter aud re- 
 uiiall liver, 
 ivorable to 
 for some of 
 r maiiitaiu 
 nd oils the 
 principles 
 the plants 
 I nt-cessary 
 id harvest- 
 iibouiids in 
 i the supar 
 jer. This 
 re they are 
 8uuie some 
 
 I hay alone 
 maintained 
 if working, 
 sunie from 
 iiig to the 
 ume about 
 L'se figures 
 larket it is 
 producer. 
 F .steaming 
 id linseed- 
 nutritious, 
 esoiiie and 
 ly is better 
 lavor than 
 
 the crops 
 has of late 
 th hay for 
 ies of it as 
 ne, mixing 
 cut fodder 
 the admix- 
 it makes a 
 creases its 
 I as 25 per 
 It little in- 
 cut much 
 ng proiMjr- 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 85 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 aj muun La \n alloVSnce''of^o"tU"of ^ili. 'V'' ^'''' ^* "«^-- 
 of swedes, a wellbred steer will fatten r mm iv 1^ '-JS'I'"' "'^ '^ «tono 
 mixed bean meal and linseed cake b« ^ 1 ^ ' ^,''' ,'^ ^ "^ ^ Voiuh]^ of 
 be withdrawn. A ton of such striw pfi' 'T' ^^^^i^'^^ "f the roots may 
 with an a.hlition of 200 pouSoSl InsS '''"l^ ' '^''^^'^ fermented, 
 properties to a ton of the best hav Ti irn n ' ''•''''''' '' *^1"«' '" ^^'tMliui 
 <lenved from a proper admiSure of Zluo '"''' f^^''^ advantages to be 
 progressive cl.a iges. B ? all Xn/l"^ f '. VT" ''''" ^•'"'" Judicious and 
 gressive if we are to rece ve he m f.nl^^"l1 ^*^ ^^*^' ^''''^<'"^» «'»l pro 
 
 Carefully conducted experiW ^^ ^"''^^^^ ^'om them. ^ 
 
 narily favorable circi mstances tfo . "^""'"^"'^'^^^^^ t^'^^t under ordi- 
 of either 8 pounds of bean'mea o^ofTpZlSs'of- 1'^ " T'. «^ '^"''"'^ 
 duce one poun.l increase in th. live weiSot^^ « ^'f -""'^i^^^^ ''''" P^'^" 
 foods are used in combination, / /if « nn„n i p ')'"""'' ^"<^ '^ these 
 with G pounds of the other, t ^ ncTeLeiK liv^ *''• .°"^^'« ^^'^ «"t 
 will be not 2 pounds, as we n.ig It^ect .^J^J™ 
 proof that jndicious admixture is th.f?pnnn,- 1 t>oundsj a conclusive 
 ent instance the linseed cake is'em^tntlv ^ 'If ^ 'T^'"'- J'' ^he pres- 
 bean meal a tlesh-forming one A cSn IS ?<=-p'"'^"^'i!^ ^"«*'' ""^' the 
 with the actual results obtSed fro, ™^^^ "^?*^^J« compared 
 
 tain a pound of Hesli from every ghei/S S T^' ^^'* 7*^ •""^- ^^^ 
 tive matter which those foods cm t^i/wH. ?f ^'"''-^ ""^ *'''^^' ""^ 
 pounds of nutrition to yield pou of ft2 ^ -f,*"*.'^ ^'"'^"'^ ^^^ «i" 13 
 pounds; and with the pio Vi/.^i o fi nnn '""'^ll^^'^ «^'^^1'' ^ to 10 
 swedes contain 90 pouiub^'c f • ei and .Pr ^^'- ^'"'^ ^^^* I^""'"'-^ of 
 equal to the pro.Ii,cti(.n ot abou fnoZi '^^J^A^«"«ea"ently, when fed olf, 
 of Indian eon, „, ...aize c > tai imClv 1 tl \ V"*^ ''""•^•••''' I»"'""l« 
 will produce about 9 pou Is of S^sh ^ Vo ?"'• ',"* ^^'f^*^^^' substances, 
 by careful experiments that ennni .'..-vf ^ ' -^ '"V^ ''^**" ascertained 
 though 7 per ient. lowL in initdtt f. hh' ""/. '"'''""' I^*^*^^^' ^^"'^ ««ts, 
 fed out, weight for weS.t, "itU like Sits '" '"'" ''^""*'^' "^"^^ ^^« 
 
 D.-STOCK-WEIGIIT AND MEAT YIELD. 
 
 of ollal, and U pounds if he' v ^^cH ?i;-i;'\''''^^'"^^*'^t an.Io ponnds 
 und G pounds of' offal, i^ut thrin-onof If I t '•'"''''^ ? ^•^""*''^ "t" meat 
 the animal and the oftal t wi 11 Cree ,vi '^ !''^ ^'''^ ^*''«'^'t in 
 the sizeof the animal and the ^ree of f t " If ^"^ "1^°'^ 
 
 equal, it w 1 give the l.ioi,..<«- !L. ■ ''ittening. Other things beiiiff 
 
 A well-bred and wH fc<^ So^ro?'l'^L"^'"''r 1" thegreateiMveigh? 
 bo estimated to vield from It. A imperial stone live weight may 
 irnal be fe.l up to 140 o? Vi's .^^^l-^f^S'-t; «f beef. If the same an^ 
 
 08 per cent, of beef, whm. s o /of L v 7() nr'^n''^ "^'='- 
 
 more than 57 to 58 ner cV.f r,, \o ^ "' '^** ^^""« ^^'o»''l not vield 
 same weight will exceed the' ster hi i'tstTV'' '^'f '■'''''*^ ^''^'''' '^' t^^ 
 or 3 per cent. Newly-shoVshee, uS ^■^'''';'''*^'''^'^"'^'^^ '»v 2 
 average from 63 per cent to (n 2v!T'''''^i -'^ ''^ ^^* stone, would 
 weights if at the same time the br.^^^^ 'T^ '" P'OPO'-t'ou for' larger 
 
 u^'^re finished the feeding the 1 i I?./. ^ "'"^ ""'" ''*' **'*' ^^''^''''^^^^t. The 
 everything. ^ ^''^ '"-^^^ t''® percentage of meat to oftal in 
 
86 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY lAUMlNG 
 
 A tolorablj' correct estimate of tlie weijilit of a beast may bo ascer- 
 tained by uieasurement, and the jtrocess is not a diflicult oue. But 
 whoever uudertakes to solve the problem in this way should himself be 
 a good judge of a beast, and should know soinethinff as t^ the length 
 of time the animal has been in the stalls, the kind of food stipplied, and 
 the characteristics of the breed. Cattle whi(!h fatten at an early age 
 lay on more fat externally, whereas the late-futleuing breeds have more 
 internal fat. 
 
 The method of measurement, as summarized by Curteis is to take the 
 girth immediately behind the shoulder, drawing the tape fairly tight; 
 then take the length from the shoulder to the tail end, each place being 
 determined by nu imaginary i)erpendicular line let fall and clearing the 
 fore and hind quarters respectively. Square the girth iu feet, and mul- 
 tiplj the result by the length and the i)roduct again by a decimal se- 
 lected from the following : A moderately fat beast 0.23 ; fat 0.25; prime 
 0.26; very fat 0.27. The result gives the weight iu imperial stones. 
 But a simpler rule is to multiply the siiuare of the girth in inches by 
 the length in inches and divide the product by 7238, and th^ quotient 
 will give the weight in imi)erial stones. Another rule istouiultiply the 
 square of the girth in feet by five times the length iu feet and divide 
 by 21, and we have the same results. 
 
 (1) Ked-Polled Cattle. 
 
 The Eed-Polled cattle of Norfolk and Suttblk have within the last 
 two years gained an imijortant place in jiuhlic favor. Interest iu the 
 breed has been shown to such an extent tiiat its history and its claim 
 to recognition can no longer be said to be a mere local matter. These 
 circunistaiuies will doubtless be accepted by my readers as sufficient 
 warrant for a brief notice of the Ked Polls. 
 
 The history of Ked-Policd cattle can be carried back well into the last 
 century. Sulfolk had from time immemorial its breed of Polled cattle, 
 producing butter which, one huiulred and titty years ago, was asserted 
 to be '"justly esteemed the pleasmitest and best in Englaiul." Arthur 
 Young, in his " Survey " (A. I). 1~\H), defines the area " a tract of coun- 
 try 20 miles by 12, *" * * the seat of the dairies of Suifolk," which, 
 lie said, must be peculiarly considered the headciuarters of the Sullolk 
 Polled stock, though he found the breed spread over the whole country. 
 In this survey we get the first accurate description of the bree<l. Though 
 Arthur Young makes no note of Norfolk Polled cattle, yet advertise- 
 ments of sales held in and from the year 177S ])rove that dairies of such 
 animals were numerous in the county, and that they extended from the 
 northern boundarv of the Suttblk "head(]uarters'' well into the center 
 of Norfolk. 
 
 An old Ehnham tenant, who survived till 1S72, recollected Red-Polled 
 cattle on the estate so long ago as the year 17.S0. At Shi|)dliain they 
 were greatly valued from a date certainly as early. At Necton they 
 were kept from a remote period. The predominant breed in Norfolk at 
 that time (see Marshall's " Itural Econo;ny of Norfolk," notes written 
 from 1780 to 1782) was, however, a "Herefordshire br»'ed in miniature" 
 and " the fiivorite color a blood-red, with a white or mottled face." Mar- 
 shall, fortunately, preserves for this generation a record of the i)rocess 
 by which the excellencies of this now extinct old Norfolk blood-red stock 
 have been combined with the proverbial merits of the Suttblk Red- 
 Polled. He says there were several instances of the Norfolk breed being 
 crossed with Suttblk bulls, and that the result was " increase of size and 
 an improvement of form." 
 
 I 
 
lay bo ascer- 
 It oue. But 
 (I himself be 
 > the h'UKth 
 iiippliotl, aiul 
 [111 <>arly age 
 1m have more 
 
 8 to take the 
 fairly tight; 
 
 I phice being 
 clearing the 
 ^et, and mul- 
 b decimal se- 
 0.25 ; prime 
 arial stones. 
 
 II inches by 
 th3 quotient 
 multiply the 
 
 and divide 
 
 hiu the last 
 :ereat in the 
 lid its claim 
 tter. These 
 as sufliiiicit 
 
 into the last 
 oiled cattle, 
 las asserted 
 [1." Arthur 
 ■act of conn- 
 blii," which, 
 the Sullolk 
 jIo country. 
 (1. Though 
 t advertise- 
 ries of such 
 ed from the 
 ) the center 
 
 Red-Polled 
 ulhain Ihey 
 k'cton they 
 I Norfolk at 
 )tes written 
 miniature" 
 ace." Mar- 
 the i)rocess 
 id -red stock 
 utiolk Red- 
 breed being 
 of size and 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 87 
 
 '' recollect the tiniewhe.i no otIerrnlnM' '''^'^•^'"ff »• ]«0-', could 
 a Suttblk cow," and in the "Lie ,hcus l, 'o,': h'^ r"'"!*.^**' ''^"'<*'<1 ^^ in 
 hat -the red cow had ostabliih rt fe '^.V ' » ' ''"' "'l'»'"e<l 
 
 ing of the Sutfolk Agricultural Socil v J Jr) \. ^ ''«^''«V« t« ^''"t meet- 
 yeloped to get rid of the color diSictionThi ^ ^^''j"«»«.V being de- 
 the ren,eml,rance of the fact tinit" r" d a d Jht^ 'i"""'' !"''^ '"''«^'" *'•«"» 
 ish cream color" had been an accente c lor L r' ^""^"•^' "»»1 *i .vellow. 
 or«. In Norfolk, as has been said .l.Vi^ 
 
 a few districts sheeted Polls were preferred tL f V ^ ''?'^'"' '»"* >» 
 the last forty years set steadilv in oZlT^Lu^i'T .'"*« *^"»'»« 
 recognized as the mark of exLlllZisad^^^^^^^^ '« "«^ 
 
 spot of white, which Mr. George used tisvS'.. '^'r^'"^^' »"^^ the 
 has been well nich crossed onf Tiw. , J ^^*f** '^^'Pn of good breeding 
 plainly the clegZin wS £ oldNJStbrZ,"^ ^V'^^^P^^'l 'Hows 
 and, on the contrary, the freeZfronLnl^^*'^^^'^^'^^'^^ Polls, 
 udder ami fa.'o is evidence oTthrUSenr^^^ ^" the 
 
 acter Theamalgainationof thetwHarfeliP^ v 
 folk Polled -maj' with certai ity b^ tr iS frmn^n^^ ^ *^"«" »od Suf- 
 counties henceforth met in an iLorab o c^nuSt l^*! Th ^T' ^«*^ 
 Purchase of the handsomest and truest breiTreds toe uJ^^ «l\o^^-yard. 
 
 mark on tl.o under ,,art offbo belly iVtli.'in L vL '* °^ "■ "'»"" ^^1»''« si)or or 
 
 -ine i)oints of a superior animal are as follows- 
 wfir;Nt^Za^i-^;;,:;S:"'^''"'^"'" ^•''-' ■"" ^'- tl,, of t,. tai..nay be 
 
 Maraball and Yo„„g-. Tl,i fim.cr mj's- ' ^ '^ ""^ '"l"'" ''«'!' <>f 
 
 wSr;,a"i,:xs,,|:;s^^^^^^^^^ '"f- f -i«i,t f„r age, 
 
 and tlio meat i» ,.,,„„i „r„„. l„..sVUVld 4 ^ ■'?,"''" ""^'^ '"« "'■". 
 
 an™a,.deaa..,.u,aL';,;t;-;\t-is-'i^;;!;a'7;,,:Ki,tiis 
 
88 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 moMt (liftlcult to get Niu!li facts, tli()iif,'li tlioy are most UHcful for pur- 
 poses of comparison. Tlio two following roconlH will, however, partially 
 servo this end : 
 
 Mr. A. Taylor's Red-Polled steer, first prize at the Smithfleld Club 
 Show, 1881 (aged three years seven nioiiths, sire Norfolk, dam Sutfolk), 
 had a recorded live weight of 17 cwt., I qr., 1 lb. Its dead weight 
 was 1)1 stone, pounds (1.280 poujids), a percentage of (i«J.74 of the live 
 weight. The same exhibitor's heifer (aged three years, one month, 
 three weeks) had a live weight of 13 cwt., .{ qrs., 14 lbs. Its dead 
 weight was 72 stone, 7 pounds, a percentage of (J5.31 of the live weight. 
 Mr. J. J. Colman's prize cow, Faunio (aged Urn years, three and a half 
 months), which had produced live calves, had a live weight of 17 cwt., 
 21i lbs,, an<l v,as sold by public auction at Ipswich at a sum which 
 equaled 4.375^7. per j)ound, calculated on the live weight. 
 
 The dead weight of a three-year nineinonths old Norfolk steer, showu 
 at Norwich in 1878, by the Prince of Wales, w.is 80 stone, 4 pounds; 
 of Mr. A. Taylor's three-year ten-months old steer, lirst prize wiuuer 
 at the same show. 111 stone, 12 j)ounds. 
 
 This record is nearly equaled by that of a bull of Mr. Loflft's breed- 
 ing, which, when slaughtered in "fair condition only," gave a dead 
 weight of 110 stone. 
 
 These are not mentioned as exceptional weights ; they happen to be 
 available because they were recorded at the time of slaughter. 
 
 Portraits of Red PoW».— Uavyson .$(1 48, the bull showii in the illus- 
 tration, was bred by Mr. John Hammond of liale, Kast Dereham; was 
 sold as a two-year-old to Mr. J. Foster Palmer, and was subsequently 
 bought at auction by Mr. W. A. Tyssen Amherst, M. P., aL 205 guii.eas. 
 Ho was calved in August, 1873, being of the Davy (LI 1) tril)e, and 
 sired by a bull of Powell blood, as was his dam. He was the reserve at 
 the Noifolk show of 1875, and since that year has never been beaten at 
 a royal or county show, winning sixteen first i)rizes and six cups. 
 Dolly (No. 2), calved November 3, 1870, the older of the two females in 
 the illustration, was in Mr. Colman's cup collection in 1881, and again 
 in 1882. In each year she was first in her class, and last year she also 
 won the cup ottered for the best IJed- Polled cow or heifer at the Nor- 
 folk show. She is a heavy-fleshed animal, inheriting that charieter- 
 istic from her great-great-granddam, Minnie, tli(> fountlressof aNecrton 
 tribe, and herself the daughter of the lied-1'olled bull which won first 
 prize at the Norwich lioyal in 1849. This IMinnie tribe realizes high 
 prices, and is, as a rule, very good both for milk and for flesh. The 
 sire of Dolly, and also of the other female in the illustration, was Rufus, 
 a bull of Powell's famous Rose tribe, bred by tli(^ late Lord Sondes. 
 
 Silent Lady (O 9), calved December IS, 18S0, the yearling heifer 
 yliown in the illustration, was also in :Mr. Colman's cup collection of 
 1882. She traces back to one of Sir E. Kerrison's grand cows— a 
 superior milker. 
 
 Milk yield of Red Polls.— Mv. Eweu recently gave a dailv return of 
 the milk yield of one cow, extending over eight months, and the monthly 
 averages of four others in the Didlington House Farm herd. The cow, 
 Davy 27th, whose daily record is given, is of the same tribe as Davy 24th, 
 whose average yield for seven months was stated in th(^ Almanac of the 
 Live Stock -lourual to have been 42 pints |»er day. Daw 27th was se- 
 lected by Mr. Ewen to test the (piestion of the' value of the Gudnou 
 escutcheon theory as applicable to Red-Polled stock. She was fed in 
 the ordinary Norfolk ftxshion, in common with the cattle in the largo herd 
 
 » 
 
 J 
 
eful for pur- 
 ver, pjirtijvUy 
 
 ithfleld Club 
 Iniii Siitrolk), 
 (Unul weifiht 
 74 of t ho live 
 
 ono month, 
 s. Its (leiui 
 
 livo weight, 
 loiuul a half 
 
 it of 17 (!Wt., 
 
 sum which 
 
 steer, nhown 
 e, 4 pounds; 
 )rlzo wiuuer 
 
 oflft's breed- 
 ravo a dead 
 
 appen to be 
 ter. 
 
 in the iilus- 
 reham; was 
 iibsequently 
 J05 pfuii.eas. 
 I) tribe, and 
 e reserve at 
 ;n beaten at 
 d six cups. 
 f) females in 
 l, and ai;ain 
 ear she iilso 
 at the Nor- 
 t character- 
 of a Ne(;ton 
 L!h won tir.st 
 ializes hiyh 
 flesh. The 
 was Rufus, 
 Sondes, 
 fling heifer 
 ol lection of 
 id cows — a 
 
 y return of 
 he monthly 
 , The cow, 
 Davy 24th, 
 lanac of the 
 ;7th was se- 
 he Gudnon 
 was fed in 
 i largo herd 
 
 I 
 
H 
 
 i I 
 
 ri 
 
 St 
 
89 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 owned by Mr. Jobu UauimoTwl Ti.o fv.ii • 
 
 trial. uauimoiKi. riie tollowiug 18 the result of the 
 
 Haihi yield of milk, in pints. 
 IDavy 2-th, ill. EcgisterXo. 1451.] 
 
 trial : 
 
 Dnv of moist h. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 46 
 
 Oct. 
 
 JTor. 
 
 46 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 3" 
 
 40 
 
 39 
 
 
 39 
 
 Veh. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 39 
 
 3« 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 8G 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 89 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 3r 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 39 35 
 
 SB 35 
 
 39 35 
 
 89 35 
 
 30 35 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 89 
 
 31 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 38 44 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 
 36 
 36 
 
 
 Apr. 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 24 
 
 84 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 24 
 
 34 
 
 9^ 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 83 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 S3 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 as 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 22.8 
 
 
 Wild Rose Cousin 
 Golden Locks .. 
 
 Oenllc Itosc 
 
 I'ausio 
 
 [ Ant'ust -28 (4tli calf) 
 Soptcnilici- 7 (L'd ,.ain . 
 
 ■ no.vnilirr 17 (HdcMlf). 
 
 ■ .lanuHrv4 (.'Id call).... 
 
 ^0 38i!38;3n ;i4ji34 3, 
 
 ^- 41 : 40 ;i»l ;i7' ; 3»f :i5 
 
 "" 34 ;r.'i I .T.> ;iij 
 
 ! 38 38 344 
 
 In Ell-land sy.stomatic tests for mill- mwI <... 
 by tlie fanners. Ft is oidv ir f„ • i / ' ''''"" '"'^ »*>t carried out 
 
 .Viold is 2;-. to ;m „i„ s o ■ i.i ; 1 'T'' -"'^ ''"'^ •' '''''' ^^hose averaio 
 
 n-e profitable S^e' I rjl';:!; 'll^ir^.^^r '/^t f ^"^' >-' - 
 
 ^aucy L'nd (K 11>) dropped hei f our .^ f 'I '"''f tl'at period, 
 week ending February 5, liV> si 'J, ^'^'/n '^^ "' ^'^'^^' i" tl«e 
 
 of cream, as indicated in i L^radu n^S , . //", '"" ' ''* "''"^" ' l»''-wntaffe 
 at roof *,.— -ifT- ''-- ' {,i<muare(l test-tube jifter tlw "• ' - i i 
 
90 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 w 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 tou-seed cake, 4 pouuds brau, 1 bushel carrots, aud U bushels barlev 
 straw aud hay chaff. This cow, Naucy 2ud, wlleu iu full profit, August 
 31, was giving 36 pints of milk per day. ' s -"^ 
 
 Davy 24th (H 1), showu three years iu successiou, dropped her second 
 calf on January 27, 1882, aud garc a daily average yield of milk from 
 that date to August 31 of 42 pints; i)erceutage of cream, 18. Cherrv 
 Leaf (V 3) dropped her third calf on May 16, aud gave, to August 31 aii 
 average daily yield of 42 pints of milk. Flirt 3d ( V 1), a cow of similar 
 breeding to-Cherry Leaf, gave, six weeks after producing her first calf 
 a yield of 249 pints of milk iu the week ; percentage of cream, 15. Wax- 
 work 6th (U 9) (the tribe in which the bull iSlasher is included) produced 
 lier first calf on January 8, au<i on August 31 was giving milk which 
 yielded 21 i)er cent, of cream. 
 
 The following returns are from the Nectou Hall herd (Mr. R. H Ma- 
 sou's): ^ " 
 
 Iu the third week of February the cows were on pasture (very light land) most of 
 the day, with a few roo s ; at night they each received 7 poundscottou cake aud spict^d 
 cake, 7 poun.is bran, 14 pouud« hay and cut straw. Naucy 3d (N 3), aged six years 
 dropped h..r calf lu December, 1881 ; on February 18 yielded 2d pints of milk at two 
 successive milkings; percentage of cream, 16. Pet (N 1), ago 6 years, dropped Z? 
 If r^^^lT^V^J "M""^^ tVbruary yielded 23 pints of milk^ percentage of cream' 
 3o. fu ip (N 4), with similar conditions, yielded 25 pints of milk ; i)ercentai«rof 
 cream, 34. And Tulip (N 7), aged D years', which dropped her ca f in October ^BSl 
 was yielding 26 pints of milk i)er day in February. wciooer, laai, 
 
 thrfoVLwingfZltt:"" '" '^' '"'* °^ '^"°"'^' ''■^"'" *^' "°^" ^"'" '^^ ^* B'^'- ^'"h 
 Empress (N 4), which dropped her third calf on April 10, violded 22 pints of milk 
 
 IkHrehU ^rt'-^'" f "'■'■""' ^- ^"'.'"'"^ ^^ •')' ^^ '"'=1^ d™Pl>"l lior finr h calTon 
 March 22, gave 30 pints ; percentage of cream, 26. 
 
 The butter beiug pio.iueed by eleven cows in August was 80 i)ounds, and 120 pints 
 
 of new milk were sold per week. In the year 1881, from the herd of'l3 RedpKl 
 
 cows, 8 heifers, and 1 Alderney, the produce of marketable butter was 3, 120 J pounds • 
 
 •^n '"i.'^..n''^''i "^ga"""" : "•'"'» **"l<i, 101 pints ; monev value, iudependentTskim 
 
 "„"/ru'i n*^-! l". '^" ^'^l^J^'' ^'T " "'"■^^' *' ^'^^'''' ■■""' I Aldernev, he reduce ^f 
 aiarketablo butter was 3,434 j.ounds ; new milk, ii86 gallons ; cream, liu gallons The 
 money realized was £281 4s. 2rf. <"", i'>t {,auon8. ine 
 
 Primrose (K(i; an eleven-year old cow in Lord Kiml.eiley's herd, gave on winter 
 feed (hay, cha 1, bran, and cake), .six weeks after calv.ng. 32 j.ints < t^milk peT- div 
 and the marketable butter produced was [) pouuds i.er week. ^ ^' 
 
 Mr. Lofft, Troston Hall, reported the testing of two of his cows of the 
 Handsome (U J) tribe, ea(;h of which consunu'd ],er dav 4 i)ounds cottou 
 cake, 2 pounds hinipson's meal, 6 stone of beet root, a'nd U bushels of 
 chatt. Handsome oth, four months after calving, vielde(r28 pints of 
 milk per day and 7 i.ounds of markelable butter per" week. Handsome 
 6th yielded 32 pints ol milk per day and U) ,„.un.is of butter i)er week 
 
 Mr. li. Crooderham, Monewden, unifoimh causes his cows to breed 
 Tv-?, 7>^'' 'li'ilV,'^ secretion of milk is thus fostered. One of his cows 
 UUd Lo.se of Kilburn, which was first prizewinner as a vearlin.'at thi' 
 Koyal meeting of 187!>, produced her first calf when wanting two ,lavs 
 ot being two years old. Before she was f ree year.s old she produced a 
 second call and again within twelve months a third. Eight weeks alter 
 tlibs la.st calf was droi)ped she gave 30 i.ints of milk per dav on winter 
 teed, and her average ol butter was 9 i)ounds j.er week, taking all the 
 year, since she never goes dry. In June 1882, six months altei calving 
 
 honor at the Sultolk show in June, 1881. 
 The herd of Mr. J. J. Colman, M. P., which has seven times in eight 
 
 Inn'JT^^^'T^' ^^■^''■^'•' '''' *''« ^'"^'^'•''""^ «''«^^ <■"'• tbe best coS 
 tion, includes the seven-year old cow, Silent Lass, the yearling heifer 
 
i bushels bailey 
 ill profit, August 
 
 jpped Ler second 
 eld of milk from 
 3am, 18. Cherry 
 to August 31, an 
 a cow of similar 
 iug her first calf, 
 sream, 15. Wax- 
 Jluded) produced 
 ving milk which 
 
 d(Mr.K.H.Ma- 
 
 ligbt land) most of 
 tou cake aud spiced 
 3), aged six years, 
 luts of iiiilk at two 
 years, droi)pGd her 
 rcentage of cream, 
 ilk ; percentage of 
 If iu October, 1881, 
 
 e all at grass, with 
 
 d 22 piuts of milk 
 her fourth calf on 
 
 uids, aud 120 pints 
 d of 13 Red Polled 
 i'a8 3,l'^0Jpound8; 
 dependent of skim 
 uey, the produce of 
 1 13i gallons. The 
 
 rd, ^avo on winter 
 8 (It milk per day, 
 
 his cows of the 
 i Itounds cotton 
 1 U bushels of 
 led L\S pints of 
 k. Handsome 
 litter i)er week, 
 cows to breed 
 •neofhis cows, 
 yearling at the 
 iiting two days 
 ■<he i)roduce(i a 
 jht weeks a Iter 
 day on winter 
 taking all the 
 sailer calving, 
 nm won a like 
 
 times iu eight 
 e best collec- 
 rearling hciler 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. gj 
 
 shown iu the illustration.* This r.««r ^ • . , 
 
 milk per day, eight weeks aftl? cal?L'" 7n%lVZl' 'T '' '^'"^^ <>' 
 at grass-very poor herbage, growing ni, m .., ?' l\^^^ *^^ ^«^« ^^^^^ 
 of the milk, using for the Pur^osriKn'^S tl'^ cnality 
 
 ol the Hanover Vulcanite Comi,aiivTi/n? ^^^''' ^^'' "Pioslvop" 
 
 pioskop direct from the "dder, when mi IHm i. .!]"f '^''V']' '^'^ *« the 
 lent i.ass, five months after cal•in!^yie:d,:i'i^'*,'" '^'^'^ <l«»e. Si- 
 fatty particles than ar^ ibund in id, „i l'"'i^' ''^',*^'' ««»ia"'tMl more 
 Even the first miik drawn fronl the mlXro? Doll v? "" '^? ^^^''^^^^• 
 calving, w«8 "normal" according to the testor n mV i '' """"^''^ ""^'^^"^ 
 was very rich, as was also the yield of tiio nthoJl .'*''' V''''^^^ .Veld 
 seven months after calving, and Ro eb. 1 %IkZ' ^ ' ^^T ^ ^ ^)' 
 calving. "i^iMHi -a (iv I7), ume months after 
 
 Mr. Garrett Taylor's large herd at WhitllTmi,o,» „ 
 exclusively for the supply of mi 1 to custS'!^ kept 
 
 w nch have a large demand ior the arSe nn^ f«,n^u ^i'^^ ^^^^ 
 
 with the fact that the milk of the Red Sm Ip .fH '''""''^^^ ^^<^ l^»^J*c 
 One of the Whitlingham cows, on winte? S n .? S 
 gave 32 pints of milk per day anothe^, 27 nts ' ""''^^ ''^''' ^^'^'"8' 
 
 Mr B. Stimpson, of Morton, reported two of his on^. 
 as yield ng daily. Cheerful, ten weeks aftercalinL' Z%Z ""f""-^!" ^'^^^ 
 Silky, SIX weeks after calving, 2(J nii.tr Ti 1 1 5;. ' '"^f ^^^'"''k, and 
 milk amounted to 14^ pounds per week ' ""^^'^ ^""" ''"'ir 
 
 A four-year old cow of the Eaton strain in Air T 17 t? 
 Swaniugton, yielded, five weeks after cX'i.. in f ' "'^''^''r^ ^^^^'^lat 
 pulped swedes, and 'cut straw ^ith 3 po^ "t dZn'.'r '" ?«/'-''".V, 
 cake-2S,,intsof milk perdav. IJisher T.l.n ^leeo rticated eottou 
 and one Shorthorn) ])roduced in t Iw. vol > " ''o "''' ^^^^ 
 ]435poun,lsof butter, S/w 1, mli'4" T"'^"'^' Scpt^'mber 30, 1882, 
 made the total retuni £118 15^31' ^*' a'"ount.ngto £11 i.s^. k;,,; 
 
 ai4s;;^;^^;i;^^f^;in^^^^;;;;i^ 
 
 s^r^>e^ ii^er^^' '- '■'- - ^^'-'- ^;^- "'^^s iS.:;.s:7o;:l^^'^? 
 
 Red-Polled caUle are found to i»v ,.., <i 1 
 
 poorest character, wlKU.'oror breed nlc^ft.n'''''^ ''" '\^^^'"-^' """ ^'"-^ 
 ply of richer food'. The dry t >m n'^.tn ! 7//^^ ''j i^^^ ='" additional sup- 
 ture seem more particularly to ml ^ If' ""*' ^''^* l^'^"'- 1»"«- 
 
 Stock. The first cross s ilfsi mVb a R^.rp^n^^'TV^ ""'''''' '^^'^^'^ 
 
 What horn,.d breed is the .lam is in lllv r. i".. /''^ ^" '' "^* ""^*t^''' "f 
 acter. Such animals wIum t^^t no !' ir ^''\'^:'';i"<l PoU.'d in char- 
 
 have recently seen a iin.l m . f s H. ^ f ' ''"",-''^. ^'>' *^'« l^'it'^lior. I 
 
 Polled bull and a PurXelVJ : !y'.^r mr;;;^; ftVr*"^ ^^''''• 
 
 cellent one. S(.me of the auimds . v. ■ ''"'.^''"^ lu' cross is i.n .-x- 
 
 Of ^ S ':;!;ur;;;;:^;;/!;;;:^r ;- --^i- '"-r -^ « i" t,. scarcity 
 
 pest hnving a few vearsno^, beenfVt i '''"'" ^'''' *'^''^ ^*" '•*"<»<''' 
 
 then in the more .iott^voH y t^f F s M^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^'f^'^ 
 
 Shortlmrnsam^i>evons^.^.att;J^ 
 
 quently only aboMt, four years old , t b. la i o / vl^:';;'","''''''' '"'"• '""• ^van'oousol 
 would therefore appear as if tbe '• sii,„ , ,''..".''"'•'' '"« .'''•""'t ^va.s written. It 
 cow- wiful, Lady "shown as a vearlV, , Vl .Til , ,'' 'i^'*""*''^ ''•'■>* another tban the 
 
92 
 
 N il I 
 
 .i 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMIxXQ. 
 
 tie were des' sed and their merits ignored. With reffistnffn.. iw.«r 
 
 noblemi ^^^^ . "nnil.ers ,s beui^ ,n some measure co.npensated ibr 
 noblemen and gentlemen now sparing- no pains to make thi breed a sue: 
 
 Weight and measure of MedPolIs.-m. Tyssen-AxnhevaUM P ofDirl 
 ?"'f/"" °'l"' li'-is, at my request, weighed and measured 'several cxtli 
 m the Didlington herd with the following results, tL stock hW^ 
 tirely on the grass of very poor land : ^ ®"" 
 
 Name. 
 
 Davyaon 3il , 
 
 BULL. 
 
 Age. Weight. 
 
 Davy 24th (Hi) 
 
 Dolly (P9) 
 
 Wild Briar (Bfl) 
 
 Pretty Flower (Big)., 
 
 Pansio (1520) 
 
 Bertha (A 20) 
 
 Cheerfnl (K 10) 
 
 Kancy 2(1 (IC 19; 
 
 Countess (L 11) 
 
 Dolly (XB) 
 
 Nancy <X15) 
 
 Satin'(T7) .... 
 Norfolk Witch (W 14) . 
 I'oppj (U3) 
 
 COWB. 
 
 Tears ' 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 I' 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3i 
 
 5 
 
 2J 
 
 Pounds. 
 2,093 
 
 1,344 
 
 1, 320 
 
 1,436 
 
 1,427 
 
 1,281 
 
 1,354 
 
 1,514 
 
 1,650 
 
 1.350 
 
 1,472 
 
 1,649 
 
 1, 358 
 
 1,387 
 
 1,484 
 
 Lenfith 
 
 from 
 poiEt of 
 snoiilder. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 5 -J 
 
 4 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 11 
 
 5 00 
 
 6 00 
 5 2 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 Girth. 
 
 rt. In. 
 7 10 
 
 6 9 
 
 4 8 
 4 7 
 4 11 
 
 Ft. In. 
 7 10 
 
 5 9 
 
 6 4 
 
 6 8 
 
 6 7 
 
 6 S 
 6 6 
 
 6 7 
 
 e'iol 
 
 Slasher, 577, bred by Mr. LoflFt, combining Norfolk and Suffolk blood 
 had a hvo we.ghtof 27 cwt (3,024 poun.ls) af the .,e of four years se veil' 
 months ; girth, 8 feet 2 inches. His son, Kollick, 558, of the same tribe 
 as Dolly, No. 2 (see illustration), weighed at (he age of two x?^rs ei^ht 
 mon hs eighteen weeks, 1 n cwt., :i qrs.. 14 lbs. (2,22(Tpounds)!a,un tsdead 
 weight was 100 stoneof]4pounds. The bull C\>rte.', (M5, wS^^^^^^^^^^ 
 one year eight months old, 12cwt., 20 lbs. (1,363 pounds); eiglt weeks 
 after his hve weight wa.s 12 cwt., 3 grs., 9 lbs. (1,437 pounds) ; g^rtU 
 
 feet 10 inches. King Egbert, 088, at fifteen nonths three week? 
 weighed cwt., 3 qrs., 2 lbs. (1,200 pounds); girth fee t i ches' 
 Three bul calves at Didlington under five monU.s old, aJ tlu get of 
 M Vh^^-o'•''''^^'' "'i^r'^^tof 3cwt., Iqr. (304 pounds 3''cwt^, 
 14 lbs (3.,0 pounds) and 3 cwt., 12 l!>s. (348 j.ounds), respectively 
 
 7a-'J ' \ } o".^^I^> ^H' ^^^^^ '» ''^"^' weight of 8 cwt., 1 or., 14 lbs 
 (9. 8 pounds ; g.rth feet 1 inch. A Primula heifer, calve.l January 
 3, 1883, weighed on the following May 31, 3 cwt, 1 or "M) lbs HSO 
 
 ir (9:^poun,r;f •'''''"^ ""''' •"' ^'"'^'' '■''' ^-" *--<• '^ weighVqrs.f iX 
 Practical crperimenial hrcedinff of Red Polls.— Slv. R. E. Lofft of 
 Bury bt. Edmunds, a famous breeder of the Ked-Polled viu- ety eiveH 
 some very unusual information. lie says : ^ ' ^ 
 
egistratioii, Iiow- 
 be last ten years^ 
 joinpensated t'oVf 
 I the breed a suc- 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 93 
 
 St, M. P., of Did- 
 d several cattle 
 stock living eii- 
 
 'th 
 
 n 
 of 
 ler. 
 
 Total 
 length. 
 
 Girth. 
 
 rn. 
 
 •2 
 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 7 10 
 
 6 9 
 
 Ft. In. 
 7 10 
 
 6 9 
 
 II 
 
 
 R A 
 
 no 
 
 ... 
 
 6 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 )0 
 
 
 R 9 
 
 ?, 
 
 
 R A 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 6 7 
 
 6 9 
 
 6 7 
 
 7 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 io 
 
 SuflToIk blood, 
 'ur years seven 
 lie same tribe 
 ■vo years eifrlit 
 s),aiiditsdead 
 weighed when 
 i; eight weeks 
 ounds); girth 
 
 three weeks, 
 feet inches . 
 
 all the get of 
 inds); 3ewt., 
 
 respectively, 
 lived January 
 
 1 qr., 14 Ib.s. 
 Ivcd January 
 ., 20 lbs. (380 
 'igli 3 (jrs., 10 
 
 E. Loflt, of 
 -ariety, gives 
 
 I ri'Mts on a snb- 
 12<).1!). Iliavo 
 fivo from 4 to 6 
 I sot nioro store 
 iiijf. Wo hftvo 
 ?»'pt!Qna!. r am 
 lively for beef. 
 > 17 cwt., and u 
 
 •<£■ 
 
 Steer at two yoars old, 12 to 13 cwt SA..nn,i „ ■ m . 
 
 poses, inilk and beef combined. A cow of tbi«tn'^t • ll'^''*^ ^"'"'a' f"r general pur- 
 about 15 to 18 cwt, and steers at two voara oldT, ,T„^^* l'^''"^' " *" 13 cwt., a bull 
 anima exclusively for milk. This at first f am trviVr?"""/'""-, ^^''''^' *» «"'ail-sized 
 can, with an abnormal development of milk I bSu.lV''''^"' '^'V'*" "« ^ l>««siblv 
 
 freely as I could wish, as Kod Pol/s are scarco ' No w I X ,n"" 'l'^ *« ^^'^''"1 «"' ^s 
 ber for fattenmg purposes every year. As a rule I on Iv «, n i" "'''*' *'' ^l'"'''*"* 'i »"«>- 
 about two yearsold. I l-refortoVatteningoff cowsto s?ib,?;,' ,*^"^ \" y°""^' l^'Hs of 
 ing purposes Sly fat steers are generally sou7ra?bcI u.fibr i' ^""^ ^'^odi^S or milk- 
 
 fattened off at three years. "i"<-i, generally have a calf and are 
 
 I consider the Ked Polls to be a color variation of tlio nUi «..«• n 
 a light yellow or pale ginger color, and I fancv it ton i= ^»f^o]k cow, which is of 
 original White Polled cow kept by the moS a"cl nmv i.^^"f yariation of the old 
 in noblemen's parks. I have the mind to set up two suVn dnfr?; '""f^r^^ ^ept tame 
 ti€s; I have already secured some an.l got the t rom^se ,f nf^I '^ of these two varie- 
 comprised of about equal parts of blood VrKorfoTk.tSH^Vl^VT*^^ ^^^'^ i« 
 fhrl ?^ff '''' breeding, unless, of course, it shows bad%esultHM^ ?\''''H, ^ a™ in 
 three different sizes is quite contrary to the usual idt is nnn„ ;>, ^^ >?»» «>f breeding 
 present I see no reason to regret the course I have lako,?^ L f° ""^Jr^*'*' '^"t <'»'• ^^^ 
 cious selection is more prepotent than either food or oHmoff ^ %\ "',^ *=**" «'^f. J"di- 
 etart.ng with the same blood and food annther condition^^^^ ^^"/*«* ^^''^ I ''ope, 
 animals that weigh over I ton, down tranimaN 1 1, it onL "^'ftepco. to produce 
 quite certain I can, points to the same conc°usi^n When fw?^* ^ ''^^- ""' ^ ^^^ 
 Polls tbey had short wire coats, but now thov h vve lo.urJii^ * ^'l^^" ^^ ^'^^'^ Ked 
 low skins. As far as I can see, k first-class tT,ni.;n,Ii i •? -'^^y '^°^'«' ^^'^1' soft mel- 
 breed than any other characteristic ,- the maTeriaTm.v^h* " """'." 5^'^^"" *" ^^ ^ a 
 • t up and another yields it up to ho muKn Cows hlT*''*'"*' ^''\ «"« *=«^^ stores 
 
 breed heifers that are only the commoTSraitho^jX.S tit''' ?»«' '"'^'^^'-^ °"e° 
 milking strains. ' '•"''ougu jmt to good bulls out of good 
 
 times lucern in the banf, or they m."v bo turned out fn./"" *="''? "' '•'"«««'' = «»'ne. 
 fed with cake, hay, cabbages, swdcs <,r turn?.,« nr , ^'^ •y.'"'- ^" ^''"*er they are 
 just as it may happen. oTanVs .rwel a^ ma ;bf«?^''''' ^'*^ '^/"^ ^"«I'<^'« of meal, 
 circunist.ances-suoh as hon.o crop or cheap .ess f aVtHf.lol /°"^ ^'"* '^" '^«P«"^1« «" 
 As lor the working powers of the Re Pn u t "'^*'<'<''«1 food. 
 
 ticks' M;!SSr^theweK.orr*^ f^« ^"-"'« '"'-- 
 cattle are so famous SVlerm it r'.^fJS ^•'»^^^' ^^''""^^ 
 
 uuunal averag,- yield ..f niilk .er c w h X^'Vn^, "n '^''^^"^'^ !'"'^ *^« 
 pints is the usual quantitv ren i ,i f^ . , 1,000 gallons, and that 20 
 does not inaunfXTil^^^^^^ He 
 
 <iuantity nece.ssaryto„,ake heSnu^.tit^^^^^^^^^ ?"'' • ^ ^" ^'''^' *'^« 
 ^^'elght of the Ketl Polls, he ii.fornfs s ^m S n"^"'"-, ^^''^ ''^'« 
 rounds, at maturitv, and that the .n.l^'rt; T ^''^'^^ Ponnds to 2,000 
 also at maturity, is mrlvoaual K^^^ '»eat of a fattened steer, 
 
 posed mostly of Wavy dt^^^ ^Jlf "^ ^ ^cot. His land is com! 
 
 "re The stimmer fooVoVhis f d Po^,";^ :7,^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "Id Past- 
 
 daily, with grass. In winter ho fw. « t, ''*"'"^*'*'^ ^^^^^''^'seedcake 
 swedes, mant'olds, and clr-ots or cS ^"^ ' <' ^"rnips, 
 
 winter he prefers feeding S w th tt i;:;, , " *^ *^f > i'^^''^ "^ the 
 andjv_^thJho like^uantitNW)f^,:„'^?,,;;;*i,!'l^^^ and carrots, 
 
 MrS,g"xp;:^j;!;:\:ir;;;;tit!i^ 
 
 J'OlU, the faumns .Satb.lU breeder. *"' "'''^o'' «' t''- Herd-Book, and to S 
 
 I 
 
94 
 
 ']h 
 
 M 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 (2) LoNGHOBN Cattle. 
 
 The Loughorn cattle, as a distinct breed, became famous first of all 
 in the district of Craven, in Yorkshire, on whose phosphatic soils they 
 attained a degree of inherent vigor and hardiness which their descend- 
 ants have faithfully transmitted through many generations, in various 
 kinds of climates, and on widelydift'ering soils. Long before the Short- 
 horns became famous outside the Teeswater district, theLonghorns had 
 attained a proud position and a widely-extended popularity. During 
 the greater part of the last century, and in the early years of the pres- 
 ent one, they were at once the pride of wealthy breeders, and, in vary- 
 ing degrees of purity, the i)ractical stock of dairy farmers in the mid- 
 land counties of England. In Ireland they were and still are known, 
 in contradistinction to the modern breeds reared there, as "the old Irish 
 cow." 
 
 Though the Loughorns, less, as well as more, than a hundred years 
 ago were the prevailing cattle of the midland counties, Derbyshire 
 appears to have been then, as it is now, the stronghold of the more 
 famous herds. Sir Thomas Gresley, of Drakelow House, Burton-on- 
 Trent, appears to have been the first prominent improver of Longhorns, 
 and he took "delight in keeping a dairy of cows similar in color and 
 shape " before the renowned Eobert Bakewell was born. Three-quar- 
 ters of a century ago, Mr. Princep, of Croscall, is said by Parkinson to 
 have had, perhaps, the first dairy of cows in the county where that pre- 
 eminence is defined to mean symmetry, size, and aptness to fat. The 
 same authority tells us that Mr. Princep had 500 guineas offered for a 
 two-year-old bull, and 30 (another account says 50) guineas a cow for 
 the use of his bull to 30 cows; and he was also offered £2,000 for 20 
 dairy cows. 
 
 A four-year-old steer of his weighed, when killed, 248 stone of 14 pounds 
 to the stone ; and, in addition, there were 350 pounds of fat, while the 
 hide weighed 177 pounds. The breed, however, had previously become 
 supremely famous under the hands of the greatest of all breeders, Air. 
 Bakewell, of Dishley, in Leicestershire, whose efforts, eminently success- 
 ful as they were, lay in the direction of combining in the same animal the 
 four great qualities of beauty and utility of form, quality of flesh, and 
 aptitude to fatten,which, he rightly judged, were not incompatible with 
 each other. But, in attaining these points, he wholly neglected the no 
 less important one of milk, and we cannot but regard this omission as 
 a national misfortune, for numberless other breeders have been taught 
 to sin in the same way. Mr. Lytliall, editor of the recently established 
 Loughorn Herd-Book, makes the stari.iig assertion that to this line of 
 breeding " must be traced the decline of the Longhorns in public favor 
 at the early part of the present century." This is quoted as a warning 
 to the Shorthorn breeders of the present day. 
 
 Yet the old Longhorns, even many of the iiighly improved ones, were 
 celebrated for their milkiness, less though for quantity than for qual- 
 ity of milk; but it was Bakewell's one fatal misfortune to destroy this 
 reputation. Youatt says of him: 
 
 Many years did not pass before bin stock was iinrivaltd for t be rounduess of its 
 form, the siiiallness of its bone, iiiirl its a])titii(b! to aequiro externa! fat, while they 
 were small consiuiiers of food in propornon to their size; but at the same time their 
 (lualities as milkers were very considerably lessened. The gnuur could not too highly 
 value the Dishley or now Leicester Loughorn, l)Ut the dairyman and the little farmer 
 clung to tbo old breed as most useful for their purpose. 
 
famous first of all 
 ospliatic soils tbey 
 licb their ilesceud- 
 rations, in various 
 ? before tbe Sbort- 
 tbe Lougboriis bad 
 ipularlty. During 
 years of tbe pres- 
 lers, and, in vary- 
 irmers in the mid- 
 d still are known, 
 , as " tbe old Irish 
 
 a bnndred years 
 aties, [Derbyshire 
 bold of the more 
 [ouse, Burton-ou- 
 ver of Longborns, 
 milar in color and 
 3rn. Tbreequar- 
 l by Parkinson to 
 ;y where that pre- 
 uess to fat. The 
 leas offered for a 
 guineas a cow for 
 red £2,001) for 20 
 
 itone of 14 pounds 
 1 of fat, while the 
 reviously become 
 all breeders, Mr. 
 minently success- 
 ) same animal tbe 
 ility of flesh, and 
 ncompatible with 
 neglected the no 
 I this omission as 
 aave been taught 
 ently established 
 uit to this line of 
 IS in public favor 
 ted as a warning 
 
 roved ones, were 
 y than for qual- 
 le to d<»stroy this 
 
 ho rounduesH of its 
 •nal fat, while they 
 the same time their 
 :otiId not toohijj;hIy 
 iud the Utile farmer 
 
I i 
 
 1 i 
 
 ! t 
 
 Hi! I 
 
m 
 
 (7) 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
en 
 
 (_ 
 O 
 
 I 
 z 
 
 n 
 
 rn 
 
 $ 
 
 n 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 o 
 z 
 o 
 I 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 Ul 
 
 H 
 rn 
 m 
 03 
 
 \\'- ■■■ 
 
I i 
 
 i 
 
THE UNITED KIXODOM. 
 
 96 
 
 licit s^ k;;s J--;..!;::;;;--;? -:r-z Sz^ r 
 
 miles fron. ir, so <.o,„,>Ic>tdy Hill tlul ("^ ^'Zki:^^::!:^:,;;'}^ 
 ol< breed fn,.., (lu, .lisfrict i.i whi.-l. I^.keuell I. miu ^ 1 S^^ 
 
 fmnu.l Thistle, ,nade 17 pou.Kls of buttentvS^^ 
 
 in^'ton, tells of a brin.lle,! eow ho lu.ew al noi Vs bliur' n H '"' ^V"'' 
 MM a 4 «alIon inilk-pail up to the bri a h ft 3.r . "*-"' "'V^''* 
 <|Mart. to the milkmaid; ancl of a two ve imX^^ I^S^^ ""•^^''^'^ 
 
 Ii«i.^ that ia ten years silo Lrm^^'bt tKee o J^^^^^^^^^ 7'^ '^'^ .!!'«• 
 
 that all the dairymaids net a H^>rld fltoro b'- ^eV U ir 'V'li''^^"' 
 ley, Old Hall, near LichtieUl, says: ^ " ^^'- ^'"'"'' "* ^'^'^'l- 
 
 of euttio exc..l tho ,.l.l-fuHl,ione.l L'n'ilum, £ milk'. "'«» ^ory tew. if a«y, breeds 
 
 Ami as to its quality he says: 
 
 Wheueyor wo Imvo had occnsion to .haiiL'o our iliiivi.ni.ia m,^ 
 
 Son::;i/;raK.;:i;'j.;;r;t':xi:^i'"'''-^''"'''^^ 
 
 honL\"ai;tpt:' '''" •"■"■'"••^'•^' '"■"'^' "^«'« '^ '-'^'« '-rd of Short- 
 
 Mr. E. II. Chapman, of St. Asaidj. n'mark>4 thtt tu.. r i 
 numerous in some parts of Wiltl nwv r v oVh K T^onghorns were 
 were called the " Sprea.Is," tl u I r u les " the^ S'r' 'V"^ '^V' 
 "Br.>ads,"as the forms of t ho horns nde/ite It h w h' ""' ^'^^ 
 sort of uniformity either in the lengthT tbrn \.f I n, IV' "** 
 
 horn cattle. It was said of them-- ^^''^ ''"'"^' "* L*>"g- 
 
 nuontly projected nearly horizontullv .7/' t , .. h . ." h , ' h'''' ':";r''' •''^^l""" »••.•- 
 
 tlio hom asMuned other directions, 'if, 1 ui L I ,w m, .. A ^''iftl^^were improved 
 
 graze, or it curved so an to threaten to n ^I . . V f '^ ^ '*' """""' ^■»"''' «c"rcelv 
 
 the htast from grazing; or inimel are! , ,. "".zzleand so also to prevent 
 
 ":;^o !:Sk:^:^^ --iv^'-Sji'tt.: ;!;;; -:^: r^z^-y !!;-£i- 1 
 
 lu (he shouiclers^ ufas t ule :V''"'' "'' '''" ^''''^ ^''''''' ^''^' ^'^i 
 cattle, the color being \os c c mm ' u'u ir'^'T''"" '""' '''^^"'^*"f^' 
 that as a breed they imssess v i i i ' • '"' r. ^^ •''"'"'^t be <lenie(l 
 nianagement, ea, iv aTu?rt; i^u ^"^T' ^''"'' H"^'^'' ""•'*''■ '>''^>I'*''- 
 food, ami their tk-sh is ^ml a itV 'n^ ]\v^ <I"antity of 
 
 very deep milkers, thev are all f. vor.i;^^^^ ' H '"^ T'''' "^ f''^'"' '»'« 
 
 milk they give. It is m;! hi 'L-'' .owe . H' Hh^^^^ ''' ^''*^ 
 
 the position thev former! v hH.l I nl it ' , ^''*^'^ ^^'" ever reatta a 
 that their reputati,>: wil^evl^.^'l,,; ."r.^^.^-"*'^^^ anticipated 
 many breeders the. reputation can onV Ho ZTS^^'^^;^^ ^^ 
 
■ tr 
 
 96 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I t 
 
 all, in part aid temporarily, and it is equally true to say that there are 
 luauy signs of an ex^^ended revival of the ancient reputation of this 
 quaint old breed of cattle. Many si)lendid specimens have been and 
 still are exhibited at the Birmingham fat-stock shows, and it is iioi)etl 
 this will always be the case, for to Birminjiham is due the credit of 
 having stuck to the old breed during a good part of the period when it 
 was lelt out in th'e cold by most other agricultural shows. The number 
 of Longhorn herds is increasing in the midland counties, and the names 
 of many gentlemen mentioned in the Herd-Book index are an ample 
 guarantee that the old breed will not only not be let die, but that it 
 •will again be heljied on into popularity. 
 
 Characteristics of the Longhorns. — The characteristics of the breed are 
 noteworthy, for it possesses a character of its own, resembling, however, 
 the Herefords more than any other breed. The head is finely cut, but 
 long, and tapers weH towards the muzzle, being moreover well set on- 
 to a thin, shortish neck. The horns are, except in the bulls, long, flue, 
 and tapering, hanging well down by the cheeks and then point forward 
 by the muzzle ; the usual length in the cows and oxen is from 2J feet 
 to 3 feet, but those of the bulls rarely exceed 18 inches. The shoulders 
 ar'> comi)aratively fine, but well set on, and the legs show good bone. 
 The girth is for such cattle, in comparison with the Shorthorns, small ; 
 but the loin is broad and the hips wide and outstanding. The chine is 
 rarely full except when the animal is fattening, and ^heu it will put on 
 a rare amount of flesh in this part. The thighs are long and fleshy, with 
 small, clean cut legs. The hide is of fair thickness, mellow, and soft to 
 the touch. The flesh is of fine quality, the bone plenteous, but not 
 coarse, and the ofliil small. Regarded as graziers' stock, they i)osses8 
 sterling qualities and must take high rank, their carcasses carrying very 
 heavy loads of beef- They fatteu rapidly and easily, and although 
 scarcely coming to maturity so quickly as the Shorthorns they never- 
 theless approach these, their supplauters, very closely, leaving very lit- 
 tle to be desir<wl in this respect. 
 
 As milkers, one • 'mirer of the breed says: 
 
 We kuow them to br cxcellout eattlo, as witiiOHs the fact that the majority of tho 
 pure bri'ivl Loughoru herds are kept as dairy cattle. They aic I'reiaiid li)ii<;ltiilker.s, 
 tlio milk being, as a rule, sujjerior iu quality to that of .Short lionis. Their um> for 
 crotiwiny; purjioses is not very extensive, because there are few iiisianees in wbicli 
 their jilaee cau advantageously be taken by \\n\ Durliam. and it H<>enis as if we must 
 be content to use tbftm as a pure bn^ed. No doubt thtsre is room for them, and we are 
 inclined to tho opinion that the judicious intermixture of a liltli' of the Longlioru 
 among one or two breeds would "tend to reduce that lineness of character which is 
 becoir.iug dangerously general in somt^ of our best kinds of eattlo. 
 
 With regard, however, to the milking value of the Longhorns as a 
 breed, a great deal cannot, we think, be said, for Justly esteemed as it 
 formerly was it has of late been comjiaratively little bred for this [)iir- 
 pose, the Shorthorn having taken its jtosition in the dairy in abnosttbe 
 whole of the Longliorn district ; but there are numerous instances of 
 great milking cai)a('ity in the breed, and wc believe that by a litth^ atten- 
 tion in a judicious crossing and in cultivating the milking jtowcr, it 
 could be laised to a very high standard, certainly e(pial and possibly 
 suj)erior to the Shorthorn. 
 
 As witli some of the other less tiultivated breeds, the Longliorn is not 
 now bred for tlie dairy. There are a few isolated cases iu which Ihey 
 are used, but we very mti(;h (pu'stion tiieir altsolute jiurity, and even iu 
 these cases the dairies are .so small that statistics would be of little 
 value, it may be generally stated, howe\ er, ihaL il is a bolter cheese- 
 
 :0» 
 
) say that there are 
 reputation of this 
 ens have been and 
 rs, and it is hoi)ed 
 ? due the credit of 
 the period when it 
 ows. The number 
 ties, and the names 
 jdes are an ample 
 let die, but that it 
 
 ics of the breed are 
 sembliug, however, 
 i is finely cut, but 
 reover well set ou- 
 he bulls, long, flue, 
 then point forward 
 3u is from 2J feet 
 es. The shoulders 
 show good boue. 
 Shorthorns, small ; 
 ling. The chine is 
 ^heu it will put on 
 ng and fleshy, with 
 mellow, and soft to 
 plenteous, but not 
 tock, they jtossess 
 isses carrying very 
 lily, and although 
 horns they never- 
 y, leaving very lit- 
 
 if the majority of tbo 
 I'rci' and loii<; itiilkers, 
 lioiiis. Their UMi for 
 iv iiistiiiu'fs ill wbich 
 t 8('<Miis iiH it' wo iimst 
 11 lor them, and we are 
 Itli' (if till" Loii^lioru 
 )f charactor wliicli is 
 lo. 
 
 e Longhorns as a 
 tly esteemed as it 
 bred for this [)ur- 
 Llairy in almost the 
 ■rous instances of 
 it by alitthnitten- 
 milking jtower, it 
 [ual and possibly 
 
 10 Longliorn is not 
 ises in which lliey 
 urity, and even iu 
 ivould be of little 
 is a boLlcr cheese- 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. cfj 
 
 making than a butter-making breed an.l .in.. . . , 
 rich old pastures of the unaiZlXnUel^^^^ »Pon the 
 
 greatly exposed to the weather -i WMni England, which are not 
 
 a substratum of clayf Se ^J^o^^^^S 1^ ".^ '' ^ '''^' '««'"' ^^'^J 
 age, IS, moreover, a decidedly large 'breed T.ff f^ir^«^«^dingly old 
 Birmingham, the winning steer ■ -<vi Tfi' i '" ^^'® -V^ar 1«82, a. 
 €wt ; thesecondpri^e,4>^Sweib.^ ^ jnonths, weighed ' , 
 
 he first-pri^e cow, 5+ years, we I'ghed over miT' .^^ ^^^ '^'''^ ^^^^ 
 heiier aged 4A years beinglS^ cwt The fol w' ' "'^^ ^"^'^^""^ l'^''^^' ^ 
 exhibition, the flrst-p'rize «teer, yje r« « ^,>S ^J"^^ ^'i^'f,'' ^^ ^ho simie 
 ond and third being almost as large Vh Tl^\u''^^'^ ^^ •^^^•' ^^e sec- 
 r-M .ears and 10 months old, ^l^^'Hi::^ .^^^ ^;e|- 
 
 o^ !:Sr;:S| tSSIi^i:^;;;;!!^ '-'^'^ ^« ^^^"<^»^ -^^ White 
 
 tl^: St^^S^i;■^^^^ Of the horns Of 
 
 although their docility and «reat >. r ... . nH '" ^"'' '^'"•'^^' Purposes, 
 l^urpose,- but the farmers it' iVf diM."f/ X' j^-^V;';';^ «t them for inch a 
 almost to a man prefer ho-ses. ^ ^^^^'^' '^^^ '^'^'erty bred 
 
 that adopted with (he Shatlr"^ '"t"'^ ^^ ^^enerally 
 
 of their diet, and botl. suiting them ad !/w v v "S ^^'^ Vnr^vApn^ part 
 are differences of opinion as to tie m-mti^v. ,1^l/'''"."''»"^^ 
 breeders preferring a minim,ru Quant it w i' . ''-'^'^ ^"■^'"' ^^"'»e 
 cake: others again, and it innst ^ iml^ e.l um'''"i""' 'l?""^'^-^" o^" 
 giving an enormous quantitv of roots am , ■ •, "''""^ """''» »»^a«on, 
 corn. It was the custom in some d ^t r c s n' M erv^ "^" '''^' «'' 
 
 compose the dairy herds of Siiortl or is u Fr.?S ""'"•'' •T*^'''"" '''^^ ^^ 
 which were, for the mo-t n^rt • Vnrr i!' '.' "«'t''oriis, the latter of 
 liorn; bntoflatejW sImt LllTh^^^ '•"<' I^ong 
 
 troduced among them. Of erd l^.^'"Shmn element has been in- 
 ^ive from 3 cwt. to 4 cwt (the o .• hnulr^:^ t VJ^''^^ "" ^""' w<'"'*l 
 <lnrn,g the season of about seven mom^^^^^^ t ] '•"""*'•') *'^" ^'^'^*^«^' 
 low as 50 ami as high as 95 .luUn^'l^^^^ ' O f n'"^ -""^'times as 
 () bhorthorns and (J Longhorns in tl.<. in.'.! "" ^'-^P^^»-»'»ent with 
 
 whilst the ii.i.j(.rity,,rpoun Isof il v'^-*"*^''"^^^^^^^ '^'"'^ «''0"" tl'"t 
 the Shorthorn, tlu'. cheese crd r o n tC n ''"'""'' ''' ^'^'' *" '='^'"' <>t' 
 pounds, as agaiiust Wi ponn!l\ '"^*''' quantity was onlv 14.4 
 
 th^r^iil^::^;!r;;f:;[^t^;;;«;;-;^-;- 
 
 and that the .553 pounds f ,/ " lath 'n'l/rir'" '"''^ "«""'''^ <'*' ^'"^'rt 
 M;vs are often 1 he best milker, , at d/e ml,: /I*''''''''- '^^''^^ "''''"^^f 
 Nil IS thought to be the riches .,-•,,/,'"'" '^'^^'^•*^^" ^r eight year 
 Jkept on bailey Htranan.l pnl, .It mi ,1 \v ',■'/"'' '""'^ <'''n'ientlv 
 ^^alvmg time. The calves, Vl.lJe.Vv^^ ' •'' '". '''''"""" ''^"''' 
 rear, arc usually dropped i, M r I^? i I /^f '' .^'"newhat dillinilt to 
 *uck their mother. T .ey 1 nt i eu i ■ a'''''; '"'^^ '^'^'"^^ «t' t''cm never 
 ^^hen the cheese season be! /s .1m 7." '''.'*' "'■'^' '"'''*■'' ''^ lessened 
 Jnsee<l boiled in whey or ^ e olZ S f 'm r'^r^l''^' '" ^>*'-''^'^*" -^ 
 become heavy tleshei -nwi „.,».,. fi^ '? '""^- '^« f'cv get older tlM>r 
 for ri.e tbo<l whi,^';;!e L S n'l 'msume:;"'-!! ^'^^-' ^- the tnt^ 
 a return, ami generally a be ter ti ' » '• • :'^""^'""'>- f-''^"^' =>■- J.^oo,l 
 for(he!)dnri.p.^,.^..rfi._. V^*^'^" ' **"ier beasts, an.l ..« .,,, ..,.i.„.,f 
 
 it Will be tinindnm^Illlii^ "' '^^'"'"'^ I>^»«t«re of the h^dl or g!^;!^! 
 » H. Ex. 51 7 
 
98 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 (3) The Shorthoen Cattle. 
 
 The Durham, or Shorthorn, is not an ancient breed. It cannot lay claim 
 to such antiquity as theLoughoru ; for while the Longhoru seems itohave 
 been the aboriginal cow of Ireland, the Shorthorn is a cow of modern 
 days. 
 
 "Diversities in appearance, shape, habits, and produce," says a well- 
 known writer on cattle breeds, " have arisen, partly from modern artifi- 
 cial breeding, but chiefly from the prolonged and combined influence* 
 of soil, climate, pasturage, and general treatment." The centuries that 
 have elapsed since the dispersion ot the ancient breed of cattle, and their 
 long-continued location in different districts, under such varied condi- 
 tions of climate and ])asturage, have produced great changes in the ap- 
 pearance of members of tho same race. Especially i« this so in the case 
 of the cattle whose home has always been in the more civilized and more 
 highly cultivated parts oi England. Originally of a shy and nervous 
 disposition, spirited and active, of liardy constitnrion, and with a tend- 
 ency to roam at will, they have, during the course of so many years of 
 intercourse with their owners, lost jinich of their hardiness and activity, 
 and also much of their nervoasu-ess and fear. Rich pasturage, mildness 
 of climate, protection from the winter storms, the increasing use of grain 
 and artificial foods, and the general improvement in cultivation, has had 
 a most marked effect on the appearance and general characteristics ot 
 the cattle brought within such influences. This is shown in the devel- 
 opment of a surprising bulk of flesh on a much larger frame. The suc- 
 cessive conquerors of Britain — the Komans, Saxons, Danes, and Nor- 
 mans — it must be remembered, all brought witii them cattle from their o^^-n 
 countries, and these, becoming domesticated, were mixed and crossed 
 with the above, and were finally lost in the resulting race. T!!0 con- 
 quered area provided an improved bieed of cattle, wliile the more I'e- 
 mote and inaccessible i)arts of the Kingdom, remaining fre<>, bred the 
 same animal as existed in the early days of British history. 
 
 About the year 1G40 a bull and some cows were brought into Bolder- 
 ness (East Yorkshire) from Ilollund. They had large shoulders, flat 
 sides, coarse necks, thick heads ; their valuable i)oints were small and 
 their coarser points large; yet these cattle were of larger bulk and the 
 cows better milkers than were then known, and on this account they 
 were greatly esteemed and used for crossing with the native cattlo. 
 The cross soon showed great and lasting improvement, Holderness is 
 a rich grazing district, and the native cattle ibuud there at that period 
 were of the best in the land. The new breed thus formed by tho admix- 
 ture and crossing of these imported animals soon asserted their super!- 
 ority over all other races. Such was the origin of the Shorthorn. 
 
 Another source of the Shorthorn, and in some degree i>assing the prior 
 claim to being tho original, was a race of cattle which from time iinnie- 
 moiial had existe<l in Durham, in the basin of the Tees, whence they 
 were named tho Teeswater. In color and appearanct^ they resemble 
 the breed of the present day; they had a good, mellow touch, andin 
 butcher's parlance ''killed well;" were light of ollal, had wide carcasses 
 and deep forequarters, and were greatly esteemed by all who were ac 
 quaiuted with them. About the same period, or a few years later than 
 their introduction into Holderness, the Dutch cattle were also imported 
 into the valley of the Tees and were crossed there with the native breed, 
 giving rise to the Teeswater Shorthorn, or Durham. At a still later date 
 numerous bulls were iuiporteit fioin theContiiu-nt, principally Irom lloi- 
 land. The native cattle in Yorkshire and Durham were crossed witli • 
 
It eaiiuotlay claim 
 ighoru seems itoLave 
 is a cow of modern 
 
 oduce," says a well- 
 from moflern artifl- 
 ombined influence* 
 
 The centuries that 
 i of cattle, and their 
 such varied condi- 
 t changes in the ap- 
 is this so in the case 
 e civilized and more 
 a shy and nervous 
 )n, and with a tend- 
 ►f so many years of 
 Jiness and activity, 
 [)a.sturage, mildness 
 reasing use of grain 
 cultivation, has had 
 il characteristics ot 
 ihowu in the devel- 
 er frame. Thesuc- 
 is, Danes, and Nor- 
 attle from their o^'u 
 mixed and crossed 
 II g race. T!!0 con- 
 while the more I'e- 
 ling free, bred tlie 
 history. 
 
 ■ought into Bolder- 
 irgo shoulders, flat 
 its were small and 
 arger bulk and the 
 
 this account they 
 I the native cattlo. 
 snt. Ilolderness is 
 here at that period 
 'nied by the ad mi x- 
 serted their superi- 
 le Shorthorn, 
 repassing the prior 
 h from time imtne- 
 Tees, whence they 
 net! they resemble 
 'How touch, and in 
 had wide carcasses 
 >y all who were ac- 
 w years later than 
 ivere also imported 
 1 the native breed, 
 A-tastill later dure 
 incipally Irom llol- 
 were cn>sNod witb i 
 
 
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 111 
 wl 
 an 
 of 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 99 
 
 them, and the now breed so produced received the name of U,e Short 
 
 binrSorirsrinr;;.;!;;;,:;^^''^' 'f "■«/•-<• ^-■^'- a« ,t 
 
 Pli-l. ^^^^^ttU-yearl7^t{^X;n ^^^^ -d nudtl' 
 
 iiix'ii a new departure in the liisfm < . n" " ' '* ^'"''""iJrton, entered 
 well's prineipli of selection t J^bree lirJ^^ /r%\' '^"V'>'''^' «^ke- 
 which produced the happiest c.,n;eq;^^^^^^^^^^^ It ^''^l^:'!"". ; h step' 
 
 snlls nnprovM.g the frame and pr . or ion^ • It I'l '"n^ovtnm re- 
 d.veloj.mgand increasing their milk if'/- '"^^^'^ «i"^l hivgalyr 
 many .years they Ibllowe.l tins eon rsn i u *" V"^ Properties. Fo^ 
 in. 1.S10 the ,>rices realized a its 2 'Z .. "i ' r,'"''"'^ was dispersed 
 S.me then much has been done b> manTn r S ""I>''««^<'''"ted. 
 
 It would be impossible to paJtSS/ tZ^^^^^^ 
 great service, but wo may nuM tion the "tU^^^^^^^^^ 
 success must be largely be attr ted fn i ^ ^'^^^'^ ^^'''"«« gi'eat 
 «ale),and of Hooth, the found rs o? w^? J '\''^*''';V'*'-^ ''^ Collingsl 
 whose fame is withcmt compare ^'*^''* ^^'""*^''^ «f Shorthofns 
 
 The points of the Shorihorn.^Tho, color m-. v l». ..,.f i 
 white, or a nuxturc, either color SS 'm„ * '^ or entirely 
 
 fashionable color has varied at ditfcre t £."' \^ '"'^ '" «1'«^»- The 
 was all the rage; so was all Ihe 'am eXek^^I'r '' "'"r"'"'^' ^^^"'t" 
 Shorthorn cannot be a bad color so , .1 if ; 1*^ ^"^»' ^^^ «• good 
 around the eye and tin. bald o h™ f«l oi d 1 J^/ f ^ ^he skin 
 
 the head rather small in propor i n to si/ i f *^ """ '"■''^'" «"'«''' 
 
 a line muzzle ,- a clean, dim a^^pr^r^^^^^ ^'Z^^ '" «'»^I'^S with' 
 crown, short, smooth, and white 1 ,u dS;.k ' "'"'«^ "«^'- f'»« 
 quality; the head nhould be well st4 on n ^^^^^^^^^^^ "'""'i'' '"'^ of flue 
 As to the frame, it should aj.proaciras evw-tk , .'"" •?'/' ^""^'^'^ "^*^^k. 
 of a parallelogram, from whatever dii.'Mon '*'' I'^««"^'« to the shape 
 fectly straight and level fro n ho , wlk ^^ . '^''m ""'V ^''® »""''< l"'r- 
 of the tail;^he shouhlers well baclVi^;" ?! ^'''""'""l ''«n.s, to the top 
 Jecting in short rectar.gular tb^i, The ton I'l')'' "*','"' 'I'f ^''''^''' I"- 
 perfectly level and th,> bins w dean llev. -w L ^f '"l''*'*''"'* «'^*»»'<1 I'o 
 hnd quarters long and straiglit s2 u V . T •*! ."'*' 'l-"^'' ^'«»'^S- tho 
 dicularandwell.M7arke,llines tlubutS 
 to the knees full and well de^l e buf w *;^'''}'"'*''««^^<>'''<ler8 
 
 fine and clean and clearly fmine • /he \vi M;•'V''^ ^^''^^^ '^''^'"''l l»e 
 tulland thick, and the tail mol /r,- ti. e ^n " nf";^ wi.le; the tiank 
 with hair. The ribs should be in. line to t ^oo 'uuch covered 
 
 when the animal is seen al(>n.!C ',.',•« If' "^ '' I'arrel, but 
 tectly straight and level Hon Ihe sho I. • ? 'h'^ V'^''''' ''« '^ PO^- 
 seen endwise, it should be .'qua y sfr iJ f .n ?"' !T'''^' ^^l»en 
 the neck to the root of the tail im .iJ? '^ '''''^' ^'■"'» ^''^^ top of 
 
 along the belly towards I e'wi't T u" I"; "I- "''^''' ['T *''" ^^'^'ket 
 f'Hl glossy; the skin mellow and soft to th^ tu eh 'h ''''/^"''•''"•^' '^^'' 
 lited on the valuable parts th»^ f-.f ,. -i. touch ; the tlesh is accumu- 
 
 tlic tlesh of the slangh|.;;!;n„ ^nal s'^^nth.'nn'^ 'i*^ ''''' 1^''"' >"-» 
 
 the meat most juicy and tender. In e \J n \' '"f '"•■"•^''^'•N and 
 thicker, and the neck is arched .„wi ' ^ '^' ''*^'"' '« t>i'oa.ler and 
 
 ^aore pendulous; the th^hs n^^^^^^^^ .^" the cow the beli;" 
 
 The appearance of the Shwthorn 'is ol ,''',' «*"»^*fi'ues hollo v. 
 
 and haudsome;;^e^;;^KSamSi?^.:?r' '^f «'"^" ^'-" '-^" 
 of cattle we possess. ^taniped it as the most magniUcent breed 
 
100 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Valuable propert'm of the Shorthorn.— Thv vnliialtle pr(»i)»'rtit*8 of the 
 Shorthorn iis a iiu'iit prodiiciiiR luiinml are said fobo without rival. It 
 i>ro<luc«'« the >,'r»'atewt<iuaiitit,v of bcft, ami liiatof tht* best quality, ami 
 Hcaltvs the heaviest ot any of our henlw. It aLso coiue« to uiatiuity at u 
 very «'arly ajje and shows the most kindly disposition to fattening'. As 
 a n'lilk producer, the Shorthorn can claim to \w in the front rank, 
 thouL'h the Kfi'wral opinioi; is thjit it must .yield the palm to the Jersey 
 and the Ayrshire. Vov many years itast, it must be l)«rne in mind, the 
 breedinco'f Shorthorns hiis been con<lui;ted solely with a view to tht- 
 production of beef, but formerly this animal was the deepest and 
 heaviest of any of the luilk-produirinK breeds, and if for a few years it was 
 airain bretl for the pail, as it is now for the butch.T, its superiority as a 
 milker miuht be regained. As a (ilieese i.ruducer the Shorthorn is ad- 
 mittedly the best. The Shor'horn is to be found everywhere, I)ut its 
 home is in its native place in Yorkshire, ami in the eastern counties ot 
 Eu'Mand. It is to bo found all over England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
 all over America, in Australia ami New Zealand. Of all the different 
 breeds of cattle we possess, the Sliortlioni has the greatest power of 
 adaptation to varying conditions of life, to changes of soil, of climate, 
 and of pasturage. It thrives nearly as well in the cold, dry northeast ot 
 Scotland as in the moist and genial south of Ireland, and is equally at 
 home in the nobleman's park and ujnm the prairies of Texas. 
 
 Shorthorn croasbreeds.— lint while it is esteemed ot great value on 
 account of adaptabilit; to all climates and soils, it has achieved won- 
 derful results through crossing with other varieties. Crossing with the 
 Shorthorn improves nearly all other breeds by imparting the properties 
 that give value to cattle, viz., size, form, quality, rapidity of growth, 
 early maturity, and ai>titude to fatten at an early age. Most es- 
 i>eciallv marked is the improved quality an<l conse(iuently greater 
 value of the cross between the English Shorthorn and the old Irish 
 cow. The marvelous result is presented in an increase of ten imperial 
 stones' weight of flesh in the animal, in greater size, and in the quality 
 of fattening at lenst a year earlier than other stock. The enormous iin 
 provement that has been effected and that is still being carried on in 
 the breeding of Irish catth; is within the knowledge of every tanner. 
 This improvement has added no less than twenty-five jier cent, to their 
 value at a year old, and is the result of crossing with the Shorthorn 
 during the last and present generations. 
 
 The Shorthorn is used in Scothind for crossing with the Ayrshire, 
 and it is said that the produce are better milkers than their mothers. 
 It also crosses with the Gueriis*\y with great milking results. It is, 
 however, for the si/e, the early maturity ui' growth, and the aptitude 
 to fatten earlv and quickly that the Shorthorn iini)arts to other Itreeds 
 of cattle that' is chietlv valuable. Shorthorn steers, or steers of some 
 other breed with a very large admixture of Shorthorn blood, are the 
 favorite cattle for winter and summer feeding in the iiortLern and mitl- 
 land counties of England. In some quarters the Shorthorn may not 
 tiud so much favor as it once did, and in certain districts other brecil.s 
 may be more successfully reared and fed ; but, for general purposes, 
 up»'>u moderately good land, and in an average climate, the Shortlioiii, 
 as a race of catfle, is equal to any, while it is surpassed by none. Dis- 
 tributed throughout almost every county of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 pedigree Shorthorns are now to be met with ; there are probably some (Jl)() 
 breeders, possessing about 20,UU0 cows, and distributing good bulls 
 amongst the breeding hcrd.s. But breeders of lirst-clas* Short horu?i, 
 
 > f 
 
s proptTtit's of the 
 
 without rival. It 
 
 B beist quality, and 
 
 ;» tu maturity at a 
 
 I to fatti'iiing. Aw 
 
 II tlui front rank, 
 |)alni to th»^ Jer.sj'y 
 lM)rne in niiiid, the 
 1th u view to tb«' 
 i thu deepest and 
 [•a few years it was 
 its superiority as a 
 ) Shorthorn is ad- 
 verywhere, I)ut its 
 tastern counties ot 
 land, and Ireland, 
 If all the different 
 greatest power of 
 of soil, of climate, 
 lid, dry northeast of 
 , and is equally at 
 >f Texas. 
 
 of great value on 
 
 has achieved won- 
 
 Crossing with the 
 
 ting the properties 
 
 ipidity of growth, 
 
 ly age. Most es- 
 
 isetiuently greater 
 
 and the old Irish 
 
 ise of ten imperial 
 
 and in the quality 
 
 The enormous ini 
 
 eing carried on in 
 
 e of every farmer. 
 
 e i)er cent, to their 
 
 itli the Shorthorn 
 
 ivith the Ayrshire, 
 lian their mothers, 
 ing results. It is, 
 , ami the aptitude 
 rts to other Itreeds 
 , or steers of kouiu 
 iorn blood, are tlit' 
 
 nortLern and mid- 
 UHU'thorn may not 
 tricts other breeds 
 
 general purposes, 
 iite, the Shortlioiii, 
 isecl by none. Dis 
 Britain and Irelaml. 
 ! probably some (i()() 
 ibutiug good bulls 
 : -class Shorthorns, S 
 
 THE rXlTED KINGDOM. jqj 
 
 ?S.:J^.I^';;;!:;r''"'^^'^-^*^« ^-" --y ^e-mHy looking t. beef 
 
 .•.•^^t^:rs:!^::rs.SeK^i;;^r'"? T"ff-"» ^-«'*^»'ted 
 
 ties of the Shorthorns.' Mr I aftl L. " "*'*^''T^ "* f''« '"'Iking ,,roner 
 stock in a very healthy "atur ^t. ^ Z^^^ 
 
 deep n.dkers. Mr. Whittaker t. r nn f^f ' , '*' '»'^«.t «"^vs were 
 dairy superiority of his Sh,.rtl.or s L^, 'IV""" '"«"'f"i"»'B the 
 l>ut supplied the people of his ext 1- ,' /«- "'^' T'""'''' ^''♦'''' '''*'vt'«, 
 
 used bulls excepfngVron, .Z^^Mn^^X^^ u!"^ 'f^l "*' "•^^'"^ 
 excellence. Although his fanu.us b i Pu • ,v "' 'i? '""'"'"'' "''•'"''■>• 
 he ever breo, he was hiri'd to go to \V^..• vi l V • *'1 *'"^ '""''^ sha,,elv 
 ...i.i.y good steers and of a Smithfield goi Zn' m*;' ^""'^T ""^ *''••" «f 
 ^vould not use him at ho.ne, as "id .. '"^1 '*"*. ^^''- ^^hitaker 
 
 nnlker. The late Lonl I),„ ie wi^ , l vi '"V"' ''""' '^ ""'««'i"'.t 
 ing qualitlcations of his henl, ami w as " , ZT'V ''"'"'''"^'^ ^''" '"'"*- 
 Ceding. The fortvnine cattle thVL "^'"V""'' "Ppo'ient to over- 
 onlinarv condition' an<l .n, n 'v' re exS^b'n'l:', '' '" T''r'' '" ^^'''y 
 these, and other such tribes wh.M« ,..?.f '''•^ ^'***"' mdkers. From 
 
 atically taken to .'mi,;;ain^,n '^ Zl^'^^'lf'' "^tve been system: 
 tamed which will con.paro with n v^ai? '/, '''■'' .i'**^^'* «»" »><' «>l>- 
 young bulls can be selected wh 'l, riv ^ ^l. ^h *•■'"" '^"«'' »'«•''«« 
 good, thriving a.iimals, with e Hv • tu i^v t'^""'^ to produce vigorous, 
 will not detract fron. the dairT n,H 's t tL f "''*, "' r"""'''""' "''i^^' 
 ...ated. By the us., of «uch sirisgoo.rliv. !*'''' '""' ''''*•''' ^''^^V are 
 ""<•«'<'. wl.ich u.ake the best ,,f Jlu.nl . ii' ^""'T 'l''''''^ ^'''^M"**" 
 MM k as well as their dams, pr,.b h ,^ ,' -h "' ".'""''' ^"'''"'^t they 
 
 >il.ty rapidly to lay on beef.' I ,, I ., tot •«'"'" '''■''' «'''*'''^'''' •"'Pa- 
 
 •>' it in to the dairyman to li/.ve his .. ! """«" "" ^'"' <^"«>ruu us 
 
 wl.il.' .nilkiug, readilv to lav on beef h tl v'tr";".'"-"!' '^''T •^'*'"''^'<>» 
 shortly to go to the but(rher at a o, riV' ,n .' ''""'' '""^ **" '■"•1»'''<''» 
 ••al ving. This combinati.u. of go ,, m ' '' ?, .^'•*'y„ '''''''' ^'^l'"'<l <br 
 ei.'ht or nine months, and -naki^.r f J^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ""^"^' '""^'•'^".v ^''r 
 
 a go Ml carcass of beef-is i.hmm ,,'m, see '■**""' '"'"'^'''^ ''^t.^ 
 
 tectually by «horthorns thai, by r \' i.r ', ! ' ' '""'•« --^I'i'l'y and ef- 
 
 A very valuable herd of p„re-bred <lii.v «ji Vi 
 l)ensively foun.b.l in a few ea v . 't^.,;?';/''^''"''"^ be inex- 
 
 lecting animals n.erely for their lair \;e"^ «l.orthorn sales, se- 
 fashion or tribe, ,,,ul mating tl . i\ ,' ;' r,;;;'' .T/''T'^ '^^^'^^ to 
 beavy milking cu.w of a well know, d v L • ' "r^'j'">" «'">«•'» fVon, a 
 Knightleys. ^v herd i-ouu^^Zni ^ Z';:!!^:^'''^^''^^'^ ^' ^'»« 
 M'larts jxT day each without anv s e i ? fir "" ."""^''*' tweuty-four 
 
 a .lay- ^V,tlMno,e s.nnulaVi g'^; n ; , :^*'^,.^'''*7!'i''<»^«^ only'twice 
 'vsults might be obtained. I an, i H 1 7. f hi '' '•""""*'' ^'^'«" '^^'K'er 
 Sh(utl:o,„s give richer n.,lk th u n „ ' , '^^ opinn,,, that pure-bred 
 type, but no doubt the proiH.^t ,,'!.; .r'?'? /'.'^ "^ .particular 
 too<l and quality <,f land. Hean me \^' iZ^^'Tf \'^' ^''" '^'"'' ^''' 
 <-ows with the Vorkshi,v n.en ; X eake »■ n l' ? '^''^'''K" tor n.ilk 
 ''••■s' wash, and other like articles wili.w. '*'V ' h''''""'^' '''"till- 
 
 f '" Miiality of the milk. Twey've V ..'''''''• ^''*' "*'^' '»'"'i"i^li 
 Shorthon, bleeding brin-s me to " I . <: /V '*""':' '" '"''k-Nelling and 
 i>.M^;.ml Shortl.onis, LX ' 1 ^ le v ' h ^ f";^';;" ^'"^ ^''V '"^'*^'^"" i" 
 '".11^ for sale, weaning and rearing ,;;';..' " "" r' "''t^T ^" ^ '^^'^^ 
 tat when no lon^re,. .ervieeabie in th lai.'v uV. ' '"^ ''^' ^''^ '^'""'"^'^'H 
 
 t.'r protit than the same nmom U f,,'. V. " ' " ''," ^'T '*'''^'" "^'t" 
 
 purposes. '•"*' '•'" "" '"'.^ other breed for similar 
 
102 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 I 
 
 In selecting young Imlls for dairy herds it is not only essential that 
 they are descended Iroin dams and tribes which have the desired milk- 
 ing capabilities; they ought, also, to carry in their own persons some 
 recognized characters indicative of <lairy usefulucss. Size, substance, 
 and niasouline character, are essential for health and vigor. Close- 
 made, compact sizes, although' sometimes cai>tivating on account of 
 shapftly, even form, are rarely good getters, either of steers or dairy 
 cows. There is a happy medium between smart heifer like or steery- 
 bulls, and rough, coarse leggy brutes. The head should be kindly, free 
 from coarseness, but withal of a masculine character, without which a 
 bull is unlikely to leave his mark. I do not ol.ject to tolerable growth 
 of horn, which shows constitution, Tlie neck should be rather long to 
 secure carriage and lengtli of carcass, nu>rgiiig in those curved lines of 
 beauty into a well developed ^.romincnt bosom. The (diest. iuH;essarily 
 capacious to g've aniph^ room' for heart aud lungs, should approach the 
 oval of the well-bred horse, rather tlian the round or scpiare i)r()p()r- 
 tions of the cart-horse. This will l)ring the dewlap somewhat near the 
 groun<l. The shoulder blades will be well laid back; there will be no 
 roughness or overdue i)rominence of the shoulder points. In a young, 
 growing animal in moderate condition this conformation will entail a 
 somewhat light appearance of tiie fore quarters and the fore chine may 
 not be so abundantly clothed with beef as the butcher would desider- 
 ate. The back and 'loin cannot be too wide, the back ribs should be 
 well sprung; the narrow weak-backed bull is certain to have the worst 
 of all faults, a delicate constitution. The cpiarters should be long, well- 
 clothed with lean meat, but alike in bulls and cows of milking proclivi- 
 ties, they will not be so thick and massive as in animals selected more 
 exclusively for beef snaking. The body will be invested with a skin of 
 moderate thickness, soft and pliant, not papery, and covered with ratlier 
 long line hair. The soft undergrowth ofmossy hair, so pleasant to handle, 
 augurs fattening i-ather than milking capal)ilities. It is not absolutely 
 necessary for ordinary dairy herds that the bull should have a long, 
 fashionable, or even perfectly consistent pedigree, free of the socalk'il 
 alloy, and satisfying the taste of the critical purist. But a good sound 
 pedigree secures uniform, certain results. A bull whose [)edigree is 
 made up of a number of dissimilar strains is unlikely to get his calves 
 with that uniformity of gootl type which is so desirable. The fashiou 
 of the present day is to use young bulls, beginning with theni when 
 they are about 15 months, and discarding them often when they are .{ 
 yeaVs old ; frequently they are slaughtered before their stock be(!oinL's 
 appreciated. In olden times bulls were wont to be used charily at tirsr, 
 their progeny wer<> carefully noticed, and a successful sire was used so 
 long as he continued serviceable. 
 
 I recently visited the Berkely herd of Lord Fitzhardinge, whicli is 
 somewhat famous from the fact of his having given £,\,~>iM for the cele- 
 brated bull, Duke of Connaught, which I judged to weigh as I saw liim 
 well on for 'i.h tons. The herd is bred for sale aud beef, but in tlie di-- 
 trict, a ftiraous dairy one, were numbers of grand Dairy Shorthoiiis. 
 kero, as at Lord Ducie's, near at luuul, the Shorthorns are all p«'digrL'e 
 beasts, and extremely hardy, and certaitdy not highly fed. To prevent 
 quarter evil, setons are let in below the brisket. The Vale of lU-rkely 
 is near the Severn, and exposed to southwest gales, which are here vt-ry 
 severe. 
 
 Dairu Shorthorns. — The following will give sonui idea of the value of 
 ■what is known in the midland counties of Hngland as the Dairy Short 
 horn, for its milking properties. There are some families of this old 
 
only essential that 
 re the desired milk- 
 own persons some 
 >. Size, substance, 
 and vigor. Close- 
 ting on account of 
 • of steers or dairy 
 liiferlike or steery - 
 lould be kindly, free 
 r, without which , 
 to tolerable growth 
 d be rather long to 
 lose curved lines of 
 e (sliest. lUHMVssarily 
 hould approach the 
 . or S(iuare [)rop()r- 
 somewhat near the 
 k ; there will be no 
 loints. In a young, 
 1 at ion will entail a 
 . the fore chine nniv 
 :lier would desider- 
 !ick ribs sl.'ould be 
 n to have the worst 
 diould be long, well- 
 of milking proclivi- 
 nials selected more 
 ■sted with a skin of 
 iovered with ratlicr 
 J pleasant to handle. 
 It is not absolntcly 
 thould have a long, 
 'ree of the socallcil 
 But a good sound 
 whose peiligree is 
 y to get his calves 
 ■able. The fashion 
 g with theni when 
 ill when they arc ;{ 
 heir stock beijoincs 
 sed charily at tirst, 
 III sire was used so 
 
 ihardinge, which is 
 je^riOO for the (;ele- 
 weigh as I saw him 
 KM'f, but in the dis- 
 
 Dairy Shorthorns. 
 
 ns are all p«'digrce 
 v fed. To prevent 
 he Vale of nerkely 
 vhicli are here very 
 
 dea of the value of 
 IS the Dairy Short- ^ 
 families of this uM 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. jQg 
 
 can, the herd has becZe ",;L veKv pr^L h'^^ ^' ^« '>«««* bly 
 
 as m the case of the one to which Srene^i^^ T.^H'" ^"^Jiflcation, 
 two ago a member of the Britiih^oZ f f '"'".^*' ^'«'^^^- A year o^ 
 lenge cup for the be.fc dafrySm rSf -uuf 
 
 been sent m by farmers and Ian ™wiX r\' If^'l.''"^'^. ^^^^'^'« '^^ve 
 try, and with regard to dilierent br^ i. .-. f '^''"^^''''''^ of thecoun- 
 which was sent in by the Ear^if w£ wjel wW-"^^ '^^^^^ ^*l"^J«^l that 
 although, unfortunately, from a techSh^.l 1.1 '">' ^^'^ ^'""^^ ^^'^^ (1883), 
 pete for the prize. ' technical error it was not able to com 
 
 ^Vonderful Shorthorn daini record ^Th<, ^t^^ i ^r r^ 
 mences his record with a sHtempnf-"7u I f Reward, Mr. Tough, cora- 
 
 niilk. On June:iitwas\ested b "Mr ^Z^VSlf'''^ ^^^^^« «*' »^^ 
 and was as follows: solids, «J09- f f i T^f ? '^'/ '^ ^''"^ty analyst, 
 tested June 29, showing a, increai V^- A, "'"'^ !^-*^; .^^ ^^^« ^S^^^ 
 inained in statu quo: solids 31 • tf Lw I I Tib ^^»^"« the fats re- 
 the solids showe?l a cons&tl/f 1 '„J;'ott^ vl dL'the'flV ""' ^"-^"«^ ^ 
 tionately increased : solids, l).ii> ; far 5 21 ' to u n ^ "^^'^ P^'^^^^^^" 
 
 total solids being llV ^^anklyn suggested 9.5, the limit for 
 
 .yeSrJS:^^^^- :^,f!;-^- -^tour o^ Which were tbur 
 
 NnmbBr— 
 
 &■ 
 
 
 -w 
 
 
 ja 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 t> 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sto7ie. 
 
 ra 
 
 n •••• 
 
 ,r.".'.'!.';" 
 
 88 
 81 
 88 
 
 4 '.'.'.'.'..'... 
 
 6 ..'.■.■;.■.".■.■.' 
 
 f • - • • 
 
 80 
 
 80 1 
 
 8 
 
 88 1 
 81) 1 
 
 78 ; 
 no 1 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 ' '-"3 
 
 
 04 I 
 
 n . 
 oa I 
 
 IW ; 
 
 80 i 
 06 j 
 02 I 
 04 I 
 100 ' 
 
 >, 
 
 V 
 
 « 
 
 
 »,,• 
 
 ? . 1 
 
 
 
 
 <S >. I 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 
 tu 
 
 =a 1 
 
 3.;il 
 
 ,i=l 
 
 I --if 
 
 •H 3 
 
 1| 
 
 5= I 
 
 3 a 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 id 
 
 12 
 
 Hi 
 10 
 
 ir>4 
 
 173 
 126 
 
 Illij 
 i:i:ij 
 no 
 i;io 
 
 l.'IS 
 
 1 o^ 
 
 ' ^^ 1 
 
 2ie 
 
 1 C L. 
 
 A< 
 
 O 1 
 
 1 Qt*. 
 
 <?«*. i 
 
 112 
 
 2-J 
 
 118 
 
 ;>2' i 
 
 143 
 
 21i 
 
 *i;)o 1 
 
 18^1 
 
 no 
 
 'IT)!! 
 110 
 104 I 
 IL'O 
 114 
 
 J* 
 
 •- a 
 
 OS 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 2,.') 12 
 2, .t:>8 
 2. 8:i8 I 
 2,4261 
 -"i i 2, u- 
 21 2,737 I 
 19 i 2, 227i I 
 18J I 2,04h| 
 !!»♦ ; 2,2024 
 IBJ 2,2114 i 
 
 "Si 
 
 ""a 
 
 n a 
 
 
 18 
 
 23 I 
 
 19 I 
 
 17 ! 
 
 10 
 
 184 ' 
 
 g,». Milk set for bnttor. 
 
 9-ta 
 
 c a 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 10' 
 
 144 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 s 
 I 
 
 B 
 
 9 
 Qt». 
 
 538 
 508 
 640 
 671 
 470 
 640 
 Si 10 
 460 
 524 
 404 
 
 a 
 
 t 
 
 u 
 .3 
 
 Pi*. 
 
 784 
 794 
 03 
 004 
 
 7,') j 
 
 '•84 I 
 83 j 
 764 ' 
 77 I 
 744 ' 
 
 
 Ui. 
 301 
 444 
 55J 
 
 ^i 
 
 4(11 
 
 614 
 
 44} 
 
 301 
 
 42 
 
 40i 
 
 U appears that the n 
 
 covv, from tiiis ,s.„,rce a!„M<. f,,r H.o J. .7 '''''^ ^'V '"'^^'^•^ Tieide.L per 
 
 •*^1^ to £IH 
 
 which is marvel 
 
 "w.. No. .{, tl 
 
 '« big milker, cl 
 
 Jesevenreen weeks of the trial f 
 
 ous even without the 
 
 aimi 
 
 Mg the latter high tii: 
 sum to her credit for b.itte 
 
 roni 
 lire, 
 
 r ann 
 

 i m 
 
 104 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 skim milk; aud if it were possible to collect dairies of such cows^ 
 either one of two things would happen— the compilation of fortune* 
 tii*^ general reduction of foreign dairy imports — perhaps, both. As- 
 suming froa. the yield shown by No. 3 and the return she made that 
 the milk produced 8d. a gallon, this would be a decidedly good summer 
 price. 
 
 A new feature in this record is the manure, which appears to have 
 been well looked after, aud very properly so, especially since, as is seen 
 below, the cows had a considerable quantity of cake. The feeding was — 
 
 Food. 
 
 Poanda. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Bean flour 
 
 196 
 2;"9 
 209 
 19, 180 
 !t9 
 748 
 
 £. ». d. 
 16 4 
 
 Cotton cako 
 
 13 2 
 
 Pnlm-uut cake 
 
 14 
 
 Grass 
 
 4 19 8 
 
 Hay 
 
 1 7 
 19 Ift 
 
 Straw . 
 
 
 
 Labor is charged 28«. 3d. per cow, and haulage 9». lid., making a 
 total of £10 2s. 9d. per cow ; or, when considering the valuation of each 
 animal — for they were valued l)oth at the beginning and end of the 
 trial — an average of £10 14s. Id!., the real figures running from £9 4Jf/. 
 in one case to £14 15*. L'r. in another. 
 
 Since writing the above we have felt it necessary to again examine 
 Mr. Tough's record, the yield of milk being so surprising. It will be 
 remembered that Lord Braybrooke's cows j^ave an average of about 
 2,100 quarts for the year, and yet, as shown above. Lord Warwick's in 
 every case gave more than this for the K( venteen weeks. Lord Bray- 
 brooke's, again, averaged 5 quarts to 1'' iiuarts a day ibr the period in 
 milk (not the year), while Lord Warwit .v's gave, as shown above, from 
 17 to 23| quarts for the seventeen weeks. With all respect, and we 
 are bound to take Mr. Tough's figures, we consider his record, if not so 
 elaborate as a matter of figures, yet one infinitely more worthy of a 
 challenge cup than any other, for his herd is a truly marvelous one, and 
 will take our American friends all their time to rival. 
 
 There are 10 cows averaging 19.77 quarts per day for seventeen en- 
 tire weeks, one actually reaching 23.84 quarts. This cow returned : 
 
 For milk ho1(Ic>,18'.» ((uarts) £18 4 lo 
 
 BiittiT (5t)f ))onii(l.s) ;j y ;j 
 
 iSkiui-niilk (681 quartH} ij hi 5 
 
 Manure j;, ]- 
 
 Total return for seventeen weeks 24 17 n 
 
 Let US see what 1 mis been done in the milking conq)etitions as a guidt? 
 to the value of thi.s return. At the 1880 trials the liigheNt .lenseyor 
 Guernsey yield was 38 i>ounds 5^ ounct^s ; the highest Sliortlioin, .j() 
 pounds 5 ounces; the highest Dutch and cross bred, 43 pcmnds 12 ounces, 
 and we think ^-v are right in believing that neither at the 1881 nor tlio 
 1882 trials wen- the highest of these figures exceetled. At all evcnt.s 
 here are cows winning in milking trials which give l«>.ss in their (lush 
 for a single day than Lord Warwick's best average for 119 days. V-.u-xs 
 speak for themselves, and it appears to us that Lord Wai wick's can 
 not only beat any herd of which the public has lately been informed, but 
 that he would stand the greatest i)Osibie chance of carrying oil the 
 chief milking trials. 
 
ries of such cows^ 
 ilation of fortune* 
 erhaps, both. As- 
 ru she made that 
 ledly good summer 
 
 ih appears to have 
 illy since, as is seen 
 The feeding was — 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 9s. 11<?., making a 
 e valuation of e-ich 
 ig and end of the 
 luing from £9 4^d. 
 
 ' to again examine 
 >rising. It will be 
 I average of about 
 Lord Warwick's in 
 t'eks. Lord Bray- 
 f lor the period in 
 ihowii above, from 
 ill respect, and we 
 is record, if not so 
 more worthy of a 
 iarveh)us one, and 
 
 • for seventeen en- 
 cow returned : 
 
 jCIH 4 11} 
 
 y !) u 
 
 2 « 5 
 
 1.-, 5 
 
 24 17 11 
 
 tetitions as a guide 
 highest .leriseyor 
 est Shortliorn, TjO 
 pounds 12 ounces, 
 t the 1881 nor tlio 
 •1. At all events 
 h'ss in tlieir Jliisli 
 •119 days. IVicts 
 rd Waiwicii's eaii 
 »een informed, but 
 ■ carrying uir the 
 
 105 
 
 ret^rriS?Cetnt^^/S ^T^T'-^^'^ ^«"-^"« particulars 
 sh.re, and it will be the more va7u "ble hTo" ^' ^ ^^"^^^^ ^^^ " Yo?k 
 of he royal prize for the bes? fC^SV^^^'^,^!'^!^^ ^« ^«« the winner 
 2oO acres, of which over 100 are gmss S «^ • '^'"^ comprises about 
 the rest on strong clav loam wiM. i , . ® ^^'' is partly on ffravel ".n!i 
 moderate, and wifhouTlfcl TreatStonf ^^'^ "^^'^ faSf on^ly 
 Ilie present tenant on succeeding t^^i, ?"''' °«^'^« ^ery productive 
 unregistered Shorthorn8"whfch gif h n^ ^'"'"^ i"lierited aimaH heXf 
 of Warlaby and liiHerb'^ Sl^C 'esuTtedi;.7.*\r^«'^^« andtheise 
 have won more prizes since they hLTbeenV nl^^^^^^^ 
 ot similar dimensions. The most W n i "''^" ^'^^» any other herd 
 Vainhope, bought for 42 guinSis Ihp^ "'^^^ investment wi Gerty bv 
 Gerty had 8 heifer calvesawfnTfwtfi " ^•'''^^•' ^"'^^it of the Shire 
 
 Het^;^^WrS£^i^ - t^ La.y tribe, which we bj 
 
 ri%?f a^a^^S^ -- Srf S'^SiSS 
 n woDderfulJy true-grown and Tea^^^^^^ork meeting in .July, 1883, 
 hrst shown as a yearling at Eeadin J" „ is^f I, two-year-old, wliieh was 
 hve Eoyal meetings Mr. Hutchinson has se "li'g ""^'^T ^^ ^^e last 
 second prizes as well as three champion nrfz^^M^^'^^^ "'"^ «"'^ <h^ee 
 It would be hard to beat. Ladv P^if 7-^ *^^; ^^"^^ '» a record which 
 true-gmwn, with great i-ibs am tlS ior"''"'*^""'^' thick-fleshed Ll 
 feet. She has won 21 first i)rizL and L^ n, i 'T^'"' *""'* ""'l*^'* "nes per 
 Pamela 2d, own sister, a r ch roan llf^ '^ twice been beaten. LaSy 
 promisiHg and likely to make a pHze w^'^f tf • '"f ^' *« ^'«" ^^ry 
 serves high commendation. Glacl Sirra?'.^ ''''^. ^'''"^y ^^'"^^ia <le- 
 ants, a handsome three-vear-oh 1^^ S^^^ descend- 
 
 Acker's Lady Caren 9th, both b^ii'J^^'^Sd'one J"'"' '" ''''' ^'- •^"•''' 
 
 In the pastures are to be found a lot nA^2l ^^\ 
 form type, the best l,eing a 11 ."old cow T 'o "'^ ^^' ^'^nerallv uni- 
 ffty prizes) ; a long level white cow Grl^K ^ ^''^T*"' (^''^' ^^"'n^''- ot 
 British Lion out of Lady Grace, by K r** n^^'f I"" \^''''^y Gracious, by 
 quality an.l substan(;e; and a fln«^ old wre^k }'"'"''\o'"« r«a cow with 
 won tor her owner i;800 in prizes. The b, IH„ f ''■ ^^""'■''' '^''"ch had 
 old.hred '>yM'^ Talbot CroslU,outot^bvu'^^ ""''^ '•' two-year- 
 
 a iisetul animal, with great length and sni;;. ' 'i'f '''''"*^^''^«''^nuite 
 ;''";•" t»' '"any other animals, were 29 c s 'm. ?'' '''*' ^■"""' '" "^l" 
 in heiter calves, and 1 bull, the whol« IV?; ^"''f*"'^' ^^ '^"'^ «-'ives, 
 
 stocked. an.lindi.afingalHohM^^trnZ^^ 1'';'^ '' ^'"'^ l'*^' vily 
 tamed Iro.n the land. " condition and large i)ro<Utce ob- 
 
 'l^^'<^<[\»^ent 0/ dairy SImrthorns OH a model t\,r,n xi ^p . 
 Ks another winner of a first pri^^^at 1^0(7 ;;::)• ^"''"'»V"' ^^^ """, 
 tanner, occupying as he <loes m()r//H. .'.'''''' '^ ^'^''"y 'arge (lairv 
 l^rmlingShorfhonis, we .'i^e th^f. 1 Imv '""' ''"'"'• '""' '^^'^'I'^ng a d 
 
 system lnl881-N2\,o|^H.!^r 2'S 
 
 U(M)(| Farm had been drained -.f •' '*''}''/'* ^'r. rurnbull's Twver's 
 
 •;•*"<•'' pip-, and the ten-ui'l 'Mli.; a ndSl S '''' 'f"""'^'-" «"<''''P 
 ; '•"•"'ig does not answer on the fci ' /' ''^' '« "' f''<' -same. Deep 
 
 '•«"<« ; to ;m iMH.es might hav be „ rf f '''' "'"""'' '» '•♦'Ptl' < f 
 l»een limed uirh r. t*,,,, rf ml ^ o<^t'» preferred. ( )v..r HO ,....,,„' 1 .. ' ' 
 
 "^ the greatest mU.,;;;^ i^S urZ 'iZ^ ""•^' ^^"*^"" '^"^ 1-"^^ 
 
^m 
 
 «•■' k 
 
 106 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 effect in improviDg the herbage, and especially in developing the clover 
 plants, has been very marked. The land is generally a strong loani, of 
 a fertile character. 
 
 The stock on the farm comprised 40 cows and heifers, principally Short- 
 horns, of excellent type and grand milking properties, some cross-bred 
 Ayrshire and Shorthorns, 10 capital two-year-old steers, and a very use- 
 ful two-year-old bull, sele<?ted with due regard to the milking properties 
 of the dam. Although the grass it* of excellent quality, it is supple- 
 mented with cake. Thus, from May 1 to October 21, the cattle, accord- 
 to age, have from 2J pounds to 7 pounds of cake daily (two-thirds cotton 
 and one-third linseed cake). 
 
 They live out day and night, except at milking time (4 a.m. to 6 a. m., 
 and from 2 p. m. to 3.30 p. m.). From July the dairy cattle have a daily 
 allowance of green tares, and in Septemher and October tiiey have cab- 
 bages in addition to cake and grass. The heifers in calf run out on 
 grass both summer and winter, but are housed in a straw yard at night 
 in winter, when they are supi)lied with from 14 pounds to 21 pounds of 
 hay, according to age and size. Heifers due to calve in the spring are 
 allowed about 2^ pounds of linseed cake daily for two months before 
 calving. From October 21 to April 30 the cows are allowed from 21 
 pounds to 28 pounds of hay (one-third long and two- thirds chalied), with 
 pulped roots, the quantity of the latter ranging, according to the size 
 and condition of the animals, from 36 i)ounds to 84 pounds, the artiti- 
 cial food for cows in full milk comprising 3 pounds of linseed cake and 
 3^ pounds to 7 pounds of crushed oats. Heifers in full milk are fed 
 with about 21 pounds of hay (two-thirds as chaff), with 50 pounds of 
 pulped roots, and 6 pounds of Imseed and cotton cake, in equal propor- 
 tions, or a similar weight of linseed cake and crushed oats. Oat straw 
 when well got is substituted for a portion of the hay. Mr. Turnbull 
 considers that 10 pounds of oat straw are equal to 7 pounds of hay. 
 
 The grass farm of 140 acres at East Park, which Mr. Turnbull holds, 
 is occupied on a lease for live years from Aprii, 1880, and has receivecl 
 very liberal treatment for so short a term, as it includes boning a con- 
 siderable part of the pasture, the liberal application of fold yard manure, 
 both to grazing and mowing lands — 71 acres being devoted to meadow 
 on which was an excellent cro]) of hay — and the erection of a consider- 
 able length of strong posts and rails, which cost about Is. 6rf. a yard 
 fixed. The buildings comprise the larger portion of the hall-stables 
 and outhouses, and by judicious alterations have been rendered very 
 convenient for breeding and rearing stock, which is the main business 
 here. 
 
 The management of young stock is admirable, some details of which 
 we will ghe. As to the treatment of the calf: It is removed at birth; 
 new milk is supplied for a month, during which i)eriod it is kept warm 
 in pen; next, for three or four weeks, boiled skim-milk is given ; and, 
 to prevent the milk being burnt, the copper vessel is suspended in a 
 copper of water; then one-third boiled linseed and two-thirds oatmeal, 
 commencing with 1 pound of the mixture daily, are mixed hot with 
 skimmed milk. All this time the calf is tiiught to eat sweet hay and a 
 little linseed cake, and with each change of food the calves are re- 
 moved to more airy quarters, which also allow of more exercise. In 
 the spring and summer of the first year the calves <lo not go out; tLo 
 winter calves are run on grass, and have a capital shed to shelter in at 
 night. The great secret of success is the judicious change of food and 
 quarters, according to the age and strength of the aninini, by which 
 steady progress is insured, the cake being continued. The heifers iiiu 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 rs, principally Short- 
 ies, some cross-bred 
 
 107 
 
 f'^^^;j^^tj:^tC^^^ .a.a atni,,t 
 
 1883 cou^i.ted of 31 IZ^^^^S^"^ ^;?P- Thestock i„ August; 
 yonrl,„ff heifers, fifteen to twenty onTitb'^,,^/" r'^'""\ ^" ^^^^'« 5 1« 
 lowing spring; 19 winter calves, mixedeShf'/"" '''^'^"'^ "^^^ f«l- 
 fehorthorn calves, three to six moiZl old . T^*' o^ '!!' ™'''''^^'* "l'^ 5 10 
 three months; and 1 yearling bull ' ^^ Shorthorn calves, under 
 
 w£e nJe ^ioS'i;f*;.S^V;;;^rl!^;^' r^,;:^ /rr.t.mentioned tUrm, 
 hitter about 7 quarts, giving a uvi'^^^^^^ ^"^rts, and at the 
 
 result was higher, vi^, 11 quar sXl fo "nA*^"''^'^^- .1" ^u-^mer the 
 average of lOJ qu'arts. Asi miug Int tin v.r''''"^*^;^'^' ^iying an 
 for nine months in the vear, we fave if o . '''''«*' '■' ^ I'^'^'^ts a day 
 tun. per cow of over £lio,'v^1iic Ko^f. i h' i"'' '' P"*"'' '^ ^''oss re- 
 well. East Park is well sheUere bv n mrir'"' "'V'*^ ^^^" ^""^'^^^S pays 
 tine spreading timber. "'^''^'^^" ^^i plantations, clumps of trees, and 
 
 Letting out cotes to laborer<t i \nn. ^^^ i 
 
 terprisemust be note rSlai bi^n !f ^'^"'^^ ?^^^'- T"rnbull's en- 
 the letting out of cows To li^borer^ tK^ «ince 1870, and this is 
 with, Kerry cows, of whose valSit".! }■ ^'^P^Tiuieut was commenced 
 
 satisfied ln.n«elf durinra v ; • f fe Sn^'T^^^^^ ^''' ^""'^"" ^'^<1 
 Ayrshires. The rate of hire is reenlS L J ''"*' T^^^ succeeded by 
 fourth of the cost being the ave™ V .L I *'«fosfc of the cow, one- 
 l.lied when near ealvinl The ,^ftru^1.t '''""'*• ^^'« ««^'« «'« «UP- 
 i;ai<l in advance, a ]>lan which insures <»: ^1^5?,^' :"'*^ ^'^« T'^^y '« 
 
 luiu u. .mvunce, a juau which insures due (■■m /.V 'V '*^ ,""*^'^ '« 
 
 the loss of the animal is borne by throwm- • f it /. '''^' '>"' although 
 the hirer. As an evidence of the ca?e twiJ . i ''^ ""l produce falls on 
 Turnbull states that, having I ^0^7^.01^ ^l^ ^"^^''^ ''^"'■"'^JS' ^Ir. 
 Imsiness, only one cow waS'lis Tn calv 7' "l/^f T*^[' years of this 
 stil in service The opportunity "f ce ti ,^ h' ^^ ^ ^ ^?\ '^"""'il '^t is 
 such terms has been largely a ., r^ciSd ^ri^T^ 
 annual cost of keeping at AvrEciw o,. f,'' T'lrnbu 1 estimates the 
 Dire, £5; summer ktep, £5r wiu e" ^ /iTir'''''"^"^ "« ^^^ 
 fairly good cow is considered o yield .^.>S'of '/"""• ' '^^^^ ^^^ l^*- A 
 per quart, and the calf at 2()«., thouLhTi; nn f * ?'^'"^ ^^'^ "^ 3<?- 
 h(.n, bull would be more than\ ubjf thit snm"A' ^'^^T '*' ^^' '' ^Uort. 
 £'2S m, leaving a profit of ilO besk is h- - ^"^ '' of Produce is 
 uiilk for the children. After hu^mrint. pe"t advantage of skim- 
 experiment was found to give ' r<i^urn 'ot"^ 1"'^^ ^"f ^'^^ee years the 
 cai.ital invested, after paying a evnenlwl f ^^"^ ''*'"^- '"*^^^«t on the 
 <lei.reciation, fall of price, &c Tin h h "^ ^*^*^"^'^'' '^"'^ allowing for 
 about calving time, these 'bt^^,"., ,et .?t ^i^'t'V' 7"^' ^«^'"« 
 >^ary price, and .-equently r.tan.^ ^ TJ:t ^hiTl!?- Z'^^rl^t 
 
 (4) The Devon Cattle. 
 
 to'^ii[^s:^'C'^^;^;;:;:i^Zt'Z;;^.^^^ -> ^^-bt 
 
 ovon in their latter-day a^spe.-t, t*l ev "xj ,• . n^^^^^^^^^^^ that, 
 
 unvs, a.Hl, to a very large extei t .m -h f M r "^ **^ \^'*^ Particular feat- 
 f'H' members of the aborili, a \\ "l 'V .. ':!:\^!•?^"^ 
 
 I which th 
 
 !,,> II . ■ -f,--.... w.ti-u inun winch ti!«»r ^.> -•„, 
 
 li 
 
108 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 common, the climate to which it is exposed, .and the requirements of the 
 men who profit bj' it always combine toward a certain end, and in the 
 Devon cattle these influences have worked together with a most satis- 
 i'actory result. 
 
 Points of Devons.— Devon cattle possess a distinctive type, but several 
 varieties are placed under the title, and there is probably no breed in 
 which individuals of almost precisely similar general aspect will, when 
 scrutinized and analyzed carefully in their several features, exhibit more 
 marked variations. In size they are medium, nlthough it is much the 
 custom to speak of "the little Devous." True, they do not possess the 
 bulkiuess of the Shorthorn or the Hereford ; but, for all that, they are 
 far from being a diminutive breed like the Ayrshires, the Kerries, or 
 the Channel Isles cattle. The general aspect of the Devona is f; c hi}. 
 and their appearance seems to betoken a gentleness of mien whi i • 
 looks do not belie. The head is small but the forehead comparu y 
 broad, tapering oil" to a neat, clean-cut muzzle. The ears are thin and 
 soft in texture, the eves bright, and <lo not exemplify that dreamy look 
 which many breeds have. They should be encircled by a ring of light 
 coloring, almost approaching an orange hue. The nose should be white. 
 The horns are of medium length, graceful, and s[)read in an outw ard and 
 upward direction, tapering easily off. In the male this feature is sviarcely 
 exemplified to the extent that it is 'n the female. 
 
 The outline of the Devon should not exhibit any very marked diver- 
 gence from the shaiie of the proverbial parallelogram which should be 
 realized in fat beasts. The neck is full but lengthy, and should show i\ 
 good we<ige-like form when regarded end on. The chest is deep ami 
 prominent ; wide, fat loins, and a well-filled rump, where plenty of beef 
 may be piled up, constitute one of its best points as a butcher's beast. 
 The legs are fine, but well set on. The boiu^ of the Devon is small, but 
 the franie is, notwithstanding, comparatively speaking, large. Red is 
 the color of the Devon, although a large number of the cattle in Devon- 
 shire display some white about them. The skin is fine and mottled. 
 
 Varieties of 7><?rows.— Devon cattle may be grouped under three vari- 
 eties, the North Devons, the South Hams, and the Devon proper, as 
 exemplified in the accoin])anying illustration. The North Devons arc 
 the smaller and finer variety. Their coat is softer and more curly, and 
 their general appeariince more nearly warrauts them being termed "the 
 little Devons" than <loes either of the other two more distinctive vari 
 eties. The South Ilams cattle— that is the cattle bred upon the fine 
 uplands which lie between Dorset on the southeast, the sea on the soiuli, 
 and Cornwall on the southwest of Dartmoor, which forms the center 
 highland of the county— are fine beasts, coarser in appearance and of 
 bigger bulk than the North Devons. The Devons i)roper may be said 
 to combine the most notable features of these two varieties. They are 
 found mostly in the district around Taunton, and in Somersetshire aiul 
 in Dorset, and are well represented, as a rule, at the Sinithfleld Club's 
 show, where they are apparently the emliodinient of the standard of 
 excellence for Devons. Besides these, both Exmoorand Dartmoor, the 
 latter i)articularly, can show a rougher type, smaller in size, an<l ratlier 
 coarser in bone and flesh than can the other less exposed parts of th." ; 
 country. 
 
 Special characteriHtics. — The merits of the Devon are n)any. They are 
 as i)rofitable a meat-producing breed as any we have. Given so nincb 
 food, the percentage of beef returtu'd •.".:>..". h'.rgw a- ((an h<' hIjowi! !>y ;u!y 
 other breed. The beef is of prime (piality, the ofital proportionate, anil 
 the bone small. As fatteners they are not to be surpassed in their own 
 
! requirements of the 
 ■tain end, and in the 
 ^r with a most satis- 
 
 ive type, but several 
 •robably no breed in 
 al aspect will, when 
 iatures, exhibit more 
 3ugh it is much the 
 ^ do not possess the 
 "or all that, thej' are 
 ires, the Kerries, or 
 Devoaa is t' ' ' ■'• 
 of mien whi.i ■ 
 head comparu , ^ 
 lie ears are thin and 
 fy that dreamy look 
 ?d by a rinpr of lipfht 
 ose should be white, 
 d in an outw ard and 
 is feature is sviarcely 
 
 very marked diver- 
 am which should be 
 , and should show a 
 je chest is deep and 
 nhere i)lenty of beef 
 IS a butcher's beast. 
 ' Devon is small, but 
 king, large. Red is 
 the cattle in Devon- 
 fine and mottled, 
 ed under three vari- 
 e Devon proper, as 
 3 North Devons aro 
 and more curly, and 
 a being termed "the 
 ore distinctive vari- 
 bred upon the fine 
 the sea on thesontii, 
 ch forms the center 
 1 appearance and of 
 I)roper may be said 
 ^^arieties. They are 
 [1 Soniersetsliire and 
 le Sniithfleld Club's 
 of the standard (if 
 rand Dartmoor, tlie 
 »r in size, and rather 
 s posed j)arts of the 
 
 ire many. They are 
 t^e. Given so niucb 
 iu\ \y.y .".hnwf! hy ;{iiy 
 1 proi»ortionute, auil 
 ■passed in their owa 
 
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 THE UNITED KINGDOM. j^g 
 
 country, and will ^o from atoro tn f..f i 
 
 m,d a little artificial foo.l. S^eou frot sL^-^l"^^ ^««^' '>''«ture 
 
 sivc course of fattening. AsdaJrvPnTr. ®'^'-^^^P«"8ivenorexte^ 
 
 ity than the qinintitv of tlie'rnrodn^^.^'''?: ''*''*' '"«^« "«tert for tlurnua 
 the latter is sn.all. isaS S "fit "^''^T*^^""*^ '^« supposed th't 
 ti.e quantity is conu>an»ti^V t ^f ''^(^'^,^^''^.1 ''^tis^^otfro,^^^ 
 
 Ayrshire reeorus, but there is littJe'doS't^rw "^ f^"* ^^''''^v and 
 persistently and carefully put before S V **^ '^A''"'^ ^^«^''^n ret^ords as 
 l>I<u,e in the ranks of our dairy breads ^'"''''"' ^^""^ ^"'"'l take a hi^h 
 
 The illustration represents Mr ^o^fi • , 
 a veryjjood uleaof tl eDevcmin iN^frn."'^;'^'"^ P'-etty Pace,an.UMves 
 what it «hould be. The C " , roi J? hf ^"\ '^•^^ ^^^''^^ i« "ot quite 
 tion and appear too parallel B„7tiH . li ""^ ''^*r;"f^J'tf„rward a ,1 ric 
 ness of the frame, wilh, at the f.! thne tSiTin" 'l""^"' ^'^ *'"^ fl°e- 
 tock, is also evident. "^' '»«"iu'u, heavy build of but 
 
 Mr Pen,' Of Al,tar, Lewdow,,, North Devon, says • 
 
 I Will not confiao TTiv remarks tn Mtr!,,* i^ . ' "■•To- 
 
 nral laws und principles auri i...„ i '.""'*' ""*^ Jcst them ntlw.i. ,>.. 
 
 co.Hliti.,ns whiJJ, niuTt lie b ,?„.^hril.?:;"''*' ^*'"""«*' ^•■""' "li' vario " CT' "»*- 
 from difteront troatn>en(H an hi/,, t " ^'''''T '•" •"■'"'»«' tl.o d..vclo,,afn'in.l '>'•'"*'' 
 rather than otherwise. In t e firs n^ ' ?^"''/.'"' ""'•'"^^ 'I'lt « < r < to n I/'^'r "« 
 nialB are needed to turn o. i varioas ou/i;,^ r'"'l' ^'^'*'^ «'"«" ">< w. 1 Ls lar .« si ''l "^ 
 tion of the best supply of anim,U° i.d .j h'"''*'*' *" t'"' I'^'^t account foAhot. T" 
 
 .i..in(sof n.eat suitable to all b .1' "ff "* l"'K''«i/.'d unin.aKor ar .- '^ '^ 
 ,.crf,.ction on pastures wl.ic n^ "'o' 'v feV /«''i''. ■-•"."H animali " uh'o fe^h't't'^ 
 when iodder is scarce the small «..in, .i ' •".'"" "'""'■•"In in Nf„re com fn ^ *7 
 
 nhilc the larKC auimals wfl s irv , '^ '';'" '"•^'^ *'"■''' *'<""i i-' 'i f i i. . t , "^ "'"' 
 a lew weeks, bo fat.eue.l o^l' com ^iS.rtW^lst !•"" '^'" '-"''^^Mh:; ^^ r" a;,";:; 
 animal must, have ts time Tlinw> • .1 , "'^ bctoie one'.s eves ivii^J ' '" 
 
 if their owners can k.-ep hVn, . u V' '^ '"*" '■^'•'••- f" '•" «ai 1 , f..;,' ' 'n'''' '"'• ''■"'«" 
 at .n early a^e. haveiCt^ '"""""« ''■'"" ''-"'- 'Ley .un^MLte^!*;;!-;;;;- 
 My conclusion is that an animal wi,i„. • • . "».> "^lylits 
 
 is a lirst-chws one, whether iMeo -,7 ' " '■'*''''^ " *•"•"'• ''"'''ify. m.d constitnf 
 those who have them to i.|.,ce ll ,, • ^' ?'' '"""" »'Z''- and it the •, ' . ^ ^'•^"*''''' 
 ''avo often (bund .ny sm, Nft^^d" nim!;i'"''''; '*'"■'"'"- »'- ^.^^ , ' , ^^ ''T 
 in .0 have an animal that >vil " / "X ^^.h:;:'''" '"" "'" •""'^» '"•'"'■v m i v , i,, ' 
 years ago Shorthorn cattle wer, , ro ,. " ''." J^'''"^^' """ value. From/m'',, .''''!" 
 spread over a larwe part .,f the ?.o mm ' ""," ^'"•"^vall by a Mr IVt r .. 1 ,,^'-'' 
 
 best districts The;^ also /Vunid the r^.i'^ /'-"-' \-^ '-re par/ii.n aW" /llij 
 fhcy have iKid ralh.'ran (■:^tensive l.nl 1 '"'' '/''vonshire and Somerseisb ,;: ,1 
 h.'<l,t:inK them rather closely int be J l' *;', '■■'""• '"'"•'Vcr. f he ev.rs.' I ''■'"'' 
 were zealous a.lvocates for t em 1 . " r.m'''''" '^l'"!^'"' '1'" '-"mitr v, .1 ,, .'; T" 
 Ileivfords also found their way iu i (',, '."n '':""''">• "r wi,„Uy'.:i "„ '/i ; / ' '' 
 
 £r;h;!n:;^:':.!.s;s-^^ 
 
 in, into the stron^lmlds of ,l,":^^^.'' ,;;::;|^''- /n- North Dev^^ 
 
 n, the west of L n.land. Their ilesl is Z ,n '. I '"^''V'""^' 'lie ,n„sf irem'r ^ I tee.I 
 
 tmiied breeds, and their meat is 1 ml. "'"' , '"" '''•^' ""'• '"ix<'<l than the J.. .11 ' 
 
 ["'• =' '■'■"• weeks/will I e Vit ',:'.;;'; 'j'""'' l'"^'-'r."s, and, w tl • 'li ' , '7 " '" 
 >..l:n- price per pound. A.limals f ^^fc.l'V! ''"« '","'<' -a^d' b ,!'f ^I ^ ^^i';''^ 
 
 '^nJ:';:rr:ri^-;'::.',-:,t:~ 
 
 ^ '-.er per day may •-ons.de!id';.XJ"a;[:;;;^i>-1^t;:;i if^'V-'"' -'• a 1;;;^ 
 
 *' »><-il-bied annuals are often 
 
110 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ■ 
 
 f.'l 
 
 
 ■IP 
 ■it I 
 
 i , 
 
 kept in the dairy, though tley full ns uiilkors, Himi> y o" "ccmint <•( their value n* 
 bree.1. rs, hut thin is not the cnHo witli nionK'relH. for it they fa. a« niiHiors they areat 
 ouce fattened. Ou this account inougreiH are often stated to be bettor lor the dairy 
 than hey .ally are. The Dcvo!. breed oc.upi.H, ^v.th but lit e escei.tion the whole 
 of the district f.orth of the forest of Dartmoor t.. the Ikistol Channel, inc ludinn the 
 "orpfit of Fxmoor and from West So.nerselshire tlnon^th Devonshir.< and Cornwall it 
 horns the p^ ^i a av. I consi.ler the fact of the D..v«n cattle «««.„ taking pes- 
 
 Hossl.... of \he stlon.holds of the ..ther bree.ls to I" '^ ':';^"^.7 'jV;/ ,l\':,f ./i3l'^^^^^^^ 
 worthy fact us to merit than any test made (asl ha%e betoie binted) on a sinalUci o. 
 Tl o Deyo.M "ve e lirst bred on the Government prison farm at Dartmoor, then tho 
 AyrsHns, Ihei. the Polled .Scots, and now tho Dovoim have again taken up the posi- 
 tion they at first held. 
 
 Mr. ilichard Hitklo, of liradHtoue, says: 
 
 Mv iinnln lias been a breeder of Devona for upwards of forty years and I still retain 
 thi^Ja e he d. 1 a eal ways found them more,-oiitable than any othcM- breed, botli 
 for nd k and mtitnde to fatten. I can keep three Deyons to two Shorthorns, and I 
 
 ml l^.y wills and the winter and our wet climate far better than any cross or other 
 
 c b vd luimalH, and that without any bous.n« or extra c;are. I have 12.. bnlocks. 
 
 1 i. fly iV. y Z but I liud t he best bred ones are preferable to l.e kept, as tliey ire al w.ays 
 
 it f.r anyone ,, look at. During the suu.mer inont^hs I ki'JZo upwardsof 100 besid.H 
 
 n'v re-'ulars toek, and conseq.iently I sometimes get a Shorthorn, Hereford, or cross- 
 
 br-ed a'uimal, but I invariably iind it does me n<> good 
 
 h V. ' '.'r tested the milking properties of tho Devoiis, but they are not heavy 
 n.ilkerVaH a rule, although tho eream isof the rieh.^st quality and will niako more but- 
 "rth in hut from almost any other breed. We never make cheeso mourcounty asit m 
 Ltorfor..le..se making. The average weight of my cows with ordinary leodiUf; 
 would be about 7 ewt. of marketable beef, steers being about the same at J years of 
 ag" I have had s.mie of the latter which weighed as much as IJ owt. at 4 years old. 
 Biills in proijortion weigh iust the same. , .i x 
 
 Tho chief .art of mv <\inn is a light soil, witTi grey freestone, and the teruperatu.e 
 is ve"v <" langeable lulth in suuMuer and ;_vn'U*r. We have plenty of ram. As tho d,s. 
 trict ' ■ ^ .....,„,. , 
 
 fort 
 
 purnoses, but in tiie neiguoonng ri-mn.v .,i v>.,... - - — _ - „ -. 
 
 used Mv uncle had oxTmi in constant work many years ago. an. they were cons.,], 
 "red better workers than any other breed. My young stock as a rule are housed about 
 the beginning of November, but if depends partly on the mildness of the season. Store 
 ones have au'opei. shed all the winter. 
 
 Mr. Surridge, aiiotlier breeder of tho DevoiiH, observes: 
 
 In sneakiu<' of the Devons it must he remembered that there are the Somers.-t Do- 
 vou and Nonh D.^von bre..,l. I have been breeding pr.ne.pally Sotnerset Devo„s. 
 I have never kept an account of the average y .eld of m.lk, but some of t he Devon ...vvs 
 .rive Iron. IG to 18 .piarts per day and make from 1 pound to 1 i pounds of butter daily, 
 and others give not more than half that <iuantity. Ihe live weight of a Somerset 
 Devon at four years of age reaches fro.u IH c wt. to '22 e wt.. and luy own l.reil bull l{„bin 
 at 4 years old 'weighed 1 ton .'Hi iiouikIh, and the dead weight was cciusidered m scir,.. 
 The cows weigh from 12 cwt. t< 17 ewt., live weight ; oxen, from 1.'", cwt. to 20 cwt.; 
 steers under two years old, 6 cwt. to 10 cwt. ; steer under three years .dd, from 12 t„ i:, 
 cwt., and steer under four years. <ro.u l!! to 17 ewt. 
 
 The grasses cultivated are Dutch, Alsyke, Tretoil, Italian, rye and clover. I my- 
 self cut some for bay ; others cut some given lor feeding in summer. If th<i auimaU 
 are iutemled for exhibiting the system ol housing pursued is to k-ep them in ni sn,,,. 
 mer aiul winter, giving them every day moiierate .xvreise and feeding thein on .lif. 
 fereut kinds of nieal-eake root and green food. I eomme.iee handling and lead.ng wh,;) 
 my beasts are about three months old, Itiit som.'tii.i.'s befor.-. The dead weight of,u,e 
 of'inv animals (Norali M) was lU stone .''. pMuiids or .^7 se..n- 17 p.mn.ls, and her live 
 weight 14 cwt. 1 quarter. The temperature on my farm is abcuit 00^ to (w" m h,,,,,. 
 mer and 45° to b(P in winter, ami the soil in my iieigliborl.ood is chiefly ray and sainl, 
 some of which is very good and some very iiif<Tior. 
 
 (5) The IlEREr'oKD Cattle. 
 
 Chamctcriatics.—Tho cliiof points to be looked for in a good Hcrofonl 
 are, first, that the color should b<^ a (listinct red, not too dark or to.. 
 
 luo cnier pari oi II v ■ail" 13 " >'o'"^ """' "•"■" r,, •■ — , / <• • a \.i ,. 
 very cdiaii-eable bcltli in summer and winter. \Ve have plenty of ram. As tho .lis- 
 ict I live in is a grazing district the grasses, used nre of an ordinary character just 
 threo years ley . The Devons in my immediate neighborhood are not used lor draught 
 noses, but in the neigliboriug county of Cornwall I have heard of several being s„ 
 "I -J , . _i "... :.. „.,7,. ,*„.,» .trorlr iiiiiiiv vi'iirs ii>'o. uudthev were corisi, . 
 
 light 
 
 legs 
 
 white face, niiino, breast, and belly, white end to tail, and wLin- 
 as far as tho knee and iiock, sometimes running up the tiaiik. 
 
count of their viiluo n» 
 lil iiH iiiilkoi'H tlioy arnat 
 I bo bettor lor tho duiry 
 lie oxcciition, tlui wliolo 
 UhainiPi, including the 
 Dimhii'it iiiid Cornwall it 
 attlo ii|raiii taking pos- 
 and inncii niuro tniut- 
 liintcd) on a HniallHcalc. 
 1 nt Dartmoor, then tho 
 gain taken n]> thu pusi- 
 
 .' j'liars und I still retuiu 
 III any other breed, both 
 > two ShorthornH, and I 
 than liny cross or other 
 e. I liavo 125 bullocks, 
 kept, aHthey nnt always 
 ) upwardHof KtObesiden 
 oru, Hereford, or cross- 
 
 biit they are not heavy 
 ud will niako more but- 
 eso in ourconntj-, as it i* 
 I with ordinary leodinj; 
 thosaiiioutU years of 
 » 13 cwt. at 4 years old. 
 
 e, and the teniitcratiire 
 ityofrain. As the (lis. 
 ordinary character just 
 are not used fordraii;;lit 
 ^ard of several boin;r s,, 
 , and they wore conniij- 
 a rule are housed about 
 less of the season. Hioio 
 
 erves : 
 
 ro are tho Somerset 1)(>. 
 pally Somerset Devons. 
 loiuo of tho Devon cow^ 
 pounds of butter dnilv, 
 \vei;;ht of a Sonicisot 
 luy own bred bull Kohiji 
 ivas considered 80 HCdrc. 
 from 15 cwt. to tiO cwt.; 
 ^ years old, from 12 to l,i 
 
 r.ve and clover. J uiv- 
 iinmer. If the aninuih 
 o k^'cp them in in sum. 
 id fi'edin^t thein on dif. 
 dlin;;and leading,' wlun 
 The dead weifjht of (me 
 17 imnnrls, and hep live 
 
 tout lilP to (m" in HMIll- 
 
 ibchiclly r;iy and .sainl, 
 
 in a pfood Horofonl 
 i(»t too (lark or too 
 i\ to tail, and wLifc 
 iiiiiig up the Hank. 
 
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THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Ill 
 
 The bull should have a "ood mnspniir,^ i.„ i 
 twoen the eyes, whicli lan.r shS "o Tut ^;. T* *^" ^^'^^' '^^"^'^ ^e- 
 inild look about them, denoting octv«S T P™."""e°t, but with a 
 horn, should be of ino.lerate ?e^nS snrinrrln^^^?^''?'^^.^*" ^^""P^^'" ^^^ 
 The cow's head should be much f he t mo hnf ^ straight from the head, 
 and her hon-s turn "pward s iLhtly t^ev .l/fV^ 
 a foxy white, althou^ri occasiorillv fhl ol ^"^"'^ ''^ '» ^o"' cases of 
 The „o«e sho'uld be a pure wii e flS.cZ;"'aL'r^,1^ r'"" ^^^^^k! 
 a good rise of crest, deep-sloniuo- BhnuinJZ n'^ ^'^^} «^«"'*i ^'ave 
 •straight back and belly line, wi le foin ^ood snrr"'^'''?^^^"^ ^"^^^'^t, 
 broad hips, tail well set on and fall nl in nnlS T"^' "^«' "^otl^rately 
 bind quarters should be long from ?h^o infc ^T I^"f ^"«^«5 tli« 
 a veryimportant point, should belameam'in,'^fVhn^- ^'"^^'' ''^''''^ «re 
 across when you stand behind, an shod h w'n '''°^'\'^"^^^°*" ^^'*^1«» 
 The whole carcass should be set squaTon JL u T?^'''^ ^"^ ^^"^ ''"^^s. 
 apart, and be covered with Arm S^h of S n ^ 'n' l^^f ^^^»!!*»ff ^ell 
 of soft but not too fine hair, giving the iZ r^i''^^' ""/''^ ^ '"^"o^' ^^^^^ 
 that it will stretch to any extent burhXr."^^^^ when you touch it, 
 difficult to explain in words, and it can o.lv •- ' ^ ""' ^ '' """"^''"'^^y 
 
 Wstory of the Beref ord. -There van h^Jn l\l ' '^''"*-'^ ^'^ practice, 
 tion of what Hereford cattle a reT hev ?re nn^ ''^TT **" *'^« q"««- 
 and pure breed of great antiq.d y l^ii^r STV"^*^^'^' '^ ''*'^tinct 
 many others, rather shrouded in mvsterv b.' ' . \ '^' '' ,"'*^^ ^'"^^ ^'^ 
 that there has been a breed of cattle red an i '■\.^"'"S'';ill.v allowed 
 and markings, for at least two Inn "red ^ irs . "'"•'' T'*^ ^^'^''^^ ^^^^e 
 and the noighb.wing counties. When m sse wiH?""/r'' "/ ^^''''^''''^^ 
 potency of the IbTeloid blood .'pure f , , , h , ; '\'^-^' ?.^'''^'" ^"-^'""^''^ the 
 as it is an exception for any calves o^niV; " '^'r^""*"^^' P''^>^'^'«^ 
 Avith white face. This has"^ «-o, ,' true "o„; A ^ r" 'f^ }}''''' *''^ '•*''l 
 >lch cattle, .^yrshire, an<l «hort Irns agai 7 TL "" l>''^''k 
 
 put to a llerelonl cow the produce usn> IK 1v .' 'V^''^» 'i'""' bull is 
 and cases have been seen when the pn i :. .h "','''* •'"'" '" -"'<'»•' 
 the bh.ck cattle come black, but n' t " . e ,'J H '^ '"'" ^^■'^'' 
 ford marking as regards (he white face ',nd leos '^ ^''"' '"'^'''''''f 'J'"''^'- 
 ^ lr//««Z(/t' r/ualitic.s of the //m/»/Y7.v.— Their '^iiilli,..,- , 
 |een so long nrglecte.l in the interest o( b V- f , '^ P"*J"'''t'^"^ I'=»ve 
 
 *eep milkers, hut give very rich n.i I \n M . ^'''^ ''^ "'^"''"> ""t 
 |ilked regularly and strippc-d <p„te .'lean. N do rMthiT """"',' ''*' 
 foin forming good milking tribes of c-itl..lu ^'''''^ '"''cb <<> 
 
 living organs as far as possible. W iu t K,?. ^'"'^*"'''»«"'S the milk- 
 |oopen liel.i this cannot be a Uai, e Ulis .n'"' ''"T"'' ^'^ '^"^^'^ '" 
 fierefonis not giving so much .ni I as ih' wo„ '. '"T'^ '"'T'' '''' ""^ 
 «ta.H.-,s. As beef nmkers ilu-v a, • n, t ',( V "" !'':/'f''<''' '•in'"".- 
 
 market (luotati.a.s record best Sih. ,. I n ■ H* ''' "''' '"="'^i'f, as 
 aunt,.! together. Thecal esu. „sndill/.Vr'' "' ''•''"■- "'^"''"v 
 during thesumnier, and th sgivcs the /^^ "itl.their dan.s 
 
 J0>«t sight of that thev shouhfbe ke t^^n^^^^^^^^^ .' "^ '^ '" ^"'^ <»<f<''» 
 
 |i;p|..nre<l during the winter'ami Ibllot'g ^;';;,:"^"' ^^'--^ ^-^'-d 
 1 J lie Uereford fairs have long been not/wl n • • 
 ■St .•ullection of bullocks in Engl n rd .re .^h !'"'r'!'f ^?«''^''^^'' f'^' 
 
 i.m; rough food, an<l ti 
 
 'US are particularly adapted 
 
 •"^luciii, and tiirivo 
 
 pted for <M»untr 
 
 les 
 
112 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 where it is impossible to take special care of the cattle through bad sea- 
 sons and winter month?. 
 
 Herefords, excei)t in a few instances, have been bre<l entirely for beef. 
 One great object of breeders is to have their animals as wide on their 
 chine as possible, so as to carry good full crops when fat, and no cow 
 will milk deeply unless it is made like a wedge— the lighter neck and 
 forepart the better. If attention were paid to the Hereford as it has 
 been to the Shortli- . u, they could be trained to milk well and deeply, 
 and the richness of the milk is not gainsaid ; but whether they would 
 excel the Shorthorns or become equal to the best of them it is difficult 
 to say, nor do I think it worth while for breeders to try ; at all events 
 so thinks another Hereford man. They stand tirst and foremost as a 
 beef-producing race, and perhaps it is as well they should for the pres- 
 ent take their stand on that, but if any breeders fancy taking up the 
 milk line, thev will probably in a great measure succeed. 
 
 Herefords for crossing.— A celebrated breeder of Herefords in England 
 recentlv addressed the following queries to a gentleman who had tried 
 the cross of a Hereford bull on Shorthorn dairy cows for several years: 
 
 1 Of calves Kot by a SLortlioni bull or by a Hereford ball, which fatten the quickest 
 au(i which are the most valuable if sold fat to butcher ? 2. Of hoifers got by a Short- 
 horn or Hereford bull, which do jou consider the best for milk, having regard bolL 
 to quantity and qnalitv, and in quality both as irgards cheese and butter? :|. As 
 to tiic produce generally got by a Shorthorn or Hereford bull, do you find auy ditter- 
 ence as to their gain of flesh or ability to thrive both at grass and in yards: and, if 
 so state fully your views thereon ? 4. Do jou find any ditierence of size in the prod- 
 uce • and if so which are the largest animals— the Shorthorns or those the result of 
 the cross with tin- Hereford bulls ? 5. Do you think there is any difie/euce as to hard- 
 ness or as to liabilitv to disease between tlie Shorthorns and the animals resultinj,' 
 from the cross with tlie Hereford bull ; and, if so. to which do you give the prefer- 
 ence f (i. Does the ollspriiig of the cross with a Hereford bull geuerally follow tbi- 
 marking of the sire or of the Shorthorn dam ? 
 
 The following were the replies received: 
 
 1. I consider those got by a Hereford bull. 2. Heifers got by a Hereford bull aiv, 
 I consider cfiual ft) the pure-bied Shorthorn for the production of milk, both as le- 
 .'ards (iiianlii V and .pKilily. ;5. Mv experience tells me that produce got by a Here- 
 ford bull out of a Shoithoni cow feeds <|uicker both on grass and when put np to feed. 
 •1 Produce oittaiiied bv the cross, as mentioned in No. ;} (viz, by a Hereford bull), i> 
 tiio lurger of the two. " 5. Undoubtedly the produce obtained by using the Hereford 
 bull is the hardier and lias mv preference, (i, I find that the offspring obtained by 
 the cross wirli the Hereford bull follows the sire in color in five cases out of sevfii. 
 
 The writer adds as follows: 
 
 Having some three years ago bought some Hereford cattle from you, I think you 
 might like to know that thev have done remarkably well, though I find it takes a 
 long time to make a name as a U<reford breeder. At the same time that I bouglu tL. 
 Herefords from you I purchased ten Yorkshire dairy cows— Shorthorns— from Mr, 
 Gothorp, near liedale, in Yorkshire, and after these cows had calved I determined i,i 
 try a cross of the two breeds, which I did by using the Hereford bull I bought frniii 
 vo'u on the Shorthorn cows. The result was beyond my expectation. I reared tlie 
 calves on skim-milk, &c. ; they had a little cake till they were six uionths old, wkii 
 thev took their mck. At eighteen months old I gave them 4 pounds each per day 
 when grazing (this would be in September). On the 12th October I put them up t" 
 feed, giving them 8 pounds of cotton-cake and linseed-cake mixed, and (i pounds <.i 
 meal with inilp each per day. The week before Christmas I sold two of them, iivci- 
 .■iging £21 10». each, and also some Short horn bullocks (which I had also liouglit froi 
 Mi. Gotlior]i). These latter were three months older, and only realized £l'J l.'Jd. pi 
 head, though similarly fed. In the seconil week of .Janu.iry I sold some more of the 
 iioss-bied bullocks (they were then twenfy-three months old), and th<'y avcruj;«l 
 £24 58. fi'/. per head, and the remaining Shorthorn l)ullo(ks averaged £22 17n. per 
 head, being, as the others, three months older. I certainlv am of opinion that tiit 
 bullock obtained by this (loss is better than the pure-bred Slmrthom for the (|iii(k 
 production of beef.' I have also some lieifers of this cross about to calve, and tht'V 
 carry iih-iity of tiesh, .'Hid -iromisc to maki- cqiiaHy art gwnl niiik*=rs .hh tht-sr dumy. I 
 consider the result of the cross satisfactory, especially on this poor, cold clay noil, tlic 
 grass of which (as you know) will not feed a mouse. 
 
 roiii 
 
 I ^i 
 
tie through bad sea- 
 red entirelj' for beef, 
 als as wide on their 
 leu fat, aud no cow 
 ae lighter neck and 
 Hereford as it has 
 ilk well aud deeplj', 
 vhether they would 
 f them it is difficult 
 
 try ; at all events 
 t and foremost as a 
 should for the pres- 
 fancy taking up the 
 jceed. 
 
 erefords in England 
 Mnan who had tried 
 i'S for several years : 
 
 hich fatten the quickest 
 f lioifers got by a Short- 
 ilk, bavitig regard bolL 
 esc and butter ? '.). As 
 , do you find any dift'er- 
 (8 aud in yards; aud, if 
 I'uce of size in tno prod- 
 iis or those the result of 
 iiy diti'e.euce as to hard- 
 
 1 the animals resultiiij,' 
 ilo you give the prefer- 
 nil generally follow tbi- 
 
 by n Hereford bull an, 
 ;iou of milk, both as iv- 
 produce got by a Here- 
 lid when put up to feed. 
 , by a Hereford bull), i^ 
 1 by using the Hereford 
 e ofl'spring obtained by 
 ve cases out of seven. 
 
 from you, I think you 
 hough I tind it takes a 
 
 time that I bouglii tLi 
 —Shorthorns — from Mr. 
 
 1 calved I determined td 
 ford bull I l)ought from 
 )eetation. I reared tlie 
 re six months old, whtn 
 
 4 pounds each per day 
 tober I put tliem up tn 
 mixed, aud pounds ol 
 sold two of tliem, hvci- 
 
 I had also liougiu from 
 ly realized £19 lOx. per 
 I sold some nu)re of the 
 Id), and tlx'y avenijii-f! 
 I averaged £"2V 17n. per 
 am of opinion that the 
 Sliortliorn fur ilie i|iii(lv 
 bout to calve, and tlii'v 
 
 iiinf^fn itn thrir diUiiH. ; 
 
 I poor, cold day !)oil,tlji 
 
 THE ITNiTKI, raNODOM. 
 
 . "0 
 
 or iif. ■ • '""^ wriou.s loss. 
 TI-SI,onlu.n,l,asn..,,u,,ifv„„,,.,,i„ 
 
 '■^"<l ti..||ii„,r l.„(S!",'.,"r' '",''"'-^f.v wer. 
 
 out of a, six ||,|„. 
 
 •^fo till: .■111, • ' 
 
 ""« "''-lord bnllH ,„ riu. Hin; '" T'"^'' > ' ^'"'"u IN ru " """''"''' '•""". 
 ^^ i^. ->l-~~S ' -■ '-^ -"• '- u.at;. 'InlC'^KlSS. 
 
^SfP 
 
 IMMMWiili llil i i l imiltlB i Ti 
 
 SbSBH 
 
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 i 
 
 -' K 
 
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 Mi 
 
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 114 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING. 
 
 A]L;iiin, tiiiotlKT fainu'r, wlio used (.o iiiiiki^ €0 oiich of JiIh }i;rtulo Bliortliorn luMforn, 
 makes ,Cl(i each oil' his gnido Hert! fords ut llu^ Haine a>!;o. T\w i'iUii tliiU these men aro 
 IK) breeding enthusiasts, l)ut )iiiielu!al American l)eef-i)r(>ducin}j; fiiriners, goes ii lon;^ 
 way to show tlie turn things are taking in that country. 
 
 Weight and mine of Hereford eatlle. — At the last Sinitlilield show, 
 Hereford steers in the ehiss uiith'r two weifilied, lirst ])rize, 13'J cwt., 
 twenty-two iiioiitlis; second ])rize, 1 i ewt., twenty-three and one-half 
 months; and third i)rize neaily as hi^h. The weijjhts were tolerably 
 even in all the classes. In steers under three, first prize was 17 <!wt,, 
 at two years seven and one half months ; second prize, 10.^ cwt., at two 
 years ei^ht months. In the class nnder four, lirst prize weighed 17,' 
 cwt., at three years eight mont lis; second prize, 1 >S cwt., at three years 
 four montlis. In heifers, lirst j)riz(nveighed 14=f cwt., at three and one- 
 lialf years; second prize weighed 17 <nvt., at three years two months. 
 The winning cow was 20;| cwt., at eleven an<l one-third years. 
 
 No particulars of value can be obtained as to the performances of i)iire 
 llerelordsin milk, butter, or cheese. It is not used for draft of any kind, 
 and it is chiefly bred in the west of England, Herefordshire, and Wor- 
 cester:-ihire, although many siujcessfid breeders are scattered througli. 
 out the country upon all soils. IlenM'ords are driven to all the great 
 midland fairs for farmers, who i»urcha.se them largely for fatten iiijr, 
 The chief grasses grown are clovers, vetches, and the best perennials, 
 That the llerefords will do well on heavy as well as light land is now 
 admitted. We can point to cases within our own knowledge wlioif 
 at the Christmas markets Herefords brought in to fatten have beaten 
 everything else in realizing top prizes, although in a county wlmic 
 they are comparatively little known. 
 
 Milldng q}talUm of the llerefords. — The milking (pialities of the Hen' 
 fords have no dot- >t been seriously neglected in lln^ past, and are simi 
 larly treated by breeders generally at present; but there is no leason Im | 
 doubting that as milkers the <'.\is,ing herds shew a very (lonsidcijililc 
 improvement. As a rule the Hereford cows, when contrasted with i'.\. 
 treniely large bulls and oxen, are somewhat small, but is, of ('oiirse, in ik, 
 way small as we apply this term to Iverries, Ayrsliires, or( 'haiiiuil Islands j 
 (tattle. Till' cause of the undeveloj)nient of good milking (pialities inall 
 Jlereford herds is not far to seek. The soil of the locality which sa« 
 the bree<l originate is admittedly not suited to dairy cattle, consc H 
 (piently there is not that attention given to the improveiiu'iit of tlic 
 herds as milkers as would be tin; (tase were they in a distiict iR-tttrl 
 suited to further theii' dairy jnojierties. In its original habitat tlic 
 custom which ]»re^ajls is to regard tln^ .steers as the soiinu' of peciniiaivl 
 profit, and win reas in most other jiarts it is the general luacticc lii 
 give the females tin; preference in rearing, it is much more usual liir| 
 both mah^ and female Jlereford 'halves to be similarly treated, the pici | 
 erence beiiig given to the males. This practice largely ((blainiii:; 
 obviously calculated to juove detrimental to milking properties. TIki 
 outcome of all this is that, as a rule, the Hereford is wanting in d lin | 
 (|iialilications. 15ut,()n the other hand, the exception does iiotsln li^^iiicn 
 the rule, e\(ii if it proves it, for where pure bred Jlereford stocli is lit|i!i 
 purposely for daiiy recjuiremeiits, where the good milkers are ke|»t,aiii| 
 the bad and •ndiflereiit are weeded out, it is so.iii very obvious totlnl 
 most prejueiiced that high milking <]iialities are resident in the Ileieldnl 
 
 ((i) Sf.><SK\ Catti.e. 
 Mr. I'orsfer, of Oihani, Kent, a well-known breecler, says: 
 
 The .'^iis>ie\, ;is a rule, are vctv |hhii' milkers, giviiiLT scarcely, if tnci', Kiifliciiiit ; 
 reur their iiwu calves, and are wttinc l)utler-iuakei,s. I'heir weiglil, ot course, (li|ii[i| 
 
NG. 
 
 H f^rado Bliortliorn liiMforH, 
 Tlui liict tliiUtlu'Hc iiuMi art) 
 liuniij^ I'arinerH, goes a lon;^ 
 
 liiNt Sinitlilield show, 
 1, lirst ])rize, 13:J cwt., 
 ity-three and one-half 
 .'cij^fbts were tolonibly 
 irst prize was 17 <!\vt,, 
 
 I piize, lO.t cwt., at two 
 irst prize weighed 17,' 
 Sjl cwt., at three years 
 Dwt., at three and one- 
 ee years two months, 
 ii-third years, 
 
 ti perforinanees of ])iire 
 !d lor draft of any kind, 
 irefordsliire, and Wor- 
 ire scattered tlirou<,'||. 
 riven to all the {?reiu 
 largely for fatten iiij;, 
 d the best perennials, 
 
 II as light land is now 
 iwn knowledge wlieie 
 
 to fatten Inive beaten 
 ii in a county wlmic 
 
 (|nalities of the line 
 he past, and are simi 
 t there is no ivason im j 
 •,v a very (lonsidciiililc 
 ■n contrasted with i'.\. 
 
 bnt is, of (•oiir.se,iii ii(> 
 res, orChaiiiiel Islands j 
 milking (pialities iiml 
 he locality which .saw] 
 » dairy cattle, consc 
 ' improvement of tlic 
 y ill a distiict iR'ttcrl 
 i original habitat tlic 
 le .sounu' of penniiaiyl 
 e general luaclicc lii 
 
 much more ii.suaj Iiir| 
 aiiy treated, the put 
 V largely (tbtaiiiiii;; : 
 king propeilifs. TIk| 
 d is wanting in dain | 
 (III (l<»es iiotslrcii^iliicii 
 
 lereford stocli is lit'|i!| 
 
 milkers are ke|»t,iiiii| 
 II v<'ry obvious to tlni 
 iideiit in the ilereldrd. 
 
 •ech'r, says : 
 
 ■I'l'ly, il' tnc'i', Kiifliciint; 
 wfi^;lil, of cdiirsr, ilili'Ml 
 
T^ 
 
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t! 
 
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 >'!(, 
 
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 115 
 
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 l«'';l>all .VCIIIIjrHt 
 
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 loiii !»(» to ||o 
 
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 ,';';'r;i'"'."-''.v-.yM, 
 
 IIH( 
 
 ' V; liiyfi lii.s ran,, | 
 
 ".•."^i"^'<ir files 
 
 III) loidl;,/ 
 
 ...I. ■.• "" "" I 
 
 •'^ "rllr,,,,,, |,i,.,, 
 
 "-" "'ld,.,;i,.|<,,,, 
 
 " iiiiulo lo 
 
 "".V '■'■•inin. 
 
 Wiiiiiily lidiiscd. I 
 
 mild 
 
 ll'^Xl'X, 1)1 
 
 ■<:d-cal 
 
 ' jMlr/IONl 
 
 ■'■ii'li Mio 
 
 iDiisii,^, „.ai„,j 
 
 f^oiii iron 
 
 II wcaijji 
 
 iiiixliii 
 
 o/'oil 
 
 itrcat Nccrct. 
 Iiv .sclccliii 
 
 ■'■'■»'v<) and c 
 
 "f«' Cor (•<■,.,) 
 
 ''^i;t"'"''.'-"t^M;:ii 
 
 '•' IIIIlNl ll 
 
 "\CI ',s.\ol 
 
 Ki;idcd l»v (ll 
 
 ".'''"> ""<l .'i ( 
 
 ' -I'ldilioii (o wl 
 
 ii'iisl.s 
 
 '''•'•"iiiiiioda- 
 
 '•''''!' •^^"-;:n ;::-::"'-..■.- ..h-::;;;d 
 
 '••" I liav., vi-l 
 
 >iild III, I, 
 
 llii, M'licfion ol' 
 
 ^■'^^-''iMW'livr in i;;;n,!r''':! •!'■''••''-. and 
 
 "■KoikI I, nil ,1 
 
 cMirliilaiil lora |„.r/-,.j., 
 
 i^iii aiivd 
 
 ."/.'■"•■''■^•"■(liooti; 
 
 Ml 
 
 ''••^'<S allot |,«,. I 
 
 lin 
 
 Till' Sussex cjiKJi 
 
 •"•' '"lored and 
 
 iin.''cls( 
 
 <'<)iiMli(ii(,.,i 
 
 ""! I do not, 
 
 I'ossilil 
 '■• I tliini 
 
 .''''■"'I '<• al.ov, 
 lis 
 '•••uiitcraci, II 
 
 IS (<.l,r..|.,|i„„. ,, 
 
 "•liiiial. 
 
 I'Diisid 
 
 IV iiioio d 
 
 i'|.l, 
 
 'i 11 
 
 i.s a 
 
 ii'iii 
 
 «'!• 
 
 any I 
 
 ''l'«'iids on 
 
 "K't; too 
 
 ll, iiialio il i,|, ,,|,j,., 
 
 tliilii. 'I'lie loll 
 wliii'li well, n|n) 
 
 "^,^ '"lo, are l,a,i ...i,, 
 
 J'» sjiys; 
 
 "Win: 
 
 are III 
 
 ■■^'■idoni K, 
 *' iiieasni 
 
 liiil 
 
 .Sussex liciC,.,.^ ,j 
 
 >vi. .ll I I • .isiiie 
 
 ""."/.slinotonandlool 
 
 '■|» (lieni /; 
 ■'''"'■"(sand 
 
 .,;;;];'"" "/-iMiiak 
 
 iv |iri/es: 
 
 '■i^'lK 
 
 nit i 
 
 s ol' 
 
 >riii 
 
 «"<'i.irli( 1 
 
 lsse\ lieiler, 1 
 
 "■;■" .vrars old, r, ;,,.,, ^ 
 
 .'1 linv ()) 
 
 !iiid iC u,.||_ 
 ;«,"l'<-.llve.s uiil 
 
 '"■is(iiia.s I 
 
 ":^^'»-, I <i";'r( 
 
 iiK'lii s In- I ( 
 
 I 
 
 "as Is 
 
 I 
 
 iSllNSI' 
 I 
 
 'lV(MVejj.|,t i, ,^ ^ 
 X Nicer, I 
 
 >■•'•■"• II iiioiillis, 7 / 
 
 '"■'•' I'iiK'lie.s _..-,; 
 
 scon 
 
 .Vf 
 
 11 
 
 ■'i|iiai!ers. 
 
 <-e|. 7 
 
 <"«'Im'.s l.y .1 ,•,,,., ^ 
 
 WVl! 
 
 .\l III, 
 
 hvi'li;l|iil 
 lliisl)il ),' 
 
 "^"^-<^l>ti2ryy,li 
 
 'T:.':.""^; 7 '""t lincl, 
 
 iiiid 
 
 les_ 
 
 .■|lio\e si 
 M,[cut.; 
 
 ' sleer, t\\ 
 
 liow. 
 
 ■I'liirlei-rt 
 
 l.y -I 
 
 >^' scon 
 
 KMlMlll pn/e, |\V|) y, 
 
 lie SI 
 " .v<;ii 
 
 '" I'cccinhe,. 1 
 
 '"■"•I I iii.di 
 
 I'ond 
 
 ■s ele\ei 
 
 l"l/e, t 
 
 fci'.ir- 
 
 ■111 
 
 I find ilin 
 
 till, I 
 
 Weill \-|' 
 
 ll! 
 
 ■s<-<>r(, 
 
 '''•'^'' I'lizc* Nteor, t 
 
 •■"id il half 
 
 Weill \ 
 
 mill l!iice.,|narlers ino'nti 
 li|ii:iil,'riiioiiili, „,.;,!, ,, I J, 
 
 "'>.v<'ar.s seven and a Ir . V"'"''''' '"< "HI 
 
 I oile-mi,,.) . '^ "■"' liloiil !>. II ' 
 
 I'K'lltlls, |;;,| 
 
 "III' iiionll 
 
 iii<i|iiarl 
 
 '''■'iHillllls 
 
 lll^t |in,'e cow I 
 
 ive yea 
 
 '■\vt .; il„ 
 
 I." 
 <\v|. 
 
 w;is /,' 
 
 /"lis, l|,.„t. 'I'j 
 
 js, Weio;|,e,| |;, 
 
 t' W I . 
 
 'I'l 
 
 ':••"■■< ••i.:,'li I, inoiiii 
 
 "•■'.■•"Hlplize, (I 
 
 "f.; (I 
 
 ;•' li.lsl Jiiize St 
 
 ' '.'"' f"'f"lid |.ri/.e, ll 
 I'lIZO Ilcifer, tl 
 
 Ice \ 
 
 'i'<'<'.Vt'ais(, 
 
 irci, yc;,,^ 
 
 •'"I. ; I III 
 
 '■••I-, lliiei 
 ''•■•Is iiiiii 
 
 ink ul„,l,....,,l. "'f'W'- ille.SMvv,.v I." I '"^W. ; 111,, s,.,.,.„, I ,...'' 
 
 lllill 
 
 lii'i'ly wliiile-coliin 
 
 l;iri;('iy 
 l.v, llies 
 
 .IaCiI II 
 
 |)"ll 1 
 
 ■"I'l i.'iMicilii,',! 
 
 llssi-x I 
 
 , It is 111 
 
 »'*''il. ulidi thev 
 
 ^■"'■■■;illv liii 
 
 "''•-ist"iii(o ,v,;,q,7, 
 
 I" 'Sussex I 
 ^■i'lj; ll inei; 
 
 ''/''^f is a, verv ); 
 
 , ' "" ""'l<';:;s tiiai, 
 
 '/^^"Miiei.,,:.,! '•'"" 
 
 11" ni'cond PI 
 
 "W t. 
 
 I"'i/c, 
 
 "lie- 
 
 le 
 
 'I'l 
 
 |"'«'-('iainc,l r,,i I 
 
 IC l)( 
 
 Miiiii ll 
 
 jilliit til 
 
 i-i'd n 
 
 I'l' years, i 
 
 " ll 1^ llinsl ilillienlf. to I 
 
 ;'".';';■■'">• I'lit ni.t 
 
 'I'-.v are r 
 ■'ill II 
 
 "w.r s|. 
 steers Iro 
 
 ''•'■•^I'nCerihi, I 
 
 Villi. 
 
 Alll 
 
 Ni.v ami 
 
 "■•■ist, Cll- 
 
 '" -'Hid Iced !„,( 
 
 lair III 
 
 '"'11 until t 
 
 11 Willi 
 
 :iii! 
 
 " Cifti 
 ■'iiid 
 
 11 till 
 
 111 II 
 
 i"ii«li it 
 ll" Ion.' , 
 
 ;■';>«';. IS old nntil ,1 
 
 \M> 
 
 "llii'll (llevd 
 
 I'' '"•■'.i'llilvof 
 
 ii'V an 
 
 II' |ii>lllts nC (ll,. s 
 
 II III'' 1 1 
 
 oxen 
 
 nil Iv 
 
 MMII (if Wlllel 
 
 llieil 
 
 ussex an 
 
 "■I" l>a,-|< I, 
 
 III 
 
 'IS I, 
 
 '" '" '""^'"' ■■uid 
 
 l"W.> 
 
 .'1 III 
 
 •■t <|iiarler vi 
 I" KcjK 
 
 "r.ipi.lly. ■'|.„„, 
 
 III 
 
 •s'lv slal 
 
 l»rodii 
 
 Clllt 
 
 ll 
 
 SIX or 
 
 llciC'ls 
 
 I'll' liisi 
 
 ''■an I 
 
 ■><• rati 
 
 "iifleruani 
 "''■ |»i"iiiiii,.ni 
 
 '■"iidirion, to,- if , 
 
 |lr liii^Iril 
 
 .»;;.T.;;.;^i';i;:'i''"''i::':r'"i'^:;;;:!;: ;:!■:'■:■-.! 
 
 wid 
 
 <• aero 
 
 i «illi(.iit any ((roiect 
 
 ''■"^'iltlii, j.latcl 
 
 •sirai^rlit 1 
 
 iiic-l 
 
 "'II .'It. I he .si 
 
 c nil 
 
 'IK 
 
 •■' IS rail 
 
 ^'>'i- not iivi'i 
 
 I -'i Mliall dewl 
 
 "■'•"ulcand thin I 
 
 ■ss Ih 
 til 
 
 111). 
 
 I\V 1 1 
 
 I"' si Iili'i'-lilade 
 
 ;i:i' uiile; hoilv 
 
 iMiii the (irst lii 
 
 iiinl 
 M'ly I 
 
 ""'"■ r.ithcr ( 
 
 '•ip"iiit ; (he I 
 
 nnie. (I 
 
 K'l w. 
 
 Wl 
 
 "■•'list, is w 
 
 "■ sides strai;;h( 
 
 ■^;^"|;.S:;:l:'::';■:^'■■■;=:^:;.::;r,S;::';■ 
 
 ■ll '!"■ Iiiiiil end 
 
 •• ari' We 
 
 .'tUlCll, 
 
 '■;icli sill 
 
 ,'"""1. Will, 
 
 '.'"'.""• Iiii. ll, 
 
 'SS Whiel 
 
 lyill.' 
 
 ■'^I'''"l«lhisu'j|| 
 
 III .'1. I 
 
 .iiid I 
 tlh 
 
 .■"111 \Mili' a 
 ''!'■ iinii;i and w hal 
 lilt. i'.iiImhk riilliie.. 
 
 .V"i^' nearly as | 
 
 ' '^'i.ii:,'Ii( 
 '"'; '"i'li Hal 
 !';;■' ^vith ihcei 
 
 ••'' '.-^ JC'ii'iallvNi 
 
 l< slrai-hi. I„ 
 
 "111 lle;i| 
 
 '■'I When tl 
 
 .V ii.ir 
 
 11! 
 
 '■'i";i'.illy I,,' (1 
 
 WMill.t,'. iioVll 
 
 (l ,IS III 
 
 III I'lri'lini.r, ( 
 
 '■;A.'''iii'ialh I 
 "Iiiiid. 
 
 ";;''"':>'"' ii.il si 
 
 ll'' 'all' is scld 
 
 ''^""wii as th,. ( 
 
 K' C.lsi 
 
 'line 
 
 mill 
 
 "::-::■■ /.".^;;i;;.id::n 
 
 .V-'SWidcatlheC,„, 
 1"-*'^ I'.'ir.lllel-if 
 
 line 
 
 and al 
 
 I' '""iisl.n.ad, will 
 
 lie 111)11 
 
 I' should 111, h 
 
 ;i wii 
 
 list n.inh ; tl 
 
 P'-Mi'tly !„.( 
 
 ^^•''•11 the I 
 
 • ilid 
 
 ' ''r ■''■'' 'i^'v. i; ;:•;;:''' ''I'-ved total. 
 
 "■"•"■•^i'i''<'itii,. ii,,..i 
 
 'I' 
 
 Iv. ■ I 
 
 "■"tllrr t Wl 
 
 ll is l,.(t / 
 
 ,'•'11 ill 
 
 '"•'ll ("Sllcli ( 
 
 ^«' all t 
 
 III .'iddii 
 
 ""I »" thi 
 
 wo of ) 
 
 '"• iiiiih ..r II 
 
 "• lc.it 
 
 s ■■III,- 
 
 le cow w 
 
 "" II IS ,'11 lor if i,. " '"" I" till. .1 „,. 11 .' ... I III, 
 
 '^'-'''''■''.lM.l;nh..' n::''' '.''•-«''• A,;: r;;;i:!T^ 
 
 "I'll is 
 
 las 
 
 '■-; s iiiiiii Is I 
 
 d 
 I'll (al 
 I '■•'■'"■'' ii'iiil ihecalf 
 ■'"■'"''I '^I'lnicdoiK. 
 
 Ihi! 
 
 ••'I and tl 
 
 IS Iflkeii ( 
 
 Is W, 
 
 IIICl 
 
 I'' '■■iir.iii 
 
 '"III li'r lor ll 
 
 "l'"ii tir 
 
 I IS (h 
 
 O'.VllI (■ 
 
 I' ("d II 
 
 I'astiin', w|„.„ , 
 
 •' '''iii'iini 
 
 i'"ll cut ,r, 
 
 !"' "lillvinaiil I 
 
 111. 'Ill or KliHI;!,! 
 "W.'d to 
 
 P'lrlioi, ,,(' 
 
 " !■< iisii.iliv a I 
 "' '"ulil. 
 
 Il 
 
 II' 111,'al 1, 
 
 IIS Is (||, 
 
 in. r, I 
 
 M\, 
 
 ';-; IS i;icrcasc(l 
 
If> 
 
 i 11 
 
 I 
 
 IKJ 
 
 CATTIiK ANI> 1>A1UY I'AKMINO. 
 
 nil 
 
 lil tlio lolliiw 
 
 ill;!' wiiili'i', vv 
 
 linn il liiKt'H ilH \<\m:>- iinimi 
 
 ml is a 
 
 lowed to liro\\s(> nini 
 
 II I 
 
 uilo\vaiM:i> 
 
 ol' rootn, iiK' 
 
 il, anil <ako ckIi tiay 
 
 Ii(^ various iinxliuilH ( 
 
 irotliiT yoiiiliii,,'* ill Mm yard 
 ifllin lariii, KoMin^;- a ciTlaiii 
 
 In SiiHHisx llie oxen iini tifniia 
 
 11 V \V( 
 
 kcd witii a doiihli' y 
 
 .k(> until tllt^v attain llair 
 
 I'nil -jirowtii, at (i y<'ai 
 
 Ah tlio ox in a hIow mo 
 
 viT, It iH iiijiino 
 
 IIK to liiivo liiiii loo 
 
 I'a.st, anil llii>* i« 
 tifati'i 
 
 tlio caHo Willi Mid Misscx 
 
 Wli.'ii lir.st, yoUi'd.HtciTH.s 
 
 lioiild lio kindly 
 
 land worked an hour or i wo ..iilv 
 
 ly in 
 
 the (hiy wit 
 
 ji Mieiidy older lieaHt, that they 
 
 niav he gradually l.ioken into the wo 
 Hi lentil' und hei-hl, ollierwise thow 
 
 perhaiiM, lax liin Hlreii';! ■ ' ' 
 
 •k. Those work III 
 
 toirelher Hhoilld ho o^eiii 
 
 nil 
 
 ver aiiiiu 
 
 1 will do more than liiMHliiire, iind, 
 
 h loo far. Tlu'wi 
 
 ik.'rheaHliiiayhaveaiiadvant;i;;e;4iv(<n 
 
 r Hindi in reiiiiiied. hy k 
 
 hllv altcriii;,' ih.Mliain of tlieyoK 
 
 In hot. weather Siih 
 
 •x rattle mils 
 
 t not he driven 
 
 'looharddrlheeoiiHlilntion \v 
 
 ill he ulVeeleil. 
 
 oldHVMUTlllll 
 
 'rii.i i"ollowiiij,' IS all 
 H steers into work eae 
 V.\>'h{. (d'thehest steer (alves 
 
 Sussex for wi 
 
 )ikiii'j; eat lie in siieeessioi 
 
 'I'o hriii 
 
 h vear, it IS neei 
 
 ssarv to sav 
 
 hi calves 
 
 10 males and 11 lemale: 
 
 II 
 
 le reniainili:. 
 
 may 
 
 ;)e till 
 
 1 he hroiiuli 
 II, .,1 olV to raiteli. 
 
 l', into wmk when three yiMis old, and 
 
 euiral three years o 
 
 id, when the hieedi 
 
 I- should se 
 
 liis<lairy, and the o 
 
 I her -J ho solder tuiiiei 
 
 lives. 
 
 tiv llii-* meaiKf a lean 
 
 r oj workiuu' oxen amiiu 
 
 111. 
 
 Thus, 
 
 Ihri 
 
 V cars oil 
 
 I, 8 lour ye;irs ol.l 
 
 I'he r. heifers may ''aeh i>rodiiei 
 
 (, I of his hesi, heifers to pill, llilu 
 
 vheii they hiivi' reared then 
 
 lairy of 'ill eowsniay he kepi 
 
 Id. As these arrive insiic- 
 
 1 olflo I'altiii w 
 
 , M live veaiHO 
 
 wssioii a I SIX years < 
 
 d f* will he nine 
 
 farm ; wlu n 
 
 Mlhri 
 
 veai-t 
 
 dd Hi eels \V1 
 
 otVthe team, I 
 he hid 
 
 itlier for sah' or 
 
 :i;i/,ili;^ on till 
 
 t into t lie I earn tosiiinily their plae. 
 
 Kxjierimenls havi 
 
 leeii mai 
 
 h- I. 
 
 test tlieadvanta,i,'es (I 
 
 f vokes or ci 
 
 liars, and it li. 
 
 heeii prelly eoiielusivi 
 
 le I rial helweeii I 
 
 111 
 
 enee ill an acie, 
 jiraelisi'd in sonii 
 uovided. One ;; 
 
 ly sh 
 
 tists \ o 
 
 ihul the Sussex 
 
 voke is I he hest sy.-leni kno 
 
 Ued and \ in collars then 
 
 le hut three miiiutc.s' i 
 
 lilii 
 
 hich was will ploii 
 
 1 iiil honrsaiul m miniiti 
 
 s ill .Sussex, when a l ' nij;' 
 
 eiillemaii 
 
 liis working 
 
 oxen 
 
 lailv, wiIh:!^'allollsol hai 
 
 •]ie;insai 
 
 III hraii iiiixi'i 
 
 Sliill-feediii 
 
 (lid fodih'r-rael; 
 
 > hir.hels of eh.'ill'ed oats hi i 
 
 i. 
 
 r, waier-lrou 
 
 H used iusleai 
 
 II 
 
 lo I'ase, 
 
 I oftlu" he;ilis or 
 
 nan, and when i 
 
 lotaloi'-^ 
 
 Sonu 
 lire fiiven, w 
 
 times harle>' or iiollaiil 
 
 hiih 
 
 is soniei nil 
 
 tl 
 
 ureal woi 
 
 il iiorl ion I 
 
 I' I hi' corn IS 
 
 knocked oir. Hay is sel. loin 
 
 i\en e\ee|(l the 1 
 
 lea:- 
 
 aiii 
 
 I I 
 
 icii ouiv a 
 
 iihiiil. Ill f.illeiiiii' 
 
 these heasis Ihlf ;fciil leiiiaii 
 
 (he Haiiiet|iiaiitily o 
 
 f chatVandjilsl doiihle lleii 
 
 iiantil V o 
 
 I' the other looi 
 
 1h. ■ His hl■:l^l^ 
 
 are l\>\ twice a day am 
 laiaely fell on oat-straw, w 
 corn at all. 
 
 1 (he (half is s 
 
 teamed. The cows 111 
 
 111 
 
 winter I line are al: 
 
 ilh hraii ami po 
 
 tatoes, hill 111 HUliimcr dairy cowH yet m, 
 
 (7) JKKSKY CATTLK 
 
 The followiiij; :ii«' 
 
 tlio i»t»iiits (>r .Itu.si'y 
 
 attl«' a.s «'.stal>lislit'(l Ity tlu' 
 
 .h'lst'v A,uri(niitiii';il Socift 
 
 'I'ltc vow und puril!/ cj 
 
 t'Vt' lull am 
 
 /„.;,</— On l»'dli jiaiviits' si(l(^ I('|.iiI(mI lor pn,. 
 
 luMil .small, liiir, ami tapcriiii.': 
 
 kv <;olor; iiuizzit' (iii" ;iimI en 
 
 low hiiltf!— lomi»t>iiit.- 
 
 1 iivciv; fiujc Ifiiii and of a siiio 
 
 iivlcd Willi white: horns | 
 
 Ii.slM'd,a littl(Mnim|.h'd, lipped with him 
 
 (■;irs siiia 
 
 UaiK 
 
 lot'aiioraii.iieeolof WI 
 
 lliin ;l)aekstiai,udit iVoiii the willii 
 
 h) the sell III 
 
 n nfliie tail ; ehe.st deep, and neat v oil 
 
 I line with the 1icll_\ 
 
 t„,if points; hide thin, jnov 
 looud color. two points 
 
 ■iihle, lini not too Ioom', well eoveivd u i 
 
 haiio 
 
 li;ivint;bnt little space 
 
 below the hoeU— fonv pomls; 
 
 l»iirrel-hool>ed and deep well liltlnd lioim 
 iK-'eiV tVie nl)s;tnd liii>s; lad tine, haiiKin- L' iiieln 
 
 loie le^;s slrai;.;ht and line; lhi,.,disl 
 
 ;iiii 
 
 I lon,i 
 
 ei 
 
 lose to.LTether when viewet 
 
 till' hones raUieiiint 
 
 lioe 
 
 filial 
 
 no 
 
 T JVoin hehiiid; hind le,L;s slior 
 Ikin 
 
 111 
 
 hler Inll, well up heliiiid ; I al.s lar;,'t 
 
 apar 
 ticiie 
 
 ith vein.s lar,ue 
 
 t to cross in walking-, — two pnini 
 iind e»|iially l)laced, In iiiu wi 
 th 
 
 iiid swelling;— torn- points; ;.nnw n, one pni 
 
 ml appearaiK-e two iiomts; pel 
 
 rcctioii lor cows and heilers, iliiii 
 
 one points. 
 
 77/c /'»//.— The pom 
 
 ts desirable in the leinalc an-.^ent 
 
 laliv 
 
 iile, hilt iniist, ot eoiifse 
 
 b,. attended by thai inascidiii. 
 
 .■^O Willi 111' 
 
 ' clLiiacli-; 
 
 which is iii.scpaiable IVoiii a stroii 
 certain tlejrree of eoiir.seiicss 
 
 ami vio;oroiis (H)iistitiilioii 
 
 .\cli 
 
 is admissi 
 
 ble, hnl then it ninst bo so i\ 
 
 ■flv ol a inasei 
 
 iliiic deseiiptioii as ne\» 
 
 to be dis(U»vei'<(l in tii 
 
 his ovt. in .■ontradistinetion lo the cow, the h, 
 
 rciiiaUs of 
 
 bull iu:i,N he .shoitei, the lion 
 
 ad 
 
 Lai hone broader, and the oceipilal lliit 
 
(arm, «•>>'''"'« " <•'■•< 'li" 
 
 >«■ iiiifil tlioy attiiiii lluii' 
 iuiKiiiK ti) (irivo liiiii l<"> 
 , HtlllH .sliiiiild lni kiiiill.v 
 lyoldt'V liciiHt, tlial llify 
 • '{hvv Hlimild l>o (if'ciiiiiil 
 oit' 11>aii liiN HliiUf, aiitl, 
 ■oiiii:iilvautaj;i'niv(Mi il, 
 
 0. Ill hilt woatlur Siih 
 11 lie tincc.dnl. 
 
 ■ ill hiicii'ssiiiii ; To briir 
 111 iiialfH ami l> liinali^ 
 luMi tlinn^ yi^ar.-t <>l«l, iiinl 
 IS may I'acli |iiim1ihi' ,i 
 IS licMt, hcilors ti> put, iulu 
 M tlicy liiivi' ri'antl tin ii 
 y ol'-jo fiiwMiiay Udkriii 
 
 1. ANtlicMt-ariivii iiiMiic- 
 ,\ir sail' or ^la/.iiiK <"' 'lit' 
 am to supply tlii'ir places. 
 
 ki'n or CO 
 
 liars, ami it !i 
 
 licsl Hy.-li'Ui Uiiowu 
 liul llin'o mliiutcH' ( 
 
 lilit 
 
 l!tllUt( 
 
 SlalMViMliii 
 
 ^li. ami lotlihT-nifU aiv 
 •Is o(" cliall'fil oats h(i:iu 
 U'tiimsl)ail('> or poll;iii| 
 
 I vrii, \s 
 
 liicli 
 
 issomi'l nil 
 
 ;i wil cM-rlM 111'' I 
 
 KM:- 
 
 astH till.- ;;( llllfUiaii v,avi 
 
 (• ollii'i- IooiIh. ■ Ills lM■a^l^ 
 
 llir wiiitir I iiiu' are :iIm, 
 
 iiiiiiifr dairy cows j;( I nu 
 
 its cstiiblisluMl hv Ihi 
 
 si(l»i H'lmtctl i'uf |ii(i 
 ill, lliir, ami lapcriiii.' 
 f, iiiiizzh' (ill" iiiul cii 
 'd, (ii»iM'(l witli hiack 
 itrlit from tilt' wiiiiii- 
 aliiu'witli llic 1icil\ ~\ 
 , well tMArfi'd u itli.Sdl 
 lfi'|) well rililx'l lio 
 
 line 
 
 liaiijjiiii 
 
 iiii'lit 
 
 ami liiu' ; tlii,:,'lis In 
 
 IIIKl 
 
 \\a 
 
 liiitl 
 
 Ikii 
 
 l.vi 
 
 )!af('(l 
 
 ;.s sjioii 
 -two IKiilih; 
 
 iM'lll'' Willi 
 
 IDU I 11, one 
 
 jMllll, 
 
 \vs 
 
 ami licilfrs, ihin 
 
 (■ <^v\n 
 
 raliv 
 
 St) Willi 
 
 1 iiiasciilim' clLiiaclr: 
 
 (H>iistitiitii)ii. Km'Ii 
 
 iIm'Ii it iinist III' M( i\| 
 
 » 1)1' discovered in tin! 
 
 eow . I III- Il 
 I l!u.' oeeiiu 
 
 i-A'l oi 
 
 tal Hal 
 
« 
 
 -I- 4 
 
 ; 9 
 
 ■si*' 
 
 mA 
 
Trri.; irNrn.; 
 
 sdnii-rcr, (||j,(, i( „ 
 
 '> KHVfl(M»M. 
 
 .-"■'"■„. i, mil , I ,1,,,.. .■,,„,„• ,,^ , 
 
 'V'^yH flH^I), 
 
 "•'li'y;'".lcoior,|„.,i.|;t.-jJ 
 
 "' "i".s<'.\, pru\i(|,.,| j, ' 
 
 -iillcl iUKl tlin)iifc<'4« 
 the iK'c' 
 
 ifUi'v i.s til). I 
 
 '«<S !H()vi(|(.(i it 
 
 '•/'"I, and this ],itu 
 
 117 
 
 T niiiy 
 
 <'•'.)••• W (,, |,„ ,| 
 
 <»<».S(MH'.S.S(>rf,| 
 
 •";; ii|)wiu«l fonii, it 
 
 '■^ not «'.\f(.|i(|(.,i I 
 
 '<'mt'<I()t|„.iti 
 
 '<^N|.:iii,iff,i<,|„.,, 
 
 '."i.";;m!.:;;;v' :;;:•'.';■■■"!•■""■. i;-i 
 
 P',""iirH.i , i,„Vl 
 
 "•'I ii fojitun 
 
 IMIWCf, iiiid coiiMliditi 
 
 '"<! iiiusciil:,,, /or if 
 
 'I'll 
 
 ;:::':::«:;'!::' ''••:';'''-'''''hmmvi.,:/ 
 
 ,,,, fill. . •■' "" " !!■ 
 
 *'ilV('H tin, 
 
 '. "l>P<'r j»()rfi(Mi of 
 
 '■^""iiKliciilioMoC 
 
 (Icvcid 
 
 \H'il 
 
 x^Nfroii- (|„. 1 
 
 Ntl 
 
 ■<'l'J,'tll, 
 
 •.-.,..11.1 , ,!(> ^^ lo ,. |iiir>i,.,.i... i f^' ""' "<>i 
 
 S;^'''* "'"' '"'/'-'>"«>«'..< ^/Z'jerse. 
 
 '<»IK'.S of M,„ 
 oroii;r|||v 
 
 <• wnMori^nniiliy (| 
 
 Our liidi'd of (<(i,|fl 
 lomiM.I |.IIl(, ,i,„| will, ulVi'.'i 
 H.isNivnr.'il ridiii (Ih, ,„,^j,, 
 im'iidiMiM iirii|i(iiiii) wlmn it, •••, 
 
 \>"<--Mi'..Uuuuhau Hn.ifl 
 
 I, J 
 
 t'rN((y, 
 
 • it was 
 
 '" '^••I'lH' iw MiHt ,,»• jv, 
 
 ""."'■■'''il.'m.lal.oMMI 
 
 onco pliysicaii 
 
 i>ri 
 
 ","","'>'• "'■ Wl.i(,J, J 
 
 H' N.ltlliv tiliK 
 
 y .■..nm.r(<.,|. • Tra.li( 
 
 !(:ivi' I III' .N 
 '<l 
 
 ihii't 
 
 "i^'(;()i„l^v 
 
 ciiiiirriinl. an- in cvriy 
 
 I'vi'nlliiii',' liiil. ||||. I 
 
 Ml 
 
 «a,v 
 
 (I'OMsililv l>v (I 
 
 •^•■lll». (ill|(l,H of I 
 
 (THI'V 
 
 '"II Na.VH i'r 
 
 
 I'licmli'iiiK, lirr i/uv 
 
 '•'"I"; Ikt (.1(1- 
 
 lut.st, iiifiriMl 
 
 *'".'■•■'«"(■ Iliis .1 
 
 lial. 
 
 "!«• Tl 
 
 '.■^"•"I'li.m, s„ far .,,^ j 
 
 ;•' v<'iy Ha ■ (,,•... 
 
 wton, K,.|if ji,,,! 
 V'i'<" li.td l„.,„ 
 
 !i;iH I'm' ci'iidiricH I 
 
 Ii.ivi' I" CM (lio Cat,) ,,f ."j 
 'iiii|iii'r lici', and lias 
 
 ■■'*. 'I'Kl «'V..|1 h,.,. I 
 
 l"'W..,/„| nrijriil,.,,. I 
 
 "' I'l.iinlaiid ..f N 
 
 II. 
 
 I'iscy IN 
 
 "'■'■M a |in)viii,.,MiCI 
 
 'W. As if 
 
 "i^iiaL'i 
 
 I'aiicc. 
 in, slh> I, 
 
 an 
 
 Kill r<.i(Ii.'s( 
 
 ' I III' ani'i>>i.« I .. ' '" ' 
 
 !.-..; v.. ^.vswl.;:r/;::;:'E:^!S/,'''^'''•"' 
 
 :iM NIII-: 
 
 '•MS I'll 11 
 
 iipoCsilvn 
 
 ".'■'"■"I'ly ii.is i„s(, 
 
 II. T 
 
 K HILTS 
 
 '"'.'•K'Mt ll.MI,,. „f „|„. I, 
 
 li<Taiici,.||( ,1,1 
 
 l"'"''<l all a(( 
 
 ••^'/'i. Hiicli niiisl, 
 
 ' I,. " ,'i. 111. ■../„. .1.. ...."" 'I "i<M'()riiiii...i.. 1. . ''-.'•^"" .If fli(i( ,.,,,, ,,,,^, ... 
 
 Til 
 
 .::';:;lr;.•'•^'^"v-"^v.■iun, ; 
 
 luill'ilicnitiirv, i'„n,j|| ,,,'^, , 
 
 'i'|ii»'i()iH|.al<«. I 
 
 ''in|>(s III 
 
 ly "III' ,Jci 
 
 'miisi'li'. 
 
 "ii<|iics|, anil 
 
 .III III' ( 
 
 '-day. 
 
 i/or 
 
 siiiio la ws and lai 
 
 '■'O'y liiis 1 1 
 
 ';i.-rii-'i^"'<d"<>iir f 
 
 "2. ':•;"' ^^'^"•". ''-I' u 
 
 -M vi'aPM aijo. And 
 
 '^'II'IJ,''-, tll.l H 
 
 ii<'.sani(.rniiii,s„fs,.|( 
 
 lllllois, (linii.rl 
 
 I cull 
 
 iliiiiiit ('(iMvcrted if, i„t 
 
 N^will, I,,.,.,.,,,,,,. ,',','• 
 
 'i^iiK' niaiin.Ts, cust 
 
 ^'"viiiiiiinii, tl 
 
 . ''''ii'y II, ii, (1, 
 
 ''V''';•'•"'«"'|-«.Vll;.;^; 
 
 '"f*;ini<' land 
 
 'K' SJIv 
 
 I MINI' niliscrv 
 
 It.'liiit. 
 
 ,1. 
 
 ■ '>ii<;.i II, into Olio irr,..,f r..... ,■■>'■ 
 
 '^^ivo spirit i,a,,;;,,7";/rJ^^ 
 
 "">"• ••iMd lial.iis fl 
 
 (I'liiii 
 
 ■^'•y lias fhii 
 
 •'•tiM.ir..(fii,.,i 
 
 '''"^fi-aks,.,,..,n,(i„,rj 
 
 liU sli,. I,.,, I 
 
 li,',Mlls(iiir(, and(!.\(;,.l|,'.„f, I 
 
 till liriTliiiiaic. <'(nnilj 
 tic III III' i>iit|ias(iircd 
 
 ''^ '■'•.i'lycd I'lirrci 
 
 III l<( 
 
 '"' Ni'a fill- it 
 
 « .I.Tscy (V,,„| ,1, 
 
 ■'■|'in« the 
 
 ■s ritiK I'i'iK 
 
 '"nil's (|„.v.rri 
 
 '•<'<-<l<>f rattl.-, t 
 
 '"'■I'd iiiin.fr 
 
 .'I ml llio 
 
 'l'l'i"Nt iMiiditioiis ( 
 
 ::S';,!!^->™.--;-r:i;t';;,S:;:i;;'''-:;M';t 
 
 "III liny flMTi^ri, 
 
 'Hvornlil 
 
 'ihllOSf, HViTy ,|., 
 
 II <•() 
 
 tidit 
 
 y in (Ik 
 
 nil! Ill, I 
 yi'.ir audi, 
 
 'I'l'diir 
 
 niii.. 
 
 ill,' xoniianiiy-'i.;:;^:, '';:;;'-;- ''-.•! ..,.„,,„, 
 
 :T!:-iK.y.'i..',.nst..adi,;;*;;,!;i'^,,i;:;:<,;-^^ 
 
 " iidvanta 
 
 ;•''. "Iii.l.|...,iiiitsi 
 
 Ivl'l'ps lli.p (I. 'Id 
 
 'I'^'iihaMla.'i.s 
 
 !^ll'lltlV 
 
 '"■'•'I '."f (llaf, Sill.rl,, ,,| 
 
 [iinW'liiiii liy siiiijily f,,|| 
 
 perse 
 
 jfCl 
 
 Til 
 
 '•(■at- 
 . I'l'i'i'iiiuallv 
 
 ■.iri.i'iii 
 
 !"^v-in^'(i„t II 
 
 I'l'iii'^'lv d 
 '!'"'""• ■''•iN.nlia;i 
 
 i","""-* '"f it.'. Iiiiit 
 
 ""ii,i;iiials(,,,.|i 
 
 '■^''ll'pl'd liy „„,., 
 
 ■niiii'is. who I 
 
 ''I' Miialiii, 
 
 -!7^/^-^..•s n;:;;:^ ;;;'':?,:;'-!''•;' --^'i.tn-.M 
 
 ■yii'ld ot" liiitfrr. liiil 
 "I' ''.i-* '.'.till availed an vti 
 
 o II 
 
 li'SS III 
 
 .'/"''■'I l'i"il!;lil to it 
 
 I l>llll liel 
 
 llii' \:\<t iiiaiiiiil 
 Rr'Mliitriiiiiiiili 
 
 y of oiir i... 
 
 Inn.. 
 
 '■-' I'li'Milsatisl 
 
 "leseei„,,r J.j^ ,, 
 
 ia\e per- 
 pl't'si'iil, 
 'h' ill- 
 
 l''!""^vai( tliem,,,,!,., ,„| 
 
 ""I lineder.. and i|' 
 
 ""• '' ll.'.'^ Im'Mi tl 
 
 , Miiv noo;!i''V''''''''''''"^'^''^'i'''l 
 
 '-"'lywoMidiHe^n;;;:"'.:!''-;'':' ''i.iie,,,,, 
 
 ;iiioi\, ,, 
 
 lost) 
 
 ' '^ !"'''•'' ''''■-•'•;^-.,;;d,C;";-:';-;niie,, 
 
 I'f A 
 
 "~";l'';l still jr„v,.,'„ 
 
 ■Im'S to set I 
 
 llllll'i' 
 
 ""••■''■•■'. 'Hid donlifl 
 
 ■ll^MM till' 
 
 ll >lir 
 
 it lie 
 
 coal— w I 
 
 lIpJl Hew Ml;,, 
 
 mil I 
 
 l.-ird- 
 
 l.'lsalisollltelv 
 
 -.solid 
 
 :i pi'ciiliarity of the I 
 
 irs soiii,, |. 
 
 '■"'"'•: tiiai'i>, li,,:',,; 
 
 CSS Hfill 
 
 "ATli.-^lllT lel'sl 
 
 '■■>'"> ^'liatcvcr, l.;id ,„■■ ,r„„d 
 
 reed 
 
 '"• l'"l|||,|;l| 
 
 aliseiK 
 
 ''••»\" taken ii|io, 
 
 it is 
 
 nor ,1 s 
 
 ';".';";illlM.tllieodd 
 
 '(' whir 
 
 III'" mark 
 
 '.■ii'l"(i'iireiro,'tH haslntl 
 
 >\>'<i\>i> .1 Mill,! a 
 
 !-'""'■ piiritvol 
 
 '■niT-ies of all our 
 
 lli.li'-l III' liiilter 
 
 I'll the c||i,.f 
 
 lirei'd 
 
 cows. 
 
 i'J,'|'nt in ill 
 
 I'JS ill , 
 
 '"■11" Im'Cii liiii, 
 
 ""•y lead 
 
 race. II 
 
 dirc.'ii, 
 
 •Hid it 
 
 in^' liowhei 
 
 li'sl cap . 
 "I' "f .•iiiy oti 
 
 l"i '\"Mi'(liaii we found it' 
 
 Let 
 
 III for so 1,1 
 
 H t 
 
 'l"l 
 
 IIS conceiitrati 
 
 ler 
 III' sin- 
 
 us h 
 
 |;.>i,|,.. Ill,, .stead 
 
 'iir.siiii ,,f o,,, 
 
 rri"^"':^'^ -"'•'■SJ-r-i;:;liV!;::r 
 
 '•'•'.ildreiiattliri 
 
 .'ind d 
 
 own the 1 
 
 on 
 lias 
 
 I'd t 
 
 How is- 
 
 ^'iMmoCsiivstothaf. end tl 
 
 r-||.lll|.|'i||.r tl 
 
 lere aiv t 
 
 i.jci'l f„r 
 
 'fisf, 
 
 Uo ofl 
 
 /.'.', 
 
 riiiiimlllr hi .1 
 
 ;;.';:^""''e''"'^'l,ecal 
 
 '" I'l.iny M;.'M,.rat 
 
 ler 1) 
 
 III > ll 
 
 "I'll coiiiiniicd f 
 
 "•'*;,'/. ■riiisd,,,,!,,! 
 
 ^■'''^ li.v hand 
 
 ciiliariti, 
 
 .'""s ••iiiiltlio,.,m.fi,| 
 "■'i^'i'inciil ill. ler 
 
 'f Ilia 
 
 or I 
 
 ** ''ii'iioniv. o 
 
 '"'"''< "ii.:,'inate,| 
 
 "■'ii.i; to 1 1 
 
 •"'''■'"I'^'.iiillv dividc.l ',1 1 1, , .. .. 
 
 ■'!y;;'''|<ivmeV,i.|fj;;;l:!:j.l:;':;:;':'>'''-."ncr 
 
 '-< .1 ni'itt 
 
 '11' sni,.,|| 
 
 "I'of III 
 
 .■^1/1' of .1 
 
 ill.. Inr I 
 
 IIIII.HI-ll 
 
 ;i'!i (a 
 
 nil ll. 
 
 for 
 
 ■'"""r^iil" l.y .side, onen all'ii.tl 
 
 usi-a-.! C 
 
 '"""1,^ his (hiiii 
 
 ''■'"'■<xilv. and 
 ''i'-*''y farms. 
 
 I'.Hclli'S of wl 
 
 ti .-fi po>,..,ii 
 
 •■^.'tnic /ield. II 
 
 "'•'ll, turn 
 
 .'lilt I 
 
 I'll', and (I 
 
 CMC,, 11 
 
 'P^. Aiiass, cald 
 
 c n.'cessai 
 
 !|.. 
 ie.s 
 
 I" III 
 
 I'Nsify ol <.o„!i 
 
 ••'11,'cs, tVe 
 
 lllll:< 
 
^4 
 
 118 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 iM 
 
 tlio.c'ow iiisomo way to Icroi' lirrfrDiiut.imiuriiiij,- (lie iindlniciit— lil«> rn.ps. TIio Bcl- 
 .'iiin.s wIk.sc riiriiism-oftlic mhik' small ;ill.)tinciil ty\n', Iimvc met tlio .siiiiKMlillioiilty 
 riiiKliir.'ivMt wiiv; lli.'V kc.-i> tli.Mr cows .shut up. und oiutv them all IIkmi- iojld.-i- 
 TIk^ Jorscv in.'tliod is more iiatiiial iiiwl wIk.I.soiih-, 1<'S8 liilmrious, iiii.l liiis pioiliKcd 
 h.'tt.T ivslilts. It. lias oiifTinatcd a- ucw type, tiio ln'st l.ntt.-rcowm tho world, iiiiwpi,, 
 also in j'.Mitlcness and hcaiity. Tlir advantatifs wc claim tor lotliormf,' lire: 
 
 (^0 En.uomvof f.md.— SoMU' j^ood .jud-vs liavo put tins as liif,'li as 5(1 per cent", llicy 
 assert that thiV.'. tethered eows mav l>e K.'pl when^ otherwise twocmildonly be kept. 
 I'.ut no one in J.-rsi'v is willin- to put it lower than one-third ; where tlirec only eouM 
 lind pasture loose, one mav increase his stoelc oue-third am keep ionr eows i( he ti^lli- 
 ers them. The orass is eaten up clean, line and eoiir.se ahke; uon.< is h'ft iind none 
 
 '"''(/ir'nie feed is rciilar and e(|ual. Tiie cow is not pampered ono day and starved 
 the next: its app.dFto is not spoilcil, nm- its .lii^cslioii dcran^'cd. 
 
 (c) It -ives pcllect command ofthe food snj.ply. A cow can havo much or litf C, 
 alon^r t(:7her or a short one; it can he contincd to a poor corner or lavored with the 
 fat oFtlio lau.l. as luay he necessary or di'siiahle. 
 
 (<l) It saves fences and e<'ouomi/,es food that wonhl otherwise 1)0 wasted, trom tl,., 
 impossil.ilitv of h'ttin^' in a loose cow to .lii-a/e it. , ■, ■ . , 
 
 (c) The cow is more n'eiitlo. (Is kee|.er is its <iond .;cmus, on w lom it is eonslanlly 
 .Icpendent for all it wants. Its .hicility (and allection even) lollows as a matter of 
 
 '"("o'il isdonhllcss tothclethcithal onr .lersey cows are indehle.i lor their ex. luiMJi,. 
 
 liueiiess <,f linih, their airv lirace. and -er.eral .-l<-ance of pn.portums and app.-araiic,.. 
 
 („) More 1. litter isohtained. Nothinu; is .-o d.'.striict i v.. to animal tat, wlie her,,,, 
 
 thetle'shorin the udder, as lioiiaiidexerci.se. This is so well known as to he p,„ 
 
 verhial vet how ofieu is it overlooked. Thi^ same (arm.'r who tats Ins liiillocks .|ui, 1 1;. 
 in a.Hta"li will -ive his cows the run of a lar-;e pasture, as il t hoy were in Inimiii- i,„ 
 
 "' V/wn'/)'/ c»//Y« h,f luniil hi Jir.vii.—'Shu-h inip.utauce is altaidicd to this pia.cii,,. i,, 
 Jcrsi'v 'Tliecalf'isnev.'r.-illowedtosiiekat ail. :iiid has, thcrelore, n.^ver tol>e we.i,,.,!. 
 The reiircr has perfect command ,)f the calfs food and can vary it as needed l.i|„ 
 tethcrin•^ it increases the auiiuars docilily and its aitachineut to its ailendaiit, „;, 
 whom itlias to depciul from the very lirsl. The etlect on the cow i.s e.iua My ;;„,„|. 
 Haviii"n."versuckl,dlier,'alf, .-^he do.'s not fret when it is taken from her. .Moivii,, 
 i.ortauT still, liavinu- never \ielde,l her milk in any way hut to the ;;cntie persiia.M,,,, 
 of the milkniaiirs hand, she is not tempted to withhold it. 
 
 iMilk rs: butter yicht.—^h: Walker .say.s : 
 
 While cows .'ivin'M'xceplioiiallv lar^je (| mint it ies of milk will sometimes maki- 1,11V, 
 Imtter tests, as a rule the two thiiiusdo n<d ;;o together: (hey are imoiisislcnt win, 
 each oilier " Hivcdiiii; lor i|uaut ity of milk is sun- to depivciate thi> quality .•uid i,.. 
 diicethe liiitter yield? It istheopiiiion of many of the most skillnl hre.'ders of ,1,., 
 Hcy and tho.-<e<d' lon^'est experience, that hy judicious s(deet ion of individuals In,,,, 
 Tia'r'licular families it would he far easier to carry the milk yield ol a lamily of .1, isi.\s 
 from 'in annual avcra 'e vidd of il .pLirts of milk jier <lay iipto I-.' .imirts pcrday lli.n, 
 it w(Miid hi'tocarrv ail annual daily average yi.dd of Imtler trom |-J ounces up i„ i- 
 oiimcs iier dav. That i-. to s.av. it would take a 1, >s iinmhei (d Mentations In, mil,, 
 cows with wh'ich tlie hieeder started t,> doulile the llow .d' milk ol' a lamily lli:nii„ 
 
 iiicrea.se their butter vicid liy one-half. In other woi.ls, it is a pi.ddem of f ,r i ,. 
 
 dilliciilly lo incrciM- the butler yield of cows than to increase their milk yield. Kv.t, 
 c ireful ohscrv r knows tli.at tlii- nnniber of fpi.arts ;i cow is -ivisi^; will fall oil vi'h 
 considerably without ni.itciially nducinj; tli,> pounds n\' butter slm will make. 
 
 It has talvcn cutiiries to prodiiec the richness of milk (d I he .lersey cows, h hi, 
 been done ami is beiii!,' dcuie .i^jainst the ordinary workings id' the lawsof naliiiv, |, 
 isa'Minst natural lawsthat llie milk fio.n a cow should be sci rich as to kill In r e.ili, 
 an'irt'hc hiii!j,'^leof nature is to reduce the richness by inereasinvr the .iniintity ; tlui,. 
 fore the breedT'r leii-'t never attempt to increjise his butler yield by coiiplin'.f an nni- 
 mal from a faiiiilv \ ieldiiin a lar'.ie .pianlity of milk of poor ,iiialily with tho.M'^ivii,,. 
 rich milk in less q 'i.iutit v. The result, as a rule, must, in the n.itnre of tilings. Inih,. 
 opposite of that wlii<h tlu' biveilei se,d^s. Tlu' only w;iy lo maintain, tosa> imilm,.' 
 of increasiiii;, the butter proihicl of any f.imily that i.s makiiiji exceptionally l.,i', I 
 \ iiddsid'butli'r, is to couple those animals I ha I spring from the \cry best speeinieiis!, 
 the same family, when not alivady iii-brcl Imo far. and of Hie v. ry b.'.sl pr.,v. ,1 ,„:: 
 cross, when oiii^'rossiiij.; isdesjra'de. 
 
 The tiling; to be dmii' with I he ,buM-ys i^i viii- lai -e .|uanl it ii's of milk of int, i; 1 1 
 quality is i"ii ah.amlou them lo milkmen, whose onl> olijed is ipiant ity of milk, im! 
 qualit V. They lia\e a keen eye for l.ir..ii' milkers iiiiioni;.I>rscys, as e .er> one Kii„iv< 
 wlio owns .Icisivs, or who buys ,liTse;, milk in .iu> cil.\ or lai';e town. I',r«i ,1 tin, ' 
 
1h. 
 
 vi,s(< 1)0 waHlcd, tVoiii tl 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 119 
 
 '•'11 ■•'f ''Io.mI , .a, K,.^ 7' viKoroiiM ]u.;,|ti, Al T Vu '^^^ "iKlrawn by ,|,^ 
 
 <alC is .ost i V.., :.i V. ,i " /iU '^' ',' '•''•■'^'' ''"t «"<! I.v f ,'l • "'•"'• «"'"! '"'.V, l.v tl , 
 
 "-""i'A, -f' >-< null! a i" ":•*;';;,;" ■"■'«>' -"ail^. :,!■'; "^':r'"«" =^ V""-'" 
 
 „,u, or t ,.. ,...„ ,,,„„; n^ , ',,.'•'' ^\"W«, >"<>k..„ into '•,•,." '.■ Vr-"'"'' '1.0 
 i^i^C'ioil ,.,,,,1 th,. sain.-, c, ■■''''"'" '''"■••^"Dtn.adiivv,) 1 • ' "'«'Jt ••"i<i mon,- 
 
 li"l. Willi liltl.. or „„,,.:! •" ""'"lilk food, will ., .f 'r ' ' ?■/ ♦'■'it,u„ ortl,,-,.,, 
 linxily. Tlu. ..,.^' , ." ':|!"' ;:• ""• «"n..rai n,| i' , , 'T^''^, ^ess food an. 
 
 '''^'""••'l- I'"ll..w rli ' o s u' »"■'■'•-•""•. ■•iiuiaiso pulvri ',.,,'" '^y'"<'"'l- Al- 
 """1 ""• ^vn.ptonm dis p .;; 'V,',/';'':'''''''''''' ''n-Mlv Ti>^^. ',,'■' '^ and ,,„lv,.n,„,, 
 
 htrt':;;.':£/7i;!/'^'' •-■ -'■:'^ i;":;n.t hp "''•'•"-"." ^n^^'r 
 
 .lnn,.s •■ (ill ,|u. ..vo''' •' ,.;:•, I'. tlH> ol.jo.t o? .1. 1, ,.";': ••'"•."■""•al. -• -">- 
 
 ""■ ii">M'.ai.io o,i,r ,,•;;;•," '>;'''i' ""•>■. lai a..d Hi,.,.k .','"'' "'.••'■•'^""•^ '<'i- lo.." 
 
 'l"i''''l"al. t.. Na.ri i/ ; '.f^' ■■'" ""''"''' '!"' m.p. r or ,( i ':';"''' "" "'"" '"• v in 
 
 'I'"" I'" '" a I'Nll, or ata ,v /in, •''' '■'"> ""''^la. ,v .-sp,.,.;. i,, ' ' ?T''''' ''*'•'' '" 
 
 ""• I''''" "'■ lay..,;,; on ,■,,,' ';;"'"■" .'^''" ••"".-■« i.. ., il V; 1^ ,'a ..nia.o.l to ,,ro- 
 V""..;;-.- Ho. animal i. ;,.,,' ' V'.""-"""" ""•""^"' a ts's ' "'""''• ^'"' '"•'"<••• 
 
 ..'"'"'• ;"• ^""'i...' sl.oni f.,..,, ,, ... '" "■••'"""" ^''-f' ''■•""•< 
 
 iiiiirs.'i (.» <i.i(s, slKirts nr I,,.. I I','" ".."s iiioro st rnuliit lii.r ti 
 
 .-r: N.'n ,sl,o„ll I.. , j ', , " ''• " '<I.,<oar,s,.r f.,...!. l'| , V, 7- ''''" *-".""' '"'V. an.l at 
 
 •iu.'\U, pro.!,,..,. I..,,,,.; ,|'."' ••'^"■M'l-I l''-.v,s..iv7,,X.i I i' '';.'''• :''^i'<'''iaiiv 
 
 -1 •!-.« ..'on. ",•;,,;:•■> .'"^ 'V 'lisn..d a,.d xTl! !£;:'"""' '"^''^K-as.. 
 
 '^ il.u/-. Tl.on 1^, '""' ""y '''"f il..'ir lirn , 1 • H """"''"^- '""I 
 
 = ' -'■■ '-■; ';;.^rv;=i';:s;.s:;is ^:;:'f^ f- «.»^^.;;m,::'S" 
 
 '''"""■•' 'a<-^»f niou;,'!, to 
 
■■■sr-. mm 
 
 i . ' '! 
 
 120 
 
 CATtt.E ANli PAIRY FAilMmn. 
 
 turn itself round iii. 
 bout cows. 
 Oat-iruial, corn-nil 
 onn'X iinini 
 
 llnHi 
 
 vlitlv as1Iio.v:ir.wiiis"«'l'ii<'""' 
 
 lition.suoli licifm-HniaUo llio 
 
 ■al, or iiiiythiiii; 
 
 l,s(v ncf'i'ssiU'.V 
 
 kf'op a y 
 
 al in a tliril'ty ;;r<>v 
 
 ■nu 
 
 condilion w 
 
 Hlioultl ln^ I'l'd aw an altornativtao 
 liicli is, I'rom any cansn, nottinjj; 
 
 01 
 
 it of condition, o 
 
 I- to restorer one 
 
 tluil iH oil'. Hn< an a 
 
 linial tliat maintains itHVij;or 
 
 and thrii"t with noi 
 
 ic, o 
 
 thcr tUin> 
 
 liciniT I'liiial 
 
 s far more iin)nn 
 
 HC, of fiUni(5 nsc 
 
 fulnoHsthaii 
 
 ono that must be l.ainpiTci 
 
 lis arc 
 
 \^;nndn™arytoU.opth..ani;na 
 
 ,l,.i^ loiv.'d iustcnon)ihof Hnchthinj^'H 
 :onditit)n andnoniorc 
 
 Til 
 .il iiialiinfty j;rowin^' .^ 
 
 tlio less tho iK^ttC'- 
 
 il novi'T ailo 
 
 w a. n.i 
 
 Ik or 
 
 )>M KM 
 
 know 
 
 „ od dairymen never go 
 that the. feeding lie 
 
 .jito h(>r(lH that :il 
 arv to piddnee NIK 
 
 ImLtiir animal to lay on fat. 
 t and sh'ek lor their e.owH 
 
 e fa 
 
 ■ li eondibions 
 
 Th. 
 
 inals imi>airs their power to ace 
 tlie making' of milk or Imtter. 
 
 hi<'li 
 
 •omolisli lhethinj;for w 
 
 in milk and hntter ani 
 
 thevari<to he kept, namely 
 
 hat thev will ever aft«r 
 
 linU^r Tin-y will "take better caroo 
 
 f themselveH than of their owi 
 
 lors. 
 
 instances liavf 
 
 others 8ont in to 
 
 the iiewHpapers by Jersey breei 
 
 been recorded anions 
 lerrt : 
 
 Onayle, in 
 
 liiH "(ieneial View o 
 
 ,f the A^ricnltniv o 
 
 i( the Inlands on the Coast of 
 
 Norman 
 
 ilv," Hays that iiistan 
 
 hist an 
 
 lees'of I'-iponnds ai 
 
 ;ire nann 
 • 11 attested. 
 
 fdof 14 pon 
 
 m 
 
 Is of Initter in a 
 
 W(M'k 
 
 1 tlijit 
 
 Mr. II. I). InghNS, in .a work 
 sidence on the islam 
 
 tlie (!hani 
 
 ,■1 Ihhimls eat tie, published after ti t\v 
 
 years n 
 ipiai 
 
 iHofmilkperday and 7 ly-mK 
 
 ,1 HMVsllie ;;,.neral av.'ra;; 
 ■,dsof Imtter per w< 
 
 ra;je produce may 
 
 lie stated as Id 
 
 (lerard, in 
 
 liis desi'ription i 
 
 )f tin 
 
 ■ dilfcn 
 
 lit varirlK-s 
 
 their island liome : In one ye 
 :!()() poniKls (•i:!(' to :«-J pon- 
 
 mis 
 
 >)0(l cow in 
 Kli.'iish'weifilit); som<' cows, 
 
 ir th(* i>"?.dnceof a 
 
 i>f cattle, ."^ayH of the .Terseys in 
 butter may be from •J'JIItii 
 
 in the se.ison, may j^ivc 
 
 M ponnils per 
 
 Mr. Danncoy gav 
 
 the averaj;e prodnei 
 
 if lii? 
 
 It in' hi-nl dnrinij; the year 1S( 
 
 1/ as 
 
 within a fractioi 
 
 1 o 
 
 if 7 pounds )! 
 
 head per w.-ek, dry or milkint,' 
 
 From 
 
 Mr. Thornton's essay on 
 
 ■li-rsey 
 
 eatth- aiid'tlK'ir mainif^enient, (Mintrileiii 
 
 to tlKiJonrna 
 
 lofthcI{oyalAf;ricnlinr:.lSm 
 
 I'tv of Kn;,^laiKl, we lea 
 
 ru that Mr. !■' 
 
 (Jsle of Wijiht) gives his gi 
 for several weeks 
 
 "test return from fifteen .-ows 
 
 lis 111 iionnils (>a(^h weekly 
 
 III the s:inie t 
 
 '.ssav we lini 
 
 1 Mr. Dnnibn'irs lierd jiroduced in I 
 
 from. Ian nary 
 
 toSeptember,7V]"i"'" 
 
 IspiM- 
 
 wei 
 
 ■kbnt 
 
 Ml'. Dnmbrell explains, wemm 
 
 assume 
 
 tlie cahnihitio! 
 
 I is ba.si-d on the i>eri' 
 
 tire nine immt 
 
 hs dr\ or milking. 
 
 says / 
 throu 
 
 1(1 i.oiinds of butter w 
 
 to 
 
 rhont the year is ii g 
 
 Writing o 
 dv is a fair stain 
 
 „1 tlie cowi« wi 
 f the cows on 
 
 in milk, not on the <■!! 
 tlie islanil, Mr. TIkumIh 
 
 lanl. but ') to (■) iioiinds ]ii'r wi 
 
 1 average cow 
 
 Mr. (ieorge 
 
 Cnr/.on. 
 
 Hastcott, Watford, writes 
 
 tin 
 
 ■at 
 
 ITerd r.ook of.lei . 
 
 1H,-!1, to :!i'th Seiitcmlxr, 1 
 
 tie, that thein-odn 
 
 average 
 
 I per 
 
 fhi 
 cow 
 
 scows 111 
 
 siipplenieni to tlie Illigli^h 
 butter I'roin the 1st ( Ictohil, 
 
 :i-,'l |)oiiiids 'J.J ounces. Tl 
 
 fa liltleoverni.onn.ls 
 
 average o 
 
 Lieiitcnant-rolont 
 
 M'l- wei'li 
 
 I'artal gives 
 
 ISSl as 1 )i 
 
 Ills 11 r.iinces, 
 
 and in lA-^/J as u poiin 
 
 thrniii^boul the year. 
 
 Ill of butter jier cow i>er 
 
 l:i ounces, but we api>en<l I'linlirr 
 
 his avi'rage yn 
 
 ck 
 
 jiarticulars from 
 
 Mill 
 
 Jlomc I'nrm 
 
 sUitimnil 'i.s to (Idirii inixlii 
 
 \r^\. 
 
 Total .\ ichl of mil 
 Ibitter made 
 
 ; iVoin 01 cows. 
 
 .gall. 
 . jton 
 
 . ]^int^ 
 
 f!ream nseil 
 
 .do. 
 
 . i.M 
 
 Mi 
 
 used 
 
 Avcr.ige yicK 
 ;i .lilt pints of mi 
 
 I'lVfrniik per .-ow |.cr annum.-.. 
 
 galloll^ 
 
 Ik 
 
 ;;>;! pints of cre.im 
 
 ;p 
 ir.j p 
 
 Is of bnit.r 
 ihils of Imlie 
 
 }. 
 
 lot.'il butter yK'b 
 
 ,o _>J| cows !,'ives per <'OW 
 
 Averagi-yicN 
 
 lot bill terp.rcow per wevK 
 
 'I' annum 
 k.. 
 
 Iloiiif litnn- 
 
 ula 
 
 tiiiiiiit ii« l'< iltiirii )>r<iiliir, I^^-^;. 
 
 lii; 
 
 , , gallons. . 
 
 Total .\icld of milk Iroiii v- <ows ---■ ■••• poiinils.. 
 
 Itutlci miidc '" piiii.s.. :;-! 
 
 Cream used ...'.'...'.' 'lo ■'■''' 
 
 MilU i\>^i>^ .;, ..'.', ^^, Mill gallons r.;'- 
 
 Average vicld of niilU I"'- <"^\l"';""". " . i 
 
 • > 1-i Hi,, 'is ofniilk I'l- pounds ol butter ■• f 
 
 .!. Ill pints oi iniii> 1 I (■ i,,,ji,.i. , ponnils. .li,!' 
 
 ;(.s| ,„nls of cream i'.ru ,,nui:d. -t buM, i 1 ^ 
 
 P.H+i'.M' + '•'.;"'' "'•"•'""""''■>"''' |.nim.N ■ ;m 
 
 (■..bd.-.-'-'-Jgiv.'sp.rcou iieraMiiiim . 
 
 Avenijic 
 
 yield of bilinr pel 
 
Tnp. vj^n 
 
 iicli licif(>rHm;ik(> llui 
 
 iiH ail altiM-iiiitivt' to 
 III any caiisd, nottiiij; 
 ,1- iiiiiiutaiiiH itH viKor 
 loiiiiHi'. i>r I'll! mo n«('- 
 noiijili of Hiu'li tilings 
 uiiditiDU anil no more 
 
 (o lay on I'at. _ Ex- 
 (1- tlu'ir cowH. Tlioy 
 milk and hiittvr jiiii- 
 •(^to ho kept, nainoly, 
 i they will i-vov uft«r 
 )\viicrs." 
 
 1 r<'cor(l(Ml iiinoiif,' 
 
 hkIh on tlio CoiWt. (if 
 r in a wook, and Hint 
 
 iibliHliod after a two- 
 (■ may lio stated as Id 
 
 4ayM of tlio Joi-HoyN ill 
 Icr may 1"' from •J'JOtn 
 till' HoaHon, may j^i\i' 
 
 rill;:; tlio yoar ISCiT as 
 
 Hi;iMiii'nt, oontriliiiliMJ 
 c- loarn tlial. Mr. I'l-k 
 I |)onnilH oacli worlOy 
 icnl jirodiii'i'd in 1»T,"], 
 ilnoll oxiilains, wimiimv 
 n milk, not on tlir <mi- 
 island, Mr. 'I'lHuntnii 
 to (■) jioiindH ]ii'r wci K 
 
 rnionl to the Kii^'llhh 
 •V I'nini till' 1st ( >cti>lwr, 
 i\ oiinci's. Tliis is ,111 
 
 r ju'r cow ]H'r wrek in 
 hut \vi' appi'iid fiiiilicr 
 
 IHl. 
 
 gallons. 
 
 I'i 
 
 :!,-.-, 
 
 jtonnd.s. 
 
 1 
 
 ' '7'' 
 
 jiints. 
 
 
 :i'.'l 
 
 ilo. 
 
 I' 
 
 I'.ii 
 
 f;alloiis 
 
 
 .''*'. 1 
 
 . . . .]lollllils. 
 
 .s" 
 
 ii.t".' 
 
 . ...jionnd.s. 
 
 •i^l;;' 
 
 do... 
 
 
 ii; 
 
 
 .^iallons. 
 
 l;i 
 
 ■"''*'i 
 
 
 . |iounilN. 
 
 Ii 
 
 ,;:ic 
 
 . . - . 
 
 ...pinlf*. 
 
 
 :■.'{ 
 
 . . . . 
 
 do. . . 
 
 :i 
 
 .irt 
 
 — 
 
 .jialloMs 
 
 ', 
 
 1 ;-j» 
 
 
 . Koiinils 
 
 I'/i-. 
 
 |IMll||(|^ 
 
 :m 
 
 IN 
 
 It 
 
m 
 
 122 CATTLE A.Vn DAIRY FARMiNn. 
 
 ■ j !"'" 
 
 Description. ^'"^ """-'• ^iiu' 
 
 Quarl4. Pinifkit. Poundi. >,>>iarU. 
 
 riiil<-r4 Vf-irs of aire: . -;] i erj; 240 1. .'i!3 
 
 .^rprazt' !'<''" *'"''■ f"'' ''"' J"''-'"'* ', 4 'V 4i "9 
 
 Avera:-.' IHTo'w |,^r »o.k fiT f'hi»i'ntir» vear ,' _ j . ' ^ 
 
 AverajiM'"'' ''""l"''' "'"'''' "^^''' '" "'"'^ 
 
 4 .Vfar* anil miller I'tyij.!*: . ^-., 4 ..v, "-i 1 ,v»j 
 
 Avcram- 111 r row fur tl.>' viMr* V- '33 "51 ' •«) 
 
 AveraL'i- i-T'-'^^P' '■""■'<: f'"" .!'"?'''".•"" >■'■"■ i1; I'l T ••> 
 
 .Vveraire jur 1 mv jnr utrk whii' in luiU -• • 
 
 C.ve.nr»aniliiv.-r: ., --^ ; j.j4 j.-^, 1 ;»« 
 
 Avera^o I"r row fur tm- vc-ar " ,, , ,- ,] ,« 
 
 Avei-aioiKriovr pii we.k forth.'f'mireyear' •• ',•', .'• ^. 
 
 .\%fra;;e I'lT omv p«TW>»>k while in milk hi. 
 
 Eutir8 Im'hI. all at'i!*: -^ B ". V •! I 710 
 
 Avt rage p<r ii.tt- forlhf >ear' " ' " " "V, ' -j.' 
 
 Avtia.'fl'fr'i'wp.r iM-k f„rtli.-eutirpy.ar' - ' f - 
 
 Avf-rago jwr i-ow per wrek while in milk *" '-' - 
 
 ' In thr*^ raloulations cousi.leralion is L-ivi-ii t- thr p. ri.-l fn.ni the death -( N-. - : ai..l .'.. t.. th.- 
 fUiliif Ihf year. 
 
 AvniCP w,.idit r,f milk per -allnn piXiii-1.. If.'! 
 
 . , * Ill) .. \.i\ 
 
 A virai'e i timiii \>-i ct-nlai.' ^ -i, 
 
 rrippiirtion lif hiitter til milk (oiiine'* to a call-ni 11;" 
 
 I'ri>[M)i1oii ••{ liiitt.-r IiM r. aui miilins to a ijilartl - il-i 
 
 Pri.iM.rti..ii I'l milk to ban. 1 Kjiiart.-. t" a jviumi) ■■ "- 
 
 Comparaiivi richnt-^'i of milk at tUfirrvt »t,i>jr<> 0/ tlr xim'' milLiU'i. •/.oirtH./ Iht <ir< .1 im- 
 ],orl(Virf t>f thorou'/lilii >li<iiniu7/ a coic'i uddir. [in t,i, h < 'f th, result >jireM i* the 
 minii ■>/ MJr ilays' It^tiii'i.] 
 
 III! 
 
 
 Cow Xo.— 
 
 Peri-ei 
 
 Firsli 
 
 pint. 
 
 itage of op-ani. 
 I _» 1 I'ail. >. f., 
 
 :^i. :■. I •■- '. 
 •-■i" •-' i« 1 
 •-'• 1; 1.' i> 
 .•'.» 1-. 7 
 ;t 1 ;• « 
 
 4'' 1 
 
 li-, n ; • _■ 
 
 .;j- i« !"• .1 
 4' (1 ■'. • 
 
 -•:. •: i.i, s- 
 
 Fir.t 
 pint 
 
 C 
 
 i 
 
 ■inipanMHi 
 
 I^t i 
 pint 
 
 ... . . 
 
 t .■! 
 
 ••• 86 
 
 3 ** 
 
 4 oa 
 
 3. ft? 
 
 n !• 
 
 M M 
 4 U 
 4 l» 
 
 th 
 
 lii. 1. <-. 
 
 • rnttn- 
 yanJ 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■' C7 
 
 
 
 
 4. T 
 
 :>. i«i 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 .5 
 
 
 4.'. 
 
 ■..4 
 
 lii.ii 
 
 J 4'"> 
 
 1.^1 
 
 
 
 
 . .'. ri 
 
 i.»: 
 
 i ',4 
 
 rt 
 
 9 
 
 
 ; i 
 
 i. T 
 
 4.I'" 
 
 iO 
 
 11 
 
 
 6. 1 
 
 5. 'J 
 
 2. .•« 
 ill 
 
 Food of rrnrx during ihi ijiar l-S). trith '>n< 
 
 if iuo !ri1til>g t.r- • p:i.-ti> in indiridiinl iil«' 
 . i»i .;«.«. . ii..;i 1 ]M>au<l» hay. !■. 
 
 Jan. 1 10 Fill. 19.— j pM"rk 1m an nif-al, t! pw-kn era;;.- ; ; « 
 
 piiumls 1 atrots i«r ilav: two to fi'iir hnurn t»ai h U.i\ i>n :.'Ta»- 
 Fi-b. 2ii ti. Apr. J — Thi- i-aiiii'. willili.i jMinuiis uf iiiaUj;";.! !ij!.t«4.i i.f .'amrt* thn-o t<» »!\ himmon 
 
 er.1,1*. 
 Apr. 3 to May ".—Hay reilnoc*! t" 4 (Kinn<i«. other food wstp; fonr to H'n hmi'* on er»iw. 
 May >< to May 21.—' ]>.< k lit-an im-aL S p.ck.* ^rrainn. J {»-ek malt dB.»t. 2 i-^k* • h.itf. 4 tHiuuds hi\ , 1'3 
 
 imiiuilf nianj:iiii|: l.n to twi'uty i.oiirn on ^■ra.-m. 
 May 2J to .Jiilv y,— j ji. ck l»-aiitni-a!." i jw. k . rujlieil i*f«, 1| pt^rk ::raiiiii 1 prfk chaff In |>oub.U m»o 
 
 colli: twi^nty t.ui:*!* on iHTi-i.-*. 
 Tilly lo to 20.— J pVrk liiannieal i p»ck cnub«<i oaU. 1 nrckrluiff. tl Mwlt jrnun^ !-.».-n!v hniir^i ■ :: 
 
 era«.i. 
 An::. 21 to O, t. 26.— • jki k l»a:i-nieal. } p(-<k . rniihwl oat*. 3 peck* Bratn*. 2 pack* rhaff t» »l\ hnum 
 
 iin i:rd.i?». 
 ( t< t. 27 to X.a . 2iV— i p«.ok 1- annn-al. J pe« k cmshed oatn. i |i«-k» t(t^M. 2 peek* 1 haft %t,.\ 4 i-.iin- - 
 
 hav: rikilit noiir>. a iia>, on ;;r;ii«.^ 
 Nov. 21 to I)i c. :il — 4 p. i-k tWn tii^al. 1 {wrk cnmh«! Jiats ! {iM-k snur.* !ti nontols r*rr«»= ' t»as=i» 
 
 h.-Jy, 1 l)^k malt tluni . two to four hour* « Ua\ i.tj gfajw. 
 
Bnttt-r. 
 
 Skim 
 
 nMl. 
 
 U. /Vmh</#. \>'<arU. 
 
 ?<0 
 
 l..'!3 
 
 *i 
 
 •J9 
 
 i 
 
 34 
 
 :-i 
 
 1 .V*.i 
 
 ^i 
 
 29 
 
 
 aj< 
 
 -IVl 
 
 ■-'. rtisn 
 
 1': 
 
 45 
 
 
 ir 
 
 -.-.! 
 
 1.710 
 
 •'•» 
 
 aj 
 
 f.i 
 
 9 
 
 ", ai.'! V tn liM- 
 . . lio .. I'l* 
 
 y^sr: 
 
 l-ii 
 
 7. Ir.' 
 
 ~iuii Ihi iiri .1 im- 
 '.nalt ijiren iJt tix 
 
 inv. T'viTFi) KixonoM. 123 
 
 P,rct»tage or cream from thr milL nf the^iire hrrd,/»r e*rk irttk im tht y.ar \'S2. 
 
 W.^kiUdini— TrrcoDi. Wrt>k radinr— Torrent W.^ k itndiBC— Pw 
 
 cwt 
 
 Apr 'j . 
 Aj.r !6 
 Apr -.3 
 AjT W 
 May : . 
 Mav u . 
 M«v ::i . 
 
 r.n.- r 
 I • . •- 
 
 I ,11. .■•. 
 
 Hiitttr to a gallon of milk, ami 
 
 •I ill* 
 
 i: T( 
 
 .rail- f> . . 
 
 \f, 7S 
 
 Jmi. M 
 
 v; 
 
 ■Un. .-' 
 
 ■ ' ; ' 
 
 K. h .-. 
 
 1 • ! i 
 
 K.-:. !J... . 
 
 i-V 16 
 
 ir'. Ij... 
 
 14. •.■9 
 
 K.>1. ->• . . 
 
 II'.. 
 
 M-tr 
 
 ' ' . i 
 
 Mjr ... 
 
 ; ; , . 
 
 Jl^r i . 
 
 :>■. i.; 
 
 Mir .'; , 
 
 r :: 
 
 Apr': .. . 
 
 !•■ - ' 
 
 14. :c 
 
 Julv 9 ... 
 
 !« 1< 
 
 .Iiil\ IG . 
 
 1a98 
 
 Jury:.-3 .. 
 
 I.Vi'l 
 
 •lulv .» 
 
 11.0 
 
 Aui:.6 .. 
 
 lti.33 
 
 AnjE i:i 
 
 14 W 
 
 * Aug.!" 
 
 •■ -^l 
 
 An;:. ■-•7 - 
 
 ■ ■ 01 
 
 S^pt. 3 . 
 
 , vl 
 
 ?«• ; t. hi . . 
 
 ,t '.<: 
 
 s.pi. t: 
 
 '•. •»» 
 
 S,-!.» I't 
 
 : 
 
 ". r 1 
 
 12 » 
 12.1% 
 11 « 
 1 L C4 
 14.37 
 I.'.. 4 
 t.i. » 
 I.r I 
 It 
 
 IV 5 
 1\9 
 !1. ■. 
 
 Wr«*k rij.lios— IVr«.nt. 
 
 Oct. . 
 
 . . - 
 
 «>rt. r 
 
 
 <VI. -J 
 
 '.7. ' 
 
 <Kt. :-.' 
 
 IftI 
 
 X..T. .-. .. 
 
 1«. G 
 
 x.iv. la . . 
 
 17 ■! 
 
 •Nov. 19 
 
 17 
 
 X-v Jfi , 
 
 •. 1 
 
 IVC, 1 
 
 i: ", 
 
 l»«-. 10 
 
 I- 
 
 IV*. 17 
 
 '7 1 
 
 IVw-. Jl 
 
 )7 - 
 
 i>«.- n .... 
 
 17 : 
 
 ^, . ^^., , . ^ '"''.''»''•■* l»""'"l "'■ '"lit. r. in «-i.iiii..iri>...ii null It* 
 
 .rf.tiiiiwnfiiUgfai!!»liown bj- the year'* te«tiD»{. 
 
 Enttrrloa Milk to a 
 Cri'jin. zaib.n uf |><iuml <f 
 miik. biitlrr 
 
 'rt-an.. -'.>I.<.!. of t--<,n.| of rr«m. g-MI..n..f p..„n.l ..f 
 
 m'.k,. lMm«.r. nnlk i.„ir,.. 
 
 Pit 
 
 4Mo4> 
 <1 
 
 ■■■i 
 ••1 
 
 6 
 
 •'I 
 
 6 
 
 I :J to 14 
 
 1-i Hi 
 
 Hi 
 11 
 
 --I 
 
 *4 
 
 J-'l 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 lOj 
 
 Ptr ft 
 13 ... 
 1X5 
 U ... 
 14.5... 
 15 ... 
 
 iv; . 
 i« . 
 
 Irt. " .. 
 
 17 . . 
 
 O.. 
 
 'itu I 
 
 "1 
 
 ■i 
 
 9! 
 
 3 
 
 
 "1 
 
 •i 
 
 '1 
 'i 
 
 -i 
 
 17 
 1« ■ 
 
 SO 
 
 i"i 
 
 11 
 
 lij 
 
 ai 
 
 i 
 
 (/...;r,-. 
 
 l»i 
 
 ■2 l..6» 
 
 11 
 
 •1 «i 
 
 1!J 
 
 ■•-i b 
 
 I'J 
 
 
 1:; 
 
 *i 5J 
 
 iJ! 
 
 ? ■•» 
 
 13* 
 
 «' 
 
 nipan.<oii. 
 
 
 .'. '7 
 
 ;i MT 
 
 '^ Jl 
 
 .'. 06 
 
 tS 
 
 1.4ii 
 
 : i* 
 
 J.?l 
 
 4. Mi 
 
 1.*: 
 
 a. 66 
 
 u. '« 
 
 8.1" 
 
 ■^ ^^ 
 
 M .-I 
 
 4 "• 
 
 4 1* 
 
 ■» _.f; 
 
 « \J 
 
 - l ^ 
 
 iniliriilnnl > •>• . 
 
 ii ' J".iili.l- lia . 
 
 r»* to »!i h'>or< >'■: 
 
 £r»iM. 
 
 itf. 4 piiiiu<i« hny r 
 
 ijtT I'l |MUt»N man 
 
 ■ ri! y !imir'< 
 
 ' » n t > : - 
 
 I ball, auil 4 |»Miivi' 
 
 |» s -»rr'4- 7 pju:ni!« 
 
 TIh' pn.iK.rtion ..f hufUT to ..n-aiii !,;i.s vah.-.j diirin- l.^s- fr,.,,, hJ* 
 r«' !>} Mii!ic«'.s t.) a »|uart. - 
 
 U,rl> nr alMAV „,..<l,jHTity. altli..,,;:!. tlnvi.-M i. .....1, xs to ..ak.- t 
 
 ' .'<• ultMl v prot.tal.!... Jl.,- U.st h.ut.-r ,,...1...,- t-.nvs in Kn-M in<l r. ,, 
 
 i.-iirtl. ivt'.l I'oll. Devon. .,(• sinrtliorii 
 
 'I.njs 1„> H.lM-t that tlu-y mil ,.r.Kl,„-.. ;, h.r^,.., .,„:,,,ti,v ,i 1 u-rr ,• 
 M-hty.. butter il.an any otiu-r I..-.-., ... tin- saL- an!o ..nrl.t'Ul;,: 
 
 Thi-ir r.m,!,t.ni..,, i. not *, V.. Ii?.,, . V'T * "'^ ""»>'- ami il,;.f ..r,, rirh.T .|"al.tv. 
 
 -r sr..y am! fann. J ,. I-.,;.! .Xn"' n'.;. . Tf ' f ".""•"'> *''"'- '"i-r- 
 ; •rt.-.linioth.. i,lai,,! .VI, |,r,' ... .» I , , '^''^' "*'"•"'» *»•- ''ncinallv im- 
 
 i '■ . ..u.H an- ....t hm, J'i u, „ :; "• ;'"'.' ." " »'"1'' •"'•T'-'l . "Nr «a« ^i.|„m t.. !«• .*,.„ 
 -di l.av. am . ' :, X a:,;:/;" '?;■'• P > ^^^ '**'.'» » » <•*-.. «h..,l. c^,l „„« .'r 
 ■\' -H.u a.th.-s ,a!v.' I ,'„^ tC , JlV^\,'*' '^'^'V' ""■ ^*"*'»"' -'"'"'•• '-^ 'i- 
 
 •••rn n..ai»rr..ttnnV..k.. I l,/,.h.i?f ..'"f/r'' "*''" ^^-^ ^^- «>.! xv.th U |«m,»,|, .,f 
 
 «"ilk«J,aiMl vary Hit 
 
 .ptatitiiy a4-,..r,lii,c i., ii,.. ,-.....| ,|„.,. „, 
 
 r r.tki> as l.iijj; ast tln» i-.i 
 
 •tain on ih.- |i.t«tnr<' 
 
 W li 
 

 I 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 124 
 
 (!ATTLK, ANI> DATIJY FAIJMIXO. 
 
 Tlu- vonn.r stock I.iiv a v:.nl with a Mn'.l, .•iii.l IV-.l -m- Iimv. witli m ("w nw.(s ..i- :! 
 
 the siMuiiifV. The IiriiVrs ;in< iillowci 
 •alvcM which arc 
 
 ,„hrii-.Tsan«all.)W.-.l lo -., loth.- hull ;il IiII.h... monlli.s nl.l I In 
 weaned aiv taken fn.ui the cows iVoin three -lavs to a \veek -.1, aii.l 
 ass.H.n a.s thev will .liink well and are stn.n- they are ke,,t on .sluni-uiilk, ;i';'""i:'.v 
 
 „,1 a i tie c.MU-n.eal n..til three ev Ion r n.o.uhHohh If .t shonid he ^^'""""' ■ ' ' ' > 
 nmn'd out on the pastnre in the day and housed at ni^ht nntil •->-'; '''',^"7, 
 to lie out. 1 hlced lh.« calves dro,,,,cd m the sj.nnj;. ,n the tall ot "•>•:''• '^ J ;,.'^ 
 vental.verorM»art(.r...vil. ! nMd<o,i Ihaf lay whole hei'd n.snnnn.'rnich.d.^chs. 
 'm ve -J nuarts of nnlk per dav. hnt 1 have several cows winch would ^ne ;.'(. .|.ia Is 
 Tlave a record of "JO cows -ivin- .n the month of .Inne. is-^:!, -.'..o .luarls ot n.ilk 'Jl-i 
 
 .oun.ls of hutter. ,...• day. and 1 .ow \U .,uarls of.nulk 11 .,>■."••. ot '';',■'';;•/;';;.. 
 pounds of hutter per w.ek tlnve tuonths after calvm-. 1 he av,Ma-e s .0 d o I 
 
 ) Inon-iiont the year Ihri: cows and r, heifers is f.i pounds iMiliea. I. In t he hcieht ol 
 
 suunnVr I'.i cows'iivcra;;i'd ]•,' jiounds each jier week. 
 'Ihe wei.'ht of a hull orcow when failed is from 'J-* to:i.>-c.nv. , ,., 
 
 The Jersevs are seldom steere.l. If the hull calves are m-i re,|inred lor slock they 
 ireallowedtosu.kth.' dams, and fattened a« calves, wiehin;,' Ir.mi J.n to IdOponnds 
 at one to two nionthsidd. The mean temi.ciature on the avcra^;.' lor II. years worUe.l 
 out as V.t .:!". In the winter it was :V.l .'.I'.l' ; sprin-. Hi .'.I'J ; suinmer, ..'.» .1..! .nn.l in 
 ■lUMimn .VI :-'. Durin-one vear there u ere -J fj days on \\ hndi ii s..nthwe.st wind 
 was prevalent ; T-J davs with a northea.st. and Id witli a northwest wind. Sonth.;ast 
 winds aro vcrv rare.' The island rests on the Wealden.and the Hurl^ice '•''IhI"'';';;'' 
 elav -ravl. sand..halk, freestone, and loam. The downs are chalk, nsiii- Irom .(Mi 
 I,. siHMe.t .il.ov.- Ih.' level of lh.> .sea. The -ira-.s.'s wlu.h ah rhiellN cult r, .ilcl arc 
 Ihe.sevi'ial sorts of ry.' f;rass. indudiii.U the Italian. (Iov.ms ar.' looad. Putcli. al 
 sike. tnfoil. cow clover, and tnfoliuin. 
 
 (.S) (ifKUNSKV Cattle. 
 
 This really lirsfralc bivcd is aiiativool'onc (d tlic Cliaimcl Is1a!ii1s,(>ll 
 tliociKist of' l'faiM'(>, aixl is lai';^viv lnrd hy a class ot larmcrs wlioliold 
 small iniaiititirs of land wliicli tlicy cidlivatr vci-y Iii;,dily, and, like \\n- 
 •Ifi'si-y |M'0]»loJ)n'»'d a iinicii lar.^cr iiiiiiilu'f jici' acif tliaii is done in aii,\ 
 pint of lOii-laiid. Tln'y arc a most docile face, w.'ll c;iied for in slieds 
 ill llie winter, and alni(»st invariably tctliored in suiiiiner on tlit> ^rra.-^s. 
 'i'lieie is no dilVeiciuM' of opinion in ICn.u'Iand as to tlie nieiits ot the 
 .lei-sey and the ("iiiernsey anion;,' those w }io iiiidef.slaiid hotli races, Imt 
 it must headiiiitU'd that tiic der.sey is a \ery niiich o^ieal('r fav..rite, 
 allhoiioh why it is so would ho very dillicult t.» say it \\<' <lid not think 
 tliat coloi and a more deei-like form has somethiii,i; to do with this. 
 Tlie ("iiiern.st-y is a much lar;;er beast than the .leisey, and. although 
 coarser, is .-^t ill t \treniely delicate in te\tur(> of skin, while she is much 
 more fleshy, is far more easily latted. and is salable to the butcher at 
 almost any time, provided she is well kejif, which the .b-rsey certainly 
 is not. indeed, il may be tairly estimated that when an ohi . b-rsey cou 
 |);ist breediiio is oiih wortii £.1 to £S, :i (iiiernsey is usually woith 
 Cb"). 
 
 This race is now i.reil with extrciii'- care, althoiiudi it lias s(»iih^ faults 
 from a butcher's point of view, beinj: bred for milk almost alone, and 
 by a comparatively siiial! number of breeders. The color is, plainly 
 speakin;.'. an itre;4iilar yellow and while, or. accordiuL; to the sluule. as 
 if is t^onerally called, oran^^e <U' lemon and white. II is a j.riaiid biitl«'r 
 makin;:^ cow. and will eipial the best .b-iseys, while it is certainly a 
 deeper iiiilkii. N\ (- may here mention that the Ciiiernsey l>ree<i is 
 strictly eoiiliiied to the island of (iinrnsey .as the .b-rsey is to the island 
 otMersey, and although the last named was for many y«'ars known as 
 the Ahh-rtiey, it is Hi) no lon^^er, for the Ahh-rney |»eople ii:i\eat last 
 starteil a herd book for their own race, which they are d<-lermined to 
 
 perlecl ill 
 
 h 
 
 s.lliie Way a,> the oltici ii|<-cd> ii.iVi- be.-ii peifeetc 
 
 (iiieriise\-, small as il i,- 
 
 aiiiiuaiJN 
 
 II 
 
 \poi 
 
 liet ween o||(- alld 
 
 I \\d 
 
 tl 
 
 lolis t 
 
 ml 
 
 coU.- 
 
 le iiia|oiily of \shicii coiiir li 
 
 .11:; 
 
 iinl. and al the pie.sclil 
 
 ■i 
 
 i 
 
i' 
 
 THK ITNITKl) KINOKOM, 
 
 12/ 
 
 I'l'sv riiiils III' ;> 
 Uiirc lliniiii;li 
 
 lIlH (llll. 'I'lU' 
 
 wii'li i)|i!. iiiid 
 ilk, fj;ini(l li:iv, 
 mil r I 111 y aii' 
 I' olil ('lliiM;ill 
 ,r;ir, as :i |iir- 
 iiilkii; Inili'is, 
 ivi' '-'(• i|n;irls. 
 sofinilk. 'JUi 
 iriiiii, :m«l I'J 
 
 i<>lll lit' llllttlM- 
 
 tlii> lii'i;ilit (if 
 
 ill' stink t lii'V 
 to l(iO|iiiiinils 
 yt'iii's worUi'il 
 Ml .t'.:i .Mini ill 
 lit liwrst \\ iikI 
 ll. Siilltlirast 
 ;li'i' ri>lll|iI'lH('s 
 isiii'; I'l'iiin IiMl 
 I'tilti'. alcil arc 
 1(1. Diitcli. ai- 
 
 lls1:t!i.1s,<>n 
 rs wild liold 
 111(1, lii^c 1 lie 
 tloiic ill ;i!i,\ 
 toi ill slictls 
 II tin' jrrass. 
 
 It'litS Ot till' 
 
 ll lact's. Imt 
 lev r;iv..ritf. 
 id not tiiiiik 
 II witti tliis. 
 111. iiltlidiiudi 
 sill- is iiini-li 
 • tiiilclicr ;it 
 I'V cfi'tiiiiily 
 
 I .Icl'scV cdW 
 
 iiiilly woitli 
 
 I sonic t'aiilts 
 it uloiic, aiiil 
 »r is, i>liiiiil.\ 
 lie sluulc. as 
 land luitlcr 
 < ccitaiiilv a 
 s«*v l>n't'<i is 
 to the island 
 IS known as 
 li:i\(' at last 
 •Iciinint'd to 
 
 II |H'I iVcted, 
 (iisand cous 
 
 tlic |iics(iit 
 
 ?i 
 
 ci'inional, Willie, witli i-ciiaid to Ilic t|iiiini ity ot tlic milk, it is ;;t'iu'iallv 
 loinid that S (|Hiiris is within the iiiaik. ;;ood IickIs oitcii .\ iHdin-' n'n 
 avcra^col' Hlciuarts per day diiiin- ihc hcsi months, althoii-h, as with 
 other cattle. indi\ idal animals tVeiiiiently < xeeed I'ti (umi'ts. 
 
 Another ^'ood leatnre in the (in.rnsey is the laet that it •- not onlva 
 .uood milker after calviii^i, Imt eonliniK's to milk well dniiiii: the uliiile 
 season. In form it is -fiiciall\ line and narrow in front, wid niim'nntil 
 it reaehes tli" hips, whic h aiv hioad. The udder is lar;i<' unA Hat, the 
 teats lon.n and wide ajKUt, and the .seiiteheon perhaps more |>rominentl\ 
 pronoiiiieed than in any other race. It is-eiierally lielieved ilial one dr 
 tw(» (Ineinsey cows in a herd in wliieh the i/iilk'is le.ss rich imparts 
 <|iiality .ind color to the whole of the Imtlei made. Cheese is not made 
 ti'oiii this raci', excejit in isolated insianees. and then on I v for private 
 use. It does well upon all soils, and we know inslances'in which its 
 retniiis are enormous, although the .sitiialioii isas hieak and e\[K»sed as 
 tin- Welsh hills. At the same time a chalk v or a j,'ravellv soil is pre 
 k-rred. Jn its native island and in the soiiih of lai-laml it does better 
 work than in the north, Imt some of the northern hreeders are uiim-Ii 
 pleased with the results they obtain troin it. and do not seem to consMler 
 It at all inappropriate, to their districts. It is never n.s»il for drill 
 l»iirposes. 
 
 E.rpainKT. of (fiurmnf />m//« r.v. — .Mi. .1. de «;aiis. l{ouvets, .says: 
 My li.Mil i„ Is-'. ,„„.M,t, ,1 .,f 1 rnu, i,„ii!,, „ yrai's ,.f a-.^.'. I'alvcil l''i'l,riiai"v Ks'.- 
 .^..u. ti.n >,..„s olil. .'ulv..! )......,nl,.M', l-M I ...w. four s,.ar. u!.l. calv ■ m' n'h' 
 
 1~-^; l.ow. saini.afi.-,..ah(.l .Im1>, I--: 1 iu'if.r (lirM .alf ). .'..U.il Ma^ I--'' i 
 nsi'ilnot l..xsli,a,. l.|,u^t.nfMulk,l.^lynn,ulamll^. Tin |o||ov, u,^. an I ,'; ,„.,^,„,; 
 o "arki'.ahi. iM.tt.r nia.l.. .a, I, month : .lannary.V.U ,.o„n.l,H; f.l.n.a v n 
 
 Mi-N. Am:-ns| I.,'i|.,,u.,.ls: .Svj„.,ui,.'r. I.M ,.o,„uls ; «».,ol„.,'. 1 1- iM,m,.N • \.\., 
 
 ;:,'zri::^';:.!^r '^'^^^^ is :fo,ai.i,..;.v..,u,.is; :..:,;;;:. 
 
 Mr. W ('ariin-toii.of Kinj/'s Mills, .says that his cow i.e Chemiii'Mit 
 
 I "i low, six yi'urs of u-^r, ■.' Js" 
 ""•i"l"'i- :;ii; iiiiiiilii'i' of ilavn"' 
 
 iiartN, nuoid i-onimciicin^ .July 1 ami 
 
 'OW, 
 
 •lit 
 
 '1,1 
 
 r^ ■ ■ ' 
 
 ; i!a', 
 
 years o 
 
 lint. 1 
 
 f a;;i', b'JIJinuurls; nnonl d 
 
 iiv«'nij,'o |...r (lay, 1(>,-V', "(|iiaits. It 
 
 irmg tlu) ouiin, iiuui, l.,a UuyM 
 
 l''o.SIII;» 
 low II 
 
 ; uvfi 
 
i 
 
 
 'il 
 
 P' 
 
 126 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIUV lAUMINC. 
 
 Mill: re<-(>ril oj' II (lun-iiNii/ ciiic. — An I'ji.ulisli luicdcr ut lln' (IiuTiisi-y 
 ;,'iv»'s the tollowiii;;' partinilars wifli ivLjard lo ilir cow NO. (I.'.O, in tiir 
 lldval (iiMTiiscy Auriculliiral Snrit'ty's llnd Mnok. SIic cahcil uu 
 I.'Mli May last, aii'.l tlu' r«'coi(l is <'khii July '.i l.» ITi. 'I'lic mw was Ird 
 on t'loviT only. The anumnt of hut tor niaiU' Iroin the uci-k's _\ idd was 
 1") pounds (I onnci's : 
 
 lh^U>. 
 
 Jnlv!" 
 .Iiil'v in 
 July II . 
 July IJ . 
 .Iiil'v 1.1 . 
 Jiilv 14 . 
 July in. 
 
 Miu IJIIl; 
 
 I/liH. IK. 
 
 Ifi H 
 
 in 
 
 U S 
 
 Mi II 
 
 U H 
 
 ir. II 
 
 i:> 8 
 
 NiM.n 
 
 U> 
 
 'I'olal 
 
 lu 8 
 
 I) H 
 
 I.' I) 
 
 U 
 
 11 S 
 
 lU 8 
 
 U 8 
 
 Mj;lil. I To|;i|. 
 
 JJn. <».-. 
 40 I'J 
 
 n II 
 
 :i'.i II 
 
 <iii I) 
 
 ;m II' 
 
 :<H II 
 
 .'18 
 275 "' 8 
 
 l,l>».0!. 1 
 
 14 
 
 r.' ! 
 
 1.') 
 
 8 
 
 rj 
 
 8 
 
 i.'i 
 
 (1 
 
 v.' 
 
 1'-' 
 
 v: 
 
 8 
 
 i:i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Giirniscus !ii the Isle of ^VU|ht.—'V\w \W\ . W. A. (".lynn, of tho Lslr (»t' 
 ^\'i{illt, the well known Imi^^IIsIi luccdi'i-, savs: 
 
 My (iiiiMMscy.s ariM|iiiti' ])iiri', iiml I ;;i'iit'iiilly i airv jilnuil iUMo .lii In 
 
 lui'iici'd \yitli tlir liict'd twnitvv 
 
 tit\' (it mil 
 
 1 rt'mstir ilaily at rarli iiiilkiii;; t In- ipi 
 
 «;;i<'li cow jiivi's. tlifaiiniial a\i'ia,i;fyitl(l hciii^rMtij;,iili)iiN, or, takii 
 
 tii- 
 
 loii a.s Wfii;liinjj. lu,! |ii)iiii(l>, t!.-J. 
 
 Twi 
 
 'V -iX 
 
 ]i(iini(U ; lull mumi' oftlii' cinys \ ii-ld .-im in'.Kiii ^lalloiiM 
 
 cliccsi', nor liavf 1 wiiLihcd a live uan'a.ss, Inil i 
 and ollal, is alioiit 7tii pi 
 
 IMiiiiuls, of milk Miakr 1 |.oiindol' liiitlcr, 1 iicviT iiiak 
 
 avi-ra;,'c \vi'i;;lit without lu'ad, wkii 
 
 Tlio color of ilie (imiiiscy is leinoii and wliilc and ll 
 
 ii'y arnvf ai iiiatiiritv iiiaI>oiit 
 
 tlirce yt'ar.s. Tlir iimdiui' ol my cows i.s all .sold as milk in ilir yard to ;i 'd.airvinuii 
 
 at a slllllillji pIT jr;," 
 
 iH.i:i: 
 
 'I'licv liavr 4 
 
 Tl 
 
 inniial avna;;!' rctiiiii is.alioiit £:!•.' iii«. wlnlr the cost. 
 
 May 1. to (iiristmas tliev run in 
 
 poniidsof dicoilic.'itcil cake da 
 
 :ly lliroiiiih tin- y.ar ; from alioiil 
 
 lllr liilds, and Ihc Ii-st of the year .slriM) ill till' oiifi 
 
 Nlicd at ni;ilil, and liayc -Js i.ounds of mangel afd VI iionnds of liav if fresh tin- milk- 
 ers 111 \vint('rrc<iiyiM;,' an additional (! |ioiiiids .d' Inaii. liiiriiiii .liiiic, .July, or An 
 
 };iist if tlio jiastiiK's arc shorl tlic\' , 
 illiil nianjicls from ('Iiristmas to Max. 
 
 ■t \ ctcdii s : t'lom ( ii'tolicr to ( 
 
 luisiniiw cubliiii'c, 
 
 I have hred with a v 
 
 with wonderfnl micccss tl 
 
 lew to liscliil 
 
 nod d.uiy stock, 1. lit last year e.\liiliited 
 
 ., ,,. ■ .,,.,, , , 'liich was shown four tiiiieH. I won (he 
 
 1st twi.e the „d once, ail. the reserve, Iicsides I.eiiif. once very lli-hly comm..nd.d. 
 
 le cow 
 
 i est;i. 
 
 AVill 
 
 I another, w 
 
 flicl 
 
 very lii;;lily coiilliiended oi 
 
 1 was also shown Imir times, I won the -Jd three time 
 
 the first mill 
 
 <iii;i once. With my Imlls I have a 
 
 il>o the champion milkiiii,' a^jaiiist '.'li oil 
 
 lid 
 
 W.ls 
 
 lonors. I stariod with the hest 
 
 for 
 
 .1 I 
 
 lelN once, and 
 so Im-cii very Nllccessflll in ol.t.aillili;. 
 
 inodiiee in ([iiality and ipiantity. '1 
 
 I'lild ;,'< t III (.111 rii>ey, and I earefiillv Im 
 "le .|iialityon analysis at the dairy slii 
 
 ^^avetlie specilic j^ravity as l.(i:nt;; lot.i! solids I 1. •.',-, : fat,. "..hi 
 
 j;erccnt,i;j;e ol cream 
 
 illy: (lie lieh<'8I MpeeiMifii of mill 
 
 o\' vo 
 
 lull 
 
 Noiids not iai, H.Tl 
 
 dn w- special reiiiaik from the analvsi'as I 
 
 I lilid that the sti 
 
 Jioiled from (Jiicrn.scy. 1 inliiiii..|v pi, lei |1 
 to Iresli Iilooil tVom (Iiiel 
 
 used here are tar more haidy and d.i far l,ei;,.Mhan when in 
 
 them, hill k 
 
 1 
 e<l» them in j^ood oid 
 
 carefiilh 
 
 leiii, and oiilv resort a^ 
 
 •Id 
 
 oiii a' 
 
 I 
 
 er. 
 
 rcceiye many appli.iii ions, I place i 
 
 1 I 
 
 let iiiv hleeilili;,' stiuk. and do not ( 
 
 id no diliieiilt\ ii, liiidinu pnicl 
 
 one 
 la.seiM, ,ini! a> 
 
 Many }ieiitlenien who have acted 
 
 ''"' ''I. " ' I' t" lie enteri,iin..d in lotaiim 
 
 come to my herd lo piirell; 
 on (day. iiiiich of which m 
 diictioii of mil 
 of Kii'daiid, t 
 
 Our 
 
 IS Jlli|;,'.s of Chalillcl Isl.ui.l stock at Val 
 
 Miil is ii medium l,,am. |iaitly on gravel iniii „ii', 
 
 lolls silow ^ 
 
 IS n eciillv laid dowi 
 
 lie elimale is uood, I 
 
 1 to pas! lire, hilt is not 
 
 le altitude heiii^' from ,'.l) to l.'.l'l f 
 
 nia\ sa\ imuv ti i 
 
 ;ood lor 1 1 
 
 I' 
 
 iipiiaie Ih.in in most part,-- 
 
 Record of a flnn-nsnj hml h, Susin.,.~y\v, Nfv ill 
 
 eel ,ili,i\,. tllese.l, Heal to will,- 
 
 I w c all 
 
 Sussex, wiio has tal 
 
 k(.'n such troiihio with tlic( 
 
 W 
 
 yatt.oi't'iicKiicld, 
 
 I farm l-Jltacns of p,„,r. soil, called the Weald of 
 
 iilctiiscy iJiKliW) 
 
 isa\s: 
 
 tiire of clav, sa 
 
 d f. 
 
 i.iiiijii 
 
 and -r 
 
 tvel, asHoinetiiiies 
 
 ihi-i'i 
 
 llsse-. , ami ll is tlir i|Ueere>l mi 
 
 111 thesaiiM- lii-lil where iHire sand 
 
 lak w had, as the hedn of day hank Itaek 
 
 e is touniLsoiii,. .jii,„-.-,ii \aiilsof hhil d 
 
 the water, rill- fi 
 
 ly. 
 
 rill, ll 
 
 tl 
 
 le mil iiial 
 
 iwever, mm- is all 
 
THE UNITKD KINiiHOM. 
 
 127 
 
 I III' (iiM'ilisry 
 so. (I.'.O, in Ihr 
 Im' t';il\fi| uri 
 ' cow Wiis led 
 •k's \ i('l(i WilS 
 
 Ni;;lil. ToUl. 
 
 IJlH. »-. 
 
 IM.a 
 
 
 14 r.' 
 
 4U 
 
 IJ 
 
 ir. s 
 
 II 
 
 
 rj s 
 
 :i'.i 
 
 
 l.'l 
 
 ^(1 
 
 
 r.' iL' 
 
 ;i« 
 
 i-J 
 
 12 H 
 
 :t8 
 
 n 
 
 i;i 
 
 :iH 
 
 
 
 
 —^m-—^ 
 
 .-. 
 
 
 275 
 
 M 
 
 
 <>r tiio Isle of 
 
 I lUMll. I t'dlll 
 
 lliin;,^ til,, (jiimi 
 IT, takili;; a y;al- 
 iKM.ilHiii^ialloiiM 
 1 iii'VtT iiiako 
 lout lii'ad, hkiii, 
 
 itiiritv iiiahiiiii 
 tt) a ilairviiiaii 
 
 . Wllilr tllf f(l,s(. 
 
 ar ; trniii ahoiit 
 
 <'1> ill tllC ll|MMI 
 
 I'n'Nli. I 111- milk 
 If, July, or All 
 siiiiiw cublni>;i\ 
 
 year cxliiliitrd 
 
 H'H. I \V((U the 
 ly lOIMMHMIllcd. 
 
 liiiics, ami w.in 
 
 I Ih-in uiH't", aiiil 
 III ill olit.'tiiiiiiu 
 (•ari'fully Inctil 
 till' daily wliii« 
 Ih iiuf iai, H.71 : 
 • aiialvHt as In- 
 
 t liaii wIm'm im 
 H-lddiu afH I can 
 lid do not liiici 
 iliax-iM, ,iml a> 
 
 ■ 'd III lotalioii 
 vailoii.s slmw s 
 
 ivcl and iiarl l> 
 iMid lur I |j)' jiiii 
 
 II ill IIMINl jWtl't^ 
 
 I \\ 111! Ii \\ I- ail'. 
 
 i)l'<'llck(i»'lil, 
 l»t)uU, iSiiNs: 
 
 ■ iini-i-tr-i mi \ 
 I' Hand iMiiiiai 
 
 'I'lic liai iiial 
 ■vor, wolf 1.1 all 
 
 lilr dliiitiid :t.| iVrl indi'|it|i, liiit tli<-di>,l 
 itiiali-d KM I III' Hurl li sidr ut' a li 
 
 Inn 
 
 11 II 
 
 \f ill',iilm \al \ . 
 
 lidiiM' IS ^ 
 
 '111 
 
 das . I'loiii I 111' t mil' It 1 1 
 
 till 
 
 It M'l- 
 
 Tl 
 
 til III' llir lUi'llifNl lilil riildi'.st sjiiil III Iwirii |,i)i,iii'i 
 
 I'llt Ml llinli (||;,| t III' xllh .sIlltlt'H III) It all 
 
 II' lid'.'i' iijiuh \\liiili IJM' lallii Is IH MijijMi.Hi'd 
 
 'I lili'Jil 
 
 , ,,.,,.,■ Ji'o'i. A'' till rrii« llUft, 
 
 I am .'ihoiit r,' mill's liom llir wa. and, \\ illi ;i -milliursi ;ia!i', mi// is uliiii iIumh \% ith 
 II, and till wiiiilow.N (linvl.y am Miraki d Willi tin- call. I Innk on l|i.' tiiiiTim,-v anu 
 '"■"'■I •iiMiiial ,ill oiiiiil ili.'in Ilir .l.i„>y. It iM haidi. I, and I liavr oiiK l„Ht ..im", anil 
 llial lliroii;;li r.iniii, vvliii li it had in tlir lii'iiit. 'Ilii' ( inn iisi'v unrn moir milk iiid 
 il iMi|iially mil, and \v Inn doiii' u ith mIU (i.| nioii' to thr Imlilu.r. I m,).I al "oi.ni 
 iiiaik.'t, "hiivSn.'.si'x and NhiiitlinrMN air till' nsiiiil inn olhrasl. .i livi'V.aiidil (iin'i n- 
 
 s.,\, wliii'h Nlii-iird iiiTralfa li.itiii;;lit lu'ti.ii'. tor £1".:,,. ,|,.,n,.v„ Jn'llial laK,. 1,.|,|, 
 liiiiii X..to.L;i. I hav.'Mild olhiTH.il .CI.Mi.iJI-. Tliryiii. m,t fatlrn.a.silv. I.iit Ihi'v 
 alua.Mi.'in np tar hit li r tlniii th.'\ li.uk ; in tail, whrir a Shoilhoiii h-ks tat o„t.„l, 
 a iiiii'rnst:y ix l.ii insidi'. 
 
 My catlii' airall hoiisid in a lar-i-. wrllxi'iililaliil row sh.il tVoiii O. ti.l.ir m V... 
 
 '" •'•. '"■'■-"'lHi;i louiathii', till il.i'ii. i.,at: I l.ii,' of mass i„ ih. Hi.ni,.' "< >„ 
 
 >;ra.ss(lii'y oi'i pi'i day i aih ahniit I |.onii,| ot ihi uitiiatrij lolion , akr ■Ilir M-.r- 
 
 !':n,^;;|;:o,Sim;:. '-'""• "'^^ l-niiiM'..d.akc.aiidh,..,.s,l...an. 
 
 Til.' rnw.s an- fid :< liims a day. In tin. , ninj; and iMninu tlirN r.r.'iv.' .ai h 
 
 li|iyandMavv (oat) rhan-d w„h ,uil|,..il n.ol.s, all sti ainiil. ^^Hl. I .n iVi 1 of m 
 ilh i^Nand ii.mndol mai/.' nnal mlMd uitl, it.and in ilm nid.ll • ,(' t I'"' I'v 
 
 .1' o dm- to I II- milk till y air -um-, liom I to .| ,,„unils „| ..;,K,' a dav i old." i 
 ■^"•'1 «.',k.' ami I lm,s...l, h..iri.,,s ^^i,h tli.ir II, M lalC.mK |,,vil .s ..|* S\\L 
 "'l"\"""!'""">""iii..aiidtli.'av.'ia^.'..f.,..aiiiisahnnri.- ■ ^. . .-i... .'*r'..* .'V 
 
 ..inn on,y .m.. I'o.v ,av,. h.-in^ H „.'. .■..n.:: ^: hiu, iriiii/:::,' ^^j Ji;;:;'::;:,': r; 
 
 1.. iM'i- ..,.. , ..ahmlal. is a Ian- aviiaK-. I .alM. my h.-n.^ .il' I !::i';^;;.\;Z 
 
 Til 
 
 I'M. H..1 milK. I hav.M.nly lumui, ..fi.n.' .,...•,■ I«n '"|' ,.,,', ' "^'-^V ' ' 
 
 .. .ltd l^h::li;::..nri did ;;;::.::;!sld:;; ir:; ;:;:^,i:^ •::•"" ■ -"' -" -•> '-'''- -' 
 
 I III' loilo\\ iiiL> ail' ii.Mi : kI.i^ ..r i. . i ■ ' 
 
 •loilonmo ;||, ,,,.„.,;. ,j.„„„,. ,,,^ ,^^^^, a.sHi,l,„i,i,|.,| 
 
 |l'ri"Un linn li\ i|iiart-. ] 
 
 Nuiiii 
 
 
 III M 
 
 J m IIiM.liiiil. ISM (a-ml 
 ^« ^ K".-,. Iiii.i, iHKi; . 
 
 lilt kii', lii'llrr 
 
 l"Prv. iiyiil ■ 
 
 Niiiilii iiiTj, -.'il lalf . 
 
 t^'llllM.iiii :iilr,|lf 
 
 <..,i,n„„i, -j.i ..„„ ;;;; 
 
 •''.111 ::il I'.iif ... 
 
 \ MJililiii,. Isl ralf 
 ''"'il>'lll..'jl|-. Kl r.ili" 
 < li.ilii;. jiii^. Ni .-alf 
 
 '■lit Ihir, ,■ i.-trair,: 
 ''i'ltr«>l.iii-!il,.| 
 I "iiiiiii., hi.iiVr 
 M"iio. h, il,.,. 
 '•!■■■" \,,\ 
 
 ifiT... 
 
 luHll'I 
 
 Ifllll. I'l,., h.-lll.l- 
 
 .".Il 
 
 I'.'l 1-^1 
 
 !>:; 
 
 r.i.' 
 
 I'l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /|» 
 
 lutrfg 
 
 .'ilHl 
 
 '-.'•!' ■.•.'I 
 
 Ill" 
 
 I" } 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '.'•7 
 
 1. 1-1 
 
 '.'.'..'•, 
 
 I7J UK! 
 
 nil 
 
 1 1 ,* 
 
 I7|i 
 
 1 r. 
 
 1.. . 
 
 
 
 ;<*'. 
 
 411 
 
 il"'..' 
 
 L'. li.'K 
 
 ;i.;.'t 
 
 -'.■.■ -jv- 
 
 ;t.iii 
 
 •IIT :!77 
 
 '.'IH' 
 
 :w(i 
 •.'(i.'< 
 
 •J7I 
 
 ;ivi 
 
 'J-Vi 
 
 ■J71 
 •."IW 
 
 :.ii!i 
 
 ■J.'lO 
 
 1 !>. 
 
 'J ill 
 
 I'.T 
 I**.'. 
 
 •.J 
 1.I.1 
 
 (.It.V) 
 hi 
 
 •."■Il 
 
 4ii;ii 
 
 IT 
 1? 
 
 ll.s 
 
 1 1." 
 
 i.:i7ii 
 
 141 
 144 
 
 ir. i-.it 
 ««j:i5o 
 
 -" 
 
 2n«i 
 
 ■.in-: 
 
 17U 
 
 i.xii" 
 
 cm 
 
 117 
 
 '.'in 
 :m'. 
 
 ••.tl'.' 
 
 I'M 
 
 ■J II 
 
 i<7 
 
 IKI 
 
 1 t.'i 
 
 I!!' 
 HO 
 
 171 
 It* 
 
 Jiirj 
 '■!. 7ir. 
 I,.'. .'11 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 ■J(!l 
 
 \'~'l 
 
 -.•i-- 
 
 l-.i 
 
 Ii:; 
 
 •M 
 
 
 
 1 L'lll 
 1, Tlfi 
 
 
 
 
 (" '. 
 
 .iltii 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 liii 
 
 •JlHi 
 
 !•! 
 
 li:i 
 •.'II'.' 
 
 'jiiw 
 
 ij:i 
 
 IMI 
 
 I Ml 
 
 I'^fii 
 
 i:ii)iii 
 I--.'. 
 
 1.414 
 
 ' 'lii.irlN. 
 
 tl.j 
 
 lU.UlNil ll,, 
 
 :■'! 'I'l.oi-i.i ,1,1 
 
 i"i'|||.u|B 4iii»>. 
 
 i:lN :v 
 
 STT i Vv' 
 54 ; l'7» 
 
 illU iiuMia MiUy. 
 
128 
 
 (•ATTI,K ANI> UAIKY FMiMINfi. 
 
 1 T"^ ii 
 
 1^ 
 
 Notes (»i (iHcrnsninitlh Inj a (Iturusi i/J'iti 
 
 ini r. — 
 
 Ml. .laiiirs .laiiu's, of 
 
 (Jiii'iiisi-y, iiiiotliLT lutu-ilor of cons 
 iiiy: iviiiuikH upon IIr-iu : 
 
 Tlii'if iim In- no niiirr [>r;ict:c'al '|iii" 
 
 nlrUMCf to tllt^ v;illlr til' till' (liDcli'llI 
 
 idiTiiltlc iiotoru't.v, si 
 
 luls tln^ follow- 
 
 tidii coimi'. i.-il with liiiid (liiiii tliiit wliicli liiM 
 
 luicilM of .■.iUli' iMMiiliav toilu) iJiiliHli isloH. 
 
 li.' Imm'I' lio.lucfiM, anil tl • '"1'' ' -ifc' 
 
 (Iciiitv. aiioiliiT of till" islMiuls '.■MlIllMlsill;, - ^ , 
 
 Tlir .I.Tsovs for a loiij; lime haw l.o.si .l.»i;;iiaUMl u^ Al'lorii.'v.s. I.iit tor Wliul rni- 
 boii 1 am iinalili' to rxi.laiii. Tliis lalltT ir^laml i« iukIit tlif nam.' ^joveimiu'iit a.s 
 (iiicnisi'V, lias similar laws, aivl ciijovs Ilu> saiiii" iiiivil.'','cs. It is not m>. Im.wcvci . 
 Willi ,lii's.'y, for in this islaii.l llu' uoviTmnnil ilillivs. Noa<liiii\tiirf ot tlif CiiiTiif^rv 
 iiiiil .Jcrsi^V iTi'i'ds is vtTinittid. I'roiii aliiiosl tiiiic uiiiiifiiiorial t In' (iiivriiMiy ratt Ir 
 
 Itll't'll OI can Irl'mUKIII ly piUO .UIH IU>Ullll, iFlnunlul m .i|i|F. ,11. ..!.., ■»! |.i.r."... 
 
 Iiv no olln«r in its liistin^uisliin;,' I'liaia-iciistii'. As tvf,';ir(ls its oii^'itial lialiil.ii. 
 opinions (liHir vi-ry wiiltly : w.- may, lio'M-vcr, icaHonalily iiifi rtirit il lia<l ifH ori;,'i'i 
 ill some pari of flu- Frmcii I'oiiiiniru. li is a mailrr of iiisinry tliat lln> islands of 
 .Icist.'y and (imrnsoy, as far liark as the siMli (•I'tiuiry, wcri' uiiili<d to tlio mainland 
 liy a siiii;li' plank. 
 
 Tliis lufcd of caltli' has 1. 111,4 '"'.■n famed for its ;rcam and hiittor prodiicin;^ ((iiali 
 lirs, and it is also vminiiilly ailaptcd for the ,-haniltl.s wlirn. from a;;<' or otlii'r cans. 
 ! hcsi! valiiahlf propcrl i's fail In Ik- ]iiiiiitalilf. 'I'lii-y ai'' i-N.iuisili'iy didirati- in foi 
 ill color varying iVom lii;ht-rcd to Iciikpii and oranuc-t'axvn, i(ccasionall\ Idack, altim 1 
 all havin;^ a coiisidL-raldc admiNtiirc of \s hitc. In individual 1 ;i,-ics it i^ hIacK, ciicii ■ 
 (led with liijht-colorfd hair. 
 
 Till' most apjirovcd points of a (Jiicniscy m.iy lie i-oiisidercd to lie as follows: Head 
 small but lonjj; ; eyi- lni;:hl, lively, hut placid ; horns small and will liiriied npvvanis. 
 heiiij; line, yellnw, and wa.xy at the liase> ; e.iis small ami thin, with tine thin hair and 
 a dee|i ifoUhn color inside : nostrils open ; neik lony; and ••'ender, t.iperin;; toward-- 
 tho head ; shoulders thin ; foreciu.irieis li^'lil ; limlis delicate ; hack slraiulit and 
 liroad liehiinl : tail tiiii^ and thin, f-ef on at ii^,'lit-,in;.;le.^ with tlie hack : hide thin ani 
 mellow to tciiu h ; car("Ms.s (lee|i and well let ilowii ; hind.iiiarlers full and lar^ie ; luhh 1 
 eapai ioiis, hroad, and si|iiare, well in line with lielly and stn tchini.; w«dl foru.ud. 
 not lUsliy. silky with fini' down or hair : milk veins very lari;e and prominent ; (e.il - 
 laru'e and stnittiie^ onlwaid.'- .mil widl ap.irt ; the treiieial li<.riiie compact. \ved;:e 
 
 ..1 . ..1-;.. ^:...,.^l ...;.i. .. .1 n ,^.. ti... 1 ... : n ...1 1 :. ■. 1 
 
 sli.-qied ; skin tili;,'ed wil h a deep oiali^^e-yeli.iv, thron^'hont, opcci.ill \ nialkid iii>idi 
 the pastern joint. 'Jo these cs.senlial )iointsm:iy he added tlio.e tests ;ls shown liy lli. 
 (iinnon theory, and wiiiidi when projierly niiderstooil .and applied .iie most \alnalde 
 as indicative of milk-prodncini; piojieitii s. 
 
 The oiiinioii of the tineiTisey tanner 1- iiun ii di\ ided as to ^vli:it leay he c<insi.|iri d 
 the. iinist ajiproyid points ol' the male animal. .<onie prefer the hull n liieh possess.- 
 many of the points as .ipiniived in the fem.iii' : others, tliosiMif the more maseiiliiie 
 tyjie. Since the superiority of the (iiiernsev cow for dairy purposes is so fxeiu'ialls 
 udinitlrd, we must not, I think, he '.guided so mmdi in our selcctimi hy what max 1" 
 the aiiproved points of exeeMence in tin- individual animal as tiy ;i knowled;:<' of' hi 
 parent!i<^e, and this l;nowleil:,;e lieionies of still moic impiuiance when we eoiiMidei 
 that the male niidonhtedly acts the priiicipa! part in impressing' his character upon 
 the ollsiirinj;. 
 
 Of late years tin re has heen a very niarki'd imjirovc ni m the cattle lliroii}<honl 
 
 the island. The l.recder has hecoine m.ire alive tothe value «,f his cattle, and, slimii 
 lated hy ,1 very lar-e and increasini; demand liotli from Knjiland ami iihroatl, ho ha- 
 de voted increased care and alti'iition to the l«reedinf^ and n-arin^jof liis .sto< k. Wli. i' 
 careful and intelii_ceni lueediiiLC has he(!n pnrsni'd, select iii),' littltif^ sires and ilams. a 
 very marked and inereasin;,' excellency has heen .stamped upon the pro^reiiy. Karli.i 
 m.atnntv, increase of si/.e. a m.irc fullv ilcvelop.'d lacteal system, and a stroii"er co; 
 stitntioii h.ivo been the re-ult, and with i.ersovorance in such a ciiiim- these o.-,mi. 
 
 tin's will iieei.iiie inleur.irn-d. 
 
 T 
 
 Wll 11 
 
 ■rd- 
 
 Jlhur III the Coriu of 
 
 lUn ll.ivi' lii'cn e.-,t.ibliNiied, (lilt 
 
 I ll'LTl 
 
 )ii the jirinciple of select i(ni and Ih 
 
 slcr, aUiiiiltiu^' wiUlit* jts \kv^<< all rattl 
 
 tl 
 
 t,- Ul lln; isia 
 
 Ian' 
 
i .lilllK'M, of 
 
 tlio follow- 
 
 at wli It'll lliM 
 iiiitmh intoH. 
 
 (M'ilC i'<|(i>ci- 
 
 fthavr Hp»>cial 
 
 iif.'.iiiwii' inlly 
 
 I'll! < ■tiiii tliu 
 
 IihuIh. TIii'.v 
 
 Illl.V CHM^'Illi.'ll 
 
 it ln( <1 ill At- 
 
 liir wliiit rt'ii- 
 ivciniiu'iit UN 
 M>, Imwrvcl , 
 tlif (iiicnisfv 
 icniMt y rjittir 
 itin;; llio iin 
 i;^ t!if variolic 
 :tiiilirni('*l aii'i 
 wliMtcvcr fiiii 
 ' Iv liiiast (il a 
 
 I'l Slll|>i»H-.«ll 
 
 ;iii:il lialiil.it, 
 luiil ilH i>ri;<i!i 
 lii> islaiuU t'f 
 lie iiiaililaliil 
 
 ilucill;; ({llilii 
 
 I ((till r <Miis' 
 
 i<Mt|- ill (ill 
 
 lilacli, uliiiM'-i 
 
 lllaik, IIIIMI- 
 
 iiUows: lli-ad 
 in-«l iii>'.varil>. 
 tliiii hair ami 
 riii^j lowaril-- 
 straiiilit anil 
 liiilc tliiii ail I 
 lar;j;f ; lulili i 
 \\i\\ Imwaiii. 
 Miiii'iir ; Irai < 
 i|)a(l. \vcil;:i' 
 iiaiki tl iii>iiii 
 sliiiwii liy I III 
 iioht Naliial'ii' 
 
 111' (••Misjilrli il 
 
 lil'll )IIIMHC.-»'<l^ 
 
 ilf iiiasriilini 
 ( sit f{i>iu'ial!s 
 wliat iiiav I" 
 \\ Iril;;!' iif In 
 I We i-oliHiili I 
 
 laraciiT nimic 
 
 li> t liriiiii^liiiiii 
 r, ami, .slimii 
 liroail, Im ha'- 
 
 itocli. Willi' 
 
 H ami (laiiiH, a 
 iiiy. Karliir 
 stroii^rr vtn 
 ' tlio.si! cawMi- 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 ft 
 
 ctiiiii ami till 
 ill tin: iniali'I 
 
i 
 
 Itii 
 
 Hi « ' 
 
 [n 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 2. 
 

 CD 
 
 CI 
 
 a 
 
 TIIK IMTi:i. KINciMtM 
 
 V2U 
 
 ;":y;:"!;n"::;\r!;;j:r ::/;;';:;:r:;iJ;i..'-'i;::;'-\.''';; '-..-^ 
 
 ^-^;::;;.*;.::r;:-::.;-'..'-;:-%:r^^ 
 
 •"■;'''••' "•l'.....,l,.. (.unuia:: ' V. unur ,.?.,' '''''''•''''•''' = "" '"■■■I-. u,ll I.? 
 
 .1". ^..MMt a- (.. it. irMlUHl.,;,!,,,..,,,"- '"' '" '""> ""I"'". •""' '<• I.M..I l.iN.MM. 
 
 I III' (iiii'rM.i'\ iicMi" I KMiit I iiii ■ .1 ..-. I. ■ . 
 
 "•''7ou.M.ir v,:^..,:::;i:^.!■;>J;7;;'•;-^ -. •"-i-Min.. ...... 
 
 '""' "••■a«.r n. Hi.. ..xi,,.,, ... aii.l it is... I V' '> '" "'' "'■ 'I'" '"^'M. , |,;,v 
 
 ;■ '"■'■ ■""-"■■'I •■..i.> ..-■ .KHs t M M H o : ;,;''i'' " ''r;" ''? •"""- •""■ • ".' . 
 
 ' "I" ■'n.nfi..M lu. iMilMrl.. I» ,, -j . , ,'i '"*' '" H"""' ''r-.-.lm:. 
 
 "•"","1'""'-'" |Mr.nt,.aM „ |^^U : / '; ;\ I'' rV'' «7; ''l':anMn..lsI„.,n 
 
 '" Ir.ilmniiti,,,;; f.. I, K,„...',.„v Ills V ..M '"""''■"'■ ""' '"'" '"i n - .M I, I l.l,■ 
 l- n,ay lM^ .• M. Ihu , ...^V-m: li^'';.;;: :,: J ;' !;:!:,:: ^I;;' ''- ...r.,i:'.i:':':, 
 
 '•I Mirl, annual- «|,..M. pal...,!. In v. 1,. ?, . ,. . '"'"'■"'•'"I I" i„ak.. a .1.,.,. .• 
 
 '''••""•■"• '•"'"• '••••'•■.■'I MM..,,, ..I-. I,. .. .1 J T ""• '"""■ 'I'.na...... aiMl ,1... 
 
 '" ■•'"v.. :.t M.. ,...^, ,„ l,r...,li„.^ ..„.. „, , I huu , ""I""''"". .""I -I •• .. Ih.,. ...I 
 
 -i; -"•'..•.. lM.;r. ih^^n,>>:\rr,u^Z :l '^ 
 
 """•'''I' •'-•'■'I.''',v...ltl. vv III,:, ,.,',,', '•'• •" ^"K.-.lnM,.,.,x,,„..„t irul,,.. 
 
 Il'- IfMllt. 
 
 (i») Ki;i:i;v Catili.;. 
 
 h 
 
 t 
 
 ..f 
 
 s.v;';;'p;;:;:;:;M.;:rr:.;;:;'j 
 
 •;'• '-'■-> I..S. spn..,: ii.k;. ;H'..i :';:;: : .';•;' <;<• ••"• Km.i. 
 
 ''"•|'""-^f sli.iii, lli^ i,,,,„|,, .,, 'I '""•>'•' IVI<-t I'liirix, ||„. ,..,l,,| Ml 
 
 ^i-ui..;: =.11 fi.:. n-.'ni'^i^j; ;:''';;• ^— i«-i ih.h ., ,„;.,.„... 
 
 -•'""• "'^" ^"v iMvuli;;,. ,o |.,n,r,'ir. ' "" '" ^"""- •'••vH..|.nM.„t. w,(|. 
 
 111.' <|'''»l if '«'•"< <»!' ilic K«.|iv .,,... , , 11 . . 
 
 '-!."Hv'l,a„.|,a,M.,i,!!. 'V .1.,.; 'V''"""".';- 1" l"^"l ...lli.T s,n..l|. 
 
 i -Mu/./L n,..; :. I,:,;, .Us 1 ,^\;'n'''', (•^) /'"•"" '"11 M...I uHi s.., 
 
 ^'"; "I'i"'' "'"• '''^'H.; ,7. .-.us s„. L:' ',:•;,"; "v"'^ '^''"•'*"-- 
 
 "'I'l": t'^i ••N«'.s mil.I ami r,il| • ,.h . ," '""'' "iwi.;:,. ,-„|ni 
 
 '-i s„ai;,i.t in.„. to,, i,:^V ::,i :' ' T'. "'T-''' 'v: '"'''''' <"> 
 
 '■'l''<'«'..siMlinruin l,HlN.,,, v'il r, "'.''7 "'•" "".'"l.-.l. Kill an.l 
 '••'.^v.a.HliatlHTtara M. It r- ;.i 1^^? '^^ '-"-' '"^"-^ ^^''" I»'^hv,I, 
 
 '"ii'i .•uh.r.s. "-" ''"" •'"• "^"".•' vfiy -o,mI aiiiuials of 
 
 ''•^'''""^!:.:"^^^r:;^;l:^^^ -....> ur,„i,^, 
 
 II l.-v -.. - • " """'-"^"""•'«l'lt.. t.iHm... (...,.■ ,„,iL ...I.: 
 
 i 
 
 II. i:\.:,i. 
 
 "luait.ottmlk a .1,1 
 
130 
 
 CAT'iLK ANU 1»A1ICV l"AICMIN<; 
 
 >acli,l»ut itisiiitlM'.iiMilit.v (iltluiM 
 
 ilk thai iIm'.v 
 
 SlK'CialtV t'N< < 
 
 I li.is I' 111)1 aM vi'l 
 
 tested the nil 
 
 k oral!, lull amoiii: iii'>s< 
 
 tllc'i 
 
 I I have t,.imil nianv to '^ivi- HI prr ci-ii 
 
 n iHi-c.-nt., Iv' 1 
 
 CI lit., iltll 
 
 I i: 
 
 (•(•111. Ill' rrealii 
 
 Jul 
 
 lia.s 
 
 rmii' as 
 
 JVC \M'i<;lii "I li"iii 
 
 >i\ In hcvi'ti i-\vl., IS 
 
 I tl> 
 
 III., 
 
 i: 
 
 -;;:a.Jl::i.ir'Ai;\i^:,::;'^:i^;.;^^^ 
 
 Mr. Kichanl lUtrUT, an .xu-nsiv. larnMr. hn.-hr. and .lanvowurr, 
 
 Mr. A. .1. Kiiiulit. ill tlic iolUnvin- fart, supplu-s, in all likclil.ood. the 
 ivas.m whicli l-dhiin t<> iVoiii his herd: 
 
 I ,>t v.n I liMl a K.rrv .ow -iv.ii imp. sent ..ver iV.mi Kerry wl.en- si,,- l.a.l iM-ei, 
 1 I, , .. iMTle'il si„,iiiMii This .ow l.eat \\M< valnal.le aii.l lately .in- 
 
 ;:;:;;:aT wv i vi;^';'kn-;^^^ 
 
 . , I evs look-il p.H.r anil iniseiaMe .lurii,;. .he u inter, the Kenv vs.s a ^^ a > s j 
 !.';;,, ,;,;„,i„:.„ ,„., h',,,,i, ah ha.l an„NtM.e. ,ae,,ual .,.ia„tmes ..t l.eM mi and 
 eott.in eake. at the rale „f .". |Minn.ls..r llie iiuMure to eaeh eovv (.ei ,h»> . 
 
 Pn.fo.ssor l}aUiwiii,tht'Nvi-ll-kiiown Irish apii-ulturist, lu-ars (his tr> 
 tiiiioiiy : 
 
 The Kerry is small in si/.e. ..xeee.linu'lv hanly. aiul .'an subsist on ,.oor an.1 .-xposeil 
 i.astnre. It often hears a eh.se loeinUlan. e in si/.e. sliai.e. ami rolor I., the na ly- 
 ...ttleof Wales ami ISrittanv. The eolor vivlerre.! is l.laek. nmiI. a nd-e ..t Nxhiie 
 alon.MliesMnie.amlayvhite;ireakalo,i;,Mhel.elly. Catteol true Ken \ .leseent aie 
 ,„..t « ith lit other eolois. Thus. 1 haye ^een them l.loNvn. l.laek. ami xvliite.an.l Ma. 1, 
 ami hrovyii. The horns are line, somevvhat loi.t,', an.l turm-il m-Nvanls at the i.onilv 
 The skin is sott. unetmrns. ami of a line .naii-e tone, wliie li i..visilile al.oul . ..e eyes, 
 the ears, ami the inii/./le. The heef is tender, vvell marl. led. and eommand- the lii;:h 
 ,M' i.riee in the market. The milk is i.e-iiliarly riih and «ell tlavoivd ami tin- .|".'i'- 
 t'ily o*- it yielded, eyeii on hard fare, is so «reat that the Kerry has l.een ^lyle.l tlie 
 iioor uiaM's cow. I'lofessor Low ob.ser\es. that in milkiii- |.ioiierties. the K.rry eovv, 
 taking' si/.e into aeeount. is eiiiial or siiinrior toaiiy in tin- Hrilish Idlaiids.^ 
 
 Mr. Jaiiit's liidti'rt.soii <»l»,s('rv«'s : 
 
 AsYouatt savs. the Kerrx may he truly deserilu'd as the iioor man's eow, livin;^ <yer\ 
 wh.Te, ,ind the.les.in.iion is tiioron^rhly aeenrate. The Kerry will live ami thrive m 
 almosi any eiiiiiale ami leiiiiieiat me, o;i the site or .'.1111111111 of a Kerry Mountain 01 m 
 thei.iior iimlraiiied lands of the lowlands, lliave m.ide no .•Nieiided .xiierimeii'- 
 and am unaware of luv having; been m.Mie, but IllV e\|..lieliee of an UVelMfje Kell> 
 .ow is thai hlieuiii sie'ld oil all avera-e I-.; .|iiarts of milk per day. and in to 11 .|iiari- 
 of milk will )irodilee 1 iioiiml otbiitter. (Miee.seiiiakiiij; lsaluio>t unknown in lielaml 
 The weight of the animals when fat is Iroin :!i' to M< stiui.', of .- iioiimU. and tin ^ 
 freniienlly ! un up to 10 stone. My herd is kejit mi luiiiie old pusliiie, w hii h lias bi> n 
 most iiidi'ei"i.''ly "laiil down," but thejiarl tlie Keiry plays proniin.iit ly in I In- a-n 
 eiiltii'ie of the loiiiiliy. is that they are bled by small farmers in the Kerr\ Mount.n!:-. 
 ivliiie th.y have a temper. It nr. and (limatemiieh leseiiibliiiu that of the Welsh .Moimi 
 ains. anil u:- Kepi in and about that ilislrict until Ihoy are from two .iiid » hal! !■ 
 three years old. when they are boiii;lit up in the loeal fairs in Kerry, and elsewln i' 
 for the rieherlamls of surrounding; distiiets : ir. fai t. tin- jtopiilar ide.i is thai if lam ■ 
 not ^ood i'noiif:li to 'alteii Slioillioin eatth. it will beoeeu|>ied by Kerries. 
 
 I'oiisidenii;; ihe ult.r m ulect wiih whieh the Kerry lii.ve Urn tieaieil, no imil ' ' 
 whatever beili^ I'oijiiwed by their bieedinj;. it is 11 wonder they are not e\liinl le - 
 a^o. They are very easily !;e|)t. Two will eoiisume very little more food than ■ 
 larj;e Sliniiliiin. and when < iosm 1 with it make both uood dairy eowN .and liuie.ii 
 beasts. .M> ehamiiion bull, liu-a'O, who has Iieyer been beaten in a sho\\-,yaid :i" 
 who oiitainrd lea in\ai pri/.es ■, tin- tine .'H Kilbinii inehided, '•, m-.-f^nred ('>- smle - ■'■ 
 t;irtli, '.!li inches in hei',;ht. and :U ineheM from tall to top of .shoulder. The Kerr> 'ii; 
 tie an- eNtniuely haiiiy. not liable todisea.se, aie liand-onii-, docile, putty in tin i'..ii> 
 
r. on llir saiim 
 
 I nsiin. 'Ill" 
 
 1 ((iiistitiititm, 
 
 ;mvt)Nviior, 
 
 (■It ii's llii'oii^h 
 <i\v, ill inniior- 
 
 |i rail" III inirr 
 
 (liliotxl. tlu' 
 
 ■i\ll- liiid liii'll 
 
 W ilM H\\\ .tV N III 
 
 if lit'.sl ml aijil 
 
 I'urs this ti's 
 
 Mir ami ('xjxim'iI 
 r to till' iiat ivc 
 I ri(l;;r i>f w liii'' 
 i'll> (IcHiciit all' 
 vliitt'.and Marl> 
 \h at till' lMiiiiI>. 
 altoiil I ill" «■><"<. 
 iiaiiil> till- lii;;li 
 
 the KrlTV it'VV , 
 
 iw, living i\ irv- 
 
 Miiiinlaiii or iii 
 
 11 avi iMfii- Kcriy 
 kI III to 11 fiiiarn 
 iiowii ill Inlaiiil 
 loiiiiiU, anil t li' > 
 ', wliiih liui< liii 11 
 riiily ill til"' a^n- 
 l\. ri\ Miiiii'iaiii'. 
 
 tiloWilsll.MollIll 
 
 \Mi anil It liall t" 
 V. mill iIm'" Ii'I'' 
 
 ati'il, no inrllii"! 
 
 lint I AlilKt loll.; 
 Ill' 1(111(1 than I'll; 
 WW aii'l liiii'liii' 
 
 11 nIkiw -vanl ;mi 
 
 TMI'; 1:mii;|. k|\(;|)o 
 
 M. 
 
 i:n 
 
 IT |iailili>(k, ami i'\.'.l|,-iil Inil 
 
 •|iii'ii. anil llir\ sc'hl, 
 till- Ki Tiy ar.', a Miiall, 
 
 III ln,«Ki'i> 
 
 M, 
 
 ;il an\ I Inn'' Imi 
 
 allli 
 
 11 ;;iM- 
 
 aii' iifvrr liiiiisi'il, 
 
 iiiiil 
 
 lips. 
 
 jM'ar. 
 
 11 
 
 's rathti Iniiu. line sii, all lirad, |, 
 
 ""•■■II. liMly aiiiina.'. Ii^jhi ronml i 
 
 mil straw in winter. Tji,. p.,j 
 
 <"WH Ml niilK 
 
 nl> 
 
 !'■ |io|iiilar ciiii.r is \,.l \t 
 
 Ivl'l-ll (Vr, whllr I 
 
 ranic, ii.irrow riini|.-. iin< 
 
 I'll! a t.w icl ami I 
 
 i|»taii!liii;.r Inn 
 
 • tiiiilli-(l (III 
 
 111, with lilacK 
 
 iM .Miintt mil's a|> 
 
 W.'iiic ii„l,.|,|,.,|i,,.M,. !.-. (). !'n„;,i,.j.,i,.,.,i 
 
 (iii/.t'llf, lor I In- lollowiii;^ 
 
 it'Toftli;. l,j„i, I'lniiicn 
 
 •11,1 
 
 aall 
 
 vrir\ ciiu IS a 1 
 
 K till lu'il or 1 (iiknl 
 
 ivi'ly eye, due wlni 
 
 "■•■II. Ii.uhl in.nli' anil 
 
 ackwanl. 'I'l 
 
 111.' .si, 
 
 ri'lor is |.iii(. Iijack iliriin. 
 " mill I 
 
 1' Horn, w liii 
 
 II' rnni|i i- 
 
 i:il. with lini' and latli.r I, 
 
 I' "I inaiiy casrs afirr pruj,.. iln^'j 
 
 i.iriiiw, and tin 
 
 un Nlnmld li.i\i. ji mellow tnneli. .md 1 
 
 '"'". '"" Mime are Ida. k and w7 
 
 mills, tiiiK 
 ■ ruard 
 
 'i^'li liulil. ri'i- fash 
 
 iii'i.\ IS iiistiii::n!s|ii.,| Colli (j 
 
 liHil and ralher thick 1. 
 
 |Klle (ir true K 
 
 lleoited with h.ii,-. III,. I 
 
 "le. and utheis nd. 
 
 iiks the ti 
 
 ."* ; the he, id 1.4 1 
 
 'iiy ill haviiP' 
 
 >e\! v\: 
 
 i.v. and the h(ir 
 
 lis are I 
 
 K'.-iv I. r. and want 
 
 k lonnd |iliiin|i Imdv 
 
 ill I'l'Ihe Dexter \ariety is not ue|| n,,.! 
 
 on,i;er. Htrai^'hirr, and 
 
 'iJi ill thai linei 
 
 less whli 
 
 "I ^lll'l iai .sejei tioli. In I 
 villa (irnis, ji.s t|„. enw,,, 
 on eoiiliiii 
 
 reliind the Kcrrv 
 
 erstoiid, jiiit it j^ 
 
 coarser. 
 
 n 
 
 le real 
 
 when leilu'red 
 
 house led. We hiive k 
 
 Uilhl 
 
 alt! 
 
 i||t^ 
 
 MOW n a 
 
 loiiyli nalnr.illv activi 
 
 IS nilich e.steenicd 
 
 lll'I'osed to he tlie result 
 
 .'«» hiiitahle (or .small 
 
 III 
 
 in without iifny to I,,.,- h,.;ii,|,. ,^|,„„, ,.|, 
 
 Ki'iiss. They also Ihrive'wheu |. 
 ry cow to lie kept lor liv 
 
 •;','•'. '^'•'".V Kelille, and do well 
 
 I't loiistaiillv 
 
 f.vciii-s III . I, lark Htalil 
 
 ,\ icid lor a K 
 
 'I rv CO 
 
 w w| 
 
 nil hI 
 
 tcl 
 
 IV.' Uiiown .s.ime c.nv.s to jrjve a., mmh .-is I 
 
 lo iM fairly ki'in ( thj., js f 
 
 '|i':"-'-* of milk dailv 
 
 c:il\ 111/. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ii.iun a h 
 
 i^'I 
 
 le \ I. 
 
 Id of 
 
 iiiiiter is 1 
 
 '' ipiart.s d.iily f,,,- ,., 
 
 icriienenlaiic oj 1. utter oht 
 
 I'ouinl iroiii I I 
 
 mieli.— T, 1^ 
 
 ("iisidi r.'iide t 
 
 e in 
 .V IS an iiver- 
 
 K'liyean Jati.'ii rai.inly wh.-i r. e,| 'Ij 
 
 |ii,irts of milk, 1,11, 
 
 • i,s cnw.s or oth.rw 
 
 for at 
 
 IIS in tru.' when thi v I 
 
 wh.'ii ohtaiii. ddireci from (| 
 
 "IK' on l.iir [..'istuie. hilt |io.,r K 
 
 lave 
 
 and we 
 
 line ,lf 
 
 n kepi 
 
 r:i|ii.l 
 lla'...i. 
 
 Ill to sh.iw improvement. \V1.. 
 mil when sl.'ni^'hiered th.'ir'li 
 
 'i:iliM'niiiniiiaiiij;ra/.iii-s, ial. 
 
 •rrii's, es|.e, iailv l.ulloel. 
 
 |. II once t 
 
 ley do 111 ;;iii to iliij 
 
 l«.i' some tune hef.i-e Ihev 
 
 Tl 
 
 ' ir w.i;;ht. wlieii fit, is f 
 
 ' -^h isof the lie..,! oiialit V. I 
 
 • rove 
 
 I! 
 
 leir |»ri';,'leMs !>< 
 
 inalM- .10 htiine. Willi u few 
 
 «lll 
 
 lilllil r.iciilly devoted 
 
 ''"• 'act that Kerry catth^ j 
 
 loie VHto;tt; impel i.il 
 
 meinihe-r.iiii.iml ri.hl 
 
 slone 
 
 •••■pllons. (he l.reeileis .if K 
 
 -f la led lieasi.s 
 
 'mHhalleniiontoih.. i.rop.r inamt 
 
 <'M.\ cattle h.'iv. 
 
 mil 
 
 ii..it( 
 
 K'ln ha 
 l"'ii.'.i,aiiil otl 
 
 without inatcriil det 
 
 lave Niirv i\cd t| 
 
 lie: 
 
 ill.e of the hreed. and 
 
 I'rior.it nil 
 
 I herd of Kerry cat He whi.l'i ha.s I 
 
 1. IS .s||-.:|^r|^ i„ ,|,,.|,. f 
 
 » \vilh wjiich Ihev 1 
 
 li 
 
 111 
 
 i''''i. I'lit di.' reputat 
 
 KT^'entlemen ill that pan of h.-laiid 1 
 
 lull hred witi 
 
 t^'"'. Ti'ie Klii-h( of 
 
 1 «ii'a( care foi .i Inn 
 
 ti'l.'st w 
 
 Inch 
 
 has I 
 
 ion of th.« hreed has I 
 
 liiveaiso devoted at lenli,.n to ( I, 
 
 ^wio have taken 
 
 icen taken in it l.y vju- 
 
 lioiii Hie inir 
 
 ip (he 
 
 ions m-ntl 
 
 H'eii coii.sider.ihly (<iil 
 
 em. '11 
 
 lanr-ed |,y 1 1,,. ,,, 
 
 iiisic merits of the lir,.,.,| ;i,., ,] 
 
 ifiediiiii oi Kerry call I 
 
 f.sidiii- in other pails of I 
 
 Ir. I', <'| 
 
 iir\ (.to.k. 
 
 c. not merely .'IS ,j t 
 
 1.' 
 
 ini'V, Inn 
 
 III;: hi.. 
 
 '•'•^IMV, iiiLMviii^^Mlic nsiilt.sof 
 
 t-xpiTUMin' (,f il„. Kcii'v, 
 
 Ul-sl 
 
 s;i\.s: 
 
 ■<I.V fan-l'lll .>ll.s,.|'V;lti,,|Mi, 
 
 ows Were kepi oil | 
 
 thai the I 
 
 iii'.'s. Miorthoin 
 
 and 
 
 ic waine farm and fe.i 
 
 ■'ii'l other ihiiiKi 
 
 ",:;'> anini.tlH used t 
 
 coiiiiiion cow.s. ih( 
 
 III tl 
 
 le name pa.stiires as ,» 
 
 ^|'.-:il. 
 
 cs which 
 
 o fi'iivo supple,,,,. ,,t;„.y .,11 
 
 I'onlvdillerence tl, (heir I real 
 
 iinmhcr of 
 
 nieiii 
 
 'I. 'Ill m.inorv 
 
 '!'! iiiliiv of mill 
 
 as (o ti 
 
 'iii'iilhs of III, 
 liclollleti 
 
 yi^cn hy e.icl, of 
 
 >cre found at iniieN (.> i 
 '" (acts I am j;ivin^, havin- 
 
 •waiice.sof lie.aii-nieaL 
 
 e liei .-ssarv I 
 
 or them. 
 
 I ll 
 
 ake, 
 
 o lint 
 
 o .spniit: ai 
 
 i he f 
 
 a Week 
 
 I 
 
 1(1 Mininier, 
 
 noilld ohserve, h 
 
 inv ( ow.' 
 
 as ;U.so III (h. 
 
 at that tl 
 
 nie ;is I 
 
 lore iiie a rej;ister of ih 
 
 II iiiiinl.ir, ilurin 
 
 th 
 
 owever, th.il the milk 
 
 P«'i<'enta-eofcr.'aniast,.Hti'dl.y i| 
 
 ml 
 
 ;iM) 
 
 'llll "11 which tl 
 
 y ine.i.siiivd and te.si.d 
 
 acres (It |,y , 
 
 le ciMV s Will. 1, 
 
 111 her p.irts r 
 
 lo iiit.ans evcepiioiiallv 
 
 '•pt, siiiiated 
 
 Hi coillil \ ( 
 
 ■voted I, 
 
 cclaimed |,o;j, |ui,| ,| 
 
 m.l, part of u mde.-d 
 
 consisted of ,^on 
 
 "III. 
 fill 
 
 nie-id 
 
 I'vin;;, .iiiil We h;i,| 
 
 own in arliti.'ial ^lasscM. i)f 
 
 noimtain. .ind 
 
 in... need Kia.n and root 
 
 folisi.hrahle faci|i( 
 
 cour.se Home lie|(|s 
 
 vllnlof f 
 
 I 
 
 '•'. ul 
 1' 'o 1 he till,,. ,,)■ 
 
 ""aKeloun.le.spe.ially Useful 
 
 »fo|is, more of the latter. I 
 
 les lor iiiMsii^ati 
 
 W ell 
 "II, \>hil 
 
 ii'li liiriied :t 1 
 
 U.'Ci 
 
 ot rone;h. Hto 
 
 I'articnhnly for \ 
 
 lowever, than the (..r 
 
 iner. 
 
 'altle ll 
 
 Mill. I ,;., 
 |l'i"lil,il.| 
 •■!e;i-.., 
 
 I'T''. ami the ( 
 
 '",V f,'0|I|i; to (h.'f 
 
 II v 
 
 ows, alih 
 
 trill it hitd 
 
 trroimd iiito,|uitea pn.lU.ild'e pi 
 
 ni-ih I'ood oil 
 
 not lieeli tl 
 
 III liial localit 
 
 ;""'!""•<'. •specially w) 
 
 IS. \,vr,' of no 
 
 oiiiiK' "lock, was I'icni h 
 plai .'. 
 I'l'p nineh 
 
 1.' custom to k 
 
 paKiciilai I 
 
 i .\.\ish 
 
 y th 
 
 "•II c.iiefnlly made, ami 
 
 need. Itiit 
 
 "'•'ikviwtiinuilk.''r.slie,i.| 
 
 K'^aiid S'e.ril 
 
 moi her kinds of |„.,.!»;intlry. rii 
 
 ilairMiiir was inoi, 
 
 'isid.iali 
 
 'Ills introilnc.'d. At 
 
 Ktock w;is 
 
 niiinl 
 
 ml'.r of calves 
 
 !■* soon larj^idv 
 one dm,, we HI fact had a"s 
 
 and hcifei 
 
 11; 
 
 ivilu 
 
 i 
 
I 
 
 IIP: ! 
 Bl 1 
 
 V62 
 
 CATTLE AND i)AIUV FAKMIXO 
 
 , (I 
 
 m 
 
 slrini.H hiis|iii'iii;i, iio-.MV ir, niiilriiy In lln' \ ii vs of our miulilicHN, ili.it llic liitio 
 liliirk ('DWh 111" ilir MUjniiiiiii; ciiiiiily woiilil jirnvr (|iiiio ;i.«< sfivicc.ililc ami iiiiiili iinci- 
 ccmioiiiical in oui iii(iiiii.s[ain'rs tiiMii tl.i' l.iijirr lircc(l.>', i( was immpImiI to ;;iv(' llinii 
 a lair trial, and . Is ucilt'iiilid 111 . stall wil'i ^jnuil oins \vc ii'iidi' an cxiM'dil imi in \'a 
 
 Ii'iitia and alter iiisih r! iii'4 I lie lurd of |!.. Kiii;4lir id" Kerry, Ueca tin- owner.-* ol 
 
 .several e;,iod siieeiineiis otliii |iri/,e lakilliT stoek. I'lit as tliCM' ol' loiir.sc tell lied 
 soiiiew lial iii;.;liei- piiees, we also made siiiiie |inreliase,> Iron; the tanners alioiit, in |iai- 
 tieiilar I hat id' one litt ii'heii'er wliiidi lieeanie i|iiiie a eelelirit-. . it w.is in ant niiin t liai 
 we made niir \ en' iir ■. ami our litlii' t'avoriies li,-|\ ili^; lieeil e;Uelilll.V dl i\ en iioiiie nid 
 well li(iii>ed and al Iiiuled to diirinu I lie winter, dnl,\ e:i!ved the eiisiiin- \ear, willi 
 llie eNi'e|iI ion ol' one of 1 hose lioaichl I loin [In- Knight, \\ Iindi IiiiiumI out a .>il i ipiiei , 
 aliuiisl all of tlu'iii heini; three or I'oiir vear old lieil'eis, and this tlieir lirst tinieoi 
 ealviiiii. 
 
 Mesides I lii'se ]i|ire Keiries we ;i Iso li'Mi^liI I! h.ll I'lired--, the lesiiil ot' t lie ero.ss lie- 
 tweeii the ivei'iy and liie .'sliorlliorn v. liic li Ml. M.ihon, so >Iroii;;ly t oiideinns. ;iiii| I 
 ,1111 lioiind III say thai heller niilker.s I'or their ,si/c' it would he dillieiilt to lind. ( »:h 
 id' lliein, moii'o\er, was i|iiile a lieanly and eliosen on this aeeoiint liy an e\eelieii! 
 Jiiil;;!' who iiail .some diliieiilly ill iiersii.idiiiji her ow ner to part w iih lier, and I In lii m 
 that a " tir.st cross" hetwe-- Kerry and ."shot I horn pareiils, possissin^j; flic> iTi|iiisiie 
 i|iialilieatioiis, ]irodMees a \ery iisel'iil .-iniaial tor .i dairs I'.iriii, e.speeiall\ it' it lie om 
 where the yield ol' j;rass IS not very heavy, or where llieie is iiioiint.iiii eia/.iii,u ; lor 
 these cow.s not only j^ive ideiiiy of milk up lo an aihaiieid ai^e. Imt latleii inoic n ad- 
 ily ;ind prodiiee a hii-'^er ainoiiiit of meat lli.iii the pure Kerry wlnneMT it may In 
 necessary to eel I iiein ready I'or the Inuelur. 
 
 The yoiinjr Keriics, three or four year olds, wit li ilnir tiisi calf, did mit (,anv of tliemi 
 iiTdk more than Vi i|ii:u'ts ill the day the lirsl year, Imt those which were iwo \c.irs 
 older '^ave 1-J and l.i ipiarts, and even as mmli as is i|iiai ts soon after i:alviii;;. A 
 fiiiir-vear-old h.ilf-liicd, however, e,ivc lo^ iinarts. Now, iis our liesi Ayrshires. 
 l.ir;,'e, Iicavy cows, wliicli eoiisumed a j^reat deal moiv fodder than the Kerries, iicvei 
 nave a ;;reatcr yield than l.'i ipiarls ami our he.ivies; milker aiiioim t he .Short Imrns 
 never iiiiite reached ','0 <|narts, even when neeiviiiL; heaiinieal in.i.shes, Ae., in addi 
 lion to vetches and j;rass, 1 consider that Uie Kerries are decidedly the iimst inofit 
 ahle, |,.irticiil;irly as they are industrious little crcitiires, wanderin" olV to liml food 
 
 tor thcinsclvcs. and alw;iys i triviii-, if they im.t with anv I'.iir tii"itmciit, tn keep 
 
 ihcmsclvc.s Ml propcrcondilioii. ' ' 
 
 A pure lired Kerry, loo, with her sleek > Inm coat ..ml -laicl'tillv-sh.iped wunv hoii.s 
 IS a very pretty creature, and may almost ch.illciiue coiupclilion with her iM'anliriil 
 (hiV.MM.h.re,ls,....,.s„(,l,,,I.yn.nees, thou-hldonl.t whcthirshe would willi„;4U.snr 
 ler aer.seil.as they .Ui, to lie trained to servile employiiieiHs. and iiia.Ie .dtlier to'idow 
 .and luirow or draw a cart of hay. Nor would it, in point of fad, he at all i.n.lit.ild. 
 I«| employ cow. Ill this manner if we wanted them i-ij,Mve ph., It v of milk. Whether m 
 
 ycar.s to cum. , pc:,saut fanners may lind it economical to n.se i-ows in thai w.r, is an 
 
 s .'.''hI'm, !•■ m'"' '"■' '"'■'• ' '"■'''■'■" !''''^ •''"'"■'■'' '■M'<-Hully in Ireland, .,ie hetic, 
 Mllislitules lor the more e\pensive eiiuilie animal 
 
 As to il.e i-.eam-prMl.icin;; ,|,,alities of ,ny cow.s. I found Sliori horns to ^v.. the 
 
 e nn hesTrr ;■';"' ""■ ''l^ "'^l l"":""";'~"- '-•'■>!- ami hali^l.ted Kei,,;. I,..ii,. 
 M.oid liest, and A. ishires next to them m this nspict. It ,, ncdl.ss to allude m a 
 
 let V.hlcii evcrv -d.M.fVant person who has to deal with eow.s .vili h:ue not ed tha 
 
 ::',^;::''.:: ;■':,:*:?';'""" "="""' '•■"-i''y'-''b -tii .1,.. sameanitnai rro,,. „ Jh , 
 
 i;n!.;'w;,r;;r,sr.:n7^';"' "t ■'•"-• i'-'^'^ ;.n : .- . 'u-Xund ::; s r h:;; 'z 
 :::^':.rt',l:;;;.:;^;::'7;m:::::::::,i':!r,::' r^^^^ 
 
 -""■I •'->-■ oil- ,i,.. ,lim;"n::;",;'"',;:"^'''^' ^'"'^ i'-''-".he rh;;,:n;'i'is;a;X':.;;;'.;c 
 
 win the dav. 
 
 on poop.r or mi m..iii,iaiii land the Kerrv would 
 
 intmi!;;:^;:i:;.;i:.;^;'ir;ir;^:;.tvrhr^se^ '-><•"- 
 
 t-:sion ,0 lieanty. The Kerr! hioi:' ■,;,'':;:':;.,,,'.;;;>. •'^' ''" "'•.'"" ''^'V '- I- 
 
 "■'■'■"" IHUliiern Incalll,. lo which mm- . ,. "-ecu Ilc <(UIl0leno«l,e.i 111 a 
 
 i'-r,self tiauspianted. s I , VVs . m ' , ' "," " '^.'"■•""r" (""'•••kl'ly- -I"" '"! 
 
 1 ^N.ls ono ol li,„.M. pii,vl,:ih,,,l lit Valeiilia, and o.m-i1 Im . 
 
Titr. rvirrn Ki\<,n(nf. 
 
 .It llii' lilllo 
 
 llllll'll lllll''!' 
 
 II y;i Vf llii'iii 
 it inn 111 V.i 
 
 (• IIWIHTM (iC 
 
 iirsc I'lttlifil 
 limit, ill jiar- 
 :ii|l niiili t li;il 
 I II limiic ;iimI 
 ^ ,\<ll', w itii 
 :i ht 1 i|i|ii'i, 
 lil'ht I illlr III 
 
 111' ll'IISN 111- 
 
 I'liiiis. ami I 
 
 I liiiil. Oiii 
 ;ili rscflirii! 
 lIKl I lirlii VI 
 111' rri|iiiNiii> 
 it' it lie line 
 ;ia/.iii,u ; Im 
 
 II IIMIIC ll'Mli 
 IT II Mills III 
 
 IIIV dl' t ill'lll ) 
 
 !• I. Wo Miir> 
 
 •■iilviii;;. A 
 
 Ayr'<liiir>. 
 
 Itirs, iicvrl 
 
 Sliiiil liiini> 
 
 i:i'., ill ailili- 
 
 iiiiist piiint 
 
 til liiiil fiiiiil 
 
 I'lit, til kfcp 
 
 WUN.V !l(llll>. 
 
 ir liraulil'iil 
 i|lili;4lv Mil' 
 
 I III r 111 |il<iu 
 
 II |iiiilit,ilil> 
 Wlii-lii.r 111 
 
 I « .i;, is all 
 
 1. :!l<' lifllil 
 
 til ;;i\ r till 
 li'lllc.s licili;; 
 
 II allllili' In :i 
 mtiii'il. Ilia! 
 mil' wri'K I'l 
 I'll iiiaiii- \'i 
 .slat)' «il till 
 
 I Ithi 111 il,< 
 r.in.l),'iii;;.if 
 li' <lii\\ II. 
 
 II lllll' i'X(r|i 
 
 riiiiarkalilv 
 .1 |ilai'i', anil 
 say llial tin 
 liavi- al\va\ - 
 i^;li till' cull 
 hl; III Kiiinv 
 it Ihi' Alilrr- 
 ilaiiils' raltli' 
 Ki'iiv \'. iiiiM 
 
 in>\\ hi'i! ill a 
 ,, hIii- Itiiilnl 
 
 III l> V\ I'll Im . 
 
 I " , n s r; 'V''\^""' 'i^'llouayrattl,. w.ml h.-ifurs wi.h thnr irs 
 ui . . i : -Vvrslmv WIT., uith lli.-i.' iW.uth ralf. Thi' n.vvs ur... 
 
 ^H.ntl,.',^;:;;,:7j.';;,^''MI'='''''''-;''-'''>;nM'i,li,'s,.'al(;a 
 
 ' """" "'■'" ""• K".n .■ov.s.nnh., i|,..,saMM'.'umlit,nM.s;,s, 
 
1. 14 
 
 CATTL£ AND OArRV FvRVflNG. 
 
 that 
 
 riit^ wfnter fiHHlini: 
 
 r^Utivi' propor 
 
 tion <.t f!«)4l mjfiiml hy o-.icli hn^l, th*^ Kt-rry «nii:tle gav** a l;»r-jrer y i»*l.l 
 
 of milk for the f.)«:>«i t'onsanitnl rh.m t- ith-r-^t' ctu- .>rh<-r ?t^hkIs. [r ^^.^s. hon 
 
 evt'r. in the«iUality of th«* milk tiiat th»' Kerry oatcU- f?*t)r^niiliy t^xit^ileil 
 
 Ic tixjk l/i tpi-irts of milk from Galiowuy wws to m vke 1 p«>an«l <i 
 
 "i;* 
 
 ^•2 M* 
 
 hatter. li>| •iaurt.s -n' miLlv r'rirn A.vr-*h' 
 
 butter. ;in«l % iyurt.4 of milk fr>Hn :hf Kt^rrv to makt^ tlu* likf' tviuntit;; 
 It wtmhl b»» most inrerestln^ to obra iimite r»^«*nril of tht» ppxl- 
 
 iii>' of Jersey iind Kerr^ -; : - — nn.>*r;in<*es. bur a»l 
 
 mirers of Kt try (.".ittle t.H-»,, -itt^* tn make ni«>ri 
 
 rhas a lieceat »VJtn*\ dCAnvst tae •i.'r>ey i-ii" .n^r th.it the lutrer 
 
 have ^en iMreftiily "^eWreil f- '• r tl.»ir% •. . .. ..-s for ir»'nerutJon.s, 
 
 wher^-a."* the pare Kerries ha -:ivei{ themselves from exrinotioii 
 
 by their estr^•me harilinesi* and {^>wer of exi:*tiDir oa the i>tx>ret*r monn 
 tain pastur?^. 
 
 It is claimetl for the Kerry that ;r p.vvsersses inherent merits *>( a very 
 hi'.rh order, and that th»'.<*^ merit.s are .vpfKirenr in a Iarc»' peritentairv' 
 file individnalsof the breed. By < nrv 
 brtH^diui from them oaly, ther»- i> ' 
 
 to jjreat pn">mtnen('e. !r -vil' ' • - ■ 
 
 but when farther di-v>I.>.<eii. 
 better fee«liDg. 
 
 lOi AT US HIRE Caitlk. 
 
 '•''■rinji j:'"**! anninials. an.: 
 he hretni e.i.n t>e raised 
 
 >:i!retl to ii 
 
 rht 
 
 ian<i 
 
 .*. tair return t'oc 
 
 IJi-^ton^. — The Ayr>ihir> 
 nuiformity of stamp ainl > n 
 brt^Hl distin-raishe*! frnm al! 
 !s trace.*! >'e to th*' ivuiuty 
 i|»'Veiopm« •?:' ■'■"'!»' brefj; 
 Alton, fjf > en. in bw : 
 
 rin? to the .i.i.*^-» — 
 
 -- th»"!r on _ 
 of tbt^t'ii 
 - iu«ertain. .M- 
 A\r ID l'*ri.ret*'r 
 
 I 
 
 >a\ - 
 
 nv ■ 
 rri.-r. 
 
 .iKUOwn M 
 
 h'ilu l.iVAl 
 
 the prf ndpat one in the nortl 
 
 re{H>rt on the .'oaaty of Ayr. tuuv: .n^v* a. 
 
 Ayrshire eattl". savj : ' 
 
 t-temti^" 
 
 It»a» kmvsrn si* r^w t ' 
 
 Tlif?;,- w-en- 
 
 r. , ■ , . . 
 
 The antinaity of the brtn-i!. ' ■' 
 fndieated, and no* les.^ ti 
 earliest {>erioil l*t'en a»- 
 in a iH^etdiar .{-^^rf-.- ! • 
 cute rhe tpjali' > • 
 ehartioters of rht- rrt.e - 
 b»^n fstaolis!.,.,! v-- 
 t!io hrwd ' 
 tur the purpv^.;., ...: .■luuiuiiu^ a:.u 
 
 »irv «-atti' 
 
 ;j.io*U»g liie Uf«i«*i, ib*.-> •* ■ 
 
ktive propor 
 
 ilir t^xfviWil. 
 1 poan«l <>t' 
 ' 1 j«i>an«l nf 
 kf quantity. 
 i)f th«^ pn>»l- 
 ivs. bur a<! 
 > make rii«>ri 
 it rbf IxtTiT 
 
 n I'xrinrtwxi 
 oivt»r m«>n ii 
 
 nuntaU. .u!<i 
 
 an b*» nii>^<i 
 
 !i.:ht I.Hnh. 
 
 r return t"r 
 
 ttM!k.o( ran 
 
 i»ten«*»» d,> 
 their on r 
 of tbt^tSi 
 pftain. M- 
 1 l"*l.*i. refrr 
 
 £Et»^ l> • 
 
 y i-utti' 
 
 iL.-v 
 
> 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 ..K 
 
 lip 
 
 wlii 
 
 t'llCI 
 
 tli:il 
 liiiti 
 <iiiir 
 atta 
 Ir 
 ton. 
 (Milv 
 
 IIICII 
 
 Mr. 
 
 llK-tl 
 
 ill h 
 "llii'i 
 lit III) 
 
 lllilr.> 
 
 Co 
 
 iiii\(> 
 
 ItlTCf 
 
 nIiuw 
 
 llllll' 
 
 sides 
 
 aiiiiiii 
 
 iiiol)t 
 
 tiiilt V 
 
 i'lvflii 
 
 lilO.M' 
 
 Milder 
 !'>•>( ti 
 liave r 
 :;iie, ;( 
 
 |l"illt.S 
 
 u.iids 
 
 lin.u I 
 
 i«i\r I 
 
 "■ards, 
 
 <'!' I'aii- 
 
 ><'iai;ili 
 
 I" tail I 
 
 ally de. 
 
 aliiiv,. I 
 
 ainiii:il 
 
 I'-rrs t.r 
 
 and tai 
 
 ''ones li 
 
 lelidJtiM' 
 
 'Ih' \\:iu 
 
 lillc |„„, 
 
 •llillll;|| . 
 
 diiir ,,(■ 
 '■ :'. W e 
 '•■lldilijr 
 
 M lit III' 
 
THK I'NFTKh KWtiUn 
 
 M. 
 
 tlK- (ir.sl iind ii( the time the onl 
 
 wliirh flH> Natioinil .\y:fj.iilliii;i|" S 
 
 v 11,11 ivc Lived i»r si,,<'|. 
 
 I'llClMI 
 
 i;i;L,'ciiHMit as iMvcdin^^ st,„.|, i,^ ,| 
 
 '•'■H'ly disiiiu'tivi'lv 
 
 fliid societv'H flrsr i,M'ii<-iarsl 
 
 K" hUcc (»(■ 'iri'MlllltllS I 
 
 k ill Mconaiid 
 iccoviiizrd for 
 
 'liifiii^' ill daily districts. III,. V iiavc I 
 
 low at ( ila,siro\\ III tl 
 
 IC V,' 
 
 <•!• Niicli at 
 
 dair\ 
 
 ir I SIM). Orijri 
 
 pill poses, Itiit stalisi 
 
 »«'<'ll llltliosi rxrhisivelv liied t 
 
 ittaiii lor tile piiipuses of the Itaid 
 
 i'-^ sliow whiit peife.-lioi, the Ineed 
 
 or 
 
 IntI 
 
 nii{jht 
 
 ;;;;:'''r:l'r,::'■■^■:.:■^l;V'^■"•"■'";;■"'■■l■' ■^■>^u.i. 
 
 I '-s, Knkeiidl.ii-hl, and I'eill, (I 
 
 foil. Mule. Ai-vie, liMiiil 
 
 niily class of diijiy mIo<-U. jtiit' tl 
 
 iiieii 
 
 Mr. I 
 
 111! 
 
 Diiiiii 
 
 •ill' 
 
 <'li ill illl theotliercoiliities<.f Scnt'lai.(i.|| 
 
 i/'.V iiiesoii-lit after earnest I V |,v d 
 
 i<\ lorm the 
 
 111 \ 
 
 I'niie has estaldished a | 
 
 ii'ue am 
 
 "'"' '" file viy midst of South iToiiih,,!. Tl 
 
 "<'ll-liu.|t Kll.l,daild.;Mldllo\\ 
 •■iiiilleiitly siiccessfiil ,|i,i,.v ,,| 
 
 III lar;,'e iiiimlieis t 
 
 other 
 
 count lie 
 
 11 
 
 o Sweden. Allstial 
 
 from !."» to KM), I tilt 
 "lilcs from (ilasi;o\\\ 
 
 *'"l"r.—'l'Uo. prevailing' color is hi 
 'iiiN<'d with while, hiu iiM-| 
 
 IC dairies of III,.,,! j„ Scotland 
 iH»w .Mr. I|o-m;;,„ |,.i^ inrmed 
 
 i<'\ are anniiallv e\noiied 
 i^i. N«'u Zealand, A 
 
 , America, and 
 liin^'e ill iiiimlM'is 
 
 •lie of .;(l(l i,t i',ii>|,v. (I 
 
 iiiin: 
 
 ■•»\vn and white, spotld. llecked 
 
 '''••'''•''■'>* iliHuie to III,. ,„„,. ,|",„.|^ , 
 
 IN a ride, ino.mlv to the I 
 
 or 
 
 Mown 
 
 Mam 
 
 iimv.,n;r HI recent, years tl,,. fash.onalde s, I 
 
 I'."" ^^I"'j',vvirh splashes of iMown on 
 »ideso| the head, and white face |:, 
 
 i«»\vn without any whii,.. |„ n 
 
 Mown on l»od\. |)ro\ 
 
 ish color has lieeii 
 ■|| iieck. hrown on ffe 
 
 • ">.als. soli and meUow to the touch, will 
 
 '•' "^'•"".^- these ends it has, in mv 
 "'•"^"""•''•''"•'l:"i'>"'lsaiemosr,Mone|ntl 
 
 *-t-tU'is aim at line, ihji, s| 
 
 • iii<'c. Ion-, siIIm'ii I 
 
 lair 
 
 uniied 
 and 
 
 I most jii.stly conceived 
 
 'I <t I lest specimens of || 
 
 lesi'ipialiii, 
 
 i liiiniv ih 
 
 whose hodiesan'daik I 
 IS, iiiid white tail. Tluvs, 
 
 iiihh 
 
 '"•>^t millcers and 
 
 '!•••,'*•';""' flH'lH.slty,.,.. ...iviohe found 
 
 •i"wii and have p„,...w|iif,. himlle.'s.wl 
 
 111 
 
 >*iiivst lalleiiei 
 
 "ifs, ill i,i> experience. | 
 
 '•'ve hot a Mack aiKl whit 
 ind they arealwavs | 
 
 >'i\ 
 
 it'W (laities thei 
 
 are 
 
 spc<'imeii ol t|„. i,r |. '|-|, ,, ,.,,, 
 
 ^'horai tnisi 
 
 U'K. 
 
 p'lint.s ii, t|„. \^,^| 
 
 uiuds; lar-e. tlill. ;,nd I 
 
 oiiiKi \hhh\ niilli,.| 
 II my opinion the lolh.win' 
 
 lite 
 lave prove*! the 
 ■•' are which 
 or is not 
 
 Hie 
 
 l.ai;,' 
 
 •• nostrils: short in, id 
 
 consliiiih' the l.adiii:,' 
 
 "'"W Iielwixt 
 
 "■yes, -ladn.ilh 
 
 ilsirous eves, set 
 
 iiom e\e 
 
 s down 
 
 '«ixf the h.Mii roots; I 
 
 'Aaiil 
 
 iiid whit,, will, |,|ji,.|^ 
 
 •III ihickm 
 
 ss 
 
 neck 
 
 w<il forward i-i head: hroad 
 widenii,:^ upwards toils full l„eadlh lie 
 
 'J: enti|el\ i||t 
 
 • •t nd 
 
 '••ii'^ \Mde|\ s..| apart and ijicl 
 
 mill 
 
 points: horns of hull ,„,i sohi'lil 
 
 ^"•»i-ht hack to shoulder I 
 
 If file h.iek of the I 
 
 1" fail root 
 
 .illv ( 
 
 llo dewlap; hod\ 
 
 'lie, the hacK eoniinuini; 
 
 loriis, l.\el, and e\teii.l 
 
 in; 
 
 round heart line eMendiip-^ ii 
 
 i;.n:;iir;si-,.:;','';^ -'-^ -'■-!:-'-■ M. 
 
 •"""ii:il is in iiiotioi, 
 t'frs hroad and 
 ;""! tail r,M»t; ril 
 
 ''"•lies hv II 
 
 l»lHde.s, the hiades 1 
 
 •cinir well set and not worl 
 
 III a stiMi-1,1 |i,„. 
 
 I .1 .yradu 
 ii and thin, risiin: 
 
 part of hody hehind shoulder level • I 
 
 l*"""'V' :"'<l «'<|iiidisiaiit hetwixt 
 
 "111^ when the 
 •ack hroad 
 
 -« well spriiiiM ||-,,ni |,;„,|j 
 
 ccon.l ton. iji, ,,,„| 
 
 Iciiii 
 
 III: 
 
 "m.-ans wide; tail well .set 
 
 •one downwards; cil\ii,.r 
 
 «asir.ii-ht linedow 
 
 !'"' "•'•il< ; whole hod 
 
 nwanls ami red 
 
 m; deep, We||.|i||,.,| t|,j,.| 
 
 IIIK 
 
 .V set on .short |e;,^s ; lun,-; I 
 
 mill 
 
 'A low in tl,,. 
 
 IS, 4'X 
 
 hod\ at 
 
 ""'••s: ^vhoh.,-on ,M,r d ,. r'lnii 'I^ /'"^ hoIi. n.dlow skin 
 a so.i.ri.,. " "^"'- '"'•'> I'll! <'t siihstancean.lsv,,,..,...... 
 
 '1"""='' xpH^'hKv. with I 
 
 "I'llrof ;r.,i( . j- 
 
 IMC es<.|itcli.on, and si 
 
 ••and svmiiietiA 
 
 ^-.^^clT■; -J,?. :r^'|''\''''''-v.'ssel should he hio,.d 
 
 (•wiiii^' iiohiliiy ,ind ..|. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ll'lnli 
 
 Mai 
 
 \\'A for 
 Kri finis will. 
 
 '"^'Iit up to h,„|y, iai-,;;„„i' I 
 
 wardr, far Oil rohell 
 
 •vd 
 
 on sole of \ rsse' 
 
 l»''t\\ixt hind 
 
 '"tf nuili II 
 
 Tl 
 
 IC.\\ isllli 
 
 '* moiiih in whidi Ii 
 
 "•••lis well and proporli.Miatdvplan.'cd. 
 
 xareal full matiirit\ l>ypiodi,r 
 
 years of a-e, hut inaiiy 
 
 <• cov\ 
 
 l''.\ leidi till 
 
130 
 
 CATTI.K ANI> n.MUY l'AnMlN<;. 
 
 hroodcrs. howovn', Hkdsc to li,»v.' fli.-;r li.'if.TN iii milk at two vtMi-* <»t 
 
 iijie. Ill u\y «'X!M'ii('inr 
 
 tlllH ift.inls tilt' ;;|i>\vtli .mil llli; iliVi'InpllM'Ilt of 
 
 t <-anM.ss and milk imimIiu'Iiu i>i)vv«m, Ihu iu»t 
 
 ilkt 
 
 tin* animal, alike in sizt- i> 
 
 to aiiv viTN jri»'.it fXtciir uiiloss the lifitcr is ki-pt ttM» lnii;r ainilkmu. 
 Till' commi'icial avna^f v.ihu'ot .Mlviii^'fi»\v>. taki-ii ail the y.ar id-.iihI, 
 as sold ill markfts ami at jMihlir sal.'s tor tlaiiy pmi»o.s»'> i< alxMit XJl. 
 Such cows when done with at the dairy tatteii wdl on ;:iain alone Miid 
 aveiajie in live weight SA cwt. I'ows destined tor ilaiiy purposes hi-c 
 iiover1ii;rlily ted till ihey are in milk— ;;ra>s alone in siuniner. and hay 
 or straw alone in winter. It is considered th.if ihe\ tiins dcvclo|t tln-ir 
 miikves.sels and milk |»roperties much better. 
 
 Mnliirihi (IS ,neiitpr(>'lui'r.s.—S:,x\\-<Ur-^ >how to what peitection the 
 hreed iiiiirlit attain if cultivate.i for purely fatteniiiir piupos<-s. .Mr. 
 Lawrence Drew, of Merryton. lately exposed and sold a lar«.'e niimlKT •if 
 calves, tell iiioiiths old ami then Mickin;.' their mothers, at from iilS to 
 CJo. 1 have sold in l'ai>ley l»y public auction a two M'ar-old lieiler to 
 the biifchor at .CV^. Two oxen of the breed exhib!r«'il some \ear> a-jo 
 by the Duke of Montrose trained the first prize at the natioii.d show as 
 tin- best tat animals. Tiiey were a;.'e<l. resprctivi'ly. live and a half 
 and tour and a half years, and Uuiiu: of uncommon \se!;;ht were sold 
 to the butcher tor CIJO. Iwo year old oxen of the breed tatten well on 
 ;,'rass alone, w itliout cake, and avera;;e "JO stoiic. Hulls reach their full 
 jrrowth at thicc years, and exhibit in a pre fiumeiit deirree when fed all 
 tlirou;;:ii these years the wcijilit to wjiich tin- l«:ecd mi;;h( attain. The 
 averat;e live weij:ht at that period from my experience is Hi cwt., dejul 
 wfiirht 11 <'wt. At live yearsof .lu'e 1 li id one killed .it York this year — 
 winner ill his class — li\e wei;.'ht l'.»cwt.. de.id wei;:ht 1.1 cwt. Tin- bulk 
 of bulls ill this country arc fed otV and killed at two years and nine 
 iiioiiths. They averaj;*' in dead wei;:ht Hi stones. 
 
 Ifousiiifi (ind liii'ulliiiii Aj/r.sliirr.s. — The bieetl i> an e\,epiionally hardy 
 one, so far as I'imate is concerned, tbr many, if not the majuny.o! 
 breeders allow tlicir calves and o-ie-year old heifers to la> out all win- 
 ter, merely sheltered by natural plantations and n-ceiviii;; one siie.tl ol 
 straw or hay each i>er day. I'or my jtarf I iiiid they do extie;:u'Iy wi-li 
 in this manner and start ;rrowi!i;c tar earlici in the spring than those 
 pampered in houses. A!) exhibitors of the breeil eoiitrixe. althoii;ili 
 Itiittin^i the animals under root, to lia\e thein in open .md exposed 
 iiouses >o that tln-y may <'oiue out wcM h.iiicd. ibiils ol .ill .luesaie 
 iicneially kepr in loose boxes, part of tiie box only beinj; riM>fed. < a. 
 in;;' ami milcii cows are alw.iys kept in wellventilated byies. Th.- ineeu. 
 as a whole, is an extremely e.i>il_\ ii.indled and in.ui.iu'id one, 1 mi;:li 
 aliiKist .say of .Nome intelligence. At miikiii.: time, either luoininL: oi 
 e\ eiiini;, at the appointed hour >ou lind I lie cows at the ;:ate ready to bi 
 taken in, and even in .i byre of xurie hundreds a cow alter one wrrU 
 never mistakes her stall. 
 
 I'ltiliini Ayr-iliircs. — As 1 lia\ i- said, youn;^ ciitle an» ne\ er lu-ttei- 1 li.i; 
 wIh'Ii till tw(» ami one-half years ot .i.;e they never s<'e a haltei. .;i\ i;i , 
 them milk for two months as calves, then ;.'rass ; in w inter, one turn pi 
 ilay of hay or straw l.iid down on a ele.m bit of jListuie. with pmhao! 
 the additi(Ui ol .some little oil-cake. For >h«>w piirpoM-s I lind liie ' 
 feed in;,' is. tiu' both morn in '4 ami e\eniiii:. cut boi^ ii.iy Nfeeped wuli bi.i 
 and warm watei, wit !i one hand till of bean meal, and in the inuhbe ol I li 
 day pulped turnips oioii-cake and bujj ha.\ . Wh.it ue .lini at is cold tt eii 
 in;;. They should be ;,'i\eii the Very siiial lest (piantit\ ol iiie.daiidod c.ik< . 
 as they in my ex]ierieiiceieiiil to put on lle>!i n|iori the ne<k. and tlicp •' 
 spoil the lirsf point in the lueed. \ iz. a tliin iie.-k. 1 h.ive a vear-<»ld l>ii'l 
 
Tin I-\!I : 
 
 jiisr nntr, or nifluT ngvil ono yoar ftinl 
 
 JM!/«'S |;wt yrai MtcliKliii^' th,'" rnvil. ,,• 
 .iiimiiiry. 1S.H4. Hi?* tiixt show tlir;i 
 iitvt. Milch cows ill siitntiMT ;i.s a < 
 Imu ;ri:«-'*-"< : tint 
 
 riiiii'. 
 
 i;i7 
 
 ''! ••ialit tir>f 
 III* .>! ..I ml .-ak*' till 
 
 mi 
 
 I II- II 
 
 sum*' vf-ry tV-w '^iw 
 II NMiittT milrh cnw^ r»'.|iiin' 
 
 nirinj.s ami L.-an mral is tin- mi.-t .oi ,i,.!i 
 llrf>,lin,i Ayrshir>x.~X\u- ^rr,.;, ,j,„ ,,,• i^r, 
 ;;!••.• foiilairy |mriM>s..s. ami thjir .,,iit 
 "t ImhIv. We havi- I 
 
 iioftiiiiv 
 
 rit»' In'ai! 
 •<l.ii_' 
 
 " ! Ml April 
 
 • Hit lis 
 Iknijr 
 
 vn 
 
 irr»',--i. 
 
 :iiil 
 
 •♦•••II codtrix my: tiirou;: 
 v«'s.st'ls inrs|M'.ti\«' of ImmIu'.s. What 
 
 •«i Ih-Iiiii.I, w.-ll .•aii;rht lip to tin- InhIv. witL 1 
 
 ami !»'Vi'l solr. wirh teat 
 
 \i 
 
 SSf 
 
 s rx.r Mv.T lar,u»'. w.ll and cvciiK set 
 
 K ami havm- hiuail i-mut.,. That im almo.st ail wj.irh has I 
 
 "••Ix.-.l at tor a Inii^' tune, ami 
 
 >ii(li animals hav 
 
 H'ally hi»iMl«TN have suHi-rnl 
 
 lia.s IxTii !i. 
 • •"f >• ifiii 
 
 1 HHMil nniK \ I--- 
 •ny I' h <>!il<» tilt' hml\ 
 
 Dti milk 
 
 H'fJI 
 
 '"ll> ami an* hitM'ilin;: I 
 
 f m.r a.s a nil«- r.>mrnfn-ial vahn 
 
 riitisii|('r:i/>lv, 
 
 Maiiv 
 
 now >»•»• thf 
 
 Vf 
 
 ir-". snhsfanrial IhhIns, iri.->]„.,-tiVf >A' milk 
 
 • IM' conshl.'iation has militatnl 
 
 <nm'.sstiil in pHMlm-in;: iKitnfi\ .■ milk 
 
 iin>t hri'rdris Ih'iiiu "n 
 
 Ilia! 
 
 \«'>scU 1!, the tat't fliar il 
 
 "'•nor 11, milk nil tin.-.- u-arsofamMiII in fact t lit- v I 
 
 . rally 
 !•■ ani- 
 
 tl..iiiM-lvf>. an.ltla'n prohahlv't h.. Imil is.i..a,| 
 
 liavf Ik>«mi ofinralciilahl 
 
 Iiave pr<)\f<l 
 an animal whi.h mi-'hf 
 
 <'»'i'f lor show purport's, over t 
 
 •' s..rvic.. to Thr lu-iil. r.-u k.-. p f i„ir hulls, .x 
 
 -Hlt-r tlM-\ 
 
 art' ratluT hi-avv tor fh 
 
 wo > •ai s. A1m.\ •• that a^'e brfcderH I'on- 
 
 "'••ri" on tht'cows. Th,. hulk i-r.-ffr stirks t 
 
 I' tows ami U-avf faivis which 
 
 oaii> otht'ra;:*' for rhtir i-o 
 
 :;.r::"'::;"'!"': '!'r J: ",'""-• 'f- '•"•! ■--■... th/,m, 
 
 arc 
 ws. 
 
 ^l"-n ni,,. ;r,..^ .^ j,,„„j ^,„^. |.^.^,j^ j^^ j^ji^^ _ 
 
 ■"* a thrwyi'ar ohl h,- hnlletl sti rows ami .S< 
 ■i^a five \far t.hl. an. I 
 
 .•ffssioii, anil 
 I hati ont' hvi" vfars t)hl. an<l 
 
 •ana rwoyfar ohl ami mon 
 
 "as a trm->train hims.-lt. aii.l 1 
 
 ti<. man iivii.- . in >a\ hf vwv U-u n hail 
 
 "•'•■M :ill rin> Ifatlii 
 
 M'lM-f the ivsnlts. His proi,-.ny 1 
 
 a^rai! 
 
 W 
 
 ii: «iitm.r.s the ItiKt few years ami will l.e"tl 
 
 »• miisf iml will now aim at hrtWl 
 
 Olll'. 
 
 lave 
 
 IIS M-ar 
 
 IxmI 
 
 HiLr more for aim ami suh- 
 
 Ivr.vA 
 
 aiiv > 
 
 'mts ,f., milktTM.— W 
 
 low ill Loinltm proves thaf f 
 
 e are nor ^rear statistit-iaiis. bur th. 
 
 Vvi shire heats all hreetls. Mi . i 
 
 i»r .inaniity ami .niality ..f milk th 
 
 LoimI 
 
 i'lmiially the w n 
 
 «'rme. frtMii his A\ rshire tlairv m South 
 
 •'"./vifh a- imals iM.n-ht in rhetlistriet oM'aisI 
 
 the s| 
 
 low. 
 
 That 
 
 t'y, is now almost 
 s flip for the liest tlairv cfnv in 
 
 •ivi-raire of a 
 
 iifr of the lonl mayor 
 prize IS testeil Us «piuirii\ amlfpii!it\. 11 
 
 milk 
 
 eow tor two \eai 
 
 l'«'i' year, ami of 1_' littl 
 
 s 111 sm-ees.si,,[i ;:ivin- II.KMi poinitl- 
 
 t' ft.ws in the tive^'ras.s months ot 
 
 iiave an 
 
 -f 
 
 -;;^.n...lsopo„n.lsofmi!kp.'r.lay/f'Li:o;:hi 
 -.'"•t.laiiv fheavera-epoun.lsof „,il 
 
 i»ve tested 
 
 •k of 1 
 
 f<»SNS 
 
 m mnUiimmer ami tt»uml tl 
 
 Slim 
 
 say that m a fiirlv 
 
 pt r \.ar wonhl l>e Hi.ihmi poinnl- 
 
 "I'tt'r. ami a fair av 
 
 ley ):ave 1_' ponmis per 
 
 l""\'i'liii.t: alwavs tl 
 111 winrer. 
 
 erajje for the year wt.nhl !..• I 
 
 no 
 
 rot It I 
 
 poiimls. 
 
 .'la.s.s III slimmer is jriven ami ;:oim1 teed 
 
 III: 
 
 N« 
 
 iii'iii tl 
 
 'I" populous plat 
 
 •I the fa 
 
 ii-eait. 
 
 '11 
 
 «s many tanners sell their 
 
 n'V nali/t 
 
 own inilk ami hntter 
 
 'II 
 
 nnt-rs in the .listnef of I'ai.slev let"tl 
 
 |H-rt-t)w al.t.iit CJ\ per annum; and a bulk 
 
 sill 
 
 party who takes tl 
 
 nir cows tor the \ear on 
 
 'plitMJwith -rass (or tl 
 
 ii'in till a leasts is eall.d a •• T.owcr 
 
 '• '-ow 
 
 lll!ik< f! 
 
 ■"'•'■'.iT.' per am 
 
 ae eows III snrnmer and food in winti 
 
 aiftplies his t>wn nrensils. I 
 mil per coA L'l'i. 
 
 '""I t*xa. t tlata as to tl 
 
 le 
 
 ami 
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 loiseaml cait.and pa.\ s on an 
 lave s'l}:-esled. staiislics are 
 
 •in intif ics of iiiiii^ :e<iiiired to make a 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 138 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 pound of butter and a pound of c.licose have probably not been recorded- 
 
 My dairy-woinan, Iiowever, tells me tbat a fair average quantity of 
 milk to 1 pound of butter would be 24 pounds, and tlrs, too, in the sum- 
 mer months, when thw cows yet nothiiifj but yrass. From a given 
 quantity of food the Ayrshire breed gives a greater qinintity of butter 
 than any other, giving more milk and retaining a far better eondition 
 of health. 
 
 1 may also state that the very best-fattened Ayrshire! steer shows n 
 proportion of meat at maturity of (JH to 71 i)er cent. Tiie Duke of Mon 
 trose's i»rize steers were said to exliibit <S0 per cent. An Ayrshire steer 
 is an extremely kindly feeder, and becjontes at a period of irom twent,y 
 four to thirty-six months superior l;eer, if well kept tiiroughoi.*-, with a 
 live weight of 1,100 pounds to l,L'r)0 poun<is. A <'.ow fattens (piicker 
 and to a greater degree of i)erfection than any of the rival breeds for 
 the dairy. The soil in Ayrshire, where the br ed was brought to i»er 
 fection, is of a stiff, clayey nature, exhibiting tiiroughout a. substratum 
 of limestone, coal, or iron-stone. Near the coast it is sandy, in Ren- 
 frewshire the soil is variable, so?ne ])arrs being of alight narun* with ii 
 rocky bottom, and others being lik«' that where the breed was perfected, 
 of a stiff, clayey nature. The grasses chielly (iultivated — nay solely— 
 are pereniual : rye grass, timothy, and red clover. 
 
 The Ayrshire cattle have never, like some other breeds, been used 
 for draft ])ur))Osea. They are too beautiful and ])rofitable to be iip 
 plied to such i)nrposes. A fact, and a scientific one, too, is that liic 
 milk of the Ayrshire is healthier ami sounder than that of any oilier 
 breed, while it keeps fresh for a longer ])eri(>d and is moie »>asily di 
 gented. 
 
 Experience of Ayrshire hrc&hrs. — Mr, David Allan, M. II. C. V. S,. 
 who has had considerable exi)erience among Scotch dairies, says: 
 
 A good AyrHhiro cow willirivrtaiinu.'ill.v iiltoiit 7.')0!j;!illoiisof milk, wliicli will prodnci' 
 iibonfivr) iioiiiKiHof butter oif).')!) poiiiiilH ofidiccse. It, liowi^vcr, dooH nor .•mivc ;it iii;i- 
 tnrity for lull iuilkiii<^ until live y(>arH, althoiigli tliroo years is riickoufd t<- he, (lie m^c 
 VVIieii at niatnrity at that aguCt'irc;;? yciai'.s), tlui live wcijjlit of a fjood luiifdr is alioiiMt 
 cwt.aiid tlid dead \vt'i};lit of llcsli alxiul. r.i to (1 cwt., towlii(di, in tliocasoof a Imllur 
 ox, add a fiftli. Tlio soil is mostly of a light riul marl on limestone, or Nandsloin'. 
 The grasses that aro cultivated aro ohielly rye. grass, timothy, and the .lilleiciil 
 clovers. I douot know of any Ayrsliires lieing used for Ihe jmrposes of draff, flic 
 system of feeding these cattle is, cooked food in wint(M-, sneli as (diatf, turnips, lican 
 meal, draft', and ealtliago, and grass in summer for mihh cm>wh. Feeding sloek hini' 
 turnijm and oil-cake along with li;iy. With regard to housing, the young cattle i^n 
 loos((, whilst the feeding and milch cows aic. tied up. We visited a dairy of :t(li) Ayr- 
 sliires in Mr. Allan's district. The work was all done hy girls. The milk is sent to 
 (ilasgow. 'J'ho food Is mixed in coppers and given hot in wint(!r — graiiiN, chall^ainl 
 roots. They yield about 10 rpiarts a head; breed toleiiibly uell. 'I'he ('onntry is 
 bleak and cold; soil heavy. Size and other particulars .as shown above. 
 
 Another writer, in referring to the Ayrshire, says: 
 
 Ayrshire cr)\VH, from five to seven years old, which are full fed in town and Hurbiirlian 
 dairies, are alniost invariably fat after luiing milked and fed from nine to twdvi' 
 months. Tlii-y, howev<!r, are not in such forwanl condition as Shoi'thorns would lie 
 nixler similar treatment, yi^t for the same (juantity of Ibod jnit through tlie bodieidl 
 Ji certain nunib( r of aiiimais of a given value no breed will ]irodii(-e the same ainoiiiif 
 of milk as the Ayi'shires. There is, however, this drawliack, .'ind it is agreat one rniiii 
 jitovvn or suburban dairy-farmer's point of view, viz, that if the cows are bought .itilir 
 calving and s<d(l fat wluiii (Iry, they seldom make as nniidi as fat beasts as they didiii 
 calvers; where.is with the Sliorthoin as miieh, if not more, is made. What mhiiu'v 
 vjilue, however, which the Ayrshire laeks as a butcln'r's beast it makes up in milk. 
 Under all other circumstances wliere the (!ows arci not sold as fat, after a yetir'.s mm: 
 but kept on for the dairy for ii number ol" years, the position (d"m:>tt(MM is ionipletilv 
 changed, for 1h(^ loss which might be iu(!nrred between (he buyi/ig jirice jis a c;dviM 
 and the selliug price as a fat beast \i spread over sevc-: i yoaru instead of hM»i 
 borae by ouc. 
 
been recorded- 
 ige quantity of 
 ;oo, in the sum- 
 From u given 
 ntity of bntter 
 etter condition 
 
 steer hIiows a 
 ! Dnke of Mon- 
 Ayrshire steer 
 f from twenty- 
 iijjlioi.^, vvitli a 
 fittens (1 nicker 
 ival breeds for 
 I'ouftlit to i»er 
 t ii snbstrsitnin 
 !idy. Jn Ken- 
 niirnre wiMi a 
 was perfected, 
 — nay solely— 
 
 mIs, been used 
 ible to be iip- 
 )0, is that the 
 ; of any oilier 
 une »>asily di 
 
 :. R. c. V. s,. 
 
 ies, says: 
 
 liii'li will prodiici' 
 ( nor III rive ;it. iii;i- 
 llt'<l tc l)ti the .'i^c, 
 
 [i(Mf'orisiiliiiiii It 
 « cfiso of a till 1 1 (ir 
 IK! or Nimdsloi:!'. 
 likI tiM! .liDri'i'iit 
 '.s (if draff, 'flic 
 iitr, luriiips, licaii 
 '.dillf; Nloidv have 
 
 yoiiiijj; (•;it,(lc ifd 
 diiiry of :t(li) Ayr- 
 1 milk is si'iil to 
 ^ritiiiN, cliiilf, ami 
 
 'I'liii (umiil-ry is 
 love. 
 
 'II andHiirbiirli.'in 
 I iiiii« to twi'lvc 
 flioriiH would lir 
 i;;li till! Iiodii's III 
 [Jio rJiiiMi! iiiniiiiiif 
 s ajirt'iit one fnim 
 arc lioiifrlil .itllii' 
 stH aH tiicy did ill 
 ;. Wli;it iiKMii'y 
 ikoH up ill milk. 
 tcr a yciir'n mm: 
 
 IMM \h COIIlldl'ti'lv 
 
 !'j(!(! as a calvi'r 
 
 UStoail of biMIlL' 
 
03 
 
 fl 
 
 ■ i ii 
 
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•THE TTNlT,,n KimmM. 
 
 Tho Ayrsliirn IN, ninroovr,.. <• l.'^O 
 
 t\u,t the "MH<i„;. ;,al , V^lr'' *'"■""«'' • v' i ' ,7!/''/ ><'-A.vr,sI,i ," j' iL^'f''- ''I'"* 
 at .■110. JJodi I,riif.,(M I,. . .'^ '" ""^ f'Hv Avr>.l.i,.„„ .r ""•^ A.Vr.Nliin* ,. ...i , . '."»" ^'lo 
 
 Mr. Cloment Sfophon 
 
 OB 
 
 Ib\ iii.i; /or many vonpN |,o. 
 cippiirfiiii.'fics for form' 
 
 «»", Well known 
 
 >Trs 
 
 III' 
 
 •IS a liiFffo pri^co till, 
 
 '" ':''«a,t,'n(] in 
 
 sayfi 
 
 IllilV illlll ( 
 
 
 (n file /aniicr and fi|„ i,„ff,|,^ 
 
 ^•l/tl<^ 
 
 ■•■■■•■II" IMUf lop „„ I„>;. V '"'"■"' Ni.'IIhIh til.,. • .'"••!« I((. 
 
 ii- (l.'v.)(,.,l onHi,l,.ni),i, 
 
 II 
 
 jiiir|ii)si',s, I was 
 
 ,siw. anil I resolved t,l 
 
 lu'ilVroC Mic lir 
 
 (iiMi wiicii ])iir( 
 
 'I'liilicr, 
 
 .::;■■ "iPtr;;;«»"'"iv.*.«,.au. 
 
 
 I III 
 
 "•n.a(iiri,,_v,,i,„,' 
 
 K'vc Ml,., 
 
 ■''.•is..d. NlK, ;..^'":''''"<'n.sl 
 
 " f'-x<'oll,.„t 
 '^ ^'••il. In ( 
 
 M)"'i inici 
 
 IIN 
 
 ''.",'■«. (ind, ,i|,i 
 
 '>' llO AlMTd 
 
 <)W 
 
 ;• Ti'''-"n87^ r;;:;:: :;:"-'''<« r 
 
 Hf^Ut 
 
 *^ s s'ls-ri-a^i ;;i: ";fe;;s' ™& ™is;;,» -- 
 
 "'ip. Ast'COIld |l,.|f(.|- ,,.|llr.), I 1 " • '•'"V.ltr 1 . . 
 
 tl„, V,„.(l 1 i_ ', "" " 1 I 
 
 III 
 
 l\v(i vcailii 
 
 ■"■••laNsaiid 
 
 •'»'"'. .•iltlioS, 
 
 iidi 
 Do 
 
 
 » . , •■'•>■» 1 1 1 1 
 
 iimoii .Novi'iiiiicr j.}_ jj^j^ 
 
 ■»i Mr. J{ri, 
 
 W/l, 
 
 If 'N Mi<l CI 
 
 >'<^riil),. 
 
 rx'Hilioii 
 
 I I 
 
 
 iiiiiii,'lmiii,iii class ((ir.sfc, 
 tiiSirW. (i. ( 
 ,111(1 SN'ond :U 
 
 i'"iniiii.^'\s,.lj,„„,„- 
 
 ,'•'< not ..x,.,.,.,| 
 
 ITizc at N 
 
 'II f I 
 
 "I?. .'■'?•"• yarsoV 
 
 llii'.v Willi for, i 
 hi:, "oiiviii 
 rl.'iiilli -I Cur I 
 111 my liisf 
 ;i|ililii(ic li! ;:i 
 rows, all .viTi' sill' 
 
 ";;-!i-n.!,Mrin:;i:^;:':;;':''!>i/ 
 
 ■:r:'-..^-^a;'v::,ii:v'!!' .'^v-:;;i 
 
 '•'x ; Ki', 
 
 "••': ■'^'••'•i-. I „i 
 
 " ^•''••>n<l at N, 
 
 iKl lif Jt 
 
 III-. 
 
 ■-'-n.atth<.y ,.„«.; 
 
 
 "'•f.'iiiK d / 
 
 '•'^•'^'•'l all t/i 
 
 I'll 
 
 ;""', "■'"^" ^ ''■•t.i pod 
 
 ' K<'(.d 
 
 'W-is/Tl'!^'''' '''••'";:' 
 
 "i(ll(i,.ld 
 
 iN( a( \„,.(c 
 
 w.'iN (l.,.d 
 
 'I ftrii 
 
 i'l 
 
 podjirr,.,. p„J,,.,, 
 
 ''""""•■^""•■'utoMl-iV':',^''-^ 
 
 '':..^:>iv:^:^:;fe;"/:«i;>:^M:,^- 
 
 Mr. Met 
 
 oiiilti 
 
 
 vinci'i! of tlicir i^rcal val 
 
 I'M ;i iiiiiiriT da 
 
 iii> 
 
 '"<'r« / „,,,, ,,, 
 
 ""V«;;:;;^?;"'r :•'■''■ •■-ii ;'i:;;":: ■»■=;-•■ ii" 
 
 '"y i.,iiij(( 
 
 aiiv .Iff,,.,.:.... .. '"■">> ot/KT »,f,..„i.. '••"""' III liv,. I 
 
 isrhcilili-ri'c, any atfcnr 
 ni fc.'d in 
 
 '111,!,' tlll'lll (V\! 
 
 i''i''aii(i(li,.r;ind m 
 
 ;;:""•>• -iyn.:;; 
 
 vo (>ifl|,>r I 
 
 '"•'y.'rth:; '':::;.:!' 
 
 .11 Npl.'ndid 
 
 'III a 
 
 I'll f(ii|. 
 
 W(dl 
 
 i<i(d 
 
 larkahlc th 
 
 •"*' valii,.,l, 
 
 1" ad 
 
 >" '""fM'K ill.,,! ;.',!''. vy''y 
 
 :;''''^'''''"^.'rn,ia,.di™"^»'^:t'-so,.,.,tr 
 
 ' "" «<"'<l lanil 
 
 iM'li's:iiliiavo.-i„ni;,nva|„„.,| 
 I'i'iiil I'l view (vi/, it ■ 
 
 III riilir.si' Ic'ii 
 
 hilt this I ,.,-|„ 
 
 ad 
 
 '*':''W fliat h; 
 
 po.Nm.sH, 
 
 'l.'lllll'Iy, ( 
 
 ..If .1... •. . '""lir.V ((iiniiii^ ;.. . ' "•""<■ of \v ,1.. . ;.. 
 
 ii'ir 
 
 • i.s.H and 
 
 :':;:-7j« ■';;•■ ^i-':;";^;;::;;'r;;..^ "■-•;;;.;;; j';;;.i'.- '■■-.:';;i 
 
 ly. 'I'l.lt alfl; 
 
 iiavi'i'v.niiiicil irn.;if 
 
 x'lii.iii.in.iinVin dii.s'i" 
 
 It II 
 
 '("'iiiiorN „/•,.«„,;. , 
 
 "'<'» IvIl.lWh 
 
 ■^''■•''.vcll, nl'Dni 
 
 •"^'> «''v« an.;^:; 
 
 '"■'*'■••" i IM I, Ps I 
 ."I'I'oifiinif 
 
 ,"K ""I'll an 
 
 <'«'(', .says 
 
 it'N r„ 
 
 >norirm, I | 
 
 •'••d Id" 
 
 I'l'Ni'a 
 
 '•iKii 
 <a((| 
 
 iav(. II,. V 
 
 "li, an, I 
 
 '■"• .V«d. 
 
 ."'"""■'■'■''''"■■■"•••ir.illi.,! ,„.ir 
 
 
140 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY l^nMlNO. 
 
 2n2 r^?^ with fhaf .iHo,! m AbordoeDsh.rp, wliorn a Hotnowlmt sltnilar broci w,.r,. 
 
 called lli.enn Huinl.oH. Aceordii.K »<• Mr. Hornt P.'Uor8..n,Norw(.Kia„ , m>,1 ( I), , i ! 
 
 I ol 0,1 cjittlo aro vory common in tlio Nouth.-rn j.artH of Norway, wliilo in V.' «,.' 
 within tlio Arctic Civck., they also exist in conMcloral.lo nninherH.'aHl hav>hoc i ' 
 formed by Mr. John Noisli, wlio wuh tlK^ro in 187!». " '"■ 
 
 Iceland has also a breed of Polled cattle, noticed l>v Dr. Uno Von Troil in \7T> ii 
 said that, in his time rhc country was well j.rovided With cattle, which were Lrenem N 
 without horns, and that their beeves were not hn-„ but very' fat and i md*' n ' i\ 
 
 then been rcpoi-tcd by some. thoHKh wilhoutfoMiMlation, that there wore mm.M.ffi:^ 
 with horns, but it was more true to say that s;i,h were seldom kept Mr Neisi, ,, i 
 Avas 111 Iceland in thosunmierof IHSI, says (hat the cattle then^ still airree witli ti'i" 
 d.vMc.nption. It IS reasonable to suppose that both the Icelandic nn(l Se,.tel br, . " 
 were orijr,nally derived from the Norwegian; but, on the other hand, it •ani 
 d.MH..d that the same natural law of variation that i.iod.iced hoi^iless eattl i , 1 ," 
 way. or where the Norwcftian breed oriKiiiated, could act f.n aiiv breed In a bn? 
 to the AUKUH .■ii.d Uuehan l'..ll.s, now to some ext.-nt intermixed in a the lit ,, ''' 
 there are two ..ther British breeds of Polled cattle, viz, the Galloway i i ( e so l'^. 
 ol Seotlan.l and the Norfollc and SnlJblk Ued Polls. The GallowaVl d eno^" ',''' 
 sembhiuce to the Aliens breed to hav<. been iuclude.l with it in (he earlv\V.|mm ' • 
 the 1 oiled Henl-J oolc, but each bus now a herd-b..ok of its <.wi.. T e NoS ''' 
 Sullolk breed is said to have oii^riiiated ehietly from a mixture of Seotcb P,> ii ■ 'i' 
 theOld Ib.rned breed of cattle ef these counties. ^""' '^'"' 
 
 Coiiiiu^' to historical evidence of cattle briicdiu-r in An«iis, the earliest I kM„u. r • 
 tliat eontauie.l in Ochtcrlony's .lescription of the shire in ICS-I-'W He s.ivs ' " 
 
 '(.reat iibundaiice ol cattl(>, slie<'p, and hor.ses, especially the briie(hill) eoi'mtrv , i 
 hav>, great breeds of cattle; an.l in all Uio laish (low cnnntrv or the f''^'!" 
 <"xcept in some (ew places where they an- short of LTass, ,,11 breed us i • nv f '"/:'• 
 cMMitly serve themselves, but thechief bre. Is in the sbyiv are 1 lu^ E ris o f S iVilu'''"'' 
 Sout h..sk Panmure and Ed/ell, Powrie, Ualnamoone; both for Inures ide." '"'""• 
 "Ib.th these parishes, Kinnaird and Earn.-ll, belon-.Mitirely to the Earl of s , ! , 
 wherein ire ano excellent bre.-d of h.u-se, cattle, and sheep ^-'«' "f N)ii(|„,,|; 
 
 And, \\ hen writiiif; of the Earl of Panmure, he siiys- 
 '■rreh.atli at Panmure a most excellent breed of hdise and cattle " 
 riiiiH there IS (evidence that cattle w.u-e carefully bre.l in An-us two hun.Iro,! 
 .1-0, .and .•jlthou^rh it, eannot be ascertaine.l from any re<..id at"ny ll pos i ,^ ^X''' 
 excel cut breeds were p,.Iled or do.lde.I, it is probal^lo from the se.mel hn ""■■''' 
 
 so; .a least, those who hav.. assert..! that no .articular at ont".u. ' is Sve, ' "'"' 
 bre,.ln,fr „, Angus belbre tlK^ be-innins of the lm^sent eei u rv a V 
 . The late Mr William Fullerton, whase name will be aVw./vrxoci; '":;""• 
 impmycd breed of Angus cattle, left a report on (1„. subject. wltc;;.:V. '' 'I'" 
 Lord P.iT.inuro who succee.Ied to the ..states in 17H7. In liinsix m-u h vV,, ^ .' '■'' "'" 
 t.. try to Kuprove the ]'ol|..,l caltle ..f tl... .•..nn( v ami thtli.;. 'i ''*''' '"'^f 
 (avor (or them even .luring his minority. If., tii;.. i. e ' rimenVi,,- T"' """'' 
 Galloway an.l Angus cattl... but the irsult was uusatisfa.'tor , a lis Ii, . "r','^' ""' 
 ing was at ..nee aban,l.,ne,l. Ho aft.'rwar.ls was «...•,■, ssfu I i^n 1 is .•( Wts i ,''' '"","'' 
 dire.tiou, but in (he m.'an time (he late Mr. Hii-i, Wilson of K'.i ' """""•i 
 
 •I.M.t farm, in IH.H, ,,t once b..gan a syst..n,atic .IL-p.'M^m,! I'.ni e t^^ ',","""^' 
 whi.di 1... was .so ..mineutly .suc'cssful that his namV, if/n..w r,.'-: ,.,l ,T I, . l'-''^ '" 
 in .•onn.'.tHui with p.-digr.^o stock of this variety. Mis lath" who Iv, '''I'V""' 
 
 • •at .. b..|..ie him, g.ive him six of liis best an.l biacke.s c. vs ' n.l b ''''' "' 
 
 K.-i lor, winch he so.u, afterwards iucr..a.s..d by the lu irlr is o f . , i "" '■'"'■""^' 
 
 atTrnntyMark.;t,Jin.chin. Th.-se hei,ers..u.^, (l^m h, p^ . r^';;; l.^^ ;'-;'^ ^ 
 
 ^::;:s;!"-"-" "- Ang-s D..ddies, whi4 ^^1^ i;?; mr *ianl;;r;^l;;;:i;:;,|; i 
 
 Tlui imi,roy..,| Angus cattl.' ha.l r.-ach.'.! Ku.h a .l.-gr-'e ..f „erf,.,.,io„ ;, ,w.u , 
 
 li.MU<lg..s o( tl„. Ilighiaii.l and Agriculturiil S..ci..tv's show 1 I Vi '" ^^''"' "'■" 
 
 bnrgh expr,vs,s.,.l tin, ..pinion that^'th,. I.ighly i i prov.^d or ,, hi""'"' ",' !"'''" 
 
 bre.d ,s not snrpass.Ml by any ..(h.-r .l...s.:iiphon ..f .atVl. ii (1 .,, '' """'' ''"""I 
 
 th., fat is mix.'d an.l difins... over ..y.rv Lit ..f^| e • .i, ' ' . ' :i""'.^V'.V H, v,Im,.|, 
 
 b.Uch..ragr.iter.p.antity..fpn,nem..!A!"u-.:L u;' ' .!C^ 
 
 In conchiHi.ui.I may say (hat I (hink i! •. ,rr..,. ,„' , , 'f^" "' ''i" '^iicuss.' 
 
 colov-black. They ier.-^.,nm.l..; \,,,,v' .fir' V-^-^i.^^^^^^ 
 
 n.u/zl..saml brown N(re,.k.-,1 backs, ml yell, V ,^ "'I'' '"""'' 
 .•"--'•;••'-' '". Ma.d<, (Ii,>y still throw r..,ls\iml v.Vl. s V 1 ' ' , ". ^u^^'yTy'^l '^"'^ ^^ 
 lonnble, wlnl.'. as .'very biv.Mler .d' .b.m.'stic ■iniu • l« I ., "';'■' <>'''l ■•i-' ri!il:isl, 
 ...a.l<c,l pr..,luc.. isofiei; the b..s, in ..tl, e s , hs v' ^.V .^ ';"-.•"'"/•'"' .'""I miIv 
 cy.', and if t,:e ign.,rant i.l.M thai n-./aul v' I w lOll' J ;'''''' -7 ''''''''''- ^ 
 got rul oi; hen. mixed ia color would «uon^;.] comlnoi .nuuS;;:,:'^ "'' '" ' »-« 
 
Tri)il ill 177y. I|„ 
 I'hworo >,'i>iii»iullv 
 111(1 K .0(1. It i,,,ii 
 
 wore none, .fthciu 
 • ^f>'- Ncish, who 
 II (im'roo with tliis 
 iind Scotph luccdf, 
 and, if, ciuinot, Ik, 
 
 I(!.S,S (■ilttlo ill \,„.. 
 
 ■('(>'l. IniKldifi,,,, 
 ul tlio bast Ii.tiIn 
 t.V, in UK^sniidi (if 
 ly li.'id Piioiiijli IV. 
 early voluincs of 
 riio Norfolk ,i|.ii 
 cotcli PoDh „i(l, 
 
 THE UNITFJ) KINOIJOM. 
 
 It Ih cluiiiiod, 
 
 HayHjiiiiKiH MiUMloimld, thiK, (Ii„ ,„„(ii 
 
 ..|-.:aUl.Mntl.,,,,r,;i„,,tio,i,:ri;e;:n Ont 
 (lillcroiico ot opinion, for ul, tlio 
 
 (Mirotlicr Iciidin;; l.rcodH, notiild 
 
 piCMcnt diiy, wi 
 
 it' point, IIk'ki iH, ot 
 
 n I'<>ll.s,siiipaNNull otln 
 
 141 
 
 raccH 
 
 eoiirm,, (•(MisidcMiil.lo 
 
 to HO 
 
 hi^d 
 
 I u dcjrnx,, it (•oiild not'l 
 
 y tlio Wliortlioi 
 
 li ' l.cH-pi-o.lii,tin;r proporticH .d 
 
 (111.1 I.ic.mI would l)o accordi'd tl 
 
 n UM.I IfiMvCoid, liavo l7..,'ii d 
 
 ' <'xpi;(!t(i(l that, with nnvtl 
 
 Ali.idccii or An^riiH hniL'd 
 
 Ul priMiiicr position. Ji,, ijini 
 
 liij^r |j|j„ niianiinitv 
 
 Idvclopi'd 
 
 , any 
 
 (Ml III 
 
 and 
 
 I MINI 
 
 Hiipniorto Jill otliiMH ii 
 
 lay.iicihapH, linNaJd to I 
 
 iiil'ciior loiioiKwiMiiri 
 
 ■<M it may, tlm i'ldhill 
 
 ■loiiiid licol- 
 
 .'".;■, ""I" ""• i" Jill ()t,ll(MH in Holiii) i|.mi,.,.(M '11.. 1 n- - ■•■'-■"iiim oroi- 
 
 .onitlmH|iitt..,.ly„ik,in,,Uiko in tCJirV^-l ' '. "! '!:"'^ '"'" "■MMnah.d 
 
 imii 
 
 l^iMiNliOH its claim ii. Ihiit d'escrii.t 
 
 in IH7H it <airi(Ml otldvi 
 
 ion. 
 
 Jt, 
 
 low 
 mil 
 
 ihi(lin;,'flio iJlOUpzi 
 
 ry HiiiKld honor for which it 
 
 yard and iiiarkctphuvslnv 
 yl"-aotc,l Hint at, the l^.iis Kxhil 
 
 lli.il in HritiMJi show yards 1 
 
 'I' did bUHt f^l 
 
 ■oiipof hccf pi„diic 
 
 wa.s ciititlcd t 
 
 jii^r position. Jn iiHtrictly Imf.d 
 
 liotli lis (at stock and Inccd 
 
 ll;li(•il(tll^il| Ihccxhihit 
 
 i:ii(^ ol'cattl 
 
 Tl 
 
 i-Npidiitof view, it hiisscld 
 
 it. I 
 
 II- 
 
 <> <;oiiipctc, in- 
 
 ioii, mid 
 
 las iiltaiiic.l |o a | 
 
 mill 
 
 id Hi.pcriority over most other hrceds,' for I he I 
 
 "Ml to yichi t 
 
 end 
 
 • \N el^'llt. As 11 rule, tho heefofllu, noi tlierii I'olj 
 
 l'i«li I 
 
 Mitel 
 
 oaii.v other 
 
 "•r N purpose, lies 
 
 !^:!i';';';!^:':v.^l:"'v''' '^I'-^Jv^^^ !''»''>-«'-ain..,Miesh. 11,1,1 
 
 >ereenta;r„,.f dead meat t 
 
 H isvt^rywell mixed 
 
 oilier kinds (d'lieef. Inside, tl 
 
 ii'd contains ii 
 
 ilv, \Miile III the density mid .piality of II 
 
 less soli, coarse. fa( tliaii'iimst 
 
 (|M;i 
 
 cminuli claim the premier jiJisition 
 
 :?.=^:^':^v;:'-''i-'M-v'i-th,aVofVh:, 
 
 carcass itself tlm I. reed 
 
 lliest 
 
 the .-luall Devon l.reed aloiiKsido, if not even 1 
 
 amon-all mir leiKJin- hreedsof eat 
 
 may fairly 
 
 .•|it 
 
 Kiloro it, in this respect : I 
 
 •:::;!" :'^^!\".::i'- '--'-'. i-'tiuiiiriushi^hi^wm 
 
 lid. .Some phuAj 
 
 iii''li a percenta;,'o of dead 
 
 'nt. with that 
 
 11 ;aid 
 
 meat to live weight. In l.iilclicr's i.I 
 
 <Mt;SUl."ii(lmiiaMy. InjiJl the lead 
 
 IV liio lireed is hold in liiol, es'timat 
 
 ion. 
 
 and ixv 
 
 injj Cat-stock ni.iiket 
 
 on ail av.ira^'e, yield .... 
 pliia.se()lo;,'V it "dies" 
 
 111 tiiel iisiially a hi^rher price in conii.arisoii t 
 
 ill., i.tliiti' iiKii I I II !■• ■^■•.....1.. ri>i • • * . .. 
 
 iierally coi 
 
 •■< in the coiiii. 
 
 tli(^ oilier leadiii"^ lireeds. Tl 
 
 iiiiis market in London, wh 
 
 liiH is especially the c 
 
 <) Us size and liv 
 
 imaiiils the iii;,diest prii 
 
 wei^rht tha 
 
 liiiil 
 
 I ready .sale ut the liijrhest (luot 
 
 did the plump compact I'oU 
 
 iHe ilt the ^'re;il Sinilhlicld ("'I 
 
 The Alieicleen Poll is not 
 
 Ii.is been Coiiiid im])().ssible to obliun Ii 
 
 tatioiis. 
 a milkin-,' Ineod, l.eii 
 
 s I'rom the iiorih i 
 
 n iiiiy of 
 irist- 
 
 idver fail to 
 
 thr ,|iiaiility ofmilk j;ive,i per cow, or the Initter and < I 
 
 cHpeeially ,. lilt i vat..,! for l.eef and 
 
 ,Mires with liny dejrree ol 
 
 caiiiKit indeed hear of a si 
 (jl'tlii.M race. With rejj;ar(l'"to 
 
 .'^iiiitlill' 
 
 acciiiacy slmwini 
 
 n^dd ca.s(i in \\ 
 
 hid 
 
 leesi- v.iliie of the. injn 
 
 MI 11 r- .P . -'^" '""l wei;rht for a 
 
 leld show will !„, found a sulllcient Ki7i,h,. 'n 
 
 ^1 a inoid than ordinary d 
 
 » lew (i''iires' 1 
 
 ^Vd 
 
 iiiry is composed 
 
 nvo years ten months wei;,died Kij cwt., and 
 
 Id (iisi-m 
 
 oiii the last 
 
 lir.si-|irize stei'r at three years ei<rht mon'fl 
 
 Necoiid-pri/e ;it sa 
 
 izd steer at the a' 
 
 jcai 
 
 ssixiiionth.s, IS^cwt. Thd tirst-i.ri/d heil, 
 ' "''am .show ti;r„ns were as foil 
 
 IS weijriicd -ji cwt. 
 
 mi; api Hi cwt. Tli 
 
 and the si.( 
 
 t. The Hiriiiinirl 
 
 (ir jit two ye.iiM (^i'dit 
 
 •"lid, at three 
 
 tlii^ ajic of till. 
 
 •d years i 
 
 •i«ht 
 
 nonths was 17,} 
 
 iionths weiirhed iHf cwt 
 
 siiiiie aj;e -JO} cwt. The lirst-jirizd heifer, also of (1 
 
 •coiiil, two years eleven and fhree-fonrtl 
 
 This race is perhajis the liest of all others f 
 
 The lirst-pii/e Tolled st 
 
 • . ami the .second-prize a the 
 "',';'""'V'K''- •■■^■'K'"''! »':'i(wf.,and 
 
 H niDiitlis, l.")2 cwt 
 
 iiiosi lii.irveloiis specinieim of cros.s-lircdssl 
 
 lor 'jiossin^^ with ih,. .Short! 
 
 (ijiiiws are ahv.-iy.s of this cross. At the hit 
 
 mwii at till. Loud 
 
 Klin ; imlee 
 •n and liirmin 
 
 yi';irsM!\(ii nioidhs, weijjhed IH cwt, 'i' 
 
 Idi place the lirst prize steer, a l7l 
 
 iiilitl 
 
 li.s, was 17; ewl. ; and tli 
 
 onil 
 
 111' lirst prize steer, a 
 
 :ei| two years eh 
 
 llr,st piize steer at two years live niiintl 
 yrar i'i;;lir iiioiiths jjave tho marvel 
 
 prize, two years ej.jht niondis, 17j 
 
 iH \vei;,died Ml cwt 
 
 III tl 
 
 ewt. 
 
 le seco 
 
 ml III 
 
 'I'll 
 
 iirtlie jirize cross-hred st 's at tweiit 
 
 ""::,:'5';'"'-''^r.-./ At uie, ;:„,,:;;..; 
 
 lerat two and three-nOarters yea 
 
 ,v months wei-hed i:{ cwt. The I 
 
 rs wei„rh,,,i 174^ ,^,„| 
 
 i^'lil iiioiiths, 17 cwt. Aiiothertirst prize at tl,, 
 ■ lifil I'.ljewr, The tirst prize heifer at tl 
 
 the 
 
 ree.\(.;ir,.iei,r||i and I 
 
 fimd prize ill two 
 
 ii>t. pri; 
 
 .M'ais 
 
 (il.^tlict ill which the i 
 
 ill expo,s(>(l ; and the pastiii 
 
 leoisliied and fed, altli 
 
 Mil' ve;irs ej./ht 
 
 lif''e-i|ii,irteinioiit.r 
 
 iiiiiiitlis, I7J 
 
 iii-h not IheMeakesi in .s 
 
 liiMJH iii:iile lip in the mai.;;cr, for tl 
 
 •e iscrtainly m.i the l,..st. hiit wU-.H 
 
 I'l ewt. 
 ■•"eol l.ind, i 
 
 The 
 
 till 
 
 s s 
 
 tl I il tl 
 
 [iiise.s 
 
 atlle well, and (.'.specially iijioii cake. T) 
 
 M> iiorlli..in rarniers tind it to tl 
 
 is iiiissii 
 
 i;i III Ihr 
 
 "'ir .ad van I an,. (, 
 
 lie lacu is not iist-d lor (lratt""i 
 
 -Mr. (i. Wilkon, «;ivS 
 
 '.Vitli iv;,'ai,I to th 
 
 i|iiaiitily II 
 
 iiinual im>n»f,',i poiindH of milk which th 
 
 ill .'''C'llll.'llll 
 
 Tlinv 1 
 
 itMi'.ss.iry tor the product i,,ii of hiiti 
 
 1. The hreed is a liee('-)iio(| 
 
 tia'iii:iiiv 
 
 lave lieeli liott.il insta 
 
 nei 
 
 cr and cin 
 iicinu Olid, and lia.s 1 
 
 Mll- 
 
 ii'ws ^rive, and the 
 
 sof;;oud milkers in the Aherdeeii-.\ 
 
 ■'jse. no such records are kept 
 ' I «" tor iiianv ve,ii> 
 
 .\viii 
 wliii'l 
 
 ■•■arsAherdeeii and An,i,'iis have heeti' feed 
 
 11^ ,s breed, but 
 
 , "I'Cintaeliv Casll 
 
 i;;.'ve 1 1 .Si-,.|,-i 
 
 ;ave piirtieiil.irs of a mwl 
 
 1 pinis ol'milk per day ; ai 
 
 "- 'lislrieis. Th.- late Ka'rl.d 
 y calved Aberd 
 
 . wliiil; -ave T.' Scol.li pinl.s. A .Scotci 
 
 ' o| .iiKitfii.r, 
 
 .'dii-.\noii..< ,,(> 
 He.' iiioiiths all. I cal\ 
 
 I I'Hii is .,|ii,il to Hired iMi'dish 
 
 pint 
 
 .s, so 
 
142 
 
 CATTIiK AND DAIIiV l•'AU.^f INO. 
 
 thiit tlicM«<iiiiiiititi«'Hu;ivc:.i ;,'all.iiis [..t dn.v (or llif im'wI.n .mU.^I , .>« , .in.l M ki»I'"|'« 
 in'iMliiy l()rtlir..ii.!tlir(iMiiMiitliHriilvr.l, ciiiiiil at HH 1"miii.I>« to lli" .:.il|..ii \,t m, ami 
 ■17 iinimdsofinilkiicrdav, rf,|..Mlis. ly. Willi onlinai.v IV. .liu- I li.^ « c ml' <>( row sal. 
 iiuiturity would viiry fio'iii i.lOU to 1,:iIM»ih.uii.N, ih.Mlrad wd-lil ol tli.sr iMMiiy; alMuit. 
 7to<J(!\vt. Mail V ni-M's lit Siiiillilii'ldixcccd'J.iHiii poMiiils live \M i^lil. r.iills. il led 
 \\M ull tluMr liv.'M (.wliich tlicv iiMiiilly aro), Nv.>iy;li I'loiii '.'.immi to •.'. imi poiiiid.'H at 
 iiiivtinity. With ictt'ifiuo to tlio a^r of tin' cowh, llirv liavi- l.ii ii known to livr over 
 thirty y'eiu-M, luid it in not iiiuDiniiioii to liiid Minn' of lh<' a^,"' of tvM nly yciirs which 
 ;iri' IVi'sh uiid hrci'din;,'. The luiipoilioii of imat al nialiiiity of a fattrufd wt'iT Naiii-.s 
 from GO ponnds ]H-r W) ponnd.s ol li\t' uci;riit. to a- liiuh ii.s Ti! pounds per luii pm.ndM. 
 Tho !iveraf,'(> Mti'cr in thi' Ahcrdi'i-Mshiiv disHirt at two years and Mnc or Irn inonthH, 
 whtiii most of Ihcm aro sold, w(j;;li from T J to 10 lui., di'ad wci;,'lil. Tlic noI! i,f iho 
 district in poor and cidd, Inil has liccn nivally impro\ci| li\ draining;. Iiniin;;. vVi 
 
 id the 
 
 asses mostly ciilli\atcd arc ryc-Ljras,-. 
 
 am 
 
 I red, white, ami aUike eliivci> 
 
 Many of the cattlt^ are still used for draft pnrpo-cs, especially in plow in;; and lifcal 
 
 111^ lip m 
 
 land. Ahcrdecirsiiire was mnsi ly n 
 
 lainied liy the " twal o\en pi 
 
 naiia;,{cd hy two men, •' ii jdow man and a talisman," and an old .sayin;^ illustratcM 
 best how liirmors thrived in oldi-ii times, viz: 
 
 "He that liy the plow wad tlirive 
 Matin ciliicr hand or drive," 
 
 That is, must either hold the plow or drive the oNcn. The sy,-,tcm of feeding; 
 varies somewhat in dilferent locilitii's, h'll the I'ollDwin;; is the most coiiimon, vi/. ; 
 
 From 1st to lotii Mav to middle id'Cclolier the cattle •' il on 
 
 ;i,i.s.s in ineloNcil 
 
 tiohls, lint fee(lin;,'-cat tie are liiriied in.o the hoM'-e a inoni li ear ur. I'roni the iiiiddl 
 
 )f Dctohcr to May the cattle in Aheiilecn and r)anir''liirc aii 
 ik. In Moray and JnvcrncsM, north of AIm rdei'ii, MHinit catti 
 
 ■nerally tied np li\ I In 
 
 fill 
 
 courts, Tho feed, in each case, tnriiips a 
 
 ml 
 
 oat straw mdv 
 
 In 
 
 •led 
 
 some cases voiiiil 
 
 Iieifers and hiill.s j^et froni 1 V to Vi pounds of linseed i .ikc daily after wean i 11:4 till e;irl\ 
 Hpriuy. Tlio reason so little is know n as to the milk-pHMlnciiiL; pro|ierties of the race 
 iH because the calves mostly all suckle their dams from live to .six moiitiis, when the 
 cows aro uUowud to dry oil'. 
 
 (12) Shetland Cattle. 
 
 l\'rha]Ks llio IciLstkiio'vn nuv of cattle in (Ji'fal llrilain is tlic Slict- 
 laml, which is by 110 iiKMU.s il liirjic oiii', ami is almost «'iitir«'ly in the 
 hamls oC one fuvat iiolilomaii, tlii- Maii|iiis of LoihIoimIchv . Woaiv 
 unable to obtain an illustration of the caitlf. but \\^^ arc iinbditcil to 
 to iMr. Biydon, the poimlar steward of the iiian|iiis, for the followin;,' 
 ])iirticulai's. He says: 
 
 I am unable to fjive stafisticH as to tli.' capahilities in the dairy of the .•Shetland 
 cattle, hut I know that when widl fed they are piod milkers and' that the milk 1- 
 
 rich. We use thein ehiellv for niii'si 
 
 breed 
 
 iiieiir, I rcmeniliei 
 
 ilv 
 
 es, .iiiil we Ciniiot ;;et ctiws of ailV (ith 
 
 II W llicll tliey do NO well. I can ;,'ive Inis of instances of this, but, at llie I 
 
 one in particular. We had on the farm a lilt!.- .Shetland 
 
 calved alioiit the 1st of .Inne.and as she Keemcd to have a lot of milk 
 other calf and made her nurse the jiair, liotii calv.'s were sold 1 
 eleven mouths old, and the pair realized £4", tli.' pnivlnisrr l» 
 course the cow liad cak.' and meal diiriii;; the winter. The tii 
 
 cow Wlllrii 
 
 \ We prociiretl .-111 
 
 >> anetioii win n 
 
 ■ciii;; a liiifehcr. <u 
 
 land by a Sliortliorn bull also mak 
 
 es a very ;;ood cow. 
 
 si cros,s from .-i 8hci 
 
 fhe niiiire home of the .Shetland calile is, as luiKht be supposed, the .Sbel 
 
 I'tJ \l'Mll>ll (It'll l'>t-ll.>4'...l 1...* .._.. *'H"1F''*» l**,.i — .. . . '* ' 
 
 Isles, which ;il<' situated liet 
 
 1 
 
 slate beiii^' the prevailing,' format 
 
 >ii' west loii^'itiide. The mcks are all |uiniar 
 
 CPU o'.fJ ,M' and r,iH .^,1' north latitiid. 
 
 Old (I '11' ami 
 
 .1,'iieiss, ;;ianile, i|ii.irl/, and sloi 
 
 tho old I'l 
 
 iiidsti 
 
 nd 
 
 s, but 111 some ]iurts there is a coarse varietv ol 
 
 )ieal, though there are ^'Piierall 
 
 c(in;,'lomeiafioii. .\ ;,'reat part id' the smf 
 
 ■overed wit! 
 
 hi'di. only one in il 
 
 W llol( 
 
 y >,'roen patches close to tin- soa. 'J'he bills ar 
 
 111 winter and lower in sii 
 
 roup measuring' l.Kio Oet. ' The tempeiatiin 
 
 stated as •{' 
 
 and sjiriu^'. the isliuids present a bare, barr 
 
 inmerthai. that of the Scoftish 111:1 
 
 O IKil 
 S l)i;;l|c I 
 
 (Jrass );rows luxuriantly for a 'nut I 
 
 inland, tlie mean beiiii: 
 iiiie in Slimmer, but in wiiitei 
 
 The 
 
 cattle have a hanl life of it th 
 
 en iipprariini'e, 
 
 milk, that bein;: kept for other purposes. In '<piin;j tl 
 
 roiiiih, and as calves they scarcely ^ct 
 
 aiiv 
 
 .„,. . ■,.■.■ . -, u'y are so reduced with iioveru 
 '^'"ji-t time on coarse kee,>m;.kes them look llesh aiidwell. 1 
 
 that 
 
 <'ome round, and yet 
 
 huve seen tllem tliri 
 
 As may be expei led. the I 
 but if well fed w 
 
 1 01 
 
 I pasture where other and tiiier.|,ied call 
 
 leatnienl to u In 
 
 Ih: 
 
 voHU" Mil 
 
 ••cciHiir ^ei\ liilie 
 
 .|e,-(, 
 
 le rollld not ll\i 
 sllints Iheil LTIoWlll 
 
 l-.vi Wnii olii. I liieedn. 
 
 f...[ 
 
nil; iiNrn:i» kiNui»oM. 
 
 113 
 
 lion til ,'i4i mill 
 
 ;;l' i>l cuwrt .'il, 
 
 Ki' ItrilijL; iiliiiiit 
 
 lillllN, if It'll 
 
 U'li |i<iiiiiiU at 
 
 II III livi' liver 
 
 vi'iir.s wliicli 
 
 I'll Mti'l'l N .'llil'M 
 
 IT Kill |iiii.iiiK. 
 Il' (I'll llllllltlls, 
 
 lir Hill III' I III' 
 ;. liiiiiii;,', Ai\, 
 
 Uiku i'|i)\ 11 N. 
 ii;; ami lin-ak- 
 
 I IIMII pIllW ," 
 
 iiLT ilhi^tialr.s 
 
 III of I'l'l'llill;; 
 
 riiiiiiiiiiii, viz ; 
 ■<■< ill ilirliiNi'it 
 mil till' iiiiilillc 
 'ii'il M|i li,\ I III- 
 'il III cnvi'lril 
 I' ca.M'M .viiiiii;^; 
 iiili:^ till (','trl\ 
 ii'M III' (ln> rail' 
 
 Ills. whtMl till' 
 
 till- ."ilii'llillnl 
 t till- milk I- 
 III" any ntlu i 
 I, at till' iiiii- 
 iil I'liw wliii h 
 
 • |i|iii'iir«'(l an 
 iiicliiiii «Iii !i 
 liillrlliT. * i| 
 
 In nil a Sill I 
 
 tIii-.Sli«-tlaii.l 
 ml (I W ami 
 (/, ami stiiiir 
 INI' varii'tv ipI 
 invi-rcd with 
 iiills aril imi 
 
 nil' is lli^^lirl 
 
 • ini'aii lii'iiii,' 
 
 • lit in wiiiti I 
 
 (I ») Wksi' IlKiiii.AMir.i; Caiti.k. 
 
 As ;» tllllkiT, |M»Nsil)|y llir Wr.sl Ni;rlil;ilHl 
 
 i'V ritw liiis not niiicli of h 
 s <'X<i'nliii;;ly rirli, aiiii tln< 
 
 H'lmtaliitii, vet wlinlrvcr milk slir yivt-s j 
 
 iiit-ii wlio iin^ ituhmI ill 11 Hi-lilaiMl «I(mi,oii ;,'(mh| \V«'sriii-|iliimi 
 
 anil some outiiM'al haiuiocks, have iitlN' jiii|«mmI t 
 
 In its luM'f, as is wt'II kii 
 
 o <'«iiii|ilaiii a 
 
 iMtllt. 
 
 fi-fiiin 
 As 
 
 own, il is thf Ih-si io lie t'oiiiul in tli«> |,«»nil 
 
 iiiaikj't, and always cuniinaiMls as i.'a<lv a sal.- as tin- ln-st Slioitl., 
 llcivroids.dallcMvays, or iNdlcd. TIhmij:1i tin- West Iliu'lilaiHlcrs t'l 
 
 iH'lhT on tlii'ir nalivf hcatli, tlicv do v 
 
 vv\ well in tlu' Soiitli, ami 
 
 ot'tlK'iiadmiicis Iiav«^ displactMlt lie deer Itom their | 
 
 «»n 
 
 lOl'tlS, 
 
 iiivr 
 many 
 
 liitfd I lie slia;:;:y iH'asl, thus i 
 
 in tilt' lli^ddands. Tlicy art' tl 
 
 I'ffcli lictlcr |»iiccs in I hi' market than woidd tl 
 
 ):irks and snltMti- 
 ev isin^r to, some extent the present |»r<M'ess 
 
 MIS ornann-ntal as well as uselid, and 
 
 liie iM.ints ofthe West Highlanders I 
 
 le savorv venison. 
 
 An 
 
 lave never heeii laid down, it niav 
 
 he well to},'iveliere the opinions of all the noted Ineed 
 suiiie sii^'ht history of tin" most noted lieids. 
 
 rh,niirt,risliisnf West llujhUiu.l vottU.-'Vhv head sliould l,e l.eaiiti- 
 Inlly proportioned to the rest of the animal; the line head with a I 
 nitl ol hair on it ; the nostrils full : the eves lai^e and lioiiid TheT 
 
 should I.e a pro|.ortionale l.rea.ltl twixt the jawl.ones Lehind (o the 
 
 !;iii;e loreliead in front. The I 
 what IS railed blood to tl 
 
 ers, to;;etlier with 
 
 "•;;•' 
 
 Ilic 
 
 iieail, 
 
 iiielinin;,' forwards and upwards; in tl, 
 lip with a .-raeefnl slope. Some breeders do not 
 
 lorns should be h'nj,'tliy, and showing 
 M" very point ; they should come level out of 
 
 use 
 
 upwards, bein;: <»f oiunion that the I 
 
 le cow they should rist- 
 caro lor the horns to 
 
 Nitertion in u cow's horns is«)f two kimi 
 
 prel'ir them tiM'ome out level from the headVwit'l 
 
 ess rise there i.s the better. 
 s, aeeordin;; to taste, but 
 
 sonn- 
 
 curve 
 
 and 
 
 I wider sweep. In the Imll the I 
 
 •Miiiii;:. and what is termed sappy 
 
 I il |tecnliar baek set 
 lorn should be decidedly 
 
 home are of «)piiiiiin that when tl 
 
 K'lii droop.s suddenly from the erown to where the npwanl 
 iiiciices It IS a siyii of weak baek. Th 
 
 le 
 
 eiirve com 
 
 e cow s horns rise .sooner from tin 
 eserviii}; their substance ami rich col 
 
 head and are a little lon^'er, pr 
 
 III I he \ci\\ lips, 
 il"' lie. k should in len;;th he prop,)rtionate, clean below, and 
 ■im.u astiai-rht linetr.un the head to the .shoulder. I 
 
 or 
 
 iiii'ii 
 
 lie 
 
 it should be fully develop,.,!, and the bulls shotihl j 
 
 III cows 
 n point of thick 
 
 tl 
 
 hiMil 
 
 Icr shoidd be thick and i 
 
 ic iMiiiit to the lower extremitv of the i 
 
 inmeiisely tilled out d 
 
 ia\ e 
 
 a I'lest 
 
 own wards trom 
 
 Till- I 
 
 M 
 
 •k, from the very back of tl 
 
 ore arm. 
 
 '"ii'|'l''l •l''\clopinent, what Jnd;:es call '• plain ";'il 
 
 le shoidder. slioidd have a fiillv 
 
 iiiHl the .sh, Milder, as if you liad tied a st 
 
 jcclioiiahl 
 
 tl 
 
 Acr 
 
 »ss th 
 
 Ml is, a hollow be 
 riii;r about it, is exceedin;,dv ob 
 
 iM'lli; 
 
 ij's Itackwaiils the (piarters shonlil I 
 
 c hips there should be;,'ical breadth. whih''f 
 
 om 
 
 lavea very lar;;e developmenl, 
 
 l>';i'e betwixt the hip,s and the tail and bet\vixt"he tail 
 
 'ii'id feet. Asin the fore .shonlder.s, t hi- I „ 
 
 ;''|'n;;nse.levclopment. The tail .shouM be thick and 
 
 linil tln<rlis should I 
 
 and the 
 lave an 
 
 '"";" <'• liair haiiL^iii- down f 
 
 sfroiij:. with a full 
 
 llie t 
 
 owards the t^roiiiid. The l»one, boti 
 
 :':;;,r;;lli'"yir:.r'?'!i''' I"' •'r•^^•--^ -''i >^t=-;:>.. ".i.M 
 
 "JiV and well set on, and the l.-s feathered with 1 
 
 I III 
 
 I'lOl.' 
 
 ■'•at i.ieadth betwixt the fme h-^'.s. and tl 
 
 lair. 
 
 Ther 
 
 e should 
 
 Willi {.Meat diunityof 
 
 'II!. 
 
 iiiticd .stvleof 
 
 motion; imbed, unless 
 
 carria;,'!', he will have small ehan< 
 'Ihe hair should be loii;;^ with a 
 
 le animals .shonid w.ilk 
 m animal posse.s.ses this 
 
 111 tlif .show lin 
 
 ^""'' '" it i. a decided lault-V and "shonid 
 
 cs of winning; jui/.e 
 rraccfiil wa\'e in it — 
 jMKSM'.ss much bloom. The 
 
141 
 
 catiij: .\m» haiuv iakmino. 
 
 h 
 
 liH'k of Wiivf ill ilif li.iir is (•(tiisidcn d |u It 
 
 of ||m> IIMIllt'l II Ih'kIs, 
 
 :i ;^n'ii( nhjcrlion iti iiijinv 
 
 \sii nil.', thr ((.lot Is lilack. Imt liisliion now runs uu \ 
 
 <liiiiM iiiid (Ml III iiitll 
 
 fllcwsor liylil 
 
 cs. A wt'll iiri:iii;;('(| licnl slioiiltl Iiavt- a iiii\( 
 
 ndors, iivoi(liii,'4' all tliosc wliicli iiKlicah' iinjualiiiv il 
 riiarkcd i»rni(llt(| Imll is. Iiiiw.xci,, all liiiiij^s I 
 
 lll\ (IS, 
 
 Ml- ut 
 
 A well 
 
 to l)cal ;if aii.v iiuitlifin show. 
 tiTsayiiliist llii;|ilaiMlns Im-iiij; mat kcil all 
 
 )('ni;,'ci|iia!, il tlitliciilt on* 
 \ model II pii'indit't' cmsIs in siiiii«M|iiai 
 
 0\«'|' " itii u llill- Spul,. 
 
 Tl 
 
 i<'\ 
 
 iio not (•oiisidcii'd. Iiovvvcr, to In- of i!ii|iiiiv i>loni|, and Mr. Stcwarf. o'l 
 
 Ti;,di Diiin. one of lliooldi-sl and ahli-st aiillioiit 
 
 US, is ot o|iiiiiiiii iijcy 
 
 \v('iv looked upon liy all l.iv.-i|..is as marks of pinitv or siiperiorit 
 rossihlv. loo. Ii*> thinks that when the .V.vrshiics cami' iiilo thr Ili-lV 
 
 fss jdit', arose. ,\s n-.Lrards (he 
 o\v .vaid r('|ireHentativ«'.s, 
 
 iiiiids I he prejn dice, whieh is a seinil 
 ihseiice of (he wave in (he coat of i jeili si 
 
 il is lu'ld that it is (o lie a 
 
 ft'onntt'd for l»y the ^jrowiii^' desire to iiial 
 
 lli;;hlaii(iers yrow i»i;r, and fron, too kiiidlv treat 
 
 I'osed the animal is the hetd-r thtes his h.iirui 
 
 liieiit. 
 
 e 
 he liiiHe cv 
 
 • w. The whole poiiit.sof 
 
 theaiiiaial have to b,. eoiisidel.-d, ilidee.l. in thf li;;lit that he his | 
 
 iiiiiKe 
 
 I liviii;;iii il bun" and Storm evposed loeahly ; ll 
 
 to thrive where a Polled Anunsoi 
 
 lion of thickness of skin, where fat. i 
 
 111 AviNhirc utMild star 
 
 i;il, indeed, he ha.- 
 
 h 
 
 »' iples- 
 
 Nith'iation ; its in olliei- 
 
 s one winch is not left oiif of c.n 
 
 miinais, tin- sweetest heef heiiif^-. as a rule, that 
 
 niider (he thinnest .skin. Iiii( a West IliohJaiider witirVoo (hill a' sj 
 would nor (lirive well oil (he side of 
 
 'r!ioii;:li the West Ili-hl.iiid 
 
 il wiini swell 
 
 hill. 
 
 vlll 
 
 er IS not a yood milker, she as ii rule ;jl. 
 
 ways -ives ('iimi-h iind more to suckle her e;ilf, which is iilh.w.-d ( 
 
 l»y her side till far on in (hi- aiiiii 
 
 o run 
 
 iire .uciii'rally housed from tl 
 
 mil. when It IS we;ined. (^»ws ((Mtalf 
 
 ry, accor.imi; to (he weather and dates of ealvii 
 
 le end of Xovemlter to the middle of .liinii 
 
 ciitfle, possiidy, (h) |)i.(ter wli 
 
 |,LJ. Voiiii;; iind yeahl 
 
 ter erected in (he liehh. Tl 
 
 en wintered oiK wi(h open siieds forshe! 
 
 housed at ;ill, mil 
 
 well if ji little hay is juiveii th 
 
 loiisiinds. !!ideed, in 
 
 some localities are never 
 
 ess snow is deep, iind even then they thrive tolenihl 
 
 I hit ol' woudland or the projecting- side «*»f 
 
 t'm, iind (hey have .some li((le shelter ( 
 
 roiii 
 
 in ill .Miiy (hey iire fed iipon'st 
 
 some hill. When first put 
 
 lifter cah in-, iipmi ineadow 1 
 
 liiw (kr the coarsest of the meadow hiiv 
 
 liiiest bloom tlu' West lli;iililand 
 
 i;i.v siipidemeiitcd with tiirnijis. Wlieii'iu' 
 
 is {,'eiieriilly in the three last months of tl 
 tlieii at its best, and he loo|. 
 iiiid wrestle Willi the iiortii wind. 
 
 IIS indeed a perfect pictiii(>; and thiit. 
 
 le veai. 
 
 il 
 
 cs «'\erv M 
 
 IS coat of hair is 
 
 leh tl monarch, prepiired to (l^'ht 
 
 ■oss 
 
 iblv 
 
 w 
 
 race 
 
 on the nVher pii.sturesof the Lowhmds he would not hmk 
 
 ell. vStill ;it all (inies lie hioks bv fir tl 
 
 so 
 
 lM)r piuks he therefore is in 1,^00(1 d.-maiid. and 
 
 le may tind a |ioiim> in everv d 
 
 le most noble of the boviu 
 it is possible (hat 
 
 nice becomes well the 
 
 the Ili^dihiiids he h;!.-' I 
 
 emesne where his |.ictiires.pie iippciir 
 
 woodland scenery. No doubt 
 
 in iiiiiny places of 
 
 II siipplanted by the Ayrshire, >Shortl 
 
 and the Polled, but where herba^re [^ ,i,j„ '.i,,,, 
 
 be snm,. moiuitaincerin- to o-,!t it, Douiild l;iiidlie"ami"T) 
 
 "111 hold their own. It wms tho 
 
 lander would have well suited tl 
 
 lorn. 
 
 scant and there has t(» 
 ,.. ,, , . •"' -"I'l I>iinc;iii K'liadh 
 
 \\as thoii-ht by nmny thiit the West Iljuh- 
 
 iiiited (here is not iininiiils ( 
 
 le ranches of America, but wl 
 
 so to speak, but to promote (he (en<! 
 
 o incrciise the wciitlier det 
 
 lilt is 
 .\inir (pialities, 
 
 possessin.if many of tl 
 lander is iioicd. 
 
 eiicy to make beet, t he I'exan sto«'l 
 
 powers of .Midurance for winch the West Ili-l 
 
 Xotnl hn;(s of HV.s/ IliqhUmd vatih.—i)^ tl 
 
 IMCsenl iire kepi very "pure in the lli;;hiaild 
 K<i.s.sic belon-iii- to Lord Kinimird. This herd 
 
 le most noted herds which 
 
 s may lie mentioned (hiit 
 
 \\:is foiiiied lour \ear.-. 
 
THK ITNITKI) KINODOM. 
 
 145 
 
 III III many 
 
 WMor U'^Ui 
 iiiivtiirc III' 
 . A well 
 illii'iilt one 
 ^t>iiiiM|iiiir 
 nis, 'riic,\ 
 <l<'\var( , of 
 iiiinii they 
 ipt'i ioiily. 
 tlir lij;;ii 
 •.i,^! I Ills tlu', 
 It'll tiitivfs, 
 V lo iiiiik<< 
 ' iit(ir«' t'\ 
 ■ poiiitsMl' 
 lir li IS lo 
 I'll, III- lias 
 riif fjiH'.s- 
 
 llf of cull 
 illir, licit 
 till a skill 
 
 a I'lilt' al 
 
 I'll to I'llll 
 
 vs to vmW 
 ol 'laiiii 
 ml .vcald 
 lor slirl 
 ire iit'vcr 
 (olt'ialdy 
 IttT troiii 
 first put 
 ow hav ; 
 WIkmi ill 
 aiKl that 
 r liair is 
 
 to (l^'llt 
 
 t look so 
 1^ hoviiu! 
 ililt' tliat 
 appear 
 places of 
 iirlliorii, 
 (• lias l(» 
 I K'liadli 
 ^t ni;;l|. 
 what is 
 iialitit's, 
 111 stock 
 si Ili<,^h 
 
 Is wliich 
 iimI that 
 111 Nfar.s 
 
 ii-o on tin- ilisprrsion of ilic tainoiis I'riur licnl, on tlio Klfii May, IHTS, 
 i,\ tilt' pnrchasc oIhoiiii' of the licsl of that old Itlood. A lu-irli older 
 
 lorn 
 w 
 
 lititl is that ot Pollalhx'h, which was formed as far hack as . V'M, 1. 
 -lock purchased at Castle CraiKnish and in the islainl <»f Shiina. Tl 
 
 iiiiiial sale of the l'ollallt>eli draft alfordH opptntuiiitie.s to hrenlen. 
 who iiiny wish to estalilish sjinilar herds. 
 
 At Ilcmiitire there is also a tamons henl wjiicli was f.nnied in tlic 
 veais IST.I and ISTiJ, by selection from the then famttiis herd of Mr. 
 .I<|iin Stewart. Mochaslle, ralleiider, iiiclntlin« the celehrated Itiill Don- 
 ,11 ladh l!an Nan Oian and the cow IMirisiay: •Jnd. Tin* former won 
 the lirxt prize at the 11 i},'h land Society's SIm>w at Ki|iiil(iir;;h in IS77. 
 and also tlrst prize at the ^ifat show in Paris. The cow mentitined 
 
 >.. won lirsf honors wherever exhihitetl, and her victories include a 
 iiist piizeat I'aris. While at the latter exhibition the faintnis hull waH 
 ;hliiiired hy h'tj.sa Monheiir, who mihsequenllv painted Ids portrait for 
 Ml. Duncan. 
 
 The Mreadalhane licrd which was «lisp«'rsed in isiij, on tlu^ death of 
 the late inartjiiis. was reforinetl under the late earl in 1S71, witli pur- 
 cliase (d" some stoc.v at the I'rlar sale mentioned. Trlar IteiiiK iiitleed 
 
 rIostMo Taymoiith ("aslle. Some t.f tl Id lireadalhane <-ows wern 
 
 also . secured l>y Mr. Diiiiii. hi.s lonlship'.s manaj^erat Kenmt»re MiduH, 
 iii.so the second piiz.^ Hi,, iiid aiitl a-ncnltiiral hull Os.ian. bred hy 
 tiic Diikc of Athole. Since thtn the herd has been increased l»y ncv- 
 cral selections from the I'.ochastle ami I'oltalloch henls, thi^ |)reH«nt 
 carl taking; an interest in it. 
 
 Aiimiifjs! oHier nt)ted hiTtls are thiHe t»f the Duke td' Atlndc. F.ord 
 
 1 '"<•';'• '"^li- Stewart, Duntulm. .Mr. Stewart, td" Ti^h Dnin, Killin, 
 
 In one of an enlhusiastic family ul' breeders who have .stuck to the West 
 lliLfliiaiider for several p'lierations. Inth-etl the history td" tlu» West 
 Ili^lilaiider is interwoven with that »d"tlie family. 
 
 That the West I li;:hlaii.ler has a lutuic before it many },'oo.| iut|;,'e.i 
 think, its beef is the richest in the market, ami in these" tiavs of (|uan 
 tity. i|iiality iscerlainly worthy of consideratitui. A herd bo(">k is beiii" 
 pit lip tor them by l.onl Dnninoie. and, thoiij;h its (Jaclit' may l)e af- 
 iiinsf llIltran^latabIe, in the Ion;,' run it will HpreatI its poptilaritv. Tlui 
 \\est lii^dilaiider, y:rainl as he is. d " ' 
 
 hiiicher. ami Mr. Dykes adndts that although "this is tl 
 
 hroii-lif back to liis ancient self anion;,' Scottish cattle nobility," ami 
 .Yearly the womler of the Londoner at the annual Smithliel.l exhibit 
 
 Mr. Driimnioiid Moray, of lllair D 
 liilti'er of the race, hiivs: 
 
 DCS not yet suit tlie views <d' (he 
 
 le case he is bein;; 
 
 is 
 
 iiuis. 
 
 lummond. Stirling', a famtma e.\- 
 
 lli:;lilaii<l <iitll« lire tint l.rc.l lirr.>, Imf urr 1 1'li 
 
 lll'lltllsclij (,.| till- |Mir|KI'l' 111 I 
 
 111^' latlriird. 11,-itiTs at t 
 
 I'll! til ,it fmiii •■i;,»liffcii to fliirfv 
 
 viaiMWill, with (.niiiiarv |V.|,|int,' and -J |><hiiiiIh df cal. 
 
 iiHMitlw, l.tii ii|i t(»ri or .%i cwt. I'liat is t! 
 
 xhiiiirliliTt'ii ami lilt 
 
 ailihticiiial raku iliiiiiij; tlii> lawt tl 
 
 If ui;.- lit' ilin-n ami n half 
 jirr iluy liir thn la«t thi«'t< 
 ..•iiiK 
 
 wii^fht ot' till- I ai'iiHs »t lii'.-faftrr I 
 
 Mwil.^ Oxiii ol'llii. Haiiii'at'i'aml ti-.| m tli.- simi.. \va\ . with ik littl 
 •••' i>r Inni 111. .lit hs, will r.-.'il tip to fully 7 I \vt. of 
 
 1, . ,■ ..., , . " , . .■-... II-., 1,111 II .<t II I III iiiliv ( I Wt. Ol 
 
 ::.;:!. I ';-;>•; ;;'''Kl't« ■■">._ Ih. atlam.il at at. .■atli.f ,,..,i.„| l.y ^mv,„>; li..tt.;r fm„| ami 
 
 ir wii;;lit« may III' viiv iiiiii'h iiirri'aH»>il l>v ktM-iiiiiu 
 
 lit ...^ .. ^..1.. :• 1 - . *• . . * . • .^ 
 
 imiiiiiciHiiii,' till- ittki. rarliiT, or 1 1 
 
 "II till' aiiitiial.N I'm aiinihiT yi'ar, liiit .i 
 
 "It li'.' t-taHM Nvh,.|, thry aii'" alum t tlir.i- ami a liaUy.ars i.'|i|.'"'".Ma, 
 
 liiaU.ir iIkn l.iicl luiM- l.r.-ii It'll h.iv lotxiiiuv |mi|Mm,..s, tl 
 ^lall;;lllt•rt•ll laiiif up to p.'tir l;ii wf. tif lifif, Imt tl 
 
 H a rill.' It ^lays lust to fattiii lli-liltmil taftlo 
 
 ny iMelliMit aiii- 
 
 viaiN "III iif a imiiitli nr two mmf 
 
 ■|'l 
 
 m \vtij>ht tif whiili wIhmi 
 rsi. wfiv nfiiiTally four uml a hull 
 
 will-luiifiifti llinhlaml ii.v iMUfarlv twi»-tl 
 
 If piopmiion of liftf to thi> livt< w 
 
 •■ij^hf of a Koixl, 
 
 iitNof thf«i,iy;lit. TJi.Miiiiinaldari-haril 
 
 "iiil altfi Ihf lii>t wiiitiT^wlu'ii thfV n1hiiiI,| I..< hoiisnl) TlifV tl 
 "itiiatuui, hut wlifii thf.v K«'t into kooiI romlitiou th.'v Hhouhl I 
 pri-Vfiii th(« lo«N t.f ili'xh ill colli wi.athtT. N. 
 jMXtfN ill thJH iliHtiii't, ami I m-vi<r huw tl 
 
 nvi> ill any Mhi'lt«T«'tl 
 K' put iiitit courfH tl) 
 
 til' of thitt hriMMl art' u^il for draft pnr 
 
 H. Kx. Til iO 
 
 una 80 used anytvlu'rw 
 
/) ' 
 
 if III 
 
 i I ii 
 
 146 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMhNO. 
 
 3ir. Janics Dnncan. whose lionl at I 
 
 to, gives us some ftirth 
 
 My IIij,'blau(l cuttle an 
 rate tbo jalvea t'roiii th 
 
 or inlormatioi;. Ho sav 
 
 ieiimoro lias been already referred 
 
 kept I 
 
 yet ttie finality of it and of that 1 
 Highland oattlo ans never nnd 
 
 ;Tri::::.!i!'y''^:':;'"j':";;'''"«i'"n'oseH. id 
 
 Alrh(ini,'h I ("innof tcil h 
 
 111 the llij,'hland caft! 
 
 !•>«• iniicli milk 
 
 over; tl 
 
 lo not sopa 
 niv cows irivo 
 ! ^•'*['^" i» P-n-Tal is very 1 ne' 
 liardyaud will livo wli..r.;,..i 
 
 grasses are „ati^;:■an;l i^ wimj; the rmi'!"7'""'r'' "" "'" '""'* *" S^' V^' - T^ 
 niaster of Blantyro haa sucS-j ™kh. Md^ '".?," """' """•■• ' ^'^''- The 
 fact that they produce the tiuestbe^\^Qi!'^^;l'^['^'' \T^ I*'' " ^^•^'" '^""w^-' 
 the western fanners to ^ive then, a tr al as >,„ .,.?•/ •' '" ,'' ''' ' "•'^■''*^'«' *>'ao ( f 
 than the t^horthorn ; for instance nti'.p. V -^ *''■■*''''*•''•■' '''''.V """!<1 «!.» farljen..r 
 they would do verv well hnt wh'r " ,''1 ^"" '^■>' -V"»"t-'iins an.l in some f the • f 
 a n^istake in my opinion' to iuJo .;';;;,'; '^'7 '"''"f' "•';«"• '■'■.> «.ass i't w.. /'^^^ 
 
 ner as other cattle. " "'"* '" ^I'^" l'«'s.>sand fed an.l h.n.lled in the s':;^^ mau"" 
 
 given us the iollowin. i.artieuluvC in ^-pU- !'^ ''^^^'^^■•"•••' ^^ ''^^ ''••« kindly 
 
 topZ^^ZJ:''' ""•"' '^^''-«« r-"- "Hnilk per cow I „,1 ,h , 
 
 straw and tnin „: I r '''.''"'- '" '''■'''''I'^ilK Imt , , 'nV ? ' " "■'"^♦''■' ''-ive open 
 and as toSlll^,, .h^! n?^ S 1"" "- ---'"a ' iron 't wo^l/.hr' '" "'"'- 
 mthe WestHi^hhndV' ' .V ^;./ "''">' '\""^''l ui winterni our ,ar . . , '■••'■'''"^«'''; 
 meadow hav. " ''"'"■^'''•^ '"•l<^omare houM-.l, hnt ,n ^to^ v , 'iV ''''"''''■•V' ^^''t 
 „ • ^""> ^^'•''''•■rtheyurof..don 
 
 go.u, to act as the a,e:,t of ili^C^l ^ ivtV^" P '" '"'^''-"' '-'^^ 
 
 , Jl"-* lire,.,; i n,ana,...d nnd.r .. .....:.._ . ' '' '^^' ' "' '"•3--^ 
 
 Vlore selliu 'them t( i , " •^"""" '■"f'-and k.vnj,". ,,7'''"- '"''"•' '--r hree,!- 
 This Hp|,lM^s"to J • "■''■7';' l'''^l<^andKo.t!, 7, '':.'"'"" l'"" '" '^^o yea s 
 
 witha^horrhorn; if ;;;;;: '^""'"k^. i'.iew^:::,ri''j-v'-'att:.ned. 
 
 and hem- .i..vored to n , "■■"■'"" '» f-'""<l < alf are V,f.. ,'" ''::'"-' "•'• erovs^-d 
 
 ^apH,Hnpossiideto.d "; /r'i;;;V"V'i'r'^^''---'>''^-^»^^^^ 
 
 avera-e yiH.l of min, i ' ' '^"''" '^'•""l'* any re'i', ,|. ^ l'"n«"*eH. it is, .kt 
 
 and lood giyen when Z^ '^^'" '^''^■^ "f the .ni.aals var J ' r,","" l"' » «iven 
 ihecoWsmatnreatlivev^a^H,.M , "*"' "'''"'i? to the shelter 
 
 Bulls ureat m.-.tniitv /."••'""' «<''«h GdMon,. nft. 
 
 horns r; the proportion of L '" "' *•"' "'•■"•I "eL^ht ''.'"'•.""• l"r"ier weighintr 
 
 the valley- is dpU loam ' Tf "" •''"'vni- af npi hI V.. ' .'" '*'•"" «-!r.a! the j^h.-.r/: 
 
 -Pio-a^J.thaton the higher .ronmiV'a'^h/n;;,:.''''''^'' "-' "'"-'"» 
 
 '""""verin« of ,i,y friable 
 
 t ' V w 
 
iilready rt'ferreU 
 
 '•<■ I <lo not 8««pa 
 iilk my cows pivo 
 nnal is very line.' 
 I livu \vln.rt'(>flitT 
 n Sooflijiid. Tho 
 'kt I :i,sli<'.H. Tlio 
 ti^iiweii known 
 advised 8(>ui(j „^- 
 "iiMdo far Ij.-f ter 
 '""""f'tiK. j.lains 
 lUNs it would bo 
 
 tJiereih only one 
 i that is tlio ex- 
 
 I, savs, ill aii- 
 
 fyfoiir to thirty 
 '»T and Uitohef. 
 ixt, and (her,, is 
 •r, aid t.'it'y will 
 IT ci.id thero is 
 •out fotir years 
 lat of tin, luilis 
 r IS about two- 
 ''•'in;; Used for 
 ' t!ie>anifniau- 
 
 raco, and wo 
 ^ lias kindly 
 
 'ho quantity 
 
 ,'irth, whilst a 
 ■feet. Oxen 
 'i feet. Tho 
 Tiitiire of tho 
 «l<)r "shii.aro 
 -'attlo arc not 
 ♦T, have open 
 "I in winter 
 ree. years old; 
 country, but 
 i»'y are led on 
 
 »"»«>'i>,' the 
 Hid hcforo 
 
 ' t for breed- 
 " twn years 
 i''"tattened. 
 ■Te er.>s.s4-d 
 
 ^V';-*f lIiKh- 
 K, it is, iH'r 
 •he animal 
 'Of a piven 
 'he Mhelter 
 
 ail Weight, 
 r weigh intr 
 
 the !?h»rt- 
 
 'he noil in 
 'Iry friable 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 147 
 
 "il. l.artiv l..inj{on >vhin-stone f tran roek- ^ ..„ 1 »i m- 
 
 ..,.;„, t.-nq,erature in mmuuh., is m .[,;- "'''''' ^^ '■"*''''•'' '''''''''I--' on granite Th« 
 
 Mth »„ o-.en .bed. I.n, i„ «<„,„. ,.s.V«e ;'''•■'''•'■'''>■'''••''•■< sheltered i:r.Mm 
 "l;.. .Ives have, he sa.n.. ho„si g T h e ft 1 ' "'' '" """^•■'*- ll.r.M.^jb flew . .1 
 i'l.lV alter the Nf .,r lioii.rv T. ' """*''""* of bog or meiil..«- .. ' 
 
 r'-.uu „„, y.,.r old. and'Vn'i „v Jz:::;!i:!' ;[:t' '•''"'- "- -t";:" ::, ^^vr;: 
 t'^L-^i'i--.;-^;--^^^^^^ 
 
 n^hi.::;;::!!?^;;::;;-;;;;;,^::'!;;-^;;^^ ^u. n.v.r .....ds t.... west 
 
 •""" '"How tlion, at loot in siunn r t • , .' '^ ""''' ^''*" '"•'^^•S 
 
 a "HI hr.-d '•..«•, KM-wt f . 1 xv. M ,' ^'"'' "Vi-ra^-c live we .rht <;,,. 
 
 -' -'li A"i ox ;.t tb.:; a;^:';U ■:;v;:;.'!;"';;^' '-•>' ^''''•' ^' -HNhm 
 
 :•' "•* •"•" ^nostly bred and not uVl th^ ^ ,. '' ''"■^•. "'''''^- ^^'"•'•'- the 
 
 ^""'"al.s ar. ushI for draft p .r ots of w hi 'I' m'"'!'''- ''^'""^" «''" ^ho 
 an-l as to housinff, he .stato.s that M ' mvs .r '^''- '^'''""'""^ ''^ ''"'^"-'N 
 also that tlie ealve.s are put in in\ ter II '" ''T'' '"'"■"^''<'. ^"k' 
 
 ai"ltvv<.yearoM.s winterouiteV.^ J 11 V '' •^"'"' ••'''; »>"t th.. ImlU 
 
 sohl when two yeans old. '"^^^1*^ t"">^' <«>r l»ree<Im- are ^t'lieraliy 
 
 (It) (lALLowAv Cattle. 
 
if 
 
 11^^ 
 
 mf 
 
 148 
 
 CATTLE AN'D DAIRV FARMING. 
 
 iiiiifr to see that tlu- hrced possesses <;rear merits 1 
 larity. In LSdl Mr. MeComl 
 
 iionrie its "rrowi 
 
 with (lalloway aiiiinais bred l)v the I) 
 
 itMv.iii both at Siiiithfield and I 
 
 ng popn- 
 
 3Ir. James Cinininefl 
 
 like of JJiieeli'iicI 
 
 'irmiiiirhain 
 
 I : and in l.S7'> 
 
 lani w.iii a prize with a heifer hred l.v Air. I 
 
 of Chapelton, whieli had i»revioiisiv tak.-n ti 
 
 '|^'J,^•lr. 
 
 had a Wetter name in the ^..Hd en r v/",/tv\ !^* ''l '"'^l'''' '■"^^''• 
 ent has simply beeaus. n.ore was h.,J .,;;,; ^/''r' ' ''' T'' 
 nimt. It, a.hlsMr. (iillespie, the bneers I ..;•,. ''''l''^'-'' "'•'''• 
 
 rains to maintain the pres i^e of ' ,::k ^ ' ';;;:7>"f'T. ad taken 
 
 inamncinnorelavorai:iepos?ri,.n,an:ii;':!:;^,^^^^ ;^^^ 
 
 cattle the money vah.eof the animals will rapi.llv is ' '" ""'"" 
 
 oitter t;;^;;^;;ij::::.;;x;;^'lj:;'';:'^^ '-'•' ■•-., ,. 
 
 fewisolatedtinmersma/he'l^n" I t t ;^^^ 
 
 bree.l, and were hi;,d,ly valued as hnur[:^n[ ' . ; ^'" > •"•' "" "''i 
 horns were .sometimes ..,.en. Then thT-i ,v .' ' -'•' "''''" ■"^'"■'" 
 
 «tone, hut it is now n,,n-h „.r " ti; -'■ 'T!^'''^ "''-^ <'" '" '" 
 
 wonderfully well nmrbl m1 //^ fi /, ,' j,? ' "'" I' """ '""> 'I'" ".eat is 
 They are l-ro.l inSeotlan, I It.-^l^^ ''^"^: '" =''"HMla,Mv. 
 
 '"to Ent,dand and sold at th H^ ^ / ' "^'f-'"''''^ 
 tolerable in ,uantitv W Vi^^l'^w'TT T' 'V'T'^ ''''"" '"*''< 
 lar^i-ely the en.stom ,o spav Mttr^a , 1 ; V^T "'"''• '"'f '' '• 
 
 sfll n.ore j;eneral. Ti. J ^alej^^^l ?'','''''' Z'''' I"-'<-"- was 
 !lan., but to have onlv one-I a f h'-r ,1k ,; l""";' ''* '"" ^^i"' tli<' 
 .^edbvtl'''h:.''' :.'.''''': '''•'' ^••i''^i>it'>fh.. 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 149 
 
 irro wilier |)oj)„. 
 
 I IJinniMi,'liain 
 : and jn 1.S72 
 V Mr. IJi-jr;,r, 
 
 ill t\w roii,.<i 
 
 l>n>i'(lt'rs ;iie 
 «' iias (|oii<> ill 
 liat tlic rattle 
 lan it at pres- 
 • lisplay tlicir 
 fn liadtakca 
 »\v Iiav«' hi'cii 
 •liir.v to tlifir 
 
 tl<' used for 
 
 alfli(.n-|, a 
 y arc an old 
 
 "liiMi small 
 vii.s (;() to 7(1 
 I 'Iio meat is 
 
 almiidaiicc. 
 
 art' luoii^rlit 
 
 'I'lit' milk, 
 
 •I". I'lit it is 
 
 • act ice was 
 nil witi) tli(. 
 'i: into f|„. 
 t\vic..ad,iy 
 
 ait' f^ranil 
 tiift (.f tin- 
 I'opU' to he 
 aidicr and 
 1' not sncli 
 •■^liortlioni. 
 1» I'loin tlif 
 ' < 'allowav 
 'HTcd tlia't 
 
 it will h.' 
 "Iiictiuii, it 
 as fin- tlif 
 y ai«' also 
 lal. 
 
 'Jozfii cat- 
 at \i,l. p,.,- 
 it. oftju'ir 
 
 '>»'lo|»< tllf 
 
 s and an 
 l''oiir of 
 
 • had l),'ji|i 
 •' 'lianiic r 
 kt's favor 
 ti^'iiiTN if 
 lie 81jort- 
 s weight 
 
 than was estiiimte«J, uiiile in tlie case of the crosses a contrarv return 
 was niiuh'. The following are the details: 
 
 r>i'scrlplion of animal. 
 
 Live weight. 
 
 E«lim«t« a ' Actual car- 
 raii^iiw cant 
 
 weight. Wright. 
 
 r,..llo«aybuJ'ock SU>ni.p<»,ndt. 
 
 I><> ;.'.■.■ .■.■.■."; Ir 7 
 
 Gillovrav hDift-r Ll I 
 
 C'ros.H hullof k L. ' 
 
 I)o •* 
 
 ^<> :::::::::::::::::::::::;;::::::: ^ '2 
 
 -. . 
 
 
 
 Pound 1 
 
 PouniU. 
 
 .VI7 
 
 GU2 
 
 .'>30 
 
 SCO 
 
 557 
 
 .'.!(P 
 
 M9 
 
 .VJ« 
 
 441 
 
 40)» 
 
 44.'5 
 
 4i>3 
 
 3,(Hll 
 
 3. 158 
 
 Second Report on rnr: Galloway Cattle.* 
 
 The Galloway breeders of ICngland and Scotlantl 
 
 of the efl'orts which hav(> 1 
 
 to depreciate their breeds, or to insinuate that 
 
 are justitiably jealous 
 
 ►een made from tune to time by rival breeders 
 
 uate. 1 |!ere can b4> no doubt, however, that the Gallow 
 
 oldest of our j)ure races, and that it has I 
 
 th^'ir orifjin is of rwreut 
 uy is one of the 
 
 tions to a particular type, while it is Indieved to be 
 
 leen bred for ifany penera- 
 
 tliey have contributed in a 
 
 marked decree to the format 
 
 beyond doubt that 
 
 ion and iniprove- 
 
 imn, of- some of the ..ther leading British breeds. At all events it is 
 known that they have enteretl largely in times ^^one by intl» the east c^' 
 
 Kiifrland breeds, more esi)eciallv iiPthosed 
 for I lie Ucd Polls. 
 
 >urin- I he last century the (Jallowav w 
 
 ;iii\ other breed, for it lias I 
 
 lar; 
 
 istricts which are now laimmM 
 
 IS perhaps U'ttcr kiutwn than 
 •y a;;ricul- 
 
 ..,., ,. . ^ , , »♦'•'» very fre.pienfly descrilH'd 1,> , 
 Mtei.s ot that period as a symmetrical beast of hi-h ,,ual 
 one which wa.s ailapted for earlv mat 
 
 i'oii>ideral)le beautv, and 
 
 r.ti.idifv in fattenm- as well as. or perhaiisTK.Vter.'Vh; 
 
 lualily and 
 urity and 
 
 that 
 
 "as then known. Thi 
 
 'lay. and it is t|ie mttre 
 lii'li they t:ra/e are mnch uitV 
 
 •jualiiy they have maintainetl to tl 
 
 tu any other breed 
 
 remarkable, inasmuch as the past 
 
 T'or to those in other parts of tlu 
 
 le present 
 uit's upon 
 
 ir.v wlierc e.|iiall.v fam.)us breeds are bred and fed. At'tl 
 
 coiin- 
 
 I |'\ maintain their position for rapid 
 
 ,1,1 .. , ' • ••" •••|'"« KH»n|i 
 
 tlicv have lor a Ion;; perio«| held a le.idin- pi 
 
 rowth and j^ood leedin 
 
 le present time 
 ami 
 
 "laikets. where thev are not int 
 
 place in the London meat 
 
 :rain of the flesh bei 
 
 reijuently found at a verv earl 
 
 till 
 
 «'l,v marbled with (at. Whetl 
 
 n^' extremely delicate and rid 
 
 aire 
 
 the 
 
 «ins>ed with the lioriied n 
 
 I ill liavor as w»dl as 
 ror not tne breed has at aiiv time I 
 
 vs of Kn-laiid it is dillienlt t 
 
 ,; - ""'^^ ''^'t rontlictin^. the (Jalloway bived... e.„, 
 
 "lH\m- It ami .piot.n- th.- a|.paientlv absurd results wlie 
 i;ivc been obtained bv t'le use on.o,-„...i in.ll. . , .' .^.^'"V 
 
 "'•" ill <rossin- horned li a.sfs with eiti 
 
 c use..! horned bulls, althou^'h it is fWrirottt 
 
 ler the (Jail 
 
 H»eu 
 
 o .s.iy. and the 
 
 • 'IS entirel\ dis- 
 
 I would 
 
 It 
 
 oway or the Aberdt 
 
 
 Ill f.irw.irdit:-; iliisH,-,>„ti.| n-p..rt ,.,i (;,,|| 
 
 lV,s„lsh:„v.:,v:: 1 h,"n. M ;„..; 'w ;;ri'i' ''"'"■• '""''Vf-'i-'-M-.nl. \:,. f.-i. 
 
 ^ <;..ll..wav l.r,..-.| of ,.:.ul" iv.r . ,.':!!:":!!;',.? 'V' I'';;'-'-.".«;;iM>l."Mnt:.l ,..,...r, .,„ tho 
 
 ■ '"'-"r I., truuxint <)!i III,. l!iti, ...-i/., i'...;... '. '\. •«'•■;•••»"" ill. i i,.|H.it »i,i,h 1 iii.l f|„. 
 
 1 »li>' IHtli olF,!,! 
 
 i^iic, tlunks tliis.i.lilitiduald, 
 
 "urv. Mr. Jauit^ U 
 
 it;» »*iK'<i4llv useful. 
 
 »»«, who lui<( |iri-pari.' ti 
 
 10 
 
 
 I 
 
150 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 its skin; but itSbXSl^S'lKZ^"'^^ 
 
 uiff to improve tlie oinhfr nf f lli *^ breeders, win e endeavor 
 
 studiouslv retain^ a ee Sin S •^' *'T^\"'^«"-^ '" tl'^ir jmwer lave 
 considered to l,e ;.l«itL'l'!'l.!l!'5J\".^"^^^ «^«k,n wind, they hav.' S 
 
 s, so that in reality it is 
 owaystocombine/asfar 
 
 considered to be -n-tont with';/;^;rhanlSr tlm in re .T - 
 ., . ,.-.^ii)les of the bree(h'rs of t]Lr^u ^ '" r<':il>t.v it is 
 
 as possible, Ifnality of flesh ^^^haT<^e^Se^^^^^ 
 
 arkable that in th{!l ill:^tZ!^!!:h^''^' ?^ ^J^'"* »"'! it is 
 
 one of the pdnci] 
 
 as possible, qnalirv of iiesh wirli -i f„i,.,.,i i -;:-;"'v" i"«-(>muiue, as lar 
 somewhat reniarkkble tl in lis t ^f '' tf^^kness of skin, ami it ]' 
 in the thinnest sidnnec .' a ' ^ i> • \^^^^^^^^^^ ^^"^1^ ' ^'^'^ '' "^"'P n^ 
 ma more mellow to the touol or f ' tv'' t!!^^'^^''''' '' "" ""' 
 
 Sl"'/'^^ ;'^ ^'. it is possible for t . t "i ' " / „ l^:^J »'«" ♦'ndea vor to 
 
 ^"1"';; iK'a.rs of n-o, V '■ '"""win^'snni- 
 
 cow calves in Til' tn ' ^''^•»-''-''^'n\>*<ie .,f /. '''';.J:\'"'> "ere wean.-d. 
 ••• '^>Hi, „, severe weather, (he ,::;;;''■' "\f^^ '"'"• «iieii a 
 
 ''t'Jt. ,,all Itself does not an. 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 151 
 
 of the past) to 
 
 U'e was hornod 
 Kled to keep it 
 nd (ioc'IiiuHl to 
 and Olio which 
 J at tho present 
 i»ieii)ient stage 
 or the Angus, 
 more vigorous, 
 the Welsh and 
 respects (hert> 
 y as the West 
 'Jfr at all sea- 
 rain, the brwd 
 ^ thickness of 
 liilo en(h'avor- 
 r power, have 
 '.V Iiave justly 
 i reality it is 
 
 >mbiue, asfar 
 kin, au<l it is 
 or, excepting 
 '♦*re is IK, ani- 
 
 >t'ndeavorto 
 t with rather 
 il<I orsohigll 
 Hio south of 
 ■t'tl from the 
 y are placed 
 »o«i''l in the 
 '> and to oc- 
 «'ed l)y any 
 "itroduced, 
 
 10 r.allowav 
 maintain, in 
 ways which 
 ''"M'S I, -,<)(» 
 •"< 'noiiritain 
 'Tojjs eiiiti- 
 in;:! Ik- fact 
 at the (Jal- 
 1 is erected 
 'iieral rnl.- 
 >i<ls, sonic- 
 <• to (hern 
 It is stated 
 J« expense 
 »' to stand 
 wing sum- 
 
 p markets 
 «' weaned. 
 tr when a 
 s not ap. 
 
 pear to bse activity or to feel the severity of the weather as might be 
 expected, but is as happy and contented, when tlioroughlvdry, as if m 
 ;. warm stable upon plenty of stra\v. The hardv consti'tutioii of the 
 hire.! enables it (and this is somewhat Strang.-) to'withstand thefaticue 
 (.1 long j.mrneys to market towns as well as it withstands the cold of 
 winter; and when it is found neeessiirv to drivi^ anv of the beasts to 
 tairs, at distances of from Km to l'OO miles, th,-v lisuallv arrive in a 
 nmch freslM'r con.lition than any other animal known u, the cattle 
 
 It is stated above that Calloway beef is favored in the London market 
 l.y the butchers ; indeed it may not be known that it is classed as prime 
 b.ot, ii term so well km.wn to readers of the London newspai.ers, where 
 U.e price o meat is (pioted. It has repeatedly been proved, not only 
 by the meat salesmen themselves, but by breeders ami fee.l..r.s, that no 
 hcas^ obt^ains a higher price, not .veu the Aberdeen, and certainly not 
 the Shorthorn or he Ileretord. In fact it is very seldoni that meat of 
 
 W r'ln'nu .. V ' ^,;,'"';'^ '"=''. '"'"•'^r^ i'specially, reaches the <,uality of the 
 best (rall..\ . >. lestimonies without numix-r eoiihl i-asily be obtained, 
 and several have been obtaine.l by the (ialloway .sodety and publisht" 
 ...their. lescriptu.not the breed, in wl.i.-h buflu-rs in yarioij par s of 
 !.-".-ountryhavetest,ne.itothe(piaIity and value ..f the meat. The 
 (.a lowaysan. generally considere.l t.>dress to ti.eextent of «J0 percent. 
 o their hvewnght. an.l oecasionally an auim.l is toun.l to exeeed th s 
 wlneh It will 1... admitte.l, is exceptionally good. This d.-peiids, hi ly 
 ..i;;... the system of the feeder and on the'managemeiit o t e ni Ss 
 
 llie lol lowing ,,uotat,on from the descrij.tion of the (lallowa by he 
 editor of the Herd book, will be of some value in arriving at a know] 
 edge upon this |U)int : ^ kiiowi- 
 
 Ajte. 
 
 Live 
 welKht. 
 
 n«wici 
 
 (In- vi-.ir ihn'eiiiiiiillifi ... 
 1 wi) \v:^rt^ tlirn. riiotitliK . , 
 llirc I' viMis ilircn niiiritlm . 
 Koiir viius 
 
 H>UHlU. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 WM 
 
 .MO 
 
 1,40() 
 
 H40 
 
 l.T'V) 
 
 1.070 
 
 'J. WW 
 
 1, 2*0 
 
 III live Weight 
 It. 1.SS-' a pedigre,' (ialloway steer, two vea 
 
 nererse 
 
 particularly the eaV.' at the ("hrist 
 
 '■-eing considerabl 
 and do not care for tl 
 
 ^<eeIl. and this is more 
 mas (at-stoek exhibirjoiiM, Tj.s. <!... 
 
 e, and as the breeders live at 
 
 10 .system of forcing cattle for exhibit 
 
 a great distance 
 
 ion, t\w\ 
 
' ill 
 
 iiiif^ 
 
 162 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 f m 
 
 prefer to leave the {Tlori<'s of the prize ri„^. to the other Scotch hn'orls 
 such as the Angus and the West lliphlatiti Drtedg, 
 
 As this breed is so essentially a meat-making one, it will hardiv !.».«..„ 
 posed that as a milker it has anv especial \^d.ie imt k« /i « il ' 
 although it does not give a largo qu n ?•, i ghJ mi k of mf^ 
 lous quality. Some strains, howeve?, gix" verv mu Vh re L . M T'' 
 while there are those which make a mc.st res^tal eTanS o^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 profitable to those who kept t for tlu^nn^^ T""^'' 'T^^'^ '""'^f 
 
 or cheese. * ^"^ purpose ot making either butter 
 
 That the marvelous pr.-notencv of Hio r..iii,^„. ... i i ■ 
 of its purity and aucient charS we ^^1 h ebl".v':' " T '"'''^'^'''^ 
 marked above, just as when mitol w h. i ''t''"'^«'. a»<l. as w,. re- 
 
 calf without horns, 8o,lShSroffh . *'^ ''"'''" '^ PhhIuccs the 
 au entire blackor a'black w| c^ h ^b.^^^^^^ '■^''|"""' '>^'i»^' either 
 
 with blue. This fact h'ads s fn k " « ^''"' '"■'''' ^^■'''^^' or shaded 
 
 possible to cross the Gailow V ;rfo^^^ '^ ^^"•"•' l»« 
 
 penor milking qualifv and v..r n/ ; '"••^M" 'e, Miorthorn cows of su- 
 
 breed, and as it is a InU j eVe 'ril ' .'" '' "^'' '•'""•^'<-f''n-nc.s of the 
 
 often difficult to tell a Kt wh I ^• ' , ^dn^ "'at it is 
 
 ;--..notbeeir-i:^;--i;:vr;^^^^^^ 
 ^Kit;;:;^^^^ bun ...k ....... 
 
 seleete.1 from one of the ohl ft an I . sV i ^''''^''':'*-'*'^ 
 When the produce of thiscn tw 1 . , J"''"''' "' ^'"'^ ""'»'»^' breed, 
 of about eighteen months anu „'/ , K ' T'' ^'''''^''^ "^ "'«• =«^'t- 
 
 edigree (iailoway heifers, liaini ,1 .,/;,'''•' '' ''"''' ••*" P'"''' bved 
 K^st-knoun breedc.rs of (ia I nV e^^^^^^^^ ..',". '"'T' •■"^ I •"'•'.•.....! and 
 point out (he half (iailowavs ,„',,': /*'' ''' ""' •'"'^•''•' '"=»"='i.'<T 
 ie.se experienced .judges pi.k 'i ' ^' '^ '""'' ""•'•^' '""' ^'^"'b <,ne of 
 be one ,n every partici.lir res- I, , ' l"^' '""""''■^' «" '-b'^t'lv did 
 
 r", ^-^'''.v <'xtensi velv put to b t S , """'• <'""<»^vav iu.lls hav.- 
 Ii»;ciand especially it I a I .:^: ''•''''/''''' ^Vvr>bm. i-ows, a, 1. 
 crossing ior b.ef p.up::^ \ .t;* li! 'l!;,:;'; "^"'> -"--Mnl n.";; ol' 
 ow Lv eithermodesvnniM-tii.- I . ,1 '""" '"'" "" 'I"' <ialh»wav 
 
 l>ro<l.lced ; th..y |,av,. i;,rn| Z . / ',''' ''^'^ ''"«*• '■'■"""■- I'^ve be ', 
 j>;'tch.ness, wHI mixed.'ailo re ,'''''■ ' '""' "'-*'• ""•^" i^ ' «'.. „ 
 bbe..illy reared and AmI, , a "f '' r'''7''''- <'-'lb'way erosses, w ! 
 
 (^d/tf?:;^':";^'V^'f r-":'^ si;;:.. • :lu;:';: ;;;:-":::;:>: .'-->• .;.gh,s. 
 
 -at... „ ! „ln.,i (,,iii,,\v;iv ,.,.,. -;_■ — •*-:, in a r^n.M ( lloi li 
 
 aiiuwav cow u-,.. .1 "■"••<■'» "\ a r^riui ( loi II 
 ^^ •"•"'^^♦'';>'""*lI,I.S(»p.,„,„|s when on.. 
 
Scotch breeds, 
 
 [)ossible to (le. 
 tributcd to the 
 •ledge with re- 
 hard ly be sup- 
 ke the Devon, 
 'i of a niarvei- 
 •e than others, 
 lantityof but- 
 nerally, it is a 
 Dssible to ob- 
 production, 
 ive estimated 
 r weeli in the 
 at Just as the 
 election con- 
 lelection and 
 best of milk- 
 prove most 
 either butter 
 
 an evidence 
 id. as \v«' re- 
 »r(Hlnces the 
 bein^reitli.i' 
 te or shad* 1 
 it woidd be 
 cows of su- 
 i.stics of the 
 '«, that it is 
 t>iie of pure 
 J have been 
 the (diserv- 
 ' cross. bred 
 
 ack I'rince 
 s, (;arefully 
 ol)le breed. 
 
 at the a^re 
 
 pnre b'ed 
 ienced and 
 t niana^rer 
 ach one (if 
 •losely did 
 I'nils have 
 w><, and in 
 il (nude ot 
 
 < fallow ay 
 li.ive lu'cij 
 
 live fioiii 
 
 'ses, when 
 
 weiy;htN. 
 
 >ii<»j tliiiiri 
 
 vhen one 
 
'^i I; 
 
 m 
 
 \u 
 
 l< I 
 
 H I 
 
 V' 
 
 4 
 
 (rt 
 
3 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 O 
 
 X 
 
 (J) 
 
 -I 
 
 < 
 
 _J 
 
 a. 
 
 < 
 z 
 
ill 
 
 'I ^ 
 
 •I ■ ! 
 
 Wilf' ■ 
 
 m 
 o 
 
 I/} 
 
 u 
 
 .year i 
 per <l:i 
 \v«'i^'lii 
 is " ": 
 which 
 cjilvnl 
 tinned 
 old, ni; 
 ('lull 
 l>rir;iii 
 (ialh*\\ 
 
 < (ifiir: 
 
 Mill I will 
 
 |>i'i>miii<' 
 
 i'l III;,'!' lit 
 
 iliis, till 
 
 llU'r 
 
 ;il('lv wii 
 
 n< 
 
 II 
 
 ■.\\>U-y. I 
 li'iii mill 
 ;iti Iv wii 
 
 lit lIllVVI 
 
 «itli Mill- 
 nil ly tlii 
 
 liliilrtlllll 
 
 Mr. II 
 
 Tlio HI 
 • ' inliuaii 
 ' iiiliiiiai 
 Noil I. Wii 
 
 l.riT;N. 1 
 
 .lU.III', llll 
 
 ii; piT.si 
 
 <il:ll 
 
 liiH i;;i 
 
 jMrt III' til 
 phiiiti'il li' 
 
 Tlir I 
 
 111' 
 
 miijriiiuH. 
 
 T 
 
 nv Iil:iV 
 
 Willi wliil 
 tail, Siiiii 
 lii'ii'tlitar.v 
 l.iti', ii 1(111 
 lilai'k ; al.H 
 iiii; viTv ti 
 I'link. ami 
 
 'Nt intili 
 
 Ihr 
 III,' 
 
 I'llW H I 
 Hills. 
 
 IIIWCV 
 
 ■HI', 1 
 
 :ii''' lii'uvii'i 
 "f lilt- Ida, 
 Iiii-i'iIm, aiii 
 
 TI 
 
 ii> liatii 
 
 fill' sIllMlIlll 
 
 llalsiil,.,!. 
 
 ' \ If, III' Mlj 
 
 '"• Ii'MikI ill 
 
 nil III' \Mlll 
 
 li'll 1 
 
 '111- lilai'k. 
 
 Il'lll V 
 
 III II 
 
 II 
 
 I'll' 
 
8 
 
 3 
 
 q: 
 
 u 
 
 i 
 
 THE UNITKI) KINODOM. 
 
 .war iiihl ci^^hf mniitlis ol.l, sliowiiiL' tlm |,i.r|, 
 luT (lay ofifs liH'. At tl ' '^ 
 
 153 
 
 avfraj?«* of 2. 13 pounds 
 
 It, 
 
 rci^'hcl ]'.) cwf. .•h|is. 'j(i Ihs. wlicii tin 
 
 IV Miuii.« show iKJalloway cross, similarlv hrnl 
 
 |»oii,i.ls wlh-i. Hs a^'.' was ivvrhr IniiMlrnl ami ,., 
 wli.ch IS r.|.n\al..Mt to an avcra-.* of l.S{ poniuls dail 
 n.lvn . At Smitl,ti..M.i„ ISS 5, ,|h. only ( lallou 
 turn. Ml thf scales at l,s|(; ponni 
 olil, iMakiii;;an avi'ra;,'i' of 1.7.S 
 
 ;;;'•; ::":'::':;jr"''i!^'";v'"'.'"""i'^ n,r..i«.„..,.„ ,; 
 
 t'o v«'ars four tnoiitlis old, tiuit 
 
 NU'vrntorn days, 
 
 y sirn-n it was 
 
 ly cross steer cxliihifj'd 
 
 IVH 
 
 ('/uir(iit()i.sti<:s. ~Tl ^ 
 
 IJritain have drawn iij* a standard si 
 
 pounds of daily increa 
 
 (Jalloway breed, wliiel 
 
 ';;;<>'"'nl of thedalloway Cattl,. Society of (;reat 
 i<»\vin;; the ehara<'teristics of (ho 
 
 » are as folNjws 
 
 ' ;' '"•■'"■'I'-li .'i;'K-. If,ad. S!,.,rf ,»iul wi.l. 
 
 < «h,r: Kl.irk, witli u 1 
 fiin.r..,,*' 1,.,,., 1,..^..., »',... "K"'-""' 'H'ii 1. •omtmi; toruanU iiM.I iii.u;.r.iy vi-m. 
 
 t', Hitit liriDiil r<ir<'h)>u(l 
 
 rnn-.-..f luiiKhairs. .W.A'.- Mo.lrraf.- in 1 
 
 iliT.M, till- (..|) ill 1, liii.. with III,. Uiwk 
 
 H toruanU and niiward.H.witli 
 
 '■ii«t!:, tl.'iiii and llliiii;,' w.dl mio tli 
 
 i>«i'. //-.(/(/; I)|.,'|i, iDiiiidcd, and 
 
 111 a (\'iiial.-, and in a inali> nutnrall 
 
 ulcly wide al 
 
 ^Vlllln«•| Ileal ; Hliniild.T-t 
 
 i< hIioiiI- 
 v rising with 
 
 ■MrV. lM-,'a.st. full nil, I ,1 
 
 <'v,« vc.aiNM .sli.iiil.l,.,- |.(.intsand slia 
 
 tinn and Hfraijjiif, iiiiid,>r 
 
 p : liaik and 
 
 ill and Nirloin, w.dl lili,',!; | k 
 
 III 
 
 l|> itr lll;;|| r^liiiiildtTS 
 
 al.ly wide, and 
 
 l.'t d 
 
 i>vvn til li 
 
 "11 lill''d ; Hank, di 
 
 "MICM, IIDt 
 
 nil'. '*!iai;,'lit ; ril.s, dcp ami 
 
 artt <ilij,'cti(>ii 
 
 w.dl 
 
 Hiinin;; 
 
 pn.niin.-nf ; Iiind,|iiart,rM, Inn:;, nio,t 
 
 ^^itll lint- Imn 
 
 nil l.v lliiik ; hair, suit ami 
 
 iiliji riiiinaldc). 
 
 (iinind,',! Iinttucks ar 
 
 |> and full. ThiijhH: Jln.ad 
 
 ,T- 
 
 ntrai>{ht, an,! well 
 
 fail, well s,.t ,„, and mnl,.rat,.|y thick. Sk 
 
 v.'iy ol.),.,.|i„nahl..) ; 1,.^;^, Hi,„r, „„,, ,,, 
 
 •■uii, 
 
 wavy, with ini>.s,sv niid 
 
 .Mtdlinv ami ni,».|,>r- 
 
 tTcniit (wiry or cnrlv liai 
 
 r iM vj'iy 
 
 (I"») Wi;i..-II ('.\TTI,K 
 
 Mr. Harvey, editor of the II.'rd-Hook. 
 
 Th« lilaik Wrls!i <atil 
 
 Nays : 
 
 iidiLiaii, :ind ai 
 
 «■ ur- nativs ,.f tho , nti.-s ..f IVinhn.k... C 
 
 r i>il, 
 N.iiih 
 
 <• ini.n- K'«iifrallv kn 
 
 ariniirflii'ii, and 
 
 ..MuUnandI...wsia.Hll,r U. Innn Car.liKans? 
 
 W 
 
 wii HH IVn.hr..k.;Mhii.. nia.ks «nh.iivi,|ed 
 
 alfs coast lip to An;;! 
 
 ''■•••'■^'s. \V|i,.ih.-r til 
 ■UN an-, hilt as 1 imv 
 
 k'aiishir.' th.y also,.xt..n,l ah.n«tl 
 
 into 
 
 I'V Wl'li 
 
 ••-'••a. and ar.. tli.-n (•..Il,.l ih.. .Norlii'wal 
 
 '•vcr iinliL;,'noiis to Ua.lnor 
 
 Ir 
 
 i« p'T.soiiaJ iiliscrvatioii tliat I Ii 
 
 nil intiinat.- knowh-ijp. ,,f |„,(h tl 
 
 sliiri< or li 
 
 CM or Annli)i«'i 
 
 n-cniishir,. I „„, ,|„t 
 
 i.lainoi;;ans|niv ili,.y an^ to h,. io„n,l 
 
 I'y an- not now to 
 
 ii's,. ,nnntiivs, I can ^uv I 
 
 I'lri lit the coiinly ih 
 
 in lii<> 
 
 l><" loiind in fillicr of tl 
 
 laiid'd liy Shoitinn- 
 
 <• M a nativ,. iir.-.'d, wlinli is, | 
 
 Hciiiniory ot (iowcr ; lint 
 
 ICIII. 
 
 Ilw 1 
 
 iK'i'd ot' Hlaik caitl 
 
 MS anil lliTi'lords 
 
 low, v,.r, I) 
 
 in tl 
 
 roiii 
 In 
 
 •o fa.sttTU 
 
 iiiK rapidly Niip- 
 
 III I ijr II tun. 
 
 I 
 
 and i" 
 
 IH HiniMally siipjioscd to |,„ ,] 
 
 i< V niav III' 
 
 mil whit,- marl 
 
 . I j: I , .1 7, ■ ■' '••f,"'^'il III III' lies 
 
 ilii.d o the Wild, alt!..,,. ChilliiiKhani Pari 
 ••;-<ril'<-d as a hom.d luvcd 
 
 M:l. 
 
 Sonn-tiini-Ma I 
 lilary, and oiil 
 
 l^J* "II 111!' iidd.rs ofihi 
 
 gcmr.illy of I, I. irk <'o| 
 
 ••iCMid.'d from tin- // 
 li. and also to <||i< \), 
 
 ■w white h.iir 
 
 ilso a li-w whit.- hairs at tl 
 
 "» />ri- 
 
 I'VOIIH. 
 
 and trt'iiiicntlv 
 
 lie, I 
 
 y coiin'M out oi'casionaliv 
 
 >* an- mixed up wiili th at, Init tl 
 
 s cousidercil a ^'ooil e.ilor. ( 
 
 le fiid of till' 
 
 ■♦ is not alwavH 
 
 iv, also Mime ,|iiii,. whii... wiih Id.i.l. 
 
 •sioiially there ar 
 
 ii:; virv rar 
 
 k. and ilo not 
 
 'rii,- I 
 
 lorns should !■■> of 
 
 piti h of horn for ImiIIs and 
 
 ■ III 
 
 the 
 
 'II'' li'ilis. Tins,! 
 
 ■lie, hoWe\.-|, liloail 
 
 are heavier 
 
 eonie out y,dlow to the ver 
 
 » rn h yellow ; tl 
 
 cow « narrower and the pi,,], i„or 
 
 <<'ws. A hiill's horns shonhi Im< I 
 
 ii-ldark.approa.hiiii; a ehor 
 '"/*!i'.'."' ''.'"■* Htnp.'il red and 
 
 lese are liecoill- 
 
 Kelierally tipped With 
 
 ■|ere IS a dltl'er- 
 
 us, niii/.?l,-,and feet. Init tl 
 
 lev are 
 
 y end like ll.Tefords. 11 
 
 eriptioii apphe, in a « 
 
 " iipri'-ht. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le steels and oMMi tak 
 
 • nv and \v,di spread 
 
 Old the hoi'i 
 
 T i>n the lia.-k 
 
 lei' m.Msiire to llleAn;;les,-y ,Mit 
 
 e more litter 
 
 diorler III Ih. I 
 
 Tl 
 
 U'.S«» 
 
 'I' Ilie Ulai'k lireed •,||i,n|,l 
 
 '•*ii-'t -">.llo.vastlielVinl„ok7shir 
 
 with iiioiv ha r. I'll,. heailH 
 
 Til 
 
 an. I liy , ■.ireful and Jiidi.i.n 
 
 approu.di v.'rv clo 
 
 V really )r,„„[ animal 
 
 viy in shap.' to ih.' nio.lerii fashmnahl 
 
 e iialiiral i haraei,.| i>ti 
 
 IS efossiny this has Niii 
 
 e shoulder and clii 
 
 of I he hie,- I II,;, V, I 
 
 !lalsi,|,.,|. Tl 
 
 •\ir. Ill 
 
 lev ill 
 
 i slack on the hill 
 
 lowever. lie d 
 
 iieiiniiH l.,'en atlaine,!. 
 
 rili.'d 
 
 I ineiinaiion lo h,. hi;,'lioii tl 
 
 Is nariow mi 
 
 In. t, 
 
 supposed thai 
 
 ••■'••'■■'ll.v.le..,Mn Iron, i,„.i n^^ uHimd." 1 
 
 e rnini 
 
 mid in tl 
 
 '■'tile with ih,-s.- I 
 
 le i;e||el,i|||\ ,,(■ ,1 
 
 k I 
 
 MS all III 
 
 li' d I 
 
 III' 
 
 in tl 
 
 lein vei V inn. 
 
 latnr.ilih'fecf 
 
 le 1 at lie oil,.,-, ,1 „| ,1 
 
 ese defeils, liiu 
 
 t nitist imt. h 
 
 and 
 
 HOI,,,. ,,( tli,.|,, „r,. ,, 
 
 s iii.i\ also 
 
 lie f. 
 
 lilack 
 
 II 
 
 s as ma V ! 
 
 '••'!"' 'il''"l-Jec| of the llerd-Uook 
 
 erefoid anil Sli..|i 
 
 •idly -li.tpi-d cattle art " l\ 
 lorn districts. 
 
 mull V lairs. < )t her l.r..,.ds of 
 '•lit caivandHtt.-ntion have niodi- 
 ■* t" cr.'ate Hiiili ai, inl. 
 
 w and tar l>.>t 
 
 rest 
 
 W,','U 
 
 n 
 
 us iii..y an, 
 
154 
 
 cattlj: and daiuv i'aumixo. 
 
 ThoHpocinlrbiiriictorinlicsof ilioniiickH, which niitknthoin h>> vuliiiiltlt', nro: IFurdi- 
 (hioil of conHfitniidii, iipfitiKlo for ilairv |>iir|iiist s. uml dnojlity. 
 
 As n'^'.inU h.iiilini'isof iMiisiiiu(ii>ii,MiMiii« iiii|Hiiiiitfi| with tluM'oiiitnon iiD'thnilnf 
 rfuriiij,' tlKM'iilv.sniul th.'ir Hiil>M'i|ii.iit trcafiii.tit iiikI ih- h.inUhi|w lh.<v iin<lt'rffo 
 caiijiiivo any <l.ml)t, on that poiiii. Th.- nr.-at wou.I.t is thai ros|...<-tiil(l.>.|ookiiii{ 
 
 fiittloran ItoiNlnnvii al'iiT iiaviiii' hccti icaii'(| 
 
 ill such a iiiaiiiHT. Diiriii'' (ho ti 
 
 wlii'ii Iho rmilnii.'sf caiisi'ii Niii'h havoc, that Lli .iNcaso was not known in *<<niih 
 
 Walc.M, |Muici]ially from fli.> ^jivat oxcrlious mail" liv tho r. ty inanisiraf.-s atnl 
 
 otiiiT authoniicM lo pn-vcnt ilio transit of infiricl animals. \,ni also I ;ins„ ,1,, 
 
 constiintionsof liio. 'attic were ho i;on,l that - vcnon Ih.' frontier of imcctcl .iistricts 
 they rcpclic.i ihc disease. When the Ithicks were taken inio .omities whero the riiol 
 I'rpcst. was prevalent Ihey sel.loin, ilever, ean^lit the infection. The sanio ii,,,,,,,,! 1 v 
 al8o existed wlicii the foot-and month disi'ase was so ^in.ral. There w.tc ccrtiinlv 
 some cases snpposed to haviO.een caused hy the iniponation of Iri.sii eallh' hnt. mioo 
 iiKpiiryit will he foiin.l that those herds of cows w hi. h consisted ..f .Short horiiM Avr 
 shire, and Guernsey were those that, snlfered. <"< lUN.a.v r- 
 
 As to aptitn.le for dairy jinrposes, 1 do not trust nierelv Id the roport. of of hers hnf 
 havin- lor .ome years had a dairy of from H to -0 cows. I can N.eak personallv f 
 he quail icatioi.sol this .reel in that r,.sp,.ct. Some of these -0 were in every U-ar 
 
 account l.ook hIiows the churning as nndcr: •■»"•'». Ji.s 
 
 From Scptcmher ','[), ISf.-J, to Scptcnihor '29, WA ^o""','"; 
 
 rromScptomhcri.'-.), lS(;;i, to Scptcmher •.';> l-ill .f ^'l' 
 
 trom Scptcmher •.';i, 18.4, lo Scptcmher •,'!•, l-iir, r.',;'-' 
 
 iM-om Scptcmher 'JII, l-lio, to ScptcmluT -). l-o.i I^'''.';; 
 
 Irom Scptcmher -Jl). li-M, to Scptcmher •.".», l-(i7 ^'^''r 
 
 II l-'nHlVf{;omrtV.:h:i;ivej ;'';ou'wh;"^;o ''"i'>- •■'""•'.■•.l ...ore th^i lo" 
 
 there is no chance of i.;? «;;!.; r^u, ■:;:,:; ^;;:;i,r:' ''"''■"'" ^--''^'''^ ••" '— " -.-a 
 coi::;!!;^'!iz lil^ia,:;^;' ■;: r x?;;:'S;.r.:\:'^^nr "r ^" -■•'''>■ -- '^ "-• -^ 
 
 person acjnainfcd with its Inl its I I,. J'' \ ' "'!^''r "'•':'""!'.>.n.'.l hy „otne 
 
 are 01.0 ye!,r.dd «honl 1 c a ' ^JCu,, , Vn h eY^ '"f '";'"'- '•''•■" '"'"^ '.'-I'T thev 
 
 l^nahlm.Mhc farmer to rcii.rte 'he 1 .. (•.'.:,';• "'I?,""'-' '"""'"'r "'■•i''"""'. •".>■ 
 >.o ...ilked in the y;.n| or L ,L lion e ' . , '; '^ir p^^T';;:'''""' "'1 '"""">' "' 
 prcssion loidi the very picture of docilJv t , ^ ' V'",''>'"* '"""' 'l"i''f ••x- 
 
 "7""1 •■'« -"-■ .-ar .V.^.ot' .t , nV.t a 'rrlv .X '"'"1 ,""" """ •'"' '""'''^ 
 
 Avlicrc, wl,,.,, rearcil like the ii ......v,,,!.; ,.."',.:" V ■'-'•. '"" ' ''•'^'' --•". .nslan.-es 
 
 i '' W 
 
 B| 
 
 IfWKjfi 
 
 1 
 
 jPv 
 
 1 
 
 lyUi 
 
 li 
 
 j^^^^n 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ I -1 
 
 Lay and iMrlev o/ ,^ ;. ^ ^ '^^ i! .t'l';"''''''-, ^\''"" i' '^ a'-le to ea, it is ,ivcn 
 
 ;!"...• .i.n."or^n,in,a[wi;;;:,r\.v:,'H ,'::,'::: ;v^ n..nn. he „...„„.. ,,>^::::; 
 
 '..•nedout .ntoa,..wl,asture.andlh., : ,.:;p 'i/'^''" '"" ^""^^- " ''a» it is. is 
 't loses all Its cainiesl,, and when he ^ ,'':'''''''' ''''!''''' ""' l"-I'Tly eat, 
 ""• '.-"1 was to take ..nvav the rail' . t -r , , v "'", " ■'' "''" ''^'"- ^^^ "«" 
 
 ""Ik I'ToMe monih, „„.„ half new;,,, I ,,|A|' , ,;;.''^:^ "'"'>'.' v." .t its own niother's 
 
iiltio, nro: Ilunli- 
 
 •minon inftlimlnf 
 i|M lliKv iiiit|(>r^n 
 iK'ctitltlii.liiiikii)^ 
 IHiriii^' (li,s titiio 
 kiiiiwii ill Sniilli 
 iii.iKisir.if.'M aiMl 
 ^\•^|> Ix'cjiiisn fl,,, 
 iiilccticl ili'<tri(f.s 
 < wli.ro JhiTiiiil- 
 ' Naiiio iiiiiiiiiiiit V 
 t< w.Tf ccitaiiily 
 •■atilc. Idit Mpoii 
 SlidrllnuiiH, Avr- 
 rt. of ofh(>M. hilt, 
 ik ptTHoiiiilly of 
 ro ill ovtr.v your 
 iTttiiiiiiuls. Mv 
 
 rimmln, 
 
 . Si. 7'.-. 
 . 2,815 
 
 THi; fMTKM KF.VO 
 
 I>OM. 
 
 MiH, nn my farm 
 :t, I ri'.iroil iiKiro 
 <l for Htock |iiir- 
 . of Nkiiii clu'cuo 
 and tnriinl out 
 prolit botwcoii 
 lis lio Hoontliat 
 loro only 1 or -^ 
 iiiiinfin'); to 14 
 "iro tliau 10 to 
 >ii li Hiiiall arcit 
 
 into a herd of 
 allied liy Homo 
 •nll^ aftiTtln'y 
 
 iicciiloiitM, llllV 
 vory <|iil.'tly to 
 and i|uii«t *cx- 
 liat tho niaok 
 '■"'I 11 iiiHlanr-fs 
 I I .!<> not wisli 
 niaiiitaiii that, 
 n;; (he winter, 
 Vr Hicii a ;;ooil 
 atnlNoiiH-r aiii- 
 'iirim.>.s.cl, and 
 a Miiiilar Ki7t-. 
 » <■<»« after a 
 I at it is t-'iveii 
 •ntli of May or 
 what it is, is 
 
 I'lop, riy rut. 
 
 •in. Mv own 
 own motliir'- 
 ■rw.iKNKkim- 
 niaiij,'.|( xvcif 
 ' iiif roducfd. 
 Ik and water, 
 t winter, tiir- 
 r (dd, Hiroiij;, 
 1 or oil rake, 
 
 Mr. (Irinith Uw 
 
 155 
 
 IS MiiVN ; 
 
 I ui 
 
 >;ive mv calxes 
 II 
 
 II iiiouiIi'm ui'w milk 
 
 ill fiMt. let jl 
 
 "'•an lliem. and K'i\i> flieiii lor ix i '", ' ' "'' ""'"' •♦"•* tli.> eow I il,..„ 
 
 n.«htmtoanopen.|,edandKnet|,.,Liv a ,.;'■'•'*'''•'' ' ''^""i ""•'" in at 
 
 'ai( alter Hie Ist of AlMii a« I lln.l l """'id nian«elM or swe.jeM I i,, v,.r r..... 
 "'"'»"""> " nilisUMI like """' '"" ""• •""" "••-•Iv Ml .)„„... Vol. .!,;, 
 
 Ml. .'••Iiti KicliiinlM Nii\s 
 
 .^™p:^:;^•;;■";:;::^™ L/j-^^'v "; >• „„:..„„ ,„„. 
 
 Ml. K'icliiinl Thojiias n;ivs 
 
 ''r',:'';;;':v;:'.' '•;''"■•■;■ »■ ""■' '" "'"■ ■> '> '""'■'' !.::■":..':'' 
 
 :'';;:'""' '^'"o^^-'or, Who.. ,iH. 
 
 ";;lii 
 says: 
 
 I iieir 
 
 ""'« •'"•'-''^^■-™nyi™.;r^;;';::'^;.;!„';^:,'y;;;;^^^ 
 
 I i, 
 
Uf 
 
 156 
 
 CATTLE ANI> DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 i 
 
 loam, ot good dppth, ot ft sort of iiiixod liiiicstonc, woll adiqucd for Rrowinp pxcel- 
 leiit crojKS of swedes, iiiHiifiels, ifec, mikI it will j{ro\v lieiivv eropM of oat.s (Ithiek bet- 
 ter than white) mid hurley. Th(< .yield of uniiii is only fair in lindioff |)roi)ertio8. 
 Most dorta of j^rasses an^ ^rown in tliis neij{lihoi'lioo(l, hut cover is not ii j'oitaiii eroit'. 
 The climate is damp and eliani;eahle, hut extremely mild, the Hjiring often late and 
 cold, with a prevailinfij east wind. 
 
 The annual rainfall of the distriets oecnpied hy tin- Hlack cattio is about twice the 
 amonut of that of Chiswiok, and the westerly winds are very Htroiij;. 
 
 3rr. George F. Bowdeii says : 
 
 It requires a hardy raee to stand the exjiosiire dnrinj; the winter to wliich the Ulaok 
 CTttle, witlioiit any shelter except the lii;;h hed^^es, are snh.jeet, and this (|Mality of 
 hardiness of ccnstitntion is jiossessed hy the Mlacks, In their mils and ^enerol ap- 
 pearanco they show the first approach of the genial sprinj;. Tlien^ is no animal which 
 comniands so j,'ood a price in the fairs as a hiillock that has heen wintered ont in tho 
 lieldsand shows fair comlition and a jtood coat. To those who wish to he posses-sed 
 of a good herd of Blacks I wonld say, avoid all attempts at crossinj;— sncli atteniuts 
 have never yet sncceeded— hnt pnrchase the hest pedij;ree hnll of as good li strain as 
 you can get for the money. As to rearing and feeding for milk, a few y.'arsago I pur- 
 chased sonn', of the hest cows to he procnred in calf to noted hulls. l" was enabled to 
 have this rare opportunity hy hemg aci|iiainted with several of the hest breeders I 
 have tned Shorthorns, and I have had the hest of cows procurable for milk and feed 
 ing purposes, hut I prefer the long horn Hlack cow, wliich gives rich milk, thick cream. 
 
 g<MMl a 
 ilf I 
 
 keep the cow and calf in for, say, one month and then fVirfiVheinont " T'ie^^Btlin.l 
 the winter wonderfiillv "•" • •" .... . . .» '"nuti 
 
 ing purposes. Out 1 preler the long horn Hlack cow, which gives rich milk, thick ci 
 
 and makes .)eef not, to be snrn;,8,sed, (piite e(|Ual to Scots, and co lands as ir. 
 
 price They drop better and hardier calves, and 1 have never, so far, lost a ca 
 have had cows c.ilve about Novemher and Jlcceniher. and all times of the yen 
 
 the grass 
 
 niotlieroti 
 
 n ,■ , .. , ., . ■ • "Jien thev are seiiarated it iloeN imf 
 
 ^■e so niiich the loss « the niothe. smilk an.l is better prepared to'g.., j,, ow 1 '1^ 
 
 Othercaves I rear..nsk,ni-milk, calf n.eal. and a little ,liss;,|ved..il cake. I in that 
 
 ev milk for one month .s the best way to start a calf Alter four months I .^1 
 give them chop nce-meal, and li..ecd-cake, and continue this through the vhtV, 
 all given out ot .loors 1 tin.l ;. ',at for fee.lin^ purposes it best answers ,1, ,; 
 
 barren heif-rs and hullo,.ks ti. , U.ree years old If ll„„.i„ at t wo . rs .'I tl ev 
 
 wan summering and wintering in the si son turnips, haT ri" '''"-> '-'"^^ "''' ""*> 
 
 linseed-'ake. and then tl • ' • • 
 
 mni iinseed...ak^.and then ti.;^ ;om;onr.;::i:;:; ar h v:^ ;; ;;:r ;„ r 
 
 the luitcher This IS my experien.e. having i«|„ M'vcral tr, icks f r , vm If a [ 
 
 nET(;iiiN England, 1883-'84. 
 
 JAMKS LONG. 
 
 SELECT BREEDS OF BRITISH CATTLE. 
 
 liKPOUT iir coysif. i-ArKAj.-o. ,,/■ I.I V n.roo/.. 
 
 INTKom ( Tdin A.M) I'M'I.ANATORT. 
 
 IS^'lf,? ."'*' ''""•>'• f*> 'H;ki.,)ul(.,ig,, tlu. nrript nf ri.rt.lar dat.Ml T„Iv 
 
 Tu!'n!nSoV''""'";''''"^ '•"'*'^'*'" ""•""•^^'"•M 1-^.s lM...„ v.rv u.vat 
 
 ueces.silatod tht- wfit 
 
 »i;;i' iiiiiiiiior ol "b-lirrs to 
 
)r Rrowiiiff oxoel- 
 ' iiat.s (Itlai'k l»«t- 
 
 MllUfr |)r(l|UTti(<S. 
 
 i>( a I'i'i'tiiiii (Toit. 
 ig often liitt) and 
 
 about twice the 
 
 wliich the Blaok 
 I thin (|iiiiiity of 
 1111(1 fit'iifiol ai>- 
 iii> animal which 
 itcnd out in tlio 
 
 I to ll»' jlOSH(>S.S('(l 
 
 — Miich nttfiin»t» 
 Kood It Ntrain us 
 .Vfursiino I pnr- 
 [ waHoiialiltul to 
 icst lirt'cdcrx. J 
 r niilk and fV-od- 
 Ik, thick crcfttn, 
 laiidn HH hocmI a 
 r, loNt a calf. I 
 of the year. I 
 it. T'lcy stand 
 'tinieM I \\m tur- 
 lor the butcher. 
 iw whether this 
 ired in thiM way 
 pared by hand 
 iw and kee])in^ 
 h itn niotlieron 
 fed it ddcN not 
 ilM own living. 
 «•'. I find that 
 iitliN I begin to 
 gli the winter, 
 iiiswern to buy 
 yearH old they 
 I, Indian ineai, 
 and very lit for 
 itr iiiyNi'lf and 
 r luiiii an<l pour 
 
 S LONG. 
 
 (latcd July 
 iimI HMiii«'.st 
 
 v«'i-y {,'r»'at. 
 mi tariniii;; 
 f Irllrr.s to 
 
•J) 
 
CO 
 
 w 
 

 ti t; 
 H I! 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
TIIK UNITKl) KINGDOM. 
 
 157 
 
 5 
 
 """•>' <>'"'- i-"'.n.alin .;/!,'',;:■''■, ^ "'""'"V"^ "at..r,.. For 
 
 l^nouu sl.ipp..,- (.fM.I., t so .<,;;!. ;':'■'''''''' "•■'"• ''i^'''|M>..I,;i\vHl. 
 r.iilc.l «t:itcs. ' '••' '"^'«'''"'K l.iiri)(..s,.s to Ciii.a.Iu au.l tlu) 
 
 or rh^s^^uv :o.;^;;^.;:;:;r;;;->, ,;i:;-^^^^^^ <";-tti.;. i... as . ..,„...... 
 
 "".V those lu'st. H.la,;t('.I tV,, , v/, n, . " ? "'/><•<>'.... over linv to so- 
 
 =''^' "•I''•^vs : Sl.ortl.on evon s,' V i '?/'"'/ ","•"' '^'"^''•^- ''''"•> are 
 
 Tin: siiouT-noux (jaitlk. 
 
 J'l";n:n:v;;;;/!;:ri;;'r^'lll-,«^:;;''^^'-" a„„ , ,„ „„,,,„. 
 
 "ii.^»lli-.a.i,l»,,Ka,.»t.s,i iMv . ','. '■""""'" '•■'"-'li-l' ",i„.r.s 
 
 '"■^"Hin.IIy vari.,! .-olurs-tl,';; :,';;' ";•;"• -I>'-.'Hli.l tVanu.s a,,,! 
 ■^^--^^^-^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 .^.iM:';"-;:,u,;r:^.S/l;::'::::V-^^ ....... ., u., „:.... 
 
 >_-h o,„ ,a,„.,. or y„.|.l ...ilU. TlHMn^X, ; . ,i, ' '"■'■';' = " '•"«'-l"."l,..l row u ill 
 
 sli.mM 1... small ; f|„. |„,.asf if ' I'V ^"'■' '" *'"^ ""'<•'' '"". Tli,. .Irvxl , 
 'liiii.-t..ar,.rtaii, ,!,.«,,•.■ ilrsiiy tli'-m tl, 1 .i"' '■■'■"• ' ''"•'"••'> 'Ih. .• |,„ 
 
 "',""; """I', aii.l xvith nr.atrr I..,,.', .1, r .,( .. ' '"n""'"' "•■'■"""' "'•' I'ip- a. „ 
 
 "tl"' n|.|MT parr l.„t tap^ i,,.- b"ov',|'f '',';','''•'''•'> f" >"">k.;invsn: tl„. ,ail tl.U 
 
 ■1<I a i.ropor.,n„af..,,„a,„i,v .-r I,,,, -r ,1, .t ll ' . """ l'^" "'"• """^ '^'-'-nnt 
 
 ; ' !'■ « H„ til,. K.I.. of milk is ,1... prii, .. , |./ ,1 "'"'"«'' ""•'«' '"""' '"av 1.,- vali,- 
 
 "'" l-n« l.ornM, ,|,.. S.o /l/ J ,' ' 7 '';; l""I....-n..m.t.. .p.ant.ty of |„„t -r a t h i f 
 
 "•'--; <i;i;;:;!''^,;.!:;r ,:;:7irnr ''^^^ "•'^" t-' -^"- •"- -pi^nv 
 
 ■'il >i..at rattli.. ' ' '" ''""•'^•'•i'H'n,.*., ti^kc the to,v,no8t rank of 
 
 '"'" '■"''•'" '"-*' '•••'"■' ^^'"f*'. r..l, and white an<l re.I. 
 
 € 
 
 il 
 
 ft 
 
158 
 
 f Mr' 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 AvoruKo size at ma- 
 turlty. 
 
 Age at maluriUn Tliron veara. 
 «.^ o/^;?Jlt^:;';:;,,f:;i'r;^.^l;j; <'-endoU fn.. the whUo catt.e of Great Britain. lu,.™,, 
 A»nml uitrwje jmindt i,/ mi\k: U:m nonn.Is. 
 MxlL topoundi (^ butter: 40 j.ound* to 1 ju.uuJ butt«r. 
 
 ■ pounds.. 
 
 Twolhinls 
 
 wei>:lit. 
 1-'. 500 
 
 Labor; Little. ' "^ ' ■ — !— . 
 
 b™h '■"""""'-' »'-»™""'"f tl.o live .ei,.l„., „f fa„o,l caUlo of ,l,i, 
 
 ."■"f ?"^ ':,;rsr:;;r'i:i;;;,!''!^';.i;;;;i:"'-; ;' ^. i-..- :„. ,. 
 
 '"""''<'i'<jfiiiiimaUs. '^ M.ui-Iitcrcd, ,|,„.s dffrca.si,,..- the 
 
 •^J,!>l'-\NJ.ad,, wlult-attlit) p.lt'''''^^ '"h1 Ui l,„i .s a 
 
 ;i:l'-'.■'^t^at,;;nt";;.;:!l;:;,:trr^'"'^^^^ 
 
 This 1 
 in Irel 
 
 DKVO\ CAiTI.i 
 
 "•-pMlnig ,(„ ..nt.r„l„Ml„.r(l,a„lli;„ i„ 
 
AvoniKo size at mo- 
 tiirUy. 
 
 Girth. 
 
 Inehet. 
 
 00 1<) 11)0 
 UO to llll 
 
 Height. 
 
 Jt%ehet. 
 
 Sfl to 00 
 5rt til (M 
 
 BO to llu I M to 6t 
 
 t Britain. Iiupro^e- 
 
 Qaantitv. 
 
 aunds.. 
 
 
 Twolhinls 
 cf Kfoss 
 wci>:lit. 
 1-', 5«0 
 
 ond milcli cows aro 
 ■ turned out on the 
 
 cattle of thi.s 
 
 ',021) i)o,nitl.s: 
 "ind.s; N,,. 'u 
 
 1^1 r> poiilid.s; 
 
 1 .Years and 
 l'<»tllid.sj Nn. 
 
 ;•' iiiiiiiIht <.f 
 ■rca.si;);^- the 
 
 draii;;(> fViiiit 
 'd f\ »T .sine,. 
 
 iiils;.}. Ill 
 'it li tlins*' o{ 
 t <'a.stl(. Iljii 
 licin-rN, iiiid 
 
 I'i Itull.s at 
 '«':u'li(a\.'r- 
 
 I>I1<-||('.SS('S 
 
 II. 
 
 d ;,Mavc!. 
 
 . tlie incaii 
 
 '«, and also 
 liiui that in 
 
 o 
 
 . r 
 
 II 
 
 It 
 
»' , 
 
nil 
 
 hi- 
 
 It !' 
 
 trniil w 
 
 ;ni iill I 
 |ilir*t « 
 * ijiiiil fi 
 ;it li'ss 
 ••hire) )i 
 " lii'll t. 
 ('Ii;iii;:h 
 iiixl ni|i 
 
 ill fS. 
 
 Tliosc 
 
 llHIII till 
 
 Nnllli I 
 
 ^iiiiil mi 
 
 Millie til 
 \^ lilrli is 
 ll.lS Its ( 
 till' Otiii 
 ^lilllCI'S i 
 
 iiir its ii| 
 
 its llCilll 
 
 liiitcInT 
 till' iinisf 
 Till' lirsf 
 
 Ih 
 
 ■S)')!/ 
 
 I'MlMlllS 
 
 ;ili.\ itirci 
 I.i|ii'lili;4- I 
 till' .JJIW.S 
 Hint. I'llfj 
 
 •if (111- r.'i 
 
 t"U;ii(l,s t 
 
 ■^ii^litly CI 
 
 ""il\ ;i slj; 
 
 The cnli 
 
 Ci.n 
 
 Hull 
 
 ll-w l-'ii I l,r,..t 
 III f.f.-ri' 
 
 1-1 Nii\t'iii 
 
 _^A fill lid ,i| 
 I' i;.iiliins mil 
 
 ''I' 'I 1 ()« H ^ii 
 
 '-"-. All I 
 
 IVuiii tills 
 ^ "illlv, Wllifh 
 
"'" """;•• --•'.'In,;, ,„ ,1... r in t^r ',;'.'*''*■', '"'/' "''"' 
 
 ""• i'"^ =«l'tit...i.' t., t;.rti.„, ,1. i • .- V of ,,"■':"'' '" ""••^' v;.l„al,|,. 
 
 ""■ "l-^t V.lhl;,!,!,. p.irts nHl ( . li ;■ ; *' ' '•"'•.Mil- th.. MH.st iMTti,, 
 ';M"M.„ n,„.i.|.,:,l,lv n.vvanl tin. V ! .1 "'"' ""''•'"•'' «""l...a.i, 
 
 Mi.l.tlyn..v,.,|.nriMs.,m.< ir.sfa, U ' s' ' ^'^^ ''' ''"' '""' """'' 
 
 ■'''"•'•"'"'• •"■""•""••Devuui.sai.MnMnl. 
 
 Aiiiriiali. 
 
 Ci.n 
 
 l<M>l 
 
 iiiitiiinti . 
 
 1 « I 
 
 . lln 
 
 . (II. 
 
 ■>"■ •!' tli'ltlir,!,, S(i...r. f. ... . 
 
 ^.''w;::::;!'; •!:;;!'"''- "'■'''■■'>-- ■-..■..........„,.„.„,„,„,„ 
 
 ' loin (lij^ it rii.i,,..,,,.. ti, ,t .,, , 
 
 I'iilk, wlii 
 
 • •ll ^-iv 
 
 ^■•'^<J1^ l>oiiii(l.s \vliol(> niilk li 
 
 n-.l l)(.v,Mis .vi.-!.!,.,l 170 
 
 poiiiuls 
 
 'tH'.s.., wiui,. JO ,n,s.s l.iv.l 
 
It.'K 
 
 AM J.I. as;, iivna i \ \||\, 
 
 lit'Vfiii.'* vifM.-.l ti]ii iMPiifiriH i.r 
 
 iiii.K. \\ fii.ii .'i\,.* :,tii 
 
 i iMiiimU whol.. niiij; 
 
 M.-W 
 
 Milk .......V.'V" 
 
 CbceMirhtrlrt '.!'"'!"* 
 
 .^'?A../«/A8u«,^, I;, ,„,.t,,.,. 
 
 do 
 
 ttitt 
 
 1. ar.' 
 
 3°<) Til 'm.i 
 
 TI • ■ ' " I"'-'""'-. .'I'. I, I, (lilt iMlMIll!-. 
 
 p.Sn':r;;;;:,-r:'^^::;-,,;:,l:.;;;;;- -^.;.;i n„ .... ....„.,, 
 
 •t.-^.-KX '•\7ri.K. 
 
 ^^_Tlns ,.,..,, ,. ,.,.. „„„, ^,,^,^^.^^^.j^ .^_ tln.c.o,„.ri....f S,K..., K..^ 
 
 -VtiinuiU 
 
 .1.7' o/ tnnt'irih,- T™.,, ,„ , 
 
 "i»' ariniia! vi^.i.i ..<- 1 
 
 
 A. ..,,_, 
 
 do 
 
 ;* to ;- 
 
 r. Jo ;>>. 
 
 r I., v 
 
 
 'Htaii! 
 
 
'I-* wholi* inilk 
 
 i^Utttiiv 
 
 
 No. ■'. l.iv; 
 Vf.irs ad'l > 
 >■"• 1'. 1.1. v; 
 
 llrt.MM>f ofluT 
 
 flM' ;:rfiit«->t 
 l'<l Wl'St. l.«t 
 
 ">'•. ffrnliry. 
 iaily tlavev 
 
 I Miinii'' til. 
 
 ij>v,-.| it t.' 
 " vt'iy rap 
 lniii«Ts iiit 
 ^li«- ><!iiirii 
 
 :* u. ;■ 
 
 I'i lo ;vi 
 
 r I.. ■ 
 
 ^t 
 
 ••"iitaiii- 
 

 en 
 
H 
 
 ill 
 
 ii 
 
 V| 
 
 -XtSM. 
 
 II 
 
t 1 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 f\j 
 in 
 
 IT 
 < 
 
 (- 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 a. 
 
 -r 
 
 0"! 
 
 tt 
 
r- 
 
 A. 
 
 f I 
 
 *> I 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 oj 
 
 in 
 
 (- 
 
 li. 
 
\ ■ 
 
 .( 
 
 
 
 
 
 1?: 
 
 1 , 
 
 
 llii.li 
 
 •i i 
 
I 
 
 if 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 
 '^. 
 
if 
 
 l-1i 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 'i; i. 
 
 
 
 i: ■'• 
 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 II . 
 
 If 
 
 i '^ 
 
 Tl.( 
 Intiri 
 
 'lilt 
 rocks, 
 
 Tlu 
 
 IMTiltl 
 
 Imnl, 1 
 also ^'1 
 
 illHl tll( 
 
 cclchrii 
 
 itself . 
 
 «'liiniit< 
 
 III A 
 
 <»r tiM' 
 
 llcn-fo 
 
 orti 
 
 I IlilV.' 
 
 Iii'i'it ilin 
 lioriis an 
 liiril lint 
 
 lirri'il, ill 
 
 |i«iri<ii-; I 
 
 ImiIcIk IS 
 
 If 
 
 r 
 
 their 
 leiiial 
 This 
 
 proviii 
 Colo 
 
 1" II.V, ' 
 
 mane, 
 
 iiivariii 
 
 iiials. 
 
 or two 
 The : 
 Jncrt 
 
 Stales ; 
 
 rariiH'i-; 
 
 Cow. 
 Dull . 
 Ox.. 
 
 Afir at r, 
 
 Jivw Inn 
 A itnxiai 
 i/iU to i 
 
THE ITNITKI) KINO DOM. 
 
 ini 
 
 Tl 
 
 iO ,S( 
 
 »il ^'cncrally coinpiirt's with tlir imilnl.viii^' rorKs, iiiiil viiii 
 
 ('nun stcrilosand to vcrv slill loan 
 
 CM 
 
 roe 
 
 Tlicsnbstratnni is lourr ;;ir.'n.sun(l rocks, rlialk, and lower Kuva-i 
 
 U) 
 
 Tlic h'nipriatiiic is ({.'V ii 
 
 IM'rahirea(»' 
 
 I snnmitT. :\S'^ in wintci', and llir nn-an h'lii- 
 
 lIKKKI'nl.M) <'A irii; 
 
 o 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 q: 
 
 O 
 
 li. 
 u 
 tr 
 
 This lirccd takes it 
 bnnl, hnt tlieyare to Ite lonnd als(» in lliead 
 <l ii 
 
 s name IVoni tlie eonniy where they were first 
 
 joining;' eonnlies. They aie 
 
 ies, 
 neen's 
 
 ilso t,'ra/e<l in most of (he -ireat j,'ia/,in;r farms of i lie midland eoniit 
 md I hi'iv are also hreedin^ herds in Scot land and 1 reland. 'I'lie ( ► 
 
 'clehraled henl is kepMiear Windsor, I'.erksl 
 
 itsell easily to the severe climate of tl 
 climate of the south. 
 
 lire. This hrecd adapts 
 
 le north, as well as the mihU'r 
 
 In America sonieare to l»e loiiiid in raiiclies »;,()I7 lc«>t aliove the level 
 ol the sea, and ii(» better proof can I.e ^'iven <.f the hardiness of the 
 llcrclords. 
 
 Of this lireed the Karl of Coventry says: 
 
 I liiivc iiliscivitl lliiffdnl callli- fur twfiit 
 
 y ,\iarM, Inii I onjv I'onmu 
 
 "'" >'-;>|-H;m,,. Dmil.u' tlial |...||.hI I l.av I. ir.l t lirni !»ioi..rs..|.- nr.! 
 
 '"iiisjiiKl otJMT l.i(cils<ir.;iiilt>. ami I mil -^ i 
 
 iu'iit'f<l t'lii'iiiiii); ii 
 
 I'unl I 
 III 
 
 Ml Mat isiicil 111' 1 1 
 
 ■ I'll, iiiiiii 
 
 'I Tci r.c.liiii; |,iir|iosrs that I liavrilis|Mis,,| ufoili. r miM.s. Tl 
 
 |M'(lit;lri<,S||(irf - 
 
 IK MllU'rilllll V of Illl> llflK- 
 
 |i«iri<ii-; ilicv have I 
 
 1^' will iiiil iit'iliMiis all til.' vrar miii 
 
 liulcln Ts iwdir tliriii t(i ml 
 
 s.s"i()ii^|i"i,i,.at uli.iiit tliciiiiliaii tlii'SliMitlioiii, I 
 
 ii'iNortM. cJImI OcIdIht, |HH;t.) 
 
 ny all' a lianlv 
 
 I'licir i|ii,ility <if iiicat is mtv hii- 
 
 ii'iuf liixi -( |a.H.>( 
 
 Tl 
 thei 
 
 ley area |)eilectly piir*^ race of cattle and 1 
 •llei 
 
 lave been broii;,'lit to 
 r present excellence by (he judicious selection of both male ;.|id 
 
 female animals, and not by'the introduction ot 
 
 his strictly piiic blood ;;ives them tl 
 proving,' other breed.- 
 
 crosses of other lirecd' 
 le threat value Ihcv lia\e for iiii 
 
 Colo 
 
 /•.—The distinjjuishin;; color is red with a white fa<e cl 
 
 lest, and 
 
 lite on the le;,'s, white 
 
 ice is 
 
 b« lly, while Hank and while tin to tin. tail; \vl 
 
 mane. ..ml often whit.« line alon- the hack The "red w'llhwhireV 
 
 invanaliN', and the white predominates, hk 
 
 mals. There aie also;riay llerefords, luit tl 
 
 or two breeds. 
 
 The dat*> of the tirst lierdbo«»k is ISI.' 
 
 es, more or less, on dillcnnt ani- 
 lese are now <-oiitiiied to one 
 
 t iicred-si 
 
 .— Tl 
 
 le < 
 
 Icmand for exportation principally tor tlM« liiited 
 
 States and ( 'anada has increased the stock iif the dist 
 tanners brcedin''. 
 
 ric|,ow iiij; to more 
 
 AiiiumU. 
 
 Cow 
 
 Hull 
 
 Ox...... 
 
 .r»t. 
 ..li.i. 
 ..do 
 
 Afir at miiturily ■ Tlitf.- mmih 
 
 AM>rii;i> 
 Wii;;lit lit 
 lii.itunlN 
 
 V> lo U 
 Ifi l<> -.1) 
 'M U> ■-'-• 
 
 llu.c Im,., /„,■>/ ,,urf |.|„i„ „ » ,., V i,.|ii.,t.. ,,,1 1,1.1 
 A<inualarfr,,.,,,,,,,nuU,./m,tk: N n..Ml...u,...i„l liv., Imn.l,...! ,„„„„|i 
 J/.U top^unU»„/l.„Urr: Tlnil^ ,..„,„.l, i., l p.,„„.| .,, ,,,„,,, ,' '" ' 
 
 n. K\. .^,1 — I! 
 
ii r 
 
 162 
 
 C'ATTLK AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 A ;jO()(l vo\v has liccii kiKiwn to .\ icld I I piMiiiils of Itiitlcr per week iif 
 KHiss; iiiitl also oiio jravc .")."» jjouikIs of milk, yicMin;; I'.i pounds of hut- 
 tcr ]U'v (lav, lull this is of rare occiirroiK;*'. 
 
 I'lixliicl. 
 
 *•'"' .1.1 .. 
 
 QiiHnlltv. 
 
 1.770 
 
 U, fMH) 
 
 hahnr: r.illli' iir rnw. 
 
 v,''t"l'"7;"""",' "!"■" .van) ritijuiiil, ., «iil, ;, ni,n.i,t In ,|.,v : ■.i.hMiin- .ml i„ i„ui:l, paMdir.. 
 
 ty I'll;,: ll;n. siiMw, aixl i..„|.i n, « ii,|,i ; h.ii.;1i |m.s|iii<' in niiiiiiik r ' 
 
 y./vu(i,.,;- II, il,i«liuM«.iK.<„l lw..a!i.|a liall.v , ai -.. aiicliixili to l.| I nil tl„.v .,r,. ,il,l 
 
 htaues: (.li.v.r, i vi-mans, i,m.,„|..w, lox-niil, iumI KiiiiIi-Ij iiaimal -liWK.s 
 
 Tho follo\viii.tr is a icroi.l of |Im" IInc w.i-lit.s ..f ih,. fatnd ral(h> of 
 tins hrcoil : 
 
 OxfiicHfi SlfiiH nm f ,, ., 
 : .•i;aii.ln..e I •J'.an.lhMt "'■if'|«('i"» 
 iiv.r J viait. ..Ml :n "*" M'iiM 
 
 I ..l.ll \.als,,l,ll "•'"• 
 
 nII: '- .■.■.■;.■ I.<.m..N.. 2,;i!M I,:.., , ,rj, 
 
 N...;i ;■.■■. '" •■ -'•';'■■■ ".>':■' I.TIU 
 
 N...4 '" ■■"-' I ""I l.i-.V. 
 
 .I.> ... •J,.'l«l l.TTh I.K.':! 
 
 No. 1 ox (irpn-sonfcl in flic skotrh) is iho propnfv of Mr. .1. Price aiul 
 was flic wiMii,.,. of ,h,, MiK,,,.,,,,, ,|.allc,,,c cup, uliid, has never Nee 
 
 tr:u:Z^::rt''''^'''''''- ""•-""•""'•'M--h,he.,.rkin^s 
 
 li .r!''l''l—V .','"' "''■''"' ■"^"' '''^^I'»''-^'"" l'.V:ii.etioii of tuoohlestah. 
 s c. henisfl.c avera.^c price was Just *;i7.-.. ineln.lin.^ <-ow ', 1 , * 
 . . 1 s m-klMi,' c.alves. .\f one sale the lea.Iin,- ball sol.l iT.r .-t.l !t» u 
 tl>«;.»fh..r.sale 12 t woycar old lieif,.rs avera-d .^.i:.J each • the hi ^hes 
 
 IW'ii*<>ll t't\W w.\ . ^'1 •>.»li MM — » tH II , till lll^||l*N| 
 
 ];;;;;;^1_<|'^^ ^^..s -l.,._".l. Ih.,,. were 117 ;nii,„als in one .sah' an.ll.i i„ 
 
 The soil of Fleref.mlshirc is various. fr.)i,i . l;,v lo li-ht smdv v^nil 
 """'I' <•! which is of inferior .pialify ' '' 
 
 ;i h',' snlistratiin. is luineipally linn ;tone. el.iv. an.l "rav.-I 
 • "'<''<''"l'«Tafnre at the altitnde of KmMo ::..o fef^lMiv.'. s,.., |.,v,.l i. 
 Ill siiniiner ( (I ': in winier I'l- t; . ■ '";'''""'^' sea le\el is 
 
 . Ill uiiiMi....) ; tin- mean .liiiiiiM ti,,. ,^,..,,.^ |,,-^ 
 
 im:i)-i'oij,i;i) caiiij:. 
 
 ti.is.:haraeteri., H V n , r"' .'r"^'"' / '='" ."'- ^•"'""^^ '"'d 
 
 whiehisnouhnrsedoin ! ; iT h"'''''"'''''''''^ 
 
 • 
 
 [^ 1 
 
m 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 r 
 r 
 
 
 '^^(^ ' 
 

 in 
 
,i M «. trf-.- ■ii.i -iin i nirrin wiM fc Mfca 
 
 .Ml 
 
 In,. 
 
 
I : 
 
 1 .' 
 
 
 n. 
 
 C 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 163 
 
 iJcd-Pnllcd cattle iiro fomid to lay on flesh rapidly on pasture of tho 
 poorest (inality wlicrc other hreeds woidd re(piire an additional supplv 
 of ncJK'r food. Tlie dry teniix'ratun? of their native homo and the p«M)r 
 pasture seem more parti(!ularly to have tlieir etlect on the size of tho 
 stock. 
 
 As {graceful as the Devon, tlio Red Polled has tlie additional advan- 
 ta-ieofheiiif^hondess, ill it.sclf IK) little <;ain where horses also run in 
 the i»asfnrcs,or where, tlu^stcxtk sent to marktit have to make a Ion" 
 jonrney l>y raihviiy, boat, or road. '^ 
 
 The (irst herdliook was issiie«l in ISTI. 
 
 Til.' color and description of the breed, aifreed upon hv breeders in (he 
 autumn of IST.'S: 
 
 Tl..> n.|„r n..l iH.t, tl.o ml.l.T may 1m; wl.il... Tl.r ..xt.nsi.,,. of ll„. «|.ii..„f Jl.o 
 
 m.l.T,,;.,! .,( |,„ |„. ly l.y tli. „,ilk v.M„s, shall not 1 1,1 ,o,lis;,Mali.V a.. ,u ,, I 
 
 •'SM'iilial.s ot (he stainlard (lfMcn|it mii. 
 
 /•«i»)/i.— TIhto hIkiiiIiI l.f no horns, sln«H, or ahortlv.- horns. 
 
 The followinff are the jjoints for a superior animal • 
 r„hr.-A deep red with udder of the same e(.lor, but the tip of the 
 tail may be white, m)se not dark <.r cloudy. ' 
 
 Form - A n.-at head and throat, a full eye, a tuft or crest of hair 
 
 .1 . bttle ab.»ve tin. ..ye an.l sIm.iiI.I t.-rmiimte in a .'..nmarativelv 
 » "•<>"""en.-cat liesummitofthelM.a,l. in all oth.-r p »itici lars 
 I ' t. '.' r 1 'i;'";"'''* ? '"";!.•' "'•asuperi.,r animal are taken as app - 
 .^ t.. K...M <»I!...I .,uth.. Clean, thin, short l.-s ; a clean throat with 
 '"' <l<'wlap; a spniij^ii.K rib, with lar;r<' ..irca.Cs;'^ la,-., u 1. c I , s 
 <1 <-n'a.s..,| wh..n empty; milk .eins verv la.-e and ri.sin ' ki, t m 
 l'«illstothe..ye,a.epointsinag...„, Ite.i: Polled cow 
 
 AnlnialH. 
 
 Cow 
 
 Hull 
 
 (i\ 
 
 Aw III iniilurilii : ]'„ur vcaix 
 '/"'"'",'"''"■"'/""•'• Olio l.iiii.liv.1 v.'un. 
 ,V.7i.7 '"''■'"/"■ ':'"""'" "f ""'*■ ".-'.'" |.-nn.l4 
 
 ••Wt. 
 .ilo. . 
 
 do . 
 
 wilttlit at 
 ■uuttirit>. 
 
 13 
 10 
 M 
 
 I'llMllHf. 
 
 stint .. 
 Milk... 
 
 Chin HO. 
 
 t.ithnr: r.lllltv 
 
 jt/tho,lo, l„.„yin.,. I„p„Ht,ir.> 
 
 """"•""'"'■'""''. v.. t-niHs. no timothy. 
 
 .pontiiU.. 
 
 .....lo .. 
 ...Ilo... 
 
 (Quantity. 
 
 1,072 
 
 ii,r.<» 
 
 330 
 

 164 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Weights of Devon OATTr.K.-Tlic followin- aro soino oi'tliv weiirhts 
 of live cattle of this breed, us recioided by .Mr. Kuien: "*^'^"t^^ 
 
 No. 
 
 4.... 
 
 8... 
 
 7.... 
 
 8... 
 
 !».... 
 10.... 
 
 II 
 
 \2 
 
 I.I 
 
 14 
 
 If) 
 
 Agi'. Wilnlit. 
 
 Ymr». I J'oHiiilii. 
 
 » I 'J, (iii:t 
 i,:U4 
 
 i,4.irt 
 
 1,1J7 
 I.'.M 
 
 I.:i.i4 
 
 l.."il4 
 
 1,472 
 I, (ill) 
 
 I.iMii;tli 
 
 iViiiii 
 
 point (II 
 
 nIkiiiIiIi r. 
 
 1.M1KII1. ! <"'"'• 
 
 « 
 
 ;i 
 
 :i 
 
 H 
 .■I 
 fi 
 II 
 
 ij 
 
 i,;»»i7 
 
 1. IKJ 
 
 rt. Jn. 
 
 .■> 1! 
 4 !l 
 4 (i 
 4 II 
 
 r< 
 
 rt. In. 
 
 7 111 
 
 i; !i 
 
 ri. 
 
 7 
 i; 
 
 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 Tn. 
 
 1(1 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 1 . . . 
 
 i 
 
 ( 
 
 r, (1 
 
 
 (1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( ■ ■ 
 ""i 
 
 
 .... 
 
 4 K 
 4 7 
 4 11 
 
 « 7 1 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 (i 
 7 
 
 1> 
 
 lU 
 
 Alsoaverajro dail.v yield „r uu]k in poniids: 
 
 No. 
 
 1.... 
 2.. 
 3.'.'.".' 
 4.... 
 
 Datt> of oalviiijr. 
 
 FoiiHliralf Aiiffusf 29 rj, 
 
 S<;c;..ii(l<i,|cs,i,t,.,„i„.r7.._ i '" 
 
 1 imlcalC Ilwfiiihcr 17.. I 
 
 luirdcall' Jauiiary 4 .. ' 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 t 
 
 4'* . 
 
 47 
 
 .10 
 
 4.1 
 411 
 4'.'J 
 
 .3 
 
 
 a. 
 
 s 
 
 4.1 
 
 4(1 
 
 4oi 
 
 47J 
 
 42 
 
 41} 
 
 411 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 44 
 
 ;tit 
 4;i 
 
 ;is 
 
 40 
 4--' 
 
 40 
 
 Another test j-ave a daily averajre f„r five monflm ..r -i 'ja ^7' 
 
 AiuMl;50,ll,i;M;,M,„n'is '" '' •''' ""'"^'v, K'.JH im.uihI.s; t,. 
 
 orr;X;:f,^;:i;-^^^^ -...,(. arise,, n-o... „. ,a.., 
 
 polled cattliMvcre <i."s,i s, Vl V. . t ' "'"' t"'... ,n .sncl, fav.ir Iliat 
 
 ''"''•i^i"S .•iiiCiy ii:ht, n, , n ;/„ ;';^r '■;' '";""^ ""•' '"^""^ •"• vari..„s 
 •:ov.r<'dl,ydiiuviarb,.,ls ' " " """'.vHay. .Siillulk is nrarls 
 
 The tempHafmc of tliis iii.i ,.(• r i i 
 
 ^Innate is ......1^^;; i '', ", ':;";7 •--.;!!» d(.j^<H.s. Tl.c 
 
 t^onntics. '"■'" '"■'' "< till" .soiitlicrn and western 
 
 Tl.isb,,, ,''."" ^^'^-''^"^'-^ '"' '•"•'.':.. AN.;, s<.ATTLE. 
 
 ScothuHiyi^wlai'andAuinle:;/;;^^^ '","':: "<"<heu«t«n, counties ..t 
 
 " • "IH -n^M he el,,.., nMiters, and it ba«e.xi.sfed 
 
 * 
 
mo of the weights 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lt 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •<1 
 
 3 I 40 
 
 I I ;iit 
 > 4:1 
 
 ■■a I •:<) 
 41) I ir.'j 
 
 4-.' , 40 
 
 .'l.'U) jmillids; 
 illiils. 
 'II JioiiihIs; lo 
 
 ri from the fact 
 e itiopoitioii (i| 
 
 had a iiiark«>i| 
 iitli fa\<»r thill 
 'I'licre is, how- 
 
 ; f^h«»rtness nC 
 iiolilciiifii ami 
 ■cess. 
 
 I.i;:lit sands 
 nils til' various 
 Ihdlv is ii("ail\ 
 
 lorliiucst ami 
 o low, iiiaisliy 
 
 >! in siuiiiiicr, 
 
 i<'}rr(>t's. The 
 
 and western 
 
 "0 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 rn 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 m 
 
 ni couiitii's (tt' 
 I it lias existed 
 

 
 ' ■; 
 
 iP 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 'i: 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■f 
 
 
 s 
 
 f " 
 
 i 
 
 •M ^ 
 
o 
 r 
 r 
 
 m 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 
 
 f 
 
i 
 
 ^1 
 
 mm 
 
Till-; UNITKD KIN(a)OM. 
 
 165 
 
 tiMMc from time imiiu'morial, luit it wjisonly in Mio your ISOS (hat Home 
 ;ittt'iiti()ii Wii.s };iv«'ii to iiii|Mt)\«> i(. 
 
 The lirsi lu-nl ho»>k ciiKM' out in ISiL', ami huhw that timo tlio bret'd 
 liiis ;:r(';itly iiiijirovtMl ami lias l»('<'OiiH'soiiu'\vhar tUmoiis rortlitM^xcvIleiit 
 (luality o( its lu'cf, wlin li, .n-conliiiir to Htiiiie adi 
 
 II I HTM. s 
 
 taiMl 
 
 s pre emi- 
 
 iK'iilly lorward, hotli to tiie I'ariiicr and luitciuir, as iM'injf hardy and 
 licaltliy. t,'ootl milkers ixitii in <|nantity and «iiiality, <'a.sily (Wl, ^'(mmI 
 li(cl'i>i<iduiM'rs,('omin-,' early to maturity, and hi^ldv i"»riz(Ml bv butchern 
 Tlic color is l>Ia«'k, 
 
 'I'hc (l(S('ri|>tioii of a tine type of a Polled Anjrus is: The head of 
 male slionld not lie larfj*-, but should be iiandsome and neatly set 
 
 a 
 
 on. 
 
 he mu/zle should be line, the nostrils of oidy nuuhuate ien^'th the 
 eves mild, lar-e. and exiuessive ; the poll hi^fh, the ears of fair size 
 
 livel.\, and well covered with hair, (he thnnit el 
 
 ean, witii no devel- 
 
 oi.iiieiit of skill and llesh beneath the Jaws, which should notl»eheav> 
 the neck pielty Ion--, clean, and risinj; trom the head to the shoulder too 
 
 iiitlsiniiKtnnted by a moderate "crest," which contrilmtes t< 
 
 ippeaiaiice, a desirable point in a bull. The neck should 
 
 and evenly into the bodv, with full 
 
 > niaseuline 
 pass neatly 
 
 neck vein. The shoulder blades 
 
 slionld lie well back wards, tit t in;: iM'at ly into the body, and not I 
 waiillydiitsideit ; they should show no undue promin 
 
 yin;;awk- 
 
 top, on the points, iir at the elbo 
 
 eiiceon theslioidtl 
 
 w. The chest should be w id,, and d 
 
 ler 
 
 he l.os.,iii should stand well torwanl betwot'u the forele;:s, and und 
 
 e«'0 
 
 iieath slidiild be w«>ll covered with llesh and fat. Tl 
 I'll' 
 
 P 
 er 
 
 Hand h'vd, with no lallin- olV behind them"; the ribsweiu,.,, 
 [MMlly joined to the crops and loins ; (he back level and broad, (he I 
 
 le crops should bo 
 sprun;,'. 
 
 »roa(l and strong:, the hook boi 
 
 avt 
 
 es not too wide, narrower than in a 
 
 loins 
 
 n 
 
 la-eSlH.rt horn; the. |nartersloii,-,even,amlrounded; thetail shou'hl 
 
 -■neneai y out o the bu.ly, not too far nj, the back a.id not liKle 
 
 llie root than the line of the back. "'Knti ai 
 
 The above des.aiption r.'fers in.M-e correctly to bulls than to cows; the 
 
 'tb'-,olc.,Mise,dinerconshlerably in character; the head is much In, r 
 
 '•' 'r^ <'!" •;'""' '-leaner, with no ".•rest ;" the shoulder to shar r' 
 
 and milk vessels I 
 
 nr;;e and well deli net! 
 
 AiiiiimU. 
 
 lillll .. 
 0\.... 
 
 -l/i(if in,ihinl,, Til,,., \,.,„^ 
 lh"rl„„,,l.n,l,,„r, S,.v..|ilN \,;im 
 
 J/.a ,o,,.,un.U .,, UlUr. T. ,,oun,U u,\ ,..m„il ,„ hull, r. 
 
 . rwt 
 ill. 
 il.> 
 
 Avprngn 
 : wilj-lil itt 
 I inaturily. 
 
 14 
 
 IM 
 
 ir> til in 
 
 J'lixllht, 
 
 Mi'iit. . 
 Milk.. 
 
 Lnlmr: l,i|||i.. 
 
 
 int. r i>aHitirii( in numiuer. 
 
 Qiiautltr. 
 
 |N>iiml*..j 
 
 ■■■■■'"■1 
 
 1.4M 
 U,WW 
 
\{\(] 
 
 CATTLK .\M> l>\IKY FAKMINt!. 
 
 m 
 
 ]Vt i fill f.— The tollowin;;- art' sonic III' tlic \vci;,^lit.s of fiittcd raltlc of this 
 Itrcfd : Sict'is ii(»t cxccctliii;; lour vcars <»lil, No. 1, L'.'JtI.S potiiiiis ; No. li, 
 L',0»M pounds; No.;{, l.".»71 pomiils; No. 4, cow, llirct^ yt'iirs iiiiil «'i^r||( 
 nioiitlis, i,S7<i pounds; No. .">, tlircc vcars, 1.710 pounds, ('attic intended 
 Ibrtlu^ iiondon Cliristnias market arc Uept till three or lour .vcars old, 
 and l.'-'.'VJ pounds tol,!."))! pounds (»h'ad weit,dits) arc connnoii \vci;i;iits. 
 
 TImmj^ is no apparent searcitv of stock. 
 
 rricr. — Thca\t'ra;;c price reali/.ed at recent sales lias Iuh'Ii $IS0, aiid 
 the hi^du'st prico that has hceu paid lor a polled aninial was !i«l,;{,s,"i jn 
 1SS(»., 
 
 The climate of the county of Al»erd«'cn is described as on the wludc 
 milii, tii(^ winters not hciny; so c(dd nor the siiuiiner so ndid or so h)n^ 
 as the southern counties. 
 
 The tcinpcratui'c is ^u ' in sumiimr, .'{<» in wint«'r, and the nusin «lur- 
 iuji' the year l."> '. 
 
 Tlu^ soil on tlie uplands is \ cry poor and thin, while tlie low l,\in;: 
 land has various soils, but most of it naturally poor and churlish, but 
 has by jiulicioiis cultivation been converled into tine nntld. Heaths 
 and eoaisc, stitf clays arc counnon in the hij;licr districts, and li;;hl sands 
 and tine clay in the valleys. 
 
 WELSH CAI'I't.E. 
 
 There arc two breeds of cattle in Wales. The North Wales breed is 
 found in ;,Mt'atcst |tcrfection in .\n;;le.sf;i und ("acrnaix onshire. The 
 S(»uth Wales breed is ealled the " ( 'astle Martin "and the animals ai.' 
 very bi;,', lari^e bones and coarse, but tlu-y art' not in favor in the iioiih 
 of the principality. The first herd book iur Noith Wales was pniilishid 
 last year (]8S;5), and j^reat care and attention is now bein^ ;;i\en to the 
 breed. 
 
 ('((/(;;•. — IJoth breeds aic black, producing: occasionallv specimens of 
 dun-colored and red. Characteristu- points rc(|uire that bulls siiould 
 have white testicles and the cows white udders. 
 
 Ajicat inaliiritN. ;>.] years. 
 
 liive weijiht (avciaj,M') at matin ilv i>. cow, I.Jto 1 1 cwt., bull, 1.". to IS 
 cwt., and the o\ l.i to l,"i cwt. 
 
 The h>llowiii;iare I he weij^htsof three oxen under lour vcars of a;,'e: 
 No. 1, I,S7(» pounds: No. L', !,',>.-.;{ pt.unds, and No. .;, L'JOS pounds. 
 Ihe ox whose ithoto,i,napli is -iveii herewith wei-hs actually LMt.l 
 poiimis and won the chief prize, -the breed .-up" at Smithlirld cattle 
 show. Kith Dccciulier, l«s;{. 
 
 .Milk yield from a yood cow is about l.dlMI pounds anniialh ; butter 
 yield is alioiit ;;(I0 poiimls annually; no cheese In made. 
 
 ,(,',"" ■"■"'** "^•''"Ji<' P'i'''' lor j;(iod oxen is from .^SS to !ji!KS. 
 
 1 he i.^le of An-lcsea , w here this breed is found pure) is'dcscribetl as 
 i»ci!i- .|uite devoid (.f mountains or ;ih'ns, tiat in the s.»uth and ceiiier 
 ■■md only mo.h.rate hills on tic north. Tli.' .'limale is inihl but fo-ux. 
 the temperature bell,- .V.t ^ Jn summer, lU m vMiitcr, and the mean 
 dtirni;,' the year ..(» . The soils are chielly san.lv loam, a stitf rddisi. 
 earth, am i,laekish ve-eiable mold. Th.. M,eks are Cambrian, l-..wer 
 Nlurian, i^ower ( arboi.iferous, limestone ami .shale, jrranitc, I'ermian 
 eonylomerate, sandstone, and red marl. 
 
 i'ni; .iKKM-.v < Ari'i.K. 
 the name ol the Alderney biee.l. The..- are about ll',(MI() caUlc on this 
 
il riiltlcof tlii.s 
 iHliitls ; No. L', 
 11 rs mill «'i;rlii 
 little iiitfiHlftl 
 Mir .vrais old, 
 iiiioii \V('i;;litN. 
 
 IM'll $IS(», iilMl 
 
 was f!<l,;{.s,"i ill 
 
 on tlif \vlioli> 
 iltl or su Uiug 
 
 \u' mean diir- 
 
 the low Ivin;; 
 clinrlisli, lint 
 old. licatlis 
 mI li;;lil sands 
 
 halt's I lived is 
 insliirc. Tlic 
 ' animals ai<- 
 I' in till' iioriji 
 vas pniilislicd 
 4 iiiwu to (he 
 
 s|ir»'im«'iis ol' 
 hiiiis should 
 
 luill, ir» to IS 
 
 years of a;,M': 
 • Kts pounds, 
 ctuallv LMlil 
 tlilield cattle 
 
 lally : butter 
 
 ■•''IIS. 
 
 desciilted as 
 1 and eeiiti-r 
 Id hut to-Aii> . 
 id the mean 
 I stitV ivddish % 1 
 
 Inian, J.o\v« r 
 lite, j'i'iiitian 
 
 li j^'oes iilidel ^ 
 
 jutllu on this ^'^ 
 
 n 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 O 
 
 X 
 
'I . 
 
 
w 
 
1 l> 
 
 lii 
 
 w 
 
 Ji c 
 . r 
 
 
 
 r 
 
n 
 •Ji 
 -< 
 
 CC 
 
 c 
 
 )■ 
 
 X' 
 
 I 
 
 *> 
 
 ')\\ 
 
 I pi"' 
 
 41 
 
 jp 
 
 fi 
 
i ! 
 
 I ■ 
 
 L. 
 
 n 
 
 CO 
 
 n 
 ■< 
 
 o 
 I- o 
 
L. 
 
 n 
 3) 
 CO 
 
 -< 
 
I "' i 
 
 I , 
 
 1^ 
 
 WW 
 
 I 
 
 ; 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 167 
 
 siiiiill island, wliicli is only lli miles lonfr by iniU'S broad, and, what ia 
 „„,st ivmaikiibic, it exports ovt-ry ytsir above 2,000 lu'ad of cattle. 
 
 Tli«' .b'lsfy cow is specially adai)ted for the (hiiiy, yielding; a quality 
 (if milk so licli that no other can ho compared to it. Ibit the specialty 
 is butter, and in this it stands unrivaled for quality aiul i)rolit. 
 
 />«.srn>^/oH.— The liea<l should l)e small, slender, and len^'thy from 
 tliceve to nose; the horns thin and op<'n, not cramp«Ml (U- too curly ; 
 tilt' eye lull but not too pntminent ; the ear lengthy and broad and well 
 triii^M'd with hair; a broad mu/zle should be avoided; the neck slundd 
 he lonu', Hilt. i>n«l narrow, with a tendency t() rise at the withers, and 
 breadth behind the arm to allow <»f a full expansion of the lun{,'s, the 
 cliest Iteinj; rather deep than broad. The tlat-sided cow is more espe- 
 cially to be chosen as a milker; the hips should be wide, ru^'j^'cd, and 
 lii-ii, and the haunches wide and lar{,'e, droopin;; toward the tail ; the 
 thilrh Ion-; and lean from hip to Inx-k, the veins bein^^ pronunent and 
 ( asMy felt ; the le},'s slemlcr with Hat bone and small, Hat feet, the 
 hiiid'er ones havinj,' },'ood width between, to alVord ro<m» tor the udder; 
 a loM^' and thin tail is a <,qeat point in brecilinj,'. 
 
 This is a ^^cneral description of the breed, but the .lersey Aj,'ricultural 
 Society have a stambird «»f points by which they .iud;4;e an animal. 
 
 C'o/oV.—They are ^rayfawn and white, yellow lawn and white, Ki'iiy- 
 (Inn and white, amy and white, silver-gray dun, cream-color fawn, .S:c. 
 
 Avcrmge 
 
 Cnw 
 
 r.iiii 
 (l\ 
 
 AiilmaU. 
 
 
 
 
 .. iwt.. 
 
 wfli:lit nt 
 maturity. 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 du . . . 
 
 \2 
 
 
 IUr«. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'lr lit iiiii'unlii: Konr (<i llvi> mmiih. 
 //••Id loii'i hiiit I'lin- : Kivr lillllillnl V"'Ult 
 Aiiiiinit an r:vi,- iiitnixih tif initk Scvrii lliiiiiH.iiiil. 
 .\hU lii/itiKmla III liullrr Twi-iily |»iiiiiiln to 1 |MiUlitl liUtUt'. 
 
 Milk III IIiiiiIhU 11/ chii n- : N<i|ll' lllllllr. 
 
 
 i 
 
 'riMliiit. 
 
 QiiantUv. 
 
 Mral potiiiilM - T.'iO 
 
 Milk do... 7, OUO 
 
 CIll'fUK I NllUl'. 
 
 I.iihiir I.iiilt' 111 niiiiK. 
 
 WwA.r/ iij liiiMfiiLt niiiiMnl ,tl iil;;lii itiiil l<-llii lilt liy lUy. 
 
 Kfiliiij: (fi;tn'.. Uirill|m, Ai'. 
 
 Ilrniliiiii CoillliK IK I' ;il iiliiilK lli\ti'i'll llinlltliH 
 
 iiriittrn: I'll lull, I.turiuc, 1 liivir, lyi'. 
 
 I he iiillt»\viiij,' are sdiiic of lh(< famous \ idds of Jerseys as ptdtlishe«l 
 b\ Ml. 1;. i*. I'tiwhr, of Southanq>toii : 
 
 ) K /(/ 11/ liiitttr inr ivnk II' lit II III full lUiw. 
 
 NuilitMI. <,ltl;ilillt\ 
 
 ' •••• » U'» H 
 
 \ • ^»ia I w 
 
 ■' 1 Wl) <l : |U 
 
 ] i!» K ; II 
 
 ;! Ill ■' \'i 
 
 S 1^ 1^ 1:1 
 
 ' I- I It 
 
 NiiiiilM-r. 
 
 guMiUty. 
 
 
 IA)i. ot. 
 
 IM II 
 
 17 tt 
 
 >7 
 
 \i\ \i 
 
 Itl 
 
 !• rj 
 
 1 no 
 
 1 
 
 CitMttu tval, J'i (Ivriitm*. 
 
jjf: 
 
 ; 
 
 I! it 
 
 168 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 7>«rm,sr (>/'.s/(»('A,_I{iiMl.'i|K'st or loot ;iii<l iiioutli tliNtsuso 1ms lu-ver 
 appi'arnl iii the islaiul. Tlio (let'ivu.sc is owiiij; to tlu^ j;ivat iminbcr 
 oxportrd ol'Iiito .years to Aiiii'rica. wlieic tlio linvd is Iii^lily pii/cd. 
 
 /Vur. — From >«i'(»0 to some tlioii-saiids, acconliii<; to pcdi'Tct' 
 
 Topopraplii/.—TUv siiifacc of the island is ('v«t.v\vIi».ic inidii'latin.' 
 Ihc liijili land consists, for the most part, of /-ranito rocks ; the south" 
 em part, ot a mass of schistose rocks incnndienf upon ;;iaiiite 
 
 Taiipn-dtior.— nw climate of .l.-rsey from its iiisidar sitiiation is 
 milder than that of other places under the same latitmle, and the me in 
 temperature, wiiich is o.P, is lii-her than that of anv part of Kn-laml 
 In summer it is OP, and in winter V2^. " " 
 
 AYKSIIIUK CATTLK. 
 
 This breed is found ii 
 
 iliis trnvd IS loiind m Ayrshire, Scotland (\vhen<-e it derives its name) 
 an|l the adjan-nt portion of the L.nvlan.ls. It is an a<imirai.le hiee , f 
 ' *''' ;-'ttUMa her un.ler the middle si/.e, but hardy, an.l viel.lii,.. ex 
 telieiit milk 11! lai'iie (luantities. " 
 
 Jh'scriptiuii and voUn 
 rather Ion 
 
 -Th 
 
 e improved cow has the head small, but 
 
 I'niiliM t. 
 
 Wiiij;lil 
 
 Ai!Mi.,lwv.n..T|„,Kl,Mti..ii..r milk 
 Ml k I.. |M.iiii.lH,,r liiiitiT.... 
 
 Ahllv III |HMin,U,,| (liiisr ■"" 
 
 i\\tl;l;;i. wii-hl ;,t nj.itinitv 
 
 l^uw 
 
 Hull 
 
 Ox ■;; 
 
 ImmiikIh 
 
 ll.. .. 
 
 do... 
 
 owt. 
 
 .1..... 
 
 ilo .. 
 
 a, iKKi 
 iii 
 I ■ 
 
 In 
 
 '//"■ "' """"r.'y • Koiir t.. liv., v.'ai-s 
 """''""■' '-"■'■'' l'"r. : ( III.' JMiiHttTd \..;.r». 
 
 ch.es.. p,.,. ,,;',' '"' " '•• """ " "'""" -' '•' l'<""'ds butter or :.<M» pound> 
 
 iows;'lt.?--J';;:;r;:.;:;';;.^^ '•>, n.terpnsin, .armers as toL 
 
 J'as risen in allord the ^I'l, .''';", ''^'■'* C"' r'"'"!) till the ..ass 
 <kv tiiroMoh the ui ,....<! . ""; '"" "'•'"' '"'^ ''vcrv-.M.d 
 
 -.ln■yhave..^r;;:n: ,:?;,:';;;: - 
 
 '•••••omes ,hv ;,„d hot tl... ...u . .1 • ^^ •'•'"t'Vcr the weatii.T 
 
 i„ ,„, MH.,,iin.. „ '■ , . ;'^•^ ='"' '•''';""•'" ^'''ass in the bvic fn.m .1 
 
 ture^.ass ..,,,, !.;;■•, ■,;';; j';r\i:;::'!:::.-.<''r;.'''''^ "■'"•" i-- 
 
 ^'lowth of rlov 
 Jioiind; wlieu tl 
 
 larvcst liM-v K 
 
 •■I', and afterwards of ti'ir 
 
 iii Weather beet 
 
 •<-ive a siipj.ly of the second 
 Mps strewed over ihe pasture 
 le yt'ar the 
 
 >mc.s stormy in the fall of tl 
 
THK UNITKl) KINGDOM. 
 
 169 
 
 cows iir U<'i»l i" I'x' '»vrc diiriii;: Um- nijilit, uiid in ii slioit tiiix^ alter- 
 „„,ls l.olli Ill-lit ;iihI (iii\ ; I1m-.\ aiv Ihrii Ir.l ..ii oat straw aii.l turnips; 
 tlicv ttiiitiiiiu' to vi«'lil a roiisitlrraitlr .|iiaiititv of milk lor .mmii.' tmn'; 
 ,,„'l of Ilii' Hiriiii.fro|. is catrii at tlif .-imI of liarvrst ainl lu-iniiiii.ii ot 
 uiiii.r l(. pn.tiiHt llic milk, an. I part is stoRMl up lor <,Mv«'n To...! (luring' 
 il,,. Willi. -r; alh-rlliis sl.av is .xiiaustcj tin' •• Swclish" Inrmp antl 
 ,,oi;ii..cs ar.' tis.'.l aionii willi any lo<l.lrr till tlit- ;rras.H can snpi.ort tin-, 
 ,„ws t'iialV, oals, an.l )».)tato«'s arc hoih'd for tlu^ rows alter calvm;,', 
 and ili.v arc -cii. •rally f.-.l .»n rvc ^'rass dnrin;; tlu> latter part of the 
 
 siiriiii. 
 
 ■ /v,,r.— The avera^'c price for tr<>od eows is fr.un i^lL'li to A140. 
 
 riic cniuitv .if Avrsliiif is for I he most part plain oi><'ii country, 
 n,. II her liilly ii.ir level, Init risin;: fr.»m the slion- in ;i ;iradnal easy ac- 
 clivity till it terminates in ni.tuntains <in the sontiieast, and nn>orisii 
 liillsini ea;.t. Ill Ixmiitlaries. N.> part can »»e termed level, for the snr- 
 lacf alioiin.Is with iinnierons swi-Us and ronmiisli hills which facilitate 
 t lie escape. »f moisture and pr.nnot.- \«'ntilali.)n. 
 
 (7,»,„/(._K(,i- MMtre than iw.ithir.ls of the y«'ar the wind blows Ironi 
 the .-(.iitliwest, and the rains are often opi.ms and s. iietimes of lonn 
 (linatioii. The t.-mperalure is 51)'' in summer, ."57 ^ ii. winter, and tho 
 mean .liiriii.i; the year 17 \ 
 
 .s„;/,s,_('hiy, or ar^Mllaceoiis earth, is the m.»st comint.n. Thisspecies 
 is so tenaeioiis tliat il .an .ndy he plowed in a state of m.iistnre,l>ut l»y 
 appli.alioii ol lime ami .>ther niuimie it isconveilihh' into line rich loam, 
 thuiis.iiiils ol acres havin-; lie«'n thus treated. li«»am of alluvial formu- 
 liiiii is l.iiiiiil ill ho'iiison the si.les of ri\ers an.l other low situati.)ns. 
 The siil>slratiiiu in the hitiher parts of the c.Minty ahoun.l in unmixed 
 granite, while also is found breccia whinstone, j;re«'n.stone, and red 
 saiitlsldiic. 
 
 IM'oKTATI.i.N or IIKITISII OATTLK TO TlIK IMTKI) STATES. 
 
 All ol the bleeds here treated are sai.l to have ^'really improved ill 
 the I'liile.! Siat.s, where lln' ou.litioiis of (•limate and soil luivo been 
 fav.nalile. 
 
 I'lie b.st aiiiiiials to import aie the pur«' breeils. and choice should bo 
 iiiaile a. (■(iitliii!,' to the nee. Is and fan.-y of tlu' importer ami the tarcuia- 
 staiiee.Mil the climate. iV;c.. of his iiiw/.iu^ laii.ls. 
 
 I'.ii dairy iiurp.>ses, havinj; re;:ai.l to ..(st of keepin^r, the preferent'O 
 seems to be fin the Al.h'iiu\\. A>rshiie, and Welsh, wiiih- tlui Short- 
 lioiii and b'eil Polled e\e.-l b.ilh lor milk and beef pr.Mlnein;,' »|Ualilies. 
 As a ^.•iieial taiiii sto.k th.' !)e\i>ii, llereloid, IVille.l, Aberdeen or 
 Aiil;ii>. and Siis>ex are pre-eminently a.lmire.l for beauty, si/.e, and llesh- 
 liiakiii^ i|iialil les. 
 
 A> In I lie lie>t methods. Iwst naiti's, an.l .ost of transportation, Mr. 
 l)e la I'lTielle writes as Ibll.tws : 
 
 'I Ik' lii.ss I liiiiiit;!! iiioitality, ,iii iin|i<ii'|;iiil ili'in, I huvi- rniiiut < :tii lie ovrrciiiih' liy 
 pmlitili;; l>y tin- eNix rieiiee nl |ii;i<t ic;il nIhium is. M> eNlierii'lire, wliicli hun f\t<'ll(li'<l 
 ' \< r i|i;tii.v \«';ii>t, li.'i.-, |ii'i>\i'(| tjuit |i)'tsoiial ami |>i.'ii'i nul iiUoiil ion in aiii|ily rt>|iiiiil 
 iiniii iln> I'ai-Mlial ilii' loss o|'(■a|||(•^||i|l|,(.|| l,y '111- has nut i-Ncfciliil I (mt cent. Many 
 "liijiliifs iHiil, llifrer..|i'. ilillir'iiltv lo iililain miinin- iiiMnance. iiii<l tlie ruU-n rule liijjli 
 1 1 mil I III! far I III' thiir not alteiiiiint; aiiil in'>iii iiii,' nimii the ilitailH of |iiii|M'ily Mtull- 
 liiu: lallli- <iti liiiaiil fleaimr^, rhe:i|in«'.s>. in tins j-arlii iilar linn;; (al»e im (iiioniy. 
 
 .\-« toihi' KHii.'.Miiiii-are Nliijipcd lid! II I. Hill Inn, Siiiiiliaiiiiiliin. Itriistul Clianin-l, Livt>r- 
 
 poiil, ai.il .ila.suiiW, lilil 1 wiMlhl (,'l\t> tiie |iri'lelen<e In I.I ■ 11 pimj, aH 1 fiilisiili-r it ntliTH 
 
 ^rnater laiilities Cir ^hippllll,' ihaii any "tin v pnrt. I In- fn i;;lil pii' head is Innn $'i'> 
 !ii ■i'i.'i, aiMiirdin^ In lii-sti nation. Init I ship snnie times at a nun li jnvver rate wlu'n therw 
 a l.ir;,'!' niimliir ot animals tn ship, ain'i 1 lit k mi tin- enst el limd «-»i luutt- lui iietlign-e 
 - ' k III lie ;ili()iil ;;(i I itits Jut tias. 
 
1 I 
 
 m 
 
 170 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 WIIKUK TO I'l'R01[ASK lUMTISH CATTLK. 
 
 The loll( 
 
 lio Ibllowiiijr may ln'ot iiitcn'st to intt'inliii;,' piirchiisiTH as sliowirif,' 
 llic plact's :iii«l (laics wlierc most of tin- aiiimals of the it'porttMl brct'ds 
 may lu' seen ami purcliasfd : 
 
 West iliyliland and iScotcli i-atllc ^M-iicially arc sliowii in larj^'o nmii 
 Iters at Falkirk trysts {or lairs) second Monday In Scjdcmbcr and ()c 
 tobcr, when from LM ),(»(»() to ;!(MKHl arc shown; at .Mnir of Ord lair.s, 
 Inverness, ami all Scotch fairs; also at Newcastle ( >ctol)cr fairs ; at 
 Sta^shaw, in the same ct.nnty; at r.rontrh Hill, Westmoreland; at the 
 Norwich markets, and at liarnet fair on the lirst week in Se|)tendM'r, 
 and Worthampton An^'nst I'd. 
 
 (lalloways are met with at all the fairs in sonth and west of Scotlund ; 
 at Carlisle, Tcnrith, Itosley Hill on Whit, Monday, l>ron;;h ilill, and 
 Newcastle fairs. 
 
 Shorthorns: The fairs at Ncw<"asile on-Tyne, Durham, l)arliiii;t(iii, 
 Yarm in Voikshire (Uciohcr l!t and L'O), Northallerton, Northampton, 
 I'loston in Lincolnshire, Stow-on the Wold, ( iloncesteishire are lemariv 
 able in theirseveral districts for this bieed. Of these Newcastle, Dar 
 liii;4t(tn, and Yarm ar(^ probably the best. 
 
 Ib'refords: The best shows of this stock are at the fairs in Hereford 
 shire in the month of ()ct(dier at the j^reat market, in Hereford itsch. 
 October :iO; af Leominsti-r in March and October L'7 ; at, tlui lairs in 
 Monmonth and in lloss ^ivM inimbers of well bri'd animals are shown. 
 Amon;r the other fairs those of Shrewsbnry, Widvi-rhampton, iSirmin;; 
 ham, (iioncester, and r.aniet in licit fordshire. are iHttcwoithy. 
 
 Devons are sh(»wn in their own county at Sonth Mtdtitn, Saturday 
 after February 1.'}; Crediton, Saturday before last Wednesday in April: 
 Sami»fordlV\cril, the following Mont'hiy ; Mxeter, iM-bruarv 1<», M:iy V.K 
 .July L'l. December S; North Moltcm, tliinl Wednesday in Slay and' las! 
 Wednesday in October; at I'.arnet fair, tirst week in Septemln'r; lJou;;li 
 ton^ (Ireen, Northampton, dune L'l, L'o, and I'd. 
 
 Sussex cattle aic rartdy met with out of their own coiintv and it> 
 iiei;.dd>orliood (Lewis, May (i). 
 
 <'lianntd Islands: One of the best lairs for this stock (Jersevs) is 
 Southampton, Trinity Monday. 
 
 Ayrshires are met with in abiindam-e at the fails in the sonthwe.stcrn 
 counties of Scotland, the principal pridtablv bciiii: Avr(last l''rida\ in 
 April) for cows, barren an<l in calf, and .\ou"n;: cattle. " 
 
 1 have th- honor to transmit herewith tabulated sumniarv of llic 
 special points of iiifoiiiiatioii called tor by the Dei.artmeiit's f«>rni sent 
 me. 
 
 sTi:i'iii:\ i:. packaih), 
 
 United Stati;s roNsti.ATK, 
 
 Licit pool, -lanunrij L'.S, I,s,S5. 
 
hilSlTS ilN .Sll(»\vi||{; 
 
 lu' li'porlt'd brei'ds 
 own ill lar]L(i! iiiini- 
 
 H'|»t»'llll>»'f illltl ()(• 
 
 ^liiir of Old liiiis, 
 
 October fairs ; at 
 
 tiiiorflaiid ; at tlic 
 
 I'l'k ill Sc|)loiiili(r, 
 
 west of Srollaiid; 
 Mroiiuli Mill, and 
 
 iliaiii, Darliiii^toii, 
 on, Nortliaiii|it<iii. 
 I'sliirc air icmailv 
 ■;«' Nrwi-astlc, Dar 
 
 fails ill Hereford 
 ill Hereford it. sell. 
 27 ; at t liti fairs in j 
 niiiials are siiown. 
 laiiiptoii, l:iriiiiii<; 
 (tcwortliy. 
 
 Mtdtoii, Saliirdiiv 
 diiesdav in April ; 
 hriiary 10, May lH, 
 ly in .Slay and last 
 'pfoinher; l5oii;;li 
 
 kvii eoiiiity and il> 
 
 stoeli (.lerseys) is 
 
 llic soiitliwesti'iii 
 lyr (last I'"iiday in 
 
 I Niiiniiiary of tlif 
 itmeiit's form sent 
 
 Tin: UNITED KINODOM. 171 
 
 TahiMnI s„m,„<n;, of Ihv x,„,ml hnah of Hrithh ,,iHl,- ,:,,o,l,:l hjf Comul I'arkard. 
 
 Milk 
 
 Aiiniiiil Milk 
 iiviT.iiir I"' 
 
 \„ il liii'iil. |>minils!]»mii(U |mmiihIh 
 
 111' of I «• 
 
 milk. lmlU<r. «liw«c. 
 
 (Iiisii liiilnlii. 
 
 lluhlUI. 
 
 I.lvo wrlKlit. 
 
 l.-ow. Hull. «)x. 
 
 I Alto 
 III mil' 
 i tiirUy. 
 
 Sliciilli"ni 
 
 In vdii 
 
 Sll!*.Ht'X 
 
 ll.nliMil 
 
 K.d I'cillii! 
 
 AiiaiiHiPiAlit'rdi'i'ii 
 
 Wrl^ll 
 
 tli'r.«y 
 
 ii,n<m 
 
 (1. (KK) 
 
 ;i, (KM) 
 
 »,.'>00 
 
 ll.'J.'ll) 
 
 It, (iWI 
 I, (Kill 
 7. 0(10 
 
 40 
 
 A\rsliim ' I'.t'tW 
 
 30 
 35 
 •J7 
 13 
 •JO 
 
 ar. 
 
 iti 
 
 1 Cwt. I ('int. I Otet. \ 
 
 VoikKliii.., *c :16t..lM IKIiijn V)U>T> 
 
 l)cM)iiBiiin< '.• I'.' II 
 
 Siium'x. M il4t<'17 r.tii'.o nto'.'U, 
 
 llirilc.Kl, A. rjliiU lilto20 'Mlo7i \ 
 
 N..iiniui»n.is.ifrnik .{ I'J in 1 14 
 
 Foniiriinil AlMriliMli I H IM l.'ili.lil 
 
 Nollh \V.il.H 'I3tnl4 l.-.NilH i:i»<.l5 
 
 IhI.. nf .It.rwy I *• 1 '■-' "»"■'"• 
 
 Avrshlr.' U Ki I* 
 
 Ytari. 
 
 i 
 CI 
 'i to 4 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 •J* 
 4 to 5 
 
 4 to ft 
 
 •sin r.s, 4 yeMB; lowa for l)rw4lliimMir|Mii«n, 4 loUyetini. 
 
 .N.iiiii' 111' lini'il. 
 
 (.'iilor. 
 
 Dt'iiici 
 
 Sllr*M'\ 
 
 lien furil .. 
 
 Knl INill|t<l . 
 
 Kiiiiii. n liiti'. 11 <l itliil 
 
 whili', nil. 
 Kill 
 
 ilii 
 
 lluw liiiii;lili>4l 
 
 |1UII'. 
 
 r^klHir. 
 
 I'nMlui't. 
 Miut. Milk. 
 
 /.f« U,». 
 
 s| imin Kmiii, «liilr. ml iwiil Since 17(*0 .. . I.itlli' JiU nl tioiw 11, .'xw 
 
 »i'l:;lil. 
 Siiir<'lK„'7 ... ili> . l.'.MJ I 6,000 
 
 ] 3, 000 
 
 iti-<i anil uliito i-'rnin urninito l.itlin ' 1,770' 0, .'lOO 
 
 I ]ii'M<hI. I 
 
 l;,.,l I Olio IhiikIumI i1<i .. 1.07'J 11/J50 
 
 I yi'ttrn. i I 
 
 Aii-iMiir AliinliTii I lll.uk Knim ui. niul.' il" ..' 1,456 ( 0,000 
 
 1 ihTiimI. i • 
 
 Wi-Mi 1 r.liM'k. mill iMiiUiiim ' ■ 4,000 
 
 allv iliiii uiiil III!. ! 
 
 ,Iii«i.y (iruv, l.iHii. .iiiil rivi' Imuilnil .i !.ittli> 750 i 7,000 
 
 « lull-, ami xarH'in. jimin. | 
 
 .Vvrxliilr Miitlli-.li iliiiiilttliiU- Oiii' IiuiuIkmI , 0,000 
 
 I yf«i«. i 
 
 ('li«-4vte. 
 
 LhM. 
 
 350to500 
 
 33« 
 
 fiOO 
 
 lli.ilii.t. 
 
 I Mkiui ! 
 
 [ t(<in|M'ru- 1 8UUIIIMT. Wiiitci. 
 
 S4lil. 
 
 
 Iiinv 1 
 
 t!) 
 51 
 
 SO 
 40 
 411 
 4S 
 
 Ml 
 
 53 
 47 
 
 ! 
 
 8' ' 
 00 
 
 6;i 
 m 
 (K 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 «i 
 
 50 
 
 o 
 37 
 
 au 
 
 3H 
 3U 
 37 
 
 a>i 
 
 4 'J 
 37 
 
 AllllviHl. 
 
 
 
 l.ii.kiii. 
 
 i 
 I.iiitiii . . . 
 CUypy 
 
 llHIIII. 
 
 siitr i.iitii 
 
 tiny. 1 Hiuidy, Ac 
 
 Yl.lksllilV / 
 
 l(r\ (iiisliii'c 
 
 1 
 
 Yellow mill ' 
 wliiitioliiy.: 
 til nt<<Mli< naiiil. 
 
 I'lllV to li^lll HUUll. 
 
 flaj ; 
 
 . till Saiiil mill Vi»' 
 
 liiiiiii 
 
 SUH^'V , 
 
 .\..il.ilk an.lSiiiriilk ...' 
 FiiilaiNhin. and .\lic r 
 
 ilf-ii.ilnM.. 
 .N.iilli WaliH 
 
 A II II Vint 
 
 i.<iiiiii 
 
 Jerw'V 
 
 
 
 1 At. 
 
 Ayrnlilli) 
 
 AlliiviiU. 
 
 
 Cl»y 
 
 
 
T-p 
 
 r 
 
 i • 
 
 i i 
 
 
 172 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 TiihiiUilid .stimmiiiii III' tht kjhuiiI hrml-t nj Uriltih catlle, •(•€•. — Conliniit^l. 
 
 CiiltiraiMl anuun. 
 
 DJHttiit. 
 
 I.iini'->l<ini' Sjiii|f>'"iu>. lir.iiiiii'. Cliiv. <ir>ri>l,4ki'. ' 
 
 CM<.v.r ' ^^*- ^*^ 
 
 A . 
 
 Viiik.tliiri' 
 
 ( inl nil H.iiiil. , 
 
 Kt'illr. 
 
 Itivniij-liiic .. ilii 
 
 SiiH.. \ L'>«',r i-'fi'iD^iiiiil. chalk, and !"«>'i Ki>ct !!• KH i.». 
 
 Ill 11 limUliiii I,iiu<'.«iiiui' t'iikjr ..I Oravrl .. CloT»r 
 
 >'iiii"lk.iiii|SiiHiilk ..do, 
 
 Nuitli W.ili * I,imi>itti>tip SdoiUUmc r.r.iii.i«< 
 
 J''""'.v (iranit«> ciovpr Rvf. tr. fm, 
 
 ^''- "ini luifru 
 
 ' i . . CloTrr Kir 
 
 .do ...: By,., 4, 
 
 IM. 
 tk,. 
 
 Avrsliiri' 
 
 1)1(1 rrit Kinil 
 itlolie 
 
 ]>is»tiit. 
 
 M' iI'.kI 111 liiiii'iiiii; 
 
 Fw'ding. 
 
 Brwwlina. 
 
 Vorkiblro 
 
 Vimii-!.t..i K .11. Iiiiii«.><l fWrni Kt.linlli. iimrnins wiiti li.-t . . At '.'» vean 
 Niiviiiiliir til Mm li. I'iii iim.ih .imI ml i »ki.. ami 
 Hiiil milrliriiw. an. Imii^il Ii-iliaii iiii-al. tin ii tiiriiPil 
 
 IiiMin^liirii 
 
 llfri'liiiilKliiiti 
 
 .'It niiiht I'loifi (It lull! I til iiitii lia.Hliiri .4. 
 Mav. 
 
 Nuiiilk anil MilUilk 
 
 III li.iMfiiti' f'ir.<»<. Iiirinii^ iuiil ml r;»ki>. At I' Vf.ir« 
 
 0|iiii \.ir.i.H iliiiiiii: winUT, II.iN .fr.iw. r....M in wiiiiiT, ' Af.'l'v«-an 
 
 null :i tiiii nut liv .lav. iiD-lr.n-H III Hiiiuniir. 
 
 Siiiiiiiirr, nut ill ri)iit>ti |>,ih 
 
 lull- 
 
 Iti iMHliin- lit.i*- i.irrutit. IhcI null, tur- ' At 2 ypam 
 
 Fi.rlarHl.iri. anil AIht In iLvwd loiirt.^. St.iIUtl , tira....M-n"tnriVi|.^ ntraw, aod 
 ''"•"'l"i''- in wiuier. Faittun..* in i e«he. 
 
 -imiiniT. j 
 
 '^''■'"'.^ Ilmi.^i i|at iiii;(it.uiilti.|luTeil firaMn. tiirnr.i.s A 
 
 l)v ilav, 
 AjTMliirii (.-ytr i(.|Hirt ) 
 
 I)o. 
 
 At 1(1 tiikdiIk 
 
 HEREFORD CATTLE. 
 
 UKroUT <iy tii.\sl 1. LATlIUnl', of lililsrol.. 
 
 1 liavf tlic hoiKir to iiiflosc a i,.|,„rt <mi H.tcIokI calUt- in an.swtT t.« 
 U»'|';»i"tii'»'iit ciniilar oftlic l^^tli . it , Inly, l,s.s.J. 
 
 Tlnsc.M.siilatf l.a.s in it.s miiiKMliatr vicimtv thm' Itm-ds ..f cattk 
 vi/. l)fV(;iis, a line tiil.t' ol\S|„„t liorns. ami Ih-rclbnls 
 
 Miavt'sd,.fto.l the latt.T bi.'t'd as tlu. ,.nl.i,.,.t of xus irpoit, t<. the 
 t'Xfl.i>ioii o tl... utlMT two. lu, tlu- follou.n;: it.a.so.is: (1) On a.-fonnt o! 
 
 .• ukU- tt-lrlinty aliva.ly ..nJoy.Ml hy tltt-s,. two hivt-ds. n.akiii>: a n-iM.rt 
 n.mn.ssaiy: an.l (J) nn aivuiint of tlu- fact that th.- Hrivfortl .strii.s M 
 j;. of all Itivt... s m .l... I nit.-.l Kinj^.lon,. H,,. ..„». ino.st suittMl to thv iM.f.l> 
 ot tilt' stofk of tlif I nitid Stati'.s. 
 
 Wliil.. iniul, of wl.at I have wnttfi. is iirnhnihtedlv familiar to onr 
 
 r. ! ' •'"'■ "":' ^''^'' l''''' '■'■I""f mayfontiil.uto .stMiu-what towanl> 
 
 i!i!iin!i iy(>t\ atnl fiiar \\\n- a «tiikin; 
 
 ni|(. 1(< .,,..1, r . '.>|'<..uiu iii.it 1 \ .(• a nl HKlIi, 
 
 poKe, ol t . ul' ";' " ^"--"^''•'l "•"••' ' --^y 'I'^'t thei- are ofteiMi 
 spoKui ol a.s ••uhiret.ii.,.,., ..r •• n-,l u„h-white facf.s " than uh H. re 
 
THK IT^tTKr) KINGDOM. 
 
 173 
 
 v.— Cnnriniitxl, 
 
 CiiltiraiMl eniuuH. 
 
 \t Ifl niouili» 
 
 Htl«' ill ariswiT to 
 
 l»n'«'«ls of t-attlf, 
 s. 
 
 Ill.\ r»'|M»lt, t<i the 
 
 tords. Hut HjTffonl catfh' li.ivc not iihvuy.s thin ;i.ssimiI;it«Ml <»o closrly 
 to a roiiiMMHi tvjM'. I'll t(» wt'll within tlu' |>n'.s4'iif <'i'rittjrv tlifn- wm^ 
 Ittiiii lii-tiint v,»ri«'ti«'s of tlu' hnnMl <JitV» riii;; wiilcly from nm> iuiuilx'r in 
 ;i|i|itMr:iiif«'. but tlii«M* hii\«' siic"UIii1»mI m> ntiiiph'tcly t<» tlir "rctl witli 
 whilf" t.u'c that a llriflonl not thus inarixrd is as nin' as a whit*' crow. 
 
 Tin- nii;.'iii ol' till' l)nM'd is ilniihtful. Tln' brst authorities ••onsidrr it 
 al)t»ri;:iii.il : otlii'is riaiiii its importation from Noi inaiidy or I'lamlrrs ; 
 iitlu'i>, t;;iiii. thinly the rhmat)- in<l < iiiidirions of Ilrrftonl County 
 li.i\f math' wliat lh«\v huvt» out of an animal that oriiriiially inlia >• 
 ittd iIm- nImh' of Ih'VHii. r,«> its oii;;iii what it may. its <'n\ ininiiifiit 
 ill lliMt'iiiiil County aii<l >iirionn<liiiu ronnii«>s has rcsnltftl in on«- of iho 
 tiiK'st IxM'f priMliKMii}; lircrjis of raftjc m th«' uorhl, mir is thr I»i«mmI to 
 he tlfs|ii'M il tor tin- tlairy iimhT ronditioiis mon" favoral>I»- than air to 
 lie iihiaiiii i ill its homi- roiini \ . 
 
 Tlu' aiiil fiitif his'ory of tlu- l»r«'»tl l>f;„'i:i-i alMiiit tin srar IsiMi. In 
 till' year iM'tori' this occiirn'd the lirst ratth- shuw of the rt'h'lnat»'il 
 Siiiiilifii'lii <'hili. .:iii| a llcrt'tonl ox was th*- winiMT of thi- lirst |iii/.t'; 
 1 iiuiic ;:iiifral a< kiniwh't|;.'iiM'nt of fm-ri! iImh than now. Im rauso at 
 mat 141111-, aiitl imhril u|> to tht* Mar Ix'tl, all lir«-«M|s ui-ro shown in 
 rdiiiiit'titiuii with each other, 'this <i\ was »i feet 7 lin-hes hiL'h. 10 leet 
 I iliclii'^i yiith, ami \vei;;he(l l.''7(t |miiuh1s (ll\e wei;;|it ,. Ili> >iicress 
 w.is iii.iiiitaiiieil li\ the lireetl so u.-lj rhat up f" ls.">| the lleielonls an* 
 ciitlited in Siiiitlitiehl Chilt reeoiiU with iiiK imlreil ami ei;:ht> livt* 
 lui/.ts I'm tlieir oxen aiul steers a;:ainst one luimlreil ami ninety for all 
 iitlicr lirei'(l> to;,'ether, iiieliiilni;.' SImm thorns, I levnu^, anil Seoieh, The 
 miiiil (if prizes won hy lleretoni enws aiitl lieifels is, lu>weVer, hv no 
 iiiraii> >u ;:(mm1. I>einir twei 'y two 1. •• them a;^ainst one hnmlieil ami 
 ( Nveii lor all other Itieeds. ^Ir. Diitkliam. in his interesting' ami \al 
 iiali'i' little work on tho hreeii eoinineiits thus on this tlisparit \ lielweell 
 the Miccess of the males ami teinaleH. l\v sjiys: 
 
 This i< iiTtaihly a un-uf rulliiii; oiV roiiipai))! witli tin* i<\iu anil hIiti^, :e >. ^'hh T.ir 
 I til |irr.\i' I III' iiirn itiirNi nt' iii> rcii ark i''»|MMJiiii; iln> ><tinl> of naliiri''* lawM in I lie ml- 
 jliv:itiiiii ill' llio.M.jl and «if till' aila|itali<iii of --tiirk to it. TIi«> m i! nl" tin- rouiity of 
 llifii'roiil liriii;: iii'itliir a|i|iliral>l<' tor ilairv or li-t'<liii|r |mi! .<iwx, i ihim' «! .> Iiavf iiii- 
 |tn uIimI i! t,,r ,im •» mailf it tlii-ir -tinls to lir«-<'il .sl<-<i « and • i-n » tui li nlionlil, liy tlifir 
 i|" imr i|ii.i|ity and aptittidt- to l.iltm, i oinnmud t In- attciitton of iIm' di*itant Kra/ier. 
 
 lletttniiMiiie has ,"»."it»,(HM> acres. Alw.tlf lIMJ.dOO aeres are ii !i/<-.| nei- 
 llliii lor pasture nor .jrieii'ture ; the !>alaiiee isilivide.l e.piali\, almost, 
 
 iMtWfiMi these two pursuits. The sniistratnm is a li- lit red samNtmie, 
 lainl till- Noil ^reiierally is a d« p red heavy htam, .sometimes with >ome 
 hlay ill it. 'I he siirfaee of the lounty ii hilly, ami aveiajres ahoiii i.'."»i> 
 jttet above sea h'Vel. There are some small but beaiititiil and terfile 
 
 vallt'vs. The eiiltitre o! tree friiif>, notably apples, and of lojiv is 
 |l.iru'<ly pursued. |),iiiip t'o;,'s prevail at mi?p ^ea>ons and help to ke«-p 
 |tlir '.riass lieaiitifiilly trieeii all the \ear lom 
 
 •Mr. Sdiitiiall has kimlly funiislied me witu tin I twin;; partii liars 
 |«it tfiii|ieiatiire. raiiif.ill. iS;e., the lesulis of his own oliservations .it his 
 jliniiM. ill lj,)s.s, till- .sonithern part of theeoiiiit> : 
 
 Tt-tiiiH'ratorn. 
 
 |-Al""liit<" !ii>\iniiim 
 
 >\l,.ii|u|,. llilliiiiiuii, 
 
 MTA.'F !;-.:(^ir!liiiir 
 
 Uvfr4t(. miiiiruiiiii 
 
 »l i-i: , 
 
 -I 
 
 11 
 
 liv.l 
 
 .7.0 
 tlfCK 
 
 41 1 
 4 
 
 111." "' "'l"'-»i;'i'' ita-lml <liii« fxtreiu. ly iiii><U-r.ilt' lifii;lil -iii , on llint> nr l.iiir i| is ■• lu thf \rni 
 
174 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIUY FARMFNO, 
 
 m 
 
 Tilt' niiiit'.ill aiiiiMiiilcd in ISS.l to ;il.."iL' iiu'lii's. iM'iii;; l.-'M inclirs lunn' l 
 tliiiii tlic uvt'iii;^*'. riicre w«'it» in tliis vi-iir ||»7 tl;i\s on wliicli rain M\ 
 Tlic iiU'iil licit totti is tints tlt'si ribfd li.v Mr. Diii-kliiiin : 
 
 Tilt' f;i(i', tlimat, rlicwt, lower |i;irl nfllm liiidy ami !(•;;«, tuxrllirr with tln' rrrst „r 
 inane, iiinl llie tip of llie iiiii, u lieauliliilly riear w liite ; a Ninall reil h|i i| on the e\, 
 iliiil a roninl red H\tnt im the Ihioat, in the iniilille of the « liiie, are (li^tiiietive niarl!, 
 wliii li lia\e many ailiiiireix. The lini nx ale of a \<«llo\v or w hite waxy iihiiearaiie' 
 ('rei|uiMill\ darker ai the emls; those of the linll shonM Mprm^ out xtraiyhlU I'mm 
 ii lii'oad Mat lore head, w hil-l those of (he I'ows have a w aveaiid a sliylif iipTt ard lem! 
 eiie\. The I imiili nam e is at onee |deasaiit, eheerlnl, and open, presentiiij,' a phu 1 1 
 appiaranee, denntin;; a enod temper and lliat ipiielnde of dispo-jtion whieh is m. ,> 
 
 Neiilial lo the siieci ..Mfnl ;,'ra/ini.' of all r nialiiiL; animals; \ettheeve m lullaiil 
 
 lively, the head small in eoinpalis.m lo I he sniistam i' of the It. id v. The inn/zle w ijif, 
 and llio.lerale|\ line thin el k. I he ehe>l deep and inil. well I'overed on til.'., lit, 1,1,. 
 
 w il li mellow llesh : Keiml t'lill lip from shoiildei point to throat; and so IteantifulK 
 
 ''" 'li''^l Idei-hlades Idem! into tin' l.ody ||i;it it is dillienlt to tell in a well fed nr 
 
 iiial wImiv they are set tin. The ehiiii' and loin luoad; hips loiii; ami inoderitel' 
 hroad: le^s >trainlil and small, llie rump lormiiii; a strai;;ht line with th.' I.aek mhI 
 al ariKliI aiiu'le with the tlii^li, w ho h should l.e toll of ilesh down to the Ii,'„'l<, 
 
 WIlhoiK eMihelame; twist !,' I, well |i||ed :ip W llh llish even with the thi.'h III, 
 
 rilisshoiild spriiiu well and deep, h-\e| with should. •r-i.oiiil : the Hank fiilTand ih! 
 
 Wllole i.ilvass wellalld e\elil\ einered with a lieli inelhiw llesli, d ls| |||.r|, i,'h ,|,|,, |,, 
 
 ,\i.' dm- Willi a itspleasin-elasti.ity tolhe foiieh. The hide t|,ieK. vet" Ilinv e,! 
 
 well eineiid w llh soft, j;Ioss> hair lia\ in- a teiidem > toeiiil. " ' 
 
 A <:liiii('(' :i( fill' t'lifs prcsfiitftliu'rt' will slitiw tis itiiiiif(li;iti'lv Imu 
 fltisfly lilt' ;lllilii;ils wlinsf |.(.iH;iits li;iVf l.ffli sfliTtf.l |o ;iffi.iii|i im 
 (Ins iiiticj,. iiiiswff III 1liistlt'Sfri|.tit.n. Tlif liiill. L'oint.o. is pt'ileei 
 II.' \v:i.s liivil hy Mi. Ciii uiiidint'. ..f l,..uiiiiiist,'f, n, ||..|,.fni.|s|,ii-,. i,,,,] 
 WilssHJtj It, ISS-Jtt. Mfssis. i:,iil \ .>tll;itt, ..(• I.;il;i\..tt,.. Intl.. uIh',,. |„ 
 III»\V IS. 
 
 Til., t.x i.ittinv.l ht'iv Nv;is 1.1,'.! I.y .Mr. .1. I'riff. .if lVn,l,ri,|.r,, „i 
 N'lvl'mlslmv. H,. vv,„i il„. Kikin-ion ('liallfii-t' « 'up ;it llii nnii"!,;,,,, 
 Ill I^M, :iim1 ii,i:;iiii in issi'. Tliis pri/t' has n.'\ t-r l.t'iniv Im'.ii \vt.n'h\in. 
 •.\ lli.'s;iiii.';ii,ii,i;,|. iiiMl, in i-.M'.i.mntion t.f his -ri'iit f.-al, Ih.. p.)rf,;iil of 
 lis t.v t.s tt, liMV.. (Im. pla...' nC honor, th.' (i(lt'.,.a-.., of voliiinf I I .,| 
 thf lit'ifionl IIt'i-.l.|!oo|<. Jiisf ;ih.>iit lo h,. i.s.sii,.,!. Th,. -.n, nil iiile 
 IS (<> iHliiiif to I he h.'nl.lM.ok only ('Ills of such :iiiiiii;ils as tiiir.' lirsi imze 
 ;it w n.ya ;i-rit'„lt.n;,l show. Tlit- tlnrt,..'nlli voliinu.. I in;iv n...i,t,o„ 
 ■i''H', n.n aiiis Ihf naiiit's of I'.lil l,n>,.,l.'rs. oC xshoii. 1 1 a,.' ,.it"h,'r in il„ 
 I iM(.'.l Slat.'s or ( •aiKi.la. Th.' (on, t,','i,th volinn... u In.h is to Im- ism,, ,i 
 j" I'-I'iiiaiy ii.'M..'ont:iiiis. I am iiiloniM'tl, a much lai-cr nnnil..i m 
 ''■•''•■'l'i> iiani.'s. I h;ntl!y (liinl. it iifcc.s,s;,rv, lint slill I vcntiii.. t. 
 snp's that no Aiiit'ii.'an owner or l.rct'.l.'r .".C ll..i.'ion|.s cli-ilil.. h„ 
 cndy sh.iii .1 t.init to .v-iMtr thfin. The h.rtl hook is nntlcr^hc . u,. 
 ..I ..I .s. \ . . 1 wi.k, f.s,,.. o|- Lcoii.iii.st.'r, ;Mi.i ;ill lircttlcrs of these , ai 
 . a .. iiiHlc, o.lio,,,,,,. , ,,i,„ ,■„,.„„. ^„.,.,„.^,,.^ ^,,_^, conipici.'n.'sso, 
 (IK' x\<' k. I hike plcasnif III a.'kiiow|t'tI;;in;r h.-iv the ohlj.'alion I al>e 
 ■"...iiHl.TtoMi. I rwicl lor;..ssis,aiin' rcntl..,..! antl inl-nni n lo '\ 
 (••n.ii'ti III coinifct with this report 
 
 shows "7- Vr? !::""''>••"''"•'-' '"'*I'<'<I' '".v:.! P.i/c ^n.lllt■rsa( I;.!.' 
 
 ',':;,;,';,";!;,'"" ""■•• ••■■^l"-''^ '''■<• ^^ =''l <l.at a pnrc.l.rctl llt'rctonl 
 
 .•..mhinlil'll "'■'■';*'";""■' 1> ••^'■'1 ••nnsi.lcn.hly in (lit- yoke, ^^\u'V. "tin. 
 
 ;'.'."••'•'• ^""^1 .V "I (In' n.'voi, with the strength of the S - 
 
 • ne asw.'las,no,,,„,. ,,,,^ 
 
 !d" t ;l^t! ::;;,;; '^^^^^ 
 
 ,,„,,iirin., ; . ""■' '^•'•■^"••'•^"l""'^Miio;;isiiow, iiormoii.\ 
 
 ietpiniii;,'.so rapi.l a (inn ..\t'r, (I 
 
 ey were often kept until six or .stv 
 
 I'll 
 
in;; I..U inrlH'siiioro 
 H on whicli rain t,li, 
 kliuiii: 
 
 ^rtlicr with till' rri'Ht „r 
 
 all ri'il N|i >t oil III,. ,.y 
 1', Jllr (llNtilirtJM' iii^ir^. 
 
 Iiitc Waxy i»|i|«;ir:iiic' 
 iK' "III '*traij,'liils Crniii 
 il -.1 ^liulil ii|>«iir.| |,.||,i 
 •ri, i.i.'sfiiliiii; !k |i|;„,| 
 |i"i^iliitii wlijcji i«i ,„ ,,.. 
 M'l till' (VK IS lull „||| 
 <i.v. Till' iim//'li< wliiti 
 I rovi'iicl III! ihr iiiiNk!,. 
 Jtt ; ami h,> lnMiitilnIK 
 
 • I<ll ill a Will 11 ,| ;,||; 
 1 limi; ami lmMlci,,i,.|,, 
 IMC witll fllr lia. k, ,111,1 
 
 ■«ll lloWII tl) III,. |„Mk>. 
 
 I Willi III,' lliinli. ill, 
 iIh' Hank full, aii<l iii< 
 "II. ili''liiii;iiis|iaMi. Iiv 
 lllli k, ,\rt lii|.||ii\v, .niil 
 
 s illlllir(li;ift'|y liiiu 
 •t<il lo ;irc<iiii|i,||u 
 IfoilM'M. is pciriTl 
 llcn'j'nulsliirt', ■uu\ 
 
 llr. IikI,. w li,.],. Il, 
 
 '. <>r I'fiiiliiid^c III 
 lip :it liii'iiiiii^liaiii 
 (iif lici'ii Won (will. .J 
 (••ill, the portiail of * 
 i:r, of voliiiiic I I ,,i 
 The ;r«'iit ral nilr 
 siis fakr lir.st pn/r 
 lie. I iiiii.v innitiiiii 
 
 I I iin' I'illicr ill ihr 
 liifli is to he isMicl 
 
 iiiij^cr iiiinilMr oi 
 
 .slill I \('iit(iic 1,1 
 
 ii'lords t'li;:ilili' ini 
 
 k is lllllll'l' t||t« coil 
 
 ■<«l»r.s (»(' flicsf cal 
 
 III rniii](|ctrn,.>s iil 
 II' olili;4atioii I aJMi 
 
 • I inrni'iiiatioii t-x- 
 
 i/t' wiiiiMT.s at late 
 
 liitr lor a pcilict 
 
 nil- l»ic(| Ilfictunl 
 
 Vokc, w licrr "tli(\ 
 ijitli of tlic Slioil 
 'f (fiiipcr rt'iiiliiril 
 '.V Uclf put to Ihr 
 as now, nor iiioii(\ 
 until six or .scmii 
 
 I 
 C 
 
i$i 
 
 ,1 ■' i 
 
 
 
 ; 1 
 
 
 
 
 ■', i 
 
 
 I 
 
 W 
 
 
 f 
 
 'i i I 
 
 
 <■ 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 C 
 
 111! 
 
 :; 
 
im i 
 
 
 
 
 I'liii' 
 
 ■Si 
 
 
 
 l; 
 
r 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 "7 
 
Hi 
 
 I ! 
 
 fm 
 
 
 
 ■ ■- 
 
 
> 
 
 z 
 
u'lirs ( 
 
 il( 
 
 am 
 
 nice ciUiscd \r 
 by ('I lien res." 
 lit'lft'oitlis DO' 
 
 ;;riiziii;;' an 
 
 1 
 
 to liia/.f 111 iiH 
 
 tlicir piinio at 
 
 iiiatiirily is lie 
 
 illy tViHii A pi 
 
 li<' rah fs nil 
 
 II oil cake. 
 
 ir ':lra\v aiitl 
 
 ^u\\\ 
 
 oil 
 
 t' (I 
 
 IIM'lll 
 
 IttI 
 
 ^iiiitl 
 
 lali>;:iu'. 
 (liicliniis 
 liTcfoi'd (■ 
 
 ill 
 
 If 
 
 ar( 
 
 lie 
 
 u' voiiii^cr 
 nciioi'it V (t 
 
 V/.i" 
 
 liaii <> 
 
 oiiiiiunilv 
 
 II 
 
 liist mad 
 
 Allot licr ic 
 ?«'i,<;lits is til 
 ^IX ii|» s(o('i\ 
 rtlicr iiiitpos 
 
 Ml. McDoi 
 ex! 
 
 lie s 
 
 tock 
 
 In tiiis point 
 
 ( )vi'ifi'i'<liii;; I 
 liiii li III' it, liiiu 
 
 [If savs el 
 
 K l'ii|i;ir;irnii 
 
 I 
 
 llil.'llsrun I'llil 
 
 llllls 111"' NilCH il 
 
 Bn- ( usi' at Yiii- 
 
 liillKJ III li:ill 
 
 laullii'il 
 
 MUM 
 
 btliiil- III slhi'(» 
 
 i Icit'lonls, 
 g]ini-. MutiiiK 
 
 trsiiiic and 
 ail and In-I 
 ^iif\ an' s('I( 
 
 '#l<'lld Wrll V 
 .\ islii res. 
 r.'iior in s 
 ii^l'actorv I 
 
 lot lll|lll'lll< 
 
 1 1^:1 
 
 mil 
 
 K\ 
 
 IH'^I' 
 
 folii ;i liii/f 
 
 In: 
 
 (Ml, 
 
TllF, tlNlTEI) KINO POM. 
 
 175 
 
176 
 
 CATTLK AM> DAIHV KAR>fIN'0. 
 
 I 
 
 Evidonco ostublislu's bovoinl qiicstioii lliaf tin' llcit'lonl wlicii ic. 
 ni(»v('(l to almost any cliiiiatt' docs not drj^ciu rate as a NccC piodiiccr. 
 Tlic iViaaU's, too, of the luvcil aif toiiiul most satistactor.v lor the dairy. 
 undtM' ditU'ifiit conditions than can Itc found in their home i-ountrics. 
 IJotli of tiicsc conclusion.'; arc contrary to an opinion 1 liavc heard maiiv 
 «'Xprcss to tiio clfcct tiiat Hcrcl'nnls dctcrioiatc iivvay fiom home \Uu 
 I liave ol)scived tliat while sncli an opinion seems very ycneial, it is 
 maintained by those withont siMcial knowledjic of the hiced. and I 
 think it an inhciited incjiidicc u hidi a little in\'esti!^ati(»n would tlis 
 prove to the satisfactii>n ot the holder-, "nid iifcjndiccs die haicT'is 
 tine and tiite. In licdfordshiic and hoisct licids have been mail 
 tained foi' many years, lifty in some cases, and these herds are fully iiji 
 to the standinl of the homclticd ones; in every case, that is, in wliiiii 
 due care has been taken to ;;('t an occasional infusion (>f fresh blood, 
 In the wet and chany:cablc climate <d' Cornwall the breed is establislicil 
 largely and maintains its reputation. thoii;.xh l)c\(iiisand Short lioiih 
 a(e said to deteriorate then'. In tlie counties near LoiMlon. Siiric\, 
 C.nabrid^e. and Kent, llcrcfords have done well; also in Wales ami 
 iSic'tlainl. They withstand the severe idiiiiate of the laltcr coaiiti\ 
 w ithoiit seemiii;; dilliciilty, and will li\ c where many Short iioriis (muikii, 
 !n irehur.l lliev are much eslecined anil their iinmbcr is constantly in- 
 c!easill^^ They maintain in all these places their characteristics ut 
 eail\ de\ ejupmciil and rapid and even fattenin;^. 
 
 The breed seems to stand the heat with the same inditb-reiice it d'lts 
 the cohl. In .Jamaica the proj;eny of some imported Hereford bnIN 
 have proved the most \aliiablc ami useful stock in the island ; and tin 
 heat of Australia has not atfected in the sli;,dites| deu'iee the chaiacifi 
 istics of the laif;-e niimber of ileieluids there. Of their success in tin 
 United States I shall speak faitln r on. 
 
 I have thus far considered the llereiords niai.i!;- as a butcher's brecil. 
 I will now speak of their (pialilicalions for the ' . ry. In the shire m 
 Dorset, one ol the crack tlairy ilistncts ot I-'-ii; la. d jiroiliiciiif,' a biittii 
 much soiipht after.* there are many Hereford tlan \ herds. Theov\i:,i 
 of the larjicst of these herds wrote twenty years since as follow- : 
 
 « >iii'Ii,'r<li(rH(rfr.)rilsliav«' Ii.th fsttilili-lini ii<>aih ilurtv v»>arN .-iml Mrti;irfr.>iii tin 
 
 l>»'iii^'"i.'f;cii<Tiiti-c| with us tli.'V ur.' imi.li im|ir.ivi-.l in.l ll.f foul .Uiii.-t. ;tiv It.-. 
 
 mih: very ('oiiiiMori in tins ci.inils. In iiriM.r tli.ii i!, , ^»^ -,*«( i.,i milk willi uh. wi 
 H'l iii'Nrly KMI costs to (l.tiiv |>.m.|.1,-, aii.l it I hii.v oi... ot j»..s ..tli.i lii.u.l (., lill ii|i ll., 
 •luiy. tiify iiHvays friiiml,!,., ainl «.>iil,| raili.r li.ivr .mi. ..f uin- own Im-.l licilVtv 
 
 Oiir >VNtiMii iM. wf j.-t (MiiT.iws ,11 M 1,1, |„., \,,..„. liii.iiii^ tti. Ml Ml laii.l ami uiA 
 
 luirtln- hjiy: tli.xalvrH Ih-iii^' r.'aivil l.\ li.iml with >kiiii milk aii.l Ims I until Ihr.i 
 
 mi.utlisnl.l, wlini w,' taki' tli.-in, aii.l uiliiw .» c|iiari.'i's nn.t olili. . .» r..r tli.' .-.Ul ,.: 
 that aLjc; llii',\ aiciliiMi turiuii ii,|..tlic |(!istiiii'. 
 
 TI.e proprietor of this hcnl iiid writer ui' this letter was Mr. .lamo. 
 ol IJIaiidford, Dorset. His .s«.n writes me under <l.ite .laniiarv 11>, I'-^l. 
 that tlie same. syst.-m is still pursued and that the Meivlords are as 
 .yi'eat a success as ever. He say> : 
 
 My lat. r.ith.i aii.l mys.ll hav.- k.-pf ami hr.-.l HiMvlanN f.,!- .lairv rows lor lorC 
 <-i-lil vaisaml liav.- always iis,-a tli.- li.si |,|.„,.| w.. on 1,1 >{,.(. I lm\.- won a loiiii 
 .shoi-l-w'r '"'"■''■'"■>■ '"'^^"•"'■' •■'I'iiy .owsaii.l Mit,,,r,i,-":4K*iiHl l>.'Voiw»ud 
 
 Mr. .billies tint her says: 
 
 lu a.'olil. w.t sour |.la-.. ||„.,v i, „,.|1,,„. |,u.. ,1„. tU-t,'thuU: tMrilo.i ■" 
 .1 1..0I,., tioM K, il... wmi,r. Thr I.Mtl.i- tl,:ii ,s Ml,,.!.- :■, a Mpl.-nfli-l iiih.r aiui 
 
 cnlieu',''"-" '' •!l''"':'''"'''' '■' ""-^ ";"•"■' lilitl, I. thai to mv p.Tsorial kfiowMu-- it . 
 1.'.',. ll' '..' V ,' . " ''" ''''"''f^ I" t'lislol 1,1 ,aii ii-ilaiii li!ii< u;iM<l''S ol .NoruiitUfiv 4»ttV 
 t.i Dots,., |,„tt..,, Ih.-ysayii is alMHit I II ..im.- an-l liHi- t h. - ,1,-. 
 
Tin: rvrTKn kingdom. 
 
 177 
 
 il when It', 
 f prndiict'i'. 
 tUh' daily, 
 I countries. 
 iK'iinl iiiMiiy 
 mint'. Itiii 
 
 MlClill, it I. 
 
 ict'il. and I 
 Wdiild (lis 
 i<' liani" IS 
 Ix'cii main 
 irr fiillv iiji 
 s, ill wliicii 
 •c.sii Modll. ' 
 I'staltlislifil 
 >lit»it ii(irii> 
 i>n. Smif\, 
 Willi's ami 
 
 i'V <'i>lllltl\ 
 
 Ills caiiiiipt. 
 istaiitl> ill- 
 Icristics ui 
 
 iicc it does 
 •lord iiiilN 
 I ; ami tin 
 ■ fliaiaclfi 
 
 Ifl'SS III till 
 HT's Id't'l'll. 
 
 It' >liii'(' (It 
 i;; a liiitti'i 
 
 'I'llC 0\\ IMI 
 
 U>\\> : 
 
 ('.•ii'frniii till 
 
 M l\\r 1(11 nil 
 w till IIH. Wi 
 111 lili lip till' 
 liliil lirilVlN. 
 Ill anil III. k 
 il until iliri' 
 .1 III.- 1 iW . 
 
 Mr. .Iaiiii>. 
 i-y l'.>, 1^-1. 
 I'ds ail' a> 
 
 w-i li>r I'l.i ' 
 Won il 111 
 JlfVoliH ;nnl 
 
 roi«(nls 4iiiv 
 
 Tlicro iiro lots or Fliicrntil il.iiiii'H ill IIiIh I ruiiity. Iti tlic vi;»r H-*! I mildfwo ImiIIn 
 til cnifiH SliDil-liiiriis, mill I kiimv paiiirH wlin liiivc iihshi'iI Iji'ii't'iiriit with Klmrl -liorMN 
 
 mil 
 
 I h 
 
 ikvtt I'lHiii* liark ii''mIii In tin' Hi'i'i't'iirils. 
 
 Mr. White writes iiio from Wiltshire ivs follows: 
 
 I Ut'i'iia dairy of iiiin'ty inin' lin-il Mcn'rnnl rows, wliiili liri'iil Jia-^Iicfti ki'pf on fh... 
 farm I'lir till' lant. nix! y viafs. ami 1 liavi'tu all Iiiih-h'miIi mmmi'iI In oUtjiiii t In- niilkii'Nt 
 strain I coiiM, anil I lliink I liavn now a licnl of row.s niori- ailapii'i) to <lair\ iniriioHi's 
 
 IN 
 
 than aiiv olhiT HiTi'Cuiil liiTil in this comilix I hav 
 Hi 
 
 I' inailo I'.iir tliais Im-Iwi'iii til 
 
 n I'liiil anil Shnrt-honi as to |iioHt. ami I ;,'ivt« my ilrriili'il pii't'i'ii'iicH to tlit< foriiiiT. 
 
 The testimony from these two herds is the most valiialde that coiilil 
 possihly i)e olitaiiietl as to the tiairv eapaliilitii's of the hreed, us tliev 
 are the larjresf, and have heen loni^csi cstahlished of aiiv in existence. 
 
 I have received letters similar in tenor to the ai 
 
 smaller breeders in dilferent eoiiiit 
 
 love from various 
 
 ies, and I have mM lit'eii alile to il 
 
 IS 
 
 eovc'r an instanee where hrecilers or ilairyiiii'ii have ehan^'t'd \).u-\i to 
 other iirt't'tls after starting' in with lleretoids. I h.id ho|ii'i| to send 
 
 with this report some iif^iiresjrivinj; actual milk ami hiitler |»itMliic| 
 
 «\:c., Imt I ninst Icavf them for 
 
 I siipplt'ineiitaiy ivpoit. as I have al 
 
 ready detained this one ovtr a month, wailiny for II 
 tistics, IJiit it IS not .so iniicli as milkers that the I 
 
 le proiiiisi'i 
 
 I sta 
 
 interested in the hreed, Imt as lieef producer' 
 ity they are imlceil lar-vly interested will 
 
 th 
 
 States in the lasf few vcais ha 
 
 nitcil .Stales aro 
 
 :iiid that in this capae- 
 
 e provt'tl w hen I sa\ that 
 
 e t'xtraortlinary th'inaml for pedi-iee llcrclords from the liiited 
 "' -> ' . ■ • ^ j^ij incrcascti the price of these catth 
 
 that the Hereford breeder 
 
 s arc looked upon with envy by other breetl- 
 
 ers tlin»ii;,dioiit the kiii;:(lom as haviii:; "struck a I 
 llcrclords will repay a Iar.i;e expenditii 
 
 )onaii/a. 
 
 (Ions 
 
 re js iinijenialile. 
 
 <levclopment of tiesli. their activity as fecilcrs, ij 
 
 'fl 
 
 That 
 
 icir trcmcn- 
 
 lo chan;:es of climate, their hardii 
 
 icir iiiseiisibilit V 
 
 nrc.inst precisely the tpialitics iiecdetl fortltc iiiipr 
 
 erii, 'i'exas, -.inti " Spanish " callle. Their bulls, t.io, I 
 laciiltyot impressing- their tpialilics on their •,ret. and 
 half-breed Hereford uhieli is aiisi.hitclv iiidisiin"ii'ishal 
 
 s, tlit'ir tpiiet ami pfitid tempers, 
 ••vi-ment <tf our West- 
 
 ami 
 
 quality troiii a pure bred om 
 
 . na\e a mat vcions 
 
 icir o;,.t. iiiid there is many a 
 
 • le in appearance 
 
 '''•II' climiiialed. Anolhcr point. The II 
 
 so coiiipletciy is the intliit 
 
 nee o| the 
 
 Jiist where our NVestern cattle are we 
 
 ei»'!o 
 
 III IS specially stroni; 
 
 csh till the back. The back of 
 
 ik. \ I/, ill thedevejiijmient of tl 
 
 coinparetl to a lable, ami t lie back of a '1 
 
 I well lipeiied ilerett.nl sU'er has I 
 
 could not sav iiioit' 
 
 exas steer toauftfm'. NOhm 
 
 le 
 »een 
 
 les 
 
 Tl 
 
 icrc were two remarkable s: 
 
 <»nc, [he ilispeisal .,f Mr. Pitt's herd at ('had 
 
 cs of llert fonls iliirin;: the past 
 
 vear 
 
 till 
 herd 
 
 tils 
 
 peisal of Mr. Tiirm-r's henl at Leen 
 in lx\J from four ceh'brated cows td tl 
 stafeiiieiit of the amounts received bv .Mr. I 
 
 ntu' Coiiit, anil the t.tl 
 
 M 
 
 icr 
 
 I-. I'Kt est.iblishetl his 
 
 »c tiav. 
 
 I 
 
 iti at this sale 
 
 present a little 
 
 Niniili. 
 
 Viiliie. AvnrHtf'' 
 
 uUi-* 
 
 ih 
 
 I.' tW<l\IMT 1,1.1 iMlflTS 
 .1 tWllw 111 llM llrif.lH 
 I'J VrHlllll;;.s 
 71, nils 
 
 Xliift\ 
 
 fl:l. ^.-m iMi 
 « my. It; 
 7, "IM u;, 
 
 1. ii;i «7 
 
 :', Mill im 
 
 u.'ii nn 
 
 Ins 47 
 RM -Ji 
 •171 I-.' 
 
 :i;t: ,f.i 
 (0<i tm 
 
 '■^ ""'•iiiiiiualsin, ;,,^,,| .,1 , i;::,,..,, ,, 
 
 Tke »vera;;e of m.;.-,1 ..-.I. (br twelve (u.,..,.,,, ,-,M .,.•,.,. j . 
 
 lore beem-qualU'd jn Knoland ■ ■ " • '"i-'s^ b.is never b*'. 
 
 II. Kx. ol 12 
 
 in aiiv breetl. 
 
178 
 
 CATTIJ; AM> I»AIin' FAKMINO. 
 
 ill 
 
 m 
 
 -Mr. TiiniiT's licnl li;is b.'cii t'stal.Iislu'd (or alxMif M'.'lifv vo.irs I 
 rniiKllatlHT iM'iii^i' tlic loiimlrr. Siiico l.SVt Mr. 'I • . • •• 
 
 iiriicr liiis won wifi. 
 
 iii.lividiMls of Ills herd 111 lirst prizes. CO s.roiHl prizes, H tl'iinl Im-sI,! 
 
 ..•Jsp»'ciiilpn/es. I It'nreiv.Ml ail iiveratr.M.f *;;(;!» apien- for his ;iiiiiinl 
 Ins ri.ws :;ii.l calves avera-:iii}: a little liijr| 
 
 Tl 
 
 ler, 
 
 hesetu.. herds were exe..pti()iially liiu' and had a wide ceh-hritv 
 Many., the annuals went to the Tiiited States, maUiii-, u itii all others 
 ••n^^i'de.l.a totalol l.S(l(»pnliw,ee llerelor.ls sent t<»tlie Tnited S ,'< 
 
 '';;. ;;';'";'.'^ ■' '■^•^•>t'; i-'""^".v i, iss.. Ti.is meiudes o.eiot ,• 
 
 .'<•<» Neiit to l.alfiiiiore in Jainiarv of tins present vear 
 
 Tli«- 'PK'sti.Mi nafnrallv ,.o,nes' up now, wlM-ther this deinaiHl for the 
 ••■.■lords IS a faiir.v or a tashion, likel.v to die out and h-t down priees 
 s woHlM nnsiderir.; I have said fhaf the prin.-ipa! demand I r t , e 
 
 I .'' . Olds „, the ( inted States was as 1 f makers, luit I did i...t i „ l 
 
 ■'\'\^^''''^^^^''^'^^''^^>-^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 .•. n..v Mianv hieeders in ,he L'nKe.l States are onthusiasti e, , r 
 
 H u.sadair.v hned and .,uite a nninherof wealthy men are ,n , . 
 
 I Ids. Some, .o so tar as t,. elaim that the Merefonl is tho eo o 
 
 ' ; '■ I > '••' I Huiv he Middle horn, .jus. asthe l.on- horn we„t .h,„ 
 St ' M ',1 '"-'"■■^'•""•'" '""'-i'l' 'I- lM.'e,| is iPehl in the C |," 
 S . es and the orouinj; appienation of its merits whieh .-vis si 
 I'-li.-'laiid pi(.<iiide. It seems to m,., the oossihilifv nf •. fUil . 
 tl ar future or in faet tor niaii v v . s i.' , ' '"■,""'" '" 
 
 .."V:"-;;™.;T:'S;r,t:;(,.-J:;,-';i;:;: -;;t:;l ;;;- -;;::^^^ 
 
 now T(. r.xi'oiM- iii;in:Koi{i»s. 
 
 fl..' lines finn, !,ist 1 n N..W ■ I ''"'•'' "'. "'*' •^"'"""•'•^ i'l.V 'l.;: ,i, 
 ^H.d exnvme V u ! Vu \';' ^ '"•' •'-'•'>^-;'lly 'ii;;!. between' .lerks. 
 
 •''•'-•''''•'•'''Iv:..f:'*e s h t, ^ '■.""^/"•••'-^"' "-.I-.tant matter. 
 
 --^''■•■'••'■-•'••^•isiroi'u,;:^:!:;;::;,;:;''''-^ -i... 
 
 '•''■• tiH-ii'ave;:!;:^;,!''';;-?.^ ""• '••"— -^ ••• '-. :. 
 
 ,;'•'••=-'-.' --..a;::,:::;^;:^!:;;;:';;:;::;;.;';,^ •-..■ 
 
 n;il(u;,^r„n-l„:Ml,.o,i>istiM;r„f I, ,,,,!.. 
 
 Nn .11 wauMM-|„a.l .-.m.ms,,,,. ,„ 7 ,,, ,,„,|.. 
 
 M-,l,n,„ w..,.,-,.M.|o..Hl .oMsisIiMi; o( - (■ ' .i;. 
 
 '-''^■■-^...•Mi.u.i.„nii,„io.,iriH.i,i,„.;,i:!,n;M„ ••••■• 
 
 TlH-Cn,,, W..steniSteamsl,i|.C. * 
 
 >f\\ 1 «ti i^ 
 
 ah. 
 
 1. 
 
 *:. I.; 
 
 S 'J|l 
 
 II m 
 
 ""P;'"y,|d\ ill- iM-f ween i'.rist.d ; 
 
 ■^'■" ^ iMl.'Mii li.e that tli..i.'r.f/ -'I".';"- "•'"••<■" i.ristoiaii.l 
 
 tr'mvn ;,nin,.d. The k| i , ' " '. '"^". '""" •-'• '"' '^ =" P">' '"H 
 
 '''<li'';^'-n!a,uthis da A':!s^-^ Malls, ami the,, hills ..t 
 
 -''■•'fln'niaMv.a,,MMvh,,.:vM-''\ ,;''■'■'''''"''''''•'•■'•''•'•''''''>■ <.ra..M. 
 '•"■•''■•""-• was ca.rie.l o„ this li,. "' ""'" '""'•''•*'• :""» nine H.-re- 
 
 *l.s,M,„.h. • • ' •■"''• '•■''^"■^- -"I-'-K; <-a.d,; Miekin- ealves, 
 
 fn.i-lus'wlflli.ll;:;:'"'- j:;;'! •:;'";';' ••" >1hs Ime M.l,He<p,ently, when 
 
TIIK nNITKD 
 
 tiDOM 
 
 179 
 
 !?:, ii: 
 
 •iiif iicriiiitiM'iit 
 
 ' ralth'ol" 
 
 • linittfil, 
 
 < ii tidciitrs 
 
 ptuiir of ii(>|iart- 
 
 Ii» onliM- to take proper i-.'n^ of rn'' s • cattle in or .m fniiiHit, tliero 
 slioiild l)c oiif mail for earli tw«'lv(> (Mil Ic. <!oiii|, f«'t men for tlii.s pur- 
 pose «'aii l)e liired in Ilii^ilaii'l for iltoiif ♦!. "' per day and all expens4'H 
 paid, iiieliidiii;: a pasn bark to port of dep irtiire.* Whrn a .steamer 
 t;ivc a rate lor ean.viiijf i-afi Iih p hs over and hack for a ecrtain 
 uumher of eattletenders indoil. i'lie foreman in ehurp^ of the 
 
 tenders wonid of course y, uuiv tlinn )j>l.'jr» [ r da\ 'ut in most cases 
 lie is the American a;,'ent «> !in\er, or is connocted in 
 capacity with t lie farm or ( Uii mess of tlu* ' nrelia^' 
 course are insured to tlioirfii, vain almost.in\ ai i:i' 
 liein^ilirccdin;,' animal into the Uiifcd States fi. * 
 froni a veterinary snr;;. on ind ('om the nmsiil jit Ji, 
 lire invarialtly accompany MUili eonsi;,'iimeut. 
 
 ni;UF.FORi)s IN TIIK 1 i;d states. 
 
 Any a<'couiit of llerefords in the Tiiited States would l»e incomplete 
 wiliioiit iiMMition ill connection therewith of the name r)f Mr. T. L. Miller, 
 of Meecher, III. lie was the tirst, or one of the tirst, to perceive what a 
 lioon to tli(^ stock of the I'liiled States the almost unknown Hereford 
 would be, and Cor years he has persistently and eir 'iiisiastically ad- 
 vocated hnii III his Live Stock .lonriial. In l.s'7;{ he iin rfed from ili-re- 
 lord a two-year old heifer, Dolly Varden, with a .-all ..< f<M.t. She has 
 iMoiijiht a live call every year since, <»iie of t'ae tirst lieinj: the hull Sue 
 cess, "hitherto ackiiowIed;,'ed as tlie best Hereford bull in the Vuittnl 
 Slates, and still alive and active. Dolly Varden and Success have b, .n 
 ivpealediy exhibited and never beaten, whilst the >:vt of Success lia.s in 
 several insrances broii^rht Al,tt(M» per head." 
 
 The Hereford Times, ol October IS, l,S,s;{, says: 
 
 To lliis jMinhas.. ..fDully Vanl.-n :m.l Ii.r .iiir, <oi,>l>iiir,l will. tl,,. i,Hl,„„i|.,|,|„ 
 .•.u.ru> and „..rs..v..ra„..,. „r Mr. .Mm.-r. Il„. l.risk .l-nan,!, ,.r..H.,., i« .a .1 
 
 l>ntf M. wlucl. Il.nlonl ,alll.' arc IhM in allrihiiial.!-. 
 
 Mr. .Miner's neighbors in Illinois are iollowin- his oxampio in import- 
 in- leictords. .Messrs. (}. Le.^^h .V ("o., of lleecher. 111., have bo i-dlt 
 
 '."'',' '^''- <'"'«''•»••*•'". ••! nnca-o, two; and Mr. .1. V. Farwell also 
 ol Chica-o, sixteen, all fiam the sam.- herd, ' 
 
 A<"KNn\Vl.i;iM;Mi:NT.S. 
 In conclusion, I wish to acknowled^'elh.. extreme courtesy with whi.l, 
 
 f *'^' '^•, '"^ '"" -''^^''vs easy for a coiiMil to obtain information 
 
 srcpiestssoinetimes are met with .lisconrtcsv, .sometimes it i! 
 
 Mle.ei.ce; but in l.is case only five letters out of about a h.iiid e a I 
 
 h.rly.t v.. dispatclie.1 by ine remained nnanswered. In e er ea . 
 
 Ui.c Ii I ha,l a personal i.ite. view with llerelord nien, ex.-ept one ™^^ 
 
 ^-nii ywas pla<-ed at iiiydisposal for., thoron^^I. investi-M io 'l I 1 I 
 
 '-.Hvnowledoe espe<-ially,the kindness,!,, eom.e.tion wi I t is re o 
 
 ol I iio lias Diickhaii, cso M P • ,a- «< w i • • "u miji n [udi^ 
 
 assistant secretary of the Sn.ithtieMCI,.!, ' ' ^■•^- "'"•'' ••«<!., 
 
 I.OKIN ANDUKWS LATHHOP, 
 Unitkd States Consvlat!:. Consul, 
 
 Bristol, January, 31, 1884. 
 
'h 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 ^^ 
 
 /, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V.x 
 
 f/. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 |50 ™^^ 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 18 
 
 i^ IIIIII.6 
 
 .^1 
 
 "-y 
 
 ^^S> .^^iy 
 
 // 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 # 
 
 
 <>"^ 
 
 ?^^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 '^>^ 
 ^f^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 w> 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^ 
 

 
 fi- .% 
 
 
 
 % 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 A tahle prepared Inj Conmil LathrnpyOf Jlristol, showhifj the reHpeetive weighfR of the eaitk 
 exhibited at the eiqhUj-aixth annual show of the Smithfield Club, Vecvmbei-, ISttl. 
 
 STEKKS NOT EXCEEDING TWO TEAKS OLD. 
 
 
 
 ;i I'll 
 :o 
 •u 
 
 SlIRHOX. 
 
 ( 'lilt. qr. llm. 
 12 
 i:i 
 11 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 STEEI'.S ABOVE TWO AND NOT KX<;EEDrN(} TIIKKK VE \I!.S OLD. 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 r. 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 »» 
 
 2(1 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1(1 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 ir. 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 !) 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 3 20 
 ir> 4 
 
 10 n 
 
 18 3 24 
 
 14 20 
 18 (I 
 10 2 
 
 lipii-roii.ii 
 
 liiocil. 
 
 Cwt. (jr. lbs. 
 
 Scotrh 
 briioil. 
 
 Scoti'li 
 I'.ilU'd 
 breed. 
 
 (Jtnt. qr. llm. Cwt. i/r. U)ii. 
 
 CrosR-brcd 
 cat tll^ 
 
 Cwt. (/r, llm. 
 13 2 24 
 II 2 14 
 11 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 12 3 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 1 20 
 
 12 2 
 12 I 24 
 14 18 
 
 10 2 
 
 10 3 
 
 10 2 
 
 13 2 
 10 
 l.l 
 10 1 
 
 14 2 
 
 18 1 
 
 19 U 
 
 20 
 
 8- 
 20 
 20 
 
 8 
 15 
 
 4 
 10 
 10 
 20 
 
 10 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 17 
 15 
 10 
 17 
 17 
 
 3 5 
 
 21 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 4 
 22 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 28 
 'M 
 10 
 IG 
 
 STEEUS ABOVE TnUEE AND NOT EXCEEDING FOUR VEAKS OLD. 
 
 17 .". 14 
 
 18 2 10 
 
 19 3 
 19 1 20 
 18 2 10 
 
 17 2 
 17 2 
 15 3 20 
 14 2 7 
 14 18 
 17 1 22 
 13 2 2 
 
 20 1 
 18 3 2 
 
 15 1 20 
 17 3 
 
 ir. 3 20 
 1,1 3 14 
 
 18 2 10 
 17 
 21 23 
 
 19 22 
 17 1 
 
 19 1 24 
 
 19 3 li 
 
 20 2 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 IIEIFEllS NOT EXCEEDING FOUE YEARS OLD. 
 
 17 18 
 
 17 28 
 
 18 3 27 
 
 18 1 .5 
 10 3 12 
 ifl 3 2(1 
 10 1 10 
 15 3 18 
 15 3 20 
 10 C 14 
 
 14 1 
 13 3 12 
 12 1 20 
 
 12 
 
 13 2 
 
 10 3 14 
 14 8 
 14 18 
 17 3 10 
 
 13 3 2 
 
 14 ;) 20 
 
 12 1 24 
 
 13 3 22 
 9 2 18 
 
 
 14 1 10 
 
 17 2 22 
 
 11 1 a 
 
 13 I 5 
 1 3 3 1(1 
 
 ■'"* 
 
 
 
 14 U IH 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 3 2(1 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 11 lu 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 COWS ABOVE FOUll YEARS OLD. 
 
 20 .1 2 
 
 21 
 19 2 12 
 
 18 1 8 
 
 19 1 18 
 17 8 
 10 3 14 
 
 13 3 
 
 12 1 13 
 17 ' 4 
 
 13 1 10 
 13 3 15 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 2 
 15 3 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 17 2 
 14 3 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 13 2 
 11 3 
 11 1 
 
 5 
 10 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 19 3 D- 
 17 2 20: 
 14 2 24 
 IT 3 iri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ j 
 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 181 
 
 pptive weifihlit of the cailk 
 Uih, Vecanher, 188:i. 
 
 iLD. 
 
 1 
 
 Scoti'li 
 I'.iIUmI 
 breed. 
 
 Cwt. qr. llm. 
 
 CrosR-breil 
 caltlo. 
 
 Owl. </r. Ih. 
 1.1 2 L'4 
 11 2 14 
 
 11 a 22 
 
 i:i 
 
 12 ;t 27 
 12 (1 'Jl 
 12 1 'JO 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 -• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VMMiS OLD. 
 
 
 in 2 
 
 2n 
 
 50 a ,r, 
 
 
 Hi a 
 
 H- 
 
 17 21 
 
 
 10 2 
 
 20 
 
 17 1 4 
 
 ,. 
 
 i:i 2 
 
 20 
 
 17 1 4 
 
 
 111 
 
 8 
 
 1H 2> 
 
 .. 
 
 l.l 
 
 m 
 
 17 2 8 
 
 
 ifl 1 
 
 4 
 
 I-') a. 28 
 
 
 14 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 24 
 
 
 18 I 
 
 1(1 
 
 17 IB 
 
 
 1!) 
 
 20 
 
 17 IC 
 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 
 U YE.AUS OLD. 
 
 
 4 
 
 1H 2 
 17 
 21 
 11) U 
 17 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 2a 
 
 22 
 
 19 1 24 
 
 i» a s 
 
 20 2 20 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 OLD. 
 
 14 1 10 
 
 17 2 22 
 
 II 
 
 lit 
 
 ia 
 
 14 
 17 
 
 la 
 
 1 fi 
 
 1 5 
 
 :) 111 
 
 a 211: 
 
 3 10 I 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 17 
 
 *1 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 HEEEFORDSHIRE AND HEREFORD CATTLE. 
 
 REPORT PRKPAUED FOll dOXSPL OOOKEIIV. OF l,i:F.jy\ liY MR. JOIHf KSRSLKY 
 FOWLER/ I'UEHJ-J.WAL F.IRM. AILESIWRY. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF IIEREFOKDSHIRE. 
 
 In writing an account of tliis very valuable and beautiful tribe of 
 cattle, it is neces.sary to j^ive a (lescri[)ti(>n of the county which gives 
 its name to the breed, siiui also of tiio soil and climate, as well as the 
 general characteristics of the district, as this particular breed of cattle 
 is sjieoially adapted to certain localities in lOngland, and, altliough 1 
 will not venture to aflirra that they -vill not thrive under other climatic 
 and geological circumstances than their own county, from ni3' own per- 
 sonal experience I find that they are more adapted for those districts 
 wiiich partake more or less of the character of Herefordshire. 
 
 Tliis county is situated in the west midland district of ii^ngland, ad- 
 joining the Welsh counties, and is bounded on the north by Slii-opshire, 
 on the east by Worcestershire and (iloiuiestersliire, on the south by 
 ]\l()nmouthshire, and on the west by Kaduorshire and lireconshire. It 
 will, therefore, be seen that it has no sea (toast, but tiie river Wve run- 
 
 ning through the county gives it communication with the sea, through 
 
 the Bristol Channel. It is well supplied with railway communication, 
 
 the Midland giving it a direct route to the north, and the Greut West- 
 
 \ern to the soutli and west, and also to tlie metropolis. The city of 
 
 iHereford itself is, also, connected with the Northwestern line, via Mal- 
 
 [vern ami Worcester, thus giving the county every means of suj/plying 
 
 the various grazing districts of Knghind with numbers of excellent store 
 
 cattle, as also for the dispatch of fat animals to the markets of the great 
 
 metropolis and the teeming iiopulations of the ntany thiiving towns in 
 
 tiie north. 
 
 The soil of the county is varied, the larger portion is a red clay as 
 also strong loam. Around the town of Koss. when^ some of the choicest 
 specimens of the breed are found, the .soil is a loamy gravel or li-'ht 
 
 The acreaige of the county is .-..{L'.Sm) a(;res, divided into or about the 
 following proportions: -loout luj 
 
 Orchards 27,000; woodlands, ;{7,0()«): and the remaiiid.'r for a-rieult- 
 
 unlZ" '• ^^^'^"'-^''"^ ^'' ^"^' last(Jovernment relurns thel^; ^"ro 
 
 Corn cnifH 
 
 GrtHiii ci'o])s 
 
 Cl()v<'r jiikI ndiiiiim f;raM.'se,s. 
 
 ; Pcrnijirifiit iia.stiini 
 
 Biirt) liillow 
 
 ^0|>H 
 
 ' Juror ut tbo I'aris Expositiou of ItiTfj, 
 
 Acres. 
 
 yt;r.,(i(ii 
 
 11, ^'17 
 
182 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 It will therefore be seen that the permauout pasture far exceeds -ill 
 the other portions of the hind put together. The popuhition in 1881 
 v.asllS,U7. Veryfewof the people are employed in manufactures 
 but many find employment m the autumn iu hop and fruit gatherin.--' 
 
 THE GREAT CATTLE FAIR IN HEREFORD. 
 
 The city of Hereford is situated somewhere near the center of t), 
 couuty, and is in latitude 51'° 4' north, and longitude 'Jo 54^ ^ygj^j rn\*^ 
 climate is on the whole temperate. The city is small, and has been tl ,! 
 seat of a bishopric from the earliest times, for more than twelve hm, 
 dred years. The cathedral is very beaatiful, but does not rank ano r 
 the largest of the English fanes. It has portions of Norman worl 7 
 It, and since its restoration has been made one of the handsoniesM- , 
 tenors in the Kingdom. The city proper is rather poor, but some of f 1" 
 streets and the market place are large and spacious, and at fair fi, ,. 
 their appearance is very wonderful, every portion of the streets ^v,, 
 up to the cpthedral yard itself, is crowded with the "white-faced 'ho'., 
 ties "of the county; while Shropshire, Monmouthshire, lirecoiKshin. .,' i 
 even Gloucestershire send their contingents. It is indeed a reiniri 
 able sight, being difterent to anything of its class in Eiiffland ■•« h 
 thousands of cattle brought together are all of one type, deep browirK 
 reds with white faces, and some other ])ortions of the body and iii « *■ 
 tail white. There is no interspersing of Shorthorns or other bmti! 
 an occasional Devon is seen, but that seems to be an accident ai„) V ' 
 shouting of drovers, the bellowing of the cattle, and the general I m .<• 
 conversation whilst the deals are made, form a singular and verv T. 
 ing sight. The great fair takes place in the third week in October > 
 as many as from 8,000 to 9,000 head of cattle have been brouL^.f fh,'^. 
 during that tiiue Some years ago dealers like Carwandine, |>an,i;'f 
 ton, Jones, Knight, and Price were accustomed to bringson.e hu I.' .^ 
 and generally sold them to the graziers of the midlaiuls or to p.! 
 dealers who brought them up to the great markets at iiaiiburv AvW 
 bury, and Northairpton, where there was always a readv 'sil'/ 'n 
 trade now seems quite changed, and but few good animals^ ever" ni? 
 the m-.dland markets, as the graziers themselves go down bv r.i V, ' 
 tew hours and buy largely of the breeders, or dealers, who get toZ jt 
 on their own jiremises lots of from 30 to 100 for their selection .i.n 
 IS only rarely that men can be suited at the old markets. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE HEREFORD BREED. 
 
 I am greatly indebted to the writings of the late Mr. Dixon a wWI 
 known agricultural writer, for much of the information cotaim hi 
 his paper, as well as to my good Iriend Mr. Duckham n eiiZ, . 
 I.ainent for Herefordshire, who was the editor of t L 'lleSr i 1 
 Book, and who has done as much, or perhaps more than any ot ei n ' 
 to bring this noble race of cattle prominently before the im hli ' . i ' 
 present time, who has given me much valuable inforn. tTa i' V, , 
 not do wrong in quo ing from these most reliable authoriti/'s fo „n ' 
 stati^ments which I shall make in this paper. I will als^g ve in 
 personal experience as a grazier, and ju<lge at the royt an U 
 ;;SS\.^lhSs^:;::^' '-' -.any opportunities o^lfS^t,; 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 the alphabet of our Enfflish romm^ v*- ^^^ 
 
 Mood, wheat, wool, and water,'and^'^*^tlmH/^T^^ oxceediuff iu w for 
 
 Ricli Bnckinghan, ,loth boar 
 
 .tain of I.IoodVn 1 ; we , k fn.v' T^ l'^^ ^'^ l'« k.oV th ^' .V"':'*'''*''l 't 
 ana m, it, as it walTtle h'Sc^^ ^ ""t the n.uil t^J E'^'^ ^ 
 1.C Had seen it, agreed with hL i L H.^,f l^""'' ««*'^"- Mr' T v, ^'^ 
 
 would, out of curiosity, rear it if« f "^^ ""** '^ ^vonde,, -I. h /T" 
 remarkably line animal a, die u!l^ i '*' "''' '"'^ »'« ]>'oved to J!''' '*'' 
 
 ■siiv that the couufy was , h.^f ^- '" "'^"t*^* ^"•^''^'s. Alanvni > '""' '^'« 
 an.1 it i.s m-orded thit Lord S^fw/.'?'"' ^J^"^"'^^ l>u th t', ! /'? '■^''k- 
 liaveheen the reason th if m > . , *'^^''» *'"<>"» Flaii«l.M« .1 ., ■ ' '"■ 
 
 iy.own.ieeprediat;;;;;;;^Se's^^^^^^^ 
 
 flio white tace is the onlv fviJ. 1 ■ ;■ ■^' ^^ '""'^f "ot ho * ,» «i i . '^'" 
 tied liu-e is considered ly S-u.v h/''V'"'"'^^^' ^^' ^''i' reed .f h'"' ^'"'^ 
 
 i,^raz...i, and son,,, of the best Im •' *'"'* '^"'"•' «''' f '^^ hues' 'hi /' ''"' 
 lif,'ht-i.rin,lle.l; i„ fact Ihose of I " 'T'^'' '''^^^In'on u o ni ,.' '" ^'^■♦'•' 
 W'at(.,staptitu,l,>tofutte m.H ^'''' ''l-^^-"itmed tyno.v .'''''* '""^ 
 tol.1 n,o ti/e san.e/*' '""^"' "' ^''«^"-^^««, of any, an?l^^u ^l^.^ts'! '''' 
 ^^Alr. Kytou, o, ,^.t„. j,,, ^ ^''^'^'eis have 
 
184 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 when I propounded the dictum (which, by the bye, was not new), " that 
 the male exercised the external characteristics, and the internal organ- 
 ization followed the female," in nearly every clasHof animal. Long be- 
 fore the commencement of the herd-book the Herefords had made •' : 
 
 reputation and a name," by being continually successful at the Smith- 
 
 all kinds of cattle. I had not an oi)portunity of knowing Mr. Westcar 
 as he died before my day, but I had been for many years on intimate terms 
 with his relative and successor, Mr. JR. KowlaniJ, who gave me msniy 
 interesting stories of Mr. Westcar, and who was, undoubtedly, thelirst 
 man to bring the Herefords to the front, against all the world. Ire- 
 member Mr. Rowland telling me, whilst standing in the midst of the 
 far famed Oreslow (ireat Ground, and on the spot, marked by a clunii) 
 of trees, where Mr. Westcar's lifeless body was fouiul, he having fallen 
 dead from his horse, how the Duke of Bedford, in the latter partof tlio 
 last century, went down with Mr. Westcar to Hereford in his carriage 
 and four i)ost-horscs, taking two d.ays for the journey, and 8topi>ing one 
 night on the road at the well-known country inn, the Staple Hall at 
 Witney, ami accompanied by Lord iJeruers, in another carriage and 
 four, with some ladies and other members of their families, to attend 
 the great fair at Hereford, and where the duke desired Mr. Westcar 
 to order dinner for a hundred persons at the principal hotel, and to in- 
 vite all the more celebrated breeders and dealers to meet him. He de- 
 scribed the annoyance of some of the dealers at the noblemen beiii" 
 brought down to see these grand bullocks, which they had only seen ia 
 the Creslow pastures, as it had had the ettect of raising the price of the 
 cattle in the fair at least £1 per head. After dinner his grace and 
 Lord Berners announced their desire to have from ten to twenty of tlio 
 best cows that could be found and two bulls, to bring into Bedford- 
 shire, there to establish a herd on their estates. Lord Berners who 
 was a breeder of Longhorns, gave up the breed and took to Jlero 
 fords. This visit of the Duke of Bedford, with the continued succm 
 of the breed in the show yard, at Smithtield, by Mr. Westcar brou"^ht 
 them prominently into notice, and firmly established their merits Sir 
 Brandreth Gibbs, the honorary secretary of the Smithfield 0!ub in his 
 history of the club, states that at their first show Mr. WestcarV > ^o 
 ox measured 8 feet 11 inches long, Gfeet 7 inches high, 10 feet 4 incites 
 girth, and that he was sold for 100 guineas. This animal was bred by 
 Mr. Tally, of Huntington, and weighed 247 stone, dead weight 6 
 
 that about the years 1812 or 1813 Mr. Potter sold for Mr. Westcar at the 
 Metropolitan Christmas market fifty Hereford oxen that averaged 50 
 
 guineas each, making 2,500 guineas ; and he mentions that Mr. SnnUiie,s 
 of Mailow, Salop, obtained the Ibllowing extract from Mr. We'stcai's 
 
 Olll 
 
 1110 
 
 book for the sale of twenty Hereford oxen at ditterent periods fr 
 1799 to 1811, and which 1 can corroborate, as the same was shown 
 
 by Mr. Eowlaud, when visiting him at Creslow. 
 to those which sold for £0)0 and upwards : 
 
 The list was confliied 
 
THE UNITKD KINGDOM. 
 
 jioxentoMr (;|,„,„„„„. 
 ()xt(. Mr.C'liui.iHiiii... 
 I ox to Mr. Ilarriii.rtou 
 
 (ioX«UtoMcHHIM.(.Jil)lcU 
 
 1 i)x to All- Clidpniiu " 
 ;■'•"'«" '"Mr. J IOIWOO.V!' 
 lox to Mr. iJliapimui... 
 lox toMr. J{eyi,„|,i„..__ 
 
 lox toMr. Uiblott 
 do 
 
 do ; 
 
 1 ox to Mr. CIii(u(llJr.".'.V." 
 
 <fc Co 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 £200 
 
 
 147 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 630 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 126 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 lOS 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 105 
 
 Tli« whole 20 sold for £2 I'^'i nn .... 
 
 1 !,:ive ul«0 8een at Mr. Ledbrook's uS'^^ "^"^^^'^ «*• «ach. 
 lowes a few years since, wLeuSn £.,".■?. ''"'f'^^^''^^** ^^^^ «race at Put- 
 «nnm.fro the century, 50 oxen e \ ,> ^. ^1.^7"' '^^r'' ^^"» '» '« be- 
 her, lor which he ha 1 been bidjE- r.nr Vi ^".'■^''"'i^attlieendof Novo / 
 .stone, b..t this would have „ ufe"'^,^;" I'n<-e was rather uniK^or' 
 Til. chKsH of anin.al I have S deS, """-^^ '''*''~^^ «'«'•« Perhead 
 flveyear old worked beasts, and ovrM'? "* T' "« "">»e- Thev were 
 tli.n; yeans harnessed to fh^yole i i Sti '''' 5"' ''ud beer, for Loo? 
 Wovkma „, the plow is now co.m'.m • t . "'^'relore attained great si^e 
 tl.o i.in. of all the best farn ers f ,w ''l' ''''''''' ^"'^ ^''^^ly nfaturitvS 
 arc not likely to bt, left behind, it ; S"n 'thi?' ^''^ ^J^reflrd b reX 
 a JJeietord steer at a fair over thre. vL. t '"*-' nowadays to purchas« 
 tl-t.v.v-';s a.o, f bought Tlo 'o C uinf ,^'^''«'' ^ ^^A^iuS ,1g! 
 8teei,s Ml October at £13 lo.y. each uuit!, /j'^'^year-old Hereford 
 run of the straw yar<l, and 3^;Z^o^^':^U '"'''• { ^"^^ ^J^'"' be 
 thein out to grass in May, and so Id tL?. "''■*i»'^« V^i' day, and turned 
 ton.i:i';{ to £24 each,g vi g ,,, si u '" ^"^'"^^ and SeptenbeJat 
 profit on (he animals. The pnV oVth 1 ^'^''^"V''^' '"^nure /ind a -ooll 
 now tlioy <..n scarcely be Imug it Uh^IT t' '^'Jf '''^"^^^^^ ^^^^^a 
 only make about £-<; or £-7 each w en c^^ ,.^^ ^-^ «««'«, and as they 
 enon«l. I once went to a Jferel r fU • f l/ . ^'■''''^' ^'^^-V *!<> "ofc pay 
 iinest ol<l woik.'d beasts J (^verT.w . . l-'>o Jn'**^'*'" ''»"♦' bought lOof th« 
 "^i/';!"'-l;'-i'"als, an.I when ti; a,f;i^';•;t•«•;'^ The.y were larg' 
 .10 ]iot isch.ld saw then. an<l begird fvr,. f •V'^**''"''-^ ^^'^^o" MaycS 
 con,s(..,ted on condition that lie ga^Mne n ■ *? I'"" bave then., and I 
 CLnstinas dinner the same vear n» '. V,""*' *** «"« »f them for „v 
 ;.;«;!.; i:^; to i:i7 ea<.h at Vi .V^t„, ^ ;;;;\ ',?'• to Me,.t.,.o,.."a;.d so me 
 October at £,i.S to CIO <.aeh, but " 'i. , H'*'''* ''■*'»' otf the grass in 
 
 Am()nssttl.e,iiosti.,,te,l.r,.aV ;,^rM ''^^**' ^»^'a«ts are r.ot found no v 
 of Broughton ,>astu.-es, ^l^T^-^, ;;;!;;' '^ -as the lateMrXS; 
 
 MK«^...(ul exhibitor of Heref,.,(i;;Vf • Jlr vV '\^''",'"*''"'"' -'«« "very 
 .veiiivs ho grazed Sussex beasts .« .1 . ,' ^^**«tcar'8 death, but of l^ti 
 tiom Jlerelbnlshi.e. M.' ', !ji ' '^, 7'': '"'^ l^^'t ti;o worked a in'-s 
 •attle say that the county s not bv l""'"" ''"^"^'^ «" HiM^^ b " i '« 
 'f ^'."'""'"tl V adapted foy breelin J .iL '"'"'*' '* ^'"'•"^ ^''<izing , istr ' t 
 ; 'l"""^',' .t'"' vc's s(, well, wl CM c S^."^* ^;;'""'^' «"«!«, a,.d that o cla'ss' 
 
 "''^-'■-'•'^•yalllSmon t "f ^''"^^'"^ bas been so 
 
 «'vi.,^'a slight sketch of th s f^ "f ''''*''' **' ^ '""«t be j,ardone( for 
 
 5S " '^ r r"^"' at (;.;!".,;;!^' ^" 4:;:;-';5 district. ^'Th "1!:; 
 
 Iff 
 
k^ff If' 
 
 186 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAHMINO. 
 
 tary of the Thames, and on the other two suhis by a Jarge double ox- 
 fence, with larfje ' " ..«• i- ■ , 
 cat ' 
 500 
 and 
 
 the field in May ad by the time they have v.alked aroiind the in-' 
 closnre tiicy come out tit for the but<'lier. Tlie oid mansion had for- 
 
 the eye wanck'is over tlie far -famed vale of Ayh'M*bury, tiie old town 
 the " ^E^relsbireg " of the Saxons, standing in the midst tlie rich i)ast- 
 ures of Whitechurch ; Quarrendon, with its mined chapel of the fifteenth 
 century; and Fleet Marston, in which jjarish is I'ntlowes, formerly men- 
 tione«l as the rival of Creslow as a feeding i>astare, and a rare tract of 
 grass latid stretching away for more than 15 miles along the valley of 
 the Thames. ^ 
 
 )ging 
 was won bv the Herefords 
 
 Charles Arbuthnot, which 
 
 Mr. Duckham says that from the establishment of the Smithfleld Clid> 
 in 171M) to 1851 all the different breeds and cross-breeds were shown 
 together, but since that time they have been exhibited in distinct cla>\s('s 
 And. as far as can be learned, during the time they were shown to<''«>t|i('i' 
 the Hereford oxen and steers won 18;> prizes; the Shorthorns w"- the 
 J>(nons, 44; the Scotch, 4;$; the Sussex, 1) ; the Longlionis, 4,' and the 
 crossbreeds. 8 ; thus showing that the whole of the prizes won by all the 
 other breeds and crosses in the Jvingdom were lOo, or only 5 ili excess 
 of the number registered by the Herefords alone. 
 
 Mr. Discau says that during fifty-three years to 1851 the vShorfhon.s 
 by their females made up considerably to the total of the Jlerefonk 
 as they numbered 174 jtrizes to the Herefords 207. ' 
 
 It is interesting to know how flie Herefords liave'ref4iined their foniior 
 
 And he averred that up to seventeen months old he had ha(" onlv m 
 ordinary calf and stock treatment. It will therefore be seen tint I'li ' 
 breed is not only not deteriorating but is likely to maintain its i.ositi, ,, 
 
 against all competitors. 
 
 THE HEREFOUDS AS DAIRY CATTLE. 
 
 Ji: 
 
 Having said so much of the fi'eding qualities of these animals I Miii.f 
 now allude to their milking ])roperties. (ienerally they are not vm 
 
 sidered such good '' fiirpails'^is their rivals the Shorth<)nis or A rysliir's 
 nor such butter producers as the Channel Islands breeds vei UwW 
 butter-making qualities are of a high order. I quote from Mr I),,,. 
 ham, who says Mr. Kead, of Klkstone, linds the Herefords retain liu-ir 
 general aj)titude to fatten, and that iii the teum they are excellent in 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 fliafc the.v have boeri lined foni,..- 
 farm, and that he niin^M i.;^ """"y Purposes for near ?irfl«f„ 
 
 Iph'c'iI to (III uptim , "SJ;?"'''"' »""' «■"' if "w Im,v« ,!,. J '"' """■''■ 
 
 I rciirinv cn.lvf.M r... ..I.;- . ... ' i^ 
 
 I' only 5 in excess 
 
 I was ju.l-e of c ttle r. »>ettor for the ilairy thaVs ?/ S ^^"^^'ry to 
 and Jenseys. ^' "^'^^'"^ '^" ^•om„et.torH,eveu SudJufATyshTre^ 
 
 The Iciefords liavi. provml ii.„. . 
 
 11 
 
188 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Tlio hretiders put tlieir IkmUhs to the bull at from (njjliteeii inonthH 
 old to two ymi'H, hiuI tlie calvt's fjenenilly run by the «i<lo of tlu'ir daum 
 for several mouths. Tlie covvn arc put to tlie bull at a certain time 8o 
 that tlicy msiy (jenerally come due to calve in the early spriufj, ami to 
 meet the gra«s; iilthou«h Nomo others like the cows to calve about 
 October and November, housing? the calves, and keepinjf them on with 
 a little milk ami cake, so as to be strong by the suuimer. Some breed- 
 ers think that by letting the calves suck the mothers it prevents their 
 coming into season for the bull as early as if they were weaned at once 
 but from iujpiiries I have made I find but little ditt'erence in it. Thi.s 
 is contrary to my own and some oth<'r breeders' practice, as I have found 
 the cow lies barren, I'specially Shorthorns, for some months after calv- 
 ing if the calf lies night and day with the dam. Several Heretbrd- 
 shire breeders are in the habit of giving their cidves, at a very early 
 age, good old beans, which shoid<l bo given whole, and in a few day's 
 they begin to orack them after rolling them about in their mouths and 
 secreting that frothy saliva which seems to be so condusive to a calf's 
 well doing. I have tried the phiii and can sj)eak highly of the practice 
 no food can be better, as beans are i)eculiarly fitted ior foi ming bone 
 and muscle. 
 
 best grass lands are most calculated for their flesh deveh)pnient md 
 when tied up, liberally fed, and well cared for, they can hold tlieir own 
 in the show yard against any breed in the country. As dairy cat tie 
 the Short-horns beat them, but, taking all things 'into consideration 
 England way well bo proud of her white faced Jlerefords. ' 
 
 JOHN IvEKSLEY FOWLEit. 
 Peebendal Faum, neau Ayleshuky, 
 
 January 7, 1884. 
 
 COMPARATIVE MERITS OF BRITISH CATTLE. 
 
 HEPOIiT rilEPAliKI) Folt roysVh DOVIiJCin: DF hEEns Itr Vlt Ji>sruit , ,„ 
 
 SUOKTIIOKNS. 
 
 In submitting a re|M>rt of the nuMits and propensities of our vuioiis 
 British breeds of cattle, I will commence my remarks by givin.' i i.iioV 
 sketch of the mo<lerii hist(uy of the Shorthorn, or Durham eatle-s, 
 termed from the piireiit stock inhabiting the county of Dnrhiim—wliirl. 
 
 have special claims uimiii the attention of both home and foreiLMi bi I 
 
 ers inasmuch as it has the power of more easily a<lapting itself to. I 
 soils, climates, and circumstances than any other animal of the bovi',,,. 
 breed, and contributes agieater weight of prime t)eef, butter, and cliccs ■ 
 toour markets, diiecily and b\ tlieir induentialcrosses, than half adt./.'- . 
 of the other established breeds j.ut together. Thocombii.ation of tliei 
 milking and feeding proi)erties fully entitles them to the premieishi.,, f 
 the gen.'.fal purpose cattle. If we tiike London and other great ip i 's 
 m a critenou of the milking qualities, wehaveabuudaut iiroofs of 'their 
 
jh'ooIh ol" tlioir 
 
 I THE UNITED KINGDOM. jg 
 
 I excellent properties, as at Iea8t ')() ,.nr „ . 
 
 form tl.e (loul>lo .luty „f m Ik, j „ d foTr*' **''^ Shorthorns, whteh per 
 dry lire fit tor Hhiuffhter. The r? "e Si" ^' «'™»'tu,.oon« y n„r^ vhen 
 iMKlerffono durinjr tlm hUo e,mm«f ii *""^"f '""^'"ff test wliieh thev h v 
 
 ,I..i. dairy «hoNv, in October hist ,rm n fl ' '^"'V' 1««'^ and in the Lo 
 I vhm'H thr nr«t and seeon.l priSJer^tri mn. ''"n ''• ^' ^*>^»^ <> ' th^so 
 
 horns: and as an a.Jditiou.I proof of 7 ""'^^^^ 
 
 f.)n.-<'.rs two years and eiifht n.on 1.! « i ''^ ^'/f''"'"''nN' s,„,orioHfv /h! 
 "" ••/'"■r I,ree,lH, a^^es, wi'ii'h"?, f,*', '^ J;;-;"; f 'orthorn he' t£ S' V^^ 
 iMM. I. coveled einunpion ,,?ize a" he fV. ll ''"^r*''".^ "'i"'**''! o f th 
 
 |Miii<ipeM.au( leaveno.hmbtastou emToT,^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 f- ' ''" ""f ''""< that the n,ostZS , r ,?' r '"^y"'^' '»*"'^" ^^^^ 
 Uovus are no nniversa iy linown nsVI;!.; '"^"IXTties of tlio pure i^luul 
 
 wh<Ksefasr..sImvebeencCKS '^^^<^i^>rii^\^ 
 
 inu , al.o\ .. all. I,,,,^ "muvstral line u fi.n. ^ ^.'^/f :»"tive ap,,earanoes 
 ...a ,s worth their notice. Now /.ay^/ ,;:''';''; 'l' tLoir ijes no ani-' 
 iiefrlc'tcd the earefnl eultivutioi • i ;• "^ "NtcijiHf^ breeders hnv« 
 tlH". ''lfofretherin8o,„oof he r It : 7 ''••?'"''t">".s, and o I or Sd 
 pnHoedin^s have had a 'Ian a^ Sh ! .;;'"'^^''."*^'•'^^ l»''t'«'.Ks ? .VJ 
 .tiinresa,., not wanting y^UvP^^a^^^^Z ^''1' '''«♦'•> ^'C-n-rally. '„ 
 oiil.v virfne to be Htn<lied, whih> , n .LV , *-'' *^^'^ '''^v*' l^'^'n held as ti « 
 
 nary dairy cows and possessed ij i-.' f .. f-l '^''"''"'orns were evtriordi 
 tl.o...d. the ^Mrat <l«rnm,d foTsln w Z. '/.'^'V'^*'^ '"'''^en when dJv" n ' 
 ;^"'' ";<";";"'<'l<-..lMvation (.t^heso .n Z^^^^^ ^T '^»"'<^^vhat intcifS 
 I..rn slightly ia.paire.I, this o ly 0^^-^' '1""'' ^'^'"'^^^ 
 <;<'","f<"<l <lany eupabilities of sn ieicS f. ^r I'" 'r*'*'*''*' '"'^^e no u* 
 tlH-r sj-rions attention. iUvsides, \ o' /^l;":/ "•"'"•■^''^H'-e to oecnp^ 
 iicrt- Mood, which would inenr th,' '? '^'* "'""'<! «'ntail an infusion .if 
 noissears, who rni-^ht (leelar C i.v.H ''*''"*'""' «'" '^ ^'Mq„ of"'"., * 
 Con, the w..I|.d..ti„ed paper 1 o 'r df " 'V ""I'ar.lonable departmn 
 s.v<.Iy pnwti.-ed by ,/,„,, of m on i/*^^ '*^" '""•^'•"'ff «« ex , 
 
 .a-.Ne, have paid too little attention oTS ""'■"'■t""Httly for |"o 
 
 all nauid jjeneral purpose cow o , il? I I '^''^:'^^'^ "f naturo. The b «? 
 Shorthorns, which are stillTo be Ih, 1 •'''"^'•' ^'■"'" f''« ^hl Teesw ^r 
 l.u.ks or ,1.0 river Tees, in tile X h rvK!;? ""'"^^ i'-I.tbUi^ he 
 stock of our,nost re/ined breeds of Sh rth ' ^'r^'^n^heparenf 
 siil.stan.e, constitntior., and ud( ,./».!• '"'I'"' '""' «f'" retains 1.; 
 . isfin^^nished. Fron, tins n uS tio uT 1"'' ^''^ ^"■♦'^"'' '''^« o " be ,? 
 W=.sora„ nals can be nUsedS^;,^^ ;,';-';;-;«^!oeti..ns, asl;;^^ 
 
 I lie jiossession of so many wortliv .V. V- ^"'^' <""'o inn stances 
 for .'X|.ortntion, and I lau)w of , V. tl ''T'"''' '^-^ «'l«nirably a< mt Vhon. " 
 
 nials of this breed are inost ^n pre siie s,?' ''"•'7'^- '^'^'^ "•-'>'• nni-" 
 '■''■"Mdenst.cs on the pro-env i Vrm.nV ? V '"' "'"' ^^'""P their own 
 "";;;;. sth,,uishedabr;,a,rth':n'at^^ 
 
 ^^«"--M>. Charles hasthecS^'^rS;/^-;^ 
 
! f] 
 
 ^9^ CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 8uf": "'" ^*'''' ^^^" '"* '"""'^ "'"*' **"*'** '*^ """''°" '''"• "'« following ro. 
 
 17 cnws ■*" *■ 
 
 II iiiiiia .'".*.'."''..'!".!"..*.".!!!.'*!!'!!; ?,'^^'* " 
 
 7 hull (iilvfH iiiulor twoivo niontliM.*.'*.'.'.'.".''' *'i!J|i ,** 
 
 71ieilir<;;ilvos <«»7 ir> 
 
 SMa 18 
 
 Total -— 
 
 tt,H«4 II 
 
 Since tlion h doMoen<lant of a calfHoM at tlih Halo (Yonnc I)h<'Im>h».\ 
 
 lias realized n.oio money than tlie whole herd was hoiJi for. One two 
 
 IhII nn? ^^r^'""* «"'!»'«r '"*''■•' '■••••'I'H'ntly paid for me,nl,.ns ot' hat 
 tribe or family, of whieh there is a t?oodly number in Knirland at h« 
 present time aiul whieh are still lieM in hiKh estimation 
 
 The influonco of u good sire is shown by the followinir'stateinent • A 
 remarkable anini..! terme.l the Durham ox was got by one of tl h bi.lfs 
 Hold at the above sale out of a eommon eow. The ox was sob fr 
 public exhibition, from which circumstance their sprung n,a%re ! 
 Hire to possess ami improve the Shorthorns in .listant quarters Te 
 ox, after being exhibited for several years, was slaughtered after tw 
 months Illness, which reduced it« Hesh eonsi<lerablv, but its deal wei X/ 
 o meat, without tallow or otlal, was 2,;{L>L' pounds. Many | Ifr^i^^ 
 stances of great weignt can be recorded, viz, : ^ '" 
 
 Live weight of steorHunil'T four yeara old P'mmU 
 
 Live weiffhtof heinirmiii.ier foiii voiirH old ....' "' .^•'<"'-' 
 
 Live weight of cows »,04!t 
 
 Avitrage dimd weight; '■i,X>2 
 
 or ni(ihirc-d ox when fed in the orditmry way for market .... ,.^ 
 
 Of Leifer when led in the ordinary wav lor market VT 
 
 Otcow when led in the ordinary way ior market '.'.'.'.'.'.'. u 
 
 Annual average weight 
 
 Weight to 1 pound of butter..!. !!"..'.' ^' '*•*<» 
 
 AV'eight to 1 pound of cheeHo '~M 
 
 10 
 
 .S;,,7. -Alluvial and light loam in EaHt Riding; in We8t Ridinc brown ,.|«„ 
 Clmate.—Mi'nu tempiratnre, 41P.4. """"fe, urown rlay. 
 
 Color.— Red, while, and roan. 
 
 I, 
 
 HKREFORDS. 
 
 nerefords are an old established breed of high renown whoso fnnn 
 In^ gone to he antipodes as ,,os.sessing many highlvn.eJi or 's .J 
 erties the imncpal of which is its fattening p <»pensities and 11 b mi 
 iyot beef. A hardy strong constitHUioiisJems to eA- . .f X ! 
 fam ly, as no signs of delicacy or degeneracy evr-r ap, ear in tl, ' r l 
 1 hose chanujtenstics commend them to the notice of home -4 Vi . : ,,, i 
 breeders abroad. For several years past there has \u u m . is . tn 
 cure the best specimens on offer for Jxport, and s L I ,.; i dj o it 
 animals have recently been consigned to onteri.risinLr r !l m^^ 
 1 10 Atlantic. The chief merit ot" the Ile.v r V^ y^-ir ^^^ ^^ "^T" 
 tions ; they have little pretension to the supp , .« d ^ ll l',' f 
 as a rule run with their mothers, whose parental 1, ten in mm' 
 are heavily taxed, but this defect is «><^cupvi "r thoattenf o n .^ . ' 
 breeders, and it can be removed in time h^ tar::^^^^^^^^^ 
 observance in mating them. Thov iiiliub it lar-e traotK of i .../i . ' ' 
 surrounded by the v!^elsh hills-land which is we 1^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 its true character to full perfection. The breed h^ oDg b^a a«c L ,' 
 the best m the west of England. The uniform charaotef hw Cm^a 
 
 - wn wii wi i ii ii itm wiggi 
 
 '-'-;'!' /," ; -xsa^Aij,* j&SL^.i*aM 
 
a. 
 
 ith Mie following ro- 
 
 £ «. 
 
 s.Hoa !) 
 
 !:,:wi V 
 
 ■ tm ir> 
 
 SMa 18 
 
 tt,H«4 II 
 
 lo (YontiK HiKihoHH) 
 mM for. Ono, two, 
 for rncriilMUH of that 
 • in KiiKliind at th« 
 atioo. 
 
 wiiij,' Htatt'inont : A 
 l>.y ono of tho ImiIIh 
 le ox wiiM HoI<l for 
 rutiff np a ffieat tlv- 
 imt qiiarttTH. Tho 
 n;,'hf«'r('(l after two 
 hnt its (lead weiffht 
 ». Many other in- 
 
 'J,'.il'i 
 
 2, 04!( 
 
 !i, itta 
 
 !h*0 
 
 m) 
 
 two 
 
 8,(XH» 
 
 ai 
 
 10 
 
 tig, brown clay. 
 
 iiown, whose faino 
 inoritorious prop, 
 ies ami hif>h(piii|. 
 (^rviuli^ I he wIkiIo 
 !'ar ill ihcir ranks, 
 loiiie },'razierN and 
 Ix'en a nish to se- 
 ^ hniidredM ol'/inc 
 If Ineech'rs acidss 
 H'ir hn-f prodnc. 
 tiiy. The calves, 
 \m ill many cases 
 tteiition of many 
 i!tioii8 and ))ro|ie'r 
 of land j)artia!ly 
 ii!atedtodeve'o|» 
 ag been ascribed 
 ier has become a 
 
 2,486 
 2,ia7 
 
 T"E rrmTFD kingdom. j^^ 
 
 slamju'd standard and in nniv<^.N iii^r „ i 
 
 answera.lmirahly in Australia, / ' PiVjT'' V*^*^®^' '"'^ '« f<"""l to 
 
 States. They are very qnict a ,1 eonS '*'' ^""',"'»' "'»» the Un ttu" 
 sea vo.va,ro well wilhout' fulli.l^'U- f .mldiM;;;;'"'';'.""'; «^""" « '!>"« 
 MM.-lv occurs Ml transit. The orim,, ot\ ',? r ' .^*""^'' ">* <»ifllcnlty 
 "I M.o county, from which select^ ,"1 ' V'''^ "''''''' ^■'■"'" ^^« «»"e 
 now s amis owes all its re,,utati , To^^ ,";;;''f' ""«» tJ'o breed as i? 
 part o( last (UMitury a Mr. Tc.mpkins st-ted u «' < ''a"««^«- In the latter 
 ulfin.;.(clvexercise<l K'reat inlli .Mice on Vh^^^^^^ T^T'l "^ ''fwdin^ which 
 S./c, a.laplalion to (he dairy, an 1 he 1 '""''"^^'''•'^ l""tof l-j^.gl 
 pioperfies stiulie.l I,y the I n" rs 'P^ '"'"''^ "^ '•^»"^'- ^^ere the If 
 Mr. Tompkins which hrnl an xtrao. In /'"'''" '^'" '"^•> the 1. an Is of 
 """'"'i'' ""•'*""" ''=^ n.taine heX^ *« l>ec>omo fat 
 
 liiorc white on, he named I'iL'e.nii. '•?'''''''*-'• *^"0 '»f them, w J 
 face, he <-alIcd Motth^ Mr T, mni ;. "'T'"' '' '"'"•' red with "otto 
 fl...exis,M., hrced of the conntv 'a ;? ^o ''I't;'."'^ "-oliid'l m 
 kinds n.m other Muariers, and alfh ,th , ' ' ,. ?f ^'''■" '''"» <li««itnilar 
 I" M.c last n.ntnry, the Hereford breed wLia '■/''•''"' 'commenced 
 
 (or Nvl,..:h It IS now so Jnstly esteemer "'" ^'^^mbh, properties 
 
 Live wcn'lil, o( roiir-V((iir... Ill /...,.. "■/!." ■'. V""«l,0 
 
 ,,i;:' >"" •'- -.4 !".•":'.? "* «'"""'i"i.i H>.<.w, i)ocV,;nV.;;-i^.f (;;„v,- -^ 
 
 Milk, annual averai'o V'>"tti, a 
 
 '' !.',;ia!) 
 
 .SV»7.-I).M'p.r<-(Hoani ami ,.j„v li I » , •'•'^<' 
 
 (;/;m„/..--M,.ar. t<M,.|H.|aM,ro, 4!>o 7 ^"'' "'"' l"'"™-- n«<»r the WelNl, h,!]. 
 
 f»W.— Ii.'.|, with whito face rtiiilwl.w^ . , . 
 1)1^1 V. '" ^^'"'^« "♦'•"'ik .own hark ai.,! « i 
 
 ^ ' "'^'"'■'■■■■' '--'. »i. r,.,„„„ „„„ "• """ " ""»"" °'» ■■" "•» 
 
 DKVONS. 
 The Devon is an old and well 1 r 
 sfandiiiii (iisl in thecalalo;r„e„f Mien,',!!'' '"'T'' '*"*' '« J'onored with 
 where it has been known T«, ol . i "''V''^ '='' '''itlleshowi^ 
 »"<""l bi fh.^ ^'rcitest piirit an I, '''-''"''"^ ''*>•'"'«• They ar „ , ?' 
 »''<'i'•'•<•"•'^vand a p, rt'X 'of Zm/.rl''?'"'' '" ^''^ ''»rtS/ Tm ? r 
 and ffi-a.^fnl in appearanc nd li rr r''''''' '^''^'^ are xvry e , J 
 
 '^'''^•''■''-^•-•<~somewh..twnf • ''" "'""•^'•'' ^'^ 
 
 |>0H<'s, iUKi fheir improvement is si ^ .i *'"^',"' '^'^^ <''>r ^'eneral i.nr 
 ■ri' "'""'' '!'•". ••"v.iriably in fa or o?;';,'"'*"'*''' ''-V hLow^^Ci ,i ! :: 
 "I'oil't ii'cadniiiablvadaMled ti.r n. • '' ''""M'act animals whi/.... 
 ;v.!i and produce .u ..Xt n v on'" r'T^''^^' ^^"^'^ tli^ y^^^!; 
 (^.H many o their anient adiS^^;.' o ,' ^-"^ '''•^^' ^'^""H>t snr, ass 
 ^'ivateiwci-htinarrivin-at mi ,'?/•. * "'ii"'<ain) some anin, , 1 e 
 
 anuiot eagerly sought anerh"'ni:;'i;r'r^ TheS i'^'j^;;' 
 
 llincare cases in uhi,.|i .rrcal w ■ J f . " '''•^^'"'''''^ '» <>tln'r on-irter^^ 
 ■'"""■I'S !•"'( this is not -i . 1 . . "''^'' ''''^'^ been attainey/i • "* 
 
 tlK'nclieHt ,.arts of Devonshi e , 1 '"' l""«. North Devoiis Tn'ot 
 and vuned, lu «ouao part« billy' „ rune •^r''"'^'^"^' ^''^^ ««" i« 'gi 
 
r 
 
 I 
 
 It 
 
 192 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY Fj^EMINO. 
 
 In the iicber alluvial plains and near the coast a heavier and coarser 
 class of Devons are kept, for which no special attention is paid to ped- 
 igree or refinement. Some sjdendid steers of this (as well as the North 
 Devon) class reach the London market, where they soon change hands 
 at remunerative prices. 
 
 North Devon is a breeding and grazing district, calves are mostly 
 reared with the cows, atul often a greater number of calves are seen iii 
 the field thsin cows. The yearling heifers run out through f he winter, 
 only receiving a little assistance during a storm. The yearling steers 
 being on their way to the butcher, are kept in yards and receive a 
 nioderr te allowance of straw and turnips during the winter months and 
 have liberal treatment until ready for the butcher at three and 'fom 
 years old. 
 
 The quantity and quality of Mr. Sk nner's cow Myrtle, during the 
 trials at the JiOndon show, was a great suri)ris(5 to all who were not 
 thoroughly acquainted the full capacity of the Devons. The cow Wiis 
 milked at 8.30 a. m., and again at 7..'}0 p. ni., when the result was •'(; 
 pounds of milk whicl; gave M.Tfl percentage, .3.28 of fat; total award 
 87.80. Age of cow, four and one-half years. She calved on July 4 
 and was tested on October 3, 1883. The solids, which are in excess ot 
 the Jersey, is a great achievcMnent, and an event worthy of notice in 
 agriculture, together 'vith the extraordinary weights attained by some 
 highly forced aniiuals. This cow Myrtle gave oO ikmuuIs of niWk )„.r 
 day for a considerable period after calving (second (?alf), and niiil'ed 
 for over a year at her first calf. The journey to London and other ex- 
 citing causes, which are unavoidable in a show-yard career, would (O 
 some extent tend to reduce the quantity of milk. 
 
 The largest Devons and many of the best milkers are seldom seen in 
 the show yard, as prizes, as bel'ore stated, generally go to the iriost svin 
 metrical. The late Mr. Skinner, father of the present Mr. Skinner ev. 
 
 Mr. Skinner has recently sold a bullock under three years old wi.j.Wi 
 ing (dead weight) halfa ton. The to,, average w<'ight'for well fed stens 
 three to four years old, is 720 j>onnds, dead weight; some reach 1 ooii 
 pounds with extra attention ; but 720 i)OMnds may siifely be taken 'is i 
 fair average for fully-matured Devon steers, although 8(»0 pounds is ,i,,'( 
 unfrequently reached by choice beasts. Cows, when fat, will aveiio,. 
 800 pounds at six to seven years. JUdls oiten weigh, when very In 
 a tv*n (live weight). A selected dairy of cows will ayei'ag<> liom .-.oo'id 
 OOC gallons of milk a year, many giving up to 700 gallons, and Kio 
 pounds of butter. These ar" exceptional cases. A prevailin.. , iisiom 
 m Devonshire is to let cows to dairymen for the season, XI.J eaeh l,,.,,,,, 
 about the average paid, " 
 
 Live weight: riMimk 
 
 Foil r-year old ox, at Stnitbiidd hIiow l).>cniilior, lK'):t (nlliil. W i.oiimis f„ 
 
 tlio N<,'or«') ' I, . 
 
 WeiL^ht of bcifer, at JSuii«lilioia hIiow' V).Vi'M'iirM"i"'iH8:J!".' ,'nt 
 
 VVei«lit of cow ''' 
 
 Milk: '-'•" 
 
 AuTiual aM>raf;o ,, 
 
 To pouiul of bnttt'i- ...!.......! ."..". ''IH! 
 
 To pound of cliceso .!...!.!!.'.!.! n 
 
 C'.'jw/e.— Mean tonineratnre, M^. 
 
 OoSfrpr^" '"*'^' ""'^ ^"""^'' •"<tubli«ho<l by soleetionn from cxi.f ing breed of tLo 
 
o. 
 
 a heavier and coarser 
 antiou is paid to ped- 
 (nswoll as the North 
 ly soou clianye liainls 
 
 I'liiinilH. 
 
 Hill, i-i ik.imkIn til 
 ],%!< 
 
 \,{m 
 
 MUM 
 
 ll.'flO 
 
 iSi 
 
 it 
 
 I f'xiofing breed of tLo 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 193 
 
 J Ills luoed Jijis loll'.- riuluui 
 u'i^cUihm into imuu:?l Cl L'lT'^''^ ^''^' '""'^^ val„a>h. , 
 
 '""" "-0 ancient onh'^- ^i^T '''''"'-''^ ^^^^^^^^ ","'" ^^'^'s*- 
 
 (ifoua.v, and Aberle.^^'ffi'' '" ^J^'-^'^^Ictined RJ'" ^'/^'U^'Ctured. 
 
 n.Ior, except bJacdc, aSt4 a d "i ""I^venient 1 as ^^ * f .M '^fy "^ 
 Hsc. TJiey are no;M,ei„/i^^^^^^^ '^ ''^ "ow hj , i-''" ^''''''^''^ of 
 
 umns. The settin^^ on of^/r f • '" ^^'^^ I'reederls in' T} """""ff 
 removal of this <u"fcct wiJI i '^ ''^ '' •'''"^actoris in i , i *"!'^'''nuire- 
 
 liivcls <(,i,.si.sts in the exceJh f ' "/• '^ '""1 Hi^hhin Jsl. *"' ''*"^*'"'- 
 
 <'1«" '• ^''■atorpro,,oni nS'L ^^''^ '' ^"J<^ the n uVt i \ • li '"^''' I'^"''" 
 
 sl.ilir.,1 care l.av.VSc'a'e'- th ! "^'^■'•>' ""^'''or.itht !'''''."'" ''^'^''>"« 
 A,non,^s, tliose who an' no ' £ " ''Tl^ *"''«'ard to "'"^'" ^'''^'^''''^ ^•'•^1. 
 an idea exists that thov .i.... . i ./""y'''A'<'onversaiif ,. .vi *i 
 
 '•V'-, it iK.s been so «Teativ in "•'^ ""'^'' ^^«'- tin eas v """'.'■'"ff 
 
 iiicst Hss,K.nass,,ni.M.n : , '."^^';1 '" tliat lespc-t th f iV *"'' ''""'■ 
 he.t sjurhnens bc.-o 1 .""/p '"•^"•'^ and i , , : i'^'V^'^- al- 
 
 sdoii- many have hvvu ih] f... h V ""' '■•'^<' 'oi' voiiiHr i ;Vi * -^ '"'• 
 ""■> ''"v<' '.^di.,Ml /ion i'V > V/.'^''"f»''"' s at thirty '^nHfr'"'*' '^'> 
 
 plovers lia.s bcrn ihr tU'v, L,. \ I""7><'m'.s. 'i'|„. ,,.,,•;,".'"•''>• 'f Has 
 "I lliis resiK'ct, bat \vi(j, ., i; '''/""' "ou" tli.v aiv u. >, V ^"^''^' 
 
 "'H as tlii'(ialIonav,are in/ii ; r '"' '^ ^'''' >"ars , . t f ''♦'»^<>""nH- 
 
 tliis l.ive.1 is ..xc.n.lin ' r"- ""<'' also in I,4,n , L '''.•''^•' ""^"V 
 ..owes„|.li.sI,H| ,;.!■"' '/yr'^;?-^- ^I<Me th ;,. ^^••"l';'"«l itself 
 MNvoim.,eshav,.iMV.|'issn' I ' ""''•' ^'*'''l- o .I- ''T' '•'''I-s are 
 
 ''-•"!'^ ■iiH-berd-b.oh ii;;.:''j3^"'":'i i.!':!<» b;,;^;^'^!'"'''*'^^^^'^ 
 
 i'=ai;'inn,.|,.st.,nieN|„„,| 
 
 Fovmottli,. brrnlu. is. Mr. ii 
 
 lO 
 
 ''■.'.'^•"'•'llMxd 
 
 II, !■ 
 
 SO"|ctv ,'i 
 
 or 
 
 'nn((d in j.soo 
 
 i: 
 
 '•"''^^■''<-aj;z;vM,!::'it'''i';*{':'''^ti 
 
 "<''M)yiM,,,u,,,^; 
 
 iin- 
 
 ombie. 
 
194 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Tillilonr, whoso reinarkable show-yard uchicveincnts, both in fat and 
 breeding stock, liave been iiislniiiKMitiil in brinsinp: their true merits 
 before the jmbli(;. The deservedly hi{j;Ii reputation Uie Aberdeens liave 
 fjained is mainly due tot he indeiatif^able exertions in (lie promotion of the 
 breed by that i)()[)ular breeder, wliosejiidfjinent js enlilled to tiie iii^liest 
 respeel. In Mv. MeCombic's early days he laid a fii-ni fonndation to 
 which the most not^>d animals of the i)re.sent day are (jlosely allied. Vfe 
 purchased the mother of the Prides for tlie sum of £VJ KKv. in 1S44, juid 
 at tlie disi»ersi()n of liis lierd, in ISSO 10 I'rides averaj;ed each over £80 
 !(»«. One Pride, the lifth in descent fnun the £VJ l(»,v. animal, realized 
 the handsoino sum of £2Si{ 10s. At the j)resent day they are most val 
 nable and itojjuhir; their oidy real rivals are the Ericas, of Ballindallocli 
 McCombie's show- yard honors are unparalleled in i'arni-sto(di history 
 I lirndy believe theiH) is sufficient scope for judicious selections to ho 
 made from the (Jalloway ranks to obtain as {^leat results as those 
 achieved by those popular in}provers of the Aberdeens. The (laliowav.s 
 are by no means pushed to the extent of substance and lelinenientto 
 wJiich they are capable of developing-. Mr. iMcCombie's su( cess in buil<l 
 ing: the fan)ily of the Prides was in a very jjreat measnn^ due to his 
 great judgment and care in the selection of bulls. The di(ferene(> il,. 
 tweeu the two breeds is, as might be expected, frnm ilitferent <!ircuiii 
 stances. The (ialloway has a thicker skin, a stronger and l)etter eoit 
 of Jiair, and more shagg:y appearance than the Aberdeen. Admirers of 
 each breed claim superiority, and on this jioint considerable diirereiic,. 
 of opinion exists. 
 
 The Aberdeen answers adnn'rably to the indulgence it receives idiI 
 the Galloways do well on more humble fare;' meritorious aiiima'l.s oi 
 both breeds have appeared i)i the show rin,g, and, from a butcher's hoim 
 of view, neither breed has to yield to any other. 
 
 Live woif^ht: 
 
 Foiir-jear-(i)il ox, at Smitlilicid bIiow, Dm-nibcir, 18K5 (otra! H, iioiiikIs to ''""'"''' 
 tho score) ' ' ^j,,_ 
 
 Cow or lioiler (oll'iil, H i)oumI.s to the score) ?"'''; 
 
 Do.atl weifjbt : ''**"'" 
 
 FuUy^natured ox (avcnifr(s) ordinarily I'cd for market 
 
 Milk : ^ '"J 
 
 Annual averaj;o 
 
 To pound of butter .''....!!!..'.' ' ","" 
 
 To pound of clieese '-'^ 
 
 10 
 
 Soil. — Clay, loam, and peat. 
 Climate— Mpmi temperature, 47'^ 8'. 
 Color. — All black. 
 
 GALLOWAYS. 
 
 against a 1 breed., winch hon<.rs we.e substantiated wh.-n ,1,,. 
 
 This breed has been distinguished for hanliness an<l feedi ,,,■,,,., 
 
 for niany generations. Their line .|nalities air no longer hid n , k- 
 bushel. Iheir reputation has spn.id far and wide., aiMfa gre ',t , 
 creasing' demand has sprung up, both for home inark,.t an.U>xn„r I . 
 ing horiiless and very <locile tin-y are admirably adapted for „rd f, . 
 iHg, railway .and .Hhii> transit. ' ynnmn 
 
-IING. 
 
 Jinents, both in fat and 
 nffinp: tlu'ir true merits 
 (i(>n Uie Abonleeiis have 
 IN in (lie promotion of the 
 isenlilled to (lie iii^hest 
 i<l a firm lonndation, to 
 y are (jlosel.v allied, ITe 
 of £113 KKv. in 1«44, and 
 averajied each over £80 
 ■A'J 10,v. animal, realized 
 , day tliey are most val 
 Hrieas, of Baliindallocli. 
 I in l'arni-.sto(di iiistory. 
 lieious seleetionn to be 
 txiv.it results as those 
 rdeeiis, Tlie (Jalloway.s 
 Sance and letinement to 
 Miibie'ssuieessin buil<l. 
 'at measun^ due to lijs 
 lis. Tlie dift'erene(^ be. 
 , frnm ililferent <!ircuiii- 
 ronger and Ix-tter coat 
 .berdeen. Adnjirersof 
 eonsiderabl" ditfenMico 
 
 licence it reeeivcs, aijij 
 meritorious animals of 
 , from a butcher's poiiii 
 
 (odal H, poiiiKls to 
 V-K< 
 
 i,t^-<;; 
 
 7aj 
 
 •\'M 
 
 ■ '-ii 
 
 10 
 
 ee file ra.i^e for .yoaii- 
 ilvets, llie daily |)r(i)h 
 iiiid the pole axe bs 
 •ers (Jicy laiik aiiinii;' 
 eld at Poiss.v in is;,{ 
 >rfor theltesi Uwhwi 
 t lilted wiien drcssd, 
 nd feeding;- proiHilie^ 
 o !o!i;,'er liid iiii(ier;i 
 e, and a j^Meat and in- 
 ilietaiid exjiort. lie- i 
 iliipted for yard feed- I 
 
 . ^'"^ ^^^"'^^^ KINGDOM. 
 
 Tlioy are reared m,on thin r. , ^95 
 
 mate, especially in wiuft.,. ' \ '^^^'^y} inferior J-mJ • 
 
 .suits. J^otwithstandii.' t ,^?;\'Mvl'o '^ro en^S •„ ?^'''''''f *° ^»»^''-«- ' 
 .Iielter beyon.l about fcee'?; ''*^' "'« orclSv br^T^"'^"'''' P'""- 
 ('»">" ^vith a thick, blaci™i '''''''*'^«»io»th"E '"» 
 
 NfroiiS' lneI]o^v hides to r^Jr^*?''''^o«f of iowr lull, '"*"^^ '»*'« Provided 
 I.^ndsinps they may^^P^«/««t the model c^^^^^^^^^^ «illcy hair^K 
 
 V-nUu, period in tho^^S^'^^^-^^ «^"^«' "'S^^^^ """> 
 
 /iniiiy years and is found to^o^* Z'"*^ Practice h-i'^^^f ' ^^racorres- 
 joinm;..- counties where arti«;^ 7?.''''^ ^^«» in AbLK 'u^.*"' established 
 winter food oou.istttSnforlT^''''' ''^ aC,SSf J,«. «"^U '^^ 
 c.m beproiitablyp,od„ced "^^ ^^^^^v mul turnips o„J£,"''"«*''J- The 
 It IS t(dly believed that Vi.o r. ,. ^^'*^'<' <'iev 
 
 liivo a tliird more mi k »w7*^^ ^'alloway can irain .. 
 'nvorable circumstSs Ij; l>^«Portio4 
 
 l..ircliased: Heifers, at tivo, ml T"^ ''^ which Seet^l^"'"^ "'"'«'' "'orj 
 
 "HMit. By careful c u'.C^""^ «'^«e« ^^^^m Simf o -o*^^^ ^^"•^J' 
 
 restored, aiid I have the .mi?, -i"^ S^G^reral nnlkin^ overrules jnd^r. 
 
 (oiy to state that theGS^T^^^^'i^^^in'mS fa'n 170 
 
 l.reod that eoutributes to f^''^V^'«^'"<•e« the iK^t'? ^■u^'' ^'ntterfac 
 
 uliici. supports the remit ^^„/^i"ry, and is • '^ . !V''^ -^" 'n.y other 
 
 i:;;i.i tharcoXb^Sr^'^^^lVlum/nle"^^ ^'l^ ^. .ac 
 
 uliici. supports the remark tia/t^^' ""^^ ''' v^^Jt "d J. "^" ''">«"'«' 
 iKiiy disease; therefore f;>t, 7*^ *.''®""^»l>"«t eorisf,f„H "' nnautity 
 
 Tlio ''^"^'''i^ «Poken of i f rhe sS;^'^^ ^'^e e^ iert^^^^" '^'^'^ ''^^ onlt 
 .111(1 fonder, which nrnnilV- ^'^^^^iith centurv -il i. • 
 
 alter the umon of tl7e two rV^ "'^ """^ theiri^ood fee M.V '^^" ^''" P'-^^«('nt 
 
 "'•'.V years the trade has beero'; "'"•' *''^ "P^a. s 'S,!:';'''^'!''^-^ «oon 
 
 Tlieone,--,,revaiIinff praS ^""^ >"^ "ow nis ''''IV''"*''' '""' 
 
 tiiHi.'d, iiiid the heifers -mf;^ ^ spaying- the he f M-i i 7 *''•"' *ver. 
 
 i...tiu« hn..d by seleetio^'^" ^' "'^^^ f'^^orable o , ll^r K;.^^^,^/'' '"eet 
 llie (,aIioMay cattle possess ai. fi . ^ ""'''■'*^'- 
 
 (•oiistitiitcs a breed vet h.^ " ^''*^' character -mrJ ,. . 
 
 MI.1 iniisel,. are fb^m ^f'^'^^''^'' '^"A^^'iord ,^ ti^i^^/'i;:^*;^- .^ot ^ " 
 
 '"'i-nals answcM- aclmir d. A i " n' ^"V" ''''"vineed .f ' ' "'^"'-V ^^''^Mlers 
 "'='I'f''' <■<"• <'<Mintries w ;l ! r ''j'''*'^ tn^atment • ,1 T'""- 'A^''<'se 
 
 li..lily salisfacton- 'fe^oS ;^^^^^^ i- P'^ntiful V t T'"''*^* '""'^^ 'H' 
 'ON'itm's. ''^^onnts of the j.ro^M-ess n,a, : . • '}''"''y^ reeeive.l 
 
 At the Sniifluield show Hi ^ ''" '" ^"''^''/^'n 
 
 i";'WlMra,som^ breed 'r/*'"' *''«' «eoteh J>Mn.- 
 
 ""'-- '"an theVi;,,;,;';-'^"'^ -nder ^ u^:;:^ ^^^^^;^^^l 
 
 Aniimil,lV,T;,;,r,, w.icrlit 
 
 '"'I i"i<'l I'liHcr. 
 
 '" ' 1 1 of <'In>(.,S(,. _ _■_' ■ ■ _ 
 
 «--f..>inn, day and Han.h' 
 
 • ' '■Wk. {;n,. „f ii 
 
 ■ "larkiit 
 
 I'oiiiiils. 
 700 
 
 ■ .'t.oco 
 u 
 
 •" '"«'»I.K.«(I!ri(i«i, , 
 
 H((.,1h 
 
fl 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 : 1 
 
 
 fl 
 
 
 i A 
 
 mv 
 
 196 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 NORFOLK POLLS. 
 
 They are red iii color and liave iij;iired at tlie Koyal Agricultural 
 Society's niectiiigs Cor iitauy years, and have juained many prizes iu tlu- 
 '-S8 *''i'or otlier'e.stablislied l)reeds," and were awarded the dignity of 
 ^ iial prize at the royal show held at IJattersea in ISCIli. Since then 
 the V have been gaining approbation, giving evidence, as they do, of good 
 milking properties, as well as size and symmetry, and carrying a good 
 proportion of lean meat to the fat. Considerable attention has been 
 i)aid to the improvement of this breed, and it is becoming more noted 
 for dairy productions. The soil, climate, and treatment are favorable 
 to their cultivation and develoinnent of all their essential properties. 
 They are the general dairy breed of their county, which is more a grain 
 and grazing district than dairy. 
 
 The soil is alluvial, loam and sand, fertde, with a mild climate. Tlu-y 
 are an old breed, with short legs and thick bodies, supposed to be de- 
 scended from the (iallowaj, with native admixture. 
 
 Live wei"bt ; Pomids 
 
 Foiir-yoar old ox at Sniitlificld uliow, Docciubor, 1883 (ollal, H pomuls to 
 
 tlio Bcore) ~', (il:i 
 
 Cow or heifor I,;i81 
 
 Duad Avoiglit : 
 
 Ox fed in tlio ordinary way 700 
 
 Cow or heifer fed in the ordinary way 040 
 
 Coloi -All red. 
 
 Climate— Mean temperature, 41)°. 5. 
 
 WEST UKtIILANDER. 
 
 This wihl and herce looking mountain ranger, with its long, shaggy 
 hair and grac-fully set long horns, is a general favorite with every gnl 
 zier in the Kingdom, of which it may be said "it never lost a frit'nd op 
 made an enemy." The great demand and keen competition for thcso 
 really hardy aiid picturescpie ariimals lor grazing in all j)arts of Eng. 
 land leaves a very sinall margin ior i)rolit. They are si)ecial favotitivi 
 with many noblemen, an(t are sele(;ted for the profitable adornment of 
 their ]»arks. .Many are slaughtered for the use of the castle or niaiision, 
 the beef being of tli(> choicest quality, and they harmonize well witli (hj 
 deer, and are the ornament of the parks through all seasons, us Iiousc 
 protection is unkiH>\' ' to lliem unless on special occasions, where sliow- 
 yard honors rule tli( ambition, I have seen them in their native lioincs 
 imd again seen the same animals shown in our southern markets hcioiv 
 tiie railways were taken advantage of, fresh and vigorous after a drive 
 of over ()0() miles. Their inexhaustible staying powers are specially dc 
 sirable to beef j)r()du('ers in distant (rountries where railway accoiniiHi 
 dation is not available. They mature at four years old ; they aretjiiick 
 graziers, and j)r()duce the highest quality of beef. They average he 
 tween 4<S0 iK)un(!s and <)<)() |)oun(ls (lead weight, according to k('c|), i\.(;, 
 but can be brought to much greater weight by artiliidal food and ticiu' 
 ment. They have been bred in vast numbers in the bleak and roinaiitic 
 isles and highlands of Western S(,'otland from time immemorial and still 
 retain their high reputation to the fullest extent for all the above pio]) 
 cities. The grazier may 'lot realize a very great i)rolit for the oiithiy, 
 as the never tailing demand keeps up the juice, but prolit is very (rr 
 tain as there is always a corresponding demand when fat, and tliW re 
 (juire \ery little attention, being grass fed ; and they are tree IVoiiiiii! 
 ments. in their mountain hosnes they are of a wihl natures but sooii 
 
'r"'' TmTm> KrwnoM. 
 
 Koyiil AgHcultuml 
 (I many prizes in tlu' 
 iirtlcd the (lij,'iiity of 
 in KS(!li. Sinco then 
 T, Jis they do, ol" good 
 ind carrying ii good 
 
 attention lias been 
 jcoining more noted 
 tment are favorable 
 essential properties, 
 ivhicli is more a grain 
 
 r niild climjite. Tlu'v 
 supposed to be de- 
 
 H'al, H pouiuls to 
 
 ith its long, shaggy 
 orite with every gni 
 ever lost a liit'iKl or 
 nnpetition lor tlicsc 
 in all j)arts ol' Eng. 
 :ire si)eeial favotitrs 
 itable adornment of 
 le eastle or niaii.sioii. 
 monize well wjtli d,^. 
 ill seasons, as liousc 
 i-asions, w here . show- 
 n their native lioiiics 
 hern market shcioiv 
 gorous after a drive 
 ers are specially dc. 
 i^ railway aecoiniiHi. 
 olil ; they aiV(iiiick 
 They average he 
 Mjrding to !iec|),v\.(;, 
 li(;ial food and trcai- 
 ■ bleak and roinaiitic 
 mnicmorial and .still 
 rail the above i)i()|( 
 rolif for tile oiithiy, 
 I ]»rolit is very ccr 
 en fat, and tiiW re 
 ey ai'e free Inuiiiiil 
 
 i<i iilltUit', iMit .SOUii 
 
 Argylesh.re is the stronghold ofo.." '"J^'''"ff '»'>'l fee di„; r^'* /.""^ 
 (inc.! to that ecnnty, bnfc ('xtend,?^.?- ^''^ '""eod is S 1/ '''''''''•^•'^• 
 ing, where scareelyMny o£?S^ ol^l^l^^^^^^i^i^SZ' 
 Livo wnviit : ''" ^'^^tlo can exist. »"iroand. 
 
 Fully iiififiircd ox, jif, SiiiiHif i 
 
 ponn.lHtolhoscoro) ' '''"•"■' "'"""nbor, 1«83 foffiil i„ ., ^""'"I"- 
 
 ^;<>^y or Iioifcr at SinitlKicM Vlin,', "fT ^ ' '"^^ ♦'"i" « 
 
 I>ii'l wci-Iit: ""^'^' ''''"^v, Dficombcr, 18«{ ' o 090 
 
 Fully niatiirod faverii'ro'» af/,„,. , T Alir 
 
 Jfill, 
 
 Fully iiiatiirod favernffo) sfooi- ,. I 
 
 iroi'Hs w„o„ fo„ for n7S£r„' ;^;i;;';«;'l /■- --kot on «ra«,s 
 
 Aiiiiii.'il averajfo 
 
 To 1 poiiiid of bnttoV .* 
 
 Ti) 1 pound of clieeso..." .'.'.' 
 
 Soil.-lAt^ht loam, (day, and o-mnu 
 ( ohr.-lloi], black, and diiii. ' 
 
 'JHE STTSSKx, 
 
 (100 
 
 r/^o 
 
 2.-'''00-:?, 000 
 
 25> 
 
 9 
 
198 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 l;;T.'S»te a;;il"o,";irem'ei;Sof ^ bree,l»rs ..n.l to soU and clima... 
 
 I'ounds, 
 '-'''' wtny-xc.r old ox at S„,it,l,iu>l.l, 18«5 (oflal over 8 pounds to the 8coro). 2,^.11 
 
 VVoi^'litoC hcifor (Smitliiielil, 1S8.5) '.'.'.'.'..'. ii'sj;, 
 
 Wei^Iit i>f cow, iiiiy aj;*' * ~' 
 
 Dead irciyht : ^„i <v>i. vmrTfAt, 84(1 
 
 Fully uiiituiv.! ox, ordinary, fed for market ^-ijj 
 
 lIcKer, (yd ibr luarkot ""."""::""[:""::] 8(iu 
 
 Cow, led for market 
 
 Milk: , 4,000 
 
 Annual average .,^ 
 
 To 1 pound of butter | ■" ' ^ 
 
 To 1 i)ouu<l of clieeHc. 
 
 .%(•?.— Clay, loam, sandy. 
 C7/Hia/<'.— Mean temperature f.O^. 
 Co/or.— All red. 
 
 WELSH CATTLE OR RUNTS. 
 
 poaiance of those shajjfry inliabiters ot 
 ;M-ve rich milk, and are exteiulinfj tlieir luni .s, but they arc not likely 
 To sunersede the line existing breeds or modify the c.uracter o many 
 Iv Jmixtnrc. They would an.swer well for export where hardihood is 
 vfVv essential and refinement not of importance. They are natives.)! 
 tleiiillv country, where their food is the rough herbage tvt the mountain. 
 where the cattle are in a corresponding degree; small, but coarse and 
 robust, and somewhat slow at arriving at maturit>'. ,,.,.,, 
 
 Jn the vale, where better natural and artihcial food is plentilul, tliey 
 inike a "-reater size and answer well to treatment. It may have hen 
 •1 sutlicient length of .ino distinct and uniform to constitute a well 
 dehued breed, and a good butcher beast, but wanting in stylo and 
 grandeur. 
 
 ... rduiMii. 
 
 ''^'(H- four-year old ox at SmithlU'Id December, IH-^:! -J,*^ 
 
 Cow or iieifer (offal !) pounds to t lie score) -,-.'ll 
 
 Dead wei<;lit : , 
 
 Average of fully matured ox, ordinary leedin^r >*>* 
 
 M'l'*/ ,,„.„,..„„. Mm, 
 
 Annual averaj^e • ^ 
 
 'I'o 1 prniiid butter '' I 
 
 To 1 pound of cheese '' ' 
 
 .Soi7.— .Slaty clay. 
 
 f Viwri/f.— Mean temperature, i9°S>. 
 
 I'olor.—XW black, with stnui^' horns. 
 
 An old breed. The iuijjroveusent n!!.i"d.iii date 
 
arc tolerably ffood 
 liar dairies. Their 
 (I to improve tlieiu 
 iiulicioua uttentioii 
 tlicy are capable of 
 1 become valuable 
 likely to bo mohied 
 to soil and climate. 
 
 I'onnds. 
 8 to tho score), 'i.lill 
 
 1,H!II) 
 
 !.>,24r) 
 
 84(1 
 
 7-J(l 
 
 8(IU 
 
 4,000 
 
 ^4 
 
 11 
 
 THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 THE LONOiroBN. 
 
 199 
 
 ^^^^i^^s^cS^^ posit.n. amo„, our 
 
 was liberally distributed ovTLuiCJvlT^T' ^n"^'«^' <'ountiess ad 
 on 1.0 wane and their reputation \v,wr' f'''- ^''^^ ''^vc louj/'lo 
 
 Some spirited eftbrts have been nuid« fn ' 
 
 '"»;•• and ardeut adn.irors o^' this one^l^?' ^?'' J>a«t by ontorprisi.Mr 
 l»nb!ic notice and patronage .7. i ^"^^•*'"»<^<1 l>reed to restore f ■ m Im 
 vi.lnal specimens al-e Zni^l forward Sn' '^ "'^'* «''"'« «>"'•'< « 
 
 AfTMcuItural Society of E^l/ind ni/l r. "^'''''•'^ meetings The uZ 
 Droed by oiYering prizes loSem and n^'l^'^'T ■'\'''''' «"^"u 4, ?i I 
 an average share of attentio SSnivoMM^'f <'ertaH.ly attract more il , 
 |)onderons horns and peculiar .ml n^ ^ farmers and Night-seers T 
 
 11.0 back,a broaderonion S^SV S '"'"'' '"' ''^^^ ^-^^ 
 
 white center pieces, and clothed wiM^l 1 "^?'^'''''-V<>r"iixed brow., • m 
 
 attractive. They ^ivo very rich'' ,nk'm,1-"«' '^'"Z' ^^'''t^^'" ^''o' '' o V 
 cows. They attain co..siderab o Wh' w/"'"'r.l>' '^^^''^^ ^'^>«<l <lai.T 
 takes at least four years. The WfToT .^^'*^" ^"".v matured whici. 
 .l.str.buted, and i« wrappei i^^fh ckT^l "'','V"!'i ^'""^'' '>"t . u e ve . i ' 
 strong, hardy constitut on, an ^UhnuJ "'?^'' "''^- '^''ev posses" -t 
 tobcl.opedthosoenergetkjS^^ 
 
 ... the,r eflbrts to reinstate £m? -dl h ' "'* • ^'"'^"^ '"'•.>• ^« ■^■uLissi , 
 i-HHl.hcationsand improvemoirt" asw r w ^T'''' ^''"^'^'•^' "'i^'' 'S"c 
 :m.i ...ore extensive pat.-o.,nge '*'"''^'* '^ "'^''f ''•>' '>f publi, „or -e 
 
 Many of Mr. Bake wel I's fni .««,„ 
 
 "-"y .>.;rinR KulS, /S rSoSr o! "'•'!• ";"" ' '■■-• "■•-•I 'T <■..„ 
 
 I'^tiiirriiiLilwwl ...II • -""nllnei., I )rii> r>t > 1... i- .•' ' "" 
 
 "'"i'lly h.nng bulls from Mr. Bakeweu' n. . '^^"'^■'■" -'>'''o..- 
 
 .Iisti.igu.shed adhei-ents was M, wi ^^"" ''* ^'^'' oa.Iii.st and m ", 
 ^"I'l otr i., the year IToVu^en tliw S' "''"" ^^-^^"''^ "•h<,se i e l ^i 
 
 i" - 'ive years ol<l, was 'sold for i'of";:^ -*'•"<' ••'ali.e! i^' 
 
 iJl.., £27J, i.I2(). and £lon ^„„'... ""A"','"' •^-''•»- I' our cows realized 
 
 ' ' ^-i-", and ^ij)5j respectiv.^ly. 
 
 Av..n.«.Mioadwci«iu^;:;:;:^',;'- 
 
 .Mini.' " '""■'•"--"-•-... 
 
 .\iimi;il yit'Id 
 
 To imiind of hiuf('>r •" 
 
 To |i()iiii(l ()reli(.(.H,, _]■ _■ 
 
 .VW.-D.V,, loam on lime.sfono. 
 ( '"'""'■— M.^•lr. tciiij.,-r.i(,ur(-, 41»u.fi. 
 
 I'OIIIH.S 
 
 800 
 
 pHrt, u,„i„i,„,„^ ,,-„,-; «r^;;S;r;;!.;;";^i;'';;U''iK 
 
 11 
 
200 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY I'ARMINO. 
 
 i '* 
 
 liglit, rocky, witli i)(K>r' IitMhii'rt'. Tlio narrow valleys Iiavo sweeter food 
 Towards tlu^ sea tlicrc an^ j^icat; Ix-Its di harrcii sand. The climate is 
 moist and tlie district «ieatly ercposed to (continued viiids and liiimid 
 vapors from the Atlantic. TIumv aic a U^w tracts of useful laii<l but 
 througbout the fertility is vciy moderate. The Ayrshires at one 'time 
 were used in our London dairies, but have been relinquished in favor of 
 the Yorkshire or Teeswater Sliortliorn. They <lid not come to lie 
 weight aud condition after failing' to be i)rotita*ble for milk, and, theie- 
 fore, are supplanted by animals better adapted to the system of miikiu"' 
 aud feedin,'jf simultaneously. AIfli()ii;;h tiie Ayrshiresare very valuabl?' 
 dairy stock in their native homes, and it is not sal isfa(!torilv settled as to 
 whether they do not pay best on medium and poor herbage, in sonc 
 cases it has been found that when transported to genial soil and (ilimatc 
 they begin to lay on llesh and do not incirease in milk in a corresjxtndin,. 
 degree. Although of hmg standing, it was late in being i)rominentlv 
 brought before the public as a detined breed, and the high (jualities pes 
 sessed thereby are due to the adniixture of Teeswater and .Jeisey 
 blood which has been introduced to their country. The great similarilv 
 existing betweuu the Jersey breed and the Ayrshire is in the color of 
 skin, horns, and dairy properties. The general resend)lan<'(^ of form is 
 so great that a. Jersey cow might easily bo mistaken for an Ayrshire 
 
 red aud white. \V'hen dry they feed well. Their greatest drawback's 
 want of substance for general i)uri)oses, but there is no just reason win- 
 this breed cannot be greatly imi)roved and all defeiits removed. 
 
 Doiul woiglit of tiiiitiir(!(l licifer or cow fwl in (he ordinary way Tor iu'i»kut rn. 
 
 Milk: Annual avcnijifMvcif^'Iit, ' ' • ■-. ., xi 
 
 'I'o 1 i.onndofhntt.'r ."!!".'"!.""! !'.'! 
 
 To 1 pound ol'cJK'cso " ']'_ ^'• 
 
 Soil, — Loaui, rla.\ indHimd. 
 Climaic. — Mean icnipcratnrc, 4rt'^.8. 
 f.'o/or.— Din,<;y )i'(l and .vliitc. 
 An old esiilhlislied dairy \m'M of TeeHWiUcr and .lersoy laixtnrc. 
 
 TIIE .TIJUSEV. 
 
 )e ihxi^ to the new infusion. It would take n.any generaticns 
 ol carelul c^dture to permanently unite and estal)lisli tliose e.s' 
 properties m such a deg.e,. as to commend them to the publi,; asm, j' 
 sii>Io hoel and bntt.Mina.-hines. They an- more fitted for aniatc'ur f ,, 
 ers and opulent tamdies, than for onlinary <Iairy iM.rposes,as whenf , ■ 
 have don« n.dk.ng there is little to carry to the eserve ft ', 
 
'nri-: imrKn ictNODOM. 
 
 ni5sUMl5_ANALYTlCAL COMPAIMSONS. 
 
 Meat producers. — As to tuo nrolitil I 
 
 mix <■ flit;... (offrout rtvspocf. Em-^n • , 1^^^^ 
 
 this II. (I.o.r ('.v(vs is tho oi.lv hrocul w in ; ' J "^ "•'' liivorito breed m.d 
 
 lii'iid.s not so ...iich upon what flm m..;.. „ , '"*^«<">r aiid feeder do 
 
 In,. Tlie Ile,eford It i.dVe^ i^.^l';'''",^'^ !"f « ««.^vl,ut it costs mk^-" 
 Sl„,.tii...i., I.ut ri.e val.io of u IrecMl *s im? f n . P:'"'""'" ''^'^^r thai, the 
 it yields hetwee., buying an.l sS . ' Zt tu •':'^'^»-'!"'^<I I'.V the pro 
 h,re.lo.. .,.<! fecHler eo,,iointlv Iro .r'it^'^- If,/' f J'''^'^'. '^ yiehls to the 
 (.biectK.i.s raised a-ai..st the Devons is % i 1 A. i ' ''^'"''/-V- 'J''"' Siva. 
 Xo«-, (l.erc a.e ...ai.y specimens of the J)evo Vl^''f' ''/^'"""utive siz(.. 
 jjioat w(.|-l.(s. Mr. Hancock, of Hales Ind-.r^''-^^''^^ '"^^'•^ '^«'>'e<l 
 wei-i.t was ..early L',7SS pounds ml wS^^ IS7;{ whose live 
 
 hoer. This a..in,aMvaslinNea sol /„S,^^^ ^'780 pounds oV 
 
 A well-knoH-n l.reede.-, Mr. i fatwa v h p " V'"'", '''^'"'^^'^ *^» the far.,, 
 wliirl. ^vei«h.Ml 1,700 ponnds de,ul wei:; Z"'.?;''"'''^' '^^ ^lio J)evon breed 
 yidnal animals which have reac-hed exn'io.-di, .' ''"'• '."''">' ^"«er indi- 
 iMi..],., s <.ha„ipion ox weighed a iv V- r's S ''*''"^- ^^''' S^"n>U'l 
 of hoel wei-himr L.loo pon^.ds vVfr u '*>"''•«, and ^rjivo a carcass 
 
 leave «Teat hopes of further devel n m wirfn ^ ''""'!'''' '^^''^'^^ ^vc-i^hts 
 Althm.,1. these are extre.ae cas v , ^ v J, " ^';^;; "' ^''^^ ^'^""eral lu?e,l. 
 t", fliiy ..lay snllice to hold (.at .*re- t m p i "^ "'"^^^^^ 
 to .nakc *^<-l<rti(»„spossessin.r„uaTit , , .""''•-V",'^""^' «> <». be-inner 
 >v'..ove theXo.tl. Denn.s fron.' Thli'L^tl.; . ' ::V»=l»''l'ti<'.s ..ahMdaFe,! to 
 ilai.TiM'opo.tiVs ...ay not rank with (he l7s l. I 1!'""'-^' '""■'"'''■^- Th.-ir 
 ••"'•v to dairy pnMl,.cti.)ns that .dve ev, rv L •'' ''"'■"'•"•^ *'"i' <«""<1- 
 
 l'n.v...iH...t in (hat important b,au<.h l)v im i o, T'^T'''^-''^ ^'•"' «''''" *'"■ 
 ticut..i("iii. ' -^ .J"<ii<;ious selections and careful 
 
 Tlicv.Tyliest i>eeC.produ,.i„,r.i„i,,,.,, ■ , ^^^.. ^ 
 tlH' Srotdi J'< Mies a,..l the p...^^ • d s oh "^''"^^ 'f, ^'''^ <''o«s between 
 cn.ssi„, is ..xtcsively pmctic.e n s^ ' ! Il" '"v " '*^'"^ ^^-^^.m,, of 
 IlK" Ah,.|d.e.,sIii,.o beef, so hi-hly i/o l in r^'"*'^-^' I'^''' <'*'"»■ of 
 
 (•i<.ssh,4u(r,i(lu.se(wobreeds\rVif «.''•' ^^"'"J"" ">arket, is • 
 
 liivcd under three yeai-s of a-e wis ( 7^ T. . i '^'"^ "^^eers of l»oii,.,i 
 <-i=.ssotSlH„(hnnissl.ow 1.7! 1 o 1 T,l ','''■'; 'T^ ^''*^ <-orrespo.,di, !' 
 J'jli- :.. tlnee yea.s in the l^i^U^^ll^^'^^ -"! ''• ''....ntly 
 ilO.iiiMl some choice s,>ecii.,eiis hi.riJ •' ^market Iron, .i;l>.-» (, 
 
 tniK-ushed to,- .nilkin. ,;, the s!'., o ^ e' vc"'rV 'I ,'/''' ^''''^^ ''^^^^ «'^ 
 
 "•-"«-, .tuouhlb,, one of the n,ost 
 
202 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMINO. 
 
 v.ii 
 
 viiliiablo of our British Imu'ds. Tlio riso in tiiis brood lias williii, fl,„ 
 past Um yoars boe^ii r<!tnari{ablo. Ooo.l lucra;,'!^ <-()\vs will hiin.r (•,., 
 £li()Ui£ir>, whilobottor-brod lUmilcsaiid uioiv popalar wiil roalizHVo ! 
 £iA) to £100 on ail avcrafro ; sonio fasliionablo tribes ran"in" from n' 
 to £270. Tl.o avorai;., of Mr. Adamson'. salo in ISSI was^.s (1,1 w 
 1' ilteoM cows roalizod ovor £17 oacdi ; 10 lioifcrs avcra^od Cll ■ ') ciiv 
 ovor £20 each ; L' bulls avora-od £1 IM. Tlio .'{(> anirn'ils avi.ra.'i.d' rv 
 1 1.V. oacli. "^ "' 
 
 London (hiiri/ tests.— Tlw rosult of tlio London dairy sciontilic |,.sf 
 may show tiio<iualilioation.s of individual specimens, biit | do i„)f (|,ii,| 
 that a reliablo annual avora^ro, oitlicr of woijjlit of milk, proportion i 
 mdk to biittor,aiid millc (o'-Iicosc, cliaractcristicof aiiv brood isrocor,!,,, 
 In fact I do not think such a slatomont possible to bo mado as <•<>( i 
 soil, climato, and other (Micuiiistancos.mako ^noat variations, oVoli will 
 the same animals, Ilowovor carofiilly an oxporimont in siuih vm><l 
 conducted it ran only apjily individually, and is open to criticism •in'i 
 objections, and is not calculated tosatisfactorilv solve thocpiostion n'l 
 reliable information. The nearest approximation to the ronuireiiKM I" 
 will be gathered from general milking properties, where niiimto deti I* 
 which cannot have a general application must be taken into oonsi(l<>i . 
 tion. ' '*'■ 
 
 In a very extensive milking dairy in Yorkshire, where every denni 
 ment is condiuited on the best and most economical principles tint 'v 
 perienco can suggest, daily roiiords of jiroductions, &c., show tint '■» 
 gallons, or 20 pounds of milk per diem, through the year can he,,!," 
 tamed from the selected dairy Shorthorns, inclusive of a few Avrsiii • 
 and Jerseys, and a couple of (Jalloway and Shorthorn crosses 
 
 At the <!-iiry show li.'hl in London", (Jetober ;{, l.SS;{, the foliowin.^ i. 
 the analyses of milk, with oilier data, on wiiitdi tlu^ awards of urh!^ 
 were made, which rosulls only go to proves the foregone conclusion ." 
 to the best dairy catth^ in the Jh-itish Isles, the (^hampionshin V.iii,,, 
 to the Shorthorus, as did also the second honor : '^ 
 
 Brood. 
 
 Sliorllinin 
 
 Do 
 
 Sliort-JKini ainl Diildi 
 
 (iiicmm'v 
 
 .liTscy 
 
 J)cvoii 
 
 A.vr.Mliiio 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 - , , _ 
 
 A;,'!'. 
 
 D.nto of 
 
 DavH 
 
 I'criM'nt- 
 
 calviti;:. 
 
 milk. 
 
 iijri" 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 (>r Hiiiitu. 
 
 I'k.mds. 
 
 
 Lin. OJ. 
 
 
 7 !» 
 
 May IL' 
 
 .M 
 
 rj. ltd 
 
 1 .1 
 
 Sent. '.'7 
 
 47 
 
 ll.-.'ll 
 
 7 
 
 .Iiilv 10 
 
 OJ 4 
 
 12. Ij 
 
 7 2 
 
 Apr. H 
 
 IH K 
 
 II, -.T. 
 
 n 4 
 
 An;;. f> 
 
 ;i(i 1 
 
 11. L'l 
 
 4 .1 
 
 July 4 
 
 'M H 
 
 1 1. 75 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Oct. ;t 
 
 ■M 4 
 
 11. 18 
 
 Per ' 
 
 •Tilt. Of 
 
 fat. , 
 
 'I'otal 
 ^iwaid. 
 
 .'1. k:, 
 4.71 
 '.'. K(( 
 .1. .M 
 .■.. 14 
 
 r.. ij 
 
 /'••rreiilanf. 
 
 K. a:, 
 HI. .-.ii 
 nr. .-.(I 
 II. s; 
 
 ;ii.M 
 
 H 
 
 WciffhfH In/ breeds.— ]u imrsuaiKic of the capabilities of the reeo..|,i/,,i 
 breeds, I wdl give their live weights when at the highest .-.tite of im 
 fection which skillful treatment can bring them to, and by wliicli it 
 will be seen that the combined properties of milking and grazin-Mlo luit 
 exist in all renowned breeds, although the winner of ihe ehaiiiimii, 
 dairy jirize on the 3d of October is of the same breed as tliat ujii,!, 
 carried the tirst jirize in the same hall in December, IS.S,} a.s best In 
 (u>w in her class, and weighing 2,:io2 jumiids, the luMviost oV all Ih,,,'!, 
 exhibits, and, what is nion^ worthy of remark, another Shorthorn liei'nr 
 a little ovor two years old obtained the champion prize a"aiii.s( ill 
 breeds, weight, or sex ; her liv(^ weight being li,OP.> iioiinds 
 
<1 lias williiii tli(> 
 s will hi ill',' (roiii 
 !• will n'iiliz(. fVoii, 
 iUiiinn Iroiii jci-o 
 I was ;iH follows. 
 ('(1XJ7; OciiUvs 
 iKs avfiiiKi'd .ji:.-)(J 
 
 ■y noiontiliir icsts 
 It I <1<) not fiiiiii^ 
 Ik, inoporiioi, ,,1 
 hvvaI i.srccoidci 
 H! made, as o(„„i 
 
 Itl()ll8, CVt'll will, 
 
 ill siirli cases i>^ 
 to ciiti(!isiii and 
 »o<|iU'stioii iip„|, 
 lie requirciiiciK.s 
 ■0 iiiiiuih* details 
 I into (jonsideia. 
 
 ro every depart- 
 moiplestliatex. 
 a., show that 2 
 ^'ear can he oh. 
 a few Ayrshire 
 roases. 
 
 tlio followiiijif jj, 
 ivards of prizes 
 !<• eoncihisioii as 
 (ionsliip lallirii' 
 
 TnE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 'rt>iil. of I fill 
 I fat. I "Wiiiil. 
 
 .'1. k:, 
 
 •1.71 
 'J. Xit 
 
 :.. 14 ' 
 .\ •.'« I 
 r.. 12 ' 
 
 ''rffiilaiif. 
 Ki. Ij 
 !!.'. (i:, 
 Ul. .-il) 
 
 «r. .-lU 
 
 711. M 
 
 the r('(!ojiiiiz,.(l 
 <t state of |)(.|'. 
 id hy wliich it 
 uraziiif^do iKit 
 the eliainpioii 
 as that ujiicii 
 .S;{, as he.st lilt 
 t ol' all leiiialc 
 lortlioiii lieiCcr 
 /.(' a,:;aiiisl nlj 
 Is. 
 
 203 
 
 The roMowin;; tiiblo shows tlio Ijvo wekrlif- i^^• *,„.. <• *, , 
 ,„als in ."iuh eluss, l,„t ..ot, n.^M^sarl v S \ 1*^/ "^ "'^^ ^*''*^'^^^ 
 iastainrs the prizes wont to tl.c/lSmM\ul;a,;T """'' "' '" '"'"'y 
 
 Brticd, 
 
 l„-\ 
 
 WreUmU 
 
 .Sliiirtliorrm 
 
 SiinHCX 
 
 Ilpd-ripllid... 
 Hiiotcli I'oUoa . 
 
 Bteera 
 
 Dut 
 
 over 
 
 2 yoarii). 
 
 Out. 
 
 '/»• 
 
 lb. 
 
 lU 
 
 •> 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 lU 
 
 a 
 
 IH 
 
 1,1 
 
 ri 
 
 4 
 
 j:i 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 1!) 
 
 3 
 
 2:. 
 
 Ill 
 
 » 
 
 
 ifi 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 
 ::::;:::;:::i 
 
 Stoorii (not 
 
 ovrr 
 3 yeai'H). 
 
 I J 1 22 
 
 17 24 
 
 lU I 4 
 
 in 27 
 
 IH .1 H 
 
 17 3 24 
 
 10 fl 
 
 17 ;i 
 
 in 1 20 
 
 10 1 2 
 
 18 no 
 
 Stflcra (not 
 
 ov(>r 
 
 I Jimrh) 
 
 Ou>t. nr. lb. 
 
 17 J n 
 
 17 2 H 
 
 IH 2 II 
 
 17 ;) 14 
 
 lu :i 
 
 10 1 20 
 
 20 1 t 
 IH 3 2 
 17 2 4 
 14 » 
 
 21 23 
 10 22 
 
 Oiot. or. lb. 
 
 14 I 4 
 
 13 3 13 
 
 IH 3 37 
 
 17 20 
 
 IK I 
 
 I(> 3 12 
 
 17 3 2 
 
 10 J 26 
 
 Owt. nr. 
 
 lb. 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 3 ir> 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 21 
 
 
 " 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 e 
 
 17 3 22 
 U 1 10 
 
 .A.. 
 
 Uitflilanileig (any ago) : 10 cwt. 1 qr. i l|,. , 17 „„» „,„ .^ ,, ,", ' ^ 
 
 I'J lliH. , ' ' " ""''• 2 qw- 18 Iba. , 14 cwt. 5 lbs. , and 13 owt " nr. 
 
 VVeW. ox«n (any ago) : 22 cwt. 1 nr. n lb,.. „„,, ,„ «^t. g ^„ ^ ,^^ "^'- " 1"- 
 
 iMirinslaneo, there is the^n n^ i^ ^:;^ ' ! ,o l' '" 
 is not .•haraeteristic of the broe, Th 7 s, eh ''''"'' '*''':"' '^''''*''' 
 llunt.s. Tlu. pnro Devon is a s ,11 (nm T ocenrs in Welsh 
 
 l'i"'i<.v, i'i.'<iiun. milker, of rich .n , lit v T V ?"'•[ •""'""''' "^" """ 
 
 i he Shorthorn, jrreat size, ;rood 
 
 !j(i()(l j^razer; interior in miiii yip],^ 
 
 
204 
 
 t V . 
 Mir 
 
 •I 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 OONCLTTDINO nKflOMMKNDATIONS. 
 
 Hofnn' coiKihidiiif;. if, may wot Ixi «l('(Mn(><I iiioxpodiorit to iiitrodiu'o u 
 few ciualil'.viii}; icniiuks tliat may not prodiico any ilctractinff irifln«Mic,i' 
 but have a tcmlcMury to cstablisli ronlidcnco in my nxporionco and Imin' 
 l»Io rnth'avors to jrivo a collect and iinbiaHed d/^sciription of tli(! eapn. 
 Itilitios of the varions breeiLs of catthi referred to in tliis report. Fop 
 many years I liad the entire management of the extensive and (b'.stin- 
 «nisiied Iierd of Siiorthorns bdonfjing to tlio hito Earl of Ducio, (JIoii 
 cest«'r.shire, as well as the llerefords, Seot«, and Jcr8(\VK, whicih wtMc* 
 lcej)t more as exi>erimental auxiliaries thari for the pormauent establish- 
 ment of the breeds. I established a considerable herd of selected Short- 
 horn cattle for Napoleon III, and idthongh thoy were located in the two 
 extreme temperatures, they answered admirably, and Just as thv'w in. 
 IhicmuMvas befjiiinin^' to be f(!lt in France their fnrtlier develoinnent 
 and nsefnlness were suddenly cut short by the unfortunate I-'raiico- 
 I'rnssian war. I als(» formed, ami for many years sni)erintended tlui 
 well-known herd of Shorthorns belon^in^' to Colonel tiunter, in addj. 
 tion to (Jalloways and other smaller herds of different breedKS, and have 
 acted on nearly three hundred occasions as judj^o oi stock at n|,'ricidt- 
 ural societies in the United Kinjidom. My remarks, therefore, as far as 
 possible, are founded on facts obtained by lonjj experience, and I am 
 actnatecl by no motiv<! or interest beyond a desire to submit this replut 
 with as much truth and as few errors as my abilities will allow. 
 
 I have for forty years n'wou my undivided attention to bree<l'in{,' and 
 feeding,' <,f nearly every description and breed, during which tim'e 1 
 have shipped to all (piarters where IJritish breeds are to be found 
 and have had more than ordinary opportunities afforded of acquirin"- a 
 thorough practical knowledge of the trne merits of the various breeds 
 I have always found the Shorthorn, Hereford, Devon, and Sijotcrh i'ol. 
 lies answer admirably when exported to Australia, Xew Zealand South 
 America, the irnited States, and C'anada. I entertain a very hi "Ii 
 opinion of the Sussex cattle for exportation. There are nniny (»flu.|. 
 English breeds, but I think I have named the aniujals best adaph'd loi 
 other climates. The Norfolk I'ollies answer well with liberal keep imt 
 cannot rough it with the Scots. The Highlanders, on account of I'jn.ji 
 wildness, have not often been tried, but they can easily be subdued and 
 brought to be very genth;. 
 
 The full details of \hv properties of our best IJritish breeds of cadi,, 
 are embodied in the sej)arate reports under the different heads, wliidi 
 facts strongly suj)i)ort my conlident recommendation of the Ibllowin" 
 breeds as the best adapted for exportation to the United States and 
 Canada, viz, Sh(uthorns, llerefo/ds, Devons, (iailoways, Aberdeen-; 
 and Sussex. These animals possess strong, robust constitutions -n ,' 
 other essential properties abundantly lit them to fully maintain 'tli,!' 
 reputation when suitably located, and every breed nained is (tapaliu- ui 
 further development under circumstances more favoral)le to their varied 
 habits. The Scotch I'ollies can stand severe cliunites with inferior food 
 and the heavier cattle^ will freely respond to the rich fare (»f the plijn. " 
 Where milk and butter are made s[)ecialties the J.mscv and Vvrshiiv 
 ar- invaluable. The West llighlamler, if once h.cated in the United 
 States, would gain <iu>>(:- -'leri* theelimat*! did not neeessititc (l,,. 
 winter housing. The ' ...Mtjorns ..re veiy ungainly, both by i.ui „,d 
 ship, owingto llndr p; i!.;er-,ii(i iiorus. 
 
iiMit to iiitrodiuifl u 
 itiactiiiff irifliuMici', 
 porioiico iiiid Imiii. 
 |)tion of tli(! ('iipii. 
 I thi8 report. Fop 
 ;oii8iv« uiid (liNtiii- 
 rl of Diirici, (Jlon 
 rscwK, whicili wtM« 
 'itiivuont oHfubliNi,. 
 1 of fielc(!ti'(l Short- 
 located ill the two 
 I jiiHt UN tlu'ir ill. 
 'tluT do voIoimuMif, 
 brtuniito I-'riuico 
 nperintonded, tlm 
 I tiimtor, ill iuldi- 
 
 breeds, and have 
 stock at a«:riciii(. 
 herofore, as far as 
 crience, and I am 
 ubmit this report 
 will allow. 
 I to breediiif,' and 
 Uji which tiiii,. I 
 are to be fouiid, 
 ed of ac(]iiiriiinii 
 various breeds, 
 , and S(!()tcli Pol. 
 w Zealand, Soiuli 
 ain a very liif,'Ii 
 
 are many other 
 l)est adaph'd lor 
 liberal keep. Imt 
 
 account of IJieji 
 ■be subdued and 
 
 ="i«l n :i'<'", ,C ; Vi'v hea.l ; insurance from! Ho r> n^ , ' /"«'»*l'"g 'ood 
 tlu- sea.son ot (he year and vessel enu oved Tl ' l'*"' "r*'*»"'^' to 
 atr<!Ml .ip..n then, is r.-uhued by tlu> n.ffi^^^^ '"'' '"^"' to 
 
 .H)S|.:i.H F.AV l^M:LKNm;'^!STtTl' 
 Hoi Til .Mmj'oim). CniTV'i.x- -.., A Veterinary Stirnenn. 
 
 HolTII .MlM'OUI), COITNTV OK YoijK 
 
 ^ 
 
 JERSEY CATTLE. 
 
 Tilt' lneed of hornetl cattle in tlir l«lii.,i i . i 
 III .ii^".v .vsp<rts ren.arkald... Tin! in;M;n^"'T '"•?•' '^""^^•"' '"'"l '« 
 ,sizr;in.ldeli,.,tefranMM,fih,.;,Hi, , " :'^J'*'*'''^ 
 
 "'^"''•""•" ""' '"ill- Tin- Hrst n^s, , v , .//'^, ^/^ ' ""* «>' t'.e butter 
 ''.V ""' i'='l'i( <'!■ Ixvedinir in an<l in • j iVi ' ' '''^' 'ave been producwl 
 siul. an e.vtent that each islan l.as s o 'T ! ,"^'r""';\lr" ^''"Tie,! to 
 I'li^'jl '-" -^'^y t'onsi<leration whate e Wh ?' >' '''^"'^ '"'^•^' "o^' '»^^ 
 
 liiiif'l "itli (he lUiK^liee of tef heriii..- the ■•..,. ^''*\«;""^^ t=*in«0 com- 
 
 •"'"'"'' '""' '''*' •'''■""^f "my be s in, / ; '"'^V::'^'' ^•'"•'■»"« kinds 
 
 !ii"f!"s m|«o aui,,,.,.^!, ,. •' " '^"""'^''t to a'connt fort n./wi .,..~ 
 
 • • '^'tltOt!-}j Very snndl. nninv ..r » " .::;• •'"'" .i^^-' "■ 
 
 I, numy of the cows 
 
 urc renuukablc 
 
 Hill 
 
1: 
 
 a. i 
 
 If 
 
 ■ttr 
 
 ml 
 
 206 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 for Kyininotry, jiiid tlicy liiroly show vicious teniDcr Tliov i,,,.. .. « 
 curvecl tapca- ]»orn a sleudcr L.e, a fi„o Jlun'/u ilee ] L'l^nn "o? 
 the (lifloreut island breeds tlie Alderucy is tlie smillesf n ml .«[' i . 
 eato, and (he Jersey is so.uewhat ]ar,4, bu no ven <li le "^ ^S 
 Guernsey (.i tie are hir^-er boned, taller, And stouter iii a e^^^^^^^^^^^ ^n 
 have a less iine coat. The color of the coat is verv var n.i "Sn ''(', 
 uioniy reu, red an.l white, gray and white, or crean, o S b "f h " 
 are good beasts of black, and black and white color wi a li "v • 
 .own the ba(=k. All the cattle are yellow round tie eves uuf wi hf " 
 the ears, and this peculiar tendeucj' it has been vail m^^^^^^^ 
 accompanied by a similar color of the butter made fr< i fhe , ,' Ik ' f 
 ot their lat when killed. The (ianse of Ihis peculiar vtnir. vV'' 
 an obiect of much unlearned and h-arned spJc^allo" ^ H i^ev .S S 
 the milk ,s no the only secretion of a yellow ,;olor, for in a.l li ion t, * , 
 eyes and ears being tinted, it is one of the peculiarities (.f I ^st i ' 
 nials that (here is a yellow tinge at the root of the (ail I h s l,: ' 
 .saggesinl that the color is derived from bile, but vel ne. in,' 
 essential character of that secretion. Its pi'operties to be bit/, 
 
 carbonized, and to i,erform certain functions in the a n> econ ' 
 
 bl" PuM ;VAl'''''i'''- ""'' '''^ ^'^•^■*"''' ^ *^""'»^ i.s.vellowiu',s 'v tSi 
 bile. Lilt (hat the coloring matter of the milk and tissues of tl.<.' 
 
 i.el is amis cow may also be the coloring ma((er .>f the bile is .,,*'" 
 
 esis which no physiologist would condemn, so is the' ,1 ,' 'ri'u m ''" 
 
 near vicuty of (lie sea may supply an er.^ss of ^^Mlauul '.'.:; 
 
 that the practu-eot closely tethering, by lin.i(in..(I,eain,,.int,)t(x^^^^^^^^ 
 ma.y engender a tendency (o some(hing akin (o l.iie f , . it T' 
 
 bo m excess. The largeyi<.|d of milk lYom the is a d . s a , ^ ' '' 
 ness ot the rmlk for butter an, well known. J-:xtreme ^.ses 'l ■ V 
 fi-om K; to 17 pounds per week of bu((er have b.-en a( e Iron, , i',' 
 of one cow. The cattle are fed in (he ordinarv wa a .'n '''''' 
 
 tia.es r <lay. Each cow re.]uir..s about 1 'I Kng isl/anis ol . 7 
 
 and IS le.l during winter, from the beginning of Nc ve .' . T on an i"" ' 
 wnrze , turn;ps, parsnips, and hay. (Jood Jheese can be ma o f^ i Tf;'- 
 nnik, l« ► It IS not manufactured for sale. ' "'^ 
 
 ' THOMAS KKNOIJF, 
 United States Consular Agenov, Comular A,jcnt. 
 
 Jersey, Felmumj 1>0, 18S5. 
 
 I'rodiutH of Jcrxri/ atttk ' 
 irmln.^uir in r„„.sii|.,r A;,'ri,t l;.ii.,iir,., ,,.,„„ I, 
 
 m 
 
 •TI.C Jor.,.y j»„K,! i, K. ,,,r cunt, heavier thau .1... l.;„«l,.,. p.,„n.l. " 
 
 I 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 207 
 
 vnitrr. IM 8iuMin.>r t!>..,v .u., iVlT | / /O'''''''" "*''^'^1<'« with ko,„1 sti-i«- li<f 
 
 .-.,■• M, „n.«;r (li.^y ,no Co,!,,,, l,,,v ♦„•;.:?!.';. ^_^^^^'rod lu tL., liel.Ks f o rvo-.M-.«« ... . 
 
 1. .•111.1 „■•.>'•'**" **"" 
 
 CATTLE IN COENWALL. 
 
 In iiii.swcr to Dt'partincnt (iirciil-ir r i> 
 s|)' fiul ii«c"i.t8, wlio wore wimdnca nm J ul^ . . ''i''*'' ^hat I einnloved 
 iornnt.o,. as to breeding ^■^m.X^^t^ ^^'V^^}' ^<^ V^^S ^ 
 iiistMiia's, they liavo bwn •ilhi,r..fi.. ''"*'" "'^i , ovccitf in f,.r. 
 
 Ti,,v „,,;,« ,i;„t there, oxi. t o f ,f„7;,"''7r«»'''' "■ tS oS, r 
 
 ,vai.( oi ,„IIi R,„t ,lat,. ,„ .■iMbui'f "''■;:' "" "'" "Ul'ject or t 
 
 l.v geiioialieiuarlcs, m the form of a leilor " ^'"'' ^''''^"''^'•» ^>nt 
 
 ilOWAKD FOX 
 
 United States Con.sulate, cJnml 
 
 Plymouth, July i>5, 18«4 
 
 hrml: .^liiirniorii. 
 
 'ISO «'.\(c|)t i„ 
 
 •'/'•• -'orl lUncc, farmer, to .,/,. Cock. 
 
 1 have I 
 *iirv tlial I II 
 
 laud nil till' 
 
 ' "1" ""' ••''•''• '" (ill u ,;„'.,. !';','.'■'•,''.'' '""•'") .v«'n .,.„f n,o .v.„| , ' 
 
 ' '/'' ■' ''- '" tho aiimunl ni' m, i . "'' '■''^'- '^ «"-"i '-'l -l' (ioni;i ... m " ,V''> 
 
208 
 
 C'ATTLK AND DAIRY FAKJIING. 
 
 1 ! I 
 
 i I. 
 
 lifl 
 
 milk, uikI Mii! most .iiid IxsL Imllcr, acconliinr i,, ||„, ...in. ,„,, , ,, j 
 
 l.iitrlR.r wi(l> i„oW. uvi-ht wlu'ti (i„i.;i.,'.i. " " " ' '^' ^""' """''' '^""'" "> U,,' 
 
 1 CUM only refer to our own coiuitv. 'J'lie eliiii-ile vnii-' k,, ,... i . 
 
 lu.le (hat we .uu.sl, .tu.l.v our own i.arli..MhMV;;Mi .],•■',; ' /"' ""',"^""<' .^1, 
 an.l I i.n.sinne ir, wo„l,l he .1... .sa.iie in Anu.ric /. «) o m n s u .'".1'''"?' ,','' '^'''■1'. 
 
 n.-rth oi onr eoiu.ly heeunse if is ho hh.;,!. and .:ol,| The ■ ov es r ' 'J ' "■' '" "'" 
 
 come (hin ami j-oor, h,u here in l\u- .sooll M,e hes , i , ■ '1,' I T '1 ^'l'^' '"- 
 
 •h. very well. J!,i(, 1 helieve Ih,. Drv.ns ami II.mv onis , 'l . ■""'' ''"V 
 
 lbe.lin^ ]mr,K..e., l.avinj, less h„„.. and nJre l!:; ' ^ii 1 . , k" '''V'''''''''' '''' 
 
 Vmi.v. Theycanhearth.. nvMU..Mt chanj-e-s of w<. I ' u' e tu ?l'sr''n '''"''^^ 
 
 They ,.,re not .so Jax in their howcN, and .lonol r ire.s, nine ,0 s e ' ,'T''''''''^' 
 
 «lu,nhltlmd.tholn,lloeksor(.n-nwall,.ud,hor.'un./r;;iron ' 
 
 year, withonteorn en- .irtiUciai food, hnl ..feonr.se the millsin-e u . .iT,,' '"' I"-'' 
 
 tho co.st of lahor would he more. ' """""i^m^ « "".s i.a.Mimre. Thfii 
 
 I am, iVe., 
 
 JOEL UOWii^ 
 
 CATTLE IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 i;i:i'(>ia' m- voysui. wells, of nuyDEi:. 
 
 Cattle- Co.npan.v, wlii.I. ],as a It.^nl orjr>,iHm 1. 'uC^lmui /'''/;' '""' 
 
 lo;-y Lulls Mr. BatcLy is a m.o;„.i^;r;;;;;i;!, 'i " , '^^/^;;r •;•'" ^'^"• 
 HHi a;^TK-Mlti,raI matters, and an-onlin-Iv lie has In-, n, T,''"'" 
 m-mat,o,,u.lativc fc.'Mlu. l,..s, animals n>Vx,.o,tu^^ 
 th. I...r(.lia.s,nopn,r <.rti.oanimals."a,Ml -t ,.■ host nu-ans n "*''' 
 
 i.uMli(h-m.( I>ree.lsof^^,Uleintliisdi.str^i ; .: ,, ';^ •\'^'''''- 
 Mi:irth(,ni.s, Ayrshire, West Iliolih,nd -ind M • < 11 ' '^"-'' 
 
 '••""<l ir. the parks, rnuhleme , ll rh/"" •'"'■^''^^^ "'" - ''' 
 
 ^'-^-•-->...".iou.>te<ny..,;^;it:rt',:;:i;;;,::'^:;lt'';- 
 
ING. 
 
 k,hr.{ I tllillk;n.|(,»s IiivimI 
 
 >.U, ami would cdiiu^ Id t|„. 
 
 '■; f^" "iiicli ;u, liio saiiic jild 
 liaM)n".'(l \v(M)(ijr|,(, („|.,,, 
 "J'-^vvill not-(l„;,r, all in tl,' 
 
 r linwclsarc no hi\ (i,,,^. 
 li iiii.sl .sli,.l|, .,■,.,! I:, II, I,', 
 
 '",'' " "•>l |ir<>tital.'l(."i; 
 
 '■' ^><-^l •■Ills, iiIKi l.riiH' I,,,,,' 
 
 '■^■'V'-''"^'"i-.'Mi-.rri,;:;:: 
 
 lIlclMH)r.sllcll;H„,„| lu.Ml i 
 
 )| 
 
 HI 
 
 .foKL ].'()\vi:. 
 
 'Djci:. 
 
 J^;«ttI..,"JlKive to slate 
 , and inocurcd ;,il tb 
 
 '•'' '»iw(ls,i,n,l oivi,,, 
 •H'l«'mi(l t()(.,„n,.v' 
 ^•|s()rlitli«n,,,p,,,; ' 
 
 "I'olm Ciistl,., Ki„ea,. 
 ;• dead and livtMVfi-lit 
 ^';;.V, esq., iii,.,„ln.i. ,,t 
 
 <*ti<;inann('r,„w„i,,. 
 " '"-V/";'" -M Ai.clil,,: 
 
 'Colorado. 11,,,,,^ 
 i>llod An,!4ii.s;i,i,Ui;ii. 
 
 'l.'v.urdi,,,., uitlM!." 
 '•Mh! Liiitcd Sjiit,.,' 
 
 tiiicansofi,,,,,,;,.!,,,, 
 
 >.at(.s ' ToTl„.,„;,s 
 
 ■'"•I "fl"i's laiiMMr. 
 ";^\tlH'. I'ollnlAius 
 
 "• I-<'r«ll,SO|| ||;|s |„.|.|| 
 
 '"■*'■" iJiitaiii ;iiK| 
 
 v^a.v.soii a-riciil(|||..,| 
 
 <>' Aiiiciicaii slock 
 
 ;,'II,S(.;,((1,.. 11,,,,,,^ 
 
 /Olly-liVl. \, ,;,,.,, ;,|,,| 
 tUc III Sc,,(!;||„|, 
 
 ' ',!'<' I'nilcd Aii;,',is. 
 ^•■'illoua.v. A \n\ 
 "I dciscvs arc ;,i |,',. 
 '•■^ iiiciitioii.Ml, uiiir 
 '"<• ill lliis (lis!ii,.( 
 
 THE UNITKI) KINGDOM. 
 THE POLLED AI3ERDKEN Oi. ANGUS I3REEI,. 
 
 209 
 
 • 1-.,-^ 
 
 T!io /iinners of Al)(!rd('eiisLire it i- f f i i 
 prove this breed uiul to iiiako its'l)o,.f' f^S^^ '• '^\° ^^0"« 'nueli to im 
 Tlie ...ni.ber of tJiis breed of vt ^ i A W wVV -^^^^ "''""'«™ '"^ikets" 
 (l.an in aJJ the rest of Scotlan.l am that d iS^^^^^ \' '^''} ^« ^^ greater 
 ol'/anu.i tlio largest li.nnber of ,,i[zes au4rded t^^f^u.^'^ '^" ^°'^» ^Lat 
 .r Iciin H, tins breed, viz, the Jato Mr. WmiuXo(^^^^ "'''^» ^'or ox- 
 In Aberdeeiisliirc tliere are many celehr^^a t^^^T"^'^' ^^ '-^^"lyfour. 
 Among tlio j)ronnnen tones may bo inenS,. i fe^'^ders of this stock 
 (e. side, (.f J<\,rbes, who onns an cxtons v w i"^ ^^f" ?' ^^"^^^n, of Wa-' 
 Uim liead of ti.esc cattle to thluSd ^Zt'^^''^^^^^ «ent uear v 
 .rnt years. It has just been l>ublk"v .s Uif^^^^ within S 
 
 tliat tins o(.„tlenian has been offered -imi ,1 !& ®*^«*«'» newspaners 
 ior the inivilege of „ickin^r .,, CiXcTl\(f^^^^ ^om AmeS 
 
 this bree<]. The ibllowing. ithoc^nt ' j^^^^^ ^''^ valuable herd o 
 Irom .Mr. \\ ilken's herd. '^^'^'^raphs .show specimens of the breed 
 
 'J'iiisbreedrunlisasoneofthehi'diPv^f- if.. ^ *, 
 (hieing (kittle in Scotland, and are (-"^i led ^^^^^^^ l^'"" l"«liest, of beef i,ro 
 they are without horns (poll . a a\'.,i?",^^^ tK 
 
 icnitoiy ealle<l Angus, v^l.ich li^^^n^' ^ bS^ o^^?^ iV^^^ ^^ert b m^ 
 embracing the Strathmoro Vallev -ii f <.v?.r i'^ ""^ *''^ <^rampian Ui . 
 erdeen. These ancient cattle ren/ai el in h'*^'"^' ^i^'^^ i' early toTb' 
 almost nnn.emorial until conipaSlvdy ^em ^iS'^'^f ^^^^ ^'^'^ ^^^^o 
 milly of a 1 colors and shapes. J„ the veai Jfioi i, ^'''^' '^'^''^ ^'rigM"- 
 \\atsoii, of Jveillor, nearCoupar Anit,,>; tl ^^^'^ ^I'e hito Mr. Jfnoj, 
 i.yhisaneesters /or hundreds of vcnfs b< ''^^'i ^'*^''' ^''^'I l>een oxv " 
 px'veinent in the "^eat-producinVcapacit^^^^^^^^^ ^" ^'^' t" ^'"'^•^t som i 
 wereerowned with remarkable suc'es M tI" ''^"'^'' '""^ l^i'S el or s 
 hented a heit of cattle fro... I, .^4• /i* "' -^^^o^^iiw J-'enMison -.1. ; • 
 cattle wore called) lul^V^l^^^,^^;;^ ^^^^ '' ^^^^^^^(^VuZ 
 ehange of sires, only ( he calf from the Ip.I , ««^'.'erati„ns without iVu- 
 III my,) .Mr. I.Vrgnson ptirchas • . .e'^^^^^^^^^ r.-tained as a bu I 
 
 years s„b.e,,„ently some more n ". ^^ ';:'/^'"» ^^^- ^Vats<,n. , In 
 mncli Miperiov to those h,,> lec.'ive, IVo,,' J ■ iV''"' Z""' ''"'''■"^' tl'e so 
 "H'Hrd l.reeding- the Keillor catta '' 'h''''' '" *"""^'<liatelv cor^ 
 
 tl.;;-.m;iing of lN.|,.d Angus Jaitl"^'^^^^^^ 
 
 ealied the '-in and n, '' ij,,,, of breedi,, . r ^'*' "<'<>I'ted what is 
 
 rarely going outside of his own st . I r "^ . '. "'"''' ^l'"" liiifv v ...1 
 system that h,. attributes his Vu^'l^J^,^'!: ';-'' /'oo'l, and it ^1^.'; ^ 
 , I visited this gentleman's f •ri '^i I', ''•''*'''''•, 
 '"■'""""'"•"I '•••'■file valh>y of S! at ; , .,^'';V!''*:''''y'Hit''ate,l ,u ,]„> 
 litlaeies. for which ho pays a yea 'b ^ of" ^s '""" '^""' •'^"" ''-i^' 
 oth,sn.ntalhoisa(^H..texpens,^o/ u i.^iV '"addifi,; 
 
 tai ID, iKiyiiig servants' wag^.j,, ^^.,. ,'; ,,'/'''' '*'''^'''^»''-S -stock ino|n>^ 
 
 ^"'''-""^ '"■inlorniedmo tlia h or,: | , ^.'i'? """'^ ''^^^^''-'aisinj m'^, ^ 
 "«'"'■' Aii^'iis eatlle, consisting- of ..',,, > , ,"* '■''''•^' <'"e l«'di-re ,1 
 
 iii;iiii(ler eahcs and yearlings, n,. stat.'.;r,i "."."■"'. " '■"^^■^' '"hI the re 
 
 fors;j(lo,.aeli. w ...... ........ , 
 
 'n"'l-'<""'<'l'olle.lAn..us<...H, • - — 'b v^anada, 
 
 v(;iy]ii-h|,eieentageof,I,>ad n.ea Vn 'iV '^^'!l'*'^•ior kind: it gnves ■. 
 
 11. I..\. al 11 -' ""O . Ihey arc ImrUy and 
 
1 M 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 i!i 
 
 
 210 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 rifjforoiiN, iiiul can iuliipt tlicinselves to most all('IiiMif..« nm.„.. 
 
 mouths. Tl.euv(Ma,<,^(Mvoi-litof 2.^voal^..I,l st" ^ rs sul", „ i ,n/ '" V' 
 ( ca.l wd^bt, aiHl will brin^^ in U{o- iicotch ami Kw^h^',.^^^ 
 ^IM to $200 each. Thoy an, nuUc jmrticlarly Wst n«n sh 'V ' s^^ 
 ])r()([ucora than lor b.-iii- suitable, for tho dairy I ciu-.- K r^ V, ,"' 
 
 L.ltletou, Kirrieiuuir, and several others ]iave paid .'-re'.M Hm !'! ' !''' 
 tho^brecliu,^ of rolled Angus, and have now elil^Lll ZTonu^;, 
 
 The bull shown in litlio-ra])h No. 1 is J>riuce of the L'eulin bn.,l i 
 Mr. Fovgnson at Kinochtry, now the property of Mr. don .\ ' . ''!. 
 .aveuwood, Bantf, Scotland. This bull wlule in the p sess h ' ,' ill" 
 breeder gauied u tirst prize at the Highland Soeietv'sshou- .f - ^' 
 ISSO, as a tuo-year-old and the firsfc"pri/e at tl e iiuu s . *i t >''? '" 
 at Glasgow in 3^>S2, besides a nund.^r oC champhu pH^ 1 " ;; ^^ 
 .shows. At(Jlasgow,at the age of four years and fo u eeV 1 n "'' 
 weighed 1>.(;00 pounds, with a heart girth of S ieet r, in • es Si ; ' "' 
 passed into I\Ir. I raunay's possession he has gained otiier ■n.'?,. ',' 
 champion plates. IJe has been spoken of as one ,>t 1 1 ■ be 'oi,''' 
 Angus bulls whicii has been seen for years. ' ''""' 
 
 TUB POLLED GALLOWAY HUEED. 
 
 This breed is black and jmlled like the Angus, but in disncsiti,.. , 
 mat unng properties it more resembles the West 'iJighlamIe, '''''' ""' 
 
 lie (.al oways;^ may be described as the cattle of the Souther., in i 
 rScotlan',1'' ' ''' '"-'''^""^ ^'^""^ "^•'^•'I'.^- *!'^ m.rth,>n. i; ' ''"'' 
 
 hm 
 of 
 
 hhnuh 
 
 The following interesting rep.ut on Polled (iailowav caitl,. w.s , 
 
 ot the (Jalloway Hoeiety ol" Great l!ri(';,ii, 
 
 pared for me by the council 
 
 llJ<'pottproimreil by Hum 
 
 POLLED GALLOWAY BREED. 
 
 cn,,f,I..Oa,Iow.yO,,,.,SoH..,,.,M;,...,,n,n,:nn,..^ 
 
 Thin l.r,r(t ..!• jmiIIcI ...Itl.. f,M,k ils naiiir iVnin i1m' i.io\ in,,. „( rvi 
 l'nn..„ally K,,. in (;all..way and i .„n,fn..s^i;!;;:; J s^Sl '^i^tl'l^!;;; 
 
 I>i<'imI ar,! iinuci.iauy Kcptin (;all..wav aii.l itiiiiifi 
 iK'ilaiKl, tliciiiosf iKirtlnvcsicily cDiiMtviir ]■; 
 
 lost ill tiii^ mist <if 
 
 flu 
 
 i)icr,l,,n!iiii,|n.attk'. Iiimicliatclv all 
 iiiKl iiii cxtiMisivo ,l,.|iiaii(l tspraii-- ii|> fVoni thi. H,.iitiica.st,Tn 
 
 til,' 
 
 i;;l'!=;;:;!'l!:i?';iV:"':''i-"r".H;:;:i „,:;;;-;--- -;;;,:-; 
 
 lioviiicstock, iii\vlii(litlicyw,Mvveiv,sii,c.'ssriil 
 iiDt witli cros.si • ' 
 
 iiiil call;,.!. Ili.ri 
 ii"i"i' "lKii-laii,| aiiiiSn 
 <'l>U||<i,.M,,f i:„;;laii,l 
 
 III iiii 
 
 ni(- 
 
 II 11- 
 
 inivc ijicir 
 
 ol lioth sexes, aiMll.v rr,.,liii.. anil i.iiiri",.i,„i,t 'n „ "" '"'M aini liaii,|s„i,H>i 
 
 the i,rcs..nt cJntury has 1.....,.^, "a " tu Z tu 1 .^'ir "?';"', '"'""■'' ''"""^ 
 
iiiiiifos. TlK^y iirc inij. 
 tiuv, at Cioui 24 („ o*. 
 
 •sisal><)utl,(MH)i)()ui)("i.s 
 lOii^li.sh iiiiiilvM't.s Jioiii 
 (Ustiii^ruislu'd as I)(.,,f 
 111^' only fairly nood ;,,s 
 >' ill tlio iioillieast ,,(• 
 
 tiK' L'ealin, hvvil l.y 
 i> r. .loliu Ilannav, or 
 tlic lUKssessioii oi" tin. 
 t.v'sxliow at lu'lsojii 
 '' saiiu^ society's show 
 >'<>" l>nz('s ill „iii„„. 
 ul loiirtccii (lavs, !,(, 
 
 •' iiiclu'N. i^un-ii li,. 
 'il other i)iiz,..s ;„„| 
 ^ of the JM'st h,)|,,,| 
 
 lit in <liNp(isiti„„;,,„| 
 
 i.y!ilaii(lt'r. 
 
 (he Soiitiici'ii IlJM|| 
 
 loithm. fJ;-MMi7,Is 
 
 l;ntaii,C„iC„„,„i\v,|i,,„f 
 
 I''' <•! (i.ill(Mv;iv, u!ii|.|| 
 ''•'ll^^'«'«'>l ll.T(l,s„ri||is 
 .^'■"iNiiid hkI iiiCiiiii 
 ."' of lli<'(;al|„vv;n,si^ 
 '•'iiiii'.v ucll iMion,,,,! 
 '''• 1 I'oiii t jiiji' iiiiiii,. 
 
 '" IIK'lllidllr.l li\ NOIIIC 
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 ^ ■'>;-■,", Kiciv is iHijiiiii. 
 
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 illKicsnC i:ii.;;l;ui.lllir 
 '>rtH ((I iiiijinivc ilicii' 
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 '"••^l •■lllil li;iii(|s(iii|i',( 
 llH'iiI cIli'Mrd illirui;,' 
 I' I'V' til!' .suiiii' liiriiii-, 
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 IIMlll 
 
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Till-; ILNITKK KIN(il)(»S!. 
 
 211 
 
 iiol 
 
 liy iitti'iiii '11 to <li''l !iinl ^ii'iicral iiiiinii;4i'riiiiit. 'I'Im' (iailowiiyt, a.s u lnri'il, ciui- 
 lnV cliiini lc> aiiv (•ii|icri(iril.v as inilUir.i. 'I'licir niilK Ih licli in (|iiality, Imi(, tlio 
 
 i;mlitv flit-y ^'ivi' is not lar^i 
 
 lldwcvt T, the mi IK in;; I'aciilly iiiiin in Honii- k| |•aill^ 
 
 1 iiiiiivKluals dl' lliiiii arn cxrcllfnt dairy cow.s. It is mainly asa liiil|iiiiilniinj; 
 
 (1 111, 1 1 (ialli>«a\.s havi' made a iiaiiic lor llii"!isil\ cs. The i|iialil> nlHnMr 1 i' is 
 
 l;ir t(i that tiftlii- AIm riiii'ii, An;;iis, and West, IIi;;liland. 'Ihc I t'ui tlnsr tlirt'i' 
 
 liicfds ranks as " i>riiin' Scots" in tin" Sniilliliidd anil oilier Iradiii;,' r>iiti>-li Cat markrtN, 
 
 ri'iili/iii 
 is \v< 
 
 mil 
 
 Iii'cri 
 
 ^lliii 
 
 H tlii'iv thi' lii;;ln'st iiinent rates. Its snperiin ity arises Cioin tlie tail llial 
 
 1! nialldeil, the I'at lieili;; well interiiiili;,'le(I with the lean. 
 In rc.-.pect ofi)rii|iiirlion id' dead to live \\eij;lit (ialiuways Ijll nnn^nailv well, ma- 
 in led aiiiiiials eft he lured beilifj estimated liy expei ienied Initi luis to diess npuard> 
 ,i|'(iii percent, ot'their live \veii;lil. (iallow.ays aiiive at niatniity v.hen iVom t.vo in 
 lie years olaiie, accordin;^ to tho way they are kept w Inn ymiii;;. A well-led (i.il 
 jiiay 111' estimated to \vei;j;li when two years and nine innnths nld l.tidil |inn;;ds 
 
 111 
 loway 
 
 live W( 
 
 i;iht, and 1,(100 pounds dead weiL-ihl. Alaiiy wei;ih more, lint niherv le.iied 
 miller ailvcr.se eireiinistaiiees are less. No eat He in Mrit.aiii are li.irdiei than the d'al 
 liiways except the AVest IIi';lilaiiders, and tlio ditt'erencn lieiwcen these two hreeiU in 
 this I'e.speit is very sli;;ht. In all inijirovemenls of the lined the retention otlhis 
 lit characteristic of them has lieen Niiccessriilly kept in vieu. While I heir skill 
 
 •lliiw to the touch it is iiioderalidv thicl. 
 
 M 
 
 th 
 
 iirecd, com 
 
 li;iir, wi 
 
 k, 
 
 i-sy nndeiciiat, which has ahvavn I 
 
 a tliii 
 
 nets to and is svniptomatic of" the 
 
 orcover t!ie profnsinn of Inie.;, siifl 
 
 cell cliaraclerist i(! < 
 
 if this 
 
 ir fxcepiional hardiness. 'I'lKitJallo 
 
 lysare kept on the low-l.\ inj; tarm.s, wliert^ mixed farmin;;, ).;rain-;;ri>uin 
 
 and cat - 
 
 lie hrceiliiii; and leedin^ aie ]iiaeticcd, and also on the intermediate hill ;,'ia/iii.i^s li 
 lueeii llie lii-li iiiniiiilaiiis and the lower valleys. Many heids are lucated inhill- 
 l\iiiL; disl 1 11 Is ^\ here 1 he climate is so hcveie and <old tli.it the ^^rowtli of the cereals 
 i>i)iil iittei.'pli d. A lai.i;e iinmlier of yonii^; (Jalloways are wintered in the open ,iii, 
 •• llie sky and the hills and t he ^'len," ,••« has lieeii .said, liein;; their only winter slid' 
 Id. This .syslciii is piiiMied not rroin scarcity of lionse aceommoilat ion Inn of delili 
 eiale cliiiiec, it heine fiMind Iiy cxiierieiice liial from their liardy naliire and luin;; 
 led to cxpiisnie they are not only Ilhle to Mt.iiid the severitii.s of the climate, Iiii7 
 
 iini 
 
 ili.il Ihev tlin\c III 
 
 •tter.'iiid make more pioijress dnriiii; 'he sncccedin^' summer and 
 .luiaiiin when wint' red In the open air than under cover. It is a valued charaelii is 
 lie 111' the (ialliiways that they thrive well w hen kept upon [iiior and scant v Lire, and 
 iiiilrcil lliey have loii^ |iroved thcniselvesahle tost.and adv( 
 
 Ihrsc 
 
 ise clicunctances, \v 
 
 helh 
 
 iii.si^ troiii soil or climat • hoth. They are remarkalily iinprc>«i\e ji.s a lined, 
 
 >lnili is no donlit due to the len,y;lh of timc-at least nearly iwoientnr 
 
 111', 
 ihii 
 
 e lieiii hreil from animals of the same type and possessed o| fhe sanieclnuact 
 
 icN -l|ic\ 
 
 Alii 
 
 ill rcspeci of color, aliseiice of jioins, and •general out 
 
 CI I , 
 
 ine and svinmcli \ , 
 
 V iill>piiiiy; fnun cows of ollnr Im'cdM so very closely n'seiiiMe the hlai k (iail 
 
 I'elN that it is not easy to distin;,'nisli a pine from (he cross-ltred 
 n the (iailoway Inill is put |i> liorm d cows of any lirei-d I 
 
 iiwav 
 
 animal 
 
 il il 
 
 piiiiliic(> are found to he Idack and hornless, and in siampinu' then oil 
 
 uilli tluir i|iialities otherwise Hie prepotency ot the (ia I low ays is \ 
 
 roin 'Xi to Inu per i iiii. 
 • prill- 
 
 Cal 
 
 lia\(' Ioli;c II 
 
 iiillsnl lliis lircei 
 
 I I 
 
 cell in ;;nat lavor tor erossiii;; with otl 
 
 erv marl 
 
 lis 
 
 ami III 
 
 lave lieeii Very oxleii.sjvely ]iiit to hoth .s^horl-hoi ns and A 
 
 llnu'laiid especially it has Iieeii a f.ivorile a 
 
 ml 
 
 iifcniNMiii; fur hcelinirposi's to use the , Sinn l-linrn Inill on t hefJall 
 
 y r ■ 
 
 ii;;lilvr.nccc-,sfiil mode 
 
 i\\a\ cow. l!\ either 
 
 iiiiHlesyiiiiiieiiical.aitleofl.ireefraniisan'pnidnced. Ihev are liaidy and their 
 is lice Inini |iatchincss, well mixed and superior. These (iall 
 I .Illy and reach very heavy wfij^difs. A (lalli way cattl 
 
 ir meal 
 
 owa\ ( rosses mat in i 
 
 ociety exists, its two main 
 
 Cal 
 
 iiilsheili;; (I) to lliailllaill imilnpaueil Hie piKJIy of the hleed of ealtle I 
 
 illiiway cattle, ;ind topnnnoli- the Ineediii'' of t 
 
 IMvserse, .-iiiil pulili>h in .-. (iailoway henl-liook tlieped 
 
 ese callle, and {■^) I 
 
 uiowii as 
 II collict, Mrifv, 
 
 111 
 
 i) 
 
 ' iisejiil iiiliirniatioii 
 
 iiiifiies, .'Scotland, 
 
 ardlll;' them. 
 
 I 
 
 i;;recso| tin 
 
 lid 
 
 calH 
 
 and 
 
 aid 
 
 ai!i|ilartiis of this sm iet\ an 
 
 lliilli 111 tlie-i animals ( \os. l.> and 11 
 A'.;iicil!liiial Sueiety Siiow of ,'<ciit land. 
 t'uiiuiii.nliaiii 'lailiieach, of I), 
 
 It li.:spiil(lisln'il ei:,'Iit issues of the llerd-Uook 
 
 >1 aio first pri 
 
 winners at the I liijhl.iiid and 
 
 !ttie. Si otland. 
 
 are the [mipcrly of and hn-d hy .Mr. .laim 
 
 Tin: AVIfsaiUK A.s DAIIiV CATTLK. 
 
 I liiivf Imi'ii .sii|i|,ii,.,l with till' lollowiii},' iuroniiatit 
 
 lived : 
 
 >n rt'L'iinliiiiv this 
 
 . lie 
 oiiulllv 
 
 Avrshiiv is ciiiphatically the Scotc-Ii Waiiv hrccd, ami a tl 
 thnlty dairy cuw. aiid iuu> tliit v.i!! fatten rat>idlv whi'ii *! 
 
 Iliie fuil, 
 
 ullii! 
 
 I1"IH l.eilii, to whii h tl 
 
 all liielit cnnceriiinu; tllelri 
 
 1 was mil piddi-hed for Hie reason thai a similar stutement 
 
 lor 
 hy, 
 
 haracteri stii'M of tlnit Iailoway luced. 
 
 le leader IS relerrei 
 
 appears in the rcporl 
 
oi.> 
 
 ^ 1 4b> 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 lias Ifw e«iuals. TlHMirijiiii ut this hretnl is »liffii-iilt totnieo; iid par 
 licnlar men seom to have .stoo«l out eonspiei:i)U.s tVi»m their tVUnws u» 
 linediT-' or imnrovfts. The chief exieUeiiee of the bn-ttl is siipjMo.,! 
 to have arisen from the peculiar eircumstanees of diinat*', soil, ami .<:: 
 uaiion of several of the western counties of S.oll.iinl. The farmeis i:. 
 these districts noted the i>oints that indicateil '^ixnl milkers, and. as » 
 coiisctiuence. tiie best milking' ctuvs were ptit to L'OtMl bulls, and in th;> 
 wav a very superior dairy breed has Itceii establisheil in the wi'<t of 
 Scotland, and spread rapitlly ovt-r most other parts of the country. N„ 
 liii'cd of c;'ttle in Scotland will produce an jijual quantity of milk, but- 
 ler, ami cheese to the Ayrshire. Many cows, when i.\ their U'st «:i>ij. 
 .litioM and well fed, v.dl yield ■'. v'.'Hoiis per ilay for three months, and 
 produce a total of from .'hm» to 7t«t jrallons [kt cow per year ; (MX) jrallun* 
 perciiw f(»r the year has been c..»nsidered an avera;r»' on jrood f.snuv 
 The proportion of milk to butter and cheo^'. the standanl reco^.Mi'Zi-''. 
 in Ayrshire, is about (in im|K-rial llritish jiallons) Jh ;;ailons of m!::> ■ 
 1 pound of butter. an«l 1 -gallon of milk to 1 jiound of cheesi-. The a.. ; 
 aue wci^'ht of a ;iallon of milk is lo pounds s ounces, and tin- folhnvi!;.' 
 tij:uri's siiow the result of a milking comi)etition ;st A\r oti tii-- _•-.-• 
 and L'Tth »lays of April, 16<il : 
 
 IVame of owner. 
 
 A. WiN,.n 
 I li.!i.lri. 
 W. li. i,l ... 
 i: Wailari 
 W. I;. i.l . . 
 
 l: \v.ii:...-.. 
 
 fire.ilt-»t milk- 
 
 toar 
 
 I.ft o:t. 
 
 IJ^ ..-J 
 
 •> IJ 
 
 :t 3i 
 
 :.•« •' 
 
 :» j 
 
 ;5 T 
 
 .0 H 
 
 :> '.i 
 
 -■' *| 
 
 » r. 
 
 .7 ^ 
 
 -0 > 
 
 .J *} 
 
 In the above competition the s^realest yiehl at a sin;;ie niilkin- ' 
 r.uiier tner '! jrallons, which pHMluce^l at the rate of l.~» {MiuntLsof b.r" 
 per week. 
 
 Uein^' a com|)etition, and thf cows hi;:hly f»Ml, the nturna atlbul : 
 fair criterion of the onlinary milkini: cap.icity of an .\>rsliire cow. i ■. 
 distinct clas>es of «'o\vs njii;l;l be selected Iroin ainoi-;,' tii<' A.\rslii;e>— 
 Imtter and ehee.se makers. Many cows, however, contbine Iwth li:- 
 butter and cheese making,' faculties in ;i ri'tnarkable dei^rw. Cotnpaii 
 witli tin- I'olled Aiiuus and Shorthorn, the Ayrshire is a sm;:ll i lev: 
 but it is said that when cro.ssed with a bull of either of the two biei<; 
 n!e[iti<»ned, the produce is an animal admirably ad.ipfeit lor matuiii.. 
 early .nu\ fiitteninj: rapidly. Tiie color of Ayrshires is ;,'eii«Tally of rv 
 an<l white in spots: sumetinus wiiite and lilack. or retl or !)ro\vn. a: >. 
 the horns atv line and twisted upwards. The face loii^. uitli a ir, i ' 
 yet docile expression. 
 
 Tiie li;;ure of the body.enl.ir;:inj; from the fon t^i tlie iiimi quart' > 
 bioail ircrc--.-^ t 'le loins : the back >trai;:ht ; the tail line, loii;^, and bu-b 
 at the extremity: the udder white :uid capaciou.s, comin;,' well forwan; 
 on tiic belly : the teats of middle siz*'. >et eipially and wide apart fi":. 
 e.icli other: milk veins prominent and fully devrjoped. 
 
 inr. \vi:sT higiii.ands. 
 
 This hardy lueed of cattle mav Im* stated to octm; y as its h<iii:. ■ 
 whole of the West and MihlN' Uijhlamls of Scothuui and tlie \V«-:i. 
 Islands. No cattle art* [»o>s.vssed of more distinctive and stroii-i. 
 

 It to tr;ico; no par 
 
 )tii their tVllovv<i u« 
 
 brv«*«l is !<iip[»..>»ii 
 
 iinat*', Hiil, atnl si: 
 
 1(1. The l'.irmeis iu 
 
 1 tuilkers ainl. ;».h i 
 
 il bulls, ami ill th.^ 
 
 lu-il ill the West i • 
 
 »f the couiitrv. N"„ 
 
 aiitity of milk, iir 
 
 ill their Ih's: (,1, 
 
 three nioiith", .inti 
 
 ryear; MM> jrallun. 
 
 i;:e on t;«H"Ml r,!:in>. 
 
 fandanl reeo^jiiizfi 
 
 I ;;allons of nnlk :■■ 
 
 eiiee.Si'. The avtr 
 
 <, atnl the follti'.vju.' 
 
 it .\\r <<ll tlie I'tkh 
 
 Areraze 
 
 of 
 
 W. ' 
 
 
 loor 
 
 
 
 
 milkiiu 
 
 ». 
 
 
 
 Zt* 
 
 < :i 
 
 / 
 
 
 -.'1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ;» 
 
 3 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 » 
 
 n 
 
 
 . 
 
 2S 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 ;■» 
 
 »'J 
 
 
 
 .>iii;;le 
 
 mi 
 
 Ikiii.. 
 
 v.. 
 
 1~> jMUMnlsof li 
 
 .;tt. 
 
 I'- retiirna atlnnl i • 
 V* rshire eow. f v\ 
 U]X tin' A.\ i.-hiwv— 
 eomhine iMjtii li^ 
 ijeiiree. Cnmpa.i 
 e is a sm;:ll i le^i 
 r ol the I v.o Itn t<. 
 .ipfetl lur iiiatiiii: . 
 > is ;,'eii»'raliy <'t n- 
 retl (ir hrusvii. 1: 
 loii.u'. u itli a ii\i ! 
 
 tlie iiUMi <iii.irti:- 
 lie. ]tHi-^, iiml bu-1;'. 
 oiiiin;; well fur«.ir, 
 ii<l wide apart tri>:. 
 .e.l. 
 
 1; y as Its htitiH ' 
 i<l ami X\w. Wesie;: 
 itive juid stron;.;!.' 
 
 
I 
 
I '. 
 
 i ti 
 
 li 1% 
 
 f -ft 
 
I 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^^K 1» I'l 
 
 III 
 
 IHF ^ B^^B 
 
 ff 
 
 tr 
 
i^ 
 
 .0 li 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 l^iii 
 
 If = ^ '«-f 
 
 ;< 
 
 C 
 i 
 
 I 
 
t'/ 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 ■r 
 
 ^ ^fi 
 
 * 
 
' 
 

 % 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 e 
 
 5 
 
 ■ I '.' IS ! 
 
i V 
 
 f H 
 
 ft 
 
 
 ijS 
 
 
 ::l 
 
V:i 
 
 U 
 
 m. 
 
 •/ 
 
 ■ 
 
TlIK irN'ITKI) KINTSDOM. 
 
 213 
 
 ;iiii'k('<l ffiiliiros tliiui this hrn'tl. 'I'lu'ir liinlis Jirc slioit. hut inus- 
 iihir; clicsts wide and (lt'<'|» ; rili>i well drvcloitcd iuid l';nrly niched ; 
 Imcks stnii^dd ; nock and dc\vl;ip soiiicwiiat coarse in llic hull; lu)iiis(»i 
 uirat lcnj,Mli.s|trcadin;:' and lipped with hlacU : colors vaiinns— hrindlc, 
 (lull, cirain. red, and hlack. Tlicy .yive t)id,v a small (iiianlify of milk, 
 ;iii(l iwv very «'<'\^' •" jnrivinf; al maturity, not hecomin;; ripe uidil the 
 ,!;;(' (iT livc/or six years. Their heeC is of a very superior (pialily and 
 llM'ir hides make the best ot'leatlier. 
 
 SHORTHORNS IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 Sliorthoriis, as their nam(> denotes, have short horns, and in color they 
 v;iry Itdin ])nre white t(» a deep or rich red. The most popular color lor 
 these animals in Scotland is a mixture of the two, lorniin;^ a deej) or 
 liu'lil roan, sometimes called strawberry, llecked, or hazel. 
 
 Slidilliorns are as .synimetiical as the I'olled An;;us, and ^row ahout 
 tlic same weight. Tlx'y are hardy and arrives at matniity early ; hut, 
 likctlie Polled Aiif^us, tlM>y are principally noted as hcef'cattle. l-'or the 
 dairy tliey are not e(]ual to .some othei- hicccls in Scotlaml. The tirst 
 imiirovers of Short horiiN were the brothers Charles and Robert Collin^i, 
 who commenced improviii}; these <'attle nearly a century aju:o; also Mr. 
 ]!ates, ."\Ir. I'.ooth, and «(thers, all in the northern counties ol lOnglaiid. 
 
 <>Fl'Sl'UrN(} OP IMPOHTEl) CATTLH. 
 The Depaitmental <'ireidar says: 
 
 If is fiii'thrr l)i'li«'\ til that t ho iiiiimrtcd lirrcdH, wlit'ii snit.i'ily lucutt'd iiiul tii,-iiiai;f<l, 
 |iripilii((' ill tlicir new hnincs (ilVspriiii:; MiiiMTior in dial )iiii(1mi *'<l l)y the saiiii> liiri'«l« 
 III tlii'ir<iri;^iniil hollies, uiiil IIkiI< (he NiiixTinrity in iiioic maikcil in tlnir siiccriMliii!.; 
 tlj.iii III I he lirst yciiiTatioiirt. 
 
 i'lir iiistanri', tlic iiniKiilcd lin eds nl' .*»h<)rHi(>i ii'j. .Jitscvm, and llolstfins air .su)ii-rii)r 
 ill llic l'iiit"d Statc.i to till* Nuiiio liirrds in l'.iiro|ti': .•ind it is i lionijlit tliat tlio Haiin' 
 result would I'oilow the iiiiiioitatioii of the Noiiiian. ISriftan.s. I'ltinish, and Chailrvoi 
 liiiiijs. as wrll asotlicis not cnmiitTatt'd. 'I'o what ixtriif is this rtsiilt rcali/cd in 
 iiilur (diiiitrii's * 
 
 111 answer to this it has to h«> stated that, as Scotland does not im 
 port cattle to any appreciable extent for breeding i>iiipos»'s, little ex 
 lii'iii'iice can lie (jiioted on the point in (|uestion. A few Shorthorns 
 liavc bt'cii importcil t'loin the I'nueil States which were de.scemled from 
 stock originally sent from this country. 
 
 The lirccdiiig Slioiihorns imported from the I iiited States by Konl 
 Itiiiiiiiore and other noblemen were <d' considerably larg«M' size than 
 aiiiinals of the same lineage reared in r.rit.ain. The ancestors of Short 
 horns had been in the I'nited Statt s tor .several generations and 
 tiie sii|icii(Mity of their otlspriiig imported to Ihitaiii over I'.ritisli bred 
 stock ul' the .same breed was most marked! This would lead to the in 
 fcreiire that cattle grow to a larger size in the I'nitcd States than in 
 r.ritaiii. the more especially as the henls of these noblemen whtj im 
 lioried the cattle from the Inited States contained many of the largest 
 and hestted animals of the bleed in the country. 
 
 iti;sr ■\ti;Tii(»i)s m- i:\i>(»irrATiuN lo im; rNiri'.i) .>^tati;s. 
 
 into 
 
 Scotland is well supplied with railroads, and the cattle can l»e put 
 to >jM(iiit (rucks and conveyed quickly to (llas-ow, lavcrjiool, or 
 l.oiMhiii. where there are facilities of the best order for .sliipiiient, and 
 iiiosi smtahie and convenieiil aceommod.iii<in for animals on board the 
 lar-e Atlantic liners which .sail iVoiu these i>orts. 
 
'HI 
 
 I I 13 
 
 o 
 
 214 
 
 CATTLK ANP I>\11IY rARMlNf) 
 
 TU'.s'i' Koiri'.s oi' i;\i'(>in'. am» «n»sr i'iikk'Koi'. 
 
 W'V niil to (ihis^ow. Mvitimh)!, m- I.kjkIoh, tlii'iirt' pt'i- Miitnl 
 
 »lc (ir 
 sp('('iiill> littcd lip lust tcaiiii'is to the liiilcd St;itc.s. 'I'lic "llnoii^li 
 fn'i^ilil" of cilllc iVoiii most |iiii'ts of Si'otliiiul to the riiiitil Stutcsis 
 ;il)ont !i<-(i iuM'lifad iVoiii tlic rxlicnit' m >■ tlic.-jsf of Srotlainl. Alici.li en, 
 llaiilV, Of I'ttcrlicad, al'oiit >'L.'7.o(l. 
 
 rm; luisr score n cviii,!, ro kxi'i.im'. 
 
 Tlic most siiitaltic aiiiiiials lo rxport lo tin' I'liitctl Stal< > (Ifpcinl, 
 on tilt' cliiiiatif coiiditioiis of tlic States to wliicli they aic scut. .\, 
 
 the 
 
 ianl\. 
 
 Iiccf prodiicors tlic Polled AiiiTUs, Sliori lionis, Wi t lli;L:lilaiid. and 
 Polled ( lallowiiy ;ire llie li"st loexpnit Iroiii this dislrirt. 'I'lw \\ 
 IIij;Idaii<l(M's heef is ('(nisideied ilic licsl, and tliev an- (In- most I 
 Ikmmu' altle to stand naieli cNposmc and tlieicfore best adapted lor tuld 
 and mon at a i nous I list I jets, hein;;' aide to li\c on eoarx- and se.uit v loml 
 'llicv are, liov.cve;, small, and do not aiiive at tn;:(uiity till tin 
 foni' years nlil. 'rhc i'olled Antrns rank next mr snpeiioi lieef. and 
 nearly as liaidy as the \\ Cst I Highlanders, ai:d are ninch 1; 
 
 ee III' 
 
 \\i 
 
 ir.LTer in m/c 
 
 ;111\M\ 
 
 and come to laatiiriiy at the aye of from twenty-eiijhf lo t| 
 months. 'I'hey are piim ipally bred an 1 raised in the n titlieast of 
 laml. and are ludieved l(» lie very suilalde for I he noil hern pari ol 
 I'liited Stales and western lanehes. 'I'lie Shorthorns are very h 
 and come to matniily at alioiit the .same a^^e as i'olled An.i;iis. Iiaf i 
 licef is of a coarser tpiality. 
 
 The Polled dall.'uay ycry much resembles iiieWest I li.i,ddaiid. ... 
 Ihoii^h iari;er, ami <-omes t.t niatnrit\ earlier, i he Aberdeciiishiic i;i',iii 
 •ers. lor beef. pK fei a eross between a Shorlhorii l)nll and a Polled .\ii' 
 
 ICll 
 
 :il 
 
 cow, as 
 
 cro.-ses of t iiis origin ai i ive ipiickly at matnrily, are of mi„„| 
 
 and pn diice beef of line (pial 
 
 II- 
 
 .S|/l', 
 
 ll\ 
 
 .Vs miliiers the A\isliire> are iimloiibledlv the best to take I 
 
 conntrv, 
 
 roil! Ill' 
 
 n liCIlASIMI IMJK'K.S OF AM MAI. 
 
 A\ i".if.''f I Mill' I 'mini An^i;-. I'Mll I 
 lil:ic'Iv I'njli'tl (i;illi>\v;i\M 
 
 ij.Ml I. 
 
 M.iirtliiini's 
 
 A\ i-iiiii 
 
 jnii 
 I','.. 
 
 W.ist Ili-lll.MI 
 
 All. Ill ciiiii 
 
 I. -I' 
 
 >r. <|i jiiNiiU 1)11 i|ll.'llil\ 
 
 \ery .-iipcrior 5epciiiieiis.)f all of the breeds mentioned have lepr,!' 
 ediy been sold for exportation to the I'nited Stall's at considei.il.l 
 liiudier prices than the averaue triveii, but to obtain .id 
 of tlM> seVi'ial bleeds ill this disliiet tlicax 
 
 •quale s|)celllir 
 
 craL'csmeiitioiied would I 
 
 I.Ui' 
 
 lii'. 
 
 to be ^iv.-n, althon-h salert at less prices liaveoccaNii.iinJIv been iii;i.l 
 I'or cNpen.ses for attendance and food ni nuttr. .-?(;.■_'.■■. lor looil I 
 and oil <'ak-e,.iind ^l.-Jojier head tbr iiltciidanee— b.ta'l, .'?7. .".(»— is coa>itl 
 ercd siillicieiii. ;iiid with a ;;(io(| nnmbcr of cattle on board the l'.l;il 
 expense would be about ACL'.*.. Sonieexperientu'd I'nited States tniil.i- 
 in thor<«ii;:libred cattle are snjipo.sed to make ><:\.'jr, ci.vrr the tnlil 
 chur;:cs under this iiead. 
 
 CATTLK STAi'lSTIf.s ol' SCO'II.A.NI). 
 
 The total n;niib<'!-i»!'cait!e iii Srutlaiid for tin- x.-.ir l.s.s;» was l.niU. 
 Th(^ percentage of tin- several breeds is not 
 
 tics, but probably lliec;it!le fnck of this di.strici 
 
 iiiowii from any si.ii. 
 
 IS I'omposed I 
 
 parts of cross breeds and .in.- pail nf t!ie several pure breed 
 
 i!' Ilili 
 
TIIK HNITKI) KFN(}r)OM 
 
 21i 
 
 S(i||( > (|C|M||(K 
 
 V aic si'iil. A 
 .'liliiiiil. iitiil III, 
 •ict. Til." \\.>t 
 In-, most li;iitl\. 
 •liiltft'd lor (Miii! 
 lllil SCllllV lo.iil, 
 
 ify till ihici' Ml 
 
 or lll't'l'. illKJ ,;|r 
 
 li l;ir,L:cr in m/j 
 lit to tliiii\ si\ 
 rt Insist (ifSjiii 
 
 • •III part (iT \lv 
 ai'c very liiruc 
 ,ii;,nis. Iiiif tiicii 
 
 ' lli,-llhilii!.;il 
 
 • U'CIi.nIiiic i;ii|ii 
 il Polled Aii^'iiv 
 il't' tit' ;^'ii(ii| M/c, 
 
 I takt' IriMi! ilr- 
 
 riii- |MT»'('ii 
 
 >(l IIIT CClll. 
 
 t,i"«' l»r«'il lortlK- dairy ub'Hit L'O; lor the lnit(!lnT, about 
 
 ()l'lilU'\('..lss 
 
 fncik i" Scotland hu.Hdt'j;r»'ii.s»'d. iMscasc importt"*! troin 
 
 lime l(> time II 
 
 I live stock, cai 
 
 iHiiiyr faiiiHM-s toctsist; IVoin Iirccdin^' cattle 
 
 ,is lit a 
 Aimtlici- cause 
 
 real extent lt<'cn the cause of this decrease 
 
 iim- tlie!ii leai 
 
 ■|(M 
 
 is to 1m' found ill the imjirovcineiit ol the cattle, niaU 
 Iv for the butcher earli«'r. And a third cause is th<' in- 
 
 I |ti»|iiilatiuii and wa^i'"^. i»n<l '"••"•"''''I"*'"* '"'"i'"'''*' ''''Kaiid for 
 liiitchcr meat, which tor iiiaiiy years Iiun been suhl for hi^li prices in the 
 
 Scutcli ;iii(l i;iii,'lish niarUcis. 
 
 IMI'ORTS \N1) KM'nIJTS t»l MF.AT AM) CATTLE. 
 
 Tile stock of cattle in Scotland is not nearly equal to tho ronsuinptive 
 
 lc!n:Ulii. 
 
 ihc >to( 1; as shown is not sullit icnt for hinne demand, e\<'eptinj; ped- 
 
 Iffy I s»ock. which isexporti'd to tliorniltHl States, Canada, Australia, 
 
 New Zeal, Hid, West indies, .iiid the contiiu'iit <»f I'.uropc. 
 
 The l,iniieis wlh) in <'(inse(picnce nf imported disease have ceased I in 
 a iiieiiMiic), as already mentioned, to Ineed cattle, mostly ;,'et their Hii\*- 
 lilies of leediii^'cattle iVdiii Ireland, u here a ;;ood many are bred and 
 nut many t'atteiicd. 
 
 Some (Mttle Iroin the liiitcd States and Canada have alsi» been I'.it- 
 teiieil ill Scotland, ind then- seems to i>e n. n-asoi why this latter triwU« 
 :iii;,fht not be(>xlen(led to the advantage of all coneerne«l. Hut if the 
 Seiiteii lariiicrs bied and t 1 cattle to the utmost of their abili! . iie 
 Mijiply of fat catth would .sdll not l>e nearly ci.iial to the consumpiive 
 liemand. The continent of Kiirope, I nited Stales and <'anada supply 
 a liii'ie pmpnrlinii (lithe beef consumed in Se Mthmd and tlieie is ev«'ry 
 leiMiii 111 expect that the I'-iitish thnnand for beef Iroin these countries 
 u lit ennliiiiic to increase. 
 
 Tin; XATt'RE OF THE I'TOUT BllMM.IE.S. 
 
 ed ll,l\e Ie|.t'af- 
 it cii|isidei,iM;. 
 |ll;i|e spceiliiiiiv 
 ncd witiili! Ii.ni' 
 illy been m;iiir. 
 ;."» lor looil li;i,\ 
 
 7..)0 — is COII^Ill 
 
 board the l"i;il 
 I States trmlei- 
 ;"o\er the tiil.il 
 
 'i was t.niU.W:. 
 ■otii aii\ sl.il;- 
 iipiised ii! ihiii 
 reeds. 
 
 I'loiii the continent of Mnropi' the lu-ef is mostiv in its live state: 
 tiiim the I'liiled Slates about li ilt the amount dfai; .iiid the other halt 
 live. A l,ir;jc t|uantity ottiniieil or canned meat is al.si* imported fi' m 
 
 t liirai:i) ami elsewhere in ilie rnited State 
 
 s. .Some ear;;oes ol tro n 
 
 miittiiii have come iiom Aiisiralia and New Zealanil w liicli appeai 
 have lieen a --iieeess. This trade is likelv to increase. 
 
 IMI'OI.'IS lUoM Till, I NITED STATES. 
 
 A i.ii-f iiiiiiiliet III live cattle, li 
 meat en lie iii.in the liiited States. 
 
 U ea 
 
 in refriir<'ratois, an 
 
 iiii; la.sr mi'.an.< <»!■• in('i:i:asin(; the exivik'ts of ameuu"a> 
 
 ' nmeil 
 
 V I 
 
 ll tile I'liited States Covenimeiit would tal, 
 
 V measures to evtermi 
 
 iiale pleiiro piieiimoiiia and to suppre>N ny contai^ioiis tlisea.scs when 
 tlii\ app.'ar, the IJiitish Croveriuneiit would then ailmit fre.ly the im 
 |"iitaiiiiii otf.it and store cattle, greatly to the advantap' of rnited 
 M lies piudiK-ers and (if Ibitisli farmers a-d . «iisumers. 'flie Hritisli 
 1 li Mieis wdiild |)i(i|it uicatly by haviiiL; a supply of jjoihI -je s|(M'k 
 li'Mii the Western plains, and fat sl.iri; would fetcli a bettei- i e if tlies 
 
 mill l< 
 
 e moved from the ports of landiiij; to inland market.' 
 
ij 
 
 11 
 
 ilfi 
 
 21G 
 
 cattm; and daii.'v fa h mi mi. 
 
 THE TIEST MEANS Ol' INCKf. NSFN*; lili; KMMtl.'TS (»1' AMKUICAN DAii;^ 
 
 is to scnil the licst articles |mo|iciI> |(iickc<l, (|iijcKly iiml caicriiHy ( 
 
 vi'.Vi'd, and tlic.v will then not (tiii.v enniMiaiid I In- lii;,'liest |ui<t' in tin, 
 market hut the deinantl will also increase. 
 
 wiLKAi:i> 15. WKi.r-s, 
 
 Consul. 
 Tnitki) statfs Consi r.ATE, 
 
 Sptrial Kttilixliiii vouiiriiinij ihi pyoihul'i of Ihr sirrnil hnriU of lallli in Si.illniitl. 
 
 Aiiiiiiiil Milli III Milk III l.i>«' wi i-lil. Wrichl 
 
 Niim.nll),,.,.,! iiv'Tu^.i I iii.iinil 1 iiM.iiiii .\u'>M.I III III. at ... 
 
 ■|| iiiilK. liiiHir. dill'*. I'lin Hull <u. iimlinitv. 
 
 IllltllllVi i| I'llllril 
 
 AnirnH. 
 Sliiiitliiiiii.'* 
 
 AyrMliiiii 
 
 WcHt nik'liluml.... 
 I'ollcd liitlUiway... 
 
 t. iwn 
 
 4, L'llll 
 
 II, IKM) 
 •J. fKM) 
 
 % ritio 
 
 IM. 
 
 •-'I 
 
 •J I 
 
 10 l.'.'iHi i,;,vi l,:.iMi 
 it)| ii,:iiio i,.s7.-. i.coo 
 
 )v.. 
 
 10| 
 
 III 
 It) 
 
 
 Nanii) of liroi il. 
 
 IliMi it|iti.iii 
 
 H.".() i,'.>r.o 1,050 
 
 !XM» i,;i,v> t, I.V) 
 ■i.tmii i,.',oo ii.noi) 
 
 !lii« Iniij; liri (1 
 
 JIIIK'. 
 
 t.hl. 
 
 I, lOII lllll. 1.. 
 
 l.l'il I!iil,wliili., 
 
 I ".III. mill 
 
 lilllHIl 
 'i-'lll VilliiMl, 
 
 HMi li„. 
 
 !HM) iilj,;,. 
 
 Orj;jill dl' liii'i>i| 
 
 ImproviMl I'dlUd A-.i.MiK I."n:r.l.nv..lr..|.. will,., ,. veil, ! N)v,.iir« Ilu-li Waimm n,., „, 
 
 anil.Uiii.lilr.il i,nilpli:m.j inuvn. 1|„ , .u im. 
 
 inaU.tli.. .•>,.. w.Mv \\-;.lk,T. K,T„i.im 
 
 ^'•°^"""-"'' >■■"""••' "•"?■ r '■""'"' ■• '"■• • •I-Uim'^wmI- l;ii|.,.rl IV, 
 
 Ancii^. only liuu.r. ll.it', Mi 11 li, iiml .Mr. 
 
 "^■^^ "■"''''■'" |Si.il.s.riiiti,iiii>l AM-liiii- I-|i.iiiiiiii.'iiii N..t'Viin« II 
 
 ,.• . ,.■ 1. , .'" '■'■P'""' I Tii.iiiiirial. 
 
 ^^'""""■"''•^"'' Sl.i«i:.vl,am.il.I,Ml anil ,1,, NiUiv., caltl., ..f S, nlUiiil 
 
 I, ,,, ,, H.inaiv nia.li'. 
 
 r.dlf.M.allDWiiv (Ill . ■i,iv,...p« !• ,. r en • .. 
 
 I walil, lliHt liniiiiiMi 
 
 Nanio oj' brteil. 
 
 ilitli.MUol lidiHint'. I'.'idiiij;. 
 
 ItiT.'.liim. 
 
 Ilaii.llint' li'i>il 
 III I.-.. 
 
 Iilipr..v...n'i,lliilA,„„, ,. IloiiH...! in V.iv..,,,. l-a^^r.. era,,,,,, |„,„, ir,,,.:-, Two ,„.„ „l f..v 
 
 Short liornH 
 A.vrKhlr.' ... 
 
 liiT, |)ii cniliii, jiuimijii •iiiniim 
 
 Jaiiiiarv l.li. ami nliaw in 
 
 riiar-. M,irili.an.| wiiiti-r; o.ca 
 
 Apiil. Castniiil HioiialU (ill I akf 
 
 iliiiiiiC ii'iiiMiuiii;; a.lil.il,' 
 
 lllliIllllS. 
 
 lI.iiMiil ►i,i,il,ii- I,, (lr,-,,s, l,ay, tiir- 
 
 till' I'oll. il An::ii, nips, jmil' n i 1 
 
 •■'•" 
 
 Iloii.«i(l lont'ir l!i:.n <iiaH.<, hay, tin 
 nllirr liii cl.- 
 
 ii.iililli.'. 
 
 .■a. Il pi-r viiir 
 am r<'i| ,, nnl 
 lor 111, rill iiiiui 
 
 blTlllL' IJll 
 
 Do. 
 
 • lo 
 
 $7 M) p.T l.i:li| 
 |» r aiiiiiiiM 
 
 West Ilighlan.l j S.lili,i„ l„ii,., ,| 
 
 Polled Gallonny. 
 
 iiipx. ai'iii (.i 1 . 
 
 <• a k ( : 111 II 1 h 
 
 • iiiikiil riiiiil II, 
 
 tli.> »l, a pi. 11 1' ! 
 
 Ill an, licaiiH, aii.l . 
 
 nii-.il. j 
 
 • iin.sM ill lln'wiim- j Kioiii I'i In j^XM per Ik: 
 
 !ii!t: ,»!a=i„». : ;!y,:,n. pir auiitini 
 
 ally hi I aw ami 
 
 turnips in win 
 
 t'l. 
 •• «'" |... do D„. 
 
AMKUICAN HAii;, 
 
 ifilttf ill Si,ttliiiiil. 
 
 nil; INITF.I) KIN<J1»()M. 
 
 2\ 
 
 .!//i'//(/i' ; In Sriitlillill ik Iii^'ll il'l'l aiimisl rniM jiiiinii-i liil;;"' nf lii'iii'.hliim |i,ii 
 I'rii:!! till' NNW. lo M«<l',. 'I'n flu' ••ant "I" iIuh 'idKi' nl' lii'^li 'iitMiinl iln- i.iiiiiiill i ■ 
 
 iiIIIliMlllllVi'lv Nlllllll. Illld lllf riitlliltfH of all lli><lllrts hot I'M i'ri||||>; ..I II li'>'| ai'iix r 
 I'll MM iili' ill S iili'l Miiili'.l liir till' Niirri'MHtiil I iilll\ atiill III' ii'IimIh. To t Iii' ui-^I iiT 
 till' iiil;^'' ill'' iiiiiilall it Ip'Uvv iiiiil (In- i liin ilr umi'^t. uimI llirvrfitii' I'lilv aila|iii il tn 
 
 ill ,inii'4 lit Mirli Htdi'K i\H W'rsl lli^jlilatiil it I'olli iI (iallmvav latllr. 
 
 l/,iiH h iijii f'lliin : 'I'iu' iiicaii |i'in|Mralnri< nl' .laiinarx , llir i'hIiIi'mI iiiihiiIi, i^ ;;'.)■ 
 iti ihi' iMHl ami ;'7 iiitlii' t a-.t. 'I'lic iiii'uii ti iii|ii'ial iiii' i>t' .liilv. Ilii' w ai iiii"-) timiitli, 
 i> alioiit 'il ' W'lii'al mill liarli'V arr siiltiiii'iiIlN i'i|ii'!it'il. ikltlii)ii;;li lln' iiiraii triii|ii'i 
 all ivi'lMiily anil .\ii,nii.-l falls as low as Mi , 
 
 Siiiiiwir: SiitiiiiH'rs liavi' Im'i'Ii liail in Scnllaiiil fur tin' last ni-vi ti yi-ars, '^tiuTallv 
 mill iiinl wi't, w itii imicli want of huh. TIh' iiiiiinssiiin niiTiiit is dial Ilir h.iimhih in 
 Sriiilaiiilaii' mil as !,'i'<i<l as I'lirmiTlN. 
 Hiiilii-: (iiiii'iallN raw ainl niii'ii in Srittln'iil, Inil tnr sitiiii' \iai( v. ry wrl, willi 
 
 lllill'tVlKt. 
 
 Soil: All "I" Mil' i'l'iir varii'l ii':i 111' soil :iliii\i' iiii'iitiniii'il as wril as ntlins |iiivail In 
 ."■I (illiMil. A'^ririiitiual hiiivi'v atiil siirlari' iiniii;iiii'4 nf I his (iinntrv has linn hitli 
 Mil llllir otmlii'il A iiy a|i|irii\iniatiiin, i lici I'l'iiii', nl flu* irlal isc |iiii)Hirl imis nt I In' 
 various iiisrri|il inii'i nl' smls wmihl, i! i; l!ii>il.;lil. |iailaki' l.ili;ilv"l ihi- i lialai Irr 
 III riiliji'rlillr. 
 
 S:ih->lriiliiiii : Till' iim!rrl\ iii^ iinks in I his ilisi i ii i iiri' I'arliiiiiir.rnii-i. Itaj", uhl ml, 
 ami aihiviiiiii. 
 
 r,illirii1iil iji-iU'ii'- . Chni'i I'm- I •<-' 1, l.'ni.it'M urri's. I,'\i -imhs, A i' : I'nr I-":;, 
 I, fill. n:!',' Iirl-r^. 
 
 W. 
 
 SCOTCH BREEDING CATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ()liHiil 111 hiii'il 
 
 itivii cattlti of Sii.tiiml 
 
 llaiiilliii;,' iiriiil 
 
 V! rmrr i:\i'<tssii. iiuxm.-d 
 
 As a iiM'jiiis iiriihJiiiiiiiit,' tlic Most iclialilc iiilontiiilinii n';:in(liii;;- llic 
 liiiiils of Sciilcli liirrtliiiu rattle wliicli an' lil,i'I> In lu' nf ii-^i' In tin' 
 sliii'k linrdcis (il thi' I iiilt'd Stairs, I uppliid to William MaclNniaM, 
 (■M|., «'(litni' of till' Noifli liiitisli A;4'ii<'Mltiiii.s|. aixl lit« has kiii<ll.v sup 
 plii'il inc with iniicli dl' tlic iiiati'iial Ihiit f.iviiis Ihi- )'a>is of this ii-p.iif. 
 
 Ml. MacDiuiaM pulili.sht'il in llic North' Kritisli A;.;iiriilliuist i;ii tili 
 tiiiialoii llif Miltjcct which ;:ivt's so liilly and clj-aily (lie iiit'oinialioii 
 ilcsirni as to hrt't'ds of cat lie pcculiai- lo Scotland tlial I adopt it as 
 |i!iit of my icport and ^ivc il hclow witliont any mattiial addition: 
 
 i:i>rroi:i \i, vnosx ■Viir, Noin-ii kuitish AtiiMcri/nriiKsr. 
 
 It isdiilii nil to aiiswi 1 tin' ijiniiis of tln> . in nlar ililiiiiti'ly or aii'iirati'Iv. TIhto 
 M a hu ic of data, lull a]i|Mo\iiiiatioi):^ ran ami will Im j;ivi'ii. 
 
 At (iiirr it iiia\ hi' mm I'd. d that w itii daiiyiii;; in tlin I'onl'ront t IiiTo is onlv oiu' 
 I'iriii iiativior Srotlaml wiiiili .an lii< a j^nat ol.jr, t to llii' AniiTiraii. Thai, of 
 '11I1I-.S.', i.s thr hraiilifiil Ayr.sliiii', whos.. miikiii^c propiTtii's luo siroiiil to lhosi> of no 
 t lli'i-raciuluii |in>li.ii.vihMlo|iid,aiMh\ho>,-rattt'iiiin:.|iialitiis, whi'niliy, .'iir astoii 
 
 iMiiiifT 11, ||„. lull ii„\v ofiailk a n.wcaiinof j,'i t fat ; l.iit whi'ii an Avrsliir.* Iktc ^ 
 
 yialdsh.' 1^ m>( dililiiill lofatd'ii. I'hi.s laiim.f ln^ ^al.l wit h so imi. h |orii> of th.< 
 
 lu.il .lain hiv.ils. All Ayrshiri' st.'.r is a kindlv l.'i'il.T, and Imt rs p.oil hrrf if 
 
 vMl k.pt ihroii-lioiit, at thirty to lhirty-si\ niontliM. with a Iiv.> v.'i^'lit of fnmi I i'khi 
 111 I. -'111. i„HiiidH. Th.' hr.'i'il, hoA.'v.r, lioin- in Mi.h a |.rononni'.'.l niaimi'i a dairv 
 •'iH', Ihr imnihi'iiil |Min« AyiMiiivoMii is not lai-.' ; nor dois tii.- I. red ilaini to rank 
 iii'^jli as lir.'l-mal.i'i-s, iIioiikIi nu'al of jiri'tty k»'-i'1 -inalilN i»«'asilv |.ro.imTil hy V\r- 
 -lur.., ,.v,.|, allir tli.'.v hav hi-rv.'il Ih.ir turn- at tho pail. h'.'coiilN of inilkim"' t.sts 
 will .Vv r... I iv.s should hatisty Aim'ri.ans that, ki'i'pin- in vi.-w llu'ir l.-ndi'iiry to lay 
 "I ii'-a whi'iiihy, Ihrri' IS no hr.T.I pii.f,.ral.I,' to it whi'iv dairyin.' is thoiiain ohjiri 
 iiiil li'W, It any, mo jio.id. " ' 
 
 '"!■„. awns-e annual yield iif milk p.r . ..w oflho Ayr.shiro bri-t'tl is inlly con ^Mllons. 
 
 (t| 
 
 irs.', Noiiio aniiiial.s iirodiiro far nioro thtui that,' Imt oth 
 
 era are lewt. Tho return 
 
 
if 
 
 til 
 
 m 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ^i i^ 
 
 ! il 
 
 218 
 
 CATTI.K AND DAIRY FAKMINf; 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 ftV 
 
 1 
 
 cum 
 
 Al«. 
 any 
 
 Nidi 
 
 "tIi. 
 
 rusit' \voulil hr i]mlc inir Lraiidiis jicr iiiw aiimiaiiy. i>im wiicii mhi comic in ||„ 
 (liicfidii (if liccf Iliis luci'd stauils second to none. Indeed, il" early nialinilv is 
 diined willi the ipiality of tlic meat, il is |i!olial)ly not too innch to say that tli. 
 nleen-Aiiijiis has no c(|ual as a lintch.i's lieast ainoii^ th(( pnro liiecdH in tins or 
 ■ conntiy. Thi'y "dip" rcniaikaldy widl ; that is to Fay, I hey ju'ciuiiuhile acnii- 
 rahh' c|naiitity of I'at anil lallow iniernaliv . 'I'lnn I lie weall ii ami tt'xtiirt- of lloli 
 are sn|ierh. 
 
 The \vci;;ht at 'natality \ a! ics a irood ijeui. ricked Intlls or o\i'n I'attciifd hanl lei 
 exhilntion scah' c.ci asioinilly as innch as ',',7iMi iionnds, and we have seen Ccniali ^ nf 
 •he hrced e\i ceil ",',(tllil Jioniids. A eood aMla^e live \vei;illt lor cows of the hrcni. ,i, 
 tlieyf,'oto the Imtclur, is tVoni I.'JUU to l.li'i' iioniiils. linjls generally lan^c (iniii 
 l.lliKMo l.-cii )ionniN'. ttxen not intended lor coniiiet it ion in the sliow-yard. hut li!i 
 crallv led Itiron^ihont, \^ ill j^o to i he Ini teller at the aj;e ol' i hii ly to thirty-six niniiilis 
 
 :..'i.:.... 1' I rn.i <,. I TO I. '11 < ...I 1' < I... \ 1.. i.l .' t 
 
 jiroliahly tlie hardiest in Itiitain. 
 
 Till' West lli^ihlain! Iirced is coin pa rat iv>ly iinkno\Mi in America. A lew specniu n- 
 however, have lately hccii sent out, and we lio]ie inore will I'ollow. Itcin^ Iniiiinl 
 •iiid soiiietiines IK i\ous, or vicious even, they ale not so easily haiidled a4 the I'mIIh 
 hiceds or as the Shoilliorns, lint their niii ivalcd hardiness and rare iniality ol l!i -I 
 would he of Ki vice on the American ranch. 'I'heir heel is of the richest iiiid im - 
 jialatahle natiiie, and their slmpcs and charai ler are jMand and iiroiionncei! lln;. 
 woiihl, hy Judicious matin;;, rediue the •• d.iyli'^lit " and tone down the "limlici ' . 
 
 file 'I'e V •! II 1 If Wi'kt f Til VI rii.t ii> J \l .>•,.■.. i' 4 I .. . 1 1 ; ..1. ) . . ... 1 •• 1. . , 
 
 |i,iiaiiioie Hill 111 e, u Mil 1 neir snajics a nil cnarai ler are j'tanii and iiroiionnceii i in y 
 would, hy Judicious matin;;, rediue the •• d.iyli'^lit " and tone down the "liinlici ' .1 
 the Texan or XVestirn varieties. Many of the jl if^hlaixlcis arc never iindi r i <■.''. 
 Miinnicr nor w iiit( f, and llie death-rate 'is antonishinKly small. The West lli;.'lil:i!i':' ■ 
 will not milk, inatnri ,norwci;;li with tin- ."^cotch rolhd. The milk, liowi vci , liimij' 
 short in i|iiantity, is helicvid to he the richest of its kind in \\\f Kinudom : ili» I-: 
 has the lincst of ihivois, and is heantifiilly mi\cd. They are not usually inatiioii ! 
 .'ihoiit four viars old, Imt their lipenin;; pro|ierties have not hi en Inlly itnlcd, II' 
 are fed on more s( aiity li.rlia^;e than any other !!riti>h hn id ot cattle II W 
 lli^'hlaiideis were led ucncroiisly iroiii raiflioud ilicy wiiiilil, as ,i nih , 1ic]mii.i- 
 ripe at the a;;e t.f three ye.irs, il'iiol hi fore. 
 
 si'i;(TAi. siAi i,-<ri( s r(iN(Ki;MN(; scokii nuiii.its. 
 
 'I'lif {'(.Oluw 111;: iiitMiiiiatinn Is .siippli, (i to ;i>>ist iii |ii(i|i(ily ji.i.ili' 
 lllidcr sitiiil.i • rdiiditidiis 111 Ihr I nilcil Slntrs .siidi )iiiri;;ii aiiiin.il^ i- 
 
 m 
 
t, and uf rlirrs(> 
 
 llli; IMTI'.D KlNCnoNf. 
 
 21') 
 
 liii\(' |U(i\t'(l liy Inii;;- cNiMTiciici' to liavf lirni prolitahlr in tlicir iiativc 
 
 lidiiics: 
 
 •\'"""' M:1U„I M,1K,„I '•i^"«--l" 
 
 N.""""|>'""' ,;,ii',',H.'.r i;",',';;'',"'' i";;""'"' „u.tMii.N., , .,. 
 
 n.ilK. '""•'■'• ''"""•■ (•»« Hull. .K. i.MlH..I.\ 
 
 .N^c.it 
 
 Wc'i-lil 
 (if lui'iit al 
 
 I'.ijlril AlMfllrl'll All^UM 
 
 I'liji.il (;;llli>\va^ 
 
 WrsI lliulil.liicl 
 
 AM.luiv 
 
 coo 
 
 «;.(«- 
 
 (i.llU. I,l,s. l.l.x. I.hi 
 
 ... I,:iiii| I, Too I, (■ml 
 
 .. I.'J.'ll I.IIVI I, .V.u 
 
 . \, !>',!) 1,400 I, .'.'lO 
 
 :i i iji iioit 1. i.'io \ji'A) 
 
 '.•00 
 
 :i x.'io 
 
 » T-.'o 
 
 :: (L'o 
 
 N.iini-i'l lilnil. 
 
 (•,.!., I. 
 
 I)i Ml l|>li.Ml, 
 
 llHIL' lili'il 
 ]iilli'. 
 
 I'li^MI (if 
 1,1, ..,1 
 
 l'..||,(l AlM-il.'i 11 Aii-ii-; 
 
 I'ril,.! iLilliiway. 
 
 Wr^l l(ii;lll;lllll , 
 
 Avi-liin 
 
 r.I.iiK . LiiMudiip IiihIv on Hlii'lt li ;;h: Nfutlvaciii T li r n I i| 
 
 tll(- llncsliil IkmI: liih IIihIi |iii>. S. i.|i Ii hI 
 
 nil Niiiall lioiM' ; i.'lii.'t.'iv ciial : lie 
 
 111 -t III 111 1 I inMiliK ri-, ami 
 lairly liaiih. 
 
 ilo ' I.oiii; liaiii'ij. ilcip friiiKil, Uvcrariii Smti li iai('< 
 
 i Ur.lllliV 111 --liril.-ilriiliij Imiiii'. Iiii\ 
 
 VrlN ll.lliK : Hllitalih' liil 
 , winti'i ill;; diit.iAiili'. 
 niarV, ml. I.iiiii; Ihhii.h. Imii: liair ••IkhI 'I'lnii' im.hh- ( lli-iiiif 
 
 (lull. Vll- ]i'J.f, lll('|> liln. tIKill 'III' lllilM il 
 
 liiw, liiiii liiic «iiiiii'« lial iiairi>« 
 
 i illnl. I'laiiii'. cnat liiputli, haul- 
 
 I ii'nl r.rltisli lurcil, nliitrr ' 
 
 niit'<iili'. 
 I'.l.irU anil Sliiiil ii|wtaiii|lii^ linriM. Km ciiiiin riinilalii 
 uiiiliMi'il .'^liaip IiiimI i|iiaiii'i-<, ImimiI timiM. 
 ami u liiti'. ?ili!<. niniMitli hInJii; IiikI 
 liiinilliil. (laii \ liniil in Srollaiiil. il' 
 
 lail in (!tra( llriliiiii. 
 
 N'aiiii' III lin 1 il 
 
 I.aliiii-. 
 
 rniiliii t 
 Mnil. Milk. 
 
 t-li. 
 
 I'liiii il .Alii nil 1 II Aiiiriis . (tiHiil.. Tlio lim Ht u'laini'il llirli rair. 
 
 I'l ^ il llalln'vas l"alf .. Km • Unit lii li ll.iVin t lnml ijiiililv .. I Imul ipi.ilil \ 
 
 Wi ..t Ili^hlaiiil lulrai ta!>li> I im -l llavi.i- Un )i Imt niiiall . . ViUf. 
 
 Avrnliiio Scnnu>ly imt'il I ui iiiiality dii at in iiiimlitv i UwmV 
 
 anil 111' r.iii i|ii.il 
 
 i'.' ■ 
 
 N'oTK.— Aiilniairt lallrniil liaiil {rntii vmilli I'nr ivliiliilimi nl' llic I'nlli-il ami W.-t Ilit-lilaml Im-iiU 
 iiriiviMaiiii r a I nialiii it\ than i-< Imlii aiiilalwuiv ami alt i in ;,'ri itrr wnijIilK, lint tin- r-iliniali ■• un. n 
 
 iirnaliiiMt iivi ni^i'. Cnw.t t'lil mi lii:ui iiiiiil m nlln- r iiiii i il I I »nll U'* •' l-n :!<" iilni iih ill null- . Inil 
 
 t' r, aiiil rlii'isii iliaii llin alxivr. 
 
 In Mipiilrinciit III ihr rtircLroiiii; talMiliii' iiiattfi', I siihidiii I'liitlni in 
 tiiiiiiatidii iflali\(< to llif I'lillfd Callow. i> ami .\,\ rsliin- cat tic w liiili. 
 may he ilcciiicd u!' interest. 
 
 ^M 
 
 < ll.M.'Arri'.Klsi ICS of A •|Y1M('\I. ilM.I.OWAV. 
 
 I Miintc linin a |taiiiii|il('t puMislictl l.y tlii' llrv, .loliii ( lillfspic, M. A., 
 "Iii'ii ol' Ihi- <;,ill()\vay llcnl i'.nulc (ii'dnMl llritaiii (tt) ulioiii I am in 
 'l''l'l' li liir iitlifi' intoiajatinii tMiilaiiitMi in tlii.s n-pdrt), as tollnw.s: 
 
 ■^titUiioiil III' til, I lintmtfriiitk-a of ttt^piml niilmn! of the llnUowoii hirtd. 
 Il'iawn np !i.. (itn i-niiml) r-f (h,- J}:l!!rtWaV Socirty f.f UfKIt lifitrtUi. \-{U April. \P^',.\ 
 
 '■•lor: Hliii'k, with ,i lucwmsli tin-,'. 
 
 Iliiiit: Shmt aiiii wiij.., with lima. I t'l.nlii'.ul .iml wiilr iKisliiin; witliniit lln> Hlii,'lit- 
 
 <'*'l hyiiiptoiiis 111' hririw III 
 
 Miiri, 
 
i\ 11) 
 
 ■m 
 
 4 Sol 
 
 220 
 
 ICi/f : L:iii 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMI\(J 
 
 ;(' and iiroiiiinciit. 
 
 I.'iir : Moderate in liM);;tli and liroad. point iui,' f. 
 
 of lonu; hair 
 
 AVcA-; Moderal 
 line with tli(> 1 
 
 irtardH and nnward 
 
 H. with f 
 
 tMI"|. 
 
 <' in ii'nt;!!i, clean, a 
 
 ml I 
 
 l!oi>V.— D 
 
 )aeK in a tenia. 
 
 illini; well into tin- should. ts ; ih,. toi 
 
 ii-ili> II .1 f ■• I'.. 1 1 .' ..:..:.. > ...:*i. I 
 
 and in a male iiatiii 
 
 atclv wide aho 
 
 I'l-p. i.inndeil, and sviiiinetrieal 
 
 Illy iisiii:,' with a^'( 
 
 ' Hi ,'i 
 
 SliDiihlrrH : I 
 
 eoaise siioiiiiier |(oints ami .sliarp or Iiij,rh slioiilil, 
 
 ine and stiaiirlil. 
 
 al)lc. Urnisl : Tiill ;nid dei'p. i;,!,-!,- and 
 .s[>rniii,'. Loin and ^irlitiir. \V<dl tilled. /I,, 
 
 I's ail' oil 
 
 mil : Mrai^'iit. i;ih^ .- D,.,.|, ;,iid 
 
 11111,1,. 
 
 |e,|i,„ 
 
 -,0111;, tiloile 
 
 inics : Net pi-oininent. Ilmd 
 
 V wide, and well tilled. I'ltiid : Deep imd lull.' 77, 
 
 straij^lit, and well let down to hoik : i-oiiiided hnt'oel. 
 
 Short and clean, with liii(> li 
 Mellow and inodei'ately (hick 
 Hair: Sol't and wavy, will 
 tionalil 
 
 s are \ ery oliiect 
 
 '//(' 
 
 'innii, 
 
 l>ri>:i,|, 
 
 lonaliii 
 
 sk, 
 
 Jiiil : Well Net on and ni,>der,it(dv tlii 
 1 mossy nndero.it ; wiry or <iirly hair is verv ol 
 
 i|l'C. 
 
 CnARAOTF.UISTIC I'OINT.'^ (»K AVKSHIIfK CAT'IL 
 
 TIio socoiul iutiflc is)|uot<'(l fioiii flic ivpoif oi ___ 
 
 '■'•'*' A^'ii<'iilfiif;il SDcii'ty ;i|>i)<>iiit('.l t(> ivvisi' fli, /points inil 
 
 Avi.sl 
 
 CXO'llciiC' ill til.' A.visliiiv Invvii <">f cilllr, ii.s ioilow.s; 
 
 I COIIMllittct' (if ili,> 
 
 it'iitiii'' 
 
 I'loposid rutii) nral< of j 
 
 (1) Hi'ad Hhort. I'orehead 
 
 aru'e, eyes (nil .-nid liv. 
 
 lOillln 
 
 wide, nose line bet 
 
 ' ni, ill .lijrsliirr catflr. 
 
 weeu t h ■ mil// 
 
 and 
 
 l'iiliii< 
 
 {~') Ne(dv inoderjitelv 
 
 ely, horns wid,' set 011, incliniii;,' upward 
 
 eyes, niil//li 
 
 der. I 
 1 
 
 m;,'. and straiu'ht lioni ll 
 
 10 he. id Id the top ut' tl 
 
 lead, am 
 
 ree Ironi loiise sliin on the inder side, line at it 
 
 (:') Forc(|iiailei 
 d 
 
 leiil 
 
 H'jiin;i SMilllletrieiills ti 
 
 Shonlder 
 
 wards the Hhonldei 
 
 le shniil 
 
 ■* ,jiineti,.ii with til,' 
 
 deep (oinsnre eonstitni ion, InisKet uml w I 
 
 s slopiiej. \N ithers (me, chest Miliieieiillv 1 
 
 firadnally iiicrca 
 
 (1) r>aek short and straielii, spin,' wi 
 short ribs arched, the 1 
 
 i'lii in depth iind width li.ickward 
 
 lole fiire (|Ilurters liulit. tl 
 
 y liroad ,•111,1 
 
 le c(i\\ 
 
 dciiiii 
 
 {.">) Hind iiii,ir(ers hnii;. 
 
 lody deep :it the il.uil. 
 
 'I. ispeciall> ill ih 
 
 e siimilder 
 
 overlaid v, ilh (at ; fi 
 
 liroad, am 
 
 1 St 
 
 iai"lit ; III 
 
 fV( 1 w ith (In 
 
 ((>) I'diler capa 
 
 ■k 
 
 hones wi.le ,ipart. ami 
 -hs deep and liro.id : tail hm.-, slender, and set 
 
 1(1 
 
 liol 
 
 the liod.\, tin 
 ahont miller ,in< 
 
 cioiisand no! lleshy. hinder part lucid ;ind I 
 
 le neatly li'vel and cNtend 
 
 doineii well <h\ eloped. The te,its (V 
 
 111 len;,'th, cpial in thiikness, th.' tliiik 
 Icliu'lh, hamiiii'.; | 
 
 irmly attached t. 
 Ill;; Weil tuiward. milk vein. 
 mi ■-' to 'Ji iiicli 
 
 (7) L 
 
 lie c(|ii,il to :iliiint one tliii 
 lie-halted the hreadtl 
 
 lerpeiKiniilarly : their dista 
 
 ness l.ein.^ ill pn, port ion to (h, 
 
 d (it the length (d the v 
 
 lice ap.u-t ol till sidt.% shdilld 
 
 and 
 
 iiridHs f(i alidiil 
 
 (H) SkinsoCi ;ind ida>t 
 
 ort III pro|ioi(ion losizc, ihe lioms (inc. 1 1 
 
 (ll) (.'olor red, vi any shade, ) 
 
 l>lie, and covered with sidt, eh 
 
 1. 
 
 irown or whili 
 
 le .joints linn.. 
 •*i\ woollv h.iir. 
 
 (10) Averaiie I 
 
 iif; distinclly delined. I'.rindl 
 
 or a III if I II IT of t 
 
 ( 1 1 ) ( 
 
 ive weiMht, in (nil milk, al t |i 
 
 e or idaek and w hit 
 
 lesc, each e, 
 
 o'li.'ral appearance, im liidiii'r ^(vl 
 
 n 
 
 cwl 
 
 i^i not in I'avm- 
 
 .ind movement 
 
 I'errcctioii 
 
 111 
 
 Imi 
 
 JOHN l.dlfNi; >TK\\ AIM' (,,..• ( 
 
 Kl.l.l, 
 
 A( tl 
 
 If aniin.il -reneral ineeiin'^of UP h I'd 
 
 and ordered (0 he prii!(edand c7rciila( 
 
 'Miary, I--I. (| 
 
 inn; III)- nf liimmith 
 
 ilio\ e repiii I w as adi>|'li 
 
 l(ed amoiiijsl (h,. niemliei s ,iii,| ,,t h, r 
 
 lAMK.s; .M. .MIIMK-ii: 
 
 Sun Ufi/. 
 
 MKTlIuD.s or IlOl'.si.NO scoT.If (ATTl.K. 
 
 .■nlit;!,^?-:*-:,;';:''""-''''''"''^''- '■•■■ «Mii.,„„.„.,iaii>,.„v. 
 
 /''>ll<'ff(inlloini!i.~{\iiiyAu<r\ii siimiinT. WJnicr.M! !!..-• i- 
 
 alM 
 
 IMiiMil.v 111 tniii tviird,' 
 
 'y !!l Opt'll Mil. 
 
 I'OllllilOII II 
 
 ol III .SWfCl 
 
 sioiiallv f\- 
 
 lllli'llsc llll 
 
 iiioiiii(:iiii(i 
 
 iiioiin'tcf \> 
 
 f 
 
 "■I'lVfi' llli)\ 
 
 r 
 
rm; uniteu kingdom. 
 
 221 
 
 ll(.,7 Hiiilil((iiil.—i >iitsitl»' tliroiiiiii stMMiiicraml winter. Siiiiplit-d with 
 li;i\ iiiiil s(i;ii(' tii!iii|)s tliiiiii;,;' si'Vi-ic sii'iu- stirriii or li-osl. 
 ,l(//v////(.— < ir.iziiij; ill smiiiiHT. !'i<i)t iiiitstly jti Ityt'i's (lni'iii;;' wiiitcif, 
 
 wjli'i run > (i!i: iii r.\n'V wcitlu'!'. 
 
 ii;i;i)r's(i scnrcii <'.\'i'ri.i'. 
 
 Tlii'ic IS very lilllc (mUc or piin'li.iscil loud fctl jo niiy ut (lie hri't'tis, 
 (•\(<'|»tiii,u III,- ;iiii!ii;hs iiilcinlcil I'd;' cxliibitiuii, iiv diinii;;- llic last I'cw 
 iiKiiillis (iT |ti('|»arati<»ii tor I lie Itiitflicr. 
 
 It'atlicr iiioic extra I't'cdiiiL', is sii]t|>ii('(l to the Altcnlccii Aii;:iis tliaiito 
 llic (Pilar lucnls, especially in tin eiise ul' liij^lihred pt'(li;;i»"e st(»eUs. 
 
 iu:i;i;i)iN(i storcn ''\iii,i;. 
 
 Ill iheseleet pi-di^^Mce lu'id bidls am kept in the Iioiise, and tin* t'einales 
 ;uv liniiiulit !•) tlieiii a1 llie disei'el'^oi! nf'tiie owners, liaviiij; serapulotis 
 ifi^iird III (he relalionsliip and eorresiinndiiif,' I'ealnies of the ;<niinalfs. 
 
 Ill jiviieral eoiniiiercial stoijUs, (»r hreeilinj,' for the iuitelier, it in (HiJU^ 
 niiiiiiiiiii ill the case of (iallouay, lli^^hland, or Ayrshire «'atfle, to al- 
 low ;i liiiU to ^raze re<;iilaily in a park with twenty to thirty teinales. 
 
 lIAMH.INc; riioDfcis. 
 
 As n^jiirds dairy produce, that •.hi;; .i, d from the (lalloways and Ayr- 
 sliiics !sl,ir.L;ely made info cheese, the ii'inainder hein^- chieily disjtosed 
 (if ill sweet milk to the laii;!' towns li\ rail and milkvarts. 
 
 The I'olled Aii;,Misand I li.Lrliland inmost eases foster their owiieahes 
 and siipi»iy milk for the necessities of ihe \ arions holdin;,'s. 
 
 A .^' real many of the Avrshire <•(»w.^' calves an^ sent uf onee to the 
 butcher, while others are fattened at Ihe at,'eof a month or two as veal, 
 iiiit tlic calves of the other three hiceds are, as a rule, liroii;;ht lo ma- 
 tiiiily at the vaiions a.;,'es indieatt'd in tlie fore!,'oin;: tiihle. 
 
 roi'diiU.M'lIV ol- SCorLAM). 
 
 \\ illi 1. Icrciice to the (picstioiisof aliunde and temperature indicated 
 (III Hie M'lieilule accompan\in- the >Mtt le circular, I mav Inietly state 
 tliat Scotland has lieeii aptly deliecd as >• a ;,'ieat plateim. deepiv cut 
 into valleys and haviim mount iiiis rism;; to -J^m) m' .lidoo, and oi'ca 
 Miinally even i.nitn, feci of elevat ion." The elmmte is o.xee(M|in','lv vii 
 liahlc. From its insular position, hov\ever, the cold in winter is'^not so 
 inlciiM' mil' the heat ii. summer so -ireat a-: in ciirrespoinlin^j' latitudes 
 111 the liiiled Slates or on the e(tiiiineiil of I'airopc. 
 
 'Ihe tciiiperalnre, except in n ilaiids in the interior and tiie more 
 
 iiKMiiitanmiis districts, seldom iv.eains lonjx at the Iree/in- p,,iiit, noi' 
 111 any parr of the coiiniry does II ojieii rise to an inteiisiiv inconimod 
 iiij,'liic ialnn- of the tield. 'I'lie ordinarv j^Mvatesf lan'M-of the ther« 
 iiinnictcr is between .S^-■> ami H\ ' • 
 
 Wliilcjhe avera-e temperature -enerally mav Ite held to ran-e he 
 tv.rcii I.. > and 17% if is noieu<.iiliy lliil if does not descend as theoli- 
 Mivcr innves mirthwaid, or to i,',,. \icmii\ .-r inio I !ie inti-rior ..f the 
 lii;:lilaii(|s. 
 
 'IIk' iiie:;ii teiiipeialnre of Scoiland. noted at liflvlive stations alti- 
 I'Klc J.-i. icci. (Iniin:: the >car iSS.i. was i:, >!(', and'th-' mean tempera- 
 
 •'■'*; "1 i'"''i!y>»f IMinimiuh, x\i!h an ullitnde of I'llo irci.tor i|,c same 
 lit^^iiud. was KP!)'. 
 
 
 i 
 
 'if ■ 
 
 III 
 
 w '- ■' ^ 
 
 . i 
 
 it, y. 
 
222 CATTLi; AND 1)A!K'V lAKMiNti. 
 
 As to tlic propoitioiis ill wliic'i tlu' \;iii(iiis s hIs nw (lisliiliiiicj 
 tlir()u;ili(>iit Srotlaiitl, i liiid it >I,iIr(l in a work ol' icr.Tfiicc wliicii, ,,] 
 Ihoujili ]»iil)lislic(l some vtMi's a^o. is.«.till x.iliiahic i;i maiiv ii's|i|.iis ';is 
 ail aiitlioriry, tliat — 
 
 Iin;;li.<!i .i. :, . 
 
 I'lu' Ilia Ills aim mil I In | ^,;i) i,|, 
 
 i; it'll rlay.s '.!»;' I'-ii 
 
 (;-'\A>liy wills i;,|' .|., 
 
 ('(>nl or iiitciior cl:i\s .",|o ■■: 
 
 I III pill veil iiinssy sdils H | |"„ 
 
 Alluvial I'aii^li nr curse land ;;.i|,' j,',, 
 
 Sandy smls .„. Vi'.l TTI 
 
 'I'otal ciiltivalcd la ml, iirnlialily , .-, ,,)•; i^, 
 
 'I'olal iiiu.iiliivatcd land l:!/.'i'n'.'.> 
 
 'i'lital ana _ l~.',Ml n.. 
 
 or L'!>,(I(M» s(iuari' miles. ()[' tliis aiva alniii! I.niin si|i;;irf milfs licl. in- 
 to tilt' islands. 
 
 Acconliii^f to the ;!,i:ii('iiltiiral ictiiiiis n'ri'ii!!\ pulilislifd. I imd ili,,i 
 tin' r-nitivated an-a of Sc;)|laiid is now csiiiiiatid lo lie alidiii I.suo.okii 
 acres. 
 
 iJefiardiii;;- tlie (|iustiiiiis ot' sml and siilisiiaiinii and their ciiiidiu' 
 lelatioi! to tlie e:!ttle, and t lie iialiiral leediii^^ idddiiets of a disti iri. 1 
 v\onld take tiie district of Alierdeeiisiiiif and I'.aullsliire as ilic li.'s; 
 tyjio in Scotland. Tlie cattle fiuni tliat part of Scdtl.in I coinniaiid tin 
 lii-hest price in tlie l.ond.m markets, partly due to tlie lueed and p;iiii\ 
 to the mUiiial feedinij; facilities pos.sessed. ' More than oii" half of t!,i 
 area is occupied by f^ranite, ;;enerally in a ilecomposed state. Tli:^ 
 deromposed ^raiilte, heiiiu rich in alkalies (potash and soda), from tin 
 ilecoiiiposition of the feldspars and mii'a, forms a soil to which oiil\ ,. 
 prop(Ution of pho.sphate lequiies to lie added a-; an artillcial maiiiiii 
 to raise the lie.sr turnip crop in Scotlan<l. The lii.^di feediiiL;- poweis,. 
 tiiese turnips, alon;: witli the natura! clover ihal j,M'ows lie'ely all ow: 
 the shire, eiialile the Alicrdcen.-liire farmers lo tiiiii out the iie>i fni 
 cattle in the market. 
 
 i:\pttKi AM) i'i;!( i:s ui- scmku cvrii.i:. 
 
 In reply to llie memiuand.i aceompaiiMiiu cattle uiciilar I lia\! , 
 state as follows ; 
 
 'i'he licst method ol c\poil ili.ni |,.thc I niled Stale,-, is l)\ lemiin 
 eattlecarryiii;.; steamers. 
 
 The hestanimals toe\po:! are l'.>lled An-iis. I'.illed (lallov.as . SlmiF 
 horns, and Ilenlords. 
 
 'Hie best routes of export .Mid eosi theniii'air fn.m Loniioii. I :^ 
 pool, and (ilasyow, on an avfiaje ( i ;t'17 lo ^L'l. 
 
 The Murchasiii^' prices ol i he inimals .ire. foi -ood class \eailni'«. 
 rolled .Mierdeeii or An-iis, CUi .-<l Id to cr.tt (.fL'i;;.;;.i). r.ut'indiM.r 
 Miecimeiis of the choicer pedi'„';...i .\ hn .!,e!i .u .\ii"iisha\c i.ii' 
 •\-cr .-.()(» guineas (Mj..-,,-,i.!»l;. 1 ;ailo\\ a \ >. jJj.M.il _•!.(;(?, to XKJ (•*!'■•(." ■ 
 whde choice pedi-rced specimens <.f the (;allo\\.i\ i.ieed liav«' liKi v,;- 
 lelchcd Ion- prices. West Highland. C lo (ji<7;5) 'li. ,CJ(» (*!t7 < ', \v 
 shiiv, jClM) (.■j!)7.;j,;) to jCi'.'. ..iT.M.Cti). 
 
 The estimated expense joi attendance and food > ii mutr is al-mr li 
 (^i.Nf*! a head, if ten or more -o. 
 
 IiI.SJ'i;i)il I KiN (If SCiiKlI rAlll.K. 
 
 ThroimhoMi S.otli;.dShoi!iioiii>are more -eiierallv d.istnl.iit. u i: 
 an\ ot the lour distm.l hri'eds peculiar to the country, luii thcM ! n 
 
fill l^t m 
 
 ^'j 
 
 ti iprf 
 
 .. 
 
I 
 
 
 1' 
 
 '■ ■ ^Ri 
 
 iir 
 

 ■li r 
 
 ' H^H^H hji ^H 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 ■Hil 
 
 ^J^B 
 
 
 PBII 
 
 Fp^H 
 
 ^B I 
 
 MM 
 
''^^m 
 
1 ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 ,' 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 II 
 
 
 ,4aii 
 
i' 
 
 11 
 
 1^ 
 
 m, 
 
 \Sk 
 
 rovrr ill"' u'l'i 
 alines m;i.\ I 
 S|iiliii;i ;Uiil 
 ic iiurlliwi- 
 liiiiii>. till- I 
 till' iioI'IIh':! 
 i\irlli| III ll 
 
 A I mill I."l 
 • lltulll >."» pel 
 
 Willi ivsi 
 Niaif tliMl ; 
 .iiiiic, iss;;. I 
 
 Tills IS ;i sii: 
 l)ir irtiii'in't 
 
 • • • • * • » 
 
 i--:t. 
 
 NrVilllli'l 
 
 ;:l;iiiil ami > 
 l^*i.l lliaii ill 
 
 Mii.i:liiiiil 
 ciltlc. Till- 
 
 I'iDlll till' 
 
 ,ill\ (if t'.i- 1 
 ilrliarUatioii 
 
 I'niiii Irrl 
 iiiiiiiiii'rs (if 
 
 Sjiaiii ami 
 iMlllr wi'fUl 
 
 Till' miilii 
 
 Arckl\. 
 
 iJiissia : J 
 ( aiiaila : 
 III i:>,IMM) lin 
 
 m 
 
 III acriii'il; 
 ivriTifil to, 
 
 rial illll'lls, 
 
 I'"! Mil Aiai: 
 ill rn I : 
 
 ,!'• I'.iill 
 ■-• . Cm 
 .:< ('..vv 
 
 I'm I i:l> (JAl.t.1 
 
nil. I Mil KiN«i; M. 
 
 
 rovrr 
 
 till' '-rri'iiiMl llit'.\ hfliiM.: ((iiiii>i< i'|ii«ii'l\ T' I" {i,illii\v;i\ s mitl A; 
 
 , lines iii;i.\ l»i' s;iitl liMnniplif ily ciurr I In- soul liu est ul Sn>l|,iii(l lluiii 
 Siiiliii^i uiiil niiiiil>,iiit>ii I 4i<'n. i; N\ <•,! Ili;:lil;tiiil catlK' tuTiipy 
 
 ill' iiui'lliWi'sti'i II ctiihtllf 
 Ii(iril>. Ilif linillit'iisli ■ 
 the iiurlliciisloni J'lMi 
 
 (.\|(l|il lO tilt' SiMltlltM. 
 
 ilii "tillcil A lii'idcfii Aii;4ns Willi S'loil 
 
 .lii'.^. Slini IJiiil'liN ;ilr liiurc iillliiil i >i;s in 
 
 II llu' I'ollt'd Al)t'i«l'<n (listiict) imkI liir\ 
 iiiiiitics. 
 
 KKHI'.Di 
 
 DAIIM 
 
 Aliiiiil !."> |ifr 
 
 III 
 
 (•I It i li' ill S/iii ' III 
 
 I'M I Im'iI.ui \ .HmI 
 
 .iJKiiil >."> pri' ('fill lur I lu' Imiiln-r. 
 
 MMllHK" t)l 
 
 \l 
 
 IN S( (III AM). 
 
 Willi ii's|ictt |(» iiicrtMsc (»r ilcntMSf ol slock in liii-- cuiiiiIia . 1 iimy 
 stale tliit aeriii'diii;; In t lie Imard dfliatlt' reliiriis, eolieelcil «mi .Mil 
 .liliie. JSS;;. Ihr immltei' of (Mttic of all ULlfs in Si-iillaiid was I,nitt,;!l7. 
 Tliis is a slight iin reasc <iii tlic li;,Mir»'s lor issj. hut Ifss than I lie 1111111- 
 
 lief 
 
 III 111 tied lor IsTl', as thus shown 
 
 I- 
 
 !. i-.'ii..".!>:t 
 
 l,i''.i-'..:i'r 
 l.tl-i.'.Ml! 
 
 l":i I «"»I.:II7 
 
 Nevei Ilieless, llieie was a sliijhl Jlieiea-M' di,iin>j .saiiic Unit in V.w 
 ■j.\M\d anil \\'ales, niakiii;.; llu- total roidie.i; Itiilain lallni iimif in 
 IS'^.I tiiaii ill ISTl'. 
 
 iMi'iiKis <ii' rvi'i'i.i: IN lit <;ki:\i iikmiain. 
 
 I'.iiLrlaiid and Seotlaml arc lar;;cly ilcpciidciil on 101111411 supplies ol 
 e.illle. 'riie needed supplies arc ohlaiiicd lliiis : 
 
 I'loiii llic I'liiled Slates: l,ai;,'c nmnltcr.'i wedxlv ol l.il c.ililc, ;4ciici 
 ,i!l\ III' r.e hot (piality. These have to lie s|aii;;iil»'red at I he port ol 
 lirliai Ualioii : alsoa\c'iy lai ye ipiantity oT killed meal. 
 
 I'miii Ireland : IN avy weekly supplier olli I. and, 111 I lie .>caMMi, lar,L;e 
 iiiniihers of .slore ealllc. 
 
 Spain and I'orln.ual: Almiit I'.'i.uiiK lo .id.noii head oi' ;:ood class Lit 
 iMtlle weekly. 
 
 'I'lic iioilliein I .inntrics oi' I'lnropi-; <iio>s nnailicr al»i»iit o,(MIO caitlc 
 
 ■Arekl>. 
 
 Kiissia : A coiisidciaMc and iiicrea^ui;^ trade in de.id meal. 
 
 Ciinad.i : (iros.s nniultir alioiit liH.dui) e.d I le. of uhich 'irohalilN |l),llllO 
 to 1.1. (HMI lioiiLjIit h.\ lainicis to Iced. 
 
 rniMKMT.^ i»i' i;r,i'i:i;sr,Nr\ nvi; sioicii i viii.i;. 
 
 Ill aiionlance with reipiireincnt cxpics.scd tii liie incinoranda above 
 nreiied lo, I have .seemed portraits of repre^eiil. it ivc cat I le of the sc\- 
 It. 1 1 hreeds, and send lliciii iieiewitli. 'I'lic list of portraits is as tolhuvs : 
 
 l'"n I h Aiaiair.r.N m: ANta-i i l>v HiMT ui' (iicl;^c• ,1. \\ ,ilK' 1. imi . I'<'i tlithrii, Alitr- 
 
 1 ) I'.iill. .->!! .M:iiin, ,• I i:;Uh. 
 
 C.iw , 
 
 hiiMi \.> ,, I 
 
 I'lii. 
 
 I'xw. S\liil. M'. (.:mI <if I iil\ (iiMi >:!. -.'iM .1 
 
 Ill) :ii'l Ik 
 
 nil- I ;lll ."^ 
 
 il-jih 
 
 hi S\ li 
 
 i> t!Ai.l.ow.\Y ^hy I'avu! ul l.'rv. .I..I11. ( ;illf-,|.ii , \| 1 1 , \! 
 
 .1, l> 
 
 null H'~i ) : 
 
 i ., 
 
. K.. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 1 = 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^ i^ 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 I— 
 
 1.6 
 
 Fhol ^ 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 /. 
 
 & 
 
 w 
 
224 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMINO. 
 
 (4) J{ii)l. lliirdt'ii (U')!), Ironi oil iiaiiiiiii^ by (joiidiiy ^^tl•(■l, iiiiiiiuil piiiuUT to 
 
 tlio IIi<j;lil;iii(l Jiiid Auricultui'iil Hocit-.ty). 
 (f)) Cow. Clar;i(i;!7r)). ' 
 (ti) lloifer. Lalla liooUli (~>M2). 
 VVE8T liiGHLANU (by favor (if.Idhi ]\'ol)(Tt,s<>ii, «'S(i., Oh! Hhiir, Jilcir Atliolc) : 
 
 (7) Hull. Pliotofiraplii'd tVoiii oiio <il'tli(> DiiUi) oC Atlioln'n licid. 
 
 (8) Cow. J'JiotDuraplit'd from oiu: ot'tlio Duke of AtliolcAs liovd. 
 AYiiSiiiUE (by favor of James McJIiirtrie, tsc], Ayr.) : 
 
 (D^'Iinil. I5aroii 0'J5iu;klyiro (2-^l) at four years. 
 (10)*Co\v. Jh'i^^lit Smile (l;!07) at ff.tir years. 
 
 Those portraits arc not uiiiforin and do not indicate the size of each 
 animal relatively to the others, but I believe tlie relative size of each 
 animal can be estimated by reference to the tabular matter in t his re- 
 port. 
 
 Besides the {gentlemen vhorn I have iiamod as having aided nie with 
 materials for this rei)ort, 1 am indebted for much of the infoiinatioii 
 contained in it to Messrs. John Swan & Sons, the eminent cattle af>ent.s 
 of Edinburgh and Glasgow. 
 
 J. A. ld':ONAl{D, 
 Coimd- General (lately Vimaulat Leith). 
 
 United States Consulate-General, 
 
 Calcutta, July 18, 1881. 
 
 CATTLE IN IRELAND. 
 
 llKVOr.T lir COXSC'L I'JATI', of QCEtJXSTOWX. 
 
 ravages of the foot and mouth disease. 
 
 Since receiving cattle circular many letters of in<|uiiy addres.sed lo 
 persons presumed to have the best and fullest knowleilge upon the siuh- 
 Ject of breeding cattle in my district have been written, the answers id 
 which have been few and far between as well as mcagei'. The follow 
 ing statement is made up of information thus received supjilemenfrd 
 by personal immiries which I have caused to be maile: 
 
 During the past year several districts in Ireland have sulVered vcrv 
 severely^ owing to the introduction of foot and mouth disease Irom Kuj;- 
 laiul. With a view to checking its spread and ultimately *' stami)iii;i 
 out" the <lisease, very stringent restrictions were phu'cd upon tin' cattle 
 trade of the entire islaiul by the veterinary dei>artnieut of the i)rivy 
 council. Fairs and markets were prolubited in many ])arts of Jrchuid, 
 and several of the most important shipping ports were closed against 
 exporters. In order to secure open ports in Knglaiid and Scotland for 
 Irish cattle it became necessary to have cordoi*^ drawn around tlu^ uii 
 infected districts in Ireland, and no cattle were permitted to be shii)ii('il 
 from districts outside those embiaced by these ctudons. Even vixttk 
 inside the cordons could only lie shipped on the production of a certili- 
 cate from the clerks of thejjoor law unions, who had nu^ansat hand lor 
 satisfying themselves that no infe(!ted cattle wen> permitted to leave 
 Irish ports. By this arrangement, and owing to these very crushiiij,' 
 restrictions, the important stock-luceding province of (Jonnaught was 
 for a time completely suppressed, all sales of cattle being prohibited ex- 
 cept by special license of t!u', lord lieutenant, or else by means of an aii- 
 plication to the clerk of the local autliority or a justice of the peace. 
 
 * For portrait s of Ayr.sl'iro cattle nee rei)ort of Conisiil Wells, of IJiuidcc. 
 
I'd, iiiiiiiiiil itiiiutfi' to 
 
 Jilcir Atholc): 
 H lu'i'd. 
 'h 1u;V(1. 
 
 tC tllO si/A! of ViUih 
 
 utivo KJZO of oiicli 
 iiuittiT ill this re- 
 
 'n\g aided me with 
 if tlie infmiiiiitioii 
 iiicnt cattle Ji^i>eMt.s 
 
 -EONAKD, 
 Vomul at Lclth). 
 
 VA', 
 
 SEASi;. 
 
 liiiiy addressed lo 
 'di^e upon the siitli- 
 k'li, the answers u> 
 aj^er. The ibllow- 
 ved supi»leiiH'iite«l 
 e : 
 have sutVeied very 
 
 disease from Eiij;- 
 mately " stampiiiu 
 i;e(l upon the cattle 
 inent of the i)riv,v 
 y ])arts of Jrehnid, 
 I'eie closed afiaiiist 
 d and Scotland foi' 
 wii around tia^ lui 
 itted to be shipped 
 Ions. Even (tattle 
 luction of a certili- 
 
 means at hand lor 
 l)ermitted to leave 
 hese very ernsliiiij; 
 of (Jonnaujiht was 
 ein{^ prohibited ex- 
 i)y means of an ap- 
 iticc of the peace. 
 
 ■lis, of IJuudee. 
 
 o 
 - > 
 
 ^ r 
 r 
 O 
 
 i => 
 
 ■ r 
 » r 
 
 I 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 ' m 
 
 z 
 
 in 
 
 r 
 > 
 H 
 m 
 
(T) 
 > 
 . r 
 : r 
 » O 
 
 I ^ 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 t > 
 
 t > 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 

 rmmmmmmm 
 p 1 if i 
 
 

 > 
 
 r 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
ii' 
 
 J! 
 
 5: :i: 
 
 • 
 
• 
 
 n 
 
 O 
 I 
 r 
 > 
 
 z 
 a 
 
 03 
 C 
 
 r 
 r 
 
/ 
 
01 
 
 :r 
 o 
 
 ■: I 
 ; r 
 : > 
 
 I o 
 
THK I'NITKI) KlNOnoM. 0'>r. 
 
 NoMnl.r III..' llii.sl,„s..M.r |.H-,m. 1,,.,-n i..s,„.,| i„ livhiml, aiul tlMM-m-ct 
 
 n.m, ..I (he n.t.n. r.m.m.v .n:..v lu- hM\h'Iv<1 In,,,, tho (nrt, llii.f it , 
 (fiiltlc liiir licld lit liciiiiKJ fiilvcs p iicc. The fiiir ivtl.ti.,! «.. iu .1 V 
 
 [null, 1H.M u. iiaiiiiusi..., ,.ih, J,.i.,. in nhJa ::;.,',: ,',^'1^,, ;';•;;;• 
 
 l.n;.s o( ,stod. „,.n|<.,s from tlu" ..tli.T ti.m; p.<.vi,,,:rs, 4. Afimi "' 
 ;;;;;';'o iM.f. lu.v. a very <Ia„n.M,.KMlcct on (lie ...tiro c.ittle tr , '« ' . 
 
 THK CATTLE TUADK OK lURLANI). 
 
 Tl 
 
 10 Ciittlo tiiidcM.C Iivliuid is imdoiibtiMlly its -ivit 
 ishiiij,' iiidiisliy, siiipas.siii^r.,,s jt docs by scvorahiiill 
 
 ;r anmmllyn.o v,;,y i,,,p,,,.,ai.t and piosp,.|on.s lii,,.,, (Vail 
 
 nor(|i(>ni proxincc, (Ulster). I 
 
 t'st and most (lour- 
 
 ioHsoC pounds stor- 
 
 <' of tln^ 
 
 or scvriMl years past liisli «lo.;k-l,n...d 
 
 Imveheen reeeivin^r f,,,,,, |.:„j.l„nd i.nd W-otlai'id in exel 
 
 ers 
 
 slociv nil annual avei 
 
 closed liave not yet been mad 
 prove! the most, depressiim- 01 
 
 i^e of >i7;{,()0(»,(>(»(). The rel 
 
 laiiKo for live 
 nriiN for the year Just 
 
 leiilized it is not expiefcd will 
 
 the year ISM' tl 
 
 fat, cattle, 'i;;o,()()(» "stores" ('lea 
 
 oni total of 71J 1,777. Jinriii},' i.sJs'j'n.Vt 
 beei 
 
 I'oiitbiiMl, is anticipated that ihev'will 
 ■-'(•(Hd, and on a roiioh estiinate (he sum 
 
 In 
 
 1 n 
 
 exceed i;s,()(M»,()(l(» or .Cl(),0()O,(»()n 
 
 .(■re Ny,.rc .-xported (Vom Ireland (oOreat i!ri(ain jm. 
 n eiittle),:ind of odier descrii»ti 
 
 < i I 
 
 '\|»or(ed,o\viii;;' (o the icstrietions al 
 
 inore than halt this number I 
 
 >ove referred (< 
 
 ptions;i,0()0. 
 
 ia\-e 
 
 <•'" «;niic twelve months the export of - store'' cat 1 1 
 JMi,i;iaiid was prohibited alto^-ether, and ft 
 
 lM)r i 
 
 onr 
 
 the 1 
 
 ;nish the ca((le (rad 
 
 <'stiic(ioiisof a general charact 
 
 erwei(. so j^iraf as to almost ext 
 
 adopted i)y the veterinary depart mcn(, I 
 e(]c(;( ; the spread of (Ik^ d 
 
 ivenow been "s(ami»ed Old "o( 
 
 i(»0( 
 
 som 
 
 results arc beinj,'- ri'a(i/ed the rest 
 
 e (roiii Ireland tc 
 »r seven months of (he year 
 
 in- 
 
 jons 
 
 esircd 
 
 s rava;,^es 
 
 lese 
 
 <; "' ■^"1""' portions of tiM' island. The precant 
 
 , however, arci ha\ in;,' (he d 
 
 iscase has been (the.-k*..!, and it 
 
 edistricts. In proportion as t| 
 
 iIk'ii^Ii a considerabl 
 
 e III 
 
 rictions arc beiiij' ici 
 
 noved; but, 
 
 'P'ovcmcnt has taken place, the cattle trad 
 
 lie coniiiry is still very much crij.pled, and if 
 ore It recovers (he serious clurk which it has 
 I with (his part of tlu subject 
 
 will (ake some (ime I 
 las siis(ained. 
 
 eof 
 
 In connectioi 
 
 (ssT.;: r;/;;::;!^*'" i"'""'^' '.'-i"'-- ^vS ^KVi^biWi';;! 
 
 b^s;{at IJallinasloe ( 
 
 iz 
 
 ill 
 
 (■•."'!»!>.7(;), and' as 1 
 
 lii. Jn JeS7l' (list el 
 
 !«'»•( 'Mvill be of interest to 
 d in lS7L'and 
 
 •■<! CL'I 10.V. (* II !>."") ncrlic'K V^-^V''''" ('"?"' ""''•••In real 
 
 '.V (.'ir'lO'n le, l.rr' , bs-.>th<^.samr class bion-ht C"" 
 
 ;.':' '-'-"V '" '"'•"'• ^\'"'i' li'«t .Near thrse .i.iof;.»i..M< c.ii ,.. e' A .-T 
 
 ow 
 
 se fpiotations fell to .CL'O IO,v 
 
 In I,S7l; liist class heifers sold at X'J 
 
 • s j:VA (.•iiO.J.L't;) ,,er head (or f.mrdicl 
 
 • ss animal 
 
 i:-'(.isl()7.0U); the<pio(a 
 
 :(»(*!)7.;j3),and las( year (hey bron-lil 
 
 M)ns for foiirdi. class animals 1 
 
 >eiiiyi;i4(.f(js.|;;). 
 
 CATTLK CENSUS OP IRELAND 
 
 were in Leinster l,(l(i(; r,(»" im.niM'l .^ -V ."m * ^'"'^ "•""'"'•• thviv 
 
 -l,iilil;i..(N>n,ian^l i^lj-^i ;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 i'lnvase ;5S,4 1 1. '>->)•'•'-, "a.ioase W.hirr, and m Murister I,;L'7,17;{, 
 
 J.l:;"in eacirc;;;;::,;. ;;rly-^;;!|! .^;;- >'- --l-r ami description of 
 n. Kx. rA~i^ ^>»""stci (,n which prov.uw this consulate has 
 
226 
 
 CATTLE AND L»AIKY FARMING. 
 
 its jurisai(!tioii) duriuf? the years 18S2 luid 1SS.'5, Of tlio dltVcieiit breeds 
 coiiij)iised in Ibis letmii it^s impossible to give tlio proportions, tlioufjjli 
 cuttle of mixed breeds largely predominate. 
 
 GKNEBAL INFORMATION CONCERNING oATTLE IN IRELAND. 
 
 I reiurn herewith the i)T'inted form which accompanied eircidar o> 
 July IS, 1883, with the blanks filled so far as I have been able to 
 obtain the reqnisite data. Dr. William K. Sullivan, president of the 
 Queen's College, Cork, who is consitlered the tirst authority on the sub 
 ject of in<]uiry iu South(?rn Ireland, and to whom 1 am indebted for the 
 principal topographical and scientific facts (including the list of grasses), 
 remarks in sending the same to me: 
 
 Our farnieivs arc 80 littJc accuHtoined to Huch immorical iiud accurate (totalis that I 
 aHBurc voii it is very ditlicnlt to };ivo such iiiforiuation. Tho (Ictails about tho bn^'ds 
 of catt'lo Lavo booii given by Mr. James IJyrnc, J. l*.,Wattsto\vii Castle, Shaiibally- 
 iiiore Co'inty Cork, one of the most experieiicwt atjricnltnrisls in Ibe county, and on,, 
 too who had'tljo advanta'ju of scientilic trai.iinj;. The information about tho -(eoloiry 
 conhi. ius you will at once sec, 1)0 only general, and I have accordingly written it 
 across the columns. 
 
 Mr. llichard J. ]\Iaxwell Gumbleton, J. P., Glanatore, Tallow, County 
 Waterford. -i suc(;essful breeder and exporter of Shorthorns in South- 
 ern Irelaiu., has been kind enough to furnish some expressions of oi)iii- 
 ion as well as information on various points referred to in your instnn;. 
 tions. Mr. Gumbleton states that the best metliod of exporting cattle 
 from the south of Ireland to the United States is by shipping tliom 
 from the i)orts of Cork or Waterford via F^iiverpool to any port of om 
 (!0untry. There are, ho says, very valuable herds of Shorthorns in 
 Ireland, and tht; bulls from these herds he has no doubt would pay well 
 for exportation to the United States. Tho only other breed peculiarly 
 good, .Mr. Gumbleton says, are the Kerry cattle, which are very jiretty 
 (small in size and l)lack) and very good milkers. Tlui Shorthorns in 
 Ireland are altogether bred for dairy purposes, the mixed breeds bcin^r 
 reserved more for the butcher. Latterly the breeding of stock in the 
 soutli of Ireland is on the increase, and the supply is very nnicli in ex 
 cess of the home demand ; in fact the stock-breeders of Ireland live In 
 exportingvasr numbers of cattle every year to EnglandandScotland. It 
 would, therefoie, in Mr. Gumbleton's opinion, be highly undesirable lo 
 export cattle from the Unit^'d States to Ireland for dairy uses or for the 
 purpose of the butcher; in fact, sending cattle to Ireland would be 
 somewJiat like "sending coals to Newcastle." His experience is tii;ii 
 cattle, as a rule, if circf.mstances be favorable, greatly improve liy ex 
 l)ortatiou, and he would willingly use an American-bred bull, if well 
 bred, and think the fact of his coming from America a good reeom 
 mendatiim. He doubts if the imi>orted Sluuthorns in the United Slaies 
 are superior to the best herds in England and Ireland, and lie slron^'ly 
 susj>ects there are a greater number of lirst-class Shorthorns in Kn-iaiid 
 an<l Ireland than there are in the United States. He believes, however, 
 that most Ireeders wouhl be glad to have a cliaiig<' (»f blood, provided 
 the animals were well bred, and he considers such a change would Im 
 attended with satisfactory results to all concerned. 
 
 Mr. Ivichard Wood, Aherlow, (bounty (,'ork, an extensive and success- 
 ful cattle breeder and exjjorter, has in rei)ly to (iuesti(ms given the lol 
 lowing information in connection v/ith the cattle trad(! : 
 
 The best animals W) export tothe I'niteil States are .Short liorns. and l'edit,nve SIkiiI 
 horns can be liad a<H low as Ct<», and as high as CLil-l). <>i' mure, eaeli. Iveir caltli' 
 aro aNo very good, and these -lie attraetiiii,' more atlenlion (ban tlievilid lnr rly. 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 227 
 
 „^un'A U> (lif .;a«.^ with wndi llu.y -.m-. u.Miia-c.l. Tlicy iiro imrU.uiliirly .suited t.» 
 „m,mt;.i,,<MMd,sUMM.s wlud. w..,.|.l nol |,n.|MTlv (....l' Hlu.nli.Mns. c;,„„l K,.,.rv.s 
 ,.|,n l.c lia.l lor .L^n ,..„.l., I,.- Urni. „.,.,n,s of ..xpmtin.^r c.-itllo IVoa, the ,so,.ll. of I.v- 
 |;„„l-,vouI. |. v^a .lie jk.Hho Cork or Watrrfonl to Liverpool, and tl.ei.ee I. v tiie 
 .s,.M„,..rsol l,eNi,tio,>„l ,,,„, to (!,„ U,.|te,l StatrH. The sl'e,„„er,s of I he Natioi.al 
 .„„. b.M.-MI.e iMl-rsI iiii.l ,steilm.^st,a.•(, I.e.st ii.lil|.le.l for tl.r purpose. As K. fodder 
 liny, oat.s, hiMM, iuid souk, cmUo would form v.'ry -oeil food Co.- tji.' vo u'-e The hiii.' 
 ,,lv ot ea'de... (he so.dl, of IrH,,..-! is very ...,.eh in exeessof tl... h..i...7de,...i,.d, J.l 
 tlH, surplus htock are exported to the ...idl.ind counties of EuKlaiid and .Seotliii.d. 
 
 The rate for tnnispoitatioii ofciattle iVoiii Cork to Livorimol by local 
 sd'aiii-nvs, IS about $L'.(i() per lic.ad, iusiiijiiu^ci extra. 
 
 It iiiity prove iiiterestiiij,' to ii.le that tlie total acrea^^e of the province 
 :.f IMiiiister »s ,j,!);54,<!S2, whicli dariiifr the year.s LSSJ and 1883 was 
 iitili/L'«l as indicated in the inclosed statement. 
 
 JOUN J. PIATT, 
 
 Comtil. 
 
 (JNITEI) yrATKS <k)N>SULATE, 
 
 (/iiacufilot'^n, April 3, 1884. 
 
 liiliini nlii/n 
 
 III;/ III.,- iiiimhrr and ilr.-^iriiilioii of call I,: hi ,a,-h loiiiili/ in in, invriiiw c/' Mnii- 
 ulir iliiiiiii/ llir iitai^i lr',fi2 unit iK-i.), 
 
 Cnk- 
 
 IHSL' .... 
 
 1.-+.;! .... 
 
 I'SK'.! . . . . 
 
 IhSli .... 
 I lull': 
 
 1HS'_' .... 
 
 ISWI 
 
 l.iiiicrick : 
 
 lSi^2 .... 
 
 Ih.-.'i .... 
 'ri|i|iiT:il'V : 
 
 Ir-Xi!... 
 
 iHs:i 
 
 W'lUiifmd: 
 |Hr'_' 
 
 is.s;i 
 
 lolal: 
 
 IKSU ... 
 
 lii('ii';iHe ill 
 DicriMNe in 
 
 (;iiiililii.s. 
 
 isx:i 
 lH,s: 
 
 Our yi'jr ' 
 Mildx'dw.s oUlitiul ! "Ill iiii'l I'iKlei- 1.1.0 
 : Mini. T two I ,\eai'. 
 i uars. 
 
 ii|iwiiriltt. 
 
 177, (>21 
 175, HOU 
 
 KKt, -.!!» 
 101,, SJI 
 
 r>l, CM 
 
 'tl, o:iJ 
 
 96, 315 
 !I5,8.')5 , 
 
 HI. OSII . 
 K.'), ()7ti 
 
 II.CK.i 
 •ID, !».'>M : 
 
 41, '.'78 
 »8,UUI 
 
 2I,7L'.'i I 
 
 L'(», 7,"i!t 
 
 ;i:),w)r. 
 
 L'H, (i,)4 
 •J), 1K4 ' 
 
 2;t, ;iHu 
 
 r.i, i!i!i 
 .">•;, "iu4 
 
 I 
 
 l.'l, (IHJ I 
 I :!,;-.(!) I 
 
 r.!), 070 
 
 (iii, ir.i 
 
 l"..,44l» ] 
 
 :!l, W) i 
 ;i7, i;.-.7 1 
 
 L"!, 1 87 ' 
 I'.'., 'lOr. '■ 
 
 4!', M-l 
 
 r>\ 7 IS 
 
 ih, Till , 
 ID. !l!.ll I 
 
 ioi,;io<) i 
 
 lt)!),K4.^ i 
 
 .ii.r.ii I 
 
 ',«, ,174 I 
 
 I 
 
 14, i;ui I 
 .'•.!•, s:.4 
 
 (id, SHi 
 
 o:i,(<r.7 
 
 :;4, •J4() 
 
 I 
 
 •Jt:>:i 
 
 8,707 I. 
 
 l.->, IU7 
 
 ;ii,ii!t7 
 
 I'dtiii. 
 
 :iKl, 'JS4 
 
 'i'M, -.m 
 
 L'OO, '.'O. 
 •-'O.s, 07.'5 
 
 ir.o, 151) 
 
 104,0,"jiJ 
 
 •-'1 1.1, 840 
 '-'11,044 
 
 I'lL', 708 
 •S)'i, \K> 
 
 !»(!, 840 
 ll,S7i:i 
 
 .'■).1l,8'.'r. [ ISCi, 17:i , -.'18, IIIO .-ill-J. wi.', I 1 "Mt (l"i| 
 
 •'■|.'>l,.''>72 I i77,4(.o ' -j:!;;,.;!!;! :fi;i,K.iL' i l,';i;;7| i7;i 
 
 ;I8,444 
 
 lh;iih ,,/• ,„///,■ /;, //,, .s„»//, „/■ liiliinil. 
 
 Nmiiii' III' I. n,., I 
 
 I lli'i^^lit III iiialiir. 
 
 Aiiiiuiil :ivi'i Milk III ity. 
 
 IlLll' plllllllls !■ Illlllsilt' 
 
 III' Mlllli. Illllll'l' I 
 
 I'liw. i Kill!. I Ox. ■ Ciuv. 
 
 I.IVl- Wciillll. 
 
 Hull, i Ox. 
 
 Sliiiitliiilii 
 
 KiMT.V ^ 
 
 '''■^''■1 i '.(imi III ijiiin 
 
 l.iMiiiJck Diiiry . H, IKHI in !., r.OO 
 
 :i, 4.-.0 I 
 4,iinii t,> .1.1100 
 
 J.hs. III. III. \ III. 
 
 fiO .')•.' 
 
 M I 58 
 
 .14 
 
 ( 'ml. 
 
 :w j 50 j «o I r.4 ! o ii. i4 
 
 ! 4H : .10 
 
 Ciol. I Cut. 
 
 1.1 to 'j;i I I'j to L'o 
 
 ' 
 12 I 
 
 7 
 15 
 
228 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 l!ieid» ofcaUlv in the Houlh of Irelaiid-Cowtuuwl. 
 
 Nume of brteil. 
 
 ApiMit 
 
 niiiMii- 
 
 il.V. 
 
 Woi-lit 111' 
 
 IIIIMt Ut 
 
 luatiiiit.y. 
 
 I 
 
 Sliortborn 
 
 Korry 
 
 TH'xUir 
 
 Liuicrick Dairy 
 
 Yrj. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 a to 
 
 Oii^cili of liritil. 
 
 Ui'd iinil 
 runn. 
 
 Small bn'ed ; goml 
 lor fattening; not 
 somilk.vasKoiiy. 
 
 Miilill(i-si7.fil;l">rii'* 
 Idiisii!!' tlian lliosi! 
 ol'tlinSliOithtiniH; 
 Kooduiilkors. 
 
 'I'iiiiKiiii- 
 inrino- 
 I'ial. 
 
 I 111 port oil 11(1111 
 YoikHliiio jiikI 
 Diirhaiii. 
 
 AboiJ'riiial. 
 
 CiosH botwucii Kii. 
 ly and Divaii; 
 orifiiiiatcd h\- .J 
 mail naiiicd 1)(<\ 
 
 tlT. 
 
 (llosM bl^lW(<('ll 
 Sliorllioin aiiil 
 ancient dairv 
 hiOcd of tlic (lis. 
 trict. 
 
 ♦ ,,.„ (<„,.i- M f.ovilir • LiiiuTifk. I'.'-J '; W"*'''"'""'' ■''^•''^- The iiii;!ii 
 U.S"n/;ZorSo:;;;. h ';■;: hali- ^rl-laml van., no... ..^o.a 480 ... tl.0 i-.tcio.. „. 5. 
 
 i , ' iSa s, -..Jail. ...•mntai.. ln..rst,mo. In maay ,.a.^(s..t ' ■'\V';"" '^'"^^ '1" 
 1 ,'lvi. L . 'k in .M,vo.v.l will. .l.Mx.-its urK.av..l aiul sa.l.l; Hay .•all-'.l l.> I.mI, .^r,„|„. 
 sVs ' '.Vi • " ..■s,.!ti-K i.i l.a.t f.a„. i.„ actio,,. TI,.'so .^lavls ,•.. .vs p,„„l ,„ fr,,,„ 
 n,o.s,..c . .1, ■ s,. Macc.it .',..k, that is, an- " li.a-Kto.,.. jx.avcls '' ... tho I.„.,.h u,,.. ,l,v 
 lric.8 =m(l sau.ls.n.ic a„.l slat,- ,^M-avls, .-layH, a..l .sa...l.s ... tl,.". S.M..aa.. a„a Drv,.,,,;,,, 
 
 '"o/S'/iv,/.,? ,„■,/..<. s.-TI,c f.,lIawi„-a.-.-tl,- ki„.ls „f«-.-as,s.'s sow,, ii. Iayi>,tr .lou, l„„i 
 r . •. . . , ,,-,sl„n'- Toa Livialis, I'oiml.is, ,„ca(low -lass ; I'oa l..a Iclsis, si,„ ,. 
 
 ;...r. [^vUvta.l -Mass: Alo|.i.M..>.s |„al,M,sis, .„ra.low lox-ta. -.ass 'I,1.„,m ,„a. 
 [:i;',;nm,o,! I'll'^I^Jail ^vJ; Av.M,J .lav.so-.s. y-llow oa. ; I'Vstu.a lohacca, a u- 
 lii.tv of risi„ca iiiali-,,sis, i,,i'ailow Icsci.f.. . , , . r i- 
 
 I O ,,..,. I- -.1 -lover a,..l I. alia., rye a.v j^.own io.> l.ay, 1.-., a.v <„Mo.. s,„hn« „, 
 oal-lyHl..i..i. White .lov...' ks g.M.r.ally sow., w.tl. xhr ;,niss s.-o.ls lor ,.c„nann,t 
 liastnri'.] 
 
 Total acrmiie of Munnler wul nlilUalion of .■mmc danrnj the ,./<»»•« l-H^ <unt Issn. 
 
 Ytur. 
 
 ih-Hi 
 
 IH-^ii 
 
 I 'liital I'X- 
 ! fiiit II, lib',' 
 I ci'i'iiM, in- 
 rinding' 
 nicaddw 
 a.idcliivi-,'. 
 
 W'dods 
 I'alliiw. and plaiila 
 .luus. 
 
 l,21fi, M4 
 I,'jr> 170 
 
 liici-aan in \<rK\.. 
 l)i'iro«(fo in 1^«3 
 
 34, 'J2t 
 
 n,2)(«, in? 
 
 :i, 'js;!, i.'iH 
 
 4, STR 
 4, ii:u 
 
 i!i,<ir. 
 
 110,0111 
 
 ISoU and i 
 niaiHli ami 
 
 bani'ii ! >■' , I 
 . ninnnlain '"';';,';" 
 laiid, walci. ''"''' 
 
 I'oadH. 
 I'ciii'cs, iVc. 
 
 i,:i'.>4.i'.'H » . 
 i,;rj;(,'ji:i ; > •'••'■"•'"- 
 
 ^5, -.'ni 
 
 4r.H 
 
 4'J4 
 
 isn 
 
TnK UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 229 
 
 Oriiliii <)l' liritil. 
 
 Im ixiit I' (1 liiiiii 
 VoikHliiro ami 
 Diiiliiuii. 
 
 A1i(>i'j<!iinil, 
 
 Cross between Ker- 
 ry 1111(1 Divdii. 
 originated l)y d 
 iniiii named i)^•x- 
 ter. 
 
 CroHS between 
 Sliorlborn niiil 
 iiiieieiit (lairv 
 hioeil of llie il;,. 
 trict. 
 
 nl.'lH.ti". Tliciiiei!,, 
 ill llic iiitiMidr U>i>i- 
 
 liiriiiii and Divoiiiim 
 tilt! j;ri'iit cat lie di^. 
 i'sIoik;. Most, di' 111,. 
 'tlii^ '•oiiiilry liie im. 
 [•alli'd liy lii.sli j;ei)!ii. 
 
 (■()l'M'S|l()Illl in iriv;|| 
 
 ill t!l(» lillicstdiie ilis. 
 Iiii'iaii and DcviiniMn 
 
 1 in lay intr down lumi 
 'Oil iiralciisis, siiiniiili. 
 [■t y <d' l'"»'sliica Dviiiii, 
 nil iicft'iinc, |ieriiiiH,i| 
 Cy iiii.siinis erislalii, 
 •jraHs ; riilcinii pii,. 
 est ni;a loliaceii, a va- 
 
 arc cut lor soijinti; in 
 sci'ds I'of pi'iiiiaiii'iit 
 
 urn HHi ((;/(/ IsKt. 
 
 R»K mill I 
 iiiiiihIi unit I 
 barren t , i 
 
 ,i! nicMuiiain I'"':';/;" 
 
 land, waler, ''""' 
 
 roiidti, i 
 I'eneeM, &e. '■ 
 
 \,:V'i, I'.'S ( . 
 
 :i;;i,M 
 
 l.Ti 
 
 BUTTER INDUSTRY OF IRELAND. 
 
 ItKPOIiT r.Y COSSVlj VI ATT, OF OOIUC. 
 
 Ill my report on the credit iind trade system in the south of Ireland 
 piihlishod m No. 43 of Consular Iteports, 1 mentioned the butter trade 
 lis file principal one identified with Cork. 
 
 it lias more tlian once, siixio [ forwarded that report, 0(!curred to mo 
 tliat a special report on the butter industry and trade in Squthern Iro- 
 iiiiul would not only bo interestinfr to our iieaple at large, but uiiffht 
 ailbrd some sugrgestions whereby our many countrymen interested in 
 dairy farming, as well as those dealing in dairy products, would be 
 liencfited. 
 
 Accordingly, as giving full information regarding the butter indus- 
 try in Ireland, and especially in the south of Ireland, as well as discuss- 
 ing Ihe relative condition of this local industry as compared with the 
 same iiidiistiy in other countries, stating the drawbacks under which it 
 labors, and suggesting the projjcr steps to betaken for their removal 
 and for the improvement of this .-itaple industry of Southern Ireland, I 
 inclosi^ acopy of the evidence given last June, i)efore a special commit- 
 tee of the r.ritish House of Commons, by William J. Lane, esq., of (]ork. 
 Mr. Lane has contributed directly to one or two reports which I have 
 lieietofore made on trade between the United States and Ireland, &e. 
 lie is a gentleman of great intelligence and enterprise, himself a butter 
 iiierchantoflarge ex])erieiice, oneof the principal promoters of the Cork 
 i:\hibition of lS.So, and likely to be widely known henceforth in the 
 politics of Southern Ireland, being one of the newly chosen members of 
 Parliament of the Nationalist party from the coiiiitv of Cork. To Mr. 
 Lane's statement, which relates to, illustrates, an<rdiscusses the dairy 
 and butter industry at large, I add a report on the butter trade of Cork, 
 explaining the advantages of the climate and soil in Munster for the 
 production of butter, i.resenting various interesting statistics in con- 
 nection with the local butter manufacture and trade, describing ihe 
 customs and methods ot the Cork Hutter lOxchange, giving tlio price of 
 iMitter tor a long series tf years, cS:c., sjiecially prejiared and furnished 
 lor my use by T. J. Clanchy, esq., another prominent butter merchant 
 ol the city, who is mentioned in lAIr, Franc's statement, and who is par- 
 ticularly identified with the trade in canned butter. Mr. (^lanchy has 
 obtained gold and other medals at the Paiis, Calcutta, and I\relbourne 
 hxlubilions, during recent years, over all <'oinpetitors, for his hermeti- 
 cally sealed canned butler, and contrilmted to the consular exhibit from 
 tins district last year at New Orleans a full disi)lav of his goods, which 
 1 tmnk must have attracted the attention of such visitors as were inter- 
 ested in the dairy jirodncts of the I ■ iiited States. 
 
 In (lonnecfion with the siihjcttt of canned butter, it may bo well to 
 dirc(!t the attention of those in our (rountrv so interested to the opi)or- 
 tiinity which, I am told, exists lor a large development of American 
 enterprise witii respect to fliis class of butler. 
 
 Within seven or eight years France, (i.-rmany, and Denmark have, 
 by the a(h)i)tion of the system (.f packing butter in hermetically setiled 
 cans, each contiiining 1, L>, .'{, 7, 1 1, or L't potinds of butter, secured the 
 entire, or abtmt theentue, trade of supi.liing ihe ships of the world, i 
 iM'lieve that the American creamery butter is eminently suitable for this 
 particular branch ot the export butter trade. If this butter wore packed 
 
I; 
 
 230 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAIIMINO. 
 
 pi 
 hi 
 
 m 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 
 and soalcMl in cans siniiliir to those oxliibited by Mr.Olancliy, which pro- 
 servo the butter fmsli and sweet for a long period in any chmate, im- 
 mediately on being made at lln^ «'reaineries, notlung, so far as I can see, 
 is to prevent its use in supplying tiie immense foreign shippnig tra(h' 
 
 of our country. . . i. , -4^1 *i 
 
 Whereas all vessels going from Europe to Ameru;a take witli tbeni a 
 supply for the double voyage, it would be quite practicable, if this enter- 
 prise were introduced in the United States, to secure the entire business 
 for American exporters. In my oi)iiiion our countrymen would be able 
 to compete most successfully with European countries for this trade, 
 inasmuch as all dairy i)roducts can be raised so uiu(!li (iheaper in the 
 UiiitedStatesthanatthissideof the Atlantic. 
 
 For the large passenger steamships the finest butter is utilized, and 
 ■xlso for export to countries where the eonsuming population re(i>iiiv, 
 and can aiford to pay f(U' it, such as India, Japan, China, Austxalia, tli.^ 
 South American countries, and those bordering upon the Meditena- 
 
 For merchant shipping, and for the lower or poorer (dasses ol (bo 
 Dopulation in the above named countries, a second and third (lualityof 
 butter is good enough, and it is for the inferior <iualities the United 
 States it would appear from the i)ublished market reports, re(piiie a 
 oreater outlet than for the products of the best dairies, inasmuch as tlio 
 \merican markets arc constantly glutted with unsalable surplus stodc 
 of lower grade butter, chi(dly owing to the inroads which the iiiipiovt'd 
 nrinufacture of butterine has made uiion the markets hitherto availalde 
 for the consumption oi' (dieap genuine luitter. Since merchant vessels 
 use ehiedy butter <d" the third (piality, it will be seen that a market for 
 lir"'0 nuaiitities of this < lass of butter might be found if the caiiiiinfr 
 sysUMU were adopted for the supply now lurnished for the most part by 
 
 riuropean exporters. , . , . , 1 4^ 1 <-i • 
 
 Within a few years i)ast two Irish houses have adojited tins system 
 of tinning butter, and tlndr eiforts have been crowned with great sue 
 cess, although their combined shii»ments are so small that it does not 
 contradict my general statement that I^'rance, (Wrinany, and J)eiiiiiark 
 monopolize the trade. The two Irish houses referred to are those of 
 Messrs. Clear and Sons, and INlr. Claiudiy, who furnishes the aceoiii- 
 i)anving interesting report. Tiie latter shipper, at mucli troiilde and 
 expeii- avchis fellow tradesmen in the United States an oppoitu 
 nity ol inspecting for themselves the way in whi(di the tinned butter 
 trade in Ireland is worked, by the exhibit at New Orleans already men 
 
 tioned. ^ , . , ,, , , 
 
 In my report on the credit and trade system, I ex|dained the inetliod 
 
 by which transactions are regulated between the producers and tlie 
 
 biitter brokers in ('oik market. 
 
 It may be worth while to (piote that portion of said report ; it is as 
 
 follows : 
 
 111 (lio lioiriiiiiinji of lli<* year llii» imttcr limkcr.H of ('oil< iiiurlvot advanoo loans tc 
 ♦ lie i'liiiiciHto till- iTiiioiiiit oVtwo-tliinlsoftlK! valiio olllicir linlt.T i)ro(lii(!o fur tlic 
 Y<"ir •!( rati'sofintcn'st vavvinu; from <". to Id ii.T cut. With this iiioiH'y Hi'' linmii 
 i.jiyH lii.srciit, l.iiys slocli ai'id s.M'ds; arcor.liiii; lis ii<^ iiiaki'.s Jus butt.T iM> hcimIs ii 
 to tli(i lirokcrto nay nil liisdi'lit. , ,, , , , , ,■• 
 
 Tlic liiokiTH hoirow tli.' imoim'v ho atlvainit-d from local banks, at. a IcsHcr lalnil m 
 t.Tost tliaii tli.'.v clnr-.'. Wli.n llwy receive the l.iitter from tli(< farmers llic.v kcII il 
 to tiie exiiiirtev's tor (>r"!i!i«t (•••itli, and the exporters ship to Kliglisli mercliaiiln, j;iv- 
 iii;f one and two iiiontlis' ereilit for the payineiit. 
 
 The export of butter is a ditferent bramdi of the trade condiict(>d hy 
 a dilVerent set of merchants, who, on receiving their orders IVom their 
 
THE 1 NITED KINGDOM. 
 
 231 
 
 foreign (;orresi)oii(lcuts, go to tlio Coric JJiitter Exchaiigd flaily ami buy 
 tlio 1h;uj(1k tlioy require at tlie oi)en coin[)etitiou which takes phice, as ex- 
 plained by Mr. Ohinehy, at 1 1 a, in. eacli (hi.v ; and tliey resell to tlieir cus- 
 tojners at a lixed reguhition eonnnission of 2s. (Ul. (or (!0 cents) jier hundred- 
 weight over the })ublished Cork market i)rice of that <hite. This conunis- 
 sio!i indudes l)uying, selecting, (Girting, coo]K'ring, and shipping. Out 
 of this (!onjinission tliey allow buyers a diseouuE of two months at T) per 
 cent. (/. c, 'M. ])er pound sterling, or 4 cents per !?4.87) for protnpt cash 
 l»ayments, or they draw n, bill on ilio ]»urchaser at two months after date 
 for the net amount of the invoice. IJidike thc^ American shii)pers they 
 give the butter to tbo buyer l)efore they receive either cash or bill, anil 
 IV(!quently they have to regret this system of trading, as theiriiustomers 
 often become baidvrujtts and completely evade ])ayment for the goods 
 purchased. Having observed the system liere and in the United States, 
 1 am inclined to belicn'e that the latter is the better and safer, since it re- 
 (]uires the drafts to be paid by the consignees before they obtain posses- 
 sion of the bills of lading, and consequently before tliey get possession 
 of the goods. 
 
 JOHN J. IMATT, 
 
 , Consul. 
 Unitkb Stacks ('onhulate, 
 
 Cork, (Moher'M, 1885. 
 
 THE BUTTER TRADE OF CORK.* 
 
 TI)0 Htai)lo proiliii't of lU(« South oC froljiiKl Ih liutt(!r. TIki pidvinct' of MiimhIit, of 
 \vlii(^h Cork is tluMliicr city, in ossfiiti;iliy ini(l bclVji-c nil oIImt tliiii;j-i ;i Inil icr pro- 
 (Iikmhh; ('(miitry, Coi' \vlii( Ii il imis^ics.scm a I'oinaikahlo coiiiliiiiiit ion oC nal iiiai advan- 
 fa^cs not to lii> CoiiikI lojicllicr clscwlicrc. TIk^ <'.s,sfiitial coiKlilions lor iiiakin;^ jrooii 
 lull tor, ait' : (1) A mild, ciinahlo cliinati', not too liot in miiiiinrr ami not loo cold In 
 wiiitor. ('J) A Hnllicii'iit lainfall to iiroinolc an alnindant <;ro\vlli of ;;rasH. (:() A 
 i^ood linn soil, not ovcr-ritdi. I'inc iniltoi' < ainiol lie made In an cxci'^-iiscly liol (di- 
 iiiatc, and (d' conrsc Nnow and IVost, liiat cover and hinil up Ihc paslnns I'oi- a consid- 
 craldc ])ait (d' the ycai', render its prixhiciion in ipiani ity impossible. 
 
 OrasH led linttcr will always he (lie hesi, and the country where I he cut t le. can hi- 
 rally jirass-fed in the open air for the lonj-i'st- period ofihe year is thai in w Idtdi most 
 linttcr of<ro(Ml ipialily can he )irodii((>d. 
 
 The climate of Minister is rciuh.red sin>jnlarly even in its tc^nipcraf ure liy i(s;;c(i 
 j^Maiiliieal jiosition. Its coast line extends over nearly ihe whole southern end and a 
 lar<;e portion of the wi^slcrn side (d' Ihe islaiut, rei:ei\ in'i; the lirst intliienci' of I he ^icil 
 warm (iccan current, th(< (lull' Stivam, w hich acts as .■in niii.ill/.er of teiiiiieial ;7re, a 
 sortof {{ovcrnor, iirevcntin;; the winter from hcin.t; too cold an<l the sii miner lidm 
 lieiiit; t<M> hot. 'I'he warm vapors llo.atin.^r oyer She land in winter raise tin' temper- 
 ature, and hy forminj; clouds and rain in the summer prevent <'xeessive hea!. 
 
 The winters are miu'li inildrr than in other (ountries ot the same latitude. Occa- 
 sionally a \\ inter jiasses without snthcient ice Id '^\\v even one day's skatiiiij. 
 
 The ininfall is very ei(>;it, and comhined with the mihliiess ot' t he seasons~(anses an 
 ahiindaiit Kiowtli of ^jniss for ii larj^c |)arl ot the year. A f^ri-at jndportion of the 
 jiastiircs are on iindnl.at inf; ni)lamls, the conliL^iuation (d' whieh lends il.stdf to rapid 
 irrii;iition, the water riiniiini; otf the slo|>e and icaviiiLr Ihe ^Mounds siiHicii-ntK niolsl 
 without morass or N|)on;;iness. 
 
 The ])astiires in those upland districts are not over-iicli, hut ^'ood, sound, IViahle 
 soil, prodiieint; sweet, crisp lierlia.uc, t!ic hiitfer made from which possesses ;;re,it 
 keeping inopcrlics and a jteciiliariy <Ir!i,.ht fill ftrme, the true hiilter tiavtn-, s.Mleiir 
 lothose^who know and caw apprecia.' : the ;ihseiiee id" wliiidi is to he notieeil in 
 iiianyof the continental hut ter.s, and in Ho<ie Irish Iml ters made <di verv rich lowland 
 paslnres. 
 
 II is found that the oxciwh of f:!i er<.l! mad.e olf dee;-, virh soil n>akt's them more 
 iwhh> to I urn rancid, and rcdiices their keepinfr <pi;,|it i(VH, and thatrMch Inittcrs, how- 
 
 ' This report was pivp.-ired hy Mr. T. .J. Clancliy, a Cork hnttcr merchant. 
 
232 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRV FAnMrNO 
 
 mcr ijood llicy may lio for iinnifiliafc usp, arc not no Hiiitalili' lor i)rr>( rviii;;' or Coi' ex. 
 )ii)rl, to liot cliiiiatc.s as tho liiitliu' from tin- wcll-ilr.iiiKi i iijilaiiil tlistiii'lH and di,. 
 
 Ii<ilili'i' lull g 1 hoiIm wliicli pit'vail to a very 1uik<' ''Xlci.f in Miiimlcr. Hm'ii I'loin 
 
 the riclicst liiiiilsof MiiMHicr, silcii an tlic culiUiratdd (ioldcn Vi'iu, a wcll-dcliiicd licli 
 of land wliicli inim liii(in;j:h the proviiuM' and wliicli is idnsidcnd U> Im almost, uii- 
 ur|iaM(iC'<l in the world tor its line <inalily, tlic noil and cliiiiati' an' so t'avor,ild(> ilmt 
 
 pos- 
 
 *lio liiiltcr, a1tlioii"ii iicrliaps more snilaldc for liiirli-class mild-iiiri' niaUii, stil 
 
 SCSSCS CO 
 
 nsidcrali 
 
 icping i»o\vrrH wlii'li pi'opi'rly prcsi rv<'d, all lioii;;li not lo t 
 
 Mamo di'^ti'ci! as the proiliu'i^ of the lij^htcr pasliiics. 
 
 1' 
 
 Tlio foUowin^' is I lie ii'tiirn of acioaj^o under i^rass mcailow and clover in the four 
 loviiices of Ireland in liSSI: 
 
 Leiii»it\r. 
 
 MllIIHtlM' 
 
 Ulsli 
 
 (;i)iiiiaiii;lit. 
 
 Piovinci's. 
 
 Total fill- all Iiplautl. 
 
 Acres iimlcr 
 
 Illr.liliJU- 
 
 aiiil cIdvit. 
 
 ri04, 007 
 
 cm, (i«7 
 
 4l)li, 79J 
 •Mt, 542 
 
 A (TOM niulcr 
 mass. 
 
 •2, CS4, ;:i'j 
 
 ;i, iiiCi, 44.') 
 
 'A am, -41* 
 
 '± U.'.'i, 4Ki 
 
 ],»UL',7;i(l 
 
 Total 
 noros uiiilci 
 
 IlH'ilddW, 
 
 .-ilovcr, and 
 grUHH, 
 
 -',«0(1,(IC' 
 
 10, iMO-Sim 
 
 1'.', ;io!),o:;ti 
 
 Tlio total (iiiantily of aiahle land in Mtmsti'i- in 1H."4 was '1.7^0,811) acrcH, of wliidi 
 
 3,885, II'*', oi- l'^ ])cr cent., was niidei' iiaslnif, Iiesides w liich a lai 
 
 iioitoition of il 
 
 ai'alde liiinl was devoted to ere, win j; roots and fodder lor I he uinler feed! iij; oI'nIi 
 Snitahilily of soil and cliin.ile would not, from tlii' Inii ter prodneers' jioint oi' view, \iv 
 of mii(di use withoul ii supply of mile 1 1 cow s, and in this respeci I he proxinee (d'Miin. 
 Kic.r is well pros ided. Aeeoiilin;; to the annnal ( Jovernmeiit reluriis of li\c-slo(K loi- 
 IH'"-."), the nnmher of milch cov,-s in e.-ich ol'l he foni' jirovinces of Ireland is rel iiriicd as 
 follows: 
 
 Leinster 
 Mniislcr 
 
 lllsl 
 ConnaN";Iifc 
 
 cr 
 
 i!::8,(;::t; 
 
 l!l(i,,>^Tl 
 
 i;'..-, :ii)i; 
 
 Total fr)r Ireland I, 117,. 1-1 
 
 From which il aiijicars that Miinslcr has 
 
 I lian one-l hiid if (he mil 
 
 Indaiid, 
 The r(dMi'irs of li 
 
 stiicU in I'.nehind ^'ln■ the ve.'ir If^.^l show ihal the 
 
 • •h cows III 
 
 niiiiihi'r III 
 
 milch cows in that coiinliy was 1.7I.),',;/.' , and in Seolland KiS./l'i. so lli.u Mimsli 
 conlains very nearly one-l hi rd as nianv niilcii cou s as the whole of la i;; la ml and cm 
 
 si<li'i'ahlv 
 
 more 
 
 I hail all Scol hind. 
 
 Takiii'i' the rclnin of livesi 
 
 oeiv in ii'i'laiid ami in o 
 
 foil 
 
 tlic^r liiuopean connlries, I liud llic 
 
 owin i lo lie Ihe resiill 
 
 iiiihcr of lirr utiul,- and iiD/iiilalioii in Ihr J'i>lliiii'hiii coinilrifx. 
 
 S^ii^f 
 
 Dato. 
 
 1.S83 
 
 iss:i 
 
 1880 
 ISi-O 
 
 IK7:t 
 
 .'oiiiilricH. 
 
 friciit Eiitniu 
 
 lieliinil , 
 
 l{cl!.'iinii 
 
 I''i:iini', 
 
 (ii'Miimiy ' 
 
 Uiillaiiil 
 
 r,ivo Htock, 
 
 ri, 0(52, 770 
 
 4,(10(1, OL'l 
 
 l.:iK'j, Ki.'i 
 
 1 1. 4 jii, •.':;( 
 
 l"i, 770, 7(12 
 l,4.i4,4u« 
 
 I'l pIlllliiiM. 
 
 \ 17I,k::(I 
 
 r., ri:;ii,ir,i 
 ::?, :;:■!. isi; 
 I'l, •.■;;!. iKii 
 
 I.III.IIMI 
 
 I'rom this il apjicars that while (.'real Itrllaiii has oniy 'JO hcid of live stml. In i 
 
 1(1(1 inhahitanls; Itcli 
 
 France, :>(); (icrnianv. 
 
 and Holland 
 
 In 
 
 has 7;i held of live stock lo eiieh H") peoph', and in the iirovince of Mmisier I he iiii 
 
 i' 
 
 sit ion of !i ve. Hidi'k ( 
 
 1 population is even <>;rcafcr, the live sti 
 
 llein^' 
 
 ;i.l7iiii,i.l 
 
 the pop;! la I ion I,:i;il,l l.'i, or over KID live slock to each Kid in ha hi I ants. 
 
 Ill Ireland cattle have to :i 
 
 real cMi'liI rephiced human liein;L's. 
 
 Il 
 
 le popnl.'it iiiM 111 
 
 Ireland ill 1811 wa.s 8,17."),124, while in ls-1 it was reduced lo ."i, I71,8;!(i, a shrinkage ol' 
 
THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 233 
 
 oviT :J,llil<l,Oil(i, Till* ciiMilil-ions that liiwn liroii^t'if' iiltoiif, thia reiiKvrkiiblo chi 
 
 world, iiri' wi'i 
 
 cr in tho Tour 
 
 crcH, 
 
 of wliicli 
 
 liolt 
 
 on (it'ilic 
 
 <liii^ 
 
 (•I'nIocI,. 
 
 lit 
 
 'view, 1],. 
 
 \iii(' 
 
 ' of Mill). 
 
 livr 
 
 -•slDcli I'm- 
 
 is ri'liiriird as 
 
 
 w:!H,(;::t; 
 
 
 •M! •,.-■:,- 
 
 
 I'.Ki,,":! 
 
 ... 
 
 i;i-, iiiiii 
 
 lios, I liiid ihc. 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 '-".>, 710, (>1 J 
 ."'. I7I,k::(; 
 
 (> 
 
 "7, :;:■:. isi; 
 
 4.'i, •_■;;), mil 
 
 i.lii.i 
 
 storlv to ('.iili 
 
 d :'.:., In land 
 
 llsllT till' |ilil 
 
 1. 
 
 :i!;i.t:iiaii.l 
 
 TiKilii'ariiii;, liowi^viM 
 I hey kIiow tliiit Irrlaiid 
 at homo to (•oiisiiiiio it, 
 
 "'Kfi, a 
 
 IS iiii|>itiiill('lo(i 111 jiiiiico or war, in iiiiy (Munitiy in tiio liiHtoiy of tli(> 
 woitiiy of t lint li()il;,'lit I'll I study orHl.iti^siiiiin iui(lc(;onoiiiiNts. VViicLiicr 
 this result istlKMiiitcoiiKofstati' pcdicy in I hi' pas' or ol' tho accid(Mitsot';r('o;;iii|)lii(;al 
 (!iiviroimii 'Ills, laws, iiiiil social HyMli'iii, it f(|iially Mi.n-;L;fsts(iol(l,siiiil li'scekdjriitcd linos 
 wliicii, hy MilMiitnt,iiig " livi) stock" tor " woaltli,"' apply to it with ninarkahio apti- 
 tiidc: 
 
 111 fureR t\w liuiil, to liiiHti'iiinu ilt-i a |)rry, 
 Wliuro etock iiuiainmluti >> ami iiicii (Ifciiy. 
 
 r, of thcso lijjiiiv:! on l!ii« (|ii(!staon of tint ImitiT supply, is th.it 
 hasa hir^'or propnrlioii of its Icittcr tooxport. and loss poopio 
 llian any otluir count ly, an additi(uial proof of tho greufc im- 
 |iorlanco of ihc, Irish Imttisr iniliistry to coniincrcc. 
 
 'I'litM'ity (d"('()rk, tlnwaiiital of tho proviiic.i^, i-i llm natural (uithit for tho fxraatcr 
 piiilioii of I ho hiiltcr produced in Mnnslcr, owiiij; to its central p.isition, its unrivaled 
 liarhor ol'C,»ueiMistown, and its direi't c,:)iiiiiinnication hy roads ami railways, wliich 
 lap ilio inincipal hutt-cr-proihiciii'.;- districts. A hut tor I'narket has heiui lieid in (;ork 
 for a very hni;.; I iine, and in 17()1) it was placed under I ho nianai^einent of a comniii tt!o 
 of tho piiiiei|>al iiii'i'idiants, under wlioin it rcunaiiied for onii hiinih- d and fourteen 
 years, iiulil tlu! pinwiuit yi^ar, wlien a special act of I'arliauient was passed, transfor- 
 iiiy; its luaiia^'ciiiciit to n liody of triislci^s, with power to make by-laws foi' its rcii- 
 lati(Hi. 
 
 Tho (piantity of butter which passes tinoue;li this market isenornious. In the lirst 
 year, 17t'i!>, of the n!cord, lor>,:i(n) i>acka;ies passe.il t!iroiiy[li the market, and I hi' annual 
 ipiantity lias since largely increased, heiiiL? now ciuisiderahly more than three times 
 as much, 
 
 'I'lie lart^ust quantity received in anyone year was in ImTH, when .i:!4,'2:{9 (irkiiiH 
 passed tliroiie;h theniarkcf. 
 
 The Cork Imlter market is held every day. Sunday and .'i few )i()lidiiy8 o.'ccepted, 
 and the sales on a sin;;!o day liavo been as lari;e as :!, .-'()(» tirkins of about 75 poiimls 
 net, which, when inices winidiiL;!), would he value for about ,,'j I'^OCO sti'rliiij;(S;),S,:{lW,) 
 All the letter has to be cleared away wilhiii the day to iiiaki' room for anot lier lar^e 
 quantity coming by road and rail for the iie\l day's market. The syslcin of sclliiT"- 
 butter ill the (Jork mailii't is peculiar to I his market. At a quarter before 1 L a. m.7 
 buyers and sellers assemble around a table, and at Ihelirsl stroke, of II all bnyiiii^mnst 
 be cone lulled, and tiie whole quant ity of bill ler, frequently some thousands i)f liTkins, 
 iiaHchaii.!;ed hands. To the ni.iiiiti.iled tiie buy in;; and seiliiif;- at this table appears ti'> 
 he a. ]i(!rfect Itabel, which can only be unde:slood by the brokers and exporters, who 
 kcc|) up a perfect cross-tiro of oilers and bids until tiie si roke of the clock at 11, when 
 suddenly ;ill the noi.se ceases, buyiiiL; and sellinj!; ;ire over for the d;iy, anil the buyers 
 proceed to carl away their purchases. The llrkiu butter is inspected and classilied 
 by sworn jud;fcs, ,inil jill the b.iriiains ;il tlie table aie made I'or the various qualities 
 of butter HO classilied. Tliis applies only to I he ollicially classilied butler, but there 
 is now also, .sinco the p,'issin>j; of the recent act of rarliament, an open market, where 
 butter is bou;ilit and soM on t he Jud;;uieiit, of the buyers and sellers I heiiise Ives, willi- 
 oiit an.\ oflicial ela.ssilieation. 
 
 Tiiere is anotlier branch of tho trade which is of f^reat importance— tliat of pre- 
 served luilicr ill lieruieticallycloscd cans, lip to very recently t hero were certain 
 restrictions pl.iccd on this br.inch of the trade in the interest, of the dealers in tir- 
 kins, and, all IioiimIi Irish bill ler, from its ^reat keepiiiii properties, is, perhaps, the 
 luosi suiiable of any in the world for preserving;, this important branch of the trade 
 was allowed to ^o into (he hands of the Danish and French packers, who had .several 
 yens' slartof the Irish tiniiedbiit ler i)rese,rvers, and ^'ot poss:'ssio:i of the various 
 foiei,!;u markels. It is !rr..i ifyini,' to b;* able to state, however, that within the last few 
 years, since the Paris fix nihil ion of is?.-!, tho Irish canned-hut ter trade has eroatly ex- 
 tended, and has bei'u particularly active in the last two years. 
 
 In isrn the writer of this paper exhibited Irish butter' ineserveil by a spoelal pro- 
 ee^'s atthe Citiicinirs, oiicn to all nations, held in the Paris Hxhibii ion, and jfiiiued the 
 only j^old uiwdal thereat for preserve butter. As a, fiirtlier testof ils keeping prop- 
 erlies, he sent his lu'cscrved bi'ttcrto tho Mellioiirne i;xliibitioi of 18^1), ainl after 
 crossmu' llie tropics on the voya,i,'e out, it jj.tiiied t he hi^'hest awanl, the silver niediil 
 ;iiid lirst order of merit, lie has since ^Mined a silver medal at Calcutta, and his jjre- 
 .served Irish butter is iiow(18<>)<>" exiiibition in tho (btvernment section of tho 
 World's ICxposiiion at New Orleans. 
 
 The reports from very remote parts of the world, where it has been sent, .Java, 
 the .sijiail-, Settleiiieiits, (,;iiiii,i. Iiidi.'i. S,)iil h America,, A fric.i., and other tropica! am! 
 lraiis-tro|)ic;ilcoiiiitiies, are most enconra'.,'iii^, and t here is everv indication that Irish 
 preserved butter is r,ipidlv uMiniu;.;' lavor ,ill over the world. 
 
 The following tables will ,s|io,v ilie lliicliial ions in tho prices of the lirnvst Imtter for 
 forty years, ending in l.-.-l: 
 
234 
 
 CATTJ.K Airi) DAIRY I'AUMINCJ. 
 
 Tabhn (prepared hi/ Ike writer) nlmwinii the aurrai/e prkr, of Hie I'iihhI biiltef each iiwiitli^ 
 i/cnr, and ten neiirn, and the rimi in prieen /ran Hie lowent to Hie hinhest pnee mehn-ur, 
 for the forty yearn endiiuj in \>^\. 
 
 [In shillings per cwt.] 
 INll to IN5I. 
 
 Sl'llHIIII. 
 
 1841 
 
 1H42-' 
 
 iK4:i- 
 
 IH44- 
 
 isin- 
 
 IHKi- 
 1H47- 
 1H4H- 
 IHIU- 
 
 isno- 
 
 '42 . 
 
 4;i. 
 
 '4«. 
 
 '4r) 
 
 '4(i . 
 47. 
 4H. 
 
 -A . 
 
 AvorHgo.. 
 
 
 
 ■c 
 
 >i 
 
 B. 
 
 rt 
 
 <) 
 
 "^ 
 
 111 
 
 ion 
 
 74 
 
 no 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 m 
 
 70 
 
 1(11 
 
 !)l) 
 
 iW 
 
 ill) 
 
 in:. 
 
 id:! 
 
 luo 
 
 i>4 
 
 Srt 
 
 80 
 
 8H 
 
 84 
 
 !I4 
 
 m 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 80 
 8U 
 
 7:t 
 7.) 
 77 
 74 
 88 
 8.) 
 «.'> 
 0.'i 
 
 77 
 
 a 
 
 1-5 
 
 80 
 81 
 
 7;! 
 71 
 8;i 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 82 
 (>(> 
 (ili 
 
 78 
 
 i i! 
 
 3 
 
 a, 
 
 ■ — 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 84 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 0!) 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 811 
 
 01 
 
 8r> 
 
 o;i 
 
 87 
 
 02 
 
 8! 
 
 78 
 
 0.-1 
 
 08 
 
 (il» 
 
 71» 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 72 
 81 
 
 !i:i 
 
 0.1 
 01 
 70 
 
 72 
 81 
 
 8;i 
 
 ii 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 78 
 7)> 
 01 
 01 
 80 
 88 
 7:. 
 71 
 78 
 
 8:1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 i- 
 
 i- 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 V 
 
 Ss 
 
 .a 
 
 l_ 
 
 s 
 •^ 
 
 A 
 ^ 
 
 ?5 
 
 its 
 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 f.'i 
 
 *) 
 
 00 
 
 :ll 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 811 
 
 88 
 
 81 
 
 l(i 
 
 7:1 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 17 
 
 00 
 
 01 
 
 '01 
 
 100 
 
 84 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 01 
 
 0« 
 
 80 
 
 ■.'1 
 
 02 
 
 00 
 
 0.1 
 
 102 
 
 00 
 
 2H 
 
 DO 
 
 01 
 
 08 
 
 luo 
 
 u;i 
 
 IS 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 ::i; 
 
 7:t 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 7:1 
 
 'j;t 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 8!) 
 
 80 
 
 21 
 
 82 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 21 
 
 IMJil 10 IMil. 
 
 P 
 
 1851-'r.2 . . . 
 
 I8ri2-'5;i . . 
 
 1853-'.'>4... 
 1 851-55... 
 1855-50 . . . 
 18.50-'57 . . . 
 1857-' 58 . . . 
 1858-'59 . . . 
 1850-'(i0 . . . 
 18B0-'01 . . - 
 
 Average 
 
 80 
 
 HO 
 
 08 
 
 70 
 
 7:1 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 (10 
 
 on 
 
 72 
 
 78 
 
 101 
 
 J 02 
 
 81 
 
 00 
 
 »;t 
 
 05 
 
 ..j 111 
 
 101 
 
 02 
 
 »2 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 . .1 120 
 
 lU 
 
 1(10 
 
 \)H 
 
 00 
 
 Kll 
 
 11(1 
 
 1:01 
 
 100 
 
 1(15 
 
 107 
 
 100 
 
 .. 120 
 
 114 
 
 100 
 
 \m 
 
 |II8 
 
 114 
 
 .. 122 
 
 112 
 
 00 
 
 101 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 . . 120 
 
 112 
 
 102 
 
 lOI) 
 
 too 
 
 110 
 
 .. 128 
 .. 114 
 
 122 
 
 107 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 100 
 
 loO 
 
 02 
 
 01 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 0(! I 
 
 08 _ 
 100 . 
 114 I 
 
 no 
 
 105 
 115 
 111 
 
 102 
 
 80 
 80 
 08 
 08 
 112 
 
 no 
 
 no 
 
 105 
 
 117 
 
 114 
 
 io;i 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 00 1 
 
 05 
 
 01 
 
 04 
 
 82 
 
 101 
 
 107 
 
 10V 
 
 107 
 
 OH 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 105 
 
 107 
 
 111(1 
 
 112 
 
 114 
 
 118 
 
 122 
 
 loo 
 
 120 
 
 121 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 llK 
 
 105 
 
 114 
 
 118 
 
 120 
 
 112 
 
 108 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 120 
 
 112 
 
 120 
 
 121 
 
 127 
 
 1:10 
 
 115 
 
 115 
 
 110 
 
 112 
 
 11:1 
 
 HI! 
 
 105 
 
 KiO 
 
 111 
 
 112 
 
 101 
 
 in 
 
 2li 
 •Jfi 
 l!l 
 21 
 
 :!,■) 
 ■J(i 
 
 IMil to l*«7l. 
 
 1801 -'02. 
 IH02-'0;i . 
 18(i:(-'04 
 1804-05 . 
 1K05-'U0 . 
 i80(;-d7 . 
 lH(i7-C.'< . 
 1808-00. 
 1800-70 . 
 1870-71 . 
 
 AviTii;;t> 
 
 11:1 
 127 
 120 
 lit 
 127 
 1:12 
 122 
 128 
 
 i:to 
 1:10 
 
 12: 
 
 111 
 
 10:1 
 
 Kll 
 101 
 100 
 110 
 
 10s 
 
 100 
 105 
 108 
 
 107 
 
 05 
 
 no' 
 
 07 
 
 0:1 
 
 1)^ 
 
 01 
 
 88 
 
 87 
 
 0:1 
 
 04 
 
 105 
 
 112 
 
 102 
 
 no 
 
 117 
 
 111 
 
 ii;i 
 
 114 
 
 lilO 
 
 0!) 
 
 07 
 
 102 
 
 100 
 
 121 
 
 KCl 
 
 101 
 
 III 
 
 111 
 
 117 
 
 125 
 
 luo 
 
 !o:i 
 
 108 
 
 102 
 
 n8 
 101 
 
 118 
 120 
 111 
 102 
 127 
 
 no 
 
 1:10 
 
 11:1 
 
 io;t 
 
 lll(l 
 
 KKI 
 118 
 1:10 
 115 
 lOli 
 
 i:to 
 12 i 
 i:>o 
 
 no 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 11:1 
 
 Kit 
 
 105 
 
 115 
 
 III 
 
 III 
 
 117 
 
 Il7 
 
 1:12 
 
 121 
 
 120 
 
 1:10 
 
 1:14 
 
 112 
 
 lit 
 
 120 
 
 105 
 
 l"7 
 
 115 
 
 1:11 
 
 i;m 
 
 145 
 
 128 
 
 1:11 
 
 i:)5 
 
 i;io 
 
 i:i8 
 
 140 
 
 121 
 
 no 
 
 118 
 
 117 
 121 
 
 11(5 
 
 I. (I 
 
 120 
 144 
 
 i;i:i 
 
 148 
 
 120 i 128 
 
 110 
 
 ion 
 
 21 
 
 no 
 
 IIIO 
 
 ::i 
 
 117 
 
 101! 
 
 ;i:i 
 
 121 
 
 115 
 
 'A* 
 
 1:10 
 
 12:1 
 
 :ii 
 
 120 
 
 ll.'^ 
 
 21 
 
 121 
 
 IIIO 
 
 •J-'i 
 
 i:i8 
 
 12(i 
 
 4:1 
 
 
 ]'lO 
 
 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 1:10 
 
 12 
 
 l!8 
 
 no 
 
 :r.' 
 
 iHrt 10 i»»Ni. 
 
 1871- 
 
 72 
 
 1872- 
 
 7:1 
 
 187;i- 
 
 74 
 
 1874- 
 
 70 ■ . . - . 
 
 187.5- 
 
 70 
 
 l.H'O- 
 
 77 
 
 1877- 
 
 78 
 
 I87.S-70 1 
 
 1870- 
 
 •80 
 
 I.^HO- 
 
 •81 
 
 Av(^ii»so 
 
 1 
 147 1 
 
 120 
 
 i:to 1 
 
 110 
 
 142 1 
 
 120 
 
 1.54 
 
 121 
 
 145 ' 
 
 110 
 
 150 , 
 
 1:10 
 
 112 ' 
 
 no 
 
 117 i 
 
 115 
 
 127 1 
 
 10:! 
 
 148 
 
 112 
 
 14 1 
 
 114 
 
 no 
 
 118 
 
 117 
 
 118 
 
 lit 
 
 111 
 
 115 
 
 115 
 
 114 
 
 no 
 
 12:1 
 
 r2o 
 
 111 
 
 120 
 
 rjo 
 
 no 
 
 124 
 
 1^27 
 
 i;i5 
 
 no 
 
 117 
 
 115 
 
 lot 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 87 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 112 
 
 115 
 
 1'24 
 
 117 
 
 121 
 122 
 120 
 140 
 Till 
 140 
 120 
 
 n:i 
 
 105 
 1:1:1 
 
 12m 
 
 1-20 
 
 1.10 
 
 i;i2 
 
 i;!5 
 
 125 
 
 121 
 
 120 
 
 i:\!< 
 
 1:15 
 
 i:;o 
 
 145 
 
 151 
 
 Iff 
 
 1.50 
 
 15:1 
 
 155 
 
 i:)8 
 
 110 
 
 145 
 
 110 
 
 1.50 
 
 ito 
 
 151 
 
 |.'.8 
 
 l'2:i 
 
 121 
 
 1:10 
 
 1:12 
 
 115 
 
 no 
 
 1-20 
 
 1'28 
 
 120 
 
 |V8 
 
 i:!o 
 
 140 
 
 . i:iu 
 
 1:10 
 
 lt:( 
 
 14:1 
 
 l:i.( 
 
 i.;:i 
 
 140 
 
 14:1 
 
Tlir, IT.NITl;!) KIN(JI)OM. 
 
 235 
 
 ttir null /«()«///, 
 t pncv mrh/ii'dr, 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2s 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 n 
 
 t, a 
 
 r^ 
 
 < 
 
 K 
 
 iV) 
 
 IM) 
 
 ■W 
 
 8H 
 
 XI 
 
 III 
 
 H 
 
 78 
 
 n 
 
 KID 
 
 84 
 
 I'D 
 
 '.Hi 
 
 Hi) 
 
 ■-'1 
 
 102 
 
 110 
 
 2H 
 
 lOII 
 
 u;i 
 
 is 
 
 12 
 
 8l) 
 
 ::i; 
 
 'X 
 
 7;t 
 
 'j;i 
 
 8!) 
 
 8U 
 
 •Ji 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 i;i 
 
 80 
 !)t 
 107 
 107 
 12-' 
 
 I'.'O 
 
 I2li 
 
 no 
 li:: 
 
 77 
 82 
 98 
 I III) 
 10!) 
 llK 
 112 
 112 
 
 nr. 
 ii:; 
 
 101 
 
 2i; 
 ■Jii 
 III 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 IK! 
 
 ion 
 
 1I!< 
 
 Klli 
 
 117 
 
 loi; 
 
 121 
 
 iifi 
 
 i:iii 
 
 12:1 
 
 120 
 
 ll.s 
 
 121 
 
 KM) 
 
 i:iH 
 
 I2(i 
 
 !'[% 
 
 )<>■> 
 
 
 
 mo 
 
 i:m 
 
 li8 
 
 111! 
 
 i.r. 
 
 128 
 
 :iii 
 
 no 
 
 i2ri 
 
 211 
 
 ir-r. 
 
 1:1:. 
 
 '12 
 
 l.V) 
 
 Ill 
 
 :;i 
 
 1 KiO 
 
 i;tr) 
 
 11 
 
 1 l.'iO 
 
 IM 
 
 :i4 
 
 ! no 
 
 120 
 
 2'i 
 
 1:1:1 
 
 120 
 
 ■111 
 
 1 117 
 
 I in 
 
 i;:) 
 
 ii:i 
 
 1:1:1 
 
 :ii 
 
 iii; i 1:11 
 
 I'lM Ihc live yi'Mi.s wliicli liiivc |i;isM'il iiT tlic cunciit (l(!(!;i(ln, iii'iccH liiivc lii'cii liiildo 
 liiuiT iiiid llii' iiMiiliMicy scciiiM to ill' Hi ill lower |(rici<H. 
 
 'III.' |iiv,si!i( y.ir IS liic rli<';i|ii'sl lor ;i Ion;; limo buck, tlio hutlcv market fcolin" 
 (lie elieel of llie <,ne;it (li'])iessi()ii in ]iri(M's lis Heviifdly US olhor cIuhnoh of fariiKirM'- 
 |ii'o(ln ■!'. 
 
 Fur (lie tell yeiir.s eiiiliii;; .I;iMii;ir.v I, HHj, a. liKle over l.OdO.'Mii) (irkiim of Imtter 
 pMssed lliioii;;li llic> Cork market, or Jill averaj;e of 11111,(1(10 lirkiii.s a year, wliieh, If 
 valued at CI lUf. ($I7.(»;!) |ier (irkiii, woiilil i;ive an aiiiiiial toial'of .C l,1(>(»,0(H» 
 (,»;(i,^l:!,l(l'l) as the yearly v aliie of (||,i butter sold in tlmCork Imller marktti diirinj' 
 liiesi' two yearH. 
 
 I'. .1. CLANCIIY. 
 
 THE BUTTER INDUSTRY OF IRELAND: 
 
 I llvidciice 111' Williniii .1. I.aii 
 
 lii'l'ii 
 
 I'liiiiiiiilli 
 
 lliiUHe (iI'diiiiiniiiiH.I 
 
 To discuss the (|iieHlioii of tlie Irish Imtter industry from eitlK-i' (he farmer's or 
 triiiiei's iioiiit of view would Im< an inexeiiHalilo mistaken Its nalioiial imiiortaneo 
 eoiilil hardly lie overestimated. The iiiaiinl'iK'tiire of Imtter is the Htiiple industry of Irc- 
 l;ind, and any close stiid(Mit of what is e<iin<;dn in otlier coimirrics iimst reeo^ni/e that, 
 Ihc fntiirc ai^iiciiltiiral iirosperily of Ireland lar;.jely depends on thi< full development 
 of its dairy iiidnstiii's. While JJrilisli fr((^-tiadi^ legislation continues it would ]m< 
 NJ 111 ply impiissilile for Ireland to compete, as a <frain-)irodnciny; country, with the ever- 
 incie.lsin^ wheat areas of (laiiada, United Stales, liiiHsia, India, M'^yiit, and Aiistraii.a. 
 
 The ap|iro:uiii;ite iiiiiiilicidf call le in tlie I'niled .Stales is .M,(l(lii,'iiilll, and the possil 
 Me increase may lii' est im.ited liy th-i fact that lln^ pasliira;;e l.inils west ol'the Missis- 
 sip]ii cM-ced 7>(l,(ill(MM)i» acres. V.mU yi'ar the cat I le-raisinj; ind'istry of t lie United 
 ;-;iales makes a vast stride, and year l>y year t Ik^ dcveloimient <if the American lail- 
 way-sysleins and the coin pet it ion of oeeaii-earryiii<; li 11 is en allies the siirphis prod nee 
 ol America to he landed on our shores at prices with which Irish farmers cannot com- 
 pete. 
 
 'I'he ilirciitciicd compel i I ion of Anstr.ilia and .South America in the meal markets of 
 (Ircat r.ritaiii, hy m.aiis of rel'.i^ciator t rans|iortation, should not lie minimized or 
 Ignored as ;iiio(licr source o( (laii;;cr to the Irish c.itlle trade. Tlieso facts jiistitV the 
 .issiimpi ion that li ish farmers caiinol, in the fntiire, look forward eit her to I he laisin" 
 111' ;,fraiii or cattle as a reiminerat i\ c cmidoyment. li.irley and oats, of course, niav VeT, 
 lie iv^^.irded as payinn' crops, lint, like ;ill otiiers, they .also are menaced in various 
 ways, liy clilnaleand the nalniiMil' its soil inland is specially .ida (it ed to the manii- 
 lactiire of liiilter, and its <.veo;;;r.iiiliic.il position certainly i^ivi-s it, <rrc,it advantai;es 
 
 lor Ihc s| ly miirketiiiir ,,f iis produce, as compared with tho ol her countries riv-^il- 
 
 iiii; il in I he Iintter t rade of I'.n^'land. 
 
 Aildressiii'; the lvoy;il Itiildiii Society in Decemlier, Ism, I'rotessor Sheldon valued 
 that veal's make of Iri.sh Imtter at C'1,1S1,s1h, 1 have no hesil.ation in sayin.i- that 
 liy ]iioper de\el(ipnient the Init ter jirodnee of Irel.ind i (iiild lie raised to I'lii ininnal 
 \,ilne of over fjlv.',<i'i'i,i"">, with even I he s.iiiie iinnilier of cows. This is not didicnii, 
 to calcnlale. Willi the present very inferior Ineed of d.iiry eat lie in Ireland, the avei- 
 a;^e annn.il prodiiet ion of milk per cow may lie put down'at 'l;iO <;alloiis. It, reonires 
 :!.< gallons of (he milk yielded liy these cows to produce 1 iionnd of Imt ter li\ the oidi- 
 
 nary methods of settiii;,' and (diiiriiiii!,'. This eives.a retiirn of l:i:! | nds of Imtter 
 
 per cow. The cows on the Mniisler model school farm i^ive :in averse animal vield 
 of ti'.HI ;;;illons of milk, whiidi, liy the use of the sep.ir.itor, produced an avera"-e vii Id 
 ot-,'7(i pounds of Imtter per cow. Air. Ii'ich.ird liartcr, of St. Aniie'.s, IU;irnev,"attains 
 an average of -J-J.-^ pounds of Initler per cow 111 his im|trovcd dairy. T.ikiiii,' a'l'ar lo'wi-r 
 staiidanl Ih.in Mr. I!,irter's of what ini;;ht lie achieved liy an improved hived of dairy 
 cows, ;ind an improvcll method of maiiiit'acliire, I do iio('(hink a yield of -Jiri pounds 
 of liiilter per cow would he ;iii impossilile achie\emcnt, which would lie .an increase 
 of two- 1 hi ids on i!iec|uautity iindeat present. To est iunni. the increased price which 
 "(iiild 1 ta.iicd lor Irish Inilter mannl'actiircd on tlie most improvcil eontiiKnilai 
 
 systems at one-third of its prcsenl value needs no ti;,'iires to support the assumption 
 
 Should the accuracy of the alinve lie;nres lie.iuesli d, which is ((iiile iio.ssilile lie' 
 
 c.nise Ihere are no sl.and.ird records of the produce of (hi^ .ayerai,'e dairy cow of the 
 Irish fanner, I can fall lnudi on the wide room Ihere is to support a vast'ly-inerejised 
 liuiiil.er of dairy cows in [ivhniil, 1.1 su.si.iin my Micorytli.it The Imller produce of the 
 .oimtrycan lie raised to an annual v.iliieof C l'J,(iiMI,(tlMI. This sum would niy two- 
 lliiids of the present rental of IielamI, ami if (he dairy resoiirc-s of Irelai'id wero 
 
23G 
 
 CATTLE AND 1)AIKY FAUMtNO. 
 
 in 
 
 iloviilopc*! to tlioir full ciiimtiity, tlu) wliolt* jimsout roiitivl hIii>iiI<1 I)o \m\i\ liy t\w bu( Ur 
 |nii(lii(!« uloiio. This hIiowh tl'ui grwit luitiimiil iiiij)(>r(iiiii;i) of Mm Irisli Imttcr imlim- 
 
 It, would bo vt;ry dillii'.uit to convey to tlio minds ol" jmrHoiiMoiitsldn tiin Iiinli butter 
 triido th«i very low level to which liiMh butler has liilleu in tlio uiiirkets of (jreal 
 Itritiiin. rerl'iiiiis its position couhl not be better illnstrutetl tlian by Htiitl!i)j; tlmi 
 in Dublin, the Ciipital of Ireland, the re(|uirementH of the coiiHuiniu}; public ureal 
 iiKist; entirely catered for with DaniBli butter and Dutch butterlnc. One lino ,,1 
 steauuirs from Hotterdaui huH bronnht no less than fourteen thoiiHand paelva;j;es i.C 
 biitleriuo to Dublin since the 1st of .Fannary, and very Iarf;e (luautiiics manufan 
 urcdin other countries have l)eeu broujLjht by other routes, the exact amount of whiili 
 could not bo ascertained. When this is possible at a time when, the produce of Irish 
 dairies was bcin-^ sold at Tx*. (ir/. per imiind, and the best at '.>(/.,* no surprihe need be 
 e\presse<l at the exclusion of Irish butter from l^imdon, Manchester, FJverpoid, Ac. 
 As a matterof fact Irish butter can only bo sold now with very jjieat dilliciilly in a ri\» 
 of the mannfactnrinjj; districts of Kn^jhiud, ami the area (rf its coiisuniptioii is bccoin 
 in;; more limifiMl every year, its competition now is rather with t he prodmi' of I hr. 
 but teriiio factories than with the butter shipped trom France, I )enmai k, (icrmaii\ , 
 and Sweden. Untterino has realized a higher price in the Kn^'lish and Dublin mar 
 Kets for theiiast twelve nioiiths than secondary fr|;id,.,s of Irish but er. and llii< bull, 
 of Irish butter, unfortunately, is of Hc(!ondary (inality. 'I'ho price rcali/cd tor Irish 
 butter is 8iiiii)ly ruinous for the Irish farmers, and with a continnanre of theexiMllun 
 Nvstem of Irish' dairy in;j;, the prospect is most dislK-arteuin;;. It simply means a;;ii 
 cultural ruin, and a<;ricultural ruin means nalional bankruptcy for Ireland. I have 
 iiK'asnred and do not shirk the responsibility of this statcnuuit. The Kooiier it isr.i'. 
 o;,'ni/,ed bv evtu-y ono interested in the w<'lfiire of this country llc^ better. 
 
 "riiat there is no natural imiiedimeiit to Irish biitlcr excelling' the produce of all 
 other countries is clearly ostablislicd by Mr. T. .1. (.'laiichy, of l.'ork, bavin;; obtaiinil 
 the ;;(dd medal at the Varis Exhibition of l.'-'TH, and mi dais at the exhibitions i,f 
 (Jalculta and Melbourne, frmu all c(unpt litors, with the butler of selected Irish 
 dairies, and, also, by theexlreme hi;;li prices comm.indi'd on the Iiondon market r,ir 
 the bill I (^r of oiK! or two I'aclories established in Ireland, on the eoniineiital s,\sti'iii, 
 by the b'ev. l^aiion lia;;of. What, then, it will be asked, has caused tli(( decline m' 
 tiie Irish butter trade i I do not hcsil.ilc to place the res|MMisil)ility for it, (ui the iico;- 
 Icct of our (jfovcrnmcnt to juDvide for I he education of our farniers, as has been done 
 bv the (Jovcrnmeutsot'all 1 hose count lies which have excelled us in the man n fact in ,> 
 oi' butter for the last thirty years. Willi pateru.il soliciiinle ihi y spared noelii.rls to 
 biin;; ediicatHUi on dairy-farmiii;; within tlu; leach (d' their aH;ruuli oral popiilal imis. 
 The success of their ell'orts is evidenced by the jirospcrity of their dairy iiidiislries, 
 as also by the sad ])light of the Irish dairy farmer, who has been left unassisted aiiil 
 
 iiueilucaled in tho keen competition forced on him by his European and A riiau 
 
 rivals. 
 
 The mill which is now impending; over tiie dairy farmers of Ireland, and the e;eii- 
 eral a;;ricult iiral de])rcssi(Ui of this country, is rebuke, siiliicieiit for I he apathy and 
 ne^lee? the (Jovernment that undertakes to lule us have exhiliiti'd towards Irelaiiil's 
 best iiiterosts. The Ciovcruments of the United Stales, Fiance, (Jermaiiy, Denniaik, 
 and Sweden have all recoeiiizcd their res]ioUNibility of inacl ically ediiialin;; their 
 aijricultural subjects, and have sjyared neither money nor t ioul)le in eliicient ly ilis- 
 ih.ir^iint; that duty. The (iovi'iiiment of Ireland has dune nolhin;; for the Irish 
 farmeisr The farniers of Ireland had .'i far stroii;;cr claim on the (Jovernment than 
 those of any of the countries above named, liecaiise, owiii;; to Jiast IJritish le;;isla- 
 tlon, they were denied education, and, owin;; to tho Irish land-laws, they have liren 
 alwa.NS kept ou the border of poverty. They were thus luevented from doiii;; fur 
 themselves what was done for thts educated and prosiierous fanners of other coiiiil lies 
 by their resjiectivt! Governments. I do not want to inlrodiiee pnliiics, niinecessaiily, 
 into this statement, but it is impossible to exclude tin? attitude of ( he (Joverniiiiiii 
 of Irclantl trom the discussion of a (|uestiiiii which so very lar;;('ly l)in;j;es on the 
 measures that have been adopted by the (iovernments of those cuuntries which have 
 so successfully driven Irish butter out of the markets of (ireat Kritain. Witlioiil Ihe 
 assistance and education ^iven l)y the continental (ioviriinients their dairy I'aniiiis 
 could never have beaten Irish butter out of the markets. Up to the time these (Inv- 
 ernmeiits niado dairy interests a state care, Irish butter, throiiKh force of the siiperl- 
 ority it derived fron'i tho natural advanta^'c of soil and climaie, was lii;,'hly pri/.eil 
 not alono in Fn;;land but in every country iienetr.ited liy IJritish commerce. Year 
 by year, as education improved the make of butter in ol her eoiiul lies, the preslieenf 
 Irish sank lower and lower until it has c(uii(> to that point beyond whidi it caniinl 
 j;o without extinction. 
 
 Situated, then, as they are, throui^h no t'aull ol tlu ir own, the Irish dairy farmers are 
 III lerly ilii.'ible tohel]) themsidves in I liis uneven s( rn;;y;le wit h thi> state-si'!>poited eoni- 
 petitionof oth(;r coiiiilries. Their ignorance of even what is causing the depreciation 
 
THK TNITKI) KINGDOM. 
 
 237 
 
 of rliPir proiluwi (an is ovlilonccfl liy Uio (•oin|»liiiiit'< in tlir Irisli |irrMsii>,'iiiimt (lie IiIhIi 
 liiiM<riiii'n')i.'iiits),:in(ltlirir lit I iri liability tliriiiiKli w.'iiil i>l'rii|iitiil t<i)iiovl<l<M'ltlii'riiii 
 jiii|(Mi\c(l lured ol'iliiiiy MtocU 111- tli(«]ii'()|icr ii|i|ilimicoH loriiiniicrii dniryiiij^, iiiai<<i mi 
 iiiiiis><iMf<'tl fllorl ti> iii^iiiiliiiii tilt) Hlriij^ult) for t'xi«t('iic,(5 ii t<iiii|iln \vaHl« of (•ii('r;{y. In 
 i.flii'i' couiitiicH tin' irNidciit. iioliilily iiixl (gentry laij^cly iiid the hcIu'Iih'h of <ii)vorii- 
 in( III cdiitMtioii l>y iiiiiintuitiiii)^ liii-;:{t( model diiirieM on their cMtute, wliere (ioverii- 
 iiic'iil teiiilieiM iiistriiet tlio loliillitry, liy priietieiil djiiiy o.siteriiiieiitH, and liy tliii Hllll^ 
 ol calveHolf Ihi'so farms, tho lireiul of tlio licsf dairy stock is disMeminated amongst 
 the smaller dairymen. Ity having the center of attraction In London, Irish noldemeii 
 and lain" landed iiroprit^tors live out of tho conntry, and evern this sii|i|demental as- 
 Hwlance and ediietilion which is given on larger estates on tlio (/'ontinent isdeiiied to 
 the Irish farmer. Hesides tho liirgo ondowinents given l>y overy State in the Union 
 for a/jrieiiltnial c(dlegns, tho American (lovernmeni, spent !t?17r>,71(t.2(i last year in cir- 
 culating; knowledge in agricultural miittors amongst tho wealthy fiirmcrH of tho United 
 Slates. 
 
 What has lieeii done, and is boing «l(>no by Enroj)f'iin stattm to j)romote seionlille, 
 da ly-Lirming has been so often placed before tho public of late that I need not ro- 
 caiiitiilale it hero. A lefereneo to the United Stales consular reports will n'waril the 
 iii(|iiisitivo on the jioiiit. I hav() said enoiigli to prove that it is the paramount duty 
 of I he state (iovernment to (U)me to the assistance of the Irish dairy lariners, ajul to 
 do Hii (|iiickly if they iH'n I" bo saved from annihilation, and Ireland from overwhelm- 
 in;; disaster, tho Govi^rnmcnt must fully recognize that they alone, by iieglet'ting tln^ir 
 olivloiis duty, are rcsponsihlo for the existing crisis, and half measures cd' assistance, 
 oi l'eel)l(< ("xpcrinients will lie of no avail. I am iiotr concerned wilh the general iigri- 
 (•iilliiral re(|uin!inents of lielaiid, and must therefore only conline myself tosiudi jiarts 
 of a gc:icral agricultural improvement scheme as 1 think imp(>ratively nec'essary for 
 I lilt )iniper development of the mail ii fact lire of Irish butter. In t\w United States ihe 
 |)eparliiieiit of Agriculture ut Wasliiiiglon looks after the inteiestsof agricullureover 
 (■heir wliolii t(a'ri(o<!'y ; it is presided over by a ininister, a.ssisted by a sciciitillt; Mtalf, 
 Knell separate State, there, has its own agricnll iiral colleges and I'ariiis. 
 
 1 do not think wo need go farther for a model of what is wanted ifi lieland. Wo 
 waiiti a department of agricnlturc) in Dublin, whose duty {hilir aim) should be to 
 direct a system of dairy schools and farnis in ('very county tt) train teachers for tlio.se 
 schools; io collect and disseminate" iiifoiiiiati<Mi on every siib.jcct coniieclcd with iIk^ 
 most iiiipi'oved sy.steinsin other conn tries; to import and experiment on t he ImnI breed 
 of dairy cattle, and distribnt4) them on the slate dairy farms of the counties for which 
 each brei'd was best adapted, to jirovidi^ Govern men t loans to farmers I'or the erect ion 
 ofdaiiy and cow lionses, ajid in every other way to iiromoto the f,'eueral dairy indus- 
 try of ilie whole conutry. 'I'liere sluiiild be a (iovernment dairy college in «n'ery 
 comity, and, to t'lillill its mission ]iroperly, a. farm of dimensions proportionate to the 
 iiiinilier of piipiLs, who, from the agiiciiltural ])opula.t ion, mlglit be expected t<i attend, 
 Klioiild be allaclied to each. The scab! of fees charged should be within t he reaidi of 
 small rarmei's, and scholarships ought to be awarded at an eiit ranee examinat ion, to 
 imiiice intcii ling pniiils to sliidy elementaiy sulijccts connecte.l with dairying. In 
 Fiime oi'tlie huge agricnll oral colleges on the Continent, the (io\eriinient contributes 
 a grant for each dairy maid eiinivaleiit to lht< ditVereiice between thi< value of her 
 work and lier exiien.v on the establishment ; she ]iays nothing for her ediicat ion. in 
 the Swedish cn| leges t he cost of Ilia i III a ill I ng a dairy maid for a year is £ If', her work 
 is valued at ,l_'7. .■iiiil the (ioveinment coiitrilmtes .C 1 1. The produce of the dairy 
 leaves the esi ablishiiieiit a |iiijIIi. Ill such colleges the au;ricnli iiral male pupils pay 
 high tecs. On thesii Irish coiiiil\ I'aiiiis ;i herd ol' pedigree bulls and cow.s slionbl be 
 maililaiiied. the Ibrnier shoiihl he a\ .lilable to t lie t'Miniej's of the <lisli'ict on pa\ meiit 
 ofa fee. and Ihe lal ler (of diDeieiil breeds) slioiild be expel iineiiled with Io lest their 
 niilk and biiller [uodiieiiig i apacit ies < ii tliedillereiit kinds of pasturage in each 
 coiinly. 
 
 'flic iiiiportance aitailicd to this point on the Coiilineiit may he gatlu'rcd from the 
 fact llial I licri" are dilieieiit stalls of (Jo\ ernmeiit professors employe. I for ei^ht or ten 
 years ((iiiseciilively exaliiiiiing with iIk'iiiosI aeciirati^ scieiililiir |irecision (even by 
 analysis of t lie skimmed milk and buttermilk ) t he iiroilnee of all the various breeds 
 of dairy stock on cNciy dillereiil section, so as to decide by what aitiiieial foods the 
 pasture gr.'iziiig should he sii))plenieiited on each farm to niaintain a iii;i\iiiiiiin butter 
 pioiliiee. The same siieiil ilie precision informs the l.irnier of each district at what 
 tempiial lire the dairy-house, the cow-honse, the cellar, and even the dnnk of the 
 caltle iiiiist be maintained lor every week of the year; in the same way he is guided 
 as to coniparativi" adv.intages of th(( dry tub, water, ice, and separator system i 
 olitainiiig hi.s cream, and even to the iMlect which I lie dilVerence liiiweeii 'J,. KM) ai 
 ',',r>(itl levolntions per minute of the separator will c.inse on the (|iiality (d' the j'reaiii, 
 1 digres-ed to show by what means iliii peilo'tioi: iil dairy larmiiig has been acconi- 
 ]ilished on t he ( 'oiitiiielit . 
 
 'I'lie total .ilisence of wliM may be called any high-milking slock in Ireland is one 
 of tiic gravest features of the sitnation, Kveii amongst those who go in for keeping 
 
2d8 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIIiY I'AKMlNd. 
 
 v«iy liinlieliWM «!iitU<t ill Ii<-liniil, llio ^rfnttiHt iiKciition Iiiim Imch |iiii<l li> llir Htiiiiiis 
 (hut iiiimIiico iii(»h(, li.'of, iit tin- oxpfiiw' of tlio losH of (lio milk. In ollici i oiiiihirM 
 tlioy lined (luiry Htock for milk Urst mid littif uflciwiirdM. Tiny foimidfr II. |>a\H 
 Mifiii bettor to)(iili» liiuli ii^tuiii of ImlU'r for moiiuj yiarN mid Ioni- iv lilllo on tint hhIh 
 of tlio <i>w. In a vtiry ffw yours ivhiiiiiII lu'iil of a^ood Mlriiin of inilkcrH on iiioli (ifty- 
 criiment farm would diMMtininato wood milKiiin iilood tlironjjii tlio wliolo dairy NtoiK 
 of Ireland. At prownt, tlni ni-ncral riiii of farnurH iiovcr know what kind of Mtock 
 Mit'ir dairy cowHare cUrivid from ; they Imy Hi'in on climiw, in fairw and murk<^t>t. 
 Homo idea of what may he done in the way of hreedin^r for milk may he n'lHiercil 
 from the fact that in Anieriea i>arlicnhii- utraiiiH of JerHey eowH yield from UO to Kill 
 poiindMof ItiiMer jiermonlh, and there are unthentieuL.Hl iceordM oi" (miwm yiohliiij^ UK, 
 (onndH of lintfer per nionlh for a HeaMon. Of I'oiune theMo eatlle are only laney 
 Ln'edH hut it shown what iiiinlit •'« <loiie on Government farms. The partieiilars (if 
 these records ean hefiiund in (he llreeders' Gazette of America. It is niineeessiiry Inr 
 me here to state what should he the trainiiiK Kivcn in siieh ilaiiy schools lo |iii|iils. 
 There should he a seed-testiiif,' station attached ttnacli, as one id" I he greatest dniw- 
 haeks to small dairy farmers in Ireland is the wrelehed class of seeds im|uised on him 
 l.y nnscrunnlous dealers. I am informed l>y practical farmers of jjreut e.vperien.n 
 that it isiiwinj,' to the delttterions ailnlterations of jjrass seeds that the inereaHid 
 ah'ortiiii; of cows is mainly ilue. This source of loss to the Irish dairy farmer is in- 
 ereasiiiK yearafter year. It is heinn anxiously invest ij,'iited by the American Gijveni- 
 ment anil dill'erenl" authorities aserilm its spread to dill'erent causes. It illiisirate.i 
 (•h« neeessitv of having a veterinary as well as a seed departmi^nt "in each kIjimiI. 
 Kacli of theisiteonnty estahlishmenlsshonhl he jirovided with a tr.ivelinn dairy, mid 
 its working;, illusiialed hy a competent lecturer, should lie e.vhihited at the \■.^r^^^. 
 fairs and «rther centers where the a«ri(iillural community could he instructed. A 
 moiiel dairy and perniaiient exhihition of improved appliaiiees iimkIiI with very ^jreut 
 •idvnita"cs bt» cHtahlished at the Cork IJntter Market, wln'ie hundreds ol fariiier:, 
 ioiiidseeit in openition every day. Dairy edu<'ation must be broiiKht within rearb 
 of the farming masses, poor us well as rich. 1 think elementary education on diiiiy 
 farmiii" shoiihl form part of t he natitmal school system. (Joviuiinient should mii|i- 
 pleiiH^iit, the funds of a>{ri(iiltural si)ci<!ties to enable them to otVer attractive \nT/xs 
 for successful dairying. Without proju'r dairy and cow liniise accummodatioii im 
 amount of cdiicatio'n w(»nl(l eiialile the Irish fanm^r to produce >,'ood luitter. They 
 iin^ practically withoiitone or the other at present, that is, as these hiiildiiiKtj are un- 
 derslood in diiiry countries, on the Continent and iiiAiiierici. Milk, cream and lint- 
 (er are most snseeptible of taint from any kind of bad odors or impure air. The iiK.st 
 freoneiit complaint af^aiiist Hcconilary Irish butter is its peaty or smoky llavor. Thin 
 is fontracted by luiviii^' the milk H(^t, and the butter made in the ordinary dwelliiiii 
 rooms of siiiali farmers. Iiiii>nrit ies also attach to the milk, owiii^; to the lihliy 
 condition id" the cow from bad Htablin;,'. Thereforti a model well-drained cowjiiiii.,!' 
 IS of asmiich importance as a model dairy. Lounson favorable terms should bi'Mivcn 
 to the farmers to ere<t those building's, and I think it would lie well if the (liivcrn 
 ment prepared model jilaiis for e.-ieli class of bnildiiifr, and insisted on their bein^' all 
 eonstnictedaecordiii;; to tlios(! plans. The cost eoiild be lixed liy scale, in propoiiidi, 
 to tint number of cows lo be provided for. The expense of obtaiiiin;; such lii;,iis 
 
 should also be refr. dated by a low lixed scale. In askiii^c .s iicli assistance Iroin iln' 
 
 Government for Irish dairy farmers, I do not ask for more for thc'iii than liiis birn 
 done by ol her (iovernmeiits, and I do not see why these county farms should not, lie, 
 at least, sell-siipportiii;,'. N'o sclniiie of improved dairyinj; will<iuite enable I he hisli 
 farmer to eoiniiete favorably without extension of the present nii'.ins of t ran sport, i- 
 t'ion. Ireland iiiiist be opened up by either tramways or linlit railways, and until 
 some cheaper Jind (|uieker means of beiii;; able to construct thtiUi llniii exists al pns 
 ent is iirovided by legislation, limitiii;,' and rcdiieiii^' the pov i r -f firtions oppusi 
 tioii, thisdevelopn'ient will hr of very s|.i\. ^jiowlli. If the (Jovenuiieiii lei ).j;iiizc Ihi' 
 .St roiV' claim the Irish dairy farmers have on them, and even at tliv eh" - nth Ikum 
 undertake to provide the .•issist;iiiec I ask for, then there is si ' n ilo n;i ai to hipc 
 for a speedy revival of the Irish buttertrade ami the prosperity of tlie country. With 
 iiropermaiiufactiire Irish butter must lead the market, on account of its naturaisii 
 periority and tl.ivor. Of course a ,u;rcat deal will h.ive to be done by all who have In 
 handle the improved make of butter, so as to put it in t.ie markets in the inost ;il 
 tractive shaiic. The packa;;cs must he>;reatly improved--l would recommciiil white 
 pack.'ij,'^ ■', of .'16 pounils, as most likely to b(^ received favorably. They should be ,•*(. 
 ihapel Irtct.'. " .-^011 hi not be rolled; this would save the butter from threat abuse, t\ui\ 
 kcei> th' !'.i •V;»j.;c'8 oh 11. I see no reason why our butler iiackaj^es shoiihl iini lie 
 iiuide<if 1 1 ' i. wVi ;> ^'rowH in Ireland most abundantly, and, which, consciincntly, 
 would '..^•. I", than imiiorted oak. 
 
 There i,- ;,n oi.ieciion In if on lie: ;;roliiid th:i! butter dc-K u"! IccrS! ^u •.veil 1!! I>;.i!i 
 
 as in oak i .isks for a leii;;tlicncd period. In the future th<-ie will be no iMTessiiy to 
 keep butter any timi' in casks, and |irc,jndi(:es of this ki^id should not be periniitcd 
 
TUK lINirKD KINGDOM. 
 
 239 
 
 (o iiiliTlwi with till' iitili/ulion of thJH imtivo timlMir, which In now luuiiliuully worth - 
 IcNH wlitJii ^rown in iiiiaiitity. Tim iiumt Hcioiititlc liuttor-iinHliiciiiK coiiniruiM, llcii- 
 iiiiuk, Hwiilt!!!, (Inriimiiy, uiiil Aiiiriieii, iisi> nothing luit \hva . ■■)iekii>,'<'.H, whilo wo in 
 IriliiiHl, tlii'oiiKh <iur iKnoiiinci', Mcnil fnmi ,/i;riO,(ioo to jC1<I0,(I0(», unnnitlly, out of tiio 
 iroiiiitiy lor iiiiporlod onli. In tliJH connection, 1 cannot omit iilorrinK to tiio very liiid 
 tniiiiMint wliich liiuli liuttcr rcirivcsfnnn botli our niilwiiy iinilHtciiinNlii|M'oni|mnifM. 
 Tiny liauiiic it roii>;lily, \vlii<li, ot courHx, injuicH llio i|Uiility, and ncitln'r on tintir 
 |i!iitroiiiiH, wIiuiIh, trnckH, or ntfii' mim. do tluiy iniilio uny Hpcitiiil provision, in Iho 
 siniplo iiuitlirol" clciinliniiNM, for th. proper Iriumportation'or IriHli hotter. Tim eon- 
 Mec|ueneo i.s that very often ii. sldpper is not iihio to roco>j;ni/.e in tln> hcgrinied euHkM 
 ilelivered in London or Manehester the (dean packaKeH Hhipped at Cork or Watcrl'oril. 
 In lliiM matter a ^ri'iit inJuNliee is done to Irish hiitter. In the local rales from pro- 
 diieer to market, and in tint Kenoral rates from Irish markets to tiio KiiKlish centers, 
 Irisji lititter is very heavily handicajfped l>y execssivo charj^es. Itiitterlne is hrouKht 
 Iroiri Holland to Dnhlin at less money than Cork hotter conid ho delivered in Duhlin. 
 Itiiiler is hroii>,'ht from New York to Liverpool at less nioiH\v than from (Jork to tlm 
 name port. It costs -l-.'w. iUi. jiir ton to send Cork hntier via Dnhlin to Hrailford, and 
 |)iiiiislilintterisl)r(mj{htlromCopcnlniK«i> via Ilidl, Bradford, and Liverjiool to Dnhlin 
 at :.'.i«. per ton. The Iri.sli carrying? companies are doiiiK their hest to kill the Irish 
 hiitter trade. I wish a (h'pnfation of their tralllc nninagers w<Mdd visit ^'rane<^ and 
 llollurid to SCO the delicate handlinjn which hatter reecuves from the carryin;,' com- 
 panies there, antl the scrupulous cleaidiness of the triuiks and Nteanicrs specially ri^- 
 servcd fur hut ter tralllc. What is wanted in Irish hiitter is cleanliness in niaki>, jtaidi- 
 in;;, and transportation, close f,M'aiii, and line texture, total excliisicni of water, freedom 
 froiii oNcisalting, evi'ii qiialiiy, even color, ami iinifoiiuity of wi-inld. I cannot «on- 
 cliide this paper without referring t<i the InitteriiU) trailc. It would he cdiildish to 
 say that hccaiise hntterine iiile'rleres with the sale of hiitter therefore it oii^jht he 
 Mi'pitres.sed. When uianufactiiied from wholesome iiiHndiciitH and sold under its 
 proper d( si;;iialion it is as Icj^itiniate an article of food as any other. Itiit when the 
 Ir.'ide is eoiidiictcd as it now is, most dishonestly, it ceases to'liavo any elaiiii to e<Mi- 
 siilcrate tiejitment. In this week's issue of The (iiocer, ono of tlie lar^^est whoh-sale 
 liiiiises ill London advertises to sell it as tiiicst Irish lirkins and line Irish lirkiiis; 
 ,1 Dutch tirm oilers, hy circular, to make it so as to iniitati^ any well-know n hiitter — 
 Irisli lirkins and Irisli roll heiiij,' specially mentimieil. Kviry week's police olhco 
 reports contain records of lines imposed lorselliii;^ hntterine as hiitlcr. In Duhlin 
 last week several linns were lined .CIO lor selling; Diittdi hntterine as Irish iidl hiitter. 
 I have no hesitation in sayiii;; that I helii^ve niiieteen-t weiitieths of t'.^ hntterine sold 
 ill (ireat Hritain is consumed as hiitter. Irre])arahle dama>;o has heen (hnie to the 
 <lairy iiitenists id' these coiintries hy iliis nefarious iradiii^, and railiameut should 
 intervene to put a stop to it. This (jiimjiound has no (laiiii to the uaiiio hiiltcrine; 
 il is adopted to di^ccive the piihlic. 'lliis iianio should he proliii)ited. Let these com- 
 pounds of fathiMallcd iiiai),'arine or oleoiiiar{,'ariiie. If, as they claim, the niaiiiifaet- 
 iiicrs depend on its inninsie merits to scli it, they need not fear adopt in<; its true dcsij;- 
 iialion. K\cry jiackanc^ imported into the country should have either of those naincs 
 liraiidcd on il- in letters luie inch loiiji, and also Iho name ov the manufacturer or his 
 li.ide-iiiark. I'.veiy iKieka^e issuing from a ISritish factory should eoinply with the 
 same coiidilions. Lvery shopkee|ier seliiii}^ any <|iiantity of theso compounds should 
 lie hound hy law to mention the name <d' the coin)ionnd to the purchaser. If thesis 
 conditions heenrinced. with I ho same penalties as they (or si mi liar provisions) are en- 
 lorced in other countries, no injustice will he dono to' honest traders, and a «;real act 
 of Justice will he done to dairy farmers, who have quite en(uijj;h to face iiiUie ki iii 
 competition of honest rivalry. The <?.\isliuf>' powers id' dealiii;^ with this ji;i^'aiitie 
 swindlinjj ar(^ utterly inadeiiinite. Unless from tho.se who are interested in niaintain- 
 iiij; fraud. I don't see where any opposition could he ji;iven to legislation in this direc- 
 tion. 
 
i 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 CATTLE BREEDS OF FRANCE AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 
 
 KEVORl' Iir CONSUL WILLIAMS, OF ROUEy. 
 IJVTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Ill c(>iiii>li;iiico with tlie itMiiu'st of llio D('])artmoiit of Slate to cxniiii'io 
 ■111(1 icpoit iipnii tlie siibjccl inentioiied in the eattle cireiihir aihhosscd 
 to tiie coiisuLs of the United states 1 liuve eateuorieally answered Hi,. 
 (luestions therein propounded (see «tateiiieiit atehvse of report; and will 
 attempt to render the work more eomplete and praeti(;;il bysucii descriii- 
 lions illustratiims, and inim-matlon m* 1 have been able (> obtaiii IVom 
 jierso'iial observation of lie ditt'erent In-eeds of cattle in their origiiml 
 homes and from other reliable sources. . . ,. . 
 
 This consulate embraces a iar^e iwrtiom oi the ancient district of 
 Normandy, is situated in the northwest portion of l'^ranc(>, and well 
 adapted by its fertilitv and abundant supply of water lor -^ra/.iiif;- pur- 
 poses and has Ion f? been distiiijiuished lor the peculiar and marked 
 type of its cattle and horses, and affords a wide held tor (he slndv (if 
 the races of (;attle indi}j[enous to J^'rance ; while its contij-nit.v to (aeut 
 Britain on the one side, and ]5el{«iiim, Holland, and (iermaiiy on the 
 other renders jiicat caution necessary lo discriminate betwe(ii the 
 (ni"iiial and mixed breeds. We reserve the title of distinct breed to ;i 
 number of individual animals prescntinj; uniform characteristics, shapes, 
 and adaptabilities, and capable of traiismittinj-' and i)eii)eluatiii<. this 
 type in their pro-ieny. 'J'here must be this (ixity to constitute a race 
 
 DISTINCT FRENCH I5UEEDS OF CAT'I'LE. 
 
 France api)ears to have a substantial claim to eijihteen distinct breeds 
 of cattle, of which I append a list, adopting- the French nomeiiclaliiiv; 
 
 (1) Flamande, (H) N(Uiiiaii(le, (.'J) I'.relonlie, (I) Parthenaise, (a) Char- 
 olaise, (0) Limousine, (7) Maiutelle, (S) Comtoisis (*•)) Femeluie, (10) llivs- 
 sane, (11) de Salers, (12) (laronnaise, (i;5) IJazadaise, (II) Laiidaisc, 
 ( J5) (;asc(mne, (10) Baietone, (17) r.(.aniai.e, (bs) d AI;;ciie. 
 
 Altli<»uj;h many other varieties (»f cattle aie bmnd in Iraiice lliaii 
 tli()se enumerated' above, 1 cannot view them otherwise than as traeealile 
 to the forejioinj; jiarcnt stock, or the issue (»f import('(l animals, wiucli 
 will receive passing,' notice in coiisiderinji- the cattle of France. 
 
 The description of a iirced is not easy to outline, but I will endeavor 
 to sketch the chief characteristics of a j,noup of which the individual 
 specimens present various traits. 
 
 FLEMISH CATTLE. 
 
 Oriqin —The orif,'in of this breed is not precisely known. It is piob 
 able that this race orij^inatcd on the shores of the North Sea wlieiicc 
 came the breeds of Ikdlaiid, vSclik'swij,', llolstem, and dntlaiid, all rt;. 
 
RODTICTS. 
 
 Slati'. tocxniiiiiio 
 (uiliir addiosscd 
 
 lly iuisweicd Hu. 
 
 'report; and will 
 bysucli (l('s{'ri]»- 
 
 io (-> obtaiu IVoiii 
 in (heir origiiml 
 
 H'Mnit (listnct of 
 i''raii(!(', and well 
 
 lor 
 
 ixnv/AW' 
 
 pur- 
 
 liar and inaiiicd 
 t'oi' (lie slud.v III' 
 iitijiiiit.v to (I'roiit 
 (ieriiiaiiy on the 
 ato l)i't\ve(n the 
 istiiK^t- l)ivcd toil 
 itonstics, sliapcs, 
 )ori)i',tiiatinj:;- this 
 ioustitute a race 
 
 Ml <li.stiii('thrc('(lf< 
 i!li i!oni<'nclatint'; 
 u'liaiso, (.-)) (liar- 
 iiu'liiic, (10) lln's 
 L', (It) Liindaise, 
 
 loric, 
 
 III 
 
 in i'^ranco l!i; 
 tiian as traccalih' 
 (i animals, wiijch 
 
 Fiance. 
 
 t I will endeavor 
 di tiie individual 
 
 own. 
 
 It is |)i 
 
 oh- 
 
 »rtli Sea, wliciici' 
 il Jiithind, all w- 
 

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FllANCE. 
 
 241 
 
 iiiiiikiihlo (or tlu'ir milking qnulitios. Tlio center of production and 
 icurin^oC the best specimens of tiio breed '<Fliunan<lo" is in the de- 
 part iiieiits of tin', nortii of Fnince, in the ri<'ii pastures of Borgucs, 
 Diuikirk, C!iissei, IJailieul, Ihizebrouek, and Lilh'. 
 
 We meet with less numerous herds, nuu-e or- less distinct and pure, 
 ill IJoiilonniiis (termed Uoulonnaiso), in Artois (Artesienue), in tho de- 
 piU'tiiK-iits of the SoiMMie, ()ise, and Aisne (there tcirnied "Picarde"), 
 uiioii the borders of tho Sambro (Maroillaise), and about Bordeaux 
 (Boideiaise), The iJretonne breed has contributed its share to tho 
 |iro(lii(;tioii of the latter variety of this race. 
 
 Ill its original homo there are two varieties of this breed, tbat of the 
 region of Hergues and that of Cassel. 
 
 'fhe vai'iety of Bergues, or Bergnenarde, has slightly greater length 
 of liorns, is tliicker set, and is adai)ted to iiittening and yielding milk. 
 It is carefnliy maintained for both pur[toses. The animals reared alxmt 
 Cassel are (iiier and more sought for, being preferable to those of Ber- 
 giics fur dairy pnri)oses. 
 
 JhsaiptioiL—nm Fiamande breed is essentially valuable for the 
 dairy, and incidentally only for (bod, and is not ada]>ted to work, and 
 is destined to predominate in the dairies of the northeast of France. 
 I will therefore more i)arlicularly describe some ol the peculiar features 
 of the cow of tliis breed. 
 
 The head of a good cow is line, of conical form, rather long; the 
 nape of the neck tiiinly covered with hair; the horns wide apart, lino 
 throughout, i)r()jecting forward and <l()wiiward, and in such a manner 
 that ill some animals they bend back i-ud loneh tlie forehead; they arc 
 small, white or yellow, with black tijs; the ear is blunt, moderately 
 large, and covered with tine hair ; the eyes projeciting and black, with a 
 mild expression; the forehead long, and ordinarily narrow, terminates 
 in a snout slightly protruding, of black or iiiixed'color ; tlie neck long 
 and thin; the brisket is prominent and well hung; the withers, well 
 developed in the best ty|>es of Jiergues, are small in "ordiiiarv specimens ; 
 tho line of the back is straight, with a slight depression "at the junc- 
 tion of the back with the loins, <lue to the separation of the vertebra 
 
 greater strength of s|»iiie and loins would be desirable; tlie hips, often 
 protruding, measiiK^ between one another from L't to 2(; inches; the 
 buttocks ai'e equally i)rominent and wide apart; the base of the tail is 
 low, sometimes a little raised by the protrusion of the sacrum, of which 
 (lie line is not sullictiently grounded with that of the coccygeal bones; 
 the tail is line and long, terminating in a thin tnil of hair"; the chest is 
 narrow and eonliiied, and the ribs rather (hit (tke cattle raised in 
 Beigues and Cassel have a tendency t'» lose these defects); the belly is 
 of moderate size, but ample towards the tiaiiks and mammary region, 
 of which the loii,,s are well developed and occasionally forked ; the bag 
 large, round, olleii of a brown or sjiotted color, aiid well hung; tlie 
 Icats are of moderate size, covered with iiiie skin ami soft hair; the 
 slioiilders lather (lat and moderately muscular; tin; hoofs black; h'gs 
 liiil and the buttocks sometimes depressed; the coat r«'ddish brown, 
 ordinarily of deeper tint towards the head, and sometimes there ai>- 
 peais on the Hanks, on the head, and especially on the cheek, white or 
 siteck.cd sj.ots.awd these are (•onsidcred signs'of juire blood. Many of 
 (his lireed are found in i'landers <»f bright-red color or <leei» bro'wn, 
 olhcis roan, but the reddish brown is <onsidered the tyi>e of the race. 
 Ihe trails sought for by the breeders of this race in the cow are tliose 
 winch would indiciite an aptitude lor milking, without an inclination 
 lor latteiiing; a certain harmony of furiit, a litlh- gaunt rather than too 
 il. Ex. 51 K; 
 
242 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 mu(;li rounded ; a bou.v, wall developed frame, giving size to the body ; 
 tlie bind quarters relatively more developed tliau the fore quarters ; tlic 
 tlauks large and deep, joined to a good-sized and weliniung bag, terini- 
 nating in regular teats, with skin supple and soft, rather than too hue; 
 a head with little flesh;- a lively and at the same time soft expression oi 
 the eye ; in short, all of the well-known characteristics which present 
 a feminine aspect to the eye of an expert. 
 
 Milking qualities.— TlxGve are Flamand cows yielding 'da to 40 quarts 
 of milk per day. This yield is quite exceptional ; is only attauied at tlie 
 expense of the richness of the milk, or to the great injury of the race 
 itself. In the Flamand country the average yield of a good cow is 
 about 2,040 quarts per year, or 10 quarts a day duriug the season of 
 pasturage for two hundred and ten days, and G quarts per day during 
 the season of winter, and remaining dry for two months. 
 
 Weight.— The weight of such a cow is about 1,000 to 1,200 pounds; 
 size at the withers, 53 inches; at the croup, 55 inches ; the length from 
 the nape of the neck to the withers is 5 feet 3 inches ; from the withers 
 to the level of the joint of the buttocks, 4 feet 9 inches ; the head, i>.7 
 inches ; the circumference of the body behind the shoulders, Jeet 3 
 inches ; the size of the haunches, 2 feet 3 inches, and the height about 
 2 feet inches from the ground. ,. , . , 
 
 Flamande hull.— Tha best breeders select the bulls of this breed f loin 
 those contrasting with the cows and supplyii'g the deliciencies of tln' 
 cow, but with a feminine api>earance, not disiegarding tlu^ signs of a 
 vigorous constitution. Thus, the preference is given to bulls wUh ;i low- 
 hung bodv ; tail, loins, and thighs muscular. Experience has demon 
 stiated ' lie success of this method of improving the species. 
 
 Itwiii be noted that in this description of a race reared lor its lacteiil 
 quail lies are certainly found many features whicli would commeml it to 
 the butcher, and this view is corroborated by the lact tliat these ani- 
 mals are highly prized by the consumer. A glance at the bull of tiiis 
 breed corroborates this fact and indicates clearly tlu; adaptability of tk 
 race for fattening purposes. The color of the coat is of a deei)er tint 
 than that of the female; the head sizable: snout line, neck moderately 
 full ; throat and dorsal muscles sufficiently supplied ; shoulders ratlar 
 suiall; the body raised and slightly pointed; delects winch yield togodd 
 
 treatment. 
 
 The weight and measurement of a bull of this race aged t hirty iiioiitlis, 
 raised in the department of the north, I herewith sulijoin witli cut. 
 
 The Flamand ox is exceptional, the females being universally numh 
 the few oxen are raised with a view of exhiL)itiiig at the agrieuUiUiil 
 
 fairs. , , . 
 
 The Flamand ox hsis been utilized at the beetroot sugar iiiaiHiliicl 
 ories of the north, and if not subjected to severe labor, they fatten read- 
 ily on the refuse of these factories. 
 
 BREEDS OE SU15-FLAMAJNUS. 
 
 In traveling on one side from Dunkirk to Boulogne, Mont reuil, ami 
 Abbeville, and on the other toward Arras, by the wny of Saint Unicr. 
 we lind modilications in the racie Flamande. in the former place IIk' 
 name of " Boulonnaise" is given to tiie subrace and that of '•Ailrs 
 ienne"to that in the ancient imtvince of Artois, nlthoiigli llicsc iwn 
 subraces are frequently confouiid»'il with the inol her race. Tlic siihran 
 "l}oiilonnaise"isof siiiallcrsi/.e and less weight, itsshaiu" more sleiidci 
 and angular, while tlui bellv and Hanks are moie luUy (Ifvcloptil, the 
 
size to the body ; 
 ovo quiuters; tlic 
 :huiig bag, terini- 
 ler tbiiu too lint'; 
 soft expressiou of 
 ics which present 
 
 ig '6~i to 40 quarts 
 ly attained at the 
 ujiiry of the rucc 
 of a good cow is 
 ug the season of 
 ts i)er day duiiu^f 
 :hs. 
 
 to 1,200 pounds; 
 ; tlie length from 
 
 from the withers 
 les ; the head, i).7 
 houlders, j'eet '6 
 
 the height about 
 
 jf this breed from 
 leliciencies of tlii' 
 ig l\w signs of a 
 c) bulls with iilow- 
 •ieuce has demon 
 s[)ecies. 
 
 Lred for its lacteal 
 lid coinniend it to 
 ict that these aiii- 
 It the bull of tliis 
 idaptability of tlif 
 s of a deei)er tint 
 ', neck iiKMlerately 
 ; shoulders ratlier 
 liich yield togodd 
 
 ;('d thirty iiioiitlis, 
 l)joiu witli ciif. 
 iniversally raised; 
 it the agricultural 
 
 t sugar iiiaiHiracl- 
 r, they fatten read- 
 
 ne, Montreuil, ami 
 ay of Saint Uiiicr, 
 c former place tlic 
 id that of '-Aiti s 
 Ithougli llicsf iuii 
 ra<!e. Tlii'Siihiari 
 ;hapc more slendii 
 dly dcAclopeii, till' 
 
i 
 
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 is 
 
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 lJ 
 
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 'tfjii' frffU- 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 243 
 
 croiip iiiid lo .8 liirgo and loiui, tlii^ uddrr largo, indicating good inillc- 
 iiiM, I lie liai f(inally rod or roddi-sli brown, and tlio body noaror tlio 
 jri„iiii(I. Tiio (]nality of tlio pastiinigo and llio oaro have great ettoot 
 upon ll)(! sliapo and .size of (lu! diirercnt Kpocios, 
 
 The cattle Itnyors give tlio name of " Moiirnaisionne " totlie " Doulon- 
 iiiiiso" raised abont Desvros, Sanier, Ilueqm iters, and I'mgen, nniall 
 (listriclH I'oiMierly known nnder the name of " IJonriuii.s." Under tliiH 
 lii'iul is fonnd the '• Nam pon noise," the variety "Eonlonnaise" oftlic 
 iurondissement of Montrenil as well an of the valley of Authie, derived 
 lioin Mani)ont, a village situated at some distance from the mouth of 
 tills river. Toward JJouIogne, Manpiise, and Calais, the race is larger 
 and becomes identified with the pure Flainand. 
 
 The subiace Artesieune, more generally wholly conJined to pastur- 
 ii^re, which often becomes scanty, is less developed than the cows of 
 Uvrgues, and even of Saint Omer, is more slender and smaller, but its 
 constitution is less lymphatic. The breeder of these excellent cattle is 
 )clii(!tant to cross them with any other, and fears to impair their milking 
 (luallties, which have not been improved by crossing with the Durham, 
 and their adaptation to fattening is unnecessary to develop. It is said 
 that heifers of this breed occasionally become so fat as to remain sterile. 
 
 This nice includes about one million or njore, which number is increas- 
 ing, eonstitnting about one-twelfth of the entire cattle of France, and 
 of this number four-lifths are found in the eight departments of France, 
 beginning at the north and comiirising the adjoining districts. The 
 price of these cattle range from $130 to $175, according to age, weight, 
 iVi^; some animals bring $2(J0, and even more. Bulls of this breed are in 
 constant demand from Holland and Belgium. 
 
 THE NORMANDY BREED. 
 
 The origin of the Norman breed seems unknown, in fact has never 
 been traced. It is considered that the nature of the soil has produced 
 the breed. It seems to have changed very little in the last century and 
 is very remarkable. The center of production of this Hue breed is com- 
 prised in the departments of Euro, Manehe, Calvados, and Orne. 
 
 DLSTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORMANDY BREED. 
 
 The distinctive character of this breed is an unprepossessing bonv 
 
 fnniio, loiigiind heavy head, largo snout, a largo mouth, such as isfounJl 
 
 111 aiiiiiiiils of large ai)petite; sleek horns, often short and twisted for- 
 
 wiiid towards the forehead ; body long, backbone presenting bony pro- 
 
 tiilu'iiiiices and depressions in the cows advanced in ago; neck rehi- 
 
 tivclystrong; shoulders muscular; breast rather deep, often contracted ; 
 
 belly large; Hank large and hollow; hips ordinaiily slightlv spread by 
 
 icoipiilence; croup small ; rump slightly develojjod"; hind jiart narrow, 
 
 ■' iMit with well-developed and well-formed bag, and ordinarily the si-ns 
 
 [of good milking; limbs short; skin tiiick and hard, showing signs of 
 
 I slow gn>wth ; coat variable as to color, brown, roan, and red, or i)iebal(l ; 
 
 never lails to present brown streaks scattered over the surface of the 
 
 i body. This has given rise to the term " brindled." 
 
 VARIETIES OF THE NORMANDY BREED. 
 
 This breed has varieties more or loss distinct. In Contentiu and 
 ll.cssni which extends from Oherbonrg and Lisienx, comprising Va- 
 llognes, Caieutan, and Isigny, a country which is celebrated for its but- 
 
244 
 
 CATTI.K AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 ;i 
 
 il;;;;:t;;;i'"i;:';;.'- ■ i-" !:-■ "'- 1-"-"- ^^ "■'"""■ ■■" '■""■" 
 
 might 1h' iiiiiu'cessiirily coiiIuschI. 
 
 TlIK MILKING QUALITIES OF TUE NOUMANDY 15UEE1). 
 no cl.i.n is made for this broeil, an.l (.spe.-iall.y those* cliMio.ninaU.l 
 
 .c!oiUti;:;'M;uuK.v..-ethcm.tn^^ 
 
 "'^' '1"^'.'" *'"• „u . H miTru . thov have, lu'i-n known to inocluc. ;l(l 
 "ir;';' ''^rh.' '■ • ■ or ill i^ ahom ;5,<K.O qna.ts i>cM- year, ,. 
 
 .piarts. 1'"''^^^'''",^.;;,";^',. ihi. Khunaml race. Unloilnnati'ly it isii 
 ,,,.„a the ■^''''^^' f ,/ f * ., en t t .o.lnetion .>f n.ilk is na i„. 
 nu-t well leeo-ni/ed >> ''' ''•^' ^"^ '^ /.'I'-iitv of nui.ishin- butter, ami 
 verse proportion )<; 't^^;::''';;: j^^ , :' i ^ m^ of the Norn-luuly 
 
 i, ,„s been ->='V'; J '• i on Is ^^ ut er ( kih.^ran.), while it is ealcu- 
 
 iMre.l j.nu nee.l i'' V;.'* tVof u k would sulliee ordinarily to n.iik,. 
 
 ated that tro.M -'.> to Ji (piaits ot '','''',' ^^, ,, ,,„^„,,^_ ■.. ...^ „,....,„ 
 
 I,,,,l t,„(, ,Vo,n lio t;> -' ;i;|'":f ;;: ^ii^ii^iriiiiowi) .luarts, if the creiij 
 
 ti^-uk r'beau:.';oiAne.Vii. ' ;--i^ -^^ 1^^ '•'-- '^ ''- "-■■ 
 
 ^''•n^t'::t"a'f;uted.5.u..hl.^^^^^ 
 
 ^'•^'^r'^tl:lt^;;^' :;;;v;;s .^^' i^^^ '•': -* ^'-/)^' 
 
 exeeptionable unlk. ^^^^^^ ^^^,^^,^,,^_ 
 
 Tl... batter of Munv is undeniably as -ood us the w.uld i.ro.lum. 
 sn.alladistriet. ii^ue ei, this is not s m h.itter of Isi. 
 
 on 
 sn 
 
 fair butter elsewhere. 
 
 THE NOmiANDY AS MJUT (BATTLE. 
 The ra.-e N<u-M,ande furnishes many of the '^'''^^-t 'un.nals loM^^ 
 
(•iimrlvsiUI*^ lor i < 
 klu'ii it islouiid ill 
 I'liris iiiiuki't iin^ 
 ,'' li()u«'Vtr, to iill 
 Kii'scs," "Auficroii 
 xplaiii, iis bii.yi'is 
 
 •Y nuEEi). 
 
 Iiosti (U'liominatiil 
 the \vorl»l. How- 
 ^ iidiiiiniblc milk- 
 i(iy wliiili j,'iv(', .M 
 
 own lO l)10(lU(!(! ")() 
 
 iiaits i>L'i' your, w 
 libit miiitt'ly it i.sii 
 n of mill; is nil in- 
 isliinj; butter, and 
 of tlu' Normaiuly 
 ), while it is calcii 
 ordinarily to iiiiiki' 
 larts, if tho cri'iim 
 puirts if the crt'iim 
 
 [\ iibovo fifiuros, us 
 I till'! iiatnro of tins 
 iinistanci's, siudi as 
 It is adiiiittt'd In 
 11; do not ^'ivc tlm 
 I'lf, th(^ varioty Co 
 ; 1 iilo, and ))r<.Mliim 
 ly iiqiiaiitity of mi- 
 
 lie world iirodiicts. 
 iHiiy is iiimiKill.vniii 
 I' t'v«'ii -7 <iii;irls |u'r 
 I be filbiildiis t(irsn 
 all the bntlcrcalkil 
 the butter ol' lsij;iiy 
 if patriotism, lor wc 
 the iloUaiiilcrssiiv 
 leir admirable nins 
 
 ', ami proc fds imiii 
 •;. and skill and raic 
 
 often fiirnisliesoiily 
 
 jri'st animals lor i 
 in;; 1,!»70 kilo);Ta!iis| 
 iof ucL meat iunll:'J! 
 
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FRANCE. 
 
 245 
 
 kilojjrams (275 poinidts) of int. Aiiotlior of these inonstrons ammala 
 weii^lied 4,185 pounds, and measured 2>" 45''"', or 8 feet, at tlio withers, 
 mid 2"' 97""', or 9 feet U inches, from the head to the base of the tail. 
 
 Their comparative aptitude for work is very sligfht, a small pair of 
 Gascon, Bandois, or de Salers oxen would soon tire out these huge Co- 
 leiitines. 
 
 The meat of this breed is highly esteemed in regard to quality, but 
 the small proportion of net weight of meat and the great proportion of 
 hoiK* (of make weight) is <|nite striking. Many attempts have been 
 made to overcome this diflicidty Avithout interiering with the extraor- 
 dinary milking qualities of the breed, but with very indilferent success, 
 and the breeders rest content with the oxen which' they have, knowing 
 that in the best dairy races the ox is secondary. 
 
 THE DURIIAM-SOIIWlTZNOiilMANn. 
 
 There seems no good reason why the cross of the typ^<le Schwitz, 
 which has been fre(iuently tried, siiould improve the'l)reed. In the 
 ()l)iMion ol" Norman bleeders (he v.wx^ Coteiitine is tiie best for milk to 
 i»e found in I'iiirope, the ra(!e S(!witz could not improve it in that re- 
 spect, and it is not woikUuI'uI in iis jnoduct of meat. 
 
 Tluj half-breed has been again ciossed with the Durham, and given 
 rise to a new race, termed the "Durham Schwitz-Normand." 
 
 Many rather remarkable specimens of this type have been exhibited. 
 Tiieircliaia<'.ters were thos(M)f the Durham, with less fineness of bone 
 and skin. This new race seems lo liav<', no advantage over the cross- 
 breed of the DiiriiaiM and Normand. The amelioration of the vaco, 
 Norinaiide, in vi(>\vof its chief aptitude, can ..nly be obtained by seh-c- 
 tion. 
 
 TlIK JJRITTANY UIIEET). 
 
 Tiie race Ibctonne occui)ies nearly exclusively the live departments 
 wliii^h are comprised in the ancient inovincc of liretagiie, consisting of 
 tli(^ (IcparlnientsOotes-dn Nord, l''iiiist«'ie, Morl»ihan, lioire Inferieure, 
 llleet-Vdaine. I'.retagne i)osKe.sses only one race of cattle, the race 
 Kretonne— strange coinitidence in France, whert^ each ])rovince num- 
 bers many breeds among its stcxik of cattle. Tiiis breed., is very nu- 
 merous and containsabout 1,5(U>,0()0 head of cattle, or about one-eighth 
 of all the cattle of France. 
 
 It luvscnls varied develo])ments according to the fertility and culti- 
 vation of tiie soil where it is found, but everywhere is foiUKl sonu! type 
 that indicates its origin from the de|)ar(ineiit of Morbihan 
 
 ' s a. 
 
 0//////(,— Various origins are given to the race, su(!h as that it i 
 
 degradation of the race Ilollandaisc ; (hat it 
 
 came (ioni the Indies, on 
 
 accuniit of its similarity (o (he milch cows in tiie neighborhood of P>oi 
 (leaiiN, whicli are supposed (o have had such an origin, i\;c. The best 
 authorities, iiowever, agree that (he race IJordelaise, as (his race is 
 termed in the ncighboihood of IJordeanx, and which resemble the Hol- 
 
 land 
 
 iiise race, is nothing but tlie race liretomie i 
 
 means of more abundant and substantial food. 
 
 noK! developed by 
 
 Ch 
 
 <ir<irtir!.stirs.~T]\v ancient race I'.ietoniie is pie black or black in 
 colnr. Tiic cow may l»e described as having a iilack sium', sometimes 
 mottled, rarely v.liile, whiic (he incmiiiaiie whieh stiiroiiiids (li(> tongue 
 is always white, wliich is distinguishing mark. Taken altoge(her7lio 
 iiiiimalsof ihis i>i('ed wcaild be classt d as follows: Thick' set, often 
 iniind measuring at the withers (Vom ;! jeet 2 inches tu ;{ feet Vt inches; 
 
246 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 five hriL'ht • bead short, line, and small ; l.orn.s ordi.mrily tine and wliit,, 
 Stbeteie black at 'the oxtre.nities, varying, bowcvcr, and an> 
 ^in^,^black or yellow, or entirely black tlu-onghouNw^^ 
 type of borns i^g-atly osUvmumI ;^ u-^a^^ 
 
 S^^SS'^^mpa^nSb its beiV^. and ;;;!::;in,rt and s,naU ne<^ an.i 
 mtle ears the bcLl perfectly detaebe.l ; little or no dewlap is n.. ..■..,. 
 lie tTe witlu'is and back a.e .... tbe san.e line; some iiave these parts 
 ri'ebUtlu^ are often projecting; above all, the n.amnulh.ry vTins 
 Sln^ai flexible, and no French race presents n.oro n.arked typo 
 
 of good milkers. 
 
 OARE OV CATTLE IN BRITTANY. 
 
 This rice is .so nei-lected in its home that it mijibt be almost sai.l to 
 provide tbritself; The bnlls are few and young and the cows ar. 
 
 '" tI^c S.^'l^^mtespecial care ; dnring the winter they have son.. 
 
 h-iv or stra^ g he" them in the n.orning, before they are sent out npou 
 
 \^Ln.lt.n so obtain the complement of their rations; while ex- 
 
 uieagei pas u cs J^ ol^^tan n t ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ sustenauc". 
 
 i;i;';eserve ml" t is iS this cause that the breed is in such a loan 
 !:^/uimon .ht it is proof positive that its nat.ve qualities must bo 
 
 ^•^:^Stf J ^.Snl^erlm^ugl; ^nuly^htl^ usually betbi. Le 
 
 Sout ^1? m e £ Sth of llnie. At the ag.> of iive to six years tins l.an 
 .iDout tilt '^' ""i^'^''^ ,, , ejideavors for about two months to put 
 
 f -""in Z^V^ then he'ms e o \ le hands of a tburtli, ami not un- 
 ft"; ,d y' o'a Mh bl^r'he is ready ibr his hist trip which is to tl. 
 1-iir It would be diflieult to push division ot labor larthei 
 
 ^•^';; the^ home it is rare to.^-l ;|;- ; 'l^ ^ISd obslJ^': !on si!:;: 
 
 ^d ^olSy kttene.1. ^''^'-eigMc.'^tlH; cow o this breed ,s hon. 
 ;j3() to 440 pounds, and an ox liom T)..!) to , H) pounds. 
 THE BRITTANY COW AS A MILKER. 
 
 The avera-e (luantitv of milk is fiom 1,400 liters to 1 S'J."^ liters (1 54L' 
 to 1 P>S , uar s) thatVs to say, an av.'iage of fn.m 4 to . liters (t-^ 
 to ^-'-'^'l"'" '^ ' (>„,,si,ier , ,r the size of the animal, its usmil scaut\ 
 X.?:^rJtb;<:^nsil:;"da:'v;^od return Tlu^ianners<d;M,....;.^ 
 when asked whether their <..ws are good, re,.lN, ' ^,V; * ' ;^.>^ , ,, 
 po nds, that one (> pounds, and the other 7 ix.unds ' Ihej iiu.ui tii.it 
 such a cow gives such an amount of butter per week. 
 
 IMPROVEMENT OF THE BRITTANY BREED. 
 
 The -ittempt has been made to iminove this breed by crossing witi, 
 latter case resulted oiiiy m prodiieiiig .i less «iui« \ i!< ' , - 
 
ly tiiio, iind wliito 
 lowcvcr, iviui arc 
 lilt, wliic.h Uittn' 
 leiif^tli aii«l wizo, 
 1 tho 8lionl(U'i' to 
 idsiiKiU nock iiiid 
 owlap is noticf;) 
 liiivci llicsc ]taits 
 iiainniilliiry veins 
 1010 luarked tyi)o 
 
 lu>, almost said to 
 iid tlu", cowft aiv 
 
 *r tlioy have .some 
 aro stMit out upon 
 •atioiis; wliilo ox- 
 iioufjh sustouaueii 
 I is in such a loan 
 jualitios must \w, 
 
 usually before Le 
 in untillieisaliont 
 vho works liiui for 
 six years thislciin 
 ;\vo niontlis to i)Ut 
 burtli, and not un 
 ij), which is to tlio 
 artlier. 
 
 (;ondit ion, but this 
 observation shows 
 they <'an be readily 
 this breed is tVoiii 
 
 3 1,825 liters (1,512 
 
 4 tor. liters (4,=',; Id 
 lal, its nsualsciiiily 
 riners <»f Morbihiiii, 
 ■'This one jj;ivcs 4 
 " They mean tli;it 
 k. 
 
 lEED. 
 
 h\ by crossiii}? willi 
 
 • ease was {iO'"1) '"' 
 
 without an oquiilly 
 
 the proibu^t in tlic 
 
 ce, of a little hia'fV 
 
 id the amolionitiiiii 
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 ()i tin- liiiid. li is iiicdiilcstiiM*^ Mint (1hi race lirt'toiiiio is tlio most (juipt 
 and liiinl.v ol' all kiiuwii nnu's, can citiiti'iit itself on K-ss while >;iviii{^ a 
 relatively lii;,'li letiirii. If is calenlaled that a. cow ot this breed will 
 <;ive a pound of iiiilli ii<;h In bntter lor each pound of hay eonsniiied; 
 Iheic is no olliei' wliieh will yield a Kke (piantity with less than IVoni 
 two to three tiuu-s the (jnantily of (bod. Ayain, W(^ nuist consider that 
 this rich milk is prodnct'd under circnmstiuicos where others would 
 starve. It has been jnstly styled the " raco IJretomie," useful totlio rich 
 inid the i>rovid(Uic(^ of the jioor. 
 
 Tin; PAllTIIENAISR liUEED. 
 
 The, name, of " racu^ Parthenaise" is applied to desifjiiate tliedinerent 
 varieties of ii ])erfeclly homojjeneouH breed found upon the shores of 
 the ocean from the month of llio Loire to that of the (linmde. 
 
 These varietii's assunn^ ditlerent names in diflerent localities, and 
 present tnodifications ])ecidiar to tlie nature of tho soil, treatment, and 
 other economical conditions, without altering tho general character- 
 istics of the race. 
 
 in the Loire Inferienre they are (tailed "race Nanlaise;'" in Toitou, 
 "nice roirevine;" in the neigid)orhood of Cholet, "Ch;>letiiise;" " Ven- 
 dccnnc" in the Vi'iide ; "(latinaise" or " IJocngo" in the eo(nitry known 
 under the name of (Jatine or I'.octage ; and, lastly, "Maraicthiiie" on (he 
 .shores of the ocean and tho marshes of Saintonge. IJut (In^ parent 
 slock is that raised in r>ocage, an extension of tho granite reef which 
 ('onus the t,vi't'ater ])art of the jieninsular of liretagne, extending along 
 liocage and the most wooded parts of the west. 
 
 niARAOTEUrSTKlS OF TIIF. I'AinilEN.irSE IHIEED. 
 
 The breed of I'arthenay has a. large and (lat forehead, shor( head, the 
 chanfrein straight and snout large; th(^ lioins are long and tapeiing, 
 white at the base and black at (ho oxtremities; (he ne<'k is short ami 
 innscidar. the dewlap of moderat(^ size, a little (hick; shoulders long and 
 ninscular; widiers long and low; chest deej); ribs often (iat and low; 
 line of (he ba(;k straight; h-ins large; haunches wide a|)art; croup 
 horizontal and well inrnished with muscles; tail deep set; thighs well 
 muscled and straight; foini nearly ii wiuaro with the projection of the 
 liiimu'hcs ; limbs are short but strong, at the joints large, but veiy 
 slrai^ilit. Til',' aniaials of this breed are heavy, slow, but tenacious, 
 rolinst, and good workeis. The ordinary size varies from ~> feet inches 
 to .')!'('(•( II inclies. When fattened they I'oadily attain 1,1(10 pounds, 
 live weij^Iit. Tlnir skin is nearly as lim^ and soft as that of the litthi 
 nice i{rol(.:i!ie, and indicates their a])tirmle for fattening. The oidy 
 (dlor admitted for these animals is yellowish brown, slighly varied, as 
 it is sometimes j)aler, and again approaclu's (daret (loloi-. The young 
 animals at birth are brown, whic^h changes as they dovolop into a lighter 
 lint. 
 
 Till', I'ARTIIENATSE AS MILKERS AND MEAT <'ATTI/E. 
 
 P 
 
 The cattle of this breed, under (he names of "Choledns," '-Xaidais," 
 >n- "Parthenais," contribute hugely to the supply of (he city of Paris, 
 iiiid vary in weight, a(!cording (o age, &.c., frtim l,7.~t(> (o L',!';")** pounds. 
 
 The race is not |)re(roci()Us, but at the abattoirs of Paris butchers (old 
 me that they preferred them to tho more piecocious breeds. The cow.s 
 
-% 
 
 248 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ;iinp 
 
 III 
 
 of this breed are smaller in size. Tlio. rows in somo parts are coiisijiiK.d 
 entirely to (lio duties of maternity, suul the least ivossiblc amount lor 
 the useof the, household is aloiio taken from it. There are found, how- 
 ever amoni^ them some good milkers, notably of the variety Maraiehiijo. 
 The net returns of the produefc of meat are more than average ; tlic 
 quality is fine, and the capacity for work constitute thus race amontj 
 the first rank of the French breads. 
 
 TUE CnAEOLAISE BKEED. 
 
 The race Charolaise is justly regarded as one of the most impor- 
 tant races of France, It is precocious, vigorous in wovk snid excellnit 
 for meat The cow has never been remarkabh^ lor its nuHung qualities. 
 The name given to this breed of " Oharolais" or " Nivernais-Cniarohiis'' 
 is identified with the name of the pla(!C of its origin, and '• Niveiiiius" 
 peroetuates the name of the department where this race today has its 
 center of development, and where the linisbing touches Lave been put 
 
 "^The' Charolais has b(!en termed the Durham of the French race, mid 
 it has in a less develcH^ed degree the i)iominent characteristics ot that 
 breed, so that a description of t liar well-known breed would answer ioi 
 thisone The same lightness of head, line skin,large haunches, sti :u<;bt 
 line of back, and short legs are found in t!:e oiio as m the other. 1 n 1 he 
 Durham however, the bones are small, the legs are slim, and the ani- 
 mal is totally unfit for work, while the Charolais, of firmer hones and 
 strong legs, 'is well fitted for the work. The Charolais, is at the saino 
 lime suitable for work and valuable for the butc ler. liiially, tho 
 Durham demands abundant and substantial nourishment aiid pcnim 
 iient stabling, while the Charolais, in contrast, is far moiv hard.v. bvcs 
 aiKl (lirivesupon herbage, and is only stabled during Ihe most, i.iclcniciit 
 portion of the season. Nevertheless there exists an allin.ty bctwHMi 
 these two races which assures success in ciossing them, but only in in- 
 creased precocity in fattening. , ^ ., . - ., • , , 
 
 The breeding with Ilerefovds proved a failure, iiiinring their (pialitics 
 for work, and rendering them morr exacting in cpiality and quantity 
 of food, and on the whole less robust. A constitution of resisting c<.iitii- 
 .vi„us diseases is peculiar to this breed. The cows fatten more readily 
 than the oxen. These tnittle are brought into this region in large miin- 
 bers to fit for the butcher. 
 
 THE LITVIOTTSINE llREl'.D. 
 
 ■ Those who have examined the race Limousine in Limousin attest tiic 
 wonderful change that intelligently directed care has cllected in llio 
 iunelioration of this breed. At the recent (air at Pans, where I cnniilHl 
 17 cattle of this breed among a, total of .'WL', they compared lavori.bly 
 with any on exhibition, and the butchers said that the net ivtnnis ot 
 meat were very large, being from (!« to O'J per cent. 
 
 The ll.nousines of the mountains are, on the contrary, ol sinall size. 
 1. udv and vield at the abattoirs only moderate returns. It is said m 
 the cattle, as of the inhabitants, tiiat d.-stiny imp<ds tlxMn to emigiiitc 
 Immigration has caused I he improvement. The Limousin ox has a v.l.nv 
 eoatri.aler on the inuev side of the limbs; large ye! ow herns win. 
 .lese.ribe a semi<'ircle; large, bright, mild eyes; moderale-si/ed li . 
 the neck well pr.iportion<"d to the rest of the body, he dewlaps i;t!li!^ 
 mnrly tothegi-cuud; hannehes well formed; hank low; thigiis rouii.l; 
 
tsare cousij^iicd 
 dblc amount Ibr 
 are foutul, how- 
 i(>ty Maraichiiic 
 in averago; tlic 
 bliis race ainoii}; 
 
 the most impor- 
 ■k, and oxrcllciit 
 lilUing qualities, 
 rnaistniai'olais" 
 ind " Niv'cniais" 
 30 today lias its 
 ;8 Lave Imhm) put 
 
 ?reucli race, and 
 Bteristics of that 
 vould answer ibv 
 innclios, strai<;bt 
 lio other. In the 
 lini, and the aui- 
 rmer hones and 
 H, is at tlic same 
 T. Finally, tho 
 nent aiid imtuki 
 nore liardv, lives 
 le most- iiicleiiieiit 
 adiuity hetweeii 
 n, hut only in in- 
 
 ng their (pialities 
 ity and qnantity 
 »i" resistinj;'eoiitii- 
 ton more readil.v 
 ioji in lari:(^ niiiii- 
 
 mousin attest tiic 
 lis cUected in llic 
 ;,\vlioro I ctsniilHl 
 ni>ared lavorabiy 
 he net, retains of 
 
 iry, ol' small size. 
 rns. It is said di 
 them to eiiii;;iiit(', 
 -;iii ox has a velio"' 
 Uo'.v I'.isn'.s. which 
 ilorale-si/etl iieiitl. 
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 sl.in hir^ro; pod f,„,f; ^roo.l ffaif, a..,! ...hv inovc.nonf. Tlmv dooilifv 
 
 try. Ho r(..riv,.,s bHU-r a , r om r'^^^^^^^ V ?• ""■ 
 
 nnMlevoloiunl; tlK'anin.al^r vsM.lthi^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 •iooiliry oC ti.(> (.x<.n. TIh>v m sSn str Un 1 w^?' n 'T'"'"'^ *''^^ 
 
 ,.;t.<lK>Ku.aU.stn.tnnNVonUl.;',n;;;;^^^ 
 
 oiittl.., t.s nof .jnnsnal to s,-,. a <.„! clraAvn by thro. < • f , r m i s of 
 
 oxen wliic.licoiild lie moved l)y oiio pair. ' 
 
 Tlie cows work in tiioir lioiiios in (Iir> innmif.Mnu ,... i ■ < 
 
 nptl.o Ii^l.t soil upon wl.iolnMorl 1 \.v " ^Z^I m^' "s 1? ^"V 
 anK„ eratc milkor, not oqual to .Imsc.:.!" Uu' h vc t/sln.^ , ^n;:^ 
 111- liic iin},dd)onn->- mounlains. Some aftcniDts !■ vVl . . V '?' 
 
 (Jascon. Tiic n-suit of tl.o ionner was i .o^, K ! .' V '"'"''. '""' 
 n. work, and with tho <>tlK.rs IkJc^^ o.hm of ,f "^ h^ i mTull'V'"' 
 ofjiicat value to the jmre breed. «lo<,ilit \ w |ju:ii is 
 
 rilK MANOELLK llIiKET). 
 
 A sliortcut was discovered to u(ili/e thi^ i-.- . i.,. -i i • • 
 
 i:r ^z. '""" '"'•■■ « '^ - -Iv^t;,:;^,;:;;::;:-!;;;-, ■:,-;' 
 
 .:.r';;;::"pr:!:;^ri;;:,';t^^::;;;'S;;;:;r-!,:;;7i;^ 
 
 '•■suits an<i .lire e 1 , ' 't,.';'''V '''•''*'■'''''' ""•' ^^"'' ■^"•''' ''='PI>V 
 nuny years :,,les,. ''' "' '•'■"•'•' '="^"" '•>• I'-se ealtle l' u- 
 
 '". "on, <„. „. . . p,, ,,,„.^ ,,,,„,,,^ ,..,,,,, .. ,^,^^ ^^^ .,^1^^^^ pnuudsrat' three 
 
AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 j't'siTH ten iiioiillis of a}i»\ Tlic I)niliiiiii-Mjm('»>iinx must luMMHisidcnd 
 one of tUe most Viiliuihli^ bict'ds wliicU FraiKH' possoases lor food. 
 
 THE OOMTOISR BRKED. 
 
 Amotijj tlio many mixed races of the noi'theust of France is roiind u 
 fixed and mimeroiis breed nanietl the "race ('omtoise." These have 
 tliree didereiit varieties, known as "Tonraelie," " Fenu^lin*','' and '• r.ivs. 
 sane." They ocrcnpy tlie niounlaiiioiis parts of the east of I''iinice, Irom 
 tiie Vosfics to the Alps, the vaUeys of the basin of the Saone, and the 
 department of Ain. 
 
 Tlie variety Touraclie tends to disajtpear. Its continual mixtiiiv 
 with the Swiss races serves daily to eUaco the tyjui more and iiiorc, 
 The proprietors of the ri(!h j)astiira}xes of the Jura have lou},' been in 
 theiiabitof h>aning to the Swiss 4,()()0 to 5,000 cows for the siiiiiiii,.| 
 season, at 810 per head. This jierioilittal emi<,'ration has been the niciuis 
 of infusing' mucli Swiss blood into the i)ure breed. This renders ilii. 
 study of this variety useless, in the local fairs the three vuiicties an 
 classed toj^ethei' as Condoise, alihonj^h, for reasons sliown above, tin. 
 Toura<die is fast disai)peariny; the . IJressaiu^ is formed of vaiialil, 
 elements; the Femelino alone prescmts a satisfactory type of a vaw.. 
 
 THE FEMELINE UllKED. 
 
 The race Feineline has a li^ht brown coat, head small and iiaiiow, 
 eyes set near the horns, solt and mild air, fine horns, slim neck, small 
 eiirs, sin.dl dewlap, line lind)s, the ribs well rounded, bones sulliciciilh 
 liniit, skin Ihin and loose at the; shoukb'r, which indiiiates an apliiiidi 
 f()r fattcninji-. The Fenieline ox is docile, (piick in his movements, lia, 
 a fair ajttness for fattening', and is a favorite with the butchers. 
 
 T!ie liusl)andinan keejjs his oxen till si-ven or ei{.jht years ulii;i'. 
 then jjutstliem in t!ie stables for three or four months, and partiiiilv 
 fattens them by feedinji' tiiem with the after-grass, ])otatoes. and tiniiii^, 
 rook«'d and mixed with rye flour, maize, and even with wheat of in 
 ferior quality, diluted in watet : lu^ also gives them some rapesecil 
 cakes. Jle then s<'lls them to drovers, who sfipply Lyons, Cote d'O], 
 and even Paii-^. The tiguresofthe.se aiuiual sales are IVom .s,(i(ioiii 
 10,00() animals, at an average i»rice of about $80 pei' head. Tliin 
 weight is from Ot!0 to S80 })ounds, and t'le perc«Mitag(^ of mt iih>;ii 
 «)ften rises to V**K Although a good breed an<l superior in milking qiiali 
 ties t(» the riiarolaise, the iatter scaicidy giving enough to sustain 
 its calf, the ov Femeline <;antiot be compared to the (Jharolaise, witii itr 
 without the J)urham mixture, for in the J)urham-Ciiarolaise it is dilli 
 cult to ascertain where the blood of the Durham begins and that oftlir 
 (Jharolais ends. 
 
 The variety IJressane is a coarse specimen of the race Coiiitoisc; 
 lias its merits as an ex<!(d!cnt aninnd for work, an <1 wh(>n evi'ii (|iiifi' 
 ohl, befon; it is fattened, is still sought for by the butchers, its ticsli 
 being very savory and esteemed in the market of Lyons. 
 
 In the annu;*! exliibilioiis of France this variety liressane lias often 
 tak<'n th(^ piizes, and I herewith insert a cut of one of these jirizi' 
 animals, 
 
 THE SAI.IOUS lUJEKl). 
 
 The race <le Salers is one of tln^ oldest in I'lam'c. It lias al\vay'< 
 been hsdd in good reimt*-. 'V\-\^ lirn-i pri-s^-nt-i Mu' thro**, (inaliiif-ati^!"' 
 desiieil, but s<ddom uidled in the sam<! animal — aptness for work ami 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
must ho coiisidcnii 
 essHos lor food. 
 
 F Frmic.c- is (ouikI ;i 
 oisi'." TlioNc have 
 
 TlM^lilH','' 1111(1 ^']\\vs. 
 
 'iiHtof Friiiici", lioiii 
 the Saoiio, mikI tlic 
 
 contiiniiil mixture 
 po inoro and mon.. 
 a )iav(! loll},' been in 
 iWH for tlio siiiiiiiii.| 
 liaslu't'ii tliciiiciiiis 
 . This riMKh-rs tin. 
 i tliive vaiictios ai,. 
 s sliowii above, till. 
 fornu'd of vaiialilc 
 ry type ol' a race. 
 
 small and narrow, 
 •IIS, slini nock, small 
 d, hones sniliciciilly 
 idieates :in Jipliimli. 
 his moveiiients, ha,, 
 he. bntclicrs. 
 
 <'if:jht years uf a^e. 
 )nths, and paitially 
 >tat(U's. and tnri)i|K, 
 ill with w heat of in 
 HMU some ra])es(>iM 
 y Lyons, Cute d'Oi, 
 \s arc iVoin .s,(i(ioin 
 K) pel' head. Tlicii 
 'nta,!;:e of net meal 
 ior in inill>in,ij:(iii;ili 
 
 enonj^h to sustain 
 ' Cliarolaise, witii ur 
 Uliarolaise it is dilli- 
 };iiis and tliat oftlu' 
 
 the race Coiiitoisc: 
 id -whon even ()iiirc 
 * butchers, its ticsli 
 
 jVOIIS. 
 
 r.ressane lias oltiii 
 one ol' these, jirizi' 
 
 lice. It has ahvavs 
 three ijiialiiif-ati'Mi'' 
 ptness lor work ami 
 
 
 
 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 jfattciiiii}; j 
 
 lund docile. 
 
 Isize: live m 
 red, wiflioii 
 lionis, onli 
 towiinl tlio 
 
 [neck; dewl 
 limbs iiiusci 
 
 lii.s to iiisun 
 Jiorse; his I 
 (iorived froi 
 
 I midst of the 
 Although 
 
 jnf these cat! 
 for ;v<)i'lc, an 
 to Paris. '1 
 
 J At tlic rece 
 
 I as usual, wa! 
 
 I at the ape o; 
 The heifer 
 
 I being reserv 
 
 lajfain, are sc 
 
 , A dairy in 
 
 j however I'roi 
 
 lurage is reqi 
 
 I contain 800 a< 
 
 I into cheese— 
 
 I farms, and o 
 
 Nuniuier. 11 
 
 I then the cow 
 
 I This devour(» 
 
 j urajre of the 
 
 I They tiay a ii 
 
 I iiumbei' of cc 
 
 j A tliree-year- 
 
 lof two years 
 
 iiead. The yi 
 
 nation is adnii 
 
 j Tlie area per 
 
 I thick and ricl 
 
 j more i)er head 
 
 I head for the f 
 
 jainsarecaref 
 
 jspread thecat 
 
 I certain portioi 
 
 I the pasture is 
 
 I'lry place for 1 
 
 portions of th 
 
 Itotliecows, w 
 
 I The cows as( 
 
 I would require 
 
 |l"'ii(|.vi upon ho 
 
 jthe usual time 
 
PRANCE. 
 
 261 
 
 [fattoiiin;r joined to good niilkinir nimiijios l{o«i.i»u u • • . „• 
 and .Iodic. BrieflydescribedJtM mL 
 
 size; live Meiglit, 1,7/50 to L',25U noui s • 1 u kT Jv L • ^'' ^ ^''''^ ^ ^"«''*^« 
 rclovitl.ont Npotn;' tine, m/pple^S Jo \S t /e' r^''^^''""^ 
 llionis, ordinarily white, wide apart n lonli, „ ,1 , ^'^^' '""ff. slim 
 toward the end; short bead/rarge foVe S" g.X'^^^^^ backwanis 
 neck ; dewlap is moderate : shothlers "tr(^^^w! ,mi .i /^ «>7^; good-sizcd 
 ]i,„b;niU8cnlar, fairly strong; are 1 ^ vrcLn^s^^^^^^^^ ''?", developed ; 
 Lis to insure a brisk gait; the Sam i« ff^'r^V ""^^^^^ 
 Lrso; his body is thfck-set aSd hi be Iv we? d^^^^^^^^^^ ''tf''^^ "'^^ '' 
 derived from the little city of Salers d stri^f if m ^® '' ■ ^''« "'^'"e is 
 .Midst of the mountains of" Canlal ' ""^ faunae, situated in the 
 
 lasusual, was well represented: "Manyof thesecJtJtnJ?. h'*"" *^? ^".'^''«' 
 at the ape of iive years often runrnnrfn m ?000 to '^ 7 '.*'"'''^, ''''^''^' 
 Tlio heifers, as remnrkprV n,n o^m Z^. 7. ' „"'... ^P.t''^^'^' pounds. 
 
 The heifers, as remarked, are sold t^Uhe sonH. of t.v'„ ?«'""!«• 
 
 -! '^-'i s ^^-.^'- -pe.r jt^r!;^ lrZ:^^:^y 
 
 Ibciiig- reserved lo re])iaco tlie super„„.„.„ 
 jagain, are sold in pairs for working cows. 
 
 DAIRYING ON THE CANTAL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 , A dairy in this part of France consists of ahnnf '^k «^ 
 however from 20 to 100 cows each. A veSlinlmn^^l i? ''*''^^' '^'''^^y'"? 
 urage is required for this dairy. TtseTomSZnn ?r" ''"' '"'''■ 
 .outaiu 800 acres or n.oro and pasture s^S Ses^ Th« ?n T^"" ^'^'T 
 into cbeese-at home in the snrinjr and f. « .i 1. ^ ™'''^ ^« """!« 
 farn.s,and on the moun afus^wK, the cows In • .r""' T" ^^^ ""^ 
 Munmer. The mountain is utilize as i n S„rT '"/'''^''^ *'"""^' ^'''^ 
 tlK-n the cws descend to the rm and ' i^^e m ,n T.. f 'Z^. '"' P^*^*^''''^' ' 
 Tl,is devomed, they go into winter qmr^^^^^ 
 
 luafreoi the mountains is gauged l.v the nnrnhnn «f i / •.^'''' I*''***" 
 They say a mountain of 40, 50, or 1 h ^d tn «v "^ ^'?u^ '^ ''^" '■'^«<'- 
 ..nn,bor of cows or their oquiv dtit on b? kent d rS' l^'^^ .*''•" «i'""^ 
 A three.year-old ox or cow or 2 year inis represent oS .f"^'"" •*""'"• 
 of two years old represent a head rrinaio and ^^^^^^ threeaninuds 
 iitad. The young calves with the cow ^.,« «... ^?^K represent two 
 tation is admitted and has 1 etine oii of fl uT-"^"^- ^'^ ^«""'"- 
 Tlie area per head upon the min • b s of l.V "^ '" ''''^^ ^"^ disinnv. 
 thick and rich, is U ic -s- n SpS, ?;^'«i'«'. where the herbage is 
 more per head T he ( o^t oV/^^^^^^ 70"»-»^^s 2^ acres and ev(m 
 
 ^ead ibr the seasoiK ^Inv^^^^^^l!^^;^^ *« ^« 1'-' 
 \ms are carefnllv tended and -rrp ^r .flV!V ^. ""'^'^' ^''^^^ monnt- 
 ■spiead the cattle droTmiffsli^f^^^^^^^ as well as possible. They 
 
 certain portion each^^an t tf;''^'^ rT d5n\?.''''--""'^' T^ «'««*^ '^ 
 the pasture is never too closely Id mf:>ri?^^f '^^"n>loyed, and 
 <lryi)Iaco for rest at i.ijrhtfml tuL ..u ^'^^^^«',«en lead the cows to a 
 Portions of the iS mTwd Irh^^^ tnxu-y few duys. 
 
 totheeows, whid. Se^dlJ^^X';^ U^!^ Ses e^ch^' '''"' ^^"'^^ 
 
 I"'ndH npon how nnu-irS is .t H,?? "^i'.e'rtiuie of dei)artur,. d(.. 
 
 "i 
 
252 
 
 CATTLE AND DAlUY PAUMTNO. 
 
 nnd Nonniiiidcs cowh, wlii<rli give 2,500 <nuirtH of inilU p«T .year, lliohw i 
 of tli»i SiihTH is lilted us ii ••"odcnitc! iiiilUur; but tliis iiirciioiity (|(„.^1 
 not apply to tlie wIjoIo race, for in AnviTfjiie, as in Normandy, aiitl'in tin. 
 north, wo find (rows whi(!li ^ivc .'{,000 (piart.s. 
 
 The uvora{;o of tlic dairii-.s of Auvcrjiiio is at 1,500 quarts, or (Iihv. 
 about, per head. This is Uvss than with tho two Ix^foro-nicntioncd ram, 
 hilt tho ditteriMice is e(iually jjrt'at in the consumption of food. Iii(1(hm{| 
 in Cantal the annual food of a crow <;onsist8 of grass in pastnnr fctn.j. 
 months of the year, and 1« or 20 pounds of hay for the rest of \\n\ VmvA 
 while in Norman<ly and (he north the eows are always gorfjtMl to rt'iilc' 
 tion with a variety of food,atid at aeostof three times tiiat of (liiuunvsi 
 of (!aiital, so that for the same amount of food tiie<row of Saicrs fjivi^j 
 a jfreater return of milk. The milk of the cow of Salers is Ncry riclJ 
 and well adapted to makinj,' cheese. 
 
 CANTAL CHKESE. 
 
 Cheese-uiakinp: is general and well managed in the mountains of An 
 vergne. This cheese is known throughonl Fianeo as "Cantal ciiccsc; 
 its manufacture is so 8im])lethat 1 havt* ventured to insert it. 
 
 The milk is (curdled by pressure in large vats, without skiiiiiniii:-.! 
 The curd is then strained through a straining bagof white bo]tiii,i,M'I(iti 
 kjieaded, salted, and pressed. Tho whey, still containingsoinci/articlcsl 
 of butter and cheese, is mixed with milk, which causes t lie cream toiisi., 
 From this butter is churned. The cheesy particles remaining ai'tor (lio| 
 churning are utilized for making a common cheese, consmned in i 
 locality. The whey remainijig after the last jnocess, not being coiisidl 
 ered too rich, is given to the hogs. A Salers cow i»roiiuces IVoin ,Sii)| 
 12 quarts of milk per day, while an occasional one is lound giviiij;:',! 
 <|uarts. About 11,000,0(K) pounds of cheese are annuaJiy made in lliis 
 region, an average of about llOpounds ])er cow. The best diiiiiostmii 
 out '140 pounds per head, inlerior ones 220 jxtunds. In (he siirins it| 
 requires 1,000 to 1,100 quarts of milk for 100 kilograms (220 poiinil 
 cheese, but as the season advani^es the riclnu^ss of (he milk in clKcst'j 
 increases, in the fall it again re(piires 000 quarts of milk I'nr 100 kilo 
 grams (220 pounds) of cheese. An average for the year would be ali(iiit| 
 the lattt'r figure. Thissanie n)ilk produces besides from l'>.\ to IS poinid,' 
 of butter. This cheese is sold to tho merchants at about 10 cents iiirl 
 jtound. This inice corres])onds to about <>,1 cents ])er (|uart f(»iii 
 In Nornumdy and the north themilk of which the butter is niade;;ivt's| 
 only a returii of about 4 cents per (juart. 
 
 This ditference of price j)robably indicates the ditl'cnnce in tlu'niial 
 ity of the milk of the two breeds. This <;heese is mostly <M)iisiinitdii 
 LiuHuisin and the south of I'raiice, and, fliough not sought for I»,v tlif 
 ei)icures, is palatable and nourishing. It is claimed that tlie " lacidi 
 Salers" is less important in a dairy point of view than in tiunisliiiig| 
 working cattle aiid food. 
 
 THE SALERS CROSS-BREEDS. 
 
 The cross-breeding has been tried with the English races of Dnrlii 
 Devon, tlu^ Scottdi breed of West Highland, ajid the Swiss raees. Tliol 
 ^inimalsof the cross-breed of the Durlianj artheiateexliiliition at i'iiiinj 
 indicated a slightly greater ]>recocity, but the genera! venliet ortlii«i 
 w!io have carcrally examined the subject is that the crossing lias iiotj 
 ameliorated the race, and that this can oidy be edectcd hy a enicli 
 selection of breeding animals taken from the admirable viwr. irsell, 
 
 laec, sinc( 
 
ifr.voiir, lllO(■ow 
 ill^»'l•iol•ity (|(„.J 
 liiiidy, and iii|||J 
 
 liKirtH, or tii,,,.,.. 
 inciitioiM'd ram, 
 d'fbod. Iii(I(.(m{ 
 piistiin^ rorci^jiil 
 rest or ilKUiiii.' 
 K<)rK(Ml to r('|)|(. 
 tliiitof (luuunvs 
 •' of Salcrs fjivcs 
 drrw is \('rv nV 
 
 loiintiiiiisof All 
 'Ciiidal clictw. 
 
 1801't, it. 
 
 ;lioiit iskiinmiiiL'. 
 iit(^l>oltiii,;;cI(ifii,| 
 iKMoiiK^imrticlcsI 
 luM-rcaiii toiise, 
 iiaiiiiiif,Md't(>i'llie| 
 coiismiiod \]\\k> 
 lot beiiir;' coiisid- 
 oduccs tioiii ,S|i)| 
 loiiiid },nviiij;:'.l| 
 illy iiiadi) ill tin's 
 Ix'st dailies tiini 
 III dm sjaiiij; it 
 s (liliO pomiils.dl' 
 mi Hi ill cliirst' 
 iiiilU I'm' 1(10 kiln. 
 ii'\V()iildl)e;ili(iiit| 
 ili\i tolSpoiiiiil,' 
 unit .10 cents ]icrj 
 • (|iiait form 
 Um' is iiiii(l(';;ivt'S| 
 
 ciice in tiicfjiiiil 
 ■itly coiisiiiiicdii 
 :)llj;lil i'or b.VtIif 
 lat tilt' " riici'di 
 an ill I'liniisliiiij;! 
 
 acos ol" Diirliii 
 
 Wiss I'iKH'S. 'i 
 
 hiliitioiiat i'iimi 
 verdict crtlii'*! 
 croissiiii;' liasiioti 
 ted hy a c;in'li 
 ' race itself. 
 
 FIJANCE. 
 UACE 1)'AU11UA<J. 
 
 253 
 
 I 
 
 AlllHtnjili I liiiv*^ not HO classidod if. It 
 
 , It .seems proper that Mie r 
 
 (I'Aiihiiic, liaviiij-tJicdxcdeliaracteiistieNoradistiiiet 1 
 lu.JMhltor to tli(^ race de Saier.s and hearing; a reisemhj 
 ■ Diild not l)e conroiinded with it. One «)t' ti 
 
 iiee 
 
 tics nt'tlii.s breed (roiiKJst.s in it.s short I 
 
 •iK!e,aiidaltlioii};li 
 
 Mice to that race, 
 
 most marked [>eoiiliari- 
 
 ,,,. , I . ... , ---1-1-7 '■|'i>'i>wimi 
 
 thick liody, eharaeterisde, iiowever, of all thc^ animals of th 
 
 eK.s,oiit of proportion to itslon^- 
 
 l,,'l except ill?; the human race. The race d'Aubrac 1 
 
 IS re(.?ion, not 
 
 lUH a Kood head, lair 
 
 lorns, gracefully turuod and 
 
 size, tlu' Knoiit lon^' and lar^'e, slronjj h 
 twisted and of inoderahi len^-th. 
 
 Tiic d'Aiibra(5 (m)\v has a, handsome velvety coat and liexiblo skin 
 thcciicst lar«e, the back tiat, the bones of tli'e. haiinel 
 ilij;litly prominent. The color of the coat i 
 
 H's rounded and 
 
 s rarely simple, but mixed 
 
 i:er, 
 
 «itli clouded tints. The ordinary colors are fawn, hare tint or badL^ 
 and soot bhudv, mi.xed with black and j«»iiv. . 
 
 Tiicoxofthis breed attains its f>rowth very slowly This 
 .siiipiisiii^, coiisidcuinj; how those animals intemied exclusively („. „,)ik 
 
 '" '•'■'^l'"'''; "I*- ...^;!'J. !,'.'''' \y"|'t or]»mM)eity does not apply to all of tho 
 
 " «"t' •'••iiiarkable jtrecocity, 
 
 IIS 18 not 
 y for work 
 
 nice, siiKu .some maj;iii(iceii( Aiibiae cattle eviii 
 
 To obtain this condition the animal must be well i'ad from tho time that 
 
 it is weaned 
 
 DAIRYING JN AVIOYliON. 
 
 Tlic cow of Aubra<-, like those of most of the southern breeds is 
 smaller than tli.^ male. It is not a Hieat milker, uiuler favorable cir- 
 eiiiiistaiiccs-ivin-;' but J) or 10 quarts of niHk |)er day. The cheese 
 iiiakiiijj i.s nevertheless e.vteiisively carried on in these mountainous 
 legions, ihe chees(Ms deemed superior to that of Jlolland, but will 
 not keei> so loiif^', as the whey is more carefully removed Irom the latter 
 
 The .same cstablKshment of mountain dairies as found in «alers exists 
 in Aveyroii. Mach dairy of one linmlred cows has a head of the cheese 
 lioiise, to wlioiii .«L'4 is paid ; a boy especially in char-e of the calves 
 lit ■Kill imce; three henlsmen, at $10 each, which makes a total of *,S1 
 wa-cs tor a herd of one hundred cows. The waf,a's are paid at (he end 
 ot the sea.soii ,,.,( of the produ<!t. These emi.Ioyes are fed on milk, ryo 
 luead, and .salt bacon ; this iood is estimated at $2S. The canital cf 
 an e.stahlishinent of this kind is about *-'(»(), besides shiftini; fences f(n 
 iiielo.siii-tiie cattle at ni-ht, and ,Iairy utensils and cheese on haii 
 which never excc.-d *I(H). The aNera;,a, yield of an Aubrac cow in HO 
 lioiiiids cheese and 7 pounds butter. 
 
 THE AUJJUAO MKAT-OX. 
 
 The hatcher's stall i.s the end of t he ox of Anbra.-, as of all the rest of 
 He oxen in the world, but as a working animal he ^ivcs a «0(n1 m-o it 
 
 S:!:;: his'Shii^ir''" '"^ "" '^"^'^^ ''^" "'^ '-^'^^ '^^^ 
 
 TUK AUIJRAC CUOSS-BllEEUS. 
 
 With this race, as with that of tho Balers, the crossiiiif with other 
 l"ml,s has not improved it, excej.t in regarc to precoc tv and 'is fh« 
 
 t-ittit} at tlie expense ot diminishing his usefulness as a worker. 
 
264 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY I'AUMINO. 
 THE OAllONNW HUKEI). 
 
 Tlioriu'c A;,'tuiin'NO, or Garoniiiiisc, is round in dm viilh-y o( llm (', 
 ronno, iM'tWft n Toulouso aiul iJonli'iuix, an extent ofalmlit (>() Icai'iii! 
 
 This in onc^ of Hm lineMl, huKe-st, and Htroii^'e.st brecMiH ()r Krancc^nM 
 well utlaptetl to tlio jjortioii ot the country which it occui>iea. '' 
 
 OHAUAOTERIHTICS OP THE OARONNAISE. 
 
 TJio oxen oftliiH breed nieaisure Ti feet 8 iiiche.s at the witliers i 
 oven nions and weifth l.',.'i()0 i)ounds, wliiie th«<«!o\v.s only nica.sure I tVe 
 incihes an.l \vei},'h 770 pounds. Tliis ra(!e is not faultless, boii,,, ,.,„|u 
 
 > and 
 foot .1 1 
 
 <>red asli;,vin«: the l)risk()t contracted beliind the shoul(k'rs 'nM* Zrli 
 h)njf and pointed towards tiic ^loinul, and tiie back hollow. This litter 
 is, however, partiidly overcome in some animals. 
 
 FEEDING IN THE GAUONNE. 
 
 The animals of the hij,'h hind are fed with a certain |tar.sinionv wliili. 
 a nuxh'l style of food is provided for those in the valleys. A (•onstim 
 siKtcession of artilicial for.iRe, fresh and };rcen, is alforded from I'vi, 
 Marith to the 1.1th of ^'ovember. From tlie loth of .March to tlits Ijil 
 o( Apiil green rye is fed and mixed with cut sti-aw. This f,aiiin smi 
 III October on a well manured soil, fiii.iishes at the end of wintcraiKmr 
 ishiu},' and healthy lood. From the IfUh of April to (he Isl of Miv 
 beloie the blossom iii;i;-, barley sown in ]Sovend»er and later is fed. Fmii 
 (lie 1st of May to the loth of June these grasses are replaced by dry 
 foddei'; r<'d clover, green and dry, constitutes a portion of their food 
 
 l''roin the lath of August, for the clover, a mixture of vetches and o its 
 sown at intervals, allords refreshing nourishment during the extmmlv 
 heated season. Towards the middle of August the corn fodder is 
 ready and lasts till the middle of Noveniber. The <rorn is sown in tlie 
 s;)riiig upon the same ground from which the rye and barley had lurn 
 (!Ut 111 the spring. lOleven-lorl ieths of an acre sown in corn will siiijpoit 
 two cows for two months. This crop is valued at )j<;{ to .*;U0 Tliu 
 leaves and seeds of millet are utilized. These are carefully gatlicred 
 ami if the other fodder is sutli(!ient, are not drawn npoirtill winter 
 J)urinc- the (bur months of winter the main dependence is upon red 
 clover, the Holland clover straw, and hay ; but few roots are cultivated 
 in this part of France for fodder. 
 
 THE OAltONNAlS OX. 
 
 The (laroiinais ox, of large and S(tlid build, is not only used before tlie 
 carts of tin? country, but can be seen at IJordeaux slowly trailing lieavih 
 ladeii caits for tli<> loading and discharge of vessels. 
 
 In the way of lattening and early maturity the ox merits attention. 
 At the recent Paris exhibition many could be seen which were precocious 
 and of good size, giving good returns of meat in regard to niiulity and 
 (piantity. 
 
 THE GAKONNAIS CKOSS-KREEDS. 
 
 A single crossbreed Garonriais, being Limousin-Garonnais, was ex- 
 hibited and ai)peaied well. There appears no good reason why these 
 races, both remarkable for working and meat, should not assiniihite 
 readily. The bcstacc,reditedo{»iiiioii is that the Durham lacoisdescemled 
 
viilh'y (i( llio (1;,. 
 •fiiboiif, (!()|,.a;r|„„ 
 ecMlH (>r Fraricf, ami I 
 i)ccuiiie8. 
 
 USK. 
 
 Ht tllO Witlu'IH,iUl(l 
 
 Illy moii.siiic Uootsl 
 
 tIt'.SN, iK'ill;,' coii.sid. 
 
 loiildiTH, tho lioriisl 
 lollow. Tliia latter 
 
 M I'ill'.sini..iiy,wlii|i, 
 ll»'.V«. A coiiNtiiiit 
 illoidcil iioiii I'ltli 
 .Miucli to tlio I'lili 
 
 Tliis };riiiii,.s(n\ii 
 h1 of winter ii Hour- 
 to (lio Istof JIiiv, 
 later is fed. Fi„iii 
 «' rcpliiccd by dry 
 ioM oC tlR'ir food. 
 )f vet(Mi('s 1111(1 oats, 
 rinj^f tlKM'xtmiu'ly 
 lie corn fodder is 
 orii is sown in tiie 
 id barley had lurn 
 II corn will snmmt 
 *.'{ to .*.•{."»(). The 
 iarefidly (,Mtlii'red, 
 
 upon till winter. 
 deuce is upon red 
 jots are cultivated 
 
 Illy usedlteforetlie 
 ly traiiinf,'licavil\ 
 
 merits attention. 
 di were jirecoi'ioiis 
 iird to quality and 
 
 raronnais, was ex- 
 reason why these 
 dd not assiniiliite 
 1 racoisdosceuded 
 
 I) 
 
 f ■ 
 > 
 
 m 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
Ul 
 
 I'roiii tilt', . 
 liice (j.in 
 However 
 lace, whU 
 with succi 
 and the 1 
 without ii 
 
 Tlie luin 
 (riiroiiiie ii 
 iiiimbcr of 
 proved fro. 
 
 On iippn 
 ;iiid Bayou 
 low wheel.' 
 ic(M)<^iiize \\ 
 
 The head 
 licad-^^cnir i 
 li'oni the « 
 covers ehijsi 
 oilier iiisec 
 lii'0])er and 
 the beasts v 
 ii .societv Ibi 
 
 This raee 
 
 liazas, in th 
 
 about JJazas 
 
 and Dux, w 
 
 laces, the 
 
 races liave ii 
 
 tolon^ jonn 
 
 alonfT iliese ( 
 
 it, Tlie <)x-( 
 
 ■striki's tlieni 
 
 words, speec 
 
 ins whieh tJi 
 
 Farmers a ! 
 
 lu'aisc's of ti 
 
 and [Sah'rs i, 
 
 woiiccd \-ei'y 
 
 liazadais do, 
 
 ^mih tlie eo\ 
 
 li'mse of the I 
 
 I'll' in rnnnin, 
 
 '"'i''',viM^' Iiea\ 
 
 '■itstonied to j. 
 
 ve'uic'iit, eooiK 
 
 I'lttons easdy, 
 
 'i'licre lia\ (! 
 
 liiivo liucM ma- 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 255 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 ■« 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 k' 
 
 If 
 
 ^ 
 
 »-,'./ 
 
 
 ^•^' 
 
 
 
 
 *"/ 
 
 Iroiii dm Jfolliiiid breed, biif sniiiA -.lo.- 
 
 .ace (Juro.naise, a lar«^ u.S ot^^lliH.'"^'*^^ "^^^ '^ ^'-^'^^ ^o'" tlie 
 Mouever tins „k,v be, 'there is soM.e Ion S t^^^i.^L^*^^^ *" l^"«la.uh 
 race, ML.eli doe. not equal tluit <.f the S rln" -^ A"" l'^>^*^««'^y of the 
 with success to improve this race 'lu.^rltli' ""^ ^'^^^ «""ns attended 
 and the l>ui ^am-MLueeaux, tc^rh'a "u^e tr IS ^^''^^'^^^^ Garonnais 
 without impairing their working capaeity. " '" ''^^""^'^ «f ^"^at, 
 
 CENSUS OP THE GARONNAIS. 
 
 Tlie njiinbor of this breed ocfimvin^ *i 
 
 Garonne i;S font 400,000 ]K>ads?;ffiveM't(S^^^^^^^ ?"«-^ «f t^« 
 iiimioer ol tliese animals is intuisV, " l;,! ti • ' ^'^'^''^'^''^^^ ^«u<1^ The 
 proved from year to year. '" '"^-^^'^^ «" ^ tlieir condition sensibly im 
 
 THE BAZAUAISE BREED. 
 
 On apprf)aching the railway station ..^ r 
 iin.l Bayonne, we invariably sc^e in tl^ si', n.n^ .""'''';, ^'.'^^'«^^*'» Bordeaux 
 low wheels, laden with pine ^v( od anidnwri^^^ ^""•^**' ^^'^'^ 
 
 r..(:osnize with dilliculty, on account of th. ' l?^n ? "'""'''''" "''^'^I' ^e 
 
 The head, quite hiri,M., appears hr-ern, ''" trapping;,, as oxen. 
 li.a.l.^ear n.ade of «l.eo , Jl/in' whTdfe . X nr^^ ''' «"*'^"^« ^f 
 
 IVo.ii the snn in that warm latitude V . m•^' p ''/-'J^ '""^ '^'''-^'l^'^ it 
 .cver.s(:l...sely and protects the uninial ...■■n' L h i /*' <''»'irse cloth 
 utiH'r ...sects. This enrious clothing a, fit nv,S.^'' ^' '^'■^" "'"' 
 l'.oi.er a.id just aj)preciation of the T.ih- it .iT,'^ 'v'^*^ '^^'"'w^ the 
 ll.e beasts which .serve and feed then T w' .'!' ^* *''^' ^^'^'"'^'s toward 
 a socxety for the jnotection of animals * "^ "" ot'casion there for 
 
 This race derives its name from ih-tt ,.r «i i 
 liazas, i.i the extremity of the S,-ut; ... t ^'!.M'l**'™i"«- little city of 
 about Bazas is morefe.'tile than t . t i A ^ v* <''« Gironde. The soi 
 ••nn\ Dux, which .'xplalns th^^ iS:^^^^';;;^:^^''^'^^/''^^'^"^ ^'^-^^^^^^^^^ 
 laces, the race Bazadaise a. th'^ru-e , .'m ? *'" ^^ "^'?l'l>oring 
 races have many points of r.'sendila: . e The* v!n "'' " !'""'«^' *''«»« 
 to lo.ig journeys over fKived roads, alt'u'he to i.< ' '' *''^'" ^^"'>'"itted 
 along these dusty loads under a burnin: s , . 'f ? '''"■^''- ^^^""^ *"*' 
 ir. 'ilio ..x-.lnver takes the best , ,sii To ?. ' •'' .''•'"'' "I» ^^^1' »'"ler 
 .^fikcs tlie.,,. Tiic.y n^arch alon...' J,' ' 1.^ ;' ^V'' "« ^'^ttle, and never 
 words speeches, ami even plea^nt ^es « / 'f ' ^^^""^■*^^'^^ them by 
 in;^,uh.ch tJ.o ox r«.double« his efforts J"»'t'eular song, on hear- 
 
 larmeis and butchers at Bordeaux an,] r'...; 
 l"'a>scs of this bree<I. The suS.rifv ./''';/'''' ""•i"i"'o'«« in their 
 ""<! Halers is attrib..table t.rthe f it^ l.t n """,""■ "'^^ ^^'-''-ousi'; 
 ;V''i^7'.very lightly, or about Zml L to • v f"''./'''""''''^ '''''' "«"=»"y 
 l':ii';ulais does not only ag-icu ur «/ * *'"" ^''^'i' f^^^'', while the 
 ,^""th the cows are wori ecln on h n ^'""""'^'•^'ial work. At tl 
 l";»:e«tthe Landes is small hZl'Zlr ^•''" ^' ^''*' <"''""''«- T e 
 ; J "! n-'ni.ig about the c<mnfey l^'^ ^:;;Sf''l"^ ';^:'y, indetatil^ 
 
 "-^ '-- -.le in their ume;!:;i;;,;.';; ^,^-^|;-'- ^^'"''' ^'-t «<.-ides 
 
 > 
 
 
256 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY FAKMINO. 
 
 TlIK LANDAISE IIUEKB. 
 
 I have tsiiiil Hint the race IJazaduiso is often eon founded with the 
 race Laiidaise, It is often crossed thns, but without any advantaifo 
 and tendiufi' to attenuate tlie proportions of the animal. The raceLaii' 
 daise, liliy tlui I>aza(hiise, is found in the dei>artnientof tlie Landes and 
 is also subjected to lianl work. Ayrieulturo is rude in that depiutnuMit 
 The animals subsist upon scanty, hard jjrass. During the winter tl)(' 
 working (!attlc are fed upon hay, tlie others upon wheat, straw uik' 
 corn-stalks. On many farms the cattle are fed by hand. Many wickets 
 are placed in the wall of the house which opens upon the; court siii'- 
 rounded by sheds and stalls, where the animal is free. By these wickets 
 the members of the family in turn give mouthful after mouthful of food 
 to the animals, and witli wonderful jjatience and economy plnce every 
 mouthful of food in the very gullet of the animal, thus prevoiited fioin 
 rejecting it. They are often teiiipte«l by the sight of a green leaf or 
 some appetizing hay tea, or a bit of turnip, but these ai)pearaii(',es'iue 
 often deceitful, an 1 the poor beast is only offered some dry straw whicii 
 had been untouched in his rack and shouhl have served for a bed. 
 
 This metiiod of taking care of an animal takes much time, and malu.s 
 a great inroad into the night of the workman, whose entire day is taken 
 up in the fiehls; but it is astonishing witii how little feed'of^the most 
 ordinary kind, the animals subjected to heavy and incessant labor ciiii 
 be kept in good condition. ; 
 
 The cows, much smaller than the oxen, are subjected to hard work 
 while they nourish their c lives without receiving" any additional uour- 
 Ishment themselves. 
 
 LANDAISE BULL RACES. 
 
 The agility of these animals is extraordinary ; they take a trot witli- 
 out being blown. They aic often sent on loiig routes and make 40 to 
 50 miles in twenty-four hours, and in making these distances tlieydo 
 not stop for rest. At the fairs in the Landes the agility of these ani- 
 mals is often exhibited ; the bulls rarely (igure in these games.altlioii'di 
 th(\v are termed "bull races." The oxen a;id (tows ordinarily take iiait 
 in these gaim-s. These are less exciting than bull lights, but tliej-reat- 
 est enthusiasm is evinced by the crowd, and the same agility and an- 
 (hicity on the rt oi the actors, who evince a curious knowlecljie of the 
 ways of the animal, to whom they openly oppose themselves without any 
 other defense than the rapidity of getting out of his way. The skilllii'l 
 athlete, with a cigarette in his mouth, makes a. slight movement wlicii 
 the bull advances towards him with his head lowered ; tlu^ horns j^nizc 
 his breast, but he has (dosely calculated the distance. As the inliiWatcd 
 animal rushes u]>on him, with his head lowered to strike him, lie coolly 
 jdaces a foot between his horns, and, aided by the upward movement lil 
 tlie animal's liead, safely springs behind him. This is not always a;' 
 complished without aixident, but iirecaution in the way of curds usually 
 prevent any unpleasant episodes. 
 
 THE LANDALSE AS A MEAT CATTLE. 
 
 Th(; race Laudaise has an established re>putation at the aniiiial lairs 
 of fat cattle in I'^ranee. ITpou a hardy race, badly fed in its home, as 
 ale the Landais, increased food works wonders; if (o this is added i 
 selection of breeding animals you are s.irc^ to arrive at the utmost rcl 
 ative perfection of th<' race. This race, while strongly framed for work, 
 
h1<h1 with the 
 ".V adviuitajro, 
 
 The race Laii- 
 Hi riiiiKles, and 
 It (IcpartiiRMit. 
 tlio winter tljo 
 fit, straw, uik; 
 
 Many wickets 
 tilt! court, sur- 
 ■tlit'so wickets 
 )U(iit'ul <»flbo(l 
 ii.V I)l.'ico every 
 'I'ovoiitcd Croi'ii 
 
 given Iciii; (,!■ 
 M't-'arances uie 
 '.V straw wliicii 
 lor a bed. 
 "«-', and iiiaiics 
 '■^•lay is taken 
 il,' of the most 
 sant lal»or can 
 
 to liard work, 
 Iditional uour- 
 
 Hi a trot witli- 
 lid make 45 to 
 ances tlieydo 
 >' of tliese ani- 
 iiiK's.altlioiigli 
 irily take part 
 lint tliej^reat- 
 ifjility and an- 
 iwlediieoftlic 
 -'s wi t lion t any 
 The skillfiil 
 ivenieiit when 
 i' horns {^razc 
 the inriiriatcd 
 iiini, he coolly 
 
 niovenieiit of 
 lot always a;' 
 
 cords usually 
 
 z 
 
 > 
 
 In 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 [' annual hurs 
 I its home, as 
 lis is a(hU'(i ;t 
 ic utmost rei- 
 ned for work, 
 
 Tl 
 
 m 
 
 o 
 

 f''V 
 
 ^ 
 
 '/■ ';• 
 
 
 
 U , /, 
 
 u 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 1^- 
 
 2 
 
 mL 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?^^' 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 Hi 
 
 Ia 
 
 ^^ 
 
I 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 U 
 2 
 Z 
 
 h 
 UJ 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 
' 
 
 U) 
 
■ H 
 
 ■ 
 
 mi K^^^^i 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 'im 
 
 m 
 
LJ 
 
 'I'll 
 
 has a <"iitll. boi 
 Ibouy structure 
 [tliat it' these an 
 
 ,i»e return gooi 
 
 All iigivo tbii 
 jliroiiiineiit foiitu 
 IfoiuKl in tliO(U'j) 
 Jtiviitioii of the li 
 Itiiooustaiit proo 
 Itirch', and tliat i 
 jiuv twelve to fif'f 
 ll)ri.olier, 
 
 Cohiparcd wit 
 Itwitsin coiunioii 
 J more vigorous, si 
 lis more i)roco( iou 
 \U> the lig'ht oil 
 Jloiij;' journeys, \vi 
 jiiiv laoK. in niiiiiL 
 Jivdrk. They are ] 
 Italves. 
 
 in that part of ; 
 [(Ii'iiiand for biittwi 
 niiic'h are found ii 
 |i» the eastern lini, 
 There are nuniei 
 liii;' inider the lieac 
 ^tiidyiiig- the Fren( 
 
 •Vlthoiigli it is ad 
 Jiiaise,"' " JBaretonc 
 lliiit it would sinipl 
 Tvreiiees" or races 
 ni-'ivase iu size wht 
 
 " «'s, but there a 
 flit they are more o 
 aiiiy after their da 
 
 I The race of Algi 
 mm send yearly a 
 pterior of France,' a 
 J The coat is genen; 
 pore or less mottled, 
 ¥ i feet inches. 1 
 
 frgeriu the richer V 
 nlmmctcristics p, 
 
 hthoiit being cx-acth 
 F's large and co'h 
 P""' tliich and rou 
 11. Kx.r.l I 
 
FRANCE, 
 
 257 
 
 ,li;isa <"iitll. bony .sti'n(;taiv diiMlif,;,, ■■,,■ 
 
 !..^-.sn;,.cture beJon.s to id racJ itlwlilij'!?;";/;^^^!^- Tins po.uliar 
 
 tlintit tliese aiimials urn well r,.,i (Vom ti ;, , • l'^^ ''*-'*'" 'ItMiionstratea- 
 
 ,„e return good i,rotit for tUvhiroZ't^o't'^'^ ^^'^ "^ '''' ^''''-ly 
 I 1 '"., lo. the solf, i)urpo,e of food. 
 
 THE GASCON BREED. 
 All agroo tbat the race G'iscoun(» is 
 
 :oinimMit features are briskness and Sw-nl^'' '^^';'l*t«l to work. J t « 
 foiuul in the department of Gers - v ,. / ' '''"^'^'- ^^ '« Principal v 
 tiv:,tion of the hills is dimcult and aT>i Z^^Vr""^'"^^ ' ''-''''' ^hi clli'- 
 to ooustaiit proot. Its faults are th()se of ^ r ^•^''''''■^' '^^^ here put 
 tnrly, and that of the hardest Idn t le ox^ f' ^'''^" "1* ^^^ ^«»-I^' tn, 
 j;v t^lvo to hlteen .ears old, and then ^^^^ ^^^^ V:^g^ 
 
 ('i)hipared with the races Bayi 1 ' 
 twits in common. Tlie racte Gascon ne'i^'I'ln, ^^''O",'""^'^ '^ h'i« I'lanv 
 more vigorous, stiff at work, lil e the oin> 7 T^ "'"^'^^ ^'"'"^J, b^ 
 is more i)roco< ions. The race ii^l lu^ ■ ^"^^ivates. The GaroniVd^P 
 ,, 1.0 light oil tlnttitdw^dls'^lpt 'nirr*^''^ 
 I oi„. journey., which it bears astol J .hrcJu. ''^u^ '^" ^^ the fatzgue of 
 iirr more in number than the oven ., i ?* ,^ ^^'''^^ of this breed 
 
 fc, ""■' """■ "--' »™-i" a'Siu*::;;;-^ - ^-s ™| 
 
 l!) that part of France thev cook xxni-u ^-i 
 fchmuKl for butt.r. Those Mdmw«f,^.''.'M\"'/ ^'^t' '"^^^ there is little 
 |Meh are Ibund in great nn^Z^U^ ^^^l^ ^'^^^j"'*^ ^^^^oUZ 
 |o the eastern Imuts of the IJiscayan countn ' '""^ *'*"" Bordeaux 
 
 Jlx the'En? AiS:^i;;;r^;;ir ' '^f f'"^^- -t^-aiv those com 
 
 It..yiug the French races l^,;,!':;!; !£rS';;o^?^;^,;;;terest tS 
 
 CATTLE OF THE PYRENEES. 
 
 •Uthough it is admitted tint flm,... ... 
 
 fciiaise,-' - Baretone," '' Lanciaise V n' Z; '';'"'^'7;»-*<^ties, known as '^ Bas- 
 I'at.t would sin.p!:(y nnittert /uc ^t > .^^^S ""IV"'"^'^*^'^ ^^« ^^o^X 
 |neuees"or races of the Pyrenees Like S /^'^ ^'''''" '^^ '''^^<^^ *les 
 ;?;!? /:rT "'^'''" ^^^'^^'^ to te^i e p ^^if 'i^";«»»tain races, these 
 ilkei*, but there are ound excetiti,.,,. iJ ,^ '"'^' ""t very ..reit 
 
 N they are Uiore or less uu t-ornJooru ''."''' '"'^ ^''''' '' tUir avera e 
 f "ly alter their days for labor !lre Z^ '''''^'''''' ^"^^ ^''"^ be fattelfed' 
 
 ALGERIAN CATTLE. 
 
 BBi:^^^P'^^ ^"^ -«tock. 
 
 pt lorot Irance, a brief sket.-h of thhr wt » • ,?''"*^'^' •'i« ^vell as the 
 1 I^iicoat IS generally brown or n.u vn «" "'^''^ ""t bo out of place 
 N or less mottled, seMom clear ft J '• '\7"«tin.es drab or cheit ut" 
 I i leet inches. Th,. sn. 1 u "• , """t'' ^'"••n''S from .'} feetqinV. ' 
 ^riu the richer ianc'r"" """"^'" '"''' ^-^"<l *" the InoH^.lidns'l';.^ 
 
 f ;p;?;S.;^!;'';:;:;-:^^- ;-^ ; head wants iineness 
 
 t i">T ""^' *'"''"'»^''' their li'vcti , M ''"'^'V '""^ "'■"^'.^' >ittac ed : 
 h- -It-" ••"-<■; witherj;;;^! '-i;--^; -'icnvular; bo./^ 
 
 h\. .-,1 
 
 -H- .H.. .;i!-:^^ ;--•-;;. ..0,^ 
 
258 
 
 JATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 size; (lewlai* prouiiiieut ; flank short; skiu smootli, but rather tbicl- 
 than fine ; step light and aspect lively ; very tractable and of good dj.' 
 poaitio-:. On the whole, this description pictures an animal witbont 
 many faults. The ox is a good worker, tough, energetic, and oul v nf.d 
 size and weight. ■• 
 
 Care and handling.— It is said of them that they live and thriv 
 where European 1>reeds would languish and die, submitted to tlie mm 
 fare. ^^' 
 
 In the spring they have abundant feed, but during the rest ofilii 
 year they live upon dry herbage, sunburnt or injured by the heiv 
 dust, while for drink they only have an insufficient quantity of brackisi, 
 water. Such is tlie carelessness of the Arabs that they fail to proviili! 
 forage for the winter, althon xh the snow sometimes covers the eartli 
 for fifteen consecutive days. They do not attempt to protect the cattle 
 from the cold of winter or from the excessive heat of sammer and' the 
 cattle, submitted to all the vicissitudes of a variable climate like tliat of 
 Algiers, endure a deprivation of food more or less complete for iiin,. 
 months of the year. It is not astonishing, therefore, that the mortiliri 
 of these cattle is great. 
 
 The Algerian coio as a milker.— The Algerian cow is a poor milker' 
 gives scarcely milk enough to nourish her calf, which the Arab woman 
 tries to take from her for the household. Only one of the four teats is 
 allowed for the calf. If this cow is a poor milker, as an offset its milk 
 is rich. The Arabs drink it fresh or sour, and make butter and cheese 
 by a barbarous process, a description of which would not be instructive 
 This race has been crossed with the Schwitz, a native of the center of 
 Switzerland, with happy results, adding to the size aud improving tlie 
 milking qualities. Submitted to a good liberal regimen they Lave ex- 
 cited attention and admiration, and have yielded as high as 09 per cent 
 net meat. In 1878 42,250 Algerian cattle were imported into Frauce. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BREEDS. 
 
 This article might be extended to an indefinite length if uttemp* 
 were made to include many of other breeds and subbreeds, such as the 
 race Tareutaise; the breed of the Black Mountain, termed "racede 
 la Montague noir ; " the race du Gevaudau, found in the department of 
 Herault, of small size, but said to be as old as poverty. I have en 
 deavored to call attention tt the more pron: inent breeds of cattle as 
 seen in their homes, and describing their surroundings, solely in the 
 hope of guiding the intelligent breeder in his search for the type oi cat 
 tie best adapted to the locality aud the ends which he proposes toae 
 complish by importing the same. 
 
 STATISTICS OF LA VILETTE, THE PARIS ABATTOIR. 
 
 All of the large cities of France are supplied with abattoirs, or 
 slaughter-houses. The celebrated La Vilette, of Paris, combines the 
 advantages of a cattle market with a slaughter-house; lias iimijle aC' 
 comn)()dati(ms for housing 5,000 or 0,000 head of cattle, besides calves 
 and slieei). About 5,000 head of oxen are slauglitered liere weekly, iu 
 addition to the other aninials. Upwards of 1,000 men are euiplnyed 
 here, and the streets are paved. 
 
 There are O-l large buildiuijs. some for the doomed cattle aud others 
 used as slaughter-houses. Fountaiut and taidis ii bound. These build- 
 ings cover about 07 acres, and the whole presents the appearance of a 
 
good (lis. 
 
 i 
 
 li^^l 
 
 
 I'SHI 
 
 
 If;; 
 
 rrWW *!, 
 
 i 
 
 C 
 
 u 
 
rear. 
 
 1873 . . 
 
 1871 . . 
 
 i«:5. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 minii 
 aiiiui: 
 and tht; 
 
 ^^' 259 
 
 the rt'uiaiii.U'r is i.fiiiv-.-i M "'1"V'^ *^* '"<^«it leaches tbeeonsnm«P 
 
 -ni...^ „r,,,,.i^;;;; -;;;;; -t^tl;eeo.su,ne. 
 
 a,er.„e ™„U, „,-3.0 k„„g„™« (Tr,?ouL!XK?SI|^' -."^^^e 
 
 Beiurns of products. 
 
 Hide, avera^ve weif;lit 4« kilograms, at 1 frano 
 
 Snet, -Jo kilograms, at fh> rentimes 
 
 Refuse 
 
 Ti)rai. 
 
 Hxpeimes. 
 
 Francs. 
 . ASM 
 
 ■ :i!3.oo 
 
 . Id.OO 
 
 . eo.oo 
 
 Octroi, at I-.' francs per 100 kilo"Tams 
 13_riii);iii« from the market to the abattoiV 
 u muuj^ ot the tripes . . 
 Labor '.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 
 
 .^iiiulry expenses (food, material, '&c".)'.'..'.' ' 
 
 Total .. 
 Balance. 
 
 Or about 10 francs per 100 kilo-rams 
 
 Ihhs proves tliaC au ox bou-ljt in tLe luarkef for l rn ^ 
 sjram per poiintl about 14 cents) costs in thnoi! ••^^* ^''•'^''*-^ I'^i' ki 
 kilogram (per pound about 13 cents) ^''''"^"' ^•^♦* ^''"'"•^'^ 1 
 
 The variation in the p 
 
 kilo- 
 Its). "" """" "'H'*;s per 
 
 tiuencethe priee oFtiiTni^'^iM^^Se^Ibo,^"? '""^ "i*^^'^ "'' '^«« in- 
 ail exact and general wa v the returns of t hi?, ' /'^''''^^ demonstrate in 
 labor and management ' ^'''' Products and the cost of the 
 
 they Lave reached. ' '"*^ '''^ ^'*'^^^' ''•"*! tl»*^ degree 
 
 The returns at Paris are srreater -i* ih^ ir. 
 excrement. ^^tatei, as the journey rids the intestines of 
 
 ittion, Ironi M t„ .55 |,i.r ,,.ut • ,. If f," .,' '"' 5;'"l'' "> "rdiuarv oou- 
 »..d, 0„ ,„ M ,«.,. .,,.„', ^ ,„■;,;; i,l'i'f Ji;\l;™;':-,Jo .,. per eeu,; , ,„, 
 
 varies ac- 
 free of fatness 
 
 Jnimah slmxjhtcred In the ahatto 
 
 I» 
 
 ir pnieral at Paris. 
 
 Vear. Oxi'ii, Calvos. 
 
 Lambs. , Total. ' Year. 
 
 Oxen. ! Calves. Lambs. 
 
 1873 . . 
 1871 . . 
 \i-,3. 
 187li.. 
 
 1877.. 
 
 16«, .ITK 
 
 I8i).:i3:i 
 ill I, .-.(u 
 
 lA't, 190 
 
 120, 698 
 
 iiis, ;)«o 
 
 ICJ,;)79 
 Ifi'^, 943 
 177, 4fJ0 
 
 1, o.io ei.-i 
 1. 140, rm 
 
 1. 2,'W, 4S'.> 
 1,2":,7LM 
 
 I. :'So, 4S0 
 
 1. 3?2, 17.-) 
 l,44r>,4(ill 
 l.iiiKM94 
 1.04I,L':t4 
 
 1,C41,;)S0 
 
 1S78. 
 IH79 
 IKSO. 
 1881 . 
 l«8l' . 
 
 1R9, 499 
 108, .073 
 -18. (W) 
 
 -'.11'. (i:'i 
 
 L';i9, '.'114 
 
 ■»8 
 
 183. 
 18;), 777 
 
 I8r., 91 :i 
 10:', 781 
 198. 473 
 
 I, 431, .537 
 1. 4ii9, 129 
 
 i,.';:ti,4ti2 
 
 1,573,50.) 
 1, 8U3, 123 
 
 Total. 
 
 1.786.8,34 
 1.791.479 
 ' . 93(1, 455 
 1.098,005 
 •. 040, 780 
 
 -W,^4J. '"' • ^Aen, cJ4.i ( ,s ; calves, .31 ,070 : 
 
 the im- 
 
 He and 
 himbs. 
 
 i 
 
260 
 
 CATTLE ANJJ DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 This gives the following total of animals slaughtered in Paris i., i««<, 
 Oxen, 273,382; calves, 230,443 ; lambs, 1,800,90(5. "' ^^^- ' 
 
 OCTROI TAXES. 
 
 The octroi, or municipal tax, is levied iu all cities and villao-p« „„ 
 every article of food and drink. Every person who ^its a fl <i^?" 
 thus becomes a tax-payer. ^"*' *'»'"ks 
 
 GRADING MEAT IN LILLE, PARIS, AND LONDON. 
 
 nf^^nf '?P'"^°^ appreciation of the various cuts of meat in the in.rU. 
 of Lille, Paris, and London is astonishing. The stock bree.wfo^^' 
 eres ed and should familiarize themselvel with this qiVS 't^n'/!, '"" 
 may know what portions of the body they should std e to a'evS 
 the judicious choice of breeding animals. In the same anhn^i h^/ ^^ 
 
 'art of the auimal 
 ibjoiued cut, >:o. 
 
 44 cents per pound', while the portionsl37lI,amri5 "c^TcelfbHn^'i.u 
 to 14 cents per pound. This distinction is not made in S thp I " 
 but IS destined to become general in all largo ceXs of rli^.n > 
 The accompanying cuts and tables give a^clSUa of" ?S "S "i 
 grading beef in Lille, Paris, and Loudon : ^^"^ ''''''^' *" 
 
 3Iode of dividinff an ox in the aha/loir.t at lUnU. 
 
 Qaality. 
 
 I ... 
 
 ir 
 
 ■■\ 
 
 ITI 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 pieces. - 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 V-i 
 14 
 15 
 
 Names nf {ueces. 
 
 \Vi'i{.'lit 111' 
 
 I'acii iiicocoi 
 
 a lilt 
 
 Ndllllilll (K. 
 
 "■ei;;liiiii; 
 
 4.57 kiliisrams 
 
 uoti 1.01)7.3(1 
 
 I)uiiu(b). 
 
 Veiny piece I'ounOi. 
 
 Diteli bone .' 44.li!i 
 
 I Thick Hank "iJIl 
 
 i Siiloin 41. (!i 
 
 I Fillet WW lUi.'',; 
 
 ; Bii!tock 15.4. 
 
 ! 3a.(i; 
 
 t I'otal of lirst qualitv 
 
 ;ii3i'.-. 
 
 Slioulilei -blades ==u;;^:^- 
 
 Eudorueck " 151.3:' 
 
 Rilj.s n.i'j 
 
 , [id.jii 
 
 Total (if .second quality ~7 
 
 -('4. .'4 
 
 Chuck ==-.-.= 
 
 Neck i 1:' 
 
 llrisket 77. 10 
 
 Leu and shin .'.'." l''''. )4 
 
 Cheek 'ull 
 
 Innersirloin --"^ 
 
 Kidneys --•"! 
 
 •ill') 
 
 Total of third quaUty ~^ 
 
 Total of the three qualities "^^"^Tml^! 
 
 f '<■ 
 
 
Paris ill 1882 
 
 ^'illages upon 
 s and drinks 
 
 'N. 
 
 the markets 
 seders are in. 
 »", tliat tliev 
 ) *levelo]> In 
 uial the inar- 
 f the auiiiial 
 ued cut, >:o. 
 
 at Paris at 
 *ly bring lL>i 
 " the cities 
 onsumptioii, 
 the mode of 
 
 \Vi'i{.'lit III' 
 
 I'ach jiicccoi 
 
 II lilt 
 
 ^'||IlllllIl ()\. 
 
 "ei:;liiiii; 
 ■»■■: kilu^iams 
 liii 11,(1117.511 
 
 I'ounili. 
 44. m 
 66.11 
 44.09 
 
 I5.4.i 
 3J. 11; 
 
 313 1;, 
 
 131, 3-.' 
 
 :'(i), ,'4 
 
 77. Ill 
 
 Iti.i, :)4 
 .Ull 
 
 •1-1. 114 
 2:'. Ill 
 
 3;i. w 
 4:':). 91 
 
 l,0(l7.5i) 
 
<S) 
 
 u 
 
 CI 
 
 t 5 
 
 LI 
 
 n 
 
^ s 
 
 LI 
 
 ■l 
 
 1 
 
 • i 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 21 
 
 U 
 
I 
 
 1-2 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 SI 
 11 
 
 sn 
 
 5. "f 
 
 s: 5 
 
PRANCE. 
 
 ^^"''- '"'"""'">!> ""orin the ahunotr, 
 
 * at Lillt. 
 
 261 
 
 Quiility. 
 
 n, ..,' 
 
 Niiiulirr I 
 Jiloci'H. 
 
 NanioH of piece*. 
 
 1 I nii.t 
 
 81 Kump 
 
 8 Kll.«':.. 
 
 < ■'^j I loin .....■;;;; 
 
 8, Veins piiov 
 
 I 'I'liick Hunk ...i.'.*';|| 
 
 I T"'"1<'C first quality 
 
 7j (!lln,l ril.M Hirl„i„ 
 
 9 I I'/m.rall,.,! ■•Vi.i ■'.'.::]][[ 
 
 10 ' SI Iiler.. 
 
 11 ('||M,I<.... 
 
 I-' Fiillil; 
 
 '■■I Hilskct 
 
 M Krck ; 
 
 l^ I'<'«ati(l Mliin, \r' '."."'.'.■.' 
 
 1 ''"tal ..f rliini ,|nallf.v 
 I '^'"•^''"l'l"tl,r,.,.,,„ali,i,H 
 
 '^!o<f(o/(li,'i,lh,„,nioj-i„ 
 
 , WrlBl.t of 
 cucli |i(,.,.„ f,f 
 
 I l^lftniaml ox, 
 
 («»H kil.,ur,rii» 
 
 "•^t(l.»Wi.70 
 
 poaiia»). 
 
 IX (K) 
 To. r4 
 77. 1(1 
 
 <ii. 7a 
 
 .'(.-). 27 
 fi7. ;t2 
 
 ■nroi 
 
 oiToo 
 
 SB. 51; 
 
 4H, nil 
 
 I'UO. 01' 
 "liTToo 
 
 Of!. i;j 
 r,H. a., 
 
 »L'. fl() 
 
 5:.'. 01 
 
 115. 0!) 
 
 r, oooTtii 
 
 ""' ^-oxrion hutchvr.Btalh. 
 
 , N'llllllliT 
 
 Qllillity. ,„ 
 
 Jiirci'S. 
 
 .1 
 
 II.. 
 
 Ill 
 IV. 
 
 Kiiniis ()(' picoi's, 
 
 ^\ "'iclit of 
 
 '•"'•ll IMlCf of 
 II 'Isrl'ls 
 
 "' ii;:c', oidi- 
 
 "i'l.V rpLilitv, 
 
 \ , "■.•l;;|,i„j,' 
 
 ( l.i':i-i"iiin(i.s, 
 K'i«li.sli 
 
 I KiluKiaiiia). 
 
 !<ii'oin 
 
 liiiiiili.. 
 
 )'i'i'ii.i,„ii,'. .■;:.•; 
 
 lilltlorli 
 
 '•''"•<• lili.s ....'."".' 
 
 ■''f't.ilonirstyiialifv.... 
 
 V V,i„.v ,,j,.t.e, aii,i thick Hank 
 
 Mc.iiso l„itt..ck 
 
 •""MluiiliH . 
 
 J^lionlilei .. ...'.'.''.' 
 
 Total of .sen,„,i,,„,,,|,^. 
 
 'I'liiii (lank .. 
 
 Unick.. 
 
 liiiskft 
 
 C1»,I .. 
 
 •Vctk...;' 
 
 /.-•■irandsliiu ■.'.■; 
 
 Cluck 
 
 '''otal of fiiir,, ,„„, ,. 
 
 Potindt. 
 
 144 
 
 ''2 
 
 32 
 
 II'.' 
 
 112 
 
 58 
 
 24 
 
 120 
 
 48 
 
 248 
 
 ~72 
 44 
 64 
 
 40 
 48 
 44 
 
262 
 
 nil 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 FOOD CONSUMPTION IN FRANCE, 
 
 I give below a table of the ordiuary annual oousumptiou of food iu 
 the principal cities of France, per capita; also a table of the import^ 
 and exports of cattle and their products in France for the last tln-ci 
 years : 
 
 'te 
 
 Citif 
 
 Bread. 
 
 Kilos. 
 164 
 175 
 
 Paris.. 
 
 Lyons ^,^ 
 
 ilarseilles i 244 
 
 Bordeaux ; Kir, 
 
 Lille ' 
 
 ^'antes ... 
 Toulouse. 
 Ronon 
 
 21!t 
 207 
 177 
 183 
 
 "Wine. 
 
 Fresh 
 
 Literg. 
 
 224 
 230 
 
 im 
 
 210 ' 
 
 Kiloi. 
 
 Tl 
 
 .-;•■> 1 
 
 49 
 
 162 i 
 176 ' 
 
 49 '■ 
 
 This table demonstrates that the people of Paris consume in aveia'c 
 the most wine and the least bread, and those of Lyons the most vviiu. 
 The inhabitants of Eouen and Lille consume the smallest qnantitv m 
 wine, owing to the absence of vineyards and the great consumption ot 
 cider iu the former and of beer in the latter place. The annual con- 
 sumption of beer in Lille is 213 liters and of cider 124 liters in averaoc, 
 
 DIPOET AND EXPORT OF ANIMALS FOR FOOD. 
 
 The import and export of animals for food and their products lui 
 France during the last three years : 
 
 Import 
 
 Description. 
 
 Export. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1881. 
 
 18*0. 
 
 1882. 
 
 18.*1. 
 
 im. 
 
 Oxen head.. 
 
 Cow.s do 
 
 Fre.sh meat kilograms.. 
 
 Cheese do 
 
 Butter do 
 
 77, 866 
 
 50, 133 
 
 CO, 285 
 
 10, 056, 038 
 
 0,341,010 
 
 
 
 54, 133 
 
 44, 003 
 
 67, 451 
 
 15, 638, 940 
 
 7, 271, 593 
 
 68, 384 
 65, 431 
 75, 185 
 
 15, 790,4e8 
 7, 045, 036 
 
 39. 9(18 
 
 29, 355 
 
 9, lfi2 
 
 4, 430, ,'■,34 
 
 38, 360, 621) 
 
 27, 531 
 
 30, 455 
 
 8,4].') 
 
 4, (i7fl, .^57 
 
 3u, 879, lis 
 
 .\472 
 4,207,2,1: 
 31,0(;i,521 
 
 MEAT PRICES IN FRANCE. 
 
 We have seen that the average ])rice of good marketable beef on foot 
 at Paris is about 32 cents per pound, 28 cents for second class, and L'4 
 cents for third class, while at liouen tl;3 prices are 3G cents, 33 cents, 
 and 30 cents for the .same ; the latter prices prevail at Lille. Tlieie 
 seems no reason why this discrimination should exist to the prejudia 
 of the latter cities, except that no per.son ever thinks of underselliup 
 his neighbor here, and it would be torture to any vender to discover 
 that he had not obtained the highest possible price. 
 
 THE FOOD DEFICIT OF FRANCE: WHENCE IMPORTED. 
 
 From these tables can be seen that France does not pioduco its own 
 meat r^nd dairy products, and never can. Fram.'e is very fir fn-in fnr 
 nishing a good nourishing regimen. The average (!onsuiiiptii»ii ol iiieiu 
 among the rural populatioji is about ."»7 pounds per head; in mral dis- 
 
 Stall fcvdin 
 near su,uar-lio 
 work.s, (listilh 
 form tlie ]»Wn( 
 
 ranna(:e()U8 
 accessory Tl 
 fattening-. It 
 food tiiat the ^ 
 iiig" purposes. 
 
 AtjiresciitF 
 7,987,r)()(» tons 
 pul{t of hoots a 
 iuR cattle. 
 Pusture fexh 
 
 SCTiljilijr ♦!;,, i;.. 
 
 different hroelli 
 in ^'oniiandy, 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 L'iirj Belgium furuisbed 5,000 
 '"""'!S^« f ■ o^en and thon- 
 
 "■ ; - -" — fuuLSimas or cows. Tbe'Un1Vp,l 5foT^*' ^®°^ ^^"^^ 
 
 tinio,ha(l sent only G59 oxen. Many Amerk-an S , «^®^1' "P*^ t^^^t 
 
 through Belsiuni into France, owing to Tm'iSr ^ • >• ^"i^ *^^*^ ^^-^ 
 l.v the Belgian lines. In regard t" the ?mo. nf nT h'-^' ^^^ shipping 
 formation can be furiiished byconsuKsof Cnnh ,. Z^-" ^'"'^^^ ^^^' ^"^ 
 ooinunuiication with the United States ^ ' '" ''"^"^^^ «^6am 
 
 A delicieney of the home sunnlv nf moo f ,.•■,, 
 Govenuuent has been called u^Io play XXl^Vlwl""^' ^'' '^^ 
 come responsible for unfruitfil ^^rJonl 'ukuI^^^^^^^^^ 
 problem of rendering a high price to the fir wv fi.^' ^^ ^^'^^^^ the 
 
 while furnishing cheap bread t( the U,o er ^' '"'''* f °^^ ff^^"«' 
 
 i.K.re n.telligent of the population nfluenced in s. [??i ""'"^'' ^^^ ^^^^ 
 by private merests, consider the pulK.irumntio n • f^'T' P^.'^'^^^'^' 
 and uicapable of extension, and that incre sed^,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^■''''\ "' ^^^^^^^d 
 .sarj to supj)lv the home demand. Tlev ti M^l^.f " '"'/ '^ '^^""^^ "e^es- 
 pnrtatiou of foreign food is direc h- hostiir/n S '"'f ^"^"^ t'^'^t theim- 
 producer, and, relatively, cmtaHs labor the nghts of the French 
 
 the .supply, the ordinary in<'rcaso of T>om,H im. -. . ""'''^' **' ^''^rease 
 
 -d that h, cheapening the neS^IS^' b " hev il erf T'^f '"''^^^^■' 
 and l.hysical vigor of the w<u'kman, and e/i Id > Vi"L '''' ^'"'^ '"^^'''^ 
 
 apply tho (bllnviK.- to other wants T hi ,' i *" **!"^ ''onsumer to 
 iiiliicts cruel suflerings everwkv npon^ e ^n'J' '?''^''^ ^^^'^y^ and 
 atlords no rehef to the farmer. '"-vnulacturmg distri.^ts and 
 
 OATTLE-FEEDINa IX FRANCE. 
 
 nof;tf^S:;:^-h;;l!L.£t!;;-,;^^^^^ l;^;;.^^- i- eattle-sheds 
 
 attening. It is diOicult t/. fo m un MeW , '' ''"""""'' l"'^«'' "' t'»e 
 f')o.l that the sugar works and s ' ler . ' ^'^^'"«^'"»"»"S quantities of 
 '"8' purposes. '"-t Hem,.-, ol beet-root aUbrd for fiuteu- 
 
 At i»resent 1 'ranee Drodnr-e* A-io (u\n ^ 
 
 «"''M l.m.cl« m..,„i.,„ „ , 1 .• ,,' " '''-■^•ni.l.o., oC niau.v o|- ,1,„ 
 
2G4 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 of Normaiidy can be considered tlie 
 
 ••ASt 
 
 Coiiite, and N'endce. Those 
 for fattening purposes. 
 
 Nievre and Ciiarolais rank second. TLe rental of these nisf„,.„ 
 vanes. In Normandy there are three chisses or qualities. Th ' hW 
 valued at 820 per acre ; it is estimated that six-tenths of an acre o H,!' 
 laud will fatten an ox of 1,200 or 1,300 pounds, live weight. The spL,? 
 class pastures rent at $21 per acre, which is considered snlhcionf ?' 
 fatten an ox ot 1 100 pounds, live weight. The third quality rensf! 
 $19 per acre, and three-fourths of an acre is considered suilioiW Z 
 fattening an ox of 900 pounds. '"" lent foi 
 
 FATTENING CATTLE IN FRANCE. 
 
 Tlie gTaziers of Normandy buy at the cattle fairs of Bretagne 4„im, 
 Maine Berry, Manche, Touraiue, Poitou, and Santongo, t™^^^^^^^^ 
 last of April, thin cattle of the Breton, Normand, Paftheim s^w 
 Mance le, and mixed J)urha,n breeds. These cattle are r ed int 2 
 third-class pastures at first, where they rest and refresh tl.e . "elm 
 When improvement m their condition is observed they i)ass ^ i 
 sively into the second and first class pastures. One-fourth are ren h- S 
 sale in three months or in the month of August; one-half leW\ t 
 pastures for the market one month later; the last are sent fonv-L 
 October. The fattening, therefore, takes about foul nu ".uIT " J - I 
 fat animal sold is replaced by a thin one. When the f. d is too s 2 
 for cattle sheep take tlieir place, at the rate of two lu^ad^fo "■ " 
 cattle. The pasture ,s thus occupied from the 1st of Ma^ unt'l 1 e L 
 of November. Milking cows are pastured the same h-ngth of i e i S 
 are stab ed for the rest of Uw year, au<l fed on hav, caiTc.ts cZ,;!, 
 IKilp of beets, or l.ewers' grains ; to this is added,' 1*1, th/neighSS 
 of Lille, to cows 11 full n.ilk, a mash of pulverized beans ofS Z 
 Carrots, parsnips rich m sugar, beet-root, potatoes, artittl.okes, t uu is 
 and rutabagas constitute the winter food of the cattle. Verv litV ' 1 ,' 
 18 fed. -^ 'Hilt i.ram 
 
 COST OF FATTENING CATTLE IN FRANCE AND IN THE I'NITED STATES. 
 
 The French calculate that it costs .*;37 per head to fatten eattk in 
 France, and only 82.40 to 82.7.-. in the United States. 
 
 IIOM- 'JO PURCHA.SE CATTLE IN FRANCE. 
 
 The requirements and deficiencies „f this market in regnrd to meat 
 
 are pident. A practical man lookingover the grouinl co.ild de Z 
 
 the best inanner of importing them, and, as remarked, 1 am informed 
 
 hat Belgium at Ords the cheapest entry, and iC the caltle are suS 
 
 I?ecunhu'y pro^^^^ pastures of that country i:,.. heuelit u-,.ul,I result in 
 
 With a view of answering the interrogatories continued in tlierattle 
 circular, I Inive endeavored to assist in this effort to increase aiKlainolio- 
 rate the native l.ree.ls of cattle, wi.ieji is justly considered one of rlic 
 nio.st imporiant elements in the general agricullunil |.rosiM.rit\ ol a 
 country. In endeav(U'ing t„ describe th<' vnrious breeds (»f eiittle'toiiiul 
 in 1- ranee, and delineating the especial value of these breeds in siirii a 
 manner thai the An.eriean breeder could d-tennine the advantages, if 
 any, wiueji would tolUm their introdiietion, I wniil.l nierelv fiirtlici add 
 that the only knowledge absolutely esseiitiiil to one desirous of liiiviiig 
 
 cattle in tl 
 l)al)leof se 
 cbase i's la 
 t'orliecouh 
 aud weekl; 
 are exposei 
 If igiioni 
 he asks it, 
 
 THE SUI'J 
 
 1 uiihesit 
 till' intolli<i 
 as {rood an 
 tliose snital 
 
 United 
 
 Xaiui 
 
 Fliimande 
 
 Nnniiaiidc ... 
 
 I^rKiin.110 
 
 De.Salcrs 
 
 Limoufino ... 
 f'harolaisi* .. 
 Parllh-naitio.. 
 llanccllo 
 
 Kaiuc 
 
 Flaiiianilc... 
 Noiinaiide . . 
 
 BrctDiiuo 
 
 I'i'Salors... 
 I.iiiKinsiuo . . 
 I'liarnliiise... 
 ''.ntlieiiaisi'. 
 Miiiioelle.... 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 It'i't'd the b,.,st 
 
 liesc pastures 
 • The first ij 
 in acre of this 
 
 The second. 
 
 sniacient to 
 ilit.v rents for 
 sufficient foi 
 
 265 
 
 he 
 
 cattle in this market is that lip sbnnhi i-..^„ „i ^ , 
 
 paDleof selecting the I.est1^,,eci,tus ^^ ^^ 7^^"^^ ^«d be ca- 
 
 diase i'.s Jarso a number as e w Z'l wiH. . "^^ .^ ^^'^7'' «*^"^^^ l>»r- 
 
 forl.ecouhlavail himself of ho Sswii''.^'"^*''?,^'''^^ ''^tJ« trouble, 
 
 and Meekly iu all V'Artsof FrLZ ^.^^^^ 
 
 are exposed to sale and dmnge ha.'uli thousands of cattle 
 
 If ijinorant of the laneuao'e lie pon r«o/i;i,. c ^ 
 
 .asks it, his consul wiS A^'ct rS^l^^lil ^ JiSKf^;]^' '' 
 
 THE SUITABILITY OP FRENCH CATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I unhesitatingly state, as the result of mv sfmlv nf fi.i. , • . , 
 the intellioent stock breeder can nowhere betfl^ ffo' "'t^''^*^^^ 
 as frood and great a varietv of breeds of^n?flefrn ?• ?'*'"^'' ^°d 
 those suitable to the various requirements of Ihe UniTed'st'aU' '''''' 
 
 CHAS. P. WILLIAMS, 
 
 ,- o ^ Consul. 
 
 iNiTED States Consulate. 
 
 Eonen, Minj 22.'lSS4. 
 
 Special utatisti,^ );;,ard},uj French cattle. 
 
 Xanii' of breid. 
 
 Fliimande 
 
 XnnimiKlc 
 
 I^rcriiiLiio 
 
 DeSnIcrs 
 
 Mmmisinc 
 
 ('hariiini!-!' ... 
 Piirllicnaiso. .. 
 ilancelle 
 
 "riein of luepi]. 
 
 ^orfll of France. 
 Xoniirtiidv. . . . 
 
 Britt.iiiy. 
 
 Snli'iM. [ ] ' 
 
 LiiiMui.-^in 
 Saoiioiiiiil Loiio . 
 
 La VpiidOe 
 
 Maine and Loiiiv 
 
 At:,, iif ■^yciBbt 
 
 uiatuiitv. "* '"''"*' 
 net. 
 
 Color. 
 
 cars. 
 
 Poviiiln. 
 
 3 
 
 1, 10(1 
 
 
 
 '.', 4»M1 
 
 
 
 524 
 
 5 
 
 1, 370 
 
 5 
 
 (195 
 
 71 ■'5 
 
 nis 
 
 T40 
 
 Ked and Iirowu. 
 Rrindlo. 
 I-i^'litred. 
 Uiiclit red. 
 Yellow. 
 I^iL'lit yellow. 
 I'ale red. 
 Lis'it red. 
 
 k'aiiie of lined. 
 
 Annual 
 milk 
 yield. 
 
 Ftowind,. • *?/*; 
 
 Nonniimle •"• .7' " 
 
 Ii.'Salois '•'■"•^' 
 
 i.inimisiuo. ...'.■.■.■.■.';.'.■;;;;; '••'*''' l 
 
 I'liarnlaisp ...'.'.'.'.".'.' 1 
 
 I'.utlieiiaisc 
 
 Miiiioelle I 
 
 Milk to 
 
 )iowni|,s 
 
 of Imtter. 
 
 Qln 
 
 11 
 
 Size at maturity. 
 
 ' 'ow. 
 
 ()\. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 4 6 
 
 1-t. In. 
 
 "'3'".V 
 
 7 11) 
 
 4 
 
 '4' "7' 
 
 5 
 
 Pounds. PoundH. 
 
 MOO i,8uo 
 
 I 4,200 
 
 480 770 
 
 ' 2,200 
 
 1,030 
 
 )!,"lO 
 
 1.100 
 
 1.100 
 
 
266 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 DIVISION OF LAND AND CATTLE BREEDING IN FRANCE. 
 
 REPOUT BT YlCE-COysVL MARXIX, OF :iIAJiSEJ\uLES. 
 OLD-TIME CATTLE-BKEEDING IN FRANCE. 
 
 rjiitil a comparatively recont date the French peasaut api.eiii.>.l . 
 attach no vahie to cattle beyond that arising from their produc • i . 
 or in milk. Every animal that was born was either exj voted lo , 
 ice and toil in its peculiar capacity for the whole term t)f its actixv^K^ 
 and Avas seldom turned over to the batcher before he had re'icli V i 
 age ot ten years or more, or be slaushtered for consumption as soo',, II; 
 weaned and before its keeping would become an expense to it^ ov,Zv 
 
 Hence the favor that veal still finds in France as au article oH li 
 and probably also the great natural fault of the generalitv of F, ,1' 
 breeds VIZ, slow maturity. .'"^'uiicij 
 
 Under these circumstances the farmer who, partly on account of tl,. 
 julviHiced age of the animal and partly through the collusion o I 
 butchers, could not even obtain the price originally paid for his oltlt 
 ha(l come to look upon it as a sort of necessary evil, and made no e } n 
 breedr"'''''' '''' ''''''" ^*' i"'^i"tain the integrity of the original FmS 
 
 INSTITUTION OF CATTLE SHOWS IN FRANCE. 
 
 In 1854 the Government, perceiving the danger of this disposition of 
 French farmers, mstitut.Ml annual shows in the several re-ions oil 
 country, where prizes were awarded to the best specimens^of a- i - 
 nral produce, and especially of cattle, with particular attention to , 
 provement m the direction of meat product and early maturity At Z 
 same time tl.e growing welfare of the people brought about fi marl a" 
 increase in the consumption of meat, naturally attended bv an ad v 
 m i)rice8, " «iiii.n]u 
 
 The farmer was not long in finding out that he could realize a nnifir 
 in the sale of his stock if it was brought to the market in a fair ml 
 tion, and perceived the advantage of renewing it oftener, and at th^ 
 same time made some etibrt stowards improving its <iualities and uieiul. 
 lug Its faults. 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS OF FRANCE. 
 
 As to quantity there does not seem to have been decided t>ro-ivs. 
 made in the last fifty years. As far back as 18;i7, a census Inade in 
 that year fixed the number of horned cattle at 9,93G,o3S. In ISCO afar 
 the annexation of Savoy and Xice, it was estimated to be sonu! 12,000 Odd • 
 m Ibib, after the loss of the rich provinces of Alsace and Loiraiu it 
 was reduced to 11,351,220; and the returns for 1880, the last nubjislittl 
 give an aggregate of 11,440,253. 
 
 That this num ber is not sufficient to meet the wants of the population 
 IS shown by the amount of importation of neat cattle in the same voar 
 1880, which was no less than 196,508 licads and exceeded tlio exporta- 
 tion by 137,207. " 
 
 ,„^"J?^1^^® difference fell to 74,277 heads, but in 1882 it a^aiii rose to 
 10*,o< 1. Theimportation of butcher's meat is also large, and amouuted 
 tor the three years above named, respectively, to 8.51S,.500, 5.74r>,l(iO, 
 and 0,028,5<I0 kilograms. ' ' ' ' 
 
 niVISIiiX (iF LAND TN FRAXf'F. 
 
 That the breeding of cattle docs nor keep i>a(.'e with tbc iiKneasiiig 
 consumption of meat, nor find suflicicnt encoiu-ageinent in tlioconse- 
 
 Agncultiiial liriHlui: 
 
 Wheat... 
 
 Otlici- f;niiii 
 Lryiimiiiuu.s pla 
 
 Potatden 
 
 Ueots 
 
 Colz.i 
 
 All Dilior (iilliin 
 
 Pastun. land and moi 
 OivlianU 
 
 J""!"! land ami Voivs' 
 V iiii'vaiil.'t 
 
 ^eKiliiaiidisaikt miil 
 Tntal 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 267 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 apiteiiKHl ro 
 tluce in labor 
 e(l^)(l().s^.l.^- 
 ts actiw life, 
 
 reacliod rlic' 
 3U as soon as 
 oit.'< owner. 
 tide of lood. 
 ty of Fiviicli 
 
 iiomit of the 
 lusion of liie 
 or bis cattle, 
 ade no effort 
 final Freiieli 
 
 rjaent a.lvanoo of priro.s, can only be explained by the extreme division 
 (if land property m thus country. "im»mmi 
 
 It originated at the time of the French llevolution, when ail the es, 
 tatos belonKiufT to the nobdity (nearly the whole territory) were confls- 
 Hited and 8old at auction. Then the succession law embodied in tbe 
 French civd code aggregated the eftects of this tirst parceling , • hi 
 territory. '■ *' 
 
 It provi(les that each heir can claim to receive his share of the inher- 
 itance in kind, and t^iat the share allotted to each should contain 
 tml '^'"'^''^"'""" ''* *^'^ constituent parts of the estate, real and per- 
 
 It is easy to imagine to what extent the working of this law has di- 
 vi.led landed property m Franco since the beginning of this century 
 
 Again the French peasant allows the great desire, inherent to ins 
 imture, of ONvning the ground that he cultivates to allure him into jmr 
 .hasinft- small lots at rates which large land owners could not obtain for 
 their whole property. The latter finding that they can by selling their 
 laud ])iecemeal r,3idizo prolits from 20 to 30 per cent, larger, do not lies- 
 itatc ro disi)o.se of it in that way. 
 
 The consequence iias been, that while real estate at one time acquired 
 almost imaedible value (from $2.00 to 81,000 ]>er acre, and for some ex 
 ceptionally i)roductive land as much as $1,(500), nearlv all the soil li«\ 
 fallen into the hands of the peasantry, who excel at n-Jping f^m the 
 earth all that industry can achieve, but who too often lack the means 
 ot cairying on agriculture on a large scale. It is estimated that from 
 ,;j to 90 percent, of the cultivated land of France beloniis to wliif is 
 called "petite (mlture," that is, to that .lass of farmers who work their 
 own land with no other help than that of their children 
 
 At the same time those who do not own land in their own ri-ht or 
 have none to exjiect by inheritance, flock to the cities where th?v find 
 better remuneration l(n' their work and thus contribute, to-ethei- wit 
 the necessities of the military service in this country, in n a ling ^a^^^ 
 of help one ot the most serious grievances of French agriculture 
 
 For this reason we see that almost all the productive land "of the 
 couu try is (lev«>te.l to such culture as may be expected to give he best 
 results nnder the smallest outlav. i >-t i lu ^ne rut. best 
 
 A scliediile of the share oeeni'.ie.l by each important branch of t 
 culture may here be of interest: 'lautn or a< 
 
 rn- 
 
 Aralil.. lanil. 
 
 AcriN. 
 
 Projxii' 
 
 tiontd 
 
 total 
 
 snrfiico. 
 
 AgnciiltiMal Irioilui'ts: 
 
 Wheat... 
 
 Other t;raiii . . , . 
 Li'iiiimiiiuuM plants 
 
 Potatden 
 
 Ueot.s ."; 
 
 Colz.i 
 
 All Dilu'r cull iin^ . 
 
 Pasture land and incadinvH 
 
 OivliiinlH 
 
 J""!"! land ami IbrestH .'. " 
 
 viiievaiil.'t 
 
 Uei 
 
 Per cf tit. 
 
 iicisaiktiilliei'uiiinod 
 
 iidive land. 
 
 T"tal. 
 
 17, 1171, v:o 
 in, !M(i, ;j.-,o 
 4, !I70, ,i,")ij 
 M, 3:;l>, ,543 ' 
 1,174, 8l),-J ' 
 :!ii:i. '.MH ' 
 Hi, 4."iO. .;il 
 
 6:t, L'S.S, 91)1 j 
 il',:)78, ();io ! 
 
 I,. 'i JO, ,575 i 
 li), r.!»4, 20H I 
 
 r>, XK, 4!'i;i ; 
 
 rj."!, liJ4,4Hi! 
 
 50. 4". 
 9. 8« 
 I.'Jl 
 
 1,Y (11 
 4, L',5 
 
 18. 0'.' 
 
 100.111) 
 
268 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMIXO. 
 DIVISION OF CATTLE IN FIJANCK. 
 
 This i)eculiar division of land ami cidru 
 " 'division of the cattle-raising industry 
 
 lar d 
 
 ire in France lias led to 
 
 it Nlllli. 
 
 anunal is strong enough if is taken to on. ' tiw> . '^'^^''t^ .yom,. 
 
 are held in all parts ot" the coui trv U rm< J '"•"i<™".s fairs t!,, 
 tensive, will hny the calf an s, omi^ ;} • ' ,''"^''' -'''^"'•'' ''^ >'ot .v 
 work which he i^qnh-<S md afW a few , on/hs'wf 'T ''' ^^'^ ''^ ' 
 ^a in his hands, he'wil/ t^ke it S^"!"' '' ^J^!"^!' Ill ^f ^""^ "- 
 t, and buy another voun-er nnin.nT ^*'.;':;;; ''^'^ '^ "f 'i .^m.iil 
 
 .m!ej)rosi)ectofi,i.o,j 
 
 grow 
 
 profit, and buy another younger aniniaTw 
 tor the luture 
 
 In this wise, the stock is bought and «nl/l *. .,i *• 
 
 into the hands of an ''eng Sem "u'lro „^ l''i^.^'> 
 
 bny from fanners cattle vl, he brh.^s t , s^JLf 'f ''"' '*"'^i"^'-^'^ " 
 
 "fat," and finally sells to the butchei ^ ''^atiafactory condition .„ 
 
 saJSt^iirSi u:i^!:^^':^dr^^^^ "=- -e. 
 
 exactly the number and inu.ortanee f'e 1 't'/ '"'* V '''^t^™'"^' 
 are n,ost nun.erous in the .untlie a i Eastern mrf^';;"'?' ''"''^ ^'^^'^ 
 milk IS a common diet; in the S()ntl ulwln • ^ of Iraiioe mW 
 
 largely, the breeds sho^ a gi^'^e a htu iT b > fh f ^'^^''^^^ ^^•"^*'' h.t 
 eastern region, where neif ifer mill- !/• i ,h • '•''^*'''' '^"'' '» the soutli- 
 is no special b'ree.l, nnlZ'.^u^'^f^^'^^;' :^'^ f'^' /'^"''^'nl, C 
 
 In the seven departnumts S H . f^^ i« extremely limited, 
 
 only number 110 » 18 1 !, ^r ^ss f h. """"''"' .•^'''^^''^' "'*>"^ cattle 
 and it is, so to.,;.nCil^i:v^a'Zlr^^^^ 
 of r ranee or from Italy, Sardinia, and Al -e.", ''^ttle-ra,,s„,. ^..t^ 
 
 br^;;;:i^^;;ti! ^iizil:!^:^:::!':;^^^^:^^^^ ^^*r '^- '^•'- ^"^ 
 
 in the following description <.f th n st i nno t' n 'V'^ ''""' 
 
 recourse to ofiicial statistics as to i m^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^''if' ''rve.l.s ll,,,] 
 
 Marquis de Dampierre and M. .1. Magn"t l^ the iev^i'rbn^d"**"' '"^ 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS OF FRANCF 
 
 .statement to give the umfc, of ..^f ; / f*^ ^'''^ J*'^'" '" ^^'^ 'o"'"^'"? 
 
 region of France wh cl"ii permit a omi^ ''e T^' '^'^'"^''^^ 
 
 portance : permit a comparison of their relative im. 
 
 District, 
 
 Proportion to 
 area of district. 
 
 Number of cattle in 1S80, 
 
 Area. 
 
 I Arable ; Pnstnre j Oxen nn.I ,, 
 
 I 'and. land. bulls. Cows, 
 
 Yearliug.s, Total, 
 
 „ ^ I Acres. 
 
 gastem ; 10, OU;i,000 
 
 Nonliorn 
 
 Western 
 
 Central 
 
 Son til western. 
 
 Southern 
 
 Soutlicastern . 
 
 Total 
 
 ■-'-', »:'(!, 107 
 19, !IS!», L'4:! 
 
 l»,45,'-.,yii; 
 1«, 472, 04") ! 
 12, Mli.OH ! 
 I7,(iLV 17'. ' 
 
 Pr.ct. j 
 
 54 I 
 70 ] 
 
 as ^ 
 
 57 I 
 
 34 j 
 
 2S : 
 
 .'Sr 
 
 
 Pr. 
 
 ct. 
 13 
 12 
 
 r^ 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 ^50, 
 
 L'on, 
 
 !tll7, 
 
 ■■ill, 
 
 441, 
 1,V), 
 110, 
 
 042 
 
 L'3u 
 L'lO 
 
 oil 
 H.ii 
 
 8«!» 
 
 l.KtS, 010 
 
 27,-1,411 
 
 i,oii>, oir, 
 
 i.M*. oi;o 
 
 1.7f;^-f, ilL',"i 
 
 492, i;!7 
 
 1, 120, 777 ' 
 
 ,'uo .';7,-' 
 
 •■>0-', .■|4I 
 
 1-1,5, 44j 
 
 :tS|, IK". 
 
 t^.^, 1 !.■) 
 
 .'i7f', ir.it 
 
 y.K !-:i\ 
 
 125. 494, 490 
 
 •The 
 
 !H'.S(> iiiteic.siin;r,l,,s;,ri,,,j,)„sof] 
 somooi tlio otlKT iv,,ons Cnm, Vv.uw, 
 
 ... :i. 492, 7:tit 
 ri'iii'li <>,ittle 
 
 7,11,1, 
 jirooii 
 
 ri 1, 
 littt'd 
 
 «ii. 
 
 I,7fi!l,523 
 2,u4(i, ,511 
 .'), I8S,272 
 l,7.M,9,)S 
 1, 18.'.. 040 
 ii:'5. Kil 
 54>. ,'<!lf 
 
 ii.4i(;, •-•51 
 
 10.' 
 1.-9 
 92 
 
 l>eiii^:fhllv pnveied bv 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATUUKS OF FIJANCE «Y 
 
 269 
 
 W, '03 
 
 I,,i 
 
 (i,.'jll 
 
 111.' 
 
 8, 272 
 
 J.-J 
 
 l,93S 
 
 ft:' 
 
 .'. 040 
 
 -■) 
 
 •.. Kil 
 
 +> 
 
 ^. S!lf 
 
 ■'- 
 
 ;, •.'.'ij 
 
 
 cnvered bv 
 
 DISTUICTS. 
 
 I^t''^criptionof:N'ortheastern and IJastcm France* Tl,» .. m 
 and eastern ivyioiis are ttvnerallv uumut^nu!, ~~ . .""I't'H'asteru 
 
 pasture lan.l. ^Un,.ro,luttive lam " !;' ! ^l^.^XV'^ '^"^ 
 
 advanced tJian in most of the otlier rl-nW '^'88 
 
 portantandpn^hice tlic celebrated wines of M,!,,..' ^■"'^>''V*''^ '»■<' ''"- 
 Kyo is more in^portant than wlieat/a In /.?;''^'''^ '''''' Buro,,,,,, 
 ;,qown. ' * '"'^'^ •^"*' '^^"JP 'lie also hir-ely 
 
 Xearly all liie «e(doj,'ieal formations can be fonn,l i.. ti.- 
 region, the primary and omnitic in the Alps f I ' "'*^"";'»'i<>h« 
 range and in the greater j.ortion i.f lu'reSm, ih ''.'*^ ^ tlie Jura 
 Champagne districtahe triassi. an I p. 'n.iuf';;':.^.^^ 
 raceous i.i the ireanjolais and 31orva / ro vi ^ef.nS S '^P'^'^^^^y- 
 that part of Alsace tliat was h'ft to France iilluvm.u in 
 
 The climate is more extreme tlian in any other n.,r<- ,.f t^ 
 mean summer temi)eratiav is d^o tlr t of «, / ' -f^o"^ l^nuice; the 
 
 amounts to 1'0.1>L' inches per annum' The ,^ i.^ /'' ^^' ' "'" ^'"»^^^" 
 year, and frost 7(t. "^^^ '-""^^ ^^''^'^ 'i^erugo 137 iu the 
 
 The prevailing winds blow from the northcist •in.l «m,fi 
 
 Description of yorthern lVrt«c'e.t-The no rt ^M-.f ^^^^^^^^fst. 
 .uost fertile, and best cultivated ;esion of Fnl'.ce ^'^^"" *' '''" "'^^^^t' 
 
 Ihe land, which is nowhere in the reiriou a,hsnliiV^i„ ... 
 '^"ly brf en by low and cultivated hillk" The prox^^^^ ^^ 
 
 lor all the produce of the region a certain .fir.lS ,,^"^ ^"«'"'<^8 
 there is scarcely a branch of ligriculturo that is ,. ^fM i*'""'^^' ^"'^^ 
 
 There, too, lau.led property has bSter ?eS. 1 1 .^ • 
 
 aleut in France, and permitted of the v iln ,hi 1 'l'«i»tegratiou prev- 
 ohiues. In brief, eve y produce of thc^lr;M^h % *^^ ^Sncultural ma- 
 l.rolitably grown'in the nort errre^t. See t ?V' "f^^"«'^'ely and 
 •variiKT clinuite-the olive, orange and iVa^^^^^^^ tew that require a 
 ro be found in some parts of the reS ''""*' vines are 
 
 Ubelongseutirely to thomioceueformitim. i,,.... • 
 tertiary. The climate is tempeS bv K^^^^^ «'"» 
 
 .ree from intense cold and heat Th^' ^^^^0^?'' f''^ '^ *^'*l"'^".v 
 'J30; and that of winter 40o. t ,> ...id ■" d l.m ''^ ^^^'"I'^'^'^t^i-e i^^ 
 .pastures, which acquire V^^^^^;;:^^::^^^^ 
 
 .iss wi;^:i;^i;.i^^t?"' '" ^•""^' ^'^^-^ ^^^- ^-thwest 
 
 rta.„ortl„.,.„ .^i" ti n ,cfcl u",! "?: f «.•"'• '""«'' "lite to 
 
 ....raise »„oco.«f„||, „,,,|,i,„. ,;,^,"^|,4'*,^:,';;"'» """ "'»*». au.l .au- 
 
 i.bo to tl„. tontui '■' "'" '''''"■■'I'""" g.vc. of tl,„ lattor „,',' ul" 
 
 I^e^i'>'il>iioH of Central Frfi»f<,> i tk . i. , 
 
• ! 
 
 Hinlfl 
 
 270 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Through excessive wood-clearing the plain region has become niarsLv 
 unproductive, and unwholesome. ' ' 
 
 The soil is generally sandy, with an im])ervious clay substratum, \vii,.,v, 
 no vegetation is seen but heatlns and broom. In marly parts some T\■^ 
 and a much larger quantity of buckwheat is grown. '^ 
 
 Tlie "Plateau Central," of granitic and volcanic formation, erabnices 
 some fertile valleys,that of Limagne among others, remarkablo h'v jts 
 rich loam soil, but 1 he vegetable earth, which is most common, has hwm 
 formed by the <lisintegration of feldspathic rocks, is light, and tit diilv h- 
 woodland and meadows. ' ' 
 
 Greenswards, consisting chielly of an herb called " Mardus strict i " 
 are found on the highest summits of the table land. Under those rir 
 cumstances the region naturally devote<l itself to the cattle-r.iisin.. ji, 
 dustry, and the " Plateau Central" supplies nearly all the ditreictit mm 
 of I'^rance with large (juantities of much esteemed sto(!k. 
 
 The climate, although colder, owing to the altitude, is not excessively 
 so, and can comi)are favorably with many other i)arts of France. 
 
 Description of iSouthiceHtern France*— Tim south western region wliich 
 is inclosed between the ranges of the Cevennes and the Pyu^ncesat the 
 east and south, is entirely comi)osed of plains and valleys, witii the ex- 
 ception of t'e lamlen, a wide sandy expanse, resting on a i>n(ldiiio,st()ii'e 
 substratuu); the region is fertile and in advanced stage of (^ultme that 
 embraces all the agricultural productions of France excei)t the olive 
 and orange. 
 
 The vineyards cover nearly 2,0(K),000 acres, and produce the well- 
 known Bordeaux wines and a good deal of inferior brandy. The eiilt- 
 ure of Indian corn comes next in importance, and is especially extensive 
 in the poorer district, where the peasant uses it for food for himself ami 
 his cattle, and as flour, fuel, and bedding. The natural i)astin<> hmd is 
 also plentiful, and sown meadows give a good supply of liicern, aud 
 particularly clover, the use of which has grown to form an iiiipoitaiit 
 branch of trade. The geological formation is entirely of the tertiarv 
 order iu the plains, and in the Cevennes aud Pyrenees partakes of 
 <liffereut formations, the granitic and Jurassic lued'ominant. 
 
 The climate is moderate, the mean temperature being 09° iu suinuier 
 and 41° in winter; the rainfall averages 23 inches, distributed iu 130 
 rainy days in the year. Frost is seldom seen for more than 35 days. 
 
 Descriptio7i of Southern and Southeastern France.— Tln' southern' aud 
 southeastern regions are quite ditt'erent in every resi)ect from all the 
 other regions of France. 
 
 The climate, produce, culture, and general asi)ect are eutn-ely peculiar 
 to the region. Wood and pasture lands are scarce, the calcareons hills 
 and mountains, stripi)ed of the last vestig*; of a tree, are barren and 
 grow nothing but shrubbery and aromatic herbs, on which constautiv 
 brows(.' numerous herds of starveling sheep that are led liom one hiil 
 to another aud lay waste all those parts of the country tlu'ougli which 
 they travel. 
 
 Three-fifths of the region are utterly sterile and deserted. On the 
 other hand, the two other fifths are remarkably pnxluctive and tinned 
 to culture which cannot be attemi)te<l in any other i)ortion of France. 
 The olive, orange, mulberry trees thrive admirably ; the vine is exten- 
 sively cultivated and ])roduces immense <]uantities of wine, which, al- 
 though of inferior quality, brings an important revenue to the counfiy, 
 In some part flowers grow iu the oi)en air at all times of tlie year, aud 
 
 *The breeds of cattle raised in Southwestern France are the Garoiiuaise, llie Baza- 
 dais, the Gascon, the Bonlelais, and the Pyrenees. 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 coiiio luarsbv, 
 
 271 
 
 give rise to iiunieious fUcr. ,nos lor tJjc i.ivpi.ration ..t essential oils anrt 
 perlumery, aud to aii luiportant production of hoiiev '^* ^'^''^ '^°^ 
 
 The drought is nearly penuancut, and is broken onlV by floods of riin 
 which are more injurious than beneficial, as thev freouemlv occ-ision 
 llfe'earth"' ^"""^^^'^'^""^ ^""^ ^^^^>' '^^^^^v a ,^ood deal of pr^S us ve'S- 
 
 In the Valley of the Rhone the rainv davs nnW nnr^.u^^ ♦• 
 13.; in the year, aud 53 ou the McUtSc'Sff, S't l',rrS n 
 
 winter temperature is 35°. J^n tUe interior the mean 
 
 The prevalent winds are the northwest nr mistral o^u i ., 
 wind, and the southeast or rainy Sd ' '^ ''''^'^ ^"'^ ^'''^^''^ 
 
 OAMARGUE CATTLE. 
 
 The only original cattle breed of the rf^oin,, ia ti.^ n„ 
 Its only interest lies in the fact tlSt Olives h"- semi wtlT^^iSn-r '''•^• 
 thoCamargue, a marshy delta of the ri^rer Rhine I?^.?^ '*,?''•"' 
 and measures about 4 feet 4 inches; its coloi L a^uei il t fiS^^ "'"^ 
 tna^rejl; the head is elongated; hel^orul ^^e"^^]^^^ 
 
 When the young calves are born thev are fastiMie.I to ...ni-^f. i • 
 ,,,e grouu. ..„., have .„ wait „.,«. >^i^ .o^ll^Z^^^lf^^:^ 
 
 ^^XZ^:^"""""" '"« •''«'' --'P' '"'■ l...ll-Hsh.s,a,„, i, 
 
 At the present day there are not more flin. ->w..i,t^ i . i i , 
 ing in Camargue. All the other catirftmn in th ''""^^^■^:'^ .^^^'^^l liv- 
 from other parts of France, or Al^lSJ, ludlnJi.'!;;;.!!!;;^ " ^"^l^^^^^d 
 
 FRENCH mPORTS AND EXPORTS 
 
 OF CATTLE. 
 
 To close this report and give an idei of tin. ...ttin f... i 
 in France, I have appended the hi In i l i^i , ^' ''^^ ''" ^am^Hlou 
 and expor'tation of LltlJe for tt ;^ari8& ''^ '^' ""l>««^^tion 
 
 IMPOETS 
 
 Countiiis. 
 
 Imported from— 
 
 Italy 
 
 Alij'eri.a 
 
 Bel;:inni "'_ 
 
 Switzerlaud..'.." 
 Gcrmanv.. 
 
 Hoiiaud.. ...:;;; 
 
 Spain 
 
 Other countries!. 
 
 Totiil 
 
 Oxen. C(i\v.i. ]5|,i].,,. 
 
 Vearli 
 
 Male. FoiiLilo. Calves. 
 
 
 17,719 
 
 
 
 
 57,(158 
 
 18,7;)0 
 
 311 
 
 
 H,192 
 
 '4,1?40 
 
 L'li, 14,'i 
 5. 074 
 .■f,7S5 
 3, (148 
 
 1,IG5 
 
 2, (i7:i 
 !)I!G 
 
 tf72 
 
 "iViLVi 
 
 4()() 
 
 1,300 
 
 228 
 
 
 28tl 
 
 
 ;;<ii 
 
 — 
 
 ■ 'II. I'K 
 
 •JiU 
 
 I.74n 
 
 1(17 
 4 2T!I 
 
 121 
 
 ^:l. 'jjn 
 
 », 'J.ta 
 
 
 
 . — — _ 
 
 
 
 
 21,127 
 
 24,290 
 6,083 
 3, 3S2 
 
 "m 
 
 743 
 Mi, 814 
 
272 
 
 i flii 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 KXIMIUTS. 
 
 Yi'arliLgB. 
 t.''>"'i"i«"'' Oxiti. Ccnv«. HullH. _^ 
 
 Expoits tci— ' 1 ■ 
 
 g",'^'.'""' 21,(104 ... ; , ,„ 
 
 «'''!fl""'-- 11,{I.-^J !l.S(l,-| 847 rVii in' ''I'* 
 
 N""" .. H •■:•' niVr *= ^'S"' 
 
 • 'fnimn.v ,,7,),", „: 'j ••;•,■,;•■ l01)9 
 
 OtluTcoMiUrien i.-jm •7;.;, l';; lu '.jf^ 't'I" 
 
 '^'""' 'I«^!J''^^^^T^^~T~^r^~7i;i7"~:;;i 
 
 J. S. MARTIN, Ju., 
 United States Consulate, t^'t'f.6'o«««/. 
 
 MarHcilles, February 5, 1885. 
 
 CATTLE RAISING IN THE SOUTHWEST OF FRANCE.* 
 
 BEPOET BY COXSUL ItOOSEYELT, OF BORDEJiVX. 
 
 lu the departments of Fi'unce forminy the cousular district of Em 
 deaux there are live principal breeds of cattle, viz, the Garouuiii ' 
 Bazadais, Bordelais, Landais, and Limousin. ' 
 
 ORIGIN OF TUE BREEDS. 
 
 ^rtrortHa(«.— Native of tlie country throuyli which the Garoniio liivfi 
 tlows ; the most abundant breed of the Southwest of France • has ilwivs 
 been known in the coujitry, and has not been crossed. ' ' ' 
 
 i?flcflr?« /.v.— Issued from the Pyrenean breed and imported, at tiie hv 
 gmmng ot the sixteenth century, into the environs of the town of Bizis • 
 has a ftreat resemblance to tlie Garonnais, and has never been cro'ssd' 
 is considered one of the oldest breeds of France. 
 
 Bordelais.— A cross-breed of Brittany and Dutch ; was iiui)ortea intd 
 the ocahty at a remote period ; is preserved from deeeneration bv tlit 
 constant renewal of the blood. 
 
 ZrtHrfa/i'.— Issued from the I'yrenean breed, and raised oulv in tlie 
 department of the lnn(h>i (moorlands) ; has underjione the cham'cs iiat 
 urally due to the dilierence of climate and soil, and has become iulapted 
 to the country, where, under the local inliuences, it has almost become 
 a new breed ; has not been crossed. 
 
 Zi»io?/sm.— Raised especially in the environs of the town of Limoges; 
 seems original to the country ; has not been crossed. 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 
 
 DcHcripthm of the 6Vo7)rtH«/,v.— Butt" color, sometimes darker about the 
 head, h oof, and tail; bull, o feet 4 inches; cow, 5 feet tall, without being 
 
 *N()TE nv Consul KuosKVKLT.— This rt'iKirr isconipiled from iiiCnrmiitiim (kriveil 
 Irom tho iiiiiiiicipiil vo^ciiiuirv .suiki'dh in (•liar-;e of the .sl:iuulit.'i--limitie of tlincity 
 01 Bordeaux, iNL Marcel C(nirrt'j^cloiijriic, nni' of ttif inoHt onmiciit. •.•iirtlu-lireeder^of 
 this tlepartiiient, and also .secretary of the Soeietv of Ayriciiltuie of tiio Giromle ; from 
 tho manager of tho General Milk Company of Bordeaux, tlio nmnicijial records, the 
 newspapera of this locality, and from the most reliable autlors. 
 
Fl 
 
 . ■ s ■ 
 
 
FBANCE. 
 
 273 
 
 "higli ubove ground;" very thick Iw.nou o.wi * 
 
 den, loHK body, well «u,,port<.d 1^^^^^^^ '""^«5 "nek mius- 
 
 wtl.cM- thick neck,foro( uuif(u« ,,on/b Lv » I f "•"■.''"^«»'««t. flat ribs, 
 ndlu.r Hut tl.iffhs; tl.ick ski,,, t ik lb t I.U L , ST' ^'"'V '''"'^ «"«« 
 ally downwind. ' ""^ "^'^"'* ^""t '"rward and geuer- 
 
 This 11,10 brt't'il lbr,n8 tlio wealfb nf fh« h^..*i 
 it given itsw(.,k and mt'at Tr ,n. d^^^^^^ 
 
 and iu»<-li, bnt with a slow i,aee ' *"' ""*^ ^""^'^^ '^ works well 
 
 ^n. ox take. th.h easily; the cow hardly has u.ilk enough to feed her 
 
 JnfiL/?:i23;tfifS-;;;;!ircSf i^ ^« -^^ « beast of 
 
 tin., by a IJrittany cow used as ussista I nL e rM'.!..'''' ""*' '^^ "•^' «""'« 
 ing,i.,..o.;i,lves), then Ue receives a nteinnun^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'T^' '" *"^'«''- 
 be is uoaned. Ue is then sent grazing a davi, tV" ,",'"','"''' "'''' ^''^» 
 mrivs besides green or dry forays a "cor llnL^n M ''^'''^ "^ "'«''*' l^*^ 
 the (Met lie will follow up to his last d!.v ivi^ ^J' ^^ i^*Mmm. Such is 
 lie is .asfated and begins tcVl^iroken 'to lll'vo^'^'^r^ """"^''^ «'<>» 
 timt of two years and a I.alf, la. ^J, , ,do^^^^ .•""' ^l^nt age to 
 
 lanii; tV(),„ two and a half to five or six vTri ^M ? •'' ^'^'^^ '^"'"'^ «*' "•« 
 wo.1<s of agriculture, then Htabled fo be foUe,^ ' tT '';^*;f' ^•'"' *'«"^«^'' 
 in February and ia finished at the end of W.. ?''«^«"euing begins 
 ceives at first radishes and turnips^ w eh af^^'i' Z *"',• ^' '*^ «"''»"' ^e- 
 luirpk. clover and corn fodder: toTha [,t. ff»rf ^''''*' V}^' «f'a«^' then 
 
 Hour, and rape or linseed cake; luri,^ alUl oTiSf^'nf"! ' ^^ ^'•""' ^'«^"' 
 is not allowed to go out. ^ ^ ""'® ^^ fattening the ox 
 
 A calf three and a half or tbunnnnfiiu /j-, ; 1 1 ^ 
 $18 to $30. "^ "'*'"^'''' "*'l '« ««»*l for the stall at from 
 
 If the calf is intended to ho k«n<- f/».. ,.«...« i .. 
 when nine ,nonths old a, d up RS tim« J^""'!?"' ''*^ *« ^^'^""^^•J '>uly 
 special food of n,eal o'r floi.ry substa, ces^ he I' h '"^ """"^^^ '^^'^'^l^^ " 
 iug the day and stabled at uight when te/, ll}'^"" '^"^. ^''«^"'« ^I'"'" 
 be sol<l for $G0 or $70; he begi ,« to 8erv«\vh«n i^' '"*'""''" '^'^^ ''*' "'" v 
 when he reaches the age of thirtv,..o,rth7,lT" "^^**'" ^"""^hs old, and 
 i..K: 1.0 is then fattened w t oi, t bS ;^i^ ^«« ''^a^y for cWer- 
 
 at the price of 7 cents pe,^ he pomuf •^"^S^ ^*'' '"'^l ««'d to the butcher 
 teen .nonths old; tlu^y Jto^u^^^^^^^^ when fif- 
 
 i" ilic stable wh;>re th^v are ept at S ' tbi. ,1?;' '""^ '''''''^*' " ^'«tion 
 ry iorage acconling to the sea so^"' ^'*"' ''""*^*'^*« «*"f?^'ee.i 
 
 «ho pays about 7 ce,Lp7r,!vii,otnl;r"''^ *'"^ ^^*^'^ ^^ ^^« ^^''tcie;,' 
 
 tened he weighs fton. 1,;« fto i( 0^ , ^^ \T- ^'!? ^'^^'^ ""^^ ^'^t- 
 bntcluT at from $150 to $ 1 75 ,,,1 v "iff"" ^^^ ''^ t^^'" «»''tl to the 
 
 mjneat. When ^pccial^MUtS" ^^^^t^lulJ^f ^'^ ^'? ^^^^^^^ 
 -VOO pounds, at about four years of 'iJp utl\ , *^ ""^ '^*''^'^'^ "1> to 
 
 A pair of working oxen, from f„'r^.uwi I "f \', ''»» » «"« grain. 
 are .sol.l at from $i>0o to $300 *^ """^-'''^'^ ^" ^^'e years ohl, 
 
 lO,0(Jl';^;Li:rS'lW iV mil!!" h," e^rtdoad (two-wheeled cart) of 
 
 rateonly three tinfes a week The w^J! '^ *^''^'' ^"^ ^*" ^^'^ "t tha 
 hour. Tj.arn^HM.,^ »veeK. me workiUff nace is. alw^Mf n ..,;. "^ 
 
 H. Ex. 51 18 
 
274 CATTLE AND DAIEY FARMING. 
 
 Meat prodmt of Garonmis cattle.— The following is the producf nf u 
 young oxen wluch had received premiums at a cattle show: '^ 
 
 No. 1, three years and ten months old : 
 
 Live weight at the slaugbtor-house 
 
 Weight of the four qaartere... Pounds.. 1,14^ 
 
 WeTgSoHSaw **' *'' fourqnarterslo-th^YiVe weightV.V.V.VpeVti:: eiS 
 
 wTghf of fh^Ikif * "' "" '^^^^'^o\i^'^^^te^-^y.::--:":^^:: i^ 
 
 Proportionate weight of the skin to the fouVqnarVei;\\\V::;;;: "■* Ber''r«nf'- Jf^ 
 
 No. 2, three years and eleven months old : Percent.. lS-96 
 
 Live weight at the slaughter-house 
 
 Weight of the four quarters pounds.. 2,17G 
 
 We?ght*S?£^e a'w* "' '""^ ''^"^ «l-rier-sWth;-lVve weYght V;.V;.VpeV tt:: KS 
 
 mgBSS^S"*.?: *'' tallow io-ihe^;{;{a;^::::::::::::pP»-j«-; ^ 
 
 Proportionate weight of the skin to the fou'r quarters' ! '2Tnl^t ' ' , J^^*^ 
 
 Garonnatj crossbreeds.— An author says that this breed desprvp^ f. 
 name of "Shorthorn of the South," having the same forraud bear^! 
 and the same propensity to fatten when younff. It is suiH.oQPri 7 1 ^ 
 cross-breed of Garonu li; and Dutch. AccSing to reSEhln^^^' 
 
 arge numbers of Gar.uuaiH were exported to E^fgland L ^h^ tjtS 
 and fifteenth centuries, when the South of France was occiip ed b! ?ff 
 English. This breed has never been crossed by any tbreTg, blood* ^ 
 18 left to Itself for reproduction, the raisers h/rdly tok ng any cL 
 secure good bul s. The cattle-breeders say that this breed should n 
 be crossed in its native country, because that would make i Ce Z 
 qualities which reuder it particularly adapted to the locality A 1 nm 
 ings hitherto tried have proved complete failures. This i)ret( rpnrf 
 sents about two-thirds of the cattle in the department ^ 
 
 Garonnaise grazing country.— The altitude of the country is about '>5() 
 feet above sea-level. The mean temperature is 56o F.-in suuC 7"»o 
 in winter, .43o The soil belongs to the secondary and tert1a?^7eri "ds' 
 
 The agricultural soil is composed of— I'tuout,. 
 
 Limestone ..f"!"' 
 
 Rich compost ""^' '^^ 
 
 Gravel.... IMV.lW.^ll" ^^'^ 
 
 Stony ground ,1'*"^ 
 
 Sandy ground !!.".'!.".'.".." .''II ix';""' 
 
 Heathy ground ■.''.'.......'.[".'. ro'^-f! 
 
 The soil of the plain and great valleys is very fertile. The plain of 
 the Garonne, of proverbial fertility, lies on alluvial ground 12 feet deep 
 The culture of the ground is triennial ; first year, wheat and cereals of 
 spring and autumn growth ; second year, green forage ; third rear 
 hemp, tobacco, rape, and linseed. ^ ' 
 
 THE BAZADAIS CATTLE. 
 
 Description.— B-Aiyitle dark gray ; nose, anus, and inner part of thighs 
 white; eyes encircled with white hair; some of cows are light gray. 
 Bull 4 feet 8 inches, cow 4 feet 4 inches high. The animal is compact, 
 ''close to the ground," with thin, dense bones ; powerful muscles ended 
 by strong sinews; harmonious and wonderfully balanced body; loins 
 very well attached. The anininl is built for fatisrue av.'.] i^ndnranw with 
 broad and neat articulations; liind quarters broad, well ido,' with 
 thick flesh and muscles from rump to knee; h)or8 hard and of a good 
 quality ; head short, broad at the forehead; horns well attached; neck 
 
3 product of tMo 
 low: 
 
 --•pounds.. 1,14^ 
 •••---do.... y4^ 
 ■ .percent.. 6'^-9i 
 .-■pounds.. iiQ 
 --percent.. 12-83 
 -•-pounds.. 107 
 
 • •percent.. lS-96 
 
 • --pounds.. 2,17G 
 
 do.... i,3fi6 
 
 --percent.. 68-78 
 -.-pounds.. 160 
 
 • -percent.. 13-iy 
 
 • -■pounds.. 130 
 ••percent.. lO-flo 
 
 3d deserves the 
 [•ID aud bearing 
 ipposed to be a 
 ible documents 
 the fourteentJi 
 ecupied bv the 
 sign blood. It 
 Qg any care to 
 eed should not 
 lake it Jose the 
 ty. All cross- 
 is breed repre- 
 
 ry i8 about 250 
 1 summer, 12°; 
 rtiary periods. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 13!>,750 
 
 3a,800 
 
 i,:co 
 
 18,!)00 
 
 27,500 
 
 12,350 
 
 The plain of 
 
 1 12 feet deep, 
 
 and cereals of 
 
 ; third year, 
 
 [)art of thighs 
 e light gray. 
 il is compact, 
 luscles ended 
 body; loins 
 liininw, with 
 I ide, with 
 iiu of a good 
 ached; neck 
 
short; ri' 
 
 attached j 
 
 liair. Be: 
 
 nently fit 
 
 prodigioui 
 
 (lust wliic 
 
 With al 
 
 for the I'l 
 
 freqiieutlj 
 
 butchery, 
 
 gives mon 
 
 more than 
 
 The ox t 
 
 The cow 
 
 Ba:!adaii 
 
 is treated ( 
 
 ally kept ii 
 
 begins to I 
 
 plowing au 
 
 coinpauiou 
 
 ,sbo! t dista 
 
 bard work 
 
 fatigue. 
 
 Weight a 
 
 10,000 poui 
 
 that rate oi 
 
 per liour. ' 
 
 small ratioi 
 
 half to five 
 
 One-third 
 
 loa(l:>, ouo-fi 
 
 rest are em 
 
 This latter i 
 
 whilst those 
 
 or seventh j 
 
 aates at the 
 
 on preen for 
 
 be is fed on 
 
 A Uazada; 
 
 I 900 to 1,000 
 
 I to 1,L'00 pom 
 
 per pound lii 
 
 The cows V 
 
 $I.S to $30 a 
 
 raised expres 
 
 weighs about 
 
 III the sout 
 
 of the bovine 
 
 TheBazadh 
 
 a known fact 
 
 bei'diiie small 
 
 ' compact, thic 
 
 tlie same infli 
 
 I '^oiiy system ( 
 
 Mliatofthoux 
 
 tlJat the Baza 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 275 
 
 short; ribs ronud; stands remarkably nlnmh «» i, i 
 attached; skin rather thick, of a St tS,« ^ i'^ ^""^^'^ ^'-"'^ ^<^» 
 liair. Being energetic and havin-a miiVk nS T/ ^ somewhat rough 
 nently fit for work. Yoked to enormous two S^pil'^ ''"''""'"' ""'^ '^^'■ 
 prodigious loads under a scorchh'sT s"n and S.'f ^«^t«'. ^h^y carry 
 dust which renders their work very ,, liuAiT ^^^^^^"^^^ ^'^h a sandy 
 
 With ail thoqualitiesofa beast of burden rhpPo,,i • • , 
 for the Imtchery and, though weighS less thfn M?«T '' ^l^o frood 
 frequently rewarded at the fat-cattle shnwf ff " '^^ ^aronnais, is 
 butchery, being in general fiitter than the G^nnn'^- " ^l^^I^'^^'^ f^v the 
 gives more of the choice cutsTaS yields oT^f' ' '^^ ^««^ '« better, 
 more than 60 per cent, of the ii?e weight ^ ''''®^^^® ^^ "«^t- 
 
 The ox takes flesh much more easily than thflfnffwn . , 
 
 The cow hardly has enough milk to feed W r^H" ^''''''''°'''*' ^'^^'^' 
 Baiiadais calves.— If the calf is intendefl tn «,oil i . -. 
 is treated exactly as the Garouuais • «o^^V?L'^^^^^ ^^^'.^ *^f ^"^den he 
 ally kept in the stable. He is castrated wW? f "^ ^''^^'""^^ ^"* ^ener- 
 begins to be broken in three montKt^^^^^^ 'nonths old, and 
 
 plowing and harrowings. When three SnJ^if i^*"" "^'^^ ^"""^ ''g^it 
 ioinpaniou to a two-wheeled cart and cSs *J r^nV ' ^^H'^ with a 
 sboit distances only. When four and nS ^'^^0 pounds, but for 
 
 bard work till the age of sixTseven* it hS^^^^ ""^^ ^""'^ »«e^^ f«r 
 tatigne. '^"' "^'^^^^^ showing any sign of great 
 
 Weight and value of Basadais oxen.— A nairnf rto^^.i • 
 10,000 pounds weight for 12J to 13 miles fn onf finf 1^'f ""^^^ ^*° P"'^ 
 tbat rate only three times in a week tL wnrH.. ^ ^' ^"-^ ^^° ^^^^^ ^t 
 per hour. The working animaHs fed on bra? dry ? i r"*" ''.^^°* ^ '""*^« 
 small ration of oats. A pair of working SS '^' ^i^*"^ sometimes a 
 half to five years old are sold from $2oo^to1'S ^ ''''^" ^'^"' ^^"^^ ^"'l '^ 
 
 One-third of the Bazadais workiiTrov;^. nr . ' i ^ 
 load., oDo-flfth are sold for tCySa^.K .fZfn^ for carting heavy 
 rest are employed for agricuItura^purpoJes hf lhe'«'' i^^^terno, the 
 TbLs lat er portion is fattened when frc m four m • h^if^'"''-'^^'" '*^«'''"- 
 wbilst those belonging to heayv works are fn/S i ^ ^'i.^*^^ y^^^"" o'^i 
 or seventh year of thdr age K SS^hl '^'^ only from the sixth 
 uates at the end of February. Fronf May t> oS'k '" ^ay and termi- 
 on sreeu forage, corn fodder, vetch and n.m.^.^'"'' ^^'V''"^^^ '« f«l 
 k i. fed on hay; bran, con' meS.'r/^^ 1, ^l^K '"'"^ ^^*«^^^ 
 
 A Uazadais ox at the age of maturity /fi^/w.f- ^• 
 900 to 1,000 pounds: uftefbeinffSe H/if^K"^ six years) weighs from 
 
 to U'OO pounds, and is then sold to tl^but^L'tth;'.'^;^'^ ^."» ^'^«» 
 per pound live weight. ouccuei at the rate of 12 cents 
 
 nmd expressly to be lattened on re^e W ?/ ^'?f "^' V'^^^^*^' When 
 weighs about 2,000 pounds ' '^'"'^^'"S ^^^ *"» ff^owth, the animal 
 hi the southwest of Fraiu-ft Mia p..,., i • 
 
 of tbe bovine species aJuUr i^ltSft'lTE"'' '^'^"' '"'«-^^'"» 
 The Bazadais as a honcmaUna animal 7"-^'!"^^J,^^- 
 
 ;' Iniown fact that in the runtiy Srl^^ f "^,^'^' ""^»^or n.entions as 
 
 bec.nie snmll and slender, with small (••.th^^'VV^? 'i"'«^' ^''^' 'worses 
 ' 71-act, thick, and long in othrtc 4s fn H ^'^^'-^'t^^oxen become 
 
 tliesameinflueur.es n,w)^.^;^ "," l^*- °^s, in the same country, muw 
 , 73- system of (he iiorse is reduced to tb^'«'^"n'^ ''•^' ^"« ^^^^<^ 
 \ at of the cxen takes a g?eat deyelonit^^f^^ I'roportions, whe'reas 
 
 ^'- ^'^ ^-dais oxen L.. '^^Sf^Ji^^:^^ .^- 
 
27€ 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARmNG. 
 
 similate the calcareous salts contained in the pastures. If the Eazadai^ 
 ox is really endowed with the faculty of " easily making" boues, it would 
 be a useful importation into countries the soil of which is too poor in 
 calcareous salts to properly feed beasts of burden ; and, ou the other 
 band, if it was imported into countries the soil of which would supnlv 
 abundant calcareous salts, the frame might be, in the course of time 
 developed to a great size and power. ' 
 
 The Bazadais grazing grounds. — The altitude of the country in which 
 that breed is raised is 270 feet above the level of the sea. It ig com- 
 posed of flat grounds, with little valleys, where spring many calcareous 
 waters. The mean temperature is 62° F. — in summer, 69°; in winter 
 43°. The soil belongs to thi superior miocene formation, characterized 
 by the shell- marls, containing all the rarieties of cerites with yelloiv 
 conchiferous sands and yellow or gray clay, often characterized by the 
 Ostrea undata and Ostrea firispata. The ground is undulated and varied 
 On the same farm clay, sand, gravel, limestone, &c., are met with. The 
 underground is as varied as the arable ground ; it is composed of clay 
 flint, stone, and limestone, but is not deep. 
 
 ' The culture is biennial — first year wheat and rye, second year corn 
 potatoes, beet-root, and spring forage ; besides every farm has aboiit 
 one-third of its extent in artificial meadows. 
 
 THE BORDELAIS CATTLE. 
 
 Description. — Black and white (piebald). Bull, 4 feet 6 iucbes- cow 
 4 feet 2 inches high. Hind quarters developed as compared to the fore 
 quarters; thin limbs; small bones; angular forms ; pelvis very wide; 
 neck thin and almost fleshless ; head fine ; horns thin, black, bent for 
 ward, and often rough; udder expanded without being de^-'iy; milk- 
 abundant. 
 
 Qualities of the Gironde Bordelais. — This breed was imported into the 
 Gironde many years ago, for dairy purposes solely, being the result of 
 crossing l)etween the breeds of Brittany and Holland ; it was and is still 
 maintained by constant importations of Dutch bulls. It can hardly bo 
 called a breed, as it does not reproduce itself exactly. It is compara- 
 tively scarce, being used only for the dairy. Of the Brittany cow, from 
 which it origintites, cut 22, gives a pretty correct idea of it. The female 
 only is known and described, as the young males are sold for the stall. 
 The bulls and cows when too old to breed are sent to the slaughter 
 houses, but the meat is of inferior quality. The weight of the cow is 
 about 500 pounds when at maturity, 4 years old ; it is then sold at from 
 $80 to $100. The price of the bull is $80; after two years' service he is 
 sold to the butcher. 
 
 The Bordelais as milkers. — This is the only breed which provides the 
 department of the Gironde with milk. After calving the cows give 4i 
 gallons of milk a day for one month. Afterwards it gradually goes dowii 
 to 2 gallons. The average quantity given by one of these cows amounts 
 to about 050 gallons per annum, with a proportion of 2.90 per cent, of 
 butter and 3.35 per cent, of dry caseine. 
 
 The Bordelais not suitable for exportation. — The Bordelais couliiiot 
 be profitably exported— (1) because it degenerates if not renewed by 
 frequent crossing; (2) because as a milker it is not so good as the 
 i»Iorraandy cow. 
 
 The grazing-grotinds of the Bordelais. — The alticude of the country is 
 about 150 leet above sea-level. 
 
 It is generally composed of flat and undulating ground. The arable 
 soil is composed of clay, pebble, limestone, and sand. The mean tern- 
 
 ra 
 
 . ■ '. ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .i f'f.; 
 
 n 
 
 ■J'i 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 ■J) 
 
 i 
 
 PI 
 
 ;|| 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 '■^i 
 
 
 -i 
 
 
 '■'ff. 
 
f the Bazadais 
 ►oues, it would 
 is too poor in 
 , ou the other 
 would supplv 
 ourse of time, 
 
 ^Qtry ill which 
 sa. It is com- 
 -ny calcareous 
 9°; in winter, 
 characterized 
 !S with yelloiv 
 terized by the 
 edaud varied, 
 etwitb. The 
 posed of clay, 
 
 nd year corn, 
 rm has about 
 
 inches; cow, 
 ed to the fore 
 is very wide ; 
 ack, bent for- 
 
 tlef-'jy; milk 
 
 orted into the 
 : the result of 
 'as and is still 
 3an hardly bo 
 ;t is compara- 
 iiiy cow, from 
 . The female 
 for the stall. 
 he slaughter- 
 of the cow is 
 I sold at from 
 ' service he is 
 
 provides the 
 
 cows give U 
 
 llygoesdowu 
 
 !ows amounts 
 
 D per cent, of 
 
 ais coulJiiot 
 fc renewed by 
 good as the 
 
 be country is 
 
 The arable 
 le mean tern- 
 
 u 
 
 m 
 

 perature is 
 to the Tert 
 Feedhtf/ c 
 are left in 
 ffben stabl 
 bay, coarse 
 Those kept 
 When the ji 
 daily shelle 
 ing vegetab 
 them. Tha 
 the milk. 
 
 It may be 
 ofexperime 
 ments have 
 
 To propel 
 ounces of La 
 the live anii 
 (lay one-thir 
 stances, he v 
 in the food. 
 of 3^ per ce: 
 ensues that 
 productive fo 
 milk, or iuc 
 mother's woi 
 of forage gi 
 weighs one-t 
 calving, the 
 weight. Afl 
 
 DescriptioT 
 extremities, 
 with bay. T 
 the bull bein 
 small or ratb 
 teresting to o 
 animal is sm 
 thin horns, d 
 noted for its 
 Devon breed, 
 animal is ke] 
 little forage, 
 is equally en( 
 whilst feedin, 
 breath ; oxen 
 i'l to 50 miles 
 
 A pair of L 
 years old, are 
 may reach th 
 breed is not o] 
 
 The grazing 
 160 feet above 
 
FBANCK. 
 
 277 
 
 perature is 57° F.— in summor, 69© • in winter 43© t».« .«ii i i 
 
 to the Tertiary period. ' ""'""^r, w". 1 lie soil belongs 
 
 Feedhifl and housing Bordelais eojrs.—Tbe cowh of f !.« r«.,i i • . 
 are left in the fields day and uiffht us lon^ L ?!. ^m^'^®'*"^ ^""^e*^ 
 when stabled (in cold o? 8Uo"yy weiUherruffiv .1 r T"^^*"' ^'"'"'*^«5 
 bay, coarse calibage, and any kiml of irln fooX ?h«/"^ ^"l second-crop 
 Those kept by ric\ 'people Im^^'^i^ti^on? of'S^ ^addeY to tt' «^'^^- 
 When the pea season sets in, very large qnantities of tw t f .^^''''®- 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL CATTLE-FEEDING IN PRANCE. 
 
 It may be interesting to note the following remarks bpinn- f h« . ,. 
 of experiments made by a breeder of dairv Jv. Irl om ' u^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 i^ents Lave not been made on locafbreedf ' ^'^^''"^^ ""''^ «^P«"- 
 
 To properly keep cattle in France requires everv riiv i «« , ,, 
 oiuicesof hay, or the equivalent of it for Z-hi nn^r. \ ^ P^-"?^ ^^ 
 the live animal. An an mal, t^be compTetel? Ri?«fl??°'^' -^^'^^^ ^^ 
 (lay one-thirtieth of his weight. LsSS.nf nnl h • *!• 'T^-"'^^" ^^^''^ 
 stances, he wants four-thirtifths of wTefor fn^M.fWr' ' '^ i " '''^ ?"**• 
 Id the food. If, to be completely satisfied ^^nw l^f '"^""^ contained 
 of 3i per cent, of its weight, a"d ff l| are locZIlTl'^^ ''?^^^. ^^^^^ 
 ensues that the half of the v^tioxiViZ^naZfZl h «"*!\«'" ^'^6. it 
 productive food. Each pound of proclS v« wi ^^'^ *'^''*'^ ''''^'^ >« 
 milk, or iilcreases by iiearly 1 oE t^^wSt^ort^^^ !)-^'""^°^ 
 mother's womb,- and for the animals which arIbe1ntf/t^?n i^'fa '" "'« 
 of forage give 1 pound of increa.se in wSt":f,ff!"';riv'^ 
 weighs one-tenth of its mother's weight. During Vha flrlf '?. ^"/^^ 
 calving, the cow gives a weight of mUk Si s! '1 ^''f \- ?''' 
 weight. Afterwards the milk diminishes SaHy " ^'' ''°^- "* '^«'' 
 
 THE LANDAIS CATTLE. 
 
 Description.— Buff color, with a lighter hno nmnnri fi,., 
 extremities. In some animals that Slor L dTrker «mi !J^ T^ ^'''} ^^^ 
 ^vith bay. This breed is much smallei thai, anv rS f."?,f '"^t^^^es tinted 
 the bull being onlv 4 feet 4 incheV nml fV„^ ^i^*;^^^^^®™®"f'«ned 
 small or rather mean vartfy of U^ great ^wTat ^f ^ -^'^^ \' '' ^ 
 teresting to others than the inhabit-nifrnf m.^ ?®'^° ^•^"^'^'» ^^^^b' in- 
 animal is small, compacrwST^^^^^^^^^ The 
 thin horns, dea 1 white witTb]St1ns?I?«.'\''"'^ Quick, with long 
 noted for its endurance; it Sean? nervous b^^T^^^^ ^« 
 Devon breed, have a peculiar char rter omi 5.; ^•v'''^^.*^°^*^ o^ the 
 animal is kept in gooKSion in s.^te of V.^r? V' ^^ift^ess. The 
 little forage, and that of-ZwoSt kin Th ^ ^ P o^"'gs, with very 
 is equally enduring, an 1 wiEf tit' -T^*,' ^ow, though not strong, 
 wbilSt feeding her^aif The au"'^' ^-'^"^ ^^'orks very hard, even 
 breath; oxen uuaccustomel fn f1.«^ . i"^*"^^ very well without losing 
 i' to 50 miles ?n mie ck^n^^^^^ ^^^« ^««" ^^"0^" to travel frorS 
 
 yefrs'Iw tld in^^^^^^^ ^^^i"-' ^o- and a half to five 
 
 my reach the weight "JToSo^n^o'n.iJ' ''^ S'«"^;.^«^"e<l. tbe ox 
 "rued IS not of sufficient value to export ''*' quahties this 
 
 mtSt?.^^^l^^^^^-^^e altitude Of the country is 
 
278 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Flat and barren ground (moorlands). 
 72°; mean temperature in winter, 44°. 
 
 Mean temperature iu sumiuur 
 
 THE LIMOUSIN CATTLE. 
 
 Description. — Bnfl' color, with a paler hue at the inner part o. the 
 limbs; large soft eyes, surrouiidcd, as well as the muzzle, by a whitish 
 circle. Smaller than the Garonnais, but larger than the liazadais thus 
 giving an average height of about 4 feet G inches for the cow and 5 
 feet for the bull. There is a great variety in the size of the aniniils 
 owing to the places where they are raised. They have a softer skin imi 
 are much finer and less bony than the Garonnais. Body rather lolu" 
 withers high and not muscular; hind quarters narrow; sliort neck' 
 thi(!k head; horns pale, with brownish tips, llattened towards tho base 
 not always well bent, tnuned forward and often downward. Tlie cow 
 is small, delicately shaped, and would be remarkably fine if not over. 
 worked. She has round ribs and well-made hips; is very spirited and 
 works much more quickly than the ox, which goes slowly and lazjlv 
 The cow gives scarcely any milk. The cause of this difference is thit 
 the cow is the exclusive product of the locality, which is poor, whereas 
 the male calves and young oxen are the objects of an active trade and 
 are bought by persons who take them into richer countries, where'thev 
 are fed i)reparatory for work and the slaughterhouse. The diftereno'e 
 in the diet makes the difference in the size. The Limousin makes flesli 
 more rapidly than the Garonnais, and the quality of the meat is superior 
 
 A pair of working oxen bring from $240 to $280. When speciallv 
 fattened a Limousin ox will weigh about 2,200 pounds. ' 
 
 Grazing (/rounds of the Limousin.— The altitude of the couuir'- '« 
 300 feet above sea-level. ^ " 
 
 Highest temperature in summer 9()0; lowest temperature in winter 
 lOo. Soil of the primitive period, formed bv the desegrcation of 
 granitic, gneissoid, porphyric, and feldspathic "stones. " 
 
 The arable ground is clayish, gravelly, or sandy, without a suflicient 
 thickne.sd, which causes many large plains to bo covered with Leatb 
 The substratum is clayish or loamy, rather i)ermeable. 
 
 The cultivation is biennial. First year, fallow, black wheat, radislj 
 and potatoes; second year, rye or wheat. ' 
 
 The soil is undulating, the climate damp and cold, and liable to great 
 variations of temperature. 
 
 Besides the above principal breeds, this district contains a few other 
 of lesser importance which never come on the market of Bordeaux, and 
 which, for that reason, are not known. 
 
 HOW TO EXPORT CATTLE FROM BORDEAUX TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The best and only method of direct exportation to the United States 
 from Bordeaux is by the Bordeaux Steamship Company, which makes 
 regular monthly voyages. The conditions of t he company, submitted to 
 the emigration laws, are the following : 
 
 (1) Only ten head of cattle can be carried at a time. 
 
 (2) The animals will be placed on deck. 
 
 (3) The freight for each animal will be $80, including shipping, land- 
 ing, attendance on board during the passage, and jicconiniodatiou. 
 
 (4) The food will be i)rovi(led by tlie shipoer. The daily food n • 
 quired for an animal on board is 10 pounds of hay aud 8 pounds of 
 bran. The wholesale price of hay is about 80 cents per 100 pounds, 
 
 iv 
 
re HI wiuter, 
 gre^'ation of 
 
 TED STATEB. 
 
 . , '•■V 
 
 I 
 
 D 
 r 
 > 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
FRANC K. 
 
 279 
 
 bran $1.00 per 100 pounds. Countinir flftApn Aar-^ r»«.. i i .. , . 
 pin, to that of landing, both inclu"ivo%S?nimTwoZ/^^^^^^^^ 
 
 111 pounds of hoy, X 15= tr>0 
 
 d |)c)uu(l» of bran X 15 a. lao • 
 
 ' 
 
 Tliis u.ldiHl to tl.o freiffht makes a total «,f $83.12 per hoad Til 
 iiiicesof fnepht of the Bordeanx SteainMliinr/»mr.r,l„t I'wi imui. ino 
 Inimals (.arofully attended to, utt oTreiL toKZi^i'^'t- *" ^*^'^""« 
 hv American ships would be muol.Xaper. ^ "' "'^'^"^^ 
 
 rmi^cn breeds suitable for export to the united states 
 Among the breeds hereinbefore mentioned onlv two m.vi.f .. i 
 be worth inM.ortinff into the United States "the Ga.C.nais'°a?d BSir 
 Tiic lormer, on account of itss zoand powerful fruno. h.^i Af 
 count of its energy as a beast of Wurlon of s vi'^ in i 'f"«^' <>" "c- 
 ont« wonderful power of .tssimilatinT&S Thilos .frSof .?'' '^f 
 of choice Garonnais would bo about «300 fj.f^r.;' ,'^'i^'?"!*'® 
 Bazadais about $260. *'^'^' ^^''^ ""^ '' ^0"1»I« «f «lioico 
 
 export op AMERICAN BEEP OATTLE TO BORDEAUX. 
 
 It would not be advisable to import any breediuLr iinim.^?u i«f *i • 
 district, because all the crossings l.ither o tr ed w Ub th?fnli i*" *^'' 
 Lav. proved complete failures, and eonsenuentlvTh« o.ttt ^ ^''^^''^^ 
 .ot inclined to try new experiments Tu'ey were s^MnclZwh"" 
 would choose bulls belonging to breeds know^in France and ?^oV S,? 
 ciiase animals of a breed unknown to them. ' ^ ^ "^" 
 
 Iflbe importa'ion of breeding animals is not likMiir t . ^i. 
 result, the importation of live stock inti BordeauJ for^.L ^2 f "'* 
 Avould, on the contrary, meet the reouiremeuts nf /{.« . . * ^"'^^^ry 
 probabilities are that' the i..troducuTZuch 4 n. . lif^^' • "-^ ^^^ 
 good condition, would be a profitable speculation ' '^'"^'"^ '" 
 
 In order to elucidate the matter, so as to Dring the question within 
 tbe comprehension of any person concerned, I shall fi^st exnbuT. H . 
 manner in which the city of Bordeaux is supplied with meat^ the ni^ 
 acted by the commissioners, who are the intermtr l.tnc, w' ^^^ 
 producers and the butchers,'their Bystenmtic remova oHive^^^^^^^^^^ 
 the market in order to raise the prices, &c Thi« will ill • .'" 
 
 S;Kr^ Of the newspape?Xa vtiJlT^:^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 siomr in there, ready at hand ; he examines ih«^^m i"'""" .''»»J"«8s. The coniinis- 
 trk.8to hint that tlio butchore ar^ we" nrov^^^^ it after his omi fashion, 
 
 itc; ho advances to the deXr a r<^^^a >'' «mn „f ' *•"" '"*''.''*"^ ^"'^ a^^'J overBtooked 
 value of the cattle; but oK^to cSsoonrnnfl '""??' ''^?"* threo-fourlhs of the 
 th.. settlement of the sale, he' me Thanrrefer« t Tfl ^'^ ""V^. *"" ""^ «ft««» ^'ayVfo? 
 gives up the cattle to the co„.n.E'e"r:Uo1Z/mikrthe SstVflf "« ^""«' '^"'^ 
 
 The same article mentions the punishment whiph th^ «^ • • 
 .*t „p^„ the dealers wL„ „„ „?e ptr«fflca;tSZiri" 
 
 «t'M4;b;rj„\7ertf Mr 01a»"' """""' '".•='' """"'^ «' De- 
 
280 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ¥ ::1 
 
 r h 
 
 the butchers, to whom they sell the same cattle on a credit of seven or eleven rlnvo 
 they, besides, are merchants, buying and selling for their own account, and riil' 
 being holders of nearly all the cattle intended for the supply of our city's mnrf' 
 they can, owing to their small number, maintain the prices at a high flcure jl" 
 contended, and the fact is verified by two members of the municipal counrii,^r 
 raise and sell cattle, that the commissioners of Bordeaux pay for cattle a /o.cn- ,»• !.! 
 than that paid by the commissioners who supply the markets "f Paris whiln if ■ 
 well-known fact that beef is cheaper in Paris than in Bordeaux. ' * 
 
 Consulting the records of the municipal council I read in the rennrtnf 
 the sitting of November 12, 1880, the following statements corrobomf 
 mg the preceding one : 
 
 Correspondents and at the same time bankers of producers and of the bntri».r. 
 and being, besides, merchants, they centralize the cattle, deliver to the market oi.Ivti,!; 
 number required to maintain the highest prices, and by the influence which tl Anv 
 ercise on the butchers by advancing them money they paralyze the sprinc otcilZ' 
 tition, which IS necessary to reduce prices to their real level. ' toupe- 
 
 At the sitting of the municipal council of February 12, 1880 our of 
 the members, M. Min-Barabraham, read reliable documents showinir 
 that the commissioners paid their own price for the live cattle and that 
 owing to their then scarcity of forage, the owners were obliged to upt 
 rid of their cattle at unremunerative i)rices, and after having ouotcrl 
 the report of a special commission named by the muuicipalitvto iiivH'« 
 tigate the matter, the report showed that meat in the city ot Bordcanv 
 was dearer than in Paris or any other large citv of France He fouiul 
 that the price of meat was always increasing, "even in the vearH wlieu 
 the price of cattle had obviously gone down on account of bad foriw 
 harvests." M. Min-Barabraham mentioned that as far back as 1870 
 he called the attention of the council to the high price of beef- that a 
 commission was then ordered to inquire into the causes of such dear 
 ness and try to remedy it ; that in 1874 attention was directed to tlie 
 const&nt and unreasonable increase of prices, when the mayor annoiuted 
 a new special commission to investigate the former, and also to find 
 the means of admitting free competition. This commission however 
 did not prevent the continual increase of prices. The honorable coun' 
 cilor then said : 
 
 When one of the branches of trade, that which serves the public alimentation isin 
 the hands of eight or ten commissioners, who are at the same time speculators and 
 merchants, who can at their will cause a rise by allowing on the market only tLe cat- 
 tle that they wish ; who hold in their power a majority of the butchers by tliH weeklv 
 credits which they (the commissioners) grant them, I say that this is no loneeilibertT 
 it IS monopoly. '' '' 
 
 The last word seems to be the alarm-cry uttered by everybody in Bor- 
 deaus for the last twelve years. 
 
 On the 12th of November, 1880, Mr. Olagnier, a municipal councilor, 
 presented a petition by which 4,500 inhabitants, in presence of the exces- 
 sive prices reached by the butchers' meat in town, claimed the reestab- 
 ment of taxed prices ; and another member of the council mentioned 
 that for the last twenty years the priceof meat had more than doubled. 
 
 The consequences to be drawn from all the preceding is that the com- 
 missioners monopolize the cattle trade at Bordeaux ; that they admit 
 to the Liarket only the small number of animals required to niaintaiu 
 the highest i)rices; that the cattle-raisers, merchants, and butchers are 
 at their mercy ; that the municipality have for years been constantly 
 in search oftheniean.s of chocking the monopoly; that the public is 
 deprived of the most necessary article of food on account of the small 
 quantity of meat sent to the stalls, and especially of high prices de- 
 manded for it. 
 
 COST OF INa 
 
FSANCE. 
 
 281 
 
 In presence of such a state of tbiugs, my opinion is tlmt ihf. i^ 
 portation of Iu-b stock from the United 'staisToulS prove a pay W 
 speculation, as it would meet the most urmnt wnnta ^f i J; V PP'^^^^ 
 ■il.OOO inhabitants, consuming ySirly22%0 ox^n ^^.^P°P">«tion of 
 
 was destroyed,, and if meat befaL iliLS ^ 
 
 amount would increase 50 per cent. ^uoupei, ruis 
 
 COST OF INTRODUCING, STABLING, AND FEEDING CATTLE IN BOB 
 
 DEAUX. 
 
 The cost of introduction, stabling, keeping &f' nf tim ,m«^„«.„^ 
 ^IZ^f ''' '' ^'^^^ ^^"^^^ '^ thaf oT'th^etr' sL'e\Vt7e?utu\";; 
 
 Customs dues, per head, $3.89, if imported direct. Town dues 48+ 
 cents per 10 ) pounds' weight. All animals intended to be slaughtered 
 must be sent to the official pens, where it costs for oxen 29 cents per 
 bead and for cows 19 cents per bead for the first twenty-foSr hours 
 00.1, lit er, and attendance not ncluded. If the owner or purolS 
 does not piwide food, it er, and attendance, these are givtS7IoZ 
 by the establishment at the following rates : Nino pounds of havSf 
 a (lay's ration), 10 cents ; litter, 2 cents ; attendance and water Tcen?s 
 Itbe animals remain more than twenty-four hours in tKeus the 
 charges for each succeeding day are the following: Stabling oxen «? 
 cows, 4 cents per head ; food (eighteen pounds of hay 1 ufr and 
 euaance),2< cents When sold, it costs 77 cents per head for s luX 
 
 ISS er'' ' '''^' "' ^^ '^' ^^P«"«« °f the b„Sr 
 
 ead . food (eighteen pounds o*f hay 1 ter and at 
 When sold, it costs 77 cents per hea^ for s aughtel' 
 tter charge is at the expense of the buSr or 
 
 ■ If, instead oflive stock, the importations consisted of fresh me'it nrp 
 served m ice the expenses would be as follows : ^ 
 
 Customs dues 
 
 Town dues 
 
 Total . 
 
 Per 100 
 pounds. 
 
 . $0 29 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS OF THE BORDEAUX CONSULAR DISTRICT. 
 
 1 2ai 
 
 hii'riz:' ""™^'' "^ '"'''' *" '^'^ consular district amounts to GoG,000 
 
 Oxen and Imlls 
 
 Cows 
 
 Calves : 
 
 
 
 With the following- proportion of the different breeds • 
 
 (jai'onnais 
 
 Bazadais '. ...". 
 
 Bordolais ....".... 
 
 Limousin 
 
 Pyrenean of variouVbre'eds!.".'.".".* 
 
 Landais 
 
 Total . 
 
 157, 500 
 330, 900 
 167, (JOO 
 
 190, 000 
 
 32, 000 
 
 6,000 
 
 149, 100 
 
 238, 900 
 
 40,000 
 
 650, OOO 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Bordeaux, , i883. 
 
 GEO. W. ROOSEVELT, 
 
 Consul. 
 
282 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 NOBMANDY CATTLE. 
 
 BSPOETST CONSVL OLOYER, OF HAVRE. 
 •WORKING CATTLE IN FRANCE. 
 
 In some portions of France oxen are still extensively employed in 
 various kinds of work, and particularly on the farm. Many persons 
 contend that for such uses, and in certain localities, they can perform a 
 given amount of work at less expense than horses. To mo this seems 
 improbable. Still there may be some kinds of rough ground where oxeu 
 can be very advantageously employed. They walk more slowly than 
 horses, and are more even in their gait, so that in " new ground," or iu 
 stony lands, they may be very desirable. But it is not necessary to pur- 
 sue this branch of the subject further, inasmuch as cattle, in the United 
 Staces, are esteemed chiefly on account of their qualities for the dairy 
 or the butcher. The cow that produces the largest amount of milk and 
 butter — other things being equal— is the best cow, and the bullock that 
 furnishes tl c most beef of good quality, in the shortest time, is the 
 best ox. 
 
 It is not my purpose to attempt a full description of all the various 
 breeds of cattle in France, but to give as complete information as I cau 
 in regard to the races in the northern part of the country, and particu- 
 larly those in Normandy. 
 
 NORMANDY, ITS SITHATlON, SOIL, CLIMATE, ETC. 
 
 This province is bounded on the north by the English Channel, and 
 lies on both sides of the river Seine. It is composed of five depart- 
 ments, viz : Seine Inf6rieure, chief cities liouen and Havre ; Euro, chief 
 city Evreux; Calvados, chief city Caen; Manche, chief city St. Lo; 
 < , rne, chief city Alen9on. Although Norzuandy is situated between the 
 490 and 60° north latitude, the climate is temperate. The mercury 
 rarely rises above 75° in summer, and ice is not often formed to exceed 
 half an inch in thickness in winter. Snow scarcely ever falls to any 
 considerable depth, and generally disappears iu a few hours at most. 
 Such a climate is well adapted to the raising of cattle. In parts of the 
 province some kinds of grasses remain green the year through. The 
 surface of the country is rather uneven, being intersected by niauy 
 streams, which flow into the channel. Still much of the "upland" is 
 of good quality, while the bottom land is wonderfully productive. 
 
 Taken as a whole, Normandy is a very fertile country, but all portions 
 of the province are not equally favorable for cattle raising. The depart- 
 ments of Calvados and the Manche, which lie on the west side of the 
 Seine, are very remarkable for their fine cattle, and especially for hut- 
 ter-prodncing cows. In these departments are to be found the purest 
 Norman types. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORMAN BREED. 
 
 Of the Norman race there are two varieties which are particularly 
 distinguished, viz, the Cotentin and the Augeronne, the former being 
 the more highly esteemed. The following are some of the peculiar 
 characteristics of this race : Size large and often not very handsome, 
 
PLATE 122 
 
 luployed in 
 luy person.s 
 a perform a 
 tbis seems 
 where oxeu 
 ilowly than 
 )uud," or iu 
 sary to pur- 
 I the United 
 )r the dairy 
 of milk and 
 bullock that 
 time, is the 
 
 the various 
 ;ion as I can 
 md particu- 
 
 hannel, and 
 five depart- 
 Euro, chief 
 nty St.Lo; 
 between the 
 he mercury 
 'd to exceed 
 falls to any 
 irs at most, 
 parts of the 
 •ough. The 
 id by many 
 up-Iand"is 
 ictive. 
 ; all portions 
 The depart- 
 ; side of the 
 ally for but- 
 :1 the purest 
 
 particularly 
 ormer being 
 he peculirti' 
 • handsou)c, 
 
 • ^v. sSiia?: 
 
 .>»w 
 
 Julius PienA Co/tith 
 
 NORMAN COW 
 
//<« 
 
Plate 123 
 
 
 Julius fiitmrt I 'o i,{t.h 
 
 HOLLAND COW 
 

 
 M 
 71 
 2 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
Hi 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 
 
' .gg-T 
 
 
largo bo: 
 criinipl<)( 
 them arc 
 will aid i 
 anco. 1 1 
 to bo fou 
 
 THE nob; 
 
 Tlio vei 
 Lisierix, v 
 «u,v, cows 
 cow.s coul 
 ciossed W] 
 «'i> of goo 
 tljiugs cor 
 Jerseys or 
 
 P'obabl.^ 
 good buttei 
 ifgion oxpc 
 ot Lsigny a 
 also sends i 
 
 We alwaj 
 excellent. [ 
 Ntrango to ai 
 too much sal 
 
 ■: I' 
 
 '^ i 
 
 ^ n ordinal 
 while in somi 
 ill the same ii 
 
 I think it v 
 Jiice 40 pouni 
 Paris JO cent- 
 
 The aoconji 
 oral characte] 
 possibly give. 
 
 Thisra ,■ is 
 proves the ap 
 believe, that f< 
 by the admixti 
 
 However, th 
 decrease the qi 
 Dmijani-Nornii 
 than 20 quarts 
 
 FEE] 
 
 . Jii summer th 
 i^ red clover. 
 ^^^^i<% but they 
 graze to the en 
 I "•itbiii reach the 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 283 
 
 oon 
 largo bones, uit). Uea.I rathor heavv -,i i 
 
 cni/npl(,d and wJ.ito as ivory. The v* are o^'^'^'^ '"^"^^ *'irge, Uorns 
 them uro what we would call '<brindin » ^ ,?^"^ «olor«. but mrn? «? 
 will aid in fonning u j„st estimate of thoTfl ^ '°^'^^*^" a "ut^^^^.^f 
 auco In my judgment, there are fe v bo Lr '° """.^ fe'*^"«ral alou? 
 to bo found .n any country than thir^otntTn XL'^ '""•^ ^'"nC'e's 
 
 THE NOBMAN CATTLE PREFERABLE TO THE JPU 
 The very best cows of this breerl u. . , ''^ ^i-DERNEYs. 
 
 Lisienx, where the.^ are som.S Sled -^ ^«"»<l>t,veen Caen and 
 
 say, oows of the (-ountrv I ;n„ ,.pL • ■ " ^«o/te* rfe »««* " f Y^^ • . 
 
 cows could be imported! int" hf Sed s't^^ ^"'"'^ ^^ ^S.-^au 
 crossed wi h certa ,. Ame: ,nan breed" TlfM;^*"" ""^' advantage' .S 
 ei> ot good disposition, and their milt' i- i .T '? '"««t excelleirt „. ib 
 tbmgs considered, they are cer L i . '^*'*'^'' »»^«'"Jant and r.ci ' i n 
 Jerseys or Alderneys.' ^e^^rnly to be preferred to the j!;^,,^" 
 
 NORMANDY BUTTER. 
 Pfobably no other country ill t) 
 good butter than the department of nT' f ^'^"^ «'2«, produces m. 
 .egion export to Paris larg,, qS°*^,t^L? .f^f ^'- ®'°^» viUai ,/' J^ 
 oi Is.gny alone s.^n.ls nearly Otn^ (So J ^'"5^*^^ '^nn»ally^^The fnw ' 
 also sends 3,000,0UO pounds.^ ^''^'^^O^OOO pounds every yei^. Qon^Zy 
 
 l^BESH vs. SALTED BUTTER 
 
 We alway have th Calvados hnffo. 
 
 i* 11 ordinary Xorman cow will u-i v. o k 
 while in some cases extra fine onS L ive bin V^ "'"'*' ^^^ ""'k per day 
 lu the same length of time. '^^ ^'^"^ ^"owu to give 3G onSfj 
 
 I think it will be safe to siv f i,..f ^ ^^^ 
 
 Jiice 40 pounds of butter per month \f'''''^^Se i otentin oow wiJJ n. 
 
 Msn, i» sometimes , Tossed wi«, „ ,. « "P"o« I .„„,,, 
 
 FEEDING AND HOUSING PAT r^ 
 
 , . '»"».«r ttese mileheows Zf '" ''"'"'"^"• 
 
 ««" -^ .ae, „e So;.e.Si:;T„„-- -^. "-1^"'. ■- JH^ 
 
 i Ills process requires 
 
 ll 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 J- 
 
284 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAUMIXO. 
 
 a little more care than wo are accnstomed to, biit it is very important to 
 economize in every yrny in a country where hind is so valuable. In 
 winter they an? fed on hay, beets, turnips, carrots, cabbage, &c. A 
 good WW is worth about $75. 
 
 NOBMAN BEEF OATTLB. 
 
 The Norman race is esteemed for the bovchcrie, but I am sure tl)'.t it 
 is greatly improve<l by crossing with the Durham stock. 
 
 The half bree<l8 mature more rapidly, are larger, and of better form 
 than the iiure Norman. Bullocks for the market are chiefly fattened 
 in the summer on the excellent j)asture8 which abound in this province 
 and especially in Calvados and the Manche. This part of France pro- 
 duces abundance of beef for home consumption, and bullocks have bpcD 
 sometimes exix)rted, principally to England. 
 
 The upland has a clayey, marly soil, and is well adapted to the vari- 
 ous grasses. In the hilly regions we And abundance of flint, but the 
 soil is quite productive. 
 
 VAI.UE OP BEEF AND BEEF CATTLE IN NORMANDY. 
 
 A good bullock on foot is worth about $130. Fine specimens will 
 sometimes sell for $200 or more ; but such animals are not often sold in 
 this market. Beef cattle are worth about 10 cents per pound, on foot. 
 This with the addition of octroi and other taxes, wf (course makes our 
 sirloin steaks rather high priced. For choice cuts from extra line bul- 
 locks we sometimes i)ay from 36 to 40 cents per pound. Good beef can 
 be had, however, at from 24 to 30 cents per pound. 
 
 i. 
 
 m 
 
 = r 
 
 FRENCH VS. AMERICAN BUTCHERS AND BUTCHER SHOPS, 
 
 The French butchers handle their meats with the greatest possible 
 care. I think our American dealers might learn something from the 
 French in this regard. As a rule they are more careful in their selec- 
 tions of animals for the boucheric, and the result is that the beef is more 
 uniformly good. Their shops are perfect models of neatness, and always 
 as clean as they can possibly be made ; cleanliness is next to godliness.' 
 especially in the dairy and the butcher shop. The French butchers 
 allow their meats to hang much longer before cutting than our Ameri- 
 can butchers. I note this custom from the fact that I think it greatly im- 
 proves the texture of the meat. Our American housekeepers ought to 
 be a little more sparing in the use of salt. A new steak, well salted 
 before broiling, is almost sure to be tough. 
 
 FRENCH VEAL. 
 
 It is not the custom in France to slaughter very young calves. They 
 are rarely killed before they are three or four months old, and luauy of 
 these weigh from 140 to 200 pounds net. Vcau is always to bo found 
 in the markets, and is greatly esteemed by the French people. 
 
 IMPORTATION OF AMERICAN CATTLE INTO HAVRE. 
 
 Very few, if any, American cattle have been imported into this part 
 of France. The chief diflBculty in regard to the business is cost of 
 
FRANCE. 
 
 y iraportiint to 
 
 valuable. In 
 
 )bage, &c. A 
 
 ni sure tb'.t it 
 
 of better form 
 tJiefly fattened 
 this province, 
 )f France pro- 
 cks have bpcQ 
 
 ed to the vari- 
 flint, but the 
 
 LNDY. 
 
 pecimens will 
 >t often sold in 
 ound, on foot. 
 'se makes our 
 extra line bul- 
 3-ooil beef can 
 
 I SHOPS, 
 
 atest possible 
 liing from the 
 in their selec- 
 le beef is more 
 ss, and always 
 ; to godliness,' 
 inch butchers 
 m our Ameri- 
 : it greatlyim- 
 spers ought to 
 k, well salted 
 
 286 
 
 tran«portation. Can this olwtacle bo removed? J« H. 
 would eeeni that iwwerful and swift HUmnZZ .. • .. ^"^ question. It 
 tra.lo ought to be able to carry K c a t rHt m. T''*"^^""""^^^^ ^or ^^ 
 a proHt for the dealer. A Calvados b ill wi t^ .'• '''**' *"* *''*»''' ^^'ave 
 worth in this market about $145 A lS'Ji"n'*^?'"«^.^^<''^ '•"••a*'«, is 
 wotdd probably be worth about $(10 Th V?.?.? '," G^Jveston, Tex' 
 
 $85 for transiKirtation, shrinkage, prints &r '*'"''® * "'»''«'" of 
 
 This does not appear sunicieiitfo i.,<i;. • ,. 
 
 rcceivoB largo part of lier beof cattle drel"f^™.,^ ""if". '^"™lw must 
 
 m Imre an unllmilcl qimutit, „f the «rv"il, V '^?'""' ^""*»- 
 ami a large portlou of It ought lo /I r,l L ,™i i* r' '" "'" ""rW, 
 liuuBr,v .nilllonsoa tliis »l,lo of the AtiniTtic " "'°"""' "f "'« 
 
 .l,e Or™t Wo,t to any of tho FrenS? .^t^!" ttTo' truo" JlK^" 
 
 BXPOaTATtON O. »OBMAN CATTLE T„ THE UN.TED STATES. ' 
 So far as exportation-? from this cnnntrv f^ * i rr . 
 cerned, it is not probable that tlH:^'"v^S ever"b« v'^' ^^'^''' ^'^ ««»• 
 
 br^:^ eiS§ {hraSlS:.;;;'^.^''^ "- -'ous French 
 useful n. comparing the <«itf-entracrs%';"iif,,^r;/;?;,r J*--^^ ''''' '^ 
 
 JOUN B. GLOVER, 
 United States Consulate, Consul. 
 
 ^ Havre, November, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE PEODUCTS IN THE DISTRICT OF THE MAENE. 
 
 JiSPOHT BT COSSCL FHISBIE, OF HBSl^S. 
 
 for the use and ben elitif the sr, iT ^ *"" ''4^V''*^ ^o cattle breed L 
 ^, bnmediately on receipt I^S cix^S"'? u2^' ^"'^^^' Stat '^""^' 
 the subject presented, with the lone t l/ F «h ^n". ''^ |"^'«sf iffatiou of 
 report of «ouu. interest and benS ?.» I . !; ' '" *^ ^" "'^'^ ^^ prepare a 
 brooders of the country but i , ti i. r iJepartiuent and to the stock 
 Leon successfnl, from tVomct tint the II!..?''^?^ '^^^ ^''^^^ ^ ^'-^'e not 
 ^s"^ a report does not exist in this dLs'rSc ''' '"' ^^ ^^'"^^^ ^*^ '""ke 
 
 ^^^f ;^?^uSt£^^J^S;^^^^^ -il is .„, ,.,, 
 
 of to vine and the n.amStu/e o?ifs '1!!''^^'^ "^« the cultim on' 
 woolen goods, which leave lUt^e rim. f*'""^.^.' '^'"^ ^'^^ "'anufacture o f 
 profitable nature. "'^ ^^^^'^ ^"^ other enterprises of a less 
 
 r» 
 
 { 
 
 I'd 
 
 •i > 
 
286 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ..' ' 
 
 from Paris and other places at a distance. Butter for table use is 
 brought from Normandy and other places, while the little which is made 
 in this vicinity is fit only for cooking purposes. 
 
 Milk is largely brought to this market by rail from out-lying districts 
 that which is produced in the vicinity of Eheiras being of an inferior 
 quality. 
 
 JOHN L. FRISBIE, 
 
 Consul. 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 JttheimH, France, October 18, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE DISTRICT OF NICE. 
 
 liEPORT BY yiCECONSVL VIAL. 
 
 n the dis- 
 
 ' Nice. Neither beeves nor bulls are bred or fed in this part of 
 i ; cows alone receive the best care in the dairy for milk purposet* 
 ich as the milk is the chief food of a great manv ^breio-nprvj i>c,m 
 
 The ordinary breed, Taurus, is the single one to be found 
 trict of 
 France ; 
 
 inasmuch as tUe milk is the chief food of a great many foreigners com- 
 ing here during the winter. The beeves arriving iii this town from 
 Piedmont (Italy) are all reserved for the butcher. The best cow the 
 preferred, is called " Bergamase." This name refers to the town from 
 which it is drawn, viz, Bergamus (Italy). It is a very stark cow tliiok- 
 set, dark chestnut, line-haired, 4 feet high, always hollow-backed, with 
 two large veins near l he paps, one on eacli flank; giving an averago'dailv 
 quantity of 3 or 4gallous of excellent milk. When wanting cows, the milk- 
 men of Nice get the Bergamases from Lombardy (Mouza, Milan, Berga- 
 mus), and they choose them in the third year of their age, having jnst h^iit 
 their llrst calf or being still in calf. As Nice is surrounded by iiills aiid 
 as there are no large plains or meadows the i)low is quite useless, and 
 consequently no labor is required from oxen or cows. The best I'jiilk 
 men estimate that there are from 2,000 to 2,500 cows in the district of 
 Nice. When bought in Lombardy a cow costs $80 to $90, but its trans 
 portation to Nice raises this cost to $85 or $95. Cows are couvcyod 
 hither by railway express, in wagons containing si^wni or eight. Six 
 gallons of water and 18 pounds hay are their daily food in a journey of 
 eighteen hours. The same ratio of food would be^sufQcieut for ilic pas- 
 Siige across the Atlantic, i)rovided they be kei)t in approi)riato stalls, (i 
 feet wide, feet high, and 9 feet long. The daily food of a dairy cow 
 is estimated at 44 cents. 
 
 No exportation takes place from Nice ; the cattle crossing ov(!r this 
 country is directed to a few small towns of the departmentof the Alpcs 
 Maritimes. They are generally driven on toot, unless long distances 
 require railway express. From time to time Nice receives beeves for 
 butchery either from Sardinia or from Algeria (Africa;, but in small qiian 
 tity and only when the importations from Italy become very scarce, 
 Such animals give, however, but a middling quality of meat which can 
 hardly be sold on the market, where the Piedmont cattle meat is always 
 preferred. 
 
 A. VIAL, 
 
 Vice-Consul 
 
 VMTETi States Consulate, Nice, October Hi, 1883. 
 
 THE TTV 
 
 Switzerlai 
 exported, in 
 sesses two d 
 said to be, in 
 they are eqn 
 spectively : 
 
 (1) Tli'eSp 
 the Simme, i 
 by the name c 
 Thepiiucipal 
 Schwarzvieh. 
 similarly to t 
 of yellow or j 
 
 (2) TkeBn 
 Schwyz, from 
 .ai'oatost piiri 
 distril)ated tl 
 Switzerland, ; 
 kept in the hi, 
 so tiiat this bi 
 tie of this com 
 
 As to the aj 
 tie were lirsfc 
 their presence 
 lace of people, 
 prehistoric lali 
 lieculiartotlic 
 tliat tlie Spott< 
 i'lally irom the 
 Bernese animal 
 origin, the esse 
 Switzerland hai 
 treatment audi 
 t'i'M period of in 
 poitant breeds 
 
 SM 
 
 By reason ( (ft 
 liinhvaliu'sof if, 
 I'rland is hnuhu 
 iiiijioited for un 
 ttittle wliiob (!!-4. 
 "'"i lireeditiM- ,,ii 
 V«'i;000liorn!'(| 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 287 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 SWISS CATIIE. 
 
 ...^. t ..u uioiii,i.L cum iiooio breeds of cattle p-ipI «V T • V*'""'^"*-''^. l>os- 
 said to be, in respect to certain esseutial nuaIiHi'^"^''^^^'^ '"'"^y l>e fairlv 
 they arc equaled, bj auj other bovine rMefnp"'P^''''^''^i°<leed 
 spectively: « ^<ices in Europe. They are re 
 
 (l) T/ie Spotted race {Flockvieh) whif.j, 1.0 •. • ' 
 
 the Siinine, the Saane, and the Kau or i, r ;^ *''"i^'"' *" the valleys of 
 
 bythe«ameof"Berneks,>otted,''or'SuVS^ 
 
 The pnuc.paloff-shootor subsidiary breed ot-^'^^^^^ 
 
 bchwarzvich," tVoiu the adjacent canto,, nV ii -1 ^'^'''^^^ ^^^ " Freiburo-er 
 
 shnilarly to the Berners c^lttle, Lx^^p " nt hs :?'?''' ^'^'^'' ^' ««^^e< 
 
 of yoliow or red. ^' ^hat Us spots are black instead 
 
 J L he Brown Schwvzer raop flu. /.,.;„• 
 Sohwyz, iron, wluch it^ iLmel^aL' dfrh^. i"'''^!'. ''^ traced to Canton 
 area est purity in tlic central cantons o/ii ^ ^•^^*' "''' ^'^^^^ i» ifs 
 .mbuted throno-hout the ^v1;ole oHppel J'^f ' Ff V'"^ ^"^' ^^^ 
 bnifzeriaiid, and as lUr west as the C'iT./nn !p 1' ^^^^ern and Central 
 koi.t 11. the high valleys of the Jim an /^ A\"^''*"- ^^ ^'^"^ -ire afs" 
 s;. tliat this breed uuist be ir.cfuded ii 1-" ?"«" "/° "^J^^'ent foot hifhT 
 tie ot thus ooiisnlar district. "'^ adequate account of the cat' 
 
 As to the ai)pr()xiniato date at which f),..... ^ 
 tew.re first introduced into Swit.er V *n^'' •I^^'"''^'^' ''a«^'« of cat- 
 tlieir presence here is believed to .. r no • 1' "''""O"'^ <I>flor. By mi ,- 
 nuvof people, and there . e be^ I'^iHr. '"' '^'^^^^ ^"'"^ ofthe preS 
 Pivhistoric lake-duellers skulls of oxen „i""^"^' '^''' '■*''"'''i"J of t' 
 l-ecuhar to the brow,, Sch wvzer catt h^nf / ' f "^' '""''^ '"J<1 "tlu'r mar s 
 'I'^^f fl'o Spotted breed of cat le c S, oh'-'- , ^^ ^'^ ^^^"^'^''"v I. ' " ^J 
 
 ;'at.nen .„d intelligent bree ," '• .^ 'V/'' '."'"'-^ centuries of cirefu 
 
 SWISS IMPORTS AND EXPORTS nn ^, 
 
 iJAiujcis OP CATTIF 
 
288 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 i 
 
 The statistics of 1883 are not yet at hand, but the exports ami inj. 
 ports of aornecl stock for 1881 and 1882 were, respectively, as follows • 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 From France ^^ -,r 
 
 From t3ermany ] 4^'7n 
 
 From Austria " on' if- 
 
 From Italy [ 'JJ^;; 
 
 Total neat cattle llo"%n 
 
 Calves, all countries [\ ('jjj. 
 
 Total for 1381 "TiTTo 
 
 Total for 1882 .•;;; n^^J 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 To France U w 
 
 To Germany "\[ So'lfl'* 
 
 To Austria "" a,,.,] 
 
 ■^o Italy ■ ::::__iS 
 
 ^ , Total eeiis 
 
 Calves g^gl 
 
 Total for 1881 Z~iZ 
 
 Totaiforiss2 ;;; iQ% 
 
 There were exported duriug 1881 and 1882 a few choice Brown cattle 
 to the United States for breeding purposes, but as they were shipped 
 via Antwerp, and therefore crossed the Swiss frontier'into Germauv 
 they are probably included in the registered exports from that couiitrV! 
 
 The beef cattle which are now imported into Switzerland from Ger- 
 many, Austria, and Italy are mostly large, raw-boned, and rather coarse 
 looking animals, rough-haired, long-horued, and wanting in most of the 
 essential points of highly bred stock. 
 
 PRICES AND EXPORTS OF CHOICE SWISS CATTLE. 
 
 The export of fine dairy and breeding cattle from Switzerland to ad- 
 jacent countries, as well as to England and the United States, is iu- 
 creasing so rapidly that prices have advanced largely duriug tlie past 
 two years. At a cattle fair in Sargans early in October of this year, I 
 was told that the sales showed an average advance of 50 francs per 
 head for all claeses, as compared with values a year ago. 
 
 As early as August buyers from Italy and other countries appear in 
 force in the mountain districts, and many of the choicest animals are 
 picked up by them before the cantonal fairs of September and October 
 begin, and it is claimed by good authorities that this increasing popii 
 larity of Swiss cattle in foreign countries and the growing iiractice of 
 selling the milk from many dairy farms directly to large niilk-coudeus 
 ing establishments is having a pernicious effect upon the cattle and tlie 
 people of the rural cantons. On the one hand, the sale and expoitof 
 so many of the ciioicest animals tends naturally to check the improve- 
 ment of the stock; while, on the other hand, the daily sale of milk for ii 
 liberal cash price tempts the thrifty Switzer to work for immediate re- 
 sults rather thau use part of his daily milk product in raising c(''''''s. 
 
 So that while the outflow of fine stock to other countries is iucreas- 
 lug, the supply of such animals has not increased iu due pruportiou. 
 
 ■i ! 
 
 M i 
 
ports ami im. 
 y, as follows: 
 
 44,510 
 
 45;, 7W 
 
 20,1;!,-, 
 
 3,0s:i 
 
 110,r)i)0 
 
 1,151) 
 
 111,639 
 
 116,000 
 
 13,181 
 
 20,18, 
 
 4,0U4 
 
 19,565 
 
 66,33" 
 
 9,f;61 
 
 76,11)9 
 
 76,000 
 
 Brown cattle 
 were shipped 
 ito Gerniauy, 
 that count r'v, 
 md from Ger- 
 rather coarse 
 iu most of the 
 
 'LE. 
 
 serland to ad- 
 States, is iu- 
 ring the past 
 if this year, I 
 50 francs per 
 
 :ies appear iu 
 t animals are 
 • and October 
 reasiug popu- 
 m practice of 
 nilk-coudeus- 
 ;attle and tlie 
 iud expoitof 
 the improve- 
 of milk for a 
 mmediate re- 
 ting C(''''''S. 
 ies is iucreas- 
 )ropoi'tio"u. 
 
ivf^ii 
 
 CM 
 
 u 
 h 
 < 
 
 i ! 
 
;f 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
. f 1 
 
 t 
 
 >hh I 
 
 :Vl' '• 
 
 WhcMicr tlio 
 and, on tlid \vh 
 |iiiti>(l iiiid still 
 wlio consults ci 
 cL'ivt^ soinc^ vcr; 
 
 This iniicli iij 
 isbcHtiidiiptiMl 1 
 race to tli(^ viiil 
 it (h'scriptioii ol 
 
 DESCltlP: 
 I. TllC<!llttl(»( 
 
 Switzerland, fro 
 
 of the stock is 1) 
 
 ier of Fiance, 
 
 thca\'eraj,'c wcij 
 
 iicow e.\liil)ited 
 
 poinid.s. This v 
 
 of thoroMf^hbred 
 
 pounds, tliou^^h 
 
 1,000 and U.OOO ] 
 
 The color is \vl 
 
 spots or bars of i 
 
 matter of fancy ; 
 
 from lime to tiiii! 
 
 I'lTred, and ariini 
 
 ilistinctive niai'k 
 
 rod or white nos( 
 
 liorns with brow 
 
 of the bull luivin 
 
 (k'i's. Tile back 
 
 round and well f 
 
 Imt muscular iuu: 
 
 I'laws. The skin 
 
 actor this species 
 
 tidious as to its 
 
 warm stabliu},^ to 
 
 As a working' 
 Bernese stands tii 
 to acce|)t this esl 
 Iraiie, alert, acti\ 
 'liii'iince make it 
 ■liiborofOiitrala 
 breed; even the c 
 brinfriiiy ,„ii]i ^^^ j, 
 
 THE 
 
 As milkers the 
 
 tlieaisaneasvlnm, 
 
 cows, kept by tbt 
 
 milk. Fromcarefi 
 
 H. Ex. 61— 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 289 
 
 WlicMicr tlio Spottod or the Urowii Siiliwv/cr rii.„ m' <...ff i • 
 and, on tli<^ wholo, most i»rofit,ible >r t ,,?S uiJf r. • " '' ^"I'^rior, 
 
 Uoc.isi.Its cattlo f?ro\v(rs ar.d 1 , ,ms ,7 I -'"^ n.qmnu- visitor 
 
 ..eiv...so,n.> v.ry positive, a.ul ultol;:,!'',,!;;;,,;.'" '"'"'^ '""'""'^ ^^'^ ••«• 
 
 Tins iiMicIi iii.pt.iirs to bo dcur iind bcvoiid' dis.n.h. n.-. n 
 isbcHta.li.ptcl to tlio I.ill uiul .no.intuin .lis ri -N n n ' u " '"'""^ 
 
 race to tlu, valleys. Tho i^vtso.rs tV. HJ 1 b^, r /, K i;?'''"' ^^r'"'^ 
 ;i (k'scriptioi. of the two races. '''-^ apparent Irom 
 
 DEscitiPTioN or Tin.: mmmni: (simmentiial) cattle. 
 
 I. Tlic cuttle o<' this snocies orovnil <iii-«Mi,ri>^..4. ^i i . 
 Switzerla.ul, from the v .lU ys f the £■ 5 > . . ''^ ^^'f' of Western 
 
 of the sto..lc is best preserved, , t o es' (• the i !', ,' ' m''"'"" 5 " ^^'^^ 
 ier of France. It is amoN.r f i ,. i.,.. . T..^ 'Vfr' Jma alon^' the tront- 
 
 puund.s. This was, of course, an OKeentiooM /• w Vi ^ ' "" .'''■^* 
 
 of thoron^hbred Sinnnenthal an.rS^iilSha/t^;^' X^SmS 
 poundH, tlioii;,'li maiiv cho (!e herds aver-io-n i 7on , i " '^"""'' ^»'*"(> 
 ,,M. a,;<l .'.(mo „„„„-,i» ,voi,.|, -, ?^-„ ,„'; ;Sm!'r """"""• """ '=">™ "f 
 
 liio cohn- IS white, Muirked with lar<«-e irr...r.,i.,r ..,.,1 „i 1 , „ 
 spots or harsof red, yellow, or drab coloV Vm 1 'i V^^^^^^ *^*'""«"^ 
 nlattor of fancy anioi.ff breeders vesZU u.V -7 ?! ^'"'"'^ "•"^"'^ '^^ '' 
 f.o,„ ti,ne to time. .U pres^ t'ho i^h vel ^K^'td Hnr^' ''^'"'^^"^ 
 M, an,l auinnds so marked comnm m h h" Ihe:^ l ie " 'l^^nir 
 d,st.nct.ve nunks of this species are a small we I f,C j ,.e td b^ 
 ml or white nose, larfje nostrils and mouth sinVl wi V "^'"V/'^ ^^ 
 l.on.s with brown tips, and gentle, kindly 'C^l.^^ekh ^n^ 
 ot tiic bull haviiifj a marked unwml r-mv-n h,.f.,- "'^,"*^^'*' '« ""i', that 
 
 Ill 
 
 THE LEKNESE as WORKm(} CATTLE. 
 
 B^i^';K.:[l;;;;;:,,;^,i^.i-^K,,!:y ^-^i authorities tnat th. 
 
 to accept this estiinaJe ^^ Ivl Uhid t- Ilie'fT' ''u '' '^ *^'^^ 
 Iniiiio, alert. ■.wfiy,< fn............. .!r^-'.^"M^ ^'-l.^''^' .'"«ts. Its powerful 
 
 dun 
 ■liibor 
 lu'ced : even fli<> ,.,.,,-.. k,.:... , ,. r'A'^.""""^'" i'.y eacne 01 tJus 
 
 Jor..fCentralan,l V u.' iv 1 ''T "^V'^^ *'"''" '»''^ft- 
 
 «fd ; even the cows be ,-. use b * s . , H^r"''';^ ''^' :'''^^'^^ '^'" ^''^^ 
 "'«!"«• .nilk to niarket,. aw ...."'"'''. 5'"' ^^'"''^ ''« ''=^^^'"'^' I'^y, 
 
 •fi manure, &c. 
 
 THE IJEItNESE (SLMMENTHAL) AS MILKERS. 
 
 cows, kept by the e'nifnnai ''«.'^»'''''' ^ "'"^'''^*''" "'^'^■''^^ 
 I H. Ex. 61 10 ' ^ ^ Supermteudeut Marti, it appears 
 
 iiSI 
 
 ■( t 
 
 IsJLlL: * 
 
290 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 
 Unit tlicNC cows iiveiiigo 131 pounds of milk daily, or 7,(JG5 innimU I'lui, 
 diiriiifjr (ho year. This is n iiiiixiimim record for tin entire herd, iiml i,,. 
 quires liberal winter feeding on gniiiu roots, &e,, whieli is rarely ])iiii;. 
 lieed by the rural farmer. It will also bo noted that these cowm aiu 
 stableii throughout the year, and, except during a few days in Octobtt, 
 after the last grass is eut, they never graze. 
 
 The rec(uds of several well-conducted dairies in the wide basin lie. 
 t ween the -Inra and lierneso Alps, where three hundred niilkiujr (1,iys 
 are (counted to ea(!h year, show an average yield of 23 pounds 11 oniu.'os 
 of milk per day from each cow, or 7,l<>ii pounds for tlie year. Tlusc 
 statistics have" been carefully collected, coulirnuHl, and i)ultlislie(l l)\ 
 Mr. 15. Uaumgartner, member of the cantonal council of Soh^na', aiill 
 president of the agricultural association, whose long and intolhufiit 
 labors for the imi)r()vement of Swiss stock aiul tiui general iulvaiicc 
 ment of agri<!ultural interests nuike him a high and recognj/.iHl atiilioi 
 itv on such sid»Jects. 
 
 ' In richness of milk, the Spotted race also ranks well. In the Alps, 
 where the grass is savory and richest, 25 pounds of (heir milk yield a 
 pound of butter; in the valleys, the (piantity re(|uired for the . same 
 purpo!!;e varies from28to30 pounds. Tenpoundsof milk.yield a pound of 
 cured cheese, and besides this, in mountain dairies theherdsnuiiiisnallv 
 skim enough cream to make 1 i)ound of butter from each KM) ijouiidsdi 
 uiilk without sensibly affecting the (piality of the (slu'esc. This mi 
 called "Vorbruch butter" has, however, a strong animal (iavor, ami 
 sells usually for 2 or .'3 cents per pound less than ordinary butler ihim 
 (he same district Something, of course, depends upon (lie (iiiantity 
 and the (juality of grass upon which the animals are fed, bii( tliealnive 
 ligures may be accei)ted as staiulanl for well-bred Herucse cows kcpi | 
 on farms where meadows are manured, and irrigated in dry weatliei, 
 
 TIIK HEUNESK (SniMEJJTIIAL) AS llEEK (JATTLE. 
 
 As beef cattle it will be accurately inferred from (he loregoiii;; tliiit] 
 the ijerru'se race holds the lirst place among the breeds of this coiiiitn, I 
 They gi(»w lapidly and are mature in their fourth yeai'. They are ot'j 
 enormous size, compactly and cleanly built, and their tlesh is liiii<j 
 grained, (ender,and sh\ ory. As such i( is readily distingiiishiible, eiiliti j 
 in the butcher's stall or at table, from the coarse-grained, striimy bt'Li'l 
 which is j)rodueed by miKsi of the imported "scrub" cattle witii wliidi 
 Switzerland sujtplies (he detieit in her meat product. I'iuer heertliaij 
 is produced here from the stiiUfed Simmenthaloxen 1 have never snn,l 
 eidier in England or (he United States, and it may well be iloubtcdj 
 whether better exists anywhere. 
 
 PRICES OF FINELY UKED UEllNESE CATTLE. 
 
 The piesent market values of (inely bred liernese cattle, such aswei 
 na(urally be selected for export, are imlicated by averages of saks ml 
 several fairs during the ])res»'nt autumn, as follow.-.: Calves, six nuiiitlif 
 old, 640; yearlings, $80 to $U)(); f .w (four t(» live years oH|, ^-loO ta 
 i{5l W; bull (two to fonr years old), $130 to iglaO. I 
 
 A comiietent buyer, familiar with Swiss diale(;ts and methods nfl 
 " dickering," could go among the farmers and buy <'(jually good lattlflf 
 at i»erhai)s 10 per cent, less than the alM)ve prices, which are the viilius 
 current among dealers. 
 
'05 pomuls t'luii 
 ii'« licnl, iiiul IV- 
 h in raivly pnu- 
 
 tllCSC! COW.S iUV 
 
 Jays ill Octobor, 
 
 wido basin lie. 
 0(1 iiiilkiii}; (liivs 
 •ouiids It oiiiu.'i.s 
 Iu> year. Tlics,. 
 itl i)iibliNlu.'(l l)\ 
 
 of SolcilR', illlil 
 
 illKl iiitolli^jciit 
 I'eiioral advaiicc- 
 eo{,Mii/A!(l miilioi- 
 
 11- III till! Alps, 
 loir milk yield a 
 ;h1 ibr t\n\ .same 
 vyieldapoiiiidiif 
 lordsiiicmisiiallv 
 ch lOOiioiiiidsui 
 luH'sc. This sii 
 iiiial llavor, miil 
 lary butler tiom 
 oil tlic (iiiaiilit) 
 h\, but tlicaliiivc 
 U'licsi' cows kept 
 II dry woatliei. 
 
 TTLE. 
 
 c tbrcji'oiiii;- tliat] 
 s of this coiiiitn. 
 !ar. Tlii'v arc dt'l 
 i'W flesh is liiifi 
 ^jiiisiiable, ciilu'r 
 nod, striiit;y bci'l'l 
 attU' witii wlml 
 Imuc'I' bccrthiiiij 
 havo never sn'ii,| 
 well be (loubti'dj 
 
 rLE. 
 
 !(', siichaswmihl 
 rafi'cs of sail's 111; 
 dves. six moiitlisj 
 cirsoid). Hi;;(lt() 
 
 and nu'tbods oq 
 iiaily gottil fill 
 !li are the values 
 
II 
 
 i 
 
 (Tl 
 
 111 
 
 I-- 
 < 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 £>.. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.! 
 
 ^ 114 
 
 
 140 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 18 
 
 1.25 
 
 U 1 1.6 
 
 ^ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 f\^' 
 
 ^ 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .<^ 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
 
^ \# % 
 
 f/. 
 
 % 
 
■ 1 1)1 
 
 y! ■ '« 
 
 00 
 
 (\J 
 
 h 
 < 
 
 -J 
 
 5 
 
 ■3 
 
 5 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 h 
 f- 
 
 
 a 
 
 x\ 
 
 
 < 
 
 Q 
 
 
 I!: 
 
 For cxpor 
 iiieiuled by < 
 costly to tra 
 auimals. 
 
 Tliero aro 
 known iis tli( 
 tliej' are all i 
 cipfe, cross-l 
 have always 
 
 Of these i 
 here is tlio F 
 is still bred 
 giving way ii 
 thai variety. 
 
 The (listiiK 
 their spots ai 
 lual is bliick, 
 is fully as lu 
 coarser flesh, 
 points which 
 As workiiij 
 Bernese, but 
 home market 
 
 SIZE OF 
 
 Thorough])! 
 at maturity tl 
 of shoulder, 5 
 weight, 1,(JOO 
 
 For meat-i)r 
 tie and the En 
 inferior for da: 
 and is coiupar 
 
 As already i 
 loiiges the sii]) 
 lias been bred 
 ZiiS', an-.l hiis j 
 Switzerland, 
 ready a(lai)tatii 
 tlio Schwvtzer 
 ported ()f\,lio ti 
 
 ■is milkcrfi.— 
 covs Lave been 
 ami later at thi 
 
SWlTZKliLAND. 291 
 
 KliNUSK CAriXE SUITABW TOU JiXTOUT To lUE UNITED STATOS 
 
 ,* to t™,por, „„a u.„. iii^.yr:;^ri;L'o^°!;:;-,ff(r;i::r„£ 
 
 BLACK-SPOTTED FREIBURG CATTLE. 
 
 riicro aro several oli-sboot breeds derivp.l frnm f i.. 
 kiiownas the Freiburg, tlie Frutiffertbo ? hW nnTr/ " ^''l? ^^"^'so, 
 ,I,ey are all more or less inferio fo ti o nuie oSt 'rlo!;'' ^f '*''' ^-"^ 
 ciple, cross-breeding Las tailed iu Swi/7«ri.?n P i .f *^', ^^'^ •'' l>riu- 
 hivc'always been obtained rin-lreedTntfrinriJn^ ^''" ■^"''^^ /"*^'"^^'^ 
 
 Of these minor spotted bicdrtl'e illf o" o t^ e ^d.^ '^^.- ''• 
 hero is the Freiburg, which originated in he ca ,to nt' S "''^''^i 
 isstill bred.there in gi;eat purity, althiugrevelftl ere't iVS^ 
 SIlS^:" ''' '"' ''"'' '^ ^^« Hgbt-^olored Saa.u.lVnd'i?.;"";. 
 
 The distinctive mark of the Freihnro- <'iffi,» ;« f^, i • ., ^ 
 their spots are black. Many ex\m fc^s^^^^^^^ 
 
 coarser tlesh, and is in othc" respelS h fedor oT'in S'f' ^"^"^' 
 points which characterizo a perfect stock "" technical 
 
 As working animals and as milkers the Freiburirers rink .,Pv^ u. m 
 Bernese, but for reasons stated thev are leL vSahi« ■», -fi !^" 
 home marketer export. 'ess valuable lor either the 
 
 SIZE OF BERNESE AND FREIBURG CATTLE AT ..lATURITY. 
 
 Thoroughbred animals of both Bernese and Fmih.i.-r i.. i .. • 
 at maturity the following dimens---,s W? ! i 1' ^>- ^'^'^^ /'^^'^"' 
 of shoulder, 55 to GO inches; g^nibehS^^h^^^^^^^ 
 weight, 1,(JOO to 2,500 pounds. shouldeus, h< to 90 inches ; 
 
 THE BERNESE— DURHAM CROSSBREED. 
 
 BROWN SCHWY'JZER CATTLE. 
 
 /jI'S) ail I liiis spread thence fhrnii<ri,MM(- fi.,. ,..i i "^" ".)-'? un, .uid 
 SwitzerhuHl. its nUw, ,s n I kT V ^^J\"l^»'ountain n-gi(,M of 
 
292 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 will bo SO fully reported by tlio consul at ZiiricU that they may by omit. 
 ted hero. 
 
 DKSCUIPTION Ol'" THE BUOWN SOIIVVYT'iBU (lAT'PLK. 
 
 The Schwylzer cattle vary greiitly in size. Some are nearly an lai^c 
 as the average animals ol' the spotted race, but there are otlicr vaiir 
 ties which are kei>t in the high alpine districts, and which do not nvci 
 age more than 1,000 pounds in weight. 
 
 The standard Schwytzer cow has, however, a weight of 1,'JOU lo 1 liiiii 
 ])ounils, and is a remaiicably perfect animal. The color most lii''iilv 
 esteemed, as indicative of luire blood, is a dun or niouso color, fadinn 
 to gray upon the back, and a otrip of light gray or nearly white alon" 
 (he belly. Tlie udder should be white, with large lacteal veins iC 
 horns white two-thirds of their length, with tips of black. TlioVais 
 are large and rouiul, lined inside with long, lino fawn-colored hair- ihr 
 tongue and nose are black, the latter ringed with a circlet of li;,'li|. 
 colored hair, iipproaching nearly to whiteness on the lower jaw. The 
 bo ly is plump and compact, the back straight, the legs round, lirmly 
 set, and well muscled, with small black hoofs. Tiie mouiitaiii-bivil 
 Hchwytzer cattle climb like goats, and thrive throughout the year iiimjh 
 grass and hay alone. 
 
 These cattle have been exi)orted to the United States and to all lOino 
 l)ean (tountries, including even Kussia; and they have proved eiitiniv 
 successful everywhere ex(5ei)t in Spain. They work well under lliV 
 yoke, but are smaller and less powerful than the spotted race, and loi 
 the same reasons they aro likewise inferior to that race for the biitelier. 
 They are, in fact, bred principally for their milking (lualities, ami in 
 that respect they are unsurpassed in the quantity and (juality of milk 
 which they produce from a given quantity of food. 
 
 f€i 
 
 ailLKING QUALITIES OF TIIE SOIIWYTZEB OATTLK. 
 
 Triit;tworthy sttitistics show that a well-kept Schwytzer cow, fed on 
 cut grass or hay, with plentiful pure Iresh water, will yield an avera;,'t' 
 of 10 (piarts of milk daily during the entire year. At Cham, the (i,(l(i(i 
 <!Ows, whose milk is condensed by the Anglo-Swiss Company, yiciil 
 r),'M~> i)ounds, or Oj^j, quarts each ])(r day during the milking season, 
 and these are only ordinary animals of the brown Schwytzer race 
 Choice herds, carefully kept, average at the best milking age, diirii);' 
 April, May, and June, 12 quarts daily and even higher. The iiiillc isol 
 excellent quality, from 25 to 30 quarts of it yielding a pound of butti"., 
 and from t? to 10 cpiarts a pound of cheese. 
 
 PRICES OF UROWN SCHWYTZER CATTLE. 
 
 Comparisons of sales at several fairvs in Eastern Switzerland duiin^'j 
 the present autumu show the following prices for well-bred brown vm 
 tie of vift'ious ages: 
 
 Calves, six months old !-''"| 
 
 Yearlings ^^^O lo IW 
 
 Two-yoar olds IJW l^'» 
 
 (Jows, four to six yeai'8 old I'^^O Mil| 
 
 Hulls, three years old 1'" ';' 
 
 Ol.leows... <^(J •""! 
 
 The prices charged by peasants at their farms would be 10 per <;i'iit. 
 less tbau these figures. 
 
iiiivy b« omit. 
 
 Li:. 
 
 otluM' van,.. 
 <l<) not nvoi 
 
 inosl, liij^iiK 
 <;<)l()r, fading 
 ' white aloii'j] 
 ill vi'jiis, the 
 \<- 'i'lio oars 
 ■ed hair; Ur. 
 
 !U't of li;,'li|. 
 
 -n- jaw. Tlic 
 
 •OUIkI. lil'Illly 
 
 uiiiitiiiii-brcil 
 lie year nijon 
 
 .1 to iiil Euro, 
 •ved eiiliini.v 
 II Ulldr'i' lliV 
 nico, and lor 
 ' tiielmtcluM'. 
 litit'H, and in 
 ality of milk 
 
 LK. 
 
 ' (!ow, led on 
 1 an avera;,H' 
 un, the (!,(llii; 
 npany, yield 
 kinjf season, 
 wytzer race 
 a;.;i', dnriiiii; 
 lie niillc isot 
 lid of butti"., 
 
 I'laiid daring' 
 I brown imi 
 
 ,.. ^fiO It) M<\ 
 
 ... 100 I'-ii 
 
 .. l!JO I4il| 
 
 . . r^o i.'ii 
 
 .. (iu ion 
 
 10 per (;i'iit. 
 
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Tlio colled 
 
 pvliibits first 
 
 kcr breeds ii 
 
 liictiiieH rejd 
 
 llic (wo race! 
 
 hvlijt'li the ])ii 
 
 liics. As to 
 
 rxperieneo oi 
 
 |(ii|u'iiority Ik 
 
 Tlie (luiryfi 
 
 Wr. (k'orjfo P 
 
 Doiidensed Mi 
 
 President I 
 
 jjiiiiiy eiioico I 
 
 liiinoiis dairyii 
 
 fin men ts wliic 
 
 I imblic iiisti 
 
 jiidedly the sjk 
 
 III respect tc 
 
 |),V (lie tollowiii 
 
 lie itreiiiiuin e 
 
 Ire the mean re 
 
 li;,'ht animals i\ 
 
 m 
 
 Piills: 
 
 lliriio80Hnotto(l... 
 llrowii Scliwytzor.. 
 
 Dfim'Hii snottfMl 
 lliown Scliwvfzer. . 
 'i((iHl)('f,iri, niilliiiii;; 
 ll'riii'.sofliioitnd . 
 Ilrowii .SclnvytZiT 
 
 |l.(iig(ii in theao nioasti 
 
 now swi 
 
 I It has been stal 
 
 M eattle-^rowin 
 
 |ii;l and supply a 
 
 lliifih is eariie(i b 
 
 [ First. By reasoi 
 I'i'i in this count 
 F'ltioii of cheap 
 lutes have made y 
 |0('k-{jro\vin^. 
 I'Swoiid. The prei 
 |t(le indiistrv ena 
 m tlie rich valley 
 It' iiidiistrioiis can 
 H'liahle him to re 
 i''i of salable huKJ 
 
kir. (Joor.ro Pago, the cipSo A noriijf "'""'^'"'' '^t Kinsiedeln and 
 
 Lnyd.oico l.crds^of both VaS i ^^'"7^ '''"* «^««^'^"tion indudo 
 
 Imiuonts wfiich Iiavo made olabor « olnl ■ "'""^«^ «^' cantonal l'o 
 [o l,n ,lic institntions, all tl esruno„pSn'"f,"^« "f^"" ^-arms a X ,' 
 fi<I('(llv the spotted race. ""n"e8tionablo authoritie8 prS h 
 
 III respect to size, the inon>« «f +™„ 
 Lv .He ibllowin. flgiWes, wS ^reZt't'hn ^^^ '" '^^'^"^^t^'y '^»"'W.. 
 Ilio preiniiim cattle at a recent fair h, T .,« :™ago measurement of 
 Ire tlKj mean result derived hvmoZll ^'"•^'«nt''al. The flff„res ^Vl 
 fif,'ht aniinala in each c a.. ^ ""^asureraents of from eleven oiw^^tT 
 
 IuIIh : 
 ll(!r..„ 
 llrowi 
 
 Bhonldor. "'n'l»lioiil.| Lcniitli 
 
 ll(!riio8onpotlu(I.. 
 wii Sclr 
 [on s .• 
 
 lifrno.Hii Hiiottcul ... 
 IlioKii Scliwvfzer. . ' ' 
 lii(( iH bcAvio njilliiiiL' am'- 
 1! 'Hicno snoitod 
 Uniwii .Sclnvytzor 
 
 Invytzor 
 
 I -- ________ «W| 
 
 I imiir r,,„ '■""■ 
 
 |F,W ]{, *''« reiwons for this 
 
 &j,',:; is:; nic'S',' .r?,",""" ""■«■■ i""-" ■•" ti,„ , 
 
 %nnr ,"■,■■, '^'^ ^'-t'izo rh<( ?M.'fr/.««- i! .-.-•■ "HJA ilnd rr,,^ - 
 
 i''if>'" salable 1, 
 
 ind. 
 
 ^••'Srest linaneial 
 
 result from th 
 
 iiu J'-'i-^Hj;; of cat- 
 
 '! fti 
 
 *' sMiallcst 
 
294 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMINO. 
 
 Tim SwisH liavi^ not only (wo distiintt, l)m.(l 
 
 <'«!ori(HMiriilI.v valnahio riitUo in th 
 
 •s <)»■ flio (In.'st (uul 
 
 <'V( 
 
 I'.v otiior people) in t\u\ unw 
 
 •^ woiM, but tlu'.v probiihl 
 
 whicli tlioir uniuiul 
 
 y Niir 
 
 WlHit 
 
 ;!;;"'^!!ICT'!!:!r!.'"^^'"'«-"t»'«-'H.o.n 
 
 s iiro housed, milked, and fed 
 
 ler the fanner of tiiu lowlands 1 
 
 lllONf 
 
 !)UH.s 
 ,v witli 
 
 ives in a v 
 
 illaK 
 
 "H <hvellin«: an.l his stable are nsnallv n, or tl l^a, • ' V''^^ 
 
 ;;<'M.v, an.l h«n.el.v butpietnre..p.e, Ntruetnrds tJ.ey '\' ! \ '"'"f- 
 •Mid barns, covered by the same steep nn.l pr<)iee in- r.n • "•'"*"'' 
 ;.MMl«>r the spreadino- oav(,s of whi<,h are s < re ^t u v Z . ''"/' '''"^ 
 hum n.aebinery when out of use. Thnt ei 1 of tiK 1 1'"''' •'""'■ 
 sl.olters the fanuly nury be of wood, with pic resot^^ I '' i'"^' '\'''''' 
 rtMior stairways ; the upj)er part of the () her rM • . : • "? '""' ''^ 
 stoml is not unlreque/./lyl!nil^,f s'mm' , ;'\^ 
 with lar«e and frequent <)l)eninus for veritilifim of i i '''''"'''•'''■ 
 ;n.t ami thrown in flesh and fn.^^rVn X^^Z^ ^^^ll^^ ^ "•'""'' " 
 h.s ra.ny, cloudy climate, but the stable, tl ddef V ..'^ ' 
 tiiblKshment, which underlies the Iniy-loft is ivri.bv ru ''.*''''''' 
 Its solid walls of .i.iiso.n.v- Jw>in„ ,.,v ' ?..^".'Jf ''V ''^''^^''•V budt of stalX 
 
 "t."i„ witl, a sunk,.,, sw^ti,,,, tl„o„Bl. ti.G ,„i 1,11,. , , S., ,,, . 
 
 f:;,,rie,,f;^;^;;':jfc/!v~^™i;i-^.r;s;:-;-::::S;j 
 
 ham ii„„ year to iinothe,-, ,.xei.,,t, m.rli„,>s liir ■> i;. r ,,,;„ ' *'*'' 
 
 A cow housed in a close, warm, dark stable wastes none of fi.,. r^ 
 nnlk.produc ufj elon.ents <,f her food in need Iss exerti m SI is •', 
 ['.•ted iron, (hes. Iron, the iforins' and annovance''f-o I er e e , ' 
 tlu> hot ,sun of noon an.l the chills of rain and dows as win ,' ' ' 
 junden Uaws o( Weak wind which oven in muism, m' low M il 
 Mo n th(^ snow-clad slopes of the hij-her Alps. ^ 
 
 J here are, of course, throughout the whole .•.viuntaini, don of SwifJ 
 o lan.l lush valleys and steep pastures to which the cat o ,11 v 
 Ma> ,1 .lune and «raze until the end of the brief summer I .' 
 
 iicaethesaniezealousandintellij^entcareistakentopX't^i. i^^i^i^^ 
 .on. every cont ngency of weatln^;.. The chalets on hetf U m 
 
 n h.ch look so p,cture.s,,ue iron, the valleys below, ai-o im u , ' 
 
 .n-bonscvs bn.lt ot sq.iared logs or planks carel'ully'cl.i,.ke<l v 
 r .;o.s;,, and <:onstrncted, like the barns for wintc, in the most L u 
 
 au.? >nnMM;uial n.anner. I have counted nine layers or Ihiek.uJIs 
 
 ,.'.:;"'."' •;'"p,'^^""f^' <^« "' <''«' roofs of these chalets, so carefully iuv tim 
 o,r tru(-(.,,l to excl.ule th<, <lan,p an.l col.l. There is often . .3 
 
 between the stalls at tl... en.l opposite Hie .loor, and there the m, n 
 
'Nt UI„1 „|„st 
 
 '•'otioiiiy wiHi 
 
 M'oiiliislaiHi 
 
 Ihis.s I,„„^,,^ 
 ' of i<'<l tiles, 
 
 H lUKl (.t|„,,.| 
 
 •lilt's 1111(1 ex 
 
 II tllO lliiyj.,1 
 
 :liipl)()ani(!(|, 
 ".V. wliicli jJ 
 It ciirin.jJ 
 
 nn»nii('('s.| 
 liltofstiiiM. 
 
 III plllSl, M 
 
 ' '(« <;il.sill;r,^l 
 »« !>o.ssil)|,> I 
 I'liit onlyaj 
 "'" I'lanlcorl 
 lie. wi't audi 
 r<'<!cive the 
 fiiinscd and 
 ivoiitilatcdj 
 1 most low. 
 it'Pt (liiriiij 
 liisf crop oi 
 
 <>t'«ni;',in;rJ 
 I' (laiiyinci 
 ' the stable 
 
 wli(!n tliov 
 
 ver for^'etj 
 rowiiij,^ ai{ 
 (' iiiiiiiiahsj 
 
 ftli('lat( 
 >lio, i,s pro 
 little, fix 
 s Iroiii t 
 \v lit tiiii(>| 
 
 '•IK '''^ '' 
 
 1 ot'Switi 
 Lulrivoiiij 
 lint ciel 
 icaiiiiaaf 
 int'iulow/ 
 ii(),stpar| 
 with el 
 •st (;aii'f| 
 
 kI10>S('S| 
 
 ' an' tlid 
 I (ircplaj 
 inoiiiitHi 
 
Ilierdsmiii) lives juii 
 [die wovuiw^ is fail 
 J iLo short, sweat nv 
 J Iiriii^'ins' in a siii)])' 
 I stormy woatlier ; b 
 lorliisJioni, is Jiear 
 I Xiitiirally purely bli 
 [diiily Jil<e well-kept 
 for, and never beat 
 jiioiisi)oifectly dome 
 
 [port Swiss Jierdsine; 
 jvaliiable in more tlia 
 Itliesbarables arc led 
 I into crowded cars, in 
 Iv.n'ds and abattoirs, 
 last moment of their 
 
 THE s 
 
 Tlie 
 
 irran;^einent : 
 perfect that a brief a 
 i'e])ort. 
 
 On the Rhine bank, 
 loir, built by the city 
 rector Siegniuud, an a 
 iiiiiiiials before they ai 
 processes of preparing 
 Dr. Sie^mund lias in 
 Imps the most perfect ; 
 iii,i!' cattle. 
 
 It consists of a masli 
 
 iiiiiiiial, and is readily a 
 
 liorns. In the center i 
 
 ml of about .'3S calibc] 
 
 ii steel needle, which, oi 
 
 tlie ordinary metallic ca 
 
 fixed at such an angle t( 
 
 'let pierces the center of 
 
 pmducinft' instantaneous 
 
 ■''•"•»' of this inii)lemeii 
 
 Miiiply ajjpliod to the f( • 
 
 'lie same. The ox- walk.^ 
 
 atoiichisf-ivcn to the fa 
 
 lii'iid and incaj)abl(' of si; 
 
 iii'l tliiis the onlv excuse 
 
 ''3Ki^iiiidpuin'fuI nietll 
 
 '""ipai'othisinstantan 
 » elsewhere, ,)f,„„„„li„ 
 
 ft'i'iupaiivebyahimll, 
 
 MEAT I'lt( 
 
 'J'lie followin-' ivtori'-~r,,. 
 ;^'' at the liashi abaito 
 '^fi^'dotanuniberofcid 
 

 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 lieMsmiii) lives and sleeps with his j.„„^ „,^ 
 
 I (he mormn- is fair and the su,, wiirn. I.n Vn. ^!!""^' ""^il autumn [f 
 iLo slioit sNvoefc mountain grass ■ n i ? • ""^'l'^- "'^"^ o"t to ffraze^lnn,: 
 I.ri..^.no- in ,^ s,pp,y that will /er " o ;n^r''r.««^ ^^ith mowfuo^S 
 ,storu,y weather; but at the first apVro-u, of " "i" ^-'''^ ''"^ng n^&.t or 
 
 ' or h.s i.on,, ,s heard and the cows hS^ ?^ l"^.^ ^'"^^ «'• rain his^ .5 J 
 
 ^;'l:ftt 
 
 THE SWISS SYSTKjr nv ^r .. 
 
 ^ll.M OP SLAUGHTERING. 
 
 PJ Tlie arrangement for slauffhterin"- o-.ffi^ • , 
 
 1 On the Rhine bank, below the citv i. -. i., ' ' 
 
 toir, built by the city government a,,d,Se;,",^;^''-V-«o''«fcructed abat- 
 r«;tor&ieg.nund an accomplished vete^im^^^^ "'*^ *^'^''« of 13 
 
 ;,n.nials be ore they are allowed to be s in "j.,^"?^""', ^^'''« "ispects all 
 
 iJiSr^^ perfect and -.iftd^ns^l^S^J^^,-^!^;;^^^^^ 
 
 Ik ordinary metallic rartri,!;.^ w it wrll . • ^i""" ''»'""ior, (.ti lo?lL« 
 Iwl « Slid, an aiiRlo to 111, Miitl!,' i'' " ''< l"'>''"l- Tlio lV,r» • 
 l-t LicTces tli„ oeiitS^ of . I, ',S mrT,'-r, "'■, "■"' ™^""' " "t ^ I i.T 
 
 '"'1 tl'iis the oiilv e\ciis<> fl,.>V 1 , '''"''li'it;- afterwardvj L . .^ -^ 
 ' ""ipaio this instaiitaii-.o,, J ..I.: ^: '"'" /'^ trcome. '-^ ^*^"'o 
 
 ' "iiipare this instaiit-ii.<.,.nJ « ' overcome. "^ "'*^^'" 
 
 -■l-»l|".^.>.■po';:;,l i KoH,^ !"" '"'■■'""■""» .notlio,,, i„ 
 
 •ttMit- until tlu'.v bleed to 
 
 (lentil. 
 
 'J'lii' followii 
 
 MEAT VnonvCT OE VA,„,.,,, ^^^,^^^_ 
 
 
 i n 
 
 ? il 
 
 1 
 
J 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 296 
 
 m 
 
 Kattvlty. 
 
 nido. 
 
 Austria ... Foundg. 
 
 Do ;; 
 
 Uo 
 
 Do 
 
 Italy (Piedmont) 
 
 Do 
 
 Franco 
 
 Do 
 
 Do ; 
 
 Switzerland I 
 
 Do I 
 
 Do I 
 
 Do ..." 
 
 Do I 
 
 Do I 
 
 r.>8 
 va 
 
 !)1 
 
 102 
 
 ]()1 
 
 0» 
 
 85 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 124 
 
 ]u:j 
 
 117 
 
 IIU 
 
 112 
 
 145 
 
 Tallo 
 
 Pounds. 
 luo 
 
 U4 
 120 I 
 140 
 162 
 130 
 88 
 00 
 100 
 01) 
 05 
 
 no 
 
 08 
 05 
 00 
 
 Potmdg. 
 1,820 
 1,51 H 
 l,3;i0 
 1, 394 
 1,070 
 1.422 
 1, 2,-,0 
 1, 2r,0 
 ],f.70 
 1,550 
 1,440 
 1,.'i24 
 1,340 
 1,3JU 
 1,400 
 
 Pounds. 
 I.O.'O I 
 HM 
 810 ' 
 
 mi I 
 
 010 I 
 81)0 
 741 I 
 750 j 
 1'II2 I 
 K-> I 
 K75 I 
 802 i 
 700 
 818 
 855 
 
 "' 'lrc«8i,| 
 woigiit. 
 
 CI 
 
 fi!) 
 
 5:, 
 .Id 
 
 fi9 
 60 
 
 r>7 
 
 59 
 01 
 05 
 59 
 
 (il 
 
 Swiss cattle, ])articularly of the Brown rinl ^,*''" ^'^'^ "'eiglit 
 
 tened, a„d many „r t„„ -imaKnTtKuXS^dftSldt 
 
 ARTIFICTAL FEEDING. 
 
 greatly from those used iffi uS el 8tS ?hat\v'''' ''''' ^"'ff^' ' 
 much of Its practical importance. Bv fir Z^rii^^' ««''il>ansonlosos 
 
 THE FEEDING OP CALVES. 
 
 7^ during tlK. fourth, .uidTll^n^. l^TS eSl?^ S"^ ^"« ^'-'1 -^< 
 During the fourtli week the use otVom or nVt n Zf ' '^"'"■^' '»'*'<'''>• 
 m the kernel, commeuciuff wi( h Vl...lf nm n i f ''' ''^ ^^'^'"" ? "'^o oh s 
 increased to a daily i or fo o • ^ i onnd" nf^''''^''^' ^''''•^'' '"^ S'''«J'"^"lv 
 tUe same quantity ot" oatfi . f 1 ke wlht'orii;^' ?'"' '"^"•J' '""' *^''^« 
 men is maintained until the calves 're sK- S.nnH ?, ''''/' '""' ^^"« '^S^- 
 treated as adult cattle. "'"^'''' ^'^' ^^1^<'» ^'"^y "lay be 
 
 TRANSPORTATION OP SVyiSS CATTLE TO THE IIMTED STATrs 
 
 «uch transportation ue if T ffi St ' r'Jv '' "''r !"^'^",^ !^^' ^'""" *"^ 
 $100 per head from Bremen to New w"' -J^r/ 'i'LV^ i^'"V» 'l";.' <=""P"^^ 
 "-n to iiainmoi.. These rate« includethod '^a^id w£ l^^^t^^;;, 
 
 ionnal m'prajrn prQ( 
 (jiiaotity »(' IDJIU In 
 OimntityoC inillt to 
 Uiriionslons of cow : 
 
 LoDKtli 
 
 lioiglit 
 
 Dimonsiona of bull : 
 
 Lunjitli 
 
 Ilciglit 
 
 Wt'lglitatiimtiiiity: 
 Oow 
 
 Bulls 1111(1 (,\-cii .. 
 Agontmataiify: 
 Cows and bulls... 
 Oxen 
 
 Principal market 
 . Habilat.—Ci'ntTi, 
 
 Colov.— Bernese i 
 Schtsyker: .Hro\vii 
 
 How Jong bred pn 
 foro (ill thou tic List 
 
 Origin.— IhnwHe 
 proved in Switzerli 
 
 Working qualitiet; 
 
 land ; bnliovod to Ii 
 
 but iH not l)ro<l for 
 
 I'rincipalmarkeU. 
 
 itr: Cantoim of tli( 
 
 Other varietivH.—1 
 
 Mnok S'Klfs. l^!ir,r. 
 
 amlwhitn; piJiVrii. 
 varied colors. 
 
live 
 
 weight 
 
 m 
 
 
 I,OM 
 884 
 849 
 
 827 
 
 ttin 
 
 81)0 
 741 
 75(1 
 COli 
 U2i 
 875 
 802 
 700 
 8i8 
 835 
 
 CI 
 
 S!) 
 
 5:, 
 
 5!) 
 M 
 « 
 59 
 SI 
 05 
 59 
 01 
 
 >f tlie Anglo. 
 '' the iivorage 
 'hwytzerracp 
 inmls should 
 
 Jive weight 
 (»-oiu,hlj/ tilt. 
 carded cows 
 
 settled to be 
 !fe differ so 
 >arison loses 
 >er of Swiss 
 
 'I'm Particu. 
 ilitv. 
 
 i!nds, as (ho 
 St week, 4j 
 lliird weeiv" 
 ■f^ix-rdiiy. 
 ; also oats 
 5 graduiilly 
 il, and also 
 1 this regj. 
 iey way be 
 
 TATE«. 
 
 treiglit on 
 V them lor 
 le charges 
 
 flOllI ]>!(■. 
 
 10 auiiuais 
 
 SWITZERLAND. oq- 
 
 (luriii? the voyage. The Bordelaise sfpnmfli.w. t 
 heiHl fron. Bordeaux to New York '^ But TlS W "l^ ^^*"^^" ^^^ l>^r 
 line ..tters the following rates for live catfclfi frL a I*' ^^""^^ steamship 
 or lloston: Adult cattle, per l.ea'CiSao? •earfin.t'*?^'^ '? ^«^I ^ork 
 
 These charffos include also food and water fnr'H.'A' ''^''T'' ^^<^- 
 voya-e, and free passage for the neTss^^t fnorf f "'f'""'"'^'*^"'"'"*'' tl'« 
 the .uttie arc unattended, an extra dmrffonpi,''' '''''yso "^' ^''«'"- ^f 
 ...eding and care during the passage Tea. -it </ of inm '^ '""'!" '"•' 
 to Antwerp costs about $55, and as a ear w?]l c ^rrv r '^'H*' ^'''''' '^"*''« 
 hm\ of ordinary sized cows, the net cost of rn - /^"' ''" ^'^ ^'^''^''*' 
 Now Yo.k or Boston can be very cl .X est S;!''^"'''" ^'''"' ''^''•« '<> 
 
 The importation of fine breeding cat lo ^f S ml. '. 
 
 oven the most favorable conditions btt'hf.w '•*'''''?"*"''« "n«J*'»' 
 estal.Ii.hing the Brown and Spotte.l'ca tJo r "c s ^w.^ '>^" 
 
 United States would seem to bo so obv oii« '.« '^r i?''^'^''''^''""' '" the 
 expenditure such enterprise .nay involve f«"y justify whatever 
 
 FBANK JI. MASON, 
 
 Unitkd States Consulate, Consul 
 
 Basic, November 22, 18.S3. 
 
 8WIS3 CATTLE STATISTICS. 
 
 [rnclosuios i„ Cons..! Ifason's (Baslo) report.} 
 
 nevne,e Spoiled (Saanen Simmenthal) breed. 
 
 Dosci'iption, 
 
 ionnal ovoracn product of 
 (Jiiantitydf iMilli ic» l iioniid 
 OimntitvoCiiiiMt to I poiiiul 
 Uiriionsions of uow : 
 
 LcBjilb 
 
 Jioiglit 
 
 DimonsioiiH of bull : 
 
 LwilMIi 
 
 Iloiglit "'." 
 
 Wt'lglitatiiiatuiity: 
 
 C'oiv 
 
 Bulls and (.xcii '.'.'.'.'.. 
 
 Agoatmataiify: 
 
 Cowsaud bulls 
 
 Oxen 
 
 mnic. 
 of bu 
 
 of till 
 
 Irrr 
 (■80 . 
 
 - ponntU. 
 
 do... 
 
 do... 
 
 ...inclit'B. 
 do... 
 
 do .. 
 
 do .. 
 
 ponndH.. 
 • ...do.... 
 
 -•..yenrs..! 
 do I 
 
 Bemeso 
 Spotted. 
 
 7,182 to TBe.-; 
 20 to .30 
 n.J to 10 
 
 84 
 56 
 
 8(j 
 50 
 
 '.■•flO to 1,700 
 2,000 t-o 2,500 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 Brown 
 Schwytter. 
 
 7,000 to 
 
 
 I,20O lo 
 I.-IOO to 
 
 7,4.'>4 
 2Ui 
 lOi 
 
 80 
 
 ni 
 
 78 
 C( 
 
 I,. 'UK) 
 l,80U 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 *te=?;::?»^i;:";K::^ 
 
 UrowH 
 
 foro authentic bLtory. ""*" ''^""'"' " ^^^''^ eont..io.s. Jirown ScJ,u-i,L-„. . si„c« h„ 
 
 prov< 
 
 Wo 
 
 land; 
 
 Man!.- .,",': '',:Jr, 1' '''•'I.UIK l,r,„.,l is Kilni)...r i. 
 
 V ,".' -iini)!- iirocii.s of Sill ' '" ■" 
 
 <)., 
 
 
298 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIfiY FARMING. 
 
 STATISTICS OP BROWN SCHWYTZER CATTLE. 
 
 printed in No 2" nf n attention to rny report on <« <5^- , 
 
 flensing" ius4V,rH,u^^ 
 
 in order to savo ?nn^"*''f ^^'onsular Report No 27 ? 'i- ^'"^co • 
 
 piled for me by some o7S*^".*^^ «°^^ trustworry *^' ^t^ ''^^""■'^^. 
 As remarkS inn * • ^^'^^^ cattle-growers in fiL *''^^^ 'Vo com 
 
 the produc ons of fdl^T',^''''''^ S^iSld Jas Kn*?" 
 tie show in Pans i, %?« '"^^ ^^^ centuries. At the i,u!^" ^^™«"« '^ 
 The result of exhibiAf; '^'''•'^ ®^'«« ^"^ exhibited bor5"^^''"^^^ ^'''^ 
 other fairs in Sono nil "' ^T^ ^^^ been a W - ^''"'^ '' '"'''"' 
 
 .^-ff, recently^B ' 't eXown't^' '\' ^^^a't cSelt^fi!^/^ 
 a tew years or rTfi.«n „• f^™wn bchwytzer rapf> «f ,. o""\v ot jJam. 
 
 •nternatioSl slows at rr®^^*"«^^ 
 
 THE BROWN S0IIWyT7FP« ac « 
 
 i»v XI /ERS AS MILKERS. 
 
 facts nsVA ,1 f ' '"'«'eadiuff. I take it V hoV ^ , i ™"'^' Production, hh 
 
 u.ised on recorded experience of 
 
 tlie "Anglfl 
 
 more roliab 
 
 the books oi 
 
 company kii 
 
 It, uses tJi 
 
 principal i'ku 
 
 oondensinpf ( 
 
 Tlie (ioiiipi 
 
 private j)roi 
 
 Lave found i 
 
 a largo recti 
 
 broad coiling; 
 
 iiud the wliol 
 
 out, and fur 
 
 floors, ventDi 
 
 .years, i'ew h 
 
 1,400 Englisli 
 
 course), wei/^j 
 
 Ijaps, in all i 
 
 mostly choice 
 
 sinjcrle cases $ 
 
 Mr. Pago fe 
 
 worth bearing 
 
 never graze. 
 
 April, Jfay, iui 
 
 per cow daily; 
 
 almost every c 
 
 ago. Mr. Pag 
 
 daily, this com 
 
 old heifers ga 
 
 quarts the ye; 
 
 quarts daily 'foi 
 
 out the year. ; 
 
 ord of these S\ 
 
 The roj)orts of 
 
 tributing to the 
 
 In the year II 
 
 C,0()0 grass and 
 
 and i)rodiiced 01 
 
 Iionnds or 0.8 qi 
 
 In England, h 
 
 farnislied to the 
 
 4,(i08 pounds mil 
 
 favor of the Swi 
 
 The English i\ 
 
 'lie hay of (hoc 
 
 In general, the n 
 
 '•• I'^iigland. Ac 
 
 "ii't'of (lioUnift. 
 
 ''f' file best (liiirie 
 ii liighted cow in 
 «xtraf()od, of ],.'i( 
 '111! "lilliof tliesei 
 raws .show i to 4. J. 
 The tei'ins « fat'' 
 is uioi-e butter thii 
 
IE. 
 
 •' lor import,,. 
 
 s that mav 1,0 
 only the very 
 
 3 dairy thrift 
 
 ^» "Milk CO,;. 
 
 •eier to tlieso 
 !"o present 
 
 «ay premise 
 'cy .vo coin. 
 Qtry. 
 
 fJ fomous for 
 national cat- 
 :^'ay ii prize, 
 avorablo at 
 5,"^ of Uaiii. 
 J'as, within 
 nibitiD": at 
 
 ''and, Enir. 
 
 s. 
 
 ddcidy dis- 
 ■ tliey were 
 in certain 
 ''iwytzeris 
 " Sclnvytz, 
 St blood is 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 299 
 
 mro roliablo statistics an to >X,roaSSS?^ V^'-"'"" ^^^^^^P^ "o 
 the books of this coD)pal)^'. it is inWh^iT ^""""'^^ '" ^^''^ world than 
 company known. ' '" ^'^^^ ^' ^^^ largest roMk-condensin" 
 
 It uses tho milk of not less than from fi vr. +^ • *, 
 principal iactory in Switzerland, and of 'is mn,f,!'' "'0"sa"<l cows at the 
 condensniA' ostablislimonts in Eu<^lam\ "^ ""^^^ ''^ the comnany's 
 
 The company's director, Mr. Georiro if Po / 
 private property) the very tluesfc herd of thfll?" t'^''^''^''^'^'^^''^ (»« 
 Lave found in the conntry. Mr. I'affe kooii i • ^"^n Schwy tzer cows I 
 a larse rectangular hou^e, with bS \vX and H? "' '^''^ ^"^^ "' 
 broad coiling is unsupported except by outer wli«*' T^' ^^« ^'ery 
 aud the whole immense room where the W-i 1/ , • * ^^ ^^ very hijrl 
 out, and furnished with every moden^^'^^^'^^ ^« Pla«t^^^^^ 
 floors, ventilation, &c. This fiL S^ra^Z inT'^i ''^'^ ^'^ ^^^f^^% 
 years, lew being over three years and S ""^^ ^^''^'^ ^^iree to five 
 1,400 English j,ounds. One or them If nt *''''' ^ .T'^^^'Se m weigh? 
 coarse), weighs 1,810 English poumS.' iS^S' nf ?■ <-^", exeeptio.ro? 
 liaps, m all respects above the averatm nf « i ^'^^^'^ ^'^«1 are, per- 
 niostly choice selections, and paid ?or aSrdLSfv ""f '"•'' '^^ they'w^ere 
 single cases $200 to $240. accordingly, atprices reachin'>- in 
 
 Mr. Page feeds only grass and hax- «., " 
 
 worth bearing in miifd.^ His eows So ? keTo-??? "^'"^^^ '^^^ '^^^ '« 
 never graze. Twentv-six of these ti.r«l .,^^ exercise daily, hnt 
 
 April, Ma,v^ and June (after iirs^^^Sffol^oS^^d l^ifers product In 
 per cow daily ; a large average whe if is It, 1 ""^ ""^ 'V"'^'' "'^ 12 quarts 
 
 ^'\rrz^.^^ t'- '•-<!; and that ZTi^lzli'":^} ^'. ^-!"^'e: 
 
 old heifers gave at highest poKlo/onnrf t*^ 
 quarts the year through. Thro" othet^ o//^ *^^'^-^' ^"'^ averaged JO 
 quarts daily for three months, S mnSn ?'^'''^«"'^ calf, gaVe 04 
 ou the year. It will be most nterestin : "'"^ "" .^,'«'^ '^^'«^''^ff« thro o|, 
 ml of these Swiss cows stabled and fn.f "" '""^ *^« coming year's ree 
 Tie reports of the milk and butte?of the .^ ^^n^u^^^-^ense principles 
 tnbn tng to the condensing lac ory of rh "' °^ thousands ot" eowsZ?-' 
 ^ In the year 1881 the condensers nsLili ''"'■?, '""«'' "iterestiug 
 C,0()0 grass and hay led (-o s Thev w "" "?,"' «*" ^^^tween 5,(m -nul 
 and produced on an avemge^JU^ pLrfnf"'"^f^ ""^^''^ "'"o " onth^ 
 pounds or 0.8 (p.arfs of milk 1 er cow 1 . K r'"' ? ^""^ ^^^^ ? «l»at is, 19 7 
 In. England, last year, .^000?o 'S ofW.. """^"'^ ^"'"^•"«' reason'. 
 
 '" I'^ngliuid. Ac,.ording to tbe rnnn, ^^^'^^erland in winti t lai mJ 
 ";'••; '"; <•'« '-nitcl States iVlS75T,?f ,",/''«, I^opartment of W ,Vr 
 ;' '.'"; !<"f <l"i'M'N <,f the State of Tjfnrf ""^T^^ ^'^' """< ^eee v" 1 
 
 «eth,,„sa.i,ls,,rsiS':.^,,^i'.^JJ;\f''Se of iat c.nitained In 
 
 t 
 
 h - nil k of these thousands „r Kwis^ ..p-v^ -•- ^ .^-"-- "' "- cunraino,i i„ 
 
800 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 H-if 
 
 be takeu away wholly, henco the amount obtained about ennii *, 
 It 18 found that something less than 31 pounds of milk is ,^1 ^.''' ^«. 
 produce 1 pound of butter. At this rate, the Swiss bay fofi ^'''^'^ '« 
 nishmgmilk to the Cham Condensing Company could iVn/i, ^'^'^' ^'U- 
 average, say 175 pounds of butter to the cow for the season ^^' ""^an 
 ago that would bear most favorable comparison with tho ivclj '"^ ''^^er- 
 of 6,000 liigh-fed cowR of the State of New York ''^^'"'^ff« l>iitter 
 
 At the celebrated monastery of P]in8iedeln, in Canton Sni 
 careful record is also kep^ of the product of the cows ^'^'^niz, u 
 
 One hundred and twelve head of cattle are kept at the m^.n . 
 Of these, fifty-seven are Brown Schwytzer cows. Thev rcw^ "^^^^i'- 
 except grass and hay, the year through. The averaji of mni'"*-^'''«'l 
 liters per cow, the whole year through. Tho hin^u^^t- ^..„ . ."'"'^ m 
 is 20 liters daily, given by some twenty 
 months of May, Juno, and July 
 
 The highest quantity re 'V? 
 cows of the fifty-seS,;7n1S 
 
 liio cows calve mostly in autumn and spring. The lattor «nn 
 Kf?i:± A'J'ZI^'^ J"'y ?' I"«^« than half the cows' ato^^^^^^^^^^^ ''^ 
 
 the Upper Alps. They were taken up in May and will tZoT'^ 
 September. The mi k. whilo nn thArn win „%r«..„„.. .' .^""?*^ "owi 
 
 September. The milk, while up there, will average mxSo^^T '" 
 will bo excessively rich, owing to the sweetness of the sl.orf «,.,' ^"' '^ 
 Alpine grass. Only the lighter cows are sent up on the Alntn,; ^^^'-'« 
 Their milk, while there, will be made into butter and cheese in h°'^ 
 tie stone huts of the herdsmen, or « Senns," and these will ho '"^''^ 
 down m the autumn, when there will be a village festival i, LS""«''' 
 The cloister keeps five hands only for the one hundredan tvS?""'' 
 of cattle. These do all the feeding, grass-cutting, n iS. t ? t' 
 wages paid them are very low; in summer G francs a week mS ^''^ 
 board. Board is as follows : '* '^^^'^ «nly,iin(i 
 
 Jireakfaat : Coflce, milk, and broail. (No btittcr. ) 
 
 Dinner : Soup, wine, meat, vcgotablos, nnd bread. (No meat Fridavs n,wi r . . 
 
 Supper: Soup, potatoes, and broad. Potatoes cbangud for n.eat Iwinl,/'''^*':''^^) 
 
 They work from 4.30 in the morning till 7 in the evei.inc, 'o^?' 
 can milk twelve cows in one and a half hours. In winter "onl"""' 
 expected to attend to fifteen cows. "*' '""» '« 
 
 f/ftonA*^'''^\''^^^'"^'®'^''''^^''"^^"'^''>'^"rom$100to$12r,. Kvon«i^n 
 to $200 IS not so rare a price. These are not fancy prices Thl ^^"^ 
 given because the cows warrant the investment. Good \<unJS '"■'' 
 zer bulls at Einsiedeln are worth about $ir.O. One of tlo • o S. '^'f 
 three years old, which took second premium at lAicernc ou I ?^^ 
 valued at $200. He was worth $250 at two years old ' t tl oe to ? ' 
 
 ..... .1. ,..,„ „.,„ ..,. .„ . ,j^^^ ^^ w isi s': i: 
 
 years old bulls are sold to the butcher. ...„„„ ^. .„„ ^j,„s„.mo>,. . 
 are raised. The poorer ones are sold at two weeks old to t ,H ,hS 
 and bring about $0. Only one opinion prevails at Einsie.le , o2 
 lor milch cows. Quantity of milk may be, and is, increased l^^v S, 
 feed, but the quality they claim, as do most daii'ymen i, (ffi ^ 
 IS reduced. country, 
 
 Fanner L-~-, iti the neighborhood of Einsiedeln, gave me the rernr,i 
 of his herd of some twenty-five cows. Ue has been keenii.fr m !h ' 
 on this farm for fifty years. The average of resiflt ^S ?t^^^ S 
 difterent from the average of other small and select herds L ! 
 give 1 liters of milk each daily, y ear in, year out. He, 1 as J & 
 great exception, well -ventilated c^ow-stalls. He gives the i.sh lil 
 ance of hay, viz, 30 pounds daily to the cow, and a spoor/f 1 oS rv 
 ) her day . He also adds bran and shorts to grass-a rare exeen ion \ 
 his milk froes tn"nJ'vi.i,^r:p-f!'-»--! = ' ^^ - ■ ' ,.'"".' '^f^M'^'""- All 
 
 milked at 4 cents a quart. His Ih... henl aveWge about l/mtoTm 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 301 
 
 noniHlH III weifjlit. riioy uro i.over out of tlio stsill, not even to wufor 
 ItMceiiied lui uimsiiiil occiwion -for them when Itc hiul tliom nil l.> 1 n. / 
 into the vard for my inspection. " ""'' 
 
 At or i.ear to Tliahveil, I securea the statistics of a dairy usinir the 
 ,„illc of .seventy-five cows. Ihoso seventy-live cows fnrnishec" TOO uiar s 
 daily, or about 10 quarts eacli year in, year out, not countin- ih. ill 
 rotiiiiied at liomo ior the use ot the families owning the cows " I i i. 
 ,sr>(» (inarts dully are sent to the dairy The milk is sold at 1(J centimes' 
 ov3:2 cents, the liter at this place, when not made into cheesr 
 
 The Cham Condensiiiff Company i)ay the farmers l.'iA centiim.s o.. 
 •'(j cents, per quart or liter of li pounds. ^ t^tnt lines, or 
 
 A fair avera,-o for Schwytzer cows in Canton Zurich would be about 
 ](),|uarta daily lor three hundred and sixty-live days in the v.'i. rt- 
 coiusc this average diflers in the dillerent districts of the countrv ...wi 
 ,s,.e(!ia]ly in the mountainous cantons, where the product is less ihoi; 
 , 1,0 q.iiility IS considerably richer, owing to the sweeter /nass So iH 
 for tlio IJiowii Schwytzer as a milker. "uuuu 
 
 CIIABACTEBISTICS OF BIIOWN SCHWYTZERS. 
 
 Ill iippearance, the Brown Schwytzer is not really bro 
 iiioiisecolored, and the nearer she is to the mouse color tl 
 
 own at all, but 
 
 Mi more likej^y 
 
 is the stock to be pure. She is round and plump in form wit! 
 straight buck; has sleek hair, large, mild, blacl ' 
 
 1 \erv 
 
 eyes, smooth, wliii 
 
 iirs large niid lined 
 The neck is niMiei- 
 
 horii.s, tipped one-third their letigth with w.„v.« 
 
 „it 1, an abundance of white or cream-colored liaii . x ue neeu is ra » her 
 Hhort and powerful ; breast deep and broad ; the head is llnelv sh- ,' i • 
 „o«o Dlack with white ring about it; tongue also very black and ro ''l ' 
 The lulder is large, well shaped, and quite whit(>, milk veins very i -om " 
 inont. Owing toher general plumpness of figure, she looks somes, uille,. 
 than she really is, as she is m fact a largo cow. Her ordimirv w ' I. 
 will average ,.00 to 1,400 Swiss pounds, and often nunv. A V o-'et In. 
 Hho IS as handsome a cow as exists anywhere in Kuroiie The 7u. .m, ' 
 paiiyiMg cuts and photographs give a fair representa ion of her br ." 
 aiul api)earaiice. '""" 
 
 Onlinarily, though there are single exceptions, the Svviss cows are 
 .(1 only grass and hay, summer and winter, and this, in the vallevs ,? 
 least, is ahvays carried to them in the stalls. The Swiss cattle sfilL 
 
 are usuaylo,. stone houses, withlittleor no ventilatioi^uVme^^ 
 dark Ihey are kept very clean, however, and the cattle are ca-ed?or 
 alnuK^t as well as AinerKuuis care for line horses, many being even c ,r 
 rie. and cleai.e<l daily Every pound of manure'is saved ii a reservoh- 
 and put into the meadows in liquid form. iescr\ou 
 
 FEEDING AND CAKING FOB BKOWN SCHWYTZERS. 
 
 ]iye.xtremecareofnieadowsinthe way of manuring, draining wifer 
 ii.j,',and i.reventiug stock trampling them, large and ex " St Lr ss 
 crops are secured; and, aided by a moist and tnnperate c inat" Mm' 
 grass harvests are obtained yearly. In Canton Zm-i* i. ir . V . 
 
 apiece; aii.l yot, liy llieir niuisual care of lioll, ii,,^, lo vf i7,l .ml 
 Swiss lainiers earn from » to 10 per cent on the n','.t .?., t f ', 
 
 lSL»!,'i!'X"';'A'^^''.»»''-•'^ •'"''''■'' '"'"^^ 
 
 .-.»„.„l!j,t.iu,iaci^ iS repeafed, \\ imi profits migjit Western Auu^rinlu 
 tanners make <,i, milcU cows, with la.nl at «r.O an acre and iotsaS 
 
 I p 
 
ik 
 
 302 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 apiece, were tbo same care taken of cows and raoadowH in Aiii..i.i,.n 
 taken in Switzerland T ^'"tiica as m 
 
 Only two items in the list are against U8, viz, dearer labor and »«„, , , 
 racea of cows. si-riiij" 
 
 The former is outbalanced by tbo dearer land in Switzerlai'd -n i 
 to the "sirub" cows, it is our own fault if we continue milkin',, ti " 
 They coat as much to feed and to breed and to milk as ^ood cowJ "",' 
 the ])roflt on them is not nearly as much. 
 
 BROWN SOnWYTZERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It is worthy of remark hero that certain Americans in tlio l\ 
 and New England States have been trying these "Schwytzer" (-m 
 Yankee sod for the last ten years, an«l, as 1 am informod, with tlm " 
 satisfactory results. Otherwise, some of these same breeders woni i "' 
 have been in Switzerland in this year ISSli adding to their Ktr> t""' 
 Brown Schwytzers. ^^ «f 
 
 There is at Worcester, Mass., I think, a society called tlio '<l?r 
 Swiss Breeder's Association," and a "record" or " herd-book "ffn" 
 Swiss cows bred and owned by them has been published As t 
 ciety is increasing its herd of Schwytzers, it would seem con Z'*'^' 
 proof that this race of cattle takes well to the climat(» and tl.ft «^i '! 
 the United States. "*^ '^^'' ot 
 
 The first Swiss cattle breeder and dealer to send Schwytzers f ,ti 
 United States was Landammann BUrgi, of Arth, Canton slZT 
 He is still in the business, and breeders and importers of cattle c 
 do better than to correspond 'vjth him directly. Mr. John liinn)in( '"^^ 
 of Ruschlikon, Canton Zurich, is also engaged in delivering Swiss' iln' 
 to ibreigu countries. Still another dealer and breeder is Ur HorJ ! 
 Schwytz, who owns a fine herd on the Frohn Alp, by LakcLiifm, 
 also Mr. Giger, of Kagatz, who breeds and sells cattle. ' 
 
 THE BROWN SCHWYTZERS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 
 
 Within a few years the sale of the Brown Schwytzer cow to otl,..,. 
 countries has been on the rapid increase, and prices have gone unfr m, 
 50 to 60 francs on a cow in a single year. The principal conndL 
 porting these cows have been Italy, (Jermany, and Russia " 
 
 Small numbers have been taken to Eiighmd, America, and Sini., 
 With the exception of Spain, 1 have heard only satisfactory reports i' 
 to the results of these imi)ortations, even where climates ami soils Vii 
 far so widely. 
 
 MARKET VALUE OF BROWN SCHWYTZERS. 
 
 A year ago I reported to the Department that Brown Sdiwyizeis wem 
 being exi)orted quite largely U) Italy, Germany, and elsewlieltsaii.ltliit 
 the prices for the same were ra])idly rising. 
 
 Within a few days, by attending cattle markets at Ka^atz, .Sai'ins 
 and points in Api)enzell, I have collected material as to j)rices obtaiwii 
 atabsolute gales, and I find the average market value constantly nsin- 
 though checketl at i)re8ent, of course, by api>roachiiig winter aiid rmi 
 days at the market towns. Tlie prices demanded varied iinmeiiselv 
 regular dealers demundiug 20 per cent, more than did tlie janucrs lor 
 
 United St 
 
 GOVERNBI 
 
 or lYauce wisl 
 from a Swiss hi 
 
Aiiiei- 
 
 •ica as is 
 
 iuid '> 
 
 scrub" 
 
 "''^"'gtiiem, 
 »'><l cows, and 
 
 :s. 
 
 tl'o Kastorn 
 '^•'I'cow.soi, 
 vitli the most 
 ''•"^ would not 
 '»eir stock of 
 
 tlie "Brown 
 »ook"ofthc 
 ^s tliis so. 
 "' (conclusive 
 'tl the soil of 
 
 ytzers to tlje 
 oil Sclnvytz. 
 iJattlo canuot 
 ■f^i'iippiicher, 
 'Swiss cattle 
 Mr Ijerg.at 
 <-«« Luccrae; 
 
 WES. 
 
 icow to other 
 ?<>iio up from 
 'ounlnesiiu. 
 
 ) »U(1 Bitaiu. 
 y reports as 
 "<1 soils (lit- 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 3Q3 
 
 In tho noifrliborbood of Bagatz, Vason, Mayoutbid, and down towards 
 Canton Zuri<',li, prices lor Brown ScUwitzor cattio average about as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 rraucs. 
 
 Veiirlii.j,'Htei'r.s.... itOOtoCOO 
 
 Two-ycHi-old Btecrs j^^j " 
 
 YearlinKl..'i«or8 y^^ .^;^ 
 
 Cowswithcalt r,^)^) yoQ 
 
 yomi^'cow8 _^ TjOo hoO 
 
 Old cows.... ;,0o 400 
 
 VeaiH"« l'»ll« 700 HOO 
 
 One and a balf year old bulls, 900 to 1,200. 
 
 Good six mouths old calves, about liOO francs. 
 
 At a Sargans market this mouth I found i)rices consi<lerably lower 
 thiui those quoted above; they vary in fact in the diileront valleys 
 materially, and at dltt'erent seasons of the yeui-. 
 
 I purchased for Americans, last Augustj in Canton Zurich, a number 
 of lino four and live year old cows, at 050 to 800 francs each and for a 
 year and a half old bull, 1,000 francs was paid. 
 
 They were all select cattle. 
 
 now TO EXPORT SWiaS CATTLK. 
 
 Tho freigiit from Zurich to Antwerp per car load is about 300 fiancs 
 The freight on cattle per "White Cross line" from Antweri) to New 
 York, or to Boston, is as follows : 
 
 .,, J'eiliea4l. 
 
 For grown cattio ^ 
 
 For ycarliu{,'8 ....'...". S 
 
 For calves .'.'..'. !• 
 
 The foregoing includes water and feed on shipboard. The men ac 
 companying the stock have free passage. If no men accompany the 
 stock tho ship company provides hands for the purpose, and an extra 
 charge of 1 shillings per head is unide. 
 
 In short, the cost of transporting lull-grown cattle from Zurich to New 
 York may be reckoned at very nearly $50 ])er head, and for yearlings, 
 
 S. U. M.-BYEllS, 
 United States Consulate, Clomul. 
 
 Zurich, October 23, 1883. 
 
 vyizcrswero 
 'If, and that 
 
 tz, lSar(,'aiis, 
 L'cs obtaiiioi 
 uitly ri.'^iii 
 
 r and rainy 
 iinaiensely, 
 fanners for 
 
 SWISS CATTLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. 
 
 urn'oitx m- cosavL ukavoiiamp, ur ht. gallic. 
 
 governmental assistance to SWISS CATTLE-BREEDERS. 
 
 I H Switzerland claims for herself one of the 
 
 1, , ^ . , — -- — 'irst positions amoii" tho 
 
 Luropoan states w,ih regard to her cattle, milk, and the product^ 
 thcreol The i.nneipal breeds are widely known i.i Europe and he^ 
 origm dates wi h tho beginning of Swiss history. As breeders thevM-e 
 much sought after. When a farmer or eattl.vr;:i...M- in /'n...?;' I'^SV'- 
 or rrauce wishes to improve his breed ho generally makes'a sdecUou 
 from a Swiss herd, for experience Las long since been made that Sw^ss 
 
It 
 
 304 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 cuttlo, roared ami Rruzctl on AIi>irMi jjrass, with plontv of fVo^i, „. ■ 
 water and pure air, are the healthio.st and hardiest known to i^ ."'"*? 
 book. '^"'' ''ord. 
 
 The S\yiHa breeder pays >?reat attention to "pure bloods " iin.i { 
 earefnl tliat no "eios.s" octenrs, wliieh aeeonnts for n(, np.,, ^^'''0' 
 
 bloodH"oneHC'eHin the Swiss lieid book. As a rnIe"oMi'v"M "r""^- 
 formed and best inai Ued animals are kept Cor breedinL' inir,. . ' '"^"^ 
 the result is tliat tlu^ (piulity of Swiss cattle is veMilv inn ,U, •''*^''' *'"' 
 oneourajje lariners and breeders in this n^sprct the Viuio is ^'^'' '^" 
 and district Kovernnients in Switzerland oiler p- "uiinms 
 
 ciuitoimi 
 
 .sums to be awarded at the coniit'y'and dLsTrieVl'airs"whi,M?.ni''?"'^^^^^^^ 
 the sprin- and Tall ofeaeh year. This system of L'overnmon . i '*' '" 
 nition imd assistam^e is a frreat stii, hint to breedi-rs <)f , ,1' 1 1*^^'!»- 
 and beyond eavil a proved success. In the award of i, •" ,?„ '"'I^' 
 peatestcare is taken by the.jud^'es in eonsideriu'r all noi n . !".' ^ '" 
 lenst delect as to color, form, size, &o., often proves disis '.LT ''" 
 
 of Switzerland, and that it is conUdentIv expe(;ted that wi ,* IV'"'"*"" 
 halt century the Swiss breeds wotd<l not onl v br u p,,,,, ' ' n i' T' 
 stock, neh in the product of ndlk and tl.o luoducts tluMeof L^ ^^^^^ 
 
 About three years a^'o the federal authorities ordered ex .. U ^"'?''' 
 an examination into all i)edisroed cattle in SwiizcMland '! iv m, '""''<* 
 jiges degrees, &c; which was done, and the report 001^0 w«,i"?'^^' 
 herd-book, where all the pedigrees of pure-blooded eat I tb 1'" ? ' 
 may be found. i"»« country 
 
 THE SPOTTKD BREED. 
 
 The Su i^s »|)Otted breed belong to the heaviest of the rMrm>„ 
 races. In evidence of this fact a ease is cited where a Si, w.nt T**" 
 of this breed, which was prenuumed at a eatt e show d,^ " 
 1881, weighed 1,IU kilograms. *^ -^t Lucerne m 
 
 Out of other cattle prominmed at the same fair the folloui.,^ ■..„ 
 .nents, showing proportio,.s, &e., are given in c'mU " ^T ?• 
 2.0m centimeters), to give some idea of the size of these auiinals! 
 
 Description. 
 
 top of 
 wituoi's. 
 
 IJnlU (aroniB* of 2S head) . . 
 (;ow8 (avcrago of;!" Iiead). . . 
 lioirers (average ot'2l Iioatl) 
 
 137 
 140 
 133 
 
 Circnni- 
 fproiico l>o- 
 
 liind 
 BlioulUurj. 
 
 202 
 'JUS 
 100 
 
 Tvcn?tli 
 
 ■ rnni liorns 
 
 toiixitof 
 
 Uiii. 
 
 203 
 213 
 205 
 
 The Freiburg" cattle represent the heaviest and coarsest auimal of 
 this breed;, is usually white, with large black spots; bi^r bil? rolf 
 u^a.j uuauj long boayj largo loose birrel, a.ul traditioually known 
 
 Hiiicli, at li c'( 
 
118 a N"«' 
 
 dti< 
 
 iofiih 
 
 ittOIIOUH 
 •r ^rOSH lilt! 
 
 SWITZERLAND, 
 fat-iiiiikiiif; iiiiichino, inoro narticuhirly 
 
 iV Milk iiKi fl'<tt ..« .xi- A. _.. * «.. *^ 
 
 305 
 
 for th 
 
 o iiiurkct.s iit gr«Htexpc*u(iitiir«i"()r irrtUlciuI 
 
 to \iT'->' 
 
 food. 
 
 TI,o abovi^ im'U8urciiic|it« rquoscnt tlio Simmentlialor SnottHl ciitdo 
 Tl„,y arc a t niltj sii.allor 1 l.u.i tl.o Kreil,„r« cattle aial are I £• br^^^^ 
 
 wide, open m,8tril8. They are>if^;iy r;:com;;;;.;derL';;;;;^S' 
 Tlio Hizo (A these aimual.s Viiries very iimch with nlivNi<..il iiu.f.'..... *i 
 
 leiiility of the coantry juid the „.ore-or Ie.s.s S'aSr 
 culture.. In the l.iffh Al,> d,«tne(.s, where the <arn,.s are 8 laall i ul fho 
 ro,„l poonn qiiahty and net very plenty i„ quantity, the tows m J 111 n 
 ami .10 not .sell Jbr inoie than $.jO er 800, while in the riZ^r r-.Ji . i 
 .listricLs, where the artilieial n.anurino- is' lar^^d "rSorled i Se!t 11 
 iiro worth much more, and brin- from $80 to «l''V.n,;i «».„♦! ^"'" 
 
 Tlieir weight i8 ironn.5(K, to .3oo I'ound^ -.JSilir i^ t^ ulZ;; 
 ,0 raol. .{,000 pomuls live weight. Their fatteninff eapad y ue S 
 to be very f,nvat, but they re( pure good food, careful attention itl eh- 
 |,a,H]hns,an.lperfoctcleanliue.S8ubouttlieirHtall8. TheSiiun.e, 1 alers 
 or,iis tlieyare .somtime8 called, "])i,.balds," are eousideie fl. S 
 ,„iiker.s among the Spotted cattle. The bettor class coSare "dco m 
 and iiveraged on reliable expeniucnts to give from lU tol'U m .IVi 
 per .liiy, counting three hundred milk day.s in tluM-^'u- ..n, f iVi J i 
 dassfrom 1) to II quarts At thi.s rate'the beU^.r'eh; 'eot~ 
 prodnce on an average VJ quarts per day, or 3,G00 quarts in the veir 
 « iicli, at J cents per quart a low uverago), would make the n ilk-vk?d 
 ot one cow roach the sum of .«tJ08 per annum ' 
 
 Tbeso cows are of a kind and gentle disposition, and it is claimed 
 tliey can do a huge amount of work without lessening either he (uSv 
 orqualityot the milk. *= int,quantity 
 
 1 am informed that while the larger and middle sized IJrown Schwvtz 
 m arc pcrlectly healthy and feed well when grazed on t\m .....n .. P f 
 ai.., yet they do .u,t iatten readily ; but when'bZghTdo v' i u^ 
 (bstrict.s or valleys and grazed and stabled, thev not m v < .If 
 laster, hat take on more llesli than the a'li, n!n;e ^n''tI.i1iw^!;;;;f ' 
 In coiLsequence ot this fact the German breeders iireler br f t Z/. . 
 ,mrpo«e.s theSwi«s cattle bred in the middle mmint n rc'^oms vS 
 tliivsc cattle arrive at maturity and are butchered in tl...?.™ i 
 they .seldom weigh over 1,000 pounds gross' btiirt-iS 
 n.to the lower valleys, or over ii/to Bavai'a or' 1 den tS ^^ tZ";, 
 can be made to weigh ],(;oo poun.ls gross at the ago of ilirc^ yillr^ 
 
 oFr.snooTs of the .spotted iireed. 
 ^Jrcmj^tlie original Spotted breed there are .several offshoots j among 
 
 an2aK^S;rS;^teiSd^^ 
 
 ;™ buttocks, and is well ada^L^ll^'Si^^l^^'S^::;-!!- 
 
 the Alps. ■ ' ^ -vttstied ^vitlt ihe hard, tiry food of 
 
 H. Ex. 51 20 
 
 ,#■ 
 
 I -m 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 305 
 
 JO y,,w,!.K.. K'osH ...cut lor tho nmrkcf . ut gr.at oxpj.ulitirc ff aruSlt 
 
 "uio ab.)v.^ im-a8um.u,nt8 ivi.icm'iit tlio Sii.nncnthuler Snotted cufcHo 
 
 TlKiV arc ii tniio smaller Hum t lo KreilmrL' c:itfl<^ -mkI nr,. i., Vf I- V' 
 
 •itl .lecj. ,sLoaI(ler«, powerf,,! (brear , Io.m' st .; 'i* ,:'?^^^ ^*»'-'"^''«l 
 
 ,„.arc l.m t..ck, with muncl cl..so harrol ; thej -uv'u^a r^^VIM !, Sr' 
 rt th italc red or ydlowish Hjtots; wliito lace- imsn milb //j . m' 
 ,ide, oiun nostrils. Thoy aro In^^liy reco.mS.dXs fko"« '' ''''^ 
 
 The Hizo oi these animals varies very umeh with nhvsie-iHiM.f ,...«o n 
 fertility of the conntry and the n.oro'or le.ss udviSLttio o Tt^/i^^^^^ 
 eulturo. In the h.{?h Al,> d.stnels, where the farms are smill a fd fie 
 lb,Kl poor in quahty an.l n«,t very plenty in quantity, the , -ws mj" .^^^ 
 ami. not sell lor more than $.lt) or m, while in the rieher grat^^ I d 
 .listnct.s, where the arti/ieial inanurino- is huwlv resortc.l to f l^w.. A » 
 am worth much more, and brin^j from $80 to $11^5 mid Ko.m.Hn .« 
 Tl.eir.ei,l.t is from ],5()() to .,.00 pounds, anit^r ."^^ b r/no"'! 
 ,0 ri-aci. .f,()00 pounds live weight. Their fatteninf. eapad y ue S 
 lobe very f-reat, but they re.iu.ro good food, careful attention n tS 
 liamllins, and perfect cleanliness about their stalls. ThoSimnie i 1 •£« 
 „r,a.s they are som times called, "])i,.balds," are eonsidere tl. S 
 
 '^^"'^ """":«• *"" «l'\'«^''l <-''^"le. The betlcr class cows arc xvdcoS 
 
 and averaged on reliable experiments to give from lU to r'lm..Vi 
 
 per.lay,eoanting three hundred milk days in tlo^Tlr•l^d^I;i^'^^^^^ 
 dassfion. lo II quarts At this rato'tho beU^.'S^ 'cow "3d 
 produce . an average 32 quarts per day, or 3,000 quarts . he veir 
 « iicli, at J cents per quart a low average), would make the n ilk-vk^ld 
 ot one cow reach the sum of f»tJ08 per annum ' 
 
 Tbeso cows are of a kind and gentle disposition, an.l it is claime.l 
 
 tIlt^y can .loabugeamountof work without lesse.iingoithcVthr.mS 
 or.juality ot the nulk. o«"i».i mc quantity 
 
 1 am ii.f()nne.l that while the larger and middle sized IJrown Schwvtz 
 m arc pcilectly healthy an.l feed well when graze.l on f b.> .....n . P !' 
 a!,., yet they .lo n..t fatten readily ; but when'bZghTd J^ i ^^ 
 districts .)r valleys ami grazed ami stabled, thev not on IvV, f. . 
 faster, but take .m more flesh than the anim!n;; S^'''^^. /^ i'^'/j'.jlf ' 
 In conse<]uen(;e of this fact the German breeders prefer ..•?•./;. . 
 purposes the Swiss cattle bred in the n.i.ldlo mount irc'^ons^ ^^^^^ 
 iRvsc cattle arrive at maturity and are butchered in tliHr ow,, hon? ' 
 they .sckloiu weigh over ],(»00 pounds gross, but Uilu t \. . 
 .nto the lower valleys, or over i./to Bavai'a or' 1 lei/.S nI « . , 'I'^ov 
 can be made to weigh ],(;(,o poun.ls gross at the age of IlirJe 'i 
 
 OFFSHOOTS OP THE SPOTTED DliEED. 
 
 ^^^Fmm^ original Spotted breed there are several oflshootsj among 
 
 («) The Jierneroberlande: breed, which is -i slmrf^.. .....i i , .. 
 
 animal thau those before nientione 1 1 1,- V,>n! ■ ' "'^'ower built 
 
 the Alps. ■ ' ' ^ f^'nishcil with ihu liaid, dry food of 
 
 H. Ex. 51 20 
 
 ( 
 
 
306 
 
 !1 f 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING. 
 
 tlK- 
 
 111(1 
 
 (<) ThoOrm,„M.s,Illu.z,aM(l I-otsduMi breeds, hIiono l,„m,.H ..„ . 
 
 only \vcif,'h rroin 100 to 700 pomuls. ' '" ^ "'"'«.!• 
 
 Tlie Swiss brci'dcis liopo in the near fiitiire t(» eiitirelv ui. 
 interior otlsliootH of tin. pri.utipal Hi.otfed breed under the )." " "'*''*'' 
 system ofassistinj; i„ tl.o i.npn.vemout ..f agrila.It.m. ^^ '*''''''''^''^«l 
 
 igri< 
 
 THE LUOWN SCJIIWYTZKIl liUEED. 
 
 The Ilrowii Schwytzer is (ionsidered the dairy breed par ev.w.ii 
 Switzerlaud. ' '" 1''" ^^ct'lleiicoof 
 
 Miaaiirv in ccniimvUra. 
 
 I-ouBlh. Oliili. 
 
 null (iiTcn»K8of 11 head)... 
 Cow (aviTugo of 1 1 liciiil) . . 
 lleil'er (aviTiiKo ofll lieail) . 
 
 m 
 
 lOf) 
 
 ino 
 
 In judgin^^ this breed the eolor plays a far more huumt.,,,, , . , 
 in the Spotted breed. The color most des reT[ t e v rv 1 u^l" ll 
 wliieh indicates the purer blood. mt^ ui.v d.uK hn.w,,, 
 
 nner^/iber, and, consequently/ sweeter ".1^ t^nSS^! l^r llll/Vi;;;;; 
 
 It is claiuie<l that the Ihown Schwy tzer not only o-ves nioi<, ...iii- ' . 
 that It 18 richer than that of any other European breed otSl'i'i 
 lire ostmnvled to pro<Iuce Iron, li to 2 (,uaits .^^ ndt S' Hv JS 
 the lar^e Si.ninenthal cow. I have just returned i ro vi.i' V " 
 stables of Mr. Kiihn, of De-ersheini, the I'lr^oVt ,!.,,.. n. i , ^" '" 
 of the lirown Schwy tzer in'switzeri^ind Jnlf 1.^ t^H^in Sfl s" S 
 of fo.ty cows average from 1 7 to L'O quarts of milk jK-r d y ) n„ r 
 tins IS an exceptional case, but it demonstrates fully wha his , 
 capable ot under good treatment. at mi^ mciu u, 
 
 of's^ r'ifi'"i\''""r' 'v the large r.rown Scliwytzor was in the canto,,. 
 « f Nt Gall, fechwytz Zurich, Glarus, Lucerne, Unterwaldeu, (11^1, 
 I J*n lower part) and Anpenzell, but they are now largely Is 
 a mer hw.tzer and, and ,n portions of (Icrinany, ItaTy,^,,,,! 1™ 
 Man> of the best young cows of this breed are bought u]. bv I a in," 
 
 ri^'JooV'^^Jor''''^^^""""'' t''^''^' "«'^""t« in this country Th 
 Ion 400 to 800 francs per head,aud for extra line ones ashigh Y- 
 tiuncs IS often paid at the central cattle markets atChur and Hdiwyt/ 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS S^VLSS BREEDS. 
 
 ..J'\ •!^'l*^"^M" *'"' '«i'^f /'i"^" S«;l»wytzereveiy valley and !,( 
 
 )d ii 
 
 iirlibor- 
 
 n M ' ''^ u f "■'^f*'''^''"*^ "-i*^ Jt« »^wij small cross-breed,' generally from 
 the lirown fecUwytzer. ' 
 
SWITZERLAND 
 
 "I Villui.s,i„„, 
 ^''l'<'«>iittlit.s,. 
 
 i-xccllcnc,, of 
 
 i ^^'ifJi imizzic 
 "' ''liK'lc tips, 
 'I'iik riiiiiiiiiJ 
 |<',V arc soiiir 
 oniiaiKl "foiii. 
 
 nilk iiiid uciji^ii (loiii dO() (o r>00 i>oim(]s. - -- 
 TlicTc lias of lato years botMi introdnrcd in tu.. i.^ 
 
 :, nmv ;mu1 .still smaller l„ee,l to taif £ nlLce' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ J^Iourituin^ 
 
 is iioiii L'.jO t(» ;5()0 poiiiKlH. ^ " ^" ^*^'^^'^ ; thoir weight 
 
 CANTONAL PRIZE HHOWS. 
 
 Tlio ciKstom of all eaiitoiial tfovenuiients is tn ..m... 
 yearly preininins for fl.o iinprove.ne t oni.e , .?tff 7 ^T^lf "'•^' "•''^■- 
 tiy, and I only .Uvsiro noNV to speak viU. iu-cia t • '^^ "' ^'"'''^ '•"""• 
 consular .listrict. «IHcial J-eierei)ec to my ,>w„ 
 
 Tlio canton of St. (Jalle inakes »i vonritr ..,>. • .• 
 
 ciittk'. Ihe Sinn is <;lassi(ie(l as follows: '"^^"crs ot p.ire-blooded 
 
 D'll'N • I'"run.«, 
 
 .Milch cowM J I f^^^ 
 
 Miscclliincoiis (liaiidliiij,' ciitUo')" ........"" .'.".' n'ooi) 
 
 i.'ooo 
 
 An a rule, the hm/e JJrowii Scljwvtzer o-\rrio< ««• +i • 
 fienlK'r,!.' I.reed, l„)wev(>r, is a irood s Imw mi, • S''V I""'.^^"- The To^r. 
 victorioas eon.petitor. 'The S on s div d " 1^ "'\'^" ''^''-'omcs'Ii 
 
 Tl.jud,os tak<,into consideration a.;dt!;^l^l'^^S;;;n:^^i:^^ 
 
 scam: oi- roiNTs i,„,t nrr.i.s. 
 
 I. Ilciid, line 1111(1 tiiporiuL' .. I'l'iiiis. 
 
 •.'. Forchciid, liioiul 
 
 ■i. Chedc, Niiiall 
 
 •I. Muzzle, linn l)liick, aud riiuroiriVv ii'.rhrnr..V,V„"i 
 
 li. Honi.s. smooth, clciiii, and not tooVliYA-'AviVi"* '• 
 
 7. Ears, liKht-^-niy, rati .. • I Z am t ek III] *^l"-'i'"« f'>»*k I ip.s. ... 
 
 ."&S'a;;dtir"'^ •■ 
 
 !■'. Tail. ],an,ri:;j, ,iown to hoS" ' ' ^"^' *'"''"••"■ «*''"'«''* *" ■'^«< li"« «SiV 
 . u .., n.cl Ion- and niov.'ibl,., l.nt, not too'looVc; 
 
 i.:: E:,::::^^J!!^^.•i-:.f!^^ "-k-brown":;;!;:::;:::::::- 
 
 ' The consul lailed to ^vhtho'voii^inaet^ur^^^'-'— 
 
308 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMING. 
 
 !t smaa jj 
 
 18. Hin(l-(iiiaiiyry, from hock to the point of niaii., lou-' uml woll-iilliwi ''"'"'" 
 
 ly. MoofH, Imnl, bliick.andnot too (sinall !.... " ^^"'H'Hwl 
 
 20. Growth, gonenil appearaucu, and comlitiou "..!'...'.'' 
 
 rcifoction — —, 
 
 100 
 
 BCALE Ol'" POINTS I'OU COWS. 
 Siiiiin na biillH, oxcoxiti- 
 
 2. Forc-hoad, iiuitow, with rather lonj? faci^ 
 
 (I. IToriiH, Minall, tunicd-up, witli taitcrii);'l)l,,rk (ins 
 
 1>. Eyes, full and placid '....?........ 
 
 10. Nock, HtraiKht, fine, and placed litc'litly on shouldorN 
 
 1(>. I'orc-ann, swelling and lull ahovo kniio 
 
 «1. ir.ldor, lar-o in form and Htandlnf,' wM out I'eiiiud, brit'fnil i„'"j;,;,;";;iY,; 
 
 ^'o' ''>:•?,<■"• I ■"■.!;« and s(inurciy plaVed.'beiiYnd wi(io"apart ! 
 
 ~'.{. A.ilk-vcin.s, very ]ironiiiieiit 
 
 iil. Hide, dcopycllow-oran^'o color "--'".---!! !!I." 
 
 I'orfcctiou 
 
 114 
 
 III the licifens the Kciile of points are the huiuo as cows and ti.m. 
 considered perlectat 11 1' points before they have (Iropped c , ^^ ''' 
 
 Ihe greatest nnpfrtance is attached by the j ..does to the 1 .'n.fif i 
 lorm and purity of blood In bulls for breeding purposes ii. 1 ,r,;f' 
 the peasants and small lUr.ners are unable to keep ,',, f*'u r, .''' 
 bloods on account of the dearness of liie aninu.l, one is generil 1 'i 
 und kept at the cost of the various districts or towi.shhw -i n7?^ 
 means the cows belonging to the i)easants an.l .mall farmers' « s?rv i'i' 
 and the pure-bloods are continually «,., the increase. Catt e «li, i^ 1 
 tairs are considered as a sort of public holiday by the Deasants •,, h 
 ..re .U:tended in large numbers: The oxhibltioiiKn^ ^ ^ tj 
 sometimes not. The preiniuu.ed ani.nals are usually dec.)n,\S 
 wreaths and garlands, and receive the «1„ e or stamp of the fiir i - . ' 
 ing the same burned into th(^ horn. 1 have seen i)ri7x'l ■ n > S" 
 their horns almost brande.l full from the impressions made b " l,c ( ' 
 lerent society brands. -^ '"^ ""• 
 
 IJrown Scinvytzer bulls generally serve cows at the ageof .sixtotM. t,. 
 eighteen months but some of the best breeders and cattlen.en s v l 
 .s too early, and thac hey shouhl not be allowed to serve beioS to 
 years old, as they are then fully develoi.ed and give more stiiMi-r h .1 
 better constitutions to their ollspring. «h i.gtli and 
 
 OLD AND NEW SYSTEM.S OF STABLING CATTLE. 
 
 The old Swiss system of feeding and caiing for cattle is fast lmvIii- 
 way to new developments which are being made in the improvoi.R'iitol 
 the vanous breeds, and experience is teaching the iieople that it is is 
 necessary to the good health of cattle and other cM.imals that tix^v iiav, 
 l)Ienty of light, air, and commodious quarters as it is to human hVin-.s' 
 and the consequence is that whenever a new stable is built er an old 
 one IS remodeled, great care is taken that the stalls siiall he so con- 
 sU'ucted as to give the animals more room, better ventilation, mnl 
 light, and opportunity for cleanliness. Duriug ray visit to inaiiv (liiirv 
 tarms and peasant stables in quest of information for this rcDort'lliavo 
 been absolutely astounded to s.-e t lie sort of places cattle me kept in 
 
 iu some i)art 
 
 lilteeii cows w 
 
 jVet wide, an( 
 
 (low in the wj 
 
 in (liiunoter, _ 
 
 siencli wiis si 
 
 '•old way" of 
 
 iiiiiny that tin 
 
 room. The cf 
 
 lor the i)eiisan 
 
 stable, and so 
 
 down, eortaiii 
 
 rioiKi'il broedi 
 
 assists in the i 
 
 ei.ttle, and con 
 
 HANDLING 1 
 
 In tbc cantor 
 
 liandledtbiouf 
 
 C(irin(/ throti 
 
 N'ovcinb'er unti 
 
 kept in the sta 
 
 liiHiii made on 
 
 mown two, ti.n 
 
 ;ind the inaiiiK 
 
 ilit(di(.'s wIr'i. I.I 
 
 limes tlii'oo tin. 
 
 ;iic li'd throe ti 
 
 lion of coMi-niei 
 
 twice a day l)y 
 
 I lie In Ilk of an 
 
 lilt food, and ar 
 
 oft lie high Alj) 
 
 inf;(|«iilities, CO 
 
 miitic! herbs, sai 
 
 The condition 
 
 liiirtiiat it woiil 
 
 (ir America. 
 
 Tlie higher tli 
 fdlod Avitli spico! 
 |iiistnres of my 
 lliey iire situatei 
 Only in the lowl 
 even about the 
 
 ' TliiH ;,'rass fjrrnv 
 liu'iitiiiHltiikociire 
 
 IllKpCllSIUlls {,'0 IIJl ( 
 
 iiiiiiiiit.'iiii side, witli 
 il;i.v|n woi-li, liowov 
 liiiilii'N, and Kr-iirrl\ 
 Wlicii llic liay iH eiii 
 )!nniii(laiiil cKiitiniii 
 !".'!lM:i!it,f til-. Ini'ijc- ? 
 slidllMfrs Iie;;in tliej 
 ami iiHin;; it- us a nor 
 ml Uol'teuliappoi 
 peasautfi at a tituo, u 
 
.swit;5erland. 
 
 309 
 
 iu some ])arts of the ciiuton of St. Galio. I viHitod nn« «h,Mo , 
 
 tilteei. cow.' were kept. The stable pror)or wL\bou pr-^lof "" 'T^'^l^ 
 
 ,,Vet wide, and not to exceed leet hiL-J in ceilin " fwi^ '"""^ ^^^^ 
 
 •.„nv in the wall, except a hole, low down o t t floo^;bmI?'1^"^ T' 
 
 i„ .liiunotor, byAvliich the stalls were enmtie nrtL^'l'^.l^^^ "^1^'^ 
 
 ,„ u. t..v. ....-, ^..^^yv u, ,iui«, luw down to tlio tloor abnnf Ifi ^ 
 ill (li)unotcr, by wbich the stalls were omntin/i -7f fi ^ ^ 
 
 ,e„..h was si,nply unbearable, mu7 yet "\?as oM F^t'tf""'*'' ^1'^ 
 uoi,l\vuy"of stablin^r cattle in Switzerland nu if 5 \\^ "^"l^ *''^ 
 ,„:,„,v (hat the eows prodneed more mi^k Sn intv had^.u?rT^•^' ^*T 
 ,ooi... The cows stood ei^ht on each side, w t scScelv rnnT "" ''"1* 
 lb,, the peasant to push himself through beh n 1 tlm rnw« ?n i ''°^'!f '' 
 stable, and so close together that it scHimed mlnlifM^T to clean the 
 down,' certainly not with comfort SvaViTda^^^^^^^^ 
 rio,H.e.l l.ree,lers take the connnon sense\\w ttirwl. u V ''!''^ ''''^^^ 
 assists iu the milk secretion, yet imp o heat -n k 'nh . '""'r ^''''^''"^' 
 r,m, and conseauently eau:so^ the "!irti"ou"i^d"tS m;^!^^,;;: 
 
 HANDLING AND CARE OP CATTLE IN THE ST. GALLE DISTRICT. 
 
 Ill the cantons of St. Galle,Appenzell (lrTnhiin,i«,. n xi 
 luuKlIed tluouffh the year as follSw" : ' ^-^''^"bundcn, &c, the cattle are 
 
 Garbn/ throitf/h the winter. — Throno-h tlu> winfnt. r. ^i 
 Xoven.ber until the end of March or April h^e^itro *''^ "H^'^'^ "^ 
 la,.t in the stables, and are fed aln"ost en l-elv on ^hav'S^^^ 
 knm n,a«Ie on the n.eadows which lie in tCv^UIevs nmi' ^i •'',^ ^''''' 
 mown two, tiiree, and four times a year, owl - tt^ V Soi". ^i'l?' '''''' 
 ml the u.u.ner'of manuring. These nSws n oTiro'^^?*,*''^ "«'^ 
 it,.hes when necessary, and fre wol^nua urc7twic ^'y^ran^/ "^''" 
 i,....s three times a year, with stable and art Ida Idun^rs ' T o Tf' 
 niv le. three times a day. Milch cows are someti^no" fd a sm .IM ' 
 lion ol eoiii-meal or turn i)s n addition to the l...v >,,, " ^ '^'"'''' !*'»- 
 tuio a ,h,y by being led iut in the op m ai to nlnnb ''"^tr ''''''"'''^ 
 1." liuik of an artesian well. The youn- cattle in n? ""•""' ""'' ^" 
 t foo.1, and are often fed the whole win iu- Vhli " ""l^^.^l^iV^' '""<-''' 
 
 li 
 
 ii^ .bod, ancfare ;S f ed «;;, .^:LC ;^ S<t^^^^ 
 
 of.he high Alps, which, howev<.r, is saiclVoV-oS g y ^renS[iu.n* 
 
 iiifT (luah ,es, consisting of large quantities of verv ,,frU!.„rj ?,*''''"■ 
 
 Ill 
 
 i,,uamies,.u;s;;M;;;'j^;,';, S-o^Sy^ 
 
 ..tie herbs said also to be ^•ery ^oo.l V,' inilch cow "*'^'*""''^ ''^"'^ ■•^•■"- 
 liie conditions under which agriculture is folioup<l'i,ovn „ 
 
 imstures of my consular dis(ri(!t consist iliZnS^^^^ 
 
 liicynre situated from 1,7(»0 to V ( Vet'^^ K 
 
 ')>'ly i" «!'«' lowlands and'valleys a Ve the c .iJi nt w . '^' ''* ^ ''*^ '■^'''•• 
 
 ..en ahoutjhe towns and ^L,^.'^ \^'^^ Sr^ll^^^i ^ 
 
 a.v;.i «o,lj, howovT, ,nak,. tlH.n,solv^,.s fast l^C^^^ r:!:Tj'''rT">^ <'"'"• 
 Wlionllic. hay.H ,.,.1 ...n.l n.a.ly Cor I ns ,V , „ of., ""'"I" V"''' ♦"*'"' •■<"•'^"• 
 
 i"HhiHin«,t,asaHortori,a.,ist..r..r '' ol 1. k'^n I *'"'. '"P" wiU. „„c |,,in,l 
 peasautH at a t„uo, u„,l th„ ro«ul/ is l.ic-akago*; f U» ;^r " « 'of'/j'fj'''''''""™ «»'HOveral 
 
 s^ ,3 
 
 f. ^ ^sjjimsjs s| 
 
 ■B? 
 
310 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 pisses are about 25 per ceut. herbs, and in conscqen.e ofSvi ■ , 
 my will always brm- one-lbnrtli more in tho markets th'n r '" ^'"^ 
 the lowlands. . ''"' " «i'o\vii i„ 
 
 To continue with tho stable Ireatment, it is correct to stUn fi 
 (•atte are thoroushly curried and rubbed once and often hvi/''^^^'"' 
 (lie troub e and imm lipino- fnlKr vm.owi i.,r +i,„ > , ^" ."^^"^t" n Cn 
 
 ,, V >..ic.,., ,nv .vvi»<, wi.> iiiiu t;iean,ine custom 
 
 the cows each day, with an armful of either fresh straw „p i,. , ""' 
 which also adds largely to the stable-dunij sunplv TI. .fi\ '""''• 
 usually cleaned twice a day. The manure is either packed ,m " ""' 
 ricks some distance from the barn or shoveled into sills ,' '"''''' 
 cially or the purpose, just outside the stalls, and is eitlu-nM' ''•''' 
 
 tlie he Ids with either cows or oxen and thorou-lly distill n,''" '" 
 ground, the cost and labor of which is more than d I - !e^ i 
 soil producHio- two or three times tho quantity, and -i i m- , '^' "''■ 
 
 Uy, oihay than the ordinary dry-inan u'iuff oVStl ufs^^^^^^^^ ^^^tt.vqn.l 
 
 CATTLK GIIAZING ON THK ALPS. 
 
 0)1 the Ion 
 
 cow 
 
 ^)i the loic Alps.— With the spring begins <litferent fr..Mf„ . 
 s and tine bree.ling animali gc;;;eraliy rv!^^^^^t^^^^l 
 
 not often. " - ""^ -^M'nisiiss,^' lint 
 
 Oh the hUjh A IpN.—Tlm " .Maisiiss " runs liom the mi,l,ll,> nv ,.„ i <■ ,r 
 nutil the mhldle or latter part of June, when an he ove t h ' >!^^^^^ 
 iis it will not do to imperil tlie hav cVod which i^ .1. ^'"^ '\P'aco. 
 th<;se lands. J5y ihe e^id of June ?1, e t ' a e ^.,' t^,Z'r 
 - llochalpe," where they remain until Ociohi'v ' ' '"^'' '^'l'^' 
 
 in this part of Switzerland the Alps consist of il.n.,. ■^ r 
 tab e-lands, the highest of whic;. can only be^a/ed 'ibi r th' '""' ^ 
 n. ihe middle of summer. At this station op. s:,!^..^ T^'' 
 put up to protect the cattle from su.iden s ,w si r mV I"'^'""'' 
 
 which often occur. On the s.^con,! sta i a m V i ,sh^ '?"' 
 
 IS built and is not only use.l as stables b t as ■ miTi m '^''!'?"'''' 
 
 The alp is usually ow-iuxl by ^icZunu^^^^^^ 
 cows an. taken on pasturage at so much lor the^S, (j imt's S" 
 ... which cas.. the cows or heifers are sent .lirectlv t, t u '' lo |!, i^" 
 I.. May or June, when.lhey remain until the end of () td.er in , 
 
 obnuned in the Alps. Ti. reH^ilts" a.: ";;;;' i^d^ihVlnivii wiS 
 calves tuned to come, if possible, in February or MaVch ; greeu S 
 
SWITZEL LAND, 
 
 311 
 
 iiiciulyspriiis-sbirtstho milk secretion; later on when Hw> o- ,wi ^«- ^ 
 „tthis an. OM the wane, the milk i>rodu( tion [4 fs a resh^ imnh,f/^*' 
 „. nutritioHS grasses on the "mLuss." Fn^^ out^^tZ^ 
 ,,|„aoc olheh..e«hortp;assan,l aromatic lierbs ,.C the -Hochalno" 
 ,vlieic the milk IS ridiest in fhivor and contains the inn«f .TTm ' ' 
 ,.s<loli,hl inl sweetness.and iiavor is nnaSnZ, b 'a^^rot e rVS:; 
 i„ tlio u..rl<l, ;md tins ,s imparted to the butter and "cheese wii f 
 nlKMi wtMl iiiivde, are m the In-hest state of perfection ' 
 
 K slioiild h(^ understood, liowever th-it liicrii nir.;,,!^ . 
 ,.n.a.iy ibHowed. by the 'hu-,er IH^iits ot^.;Si^ S.^S^^l^;. -{ 
 ,ouvsare kept, for in snch cases the herd is stabled and grazed in t lie 
 ,,,lk.ys in the neighborhood of the towns and villages whSoth "milk 
 
 "ti,c l.i.^I. Alps are grazed by herds of young cattleand cows owned 
 bvdie iH'asants, which are picked up by ones and twos nil nv..^fi 
 ,„i,i,borhood of the alp. The herd,\vllen made up to to number 
 diicli the alp IS by law registered to graze for the se ism. i« .1^ ," 
 ,0 the '■ Alplnitte," " Sennhiitte," or chal6t whe e ' he c^w o^' n/lVei; 
 ;„Ml Kiv.Mi a little salt and bran boiled in whey witl rSohnv > 
 wind, they are allowed to rest a few hours i.^hfstible " Tl e'v ar^ 
 llii'ii taken out to the pastures, where they remain imHi fi.<w.,/' ■ 
 
 », '"■'■■;,•"- '"r" '!' ".'■ " I «tte.; to bB^nSS'a ;: ' , '"„ra'.";i^; ■ 
 
 (liircliyalteiwards. On yery hot days they are keot in tho «f .m 
 ,hnin,u ll.e hottest part of the day, also in col, rainy 'we her he^^^^^^^^ 
 stabled, especially if there is no woods on the alii. ''"-'"''^'^ ^*'*'> '^'^ 
 
 DAIRYING ON THE HIGH ALPS. 
 
 The "Sei.nliiitt(>" is usually intended for summer oceui.aney It i«, 
 ;, loi,j( lou- and rudely constructed sIuhI, mainly built out of rou'dv 
 hewn p.i,.-l..gs with one end mortised into the rocks of the mou Pt „, 
 si.ie a.Hl t lie others laid across each other, and fastened toget^^u" 1 
 l,)ii- beeeli .vood nails. Ihe solid roof coy(u-ing consists of heavv bn . .,. 
 OfLUeeti-: diamoier, with boar.ls 1 inU, th'^^k, Ji> ,ci os wid '^'^^S 
 abo taieet long laul on top. The.c are fastened dlnv by h^vi' i 
 s.;\vial long poles stretched across them and w ji/hted down with .In'; 
 01 heavy s.oius weighing from r.O to .00 ..undsto k,.. tl e o Iwnn 
 hem, blown oil. The site selected for th. stables n.uit haye e 1 r 
 l-leiify ..1 lies, running water, necessary '..r the cattle and import "n 
 111 Ihe care ol (lie milk and butter. At on j of th 'se sfitionsm, ! ? i 1 
 Al,i,s the milk and butter retain the weetn.-s for we " s ,v^^^^ 
 least taint. The " Sennhiitte " is readenc. eosv shed mil .1 ^ '": 
 
 bimer and el.eese manulactory al! to^"! er ^^ Ji tuso''b;.H'^' 
 fl elujese.lepartmenf^isgeneraliy in Jl.o room. The ;• ^ ^^ "^^ 
 he nilk.ng is ,lone, adjoins and is connecte.l .y a do,,r wit th^ i 
 hilt .T, and cheese room, and the room oce.n.ied h^ th,., ten le vs ,, f t ,.' 
 enl. 1 he servuvs ot tw,) p,M)ple are gviu-rnlly req' ire,i t, a tend > 
 'lairy propc-rly, ami are usually a man an,l womai ; lh,.y auM- 1,, 
 "seiiM aii,l - sennerin. ' The cows are mill-,.,l Avi . . . <'i"<<l the 
 
 i™;-' "i™h, .niiki,,,- i,s w,.i„„,i .;.,V "a™!' :;,:'' ;,^,-,;;";„,;« 
 
 "I 1 i.'n.i. »'|w.-,ilviy, anil al. II,,- ,.,„| „r i|„. „,,.,»„„ ,, I,, . ,,','"'' 
 I >l »i">»i»K: <'xa,:U,v wlial l,u» 1, , i|„. ,, ■, 1 , uf i ,, i v' '" 
 
 ™.,lo«al a,„l c..„.,al «,»■,.„„„„,„ pr,:;! , , ' b '/../XVi '^ i'l';!,'' ,"'' 
 provemcnt of alpiculture. ^'»« ouereu i,u tijo im- 
 
312 
 
 iiii. 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 PURTTV OF ST. GALLK HULK. 
 
 "ro ; but Swiss ^tatlsiij^i;!\^y^;^^%;^^ «rm« of n.au„£ 
 at, any approximate u.nonnt of either tho'lfrou.Vi "'^""^ ^«'»rive 
 a rn far.nens and dairymen l)rSS J/sSl tl^Sl .? "u'"'"'*^^'^ A 
 on tl.e {jronnds ; it seems to l.em tl at t ere i«"l'' . ^i*. "•'^tunU stato 
 
 on tl.o {jronnds ; it seems to l.em that t ere is mo, o ,. ' ''''*!""^' '^^ato 
 by converting it into cheese and biUter S.c^JXn "ZTJ" '' ^''■^>' 
 '0 neighborhood of towns and .r^T .?';,!Il^:^^''".':<^. isfor 
 
 those in thenei^vhbo^iio;;,^ ^^'"t^^raua'l^ST:^^^'"' 
 cl.rectly to the eon.nn.er at so much I>oi quaJtX 4 centT' "" 
 
 miliv 
 
 Chemical nnalmit of milk at SI. dalle. 
 IFitrni tho cantonal c.lioniical laboratory.) 
 
 Dry siibstiineo , 
 
 C'jisoino and filhnnuin.!.., " ....." 
 
 Milk-Hiigiir 
 
 Milk-salt .-.!!!...!... ■-....." 
 
 The h)cal hiws))rotect tiie rmritvof the mill- on,i n i • 
 
 man tletected in falsiiyinff milk or st^llino J ,' -u^^ ^^'-^'ryman or 
 is liable to both lino andlmpHsonm"^^ Mv.m-u„lk for unskinnno.l 
 
 'T crat. 
 
 vi:, 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.r. 
 
 .7") 
 
 milk, 
 millv 
 
 MILIv-CTIRE ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 There is a dairy in tlie "^nhmhc r,f w*- /^ n 
 I'othins but d,y^ood th^ve" n.und' Tho^i^ r?.^''^^^"^« ^^^''^"'"n 
 ndan s and a.^a-d people, is tlelivere by th^Hi vm'^.rr'"''"'''*^'''^^'^'' 
 i cents i.er qiu.rt, and is chiimed to b of In, ; '^ ' *'"'" ^^''Sons at 
 tance. TImmv are also scn-^'a 'l„^u",nMn^ ^ ' t''^' "'" «'!>'i^ary1,„por 
 l.shments-intl.enei.i,dd,orI.OKl,,?S j"^^^^^^^^^ 
 yoa^s, and where people are treat.^-^;?^;.;^!;;:';fe- 
 
 KXPORTS f)7.' SAVISS CONDENSED MILK. 
 
 From tlie most reliable sonn-o I ...i,. r,„ i •,. 
 
 isr.'i ... 
 iw?(> ... 
 
 1H77 . . . 
 IfirH ... 
 1H7!) . . 
 IHHO . . . 
 18SI ... 
 
 ■l,'J(ll,Tr.(l 
 •'■>, (11(1,1(1(1 
 ."i, .11111,1(1(1 
 li,ll!l, 7(1,1 
 7,H|:!,H)(I 
 !l, '■!•£), ;i(KI 
 II, .'III, 4(0 
 
 )i,(yi,riuo 
 
 CONDENSED-MILK MANIIPACTURE IN SWITZERLAND 
 
 i.nn:,l;,:o;;;::;/;::;::^;;;L;:"'t;--'i"l-!->..i-« <•, u, „„ „,.. 
 
SWITZERLAND. 3I3 
 
 The greatest possible caro is taken to use iioue but good, clear pure 
 uiilk, i)ro<]uce<l Iroin l.ealtLy cows if possible, pastured ou'biS or uu 
 .luiamif,' well-drained ground, witb plenty of cleir, sweet, running water 
 and every (juart ot in.lk is tested before it is put into the bo er ' 
 
 These liictones ren the ludk products of a certain number of cows 
 tbojeartlirongh, and require the milk to bo delivered %ttLr..o?Zl 
 twice adi..y,wl.ero it is ])aid for by weight at from 2^ to 3 cents amiart 
 tjie liifrliost ])rico being paid in tho winter season. ' ' 
 
 The most scrupulous cleanliness is observed in every detail In tl.A 
 first i.IiUH, the peasant, in nnlking his cow, is requested to take p rt c 
 „lar paiiiH in having the cow's udder and teats clean, and to see tl at no 
 filth drops HI the milk, and the milking utensils are perfect^rcleansed 
 after each nnlking. ^ ^"j v.ii,.uiHeu 
 
 Wliei. the milk is brought to the factory it is strained through a double 
 |,a.r-8ieve from the sea es into a large tin or zinc tank, frSm whence 
 omy detail ot manipulation is guarded by cleanliness; for it is an oh- 
 tablished fact that not only tho cows should be fed on good sound 
 hoMltliy i..od, with kind, gwitlo treatment, but that unless the bnildii- 
 ,s we ventilated, plenty of pure running water, and an entire absence 
 ot III! taints iiiid iermen ts, the process of condensing milk which will 
 ke)) will prove a sure failure. "^ ' ^^"' 
 
 The Hv;isH Milk Company of Gossan has the reputation of being one 
 ot ho best (without sngar) condensing factories in Europe, as their 
 nidk has been tested in hospitals, in armies on the march 0, the sea 
 for weeks at a time, and in the hot climes of India, and has proved itself 
 in every mstaiuu* perfectly condensed, ,)ure millc. The milk is packed 
 ami sold in ])ni , and quart bottles, with tho American j.atent wire cork- 
 Hiffs Zmc and tin cans, holding from li to If, gallons, are also beiiur 
 iise( now; (ao advantage, ir is claimed, is in tho saving of tlie cost of 
 Imttle, the cost oi packing, and weight. 
 
 The following analysis of the pure milk was made by Dr. Uehner of 
 Loudon: " ' 
 
 y . Tor cent. 
 
 Millisiisar .......!...!.'!.'."."!.'!.'."."." ,'?•"'•'' 
 
 Alluimcii ]'-''l> 
 
 A.sIi8!iUk J'f^" 
 
 1.8.> 
 
 This milk is sold by wholesale at 2 francs per quart, and is considered 
 ,0 I.e«iniMng o a most lormidable rival to the famous Angelo Swiss 
 Condeiising Milk Company at Cham, where sugar is largelv used and 
 which iiicrcascs th(» (!ost and makes the milk no belter * 
 
 This (;ossaii c(,mpany has only been established a little over one ve-ir 
 an. he shares are at a premium of 20 to ."M) per cent., which goes to show 
 that thcK^ must be hiir returns for the money invested in it. 
 
 CONDKNHKl) MfLlC FACTOUIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Theroii(l.Mis(Ml milk is so easily jiortable, the natural facilities are so 
 ;;ieat,tlie necessity in the iH'ar future for an nutlet to our (hhv,)?^^^^ 
 nets so iinpi.rtant, that itse.-ms tome the country «ore.rcc//«r (or th^^ 
 ""."""'H^tun, ot condensed milk should be the IJniS £ ? EVer^^ 
 
 mi^Ms n, ,,nr lav.,r_,:,,nntry, h,cati.,n, climate, natural Sties, H^^^^^ 
 Kiass.clieiipcows, inventive L'enins. nutiv,. n....i tier ..,.-! "llVi'- 
 
 iiications necessary to a l^i mi.lable <.,mpeti^; ■ '1 'll^'liii:^';^; , 
 
 ake as g,,o<| comlenscl unsweetened milk as is n.ade n Szeil n 
 
 .t IS almost absolutely certain that wo eau supply Grea Sin her 
 
 f' 
 
 'f 
 
 
 ^^^^W'SBBEL' 
 

 314 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 rolSSL!''" '''•''"' ^""™"" «'"'"• -"' «"■«.'"•■«,„,■„„,„ 
 
 BUTTEU-MAKINU IN KWITZKBLAND. 
 
 Tlu! f?ro\vii Sclnv.vtzer cow is ijeculiarlv adapted tn !,„*♦ 
 
 ^luiiuff 40 per cent, of butter slu')»ia^3 about 4(So(m "','"; '•"" 
 Every ono knows that when milk is left to stpud K u m"''^''''''^- 
 
 milk" beneath. The largest ^ ,^ KK S^^'''"^"''^''^'<i'''• 
 crea^,) to weij^h about mmm; -..g ^s^''&'^£l"'^^*^'' ''" 
 •hmu^^ lighter than milk, naturuuy seek the v isitjon ^S ■'> '' ''^'^ 
 special gravity entitles. The larger globules r^Iw ",'''' ^•^f"'' 
 first tiK, niedium ones next, an.l so^o^i.^ The averal r^^ ^''"1 
 
 about 1.030. The dillerence between this an iSfeifrh^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 lo the sur/aee under a slow prcc-ss ; the very stnil -1. h. « *" '''''*"' 
 to the surface. In difierent breeds of S,\viSiif e in'r?""''' 
 and treatment, the quantity and size of the Klesv^rv '"*''"''' 
 Ir v-s.ting the Centrifugal Buttei Factory -it WvI.'m '^ ^ *■''>' """'li- 
 triot 1 saw ,nilk being t;3sted in a ghl^Sii;^ ab^nt VZ^iHT!'''' '''■ 
 4 inches m dmmeter; after twenty'fouv hours' stnli.oli ' '""- '^'"1 
 l'«'ar(Ml to have risen i)erfectly, le'ivi.i Tc e ir ■ n 7 " "■'^"" "■'• 
 "''ilK^^but on an examination oh he '"ski n-m^^^^^ 
 nl<vs still in it, of the size upwards of J' of in , n 1 '*1'""' «''''' 
 uv^n wonderfjd richness of the milk cirtiu 1 row, 4'^^^.m^^^^^^^^^ ■^''""■• 
 
 As a rule, the Swiss dairymen hold to the oh svs.n " ,■!•*''• 
 shallow as the best a,.d quickest mode (>f gcV/ g "l /e^^^ 
 sol generally used is made of wood, and it fro f 10 o ., ;. i ^''•' '''■^■ 
 cu,n..ence at the top and S to 10 Inches at the t^^;!; ':^;:^:;;;;;;;; 
 
 |.mt th^..n be kept clea.?. anjlj^- .f^--;!-;::;;,-^^^^^ 
 The milk under ordinary circumstances stiinds from twontv f . 
 
 <;liiini generally used throughout the eountrv is tl, ,v.r, i J ' , ^'"' 
 
 ;'| i-n .m ,„ ,0 n.v„ln.i„„, por m'h.uto, ,ur, ,,1 ,1 o , ,;^ ' ' ""r 
 .1 lor n„n..» Ml tuvrjt.v or tliirfy inhini™. TlNM^Imrmrsluml Lf 
 
 the «.eve should be emptied back and the churn Ulled abCt half fuU of 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 316 
 
 pine water, when jiltor ii i'o.w revolntioiiM ol* tlic, eliuni (ho water and 
 Imttei'iiiilli slionI(l ii^ram be, drawn otY, iiinl this process (ioutiimed throo 
 or ioiir tiincM until tlic Vvater comes out of tho clmrii as clear as when it 
 ,viis i)iit ill. This process of washing' mid cleansing not only takes out 
 die biittoriiiillc entirely, hut consolidates tho butter, so that very littlo 
 w.n-k'Wri in necessary to make it i)ack i)roperly. 
 
 The l)iitteris made up into small rolls of onoponnd an* 1 one-half pound 
 ciicli, iiiid is Jold to dealers at irom IM) to .15 cents ])er ixiund, and to the 
 (•oiismnoi' !it about 45 cents i)er pound. 
 
 Musi (if the Swiss butter is uiado from sweet cream, and salt is never 
 mixed with it unless specially so ordered. 
 
 SWISS IMPORTS AND EXPOUTS OF BUTTKU. 
 
 The following- table will Rive iin idea of the approximatii amount ol 
 butter (inchidin.u' other fats) imi)oited into and exported from 
 liiiul dining' the live years oi' 1S7S to 1,S82, inclusive: 
 
 Switzer- 
 
 Yi'ars. 
 
 1878. 
 IHTO., 
 1880.. 
 It.tl.. 
 
 imj.. 
 
 Im)ii)r(H. 
 
 5,:) 11. 700 
 .\8-'l,7»(l 
 
 r>, ii'iL', con 
 
 £:iportH. 
 
 •H.'i, Too 
 111,71111 
 
 r.wi, 1(1(1 
 
 KIKi, 4(1(1 
 U7J, OOU 
 
 Tbe Swiss butter when properly made is of a deep yellow color, Duo 
 nutty llavor, and delicate sweet taste. Tiio home d'emand is about 
 ('(liiiil to the supply, and if any diflerence, hardly suliicient. 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL BUTTEU-MAKING IN SWITZEULAND. 
 
 TIio new .system of making butter by means of centrifugal force is 
 heuis introduced at Wyl, in my consular district. Tho (Uscovery is 
 Ccniiui!, and was lirst introduced at tho Inteniiitional J)airy Show at 
 Ihunburg, in 1877. 
 
 The complete separation of the cream from tho milk ;is taken fresh 
 from tlie cows occupies about o5 minutes. Tho Centrifugal Butter 
 Co:iip:iiiy of Wyl claim that they can not only makt; better a'lid cleaner 
 hatter by centrifugal force, but that they can make 15 percent, more 
 butter from the .same amount of milk than tho ohl mode of settiii"- the 
 milk iiiid churning in the usual way. This butter is .sohl in tho market 
 at St. Gall, and gives general satisfaction. 
 
 , . ' aa 
 
 CIIEKSEMAKING IN SWITZEULAND. 
 
 Choe.se-making in Switzerland is a very old industry, biitonlvduriiifT 
 tins century has it developed .so as to tnke a position' of importance ill 
 tiie world's market.s. <)n the high mountains.dnringthe.-ummer.sea.sons 
 coii.sideiable attention has been paid to the maiiiif.ictory of cheese by 
 th(' peasants for many year.^ but not until about l.S;5(> we're a.s.sociations 
 foniied for this jjurpo.se. From that period, then, one mightsav, Switz- 
 eiland dates as a cheese-making countvy. 
 
 The bcsl known kinds of <'iie'e.>(^ inach' in this (•ouiitrv are as follows- 
 Liiiineiitlialer, (Jrnyeiv, Spalen, Saaiien, Fromaggio 'della paglia (in 
 tho Valmagia Tessino), Urser.'n, Hellelay, Vachorin, Schabzioger, Bat- 
 
Itli hi 
 
 316 
 
 tohus 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 isitt. Jho most important of these cheeaos is considereJ t)u. r 
 iiieiithaler, which is {reumilly made of whole milk (Fettkii«n\ Vi . "• 
 milk whicii has not been skimmed. These are of the larlll^-^'^ 
 cheese made in Switzerland, and weigh from 75 to 125 i)nm,,i '"^f 
 diameter is from 3 to 4^ feet. In some of the very largo factcaZv/ "'" 
 IS made in tiic morning and in the evening from fresh n^\l rT 
 usual custom, however, is to make bnt once a day, in the mor L ',' 
 ior this purpose the evening's milk which has been sot is skim . « i^' '!!"' 
 n!<?rning and poured into the large kettles. To this cream is Z , H. ' 
 added the Iresh morning milk, and the whole heated un to • im .. n^' 
 to 1120 F., daring which time it is well stirred until im,„o; " -j"'! 
 cream can bo seen on the surface. At the highest ten.ner. ,' n"^ 
 evening skim-milk should be added and the heating stonno.l of f V''' 
 peraturo of 80° to 98°. "i^l'ptd at a tem. 
 
 The rennet used is sometimes milk-vinegar, and sometimo« «; 
 calve's stomachs, steeped for twenty-four hours in whev, wljol t?°' 
 oughly mixed with the milk. In thirty-flvo or ibrty minutLs t lo .iV T 
 
 1 nckamlis<,oaplated,wl..enitiscutupinto8qua4witl a™^^^^^^ 
 after which a shallow wooden bowl with a handle is used t^W '' 
 curd evenly into pieces about the size of small apples. At ti. .«' ^ '^ 
 curd-breaker is used to break the curd into small pieces •iho.f ti ^. '^ 
 
 peas when the breaking is stopped ami the curd allowed to IW 
 en or 1.1 een minutes, ai'ter which a lire is again started u,,, er tl n IpT 
 
 lies and the whole stirred until atempcrature of about 140o k rol ' 
 when the kettle is taken Jrom the lire and the stirring con tinutvlnSi 
 
 1 he cunl IS ripo. The mode of testing ditters among the cWmil 
 bomc squeeze between their fingers and others bite the (-un w ?" 
 be i.roperly " ripened" should ho, stirred from an hour to an I'.onr ,1 1 * 
 •luarter, and a minnt<i or two before the stirring ceases it s L' ii ' 
 stirredsorapidlythatawort(.ffuniH'ltothebottoinofthola'ttI>iS > 
 which makes the curd settle more (compactly and be more eailv 'l?n 
 out with a cloth. The cake is formed by thccurd being placed ^Sn 
 incased with a hoop the width it is desired that tt.i eheesMo f ' 
 depth. "^»'-5»' uMia\o 
 
 Sometimes regular cheese presses somewhat like the American .mw. 
 IS used, and sometimes a weight or derrick ])ress : about 1 7 or IS J ,, a 
 ot pressure to 1 pouml of (ilieese for twenty-lbur hours is {•.ni>lovo. w ! 
 the cheese is taken out and put in the cemented cellar to euro illtl 
 the process of curing the cheese is nibbed daily with salt for tu- , !S 
 three weeks, when the (diees«, is taken from the cellar to the (-Iuh'so r m 
 above ground, when; the salt rubbing is resumed every otlierd'-iv < r 
 lew months, when the salting is less frequent. For larm. cheWof f ■, 
 year and sometimes a longer period Is required before it, is riiu. or n m 
 lie used. From 4.] to 5A i)er <!ent. of salt is re(|iiired ' '^ 
 
 (Jood Emmenthaler cheese, when ripe, should be acompacl mass witi, 
 out cracks, but when teste<l on the inside should conlaii. lonn.Vsinl 
 10 es about the size of peas, which must contain a little. li(|iii,I T l . 
 holes should be evenly distributed all through tli<', ciieese. Tlie,h.'.s. 
 ought to melt on the tongue without leaving any small cniinbs ml 
 have an agreeable, sweet taste. " ' 
 
 Mmfcrhiisr, or skim-milk (rheese, is g.'iierally made in tl,„ winter wlicn 
 little mi k IS iit disposal, and the pio(!ess is similar to the KiniiieMllnlcr 
 except the milk is mIci mined and iiHtre. rapidly cooked wiMi.mt tiic iinf' 
 ler sohslaiicc, wiiicli malies It harder and tougher. 
 
 Oruycie cheese is also mad<^ very lik(^ the Emmenthaler cvcoot tbe 
 reuuet is added at a lower t(^mporaturo, say 86° P. 
 
 or boxes, the 
 
SWITZEULAND. 
 
 317 
 
 mtebmtlt dieeso is mauc t-iitirely for lioiiic consimiiilion, us it will 
 ,i„t boar tra sport. It is iiuulo from liesh milk directlv coaL^ulatod 
 ffith rennet .iiid boiled for iorty livo or llfty miimtos, stiired Ibr oiu,. 
 i,,iiirter of lui hour un«l then Imnfr up in ji cloth for Iho whey to drii. oir 
 when it is put into wooden bowls and salted daily until consumed ' 
 Vachcrin cheese is a kind of cream ehcose, j:!;d is only made iii fh.' 
 winter, but as a smeary cheese is considerably used and is very palat- 
 able. 
 
 iiaanen is a skim-milk cheese and is so hard that it i.s easily urated • 
 it is used ninch in soups throughout Switzerland; it is made in cakes 
 ofl5to2i5 pounds. 
 
 Urseren cheese is made mostly in the canton TJri : the cakes wei"h 
 I'roiii .W to 00 pounds. It is also made of skim-milk. * 
 
 muhzicf/cr, or Krauter cAem'.— This is a very important manufacture 
 ill Ibis iind the southern i)arts of Switzerland; the number of nounds 
 iiiiule yearly is said to bo several millions. 
 Tlie proeess of making is as follows : 
 
 The milk is thoroughly skimmed after sitting as long as possible 
 wlieii it is poured into a kettle and heated up to a boiling point iiul 
 about 20 per cent, of cold fresh buttermilk is added ; after which the 
 lieatin^' is continued, but not at such high jtressuro as before, and sour 
 wlicy is added and the kettle is taken Irom the lire. 
 
 Alter it has coagulated, the curd is put in large, strong liemp sacks 
 or boxes, the bottom of which is perforated with holes, and pressed 
 with larpo stone weights or beam pressure. 
 
 Tlie ziajcr then undergoes a kind of fermentation at about 02° V 
 
 which lasts a month and a half or two months. If the temperature is 
 
 too high {\\Qzicgerm apt to bo readily decomposed, while if the tein 
 
 licratiirc is too low it will get blue and tough. When the zicqcr liis 
 
 been put through a proper fermentation, it is put in a special niill and 
 
 thoroughly ground, during which process 5 per cent, of salt and '»i i)cr 
 
 cent, of dried Mcli-lotus cccruka, Lam., is added. This clover gives the 
 
 cheese its bluish color and peculiar taste. The next process is to st-iun) 
 
 the curd into small wooden forms, lined with cloth, which are about 5 
 
 or inches high and 3 or 4 in diameter. The cheese "cures" for about 
 
 one year, but is frequently used after being kept in cool, dry rooms 
 
 lor six months. The small forms are emptied bv scraping with a knife 
 
 When the cheese is to bo eaten it is lirst grated to a line powder and 
 
 cither used alone on bread or mixed with butter. Skim-milk chee'se is 
 
 sold in the markets here at G cents, and the cream cheese at about "0 
 
 cents per pound. Cheese factories are supplied with milk in a similar 
 
 uiauuer to the condensed-milk companies, and pay about the same prices 
 
 From good, rich mdk 8 to il per cent. <.f cream cheese can bo reckoned" 
 
 to the weight ot the milk. The whey of milk is still boiled down into 
 
 supar in this part of Switzerland. 
 
 The whey is boiled until only a brown sirup remains in the kettle 
 which Ks poured in Jiat wooden dishes and left to stand for twentv-four 
 hours, when it becomes like crystallized yellowish sand. This is washed 
 in cold water and sold for medicinal purposes. 
 
 EXPOKTS OP SWISS CHEESE. 
 
 The amount of cheej^o exported from Switzerland during the last ten 
 years is estimated as follows: ** 
 
 1854 • KilosraiiiH. 
 
 J6G0 !!!''!.!""! r>,:j5(i, loO 
 
 ' 7,3.«»,45y 
 
 I s 
 
I' I 
 ' 1 t 
 
 318 
 
 ih(h; 
 
 hiji 
 
 1H77 
 
 1H?H 
 
 1S7!» , 
 
 im) 
 
 IH81 
 
 imi 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIUY FAKMINO. 
 
 Kilojrat 
 l'-'.r.r)(i,;i 
 
 '■'. W.I, 1111(1 
 
 ''."ir,4(io 
 
 -'.'iH.'JdO 
 
 ^; I."-'.', ■/()() 
 
 -i.OlT,, 7(1,1 
 
 ould 
 
 lis 
 01' 
 
 lo every co.HU'iKsed-inilk factory, bnttor juul clu'cso liiof,„.v T'' 
 u..sfo at soMKnaotones 1 have, vi«itea i.s sold at 1 <-ouU,no JiAiua.'t';;; 
 
 I'EKCICNTAaK OF CATTLE UIIKKDS IN SWITZERLANB. 
 ^_^l^.e total nu,nl,er of cattle iu Switzerland i. reckono<l at Uoo,ooo 
 
 «chwy .^ stands at al.out .5 per cent? ^X^X^uX^llZ 
 ^^^|iM.o total n.uuber of n.ilch cows is estinwted to be about .VA41..7 
 Htlies(> cows avera^'ed 10 quarts ner dav tlw> iiiiK- ,1. 
 
 IIIC 
 
 Kood 
 ■(iwitli in. 
 
 SWISS CATTLE IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 rroni the general observations made diiri mv r.wi.i,.,., • ^. 
 
 land, 1 an. e(»nvinced tbat the iJrow Sch v ^e >l. .1 v ,^^ "' bw.tzer. 
 »Kil (o import to the United States and ^^^l. d,V .. • ''''''''''''''"'" 
 handlin- there than here. ' * *'" ''''^'■'' ^'''^'' l"«l"'r 
 
 of septembe,^ i^t.., iv:,;l.^iJ!;Ll^r'ci;;^;;- ^ ,s^, ho^^^^^^^ 
 
 pmctic-.l mail 1.. bm-,lin.,^ I.l<.o.lr,Lai nah ,,, f , li « << i.M'. Ahlridnnnst h, a 
 
 working. ,,„aiitiL. w VVo «.?n rkc l^ v '^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ "" "' "^' "'■*-''' '•""'- -'"'■. "'hI 
 
 anarai«in«.l.osoiM,rcSK"tfun,Kis S'^~ 
 
 ( liat, fn.i.i this H lioa.l imnortcd iii iSl r/nm . i . "' 'r""" ^ ''"" ""'"•"'"' 
 
 ma, a,„..i.,'A>-, a,:., .hat tu^^uiijy':; jiiri^t'S^rs:. "'"w" tTB;'! 
 
 (Imf tl"'y '"■" '"<" 
 
 ,„„„„;; (heir liatn 
 
 Mill; trials ol t 
 
 tityliiiMiicAi'il"'*' 
 
 BIK'lTMsiVIl (lil.V.S 1! 
 
 Sinn' tin- li-st 
 I'liitcd Stnt<>s liii.' 
 
 ]8*>: '.I lirilcrs i 
 Messrs. Scutt iV 1 
 
 IHSI: H* lii'ifei'N 
 
 IHKl, July •-.'<) : r 
 i;„„ Tlioi^li, New ^ 
 
 iHs:!, All^'llMt .) : 
 
 1,1,11 (riKllt IllDlltll 
 
 t'di' iiMiKirditioi: 
 
 tiKMiiiiiintiiiiis, iii 
 
 siMiMi'i' lliini till- i>l 
 
 |ii('i'iisi<l''''''iH,t 
 
 (|l(!C(MIIIMiltci' nf 
 
 "Tliis lifiil of I 
 Aldiieli, 1111(1 pn'.sc 
 .Jersey < 1 1' (illcniMC, 
 
 Asiiiiipl'' "''''"'' 
 
 Willi tllilt (if till' ( 
 
 r.'s|peeti'i[iiiil to tl 
 At 11 lint tcr .show i 
 rrmii llieliniwn Sj 
 ceiveiltlii' i)i'i;'.»'. 
 elleet mi tlic SwJHS 
 anil lieil'crs wi-iiili 
 Mv. i:i<ln'«i',lli(' 
 ((iCiiioiii'l liiii'^i a 
 il is |irom>niiri'(l li; 
 (if ;iiiy otlitT know 
 
 The best roin 
 locality via Ant 
 lUtt'iitid", is: 11 
 
 The piii'cliiisi 
 iiiL'iitk'il, as the 
 imieli better. 
 
 Unitku Sta^ 
 
 A iiulk-book 
 IDxiiluiiat 
 
 Xiiine 1)1 till) co\ 
 
 IJrlino 
 
 iwiiii :... 
 
 Diiiliflli 
 
 Wollli 
 
 I'orlii'r 
 
 iiir.sriili 
 
 liristlinpl' 
 
 Kliipp 
 
 •The cow 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 319 
 
 (liaf thcv iiri' («|iiall,v as lieiilthy, Kivo iiKiro iiiilk, innl liccoino lariror in statiire tliuii 
 
 ,|lll„„;r|||cirIl!ltiVll IIKHIIltlUnH, 
 
 ■ Milk triiiN of thcMc uniiiial.s liavo Ixusii niailo in tjio United StatcH wLlch lor iinan- 
 lilvliaMiiiviTli('<'ii<'(inalf(l in tln.scMHintr.v. A cow known aMOciiim'na L'avo in ievcn 
 sik'itmmvh (lavs I'.Mi (inarls, wcij;lnnK 'Hr) ponnds.or nvvriiniun "M .|nartn daily 
 
 Since tlic li-Ht Hliipuii-nt, in IWilMlio export of tlii^ ISrown Seiiwyt/.er \m-'t;[ to tlie 
 I'lijtt'd Stiitcs liiis licen iilioiit as CoIIown : 
 
 ]g*): !i hrileis (two jears old) and I bull (two and oiie-iialC years old) Nliiiined lo 
 Jli'ssrH. Scott it Harris, Massaeliiisotts. ' ' ' 
 
 IHH;!: K* liciit'rs, saino lirni. 
 
 IHKI, July '-.'O : r. JK^ifers (two years old) and 1 hull (liftcon n(ontliH) sliliincd to Will- 
 i;i,n TlKX'li, New York. 
 
 lHs:i, August .") : I tliie(v.year-old eow, 10 lieifeis (ono and one-half years old) and I 
 1,1,11 (ciKht iinMitliM old) shipped to Messrs. Uiih-r iV. Eldre;;,'e, Middle Falls. 
 
 r(,riiiil>(irlati()ii (he AnieiK'ans prefer llieyonn^' eattlo that have Ix en rils.d in 
 ,1,,, iiioinitains, as tliey are hardier.stniid tlni voyiij;e Ixitter, and become lucliinated 
 siMiiiiM' lliaii the older animal. 
 
 liiceiisidci'Hi^r tlie resnltsof the importation of Hwiss ciittlo to tlici I'liitcd Stales 
 ll,(M(iiiiiMiitc(M«f theJJoston K.Nposilion in 1H7.''> reported as follows: 
 
 "TIiIh held of i:nro|)ean cattle, .vitli their oll'sprinf;, is from (he Ciiriii of \U. I> (} 
 Aldricli.aiid present an important exhibition of theins(dvos ; thcv surpass I he iKvoii 
 Jersey of (iiieriisey lor butter and milk jirodnct." ' ' 
 
 ' AHiiiiipl'' of butter fioin tliesii cows wa.s fiiriiished by Mrs. Ahlrich and cmnpared 
 Willi that (if llM^Oucrnsey cowsby Professor Motley, nnd was pronoiinced In every 
 rspectciiiial to the (iiiernsey butter, and this is rated as the best but ter in lln^ worhl 
 
 At II butter show in tlio city of New Y(Mk,MrH. Aldrieh couipoted with butter made 
 li„iii llic lirowii Schwyt/er, and, althon^jh competinj,' with the Jersey and (Ineriisey, re- 
 eeivciltli('i>"i-''' '''''iit^ th(^ American handliiiir, soil, an<l climate have a. ■'leatiuid ""'ood 
 elloct on the Swiss cattle there can be no doubt, for the mnw committee snys : '•jliills 
 anil lieil'crs wei>.;Ii at the ti'jrii of two years from I, OIK) to I, .11)0 pounds." 
 
 Ml. I';i(liv«e,lhe..;vi)tletaaii who received the l.ist shipment from Swit/erland, wrote 
 to Cdloiicl l!iiii,M as follows: "As yon know, it i,s anothi-r new breed in Americ'a, ;ind 
 it is iiionoiiiiced by all who haro seen any of them llic hcit for meat, milk, and b'niter 
 of any other known breed, and there is a laryo and growini; demand lor tin m." 
 
 The best route of shipiiiciit is via Antwerp. Tlic freijjiit from this 
 locality viii Antwerp over tlio sen, with ^ood j Pressed hiiy and iiu^al, with 
 lUit'iitioii, is: Ileifer.s, from L'Ol) to LTiO francs; cows, li'rti) to KM) irancs. 
 
 The piirciiiisc of heifers (or hulls) a .year and a half old i.s reeoiii- 
 iiiL'iided, as they are not only cheaper to send, hut stand the voyaj^e 
 much better. 
 
 EMOUY r. IJEAUCIIAMI', 
 
 Co UN III. 
 
 QiNiTKU States Con.sulatl;, 
 
 i^t. (hillc, October liO, 1883. 
 
 A milk-book of CharliH h'lilui, Ihyiirnliiiiii. Jrom JiHy, IHS'J, lo Juu<\ IS*!." 
 lExpIaimtlons: M., iiioiiiui-; K., uvciiin}; ; J liter - 1 pint; 1 liter I (inarl. 
 
 Xiiine ol tliu cow. 
 
 •July 1">. Tilly •'»>• Ann. IJ.'Aus. aO.St-pt. 15.iSopt.30. Oct. \:<. Oc 
 
 •The cows wore testcil on the 15th and the ^th of each mouth in hal/ liter*. 
 
 i.iio. 
 
 
 1 
 
 E. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 (1 
 
 » 
 
 10 
 
 M. 1 K. 
 
 i 
 12 12 
 8 1 7 
 1(1 1 10 
 1 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 ft 
 10 
 7 
 U 
 
 
 E. 
 
 8 
 10 
 7 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 7 
 !l 
 7 
 
 a 
 
 . .. . 
 
 i;. 
 
 7 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 U 
 
 .... 
 
 Jl. 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 « 1 
 
 10 1 
 
 9 1 
 
 . ,,.! 
 i 
 
 i;. 
 
 .1 
 
 » 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 E. ; M. 
 
 i:, 
 r> 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 'i:i' 
 u 
 
 * I 
 
 K. 
 
 liriiiio 
 
 iwiiii : 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 
 Daihnli 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 7 ! 
 
 8 : 
 
 1 
 
 ... 
 
 Wollli 
 
 
 
 ,% 
 
 I'orlii'i' 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 llir.sfiiU 
 
 liristhoiil' 
 
 Kliipji 
 
 ::::::.;: :;: 
 
 
 
 14 ■ 
 7 
 
 'i 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 ft 
 
 _ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 •»■ 
 
 ... 
 
 
 _ 1 
 
 
 
 
320 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 .1 milk-hook of CharUm Kuhn, Ihyortheim, .K— Ciiiitiiiii.Hl. 
 (KxiiliumtioiM! M.,inoriilii«, K..oveuliiKi » literal plntj I m„r . I ,,UHrt.J 
 
 Xitnie ut row 
 
 tSov. 13. 
 
 iVtiv. ao. 
 
 
 M. E. 
 
 1 
 
 M. 
 
 K. 
 
 ft 
 11 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 li 
 
 U I 
 
 1 
 
 llrlliio 
 
 
 " 
 
 Ilolhll 
 
 I»nll)»li 
 
 
 7 
 7 
 H 
 
 1U 
 U 
 
 .... 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 « 
 
 7 
 
 ft 
 
 r< 
 
 1) 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 
 i'i' 
 u 
 
 WollII 
 
 I'orlmr ' 
 
 lIlrMolill 
 
 Kliilill 
 
 nrlHlli.ipi' 
 
 Kliipp 
 
 *""■;_•*■ >»*"'• ""f"''- «3iJ-n. :i«.|M,,i5.|;;;;,;;; 
 
 M. 
 
 K. U. 
 
 U<). 
 
 Juii 
 
 E. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ill 
 17 
 
 r. 
 7 
 fi 
 7 
 
 17 
 Id 
 II 
 H 
 II 
 
 lu 
 
 lu 
 
 I'J 
 U 
 
 K. 
 
 M. 
 
 «■ I M. I K. 
 
 M. r. 
 
 IT 
 
 10 
 
 « I 4 
 
 7 I U 
 
 I'.' Ill 
 
 I'.' J III 
 
 Nui.it' of vow. 
 
 Ilrllim ... 
 Ilvthli .. 
 
 D.llllHJj . 
 
 W..II1I ... 
 I'lirlicr .. 
 Hlrmhll . 
 
 Kl.il 7,11 
 
 ItriHtliopr 
 Kill lip . 
 •Suliiiniirl 
 JiliiKrorll 
 
 Mur.lJ. Mnr.30. 
 
 M. 
 
 £. M. £. 
 
 1.1 I 
 ir> I 
 ' 
 
 7 ! 
 
 Apr. 13, Apr. 30, 
 
 M. I E. I M. 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 n 
 
 R 
 
 II 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 III 
 
 r.' 
 
 III 
 
 12 
 
 III 
 
 ,'l 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 :i ' 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 i:i 
 
 IS 
 
 lU 1 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 ... 
 
 .... 
 
 ■••■', 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vi 
 
 i:i 
 
 fl 
 u 
 
 1 1.-) 
 
 15 
 (I 
 7 
 
 'i 
 
 H 
 IL' 
 
 4 
 14 
 
 Mu.vlr..lM«y;i«.,;„„„,. .,,,^^^ 
 
 M. E. M. 
 
 Ill 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 1^ 
 
 1.1 
 
 II 
 
 •1 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 K 
 17 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 IJ 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 .*i 
 
 14 
 
 VJ 
 
 14 
 
 E. i M. i E. 
 
 m.|b. 
 
 10 
 
 1» I 
 
 4 ' 
 
 "I 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 iSi 
 4 
 
 H 
 
 II III ! 
 
 I 
 
 Numo ol vuw. 
 
 IlllllHl 
 
 Ilptbli 
 
 Dailmli 
 
 Wollll 
 
 rorlicr 
 
 IliiHchli 
 
 Kltifzli 
 
 ISrlsthopf 
 
 KInpp 
 
 Scblniniol 
 
 Jnngferli 
 
 NiinitH>r 
 oflrliil 
 
 llUJH. 
 
 IS 
 211 
 :» 
 
 L'4 
 111 
 17 
 111 
 18 
 IH 
 H 
 2 
 
 I T.-tiil 
 l<liiuiititv 
 j (il'mlik 
 ' ilnrln^ 
 li'ialiliivti. 
 
 Ilal/ 
 Ulcrx. 
 4r)l 
 4il!l 
 :'84 
 ;).vi 
 :iin 
 
 23'.' 
 I5U 
 3N0 
 103 
 210 
 3j 
 
 Avniiyo 
 (|iiiinlitv 
 <>l' iiiillt 
 for micli 
 iiillkiii;: 
 iliiy iliir- 
 iiij; llio 
 yi-nr. 
 
 Litem. 
 II.UI7 
 
 I2.42.'i 
 .VIII7 
 
 7.;i.->4 
 
 H.;) 
 
 any 
 
 7.H5 
 10. H 
 
 4. .')28 
 13. 125 
 
 8.7.5 
 
 Tiilnl i"aiUiiv; 
 
 iiiinilicr [ '''''!-" "'■' 
 til' inllliiii.. *'•"■"<■"»■■« 
 
 •Ih.vhiIui' 
 ill;,- lliii 
 yiMir. 
 
 Milk 
 (layn. 
 2!l() 
 
 :i«.-. 
 ;)ii.-. 
 ;iu.'> 
 
 2!H) 
 •.'.•|7 
 I.'iU 
 273 
 27:i 
 12(1 
 30 
 
 Tiilnl 
 jiMMliiri 
 iil'iiiili 
 
 IllillillllV 
 
 I'"H K 
 
 inmii(< 
 
 iinlKilii. 
 
 .yi'iH— ;)(i,-, 
 
 ill;: III,. 
 
 lIllVH. 
 
 t'lini.iii 
 
 
 ,v..a,. 
 
 Lilcn. 
 
 Litm 
 
 I»J 
 
 ■'•, iC"! 
 
 111.4 
 
 :i,Ni-, 
 
 :>. !) 
 
 •i. \m 
 
 1. .'1 
 
 ".(i.'<i 
 
 li. li 
 
 I', 111" 
 
 II. K 
 
 i,7.Vl 
 
 H.U ' 
 III. K ! 
 
 1, iirj 
 
 4. .l ' 
 
 i,:.';i(i 
 
 13. 1 i 
 
 1,575 
 
 8.7 ! 
 
 2C2 
 
 CATTI 
 
 I IjilVO Ci'lli' 
 
 circular of Jul, 
 
 Cattle census 
 
 iiiiinberofeatt 
 
 Oeuevft 
 
 Tcssiii 
 
 Vulais 
 
 Vaml 
 
 From IS'iO U 
 total of »l)8,L'91 
 iiiiiintaiiied at : 
 coiirageinoiit gi 
 
 iJrcerfs.— Tlio 
 to givn tlio perr 
 the butclior. 1 
 its brown iind e 
 
 In tbo four ci 
 fattened for tlic 
 liroiliiction. Tl 
 exportation sav 
 tioii of cows an 
 biiti'Iier from It; 
 cattlo or produc 
 
 American bnti 
 one of my prev 
 liiKl fl ready sale 
 ridiculed by tin 
 wortb renewing, 
 the clieese eaten 
 
 American pref 
 sold here in larfj 
 better coininnn it 
 aud tbo new liin 
 are likely to iiu 
 to change all tlu 
 
 RESUL 
 
 ::if- 
 
 The cattle iiiii 
 disappear as disi 
 are of uncertain 
 must be treated i 
 with their eliarat 
 sav wb lit h:\H bos 
 liave I any infori 
 into other countr 
 n. Ex. 51- 
 
SWITZERLAND. 
 
 321 
 
 K. u. 
 
 11 
 
 III 
 
 14 
 
 III 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 71 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 u 
 
 "1 
 
 
 
 'uMu ;io. 
 
 
 JU. 
 
 £. 
 
 1 lu 
 
 w 
 
 7 
 
 i^'i 
 
 12 
 
 1H 
 
 ' 4 
 1 ■■' 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 u 
 
 . 'i 
 
 :t 
 
 4 
 
 •' 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 1 M 
 
 Mi 
 
 'I 
 
 '» 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 
 1.' 
 
 lo 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 :t,iC:. 
 :i,Ni-i 
 -', i«i 
 
 I'.liSI 
 
 1.', -Ill" 
 
 l,Kl 
 
 I, 111:' 
 
 '.', !I|H 
 
 l,'.':iij 
 
 1,575 
 2C2 
 
 CATTLE IN THE CONSULAR DISTRICT OF GENEVA. 
 
 liKPORT Hr CONSUL ADAMS. 
 
 I Ijiivo collcHitcd tho following information in reply to the cattle 
 circular of July 1«, »uul tlio niemorandii iuldcd August 2.5 
 
 Cattle ccn«M#.— According to th« WwIns cattle ceuHus taken in 1870 the 
 ,„„nber of cattle in this district was 193,401, distributed as follows*: 
 
 O''"':^" 6,949 
 
 17'" 44 IttS 
 
 V"!"" Gr,,m 
 
 ^'»'"' 77.24:J 
 
 From ISfiG to 1870 there was an increase for all Switzerland from n 
 total of m,2n head to 1,035,850 head, which is supposed to ImveTen 
 miiintaiiied at the same rate since, owiiiff to the rise in values and en- 
 fourafjemont given by the local governments. 
 
 Breeds.—nm different^breeds are so intermlnglea that it is impossible 
 to give the percentage of each, or tho percentage bred for tho dairy and 
 tho butcher. Tessin alone has a distinct and uniform breed, known bv 
 its brown and even color. ' ^ 
 
 MEAT- CATTLE IMPOETS. 
 
 In tbo four cantons named, constituting this district, cattle are onlv 
 fattened for tlio butcher when they cease to serve for the dairy and re 
 production. Tho supply being unequal to the consumption, there is no 
 exportation save of choice individuals |)ure bred, but a largo imports 
 tion of cows and oxen from Baden and Austria and of beeves for the 
 biifdier from Italy. Nothing comes from tho United States whether 
 cattio or products of the dairy. ' 
 
 American butter and cheese J} iSwitzcrland—A suggestion made in 
 one of my previous reports that American butter and cheese would 
 timl a ready sale here if put upon the market at certain prices was rather 
 ridiculed by the Swiss i)re8S, but was certainly true, and perhans is 
 worth renewing, for Swiss butter is not of tho best or the cheapest and 
 tlie cliees(i eaten l)y the people is bad. ' 
 
 American preserved «jm/«.— Preserved American meats are already 
 sold here 111 large (|uantities. Live cattle an<l fresh meat must wait for 
 better coininunications with the seaboard. Tho tunuelin" of the Alns 
 aud the new lines of through trallic north and south and east and wt?st' 
 are likely to inako ot' Switzerland a great international entrepot and 
 to chauge all the conditions of the market. 
 
 RESULTS OP UUICEDING FROM IMPOUTKD CATTLE. 
 
 The cattle imported into Switzerland are never bred pim, and soon 
 disappear as distinct breeds on crossing with the native breeds These 
 are iincertaui origin and perhnps of high antiquity: at any rate 
 must be treate,! as practically indigenous. No comparison can be made 
 with their character and condition in their native countries, nor can one 
 sayjhatba. been the effect on tho breed by donieslicalion here Nor 
 ba\e I any mtorniation as to the extent and effect of their introduction 
 into otk.r|oiintr^^^ Whetli^r they would produce in the UniVed sS 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Offspring superior to the productioa here can only be known 
 
 but their superiority is ho lar^relv duo to thAAvnLn ^^^" "Pon trial 
 
 grasses that it mav be dnnl.f.. " J?^..."?.„„'^.l^.^..^.^^«,«",^'"ce of the sS 
 
 grasses that it may be doubted." the result ^uLr^^^tonT^ ,"' 
 be realized in the later generation; X Lb^Sh^^^^^^^^^ ^H' 
 
 acchmiited. It is certainly not worth while tnimZl^ ^" t'lorougii] . 
 mountain breeds, such us Le foumfaromKltie ffilf ^l" ^'''' ^^'"ail 
 
 mountain breeds, such us ^arrfbuTl ar^un dthe GoSmll^H 
 of Tessin, he Grisons, the Valais, and Uri, as the ve -vrL" * '•' ''"^toi,, 
 tions of soil and climate under which they thrive at En r"'?f ^«'''li 
 be found east of the Eocky Mountains, it" there and Tit '"'*^ ^''"^"llv 
 bear so long a journev well. ' ' ^"" ^"^^ would imV 
 
 CHAKACTERISTICS OF SWISS CATTLE. 
 
 tbe 
 
 The original of all the Swiss breeds is perhans thp ro ^ 
 primitive cantons. Two races aregeLraSfSen ^f' ^^ ^""'^ '" *^« 
 the Brown, of even color, which again are sult^ivi^ll.,^- ^P''"*^^^an,l 
 according to origin, habitat, color, &c I have iddl ??n '1^^ ,^ ''"<^tie8 
 details ava,i!able of four breeds which havrbeefseleotlf ^'"^^ "' 
 or domestication in tbe United States. It is to be sakl of h' *^'f-- 
 they have reached their excellence through the^abmidLl.^1 "f '" *^"t 
 of the footl-Hupply, and careful breeding and main "e,n^^^^^^ 
 been carred to great perfection in the region^wEhpt' ""^''f ^^'^ 
 the cantc::3 of Bern, Zug, Lucerne, Schwytz &r ^ ^'^ ^«""^-- 
 
 The foregoing information is drawn nrincin-iliv f.^ 
 to me by Mr. R. Schatzmann, director orthe^&ion V^^^^^'^* '"'''^« 
 at Lausanne, the author of several publi?atioL and n J n''' ^"'««e, 
 competent authority in my district on the sSc^ '' - -^ ^' '"'"^^ 
 18 entirely filled up by Mr' Schatzmann "^ ^ ^^mxcd table 
 
 LYELL T. ADAMS, 
 United States Consulate, Consul 
 
 Geneva, November 21, 1884. 
 
 Statistic, of Swiss cattle suitabJefor iutrodnciion into the United Stales. 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 Annual | 
 nvprajie 
 puunils of ; 
 milk. 
 
 Milk I Milk 
 to poiiuds to pounds 
 
 Siminoutlinl I I luo 
 
 J'r^iV'nS si 100 
 
 l^rofK*:" 5.840 
 
 Sclnvytz ! 5 840 
 
 of 
 butter. 
 
 P»und». 
 •2H to :!0 
 
 30 to 32 
 
 of 
 cheese. 
 
 Cantons where found. 
 
 l^niittds. 
 11 to 12 
 
 12 to 13 
 
 Primitive and Eastern Switzcrlaml. 
 
 [.Size in eontimeters at maturity. ) 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Girth. 
 
 .Simmenthal '< 100tol«2 ojq 
 
 Freiburj; | Kioto 102 210fo'216 
 
 FratiRfn j no to IDO j iOotoniu 
 
 Schwytz I ua I 2U0to210 
 
 Height. I Girth. Hoisht. 
 
 ICO to 10,') 
 IfiO to 1G5 
 165 i 
 
 130 i 
 
 240 Ifiotoino 
 
 ■-'■»» mtom 
 
 i«)2 170 to 180 
 
 200 140 
 
 Girth. 
 
 250 
 •JOT 
 2311 
 
 m 
 
MALTA. 
 
 Statiatioa of Swiaa^atlle, #o.— Continued, 
 
 323 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 Siminenthal . 
 Freiburg. ■•■ 
 Krntisen ...- 
 gchwytz .... 
 
 Live weight. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Poundi. 
 
 1,000 to 2, 000 
 
 1,000 to 2, 000 
 
 900 to 1,200 
 
 800 to 1, 500 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Pound*. 
 2, 400 to.?, 000 
 2, 400 to 3. 000 
 1,200 to 1,500 
 1,000 to 1,500 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Pounds. 
 8, 000 to 3, 200 
 3,4«0to8, SOO 
 1,400 to 1,000 
 1,200 to 1,600 
 
 Age 
 at 
 matu- 
 rity. 
 
 Teari. 
 4 
 4 
 34 
 
 H 
 
 ■Weight of 
 meat at matu- 
 rity in per 
 cent, of liv- 
 ing weight. 
 
 !;7 to 60 
 57 to 60 
 57 to 80 
 57 to 60 
 
 Kame of breed. 
 
 Color. 
 
 ., „, S'ReA or tawny (fanve) . 
 Simmcnthal JWhite 
 
 rreibnrK 
 
 Kratigen 
 
 Schwytz . 
 
 Black or white . 
 Tawny, white .. 
 
 Brown, white and black. 
 
 Sescription. 
 
 <Great height, strong -workera, good 
 < milkers, easily fattened. 
 
 Medlam height, exceUent milkers. 
 
 easily fattened. 
 Same as preceding. 
 
 HOUSING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING IN THK GENIVA DISTRICT. 
 
 Methods of houaing.— la the plains cattle are stabled the whole year In the mount 
 ains they are pastured in summer; fed on hay and aftermath in winter 
 
 feedi;fi/.-Natural fodder (hay. aftermath, grass). In winter in pi'ains artificial 
 fodderis added, bran, flour, diatillery-refuso, malt, &c. "inuuiai 
 
 Breediiig.-BallB are used from the age of one and a half years. Cows bear the first 
 calf when two or three years old. «" uc mob 
 
 SOIL, SUBSTRATUM, AND GRASSES. 
 
 In the Alps, granitic. In plains. 
 
 5oi7.— Interminable variety. In Jura, calcareous. 
 alluvial and diluvial; all varieties mingled. 
 
 iSM68(ra(Mm.— Similar couiiiositiou to preceding. 
 
 CuMval€dgra8aea.'-Na.tuTal grasses of very great variety in mountain pastures 
 the plains cultivated grasses, timothy, clover, rye-grass, lucerne, esparcette, &c. 
 
 la 
 
 CATTLE IN MALTA. 
 
 No cattle are raised iu Malta. The cattle tbat reach here for con 
 sumption are brought from Barbary, Tunis, and other neiffhborinjr coun- 
 tries. They are mainly classed as bullocks, are brought here aliv^ their 
 fattening completed, and slaughtered as needed by consumers ' 
 
 JOHN WOitTHINGTok, 
 United States Consulate, Consul. 
 
 Malta, October 12, 1885. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 
 sight. 
 
 Girth. 
 
 
 
 
 to mo 
 
 to i;iO 
 
 to 180 
 
 140 
 
 2S0 
 •JOO 
 
 230 
 
324 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 
 III) 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRYING IN lOMBARDY. 
 
 REPORT ST CONSUL CJiAiy, OF MILAN. 
 
 1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the cirnnic. , , 
 Departmeut dated July 18, 1883, which, however, did nof r! i t''« 
 consulate until the Ist instant. ^^"^^^ this 
 
 SWISS CATTLE IN LOMBARDY. 
 
 There exist in Lonibardy only milch cows of Swiss breeds Ti 
 yearly imported in large numbers from Switzerland, to suppl'v ihVlu'' 
 of those which have become unprofitable for the dairv Tn t? ' • 
 gated districts grass is cut during eight months of the year a nd nn'f."' 
 winter meadows (marcitorio) during ten months. This fresh ^rl L V ^^ 
 plemented with oil cake, meal, &c., is fed to the cattle, so as to nL?' 
 the largest quantity of milk. Such a nourishment continuecl tC ? 
 so many months in stables, and in a mild climate, naturally soon" v 
 hfuxsts the milking properties of cows, and necessitates tbeaumnls, J' 
 stitution of about 15 percent, of the herd. The loss bvthis «, "^^ 
 than met by tbe large product of milk, wLich averaged ve '•'""'' 
 3,000 to 4,000 liters per head. Dairymen having iSo or mS i "? 
 ordinarily find it to their interest to send the calves, when 7Zl .u 
 old, to the slaughter-house. This state of things Imving exist^, f!? 
 long time, it is evident that scarcely a trace remains of orhriini T Li?! ^J 
 breeds. The so-called Bergamasche and Brescian racf a e on vl 
 reproduction of Swiss stock. ^ ^^^^ ^ 
 
 The foregoing applies to the large stationary dairies of the Lonibir 
 dian p am. In the irrigated district, bordering the river Po, there 1' 
 large dairy hen s, which are driven in summer to the rich i)a8tures oft p 
 Alps, and which remain there until autumn, when they are taken \y2 
 to the plain. There are also small dairymen in the mountains, who 
 drive their cattle to the plain m winter. In these migrations ai^ also 
 included oxen, being rai.sed for labor or beef; and the proprietors both 
 
 of the plain and mountain districts supply themselves with dairvoow!! 
 breeds and oxen from the T:yrol. In the Alpine districts there 
 
 of Swiss 
 
 II 1 ■ i_ . , ;, """'„" '" "'"-^"'1^'"^ man icis mere 
 
 are small races which take the name of the valleys in which thev &m 
 raised, but they are a Swiss stock. Large breeds taken from the nlain 
 to high mountain districts, and there propagated, undergo in a few tren 
 erations a decided change, from the effect of a different climate soil tml 
 diet. They become smaller, more hardy, and nimble of foot and other 
 wise adapted to the requirements of their habitat. Lombard dairv 
 men import their cows principally from the canton Schwytz, but some 
 are brought from the cantons of Unterwalden, Zng, Anpenzell St 
 Gallen, and Glarus, They are i)referred in the order named and if 
 breeds of these stocks are required they should bo brought from those 
 cantons. 
 
 The Tyrolese oxen above nuM-.tinned arc first brought while young 
 into the province of Brescia, and thence scattered over the plain under 
 the name of Brescian oxen. They are short horned, of a grayish-white 
 color, have the characteristics of the Podolico race. They are tall, 
 
Jircular of the 
 lot reach this 
 
 ids They are 
 PP'.y the place 
 • I» theirri- 
 ar, and ou tlie 
 sh grass, sup. 
 as to produce 
 iiued through 
 rally soon ex- 
 'Ofiuuualsub- 
 y this is more 
 s yearly from 
 >r more Lead 
 311 a few days 
 existed for a 
 inal Lombard 
 s are only a 
 
 the Lombar- 
 Po, there are 
 vsturesofthe 
 e taken hack 
 untains, who 
 "ions are also 
 prietors both 
 h dairy cows 
 istricts there 
 ich they are 
 9111 the plain 
 ill a few gen- 
 ate, soil, and 
 't, and other- 
 ibard dairy- 
 tz, but some 
 )penzell, St. 
 iiied, and if 
 t from those 
 
 ivbilo young 
 plain under 
 ayish-white 
 leyare tall, 
 
ITALY. 
 
 325 
 
 heavy, white f*'dniied, and easy to fatten. If brefidAra «p fi • 
 desired tliey sl.ould be obtained from Merano ami T«n ^^V^2^ *^^ 
 Son.e «.xen are brought from EmihTto the p?o? nees^^^^^^ ^^'"\- 
 
 Jlantua, bnt those of the Tyrol are preferred Cremona and 
 
 Although there are no indigenous Lomb«rri hro^ric t , i 
 recommend the breed of thecanton Sc^Xas well JlL''*'"''^ '^/.^^^S'^ 
 tention of American dairymen and SSisera ff tt J^^^^^^ ^^- 
 already been tried in our country. Dairymen and Jnot!^ hasmt 
 repreBcnt it a« decidedly superior for th7dai?y to o?berVwiSf h ^T 
 and ir, \h e\en claimed by many to be the best in v,.Z ^"''^^ breeds, 
 ion of these persons should have some weSht wSi ?*'• ^^^ ^P^"" 
 that the dairy industry is probaWyas stronl in' lon^b^r,;' ^«°«i»l«^ed 
 part of Europe and that the butter aKeese ZduoMr^ '°, ^"^ 
 that farmers find it to their interest to renovate the?rhpr?- i ? ^""f ® 
 by importations from abroad. The magnitude of H« inf. f ^^^^^s^^ely 
 better understood when I«tatethatirtCp?ovinLSM^r^^^^^ ^ 
 tains l,ir)5 Hciuare miles, there are 133 fl^'S r-nwl to? I-*"' which con- 
 statistics. The butter known as M Jan butSlarS^^^ ^*^ ^^^ 
 highly prized in London, Paris, and Xf cSa r The «^'*'1 '?^^ l« 
 of cheese known as Gorgonzola, Brintz, GriXf Fnrm.„ ^ •^''•*^^i.°^« 
 .isiano are well-known'in the ^reat markeS of theTo?fd^""' '"^ '^^''■ 
 
 Ihe Schwytz cow is ordinarily of a dun color, weighs from 900 to 1 inn 
 poniKls, has short horns, whic^h are black and white and rnS« ri *i '^^^ 
 tou about $IM. She is a hearty feeder andif w«ii :, • ?^? '° ^^^ ^a^" 
 a longer tenn of years than anjSr^owtfowa i^^A nt?; ^^^^ 
 tbe8cl.wytz is the long, "gl^t, coffee-colored hair g7owitTom"t'h^i 
 tenor the ear which is u conspicuous object in cSuS with^h« lit 
 coat of tlie liead and neck. ^""m*at w nu tnetlark 
 
 Great iittcntion has been given to the milking breeds of nM.n. 
 DOS by the Lombards, and their comparative meiits are w^n nn ^^^V- 
 but at an in)portant exposition of cattle held at Lodf in 'I^"""^f '■stood ; 
 the comnuttee in charge of the subject uilSLously ecoS^ 
 
 one exhibited at the Milan Mon U ExtsU^^^^^^ 
 seemed the gold medal. The best rmit« for h,^/^' ""'^ '^^^«*» 
 Schwytz breeders to tin, United sLesTouW be by ThTs^^ "f • 
 
 Kailway to Genoa, and thence by steamer to New York tL^''^''''^ 
 expense IS about $5 per head. iv^ i'^ew xork. 1 he railway 
 
 CATTLE BRKEDS OF NORTHERN ITALY. 
 
 n^'^J/uLiirillLir t^^^^^^ Which are 
 
 Diont, known as the, Pi ' 1 Zt's or T^^^^^ 
 
 ti"'t type, tnll of ^UituCZnZ^^^ This is a dis- 
 
 wwifonniition, especially tlurcr iirmn lo?S ,•"''"'' •'^"'' ^ith a 
 
 bivedof Fn.,,,;,.' Jt is cJs e ,thl li sV,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^''' Garonne 
 
 <attene,l and i.,.«elv i^ k rt" to F^^ vh ^'^^'^ ^'V""" ^«''^' '^»*l '« 
 
 -" -'""-i '^-•••i«'-a; reiri^;s:^/.sst r:j:ixs^^^ ^^ 
 
111. 
 
 ffi 
 
 m 
 
 326 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 In the plaiu toward Parma is the race known as Reggiaua oi Par 
 mense. This has been bred with much care, by selections from the best 
 and is considered excellent for mixed uses, i. e., for labor, fattening' 
 and milk. In form, fineness, stature, and weight these animals aro re- 
 garded as the type of the large races bred on the central plains of 
 Europe ; but the uniformity of the red coat, without marks, and the 
 thick, short-limbed body are considered proof of the acclimation of this 
 breed in Emilia in remote ages. Zoologists assert that it is descended 
 from the ancient hue Italico. South of the Taro, and extending bevond 
 Bologna, are cattle known as the Pugliese breed. 
 
 POETEAITS OF ITALIAN PKIZE CATTLE. 
 
 I inclose cuts of animals exhibited at the national exposition he)d 
 at Milan in 1881, as follows : 
 
 Bull Jupiter, belonging to the agricultural committeo of Savigliano, of Piedraontesa 
 breed. 
 
 Bull Pertinace, owned by Mr, Manara, of Asti, of Piedmont breed. 
 
 Bull Adams II, one aud a half years old, of the Chianina (Tuscany) breed for work • 
 
 Young bull Napoli, exhibited by the agricultural committeo of Lendinara aud of 
 Pugliese breed, for farm work, ' 
 
 Bull Ghinassi, three and one-half years old, Pugliese breed, for work oxen. 
 
 Bull Tigro, of Freiburg- Fruilana labor breed, two years and nine months old. 
 
 Bull Maestoso, of Mantua labor breed, exhibited by the Agricultural Society of 
 Mantua, aud awarded medal. 
 
 Cow Mantova, o*" the Freiburg (Swiss) breed, eleven years old, from the estate of S 
 Rossore, belonging to King Umberto. 
 
 Heifer Anversa, Holland breed, exhibited by the Agricultural School of Brescia and 
 awarded gold medal. • ' 
 
 Fausta, five years old, Pugliese breed, exhibited by the Agricultural Society of Len- 
 dinara (Kovigo). 
 
 Cows Minerva and Cole, of Brittany breed, awarded silver medal. 
 
 DUNHAM J. CRAIK, 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Milan, November 30, 1883. 
 
 Consul. 
 
 BUFFALO CATTLE OF TL£BA DI LAVORO. 
 
 REPORT BY OOXSUL UAVGUWOUT, OF NAPLES. 
 
 I have the honor to submit to the Department of State a report upon 
 the breed of cattle within tl\ia jurisdiction, in compliance with the re- 
 quests contained in the circular of the Department of State, dated July 
 18, 1883. 
 
 The area of country included within the limits of this consular jmis- 
 diction furnishes a race of cattle peculiar in its characteristics. By 
 far the largest and most important portion thereof is domiciled on tlie 
 plains lying to the north and east of the province of Naples, tiie so-called 
 " Terra di Lavoro," once called the " Cami)agna." This tract of land is 
 a vast plain of trachytic tufa, overlying beds of clay deposits, which, in 
 turn, rest upon a substratum of limestone. It is about 100 feet above 
 the level of the sea, and enjoys the same degree of mildness of climate 
 as the near province of Naples, that is to say, the mean temperaiureiu 
 
 •Trausferred to report by Consul Crosbey, of Florence, couceruiug this particular 
 breed. 
 
T) 
 
 
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,iiiiiim'r in fror 
 niirlv I'iillinK < 
 l„)iii H'O to ■'"> 
 ,,ir(l witli 11 111 
 
 Over tliiH tn 
 is iiiikiiown, ,r 
 extent, lifcii c 
 nMidiT it I'xcc 
 or rcddif'li bliK 
 evenly, liowt'vc 
 with till! niiiiii 
 cow, 
 
 Tlio "'IVrni 
 iiiiiiiiivtbrtlio 
 
 JllTKHl 
 
 of their 
 
 ]i(we they aro i 
 \ic\v tlio (Icvo 
 purposes tliey 
 lire about lour 
 the l)iit('lier, ill 
 tlioniiijority of 
 manner in wlii 
 (lesira-ble. 
 
 The (dieeses i 
 ticini.'' They ii 
 consumed eiitii 
 wise iidapted i\ 
 
 There has I 
 stock of cattle 
 in the (leinand 
 wards Home tli 
 soil, by reason < 
 (k'cieased in ni 
 much iijion the 
 
 As a race the 
 memory of the 
 lias been made 
 ported, except s 
 deemed to be fi 
 advaiitajje to tl 
 at times excee( 
 spite of this th 
 .some cases ther 
 the iieifihborhc 
 tiirnishiii;;- of ni 
 I'ianoof SaleriK 
 
 The butlaloes 
 the size of the I 
 the ox tiie same 
 The weights tli 
 Iiounds ; ox, 2,0 
 of milk average 
 calf docs not d 
 About 15 literHi 
 from the milk a; 
 loes require litt 
 
ITALY. 
 
 327 
 
 siimniiT is IVoni 18o to 23° K6ttimmr, iin<l in wiiitor about 8o R(',amnur 
 rarely lallmK t<> -J^ K«5iiumiir. Tlio tufa rcforred to varies in thicituess 
 ,ro„, 100 to ;{00 nu'teivs in dcptli, is ridi in potasii fdcLsnar, uml in cov- 
 .nd with a liixurnint growtii of wild praHs. 
 
 Over tliis tract of land cattle of tho l)nffalo race, tJio origin of which 
 is iiiiknowii, roam in a semi-wild state. This race has never to anv 
 ^.xtciit, l)t'('n crossed in breeding-, but retains manv peculiarities that 
 „.ii,liT it exceednifrly hard to nianage. In color tlie cattle aro black 
 or rctltlisu black ; aro shaped somewhat like an ordinary cow not so 
 ivnily, however, with short, round necks, larjje and curvin<f horns and 
 ffitli the rump somewhat larger and heavier than that of tho ordinary 
 
 (•II w, 
 
 Tlio <'Terriidi Lavoro" contains about 12,000 of these cutth^ bred 
 iiiiiiiily for tlie purpose of yiehling milk for cheese-making. During the 
 period of their milk-giving, and after they become useless for this pur- 
 ]io.se they are used before tlie plow or for other purposes which have in 
 \i('\v tlie development of tho soil. When they become unlit for such 
 punmses they are turned over to the butcher. This occurs when thev 
 are about fourteen years old. Some are in tho first instance fed for 
 the butcher, and in such cases the meat is of the first quality but in 
 tlioiiiiijority of (iases the meat of cattle whose lives are passed' in the 
 manner in which these buffaloes live is neither very tender nor very 
 (lesira-ble. 
 
 Tilt' cheeses made from the milk of the buffalo cows are called <» lat- 
 ticiiii.'' They aro close and heavy in <;oiisistency ; aro sweet, and are 
 consumed eiitiiely witliin the limits of their production, boin" in no 
 wise adapted for exportation. " 
 
 There has been during the past ten years a slight increase in the 
 stock of cattle referred to, an increase due in a measure to tho increase 
 ill tlic dt'inaiid for cheese and meat. In the section of the country to- 
 winds Koine there has been a diminution, duo to the cultivation oi'tlie 
 soil, by icasoii of which the cattle have lost their natural food and have 
 (lecieased in numbers, as, 1 am informed, multiiilieation depen<ls very 
 iimcli upon the character of tho food they receive. 
 
 As a race the buffaloes have never been closely studied. Within the 
 iiieiiiory of the present proprietors of the cattle "lands no improvement 
 lias been made in the breed of the animals, and none have been ex- 
 l)nrtt'd, except a few to Sicily yearly. The question of exportation is 
 (k'eiiiod to be full of difficulties, and the proprietors do not deem it of 
 advantage to them to attempt to send these cattle abroad. They aro 
 at tunes exceedingly wild, and conseiiuently difficult to manage. In 
 spite ot this they are i)roductive, and the result is remunerative Ju 
 some cases there have been crossings with a breed of Swiss cows from 
 the iieighliorliood of IJerii, Switzerland, which are best adapted to the 
 tiiniishiiig(.riiiilk for butter-making. These cattle aro found in the 
 I'laimot Salerno, and are, I learn, exported yearly in large numbers. 
 
 llie buflaloes arrive at maturity when about three years of a"e • then 
 the size ot the buffalo bull is about 1 meter and 80 centimeters'^ thatof 
 the ox the same, and that of the (tow about 1 meter and 00 (ientimeters 
 ihe weights thereof at maturity are about as follows: Bull, 2 00(» 
 pouiKs ; ox, 2,000 pounds ; <!ow, from 1 ,000 to 1 ,700 pounds. The v'ield 
 t)t nil Ik averages about 14 liters a day from each cow, when the buffalo 
 call (Iocs not draw u]>on the mother for its supply of no-'-i^i-njcnt 
 About I,) liters of milk make 3 kilos of cheese, containing all the butter 
 lom the milk ami being very rich and exceedingly heavy. The buffa- 
 loes require little care, and in fact they get but little. They are never 
 
 I 
 
328 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 L 8tened, and are not housed except in very severe weather it.<i ; 
 event the protection is such as only a heavy shed will afford' ' T " f^^ 
 18 the wild grass of the "Campagna"or "Terra di Lavoro "toceS '"? 
 a httlohay at times, which is thrown upon the bushes that if ,'^'' 
 be trampled under foot. It is thought best that the calving iS'''^^ 
 cur in the autumn rather than in spring, as the supply of milk «^ ,^^" 
 for the winter cheeses, during which latter season tie manuWn.'^'^'' 
 consumption thereof are the largest. '"iuucture aud 
 
 • ^^® »^et)iod of packing the cheeses for consumption is exoPwUn , 
 simple. They are worked into forms of convenient size, freueSh "^ ^ 
 ing from 2 to 3 pounds, and then packed in leaves and placed J S^'''' 
 Avicker baskets. i"«iLt,u in strong 
 
 The buff-alo bull and cow when young are estimated to be worth nh. . 
 600 irancs j when full grown, from 800 to 900 francs. ^°°"' 
 
 EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 In case of their shipment to the United States, the best methori wn n 
 be by direct steamers to New York, a voyage'of abS tweu Mh^^ 
 I am informed by the management of one of the steamshin n,"^ T' 
 tween Naples and New York that the cost of ZpSTwo u'T i^'- 
 ISvoya'ge"'"' ""''' include boxing, watering,' S^g d'ul^l 
 
 I submit herewith a sketch of the buffalo bull, drawn from lif. t 
 gives a fiiir idea of the animal, although not in itself a wnrt^f; l^ 
 is the best that could be done under the cirtmm stances "'^' ^* 
 
 FRANK G. HAUGHWOUT, 
 
 Dnited States Consulate, ^*'"*"^* 
 
 Naples, February 20, 1884. 
 
 Special atatiaiics mnwrning Italian buffalo cattle. 
 [Name of breed : Buffalo.] 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Cow... 
 BuU... 
 Ox.... 
 
 Sizoat It, 
 matority. ^'^e weight. 
 
 Arnage quaniif,, of milk : About 14 lifers per day. A litor enusiU n1>nnt oi 
 jaictopou„aaor.hee.e: F.fteen lUerH of ^u.ilk Lake ^^^^:;:^fS!:^ 
 
 Same of country: Terra di Lavoro, Italy. 
 
 Ago at mntiiiity ; Tlirt'o yt-ar.*'. 
 
 ,.."''',■',''' Y""'T' "' matHritj, : As near a.s can be ascertained, tliu nioiit wh,.,, fnllvnr. 
 pan'il by Ijutfher \vi'ijrl,s 4:^0 to Mi) poundH. "^ P"^"' 
 
 Color: ]51a(k or reddifsh bJuek. 
 
 y>mn>fiV,» ; Shaped Uko ordinary cow; «l.ort, round neck; larL-e an,l ..nni,. 
 boniH; riiiuplai^aT than ordinary cow. ' ^'"^t," ""H tun 1,1;; 
 
 I'HODL'CT.— Aa/wr; Farm work to hlijiht extent Mint- Nnt ,rn„„,.,.ii 1 r 
 
 Altitude: About IOC I'cct. 
 
 Temperature in «ummir: 1(5° to yo^ R6aumur j in tot nter, 8'^ Rdaumiir 
 
 iubntratum : Clay rcHtiug on limestone bed. 
 
 

 m^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 Fj 
 
 ii 
 
 miM^ 
 
 d^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
ifethoda of h 
 have tho prote 
 Feeding: Wi 
 Brei:ding : N 
 Handling pre 
 ac homo. 
 
 Belailed descrip 
 been profitabl 
 and the compc 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 ripinouteso 
 
 Mixed breids ... 
 Mouutaiu breed 
 
 Piemontcse. — ] 
 color, light gra; 
 
 Mixed hreeds.- 
 oolor, ligbt gra^i 
 
 Mountain hreei 
 Oolor, brown, b' 
 
 Piedmont, 200 mote 
 MooBtains, 300 to 1 
 
 i^oiL.— Alluvia 
 nines. Sandi/, <| 
 
 SUBSTKATUiM,- 
 
 ticiilar. Sandalo 
 ot'Po, Tiiiiaro, I) 
 clorei; alimnhiiit 
 Mcthoih ofhmi 
 and grass ill torn 
 obpeso, 
 
 Tho"Pi;imi 
 or latitudos ; 
 for oxt'ii ; 500 
 
 Tlie best n 
 steamsliip to '. 
 
 Tho stock o 
 its profltabloi 
 
ITALY. 
 
 329 
 
 In case of severe weather the cattle 
 
 Methods of housing : No special method rsed. 
 have tlio protection of a heavy shed. 
 
 Feeding : Wild grass of Campagna. Occudionally a little hay. 
 
 Brei'ding : No special method used. Cows calve jfii autumn 
 
 Uandling products : Cheese packed in leaves and in wicker baskets and consumed 
 ac nome. 
 
 CATTIE IN PIEDMONT. 
 
 REPORT BT VICE-CONSVL DEZEVE, OF TURI2i. 
 
 Detailed desmption of such domesUcatedanimala as have proved by long experience to have 
 heenprofital^le m I'tedmont, llaly, with information aboit the topogrSoftheM,^ 
 and the composition of the soil. ^ •' ^ -^ "•' "'" «'"»'"r» 
 
 
 is 
 
 Milk to pounds 
 of butter. 
 
 CO 
 
 n 
 
 as 
 
 Size at maturity. 
 
 Live weight. 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 8,000 
 
 15 
 15 
 12 
 
 '4 
 
 7» 
 
 Large 
 
 (1<> 
 
 Medium .. 
 
 Large 
 
 — do. ... 
 Medium .. 
 
 Large 
 
 do 
 
 Medium .. 
 
 Zb». 
 1,200 
 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 Lbs. 
 1,800 
 1,300 
 1,300 
 
 Lhi. 
 
 Mixed breeds 
 
 Mountaiu breed 
 
 1,700 
 1,100 
 1,100 
 
 riemnntcse.-Fivo yews at maturity ; weight of mi.t, 60 per cent, of live weiehf 
 color, lifihtgray; meat, good; milk, middling; ch iJ, good weigni, 
 
 MM hrceds.-Fiyo years ;.t maturity; weight of Bioat, CO per cent, of live weight • 
 color, hgbt gray ; meat, milk, and cheese, good. "oigui, 
 
 Mounlain fcreerf.-Five years at maturity ; weight of meat, CO per cent, of live weichf 
 color, brown, black, and white spotted ; meat, milk, and cheese, good. "«'b"ii> 
 
 Topography. 
 
 Altitude. 
 
 Piedmont, 200 motors *bove tlio k vel of tlio tea 
 
 Mountains, 300 to 1,000 meters above the level of the sea' '■ 
 
 Temperature. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 °C. 
 
 14 to 15 
 10 to 13 
 
 Summer. 
 
 oC. 
 25 to 32 
 20 to 25 
 
 Winter. 
 
 "C. 
 
 10 to 12 
 15 to 10 
 
 Bin^ :^S:!f c; ;';j^:lS"!,^ pi""" -- ^''"'"'*- ^'"^ '■ ^^-'^-'*^«' branch of Appe- 
 
 otPo,To„an,,Dora,&... Or.onte: TU.moa^^aiu^C^il^el^LlnmX 
 dom', alMiii,l:.iit; jiy('./7r(i««, <V'c., moderate. J "'wny, none , 
 
 Methods of hotmng: Stabling in winter and pasturing in summer. Feedina • H^v 
 ami grass alteruate.y. Breeding: Domes.ie. na„dling%roducts : Meaf, btltfcr, anc^ 
 
 Tlio "PiMnura" pure l.ronl would thrive woU it, correspondii.ff Htates 
 
 ste^;^.;;;;: t.;C ^,^^'>-tation is ,.. .ulroaa to Genoa unci per 
 
 The stock of (iattio is steadily iiicreasiuffiu Piedinout on account nf 
 Its prontableuess. Tl.c number bre.l by far surpaHse.s the home de 
 
 ill 
 
330 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 maiul, and the suri)lns is exported mostly to France for butclierino 
 poses. During- tlie lirst eleven niontbs of 18S3 there Avere exnorfp ff" """ 
 Italy to France 0(3,000 head of cattle (between calves andbeef) i i"*" 
 like amount of sheep (between lamb and juutton). With the J\o r '^ 
 of some corned-beef in cans, no meat or dairy i)roduct of -mv i-i i •" 
 imported into tliis district from the United iSt'ates. ' " '"^ 
 
 The last census of ISSli i-ave the followiuj.- ligures of the nuinhp. <• 
 cattle and of their adaptability in the four districts of ri«>,l.nm,; ^'^ 
 spectively : ^""ii>nr, rc- 
 
 Aniiuals. 
 
 District of Oil iieo: 
 
 Calves (male), under ono iind ono-linlf years 
 
 Calves (t'piua! V, under odo ami oiio-hali' years 
 
 Bullo 
 
 Oxen ['\ 
 
 Cowa 
 
 District of Turin: 
 
 Cnlvcs (male), nnderone and one-Iialf years 
 
 Calves (lenialo), under our) and ono lialf years 
 
 Hulls 
 
 oxeu ;. .■.".".■.■.";.■.■ 
 
 Cows ] 
 
 Dii:'ric; of Alexandria : 
 
 Calves (male), under one and one-half years .. .. 
 
 Caives (female), under one and one-half years... 
 
 Hulls ." 
 
 Oxen .'."...'."...'." 
 
 Cows 
 
 Disti ict of Navarni : 
 
 Calves (male), nnderone and one-half years 
 
 Calves (female;, under ono and one-balf years..... 
 
 Bu) Is 
 
 Oxen !"."!"!' 
 
 Cows (two-thirds milk) '.! i I !.'!!. ! 
 
 Total number of cattle in Piedmont In 1882 . 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Turin, January 10, 1884. 
 
 Adaptcduess. iNumb, 
 
 I'or work ..'. 
 
 do '.'.'.'"' 
 
 For work and luiik'^ 
 
 AUworkandineat!' 
 
 do 
 
 do ]] 
 
 All work and meat 
 
 do 
 
 do '" 
 
 One-third work.. 
 
 do 
 
 do "■■■ 
 
 «!, 
 
 20,213 
 20, 287 
 2», il!)2 
 3.'),U04 
 
 28, 144 
 
 •'is, 9o:i 
 
 1,515 
 
 22,(i66 
 
 108,78,1 
 
 l^MCII 
 
 fil, 1S7 
 
 5U, lict 
 
 11,4.12 
 
 22, 6li2 
 
 1, m 
 
 23, -,45 
 
 129 070 
 
 sei.'ojs 
 
 A. J. DEZEYK, 
 
 Vice-Co7iml. 
 
 i% 
 
 li 
 
 CATTLE IN TUSCANY. 
 
 REPORT 1ST COXtiVL WELSn, OF FLORENCE. 
 
 In reply to the circnhir issued by the Department of State dited 
 July 18, 188.}, I have the honor to sul)mit the foilowinft- report • ' 
 
 The breeds of horned cattle raised in Tnscanv are live in miii'iber ii.d 
 named respectively Chianina, .Maremmana, Tiberina, Sviz/(>ra ''m. 
 Montaniua. ' 
 
 The Chianina, Mareminana, and Tiberina are descendants of the breed 
 called l'odolico,or ruKliese,from Pn<>lia,in thesonthof Italy. TlicSyiz 
 zera, or Swiss breed, orifjinated at Luf,Mno, Switzerland, aiid the hi.st or 
 Jloutaniua, are hardy mountaiiu)us cattle of a nondescript origin. ' 
 
 TUE CHIANINA IIREED. 
 
 ThebreedcaliedtheChiiUiina, urthe ValdiChiana, is tiieincst valiiod 
 HI Tuscany for all purposes, whether for pro<iucin^' milk, beef, or pow- 
 ers of traction. A rei)ort on this lireed was forwarded to the Donart. 
 
!«• inir. 
 I *Vom 
 
 '!>tion 
 
 iiid 
 
 IS 
 
 ber of 
 at, re. 
 
 Numbe 
 
 2n,213 
 2li, 287 
 2lt, ili»2 
 3;),U04 
 
 28,144 
 
 ■IS. m 
 
 1,515 
 
 22,(i66 
 
 108.78,3 
 
 2-1,2M 
 
 12,10;! 
 
 201 
 
 Bl, 107 
 
 5u,2a 
 
 1I,4.V2 
 
 22, 6li2 
 
 1, nj3 
 
 23,V45 
 
 129 070 
 
 801,"oj5 
 
 «/. 
 
 atod 
 
 iiiid 
 and 
 
 'cod 
 iviz- 
 :, or 
 
 nod 
 ow- 
 
 j 
 
 UIh 
 
 '■1 
 
 
 1 
 
 in 
 
 \: 
 
 L. 
 
 i; ^ ■ 'f 
 
 m '^ 
 
 ^^^Hl 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 ■it 
 
 k 
 
 
 ' an 
 
 ■w 
 
 .f 
 
 11 
 
1 1 j 
 
 'I 
 
 .«*.' 
 
 j;' 
 
 I 
 
k^:!^:i 
 
 
 V 
 
 -1 
 
 J . 
 
 11 
 
n 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^1 
 

 
 z 
 
 H 
 {/) 
 
 n 
 
 T) 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 m 
 
 iiil' 
 
 
 
 ^^^^■l^K 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 V i^MI^^B^B 
 
 J 
 
 ■«*!» 
 
"! 
 
 G 
 
 12 
 
 
 z 
 
 H 
 n 
 0) 
 
 n 
 
 
m 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1. 
 
 kmm 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 } 
 
 r 
 
 |n| . ! 1 
 
 
 • 
 
 ' 1 
 
 M 
 
 li 
 
 J 
 
 .J 
 
 
 
 •J 
 
 1 
 
 ^^B^H 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
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 H 
 
 1 
 
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 ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 .11/',, 
 
 
 IMtfll'i'l 
 
 JL 
 
 li 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /> 
 
 
 fe 
 
 
 :/. 
 
 fe 
 
 W, 
 
 I 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 |50 ""E-^ 
 
 ^ 114 
 ^ 1^ 
 
 2.5 
 
 IL25 1 1.4 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 V 
 
 V/ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 1^^ ' "^ ' -* 
 
 
 
 ^)iiic 
 Sdeices 
 Corporation 
 
 4% 
 
 4^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^s-^ 
 
 ^\ ^\ 
 
 '^Tk'' 
 
 23 WZST MAIN STREET 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) sTi^soa 
 
 
m 
 
 M 
 
niciitof Stal 
 }hy, 1H.S2, a 
 re<rar(ls prici 
 This, tlio ^ 
 be exported 
 with tlic Moi 
 milk on wlia 
 draft and ftii 
 
 The follow 
 
 Conut Fnissi 
 
 Val di Chiaii 
 
 depended iii) 
 
 horns, and e 
 
 very Landsoi 
 
 A new-boi 
 
 will weigh al 
 
 estimated pr: 
 
 A bull tw( 
 
 pounds, woul 
 
 three years o 
 
 A calf afte; 
 
 from 881 to 1 
 
 At two years 
 
 pounds, and 1 
 
 sidered an ox 
 
 pounds, and 1 
 
 Heifers at 
 
 At two years 
 
 a heifer becot 
 
 weight about 
 
 oxen. 
 
 Of this brt 
 when twenty 
 years of age, 
 about twenty 
 Feeding and 
 stalls. They 
 with bean or 
 While workin, 
 day. 
 
 Bulls are hi 
 cows besides 
 or beans are a 
 During spri 
 however, is to 
 In regard t( 
 220 pounds of 
 To fatten thon 
 For cattle at v 
 
 * This repo: 
 t Those pri 
 
ITALY. 
 
 831 
 
 „,entof state by my predecessor, Mr. J. Schuyler Crosby, on the 20th 
 yi,y, 882, and as far as I can learn was in all points correct except as 
 rejranls prices, which were too high.* ^-^^^yi as 
 
 This, tlie Val (11 Chiana I think the only breed in Tuscany worthy to 
 be exported to the United States, unless perhaps a trial might be made 
 with tlie Montaniua, a very hardy class of cattle, and producing -ood 
 inilk on what they can pick np in the mountains j they are alst good 
 draft and fair beef cattle. ' '' *•""" 
 
 CATTLE OP THE VAL DI CHIANA. 
 
 I Tlie following is the substance of a letter received from the aeent of 
 Conut Inissineto, who is the most important breeder and dealer in the 
 Val di Chiana breed ot cattle, and whose statements are entirely to be 
 depended upon. The color of the Chianina cattle is white, with fine 
 horns, and eyes pecurliarly bright and expressive. Thev are indeed 
 verv bandsome. '' ' "ocu, 
 
 A newborn calf weighs about 44 to 55 pounds, and at one vear 
 Will weigh about 1,102 pounds and measure in height about 5 feet Tim 
 estimated price is $115 to $135.t ^ uuuboieec. ine 
 
 A bull two years old, measuring 5 feet G inches and weighing 1 703 
 pounds, would be about the average. He might bring $193 + A bull 
 three years old measures 6 feet 3 inches and weighs about 2,204 nounds 
 
 A calf after castration and arriving at the age of one year may weigh 
 frotu 881 to 1,102 pounds, and measure 5 feet, being valued at $77 20 
 I At two years this calf would measure about 5 feet G inches weich 1 54S 
 pounds, and be valued at from $9G to $110. At three vears ^ 3 con 
 sidered an ox, would measure about feet 3 inches, weiuh about '> 204 
 pounds, and be worth from $135 to $154. "^ ^,^u* 
 
 Heifers at one year weigh 882 pounds, and measure 4 feet 7 inches 
 At two years 1,323 pounds^ and measure 5 feet 3 inches. At three vears 
 a heifer becomes a cow; size about 5 feet 3 in hes to 6 feet 7 inches- 
 weight about 1,543 pounds. The prices of cows are the same as for 
 oxen. 
 
 Of this breed, both male and femalo arrive at the ago of nubertv 
 when twenty mouths to two years old. The male serves well up to four 
 years of age, the female to ten years and over. Oxen are yoked when 
 about twenty months and generally endure six or seven years of work 
 
 Feeding and housing.— In this district cattle are generally kept iii 
 stalls They are fed as follows: Winter, a mash of turnips^and hay 
 with bean or corn flour thrown in, if the cattle are to be fatteneth 
 While working they are fed with hay alone with one portion of oats per 
 
 Bulls are higher fed ; hay, turnips, and oats being freely eiven To 
 cows besides the usual food jTiven to oxen, rye flour and flour of peas 
 or beans are added. These latter increase the milk secretion 
 
 During spring, summer, and autumn grasses are freely given ; care 
 however, is to be taken not to mix the fresh food with the dried ' 
 
 In regnr.1 to feeding G.Ol imunds of fodder are needed daily for each 
 .20 pounds of live weight. This for cattle being fattened and stall fe 
 vJfnf ^'':"-«"*?»''>'' 11 1'oumls must bo fed dailv for every i^20pound^^ 
 F5^1eJl^wori^^ j,ounds per diy 
 
 * This report is published iramrdifttely folIowiuK ConsnrSve'l^'^ renort " 
 
 t Those prices, the consul says, arc much overestinVated. ^ 
 
332 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 TEANSPOET IKED. 
 
 While being transiiortod, wholher on laud or sea, oats, bean« a a • 
 possible, turnips should be used, Rood hay being alWays^rovhC^' '^ 
 The straw needed for each head is from 5.51 to 6.01 pounds dail 
 
 COST OP FODDBB. 
 
 The cost of fodder is about as follows: Beans, $3.08 ner 2 si \.„ i. , 
 oats, $1.93 per 2.84 bushels; lupines. $1.93 per 2.84 bushet^i'^'^'' 
 $3.47 per 220.46 pounds. •°* ""8»el8; beans, 
 
 I am assured by Count Frassineto that where turnios arp ni«n* ., . 
 breed of cattle is sure to thrive. ^ P'®°*y this 
 
 GHIANINA BULLS. 
 
 Thedescription Of wall-made bulls Should be as follows •Bnnir<.f. • . 
 neck thick, head small, horn white, finely shaped, with black linf'^^^' 
 quite Ion,?, but well shaped; legs large and strong, but SoSvf.""' 
 knock-kneed; tail short; the entire color is white, with eS "^ « 
 muzzle and tip of tail black; the tongue dark; the barreloK^i'' ^^ 
 well rounded and long, the chest full, hoofs not too straight Tn „„ ^ '? 
 appearance the female diflFers little from the bull. ' S^itiml 
 
 MABEIiMANA CATTLE. 
 
 The Maremmana breed, generally of a gray and white sno«n„j , 
 are to be found on the s^irmarsh/plainf of Volterra aKu t& 
 ground in the vicinity of Sienna. They are a strong workhil cam? 
 but would not, I think, bo apt to improve any breed in Sa n •?*!' 
 States, being in themselves almost mongrel. The Tiberina diffpr"\1 
 little from the Maremmana. -^loerma differ but 
 
 SVIZZEEA CATTLE. 
 
 The Svizzera breed, from Lugano, Switzerland, is onlv fo.inri ,„ h 
 vicinity of Pisa. The cattle are generally black in cofof and ,1^,^' 
 good beef, but are only medium workers or milk proclucers K '' 
 portation can hardly be recommended. Aueirim- 
 
 TEANSPORTATION OP ITALIAN CATTLE TO THE UNITED S;tate 
 
 With regard to transportation to the United States, an actual or 
 trustworthy estimate cannot bo given unless the nuinber of call 
 known. Irotu Arezzo totho poitof Leghorn tho railroads trau no 
 ten head ot cattle for about $15. Lidusporc 
 
 From Leghorn to Now York the Aiuibor Line charges about 8100 for 
 mere transportation and the necessary water for one animal md ill 
 each for any number not un<lor ten. In case a inimber of cattle are i 
 be shipped a portion of tho "'tween decks" or, in summer time the sw 
 deck of a vessel, should bo chartered, and the stalls or boxes built In- 
 tho 8hi|>|)er. -* 
 
 I would always aclviso that tho space necessary should be hired or 
 chartered, whether on stea'ner or sailing vessel, and then the requisite 
 stalls or boxes put up and furnished by the shipper, wlio should see 
 that the attendants were men understanding the treatuiout of cattle at 
 
 No consid 
 an agent tli< 
 tie; a:i agei 
 and one whi 
 prices given 
 upon by ba 
 dealer. 
 
 I append i 
 circular. 
 
 United S^ 
 I 
 
 Cow 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Oi... 
 
 Annual average ga 
 
 delivery. 
 
 Milk to pounds of 
 
 Milk to pounds of 
 
 Xante of country : 
 
 Color: Siiver-whi 
 
 Description: Neck 
 
 zle, f bin horna, lonir 
 
 black tip. ^ 
 
 Origin of breed : M 
 Italy. 
 
 Labor: Enduring < 
 
 women (which is con 
 
 the year, viz: S;} win 
 
 iieat: Making oxci 
 
 Milk: A good cow 
 
 will make 2.2046 poui 
 
 Cheese: In the vicii 
 
 I dairy and bntcher. 
 
 I Topograph!/ of Tusr< 
 
 I Mountains with mott 
 
ITALY. 
 
 eans, and, if 
 'ovided. 
 tls daily. 
 
 •84 bushels; 
 ^els; beans; 
 
 plenty this 
 
 ck straight, 
 ^^''PS; ears 
 posed to be 
 xception of 
 I or body is 
 •In general 
 
 ckled color, 
 >ii the clay 
 "Dg cattle, 
 tbe United 
 i differ but 
 
 iind in the 
 
 id produce 
 
 Their im- 
 
 i'^ATE 
 
 PURCIIASINO ITALIAN CATTLE POB EXPORT. 
 
 333 
 
 No considerable quantity of cattln shnni.i i 
 an agent tl.orousbly uuderstandinff-thaJ i^ ^'""'f^^^^ ""less tbrouffh 
 tie; an agent who cau judge as to value, 8t%S;^^ i^nowing-cat- 
 and one whose sympatbies Lave not been «n^.^ , °k constitution, &c., 
 prices given Iiero are always ^r^ipricesrtheSfti^ ^^^ *'^"<'''- The 
 upon by bargaining, and that sbould be dnna S *'''''" ^"^^^ '^o Axed 
 dealer. "« «one by a practical cattle 
 
 I append Ibrms answering as nean« t>«cc,i i x. 
 circular. " ""^ "^*^ "« Possible the requirements of the 
 
 WM. L. WELSH, 
 
 United Si'Ates Consulate Consul. 
 
 Florence, November g' 1884. 
 
 statement shorvin, the cattle exports from Italy. 
 [Nearly »U to Fr»nce.] 
 
 Special statietice concerning Tuscan cattle. 
 (Name of breed: Chlanina.] 
 
 „0W„-, „, ,„.,: „„„„„„„„ „, .^„ ; "^" «« '.«., .W. .«„, 
 
 ifl^ 
 
 . IK 
 
334 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 uincs of Bccoudary and tertiary forniatiou, four-tenths : Ci) l.liu .,r , 
 formation, tlirno-tcufliH; (4) pluiuH of qi.atc narv an I nil ,v,. I fnl. " '"'" »'ri 
 
 Tn,n>eiature: The clinrnt'o n.ild iu winter a/dtl^im'oi^rZ^^^^^^^ •.»"•. nL 
 8tan.l,n^r. H„I.i«.f u. -..iHy .veatb-r in tl.., nntuu.n an.l K" IV.nuT' '"' '"" '^ "I- 
 
 itnro in TnHcany iH between 14^ ,md IGO eontiLni<ll!'. ",'.'''• '•''"' 
 \v 7" below y».pri nf I.''!, .......,.» r.,-, ..^ . «'"""Kril<li' In, 
 
 iary 
 llh,' 
 
 '11^)61 
 
 Standing, mibject to eh.. 
 
 yearly average teuijierat...,, ..i x,mvuuy m uetween I4" and Ifio ,.,.„.,• ,' «• iiir 
 
 eiiry seldom falls below 7" below zero at Fl(>r«nco 5"/^ a" ^l'''*'"'''"'''; "h. i,, 
 Lucca, and 20 utrisa. Snow Held..m falls? ami nerr^aHt8lt,rTh^ 
 <50«; Alluvial. Tbo ho « i.ii.nnt,.i.w.„„ ♦! i""n|iiin}; 
 
 Joil: Alluvial The soil in mountaiuoiis, the ground Homewhere",.vn • . 
 and .u other regions refra.tory to good cnlfnre, owin./to he atim .. ""'"^''''V "'""y 
 T *"*«/'•« '"»—''''o»-«.c. ; SeeoDdary, lat., tert ia'rv, ami natoS rv n'" "/ '"">' 
 Late tortiary quaternary, and alluvial formation. «JnT-P.P,i "'''''''''• ''''•o^ 
 formation of Cretaceous period, rolterra : SecoiuiarraXri^.t i ve'f.Ir^,.:" ll,,;'''''«°>' 
 
 WHITE CATTLE OF TUSCANY.* 
 
 nEFORT BT CONSUL OROSBT. 
 
 I have t}ie honor to submit the following report nxf^rM 
 fine breed of Italian cattle, with the hope tLrirmav £ 'iVl'^'^ 
 mducing some of our cattle breeders to introduce tS iTrbrulHL:.',' 
 
 For many cen'uries the Val di Chiana (Tuscany) has hm... . i . 
 
 lor Its ^vhire cattle, large in size, docile, a^ndeSy mana^l ^'f^'f^'^ 
 
 enduring great amount of work, and mkkiug excelSt J 'm '''''''''''' 
 
 very easily fattened. I have visited many of the est LSi"''^ ^?'"^' 
 
 the purpose of examining these cattle, and cer?S^^^^ 
 
 I)roprietors and farmers in their opinion that for worS^^^ '^'^'' ^'h^ 
 
 beef they are far superior to the DuS ami Shorter L'^''',''"'**^'^ ""*' 
 
 lar in England and America. For Sk and S er r;'\''* '^^^^ 
 
 mend them. Bulls begin to serve heifers and cows f ol he ."' T'"" 
 
 years up to four or Ave years, when they are sSht ere 1 M^V'^ ^'■" 
 
 taken to the bull when twenty months old aiid • i.m si,.m. , V'*"*' ""' 
 
 eight to ten years old. Oxen, and he f?r8^^s ;. V « '^^^^^^^ ""til 
 
 twenty n;o„ths old, and are lit for work at the i^^e^J.'' , ' J«f;'^ 
 
 unless "Uured, stand five years more of hard work wl en t bJ ' "'"'' 
 
 ally stall-fed and slaughtered. About the s-une fi»wi . ?, 1^ 1 , ^ '"'^^ "*"'• 
 
 for fattening as in the United sfates """^*'^*^*^^'^'"«»«e<l 
 
 The following tabular form will show interesting details ■.« u 
 weight, and price: ^ miaus as to age, 
 
 Kind. 
 
 Calft 
 
 Heifer . 
 Bull J .. 
 
 Ox 
 
 Cow § . , 
 
 Age. 
 
 Birth 
 
 Six innntliR 
 On 0. veil r... 
 
 Oue jtiiir 
 
 Two vearH. 
 Threo years 
 Three yourB 
 Tlireoyears 
 
 ♦ feet 
 
 5 feet 
 
 5 feet 2iachcR. 
 5 feet 7 inches. 
 ftM't 3 inched. 
 feet 3 iucbeg. 
 5 feet 2 inoho8. 
 
 * Rei)ul)li«lieil from OonHiiIar Keports, No. 17 
 ttfo/,r\^.^l*'ni,rr'''i!'''' r"'I"»*e? •"•" castrated at two months of age. 
 

 "D 
 r 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 en 
 
 CD 
 
These ca 
 bodies; iw< 
 cat, witli 8l 
 liither larK< 
 1111(1 not too 
 and silver ( 
 when it ccj 
 the hair is i 
 
 The priiK 
 Fiorentino, 
 iiuiii lairs a 
 August, am 
 
 1 have un 
 the ueii»'eat 
 Anchor Liu 
 vidiuf,' all 1 
 jirovidiug v 
 be well acc( 
 about tweul 
 
 United ! 
 
 The Vene 
 nature for a 
 cupied bj'' 1 
 of its water 
 and every wl 
 however, an 
 mate, unless 
 to combat t 
 perity of livi 
 ited. 
 
 An idea ( 
 fact that it c 
 and several 
 north Italia 
 trasts of 8c€ 
 community ( 
 of local intlu 
 diversity in 
 
 Geologists 
 the i)rinievai 
 fossilized rei 
 ing was ibe i 
 Tertiary peri 
 siding to the 
 
ITALY. 
 
 335 
 
 These cattle liav^ very long ami Htralght backs und well-rounded 
 bodies; neck very thick with abuinlant mantle ; head light and clear 
 cat, with short and thin hornn ; ears long and flesh-colored inside • leirs 
 liitlier large and strong, jind phiced well under; hoofs well Dronortioned 
 jiml not too straight ; tail qnite short, and black at the end This black 
 and silver color extends over the muzzle, along the back to the rumn 
 fflieii it ceases and appears again at the end of the tail. The colcr af 
 the hair is a silver while, very thin, and abundant. 
 
 The principal markets for these white cattle are Arezzo, Castiirlione 
 Fioreiitino, and Tojano dolla Chiana in the province of Tuscauv An' 
 iiuiu fairs are held, beginning after harvest time, about the middle of 
 August, and generally increasing in imi)ortauce until December 
 
 1 have made inquiries as to thec(>st of transportation by steamer from 
 the nearest port, Leghorn, to New York, and in reply the agent of the 
 Anchor Line informs mo that $50 per head is chaiged, the shipper nro- 
 vidiug all flttmgs, stalls, boxes, fodder, and attendants, the shir) onlv 
 i)roviding water. This line of steamers is very good and the cattle can 
 be well accommodated on the upper deck. The length of vovace is 
 about twenty-six days. "^ ** 
 
 J. SCHUYLER CROSBY, 
 
 United States Consulate,. onsul. 
 
 Florence^ May 20, 1882. 
 
 n 
 
 ■• ! 
 
 CATTLE IN VENETM. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL NOTES, OF VENICE. 
 GEOLOGICAL FOUMATION OF VENE'l'IA. 
 
 The Venetian territory would seem at first glance specially fitted bv 
 nature for a grazing country. The large i)roportion of its surface oc- 
 cupied by hills and mountains of moderate elevation, the abundance 
 of its water courses, the njiture of its soil, often of superior fertility 
 and everywhere good for forage, are all in its favor. These advantaces 
 however, are subject to a serious drawback in the dry heat of the cli' 
 mate, unless the want of moisture be supplied by a generous irrigation 
 to combat the danger of destructive drought. Without this the pros- 
 penty of live stock will always be uncertain and its multiplication lim- 
 
 An idea of the general character ot the region is suggested bv the 
 fact that It contains a large part of the southern water-shed of the Alns 
 and several of their loftier peaks, together with the delta of the great 
 north Italian rivers. Few portions of Euroi)e otter such extreme con- 
 trasts ot scenery and situation, and though the Italian climate and the 
 community of an ancient civilization do much to soften the discordances 
 ot local influence, so completely opposed, there must still remain a great 
 diversity in the conditions of life. ^ 
 
 Geologists agree that the Alps were among the last upheavings of 
 the priiueval sea, and that their enormous masses are little else than the 
 fossilized remains of its animal life. They also tell us that this upheav- 
 mg was ihe result of intermittent volcanic action continued during the 
 Tertiary period, and underlying the whole area of Italy ; gradually sub 
 Biding to the north as the surface fixed into its present fSrm, but show- 
 
336 
 
 t^ATTLW AND HAIHY I'AUMINO. 
 
 iliK ItH liiNt oxfiiKit, (TiUciM ill tlio Uoiiiiiii ( liiiiiimL'im. iiiwl Uh l,.-t 
 ti.Mis )it V«>8iivniH lUMl /KiMi. ' "" '""' "••"l» 
 
 Towiinl llio rIoNiMil' llio 'r<<iM(uy uihI iit tlio <<)iiiiiUMinMiHMi» ni' n 
 QiJiUoniiHy, Mio Vi^iuqimi Alps pionoiiI»mI vimv imih'Ii Mhi hhi.o.i ■ ." ' 
 l-'lonlMof Noiwiiy— lli«^8««u wi'mIkmI llioir Iiiin«<m iiml pcii<>tnil)<(| im/ 
 
 opoilllllf totlM^CootoniH^ KlOdt KllM'it'lH WhJolHloMCOIHhMl licf wimmi'h "'^ 
 
 pivtMpfloiis spiiiH. Tho iiirlliiiK orMiOMoj^lucioiv.wiHi tlin ull..|vl ."*" 
 p..niliii(» of tlio lojiioii, Wll ill (i|o linopor f,jivitii>8 Mio iiiunmcm nl i. " 
 oihmI wiitor wliii^h now lonii tlio Itiiliiiii IiiI<.'h, mul wifli (lio .ijh,, 'J''""'' 
 of thi'ii- Hliaii(loii«><l iiiomiiiPM roiiiiiMMirni llio ionimiioii oni..* I >. v'"". 
 uii.l V.Mioiiim plain. i'**UiUm\ 
 
 'I'lio «'oiiipo«ilion of tliJM alliivio'i hIiowm inor.vwInMi^ tlio imiior i 
 t\u^ inoitiilain Hitl.vs iVoiii wliirii it \s ilorivoil. Km anini^criuMit .1,. I i*' 
 i»ii (hocapiiciouM a(^ti«)ii of tin* Mfn>aiiiH wliinli fmiiNpinicd ji J u 
 UN ul'uvmt iniiiKliitionN, wlilcli liavo rlian;j«Ml ilN wliolo Minlan^ Ii i,? 
 vuIn. At itM»MiHi.>in limit. wImto tlm niaiuin of plain m'imn luir,' *'"' 
 unil n1«>p<>n iiioi'o rapi«ll.v To tlioNiMi, {.\v\ vaiiiilioiiMorNoil hikI Niiiiii.'T' 
 t«»iiHMiion^lV.M|inMit,a,stlH«iapi<l MmtimiTh rliJui«.HlMMi<'(.iiis,.M,,,|,|,, '.'; 
 tlicir vmrni'v «loliHii.s in IicnIi lonililnvs, .'ariyiiiK' MuMr (Iik^ Hi'din . .?. 
 tlioloworh.volH,8lill hair snluiuMKr,! h.v tiKwV.liiati.-,. "'"^ ""'""""f «" 
 
 TIIK I'UOVINCI; .OK liniNK. 
 
 This naiTow N(«a board, witli tlir Inoadcr ro^ion <d' tlio (Juiiin vi 
 MtivtcliiiiK in.illi and ."ast to tln^ Aiistiian IVonti.'r, lonim lln, •..■..vi,'*" 
 of lldiiu«. Htill known as tln^ aiirioiit Kiiuli. '"'"'"'" 
 
 It is r«HnpoN(>d, in tlio plain, of tracts <d' hairon <'lav |);i 
 
 ,, . . ,. • ,. . |>"»rlion of ilio proviiicoor 
 
 (anna is a i-oiiliisioii of nanow and siniions valleys and invLMilir hi l 
 Mul.vs, with a ronsid.-iahlc* snrlaco of vo^iMuUh^ raiili in hn^kt'ii iiiii.sJs 
 mostly of schist and limcstoius with rare apparitions of Lr,;ii,i|,.','i„',i 
 tnta, allordiiiK' t<dcral>lc pasNiro in nearly every part. A lew (if llu' 
 siiinmilsof the rcfjion approai-h a lnM«:lit. (»f !>,0i»0 feel, (ieiiioni tin 
 inmcipal town, slunds at mj feet al.ove the Me.i, and villages are'lomi,! 
 
 f ' 
 wii 
 atu 
 
 -',MKi ie(>t. 
 
 Tlio meiliiim temperatnro is 18° to L'OO (j. in smiimer, L'o to .PC! in 
 Inter, with a miiiiinnm of ir.o C. in tln^ last, thirty ei;^dit v,.a,s Kiju 
 ul hail are freipieiit, and j-row moro so with thetli'NtrnctioiioifoK.its 
 
 MOUNTAIN AND I'ASTI'IIK LANDS Ol' UDINK. 
 
 All reports concur in stalin^r the cnllivatcd mea.lows at ahoat oiit«. 
 sixth of the arable land in (he plain, planted with liicerii priiicipallv, 
 uiid, unmanured ov cared lor, they j,mvo an aveiiij,'e of foily <|iiiiita!s to 
 the acre. These meadow ;,'rasses, Incern and clover, were only intm. 
 diuvd hero toward the be},'iiiiiiiij; of tho century, and theil- cultivation 
 seems little understood. In the more fertile^ soifoftlu*, sea-side alM'ttcr 
 quality of fora},'e and a inonM-areful cultivation is found on llieestatcsor 
 a few larjje proprietors, and here th(ninpr(>vemeiitof tlH>st()ck lias been 
 pursued with ^'lowiiiH; interest. Some remarkable products arc slunvii 
 
ITALY. nn? 
 
 imlho ivfiillM of «-x|iniiii<-iilM i-nmiiiciinMl ciirl.v in dm n'litiiry l»\ dm 
 I'liiHi'ss llacriuiHtlii. 
 
 Ill ilii> iiiomihiiiiM iht> ml Unit ion oi' l> . i(.';« Ih tinirli wwwt rxtciiNlvi', 
 
 I'll! 
 
 l.iiHiiiM iiIh.iiI ;iO,(IIMI|n IO,(HHIan,.N, Ih 
 
 Hi.n'M iiiiliiral |taHliifn({<^ «w«'r.v 
 
 (vl„.ir, in llu' viiIIc.vn iiimI IdWtT IijIIn rxiirllnil, (»!' iiilriior i|iiiililv in llii^ 
 liH^'lils. Tin* >yln»h( ul" lliiH U'Kinii is lull ul I.iim.v piiMuiiil Ijlr, i.nl, of 
 III,, iiMisl. priinilivi* (h'Hcrijifioii, luiil liir tioin |iriiH|icioiiN iin it, Nlionhl ho 
 
 ttitliHiicli riiciliticMiind iiinrciniprovctl nirllioilH. Iiiij,'iili»»ii Im nuc, « - 
 
 llii,.(|l(MiiM'H wIm'it Hiinui ninmitiiiii limoU nni ImtiirntMl iim few IIiiUIh, 
 iiimI iiiamin^ nil rcNorvotI, \\\mv it is poNHitilo, tor ilir wmily |tliiiiliiliuii 
 (irccrnilH. 
 
 in.l.'DINd AND DAIUYINd IN HDINK 
 
 |»ll^ill^' IlK^Hnniiiiri iiimifliH moiim^ L'rt,(l(»(> Im>iii| nlciittlo ^rriizi' on Micmo 
 jiasliiifs. jtiirll.v lMOon;,'injr to tln^ <liHt,iift, iiml pintly to tlm plain Im-Iow, 
 III,. hi-Nl tiaclMolpaNturo h ),' ivnti'il Uy MpccnlatorH, who nialu^alH 
 
 III! 
 
 sM*)r<-oiiilncttM^Mli(>rn to tlicNo liiM^'litH, roniltininu Willi this intl 
 
 IM' 
 
 nH< 
 
 liv 11 niiisidciiihic taltiinition olMiiiiy proiliirr, it-iMMvinj,' lialCtlin mill. 
 iiiiil puMliMt as tlio pri('»( of past mo aiul faldication. TIm- cIh-cnc is nai(i 
 |(il(c»'\(iHciit, ami is ofllin'o kiinlH: (liasso In-Hco, di i-onsMva, ainl 
 niiil or iiiauro lor roiiNUiiiption on tho spot.. This, with llii^ Imttor, is 
 jiiitrcl.v ficmaiiiicd in tin' low roiinlr.v, wlicro no pidiiinttiun ol'tiio UmmI 
 ,.\ ^, Ilia' tlials itrt way ill Ninallcr <|<>»iiliti<>s to N'cnico iimri'iirstc. 
 Tlic Inst olllciiil n-poi'ts stato tho roininctcial aspccl of tlifii' iniliiHtiy to 
 
 ImmIIsc ii;;iii},'. In only oim or two tlistiirts is thrro iiny HaliMliuiiorv 
 
 siilc or d iiihI. It. is iiiipossilih^ to Mscorlain tho proportions ol'iniru 
 
 iiiid jModiict, tlio proceeds Ikmiij,' eiitin-ly priinitivo and riislie, willi no 
 iittt'iitloii to any system. The yield oi milk is staled at, U pounds per 
 (owiiMlie liit,dieH|, limit,an<l, with IVeHli pu.Htnro; later in lheKea.son or 
 ill lulviiiieeil gestation, it deso'iids to 7 and to -I pounds. |'"or cows 
 witlioiit milk tli(^ price ol' pasture lor the season (I'l tun .lime t tn Sep- 
 tc'iilter I) is !}(|.l(>; if under three years, li<t , lor ealscs, 00 eenls. 
 
 CATTI.K III-' lllINi;, 
 
 Tlie ciiltle of these mountains ar<« an intliscriminiito inixinre of all tho 
 iiuTS oniie iieij,'Iiiioiiii;,' pastures— 'I'yrolese, Hlyriaii, <!aiinthiaii, l!el- 
 hiiicsc— ;;iiilted in the domestic animal, viil.',MrIy known as tlm/ni//rtjm, 
 liiriii'ly reprcseiiled here, Inil liclonjuin;,' nioi<* pio|)erly |(» the lower 
 lihiiii, and one of the niimeroiis varieti<'s id' ii rac(> of animals now pre 
 (Idiiiiiiaiit, in every part of Italy. The I'olisine, l'<'j,'}4ian, lMit,'liese, l.'o 
 iiiiiii, Tuscan, iV(!., all l)eiirtln> persistent stamp of theHaiin^ ^reat laniily, 
 iiKiililicd l)y inlliieiiees of elinialmind siliiatioii. 
 
 I'i'oressnr Keller, <d" I'adiia, cilin;,' an aiithoritative work of I'.lwt, 
 '•liiNtractimi and (iiiide to the I'.ri'cdin),' (d" llorneiH 'attle," says : " 10 \ 
 Iciidiii'; linm the steppes of I'liLsfeni Kiiropo and Asia, lh< ro is found 
 ill I'odolia, the Ukraine, Volliynia, lliiiiKJiry, Moldavia, Wallachia, 
 Tniiisylvania, and .Soiillieni Ifiissia, a typical race, widely diiriiscd, e\ 
 tii'iiicly apt Inr labor, lairly cii|»alile (d" lalteiiin;;, yieldin;; in paiticiiLir 
 iiliiiiidliiil and excellent siH't, but little milk'. ■ Spread in;,' into re;;i<.iis 
 Mt exiciidedniid various in soil, fora;,'e, and other conditioiiN, inieniceis 
 niiiiiyt-radat ions of this race dilVerin;,' in wei;^dit, pli.\sical coiistiliilinn, 
 i\;c. 'I'lie essential dill'eiences which remain consiant indicalti two siili- 
 ilivisions, the lliin;,'arian Traiisylvanian and the I'odoliiin IMohlere. 
 
 The toriner is : m<r the heaviestof exist ill}; races ; the .second is lower 
 
 ill stature, with shorfer horns. As a rule, there is no worse raci' for 
 11. Kx. ni 22 
 
 I 
 
338 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 the prodmtion of milk, but thongli in small qiiatuify tlieir milk i« 
 tremoly ri(=li, and in Ilniif'ary aro occasionally fonnd excellont .> ' T 
 cows. Tlii.s (Icliciency may be exjdained by tlio fact that in tlicjr „','" 
 
 nal liomo the animals are rarely or never milked 
 
 On the other h'l'S" 
 
 head too ii-avy, with a neck excessively loiif;, depressed 'ribs IIk'V)! i" 
 narrow, and the limbs long and ill furnished vith muscle. Tiij.s j.s j 
 original tyjtcof most of the Italian races, and, more or less alteicd I 
 bmg dciestication and indiscriminate mixtures, it is the Dieviil 
 element of the slock of this region. ' '^ 
 
 Another and less numerous group is found only here and In (.(>,.(. 
 
 authors and iigured on ancient monuments. The aniniiil 
 
 iitiii 
 
 »t 1>IVSC||| i.s 
 
 I'oi ni and under size. 
 
 These animals seem to answer the present requirements of the couiitrv 
 Avith the broken and dillicult nature of a large i)ortion of its '^mfuv 
 the want of irrigation and the imperfect cultivation of the ri'iininik-i' 
 the region seems suited for animals of general usefulness, indiircrt'ht 
 to hardships and privation. 
 
 IMPROVING UDINE CATTLE. 
 
 The spirit of improvement, however, is active and giowju"- The 
 agricultural community are earnest in seeking the best means of jm. 
 l)rovement, and the essays so far made have been attended with ;i sue 
 cess which attracts general attentio.. and interest. IndciuMiden'tlv (.1 
 j)rivat:eexi)erinier,ts, the provincial administration has expoiKh'dslo'odi) 
 during the last lew years in tiie acquisition of choice reproducers, hulls 
 and cows, afterward transferred to private breeders. Tlie cross con 
 sidered most successful so far is with the Swiss race of Fr.'il)iirg, 
 
 The province Just described is one of the largest in tiie kingd 
 
 emlu-acing all varieties of surface and a large jmrtion of tlKi^Aliis 
 wh -h form its eastern extremity. It is mostly a i)astoral rc-ioii, hut i:i 
 the jtroimrlion of cattle to its surface ranks only sixth in the XCiiciJan 
 group, possessing 2\:2 to th(! s(pnire kilometer, while tlie avcnige is li.l, 
 with the same inferiority in the (!hara(aer of its races, and a">rciitcr 
 variety of bastard and nondescriiit mixtures. *' 
 
 CATTLE IN TKEVLSO. 
 
 The adjoining inland province of Treviso falls below it both in imiii- 
 ber and (pndity of stock, ollering only a wider Held for the propiigalioM 
 (it the same jiamelcs.-j nu-dh-y of .suhraces, gemu'aiiy variiiiioii.s in llic 
 I'odolian, wiiich always seems to displace other aiiiiiials in the hot inid 
 shy i>lains by a s(»rt of natural snrvivance. This region, lying almost 
 
ITALY. 
 
 339 
 
 oiitiidy ill the i)laiii, is in luH) cnltivafinn Tfc v,^..+i t , 
 !„,■ 111. last foot-i.ilKs ami slol)c^ , hV^s XmU "'«'"'^- 
 
 roacl. greater elevations, is speciluiy su tod bN « fl ul^'^''.'>'''""'^ ^'^'^« 
 uro for vino ^aowinj?. This is at i)resentt ..;•,>. T^ southern expos- 
 province, and absoi^s pnblic ,m.iou to 1^?'''' •'''/?' "'^^^^^* «f t»^" 
 provements; so that cattle^.reed l ^1. h . .H^'f-'"''''^ "'" "^''«'- ''"" 
 (Icntion before, seems liJa>ly t(, revive s.ll "-''''y "'•'•^'^'^'J '"'i.-h 
 .oniplained that' the pmsent stock 'not s. if- "I V'" ^■•'^"^*'- "^^ i^^ 
 liiinlly for tillage. ' "''*^ Millicient lor .nannre, anil 
 
 CATTLK IN THE PKOVINCK OF mOLLUNO. 
 
 Tlie piovince of Uelhino, extend 
 
 Alps, is of more in teres 
 
 ii ticcessai'v resoi 
 
 "o, extending north of this to th.-, vM^e ..r tl 
 t. Here natmo l,.,s m-xln .>.. 1 ■ ^ . ' '' 
 i.is made i)astora! indust 
 
 irce for a large i)ioi)or(ion of t 
 
 pursued with increasing /eal and intell 
 taiice as a means of prosj)ei ity foran-'ioi 
 
 'Sence, they an 
 
 H' itdiabitant," 
 
 lie 
 ries 
 iuid. 
 
 on 
 
 ttl 
 
 e great summits or lofty jjlateaus oi" tl 
 
 gaining impop. 
 
 (Iiiit zone below tlu! limit of "eternal 
 
 :'';^':?:■!:'•l*''4'v^-fif"t«^ wm 
 
 'Central Alps, it !),.! 
 
 wnt iiioiintaiii range, where the rid<'('sbe( 
 
 «"ow attached tothe Hank of 
 
 OllgS (() 
 
 iiiid the torrents lose themselv 
 
 onie br(d<on and i 
 
 hie tliiiii the broader elevations above 
 mite Alps, is celebiated for tin; viol 
 
 es in deep g„rg,.s, oft 
 
 eveiy 
 tormented. 
 
 Tl 
 
 g'N otten more inhos.tit 
 
 |Mta- 
 
 'i:y(>gion,knownasthel)olo" 
 
 cneeof itsdislocat 
 th< 
 
 ions and the i 
 
 ii;;('soi us sireams ana ancient glaciers aide.l l.vTi . ' '"*'':'v 
 
 t.TMl of its rocky masse. Ni.ietiT f t's 'Vl . l ' ''f H"<'til.lo n.a 
 feet, more ..r less: eleven .„,.. '1 . ^^^^'^'l'^'" ''"^^'to a height of !)''()< 
 
 less : elev( 
 
 n surpass it, reachin 
 
 feet. Vegetation ceases ato,«00 leet 'l 
 111(1 ciiltivatioii at 4,0(10. Deposits ot 
 
 <n extreme of I0,2(i(; 
 
 ciiiv, being always liabl 
 swept oir or buried under masses of . „ , ,., 
 Only about one-thirteenth part of tlH' sari 
 ctilliviitioii, the rest bein 
 
 Himan habitation at al 
 ^•egetable soil are 
 
 :Z':ii'!;!';:.;''-^'^;"';;'i>i^'io(;dit... 
 
 ''><>nti.r>7r., 
 
 liii-eand inse- 
 it's, to lie 
 itioiiy 
 
 of calculation spaces of totally 1 
 is jtasture land 
 
 largely 0(;cupied by Ibre.st 
 
 i-s capable of any kind ol 
 
 ►iirren nxdc, five-sevenths of 
 
 •'^t and, leaving out 
 
 tl 
 
 The lower and more cultivated vail 
 
 le whole 
 
 iiid I'Vitre, the priiuMjjal (owns, oU 
 
 !('y,i)articiilarly that around iJell 
 
 lino 
 
 iceoiis calcareous, rej>osing on a \ 
 filoiiicrates, and coarse glacial detrit 
 calcareous element jirevails n 
 Venetian territory, from the 
 wli 
 
 , oilers a sail of moderate fiMlilit-.; 
 
 IIS 
 
 irying substratum of niari 
 
 H-n'-stofthejuovineen;; 
 
 In tl 
 
 >*, con- 
 
 or(^ geiiei-ally than in oth 
 
 cli (Townall the mountains of tl 
 
 nnmensi> mas.ses of dolomite 1 
 
 tT parts of the 
 
 and which 
 
 mas 
 
 give It its striking character. Th 
 
 HMegioii,exj,o,«,.,ii„ ,.,,„. 
 
 niiestone 
 'iKl wall.- 
 
 scs, interruiited occasionallv bv V(d 
 
 «'«t-/'asily disaggregated' 
 
 IM-Is of t.ila, more rarely by dec^pe -I 'b .: , ." ! f'r "^ '"•';'"'^ ''^ """ 
 s<n.H; or sehist fbrm thegeohj of i^he'^:;nn a , 1^ "'"'" """ ^-' ^'""l- 
 ma e, though softened by southern rsZ 
 
 s;'t.ceofgr..at mrumulations of snow , r TTn''''^ ''^' <''^' ''''■ 
 
 <'"' •"*'•> =""l ''Wable temperatu •■ of^ Yen . "* /'!'' ^'*'"'' '"'« ""^ 
 noises;} degrees low..r in'the m II r i -dl ''.'''"'''r^'''' "^'''•'S*' 
 
 b-cts has all the s,.veritv of alp (',„,:''' >,/'''•' '". '''^' '"^'l'<'r iUs. 
 "' <i.!'-'^ C. and siiowfallof b{( (' ' '^'' '' '"*'''""" f«''''lH>rature 
 
 All flwiw,. ,l.,f _ . ^ • 
 
 li( 
 
 All these data suppose a rude 
 
 igiiitoiirig'iyn,!, of wliid, n 
 
 pastoral life, m 
 
 tension, iiiid t 
 
 ship. 'Jhc resemblai 
 
 he animals of the region bear tl 
 
 ic province is ind.cd but (I 
 
 .merging into that of the 
 
 ic southern e.\. 
 
 ie<^ Is sa el 
 
 "'"'"a'l' the tyiH' known asth.- l!e|| 
 
 o>^<' that it is an 
 
 •me stamp of lelat 
 
 iiiisettled (]uesti 
 
 ""•'•^o IS not a simple mod 
 
 lon- 
 
 OII 
 
 i Ileal 
 
 1011 
 
 I 
 
340 
 
 cattlt: and dairy farming. 
 
 of tbo Tyrolese. Both are of middling stature, with the coat of m.ir 
 color aud sliort-curved horus; both are very much iuferior toflu. i •'" 
 
 as milk producers, with excelleut qualities for labor and fatteiii'lK'^^^'*'? 
 
 fi>rago, has the same texture aiid'tlim!! 
 
 the meat of both, with the same „_, „ v^^mit: • 
 
 Add to this the eflict of contact aiTd'intermixturefoTs'o^m'u,!!''^*^'" 
 turies, and their present alliuity hardly admits a doubt. The sn ^^". 
 traits of the lielliiuese are a shorter head, with the <:ar much si'. iV' 
 and the jye more prominent aud vivacious, the chest broader iml n ' 
 ribs more open and rounded. He is more short-coupled witli l' i ' 
 shorter and thicker at the knees ; his coat is more decidedlv sriv i"i 
 that of the Tyrolese is tawney aud whitish, with a thicker •uhi' 7 "^ 
 porons skin, aud the horns less robust aud of a lighter tint'of hi ["^ 
 The Tyrolese cow gives rather more milk, but both raceb are dooili. ^ i' 
 enduring for labor, while the Belluuese has a special tendencv to rltf" 
 and a remarkable precocity of development, attributed totheahmw o ' 
 of terrons oxides furnished by the rocks (dolomic aud calcareona n.? 
 bonates) ot these mountains. At two years the bull is ant for 
 creation ; many assert that he is so at eighteen months ; at the simn^'^'^' 
 (two years) the ox is capable of hard labor, and at three years coinmn i 
 the highest price for slaughter; it is rarely the case that heifers nro?,! 
 impregnated before the end of the second year. It is quite nos8ihlp f i "I 
 this precocity may not persist in the race when removed from its nnr 
 locality, and it is liable to entail a corresponding teudence to eaiiy (1? 
 
 Some breeders assert this animal to be superior to the T\ rolow a i 
 propose to adopt it as the type best suited to the region i'lr )rovi„„ • 
 by selection, without further mixture of foreign blood, unless ner ?. ! 
 with the view to obtain a better yield of milk in certain district^ a 
 bull of this race has been installed as official reproducer bv tlio ntrr- 
 cultural board of Conegliano and the surrounding region in the npi^i ' 
 boring province of Treviso, and others are to be found in Padua ami 
 Vicenzsi. In the meanwhile the commercial importance of the stoft . 
 attested by the growing demand both for labor and slaughter in varim ! 
 l)aits ot Italy, and the sale and exportation of uearlvall the annual Z 
 <luction ot beeves and bullocks, together with a sixth of the cows 
 
 Tiie whole subject of breeding and treatment is becoming' tlioilon.i 
 naut interest of the community. The provincial administration inaintiiN 
 tour veterhiary stations at different points, where competent snociaiiss 
 not only superintend the management of animals and report on tbo r 
 condition, but hold a school for instructing the population in the best 
 modes of care and management. Private proprietors are pavino- inon- 
 attention to the improvement of their stock, and reproducing stations 
 niamtamed by communal authorities, are becoming frequent The Gov' 
 ernment in Italy does not implant such stations directly, but encourages 
 their creation by i)rizes and subsidies to the iugrative of indiviaaals''or 
 associations. The same zeal is shown in the construction of stables on 
 a better system tore])l..oe the pestilential hovels where the animals -id 
 the peasant family formerly sought shelter and warmth together at the 
 expense ot liealth in the long winters, as well as of sheds necessary for 
 protection in the bleak mountain pastures. 
 
 An indication of the progress nnule is found in the expressions used 
 ill an inquest formerly made on the subje(!t under the Austrian (Jovoin- 
 iiieiit, speaking of the cattle of Belluno; " These animals in four or live 
 ,>,.i.., i!,,,, ,,„<„ oiiij i liijintiiiij; «izr, aiKiare notsuHcei>til»le»tI liuliicr 
 growth without choice and costly food. The tradersof tiie deiiartnient 
 of the Tagliamento (Udine) buy both oxen and cows, which, traiispoited 
 
ITALY. 
 
 341 
 
 to 11 ivii'iou of more succulent forrt{,'o, resumo their growth, and give a 
 liirijc |)i«)lifc to the purchaser. In conse(iuence the district, although 
 jiosscssiiig ill) inierior rnco, is alwsiys sure of a ready sale for it." 
 
 Uiidor the title " forage" occurs the following: " Some few farmers 
 lijivc coiiiiiienced the cultivation of lucern {mcdivc). The peasants fiiul 
 {Tioiit (lilliciilty ill drying this grass so as to i)revent the pulverization 
 of tlie leaves, a difficulty they caiuiot surmount for want of an acquaint- 
 iiiicc with tiie proper method of proceeding in the case." These short 
 quotations c(;mment each other; at i)re8ent lucern and clover are cul- 
 tiviiti'd wlierever cultivation of any kind is possible, though tlie product 
 is still f;ir from large. In elevated regions they are replaced by natural 
 /orage so wholesome, nourishing, and aromatic as to render the exten- 
 sion of artiticial meadows almost useless. 
 
 TIio i)liiiits which occur most frequently in these mountain pastures 
 iHO, riilcim ali)imm, AlopecvrvH gerardi, Af/rostis canina, t^islvsia ccc- 
 mica, I'oa alpina, Festuca durivscula, Kailcria fjrandiflora, Trisctmn Jla- 
 mccns, Aira flexuosa, Atjrostis milgarin, Nardua aristata, and in still 
 more elevated positions the Agrostis alpina and rupeniris, and iha Arena 
 schcuchzcri. 
 
 Tlic arable surface of the province is 30,000 acres, and that producing 
 forage of all kinds, 175,000; of which temporary cultivated meadows 
 take up 8,000; permanently cultivated, 42,000; natural pastures, 
 124,000. 
 
 Finally it nuiy be said that the cattle of this province appear to be 
 assuming the consistent and distinctive character of a special race, 
 songlit and imjmrtcd as such into the surrounding region. Whether it 
 will sui)plaiit the Tyrolese, so generally resorted to i'or breeding and 
 slaiigliter, is doubtful. Whether it possesses merits sullicient to make 
 it desirable for imi)ortation into the United States is nu)re doubtful still, 
 ill presence of the pure Tyrolese, which seems to preserve in a higher 
 degree its special race (pialities. 
 
 DAIRYING IN IlELLUNO. 
 
 Another effect of the same progressive impulse has been the intro- 
 diicJon of a better system of dairy industry. The prevailing accounts 
 from every quarter of this Venetian territory n^present this class of 
 ])rodiietioii as being everywhere more or less neglected, or, at best, fab- 
 ricated by the most antiquated methods to suit the rough taste of the 
 coiintry coiisuiiier, in most cases for family use (hdy, and not of a <iuality 
 to find a market abroad where there was a surplus to export. The 
 modest export from the province of Udine has already been mentioned, 
 and here, with the moderate i)roduct of milk and the scarcity of other 
 resources, something more could be added to the economy of tlie region. 
 This is now taking a practical form, thanks to the intelligeiice"aiid 
 energy of a |)arish priest of the valley of Agordo, who, in imitation of 
 the Swiss "chalets" and of the " fruiteiies" of the French ilura, founded 
 the first associated <laiiy, "Latteria Soeiale," in his village in 1872. 
 The idea was simple, and immediately realized a sensible advantage 
 and it has siiure exteiidetl as rapidly as eould be expected in this iso- 
 lated and difficult region. A <;ommuiiity or a neighborhoixl contribute 
 the modest means at their disposal tor installing a l)oiler, a store room, 
 Hiid tlu; ti'Vv JieecHsary iiiijdeiiient.s, the mosi, iuiproved possibU', ami 
 employ an exiwrienced practician to <;,irry on the industry. They then 
 bring in their surplus milk daily, of which a sti'iet account is kept, 
 
342 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ami, at tho »ri(l of tho season, receive in exchange a prohortio.. it., i 
 of the product, or at choice, a credit on the fstablisl ,ne ^ S . ''?''^ 
 takes to dispos. of the n,erchandise. The advantages are the n on'/'n " 
 employment ot much surplus milk, which wouUl otherwise n^?^'''' 
 wasted, a more econon,ical fabrication, and a better disi)ori of i. '^ "•" 
 uct by the agency of the establishment. "'*<Posal ot the prod 
 
 A recent account estimates the gain thus realized on a hun.lr«,i , •, 
 grams ot milk about as foUown: "untired kilo. 
 
 One hundred kilograms of milk would give: 
 
 Artiulea. 
 
 Baftor. 
 Oliccso , 
 Curds .. 
 
 Bandied at home. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Kilog. 
 3.00 
 7.00 
 3.00 
 
 Total . 
 
 Value. 
 
 -At the BHsodatod 
 iluiiy. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ^„ _ Kilot. 
 
 *»9I 3.400 
 
 1 •)■> 7. 30 
 
 ^0 ! 3. 300 
 
 Valno. 
 
 t1 41 
 
 124 
 
 40 
 
 3 03 
 
 Sup])os.ng the quantity of milk disposable to be about '»4 000 noh , 
 kilograms in the province, the product, amounting in ho hS' " ''* 
 lome liibrication. to 8547.200. would ho inov^....^^ ut ^i.' > V^^i '"^s** of 
 
 I — ............ ^^.^ |»*wYni,v, luu i»ii»uiici, araountlliff ]]> tlio Hr.t.f ' ■" 
 
 home fabrication, to 8547,200, would be increased by the ' d, i, v?^ o ''? °^' 
 to .* -.•55,300, a gain of $188,100. * ^'"' ^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 In 1880 there existed forty of these dairies, in more or less nro.norn 
 operation, and public opinion favored their multipliciSf Tt **"' 
 
 Jt is contested in some quarters, however, whether their nrodiH.t. n 
 ever compivte for quality with those of Lombardv and S v tzer .1 ' 
 account ot the inferior nature of the forage, and this rmbS • ^^' "" 
 bonded by their promoters; but even if tbU be sMbe^wiS^^^^^^^^^ 
 a large homo and regional demand. ^ "^''^"^ ^'"^ 
 
 Upnalionii and results of name axHodaie. dam 
 
 v,on,hs,fro,n OctoU^'x Z U^/r'"'" "^ '''''"'"">''' ^'J'^ 
 
 C'uuiuiune. 
 
 A uordo 
 
 Kiilcado ' 
 
 (!iinali' 
 
 V.illada '.'.[') 
 
 Viiltnito I 
 
 !.ii vaiio ;.■;;■ 
 
 lIllIl'IlZO I 
 
 Hiiit'uzo " j 
 
 Iliiri'iizo \\\\ 
 
 lliiniizo ! 
 
 SoHpcroIo i 
 
 Fm!i<: Z."!,!o : 
 
 DoIiiiPBgo ! 
 
 I'ioavo I 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 cows. 
 
 2 IS 
 03 
 
 V2-i 
 17 
 
 104 
 
 iir. 
 
 187 
 41) 
 08 
 
 ll<8 
 1(1 
 72 
 
 208 
 05 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 daya. 
 
 in.'i 
 
 103 
 
 2«7 
 
 »U 
 
 180 
 
 203 
 
 iri8 
 
 14(1 
 
 180 
 
 187 
 
 60 
 
 31 
 
 183 
 
 210 
 
 Quantity of 
 
 milk 
 broutfht In. 
 
 Total product obtained. 
 
 Kilot. 
 
 II 2,.') HI. 000 
 
 42, 400. 000 
 
 8t.0;),^0.)0 
 
 «, 4.VJ. OCO 
 
 78, 7.')0. 000 
 
 0.1, 8X0. 101) 
 
 lll,74».«.-0 
 
 20, B30. 0.-0 
 
 M,447.2.'-.0 
 
 1I!>, 047. 4.10 
 
 4, 0,')7. 000 
 
 7, 040. *)U0 
 
 l-'>2,084. 000 
 
 78, 15,-,. 150 
 
 Butter. 
 
 Kiliit. 
 .'i,ui:i.(ioo 
 
 1,401.180 
 
 2, 082. 000 
 
 107. 000 
 
 2, .17.'). 000 
 
 3, 203. 700 
 3,281.780 
 
 744.710 
 1,794.5.10 
 3, 0.ia. 000 
 
 2;i8. 7(iU 
 3, 300. 270 
 1,844.850 
 
 Clioeso. 
 
 Jyiliif, 
 
 7, Olio, ono 
 
 3,184.800 
 
 «, 080. 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 fi. 2lln. 000 
 
 0, 7!fi. 000 
 
 », 457. 80,1 
 
 2. 078. cut) 
 
 4, 57.1. 050 
 
 0,«.V,.7-0 
 
 27?. (!Oii 
 
 527. 000 
 
 11,378.080 
 
 :■, 882. 550 
 
 Curds. 
 
 Kilog. 
 2, H.'O. lion 
 1,27.'I.KOO 
 
 2, .'kin. win 
 
 174. OOO 
 2, ;iGJ IIIIO 
 2, 4K5. TiOll 
 4, 008. (1(1(1 
 
 1, I20.;(i0 
 
 2. ;iSN 7(HI 
 
 4, (177. 8W 
 
 ■■II m) 
 
 250. .lOO 
 
 5. 111.000 
 2, b7,'i. UJO 
 
ITALY. 348 
 
 Operalions and renitlla of some associate dairies^ <fo.— Contuiuod. 
 
 Coniiniiiic. 
 
 A^'OTll'i 
 
 Kiili'i"!'' 
 
 Ci 
 
 Valliiilii 
 
 V(llt:l'-" 
 
 I,;iV;illi' 
 
 IIlllTIll"> 
 
 IliMciizi) .. . 
 
 Iliircnzo 
 
 lliiiviiz" 
 
 Sospeiolo 
 
 ImmmoZiiIiIci- 
 ])nlnic:;^'0... 
 I'iavu 
 
 Soiling prlct!». 
 
 Buttor. 
 
 Lire. 
 'J. 0.) 
 '.'.00 
 'J. 00 
 1.70 
 
 5! 07 
 
 2. 00 
 •2. CO 
 2.00 
 2.00 
 1.00 
 l:82 
 1.00 
 2.00 
 
 Obt'cse. 
 
 Lire. 
 0. o."-. 
 
 (I. «,■> 
 1.40 
 1.00 
 
 0. «.■< 
 
 0. 02 
 1.00 
 1.00 
 1.00 
 
 i.no 
 
 1.00 
 1.00 
 
 1. :>{) 
 
 1.35 
 
 Total 
 
 valuu. 
 
 Curdg. 
 
 Lire. 
 0.00 
 0. -;i 
 
 0.70 
 0. 70 
 0.00 
 
 0. r>;i 
 
 0. 70 
 0.75 
 0.70 
 0.70 
 0.70 
 0.70 
 0. 00 
 0.55 
 
 Produrt per 100 kilo- 
 graiuw of milk. 
 
 i'% 
 
 ilutter. CI1UC80. 
 
 Lire. 
 
 10, 000. 05 
 
 0, 757. 80| 
 
 17, 005. 00 
 
 0.')5. 70 
 
 12, 770. 95 
 
 i4,;i87.yo, 
 
 24,021.041 
 
 .5, (160. 06 
 
 12,.'-.HI.27| 
 
 21,044. :n I 
 
 5Hi.;).5: 
 
 1, i;io. .w 
 
 20, .'■.oil. 2:1 
 l.'i, 171. 02; 
 
 Kihii. 
 ;t. 200 
 
 !i. :i(io 
 
 It. 500 
 
 ;). 0(10 
 i). ;)co 
 a. 510 
 
 2. PfiO 
 
 2. 7^•o 
 
 3. IHO 
 
 2. 5-.0 
 
 3. 100 
 
 ;j. :)87 
 
 2 220 
 2. :!60 
 
 Jiilos. 
 7.110 
 7. 500 
 «. 000 
 7.700 
 7. 000 
 7. 240 
 H. 242 
 7. 720 
 H. 007 
 K. 050 
 
 «. k:io 
 
 7.475 
 7. 4:10 
 7.000 
 
 ^ 5 
 
 ig.i 
 
 Curds. !°«S;«^|-i 
 
 KllOK. 
 
 2. 500 
 
 ;t. 000 
 ;). 000 
 
 2. 700 
 
 ;i. 000 
 
 2. 04H 
 
 4. 000 
 
 4. mo 
 
 4.200 
 
 3. 000 
 2 110 
 
 3. :,K\ 
 
 3. 350 
 3.6t>0 
 
 °c. h 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.0 
 
 K.O I 
 7.0 
 7.0 
 5-15 
 3-5 
 .5-0 
 7.0 
 
 n 
 
 H.0 
 20.0 
 
 io.o' 
 
 8fl 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 30-24 
 
 24-12 
 
 24-12 
 
 24-12 
 
 11 
 
 IH 
 
 22-11 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 NoTi; - li.V 8ul).stitufinj; pounds for kiloRraiiis in (ho roluiuiw of qnantitleB, tlio lolutive lesults 
 
 will bo iiiuro .ipt' lulily iciiliztid by tlio Anioricnu rcaddr. 
 
 
 Curds. 
 
 
 Kilog. 
 
 100 
 
 2, HJO. 1100 
 
 lOO 
 
 I,27.'I.K0() 
 
 JOO 
 
 2, :iW. ma 
 
 00 
 
 174.000 
 
 00 
 
 2, ■M2 (IIIU 
 
 uo 
 
 2, iK,. 50(1 
 
 41:1 
 
 4, 0(18. 0(10 
 
 H) 
 
 1, IL'0.:(;0 
 
 50 
 
 2. ;iSH 70(1 
 
 VO 
 
 4, 077. 8")0 
 
 «i! 
 
 •:i!. m) 
 
 10 
 
 250. .'•)00 
 
 HO 
 
 5.111.000 
 
 jO 
 1 
 
 2, b7,'i. UJU 
 
 PROVINCK OF VICENZA. 
 
 The rei>i()ii just described, einbracin*? tiie valleys of the riavo aud its 
 coiilliu'iit-s, is the only wholly Alpine and pastoral i)rovincc of the ter- 
 litoiy. The Austrian frontier, now advancinjj suddenly southward to 
 eiiibiiK'o llio disputed Trentino valley, crosses the Brenta only 10 miles 
 from entraiKte into the Venetian plain at Bassano, leaving the last monnt- 
 iiiii si)ins to i'orni, with the broad terrace at their feet, the province of 
 Vic(Mi/a. TheiJrenta and the Astico, in close proximity at their sonrces, 
 (livorge imiiie«liately aud inclose between them the Aliiine portion of 
 tlie iiiovince, the peculiar district known as the " Seven Communes," 
 a.ssi{;iie(l by tradition as the refuge of the Cimbri, defeated by Marins, 
 ami iiiliabited at present by a population sjieaking an ancient Snabian 
 (liak'ct, a bleak plateau of about 48,000 acres, with a nearly uniform 
 elevation of about 3,200 feet, girdled by mountains of from (5,000 to 7,000 
 icot, and it;i chief town, Asiago, 2,900 feet above the sea. Exposed to the 
 lirevailiiig nortliwest Wind from the snows behind, the mean annual tem- 
 lieratme is 7° C, witli a maximum of +200.1 ai;d a minimum of — IS, 
 wliilo the meeting of this cold current with the equally ]»revalent moist 
 .sirocco from tlie phiin below causes an abundance of rain, unknown to 
 any otiicr itart of Italy, a medium rainfall for three years of 1,70;{.0 
 iiiiliiiiu'ters toward tiie center, and of 2,(>1'.» at its southeastern border. 
 Tins remarkable humidity and the excellent soil derived from the cre- 
 taceous and dolomitic masses, tufa and red sandstone of the surround- 
 iiij;' peaks, ]»rodnce a luxuriant growth of forest and jiasture, and make 
 this the grazing region of the whole province. 
 
 MOUNTAIN nEKDING AND 1)AIUV1N(} IN VICENZA. 
 
 Tliecattk'! of the lowland are driven here iu great numbers to ])as8 
 the Slimmer months', and the irregular fabrici-viion of <lairy products 
 (hiring tills "montication," as it is (taUed, rei . .nts nearly ail its in- 
 ihustiy (»[' iiic kind, the phiiu being taken u[> witli tlio cultivation of 
 cereals. This mountain industry recalls that of JJelluno, but in better 
 coiuUlioiis. 
 
344 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAIiMINO. 
 
 Tlie 
 
 pastures aro oxcolleiit for siir, topofiruphv, uiul licih-rcn m, 
 breed of cattle, not native, but a lonfj-cloniesticiitc-il race of Tvmi '^ 
 
 «wis.s, the cows of the district beiu/,' Swiss and tlic best ii.ili!- .riTl?*^ 
 part of Italy, the lowland (tattle, an old stock crossed aiu IrVl . 
 with Tyrolese till the rac.e has 'become Rimeral 1 Sm l? .rf.''* 
 northern part of the province. They are strong, iluck-set animal Jm 
 small horns, short, thick nock, and muscular limbs; ondurin- W i "' 
 and heavy in their movements; the coat whitish or li^ht rn-.v nn^^ 
 Swiss cows are much lower in stature, a darker grav n colm- «.'.. " . 
 black and red according to their origin; not iiK)re than 4ileit,il!'!'!' 
 with delicate limbs ant' voluminous dugs. Along with^thcso .1 ' 
 
 cate<l Swiss cattle are numbers of more recent introduction Iw'i;'"^:'*^'" 
 principally to the distri(!t of Viceiiza, and modified from their .,'i.I'v''^' 
 tyi)c by long residence there. Uf a peculiar breed from tlie v- 1. ^ 
 dana, where tliey are bred expressly for milking, thev are ki.mv i "' 
 as the (!0w of Schwytz. With a soft and pliable skin they hue. 1 
 spotted with brown and bla(;k; around the eves, iihside the <>i • fi'l^i"''^ 
 oftheback and thedugs, white; with thehuulerpartt^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 at most. 
 
 Of these and the migratory herds from below, some 10,000 catti,- .ro 
 collected hero during the summer months, of which 5,500 beloiHrtn S 
 district with 1,500 calves. They are guarded by the \>ropiieff on^ 
 ant ot the land, wiio undertakes their keeping either for Tr.f 
 money or a share in the |no<lucts of a dairy attached to the vmS 
 which makes a part ot the speculation. The milk of the herd isS' 
 lee e.l hero twice a day; and being ()i»erate(i on in the best cuiKUtions 
 ot freshness ami temperature, gives a largo yield of butter and Sm 
 much esteemed in the neighboiing provinces. Ordinarily the j)rit'o ot' 
 pasturage, when taken in kind, is one-half of the milk and ,uoduct 
 or cows without milk, |)5 to $(i, according to abundance and .malitv of 
 orage. llio yiel.l ol milk varies with the state of the pasture nd oi 
 the animal, better and more abundant at the outset witli l™ in 
 cropped and diininisliing as the season advances. Avera-in- tliis <1 ' 
 terenee, an ordinary cow is supposed to give 4 to 4^ liters" ol'inijkir 
 day. i 
 
 15UTTEU AND OIIEESE MAKING IN VICENZA.. 
 
 In 107 of these m.-uiitain <lairies are made three kinds of duvsn 
 lor the "Grassodafrutta" the, milk is used unskimmed and entire .1,(1 
 in the early season j.rodiices .'W jiounds to the hundred liters= "(iUr,! 
 hHis; later, 20-132. In one of these pastures, celebrated for tliemwli'tv 
 of Its products, a small portion of butter must be removed, the cxces 
 sive ri(-hnes.s of tlu^ milk making the cheese diflicult to keen After 
 this the " i)ecorin(> "—half cream— and tlu', «' magro," of si<iiniiK.(l milk 
 are made lor the use of the neighborhood. Of "magro" a liuiHircd 
 liters ot milk give about 22 pounds: each pouml of butter taken from 
 the milk lessens the yield of cheese by 2 pounds. 
 
 In full season tho same (luantitv of milk trivija oi .>nM"'!" of butter 
 more or less, according to the quality of forage" The"inethod's of fabricu' 
 tion are those ot tho farm-house, without a thermometer or otlier rational 
 instrument, depeudiii|((?ntirelyou tho tag( mid experience oftl^c aair>. 
 
ITALY. 345 
 
 man, but Uio material is so good and so liberally euiplovetl that these 
 products luiiiish most of the lowlaiul eousumjition, ancrare begiiuiiiiL' 
 to be songlit in its markets for exportation. Tins district contains 
 iiboiit 44,000 acres of natural pasture, with little cultivation of any 
 Kind, the rest of its surface being covered by forests. 
 
 DAIllYING IN TnE LOWLANDS 0¥ VIC'ENZA. 
 
 Here and in the lower province the cows, during the autumn, winter 
 jiiid siding, give little more than a half ration of milk, and the insig- 
 iiilicant pioduction of half-skimmed mezzomagro cheese is consumed 
 iit home. They are kei)t, in the lowliuid districts, njostly in tlie stable 
 by llie proprietor or by an industreal, who follows up his trade in the 
 iiionutaiiiH, rents the eow-house and buys lorage of some farmer short 
 ol" cattle on a singular traditional contract, which gives him right of 
 pastmage, after the first cutting, straw at discretion, about a cord of 
 wood and 150 faggots for every 12 loads hay he buys, an«l 1 liter of 
 wine every holiday . In return ho gives all the manure at the end of the 
 season, li pounds of cheese, and the same weight of butter for each 
 load of hay. 
 
 The cows are not fed on straw stubble or Iirdlau corn leaves, as are 
 beeves, but on grass and hay from natural nu^adows. These cow-houses 
 are mostly coulined to the district of Vicenza, and are all very nuich 
 on the same plan, a long, low construction, with a tile of animals on each 
 side, sejiarated by low partitions of wood 3 fc^t 2 inches high and 5 
 feet 8 long, leaving between them a stall (> feet C wide for two animals, 
 with a llooring raised (J or 8 inches from the alley of 5 feet wide down 
 tbc middle; grated windows over the heads of the cattle, sometimes 
 glazed ill winter. The ealveh are tied ui) promiscuously at one end of 
 the stable in a space left for the purpose. 
 
 All this lower section of the province, the summer residence of wealthy 
 families IVoni the neighboring cities, aVid containing an unusual number 
 of their large estates, shows at once the benelit of such i'; class of i)ro- 
 prjetors, many of whom occupy themselves with the breeding of cattle, 
 so that by their examido as well as their iininedlato agency tiie breetl 
 of the country has been nearly transformed. 
 
 The climate of this region is one of the best tempered of the territory, 
 free from the cixeessive humidity of the plateau above and lew subject 
 to the long droughts of the lower plain. The di«erenee from that of the 
 mountain district Just described is strongly marked by the advance of 
 from llfteeu days to a month in the harvests. 
 
 At Vicenza the medium temperature is .>lo R for the year, with an 
 ordinary cold of UO.l at the lowest in winter, and an average heat of 87.1 
 for midsummer, and a very regular traiiHition of seasons; injurious 
 droui,'lits rare, exi-ept in the most southern districts. 
 
 In the valley of the Brenta, the soil, mostly caUiareous, is only of 
 middling <iuality, but there is considerable cultivation of tbrage, 'and 
 the breednig of cattle is followc<l with a care ami intelligeuiie that 
 make H.issano.at the opening of the plain, an important cattle market, 
 and the interest in this industry increases in descending to the neighbor- 
 ing proviiice of Padua, which is its i)rincipa! center for Venetia. 
 
 West of the Hrenta the torrential impetuosity of the streams which 
 traverne ihis iutennediato region between jdaiinind mountain, and par- 
 ticularly (d the Astico, has accumulated a dejjositof tin? glacial detritus 
 ot the ui)p('r valley, making the subsoil of this central portion of the 
 pi'ovmce little wore than a bed of stoucs and gravel, Boiuetimes varied 
 
346 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 by u ro'igh conpfloinersite of tJie suine niuteiials thinly covcml i ,. i 
 ot vogetable soil rarely reaching the <lepth of one half yard 1:1. r'^"l 
 l).y the poroius nature of the mass below, and by the Immei'.,.. *"''' 
 tain localities of 8i>ritigs and Hubterranean streaii.s. This nin ■ ., V''*''"' 
 l)er/uits 11 considerable growth of forage, and the district o fTl.-r ''' 
 ports a number of cattle little inferior to that of districts more g . li,!",','*- 
 
 ports 
 fertile. 
 
 The territory remaining to the west of this and forminir tlu* ..„.. , ' 
 vato.1 i.ortioiis of the province of Verona offers the same ge ,. I ?''• 
 alter, and may be regarded as an extension of the same le ri' ,''' 
 alps show much the same broken stratification, with a nredom ^^** 
 
 <!retaceons rocks, and more frecpient irruptions of prismatic i*' "*" 
 phous basalt and basaltic; tufa. l"-ismatic and amor. 
 
 IJe.yond the Adige the transition to the Lombard plain is forin..,l u. ♦. 
 moiiune ot the great glacier which once occupied the bed of t . Y ■ *'"' 
 (.aida, through whose confused masses of gravel and bowlrW *•''"'' 
 sorts and dimensions the emissary stream, theMincio,has wonHf«V" 
 often deeply incased, toward the lowland of Mantua. ^ "''''' 
 
 FROM MOUNTAIN TO LOWLAND STOCK-RAISING. 
 
 Tliesoil of this province, a portion of the same alluvion win. h 
 western part ot that of Vicenza, formed by theconflueuts (T 1. . 1 V^'"' 
 an elevated and rather undulated plain, is generaUy fertile '11"^' 
 <lei.os.ted by smaller streams, jireseuts less broadly marked dr. ''« 
 (.1 coMipositiou ill neighboring localities, always subject howe i f"!'^" 
 general law that its materials are coarLer and lesTminSo!^ 
 h-vH-s toward the points where the streams, issuing from the 1 n .mfi • ' 
 valley, deposit their heavier burden, carrying their liner s J " "'" 
 form a deeper and richer soil below.' A chemicarun vsis '.''"^ '•'? 
 iound at base of the hills, at nearly equidistant poTit^TtlLn? '"" 
 iron, east to west, will giv«, an idea of the material whicl eri er i i^'ll" 
 composition. ^"ii^r into its 
 
 loj^redionts. 
 
 Silicic acid 
 
 (.'.iK'arcoii.s caiboimto . 
 
 Aiiiiiiina 
 
 Oi;jniii(! iiiiittcr , 
 
 Tel lie ;ici(l 
 
 I.iino 
 
 I'liiwplinld of putiiHSa . 
 
 AI:i;:ii('sia 
 
 AIKaliiio Halts 
 
 Water Hiiil losH 
 
 .partH. 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 Near Eoiicu 
 
 to tlio caHl, 
 
 buHaltic. 
 
 '""a, col. 
 vureouii. 
 
 Total. 
 
 70 
 "l.'t " 
 
 :• 
 
 4. M 
 » 
 2 
 1 
 
 i.'so' 
 
 100 
 
 4.') 
 '.'8 
 H 
 
 7.60 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 2.60 
 
 JOO 
 
 Thesame raties already described are still in presence here, lessmin.rio,! 
 i.n.l incorporated than in the regions further iast, partly In^'ZoS 
 mg hi..s been less active and thorough, partly because the 1 1 vi ^ f 
 \ emna extending tarther into the bottom valley of the I»o, the s ,! i^i ' 
 Italianized race ot the Fugliese^^ seems the only animal that h < £ 
 ground and still prevails almost exclusively. 
 
 In fact throughout the territorv tljo wlmii. ciibject of ero ir 1 
 improving breeds is still disputed and uncercain! Some years^sinceulc 
 provincial administration established several reproducing statio i.li I. f 
 the results did not correspond to the considerable expense incurred aud 
 
ITALY. 
 
 347 
 
 tho intervention of the authorities wiis t riiusrorrned into a ^5yf 
 unmiiil prizes for the eiK'onrapiMiiont of private enteri)riMe, to be a<l 
 
 to tilt! proprietors of the best b"" ' ' ' > . . . 
 
 cattlo shows. This system sec 
 
 ,'stem of 
 •Ijiulfjed 
 bulls and their products at tlie ref,'ioi)al 
 MMiis to have answered better, and each 
 year tlio animals oti'ered for eompetition are nioro numerous and <le- 
 Hervinp. 
 
 The annual mipration to the heijjhts is praetieed, but witliout s.vst«,m 
 orret,nil'H"'fyim<li'» 'ill otiier respects this region has no special feature 
 of pastoral industry to command attention. 
 
 All this tract of country is occuiiied by an extensive cultivation of 
 cereals often without intermission, the least possible sjjuce hvlug allotted 
 to fonifio, which is generally planted along with the grain. The extent 
 of iiiitiual or i)ermanent pasture is insignificent, and but a small pro- 
 portion of the surface is allowed for temporary and artificial meadows 
 by the more intelligent proprietors for the purpose of si»ecial breeding, or 
 for the necessity of rotation, never exceeding one fourth and averaging 
 more generally one-tenth. In the lower districts of Verona from 5 to H 
 per cent, of the surface is irrigated, an improvement much more rarely 
 fonnd further east. 
 
 In this exclusive cultivation of grain, which luis been the fixed idea of 
 Italian agriculture for some years past, cattle are only taken into ac- 
 rount for the needs of labor and manure. As a food supply the ox has 
 had, until recently, no practical importance, costing too much for the 
 (!onHnni])tion of the labor alike in town and country, and finding but a 
 limited demand for the few who could aft'ord such luxury in the towns. 
 By the rural laborer it was used at rare festivals only', and cases are 
 cited of contadiui who asserted that thdy had never tasted nu-at. The 
 growing international demand shows its elfects so far only in those dis- 
 tricts when? cattle production is a necessary resource, and then^ is tbund 
 in piissing from the highlands to the bottom valley a regular decrease 
 of stock for a given area, four oxen being the average in the on(> case 
 on a farm of 15 to 30 acres, while in the lower i»lain the same nund)er 
 serves for one of 40 to 55 acres. Here the only commercial i>roduc,fc 
 looked for is the sale of the calves, each cow bringing in this way an 
 iivenige gain of 120 lires=$24, and the calf, if not sold at the teat, must 
 j;et his living on roadsides and ditches; if sohl younger he brings only 
 .$15, and if better fed he is still less protitable, so thai the average re- 
 mains about the same. 
 
 Ill the same transit from north to south, and from hill to plain, takes 
 ])lace a gradual change of races, the Tyrole.se, Swiss, and all their mix- 
 tnres giving way to the Podolian, which here balances other tyi)es, ami 
 further on along the lower rivers and coast, and it may be said in the 
 rest of Italy south of the Po, is the exclusive race of the country. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE PROVINCE OF PADUA. 
 
 This ])roviiico is in every way the heart of the Venetian terra tirma, 
 '.ind its agriculture best represents the state of progress in the region! 
 Its situation between plain and mountain gives an excellent avera'<'eof 
 soil. Siijierior wealth and culture render it more oi)en to the possibil- 
 ities of iiii|)roveu)ent, and the agrarian interests of the country at large 
 gravitate here as to their natural center. The city of Padua is the pri7j- 
 cipai cattle market of the surrounding provinces," and their breeding in- 
 lerosts owe their i»rosperity in i»art to its neighborhood. Tli» pro\-ince 
 is the best stocked of the territory, jjossessiing .37 head to the siiuare kilo- 
 meter, while the general average is but 25. Jn the northern part of the 
 proviuce brwding and fattoniug for slaughter is pursued us a special 
 
348 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FAUMINO. 
 
 Irom Bassaiio, which isaheadyaciMitcT of Hoinoiinimitliiicivli...... i 
 
 theconl lie, is it8 culminating point. The district in not c^x(u\ i n'. 'i?"!'''^ 
 tile, and ixutions of it toward the west arc wastnl bv (ho /r,. !, !>'''• 
 Jirenta. Around CittadoUa, in thecenter, it is calcaiiou,s "i -Ir i. . '" '''« 
 with a cahjareous subsoil, is tolerably well irrigated, and I, ,7 ,''*''*'' 
 
 foraire. 
 
 Iho western border, ar/jillaceous, calcareous, silicio 
 
 "S IS more, 
 
 pertectly irrigated, and the forage is considered superior. Thn .•..,.. • • 
 surface to the north and east is fair vegetable soil for evoivMh '"!""*'' 
 but with a rather porous Hubstratuin. To the extreme 8,,uth|\;;^,'?!'' 
 west, where (!lay predominates both above and below, tlu . ■ "^''• 
 cially good for rice and forage. The latest statistics g ve I 'la. u, 'Tl 
 cattle, with a rate of 1 animal to 2.0 acres; 2 in everv lo n. '"' "'^ 
 for slaughter. From 400 to 1,300 animals tro fattened eic , ir'n'' 
 outof a,000, the estimated number for the province '""""iilly, 
 
 HOW CATTLE ABE FATTENED IN PADUA. 
 
 The number of cattle enumerated as belonging to the dis< vwt .n . 
 o no moment, as a certain quantity are purchased for fatt , i.'u'f""" 
 abroad. The treatment adopted most usually to atS, h ' 'el "'" 
 the shor est am most economical way is thus describe, : shm /" 
 premised that all practicians do not make it a point tobr n-rt ' ''' ''" 
 ucts to a point of extreme obesity, and notable ditteipncoC ,'"' 
 spect may be seen among animals offered in the market ' ',r" 
 qualiQcatioii, the following is the method adopted bv the mu.sc i ,S 
 vollimeT"'"'" *"""'' '"^ '*"'''*' "' ^ '^oiU^'^te result (,f weighulll | 
 
 In winter, when fresh forage is wantinff. the aniiml« win. . 
 of 300 kilograms (r.ounds GG§, after «S di^'s S^it e re o!:''"!!?^ 
 ordinary trcatuient. are bled, in case their coat! by its va^.t o ' s lb ' 
 and luster or any other symptom, should indicat/the ec i ' ' T i!! 
 be ng done, they are submitted to a regular and si)e('ial nti w.' i ' 
 fed with line rich hay, clover, or the like. This is^c'o. n in mn '^ 
 to two months, as the animals show more or less null i ^ ^ ^ • ;? 
 After this they are served with a ration of Indian (,orn shucks ,;;i 
 in boiling water and sprinkled with linseed meal, in q iSuy n ■ 
 pounds a day During four months of this treatment tw , I .,' v, s 1 , 
 sume about 3,520 pounds of choice forage an.l ],]00 j.oi , s f i ,'" j 
 olcake,and attain a weight of 1,870 pounds, 'in the Vu n oi ,^1 
 the same method is followed, using, however, fresh forage, sd,v 
 grass 111 general clover, medic, and' the like, the oil cake be i , 'f 
 Use IS also made of the green tops of In.iian orn, and ."„,.' 
 leaves, ,,rovided these last have not been touched by l„st 1 ' 
 
 rendered unwholesome for the animals. This summer re . 
 .rearly as long, with about the same cost and the same e^ , u , 'i ' 
 suit, as the winter treatment. 
 
 To obtain beeves of still higher quality the whole secret cmsisis in 
 prolonging he above treatment, and those who desire extra 0,0 
 ucts keep the animals on r.5gime as lon^r „« «iv or s,.v", , |,. ' , 
 more. In such cases a pair of beeves will consume as i.u.cli a.s'.^''S 
 
ITALY. 
 
 349 
 
 T liiivc rllndwl to^he nice of uniiimls i)roforre(l horo for fatteniiiL" 
 gcicially and ooimtantly the Tyrol«H« iiro thought, bovond comparison' 
 l)(>tt«'r both for labor and slaughtor in this region. Tho ho called Fo|! 
 brill! or Hellonisi are i)urcha«cd, but rolutirely fow, whijo tho nitive 
 Htoclv, l'iif;li('so,8tiind lowest; without doubt (hero are reaHouH for'this 
 (Iniwn IVom long experience. It i.s worthy of note that in general here' 
 III opposition to the UHag(^ of other parts of the province, neither in the 
 foniKenor otherwise ih the least particle of salt ever given (oeittle- 
 fhiit they are curried and cleansed of every kin<l of tilth, and their 'coats 
 ki'ptius lustrous as possible; that the stable is never entirely closed 
 oven ill winter, in tho belief that a constant supply of fresh air "is indis 
 peiisabh^ to the animals. It is remarked that they succeed better in 
 winter, as well in tho quantity of llesh as in its flavor. 
 
 The usual jiractice of speculators in this industry is to content them 
 selves with the moderate result of four or Ave iliontlm of the above 
 troatiiieiit, the protits of tho operation diminishing with a farther out 
 lay; tiierc exists, however, a sort of ambition with certain individuals 
 to carry their jiroduets to the utmost j)er(ection, even with lesseiu'd jrain 
 iiiid tliis eniuhition has done much, doubtless, to maintain tho sin'Milir 
 reputation of the locality, duo in i)art also to the sjjecial quality (Pf the 
 IbraKc. This is geuorally asserted, though no explanation is fbund of 
 tlie superiority claimed- 
 
 A report from tho intendant of one of the great proprietary fainilieH 
 of t lie le^jion makes a higher estimate. After stating the methods prae- 
 tieeii in liis neighborhood (sometimes much the same as those mentioned 
 iiliove) he (!oiitiiiuos: 
 
 Tlio aiiiiii.il 1«) l»o fiWtent'd Bbonld ho noitlior too v»«nR nor to old, nay from h\\ to 
 Hrrhf years ; Iiis livo weight lit (lio inoineut of puttiiiR iindi-r tniitin.nit"iM cominonlv 
 Irom 1,100(0 1,;W0 poiindH. In thrcouionlli.s Iio JHat liulf-llfHli, biit toi)iit liini in rii|| 
 (loiKlilioii, iiCt.r tlic-so llufo iiiniillm on Krccii food, tluco uiontbs iiioio iiro iicceMHarv 
 oil dry Ibriijro. ' 
 
 During the three months of green feeding no dry forage is giveu- 
 prass alone with tops and shucks of Indian corn, &c., and two dailv 
 (Iraftsor warm water, with 1 kilogram of oil cake (2.2 pqiiiids). Al'ter- 
 ward lie receives about .'$3 pounds of dry forage tlivided into three 
 rations, changing the qn I'ity at each nu-al; the hay should be of 'ho 
 liist mowing; tlie oil-cake d raits to bo continued with an addition of 
 17 j pounds of oil cake. The shucks in these last three months should 
 I)(! peeled and dried and given morning and evening, about l\ iMuinds at 
 a time. 
 
 All animal well fattened gains an addition of about one half his oriir- 
 iiial weight, attaining to from l,(J5()to 1,980 pounds; the dead wei-ditia 
 (jalciilalt tl at about .'itP less. Attention should be paid to the habits ami 
 temperament of the animal, jierfect cleanliness of animal and stall 
 ahiiiidaiieeof litter, and constant ventilation, however cold the weathei' 
 regular cniiying after each meal, and after tho draft, fresh water to his 
 thirst. 
 
 l)ill( reiices of opinion exist among specialists in regard to the neees 
 Ri(y olsalt as an element of diet; practically, it seems immaterial here 
 owing, peiliaps, to the nature of the forage, which in certain situations 
 IS known to alisorb a considerable quantity of salt in its growth \ 
 strong ineJiKliee exists, among i)easant bree«lers principally, against 
 
 that every disturbance ot the cuticle interferes with their dio-estion and 
 partieuhuly with the formation of suet; the substitute 'o(>ing to brush 
 the back and head, around and between the horns, with a broom or 
 
 11 
 
m 
 
 CATtLE AKt) DAlttY PARMINO. 
 
 coami wiap of straw, an operation fiuppoHcd to bo speciallv )iL'r..r.„i i 
 to tluj animal, an«l thus to iijii)n)vc liis appetite an.l iliceHMon 'I'l 
 story iH tol<l of an illitorato i>roprietor, noted for hit) excellent or ,'.i ' 
 often found in his Ntable exten«Je«l between a pair of beeves a . I ' 
 triously scratcbin« tlieir backs to excite tbeir a|)petife.H. '**• 
 
 ToKetber witb, or in substitution for, the linseedcake, the rpf.,« ^ 
 various otln-r oily plants is used, especially tlie colza, sai<| r„ i ! ? ^^ 
 nearly etpial to linseed as food tor cattle. Otber plants of the J 11 ''•^' 
 turo ure benii), poi.py, cotton, sesame, &c. ; they are all vn\w\\ uT' ' 
 manure and often so used. It is asserted that after serviuL' • . 
 for animals they are no less useful, the fertilizinij «ilenients i, ■ 
 tbroufjh the animal after serviuf? their purpose of nutrition ' /IT'^ 
 Little or no recourse is mado to roots for cattle- feed injj in tliis di f • ' 
 and the extremely scanty pro<lui;tion would hardly fuiui«h theN.. 'i'^' 
 The linseed <!ake is considered equivalent as food to rather innr, IT ^'' 
 twice its weight of hay. While the tjeneral practice of bm'(Ie.r,!ir" 
 the preference to this particular iilant, it is supjmsed that cotton t.p!i' 
 It available, nnpjht surpass it. Mention has also been made of m. i»!l ' 
 leaves as a favorite articU^ of food. "niiberry 
 
 rrimitirccnnUage.—lu the vinegrowing Uistvicts, together with n.n 
 fallen vine leaves, is commonly used the refuse of the wine nr.ws 
 considerable residue of alcohol remaining being an excellent stiniul. 1? 
 or fattening hout?h injurious in ordinary food. The mode of nrZrn 
 tion is as lollows: Around excavation in the earth, about 2 Z'fn 
 deep and wide, is tilled with alternate layers 20 centimeters f=- 8inS 
 thick (on a bot torn layer of leaves) of " graspa » or press refuse," and vin. 
 .•im mu berry eaves, j.resse.l down as tightly as possible, anlcoveiS 
 with a " capello" or conical mass of earth, care being taken to iwl 
 rulgo oi: earth around the brink to prevent rain or snow from nei o m 
 ing The mass is then left to ferment, and watched, to fill any cSn ' 
 111 the cover of earth as it dries, in about forty days fermont'itinn ; 
 (completed, and the product is then given to the animals, whicirXr . 
 lirst hesitation, liecomo extravagantly fond of it, and the dose hmuM 
 regulated. . '" ""^ 
 
 FOOD ANALYSES. 
 
 It is always observed that an animal fiUtens in longer or shorter iim« 
 ac(!ording to the origin of his forage ; for instance, with the hay mowod 
 here at liolzonella, eight months are required lor full flesh- with tilll 
 of Citadella, six mouths; with that of Belvedere and Kosa, four moil' s 
 
 SUIIlCe. ' "■""ins 
 
 A rough analysis of the hay grown near Citadella gives for one h.in 
 d red parts of hay: 
 
 Azcitatetl HiibshinccH, 8.14, or diKfstiblo matter, Saan. 
 Caibtiuali'il «llllstiluc(^s, 4:i.G:{, or iiuligestible matter 27 18 
 Ashes, (J.K), or water, 14.1'.). ' " ' 
 
 The composition of colza compared to linseed is as follows: 
 
 CnnstituoiitH. 
 
 Pmtt^iiiic BiibHtanren . 
 
 Kutly Hiibstnnoes 
 
 11 Vili'ati'il carburets. . 
 
 W!i.-«l!!!«r 
 
 AHheH 
 
 WaUr 
 
 Colza. 
 
 28.08 
 0.5 
 
 24.3 
 
 l.i. 8 
 7.4 
 
 15.0 
 
 Linseed. 
 
 5a 
 10. u 
 :M.fl 
 II. u 
 7.0 
 14.7 
 
ITALY. 
 
 351 
 
 
 
 
 Iza. 
 
 LinaeiHl. 
 
 (.08 
 
 5«.0 
 
 (.5 
 
 10. U 
 
 .3 
 
 .'II. « 
 
 .8 
 
 11. u 
 
 .4 
 
 7.0 
 
 .0 
 
 14.7 
 
 HOU8INO OATTLK IN PADUA. 
 
 iJircdiTH complain that the priiicipiil oliMlnrlo to fattcniiiK catth^ np 
 to tlu' liiK'H'wf P<>'"t >« tli« iinpoMHibiliiy of obtaining lomnneri. 'mi, the 
 iiinit, iliidinp MO Halo be.yond a cortnin piitie, which varies littJo for all 
 cliisHCH of product, while in Knglund «vcry ipiality has its luicc, tlins 
 {iratif.viriK the fastidions ta«to of the rich, and brinKing animal food 
 within the reach of a large po|)ulation ( whom in Italy it is now for- 
 bidden. It is the conhtrnction and manaj^ementof staltios which seem 
 
 most i I'd of improvement here at present. Where there is any solid 
 
 (oiistrnction it is a nuMlel of centuries gone and often dates as far back. 
 In tlie HoiUlicrn part of this and in contiguous ])rovinces this may be 
 tolerated, with the dry and equable climate, and the race of cattle proof 
 to hardship and capable of living in the open air without injury, thongh 
 with more care they gain at once in appearance and con*iition, and in 
 iciility tli. Ht ill is here more a convenience for purposes of order and 
 Hlti<;ial rc'tiimea than a necessity for shelter. So that imiuovement in 
 this resiKct will be slow iu spite of the exporUitions of progressists, with 
 wiioni it is rather a favorite theme latterly. A few wealthy proprietors 
 liii.,' constructed stables with all the modern requisites, biit there is no 
 iiiHfance of any such improvement for industrial purposes. As might be 
 expected the best general av«'rage is found in the neighborhood of I'adua 
 iiiid (3ittadella. The usuhl plan is that described above in siK'aking of 
 the cow-honses of Vicenza. 
 
 DAIRYING IN PADUA. 
 
 The dairy industry is entirely insignificant; in some districts it is 
 wanting altogether; elsewhere it is confined to the needs of the house- 
 hold or village. In the districts of Cittadella alone statistical reports 
 iiioMtion, besides six associate dairies, three families as producing small 
 (|uantities for commerce; they prepare principally soft cheeses for the 
 (laily consumption of Padua. 
 
 Tiic climate of the province is gentle and eqaabh^; separated from 
 the lagoon oidy by the narrowest portion of that of Venice, it is in the 
 Hiuiie atmospheric conditions, with only the slight diflferenco that, being 
 t'iitlri'ly inland, the moderating effect of the sea is less sensible, the 
 suMuiier heats and the cold of winter being rather more »:;,irked. 
 
 The elevation of the city observatory is O.'J.O feet above the sea. The 
 teiMperatnre rarely ex(!eeds 32° or 33o c. or falls below 3° C, with a nie- 
 (lium of 14S.'5(). This is the ordinary year and a fair average for the 
 province. Its lower portions sink into the dcej) valley of the Jirenta 
 and Adige, and assimilate in character to the adjoining i>rovin(H^ of 
 
 Ifovigo. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE PROVINCE OP ROVIGO. 
 
 I.ying between the parallel courses of two great rivers, the Adige 
 and the Po, probably the latest of all alluvial formations, still disput«Ml 
 by the water courses and the sea, this province forms a broader region 
 sit ajiart by nature from the districts which it divides, with a topog- 
 raphy and an agriculture of its own. With most of its surfa<!e be- 
 low the livel of the rivers, which intersect it in every pirt, and liable 
 also (o invasion from the n'Hux of the tides driven bv (!ontrarv wimls 
 
 1! !hh-l TiU-nrimt; ii\: ;:t:iciUiru WiUI COUSiaUC VlgliaUCe. JU pordoUS 
 
 drainage is almost impossible, and these are still left for salt marshes- 
 and meadows, in parts well reclainu'd and defended; the soil, a deep 
 
352 
 
 CATTLli AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 alluvion, mterrupted by intercolated beds of sand, neat, and ^v.. , ■ 
 of exnberant fer ility, and is occnpied by an uu^spar ^rcuKr^ '^ 
 Tl„s oxclnsivc attention to plant products, with tie pSon"o^f""- 
 tl.at scorch ne^ ecte.l wastes of meager pasture between tEl''''^'^ 
 inundations, oiler poor conditions for pastoral industrv RnvH ^"'"^' 
 ot tne most elevated spots of the region, is 27* feet above 1 1 VS*' T 
 umhnm temjierature is Iflo c., with a maximum of 33o 7 (f"'' ''« 
 mimnuini of 3.7 and a rainfall of 0.80. Nature has furnished ,'..?'' *}■ 
 
 cattle suited to such cnnm.nin] r-mwUf;..... „...! : V , .V*-^' '^ liico of 
 
 wind, c.ow,s a.ul ox... ,.ro .....jiloye,! withouj, Lti Sn t""'^'""^ at uork, lor 
 
 So that this animal, descending with the barbarian invaders frn... fi 
 
 stei.pes ot the ancient Sarmatia [lios prhmncnus) and mv h. /i " "'^ 
 
 s,M.t of all authorities, diause<l tllron.iout U.e cm r/ 
 
 oMc. y ,s the ),roper Italian ox. lie has been ment oSed S '^ 
 
 the inhabitant of Fnnli: if. is ..nnnn,r ,w».f,.,-.. *k„. .''""*'" -iDovo as 
 
 l;V. re.H itV; (lov^iment ;ue ='i^S S:SS^^^^^^ 
 old -sting there ; oxen of feet 4 inches L d Tet hu 1 ^ ^^^^^^ 
 co^. .u r> feet (J inches in height. '*'''^'^' '""^ ^^ 
 
 IJere their height rarely exceeds 5.0 to (i feet, and their vii-hl ne . . 
 .s always inierior to that of rac.-s bred f.)r slang tes wel is o fh 
 Jyrolese whudi, besides, fatt«>n more readily. On tl e ot .- /an 
 .ype IS susceptible of great improvement under favom l^.c S 
 and a certiiin number of breeders here and in Koinaqua m a „t ' 5 
 
 IS Ihe one best snKed to the (M)nntrv. This inav be trn. tl ' I 
 i.ownn.ler consideration as well as n.- the ml?hus^^^^^^^ 
 <'l"nate of South.-rn Italy, but nn.ler o.d! ry ' n i^^.s S 
 ;Mul(..ltn.itMm in Europe, the .■.a.t.ov(.rsy is practicv^hr^ 
 
 choice ..1 tin. breeders ,,ft'ittad..llaan<l wl,ereverel.sesnp,!'m^^^^ 
 rccpTiied for industrial profit. "i'<i.oi c.iuu .no 
 
 There can hardly be said to exist any management deservin.^ •.ttni 
 f on a ter the ehiboralo methods followe.l in more a.lvai.c.-.l i ! i7,, , , 
 .U^c,.bc.d above. Theonlinary practice is to leave the an ds i 
 then subsistence on the coast lowlands, or otherwise to feed tli m 
 J.e indillerentpmiucts of the.se sa.iKMmstnres, at nH,stsh.t,gth^ 
 
 /. "'■ -" "'■"*• >v>eii:.iueijiii;; i.s rcfpureu lin'V receive the choim- 
 
 iSf^io'i's;:''''""'''''' ''''" '"" *"'" *^" *^'"''" «i>'''=^soiiheiis; 
 
 KKi-'i'Xrr.s () 
 
 
ITALY. 
 
 353 
 
 tow 
 occiip.v 
 
 l;iii(I of Kovifjo nevermore thiin 5 ])er cent 
 
 Jlere tlier^, is also a trifling, fubricution of cl.eese and butter for do 
 iiicstu! use, limited, however, by the lear of stinfinn- 1 1 ,\ , ,' 
 
 aiT the principal eare and relianee of thi farrrS ^ '''''""' '''•'^^' 
 
 In this re;iion some steps of improvement are "made in the eonstrm- 
 tioii of stables, a few ot a better descrintion I.-ivmi^^^iV • v""'?'^'^"' ' 
 .y ,l„. „.,,ltl,ic.,- proprietor, ,„ rep'lac" " W,!!- o"e "1 'ii: 1' £t^ 
 The fjreater number, however, are still reDorto.l tf» .!,.;../• !i-^' 
 vuiiinf,^ aspect of neglect aud rusticity, reported to maintain the pre- 
 
 OATTLE TN THE DISTKIOT OF VENICE. 
 
 Of the region in the immediate dependence of the city little remain, 
 ,.l.e sa.,1; its various districts form so many appen hUftoTh^^^^^^ 
 ...vnt prov.nces which ine.rclo it and share thi, charactePo? the r ruri 
 hfi. Ivx r mely iert. e to the north, where it consists of the tiner sedi 
 jncntot th I laye, ,t is s ock.d with the mixture (.f Austrian ami Frv 
 
 liiudy and not fastidious in their nourishment Srun» off . \' ] 
 
 b.M,"n nuHle to introduce Swiss co>vs iZ this nonn w^^ '"'''*' 
 
 the uhiectionable <,uahty of the Wi^i,^' ^.d^S.^'ft.ev dS'nor^;'''' "^ 
 expectations. "".t«e iiiej »ii<i m.t answer 
 
 The lower border of the lagoon, iueluding Cliioggia is for -ill .ur,.i,.„if 
 nm purposes a part of the low land of itvi^oru^'v.^;!^''^^'^^ 
 Nonhcd, and contains the same exclusive. stock of l>u"-h^.^r', ./ I,, i .' 
 ill nnndxT insullicieiit ibr the^'xteuded f r uVV* f n iin • Vl .J t ' '''"-"'^ 
 ufili/ed by large herds of mountain ea tie , n dX ?• '^I 
 
 here ;. .-heai. subsistence for (he winter u ■ t l.i; • ' *''•' *'f"^ 
 
 (instiy is ever attempted, the nati^^f eow b " ,^'" f';; l,!'^,! I^S'^,""- 
 ;ui(l thesciiiitvsnpplvof milk and bntti-r „.. t, r , ^ ''^''"'' 
 
 «w.«i |^v M„H«v .!oV« or o,i,.,r ,i;:is\:;!;; ■„;:;,;;;:,',j;;;,,l!x: ;;^ 
 
 »-,«;rs ,„.. TH,.; „a,.,an ruyixrv. Am. iieuba,,,! un mvouTsv 
 
 '"AITLE. 
 
 sm'nc.,nunnnesaieaIm.,st/M relVsw.. . w V icenza and the 
 
 nd it Ims l,....„ V...... .1.,., ;..;■..'"•'." !'^«"i'<-'"i«'>< crossing I 
 
 ind II has l)eeii S4'eii that tl 
 
 iitt'l.V.Hothattheyieldofmiii, 
 
 K' animals imported fall off ininu'di- 
 
 All tl 
 
 lese facts point to a radical d 
 
 thct'lU'ct of this dill 
 
 '"'vcr approaches that of a Swiss i>ast 
 
 illei 
 
 ereiicc 
 
 eiice of h)eal eonditicu 
 
 11. i: 
 
 X. 5 
 
 I — L';{ 
 
 iiiiiy be traced progressively. In | 
 
 lire, 
 
 IS, ami 
 eaviiiir 
 
354 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 the moist climate and fresh pastures of England and Scotland every 
 
 felt the long dry summer. 
 
 In Italy tliis change is exaggerated ; prolonged heat in snnnner and 
 dry cold in winter are the rule. Luxuriant pastures in iiill or va'llcv 
 are rare, and keep their freshness but a moment. Jlountain ranges anil 
 spurs occupy much of the surface; land is divided into the smallest 
 parcels ; horses too few and precious to be emi)loyed in cultivation • iu. 
 tensive agriculture is little known, and its introduction can only be 
 the work of many years. Until then the race of cattle must be adapted 
 to all uses, principally to labor, and subsidiarily to slaughter or dairy 
 production ; and even then it is doubtful whether the climate and ve<'e. 
 tation could oiler a congenial homo lor the ultra-refined and dcveloired 
 animals of more lavored regions. Attempts to naturalize tl, 'ni, made 
 with all tlie ])recaution8 and liber.ility of scientilie experiment, have not 
 so far succeeded. 
 
 THE ox OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 In the Podolian ox the country possesses a type capable of Kiqiport- 
 ing its mediocre conditions of existence, and answering itsjiriiKjijial re- 
 quirements; sober, robust, and nearly equal to the horse in the rajtidity 
 of his jJiice in labor or Journey, he demands neither care nor NJielter. 
 To correct his defects of form and temperament the other halt'-ltalian- 
 ited race of the Tyrol seems specially litted; indolent, slow, and massive 
 in his native region, he loses the excess of these characteristics in elianc- 
 ing his habitat, while retaining his precocity and readiness to I'atteii. 
 The iniluenco of climate is singular manifested in its effects in these ex- 
 tremes of race<!haracter, which, gaining and losing, resi)ectively, by tile 
 change, tend to a common medium of f?ood qualities. The Podolian 
 however, is the proper and universal Itaban ox, and in view of tiie extra- 
 ordinary modifications already noted of the same type, it is diilicnlt to 
 assign a limit to his capability of .amelioration. 
 
 SUITABILITY OF ITALIAN CATTLE FOB TIIE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Whether one or other of these races would be desirable for importa- 
 tion to the United States would depend on the character and tiie a"- 
 riculture of the region in which (.he animals should be implanted. 
 Neither possesses the highly developed special (pialities that are, soujrlit 
 for in the improved cultivation of the older States. If, however, tiie 
 precocity and solidity of the Tyrolese were considered an aequisition, 
 these are found at their strongest in the valleys of the Upper Adige, 
 toward Meran, the nati%'e home of the race. The type should he cliosen 
 there, and for these qualities alone; neither this nor any other race of 
 these regions having any value for dairy purposes to merit attention. 
 
 The hardy and indefatigable Podolian or Pugliese might render nse- 
 ful servi<',e in the trying <;limate and diflicult cultivation of less fertile 
 and less advanced parts of the country, as, for instance, in the lowlands 
 of the Gidf States, in the wild-sage region of the great plains, or tlie 
 barren str«'t(!hes of Lower California uad Now Mexico. au'Laceordiniito 
 the special requirements of the situation, then^ would be large rooiiil'or 
 <',hoice among the several varieties of the race whicli stock tlu'dillerent 
 regions of Italy. 
 
ITALY. 
 
 PRICES OP ITALIAN CATTLE. 
 
 355 
 
 In regard to tliOKjuantity of cattle at present in the country and their 
 price, tiiey are reported to be scarce and dear in all parts of Italy and 
 \Vni((',as well on account of the recent inundations as of the increasinj? 
 (leiiiaiKl, foreign and home. France and Germany require a constant 
 supply, and for several years the Tarisian market has been largely 
 sup|)lii'(l with Italian beef. 
 
 l!e«!ves of superior quality, live weight, cost from $15 to $10 the 
 (juiiital, and this price is general throughout the region. The animal 
 {reiu'iitlly averages six quintals, and yields r>0 per cent, net of meat. 
 (!()\vs bring about the same price, and never less than $14; at half flesh 
 the price is 55 to GO francs, which equals $11 to $12. 
 
 TIlANSPOllTATION OF ITALIAN CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It is difficult to obtain data as to the cost and facilities of transport 
 to tlio United States, the case never having before occurred. The best 
 route would be by sea altogether, as 1 am assured that animals sutler 
 more in the railway journey to Havre than in crossing the Atlantic. 
 The (ieiieral Navigation Company (Italian), with a line to New Yoi-k 
 and transshii)ment at I'alerino, make their voyage front here to New 
 York in twenty-live days, and state a price (approximat*^) of ISO frainus 
 (,s!»(l)])er head, but better terms could Iw made according to number of 
 iiiiiiinils. Each animal would ret|uii(^ about li2 pounds of hay per day, 
 and ior tlic ])assage 550, which, at 71 cents i)er quintal, e(|uais $;).5'o, 
 wliicli witli $•.)(! for transi)ort, equals $0i).50. The [lassage of the neces- 
 sary keepers would be gratuitous. 
 
 llNiTKi) States Consulate, 
 
 Vmice, Norv.mhvr 24, ISSIJ. 
 
 McWALTEll r.. NOYKS, 
 
 €onfiul. 
 
 Size, wciyht, and product of honied callle in the rciictian tirriloyi/. 
 
 Niiiim of liriM 
 
 I'u;;lir:,n.. 
 
 I'l'IIUIlCSl!. 
 
 Si'Invyti! . 
 Moiitaiiiiin 
 
 Ilil.itut. 
 
 UdiiiP. IJoviiro.Tiiiliiii.Vlconztt, 
 
 • VciH I. V'<>iii('«. 
 TJiliii(>,Vi<'<ii/.rt, I'adiiii.Vt'ioTia 
 Itclliino, I'liiluii, LiiliiH', Tio- 
 
 viso. 
 
 Vi( (iiiza 
 
 Udino 
 
 Aiiniiiil 
 iivorac.i 
 
 pOIIIIllH 
 
 of milk. 
 
 2, 850 
 
 :), 000 
 
 Milkt.: 
 
 pOIIIKl 
 (if 
 
 iMittir. 
 
 X6.. 
 
 -'ill 
 
 MiMUo 
 
 of 
 rlicijso. 
 
 Ut. 
 
 
 Size i\t 
 matarity. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Ft. 
 4.10 
 
 4.8 
 4.8 
 
 Ft. 
 
 f'i 
 
 5 
 
 Tii \'o 
 wol;;lit. 
 
 Ox. Cow. 
 
 o;i5 
 am 
 
 950 
 
 Ox. 
 
 T.b». 
 1,400 
 
 l,f>00 
 
356 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Breeds of horned cattle in tike Venetian territory, and their producis. 
 
 sjlexao of brovd. 
 
 Piiglitttie 
 
 TyroloBC 
 
 ISoliuueHO . ... 
 
 Schwytz... 
 Muntnnina. 
 
 a-;. 
 
 -0 
 
 Ym. 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 Weight of 
 meat Ht 
 maturity. 
 
 Color. 
 
 PoundH 
 
 710 A.sli-ftniy, wliitiHli, tipped with 
 blnck. 
 
 8<JS 
 77.'i 
 
 440 
 
 Gray or tiiwiiy 
 
 Gray, tipped witli black 
 
 Red, brown, or black HpotU-d. 
 Kcd or brown 
 
 loilK- 
 pace. 
 
 Description. 
 
 ''"'''»• liiKli-slionldoroil 
 limbed, loiig-iioiui,,!,' 
 
 Heavy, slow-, ijnoj, „,,.„, , ' 
 rump tbick, lead ''i*^': ■ 
 
 TlTok';Jr{' '''•'■"'"' "l"''-''' 
 
 Hion^b..>.in.. ..,.:i;;;;,:fc 
 
 Low, lipad HiiuUI, niinn i,i„, 
 aud lar(ie,li(,ni,ssl')r}'i, ^'' 
 
 amber.color, litJl,, " '"'"' 
 UHod I'ortnuwpoit,' 
 
 lipid, 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 Oiijjin of breed. 
 
 Lulxir. 
 
 Product. 
 
 Tnglicso Steppt^s of lliissia I ISupid 
 
 Tyroltwe AuHtrlaii Tvicil .Slow 
 
 UellinieHo Jli'lliino iiii<r 'Iviol »i(M)d, niiddlins 
 
 Schwytz I Val IJoiidaiia, tvrol 
 
 MoUtauinu ] Italy .' I Middling; rapid . 
 
 Meat, fat 
 tenc(l. 
 
 I.h>. 
 990 
 1,100 
 1,050 
 
 Milk, 
 per year. 
 
 JM 
 
 3, 000 
 2, 350 
 3, VOU 
 
 (•Iieene. 
 Pt'i',\«'ur. 
 
 Ui. 
 
 21(» 
 2U7 
 2«2 
 
 Climate and topography of the Venetian territory. 
 
 ii 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Altitude. 
 
 Mean 
 annual 
 temper- 
 ature. 
 
 o(!. 
 11.1 
 H. « 
 
 in. 3 
 
 10.1 
 0.9 
 
 13.3 
 7 
 12.7 
 
 14.2 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 °C. 
 ■•JO 
 
 20.0 
 
 Kxtrenic. 
 
 "C. 
 33.8 
 
 31.9 
 
 Mean. 
 
 2.8 
 
 Extreiini, 
 
 IJdino: 
 
 200 
 30 
 
 404 
 
 '""900" 
 
 3.T 
 9!t(I 
 129 
 
 04 
 
 "C. 
 
 I'oidcniiiio 
 
 Cividalo 
 
 ISi'llmio : 
 
 llelliinn 
 
 -15 
 
 A conlo 
 
 
 -11.9 
 
 Anroii/.o 
 
 Vici'iiza; 
 
 VidMiza 
 
 10. fl 
 
 24.7 
 
 29.0 
 
 3.-.. 1 
 2«. 1 
 33. 2 
 
 -1.0 
 
 ""-ii's 
 
 .AHiiijio 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 liasHano 
 
 
 ;u 
 
 3. 9 
 
 -18 
 
 V(r(jna: 
 
 Verona 
 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 Sanf{iiinett4) 
 
 
 - fi.4 
 
 I'ai'iia: 
 
 Piithia 
 
 11 
 40 
 
 » 
 1 
 
 14 3 
 
 
 30.7 I 4, .J 
 
 
 Ciltad.lla 
 
 ! 
 
 11.1 
 
 I'iava 
 
 Kovi^o: 
 
 Li iidinara 
 
 
 
 
 
 •••....... 
 
 
 
 A riano 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vtliice: 
 
 SI. Dona 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 1.1 
 
 !•->. 1 
 
 •.!4.4 
 
 30.7 
 
 _■ — ; • • - ' 
 
 CbiogKia 
 
 
 - 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ITALY. 
 
 Climate and topograph;/ of the Venetian territory-Continiml. 
 
 357 
 
 Locality. 
 
 ITdiiift: 
 
 (ieiiioiia 
 
 I'orilt'iKino 
 
 Cividttlo 
 
 lii'lliini): 
 
 liclliino 
 
 Aiiorild 
 
 AlllDIlZO 
 
 Vicenza: 
 
 Vii'i'iizft 
 
 Asiago 
 
 liassaiio 
 
 Verona : 
 
 Verona 
 
 Sanfjuinetto 
 
 Pail :i IV ; 
 
 I'liilua , 
 
 ('ittndclla , 
 
 I'iavo 
 
 ]!iivit'i) : 
 
 I.cndinara 
 
 Adria 
 
 Ariano 
 
 Venice: 
 
 St. Dona 
 
 Veiiicii and I)(d() . 
 Cbioggia 
 
 Character. 
 
 Allnvint 
 
 Alluvial and gravel 
 (lo 
 
 Alluvial 
 
 Mo;intaiii Hholvos... 
 do 
 
 Allirvial mid cnvcl . 
 Moiintuin platoan... 
 Alliiviau 
 
 Stony 
 
 Alluvial.. 
 
 Loam 
 
 Alluvian 
 
 Ucpp alluvian. 
 
 Alluvial and sand , 
 do 
 
 .do 
 
 .do . 
 .do . 
 .do. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Composition. 
 
 .Silicooiis, arcillaconus, calcari'oiis. 
 «.iavil, nrKillacdouH. <al<!aieou.s. 
 ArKillaceouw, calcareouH, Kiavid. 
 
 ArjrillacconH, calean-ouM. 
 (.alcaroouM, arpilhicfoiis. sand. 
 LaluarcouH, nrKJilacMm.s. 
 
 Ai};il!a(;(Miii.M, sllicimnH, cnlcareoua. 
 «-iftaceou.s, r.nlcaieouH. 
 t/'reta<;oou8, ailicoous, caleaioou.s. 
 
 AruilhKieouN, eaUareouM, Hiliciions. 
 hilitooHs, arjiillactouH, calcniuoim. 
 
 SilicpouH, ar(;illacenM.s. 
 ■'}'f-'!ll"<'> "IIS, <'al<atrinm, sand. 
 Aif;iHat!eoiiH, siliiiocm.s. 
 
 ArcillaofOiis, sand, nilriitoous. 
 AiKiJIiieoous, sand, peat. 
 Do. 
 
 ArgilhujeouH. 
 Arjjillaeeoiis, sand. 
 Argillaceous, sand, poat. 
 
 Note.— 1 muter ■. 
 poiut. 
 
 = 3 feet 3.1 Inchc. Degree oetitisrade = lo Fahrenheit. O centiKra,!;!, at freezUig 
 
358 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMINQ. 
 
 Hubstralum anil cultivated graasea in the Venetian territory. 
 
 Udin« : 
 
 UeiiioDa . 
 
 Oividalo 
 
 iti'lliiun: 
 
 iiulliiliu .. 
 
 iiRordo .. 
 
 Auronzo . 
 
 Vicrnzn: 
 
 Viconztt.... 
 
 I/iiiH'Hloim i in /huli.T partH, 
 Kniiiitoiuiil Hi'liiHt. 
 
 Oniv«i|, iiiiiiaiiiti 
 
 Liiiii'Htoiiuuuil Kiavol, liiulior 
 Kl'UliiUi. 
 
 LiMK'Htniio, (.'locii HanilMtdiii', 
 
 iimil, mill ('iiimloiiiiTatcM. 
 Lliiii'HtoiiK, red eaiidHliiiH-, 
 
 t'lialk, Hca^lja. 
 Diiliiiiiitit, ai'ciiiici'oiiH ami (;al- 
 
 oiiiToiiH mliiht, iiiiaru iHir- 
 
 liliyiy. 
 
 Mi'lamrnjiliio llnio nnd Hand 
 Mliiiio, diilciito and basalt 
 1 iiJ'a, uiavcl. 
 
 IJoloriiiliMidHaiidHtoiHMlialk 
 l>aHall, liiCa. 
 
 Glarial diariliiH, Icrdai >• liiiio- 
 Btoui), lamalt, tuli^ ilialk. 
 
 Niiiiiolito IiiiiPHt<iiii>, chalk 
 tula, lit'iicln, irioiaiiio. 
 
 nan i, liiiitstono, cuml'Ioiu- 
 oruU'H. 
 
 Siind, Kravcl, fmcliytc,, n,,,,,. 
 Hlono, and conKldiiioiattsa, 
 
 Oravi^I, conKliiinnratog 
 
 Alluvial, Hand, day, peat.."!.' 
 llovigo: 
 
 ^'^^'""'""•» I <i ' "ivrl, UHA'ut con«I.,n,oratt.H 
 
 ... cilav. ' 
 
 ■^""'' I>''VI'"""i'vi"l, Hard, (lay, p.,at 
 
 "li'rnalinK. 
 Dilla ; clay, jjl'avi'l, jmat 
 
 Aaiago.. 
 
 Bassano. 
 
 VtTona : 
 Verona.. 
 
 SaoKuiuutto. 
 
 I'ndiia: 
 I'adua. 
 
 nUndiOla. 
 riavi 
 
 Ariauo. 
 
 Vinlco: 
 
 Kau Duna . 
 
 Venice and Dole , 
 ChiosRia 
 
 Di'Kai <lav, ardllacooim nnd 
 
 cntaci'DnH imjiiI. 
 •Siind, »ilay, marl, indurated 
 
 (day. 
 (J ravid, clay, Hand, p<at 
 
 M«di« „„,! ,,,, 
 
 .....untain k.umh,..; """" '» 
 M dlo,,.|»v<.,-,Ty,..,,„, 
 J'>t-KiaH»,nu„ii,u,flat„j,„,^ 
 
 Modir. clover, ry„.„raa». 
 
 I!yo-criigH,cl„v,„. ,. 
 
 ftiaHHca. '""""iiiiilivi, 
 
 rantiiivH of I'liliiim. ,1, 
 
 •"•^a.avuiiaHcli.uduiniA;:;^- 
 t^'lovcr,r,.,landwI,it.,,„„,i^,' 
 
 ''vaci.lir'"' """■"■>•. -'-.■, 
 ''u;'d,r{.,^^-'''-tiy«at. 
 
 "?dn!''^'""''"'"'*'''''''vn,Hain 
 Tiniofliy ,|„,,ij,. , 
 
 Do. 
 ton. pa,^ti„.i,: "'■'■'■"" ''"l- 
 
 Mm.U-i,U,lu.rcn,,«,„.„ii,, 
 
 XuHi-nillrant, ,„u„| 
 niar.sli. •' '"'' 
 
 V.'ryf,.Hil,.,„„,,,i, ,, 
 I'ottoiniin.sliiiv ' 
 
 Iviltlo n.llivalioii, „■:,,,(„ I,,,. 
 lino, liad wut.T • 
 
 InHiK,nii,„nl, vvusl,, ai.,1 |,„t, 
 torn puHtuio. ^ 
 
IJELGIUM. 
 
 359 
 
 UELGIUM. 
 
 CATTLE IN BELGIUM. 
 
 UEl'OIiT BY CONSUL STEUAItT, OF ANTWERP. 
 
 Ill ivply to tlio circular and memoranda calling for itilorrnatiourchitivo 
 U) breed ill j( cattle that would be of value to stock- breeders in the United 
 8tii(o^<, 1 have to regret that my ettbrts, both by i)ersonal inquiry and by 
 correspondence, to obtain some points of value bearing on the subject 
 liave been attended with indifl'erentresults, some of my letters remaining 
 miiiiiswered. 
 
 IJel.uiiiiii oilers no cat-tie for export, first, because the home demand is 
 l;ir in excess of the supply, and then because there is no race here sufli- 
 eieiitly prominent or meritorious to attract the attention of the pur- 
 (•liaseis irom the United States, who arc almost always present in the 
 nei^ilihoiing kingdom of Holland seeking the valuable cattle in which 
 thiit country is so rich. 
 
 From an oflicial report i)ublished this year by the bureau of ajfricult- 
 uic ill tlio department of the interior at Brussels, we learn that for some 
 years jiast the cattle in Uclgium have shown great improvement, owing to 
 the great care taken in the selection of the breeding stock brought into 
 
 t lie eoiiii try from England and Holland, and to the great attention paid to 
 t lie ollspriiig. They are well housed, carefully fed, and e\ery care taken 
 ill (iider to jiroduce the best results. The Durham bulls from England 
 iiie tlie most valued and most in use, and the cross from this race are very 
 siiccessliil, and becoming more and more numerous every year. In some 
 places an eflort has been made to preserve and breed theDurham stock 
 laire, but the resiilc was a lailure. After two or three generations they 
 (legeiieiiite .so greatly that the infusion of new blood is necessary ; thus 
 wliilst llie cross is a great success, the pure race will not thrive in this 
 country. 
 
 'Hie iirovinee, of Antwerp ))refers to imi)rove her stock by the introduc- 
 lioii of llie Dutch race, because the dairy is the result aimed at, and but 
 little attention jiaid to theother ])roducts. The cow is valuedouly by her 
 milk giving (pialities, and for this purpose the Dutch are much t'hebest. 
 
 Ill the i)i'ovince of Flandeis the great proportion of tiie cattle are of 
 the Cass(>l breed, or, as it is called in France and in all the markets, the 
 Flemish breed. In many of the districts more than half the cows are of 
 this breed, whilst in other districts theDurham is used to cross with the 
 iiiitive cows, or with those; brought in from Holland. 
 
 Ill the iirovince of JJrabant the Durham is held in the highest esti- 
 iiialioii, but in the weekly market held at Diest, which is a very im- 
 portant center for the cattle trade, the Holland cattle take a very im- 
 poilant part. 
 
 As the lioim> jirodiK^t falls far short of the demand for consumption, 
 the (lovernnieiit has interested itself jrreatJy, as it does in all matters 
 jitVecting the material interests of the Kingdom, in order to secure the 
 increase needed, and at the same time to improve the breed as much as 
 possible. To tiiis on<l an appropriation is made yearly and expi.'nded 
 by agents ajipointed by the <lepartment of the interior ibr the purchase 
 and importation of the best pure-blooded animals suitable for the pur- 
 pose; the purchases are geueruUy made from the Durham aud Uoliaud 
 
 i. 
 
 J 
 r : 
 
 i, 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
360 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 18^0, and in h,s Mntten reply to my inquiries ho «ays.'''' *''^I"'«it'on of 
 in liJH i):inii>1i]<>>. lin t,f..*„., ii.„i XI 
 
 li..lM« ,«,m,, ,]„t 1,0 stales ttat tlio ,lcman,l« Ibr 1,„„„. ,.„„. 
 
 "iliiot ,s (iir (iom covering, ci.ll lor 1 ,rt-. /„, '?""l"'»"> 
 
 calnt ''Sp,. Jo,;;,/- „V«";j\eTxoVs^^^^^^^^ 
 
 TUANSPOllTATION OP CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 '^^ "« t;attle Of Lor own to export for l! ,- 
 >est^ route of export from this in.i f , '''*''''"J^' 
 l.e White (.'rosH line of « eanuM-i'^i j l'' "r"'" 
 5o.ton, and Quebec, are mto wilh' 'f ''•"" 
 
 tninsport of eattle, and they rirrv '"'""'''' 
 IK iron. Holland, some from Sui'/> •\ ^ P''"'' 
 Le cattle are bro..,ut' irAnuV- rt";''!'"' 
 
 the veterinaiy surgeon, and t he!/' plJe^iy'^;; 
 
 Although IJelffiuni ha 
 pnrpo.scs, she olfeis the 1 
 to the United States, T 
 Antwerp to New York, ] 
 accojuniodations ibr the 
 "liuiy, princij)allv comin 
 more from Uelgium. T 
 water, are insi)eetod by 
 board of the steamers 
 
 COST OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 uiiee have free i)aksage. 
 
 Aiitiarii, J'eeemlier J9, issa. ' 
 
 BMEOS OF CATTLE IN BELGIDM. 
 
 iiKrocT i:r voxxrr. ,rn.so.\: ov imvasKLs^ 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 361 
 
 nadc to improve jill aMinials (luit riduT fiiniiyh i.,w.p ..„ i • 
 fortl.opeopi,.; us u result „f ,1ns o o, t « ' , l' H w^^^^ 
 
 ,u,., hmvov.r, seveml <l,st.not varieties bred i.ere, ead, Zn tuiv J " 
 iiicd to a particular district i.f the countrv i.l.'...„ ..^ i i '^ ^ 
 peculiar quality of pasturage, soil, or dlnlaS eoi^Slr'^'^*^ ''' ^"'"^ 
 
 TIIK I'UliNKS-AMUACHT IJIIKKD. 
 
 On the rich plains ami pouhlers of East and West F|.M„i»r. n 
 vailin, typo ot: cattle is that lu.own as tlu'^Fur,^ -^ iS^ J' ^S" 
 .liHtm^Miished by handsome and w.-II-proportion,.,! ibrms s^^^ 
 ,„,,.!. 'laoly larp, crooke.l horns, and usually of a red an 1 w lie .tie' 
 bald color. They are renowned for both the (luantitv i .1 <, i.f' i- 
 tbeir dairy products throughout the KingdouK ' "^'^-^ '"'*' ''""''f>' *'* 
 
 TUE AUDENNAI.sk UKEED. 
 
 Farther east and west, on the slopes and valleys of tho fV.nf i.iiu ♦• 
 the Ardennes, where the soil cl.ietly consists o? di,K^^^^^^ 
 j,,.irt/ and a lonls a less abundiuit yet nutritious herbai4, t ero Ins 
 bee. bred, almost rom time immemorial, another variety km^^^^^ 
 the "Ardeiinaise" stock. •"'•j- "^uown as 
 
 This breed is characterized, when not crossed with anv other bv its 
 rod (^(,Ior, sma 1 size, clean, smooth liu.bs, an.l long, shaVirhonis ^,, ,, 
 lectmg forwards and surmounting a head carried well u. stho I' 
 ahviiys on the alert against surprise or danger. uiongii 
 
 These aiiiiiials are not usually good milkers but T.in<ii,o<. ..• i 
 welMlavored meat, doubtless more or los^res dti fn m ?" V'''' T^ 
 of the herbage upon which they fee.l in this mounUdV.ou^ 
 
 THE CIIARLEROl IJREED. 
 
 Ill the Ilerve and Condroz districts, toiichiii'-- the (liMn.-n. f.v...^- 
 thtUM.rtlu.ist, there ibrnierly existe.hivarietol'"kn^^^^^^^^^ 
 the Anlennaise, <>xeepting that they wer aim , i,^ , y rl'K 
 
 and white piebald color ; but within tlu, last tew e- s t , L I*''' 
 
 of the yiiort horns into these districts has g^e t y ebVn 'ed K^ 
 ionn and color, so that the pureCondroz rac^^, is nmv a i^^^^^^^^ 
 
 i;;f iiig iti! pC ''"■' *' ""' ^"^'"'' •"""" '^ t'^« chai:^:rK; 
 
 FOREIGN AND CROSS 15REEDS IN BELGIUM. 
 
 These three varieties of cattle are all that can now witi. .,,.,. i 
 (.!• propriety, be denominated nativ<>, biVc ^ , o/- llimn ;;?"•*' 
 crosses with the Shorthorn Durham, the l).it Vh pLlv.l.l . / ^ *'*""' 
 .VoniCassel,al.nosttlieentireherdsofniet;^t;;a^^ 
 
 A irieted by the rapid growth and s,,Iendid fbrms of the mm blond 
 iMi^lish bliorthorns, the farmers, in almost every d'striet of f L u 
 doi.i, have attempted to cultivate them to the exclnsMon of f i ' '^'' 
 
3fi2 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 OIIH 
 
 Stuck ,hM.m.Hl8 a pn.portioMHU, au.ount of special caro mu\ ,,„ 
 
 Many of tlio Hlock-j-iowors of thi.s cotnitry, after haviiwr ., , , 
 NUiuM of unnwy tl.orn«i.|vi.«, an.l having r(4eiv. I lu i' 'J;''"'" '^''^o 
 
 <om'.l lo abandon tlicn, an.l fall l.ack upon crSL wm^^^^^ '"'<'» 
 
 stock, as nioro Uinlv !.. n,x„^n^.,^i i i.iA * »«'«sc8 \\ uh tJKMr luiiiv.. 
 
 1 nmy add lioro that the i.nportaruio ^mvoii in this connfrv i 
 vanrry over t he others abov,. n.entioned, chieti y epeVu Is 1 .'V/''^' '""^ 
 « i p:.stnra«e and other foo.l the <lepartu.ent wlu'r Xy ' ' ' "".'^'"'^ 
 .Inees .neonm.rtionxvithitspeculiluMiKricultura ino,x4^^^'^^ 
 
 In the province ol Antwiup the pro.hictlon <.f n.ilk an d bnH 
 the raism^r „ yefretables for the Lon<lon and A vc- , ? "'"' 
 .ound so mnch more j.roiUable than the ffrowinsr oH. , f , '''V,'^' '''''' 
 Jannersot that district will have i.othii.^r t.> do i ': "J'/'^'^ 'l'" 
 cattle as produce the largest an.onnt of n.ilk „po» tl e s.n o "'^' "•''' 
 o food, and for this t hey prefer the pure Dutch cmv or I r ' """^""^ 
 the 1^ liMnish animal. "^ '^ crosses witli 
 
 1 n th(^ province of IJrabant fjreat ctlbrts have hp.Mi r„..<i * • 
 
 «;rops ot various kinds have here, also, arrested t In inV Z''^'''^'''''^' 
 
 nrhan.s and to a lar,^e degree substituted fc^tlertlc^^^^'^ f 
 
 Hollands and their crosses, which under -i mr,r« ..; i . """' '""'< y 
 
 tr-k food, yiehl a larger anZ;;' l,?'^ m!Kc ^. "buS^^ '^""'^'^ "^ 
 
 . n the i)rovince of i lainaut all etforts to introduce f^n.. .. 
 
 .ave tailed to .,u=ceed. Jn a report ot^he S"uui, ^ "^ ^^''.'''^'m 
 
 his province now before n.e the comndssion S "it s 1"'''^^^^ "' 
 
 .olu've that the prejudh-es for old habits an. routine ii.'S.?'''^ ^" 
 
 ol tliisL'sult; we are theretbre forced to believe fhnVn- '^"'"'*" 
 
 breed .,f cattl., n.-ither suits our oxigencSv . ^oui w „ s'':;/ 'Z^''^' 
 
 nle^^nn; iSlZ^"-'^ ^^^^" '^ -^ ^^^^'' the nali.^'^:^^^';^^;;:;^,- 
 
 the entire province ..ling to the ,.urc native-or hs en :^ ""' ''""'^'••-^' 
 
 In the province of Liege a number of nuro l»l<vwi «i. .. 
 an.l cows of a variety cek-brated iXr its S am .^if S, '""« 
 M'>al. les have been r.^cently importe.l from Engl 1 vi"h «■ ' ''';'''^' 
 ivsnits thus far, and it is thought that this vuH. tv ni' , I \ '^^''''■^' 
 
 - fouiul better a.Iapte.l to this .l^Jt';i:!^,t , j 'a u^i di; "mhS^ 
 tlie Shan. >I.>s an.l as a good milker, than any ()th.'i Ir Im^^^m^^ 
 v.-ry much .loubt l^n.m the conflicting tostimon I r Ji ve ' " ""^ ' 
 
 Jh.) larmers ot Lunbourg an.l Luxembourg are more lev„t,.,l u. h 
 raising .,t beef cattle for the markets «f the^^uVt V n ^ n' f'^^ 
 
 pn.vince of N;)mur, from its t<-,pognii)hicai l"eaL 
 
 acter of its s.)il, is cliietly a.Iapte.l to 
 beet cattle for the market, but the 
 
 (lies 
 
 and tl 
 
 10 cliar- 
 
 I)a8turago and to tlio niisiii"- oi 
 pure Durham, though in reputi' 
 
 sioii of the gi 
 i'ui'iiiaion 1 h; 
 
BEIiOlUM. 
 
 3G3 
 
 i„„(,ii-,st Motiie of tho fiiiinorH, roquircH a IiiRher (l«.«ie(! of nurdiio tlum 
 th,. soil iillonlH lUHl iH «ivinK way to a croHH witli tlio Anlomiaiso stock. 
 
 CATTLE I'KKDINO IN UKLOIUM. 
 
 AlHioii;.'l<,a8 before Htatetl, JJoIfriiim in not toanycoiisid.iiiihlo (lemvo 
 iiciittl.'iiiisiii;,' country, tlio amount of caro ami labor tlio mnall fimn- 
 ors iirid (liinymcn bestow upon thewo animals in very L'reat and as -i 
 ivsiilt they have Hucjeoedtxl, in many cases, in brin^'iiifV their mileli i-owh 
 ii|) t(i the hi^'hcst decree of milk ami butter pnxlucinj,' (lualilics 
 
 Miiiiy of these cows arc stall-fed all tho year; plenty of uc.od water 
 iuid the l«»od best adapted to the production of rich 'milk is supplied 
 tliciii with «reat punctuality. They arc c(mibed and brushed and tlu-ir 
 skill kept perfectly clean ; their stables arc also models of cleanliness 
 and iiothiiiji- IS left undone cither in the way of kind treatmcn' abiiii- 
 (jiiiit food and water, or pond shelter, to briiij; (|,o,sc animals up to 
 tiie iii^-hest de|,Mce of pcifciition. Their food from May to October con- 
 sists (liielly of an abundant supply of clover; from Oc'tober to .lanuarv 
 tiiriii|is;iiid ciirrots boiled arc adde<l to the Ibdder, and from JaniiirV 
 lo May beets, and malt when it can be had, are fed. (Clover and mal't 
 are here regarded as the best milk-producing artitdcs of food. 
 
 YIELD OF MILK OF BELGIAN COWS. 
 
 1' i(»iii (he most reliable information I can obtaiji a good, a\erii'<e fresh 
 l-'leiiiisli cow will yield from 2.S to ;{() liters of milk <laily; a Flenilsh and 
 Anlcmiiiisc cross, from 38 to 24, and a pure Ibdland" about the same 
 (|iiaiitity. All the crosses with (he Shorthorns may be set <l<)wn as 
 niviiin a fracti(»n less thiin these figures in quantity; as a rubs (heir 
 milk IS riclier in crcum and c<mse(iuently in butter, but after (he scpa- 
 ration of the cream the milk is left proportionately poor. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. 
 
 The cows of ;ill the nalive breeds and (irosses in (his couidry are 
 considered iit maturity when three years old, but bulls and steers' i»ar- 
 tieiiiarlyof Durham crosses, will grow until they an^ (bur years old ' 
 
 III the subjoined (able, marked A, will be founci, as nearly as I canas- 
 certain it (in the iibscnce of any statistics on thes«d)jcct), the live W(>i<'--ht 
 of tliose animals at three years old, and the average price paid lu'r kTio 
 ^;iain, live weight. for them fattened for the market. TIk^ tabic marked 
 1!, giving their size, is a transcript of (hut published here on (he occa- 
 sioii of the great national exhibition of IS.SO, and is (he only reliable iii- 
 I'oriiiaion 1 have been able to obtain on this subject. 
 
 IMPORTS OF CATTLE INTO UELGIirM. 
 
 As no census of the horned cattle in (his Kingdom has been made 
 since IS, r., lam unable to give a rcliabhi answer to the <|ucstioiis in 
 .voiirciiciilaras to the jiresent number, the pentcntage of breeds niid 
 the proportion bred lor (he butch rand dai.y; but ollicial dociinieiUs 
 liiinished me show (hat the importation of catth^ into iJelgium in I SSI 
 amounted to 1L'1,()0() head, whilst (he exports only amounted to I'")!! 
 '.'a.l, thus showing a deficit in the home supply for (hat year of 7>S,\ksu 
 head. " ' 
 
 Of the total number imported Holland supplied 1)1, OSO, and the 
 United States o55 head. 
 
 
364 
 
 CATTI.K AND UAIHY I'AUMlNd, 
 PRICKS OP nELOIAN CATTLE. 
 
 Thoro wero sol,l i» II,n inarkot8 mul n.irH of the ruuuWy ii, issi i«« 
 JOJ nnl(!li (!(nv8, at a moan prico of .{(M) fraiutH ihu- lu-ad • 7 .<•- . ' '.'^"'• 
 at a moan j.rii^e of 185 francs; of Htoors, theii wore n ,1,1 7(Vi """'• 
 afjn.ff, per head, ;j(i(i francs; and of younL' bulls. a.Un .' ' ""'■ 
 pricoof lGr> francs. ' '^-M.si, m, ^ „n,,|| 
 
 BELGIAN CATTLE FOU THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It Will 1,0 nocossarily inferrod from the i,ri<'es i,ai(l for il„. ,,.!.,. .. 
 those various classos in the open n.arkots of the ,'o„„trv f • . ' T I" 
 not have boon o( a superior <piality, an.l in.loo.l thin is * ,Vi .V''"'!' 
 roKiinl to all horned cattle brod in this country. So hr ,h V "'"' 
 sonal observation has served me, I am convinced tint fi.. i "^^" •'•''' 
 the United States have nothing, to learn from tl s co n ■ i i'n'.'.rr "' 
 ter ot selective breodiuK an.l the pro.luctio.i of vain 1, 's ,1 •?'• 
 or the shambles or the dairy, and I do not liesittisuh. /"'"■'' 
 /me bovine specimens of pure aud crossed bloods inav 1../^ .... "/"' 
 
 umonjjst the farmers of our Middle and Northwestern 8.11^/1? " •'"•^' 
 be found withiu the entire limits of this country '" '"" 
 
 As before stated the small farmers aud daiV'vmon have luivi 1 
 ^'.vat amount of care upon their milch cows, und'thus sur- ■..';'' " 
 a lar«^ daily yield of milk; but I . oubt not th, on overv, '"'''' 
 ji^ed iarin or dairy in the United States there can b in, ml ;'""""• 
 11- this (piulity will e(,ual the best of this country ""' ^''^" 
 
 iMiially, as a result of my i,er8onal obsorvati«;n and all tl... inf., 
 tion 1 have obtained from other s<,urces, I am c,,nvii ml h . I '"!"""■' 
 tatiou of milch cows from this country co ,ld irre^ v ,n„ v ^^ "" ""•'""'• 
 stock, and as to beef cattle, I have.seen iu th^ 2l 'a ^ :.iS:?;Ti''' 
 farm..rs ot the United States, both Durhams and 1)^ if', ,.''<' 
 surijassiiiff anything found in this country, but e.pial t he' lAf 
 bred 111 En-land, their uative home. If, however i,;. 1 .'^ ' ''' 
 those facts, any of our farmers feel incline. lotes't ,:'''''"'*'' 
 
 cM»atnat.on will pr.>duce .,u miy of the stock of ths com tv ''n 
 n".=omn:ond the Klomish cow as possossiu^ «iuali ios ca^n ■ o,' '""''' 
 an. m.,re ,ume.liate impiovemelit than aty oth 'of J ' ai / . fT'' 
 an. now that there is a line line of steamei^ plyi„«' b. ve '■ Nv! •''''i' 
 an.l Antwerp the experiment need not ncces.4u\ly1,ea„ elp.^.^:,?,;;;;.; 
 
 THE EXPORT OF AMERICAN UEEE AND IJEEF CATTLE T(, liKHaiLM. 
 
 Wl.ilst, h.,wevor, I do not believe our stock ^'rowers oa,, d,.,iv.. mhwI, 
 boneht Irom the importation of IJelgian cattle, I am . . i ..i ' ' ' 
 with proper management, an enterprise tor tie ('xi..,.t ti ,, <• 1 ' 
 <M.untry direct, of both live cattle, b.lof, an.l in itt.,n w u .* ' ' 
 
 prohr. In the herewith inclosed table, marke.l J h " l! J^ ^j , ' }[^ 
 
 X 1 ...h will servo as a basis .,f calculati.,i,s from which t ' , i „' 
 
 such an enterprise may be calculated, ami 1 cann.,r, but tl i k • vi 
 
 he now regularly plying steamers between Antwerp No V ,' 
 
 h; ad.'lphia, a large ami prolitable trade of this cl a'ract r . ill'u 
 
 secured. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 JJrtmels, November 9, 1883, 
 
 JNo. ^vrl,so^^ 
 
 CoHtiltl. 
 
HELOIUM. 3(J5 
 
 A.-Avrragc weight amlptUv of three-yearolu catlle in HeUjium. 
 
 Name "f 1>ii'<'i1h. 
 
 Khiiiisli .... 
 AnIriiliiiiHii. 
 
 Duti'li 
 
 Duiliaiu . 
 
 Live wetKbt. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Kiloi. KiliD. I Kiioi 
 
 .VpU til (MM) 000 to 7(10 n(M) to H(Mt 
 
 j(H> 500 iM mi rm .wo 
 CM)' m> r.,T« (1,-Mi (luo 7(]o 
 
 5.'iU 6AU I ll,'iU 7:)U 
 
 Prion per klloKruin. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Franet, 
 
 (I. MM 
 (t. (10 
 1.U0 
 
 l.ou 
 
 Itllll. 
 
 Frane: 
 I), lifl 
 o.no 
 
 0. INI 
 
 0.00 Id 0. »,•> 
 
 Ox. 
 
 t'ranet. 
 
 I. or. to i.iri 
 
 0. IH> 1. 110 
 
 i.uo 1.10 
 
 1.00 1.10 
 
 •,„sH,.s Willi thoSlioitlioniH l,i.v« hIIkI.II.v Iii<t..mho|I i|i„ wHtfl.t ol'alj ||„. i,„(lv,. I,„.e.l« i.i.ov.. uh.oi 
 ,,, ,w will 1... m»ii, tlio HiouImIi ox comn.un.lH tl.o IiIkIiohI pri.ii. ,,or kllohiiuii In iho iVi'.ikl'l. ' 
 
 wnvnl o/rallh cxl,ibH,;l at Ih-imnvh in 1880, and which reaived premiumH. 
 Ilnvpntlmtitera.) 
 
 Iillt, Urt 
 
 H,—Meitsur 
 
 I)i'H<'rl|itl(iii. 
 
 liiillHovcrlliiop vcnrH! 
 
 NllliVl' "I' CIllSHtMl 
 
 I'liii' Uiiilianm 
 
 IliiKli 
 
 AnlriinnlM or iroHHiiil 
 
 Hulls liiim one to tlircn .years : 
 
 \;l|l\IMjr ClUHNI'll 
 
 I'lirit llinliiini.t 
 
 Diilili 
 
 AnleiiiiaU or croHHitil 
 
 Nut i VI- or c losgrd 
 
 I'ini' lliirliaiiiH . 
 
 imtcli 
 
 Aiili'iiiiais (ir oiciMsid 
 
 Jlcili IS Iriiiii I Wo to tliriM) yi'iiPH: 
 
 .Valivii or crosHcil 
 
 i'lirc DiirliUMjM 
 
 Iliilch 
 
 .Viili'iiiialH or cro.iMi'tl 
 
 HoIkIiI. 
 
 144. 
 
 Ufl. 
 140. 
 
 i;i3. 
 i;i8. 
 
 141. 
 141. 
 IL'4. 
 
 141. 
 
 IIIH. 
 
 i:ii). 
 
 131. 
 130. 
 
 111.-). 
 i:io. 
 
 Vertical 
 de|>tli o( 
 
 tliu 
 lircuxt 
 
 HI. 7 
 Ht. 
 HU. ft 
 77.0 
 
 7H. 
 7H.:i 
 
 m. .'I 
 
 (iO. 
 
 77.0 
 7H. 11 
 77.3 
 71.3 
 
 72.3 
 74.8 
 72. 
 U7.0 
 
 I.«IIUtll 
 of 
 
 tllolll'litl 
 
 ns. ,'■. 
 
 .SM. 3 
 
 r>H.o 
 
 r>4.3 
 
 .-■..■.. 
 
 r,:,. (! 
 
 ra. 
 
 50.7 
 
 .sn 
 
 V» 1 
 
 
 50. 3 
 
 SO. 3 
 
 !>0. 
 
 40.0 
 
 ,10. 3 
 
 40.0 
 
 IIei«lit 
 
 of 
 liook. 
 
 .'i;i. li 
 s.v 
 7.'i. '.> 
 
 4r>. (I 
 
 .'it. 3 
 54.0 
 511. 
 
 ■M. F> 
 .13. 1 
 r.3. 
 52. 3 
 
 .'■4. 
 40. 3 
 51.0 
 51. 3 
 
 Lnietli 
 
 or 
 
 buttiickH. 
 
 I Ktli 
 
 of ulioln 
 IwHly. 
 
 02. 7 
 02. 
 57. 5 
 ■53. 
 
 18H.7 
 IHI.7 
 IC3 
 107. U 
 
 :i«.o 
 
 02.0 
 
 til). 7 
 45. 
 
 170. 
 I7H. 
 170.7 
 I.IO.O 
 
 50. 2 
 50. 7 
 5U. 
 53. 3 
 
 !80.5 
 172.7 
 100.3 
 lli,'l. 
 
 54. 3 
 .5;i. 3 
 51.7 
 40.0 
 
 1(1.5.0 
 103. 3 
 1114.7 
 101.0 
 
 l',.-.lnr<uif iiriiT ixr Jiiloyrnm of the ivhol,' varvaxHof animah kilhil and drvtmd fur the 
 warkftH in thcpfincipal < itiotof Jlvlyinm. 
 
 |Iu fruiicH.J 
 
 Aiitwcip . 
 
 Hlllsscls.. 
 Ilnii;rs ... 
 
 lilllMll .... 
 
 Muiis 
 
 l.ii-c .... 
 Ilusscli .. 
 Arloii .... 
 Nauiur... 
 
 Ox. 
 
 BuUh. 
 
 CoWH. 
 
 Veal. 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.40 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.B5 
 
 1.42 
 
 1..50 
 
 2. (15 
 
 l.KO 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.70 
 
 2. 00 
 
 1.06 
 
 i.;tt( 
 
 1.50 
 
 2. 14 
 
 1.85 
 
 1. .50 
 
 1. 75 
 
 1.00 
 
 I.IIO 
 
 1.34 
 
 1. 50 
 
 1.45 
 
 1.70 
 
 l.l-iO 
 
 l.(iO 
 
 1.80 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.30 
 
 I. 00 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.59 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.77 
 
 Milt, 
 toil. 
 
 1. 82 
 I.IIO 
 
 2. 00 
 2. 01 
 1.75 
 1..55 
 I.IHI 
 1.80 
 1.81 
 
I'l'" 
 
 360 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 CATTLE AND CATTLE BREEDING IN BELGIUM. 
 
 ni:POUT liY OOXSUL TA^Ni;R, OF LIEQE. 
 DTFriOIILTlES IN THE WAY OF SKOURINU CATTLE STATfSTlf- 
 
 I can apin-ociate the desire on tliepartof theDenartii.enf tn „. , 
 ellor to el,ua e the staiuhml of American cattle / an l . < v ''" 
 ne i.Ieasnreof no ordinary degree shonhl it bo in my^lml] "" *'" 
 this important matter. The inquiries contained iJtJ.e r 1 1 • "^'" 
 are far-reaching- and very comprehensive. ]„ a sinall ^jni ' ,';'"'"''"" 
 «.nm, where at least three distinct hmsuajres are:^ [,^""; J ' ^' ^l^''" 
 an<l measures are so ditferent from our own, one Si ',er ' "l m'^'f '^'^ 
 (.n as(.erta.mn{? lacts such as are sought i'ol by the c r e ihr^ •''"''''/''•^ 
 nature and irom so m,.ny different quarters as to a huoLt t^ """'' " 
 n. puivsint of them from all efforts. Most farmers i tl isV' H of P 1' "'"-^ 
 speak Valoonish, those near Antwerj) or in the weste n \ ■ !'' """" 
 speak Flemish, while the better classes speaV Freri/ Ti? '^''«'"'" 
 classes not on y cling tenaciously to their ancient la. m./J ,'' "*V''«' 
 manifest absolutely no inten^st in imitating wha is "Vl if ','"'.' '^'> 
 (•lass! Ill wiw...!.;..,.. 1,^, 1. nil _ " """"'« « aiicd llie liiir|j,,j, 
 
 BELGIAN CATTLE BREEDS. 
 
 So far as the different breeds of cattle in Belgium arc eonP..rn > i ., 
 are as numerous as there are localities of (litrcret'n.nrM^^ 
 I::'1.!::!L:;!:^".!"^^ general .um universal effort to rj/a^lSty :? /.l^;;; 
 
 in lielgium, such as has been the case in Enolni I 'I'l. 
 J'Hort, however, to this eml in a few ea.i>s of a S^^^ 
 been very i)aiticular almut the pedigrees of their c it ..mw'i " '''"*' 
 HI this way there are several breeds that have ret li.ulfi ' ^ ''^'•■<'''"<' 
 pedigrees most faithfully. The breX whh^ 
 
 in outward appearance ind in rSflTfbr 1^ Ml^'Kv Jnir'^ T'^ 
 eattle that cannot be surpassed in the world Tl i^i. / '' **•"' '"'•*' 
 true of the bree.ls known here as the I oUa nlais or i) '^ Particularly 
 J'lamande or lU-Igiau cow. There is a s r k^ liL ., T' '""' ^''^ 
 
 two breeds that suggests unmistakabl to n.d.' >.tTleT'' '''•"' 
 r igm Of this there is not a question in my m d." I will .'"""""" 
 
 to explain why I am so thoroughly convinced of this ''^'^*' «!•■•«' 
 
 ASSUMED ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH SHORTHORNS 
 
 ra.uou..br.VedVor canto y;, 'i;;;;,;;;;^"''iT,ii:;ri^ 
 
ff. 
 
 <^f> IllillvO, flTl 
 
 ■ould alloid 
 'f to Jlid i„ 
 i'<^ ('ircnlar 
 JT like hvl 
 
 ) of SU(;I| i, 
 oiiiajr(> on- 
 of I5c'I}.inii, 
 
 "f'ii'I^inni 
 '<' l;ih()riii„. 
 
 S ••lit tJicv 
 
 tlUi l|i;,r|„;j, 
 
 "t> iUS tlicv 
 
 '<^' «t'l'Vlllltls 
 
 innii'd, tlio 
 i^'i'«taii(| it. 
 I ti field so 
 
 'I'.S. 
 
 'mod tliey 
 iiiid tlicie 
 y of l)r('(.(l 
 
 ' IlilS iK-tMl 
 
 \vli(» have 
 tlu'rcloic 
 itariiislicd 
 ■^''iit now, 
 for lu'ct; 
 rticiilaiiy 
 V find tlu! 
 
 PC II tlu'SC 
 
 I coiiuiioii 
 
 'II catde, 
 ill' cattle, 
 iii«(', was 
 iiiid licli, 
 imported 
 low most 
 |<1 toeall 
 ic of tlio 
 
h 
 < 
 
 iiiqtiim'S ol 
 iiiipi'ovcd I 
 liiiidais see 
 ites tliiia ill 
 
 CL 
 
 Sliilcment «/<( 
 
 N:lliio 
 
 llnlliiiicl:vi«. l>iil 
 FhiiiMiiil III' l''i'l| 
 
 IIiiiilnniiaiM . 
 
 Ildiirliiiiiiio . 
 
 PiiMidy — 
 
 IlaiKiitt 
 
 I'lcrhi't 
 
 Chiirlcnii 
 
 (■(intiiitin('{.N'iir 
 L'Oldinliiiiirj,' .. 
 
 Diirliiim 
 
 Ayivsliijii 
 
 elli'SI'V.-t 
 
 xMlothi'is 
 
 Total call 
 
 As lu'foi 
 to rctiiiii ]) 
 hmd. Tlie 
 seqiK'iice oi 
 oHort has I 
 in tryiiifj t 
 lias its iulv 
 the lepirs* 
 was (lie lu't 
 tilt', whole, 
 I'loinish, tl 
 tost would 
 th(! itriiicip 
 cattle. 
 
 Ti 10 11 oil 
 iiioro ostoe 
 the .^aiiie f;i 
 resent, tliot 
 exists ill th 
 
 The color 
 Flemish, to 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 a67 
 
 iiif|tiiiii's of tlm i;attl(3 ciiculur, as to wliether the breed of cattle are 
 iiiipiovcd by Jiii juration ? as the Shorthorns which s])ra!t,<jf from the IIol- 
 liuuhiis seem to thrive better in Enjjfhmd, and seem to bo greater favor- 
 ites than any other breed of cattle in the worhl. 
 
 CATTLE OENSUH OF BELGIUM. 
 SlaknwHt showing the different breeds and numhcr of cattle of different hrwdn in Jklyium. 
 
 Niiino iil'brppil. 
 
 llnlliiiicl:vi«. Diilcli, orllolonstiiins 
 FhiiiMiiil III' I'.i'l^iiiii.tliifntypt's: 
 
 l!(piil(iiiiiai« 
 
 Ildiirliiiiiiju 
 
 PiiMuly 
 
 DaiKiift 
 
 I'li'ilict 
 
 Cliiirlc'iiii 
 
 Ciiiitiiit inc ( Xiii'inaii) 
 
 LOIilinliiiiirf; 
 
 1)111 liiiiii 
 
 Avii sliii" 
 
 Jl'IsrVH 
 
 A 11 lit lirl'8 
 
 n2 • 
 1^ 
 
 cy. 
 
 P^- 
 
 Total cattle in l<)'l<;iiini 
 
 $118 to $180 
 
 It).-. 
 
 IJH 
 
 118 
 
 11U 
 
 (iO 
 
 (!J 
 
 W) 
 
 5r. 
 or. 
 
 05 
 CD' 
 
 14R1 
 MHJ 
 lUS 
 
 luo 
 
 !)() 
 1)0 
 71) 
 K."i 
 Hi I 
 75 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Inn. 
 
 41 
 
 TO.;) 
 
 4 a 
 
 ;it 
 
 •1,'! 
 
 :n 
 
 4^ 
 
 ;i() 
 
 *k 
 
 •JV. I! 
 
 4/i 
 
 III'. ;i 
 
 4,'. 
 
 ;i(). :i 
 
 41 
 
 :i:i. :i 
 
 n 
 
 a-j. ;; 
 
 4 A 
 
 3(1. 2 
 
 4|'o 
 
 i!H. 1 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 Ft. 
 
 i 
 
 ^11 
 
 II 
 
 Ft. 
 
 7^ 
 
 2t 
 
 V,:, 
 
 •Jt 
 
 7.;!, 
 
 I't 
 
 7\ 
 
 'Si 
 
 7' 
 
 
 
 
 1 .'.' 
 
 Zi 
 
 7,'. 
 
 •s.t 
 
 v^i; 
 
 'S.i 
 
 «;; 
 
 •21 
 
 n 
 
 'Jl 
 
 m 
 
 ti.i 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 c«-. 
 
 " ■/: 
 
 
 C 
 
 J 
 
 J=.^ > 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 ^A 
 
 pi 
 
 Inn. 
 
 Inn. 
 
 *''> 
 
 •'•ti 
 
 
 
 •jfi. n 
 ;io.j 
 
 'JL'J 
 
 i;.\ !) 
 
 ts^ 
 
 :, iidi 
 i,fim» 
 
 :l,(i7(i 
 !,(i7li 
 l,(i.-9 
 
 ii, :;!M» 
 l,7i:i 
 1,710 
 1,7:15 
 
 l,h'IO 
 
 i,;iiio 
 i.iiuo 
 
 2a 
 
 
 1(1!), (100 
 
 '■ i;io, 000 
 
 KO, 000 
 1(1,11(10 
 K(l, (1(H) 
 TiO, (HiO 
 IJJ, OiiO 
 .Ml, (100 
 l.'i, 000 
 
 10,000 
 
 »M, (100 
 I,. "...6, 01,0 
 
 THE FAVORITE BREEDS IN BELGIUM. 
 
 As before stated, there has not been tiiat gene-al effort in r.el<;inm 
 to retain iiurity of partitnilar breeds wliicli has been the rnle in lOii"-- 
 liind. Tiiere are many distinctive breeds liere, but tliis is mon^ in eon- 
 seqiience of the customs of tlie peophs wiio care litth>, ior cliati;;e. More 
 ollort lias been bestowed on tlio perfetition of tiie material on hand (han 
 in tryiuf,' to accomplish such result.s from foreij^ni stock. Ihuih breed 
 has its advocates as to its superiority, and if an eipial assembla^t^ of 
 the representatives of all tlie breeds should meet to determine whicli 
 was the best, it would be ditlicult to ariiv(> at a di'cision. J btjlieve, on 
 the whole, thiit the ('ontest would be reduced to three breeds, viz 'llio 
 Flemish, the J)uteh, and the Flechet. 15etween the.se three the <'on- 
 tost would be very close, with many advantages in favor of the latter 
 the i)niicipal being the richness of the milk a.id the eheiiimess of the 
 cattle. 
 
 THE IIOLLANDAIS. 
 
 Tiie Ilollaiidai.s, or Dutch, cattle, on the whole, T think are "eneiallv 
 more esteemed than any other, though tiie i'lemisli, wiiicli beioii- to 
 the .siiiie fiimily, hold almost etpnd rank. The two cuts below willn-p- 
 resent, though in an unsatisfactory manner, the Ilolhind cow as she 
 exists m this section. 
 
 Tiie color is black and white, hut it often varies, as it does al.so in the 
 J'lomish, toabrnidle-reddisli nrilm. ,.„i,.,. va'ied with spots of white. 
 
 sii, to a brindle-reddish or dun color, 
 
3G8 
 
 I 
 
 ( 
 
 CATTLE AND BAiiiY FARMlNa. 
 THE FLEMISH COW. 
 
 V '^ I'l^^ ^','^'*^"^ *'?"'''' ^'^"^^^^ "^'"o«t eqnullv with the JhuoU 
 
 ibovo any K„j,Iks , brocds by all tl.ose wl.o know nit 't, '/'''!"''' 
 tins buT,l lacks n. quantity of milk it mak(vs n„ nniv^^ 
 ulnd. It ack,s in size ior boef is con.pensat.d n ho sa m Vv' '"'' rf'''^^ 
 tAo breeds arc as s<'iitle and kind in disposition as it is oss i i r^'"''^ 
 
 !<'. fo be. A ehild ean walk u,, tothonl ^inywl ;VoI^a ;,.'!; "'"'=''^- 
 lead them or play around them, without any fear of 1 -ir „ '^ *""*' '""' 
 
 THE PLECHET BREED. 
 
 <l<.irous of poss,ssi,„ n.em:andVhat iMo Po^'^^XiU^^l^X^ 
 «'.xi...rienee an.l ,f th.-y buy ,Io so «p,ieliv, so (hat he , i 11 , S ' 
 '•"" "i> «•. (IMMU her., as it has been' by th.'- .^hr.^wcl ellellnev. 
 
 nil'ORT.S (W 1U:TTEI^ IM.) IJELGILM. 
 

: :! 
 
 if! '•< ' 
 ! ;! : 
 
 by iioiirly 1 
 fortlicpi't' 
 7,841i,()iH) 1. 
 to Ilollaiul 
 ter 8,528,;.'. 
 
 m 
 
 Tlie qua 
 
 lor traiislii 
 A vast mil 
 to sonic ot 
 (jreat as in 
 the Eiipflis 
 ally. I'^ew 
 pork and li 
 not (!()nsini 
 aud Engla 
 and, Avitli 1 
 tlio annnal 
 not itroduc 
 tables ind< 
 uiakcs up I 
 iiillcaut pa 
 from notliii 
 what is wi 
 froui that 1 
 must do to 
 to repeat i 
 clieiipcr till 
 m such arti 
 tbat {;oes 1 
 article evei 
 it known. 
 
 There arc 
 at Iionic cai 
 liiiic, artiek 
 rulers and t 
 I called per 
 and asked h 
 apiiiKst any 
 a lew (lays (. 
 have me cal 
 complaint a 
 aiidproiioni 
 tlie butter d 
 alioiiso I ti 
 tained tUo 
 could see ai 
 in the Unit( 
 label be toi 
 was the Dii 
 11, E: 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 369 
 
 ter8,5L'S,L'34 
 
 nil'OKTS OF MEAT AND MEAT CATTLE INTO IJIOLGIUM. 
 
 The nuiiutity of cattle or moat iiiiporfcil into JU'I^iiim Tor lioinc coii- 
 HUinption is bard to arrive at. The tabli-s transmitted w itli the i)ri's('iit 
 lor translation bytlio ])ei)artment will bca.s near as can be ascertained. 
 A vast amount of the imijorts of beef and cattle are merely in transit 
 to sonic other country. The consumi)tion of meat in Li'lfjium is not so 
 jjreatasin England, because of the better compensatiun received by 
 the English laborer, which enables him to su{)ply his table more liber- 
 ally. Few workmen in Belf,num iire there that taste meat (other than 
 pork and horse llesh) more than once a year. ICven the better classes do 
 not consume beef in projwrtion tothe same classes in the United States 
 aud England. During Lent and on l-'ridays Catholics do not eat meat 
 and, with live millions of ijcople, that would make a vast diflerenco in 
 the annual consumption of an article. IJut for all this Hebnum does 
 not produce nearly one-half enough meat for home c()nsumi)tion. The 
 tables inclosed will show the Department from what countries Delgium 
 makes up her deficiency. That the United States takes such an insig- 
 nilicaut part in the protits of this business is deplorable, and can come 
 from nothing but lack of effort on our j)art. Every business man knows 
 ffbat is wanted to introduce and extend his business at home and 
 tVoui that ha must surely be able to draw conclusions as to what ho 
 ninst do to extend it beyond our borders. It would seem almost follv 
 to repeat a thing so simple, viz: Jt is only to supply a good article 
 clieaper than any one else can supply it and make it known to dealers 
 m such articles abroad by samples or otherwise. Cheai)ness is the thing 
 tbat goes further than anything else, and it is hard to hide a cheap 
 article even if we want to hide it, and therefore it is very easy to make 
 it known. 
 
 OOUNTEUFETTING AMERICAN rUODUCriS. 
 
 There are prejudices here now against our products wliich Americans 
 atlioniecan destroy by continuing to proves that they snp[>Iy good and 
 lime articles. They can in this way show to the peojde here that great 
 rulers and their ministers can descend t(» misrepresentat ion for a i.urpose. 
 Uallod personally on every important dealer herc^ in American sui)i)lies 
 and asked him to apprize me if at any time t here sh<nild be any complaint 
 iipiinst ajiy American article that might |)ass through his himds. Only 
 a few days elapsed before one sent me a note saving that he would like to 
 have me call. 1 did so with JUt loss of t ime. lie said t liat t here had been 
 coniplaintaboutsomeAmerican butter tiiat the inspeitoihad examined 
 aud pronounced it mauvais and artijicial. I asked him if lie had received 
 the butter direct from the United States. *• No," hc^said, "it came from 
 a house I trade with in Mastricht."' On looking at the tirkin that con- 
 tained the butter it had tiie nanu^ of a house in Newark, N. , I. but I 
 could see at a glance that the priming on the label liiid not beel'i done 
 iu tbe United States, i .suiiunoiied the inspi'ctoi' and insisu'd tliat tiie 
 label he torn oil", which was reluctantly donr. Underneath the hibel 
 was the Dutch brand that had been biuiied into the wood of the Urkin 
 11, Ex. 51 24 ' 
 
370 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 showing that it camo from Mastricht. The fraud was rovealnri -f 
 aud I was relieved at once, because I kuew that good butU'r is v ., ""^ 
 flcult to keep fresh for any length of time, and that if tll^ in ?,'''* 
 been of American origin that the chances were that it was ' i '""' 
 flcial or that it was rancid. I mention this matter only to Hlimt « ' ",'''■ 
 partment to what an extent wo must flglit against the iiiiru. . m^^"" 
 that are resorted to in order to create a i)rejudice acrainst i.'i "^''''<'<l« 
 tcrmined that these prejudices shall have no foundation in this .,.?.'" f*' 
 district. If any American should, on the other haZ -oHh '?''''" 
 wards these prejudices by importingan article that would Wive trnf*" *','' 
 ency. I want to expose him at homo. ""*^ ^«'h1- 
 
 AMERICAN PRODUCTS FOR BELGIAN CONSUMPTION. 
 
 Wo can supply meats, butter, eggs, poultry, &c., to tho tn.>ri . 
 Antwerp and Brussels cheaper than it can bo suppl ed i?im S ''" "^ 
 Holland by 3 or 4 per cent, on the pound. I menSon these two S '' 
 because Antwerp is the entrepot for Belgium, and places i.?M. ^}^':^^ 
 generally supply themselves with foreign coinmoditiesfnuu ',•<''""!' 
 hence It is to this place that the principal efforts for the into,;' "'" 
 American articles must be directed. It would be well f r.l i^ ^* ?" "* 
 ettorts to Brussels, as a large surrounding area draws its deu!!"?" 
 dTnT;oV;^^i\tr;.^^^' ''''' "^'^"^ '"^^^^^•^^^ doubtles^^l^l'Sl- 
 
 PRESERVATION OF MEATS AND VEGETABLES FRE.SH. 
 
 Dr. Clossett of this city has invented a means of lu-eserviiiLr < i.n <•,. . . 
 uess of meats and other provisions which may bo ot' groarSi ,ff^^^^^^^ 
 exporters in these articles. I have asked him for a stat«^ I^?^ 
 merits ot Ins process, which I herewith inclose. IleKssSi^^^^ 
 ents for this process both in Europe and America • ' '"'^• 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Verviers and Liege, October 13, 1883. 
 
 GEO. C. TANNEK, 
 
 Comul, 
 
 BELGIAN AND DUTCH MILCH COWS. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL WILSONA 
 
 Refemug to my dispatch No. 17, September ir,, an.l the fi-fcs rrivcn 
 during the luist suminer upon the occasion of the ^Mni-.^eiiL , iai^u n 
 versary of Belgian independence, wherein I (lescribe.l so,' - |, .t o 
 commercial maritime history of Ghent, and the installati,)n I , .c v 
 ba sin and docks, I cont inu e the subjec t by some d.^scriptiv e coinmS 
 
 •Tho atutenient horo roforred to, concomins: tho i)ro8orvn.fiiiii ,.r Cv.^i . , 
 
 tCoiisnl Wilson, writiug from Nantes, under date of Doccinlinr 17 iw^t . 
 that uo nrntcrial of any account on which to base a Ut?« o t'l\ l^ 'i /' S 
 tnct, and refers fo his ronort on tho dairy exhibition at Ghent ilHWu/ii • 
 most apropos to this w..rlc on tho cattlo l.ree.ls „f Z wo.il. ' ,' "i^^ :,"'''''',' '?'« 
 no,u Consnhu- Report No. if,. Some valuable tabiUated'Hik o, e :i; tti^'i;;'' wtth 
 ;SEE form" "*'""'' ""* ^'^'^"'^'''^ ^'^'^'*^' ''"' '""^^^'''^ i. tho .0^ ' t« 
 
aJed at once 
 !ri8voi-y,)it{ 
 
 1 tiitlior arti. 
 I'ow the J)e. 
 J"r "lethodH 
 
 "*■ I iUll (!(.. 
 
 •»i«coii8iiliir 
 "tribute to. 
 •'etlmtteiid. 
 
 "'itrkcts of 
 |» i'Vauc'cor 
 ' two placet) 
 tiio iiitorior 
 ' tlii're, iiiid 
 'oiliictioii of 
 
 XteiKl tllOHC 
 
 u'lciciicy in 
 > there that 
 
 fc'thfifrcHi,. 
 "Vice to our 
 i>«iit of the 
 2«ure(l iKit- 
 
 
 Consul. 
 
 iteH fiiveii 
 inial iitiiii. 
 'What the 
 i' the new 
 coiiiinents 
 
 iiu'.'it, and u 
 'ill Im! found 
 
 , K'lU'c.scnlH 
 ill tliatdiH- 
 liicli, lieinx 
 tiiii!ilisljc(i 
 ctlicr with 
 t ill ita fo- 
 
o 
 
 UJ 
 03 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 _; 
 
 hi 
 Q 
 
 Oil tlici K'tf of 
 
 (;ll(' 'icid ill ti 
 
 iiijllv iiidii.stry 
 
 divisions : 
 I. Milcli coi 
 L'. Milii, 1)111 
 ;{. Tlic- iiiiicl 
 
 iroaU'd in iii\( 
 
 Tlio iiiiicliin( 
 
 irquircM no da 
 
 be liiiifflit ln!t 
 
 (■very (liiy in ti 
 
 tiHitoiy, and cr 
 
 One niacliiiic 
 
 t'cldt, ofl'aris, 
 
 liiiown fact (lia 
 
 the apidicatioii 
 
 (•oiislsls in the 
 
 milk is put in v 
 
 TlicMiaiiisinado 
 
 IJielioavii'st, Uii 
 
 Tlii'y are (liiis t 
 
 ii)io tiihi'K — iutc 
 
 niiv apparoidh 
 
 j;iiujf('. llic quail 
 
 Ainoiiff llu! n: 
 
 siiipriscd to SCO 
 
 i'roni I'liiladclpl 
 
 forks, both Iron 
 
 iiciirly a iwoiiopi 
 
 coiiihiiicd with i 
 
 siicct'ssfiilly con 
 
 giiiiii could niak 
 
 Here was anc 
 
 industrial ail c( 
 
 iiliproacliiiii;' tlic 
 
 pliud to iiidustn 
 
 facturc of arlicl 
 
 and a dciiiaiid \ 
 
 llic kiio\vlcdj;c a 
 
 Clin iiicclianic, ai 
 
 wliich f,'avc liini 
 
 Tiicii' were iiif 
 
 Id Ilic ciistoiiicrs 
 
 adnltciatioii by 
 
 nsi'. Tlic coniiin 
 
 till' Ibllowiu;,' j)li( 
 
 Tlic second di\ 
 other dispatch, it 
 
I3KLG1UM, 
 
 371 
 
 ,.lr '...hi in this city an.l wl.ich toj. ,1.,, fb,?,.;' o 'an ^^ i , ''';i::; 
 
 ,,,,11. ,nJ.Mt.y <.t iJel,,,.,,. an.l Ilolla.ul. It cn.i.ted ol' til;;:" ^nl^i 
 
 1. Milcli cowM, the piodiicons. 
 
 ■J. Milk, buttor, and cliecso, t\w i)n)du(!tH. 
 
 3 Tlic, ii.acliii.ery and nu-chanical ai.pliancc.s used. Tlicvsc will 1... 
 tit'iitcd III iiivt'i'.siMU'doi'. '•"iM. will De 
 
 DAIUY MACIIINKUV. 
 
 Tlioii.acliim'i-y wa« intemstiiig and accomplislu,! its work nv,.|| I,,,, 
 ir(|iiiirs no elaborate mention, for the "universal Y-miI-.... .V.\; J 
 
 <'■ f '-'"■""■ """"' -"^l.i,,..r.v ,,.,rX.j' I'' t « " ,' ™' 
 
 (■very <liiy in the year, the inventive L'oniiis of everv (•.i>„ 7- .i i ' 
 ti,(!toiy, and creamery in the bind. ' "' « ^< '> l-'nn-Aard, cheese 
 
 OiK^ machine is worthy of description, it was the inveiifin., .w r 
 ,..l.lt, ofl'aris, for separating rapicllV the milk and en.; * '^t" ' , ^f" 
 known (act (hat milk is iicavicr tlian (Team. The usinl i.w. l , .!, i 
 ,l,c. application of the Jaw of oranfatio,,. to tl is (i ^ The m- ;^i l^ 
 o,.ns,s(s ,n the application of the law <.f rentri/uoal motion. T J h 's 
 milk IS pat in what resembles a common nprj^li cylindrical .. i- • n 
 TlKM,a.i.sim,detorevolve,stinnpri«ht,atuhif,nspe.^ T^^^^^ 
 llic heaviest, llies to the periphery, which forces (he cream to c, n ;" 
 
 lV^v aio thus separated instantly and are drained olVbyne^^ 
 il.If tnbes_in to one vessel the milk, into another the cream. TJe ,iv 
 ciiiv apparently necessary is to keep up the six^ed, and to nrm i- 
 t;iiu{je the (piantity at the ontrv and exit. ^ ^ * ' ^^ 
 
 Ainoiif? the machinery exhibited was some for aL'riculture •in<l r «... 
 siina sed to see the United States so well represent^'"of aV " ,n e- 
 Iroin I'hiladelpjiia, jmnipa Irom Seneca Falls, rakes, hoes h-iv .,, ,. 
 loiks, both from New York and Phila.lelph'ia, th^Un teiVX.'ha^^^ 
 lieu, y a aonopo y ; and the importer, J)ntry.Calson, said, tor i>h?n ;s 
 ninihiiuMl with strei.sth an.l beanty of style, no (,thei' in.p en enfs lihi 
 siiccfsslnlly nmipetewith ours. JIo said Kii'dand, (Jerii- i v ,,,, 
 ginmculd make them as <7oo./, but they ^vero dnnlsi^r a n he^i^t 
 
 I.-iv was another Illustration, if one be nee.led, of (h,- lu'Stv for 
 iiuhLstrial ai c.Uication aniongf our mechanics. With an in uot, m, 
 ni,,.r,.acluii, horou.d.ness in knowle.Igo of the principlesT t , . 
 plR..l (.. imlus try, the American mechanic can leadthe world , 1 cnni " 
 lac lire of artieh's f^i.r every day use, wh(>tlier of necessi v or , v ,, v' 
 .;m(l a .IciiKiiid wdl be created./;,,- tfum, which will be coex" ensiv u m.' 
 llK'ki,uwk..lKco///,r;„. This shouhl be the an.bition o^yve,"v\v, . ' 
 ("mmochanic, and when done, it will Justly be the pride ot the n^ , n" 
 winch f,';ive him birth. * mc n.ition 
 
 TIk'iv were many sample waf-ons ami carts for th., deliverv of mill- 
 to tii.' riist(miers, showiii.^ neat contrivances to insure .•«:.*• / 
 a.l,il..M..tioii by the carrier, but these l.ave^.^ 4 c^n ^in o' "i:, i:;;';! 
 iisi>. The (ominonest method of deliverv in this conn t.v iJ u ^^"* ' ' 
 tlie lollowiii.n.hoto«ra,,h, taken from nature. •' " "'"'"' '*>■ 
 
 KELGIAN MILOn 0()AV«. 
 
 The scfoiKl division, milk, butter, and cheese, will bo reserved fo...,,. 
 other dispatch, d deemed of sullicient importance. "'''^'''•^''^<* '"' »"• 
 
372 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY I'AUMINU. 
 
 Tlio (iiHfc division, inih^ii cown, \v<hiI(I Ii;iv<^ Ik-cii of i^voal i\^^^>l^^,f^, 
 AiiU'rii'.iiU brt'j'tli'it* ami Ht(nk-iiii.si'r.s. I hciitnt^ (ins sultji'd, ^•■^,^ \** 
 stmlh'd with iulvaiitami and licnclit to (li« |M((pl(* of hotli countries \ 
 it is for tliis n-asou I deem it my dni.v to nialio this ivport ''"' 
 
 An object to 1)0 di'sin-d by the fatth'-hivodcrs of the United St 
 
 ie«/,v; of tlieir beef cattle. This, I bolievc Ciu, h. .''* 
 
 is an increase in the/.. ,, . ..^j,,,,,,., ,.ji|, |, . 
 
 terially aided by the importation ol the lar^o cows of the ilo'llaiKi .'""i 
 Flemish races and cross bieed in;,' tln'm with the cattle of the Unit".' 
 States. I also believe this will be aecom]»anied by uu inipioveinenf 
 tlH> milkinjLf «|nali(ies. '" 
 
 'I'heontlay in tim<', tronl)le, expense, money iiive'"'.ed,^:e.,is jn.st ah 
 as nnich to raise a [joor or small steer as a larf,'e one, while the rec"' 
 pense is increased as the weij,'ht increases. It needs neither ilhistriti"' 
 nor ar^nment to prove the benetit. ' " 
 
 The oidy <|nestion is its feasibility with sunicient benelit to coim. . 
 Hat<i for outlay. ^*'" 
 
 If the cattle-breeders of tlu! United States could have seen the In i 
 of cows at this exposition, as J did, they would have been iajpresMcd ' 
 I was, by the fireat size of the cows and the desire to use them in 'ti? 
 manner su^f;;('sted, '" 
 
 There were .'{7l* cattle entered for exhibition, ^'"arly every one hci 
 milch cows, for the exhibition related exelnsively to the miik indiis*?*"' 
 
 The races represented were the Dutch or Holland cattle, the VMn 
 or Flemish cattle— both of i)ure blood— and some Durhams crossed wit 
 these. The lirst two an< indigenous to their resju'ctive countries vc v 
 much alike, and doubtless sj)rang from the same stock. 1 am not si tli 
 ciently expert to jxive an opinion, but I believe them to be thesiine m 
 nearly the same, breed known in the United States as IJoIsteiil cit't 
 
 Although these «attlemay havenostamlingin the English and Aincri" 
 can herd-books as blooded cattle, I am eonstrained to believe it is ritlii'i 
 a fault to be charged against the books than against the cattle for it 
 can be demonstrated that theyhave an iiiicestrymanycenluriesohi IV,,,, 
 which, and through which, they have had a pure anil unbroken (Icseeni 
 brei'ding in and in, without admixture or deterioration, preseivinL' iii.l 
 lierjtetuating the characteristics and distinguishing marks of their nn' 
 with a great certainty, <lefiniteness,andexeh)sivenesKas the best blood 
 known. Motley speaks of them a« noted nearly three hundred veais 
 ago lor their size and general good qualities. ' 
 
 The agricultural society of tlu^ Xetherlan<ls has within a few vo m 
 published a herd-book «'ontaining tlu^ j)edigree of their cattle as far' back 
 as it can b(^ traced. Their examination shows the existence of thi.s' -is 
 a. distinctive breed of cattle, in possession of this countrv as far hack 'is 
 the thirteenth century. * ' •• 
 
 Thc^ color of the J5el in cattle is most fre(|uenilv black and white 
 while the Hollanders are the same, but sometimes with a sininkliiiL'ot 
 corn or tan color, something like that of the Aldernevs. Soiiietiiiies 
 this gets to be almost red, like the J)iirhams. lint in" both the doiiii- 
 iiaiit colors are black and white jdaced in large si)ots over the body so 
 also are the othi'r colors, though smaller and simietimes niiuiin'-'oli' into 
 th'cks. Their colors are somewhat known by the celebrated iwiiitiiius 
 of Paul INttter, of Anistei(lani, made in the seventeenth eeiituiy. 
 
 A tolerably correct itlea can be obtained of a Holland (u- Belgian cow 
 from tli(^ ace .mpanying jdiotograph ; not taken for, nor presented as an 
 
 entirely corurt representation, but lli 
 The landscajie illustiation iierewit! 
 
 e III arcst i could easily piuciiie. 
 ^, , , - , I giv«'s a better idea of these cat- 
 
 tle; and when the traveler by rail or canal looking down, as be does, 
 

 |[ 
 
 m 
 
 k'' 
 
 pi 
 
 Hij 
 
 1 
 
I'!!: 
 
 W 
 
 i t 
 
 ' i 
 
 ou tbe lov 
 deep, of ri 
 bounded I 
 like a skii 
 mills thro \ 
 whilo dott 
 and Avhito 
 some stall 
 tlieir cud, 
 sleek 8mo( 
 evidences 
 
 I give ii 
 or farmer 
 and see if 
 
 Desc 
 
 FIflmiNli or lielj 
 I'leniiiili or litUj 
 Holland tliroe-.' 
 Holland tliri>e-j 
 
 It rausti 
 or price of 
 ueither do 
 tained by t 
 been exUib 
 
 The folio 
 milk, not tl 
 table, but !■ 
 (lay, giving 
 and dresse( 
 after slaug 
 
 Dpacrlpl 
 
 Uci'l', tjiri'cvi'aifl 
 0\i'n 
 
 (/'OWH 
 
 Cownfoiniilli... 
 IliilVrs, hvii to tl 
 
 Yeurlin);!* 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 :^. 
 
 m 
 
 373 
 
 ou the low evel lauds of tliese countries, beholds a laudscape, broad aud 
 deep, of rich green meadow, set iu a frame of distar timber each field 
 bounded by one, sometimes two, rows of tall sentinel trees which look 
 like a skirmish line, farm houses and barns with red-tile roofs wind 
 mills throwingtheirgiantarmsabout, apparently proud of their atrenjrth 
 while docted over the grass, lighting up the scene with their largo black 
 and Avhito spots, as something to attract and rest the eye, are to be seen 
 some standing, some browsing, some lying down, all quietly chowin-'- 
 their cud, a thousand ot these cattle, iniMienso in their size with their 
 sleek smooth coats, ho says, "This is a land of richness; here are the 
 evidences of prosperity." 
 
 SIZE AND WEIGHT OF BELGIAN CATTLE. 
 
 I give in tabular form the size of these cattle, and I ask any breeder 
 or farmer to compare these sizes by measurement with his own cattle 
 and see if my conclusions are not correct. ' 
 
 Description. 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 
 '■ Ft. In. 
 
 Flfltiiisli or Heleian hulls 4 «} 
 
 J'lemiflli or BolKiaii cows 4 7J 
 
 Hollaiiil tliroc-ypar-old Imlls 4 7i 
 
 liollaiid tlirce-year-old cows ' 4 Oi 
 
 Int. 
 
 32.2 
 3.). 3 
 31.5 
 30.3 
 
 
 Eb 
 a 
 
 O ^1 
 
 D Q 
 
 Ft. In. 
 2 
 
 .'•. 10. 9 
 0.8 
 5 0.5 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 G 
 
 In. 
 
 8.5 
 
 1.8 
 
 4.5 
 
 10.2 
 
 o 
 
 JS 
 
 -♦- 
 bo 
 
 a 
 
 Int. 
 
 24.8 
 23.2 
 22.8 
 22 
 
 2« 
 
 Int. 
 23.2 
 34.8 
 23. 
 23.2 
 
 
 e 
 
 •c 
 
 e. 
 
 to 
 2 
 
 > 
 
 IJiS. 
 
 2,200 I $120 to $140 
 l.O.iO I 20(1 240 
 1,875 100 riO 
 1,4,W ; ICO 20(1 
 
 It must not be understood that these flgures represent the size wci ^ri, t 
 or price of all Belgian or Holland cattle as they might stand in i hml •'" 
 ueithcr do they represent the exceptionallv large ones. They ire oh' 
 tained by taking the average of the prime lirst-class cattle as tiiev have 
 been exhibited at the various exhibitions in Belgium. 
 
 The following table represents another class of cattle, those ibr beef or 
 railk,not the finest, choicest cattle, such as are describe*] in thefoivoin"- 
 table, but such first-class, ])rimo cattle as can bo bought in market ovciv 
 (lay, givmg the average for each item. It gives the weights, both ilix-c 
 and dressed, the prices per pound for each, the percentage of dean luM-f 
 after slaughtering, and the pri(!o of each animal : 
 
 Description. 
 
 |Woigl.t,nliv.,.i WciKlit, 
 
 I 
 
 I.- 
 
 Percpiit- 
 
 aco lifter 
 
 Hlau;:li- 
 
 tering. 
 
 Prico I'rico „ . 
 pcrnoiiiiil, pcriioiiiid 1 ''"'." I'.''*' 
 nflvc. ! .hl-sHcd. 
 
 iiiiiiiial. 
 
 llci'l', tliri'c years and ovir: rnundf. Pnumlt. 
 
 <'>^''" 1,,T.'.-.(oI,ri40 '750t,>l,0m)'f!J!!!"*J? 
 
 ,, I if 00 to 05 
 
 'ows.. 1,2(10 111 l,4.-)0 iflOOlo 
 
 ('ownl'iirniilli. 
 
 lltilVis, I wo til tliri'o .\oarg. 
 
 YeurlinjiH 
 
 1,200 to l,4,-,0 
 
 1,100(11 1, U.-id 
 
 82; 
 
 .^3to57 
 
 Oentt. I 
 84 to 0^ 
 
 I) to 10 5 
 
 8 to Q 
 
 Oentt. 
 14 to 15 
 
 ir. 
 
 $I25lo$ir.O 
 
 80 120 
 
 80 120 
 
 00 hO 
 
 S 30 40 
 
 ) 50 OU 
 
 
 1,1 6 
 
 r 
 
I 
 
 m 
 
 n I 
 
 i '1 
 
 374 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 MILKING QUALITIES OP BELGIAN COWS. 
 
 I miglit content myself with giving results, but ni-mv f... 
 <la.rymen would desire the fornuTla, niny be fS I e r Ssf S ''' '^"'^ 
 be for their use. «atistiictiou, may 
 
 The cows were divided, by numbers, into groups in.l n,. 
 mombers of the Jury assigned to each group, s^o a" to g ve hSu' '''''' 
 atManco and supervision whenever anything was to bo <. ^"''""'" 
 
 The exhibition lasted four days. At six o'clock off.,. I " ''* 
 third day at a given signal, eaJh cow ^^m S/', ^ ^I^"^ 
 l)aratory to the tost of the morrow. '""' '^'T, pn . 
 
 The hours for milking were first fixed for G o'clock a m io 
 p. ni., but some complaints were made that the cows wo i;i ," '<"'.' ''^'"^ ^> 
 to hold their milk for twelve hours, and the first m'E. w 'n^^J^ f '<^ 
 4 o'clock a. m. Every owner provided his own ui 1 er's wm. I "''*''* ^» 
 cows were acquainted. ^^nivcrs, uith whom his 
 
 The milk being taken from the cows was weighed not mo.c, , 
 beingconsidcrcd more accurate-each one sSato 0^1.'^'"'"'^' tl^i« 
 being thoroughly stirred, samples were tafffortes^^^^^^^ 
 specific gravitj^ and the rest Returned to the owner for hhu^!," '""^ ^''' 
 
 The samples lor cream were then examined, each «mo b^^n^ , 
 .ame quantity and height in the glass, and be ng i rei"£T.'''' ^'"' 
 n. a large pan of ice-cold water, were set aside for tl e crfom to r '" "'!^'^ 
 Smfir" ^"^^'^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^"^ ^'- «-- treatm^^[r£S-,An 
 3rany methods and machines, scientific and otherwise fnr .i„< 
 H' quantity of cream were consi.lered, but imne S l^dfetw''"!"'"^ 
 lair and equal as this. oeiieved to he so 
 
 Huch was the treatment after each milking, and at everv sfo,. 
 ran. record was ma( c, by the member of the'jury in char;^ '^^^^ ''"' ^'''^'■ 
 
 The specific gravity was taken at 15o ceitigrale 5sfo i .i . 
 fhe samples for cream were allowed to remain n.VfnV. - ^ 'I'lronlie 
 It 1) o'clock ; so the duration of ?S stay'J^ "tw l* 1', "^.r''' 
 ^welye hours, respectively. The water L the^Slhei^mSSllu 
 
 samples being taken out, the height of the cre-in, uao „ 
 rod ami weighed and all recorde^d on blanr?; r^ '';!;;^^^^^^^^^^ 
 ipose The result will be given further on. So 'iH li Vn U" 
 Ln tor IS the^principal product from within this i ?o?in(?. .?;. '^ 
 lore the interesting question was, which cow's milk oul I InVo i ^''"''• 
 cream and consequently be the richest in its but ',„?.!• '''^^ ^^ * he mosf 
 
 The amount of milk ainl of crean g U y S co ff n'!!;/!';" ''^J 
 .letermined, that would determine the relative valuT.Tf 1 ''">' ' 
 regards on thnf ,1m, «nf fi.o... .,.„.'.:", ^ '^"l*^^ "* the cows in 
 
 The specific gravity 'was taken at 15o centigrade"^sto'i ,. , 
 
 The samples for cream were allowed to remain n.VfnV. - ^ 'I'lronlieit. 
 
 at 1) o'clock ; so the duration of ?S stay'J^ "tw l* 1', ''21^''''^ 
 
 twelve hours, respectively. The water L the^Slhei^mSSllu!' 
 
 The . ^ 
 
 atfily 
 
 for 
 
 '■!. 
 
 Iieiiio- 
 regards on that dm,. But' theseVows' m'l v V.'.Vn "u '" ^" ■ ''•""'^' '" t'"^'^<' 
 .litferent periocls ; " one cow Se.f Zo T^^Z^u^"^ "'*"^' '"' 
 previous ; then the conditions will have CS ^J^^^ Z T'^'^ 
 ol milk or cream given on that day is no true tes A . ' hi! i ""^. 
 .x>ndil.on is inevitable unless all the <.,ws coul be i ml n i t f'V "' 
 f ho same day. As this could not nrobil.lv 1 1! i . """"•*' t" <'alvo on 
 .lesiz-ed if it couhl, ^.>me^;;:^;;.g:Ll " mu^ be 3 bv lrf1/f S"" 
 forenco can bo equalized. "" -^ ^^'"*''' f*'>'-^ <•"■ 
 
 This was (lone by the adoption of a table of ovnr>nM„.Mt. . . . 
 made and prepaid during the past tvrvei-i'l\iT ,''','/' l!''1'' 
 Holland Park an.l Unvtm .bvi.-. r. .,1 :, p^f.,"^""' , > • ' " ^'"''""' '" ^lio 
 Dairy Assoc.-^'"- .i-.^.:! ',':.:•.:"■'"" "l' 5^»J?1^.»k., ar rh,, n-nwHt 
 
 ;!L!^i'!\i'!'-"i!i«-i^^^k.K-at;^i;;h;t;o,:i: 
 
 1880. (Agricultural Gazette, ]'Y,bruary lil, 1881. ' T 
 
 iible No. 1.) 
 
PLATE 164 
 
 [armcrs and 
 ^taction, may 
 
 one or more 
 
 '"s Porsoiiiil 
 (loiio. 
 
 ^«"i''ffol'tlio 
 ""1 <1'T, l»r( - 
 
 ' not be able 
 fKlvaiiced to 
 til wboiii liis 
 
 iasiircd, this 
 e—and aftor 
 'f'am and for 
 use. 
 
 iR made the 
 to tbe neck 
 to rise. All 
 er the same 
 
 letermining 
 ^Cii to bo so 
 
 tep an accu- 
 
 I ahrenheit. 
 ^t inornino' 
 ?liteeii, and 
 rked 12 (J., 
 
 accurately 
 ••<'I>ared for 
 >le No. ;5.) 
 and tiiere- 
 ^'c tlie most 
 inalities. 
 ' <lay bein;; 
 «'s in tliosc 
 g milk for 
 ■fix months 
 lie amount 
 iiliaiige of 
 calve on 
 iild uat lu( 
 
 t 
 
 'h tluli dif- 
 
 and tests, 
 all, of th(( 
 lU'Ht of the 
 liibition in 
 1.) 
 
 ^/jf-j Sian .a to /,,[ 
 
 A FLEMISH MILKMAID 
 
f! 
 
PLATE 165 
 
 n 
 
 (!' « 
 
 A BRABANT MILKMAID 
 

 ^ 
 
P L_. A T E I 6 G 
 
 iJiHs Fieii.f "o f,nh 
 
 AN ANTWERP MILKMAID 
 
ill 
 
P LA T e: 167 
 
 A DUTCH MIL 
 
 KMAID 
 
 'ltilU.i Alt/1 .t fit liih 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 
lOi 
 
 (J(icklic)rii 
 Siinilwlcli 
 Mniiilon 
 (lirMt |) 
 lit'iilmiii 
 Iloroford 
 
 'JO'' llloNHdlll.. 
 
 ■>\\ WUliiiiy., 
 :i2l Chorry.., 
 L';i' llprofonl 
 it Tlphorn.. 
 Z' llontl'onl 
 
 •J(i Nobln 
 
 ^7| KttlrMiiiil 
 
 ! at Croji 
 
 L'R PiiinroHO. 
 
 ■J!l DiitliuK •• 
 
 ;iil! Lily 
 
 :il| Cliuniplou 
 'Sb Dtnopliort 
 
 m] Udy 
 
 :M llrido 
 
 X<\ PcililHIlt.. 
 
 :!n JVarl, )«.. 
 .17; Ifiiiiiclta, 
 ;ih (,'(nni«li .. 
 nO| ShortloKs. 
 
 40 Miiiiiio 
 
 Inlniitit ... 
 
 liiilloy 
 
 Ariel, 3.... 
 Voiiiis, S . . 
 
 Snndv 
 
 Ilriixtlo 
 
 lirownld . . 
 Mori'ton... 
 Oborrywliii 
 
 .Wj liiiby' 
 
 .Ill VciiiiR, 2 .. 
 .W Minikin... 
 
 fWi ]ii'Us. 
 
 ni' Star 
 
 5,") Dumpling. 
 
 56i Int'aul 
 
 57 (;iifirnior {II 
 ' iNlini'tDn, 
 
 «l;St(ippH 
 
 .Wj Staj; 
 
 00| Fumy 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 Tadlk No. l.-MUk given by »ixty Englinh cow» during imlve month: 
 
 [III quurtN. 
 
 375 
 
 I n t hi) t h i rd moil t li 
 
 Ill tliii fcmith inoiitli 
 
 Ill tli.Ulltli iiioiitli 
 
 Ill tluiHixtli iiiontli 
 
 In llio Bflvi'iitU niontli.. 
 
 Ill tlioeiuhtlimontli... 
 
 r.. 424 Iphs- 
 10.823 loss 
 23. 907 IcRH 
 30. 548 liWH. 
 :i7. 288 IcHs. 
 40.200 1am. 
 Caooo less 
 
376 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Ik 
 
 ExampU.—X cow ^ivos :iii avcrajic of 20 (luait.s iwrday in H,,. sccmwi 
 moutli uIUt oTilviiiii. How iiiiu:li did .sliu -^ivo at llic tiling of cilvi " 
 
 KepresiMit the amouiif or (|iiaiitit.v .slit'. -javc l».v 100, and wcVuhIi 
 the tiiblc that she now <iives an avera!j;e of 0.424 iier cent Inn u\t)^ 
 424 = 94.570 = the jieieentaf^e .she now jjives, .rHfu = l.<>r)7;;." 
 
 In order to facilitate the work and to render it more aecnrate "jvi. 
 the coellicients not only by months hut by weeks, the followin'.rf,, 5 
 was prepared bv Monsieur Coiljio : '^ '*' 
 
 'I'aiu.k No. '•2. 
 
 Desciiptioi). 
 
 Ono to spvou (la.VH 
 
 Seven to (Wtti'ii (Inys 
 
 I'Mftecii t<i twtiitviwo (lii.vs 
 Xwiicty-two lo tliirty duy.s . 
 
 First 
 month. 
 
 1.0000 
 
 i.orn 
 
 l.O'JTO 
 1.042H 
 
 Socond 
 nioiilh. 
 
 1. o.'-.-s 
 
 1.(11)02 
 1. 1 •-'.■. I 
 1. 1021 
 
 Third 
 month. 
 
 1. 202;i 
 1.2284 
 
 1.2.').-.X 
 
 l.2«j;i 
 
 Fourth 
 mouth. 
 
 Fiftli 
 month. 
 
 1. 3142 
 
 i.:t4;)5 
 i.mi 
 
 1. 4002 
 
 1.4n98 
 1.47.14 
 
 J. 5521 I 
 
 Sixtli 
 nionth. 
 
 l.(i.')25 
 I.TlliO 
 1.7847 
 
 f^i'Vcnili 
 iiiunDi. 
 
 1.8501 
 1.040:; 
 
 •i. m\ 
 
 Example— A vow hiivh)^ calved live! months and twelvtulays nyo 
 gives now S.7.> (|uarts per day. How inncli did she {rive at the thnV oi 
 oalviiiff f 
 
 She is in the sixth month of her lactation. Seek th<i inteisection ot 
 
 the perpendicular coliinm of that mouth, and the horizontal 11 ,(■ 
 
 "seven to lifteen days," and we find the coellieient 1.002."); that i^- slic 
 gave at the time of calving l>^^l^ more milk than she does a) the'ciid 
 of live months and twelve days. '^Inltiply the coellieient !.(i.J2r) hy 
 the amount of milk she now gi\es, S.7.') <|uart.s, another answer wTll he 
 what she gave at the time of calving in S.72 x 1.0o2r) = l.t.4(i (ni|,|.f,., 
 the answer. ' ' ■ > 
 
 Theses tables do not i»retend to mathematical (correctness that cannot 
 
 be attained Iiy any table or formula. 'I'hey only i)rctend to give liom 
 the test of experience the probable rate of decrease or " taper" wiijcii 
 may be exi)ected in the inilkgiving tpialities of cows. 
 
 When the calcnlafion is sought tocover a long period of niiliiing, like 
 ten or twelve months, it becomes uncertain. The Jury did not amllv it 
 for a greater i)eriod than seven months. 
 
 1 now give the iwsult of the competitive examination, being tiiefiil)io 
 presented by the jury. 
 
 1 have continued the weight in kilograms aiid the measure in Jitcis. 
 The law of the rnited States has legalized the metric .sy.steiii and ;il' 
 lows it to be ii.^ed (Rev. Stat., .see. ;!o70). A kilogram i.s e(|aiyalent'to 
 2.2040 iiounds avoirdupoi.s, and 1 liter is e(|uivaleiit to 1.0.'i(i7 (jiiaits, 
 K'oughly stated, a kilogram is 2 jiounds, and a tpiart and a littM- mav hv 
 taken as .synonymous. Any one interested can easily make the 
 lation to his own satisfaction. 
 
 Twenty-two of these cows in the table gave over 20 liters, tweht 
 over 24 liters, three gave over 2S, tw<> over .it*, while one gave .!l.;i 
 litor.s, or over S gallons of milk, as her daily yield. Twenty gaye over 
 2 liters of cream, live gave* over .'5, while one gavti 4.7 liters.' 
 
 (Mlcil- 
 
 iivc 
 
 Calcu 
 cream g 
 and awi 
 
 2.1. 
 fli. 
 67. 
 7.1.. 
 OH.. 
 ■W. . 
 30.. 
 
 Soineo 
 the rule 
 cows froi: 
 months ]> 
 three co\ 
 them had 
 a.s her da 
 of cream, 
 able persi 
 
 It miisl 
 
 tliesei wer 
 
 according 
 
 have b(!ei 
 
 There wei 
 
 tiini>s as ii 
 
 while anol 
 
 In tint n 
 
 midday or 
 
 The sjiei 
 
 limidretl ii 
 
 twenty liv( 
 
 ' !t 
 
iiKliosccoi,,] 
 
 ' <»!' Cillvill^rf 
 
 '1 \\<' liiid l,y 
 • l<-nx. 100-1 
 
 »7;;. 
 
 Rixd, 
 llllltll. 
 
 i.no,')r) 
 
 i.7Hi(i 
 
 1.7K47 
 
 k'e days ago, 
 ' f Iio tiiiio, or 
 
 :t'i'.S('(;tioii ot 
 iital liiK, „(■ 
 tliiit is, she 
 
 ilt tllO 011(1 
 
 t i.<i.ji:,i hv 
 
 'Wor will bo 
 ^•4<* qiiiirts, 
 
 ■tl'iil caiiiiot 
 «> «ivo IVoiii 
 P<'|'" wliici, 
 
 lilliiii.i!', like 
 
 not il|(|)ly ii 
 
 rt' III liters. 
 I'lii iiiid 111- 
 iiiiviilciit to 
 '.J<i7 (juiirts, 
 \\cr iiiiiv 1)0 
 ' (lie, (!alcii- 
 
 BELOIUM. 
 
 37 
 
 Calcnlatinpr by the table aforesaid, the iurv ,h^oi.i^n fi, 
 cieatn f-ivei. by the ci«ht highest at the Ibno^if , ,? -^'l *^® amount of 
 and awarded the prizes accOTdblffly • ''"''^'"^ *" ^'^ ^« *'<>"o^^'S 
 
 Number. 
 
 Liters of 
 cream iit 
 calviug. 
 
 OS. 
 
 ■lO. 
 
 ,11,1 
 
 , l>,')4 
 ■N2 
 Illfi 
 14M 
 
 i;i2 
 
 082 
 
 No. of 
 l>rizo. 
 
 Dcscriptiou ana amount oj prize. 
 
 Gold medal and 2,50 francs. 
 I Silver in.dal and 22.-) fraiira. 
 I Jjrouzo medal nil,! 200 frniics. 
 
 ijronzo medal and 17,'i liuncs 
 I Ilronzo medal and l,-,o frunc's 
 ' i"onzo medal and I'^r, franes 
 
 I3rou/.o m.dnl an.l 1()0 frnncs. 
 "fODzo modal and 7.-) francs. 
 
 Soineof the.se eows had calved more than *jov/ii. «,,...4^i • ~ 
 
 the rule was not applied to then.,^,at's"S^S'^n;r^' sl' 
 ooAvs Iroiii eight to nine monrlis previous; four cows fmmt.f.f, '^ 
 mouths previous: (bur eows fVo,!. thirteeri to IbaZn/ Z 1 V're'w ? 
 three eows Irom seventeen to twentv-lu-n tnr>,.fi.„ "^ ^ ' "'^ 
 
 then, had ealve.l more than twen \ tw,. n on iT tvii^'^-^^ ''' 
 
 a.s her daily yield 20 r,-l(5 liters of n.ilk, from w hicl w." '/hin lI'rM?''^ 
 of cream. The jury awarded her a pr ze, as tl A s u 'M r l.J '^T 
 able i)ersistence." ^ ' "^ '"^•^ ' '"* *'«i" remark- 
 
 It must not be si.ppo.sed these were the onlv cows tested or tl...^ 
 these were the only prizes awarde.l. Sub.liv.siou or gmups were m do 
 a<;cor. u.g to le.s.dence of owner, age of heifer, &c., ami tl s of whTnf? 
 have been speaking is on v the reoort of tho inr\' T. n ^^'"f"» 1 
 There were Iseveraf others. The mi k of s ne'?.mv? ""''\^>'' «rean.. 
 times as much cream as other.. O^^ ^1^^7^ ^Z:!!!^''*f '^'''^^ 
 whil,. another gave but 4.74 per cent " ^ "^ '"'''^' ""^ ^^*^^'"' 
 
 In th(^ majority of eases the morning milk was superior to tint of tho 
 midday or evening. "i'<-iiiii n» m.it or the 
 
 Thesiieeitic gravity varied between 1,020 3 and Wns nf *i 
 Inuidre. ami sixty-eight samples of milk testS for s,teim^?p^ 
 twenty live fell below 1,02!). specillc graviry, 
 
 welvogiivo 
 gavo :'>].:', 
 gavo (I vol' 
 
378 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Taule No. ^^.—Showin/f quaiiUty and quality of milk ofcowa of the Dutch and Ft ■ 
 
 breeds and their croaaea. '*^»h«a 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 1 ] 
 
 ( 
 
 fi 
 
 ' u 
 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 tip! 
 
 iH 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 i : 
 
 S'S ilj 
 
 10 
 
 U 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 J. Talliooiii, of IIao8(loiick 
 
 li. Van Pctcfjlioin, of Saf- 
 felarn. 
 
 J. I'ipra ilo Rftvi'gcboot, of 
 OlHono. 
 
 (T. Vcrcaiitproii, of ITons- 
 lien.' 
 
 .1. F. Soliollior, (if I.opnio 
 St. Mnrlin. 
 
 .do 
 
 A.Cluiia, of Mcircllieko. 
 
 F. TollouH, of LovrniloR- 
 licni. 
 
 J. Vanllaelst, ofWator. 
 vli.t 
 
 L. Vail (►nu'i'val. ofRli'cn- 
 liui/.i' Wiiihtii/.i'n. 
 
 i;. Boui'kai'if nf I.ont^^ii- 
 hullo.« 
 
 o 
 
 or 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 (2) 
 
 Mnt. Dyi. 
 
 1U 4 
 
 Bonr of 
 iDilkinK. 
 
 (') 
 
 in 
 
 (3) 
 
 MorninR.. 
 
 Noon 
 
 NiRbt 
 
 Total.. 
 
 Morning . . 
 
 Noon , 
 
 Niftlit 
 
 Total .. 
 
 Morning. 
 
 Noon . 
 
 NJKlit.... 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 U 
 
 
 a 
 
 HCt 
 
 
 a: 
 
 
 a 
 
 s . 
 
 ^ 
 
 J3'x 
 
 
 
 
 a « 
 
 a 
 
 4J.tS 
 
 **1 
 
 «w^ 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 h 
 
 (5) 
 
 (0) 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 -w 
 
 .a 
 
 be 
 
 A 
 
 (4) 
 
 fl. 800ll0;)0. o! 8. .-114 
 r>. 92r>l 21). 5| 5. 755 
 5. 100 2rt. 01 4. 9r)7 
 
 iio.aso 
 
 n. 545 
 
 3. c:io 
 ;i. 170 
 
 28. 4| 5. ;i92 
 28. a 3. 51(0 
 28. ;t. 081 
 
 £5 
 
 •si 
 
 B 1) 
 
 (") 
 
 0.709 
 0. 570 
 
 0. .IHO 
 
 a K 
 o*. a 
 
 o _.3 
 
 E.2ts 
 
 (8) 
 
 1. 80! 
 
 O.flOfl 
 0. ;!9i» 
 0. ;)48 
 
 il2.003| l.,15fl 
 
 Total , 
 
 Morning , 
 Noon . . , 
 Night.... 
 
 Total 
 
 J.1 
 
 Morning .. 
 Noon . . . . . 
 NIglit 
 
 Total.. 
 
 Morning . . 
 
 Noon . . . . . 
 Nlglit 
 
 lO.a.TO .'ll.? 
 7.735 31.4 
 7.130 29.5 
 
 11.320 
 7.000 
 0.500 
 
 10. 0,'I2 
 7. 500 
 U.920 
 
 0. 8o:i| 
 
 0. 750 
 0.880 
 
 24.4.58 
 
 32. 5 10. 001 
 31.4 7.000 
 30. 0. 305 
 
 '24. 089 
 
 2. 433 
 
 0. 800 
 O.CCO 
 0.554 
 
 2. 020 
 
 4. 5401 30. 1 i 4. 4071 0. 57;i 
 
 3.375 30.3 3.270 
 2. 815 29. 5 2. 734 
 
 0. 4110 
 0. 330 
 
 20 
 
 Total . . 
 
 Jiorning .. 
 
 NrM)n 
 
 Night... 
 
 Total .. 
 
 •2^.-|-^.^|l^0.417J 1.:M5 
 
 5. 7 flOJ 27. 7J 5. 0051 7t7721i 
 3.790 28.9 3.084 0.308 
 3. 1051 28. 3 3. 078 0. 317 
 
 il2.307| 1.414 
 
 0. 020 
 .5. 0U5 
 4. 105 
 
 29 j Morning.. I O.S.t'2 
 
 Noon 7. 100 
 
 "•' • • 5.350 
 
 Night.... 
 
 Total 
 
 Morning 
 Noon . . . 
 Night .. 
 
 31.91 ti.iV)\ 0.513 
 31.1, 4.941 0.301 
 31.4; 3.081)1 0.31(1 
 
 1.5. 33(li 1. 220 
 
 31.0 0.0-.'3i "••"'lOl 
 30. 0| 0.893 0.7I()I 
 30. Oi 5.1941 0. C08| 
 
 ■|18.710l 1.8281 
 
 '12.0201 33.0 11.0301 0. 89J, 
 
 O.OIOi 30.31 9. 3.-|0 0.87:1 
 
 ; 7.50ti 30. r 7.33Ui o.7io: 
 
 9. 08 
 
 8. 8,-, 
 
 0.94 
 
 8.08 
 
 12.91 
 
 11.43 
 
 7. 9.1 
 
 1.1 
 
 o 
 e:. 
 
 is 
 
 > 
 
 (9) 
 
 — a. 
 s'z 
 39 
 
 i 1- O 3 
 
 -■§i:.ii 
 
 h'l,?t2 
 
 X i^ ^ n 
 
 -• 101,1. r,o-i5 
 
 2.l>-'':'l.()fKr.' 
 
 3.:i»i..™5 
 
 1.418 
 
 Total..' .. 
 
 Morning ..i 8.800 
 
 Noon ! 5. 820 
 
 Niglit 4.445 
 
 ToUl 
 
 Morninf 
 Noon . . 
 Night.. 
 
 Total 
 
 7. 020 
 ■5. 290 
 3. 070 
 
 28.331, 2.475 
 
 30. 7J 8. MlilTwi;! 
 .•10. 0; .5. 0,V) 0.710: 
 30.0! 4. 3I,')i 0. ,575, 
 
 ,18.070j 2.150 
 
 32.2- 7'3,S2!Tim8 
 31. I .5. 134; 0. 801 
 31.4; 3.5,581 0.51(1 
 
 ,!10.074, 
 
 . 372 
 
 9.77 
 
 8, t:i 
 
 n.oj 
 
 1. 1(!L'4 
 
 2 8n7l..Wl 
 
 ;i.i7'J"i.2fi;i 
 
 14.75, 3.0821.5531 
 
 ' nosorabin mention. 
 
 'Eighth prizo. 
 
 F.V.in H( 
 
 Ch, DoMii 
 
 F, Marti'riH, 
 
 27 J. Do Slooi 
 nccr^kon.'^ 
 
 :0 i Cli. Xoyt, of 
 
 :il 1!. Vovt. of V 
 
 ;i'l I CDcvos. (if J 
 
 :il •\iPtf. Van 1.11 
 
 lll'l"('M. 
 
BELGIUM, 
 Tablk No. 3.-Showin!f quantity ami qualitj, of milk .Jc.-Coiitiiino.l. 
 
 379 
 
 I'ropritiJors. 
 
 a . 
 
 M5>r 
 
 O tc 
 
 s 
 
 (1) 
 
 23 I K. Van irorlcc, of Hiioy- 
 Kciii.' 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 13 . 
 
 3 a, 
 
 tie 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 
 J 5 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 u 
 
 •r< 
 
 c a 
 
 
 r ^ K " -1- 
 
 Hour dl' 
 
 .M 
 
 n 
 
 
 E^ 
 
 ^^:f 
 
 ='J::='-e5 
 
 milkilit;. 
 
 
 
 it 
 
 3,.:j 
 
 
 -"CI ^ -£ 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 U ♦- 0^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 «-4 
 
 1 
 
 C 1 
 
 >» 1 
 
 1 ! 
 
 « i 
 
 !.- — 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 •Ts - 
 
 ~ •* c 1 
 
 
 J _ T 
 
 -> 
 
 .l/f)<. Dvs. 
 
 O) 
 
 H) (r.) ; (f!) . (T) I (0) I (9) 
 
 Oh. DoMiil, ofSinay ... 
 
 I!. Vnnluioizcclc, (li'.Suire- 
 liirc. 
 
 17 ! Afoiiiiii;;..] 1.0301 V, 
 '■ Nooi) I 7. 7;j()! 
 
 I Ni^ht : (i.]7r,i 
 
 i Total.. j" 
 
 li7 I Moiiiii)<j..lI(). 4!)o 
 
 ' Noon I fi. !);io 
 
 I Niglit... i (i.nor, 
 
 ^f.^ 10. oflh \.'.m 
 
 '^'■l r, 7. .'lOH (I. !i7(l 
 -0. 'J (!. (100 0. (l:.'ij 
 
 TotftI 
 
 ..■■ ■U.Md, -J. !JH7 
 
 "!•.;) 10, 1!) I (I. sir> 
 
 Vil'J (1. 7r!,'t 0. KM 
 
 -H. (i. ((i;t 0. wo 
 .... 2;i..'i;i7 2. ffl.-, 
 
 1? .'!» fi. ii;iL'. o-Kir, 
 
 10. f!4' 
 
 I'd I R MartrriH, of'Lii I'iiitci . I 
 
 27 I J. Uc SInovcro, oC Sovc- 
 
 Oil. Xpyt, orSlcicliiiKo 
 
 27 I Morning • • i !>. ono 
 
 i Noon ■ ;i. r)70 
 
 I Niaiit. . : 2. !)2r. 
 
 I 'I'otiil . .... " 
 
 I 
 
 ^0 ' Afoiniut' • 4. 020, 
 
 Noon ' 4.:m.-,| 
 
 I Nigtit ; 3. ,'J22^ 
 
 ^t.r> 4.!i;)4 0.200' 
 :io. :i ;i. ■lo.'-, 0. '_'!» 
 
 .'11. 1 2. K)0 0. Ifil; 
 
 .; 
 
 I Total . 
 
 21 , Moihin;:. 
 j Noon . . . 
 
 ii.2:i.';; 0. (;7fi; 1 
 
 •■'I.C, 4. 7G()i (I. ;!(;2 1 
 ;iO. 4.2."' 0.411 I 
 2!t. .'i ;i. 22(i: 0. 200 t 
 
 - ^I2.2:>2t i.oo;i I 
 
 n. oil 
 
 S. IR . 
 
 S. B80, 
 
 r<. I47i 
 
 Nisht ....i 4.'2;i7 
 
 2H.C K420i I.:i7ti 
 
 ;io. a 4. nii.ii 0, iw2 
 
 2!». .'■i 4. 11.'-, (1. 4110 
 
 .do I . 
 
 ;il I!. Vi'\t, of U'ails( lMM)t. 
 
 .Tl i C.Di'vos. (it'ZwMiiirtilc 
 
 :i4 .\oi;, Van Loo of iJi sld- 
 
 :ili .LViiu'iiiiwcM, of Itcvcrcn- 
 Wiwu. 
 
 (') 
 
 j Total... 
 
 2 I Moininu'.. '>. I.'iO 
 
 , Noon ^ 4. 2C."i 
 
 I Nifjlit ' ;). Rfii 
 
 I Total., r..... 
 
 -7 ' Moininf;..,IO. 200' 
 
 ' Noon j 7..''..''.7: 
 
 j Nlj?llt. 5.000 
 
 ' Total..!.. ' 
 
 * I M(iininj:..llfl. H20 
 
 ■ Noon I K 14-.) 
 
 , Xijjlit.... , 0.402 
 
 j Total.. |7!V7r!r 
 
 . Morning' ., 0.287 
 
 Noon '. (i. 7i."> 
 
 Ni-jit ... n.-2Hh 
 
 ...... 17. M9, 2.4i)() 
 
 20.«7>"oTil 0.70* 
 27.0 4. ir.'J O.-.L'O 
 
 27. :i' ;j. 777 0. .i.v, 
 
 -... 12.045. 1.78,). 
 
 20. 5, n. DoTfi. oiioi 
 
 2H.0 7.;t-)I 0.0,-i5' 
 27, .'i 4. f.;7 0.1)17. 
 
 • - . . 22. I*" 
 
 :in.fiio,4CK 
 :io. (I 7.002 
 .■10.0 i; 211 
 
 24. ,".8I 
 
 :il,.". li, o(i;i 
 ;io.;i (i, r,24 
 
 .'10. 1; 5. I '"K 
 
 2, 002 
 
 T.Th, 1 
 
 0. :io">: I 
 (1.248 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 Tol;il 
 
 Moinin;^ ... 0. BIO; 
 Noon .... (!. 400 
 Ni;jlit .-,, U(i 
 
 Total.. I .... : 
 
 1.100 
 0. 720i ) 
 0, ,-)47 I 
 20, (;5.'.| 2. 0.-.0 I 
 
 2»,'7 p.:i:ii '(). .v.o'i 
 20..-. 0.210 0. 4.r, I 
 28. :i 4. iiooi 0. ;;r,« i 
 
 ......>o.:.4«j i.:i()o 
 
 Moinin;;.. 2, .i;!.') 
 
 Noon 1,700 
 
 Niulit l.:io.-. 
 
 20. .'■. 2. 4(12i 0. 270 1 
 2H. ;i l.cvr 0. 108 
 2l». f! 1. :i2n' 1!, !(;;i j 
 
 ' FifHt pi 1^0, 
 
 Tolal. ,. 
 'Ninth pii/,.!. 
 
 11.24 ;(.4:|-, |.:)7|; 
 
 K1.77 
 
 12. o:i: 4. i;ij i,,-„vj| 
 
 4,74 I. 4o.'l I. V02;! 
 
 '.). 02 
 
 i;. (!2 
 
 1 1. 0(1 
 
 r>.4iO; 0. o;m 
 
 'Seventh prizo. 
 
 
380 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Table No. S. — Showing quantity and quality of milk, <yc.— Continued. 
 
 07 
 
 Proprietors. 
 
 (1) 
 if. Dobbol.icroHnlin 
 
 39 J. Vnn Dnmnio, of .Safle- 
 lare. 
 
 42 
 
 I). Vincent, of Lrenio St. 
 Martin. 
 
 43 i ir. Ilaeltcnnan. cifOnllro.. 
 
 44 [*. Viinlauirt'nliacUc. of 
 Appolti'iu'.' 
 
 l."! i F. Martens, of La Pinic 
 
 r>I S. Dcssclo, of Mi-llp 
 
 ■V2 i L. l)tAVIl.l<>,<irMo(ir(z.oI«-' 
 
 ."iD ; J. Van Inipo, of Scniracr. 
 7.ak('. 
 
 .'iT ,1. Viimli'vooiili'. oi Ki- 
 V.Mr. 
 
 58 MM. Do Rn r, ficrrH, of 
 Liauil. 
 
 -OS 
 
 UN 
 
 1-? 
 
 a 
 
 (2) 
 
 Jfo». VllK. 
 1 ,') 
 
 (') 
 
 lU 
 
 ITour of 
 milking. 
 
 o 
 
 ••=• « 
 
 Cl) 
 
 Morning . 
 
 Noon 
 
 Niglit.... 
 
 Total. 
 
 (4) 
 
 3. 120 
 2. 170 
 1.7;)0 
 
 S . 
 •gf 
 
 1 
 
 (3) (0) 
 
 ni.7 n.fl24 
 
 ;U.7l 2.101 
 31.(1 1,077 
 
 1 
 o 
 i? 
 
 I 
 
 .5,9 
 I To 
 
 t2» 
 
 (7) I 
 
 0.171 
 0, 1 11 
 0. 1 1> 
 
 
 H c. 
 
 ace 
 ".a a 
 
 j; 2 
 
 
 
 3''S|!.S 
 
 s= iiiS.e,? 
 
 B,2l5 
 
 (8) 
 
 
 0.801!' 0.39-. 
 
 Morniu;; ..'3. 8C.i| 32. 1 ! 3. 74,'i 0. 27:1' 
 
 Noon 2, 5421 32. 2i 2. 401 ' 0, 172; 
 
 Niglit : 1.4101 32..Si 1.30.-)i 0.118 
 
 Total : I 7. .')7i I 0. m:i 
 
 14 t Mornin^i..! H.O.Wj 30.4' H. 080 0. fios; 
 
 Noon i 7.400' ;iO. 0; 7.242i 0. (I.-il 
 
 Night ' 0. 3ri0i 29. r,, 0. 168| 0. -.Hi; 
 
 Total..' 1 ;22.090| 1.79.'; 
 
 27 Morninc;..! 7. ¥80! 'M. '>prm\'u'm 
 ' N'onn .....i "). 0901 .'la.fi .5. 70,';i 0, JO,) 
 , yigVt I 4.3501 .32.8 4.211 O.J'JI 
 
 .noi. 
 
 £■22 
 Til 
 
 Total.. I7.C3I) 1.471 
 
 Morning ..III. .WOi 32. 2 iTnillll. 312 
 
 Noon : 8.e.-o; 29,7; 8,401 I,;tl8 
 
 Niclit ' .1.000: 32,2; 4. 902 o, 49li 
 
 Total. 
 
 24.4921 3.150 
 
 20 Morning.. I 3. nfitl' 34,4 3,441 0, ;i44 
 
 ' Noon ■ 2, MO :t:i.O 2,757 0, •j7.'. 
 
 j Niglit : 2. 3(J0 :i3, 4! 2,283, (I, 2Pu 
 
 Total. : ! 8.481; 0.899 
 
 Morning.., !), 380 31,. • 9,093, 0, 7iMi 
 
 Noon (i,80<^ 31.4 0. .liKIO, 70,-. 
 
 Nifrht ."■>. 320 30. Ci C>. 102 0, MH 
 
 ) 
 
 Total . . 
 
 20,818 1,988 
 
 Morniug -.11. 1401 32. 4 10. 790' 0. KO.) 
 Noon j 7. 970i 29. 2i 7, 74:i! 0, Hi:, 
 
 9 Morning..! .1,4771 30.9 ,1.312 0,478 
 
 \ Noon ! .1.280i 31.1! ,1.127 II, .147 
 
 I Night ! 4, 2021 29, ,1; 4,139 0, .I','.' 
 
 Total. 
 
 14.578; 1,,17 
 
 7. 309; 0, C:i9 
 Noon .."..,; 7, 300! 32,2 7.072,0.084 
 Niuht ....' .1,8,19! 31.7; .1,079 0. ,119' 
 
 13 1 Monilng..: 7.fl20l 34.1 
 
 «■ '2 2.4131,3)35 
 
 «-:U 3,1T-JLM5,-,| 
 
 12,80; 3,,TO'l,0,-,73 
 
 10. (ill . 
 
 9. '-I' :i. 17(11. fffli 
 
 10,211 4. 14H'1, 
 
 1:1.72; 2. 0.'iO I, COOO 
 
 10.82 
 
 Total..: : ;20.120i 1,87 
 
 9. Ml . 
 
 C2 
 
 OU 
 
 I'r 
 
 T, Van A 
 Mi'vgho 
 
 J. UolJiiv 
 
 07 i 1!"" (J. Dill 
 
 C8 
 
 fiO 
 
 P. V. JJoIar 
 lioko,' 
 
 E, Vi'rilrg 
 Mariii'Lt 
 
 72 Vciivo II 
 Wjokel, 
 
 U08|li('l'8 I 
 
 71 
 
 Vfiiivii IVl 
 laro,* 
 
 80 • Veiivo I't (II 
 vonrdi', 01 
 
 82 I (i, WoItrr,« 
 Aiuanil, 
 
 ' Second jii 
 
 ' Honoralilr nuntioii. 
 
 •Sixth prizo 
 
!).ra: :i.]:u\.;ia:, 
 
 O.'J" ■!. US'I.WJ,-) 
 
 :i. 72; 'J. or* 1. 0000 
 
 BELGIUM. 381 
 
 Taiii.k Nu. •.i.—fihowiiit/ iimiiUty and qualily of milk, .jc— Continiieil, 
 
 O'J 
 
 I'loprjetors. 
 
 (1) 
 
 T. Vim WoiiliTj^liciii, (if 
 Wi'.VKliom.' 
 
 Cli J. UnKiiyti', of liolcolo.. 
 
 07 1!"" 0. Delia Fiiillc, of IIu- 
 
 JKSO.'^ 
 
 CH I V. V. ]lnlaD);ior,of Meliol- 
 i lioko.i 
 
 (i!) ! E. ViTilcRon, of I>a(;bttf- 
 MaiiaLi'i'iuo. 
 
 Voiivo Ilaiiierliiirk, of i 
 Wyuktl. : 
 
 lIoMpiics of Movrlieko *. 
 
 71 Vcuvo Delia, (t, of Sallo- 
 laro.* 
 
 KU I Vriive el eoliililH X'iiiuli 
 vooitle, of Krlvejilo. 
 
 82 G. WoUeiH, of Sloiit St . 
 Aiuaiid. 
 
 f& '^ |S^ 
 
 :u. 4, 111. Mr, 
 .'u. c I'.'. i:,j: 
 
 ;i2. I^i K. (i'.Ml 
 
 i.Tiy 
 
 I.IHI 
 
 1. 1'JI 
 
 ? -^ IV. 
 
 3 w , — : ;r " # 
 
 I i 
 
 ; K). Kl' ,-,. ,m4 I.IO:* 
 
 ..'liJ.IWl! 4.77H' 
 
 J. 1(15: 
 
 lU 
 
 Total . 
 
 2 I Moniiug. 
 
 I Noon 
 
 I Night. . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Moruinj;., 
 
 Noon 
 
 Nijjlit 
 
 Total.. 
 
 Moniins . . 
 Noon 
 
 . 1 10. 2951 ;i4. ) ' ft !).M 
 
 .| K.04j! 34.7; 7.771 ().!n:i 
 
 0. ocyj a;), ii ri. «(i4 0. 702 
 2. m)i 
 
 • 111.310; :f.'. .i 10. sHiL'i 
 .1 K8r,2| .;;.7 rtimm 
 
 I 7. liij ;il.7 G. !)XV 
 
 i.4(;i 
 
 I. (1^7' 
 0. S7!l' 
 
 |_^— !-.j^^;2a477, ;).427j 
 
 lI.HIOi 30. C ]Tr450l"()ll4l) 
 10.(i70| 20. r>10. ;ifi): (1.0117 
 ll.48i'i 20. ;i i).2:i7j I. HSU, 
 
 I r^.-i:, 
 
 12. ill 4.;;.;i 1.41196 
 
 1«. 28 4. 100 1.. 'IMS 
 
 '31.U(J0i :i. 103; 
 
 NiRht. 
 
 Total . 
 
 4. oiii h:i. n 4 7jo' 
 
 ! ;i.il07' 32..-, :i.7t'.| 
 ■ 3. 137| 32 ^ 3. 037, 
 
 0..'-,7l 
 (I. .">iM 
 0. .'ilM 
 
 il.r^/i 1.130 
 
 15 
 
 Moiiiiiit;.. 
 
 Noon 
 
 XiKlit 
 
 KH2.V yi.,^j K. r,",; 
 
 C. 0110' 20. 5| (1.4111 
 5.41UJ 30.(1 5.252i 
 
 Total..! ' 20.2isi 
 
 lU 
 
 20 i Morning. - 
 
 Noon 
 
 Ni-hi.... 
 
 Totr.l.. 
 
 ^^lornin^..' 
 Noon 
 
 NiKi.t.... ; 
 
 Total.. 
 
 Bloniinjj.. 
 
 Noon 
 
 Ni,«lit 
 
 11.0.i0i 30.4 11.57W 
 K (;4(l! 30.(1' H. 3,>i3| 
 7.K).-.: 27. (i; 7.(124; 
 
 0. 4.Vi 
 
 (I. .5:14 
 
 (I. 4K2 
 
 1. 472 
 
 (I. llli (■ 
 0. 022 
 1.347 
 
 12.42^ 
 
 7.20 2. OL 1.3741 
 
 . 
 
 . . . . 
 
 
 27. 5^5 
 
 3. 233 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Ill 5 
 
 31.0 
 
 4. 2!i7 
 
 0. (n .'i 
 
 3 
 
 (i:i;> 
 
 31.4 
 
 2.041 
 
 0. 4.'iii 
 
 - 
 
 hl.V 
 
 31.4 
 
 2. 72." 
 
 0. 4.'')l. 
 
 
 
 
 U. OWi 
 
 1. 57.-. 
 
 
 
 -z^—:^. 
 
 .- -.r- ; 
 
 iT^- -,- . 
 
 _ *■ 11.72 4.412 1.3741 
 
 15. Wl' 3.303 2.1551 
 
 0. 7noi 33.r.| It. 451 
 
 H. 2tl0| 32. 2 K. 002' 
 C.h75l 31.'jl (I.ddJI 
 
 Total.. I I24.I23! 
 
 10 
 
 Moniinj; . 
 
 Noon 
 
 Night ! 
 
 Total..! 
 
 ■11. IHO! 33. 10.«22' 
 I H.770. 33.3: H.4>i7' 
 I H.4C0 33.4; 8.18(1 
 
 0. H(l(l 
 0. 8,so 
 0.810 
 
 2. 556j 
 
 0. 8;il) 
 0.721 
 0. 751 
 
 )• 1(1. (JUi .. 
 
 ] I 
 
 ; 8.07 2. 334 1.0137 
 
 7.405 2.302 
 
 > Second l.ri^c. 'Fourth prUe. > Fifth p,ir„. 4 Thl,^ „,•!«,. .Uonornblon.entiou. 
 
382 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 il! 
 
 TRANSPORTATION OV BELGIAN (!ATTLF, TO THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The intent off his diHpatcli would fail if I Maid nothiii^' about trirK 
 imitation. ^" 
 
 Tho law and rcftulatiouH in force in the United States eoncerniiii' 
 tariff, inspection, and entry can be better determined there. 
 
 (!attle cannot be carried across the Atlantic with either safety or 
 profit in sailinjf vestJels. Steamships do not ahvay.s take them. Tiiov 
 must b(>. offered in lots large enout,'h to i)ay tho expense of Uttiu" m» 
 stalls for their accommoflation. It may be recognized as tho ruKuL-it 
 stoamshii)s which carry passengers, either saloon or emigrant, will no? 
 carry cattle. There, doubtless, are exceptions, but not manv Thn ..., 
 thorities at Now York object. •*"" 
 
 The While Cross line of steamers, Steiinnann & Ludwig, Antworn 
 agents, carry all the cattle from IJelgium (and 1 believe from Ilolluiill 
 to tho United States. They run to New York and to Montreal. ' 
 
 These shipments have been (to New York) in summer of 1880 ico 
 cattle; in summer of J881, L'JO cattle. ' 
 
 Two shipments have been made this present season to Montreal 
 
 The prices are as follows: 
 
 Uiill.s and cowb oh (leek 
 
 Yeiirlings . ■*■•' 
 
 (jiiives .['....v. .['."'.W.W'.'.'." '."['.'.[ ;! 
 
 Uiidor (kxk, additional > ....\ ',' 
 
 The shi|) puts up the stalls and supplies the water; feed and iiiuuto 
 <!are for the cattle are for shipper's account. French, Edge i\: Co of 
 New York, are agents for this line. '' 
 
 Canada has been int<'r(.'sting herself in the manner snggcsti'd to 
 Americans in this dispat(!h. She has impiu'ted, for breeding pinposL's 
 alone, from JJelgium during the past year 02 head of cattle, and lioin 
 Kngland yu bulls, .'5.'J(J cows, and 131 calves, while her exports lor bcff 
 have been, during the year 1880, to England alone, ."iO,!!!!,") lifiid. 
 
 As to transportation : Mr. .John ('. Moosily, agent Ked Star stiMincr.s 
 Antwerp; Steinmann & Ludwig, agents White Cross steamers, Ant- 
 werp; \Vand)ersie & Son, ship-brokers, h'otterdam. 
 
 EXPORTATION OV AMKUICAN IIOIJ.SKS'JO HKUJIUM. 
 
 Of cojirse no rec^ommendation of mine or iiidei'd of any coiisul could 
 l>e accepted upon oni' Judgment solely or without examination and trial, 
 but 1 venture to express my belief lliat a good busiiu'.ss man -a jiidia' 
 of hor.ses and cattle — could naikc a profitable business by the iiii|ioil'ii 
 tion of (rattle to the United States, as I have suggested, ai'id, fur a n'turn 
 cargo, exporting hoises for use in llelginm, Holland, and Fnnirc. The 
 prices are high here, and for light driving and riding horses 1 think 
 remun«'rative prices <!(ndd be obtained. 
 
 'I'his trade is already commenced, but is in its inraney. I liopc my 
 notice of it will attract the attention of those coiicenied. " 
 
 A cargo of (»(» American horses (marcs) were landed withm the past 
 month at IJruges, iii this consular district, and sold there ;it auction, 
 bringing fair anil satisliuitory prices. 
 
BELGIUM. 
 
 383 
 
 I'lT hoail. 
 
 -.. £;-. 
 ,1 
 
 • • • .1 
 
 1 
 
 AUTnOKITIES AND SOUllOES OP INFOKMATION. 
 
 I Iiiivo been a personal witness to many of the tilings I have do- 
 scrilKMl ; but I have received material aid in my examinations from tho 
 (()lI()\vnl^' {,'entlenien, to whom I tender my acknowledfrments- Profes- 
 s(»r I'i'.);;i<'r, of the Koyal Affricnltural Institute at Gaublonx, Belirium- 
 Lotus rydj^iidt, es(i secretary of the A^ricnltural So(!iety of ]<^landro 
 Orientale, Ghent; Mr l>. R L Wahleek, secretary iJolland Sodoty! 
 Loosdianen, near llio llafine ; Professor IJonar, a^jricultural enirineer' 
 Sdziu'te, director of abattoir, Brussels; Mr. Edward Minne, insDcctor 
 of abattoir, (.bent; report of Jury on (piantit^y and quality of milk 
 prepared by Professor Chevron, of tho lioyal Agricultural institute at 
 Giuibloux. 
 
 THOMAS WILSON, 
 
 United States Consulate, *""*" * 
 
 Ghent, October 27, 1881. 
 
 
 i 
 
384 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY KARMINO. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 CATTLE IN ANDALUSIA 
 
 llKPOliT UY CONSUL OPPHNnHIM, OF CADIX. 
 
 Ill imrsiuuice of instructions }>fiv<Mi in Department circnliir of ,h,|y \^ 
 1883, 1 transmit herewith certain tables bearing,' upon the Kraziny i'nterl 
 cHt in this district. Stock-breediiif;, properly so-called, nieaninj,' tlu-icbv 
 (he improvement of cattle on a larjte scale by seleiition and crosKin-r. 
 may be sai;! not to exist here. Individual experiments of crosKJi);,' for. 
 oifjn cattle with the native breed have occasionally been Miiwle, hut the 
 results are said not to have been encouraj^infj. Some years iij^o Imij^HsIi 
 Shorthorn cows were imported into the district of Jerez and crossi-d 
 with the native bulls, but the experiment was unsuccessful, Hi,. i,r(.i,,i 
 <leterioratinff rapialy and tendinj; to revert to the ori^iinal native typo. 
 Ill the district of Puerto do Sta. Maria, there are now some cross bro'eds 
 produced by crossing? Swiss and native <;attle (native bull and Swiss 
 cows); the milk ])roduct of the cross-breed cow is much superior to that 
 of the native, both in richness and in quantity, but the animals lose 
 their hardiness, do not stand the heat well, and recpiin^ sliclti i and aitj. 
 Ucial feeding almost the whole year round. These expciinients, and 
 probably many other similar ones unknown to me, have (ireatcd an im. 
 |)ression that the native stock of this district does not lend itself readily 
 to improvement by crossing. The interest of this impiiry to on,- ,i^i,.y. 
 men and cattle-breeders must further be lessened by tli<^ patent (act 
 that the Andalusiau cattle, outside of a good ai)pearance and ciuliiraiici' 
 of heat, do not seem to have any prominent i)oints of excellence, Tliov 
 are not good milkers, and i)roduce beef which, at its best, is only nii'di- 
 ocre. On the other hand they are very cheaply kept, ie(|iiiiiii}.'iia,.,|iy 
 any shelter or care of any kind. That American breeders should import 
 Andalusiau stock is only conceivable in the somewhat remote contin 
 /■ency of our people developing a taste ftn- bulltighting. The tier ,•( nos.s 
 and tlu> mettle of the Andalusiau bidl are indisputable, and these trails 
 are sulhciently developed even in some of the cows to make them some. 
 what undesirable as inmates of a dairy. Wliilst the above considcia- 
 tioiis undoubtedly detract from the practical value of this imiuiry to 
 our stockbreeders, yet mauy interesting facts and data Ix'arinK iijioii 
 (he meteorology, th(! topography, thellora, -s well as on theeconoinical 
 
 situation of this district may be included within its frai work. Such 
 
 of these data as are contained in the accompanying tables have licdi 
 gathered in every case from the best availabh^ souiees, and aslaras 
 they go are undoubtedlv trustworthy. 
 
 ERNEST L. OIM'KNMKIM, 
 
 Coniml, 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Cadiz, October 25, 1884. 
 
SPAIN. 
 
 Topoyraphy of the province of Cadiz. 
 
 385 
 
 Loculity. 
 
 AltitmlK 
 of hljth. 
 oat ixiiut 
 ill iiiutorH 
 nliovo Hea 
 lovul. 
 
 Siiii l'"i Tiiiiiiilii. (Hiiv of rmllz) 
 
 I'licrl" l!t^i>l (ISiiyi'iC (;iMli/,) 
 
 I'liiildiloSlik Atiti'iii (Jiuy uf Ciuli/,).. 
 
 A KO.S 
 
 J(l(« 
 
 Uli'uro 
 
 SIi>rn» do Glbialtiir 
 
 Mcdlmi 
 
 Ciiiuluii.'t ]' 
 
 Olvurn "//, 
 
 Oriizttlouiu...; ."'" 
 
 Altitude 
 of hluli- 
 «Ht point 
 in nu^tei'H 
 ubovti Hea 
 lovol. 
 
 410- 
 
 ITiO- 
 
 ;i(10- 
 
 1,ll!4- 
 
 1,750- 
 
 NoTK.-TIm annual ijiiiifHll a(, Uh, ..I)Morvato.y»rSan Forniuiil,, i 
 
 itl.au'»-lH.HM:.nliKiii(lu. . ^''''"^•"'""' "-W"'— 17.0°ooutiKrudo; atudcptli 
 
 Mean k-miicmlure, 17.2^ V. .Siiiiiiiicr, s:i.lo c Wintor ly no r^ i • 
 ten yrai.s' ob.scrviitioiiH ut tli« Sail FermiiKlo OI.k. rvrf^!,. ' ..,-■' .'^"'« •"osiiUn of 
 ,nat..lv .onvrt, lor (Ik, cast district a o I X K^ ^n/ t "'i'"',""'' '" '"' '^"I""^'- 
 
 S.,M,.-. !//«,/«/. ■ TI..TO is K,„i.„ alluvial ir 8t, ,'« on flw^A ^'Tw ., 
 ^iiiivii', ana..tluT .nin.,r«troa.Ms; this n^ J ?i'' .^J" ,*^^^^ *'',", Guadal- 
 
 'v(,l,(l I., i.ast.na-r. CI,,,/ ,u„l ,l„ilk TIm J^i m .^^^^ *'"''*':"' "clayov loam" <lo- 
 
 (rnt. .d- l.,tal j,ra.iM« area in tl.is jii^i cc-.' ' wi^f.^ nir^'"^^ *•';•'" "'•'.*"."" 1""' 
 uml i.aKtun.M <.r this ,..-,. vine, has saiuly , r KravcnVLoii • 40 t^far'".""^'"" "/ ^^" ""*- 
 estimate ..f tho i)crc.inta«(5 hiivin- such soil. ^ "^"^^ **"" ' ^" *» ^^ I>or cout. is a fair 
 
 I'MUmije of n'dUrn Andalugia-Hpecks moxt uhundant 
 
 OKKICK LEGUMINiK, 
 
 in natural paature. 
 
 wild flovor, red and whito. 
 I'lciich hoiii'y-sucklo. 
 
 TiiJ'oUu,a },)(iliiisi> 
 I.dliiH c,>\i,ivi,l,ttiin. 
 Ilfih/mriiun <<iix)i,,iiiiim : 
 llfiljisdriiim hdiiiihiiiliun. 
 lAillii/r,,', «(7((,v/W,s; wild vi'ti'h. 
 Miilimiji) milii;, : hicoriu). 
 ihduaiio liipiiliiia. 
 
 OuDlCIt GUAMlNKiB. 
 
 .lima f„ti,n : wild oats. 
 
 h„t„,„x : Irsrun jrrassrs, nian'y varieties. 
 hriiiiiiia : l)niiiU'-fj;i';isN. 
 Vnli,;t,ii rijiiii.t: (•(nich-j;riiss. 
 I'liiiliiris <a«(n/(/i.sM.- eaiiarv-;,M-ass. 
 Cmiina (waiili,t : tarliiio thistTc. 
 
 Artilicial 
 iiii'iits have 
 nitiiiilioiis, 
 (fViiiii lOnir! 
 
 A natm-a 
 
 lllliliicd liy 
 
 Wild i:\uvv 
 aliiiiit Oil |)( 
 
 IJ. 
 
 CULTIVATKD GltASSES. 
 
 . HHuH, spots ..lovei- (1V,M, AnS. SCO, wh!" *" ^T^""" ''''y '^"n'P 
 ■Hhsn.d), hav..,!,iv,.,. verv «o.mI res,,! " ^' ""' -'""^ ^^''''"" '■ye-«,J. 
 
 iiii'adow, si(i|;i((« ,,1, ,|,,,j,,i .; ■■ , 
 
386 
 
 CATTLK ANI» DAIUY I'AKMING. 
 
 I 
 
 ryr-Ki-iuw ( f.ol,„ni limn lit, turn) jilioiit, 10 |ior <«iit: Imviiiu nUimt. IT, imt <i.i,i r 
 <■|•MilllC()ll^^«^,■lMHt^sall(l \viM'(h, uihI this In l.tOit-vrd folio ji (nil- tv!«V i.f t '"*" 
 
 l.iwliiro of llMi foiisl, <lisliic|M itiid less olovaird laiiilN Tlu« ii|.p< i' i,x^|„.vm ?(""'*"'"' 
 m.'t«^r,s ulMiv.«KC!i-l.,vrl iipwiudN) rovoiinn, iMol.iil.lv. (ill p.-r c.'iit ol' (j„m, .Vi""' 'P" 
 provim;.', hiivoa .siniillcr propoit i<.n of J.c>;iimiiii.i lliiiii tli,. ic.w-lviii.r . !,'.','' T' 
 cloviT IH ul.H.) t, iiiHl liicoMir (Mill;,, 1,10 mliva) tiikt^s itHphic.i- (,1,„ p,,. , i V "'''' 
 Hiicklo IS v.M-.v ImiKlmit, .■Hp.Tiiill.v on clialkv Uill-HiiU's uikI tiil.l.-li „|„ a "'"'^■" 
 1 i« (iniiiMiici.s iIk. C.M'iio -iaNH.-N, wild ..Ills, l.n.itio mid lli.^ iiM'udow .r,'., J;, ""l'^"' 
 tlinvonioi liixi.im.idy ill llu' lii-lhr j.astiucM, uml those spucios uiiaoiil.h.'rn;"'!^ 
 u hiigepi, ]M.ilioiiorMioiipla i; li. )la«i . """"""""K'Uly IiumihIi 
 
 Slalement HUowiiyi this una uj ihihIuiv IuiuIh in Ih- proriiur of CaUu 
 (ToUl Mi«a of i.rovluco 7.'J75 kllomotcin.J 
 
 liuoullty (JiKliviid (llHtrictM). 
 
 AlKocinM 
 
 Ai'niH 
 
 i'>i,\i7. ;..;:::::" 
 
 • Jntziili'iiirt 
 
 ''Iiirlaiia \[[ 
 
 .(oil'/, [\[ 
 
 Mi'iliim 
 
 Olv.rn !''..'.'.'.' 
 
 riit'itc.Slu. Maria ..!!!.""[..!! ij 
 
 Siiii Ki<rniuiilu [[ 
 
 Hanlin'iir J 'J 
 
 Sail Iviiq 110 '.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 Nittiii'iil 
 
 piVHt II I'll 
 
 tnrl. B. 
 
 //«■ 
 
 til nil, 
 M), 174 
 
 8, 1147 
 (12 
 
 I), I III. 
 
 L'», -.'ir. 
 Ill, I Ml 
 •-'1,447 
 
 ;i, ;i:i t 
 
 7, 7,W 
 
 L':i7 
 
 ti, ;ii.-> 
 
 i:i,Hi8 
 
 l-!\:M5 
 
 Natiinil 
 
 |>.i!-(iiri'. liiii. 
 
 bortid. 
 
 lleclntrn. 
 11,40.-. 
 tl, Hti-J 
 
 Vl.'o.'JH 
 .'', IWJ 
 411, imu 
 ;ir>, ;ri9 
 1(1, wr. 
 i.oiu 
 
 ' !>M 
 •M, UL'7 
 
 Tdlul:., 
 
 Ih 
 
 AllillMll. 
 
 '>•" lii-;lie»t 
 
 I.ollll III 
 
 mirlKli. ii,.t 
 
 aliiivi M-.,. 
 
 Inv.l. 
 
 1.-.7, D,S,-) 
 
 Inrm. 
 4l,r,7» 
 
 jr>, XIII. 
 
 (12 
 I M, 1117 
 
 .'III, 2'n 
 
 .'■>l,4(lll 
 fid, Will 
 
 i:i,R'i!) 
 
 U, (177 
 
 ■J.17 
 
 <i, xn 
 
 ■iH,7l.'i 
 
 '-•uii, :m 
 
 M,t,i 
 
 5 1, 
 
 tio 
 III 
 
 (I) 
 
 , T.'ill 
 
 .'1(10 
 M 
 
 L'.M) 
 ,124 
 
 :!». .1 
 
 till 
 
 '4liU 
 
 •Sifrra lit. Gibraltar, f Altitudo .•stimaled, not moasiiml. ; CVin, .1, llMiiar. ^M'i,„c|,| \i.,ii,' 
 StatiaticH oJvalUii oj' Uinttrii Andulimu. 
 
 Meaiiaromeiitfi taktm. 
 
 Hiiiubt , 
 
 Oirtli 
 
 Kciictli oClicail . 
 liroaillli (it iioiul 
 LoD^lli ut'buruH 
 
 Si/.ivitiiiatiiiity. 
 
 Cow. Hull. (),. 
 
 ft. In. Ft. Iii}ri.In. 
 
 4 4 
 
 »i 7 
 
 I K 
 
 10 
 
 1 »ij 
 
 4 111 I 4 71 
 
 7 4 li \n 
 
 1 4 ! 1 ■..{ 
 
 2 U I •_> ;i 
 
 Xttme of brfcd : Aiidiilimiaii. 
 
 Jlilk topoaiidH of butter : lliiki.own ; bnttcMinikniK i.s a r.-i.lar itiditNtiy doi.s i,„i 
 
 Milk to ponndi o/rheene : Uiikiiown : v.tv iitHi* ,•! h.- is iiiadi- 
 
 ijlVKWi.:i(iii'r.-ro,,.; annkiloyiaiim; I>hU: ;W(I kiio;r,.u,„«; ox: liX, kil(.L'iaiii,s. 
 .l//e lit matuiity : Jmiiif and a liaK to live vcai'K 
 
 17oYiIo"ra.n«. ''''^''' ^'' '^''^•'^"''••^■-'>'^-- ij^r, kilo«ra„.H; hull: m kilo-Matiis; <w; 
 
 Jnl'!Z\uT '^'»^'VT"^r""' '■'"' '•■■'"'""••" tJ.oiiK.Ht abundant; next .oinnion an, 
 Hpottod black and wliifo, tlioii Hpolt.-d red and wliilo. 
 
 u.!,-\'!Z.ill'\V V'" A"''='i"«';""^^'i^'i" an. Jauly i.toponionrd an iIh, nriil,,..' |,ig|, 
 
 iK.i low ou tho leg; ratbor doep-chestcd aud clcar-Iiuibed. TLo contour of tliu back 
 
 In li'vcl, uliat 
 
 niJiiHiinail at 
 
 lii.iil is of imi 
 
 11,111' I, nil/ fill 
 
 jiii|Mirti'il I'm' ( 
 
 |ir;i(iH III rcsii 
 
 lii^ior : ( >x<'i 
 
 iiiucir liaiillii'j 
 
 ihal iil'a iiiiilc 
 
 ,1/(7/,; lint, 1 
 
 CIkihh: Hill 
 
 miiiidx III' li 
 
 lin'd, tlicro al' 
 
 \iillll, llllcIlT V 
 
 IWilin;/: It. 
 il uatiiral pa 
 llrr(is( lares) :i 
 
 Uririlbiij : \i 
 liiills I'or'tlio ' 
 inclllr, (inly cii 
 is liv liiiviiif; I 
 ijjii.si' thai Mini 
 
 ilniiiUiiiii j>ri) 
 ihc IiiimI cipiisii 
 gnat's milk is i 
 iiidiislry III tlii: 
 
 Slukiiuiil uliotr, 
 
 1,111 alit.y. (•Iihlifia 
 
 .Vlp'i'inis 
 
 \rc'iis 
 
 Citiliz 
 
 (ii,-i/:ilriiia . . 
 
 I'iiirlaiia 
 
 .Icivz 
 
 Miiiin.i • 
 
 (Ilvi'ia 
 
 I'licrlnSla. .Miu'ia. 
 
 San Ki'Miaiiitii , 
 
 .Siiniiicar 
 
 .'<.lll KuiiiiK 
 
 Total 
 
 "Till' iiuinliciiil' I 
 
 Cahiloiiia is 
 
 ill the iiortliwi 
 
 aloiiiii is iiliiiii 
 
 Oiii.v oiieldur 
 
 wiiiic tlircc li.i 
 
 /.'er/'.— Diiiii 
 
 <ln 111^' tiic ,siii 
 
 Milili votes.- 
 
 ,s7/fY/^— I'rot 
 
 l'urL~{T\H' 
 
 iiH'ij iruiii I'.Mi 
 
Mitvn 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 fll 
 
 ; 1, vr,u 
 
 ■MO 
 
 r>o 
 
 ail) 
 
 ^^i,ia4 
 
 8.r> 
 
 a». ,1 
 
 fid 
 
 1 Mm 
 
 ■ — - — 
 
 SPAIN. 337 
 
 nilo Hpirad lit, n;,'lil angles IV..m ll„. h,.,,,!, ,. „,1h l„.i..,. ,m i "i i '"V"" '"* " 
 
 „, ,,1 i. nC normal «l.a,;.;. .a,..m,«. Im.w.uV, 'H p:.! '^.;, ' . .I^f S; S"'" ''"" 
 lJ,iir Idiiii hiril •)urc : From I inn luiiicnioii il v?,i-v; c >, "";"'""» "• i iu//,lf. 
 
 iun.i:..Mwr .jr.;...,r...in« p...p„:;ra;:a ;tr i;^:X'' f;"; n^ 
 
 ,,r,ulM.il «■.«..'(-« ol .roHM-hnuMlniK arn m.t <l«li.iilHv csUhliHl.'.,! ^' """' ^'"' 
 
 ,,,,,,,;;■;,,,,;,,,... .j,iM..^^^^ "• 
 
 Cliaw: llanlly any inaild, 
 
 vhlnl nnd,.r wind, .nin.alH H-H. HlHO,...;,ur:;:Si^^^^ 
 
 /,<■(/(».'/.• II. iHlli.-jrrn.ral (11 I, .in to Inrn all animalM l.nl I i„ , 
 
 III, Mi.l.ir.il i.aHtnrr; working. - "i. arc t\:d .Inr n- I.I,, " "'^'"K "M'H loomi on 
 
 limdbui: Vrry littl- altcniJoii is ptiiil to lirccllin.r ,,,,|,, ' •"•,.'„„ » , 
 bulls lor tl,o "I'la/a.- TI,.. .l.-siraMn ,,oi„i. i„ ( ,„7; ,T,|k 1 . n,' T "'^ '"•*'"""« 
 
 III.', only <'..ws..Nliil,iiin^ tl.csolrui t.s a;., usr u ,1 w n " '"''^" "''*•'' """^ 
 
 Ls l,v liiivinK Iho animal. liTjMlv u.....!..! v ■ In h ,' . " " '.""T" '" '''''""" 
 ,l,os,. Ihat ,.nrn n,.on ll... l,or:,. am^xlIlM,';:,.; ,' 'v" ■ riS": . S' '^ '''"' 
 
 ll,tmllh,i,i"odurt>,: Tho ).. .Inclion o|-,ow'n milk I, ,..',. I ■' '"■"*"''"^'- 
 
 linUoral .onsnmp.io. or ,!u. . vo lalln- arllH.'s r* /. ,;,,^ " 
 
 n„at'.s milk \h in ^mn ,1 n,>st.. I h.nro it mav Im< Tii.l 1 1 , 1, , .• i ' .''«."■'<:'•% "'"l 
 hi.lii.stiy m tl.i.s iTrovin.... aro la , f an.l labor. ""'' "'" l'""'""^t>^ "t Hi" Kia/,in- 
 
 SUitmol Htmvinn llw number of ilomr,tio aiumih in llw province of Ca,U^ {y,. 
 
 r.iKiilil.y. (•tiiili.ial (lisliirls.) H<rrHON. 
 
 AlL'i'i'iras 
 
 \lt'IIS 
 
 VM/. — 
 
 <il:l/:ll<'Ill.l . 
 I'iiii'laiia 
 
 .l.ivz 
 
 M.diiu....- 
 
 Olvcia 
 
 I'licrl.! Sla. .Maii.k. 
 
 S;iii I''(.riiaii<to 
 
 ."^.iniiirar 
 
 ."^all lloiiiKi 
 
 I, 
 
 , :i7!) 
 
 , (ir.s 
 ri'.'ii 
 
 •J!i;l 
 
 I in:, 
 r,:,2 
 
 4til! 
 
 r.H 
 
 OL'I 
 
 Mnl,' 
 
 Am«c 
 
 «iir 
 111) 
 i.^i 
 ;ii>ii 
 
 :;i)7 
 
 M'.' 
 
 Ml 
 
 4r. 
 
 7« 
 Urt 
 
 nor. 
 
 I,I17(( 
 SOI 
 
 '■>l 
 
 IM(I 
 
 I. i:!:i 
 I, i;!,--. 
 I, nil 
 
 .'.0 
 
 L'l,? 
 3H7 
 
 Kent 
 (tiktllo. 
 
 <), .V.7 
 •M 
 
 •J.oiw ! 
 7,UI7 I 
 7,(17!) I 
 
 ;, ■JKi I 
 i.hir. 
 
 IHI I. 
 
 7h> i 
 4, IW I 
 
 ar l-^^i)). 
 
 «l'«"l'. I <!..at». : ii„;,„. 
 
 (177 
 
 li.'-m 
 
 4,7111 
 ■I. HH] 
 11.071 
 7,71(1 
 •-', UIX 
 
 li 
 
 ll.VI 
 
 li!) 
 
 4114 
 
 4,817 
 
 (i 
 
 r>-«j 
 
 11 
 
 Hid 
 
 M 
 
 .',;ij 
 
 •'■'. 
 
 rci 
 
 
 7i;h 
 
 i,ti;»,". 
 
 Total . 
 
 17, \M 
 
 . Mi) 
 
 «,778 U0,05J ; K7,4!tl 
 
 !'. 
 
 •JOS 
 IM 
 
 «!i, r,:/.i 
 
 •Tin. number cil' b<.;;s in lb,. .ll«ti kt of .Irrrz l» l.iio» n tc. .■: 
 
 .'",, Il'l? 
 
 li, US, 
 
 ■ ..'Kill 
 
 .•1.(171 
 
 *7II 
 
 .'l,(M'.| 
 
 .'1, tin:) 
 
 4ii(i 
 
 .-.8 
 
 1.-.0 
 
 I,.I1U 
 
 L'.', 1 2 J 
 
 .■oM,.u|.r„bli- the fl-urogivrn Urn, 
 
 CATTLE IN CATALONIA. 
 
 C' 
 
 Milrl, 
 
 nioiitlLs of .Mini- 
 
 «,y.-Fn,„,,i,,.,,,.,,,,n,,,,.,rs;;;,h;,:,,;;'si;,!-r 
 
 /''//..— (I he, ■-illcol Wlllcll IS !tl.,l,ll.i!...| ,Imi.J!,„ f l,,, „:.. 
 
 iiH'i) iiuiii ivMivniudum and Fiaiiw. ''' 
 
888 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIUY I'AUMING. 
 
 All live stock lortioiisiiinptioii is ol' very iiif«)ii<n't;lii.ss, u.s Ciituluui ui 
 Irol III) iiitiTi'st; iu stock hivcdiii^', luit iin- t'litiiv.ly iilisorbnl in ih,. ,..,f 
 tiviilioii of tlio yniiH', iiliiioiids, mils, ;uiil vc;,a'tiil>li!s, bosiili-s Lri'ii,.i,| 
 uiuuufiictiiriu;,', CHiiuciulIy ul" cotton uud woolen liibrics. 
 EespectluUy, 
 
 FliED'K 11. SCIIIOLK;!!, 
 United States Consulate, Comul 
 
 Barcelona, December lU, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE IN GALICIA. 
 
 li£r01iT IIX VONHUL VJHilCWAIiTl!, Oi' VOUU.SNA. 
 
 I liuvii flic honor to forward the following;- .statement resiiectin" tliu 
 cattle of this province: " 
 
 The name of the <;attle breil is Galician ; annual aveni,;,'e poiiiids oi' 
 milk iHT licail, l-',r).V»; live weij^'ht per cow, H hnnilr('il'\vci;;Iit- liv(. 
 weight perox, MluiiKlii'd-wciyht; a;>e at maturity, ei-^Iit year"; w'cjuiii^ 
 of meat at maturity, 7 hnndred-wei^^lit ; color, yellow ; orij;in dt' bin-d 
 Spain. ' 
 
 Topography.— 'Um altitnile of the ^razinj; eonntry vary betwei'ii 10 
 feet and L'(JO ieet. 'flie mean temperature as recorded at the canitul 
 Corunna,is nuo l'\ihrenheit. The soil is of the most varied dosiaiptjuii' 
 and embraces every quality. 
 
 The siibstratnin is most j;enerally i)oroiis ; limestone foimd iu the east 
 and centre of the i)rovince, and j,'ranite around the western coasts! 
 
 (Jaltivation by rotation of crops is not practiiicd. Clover and rye. 
 jLfrass are but little sown. On the wheat stubble (in July) oats or barley 
 and tnrnij)s are sown to serve as t;;reen crops for winter. 
 
 Methods of homing. — Common dark stables; manure usually cleared 
 out twice or thrice a year. 
 
 i''m/j«7.— Almost all manj-er feeding as respects oxen, and pa.stuio 
 for cows; much wet meadow land. 
 
 i>'/-t'trfi?K/,— Sele(!tions of sires little attended to and coiiseiiaeiil do 
 generation as shown in.lightness of hind quarters of the beasts. 
 
 llandlmg prodxictK.—lhmd labor being cheap but little inacliiiiery is 
 used, and the methods are primitive in the extreme. 
 
 tStotk. — The stock of cattle is in excess of home demands. The siu- 
 plus is exjiorted to England and may be calculated to reach 10 000 
 oxen annually; the medium price per bead being $7o. ' 
 
 now TO EXPORT GALIOIAN CATTLE TO TUE UNITJOD STATES. 
 
 The best method for transitoi ing cattle to the United States i.s via 
 Liverpool or Plymouth, England; and the freight paid lu eitliiT ol 
 these piuts is $S or 8 10 per head. The class of beasts for exportation 
 to the United States should be young oxen from sixteen to eij^liteon 
 months old, the ])rice of which varies from 8-'>(» to jj."><> i)er beast. 
 
 The inclosed photographs are taken from animals l)eh)!igiii,i; to a 
 cargo for England, the price and age of each being noted. 
 
 J. DE CAltiaCAUTH, 
 
 CV/i\«/. 
 United States Consula'I'e, 
 
 Corunna, March ol, 1881. 
 
' 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^^1; 
 
 
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 ma 
 
 
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 o 
 
 I 
 
 iX. 
 
 if' 
 

 o 
 > 
 
 r 
 
 
 
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 r 
 > 
 
 m 
 
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 r 
 
 
 
 X 
 
> 
 
 r 
 
 > 
 
 z 
 
 
 X 
 
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 m 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
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 T 
 
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 z 
 
 
 
 X 
 
1 
 
 ^br i 1 
 
 f! 
 
 sSkI' 
 
 11 
 
 
 ? 
 
 >ii 
 
JMiiisb 
 flic-Miiiiii 
 live lotJic 
 iiico, oCwl 
 I'raiiktbi't 
 iiiiidC laiK 
 (ir('sliitos< 
 
 |ii)|lllli)II.SM 
 
 tiiii>i'ai)(l II 
 t;it('<l by ii 
 iiiaiii!i'iiini 
 t'iittle-brt'f 
 Hcssc-Niis 
 abound on 
 lands. 
 Tlictciiij 
 
 lll0ft(»tli(l( 
 
 iiicaii t('ir|i 
 sins; in (ii 
 coldest .S.2 
 ill simmicr 
 jioint tlie tl 
 iiii.Iiilylil, 
 iiios|)Ii('ri(5 
 
 T.'id.S ' (ill' 
 
 Tiioprov 
 liadcn, iiiid 
 iiiaiiitaiiMMl 
 will show (I 
 astoiiiid l»v 
 
 I'f 
 
 I'iriiiil (ifC'is 
 
 CilriijI iir(.'iiH 
 IlHTrasc ill 10 
 
 <'i>iiiit dl' \Vi( 
 
 Cili'llil III' W'jc; 
 
 IniiiMsc ill 10 
 
 I'i'.'ll ill till' lll 
 111 Is;;; .. 
 Ill 1^-:! ... 
 
 I'lilal iiniiMM, 
 
OKRMANV. 
 
 389 
 
 OEUMAT^T. 
 
 BREEDS OF CATTLE IN GERMANY. 
 
 OATTLK IN TIKSSK-NASSATT ANT) PRTTRSIA. 
 
 It lifis boon foiind vory <jifliciilt, in tl.o comirR.rcial (iity of Frankfort on 
 tl.o.Ma.n and its ,uMol,horlH.o,l, to obtain any infcn^nat ion anT ttT n^ ' 
 tnr 1.. tJ.o nmnbor, rac-s, j.roper. i.s, an.l (uunlition of n in t , , n 
 iiico, of wliicii said city is the coninieicial center The . i.n v h' ,' 
 h:n,. .itisti.icldydot^edwit..tbrivin.e,tiesan;ivi^ j^^^^ 
 KiiKil l;ii'*lt'<M»ioi)ertyJ.asi)roeee(le(lt<)Nnehanexteiir-.s n ..1 > 
 .r..s,atosc>falmndied or several I.nn,h.ed..>fa;";^^^;^^ 
 |H.|.iil.)usne.s.s ottlie country, moreover, insnrin- a re', v '^., , Vr ii J 
 liiHT and more (U'lieate pro. nc^tsof tliesc ,", li. i ' /' ''" *'"' 
 
 t:.t.'(i by a, mild and equable clinmto bus ,'. .J ofethl' ';'''' ' ' '"*'"'; 
 n,ain:enanee of cattle comparativHy nn'iVm;.;!^;:^ ;'<^^^ TU.TS'l: 1^^^^ 
 cattlo-lHeed,n«' and raisins is comparatively unknown in t ^provi,',,^ i f 
 H.sse-Nassau, and tlmt one but sel.N.m sees suel. I. r.uM • . V! 
 aluamd on the extensive meadows of Northern (iJnnany alnl U, Jiil^^hc" 
 
 Tlu"teaiperatureofthiscityandpr(.viiKHsaItl.onf.hlvin..,.ntir..Iv-,hnv« 
 ,1,0 5(t.Mlesre., of latitude is very UMMlerate an.l e.p.a/i^^^^ 
 mean te.r perat.ire dunuf-tlie thirty y.-ars from J,S5l ,, ],S.SO v « .jo r 
 sins; in the warmest year of those thirty years it xvis 1 1 '0^:1 V. 
 |ol.ie,st.S.2o The mean temperature in ^i t t s ,i if '.j , '' ^^.'^ 
 
 ;,,Nun.nierl8.0o,andiiifallJ>.So,nlh,ii;uMrnti.na e scale Xy^^ 
 Iioint the thermometer reached in the thirty r is .vf.', '1 / ".7 "''"^ 
 ^.n . Inly .1 , 18,;o, and the lowest 21 .as on d!i;.^;.;!^\^'* ,!;.-^^^^ 
 
 iiicsi)lMMic pressure duriu}; said years was 7r,.J.t' •iml vmH..i V 
 
 "ij'.s (in ISo;}) and 757. " (in isnt). ' ^ *"^'* '' '•♦'t^vecn 
 
 Tlie]>n)yinceofnesse-Nassiiueml)iacesthecirenit.4nfr'..w.u,i m-- 
 ''^i"lH.,nnd contains an area, of lo.dl.ii ',,",; ^/.^f^"'" ^\'«'«- 
 
 1"="")^' I a )M.i.ulation of l,r>r.-l,;]7(; inha'nts '■.•;, "''^'^'l ."^ 
 
 wnisl^wthenamberofcattlJin^aid^itlmvi he^! ';^ 
 
 iislouiid by the ollicial census, viz: " .\< 'Hs i,>^,5and l.s.S.>, 
 
 'uviiil (if C-issi'l ill l,s7:l 
 
 Ciniiil u/'CmsscI ill 1SH3 .".'.". '!.'..'.'." ^70, 001 
 
 -'7J, -jtii; 
 
 Iliri'iMsi' ill 10 yi'ai'H 
 
 a.ytM 
 
 •'illllit of U'it'sIliHicil in 1-7;! -=::-^:^=i= 
 
 ciiriiii (inyi(.,si),.i,i,.|i ill i,.,-<;! t?o«;, :!r,7 
 
 '-M!!,!.-,!) 
 
 llliriMsi' ill Id yc'ii-N 
 
 l;!,o,«;! 
 
 T"t;il ill the pn.\ imo <iC l!.<.s.sr.\us«iiii • 
 
 ill is;;! 
 
 1"'^^:! ''"'.'"[[ IT^.d:!;! 
 
 ■,., ,. "^'.'-'i 
 
 liil.il III, I,, IS,. ,11 I, '11 y. •Ills ... 
 
 IO,M|,S 
 
 i 
 
 It 
 
m. 
 
 ■II 
 
 390 
 
 CATTM: and DAFIfV I'AliMINO. 
 
 This iiicrt'iis(( iiitlui i)r()\ jikm^oI' ncsm^Xussiiii hy f'iir (^xcrcils tlioavcr 
 !ij;(nii(!roas(i in tlio Kinjrdoiii of I'nis.si;i, wliicli, al'tli(Hi};li almost hvlnitv 
 two times tlio h'v/ai of said i)ioviii(!o, inmcustMl only SMJ,(>7r), iminoiv : 
 
 NiiiiilH>r ol'tiiitUo ill tlio KiiiKdorn of PriisHia : 
 
 In 1H7:{ u l';,x r 
 
 iiiLsHit u'l';''-;"' 
 
 ", (.ir>,.>ii 
 
 SliowiiiK tliii iiJ)(>v(i iiuiroHHOof ^"71" 
 
 TIIK OUIOIN OK Kt'UOl'KAN OATTLIO. 
 
 Tlio orifjiiial anoostor of tln^ EiirojM'an racos of rattlo is oii\U>i\ h\- 
 srioitists wholiavo iiivcsti^'atcd tlio Hiil)j<><'t, lUtn prlmiqimvif, i)\\\\y\l 
 orijjfiiial raco vcstifjos can ho followod ui» us far as tlio jnodfs fr.r tl,,, 
 prcsonco of human bciiijis thoiiisclvos p). At juosont this iiiiiiiitiv,. 
 forin of cattio is only found in tho wild I'ark sfoor of ^'hillinirii.,,,, 
 Scotland, although tIio<!limatoliafi<'on8i<l(Mal>ly n'<luood his form." Thju 
 raco, liowowr, can only ho considoivd as Iho \\ild (y|»i«'al form of Kim, 
 poan cattle, it havin;; entirely (lisa])pcarcd from lOnroix^, «'\c('|>tii|/f th,' 
 rcdnco<l raco of Scotland referred U\ Tho two jjicat {,'ioMps of nufi,. 
 which have inlwrit^'d tho typo of thi^ P.os prhni(innin uro : 
 
 (1) Tho lowland i^atth^ of Northwestern and VVeslorn Kiirope, m.f iMv 
 in Holland, Froislaiid, on tho Lower lOlho, in tho jdains of Da'nl/i.^ ili 
 Klanders, in tho Ardennes, in IMcardy, Normandy, and i5retai;n(' 'iin,! 
 in tho eastern countries of Wn^jland (Shorth<u-ns).' ' ' 
 
 (2) Thestepi)e-<^attle()fHoutheastoinaMd EaHtern, Western amlNoilli- 
 cm Europe, the iiomanicraco in Italy, I li(» cattle of Scotland and \V;i|,.s 
 
 Next to tho race of linn pr'mignmH,\\.\n\-,\» a brancli and iii(Hli(i(;iii,iM 
 thereof, tho rac(^ called l>os frontosiis was discovered, from wlijch i,,, 
 deseonded the variegated catthM)f Switzerland (l'»<'rner, HimiiiciilliiilVi 
 Saanenthaler, and Freihni';,'er), tho similarly-typed races of tlicTviol 
 and Sal/hury: (Zillerthaler, Dnxthalor, rin/jjrauer, ik,*;.], the MieslmHiir 
 typo of Upper liavaria; tho IO«,'erland and Voijrtland cattle of l!oli(.|iii;i 
 and Saxony, and prohahly, also, tho hornless cattle of l':nt,r|and,S('otl!iii(| 
 and Norway, and tluM-attle of Westmoreland, Cumherland, hiiiMiishin'' 
 and l)<^vonsliire. From another hranch of tho ori<jinai Urn prim hmms 
 the Jios hriidiiccros, ar<' d«'s<'onded the {jray-hrovvii and li<,'|ii.T <ii' 
 darker }jray cattle of SwUxcrland (S^hwytze'r, (Jraiihiiideiiei^ .Moiit;i- 
 foner, Olieriiimthaler, MMrtlialer, PuslerwahhM-, and Alljiaiiei) ; jilso 
 mostof tlio types of the Pyrenees and the nei},diltorin«; departiiicnls 
 (liiindes, (Jascofxne, (Juronn*'), as well as the dwarfed cow of ShclliiiKl. 
 Of coiirso llie many «'iossin.i;s hctwo'ii thes«i orij^inal races and flicirdc" 
 scendants liave i>ro(hicrd numerous intermediat«', hreeds. not iihly in Mid 
 die and South<'rn (lermany, in Austria, in Middle and KasieriM-'niiKr. 
 and in Fn-^land, wliieh it is impossihl(» now to trace, with (teitaiiitv Id 
 «'itherof thejjjreat ori<;inal races mentioned. It will appear rnMn'tlic 
 foroffoiiij,^ statements tliat a, description of tli<i dillerent ty|)es or lact's dl 
 cattle of Middle IOiir(»p(^ might ho altempted, from viui<Mis (iitlciviit 
 fioints «)f vi(nv, jicc(U(lin.y to the pn-d^'.^clion of tlie party desmltini; 
 them. One might (Oioosr thr geograi (ical sfandp(»iiit descrilHiigsiiiii.K 
 the cattleriow existing III tho <'i'".»-r"nt count ii«'s or regicws, ujtlmiit 
 reference to atlinity tw descent ; another would dcscrihe tli»* groups iind 
 raiu's of cattle, which, alllioui,li not c«»iif i pilous geograjdiic;il!y, would 
 seem to him to lia\<' desf-cnded fitiiii th<' .s.iiiie original t,\pe, wliiltisiill 
 anotluu- would make, color the dislingiKsliing hsituro of this cl;.issi(i(;i- 
 tio!h Hut all ihi.KedivisiiS!!^ un- Kl^\.^.■i■\ u^ -^vU\\u iM^H-\\»m,a~^\\"- 
 
JlllllOSf.tWoilty. 
 
 '>, iJUiiu'Iv: 
 
 l« JM railed, by 
 
 lenvn, (.r wliicii 
 
 proolis for tjio 
 
 tliiN jiiiiiiitivc 
 
 ' <''iillin^'lii,iii. 
 
 lis form. This 
 
 ' '"nn ofKiim. 
 
 <'x<'<'|>tiii},' till. 
 
 •oiipsof caUlc, 
 
 ni;<>l»<', notiiMy 
 <>r l>iiii(/,i;(, ill 
 i5nM;io|„.^, 1,1,1 
 
 «^rii fiiidNdilli- 
 
 11(1 illlil \V;il,.s. 
 
 <l IM(H|i(ic;|li(i|, 
 I'OIll Wliicjl ;||(. 
 
 Siiiiiiiciithiilcr, 
 ■s of t\w. T\ lol 
 ho Mi(>sl(ii('||(.r 
 Hoof lioliciiii;! 
 
 illl(l,S('()tl!ll|(|, 
 
 il, i;iiii<'iis|iin>, 
 ins primiimuin^ 
 ml li},'lilfr or 
 • iciirr, .Moiihi- 
 lljiiiucr) ; jilso 
 : <l<>|»iirtim"iils 
 : of SliclLiiid, 
 s;iiir1 flicirdc 
 loliiiily ill Mid 
 tstcrii I'Viiiicc, 
 
 Il <*('ltilillt,V to 
 
 I«>;ir li'Mii till' 
 |)('H or rii(!t',s ol 
 •ions ditlcnMir 
 rfy dcscriltiii;; 
 ^riiMiij;siiii|i|y 
 ilifums, witlioiit 
 lif •JTroiipsniKl 
 lii»;;il!y, would 
 |)C, wliil*^ Nlili 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
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 ts 
 
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 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 U£ 
 
 1^ III 2.2 
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 ■IXU 
 
 
 
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 i'nuujgrdpnic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STPEET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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GERJIANY. 
 
 391 
 
 mains, theretore, only to take the ditterent tvnes a«4 \<rn nnw fin.i fi 
 .„.l describe them without any attempt at elScatioTi! ^ ^^'^"^ 
 
 I.— The Neckar Race. 
 
 This is tlio leading typo of cattle in the Kinffdom of Wnrfnmho.^ 
 It, Ks of red color of large and rather heavy bodyltnZleop S '""oS 
 pon. s of descrip .on may l.o gathered from the annexed ct The live 
 ^^ight o a cow IS from 1,100 to 1,300 pour.ds. This race exroeds the 
 SiiMmen haler in the amount of milk furnished, is eiiaalirweU Sn ed 
 lor he bn Cher, but inferior as draft-animals. When fSed 1 ev 
 
 ster;';tLfbr '^ ''''' ^•«"^^^«- '^'^ -^- - --^v ^^ 
 
 II.— The Simmenthaler Race. 
 
 This race is indigenions in the valley of the Simmo, Switzerland and 
 
 "S' ''uVino r ^^ T'l '" ^^""^"i;» tiermany to inipWe So GerC 
 cattle. Its leading features are : Head small and light, with gei Ue vS 
 hvcly expression; horns fine and good, pointed forward and u wara^' 
 nock short; body well rounded in the ribs; rump l)roa<l and iX- [ i| 
 usually sittuig high ; color generally red, but oftin variegated -vfei.i 
 averages 1,500 pounds for co^ys and from2,400to 2,000 pouS/bHrnHs 
 Observations concerning tlie increase of woight mka at Iloheihei in 
 ho bim.nen Valley gav-e tl.e following results : Animals of ouS r 
 to one year were led daily 19 pounds of hay- value, while theii aver^.r 
 woght was 475 pounds. Heifers, in their second yc'ar, received -> 
 pounds (a.ly their average weight being 700 pounds: Cows, b g wirh 
 cah, n, their third year, averaging in weight 1,000 pounds, were g ve 
 in eed 28 pounds hay- value per day. The increase of weight waL is 
 follows for each 100 pounds of hay-value consumed: VVitKSVof 
 onc-tourth to one year, 7.1.4 pounds; with aninnils of oi.o to two™ 
 U2 pounds ; with animals of two to three years, 3.82 pounds. Obsei v^' 
 tions con mued during a whole year of rational leeding am it" results 
 made with this kind ot cattle showed the following results v / On ,,, 
 t.ty of food consumed 17,193 .pounds of hay-value, or 47^> pl.unds d i v' 
 or, taking an average weight of 1,500 pounds, 3.14 poundi reac S) 
 jjonnds ot body weight. 
 
 (It may be proper to state at this point that the expression «hav 
 va liuy nsed ,n the lore«^ing statement, means tlu. nutritive impeMes 
 ot he dittereut kinds ot fe.nl reduced to the nutritive value of ay 
 
 The cow. so fe<l yielded an average quantity of 1,8234 ,ars /of 4 
 I.ounds each) ot n.i k and one calf of an average wei^dit ofM , m nds 
 
 The fattening of this (jattle s awumiplished with hiv .... I 1 .iV 
 tl.0 hay in that country being (ar richi thJ^ff^i^'o fSc;" L^^^^'^li;; 
 F.nc,pal markets for fat cattle are Saanen, Chateau d'Oeux, and R..ugo- 
 
 III.— The Limbourg Raoe. 
 
 This type is found in tlie Belgian province of Limbourg and in a n^rt 
 ot Wnrteinberg, notab y n the districts of (liilJMrr a.. i. /" , ' , 
 in tlu> valleys of the Roth and ej ne T e X f H it vn, "/'"'•' ''"'^ 
 •VHlow, with now ami then a white spot on the f r/l^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 :;;?: /!*^ '";f •'"'•!:'7 ^-f^^^^ "^-^'Hy numerous Ms o 'ih.:^. 'tiT 
 
 iiiii.U Iroiii the well (levc Oped (U'w liin to tUo fun Ti.. "/is run- 
 
 «u„„„, ,u„i „rt,.„ .,u„w.s a',.,rv,.i i!;',!;,!.'.: ' ui::LnL''Le"n',o;;i;;,':,'i; 
 
 n 
 
 
'; ■ I 
 
 392 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 and generally turned forward and upward. Tlio cliost is not well de 
 vcloped; the body small; average weiglit of cows G/50 to 800 pomidsi 
 oxen reach 1,600 to 1,700 i)oun(ls. They are good milk givers, yit'ldjiwj 
 per year about 1,800 liters of milk, of which 10 pounds will make U 
 pounds of butter. * 
 
 IV.— The Friesdobf Race. 
 
 The original homo of this race is Middle Franconia, in Bavaria, notabiv 
 the districts of Ansbach, Leutershausen, Fenchtwangen, Dhikolsbulif 
 Wassertrudingen, Gunzeuhausen, and Ilerriedeu, The race has bi-comp' 
 on account of its good points, one of the most favored of Germiiiiv' 
 They excel as draft and butcher animals. The liead is strong and lonJr". 
 chest broad and deep; back straight. The legs are high, yet Htroii*'' 
 The color is peculiar, being mainly a yellow-red., variegated after tju' 
 manner of the tiger. Of course, there are excei)tions, such as blaci 
 and brown variegations; but such speciuiens are not considered desir- 
 able. The live weight of (iows is 1,000 to 1,100 pounds, of oxen ] ;{0() 
 to 1,800. Average cows yield 1,300 liters of milk i)er year; liirg(>, oiics 
 weighing between 1,100 and 1,250 ])ounds, 2,000 liters. Sixteen liters 
 of milk yield a pound of butter. The calves are unusually large. Tlio 
 principal market for draft oxen of this type is Ansbach. 
 
 v.— The Alb Eace. 
 
 This is one of the best milk-giving races of Germany. It is proenii- 
 nently the cow of the small farmer of Southern Germany, wlio looks to 
 the cow not only for the milk to supply his house, deniiind, l)ut who 
 
 it with the Fimmenthaler race 
 
 VI.— The Schwab Hall Race. 
 
 This race is so called because for nniny decades it has him mninlv 
 bred in the region of Schwiibisch Hall. They are a rather heavy dark- 
 red to cliestnut-browU' rac(^, showing more or less white oidy about tlic 
 head. The cows weigh irom 850 to 1,000 i>ounds, and the oxen Iroiii 
 1,750 to 1,900 pounds. The latter, on a(;<!ount. of the strength and reg- 
 ularity of their limbs, are nuich sought as draft-animals, the nior(> be- 
 cause' they are easily fattened, when no longer fit for draft puijmses, 
 and furnish excellent meat. 
 
 VII.— The Dutch Race. 
 
 This race is the learling representative of the lowland races, and is 
 mainly sought in the neighborhood of large cities, where the .sale of 
 fresh nulk is ])r()fitable. It can be foun<l, however, in all parts of North 
 ern Germany, where feed is abundant. The iinest and heaviest speci- 
 mens of this typ<i are bred in the n«>ighbnrho()(l of Leydeu. Tiichcadoi 
 the Holland cattle is long, narrow, and light, with l.road moiitli and lionis 
 always ])ointing forward, their l)la(dv tips being usually turni'd iipwanl. 
 TIk^ long neck, with but indillereritly developed dew lap, frcipinitly 
 shows a slight depression ou tlni ridge. (Jhestand back are br(»ad, and 
 
it is not well (le. 
 
 to 800 pomids; 
 
 givers, yirldin,; 
 
 is will make ij 
 
 Bavaria, notably 
 ^n, Dinkolsbn'ii, 
 caoe has bi-como 
 Hi of Gprinaiiy! 
 itrong and long. 
 I'gh, yot HtroiiL'. 
 'gated after tjio 
 ', such as black 
 Ohsidered dcsir- 
 s, of oxen ],;{0() 
 ear; lar<,M>, ones, 
 Sixteen liters 
 illy large. Tin, 
 
 . It is pre-enii- 
 ly, wlio looks to 
 inland, but wlio 
 e, seaniely ever 
 •\v 550 i)()nii(ls. 
 I'd. The calves 
 vwl by crossinjr 
 
 as b( nn mainly 
 ler heavy dark- 
 only about the 
 the oxen liom 
 I'ength and re<,'- 
 s, the inon> he- 
 draft pnijtoscs, 
 
 id rae.es, and is 
 lere tiie sale of 
 l>a rts of North- 
 lieiiviest speci- 
 I. 1'iie, hcaddl 
 Kiiith and horns 
 iirpi'd iipwanl. 
 bip, fr('(pi<'iitly 
 an; broad, ami 
 
 -I 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
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 3) 
 
 m 
 
 3J 
 
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JO 
 
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 I 
 
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I 
 
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 3) 
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 TJ 
 
 
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it', 
 
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 N 
 
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 v'if 
 
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GERMANY 
 
 393 
 
 
 I', ) 
 
 i^ 
 
 u 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 a: 
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 z 
 
 L. 
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 H 
 Z 
 
 
 s 
 
 tholmc of (lio l)ii(!l; nvKI. r:iro t'-vcu-ptions, straiyl.t to tlio tail. Tl.e 
 body is lonjr, I.m ,s Hat u..,J l,i«|,, l.in.l Icj^s <,f(.,wH (.ftcn indinin- to o 
 knockki.cHl. llu! most prodtublc of tlii-s kind of cuttlo :nv. l„„p.l,t j, 
 rrH..slan.l (M. the nortl, of llollun.l); tlu-s,, are Vi-ry l.oavy, wil i , 
 l,oii("s, (h-licato Hkiii and m color nio.stly white, with black! Lrav-blpo 
 .my, or even dark-brown spots. Their live weight aventeM 1 im 
 pounds. It haw been ascertained that the efforts to increase tJie si/., 
 an.l beauty ot this cattle, which have been qnite siM-eessful, haveresnlted 
 i„ dMiunishniff their n.ilk-ivin^' P'operties, so that a decrease of Uo 
 liters per year, as compared with former estimates, has been establishe'd 
 '':'"; ;.'^'^'''f ' '^".r^"/'^ "t" "'i">^; "o^y i-^ "I'out 1^,700 liteis p.-r vear, the cows 
 y„. dino- amii Jj liters p(.r h.indredwei-ht of hay-valne, these L'7 liters 
 m:i\<iuii about J pounds of butter. Th,^ (^nvs rcMjuirc^ plenty of Iced 
 iMitreiiiam lean while j-ivm^r milk; when permitted to "stand drv " 
 tli;it IS, when IK. hmo-er milked, fhey fatten (piicklv. Jly rvison of tl/.i.- 
 MTiol.t they make «<)<.d draft-anin.als, b>it mnch'depen.ls in ea.-h case 
 U1.0U the lonnatioii of the skeleton, especially the position of the leis. 
 
 VJII,— The Montafonku Race. 
 
 This is a branch of the Schwytzer rac. Ft does not b.dono- to the 
 licavy races as the former, but is of medium wei-ht. Cows a vera 'e 
 
 nbout ],1()() i)ounds. The color is mostly black, to biack-bri)w, 
 pniy month, a gray stripe aloiift- tlu; back, and li-ht, hair 
 
 I, witl 
 
 Itcin^' the jtrincij>al market. 
 
 Althon 
 lliey I hi 
 ])in't ot 
 
 .n-h the Montafoner cattle are naturally a pastunM.ittle, yet 
 nv,> vcuy well ,n stables, and hence have spread onc alar -e 
 Germauy, ' »» ■ .i i.ii^c 
 
 IX-— The MiENUAriiKii Hack. 
 
 X.— The FMnz(;atteu Race. 
 
 From t u..r or.;;,n;.l home in Austrian Sal/kanimei-ut this race Ins 
 .. Old ,nlo he a.ljoinn.o r,.j,Mons of the Tyrol and Upper Am^.r • s 
 
 ,,:".., .:'?;j'^v..'''- ''"-• - ''•*> neighborhood'* f • r i^ ; 
 
 i"n,m,in(i Ml the Ijavanan nKMinrairis. 'liic in in<Mi..i imm.i ,.* .• .i ' 
 
i ! 
 
 no4 
 
 CATTLE AND DAII.'V PAUMlxa. 
 
 an : IMiiufcMidoif. Outside, cf tho nroviiico of Sil/Inn-,. ;. 
 
 Xr.-TiiK Alloatieu IUok. 
 
 Oriffiiiiilly bred in the, Al| 
 
 riisstiMi, 111 is raco liiis, I 
 
 )ino re^Wons of SonrhoftMi, rmnKMLstadt 
 
 )( (ii« .small fanner, its ability tolivo and tl 
 
 .y reason of its adaptability to all tl 
 
 Ion. 
 is I 
 
 prcs.Mv,.,! nscfulnoss, sj)read ovc^r ;i I; 
 
 •nveonscaiK-y food, ami 
 
 low bciny' imported very lar-jely into S 
 
 ii'««' extent of eoiintrv 
 
 and 
 't* purposes 
 
 i(s 
 
 haxoiiy, liaden, V 
 
 113': ''::/?'"• '-v'i""^ '""} 'r""j^'"y. Ait'i.o,;;;!, t'i 
 
 brown-jrray races, it is yet of mid 
 
 iUI,| 
 
 ponn<l 
 
 TJ 
 
 die si 
 
 ze, 
 
 The ( 
 
 . I russia, j 
 
 <\finiaIIestof tin 
 
 (^ color IS {rniy ,„• ycdlow-brown, always s| 
 
 •ows weiyh SoO to 10(10 
 
 doe niontli and u darker sliade'aiony the I 
 IS n)ncli tiner than that of the Montiif 
 
 '">\Vn|0- tll(. l,|j„.|; 
 
 oins and neck. The skelHt 
 
 ,, , ,. , V..,..,,. iin; .>M»iniii(>iier a Ml li,i"i iiici'« 'n>.> i ■. 
 
 mall and hnelv shaped, neck short wiM. «-,.n i .; ''" V ■ *'"* ''<'"•'' 
 
 :;,';:;". 'VH: tr- f' h' '^t^'^^- '-;llt-r ■:,; ; ;:;i:ii;:.i;- 
 
 Ola ,iv, hody finely shaped and well knit. Tl 
 
 points, whic], 
 
 «:iv«'rs, IS n(»t very wide, bnt the s 
 
 broad and deep. The «)\en I 
 
 n 
 
 '*' '.'•"'■^^ ii'^ \vi(li all «o,„i 
 
 liiller ribs are wide, the f 
 
 tin* cdws and l)nlls. ( 
 
 K..j,nMMvn.arkal>iy |,,.a vy as conipare.1 
 
 M. ..„. ..ua nu, s. lows of 7r,(> to !)00 poniids, co 
 t feed eM.ml toabont IT. ,,onnds of hay-valiie, vield 
 
 per year, of which 10 liters mal 
 made in Saxony have shown that 
 valine produced with the Allyaner 
 
 U'lly 
 
 witii 
 
 •s, consmninKiKpiaiititv 
 
 ' Iv^'^^OIihTsofiiiiliv 
 
 ''X|)(>riin(.|its 
 
 ll.V- 
 
 ili pounds (.f butter, while the Holland .,„•,■ 
 niade 1 <<, pounds „fbntter, and the ordinary I 
 
 liters of milk, and 1.7S pounds of I 
 excelsover the other races named 
 milk. The meat. I 
 
 ilmost all monntain cattle; it 
 irk eta 
 
 , however, has the marked cl 
 
 e a pound of bnller. I 
 :i (!onsnini)tion of iU(» poiin/ls orii „ 
 race -).;{S liters of milk which „S 
 '''''"'^'•='<'e>ichie.l2o.li(; liters, wS, 
 iiHfcows of Saxony L';{.i(i 
 ■<))•(( 
 of 
 
 •I'tfer. TlM^AIIoauerrac^tlicret 
 '" 'I'li'iitityas wellas in qimliry 
 
 ii i-acf eristics of that of 
 
 in 
 
 for Alliianer catti 
 
 The season Ibr tlu^ purchase. of iiiiiinal 
 
 ; It IS coarse, <lry. and toii«h. The'Ieiid 
 e are Sonfli<.ten, Sfa 
 
 en, and Inniieiistad 
 
 inii 
 
 lime the, herdsi 
 Tl 
 
 s is the nii.ldh' of October, at wliicli 
 
 "ei. return wilh th.-ir herds fnmMI.e Alps to tl 
 
 le annexed cut shows a mo<l(.rn stable with 1 
 
 cement cribs, rnnnino- waf 
 
 <'r, and ;:;<)od ventilation 
 
 XII.—Tni: S(;ii\vvTZKK Rack. 
 
 How 
 
 le valley. 
 iron coluiiiiis. 
 
 "II tlw l,„i,l,i cIsM.i ,•,,..„ 1, •' •'"''!" 'wM liiionn raraiiiiaiir 
 
 -' -•'-■" i'"--"'".:'';^.'T:;!n::r;;,::-^ 
 
|>'''»iir«'iiii|,,„.t,i,^ 
 "'tl»« Tyrol, „,„i 
 
 •hi to stript, CO,,,, 
 rurni) l,„„e, ,^,„, 
 
 'i^.t'C; Tl,(^ i„.a,i 
 
 with well f„,„„,, 
 »•« thiiii lK.|,i||,|. 
 *i hii(. iiK.iiiitaii; 
 i'!>l«^K()(Ml(|,'aff. 
 
 y of |„(.jif, rpii^^ 
 
 "'"<i«t'Nti mated 
 
 mm(Mista(U,an(l 
 ill tho piiiposM 
 
 ".V food, iiinl its 
 of coinifry^ ,,„^l 
 
 '11, Triissia, |{,). 
 f'liiallcstof 111,. 
 '«hS;lo to 1,0(1(1 
 >\vm«- Mi(. l.iaH; 
 ' 'I'lio .sl«'le|(„i 
 ■«• ThohciKlis 
 
 '•*'^v-lap, lioins 
 "ifS wliicli iiiv 
 ^ ^viOi all «o()(l 
 wide, f|„> |„.]|y 
 
 <'oiiipai(.,I witii 
 >'i'«'iiqiiaiitilv 
 
 li|<'i'.sorii,i|i, 
 
 l'^X|)oi'iiii(.|,fs 
 I'oiiii.l.soriiiiv. 
 "< wliidli „,i„i,, 
 -'<» liters, Mliioii 
 f Saxony L';{.!(i 
 riic(^ tiiereConi 
 ■< ill qiiiiliryol' 
 'tics of (lia'tof 
 . TIk^ leading' 
 
 1 Initiieiistadt. 
 ober, at wliicji 
 
 to tlie valley. 
 iioii coliitniiN, 
 
 c-hwytz; it is 
 wri aioiuitaiii 
 >t only ill, siiid 
 hh'ii, ZuricJi, 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 . t 
 
 § 
 
 
 *'. 
 
 \ 
 
 c« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 >*> 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 II 
 
 -__J 
 

 i^l 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
 
 '■' i\:,- 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■i 1' 
 ;: 
 
 1: 
 
 1 
 
 l! 
 
 i 
 
 <'«<. 
 

 ? 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 1' 
 
 > J;V .- ! 
 
 « 
 
 ff'l 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 m't'^f '•' 
 
 s 
 
 Hs?V I,,,' 
 
 
 mo 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
^ 
 
 LJ 
 
 ! I 
 
 z 
 J 
 
 l; 
 
 2 
 < 
 
 Luzern, ai 
 
 improve t 
 
 Allsiiuer i 
 
 still henvi 
 
 The Sol 
 
 fjray races 
 
 bill is oftei 
 
 ai"l hi'iivy 
 
 light color 
 
 protriidiiif 
 
 brown to j 
 
 aloii},' the 
 
 and suiool 
 
 short, dew 
 
 pr-iper fee( 
 
 juoiintain ] 
 
 very beavj 
 
 ofthisract 
 
 some that : 
 
 cause it is ( 
 
 dant as the 
 
 This typ( 
 and Bolieii 
 anything' e: 
 scanty feed 
 milk per y 
 desirable q 
 
 This race 
 and the l>a 
 country of 
 cows are a 
 Potnerania 
 brown, of n 
 of tills raw 
 (n'.s, l)(H!aiis( 
 the (a'diiiar 
 
 Orijjfinall; 
 rcniaikable 
 "I'iiKlcrpcsl 
 with distill! 
 iifjaiiistdisc 
 it is iiiiicji s( 
 of the prcv 
 other rii<'('s, 
 i:ire aiiioiij;' 
 
 ' Fiir)iiiili;ii 
 iiI'AiiiimIm'I'"'. 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 395 
 
 \:^^ SSle ^^a?Si t .f ^^fSJ^ -^ resorted ^ to 
 Allsiiuer and tlie Schwvtzer sto k tL i« mS^' ?® crossing of the 
 stilfhcavier and more mUk yioldif.^^race ^ P''""''""* *^ ^*^^^"«^ ^ 
 
 The Schwytzer race is the heaviest and raost valuable of the brown 
 gray races, the cows reaohino- a, weight of 1,4(.0 to iS pounds amlS 
 l,u Is often Ave.gh.ng more than 2,000 pounds. The boS aro'.nassi v« 
 aP.1 heavy, head heavy and broad, mouth larse, honiHot verv iS of 
 Iiglit color, Avith black tips, ears vcrv \-^r>m win. .. \ -Vi ^ i i -Y I.?' ^^ 
 pmtrnding from them. The color of tlu nn ''y'"'*'^'''^ bush of hair 
 Irown to a light gray, wit^no ^^i.uio, exce iLSfe'ci^^^^^^ 
 along tlie back and at the feet and n outb ' The hJi f. f?!! W'^^"' 
 and smooth, the skin soft, but not tC Tl)o nP.L \« / ' f V'""^'' 
 short, dew-lap ^.ry large, 'chest deei^^ack"^^ ragTt anrZ^'" VlS 
 pi .per feeding, the cows of this race are the best niilkg vers of all t e 
 mountain races, the mi k, moreover, beiii"- vorv vi,.i. mi , ^^^^ 
 
 very heavy, are' excellent draft-aSnial" tu d f I te 'eai^ ' The^Z!' 
 of this race are the heaviest of all the mi our tai rS-os Vi« .1 V 
 some that it is difficult to acclimate tC race? vhi'ch if tnie , t'lwO *'' 
 cause it is difficult to find in other countries mstm^L, .1. '^i ? '*'' 
 dant as those of their native cantons P'^^^ures so rich and abuu- 
 
 XIII — The Voightlandkb Kace.* 
 
 XIV — The Angeln IIace. 
 
 lliis lace sits in (he low countries of Schloswig, between the (Jermin 
 and the llaltu, Oceans. There is c..nsid,.rablc ..f st.,,d<4,n. .,1,?.. , .''" 
 "ountry of n.-h an.l cxj.ansive meadows, and large nn. ibois of , u ', 
 ows are annually sent from there into Meekle^ibur-. JJo s in 
 'onieran.a to stock the .Iniries of those count, vs ^ 11 !y a l^! 
 
 coiintr 
 cow 
 
 ] 
 
 k.>wn, of medium size, frugai'lWMleis,'and goiiil" nmirgiv,^"''^' A'brln!^. 
 01 tins race, called Tondern cattle, is'mueh sought n a -e esUit"; vn 
 
 XV—Tuv. PoDOLiscniE Kace. 
 
 "II'" ■•••■■■». >vi i„„i, I ,,„„„;, , i'„,™ '?„,"""",' ""'" "'"""»' 
 
 ™-™„n. c,„.,„. ni.,,.nu..Hu,;.:,,,;t.\;:!;-::':^^u-z:::z 
 
 <il'Aiiii.il 
 
 i)ioili',iil <>rv<(i;;|iilaiiii 
 
 '■""■, Nr,.|V|i.M(. .11 Voi^lillaiiil .Mtfl.'.l.N ( 
 
 (iiisiil MiillocL 
 
396 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMINO. 
 
 ii i' 
 
 >oc but It a clanned tliiit 75 per cent, of all the beef eonsm.w.i • 
 Vienna, and a lar«e part of that consuined in Paris for ve ',.''' 
 Podohan race. The cut shows the build of the i, n ,1 fl « ^ ^^^ 
 P«c,diar horns. Jt is claimed t^^a^ tZr::^.'^^:^:;^' Z::^;;'i:i^^^ 
 the nos pnnngcnm. It is bred for meat alone, bein- unfit n''^ '," 
 
 i^sri??^i^?'^""^^^"^"^^'--''^--*--tL.;:^.Si/^ 
 
 XVr.— The Murjjtiialer Race. 
 
 This race has also made but little progress into the intor-or av o 
 
 many, havinj? as yet penetrated no farther than t vf^?,^'^ ^'T 
 
 oasfern i.arts of Havaria. They are of siray o r son evv .t i '""^''■ 
 
 ;a" the l>o,b^ians, yield more n,ilk,and ^S^^ t 1 sX^,^ > ,. r,'''" 
 
 link between the stei)pe and the mountain races. <^'>..ne.,t„,o. 
 
 PRICES OF GERMAN CATTLE. 
 
 The following are the prices of the dim>,rent races of e.f Ho i.n.. • i 
 s<-,ribed in (Jerman marks-1 mark e(,ual to ' i c!m J^ 
 A ... and Podolian races, of which I ^:i::'i:;:.:nu:.ltj:^;Z llr' 
 piH^e. Ihe h-ures reler to specimens of from four to five y^Srsor!,,'';: 
 
 No. 
 
 K 
 
 !l 
 
 1(1 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 i:i 
 II 
 in 
 
 1(! 
 
 liaco. 
 
 Norkar 
 
 Siniini'nfliiilir 
 
 l-iiiil)iir;;(\r 
 
 'rricsdoi'f'isr ... 
 
 All) 
 
 S.liw.il) Hall .. 
 
 Ili>ll:lllil 
 
 Miililal'oiii'i' ... 
 
 Wii'sliailicr 
 
 riii!,'i:iiiii r 
 
 All^MIIC T 
 
 ScliwylzcT 
 
 V(>ii;litlaiiil("' .. 
 
 Aiiiiilii 
 
 I'licliiliMciic 
 
 Mllizthaler 
 
 
 ~ — 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Milch cows. 
 
 liiills. 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 •lao to r,m 
 
 fiOO Ut will 
 
 -i 
 I 
 
 
 I'M) 8(10 
 400 4riO 
 
 W(l 1. 11,111 
 
 nun 111,, 
 
 > 
 
 
 400 4r,o noil ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 M 400 ;".iim ,V,A 
 
 niK 1 : ''"" 
 
 X 
 
 
 noo (iiio < ^,1)11 ■•■,;,;„ 
 
 X 
 
 
 «"o 7(10 Villi ;,„, 
 
 
 
 '>00 (ilNI : Mm i;„|| 
 
 400 .'•,1111 ,r,|||| 
 
 000 mm (iiKi ^||„ 
 
 .0 
 
 
 4.i0 S.-iii 4.-,|| ... 
 
 400 nno ' m '-^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (100 wio : 
 
 1 
 
 0(V) m 
 
 
 CATTLE EXPORTiS TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The Frankfort disfrict, and indeed the entire Prnssi'.n nrmi.w. .• 
 
 • Ml t. miiff \ery lar-ely lu'Iow the inimlx'r consniiMd ..,,,1 ,„„, ' 
 J em,e iH-re is ,,<) export of ..Utle (rom this neighbor..,, . T h ' n 
 
 or catth iron, this p,„nt to Aiitweij, would «;o,st al.out SlS „.. • • i 
 HIS nine ..ead or $'J per ..ead ; attemiance, feed 'cTm^ !' , i 1 f, 
 
 oxjienses would .unount to about $4.r.(» ,»,< car .. -in, Vo ''^''' 
 
 Star line o s(.>am.M-sl(, tin. llnit^w. Stat,.s<;.,ar«v C<;, oi- .^L'''-' to New 
 York, making- the tot.l <.<,s. of transportation S^iUO i^^vui-iul 
 
 IMPROVEMENT OF TATTLE IN GERMANY. 
 
 Tn eondnsion it .„:.y hr .stated that the efTorts of (he n.rrners .iii.l r^it 
 th. .m^< ...-s „ (iormany to improve tl.-ir stock have b. ' s n' ^ 
 ns they have lieen jicisevnin;,, ...d ,hat the ivsult <,l' Ihese ' U 1, 
 
 If 
 
 ''MMOlMli^ 
 
•^OUSllllKMi ill 
 
 t" ox'oii of tlio 
 Jts color, and 
 lescoiKlaiif of 
 iifit for draft 
 »urtli of other 
 
 erior of r.or. 
 fjemo soiitli- 
 ^'I'iiti lioavicr 
 'f comi(>!(;tii|o- 
 
 Jt' Iiorcin do- 
 a-opriii- the 
 •«c(!rtaiii (li,. 
 -'carNof aiiv 
 
 BuIIh. 
 
 r,im 
 4r,o 
 
 «n(i („ Nil, 
 wii i.diiii 
 
 noil ciKi 
 
 4WI 
 1)11(1 
 (illU 
 7(10 
 IKNI 
 fidii 
 K(l() 
 5rill 1 
 
 ■IlKI 
 
 Olio 
 
 5()n 
 
 "(ID 
 
 .'idii 
 riiiii 
 
 (illU 
 4 "id 
 -1(10 
 
 (Kill 
 sun 
 (lull 
 lino 
 
 HIKI 
 
 mt fioo 
 
 provinco of 
 •■rof caitic 
 ml needed. 
 The freight 
 •ei' car hold- 
 
 iiieideiitiil 
 !► eeiils jH'r 
 
 the Whit(> 
 -'<», to New 
 
 Ml. 
 
 rs and eiit- 
 iiitenii^ciil 
 ell'orls liii.s 
 
QKUMANY, 
 
 397 
 
 iH-c I aiHl i.s a type ol cuMIc ... the ,imWo„t rc-Kicis of the country en- 
 nn-Iy urhtptejl to the neeess.t.es thereof. Th„s it uuvy In, said thtit u 
 jic.ieral the hi.er n..lk-y.el(l...«- .no(M.lai..-raee.s uie found in the ..or 
 „„...,itiuiiou8 parts ol the lO.i.i.ire, while the h.«avy cattle for draft 'iiid 
 
 if EucShr"^'''"'''" "'"^' ^'''*''''" '"^''''^'' ^''"'^'"" tlioexteu«ive moad^ws 
 
 FEKDINANJJ VOGELEK, 
 Feankpoet-on-xiie-Main, Consul-aeneral 
 
 January 20, 1884. 
 
 CATTLE IN GERMANY. 
 
 ItErORT JiY aONlSVL ttCllOKNLE, O/.' liAUMHtf. 
 HEED-HOOKS AND CATTLE-UEEEDING. 
 
 It is a historical fact that rational and methodical anin.al-breedi...' 
 ^oes hand in hand with the Nocial and economical status of a neonle 
 Wherever civdi/ation and the conseriuent economical relations Jf a 
 l.eople are not {?radualy developed, there the domesticated animals re 
 ,„im. more or ess ni their full originality, and the primitive breeds uiL 
 retained; us, lor instance, the small pony-like horso in Upper Sik^ia 
 and J.ithuania, the Merino sheep in Spain, and the hiirh-boned fl it 
 ilbbed hogs in Gallicia and Poland. Jt is therefore but natural' that 
 wo tind the hrst systematical and successful breeding- of live stock n 
 Liiglai.d, where It was improved by experiments and supplemented by 
 scientilic methods thus producing cultivated breeds, which possess Ii 
 larj-er inbred producing power than th. primitive breeds, which are 
 characterized by a relatively small producing j)ower and by one-sided- 
 noss 111 their performances. England, the cradle of noble-animal bree - 
 ing, was the hrst European country which introduced and utilized the 
 so-called cattle and herd books, n, which not only the breed but also 1 e 
 color ag(s and origin of t he animals are minutely entered. 1 n course oV 
 tinie these record Ijooks show iar-rea(.hing pedigrees, such asthe lOngli.s 
 >Sl.or horn Herd-book," ounded in the year 18L% exhibits. These herd- 
 Imuks urn.sh very val.iable material for the in.provement of the kimwl- 
 wll^'oHnh^^ls '^ ""'^^^^''^ ""'^"^ oxumination of the breeds^^d 
 
 Tlu^ American stock-raiserH availed themselves of the excellent breed- 
 H.,^ methods o he English, and hav,. since then improved tleico. 
 shM.,blya.,<l l,eco..,petti..n i.ito which An.ericanLck-ra^^^^^^ 
 l.le to enter w.th their lellows in the (M \V<,rhl is, to a great exte. t o 
 be 'tt tnbu ed to tl.e.r ...telligent and a.lvance.l breeding n.ef lu^ Ls 'l 
 til. United btates the great val.ie of (he henl-books wa^s s<,.. Sized 
 that tl.ej.rst American l.er,l-book, issued by Mr. Lewis R Allen ,' 
 the year Ih-K, met the hearty approbation of -agriculturists as we a 
 s ocUmen, and its usefulness was so keenlv IWt that since tl.. t 1 , .^ 
 si.n.lai^henl.books have made their appearance In dJiiii^XlLSs It^the 
 
 Frances Holland and Switzerland are also i„ the enjovment of "ener-il 
 lu'ia-books while (iern.any do(vs not yet possess a gimeral one fm tl 
 one .«sued by Mr. Stettegast, in mi, is but u i.rivatc^ , L^ pi* "^' and Is 
 
398 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 {iii:ll 
 
 only relorence to certain diHtricts. Tlioro are, liowovor, st iviiuouh cIVo. f 
 • beinj,' made by (several local cattle-hreedinf'- associiitioiiH lor the inf,. 
 (luctioii of a |?eneral liei i-book, and tlio Gennan (Jattle-breedin- • !!i 
 Jlerd-book Society, founded in Berlin in tlio year 1.S.S0, lia.s alreathl 
 down tlio iundanicntal principles for such a record book. 
 
 CATTLE-BRBKDING OF GERMANY. 
 
 Live stock in Germany is comparatively not very dense in any distri.f 
 Northern and Northeastern Germany, with the exception of SchleN\vi.r" 
 Uolstein and the marshy districts in Oldenburfr, is especially po, r U 
 cattle aiid stand in striking,' <',outract with the proportionate citt 1 
 richness in the fertile ref>ions of South, Middle, ami Western Gernli, , 
 The head center in cattlebreedinj; is to be found in the Kincdonis ,' r 
 Bavaria and Wurtemberg, where 3,000 to 4,00.) head of cattle aver ,.ro 
 to a derman square mile. The i)oorest districts in cattle are East Pmn 
 crania, the province of Bran<lenburg, the Lunnebur^er Ueath 'ukI tZ' 
 low German moorlands with but .WO to 700 head to a square nhle 
 
 This district (Barmen), the narrow Valley of the VVupper, bein"-iluil-...l 
 by a Cham of wooded hills on both sides, and the soil beiii^ clavKsli m 
 stony, IS chiefly and almost exclusively devoted to industrial puivsuits 
 A^'ricultnre could hud neither encourafiement nor development niid in" 
 conseciuence thereof cattle-breediuj? ci>uld not be fostered 'oirtl" 
 breeding,' not having the least foothold in this district, all the cattle 'lia™ 
 to bo nnported for dairy and slau-ihterino- purj>oses. In prepariii"- this 
 report 1 am, therefore, unable to furnish the desired information "is to 
 cattlebreeduij? in this district, so am constrained to dwclMxut oiVthp 
 general leatures of the stock of cattle, and lav the most stress ou tlii 
 comjulation of statistical tables and the comparative statements of tlio 
 status ot these cloven -footed animals in other German districts 'uiri 
 other European countries. ' 
 
 THE SEVERAL BREEDS IN GERMANY. 
 
 There are but few distinctly pure breeds in Germany, as tlio Dutch 
 (Flemish), East Friesland, Munsterland, Uolstein, and A\gm breeds 
 
 The Dutch breed takes the lirst rank and furnishes the best and most 
 prolific milch cows. They are generally heavy built and of redcbecK 
 ered color. 
 
 The East Friesland breed is of a lij.>:hter frame, of dark-(;lieckere(l 
 color, and as to the (luantity of milk se,<!oiid only to the Dutch cows 
 
 The M unsterland is the next best breed. These cows are of a mcHlium 
 size, ol reddish color, and their yield of milk is comparatively copioi'is 
 
 The Holstein breed is somewhat inferiiu- to theforeyoin;,', but is liow" 
 ever, of great i)roductiveness and furnishes large supplies of slau^'h- 
 tering cattle for the English markets. " 
 
 The Algau breed is the main one in Southern Germany and is fre- 
 quently used for interbreeding i»uri»oses in Bavaria and Wiiitciiiheij-. 
 
 Other breeds produced by heterogeneous crossings, and consequeutl'v 
 mixed ones, are to be Ibund all over Germany, nearly every district 
 throughout the German Empire jjossessing its peculiar breed! 
 
 In Southern Germany Swiss cattle are very lre<iuently drawn niioii 
 for breeding purposes, and in the eastern i)r()vinces occasional ciussiiis,s 
 take ]>lace between German and Bussian stock. On tlie whole tbosis 
 loejil lueeds have not been i!..., roved in tlieir Nucceeding geiitriitioiis. 
 The Dutch and East Freisland breeds, which are driven into almost 
 every German district, may be considered the predominant nurc brceils 
 iu Germany. 
 
 As sai( 
 
 Klberfeld 
 
 the soil i.^ 
 
 breeding 
 
 j)oses, tin 
 
 of butter 
 
 iuid the s 
 
 stcrland ( 
 
 yield Iron 
 
 ij!57.l!i to 
 
 a day, an 
 
 yield iron 
 
 iiom $9!).! 
 
 one, and i 
 
 on iw:coiin 
 
 procured 
 
 in its nei;^ 
 
 the sumnii 
 
 bles. Vei 
 
 cows UHua 
 
 dry, when 
 
 by a. fresh 
 
 process is 
 
 'Wik« 
 
GERMANY. 399 
 
 CATTLE AND PUODITOT Siri'l'LV OF lUHMKN. 
 
 As sai.l ill tlio pivfaco the iinnHMliaK' sum.un.lh.fr.s of J'.Hniu'n uimI 
 Kllx'ih'ld and tlio adjiureiit terntoiy arc covcicd with \v(,(Ml,.d Iiilln and 
 tlic Koil is rather sU'iiK ConseqncnU.v ni-ithcr a-ricidtcnr nor citth' 
 brccdinj;- couhl strike, any root. The c.mvs an^ kept only lor (hiirv l.iu' 
 poses, there is neither butter nor cheese i)r(MlMe,(ion -oiii-' on the bulk 
 of butter and cheese is drawn from I'^riesland, H„l|j„i(i, Switzerland 
 iiiid the southern provinces. Cows are. obtaiiicti eitlier from the Mini' 
 Hti'iland or tlio Kru'sJaud or tlie J)utcli breeds. 'Ijic iMniisteriind cows 
 ywia from 10 to 15 liters of milk a <hiy, and their price avera<.es fron'i 
 ,|57.lL>to$U4.1i(;; the Fries]an<l cows yiehl f.„m I ito 20 litersM.f milk 
 ii day, and their i>ru;o raii«es from 871. to to stfSiKJS; the Dutch .-ows 
 yield frcmi 20 to 28 liters of milk a day. an<l their price is in the avera.-v 
 from mM t.. $107.10. The last breed is t he linest and the most vahnlHe 
 one, and as the nnportation over the bonlers is clo.sed from time to lime 
 on iu:countol contaj-ious cattle diseases in Holland, these cows can be 
 procured very often with jireat dillicidty. All the cows in Jlarmen iml 
 in its nei^-hborhood are led on grains and ^nainds and hav, and <luiin<-- 
 the sunniier months i)artly on <!l<)ver, and are .generally kei»t, in the st'P 
 bles. Very few of them are driven into the pastures. These milch 
 cows usually yield milk for a year or fifteen months; then they become 
 dry, when they are fattened for 1 he butciier. Those cows ai'c' replaced 
 by a fresh supply from Muiisterland or Friesland or Holland and this 
 process is (tontiniially repeated. ' 
 
 TOTAL NUMHEU OV (JATTf.i: IN GERMANV. 
 
 The census of li%'e stock in (lermany is taken eveiy ten vears The 
 lii8t one was taken January 1(), ISS.X The following.' .statement exhibits 
 tlie agf^rcRate number and the ditlerent kimls of cattle in the whole 
 German Emjiire in the year 187;{: 
 
 (liilvcs l)ol()\v oue-hiilf ye.'ir . . ,„ ,. . 
 
 Yming cattlo lioiii oiic-hiilf to two voarH .,' r i-'r- . 
 
 S H,%l.-J-.'l 
 
 Aggregate miinbor of ciittln ill I87;i 77~ZZ7~ZZ', 
 
 The number of cattle in the German J']mpire avera-ed 1,(!0G head to a 
 German square mile, and oH.Uoevery one hundred inhabitants in 1,S7;{ 
 J he census of lS8;j is not obtainable, at this time : the a-'^reoatA' number 
 will, however, most likely exceed that in l.S7;{ biit'very li'ttle '" The excess 
 in cattle of home demand is comparatively small, the surplus is exported 
 to LiiK and and a small lot to France. The surplus in 1S7(J amounted 
 toat,,! 42, in l.S<8 to 24,582, in 1880 to 90,224, and in 1881 t()80,8lK) head 
 
 The cattle census in the Kingdom of I'nissia resulted as follows : 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Cattle to a 
 
 German 
 sqiiaroiuilo. 
 
 Cattle to 
 
 evpiy oiiK 
 
 luindred iu- 
 
 liabitauts. 
 
 Total cattle. 
 
 1883 
 
 1873 i..".'."'.i!.'.'.".'.'."."."!.'.'"';i;.' 
 
 Increase 
 
 1,395 
 1,301 
 
 32 
 
 8, 73.-., r>m 
 
 H, 03l», &U 
 
 
 
 
 1)0,075 
 
400 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY FAKM1N(J. 
 
 file nun l)or ot cuttlo iti tlio twopiovinccsor WDstpliiiIiiiiiiid Uin-ni i 
 rnnnict',, luiy,, poitiDnn of wliioli belong' t(» tliin co.isular tlistr < , J ' ' 
 liibited ill tho following hihh, : ^ * "ii«ui.ii lu.suitt, ks ox 
 
 liibited in tho following tublo 
 
 Provlnofl. 
 
 WoHtnlmlin 
 
 Do 
 
 Kliunixli I'ruvinco .. 
 
 Do 
 
 Ye»r». 
 
 18711 
 IHW) 
 189U 
 188a 
 
 Cnttlo to a 
 
 Uuriiiiiii 
 
 gqimroiiiilu. 
 
 1, r>s7 
 i,4:m 
 
 i.uso 
 
 CaUln Ut 
 ovoiy ciiio 
 liuiiilrcd ill. 
 bubituutM. 
 
 'i'otulruttl, 
 
 ■>-o, rKi;i 
 iw:',0:;i 
 
 There ih to bo observed a slij-ht decrease iu botJi of tliese Drovi...., 
 and the increase in the Ivin«-don. of Pr.issiu, as the lesntHiS ?*' 
 show, IS rathorinsijjnilicant. i"*''''^*' t-iblt's 
 
 Tho census of cattle taken in the (iovcnnnont <listrict of Dussol.!, ,.■ 
 
 tJIVr^^'*'^ "^■'Vl.l^'/' '" f'"' """'itMi.al district of liarn.en anu.mit,,! 
 to J,0(»o head in 1873 and to 1,;{L'L' in ISS.'i, and in the niun 
 tnct of ICiberlehl to l,lii(» in 1S7;5 and to l)i87 in 188^ T !' ^t" 
 ot hm.M.holdsownn.^- .attU. in the Kingdom of Prussia am, ' 
 J,1J1,U10 in I88,j as ay;ainst L',!)77,!)oy in 187;{. '"oiuiiul to 
 
 (!ATTLE CENSir.S OF EUKOPE. 
 
 Tlie following table exldbits a synopsis of the stock of (.-ifflo ;.. h 
 several principal Euroiiean states/with the exceptioii ofTuifu!;": "" 
 
 Countrie-i. 
 
 Orent BriUiiu 
 
 Iiclaiid 
 
 Norway 
 
 Swixloii 
 
 Ifii.iHia 
 
 <ii 'man Ijiipiio .. 
 
 Itciiiiiark 
 
 Nrtli( rlauds 
 
 Ui'ltfiuiu 
 
 A;;f;itif,'ut(! 
 iiiimliur. 
 
 0, ILTi, 4i)l 
 
 ■I, I1.S I I.I 
 
 srid, (Kill 
 
 -', lo.'i, :ii!i 
 
 ■JL', 770, 1)01) 
 LI, 77(i, 7(i;i 
 
 i,a:w,ww 
 
 l,;i77, OOL' 
 1,24l',445 
 
 NuihIkt 
 
 to II (tor- 
 
 man Hciuuri' 
 
 lIlilD. 
 
 l,4l:i 
 i;, «u: 
 
 •JKt 
 
 I'M 
 
 l.tiUIS 
 
 1,7«4 
 
 -', .•1(1!) 
 
 ■J, -.Hi 
 
 Coiintriug. 
 
 ! , Ntiiiihoi' 
 
 : AK«ripto I („ ,,,;,,,, 
 
 I uuiiiUt. mail ,s,|u;m, 
 
 I I >iiili.>. 
 
 l''raiii'o 
 
 I'ortiifral 
 
 Spain 
 
 Italy 
 
 Swii/.cilamI . 
 
 Austria 
 
 llim^iary 
 
 (ireiH'd 
 
 1 1, in 414 1 
 
 .V.N,474 I 
 -', 'Mi. -Ills i 
 
 ;i. u'.t, I •.'.-, 
 !i!);i, an I 
 
 ". 4-M'lL' : 
 
 ."i,-'7!i, id;; 
 
 111',), IHI) 
 
 1,175 
 
 IIL'I) 
 
 I, ;ii;'j 
 
 .•''J7 
 
 cidcs pn 
 
 .sliiii^litvr 
 
 tli(! accoii 
 
 Mv tli(4 la 
 
 central p^ 
 
 iiiv as ex 
 
 iiiciits ant 
 
 ciitt^ic inai 
 
 (i)iv r,'M( 
 
 Tli.ie a 
 
 iiKstaii<;e, ; 
 
 k('., and a 
 
 liy special 
 
 (',shil>iislirii 
 
 jiiiic Hi, ] 
 
 with most 
 
 attached t( 
 
 CLIMATK AND TKMl•K]^ATlIKK Ol-^ IJAinrEN. 
 
 to. The calculation is based on the system of Celsius : Altiiu,!.. 1 so 
 mean te.nperutnre, 7.;P ; in January, l.-O; j,, July, 37' Thl^^^ 
 
 goin^' calculation m th,' l^^sult of twenty-tlireo years^Wrvation . 
 rainlall averaged 700""" i)er anmini. ^'ivauoii. iik 
 
 CATTLK SLArGIITKUIN(} IN GERMANY. 
 
 SiiHte the coinniunication by railroads and steamboats lias Imtoihc sn 
 
 xttns.veaiH s,,,MMv.M..al.!lH.!raMsp<,Hatio,M>r!iveHturKi;,rs;an" 
 
 ul old Im\c kiv<'1i way to laif^e Moekyaids, and in u.-arly ;ill (he lai-.' 
 
 Dose 
 
 Oxdiuir steers, iiliv( 
 t'rmim 
 
 I '.'im», iilivK, iiKirc, I 
 
 ! Ciiltli', ii!,v,., !>„m: 
 
 Nwit cuttle, alivo, i 
 
 iimius 
 
 II. Ex. 
 
I' ilKstrict, i» ux I ,si 
 
 itttluto 
 
 "■■y Olio 
 mind ill. 
 
 ^LlitUUtM. 
 
 !I3 
 25.7 
 
 27 
 •-'.■(. 7 
 
 'i'«'tiil lulil,. 
 
 ''•'7, in:, 
 Wo, rKi;i 
 
 Win, wj 
 
 Ih\so i)roviii(!(.,s 
 
 iSI)(!(!tiV(l tilblL-s 
 
 ^ ol' Dii,s.soI,l,„.r 
 l»<>,4r),s .liiniiarv 
 
 "K'll ailKMIIltcil 
 
 "luiiicipiii ,ij^. 
 
 il illllOUIltwl to 
 
 f Ciitlk" ill tlio 
 T.irkoy : 
 
 Ntiiiilici- 
 < iiiili'. 
 
 i:n|, lit 
 W.H, 471 
 i»li|, .-illH ; 
 IS!I, 1-J,-, 
 I'.Ki, L'!l| I 
 I'Alil-' ' 
 .'Til, Mi;; 
 lOI), !KM 
 
 1, 17,-, 
 
 ;;ai 
 ;iL'ii 
 
 l,;i:;7 
 I, ;«;•_' 
 
 "14 is ri'lcnvd 
 
 iitldc, i:)|.,S3; 
 
 ■°. 'riiclhir 
 •Viitioii. The 
 
 OKRMANY. .,.. 
 
 401 
 
 .sh,i„hL,-lM,us,.,s Which "i S ally . aX7/ /"'m""'''*. '7 ''•^""'"'" 
 tli.^ Mr.oMmu„h..ioM of the butcher^ V^.^Us^ Ht(,ck,yanl« for 
 a.(> Hh, largest aiHl nuKst fmnionUMl in 0«rn anv >n.^^ ^■^'"■''' '" ^^''••''■" 
 cci.tial point of catfcio dealii j,. for N rth3 \ii:i^ '" *"''^' f''« 
 
 lire a.s oxU.,.,sivt, an,l a« w<.|^.r<,vh ' w h i I! ,r''"'"">- '^'''«.V 
 inrntM an. a,,-co,„,„o,lations an the Chi.-a^o s Jrk-v i '' 'I'l'.'' ""'"''• '■*\- 
 ,;itkl.< market in (hcso .yanks takes place i.v.v {', , ^'"^ P'nifipal 
 .!,,; -.(.0.) h..,l of live stock ohanKntnyo^'^.f [ l; S/'-^ "" "-t 
 
 TluicaroNiniihirHtockyan H in n<'v«>i-iI nH.<.. 1/ ^ •- 
 i.Kstancc, in Umslan, MaK<U'bu,K/NuV,lh. }v »''>*••«.»«, for 
 
 ^c, and all these stock-yanls an <-«t ' wit h'"'"'^' ^^""^'''•t, 
 h.v spcrial t,a<-ks which enable the < • ^^^^^^^^^^ <l''l><'t« 
 
 est;.i>iish,nonts. The sfu-k-yards in ere! 1 "7, il .?'.'''/*''' '" '^'"'^ 
 -lu.ie Hi, 1S71), supply the <lens,.|v p.uXte d iS 
 Mvitli most Of the slani-hterinff cattle T rl • ^'V'«-^"'" ><'«»' territory 
 attached to these yarcL ^ * ■^^'*^'^.'« "'«^ '' ^laughter-house 
 
 ELHERFKLD ABATTOIR. 
 Tiie 'yllmvinpr two exhibits ernbrac.. the nnmbe 
 
 heavier, the third th^lS^ stable' ,':... '"^'''''- '»'« 
 
 Amrth class includes an^n Js^f s. ^''^/'^ul ' """"'"'^' "''"" ^''" 
 exclusively used by the ho. butchers L-;;kigUus!g,T'' '^ '^""^«^ 
 
 EXHIHIT I. 
 
 DeHorlption. 
 
 1879-'K0. I 18H0-'81. I m\- 
 
 '8L'. 
 
 [K>n or stociH. allvn, 400 klloKmiim i.r iiioro . 
 
 I DWHOr lu'lltTB 
 
 I I'alvfa 
 
 ••liiT|i '"" 
 
 II"U«, Hhiir:l)ti-icil, (ivcf ';(>; i<'ii('.i;niii,V '. 
 
 '«», Hlaiij;litrivil, up to :i5 kilojiiaiim . 
 
 llurscH 
 
 .1, HlKi 
 .'I, WW 
 
 10, ,');m 
 
 •.tr, 
 VSJ 
 
 EXIIIJUT II. 
 
 (1, no 
 
 4, IhH 
 1 1 . OHC 
 
 10, l|,j 
 
 11, 7(il 
 
 ;n 
 
 7, 007 
 
 4, oon 
 
 1-', r>»« 
 
 io,:i!H 
 
 14, 4oa 
 
 S7 
 
 2-M 
 
 i-i 
 
 lis lU'COIIIC ,S(l 
 
 ri)rsiaii,!4iitcr- 
 
 iltic iiiaikcis 
 
 all the lai-c 
 
 Dcacriptlon. 
 
 Oscii (ir steers, iilivo, luoro tlian 400 kilo- 
 
 fc'iiuim lUV/RUU 
 
 I <-'"«», alive, iiMin, tlianioo'kiioKriinm' ■■ 
 \,'.'.«»r'"'. ■"""?** '" ■»"" ''"-'Uranm: 
 
 II. K.\.51- 
 
 -UG 
 
 1882-'83. I 
 
 10,197 
 l.ii.V' 
 2, 1«I 
 
 1,333 
 
 Uescriptiou. 
 
 Cnlvos 
 
 Shwp '.'.'.'.'.'.'." 
 
 Ihii,'^, »lsii;;-itliT0(i, ov'uVbVkiloJriii'nH" 
 
 {{s,»'"''«''t<™'. •■..<.. .15 ki!o«™;;:. 
 
 188!i-'e3. 
 
 15, 842 
 12, !«? 
 -'U, 401; 
 
 33U 
 
402 
 
 CATTLE AND UAIKV KAUMINO. 
 
 Hi 1 
 
 * From tlio iibovn tiiblcM it will tnnni tUut the nuinlHtr of «liiii{,'|it(.r(Ml 
 
 LOI-HUH IN AtOiKliiy illCIVilNJll^'. 
 
 The I'ollowiiif,' table ^ivcs uii iii.si<Ie view into the iuovoiueut8 of tiie 
 stocityanlH I'lom June 1(J, IH7S), to October 1, IHH'A. 
 
 Toari. 
 
 IHT»-'80 
 
 IHHH-HI 
 
 IHHI-H2... 
 
 lM>f.'-.'H;i 
 
 1883, IVuni April 1 1<) Outolrar 1 
 
 Oi'uiul 
 vtittle. 
 
 H iV*' 
 
 n'.Vu 
 
 17, ;)wi 
 ai, :i7i 
 
 11,1HI4 
 
 IIo|{». 
 
 •J4,'JII) 
 .■1(1, tl'JK 
 .If), IM 
 
 :ir., K72 
 
 15, 45b 
 
 CalvuH. 
 
 U, 4511 
 14,;il2 
 l«,07l 
 
 rj,7;fj 
 
 8, IlK'J 
 
 8li 
 
 fflp. 
 
 H,377 
 lll,IIM< 
 7,571 
 
 The average wei;;ht of the whuinhtered aniinalH in as folhnvH: Of 
 oxen ami steers enumerated in tiie first coiumii of lOxliiltit, II, ,{2,') 
 kilo;,M'ani8; of cows in the second eolunin, L'7r> kiIo;,M'anis; of eiitli(> In 
 the third (udunin, 175 kilofiranis; of neat (tattle in fonrUi eohniiii 7,', 
 kih)^ranis; of ealves in (iftli eolunin, to kilo^ranis; of sheep in ,si!\tli 
 coluniu L'O kilor^anis; of ho^s in seventh colninn, ur> kilo^riinis. 
 
 All animals sianghtered in the HIberfeld mnni<;i|)al slau},ditc'r-li(»iisi' 
 are domestic ones, and nearly all of them are bouj;ht at the adjoiiijii); 
 stock-yards. 
 
 From .lanuary to August fatteiuid cattle are biouf^ht in by cattli'- 
 dealers from tl .1 central stock-yards in Berlin, or directly from tlio 
 large farms in Silesia, Fosen, Fast Prussia, and the landed estates 
 near Magdebuif^. The trade in {jrassfed cattle lasts from August t<; 
 January. During this period the market is not well freqiR'ntiMJ by 
 butchers, as they generally t)btain their cattle from the cattle maikif^j 
 in Schwelm. Westphalia, and IS'euss, lihenish Province. The (tattio 
 which are brought to the Flberfeld stock-yards during this period 
 come from Ilolstein, Oldenburg, Hanover, from the pasturcH on tlic 
 Kuhr, and the Lower Khine, and a small part from Holland. Mo.s*; 
 of the cows and neat cattle are brought in from the ijrovinccisof West- 
 phalia and Hanover. Westphalia, Hanover, and Holland furnisii moot 
 of the calves. Sheep come from the central stock-yards in IJcrliii, ami 
 from Westphalia and the Rhineland. Hogs are brought in from West- 
 phalia, Hanover, Ilolstein, and Mecklenburg. 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the valley of the Wui>per must be fiuiiisiicd 
 with live-stock for the dairy and the butcher from tlitl'erent imrtsof 
 Germany. 
 
 PRICES OF CATTLE. 
 
 The juice for slaughtering-cattle averages, for first (luality, from $110 
 to til'JG.14; for second <iuality, from $107.10 to $114.24 ; fur tliinl (luaj- 
 ity, from $1)0.44 to $'J9.yG; for fourth «juality, from $7(5.10 to *,S().it'; for 
 <!ows of first (|uality, from $10i).4.S to $114,24; of second (lualitv, from 
 $102.34 to $IOi>.48; of third <iuality, from $1(0.44 to $l)7.rKS. 
 
 It may be stated in this connection that in Germany and tliroiif,'li(mt 
 Europe cattle for slaughtering are not sold by the live weigiit, as it is 
 done in the United States. Tlu'ie is, however, a lively agitation iim^ 
 on in England and on the continent to imitate the United States in this 
 respect and to introduce this rational and practical method. 
 
 CATTLE-INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 State and local cattle-insurance companies, lioth based on terms of 
 rticiprocity of their members, work Uuud iu Uaud aud aluugsido oimh 
 
 OlJMT. T 
 
 many, ani 
 llir wliol*' 
 tlio insnn 
 iiiiiniiils tl 
 or llial h 
 
 |l(»MS('.S.si(tl 
 
 I he slaugl 
 When tho 
 cass is III 
 (Icvt'jnpcd 
 Tho ditl'ri 
 li,lil!.'S iiH'ii 
 aiiMMiiit I'l 
 I lie ineiiiii 
 
 IMI'Oli 
 
 III view 
 
 alciy iiicro 
 (iciiiiaiiy, 
 it may be > 
 rioiisly con 
 caMlf into 
 The stock > 
 creasing in 
 ()(» per cent 
 States, wili 
 its iiici'ease 
 (uease of ]! 
 alarmed at 
 i|iiaiitities< 
 lately been 
 tliey were t 
 isl'aetory. 
 oxen, !i<4.7f 
 oId!>.")i ci'ir 
 not be very 
 (lermaii e.\| 
 safety of tin 
 Aiiiei'icaii li 
 man labor! 
 is (jiiite a rt 
 beef. 
 
 UNITKI) I 
 liarn 
 
• of «liiu{,'IU(.nMl 
 >voineiit8 of the 
 
 (JlllvilH. 
 
 U, 4511 
 14, III 2 
 Jfl.071 
 U',7,12 
 
 8, ;i(cj 
 
 Nil 
 
 fi'|p. 
 
 M,377 
 I^VJI 
 
 H,m 
 
 »•-',. ■IIKI 
 7,571 
 
 a8 IoIIowh: Of 
 l'^vliil»i! If, ;{2,", 
 'M ; (if ciiMlo ill 
 uili coldiiiii, 7;-, 
 ' «In'«'|» ill sixth 
 ilojiraiihs. 
 ^Iiiiif;liU'r-li(»iis.. 
 
 it tllO iUljoillilijr 
 
 It ill liycattk'- 
 •cctl.v from till) 
 
 Ijiiidcd i',stiUM 
 Iniiii Aiigii,stt<: 
 
 fniqui'iitcd by 
 » ciittln mai'ki's 
 CO. Tlie cattli! 
 iiK this period 
 iistunvs oil till) 
 lloliiiud. Most 
 riiiccsof Wi'st- 
 id fiiMii,sii most 
 } ill lU'i'Iiii, and 
 ; ill from West- 
 
 UKKMANV. 
 
 403 
 
 orlHT. llirhoiiiNiiniiu.„soci.^tk,,siiro vory iimncioii.s throiiulmut (i<-. 
 iMMiiy, aiMl irdo.ind prinniMlly to th,. Im-iiHU ..r.sinall lun.u.r.s, micl o„ 
 t I.- ulK.lc, aro nmiMKn v.-ry r...„.„M.ic;,||y, ri,,, iivon,",. pir.niuii o 
 ,1,., ni.sMn.nr.. pohry i.s .1 p.-r n-nt und Iho iMnoi.nl olnm.pi.M.sali.Mi fo • 
 animals lull Imr to I.O hiitrlM-ird oi. iirnM.nt of Mn-idoi. tal inii,ri,.s 
 orll.al have; dird,i.v..n,j.r,s ..^ prr ,.,.„l. TIm- aiiiniMl ..m-.s in o tlio 
 ,,o.H,s.|H,sMH. ol I M, i„,smMnr,.j n.inpany. |,s th,. inji,,,,! animal .still lit tor 
 tM.slaM;;lilrr h.Mis.., it wi 1 th..,, h, Hold I., u hnhh,.,. at u l„w p, i i 
 \\l,r,itlH'UiiimH lia.sd,(;.l,o,,ly(h., |„dr nu, Im, .itil,/.,.,!, and th , nir- 
 ..ass IS ,1 I I/.-.1 loj- Int.l,/,,,;; p„rp„s,.,s. The ii.s.„a.„... .systn,, h m 
 ,l..vcl..p,;d (..a hi;,d, d.'^m.o II, th..(J„v..n,i„„„t dist,i,-t „f l)„ss..l,l, r ' 
 Tl..'_ dill.'iviit .•altl.-iiiM,i,ann, .s.M.i..ti...s within this di.stih.t i„„„h,.,nl 
 h,U'2.i ni.'iiilHT.s, th.niisiiiv.l amn.als.d- th<>, l.ovino lac,. ij:,i<» ■,„,| ti ,, 
 aiii.Miiit lui- which aniinals \v..,„ i„,s,„-..,l waH U,S,s<»,8(J:3 'ni.'il.L .,, 
 the proiiiiiiin i.aid m michi-d the miiii, or.S8,7(;7 iiiiuks in tlie y..iir'l.S)S2. 
 
 IMI'OUT/VTION Ol- AMKIfKJAN HKEl' ('ATTLK INTO 
 
 III view of the liKit that the eoiiMiiniptiou of beef i,u»ivt 
 
 al.'ly iii.!it'asiiit( in the ratio to tin* annual ii 
 
 (HWIMANV. 
 is piopojti.ui 
 
 (l.Tiiiaiiy, an.l in the lae.^ of the eomparativ.^ly hi-h pI•i«!,^ „f I'.nd 
 
 it may Ix* worth while for Am. ni(!iiii stock breed 
 
 ierea.se of the popiiliition ii 
 
 cattle. 
 
 lioiisly consider tlie.|Uestioii whether tl 
 
 eis and«^x|>orters to .so- 
 
 ility, from $110 
 
 fur tliinl (|iial- 
 
 I) to .'jf.SO.lt'; for 
 
 d (lualitv, Iroiii 
 
 iiid tliroiijilioiit 
 weight, as it is 
 i;,ntatioii i^m^ 
 I States ill this 
 lod. 
 
 ■att 
 
 If into (lerii, any would not ev.M,tiiallv t 
 
 lo iiiiportatioii of American h.-ef 
 
 The sto.'k cattle, in.lependcntof milel 
 
 irn out to he [uolitalde. 
 
 creasiiij; in the United Htiites. It has ii 
 
 1 cows and oxen, is continually 
 
 111- 
 
 '<a'ea.s.Ml fi„m 1870 to 1880 about 
 
 m per (tent., and the ajf;rre<,'rate number of .sto.ik 
 
 States, will, at this writiiifj, luobably not fall bel 
 
 its iiicrea.s,^ in (Jeriiiany is very slow and out of pio])ortion'''to'tl 
 
 .■roa.so of ]>opiilati<»n. (lerniau stoek- 
 
 rais.'rs are even im 
 
 (iatth^ iu the Unit,.,! 
 low Ii7,.-i00,()0(), whih, 
 
 le in- 
 
 alarined at tl- • |Udspect that American cattle-bre«>d 
 
 w .somewhat 
 
 iiaiititii?sof beef cattle into (Jermany in the near fut 
 
 lately been made by ini|>ortiii;,' lean cattle toSchl 
 
 ersinay iini)ort \ni'<!;v> 
 lire, as a start has 
 
 iiey w.'ie fattened ll»r the mark.'t, and the venture 1 
 
 «'swi;(-irol,st«'in, where 
 
 lias proved to be sat- 
 for 
 
 isfaetoiy. The imj.ort duty for steers aad cows is i^i P'.^. .H-r i„...,l 
 ..xeii .*1.7«; |.er head ami for youn- cattl.. up to tw(, ami u hali 
 o\a'X>\ .-.'iits per head. In consideration of all tlie.se facts tl 
 
 yeai'8 
 
 .stbe fiiriiislicd I •">t ^x' \«'''.v distant when tlu^ I'nited Ktate 
 lereiit parts of I (icriiian export li.'-t and that, as.soon us tl 
 
 iitt'tyof theaiiiiiials will have been completed on board 1 1 
 
 Aiii.'ii.'Mi, iu'cfcattle may be Ian. led at < 
 
 man laboriii«' cla.s.se.s, on whos.» tables ^ 
 
 istjiiitc a rarity, may be supi)lied with ch(>ap Tui.'l whol 
 
 heel 
 
 ... , lo time may 
 
 •swill add a new article to it's 
 requi.sitedi.siKKsitions for the 
 leNteamships, 
 
 •ernmii sea -ports, and the (ier- 
 
 ood and sub.stantial b,...f m.-at 
 
 esome American 
 
 WOLFGANG HCJJOENLE 
 
 Uniti:i) Statks Conkuf.atk, 
 iJanncUf }!ocvmbtir li3, 1883. 
 
 Comul. 
 
 od on terms of 
 ugsido of Ciicli 
 
404 
 
 CATTLE AND DAiKY I-'AKMING. 
 
 CATTLE BREEDS OF GERMANY. 
 
 imroUT JIY CUMili:UGlAL AOKST WAilEli, OF DUSSKLDOIiF. 
 
 Tlu, (li(ter«i.t breiHls of ciittle in Germiiny iiiiiy bo divide.l into (I,,,.., 
 l.n'ec£ "■'''''''' ^^"^ ^"^>»"t'ii'iou.s breeds, and the mi'l.ii' 
 
 Foi- milk-prodtieiiifr, cattle are cultivated in (Jennauy, (a) in tli,. i „ 
 amis (plums Mm.^sl.e,s, .S:c.), with jiood «oiI and .stable feeding, t .e j .t i 
 breed, and (/;) m the n.ountainous and rocky rej-ions, where tli-'in 
 heavy the Si.nn.enthal, the Montafun (Swiss breeds), and tle^AI ■ ' 
 fron. the Al^au in Uavaria) breeds. The object of cattle bnnlit' 
 .ern.any IS c nedy for inilk, batter, href, and labor. There i!s c, , P ' 
 
 • s\'vilLryand^ "''''^' ''"''' ' '^ '' ''^^'""''''^ "^"'"^ ^'^""^ ^'^"'^"'l ^"'i' 
 
 THE DUTCH BREED. 
 
 The Dutch breed (Fi-. i) is very largely cultivated in the districts nf 
 Cleve and Kees, on the boun.laries of Holland, liegienn.S S ,3 
 
 ussehlort, and ,n the lowlands of Lower JihinelandVitMler-K td . a 
 ihis cow belongs by natuie to lowlands of a moist and n.arshv C !' 
 t(U' Mud where there is much green vegetation. Ithas a sniall a i, 1 ,' l 
 head ; horns short and ]..oJecling over the forehead, witl , j 
 
 turncdabttlenpwards;nHn,thshari); neck thhiandlong, wit s(C^^^ 
 uny dew.la,»; the body is long ami big, with an even biuV- i!.^ ito 
 Hk^n tender; color black and white, red or brown and Vhite a n S. 
 w ute wlute or bhu.k, and n.ostly spotted. The cows are nt'Sti 
 but they j.roduce large quantities of milk, breed heavy calvLs i I 
 work.ng oxen and are also tine meat. In this immediate neighboVli 
 (I)ussel(lorn they are nu>stly kept in stables, and the one I visitJl 
 da>.s ago (.mta.ne, forty head.* The proprietor inforn.ed nu la' 
 average yield ol nulk for ea(,h cow was from 14 to ir. litehst , ,' | 
 One Ohh.nburg c,,w amongst the lot was pointed out to measiivi, ''i 
 ()..() bters per day. Live weight of the Dutch cow is from (jlid t^75 
 kilograms, iuid the market value here is from 4(»() to ()()() marked m' ■ 
 .s e<„u.l to about -li.H cents An.erican mom-y). in c,,nso<iiience .f i 
 reed of cattle being easy to get accusK.med to strange cli.nat'H 
 .": """f ;''-t''l «'f*l>=H;|ty of the cows for produ.-ing n.ilkll.ev are < , 
 he neighborhood ol large cities. Fineaiid valuable biee.lsareobta 
 l.y eross.ng them with <,ther breeds. The celebrated JJurhaiu co 
 cross breed Iroi the Dutch cow. 
 
 SIMMENTHAL lUlEED. 
 
 Sinimenthal lies between Stockhorn and Niesen, near TluuiJnS^vii/ 
 erland. ihis valley abounds in fertile llelds and luxuriant pastims 
 extending high up on thi* slojjcs of these nK.untains. It is divided hv i 
 rivulet, the «iinme, and lurnishes the cidebrated yellowish-red shotted 
 cattle of the canton Kern, which have been most frefpieiitlv in. .(.itcd 
 to cross with the native cattleof Southern (iermany. The middle brocd.s 
 produced from the crossing are said to be ver\" excellent caltlc. In 
 Switzerland the juices reimiiu high, and theimpiiry this year (bS«;{)liits 
 
 • Tho iiv.'iJiKo .liiily co8l of f.KHl lor ,.ii,:li vmw aii.ouulc.l (o ul.oi., :;:, c^mIs 
 t Law ~ OHO (juart. 
 
KLDOltP. 
 
 vided into (luee 
 mid the middle 
 
 y> {<') in tlic low. 
 
 ediijg,tiieJJiitcli 
 ^vhen; th'j soil is 
 , and the Al-aii 
 ittle-ln^'iMliiij-' ill 
 
 'lu'rciHcoiiiparii- 
 •om iiolliiml and 
 
 1 tJic distri(!ts of 
 «ieniiig«.jj,.;5j,.l. 
 
 3dt'r-l{|i(.ii,litii(|). 
 
 niar.shy cjiaiiic. 
 51 small and long 
 with tiic points 
 ".y,witlKscum'ly 
 •iX'k ; foot higli'; 
 wiiito, gray and 
 re not beuiitil'id, 
 N'y calves, jjood 
 to nei<>iiborli()(.' 
 c I visited a iVn 
 nod \m that the 
 itohst JUT (lav. 
 
 ineavSfrJvinjiiT) 
 Voni (;■)(! to "){) 
 » marks (1 mark 
 pqnoncc of this 
 o climates and 
 lu\v arc kept in 
 'tis arc obtained 
 nrliuui cow is u 
 
 Tliuii,inSwit/ 
 ii'iant iiastiircs 
 is divided li) a 
 sli-rcd s]»ottcd 
 cntly ini]»(»rtt'd 
 ' middle lirccds 
 .'nt cattle. In 
 year (liS8;5)lias 
 
 i 
 
 illfi: 
 
 |^|fj|j 
 

 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 n 
 Z 
 
 I 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 

 \m^ 
 
•f. 
 
 4 
 
 i ' -, 
 
 ( '< ' 
 
 f . ! 
 i ■ ! 
 
 fn.Jl; 
 
 
n ii 
 
'^' 
 
 
 M 
 
Id 
 
 Q- 
 
 KS, il 
 
OiERMANV. 
 
 \won on tlio iiicreaso. 
 
 (!('l'<ls til 
 
 405 
 
 fthii Simmeutljal .!nw« i« «n.«... „.:^., . ' '" ^" '' V^''.' kilograms. 
 
 SWISS OB lliai BREED. 
 
 Tho cattlo of tlio Swiss or Riiri rapo nro v.^mr io„„„ i . 
 
 ..i«ht, from 750 to 8()0 kilograms Ti;r„uSs^^^S hu ^'''''V ''^'« 
 ..1 strong ana fho body fi, t;.uor^l^a^y^:^ ^JVTV 
 iTOwn to l„H.t ^^ray, with liglit yellow about he i?; Th s ,).^^e fro" 
 .,u.r..s much iood and ks hard to get accustomed to stouge olimate« 
 
 an 
 
 MONTAFUN BREED. 
 Next to tJie Simmenthal in imnortance U tho. \Tr..,4^^e tt „ 
 lies south of Bhulenz, i.. Tyrol, aiurl^Xut S^,^:^^'^'^'J' 
 
 i; Th;,';^l.r^rtes;:!-..^ir;=i-^?<>^;the v.d,i^ 
 
 weight i;rfr^m 450 to^^^llo^^'^^^r'o^^-Jr^ T^" ?"»^ "^'« 
 and heavy. A still heavier bfeX obfaiUd byZSK wTn'li ^"^^"^ 
 Dreed. The bones of the Montafun cattfe an? rc^^gSud of 'nWd hf:' 
 sizes, color similar to tho Eigi breed, mouth ears -iml h. i • ^ 
 little lighter. A dark-brown cT,lor is pi'eferre .' S hell f' ^'""'^ '' 
 broad, horns white at the base and " " '^ 
 
 neck of medium size, with .n 
 luider large, and indicating 
 oiicb cow win yield 2,000 to _ _ 
 
 its richness in fat, is used ch'ieliy foVmaldne VitreV-^wi'^'^l' ^'^^'"^v 
 ing to the superiority of this br^d the cltufe a^ Sequen y '^'r.o,^ ri" 
 There is an annual market at Schruiis (1 9r>r> fi.^f oh,v„ li 'I J ^* *'• 
 S..1) in Sc,,tember, and the cows br! ^ ^ fveS^^^Jiso 1'^ '"'i'" 
 . hoa,l. The sale, though, of the better speSSs of tiese'co^' .'s sS 
 to have somewhat impaired the home breed. ' ^'^ 
 
 ALGAU BEEED. 
 
 This breed comes from tho Algau Mountains in \v»^f„. i 
 varia (Fig. 4.) The cows arellittKSX , [^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 uitthey are quite distinguished in Wurtemberg, rJavail uw i ^^^^^^ 
 or giving huge yields of milk that contain mm'h f ,f v I'^k'I ".'•'^ 
 
 fact, (he Algau cows of Saxony are sa to "urms^ .1?^ I" 
 
 tlu're r.,r producing milk, as thi follow iiVtUun.^^^^^^^ ^^'"'' ^''^''''■'^ 
 (luantities of milk will show • ^ ^ ^ ^* *'''' comparative 
 
 Nativo cowH 
 
 Oldenburg _; 
 
 Aiiislcrdiim 
 
 Alcr.ni » 
 
 -. ^:{. k; 
 
 .. 27.:{8 
 
 It'Vfl of 
 Ht lows 
 
 •>w |>ro- 
 
 butter, 
 
I 
 
 406 CATTr^E AND DAllJY I'AliMrNO. 
 
 Livo woifjht of Al},^iii cow is from 400 to 4r)0 kiIo{?minH Tlm^n r 
 Hawsiftnv (laysjiKo in a Htahlo lioro w«mo Niii.i to wciirh a.s m, .\ 
 mo to GOO kilognu.iH. Tlu,.v iirc, uKso oxccllont for labor and" lii !; ',."" 
 
 A Kood Al^rjui cow will .yield 2,r»00 to 2,800 cans of milk yoarlv v V 
 18 oidy a little loss than the bost Ifollaiid cows are capable of Dniln . 
 The trade in these cattle is pretty lively, and the market is hlu^l 
 Hoiithofen (2,24!) feet above the sea-level) in tlu^ middle of Sen . i. 
 and at the end of October. The lirst is the most important '' 
 
 Ihe Alfrau beed is very widely distributed over (hirmanv l.\-,. i 
 lent breeds of (tattle are to be found all over (Jermanv, prinn.v Ih! i 
 Wurtemberfr, jJavaria, Thuriufjia, Khim^lan.l, and Sehle8wi"-.ilo|!i- 
 whi<!h may be clasailied as follows: "^ ""'^teiii, 
 
 l.-iruriemh,r!): (1) Alb, (2) Took (U) Nwkar, (4) SchwiU.iscl. Ilall, (r.) Li,,,,,,,,,, 
 U.— Havana, lliunntna, aud lihuuhiml : ((/)(l) Vumr Miiiii, Ci) \V/ \W,l ,,\ r 
 
 onf.l.l (r)Nativr lia^anan rattl. : (I) Mi..,sl,aci; (2) K;ill..i,„, S os^^^l, a I ''I' ; 
 Koliii Momitjuii. (,l) HcHHvn Naxxa,, .- (1) VoKflHlx^^r, (2) W.'HtVnviM ' ^'^ 
 
 luu-K, (••) VVil8luni,ar8li. Alluvial Hoil: (1) An-ol, (2) Toii.loru. ' ^^^ '''*'"""■ 
 
 FATTENING CATTLE IN GERMANY. 
 
 Ikot-ront food.— A great source of agrieultural economy to Ger.n.m. 
 IS the culture of the beet-root. Ifeni it has not otdy proven v'l '.I 
 in the mannfacl ure of suf,'ar, but also for fatt(aiinff cattle, and d-iirvZl, 
 estimate it very highly for feeding purposes. The pn^ssed beets frorn 
 the factories (J. c, the residue left after the juice has been removed S 
 nish also highly nutritious materials for Ibod. For all practicil iw " 
 I)oses the nourishing value of this resi<lue may be estimated in mo ,nr 
 tion to the amount of protine or nitrogenous substaiic(vs it coiit.in. 
 Fn general there is in every 100 parts of tlu^ fresh or ;;o i.urts J ho 
 dried substaneo 2 i)arts albuminoids, 18 i)arts non-nitrogenous mitfop 
 <J per eoAit. pure fiber, and 3.4 per cent, ash; the iat may be rocko.Pl 
 as 2 i)er cent. "v^uuj 
 
 A<;(!ording to an analysis by Gohren, pressed beets contain: 
 
 Wat.T ^~ 
 
 Ash .^ -'.'.".".'.'.'.".'.*".".".'."..'.""." , '''^ 
 
 Albniiiinoi'ls * {••'" 
 
 ('arliohv.lratcH '. ,'••'* 
 
 VUh-v.: l^->i! 
 
 I'^'it :::::i;:::::;:::::: ':r 
 
 Niitritivti. valiir, I: 11,4. '' 
 
 Ileidepriew gives as the results of his analyses of the clean ash of the 
 residue from three different fa<'tories, the following li<'ures: 
 
 rofiiHh 
 
 Siiila 
 
 liiiiio 
 
 Ma;:iioMlii 
 
 0\lili' iillron 
 
 riioHiilidiir iicid. . 
 Siiliiliuiic mill ... 
 
 Sillni 
 
 (/'Iilorino 
 
 ('onHtitucntH. 
 
 (") (M 
 
 35. 88 ' 20. M I 
 6.;il 12.;i4 i 
 
 n..'->!i 
 
 T.flfi 
 
 .'!. «;i 
 
 1.88 
 
 211. !I7 
 
 1..M 
 
 •The.so ciittlt; aiv very laifroly (^xpoi'ti'd in Kiij^'laiid (oi Um\ 
 
 2ti.71 
 22. 27 
 0. !Hi 
 7.43 ■ 
 2.9! 
 4. 7(1 
 (1.71 
 
 (0) 
 
 .10. 70 
 4.M 
 21. --iJ 
 
 4/.'« 
 
 ;). Ill 
 
 i.K 
 2. 22 
 
loprmins. Tliosor 
 ivciifh as ,„„ch a, 
 bor and IJittiniin-r 
 
 iihluofprodunnrr 
 iiiirkot is li(.|(i at 
 il<llo of SeptcnilH.r 
 lortiint. 
 
 (Uirrnany. Kx,;,.). 
 ^".y, prliKiipally in 
 
 5lll08Wl-.|I„|,stei„^ 
 
 !ii iniii,(r,)Li,„i,„r„ 
 
 (■<i) It,/.M,iin,(;i)o",. 
 ••n.h'rslH.rir, (:i) |(i,.K-. 
 
 tniiu-sli, (:t) Rroittm. 
 
 nomy to Gcriniuiy 
 Y provoii xiiliial))',. 
 tie, iind (liiiryiiu'ii 
 '<^s.s(',(l bcct.s'froin 
 ceil n)iiiov(Ml) fur. 
 ill! pra(!tical pur- 
 i mated in projjor. 
 iiK'ivs it contains. 
 ■ •')<> parts of tlie 
 ;»'Of,'iMKms matter, 
 may bo reckoned 
 
 coutaiii : 
 
 Pit cent, 
 Xi.lllW 
 
 l.r,.|i 
 
 i.r.!(it 
 
 lK.:w:! 
 
 i.ri/.^ 
 
 '"i 
 
 ooloanashoftlie 
 ',mvH : 
 
 (") (« 
 
 35.88 
 
 6.;ii 
 
 11.. W 
 7.!)fi 
 .■I. (i;i 
 
 r>. ■>» 
 
 l.(<8 
 
 211. !I7 
 
 I..M 
 
 fur liciH 
 
 20. M ! 
 
 12. lU i 
 
 2fi.7I j 
 
 22.27 I 
 
 0. !«; i 
 
 7 4;i ■ 
 2.91 
 4. 7(1 
 (1.71 
 
 (0) 
 
 .10.70 
 4.M 
 21. iW 
 
 4/.'« 
 
 ;). Ill 
 
 4.K 
 2. 22 
 
 2.5! ii 
 l.,'.l 
 
 «.- 
 
 
 > 5 
 
 l^^^llf 
 
 t:iMM:i 
 
II 
 
 
 m 
 
;» 
 
P L A T- E 
 
 !93 
 
 ^ENTRANCt, ,^J_|^,,„, 
 
 \! A 1 \ u O A 1) 
 
 SKETCH OFA FARMHOUSE AND SURROUNDINGS, 
 
 ON THE DECLIVITY OF THE 'faEVEN MOUNTAINS' 
 ABOUT 8 EN6USH MILES DISTANT TROM THE RHINE 
 
 .Ju!::y /!iB/iJ:ro./,,tJ, 
 
 fit: 
 
 4 
 
1,22(") po 
 
 hrj 
 
 tlU'I'O il 
 
 luilkiui 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 407 
 
 When susar-beet residue is covered in pits for safe-keeninc and to 
 likewise increase its digestible value, there takes place very sbortlv 
 iifterwanLs, with a rapid rising of temperature, » lively ferineutatioi. 
 i,nd alcohol and acetic sicul and lactic acid and ammonia are formed 
 The so-formed acid residue may be preserved for a lone time 
 
 The chief constituents of this acid residue-, as determined bv Professor 
 MaeckcT, are as follows : Water, 75.54 per cent.; dried substance, 2-4.46 
 per cent. ; nitrogen in dried substance, 1.22, in the fresh, O.O.i per cent, 
 lu the tresb and dried substance there are (contained, respectively, 
 2.57.J per cent, and lO.OlJ) per cent, albuminoids. ' 
 
 Cottonseed mke : Of the latterly imi.orted food stufls into (Jermanv 
 for animals, that of cotton-seed cake stands very high as a valuable 
 iiiateiial for fattening cattle, owing to its containing much albumen MO 
 to 50 per cent.) and a considerable amount of fat (10 to 20 per cent.). 
 
 STATISTICS OP ox FATTENING. 
 
 The following table of calculations on the fattening of oxen have been 
 fiirnished by Mr. Valentine Pfeifer, the proprh^tor of a cattU^ farm in 
 the Itheiiish Province, who has continually in his stables about forty 
 head of oxen of the Alsatian and Glau breeds, they being eonsidered 
 here the best for labor and fattening. The manure is removed from the 
 stables at intervals of every three and four months, the racks beiiiir so 
 arranged that they can be raised in {)roi)ortion to the accumulation of 
 the manure. The food consists of beetroot residue, chaff, hay, oil cake 
 and wheat clover (Weizen Klee). They are fed three times daily J)uri' 
 tioii of labor of tlu^ oxen is limited to two years. Afterwards tliey are 
 turiKMlovcr to the fattening stables ( MaststaTl). According to the books 
 kept the fattening lasts about forty-four <lays. 
 
 Six oxen fed with various quantities of the above food by Mr Pfeiffer 
 for fattening : . • 
 
 Weight on the null of March: (1) 1,040 jionnds : (2) 1,0.S0 pounds- Ci) 
 1,225 pounds; (4) 1,145 poinds; (5) 1,200 jmunds; ((!) 1,210 poimds 
 
 They wore i.ut up for fatttuiing on the 5th of Sei)tember, and showed 
 the tol lowing progress : ' 
 
 Data. 
 
 Soptemlier f. 
 Si'iilt'inlicr 12 
 Si'|)l('iiil)nr 1!) 
 S('|ilriiilier !iO 
 Orliiber 3 
 
 Poiindi. 
 
 Pnundg. 
 
 l.m.l 
 
 i,i;i;(i 
 
 I, •.•«;! 
 
 1,345 
 
 i,:t(io 
 
 1, •.T.O 
 
 i.nio 
 
 i,2ti:i 
 
 1, a;io 
 
 1, 245 
 
 6. 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 — ' — i 
 
 I'oundt. 
 
 roHnih. 
 
 1,410 
 
 1, :i!i3 
 
 l,4S(l 
 
 1, ;i!»K 
 
 i,4r>(( 
 
 1, 400 
 
 1,425 
 
 i,:iuo 
 
 
 1. ;i70 
 
 I'ltlOKS OV (JKKMAN (lATTLK. 
 
 The 
 
 stat<' 
 
 le last market report for this fall, i.ublished by reliable authoritv 
 's, among other ta(!ts— ''^ 
 
 The iioMition of our uortli.Tn I.1...I ownorH lias not, oxacMy imi)rov...l. an.l nmnv ut' 
 
 4f i: 
 
408 
 
 CATTLK AND lUTRY TARMIVO, 
 
 The prices ill Switzorlaiul rcmiiin also I.ijrh. In tl.o valley of Sim.Mn 
 ^^.n v"?^? "^'T'-'^l l''^ ""1^1*^^'- ^» ^''^^■'"•'''^ ^1'^ tracU, is likew so f " 
 Sbor ^'^ ^'''*' ""^■^'"''^ '^'"^*^' ^^" ^" ^''^^^^ *1^'""'"^' ospecLuyt 
 
 Since the natural fertility of the lands of Germany has lonjr hor-n.. 
 more or less exhausted, the* question of n,anure must l)e\S .? !• 
 the greatest importance, and tlio state of cattle-breediuff may boV" 
 cepted as a good scale by which the prosperity of the agricuS in n" 
 country is to bo estimated. In those parts of the country SVl" 
 IS much cattle-breeding the highest standard of agriculture ex' si ^^' 
 
 WM. 1). WAMEli/ ■ 
 
 TT ^ Commercial Ancnt 
 
 United States Commercial Agency, 
 
 Busseldorf, November ,3, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE IN PRUSSIA. 
 
 REPOJtT TiT VONftVLQENERAL liREWEn, OF nSRhlN. 
 STATISTICS BELATINa TO CATTLE IN GERMANY. 
 
 In compliance with circular instruction of July 18, 1883, 1 Jiavn nnn, 
 the honor to submit a re])ort respecting cattle in Prussia "^'« "ow 
 f« ;n f f "''^ -'T" I'''««!^»lo for me to obtain oilicial information relitino 
 to all the pou.ts mentioned in the circular, and it was (.iivu.^h /^ 
 greatest diOiculty that the tables inclosed were obtained f'on nXS,! 
 sources. A great deal of literature on the subject-matter is ev t ,V 
 Germany, and r.very point respecting br(>eding, tr.'atment i^TZ 
 physiology of the various breeds has been thor,,u"gldy lisn'Snl „ 
 who have n.ade the sui>ject a 8p.,cial study fo; years, a.. 1 Ss m 
 ions are entitled to respect. The result of tlieir resean os i u iZ " 
 
 tiCSS?^^''""'''''"^^^^^^^ 
 
 . CATTLE CENSUS OP GERMANY. 
 
 «i,^ri''^'ri".^ *'"»*'''' Tr"'"' "^ ^^^^ *'•« ''''''''''''^'' '■" ^''^^ number Of cattlo 
 
 The greatest number of brccling bulls is f()un<l in Mocklonhiirir 
 Western Prussia, and the I)u,.hy of l>.rMnswi(.k. About r,(» ,,,' e ! S' 
 the catt e in .ermany is in the Kingdom of Prussia, where, in IST.J i-n 
 were 8,(,3[),51 1 head, and in 1883, 8,73r,,r>r>!) head. ' '» ^ ^' ^ f '" r< 
 
 CATTLE IN EASTERN FRISIA.* 
 
 The cows of Eastern Frisia are especially remarkabhi for flio ahiiii 
 dance of mdk which they yield. These cattle; in foLin aii.l h„il,l air 
 lieavier ; ven than the Dutch cattle and stronger in tlu^ I..»mc \ ^,vit 
 many ol them are sent to Mecklenburg and Pomeraiiia, wIk-iv, witln)r(ii- 
 nary good tveatment, great results are ol)tained. Pasturajri! in Frisia 
 ^r- -- -----^i^.- !^M,i, a-, an- niajtnity ul hirrdors devon* nearly tlic 
 
 •Thorpporiof Coi.Htil WilHon, of IJroiuoiT, (IwUh at length will. FriHiaii cattle! 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 409 
 
 ffhole of the land to grazing. Altlioiigli tlio. soil is roninrkably fertile 
 but few farmers ever grow grain or even potatoes, preferring" to imr- 
 cliaso such articles/ " ^ 
 
 There is no doubt but that this course brings more profit, as there is 
 but little expense incur. ed in raising the cattle and the profits from the 
 sales of breeding and ftit cattle are large. All the manure of the cattle 
 is used upon the meadows, and the meadows are alternately mown and 
 ])iistured. The manure is made most useful, for as soon as it is covered 
 by the after-growth it becomes dissolved and assimilates with the soil 
 and its strength is not destroyed by the sun. 
 
 The dairy products are of the most excellent quality, although the 
 quantity is hardly as great as the plentiful pasture would seem to war- 
 rant. 
 
 Tlio following statement respecting cattle in Eastern Frisia, although 
 iiot official, IS quite reliable, it having been obtained from trustwortiiv 
 private sources : "^ 
 
 Soil : Loamy, Handy. 
 
 .IverageBizeofcow: Leugth, 2.55 meters; lieiglit, l.:il motors at wither; hoi.'ht 
 1,:!'2 iiKitors at rump. ' ''^""1 
 
 Minp: Up totl.osoveuth week swoot milk, mixo.l with fin.- hay u<■to^^lrstmontl1: 
 lmtte^m!k aftor iMKlith w(>ok, mixod with oat-meal and harlev. lii winter firH* Jo, • 
 boftts, hay, and 4 t(. lit,(M-.s of harlov-nu^al daily. ' winiei, i.rst >e.u. 
 
 AventgeUr<:m:i;/I,tH0f8teer><: Thnu^ years, l,i-20 jmunds; four yeiirs, L.'-.IO nounds • 
 |,v.Vvears 1,8/5 pounds; six years, 1,(«0 pounds; seven years 'l.lliO p.unMli; „i.r|,t 
 •M10', Ss^'"''" ' ' "'"" ^''^'"^'''*' l»ou'Hls ; uvera-e annual yi..],! „f usijk „f cows. 
 
 Cultivated yranaes : Wlilto clover and ray-grass. 
 
 ^ 
 
 i I I'j 
 
 CATTLE IN GRAND DUCHY OF OLDENnURft. 
 
 Th- great dairies around Berlin rely almost entirely for their supnlv 
 of niiich cows upon tlie (tattle bred on the marsh v i>astures on the eoaist 
 near the -lahdiU Say and tlie Weser. ' •- 
 
 The breed difiers from tlie Frisian inasmuch as it shows a heavier 
 lioad and stronger horns and tlie bnttocrks are less broad. 
 
 In weight the cattle approa(-h that of the llolland breeds The live 
 weight oicows will average about 1,200 pounds and that of 'oven from 
 l,r)0O to 1,.S00 pounds. The udder in these, cows is very largely devel 
 oped and the yield of milk is considerable, reaching as mueh as .3 o6() 
 ([uarts a year from well-kept animals. ^ "*> 
 
 Like the Frisian breed these cattle recpiire good ])asture and also do 
 well with ani])le stable food. The very best speeinieus of Oldenbure- 
 cattle are found in r>u<ljali<lingen. '^ 
 
 The following statenuuit contains some (sarefully eolleeted inform-ition 
 rpspocting these cattle : 
 
 Cattle ill (Hdmhiirg. 
 
 Age. 
 
 2J-yi'urr)lil.sti'<'rH. 
 4 vi'iirolil ciiw ... 
 J'jiiiir-iilcl <'u».. .. 
 
 Ll'DRtll. 
 
 lIoiKllt— 
 
 At witluiis. I \\ riiiii).. 
 
 Mftem. M^l.'ru. Mftert. 
 
 V"' '•*' '•■•« 
 
 -'•H i.4;i 1.02 
 
 WciuUt. 
 
 I'imndi. 
 
 1, ino 
 !)SU 
 
 141 
 
410 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 " '■ 
 
 Soil: Sand; clay. 
 
 Cultivated grasses : Jied clovor ; ray j^rasH 
 
 S«!f ^ ;irf '""« •■ I'l'"""" «'>^j'«'-f «il. (!l„M,8o made only f„r donu-stu, „s. 
 
 hay. At hyo .nontlm tl.oy aro tak.m t„ pasture. VVinUu f od c « stV. / \v < ■''"" 
 straw, ouo-tliird Lay, 1 to :{ pouud.s <.f oats. t^<>">si.st« ot two-tlnr,!, 
 
 CATTLE IN SCIILEKWKMIOLHTKIN. 
 
 ■ In tho lower portions Of Schle8wi«-II«,l,shMn crossiiif^s witli En.di.i 
 breeds have led to fjreat iniproven.entH in eattle, n,n.l ti.ey r , , ^ l? 
 imrted to England in great nuniberN. " '^* ^^■ 
 
 TIio butter produced liere, also largely exported to En<rlaiid is nf ., 
 excellent quality, and tho refuse froin tin, g.Wt .lairies is" se \ m ,' ' 
 vantage for fattening hogs. The breed of cattle raised i c ( Von '" 
 connecting hnk between the lowland and Iiighland cattle, an Zl 
 eight distinct varieties deriving their names fro,,, the sA'cn 1 m 
 o the province. The cattle of Ei.hTsKMlt hav(. been cr(,MS(Ml w " !'' 
 glisli Sliorthorns. The calves receive their n.otlier's i. Ik cnl "' 
 
 the first few weeks. After two or three weeks, w^uVne ' < o Sf 
 Ks given them, and they are in a few months taken to pastui^ Tin v 
 tenmg commences in the third or fourth year, acitordria- 1 o M..m, ' 
 opnient. The steers then reach a dead^wei^l.t o f^^,' s ."S, 
 pounds. Many of them are sent to th.. London mark "s, „> . ' ' 
 bring very good prices, whilst others go to Hamburg, fr,,,, V^^'1^2 
 meat, after being smoked, is shipj.e.l in great qn;intrti,.,s ' ^^' 
 
 Ihe quality and quantity of (hiiry i)ro(bice of the KicU'istedt ,.,.«•« .,r„ 
 above the average, while those ol" the (bounty I)iti mis ,,',''' 
 infenor bi their yield of milk. In Wilstermarsh an ; ,^^ ^ 
 
 both the cattle or the dairy as well as for sh.ughtcr me very s, ,5' 
 poTds. ''" *''"' ^"'^ '""' ^'""'^ ''''"'' ^^^^''' '' ^vei^hrcd'ahrSi 
 
 The most remarkable of all the cattle of Schleswig-IIolstein nv f),o 
 cattle of Angeln and Tondern. At the age, of f, ve or six y .ar" ^ 
 of Angeln and Tondern weigh between .SOU and !,(»()() p<.un(I a, l , £ 
 most favorable milking tinu, produce <laily !) to 1 2 .,uartZ i/n \ i 
 ^vf/'f^r^ V"^' '' especially adapted for tlu. pr<,dnc(io 'h, '' 
 
 milk lull pasture IS given from I\ray (after the (;(.ws have • 1 J 
 nntil the end of October, the cows remaining out day an.l ni ht vl^i 
 Held has plenty of water, either in ponds made for tin u i^s, ,, i 
 large troughs tilled from wells. I»>'ipos( oi i„ 
 
 In the northern parts of S.thleswig a breed of eatth^ is t,> Ix, io„„,l 
 
 which,although smaller than thatof Angelnan<l T.,n,lnn,isr..i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 for Its maginticent buihl in the bone as w<.ll as lor its a. pt ,1 tv 
 ftittening. J]eing somewhat har.lene.I by the n.annc^c.fits ,1 , 
 Its confinement to rather short pasturag.-, this bivc-d is (Jipa lo K 
 derfu improveim.nt. Many are sent to neighboring (.>,,. riVsvL 
 they become longer in limb and still coarser in the Cu,, he'iS tS 
 
 the djdr "''' '"'''^ '" ^'"'"'' '"'^ '"'" •'•^■'^•'•'''"^'1<"' 'Slaufrhtcror 
 
 fn^rV'?!-*^*"''' '" ^'''*' ""•■t''^v<'st<'rn portion of our own (...nitrv liav,' 
 for the last few years imix.rte.l these, cattle for tli.. purpose of inu.mviiK 
 their own lierds. In (-oior tiiese breed \ -^'i. 
 
 with wliite spots. 
 
 s are 
 
 ;ray, or of a idiiisli-black 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 411 
 
 lurts i).,r day ; u to ii; I TIi<^ following two 8tiit(Muonts I'egiirdinjj the cattle of Sclilcswisr- 
 ■ llolstcin will prove iiitercstiiiij: '^ 
 
 lonicstio i\Hi\ 
 ■'""".'''' '"'Hi uiid li,,,, 
 coimi«t« of t«o.tliir,|, 
 
 'MRS witli Knjrii,), 
 I Miey sin^ now n- 
 
 Kn<,'Iiiii(l, is of an 
 '« IS used wi(j, ;„]. 
 ^t!<l iKU'e form tiio 
 
 ttle, iiiHltlioroiH'o 
 ;>' Nevenil comitios 
 
 cr()HS(;(l witi, E,^. 
 
 fiiilk only (liiriiij; 
 <'(l skiinniod mjlli 
 pastiiro. Tliofiit. 
 i'<«' to tlioir (|,,vel. 
 roni SOO to 1,0(|() 
 
 I'kc.tS, wlwiV. tlicy 
 
 I li'oiii whence tb'e 
 it's. 
 
 <l*'ist('(it (!()\VH are 
 iiiarsli iim raflior 
 I iit IJnfitciihiir};, 
 ire very siipi'iior, 
 !i«lit(»fia)oiit ()()() 
 
 Jlolstein arc the 
 ix ytiiir.stliocows 
 <»Hii(iH,iin(liiitIie 
 ■<«ofinilk, wliici, 
 liielioM of hiitf, , 
 of.V)00«|iiaitsof 
 )\VH liave ciilved) 
 ml iiifiiit. Evm- 
 lie. iniiposc or iii 
 
 <» is to 1)0 found 
 'Ml, is r('markal)l(( 
 a<lii|)tal)ility for 
 :>f itsreariiif^'and 
 < (iiipalile of won- 
 (!onntrio,s, wlicre 
 le, liciivicrin the 
 tforsliiufrliteror 
 
 vn (loiintrv have 
 )s<^ of iiiijiro\'inL' 
 ' 11 iiliiisli-blaciv 
 
 Cattle in Schlcmiy, Compriaing Angeln and Tondcrn. 
 
 DoHciii)tion. 
 
 I simiH 111' IVmn (wo niul oiio-f'ourtli to tlirno aud oiio- 
 
 liull'yciiiB, 
 I CnwM li'oni tUi'oo to Hovou years. 
 
 I Soil and temperature: Similar to Holstoin, and an cxteuHivo urowtli of lin./nli.nf 
 
 .IrmifJoilIM ofmillc:-2,m) to :{,(M)0 ,,nartH milk; v.Tiy rid, and fat; al.ont 10 
 I r|iiiu(H to 1 )M)iin(l of ImtttT. ' """"'" 1" 
 
 Fmliiiii and lioii.yii!/: (.'alvi-.s intondnd for miring' aro tind up froiu Dccoinl.iT f,» 
 
 , April; lioin (en da.VH (o two wcokn thry n.(Mtiv.^ niotli.T'H milk, after Ih'jH Hwo't 
 
 skliin.icl m.lk, ol wind. Iron. 8 to 10 (i..artNar(3Kivon. From May nutil October the 
 
 I cowNUio past.iiod, Imt Inmsod during tho cold nij;litH. v^i-omi i,iio 
 
 Ilohtein cattle. 
 
 DoHcription. 
 
 Utc\, twoiity innntliH olil 
 
 Sti'i'i', lliico "yuaiHold 
 
 Coif.H, MiriHi'yiMiiHold ... 
 
 Longtli. 
 
 Metcm. 
 •_'. r.l 
 •J. HH 
 1!. k:. 
 
 IIolKlit- 
 
 At withers. At mmp. 
 
 Metem. 
 
 1.48 
 1.4H 
 1.41 
 
 Meters. 
 1.44 
 LIS 
 1.4U 
 
 Live 
 woifiht. 
 
 P(nmdii. 
 
 1,2:'() 
 1,7!l() 
 1, ^M> 
 
 Umarkx: In tlio report, tl.o cattle of Imtl. Scl.lcHwi« and IIolsteinLav.. 1 n irro.med 
 
 im.lor (.n(! l.eailiii^', l.nt in the HtatiHtn-H it l.a.sl.een fo.md .leeess.iry lo make a d v l^ 
 
 "m"' . .'; *' H I'T'"'.''' "';"„l"»'^i'^ "*' ""V'*"""''- ''"i"S the WilHtennarsh cattle, that' 
 oKlic liilti'r fl.(^ Aii!j;el.. and 'londern cattle. '■^"i^, ni.n- 
 
 huUrr!';'l,n'i! tv'!!!^L '^'""" *" ■''^"" ''"'"■''• '^^''''''"" '^'"""'^ '"'"""° l'""- ««^ '^""1 
 Fmlwii: Calves receive mother's milk two wo.diH(n.lv; in thre(^ inonU.s fhev '.re 
 
 so,.ttopash.,e. Wii.ter feed c.M.sists of c.,t Htraw^ with I.eets ai.d arand ' or 4 
 111)111. (is ol oats. •' ' ^ 
 
 CATTLE OP DUTOIT BESOENT. 
 
 The ninrsliy tracts of land situated at the moiitli of the Wejchsid -uid 
 Xoffit are anion.tr llie most fertile river lands on the I'.ajtic const Tliev 
 Inrni a f^reat delta-sliaiied i.lain which exti^nds from Thorn to Daiitzie 
 
 111 the tliirteeneh century Dutch (iolonists l.roii-hf catth^ to this i)Iace" 
 Iroin whicli the breed now reared then^ sprunjr. It is, however bv m\ 
 means (.qnal to the Dutcih breed, either in the yield for the dairy or f.»r 
 lattenin^'. -^ 
 
 In color {Treat variety is fonnd. ranKiiiff from a L'ravish-red to -i 
 spotted 1, u-k. In t.dtivatinj, the'breed lu) rej,ar.l Im'^ lee,, Lid to 
 1 nythino- .nl prodncmf;- the lai-est possibl.. quant ity of milk, whi.-h is 
 iiitlier watciy and obtained at tiie cost of tlu^ str<.i...il. -w ti.-> •.,.inrils 
 
 llie yield oi niilk is estimated at from 15 to lit » quarts a d-iv .biHn.r 
 
 i A 
 
 
 ::i 
 
412 
 
 CATTLE ANi) DAIRY FAKMlKG. 
 BTATISTIOS OP VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 Statements respecting their herds which I have obtained from sovomi 
 stock-breeders have enabled me to compile the following tables : 
 
 Staiiatica showing results of a five-years' Mai of Frisian, Schleswig, and Sihsian 
 
 on a stock-farm in Saxony. '"' 
 
 Tear. 
 
 1877.. 
 1878.. 
 1870.. 
 
 mso.. 
 
 1881.. 
 
 SobleswigooivB. 
 
 Avor- 
 n^o an- 
 
 iiiiiU 
 
 yiolii of 
 
 niiJk. 
 
 Qiiartt. 
 L', !l3a 
 H, Mi 
 
 a, 8:>o 
 
 2,810 
 
 :), 050 
 
 Ylold polonlated to 
 
 result from 1 
 
 cwt. i)f hay or its 
 
 ci|iiivaloiit. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Quartt. 
 
 -M 
 30 
 28 
 28 
 30 
 
 Biittor. 
 
 Poundi. 
 2i 
 '•il 
 2i 
 
 2i 
 
 Frisian cows. 
 
 Avor- 
 ago nil 
 
 mini 
 yield of 
 
 milk. 
 
 Qrutrla. 
 3,272 
 3, 207 
 2,092 
 2, 670 
 3, 132 
 
 Ylold cnlcnintod to 
 rcHiilt from 1 
 
 cwt. of lijiy or its 
 0(iiiivuIcnt. 
 
 Milk. Huttor. 
 
 Quarts. 
 27 
 27 
 24i 
 22 
 26 
 
 Poundi. 
 *> 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 Silosian cows. 
 
 Avor- 
 aiiii nil- 
 
 iimil 
 yitiidof 
 
 milk 
 
 Qunrtf. 
 2, 212 
 2,411 
 2,018 
 2,303 
 2,03S 
 
 YiolaaHcnl,;nl,at<„i 
 lorcHiili iVoiiii 
 
 fiWt. or l.„y „, ii, 
 
 '"liiivaluut. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 Qjiarts. 
 22 
 21 
 20 
 23 
 26 
 
 lillttor. 
 
 Poumli. 
 1| 
 
 Statistics comjnhdfrom examxnaUon of various specimens of cattle from several farms h 
 
 Prussia. 
 
 Cattle of Swisa origin. 
 
 St<ier, 2J years, 
 'low, 7i years.. 
 (Jow, .I years... 
 Cow, 8 years... 
 Cow, 7 years... 
 
 Lonctli. 
 
 Metert. 
 2. 00 
 2.00 
 2.48 
 2. r.i) 
 2.07 
 
 Uoijjbt— 
 
 To with- 
 ers. 
 
 Metem. 
 1. 51 
 
 1.37 
 1.42 
 1.50 
 
 To nniip. 
 
 Meters. 
 l.r.I 
 
 1.42 
 ].4:i 
 1. ."iO 
 
 I.ivo 
 
 I'ounilg, 
 l,::!.-; 
 1,'JHl 
 1,1185 
 
 i,L';;;i 
 i,3:« 
 
 Annual avcrane yield of milk, <ee. .- 2,500 quarta, of which 100 quarts avcraci'd 8 iiounds of Imttoi nn.l 
 lOJ pounds ot cheese. n i ■> >■■ imuiui mm 
 
 1 motor = 39. 37 inches. 
 
 Jiesult of competitive trial of cows of various breeds on the model farm of a hwdedim- 
 
 prielor in Jlolstcin. 
 
 o 
 
 '3 
 
 Karae of breed. 
 
 OldenlmrR (from nreit<'nberR) . 
 
 UldeiiburK (from Tondem) 
 
 A vrshiro 
 
 DuUih . 
 
 Swiss (from Siiiimenlbal).. 
 Bavarian (from Uayrsatfi). 
 
 Total 
 
 yield of 
 
 milk diir 
 
 ing the 
 
 year 
 
 of trial. 
 
 Quartt. 
 
 8,594 
 
 9, 337 
 
 .5, 380 
 
 14, 200 
 
 11,040 
 
 11,724 
 
 Avernco Averngp 
 
 yield i i>er day 
 
 of each. otCacli. 
 
 AvcraKoyidil. 
 
 Quartt. 
 
 Qtiarti. 
 
 2, 805 
 
 8 
 
 2, .334 
 
 fil 
 
 1,798 
 
 5 
 
 3, .550 
 
 9.4 
 
 3,080 
 
 '4 
 
 3,008 
 
 8 
 
 niulinst. 
 
 Lowoat. 
 
 Qxmrls. 
 
 (juartK. 
 
 2, !)!(; 
 
 2.KL'0 
 
 2, ;i4.-> 
 
 L', II2II 
 
 2, 24!) 
 
 l,-ll,'i 
 
 0,142 
 
 2,.W2 
 
 PRUSSIAN PRIZE CATTLE. 
 
 I am unable to givo the number of (tidbreiit breeds of c:ittlo in Gcr 
 many, or even in Prussia, or the pt^nientajje of cattle holoimiiii; to oiidi 
 breed. 
 
lined from several 
 ing tables : 
 
 Ig, and Silesian cattk 
 
 Silosian cows. 
 
 HIl- 
 
 lal 
 
 doC 
 Ik. 
 
 irtg. 
 212 
 411 
 
 018 
 303 
 
 u:tr> 
 
 YioWaHcnlciil.itai 
 
 lorcHiilir,.,,,,,, 
 fiwt. of |.„v „, ii, 
 
 '"Qiiivaluut. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 22 
 24 
 20 
 23 
 26 
 
 liiittor. 
 
 ■Pormrfj. 
 
 n 
 n 
 n 
 n 
 n 
 
 rom neveml farim h 
 
 th 
 
 To rump. 
 
 — 
 
 — ■ - - 
 
 ». 
 
 Melrm. 
 
 &I 
 
 l.r.1 
 
 37 
 
 1.42 
 
 42 
 
 1.43 
 
 60 
 
 1. r,6 
 
 I.ivo 
 
 I'oundt. 
 
 i,::!.-; 
 
 I.'JSl 
 1,IIH5 
 
 i,m 
 i,3;i,5 
 
 1 8 pounds ol'lmttcr and 
 
 wm of a Jmidcdprn- 
 
 I Iff 
 
 AvfiraKoyicld. 
 
 riisliost. 
 
 Lowosl, 
 
 Quartj!. 
 2, 04(1 
 2, 34.-> 
 2, 24!) 
 0,143 
 
 2.«L'0 
 2, II2II 
 1,41,-| 
 
 2,.'i(a 
 
 
 
 
 
 )f c:ittlo in Gor- 
 ■loimiii'' to ciicli 
 
iiii 
 
 1- ! r# ^ 
 
 N 
 
 lit! 
 
 ' '^ 'I- 
 iii 
 
 ji 
 
 i 
 
 Q 
 
 Z 
 
 
 -J 
 D 
 
 m 
 
 UJ 
 N 
 
 2 
 < 
 
 E 
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 5 
 
 1 
 
i 
 
 -J 
 
 -I 
 
 m 
 
 N 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 5 
 
 1 
 
M'i 
 
 > 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 N 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 < 
 
 < 
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 IE 
 

 c 
 u 
 
 u 
 
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 1 
 
 2 
 < 
 
 < 
 
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 CD 
 
 II 
 

 1 
 
 r 
 
 f 
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 ,1 
 
 
 1 '' 
 
 ! 
 
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 I'l 
 
 i' , I 
 
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 i!|f 1 
 
 \i'.V 
 
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 3 
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 ir 
 
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 UJ 
 
 
 < 
 
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 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
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ii 
 
 u 
 
 IT 
 
 \^ 
 
 % 
 
 V 
 
 I/. 
 
 I i W^l O iW 
 
m 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 z 
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 J 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 N 
 
 q: 
 
 Q. 
 
 I 
 u 
 
 IS) 
 IT 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 LI 
 
 I- 
 
I ;iin iiitbriiK 
 Ihm'Ii tiilu'ii <lii 
 j;ivi'ii, Imt as t 
 
 ih'Iillt'N to Mil] 
 
 vcsti.yiitioii I i 
 (Icriiiiiii.v liave 
 Imt |>ii\t' iH't'ii 
 llieir oii^-iiial ] 
 
 Bill compari 
 liiioil of lliis ci 
 siriiatt'd, is iioi 
 level ami the H 
 
 Kxliiliit A,« 
 1111(1 cow ; Ixlii 
 Wilstt'i'iiiaisdi 
 lis I'l, of iiii All 
 inw; and l"'.\lii 
 
 Tlu'soca(tlo 
 iiurg Exliibitioi 
 
 United Sta 
 
 CATTLE IN 
 
 III answer to i 
 tiiiii iiil'oi'iiiatioi 
 coiisiilar (li.sti'i(; 
 
 This iiidiisti'.v 
 Jovi'i'laiid, and 
 liiriiii'i's. (JaItU 
 laito tlie. Olden 
 
 1 iuii indebted 
 Diiciiy of Oldei 
 v;ilii:il)le inforiii; 
 iij^omy and the i 
 (rlcbiated breed 
 uUicials who are 
 
 lU'fore eiiterin 
 !lu' Diieli.v ofOl 
 tojfiveaj^enei'al 
 (Diitaiiis about S 
 
 Tlie soil iiiiist 
 till' otliei'. One] 
 
 ■ Sec ii|iiil| liy ( ' 
 
 an l^iihi l''riMiaii Ituil 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 413 
 
 liiin informed that at the ajiiicultimil dopaitmoiit hcroftoeiiHius has 
 l„,,,i, i;ik<'ii ihmuii tho i.reHent year l),v which this iiiConnation will ho 
 .ivoii, but a,s the reix.'t has iiof yet been made public tlu^ de|)artment 
 ,|,.(;|im's to .supply nu^ with the reipiired intbrrnation. From my own in- 
 vpsti^'iitiou lam led to believe that the, ditlerent breeds of cattle in 
 (Iciiiiiiiiv have not been kept m sejuirate and])ure as in our own country 
 l,„t |.:i\ •' l)e.'n so crossed that but comparatively few lu-rds remain in 
 tlidroriK'""' PHi'dy. 
 
 IJiit <om|)aratively U^w cattle are raised in tho immediate noiirhbor- 
 li,„„i of tins city, as tlH^ province of Brandenhurj;, in which JWlin is 
 .iriiated, IS not well ii.hpfed f()r ^nizinj,' purposes, tho surface boiuff 
 ItM'l iiiMJ the soil li-lit .iiid sandy. ^ 
 
 Mxliibit A,» hereto annexed, are pholo«raphs of an East Frisian bull 
 ;iimI,;ow; hxhibits H,* of an Oldenburg' bull and cow: M\hibits(3 of a 
 Wilsti'niiiii.sdibulhh'dcow; Exhibits l),ofa I5reilciiburif bull- lOxhib 
 IIS !•;, of an Aii^^eln bull and (;ow ; Exhibits 1 ', of a bavarian l)ull and 
 low; and Kxhibit it, of a Pctnicrannm l>ull. 
 
 Tlii'se cattle were all exhibited and leceived luizes at the lato llam- 
 hiii" Exhibition. 
 
 United States Conhulatk-Genkiial, 
 
 Berlin, J)ecemhcr U7, 188.'>. 
 
 M. H. BltlOVVEK, 
 
 CoHHul-Omvral. 
 
 CATTLE IN OLDENBURG, TEVERL..ND, AND EAST FRIESLAND. 
 
 liKi'ouT m cn^ iL ir/x.soA, of jiHJi.}n:\. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Ill answer to circular letr«T under date of July 18, 1883. desirino- cer 
 tiiiiiiiiformatioii rcf-ardniji the breedinj,- and rai.'^ -i;; oi cattle iiP this 
 coiisiiliir district, 1 have the honor to .submit Ihe fo.lowiii-- report- 
 
 Tills industry is i»rincipally carried on in the Duchy of Ohh-nbup' 
 ,lovci!;iii<l, and Kast Kriesland, and i.s the chief emj.Ioymcnt of tlm 
 i;uim"r.s. Cattle nu.scd in other i)arts of this consular district are .siiiii 
 laito the Oldeiibui"- or 15u(l|adin}>-er breed, but nof nf «,,,.!. i.l ■ 
 
 fcjoiL a.\d climate. 
 
 liHoieenteriii}; into j- u-ticulars conceriiin- the breeding,' of cattle in 
 tin- Diidiy ot Oldenbui-. .leverland, and Kast Fricsland it is nece.s.s iiv 
 
 tM -ive a -eiieral description ofthesoil and climate of Oiisdistric wl.'ich 
 niiitanis i.boiit S,;j()r> s.piare kilometers, with aOout r>:u ,()(.() inhabitants. 
 
 llit'.sdii must be divided in two j)art.s. each enti'"iv jiitferent '' 
 
 nu'cilier. One part is called the marsh or marslH-.s, and' str.f<.h,.s aio,,'^- 
 
 "Sr. l,|„,Vl l.,\ CollMll Wilson, of I'.l.lllrll, li'l- (llll.ll.airs 111' I In!.,,. V . lit 
 
 n, i;,.M iMisiau bull a.ul cow an.l at. Ul.t.,.!.,,,;; hull 'uMlI'nv '^ '""' ""~ 
 
 f ; 
 
414 
 
 (,'ATTLH AND DAIUY I'AUMINO. 
 
 tluMioaHfcof tim N<»rtli Hou tVoin llolliuul to 8chlt}H\vi<,'-Ilol.st,(ii, .^^^A 
 UmntHl by tlio tlepoHitH of the M«a and the <liirment rivens »l(»wii,'n j, , 
 it. Tlio otli«r pint is calKd the (liHunt or (loesthuul, coiiipoHcd ol sm I 
 and bojj of a vory li^'ht nature. Tlio cattle l»re<l on this noil, ofcoli'i!. 
 are of a lighter nature, but neverthelortn good milkers, as is Hlioii't' 
 hereafter. " 
 
 The niarsh-Iand may be divided int«> three ditt'eront ni/jfions viz- 
 
 («) The refjion of the alluvium outside of the dikes or daiiis \vhi,.i 
 is more exposed and is overtlowe<l by hijjjh tides. ' ' 
 
 (/>) The re>rion of the old i)astuies, arMhia land, and thai used fm 
 tillaKo, all of which arc pi-otectod by high dikes or dams UL'ainHt Wwl 
 tides. '^" 
 
 (<!) The region of the mixed marsh-land, that is to say, clayish suhi 
 the transition from heavy clay to lighter soil. ' ' 
 
 It is natural, therefore, that the <|uality of the soil in the iiuirslics 
 must be a very ditferent, and that with the change of the soil tlu! '\\x>i,t\,t 
 of the cattle correflpoiuls, while beauty of the form depends Icsh oiiMi,.! 
 nature of the soil, but more or less, if not entirely, upon the inlclli'r.ii,.,. 
 of the breeders. " 
 
 The (reestland is diluvium and consists of a light sandy soil iMciiliii i 
 to the plains of North (Jermany, in which sand, bog, or moor picviiiLs • 
 in some i)laces loam covers the soil, which in gtmeral is greatly in wmt 
 of lime, as without it or good marl the cultivation of the beltt'r or umiy 
 prolltable sorts of herbages for foiUler is very limited, and for tlii,s ivi, 
 son the breeding of heavy cattle is limited in'the same nianiu^,. Wlijl,. 
 the marsh is entirely cultivated, only 00 per cent, ot thedicsthuKi jx] 
 cultivated, the rest being barren or uuuultivated heather or bo". 
 
 TILLAGE AND OUAZINO LANDS. 
 
 The following table will show how the farmers in the Dufiliyoroidcn. 
 burg make use of their land; also in what manner cattle-lWediii" jsi 
 dependent on the quality of the ililforeut soils : "^ 
 
 Territory or hoU. 
 
 MiU'Hh •. 
 
 CiccHtliiiul.. 
 
 Totul 
 
 lu USD for 
 tillnuii ikud 
 .KttriluuurB. 
 
 lleelarca. * 
 
 ;il,lKU 
 
 1 01, 102 
 
 132,582 
 
 For paa- 
 turu8. 
 
 Hectares. 
 2a, 077 
 
 6U,«27 
 
 For mow- 
 iiiK pill. 
 
 I'lital invil I 
 ill uno. 
 
 Ueeiaro. Ileclarai. 
 a.\ 115 io;i,ii.i.-,l 
 :i7,u:!o i«:',:m| 
 
 (hi.OX'i I 
 
 %x 4il I 
 
 * 1 hoctaro — 2. •171 acrea. 
 Number of cattle. 
 
 Torritory 
 
 or soil. 
 
 
 Total uiimbcr— 
 
 
 Niiiiilicr oC wittlnoiuvi 
 Iji'ctiii'cs (il'iu'i'ii. 
 
 ry 1(W 
 
 
 ilurnoB. 
 
 12, 920 
 
 i.'-.,c:i>' 
 
 Cattlo. 
 
 79, OriT) 
 !M, VIH 
 
 12,708 
 (17, 4H7 
 
 Sliuup. 
 
 18, 83(1 
 i:tll, 11K 
 
 IIoraiiH. 
 
 12. rm 
 1). '.iiiri 
 
 Cattlo. 
 
 77. (HI 
 .l.l. 711.1 
 
 riKfl. 
 
 Slioop. 
 
 Mamli ......... . -- 
 
 1'.'. ;ioc 
 :i!i. -im; 
 
 IS. » 
 77 (1.1 
 
 (ii'cHtlanil 
 
 .......... 
 
 Total 
 
 28, iJ&K 
 
 m, 7«:t 
 
 80, 2.'>5 
 
 14H, 048 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■Ml 
 
OEUMANY. 
 
 '•H »l„wi„j,. i,n^ 
 
 "poNfdofsiu,,! 
 
 h i's is sbowii 
 
 k'ioiw, viz : 
 r diiUKs, whi„|, 
 
 thiir, lined for 
 
 415 
 
 cliiyish 
 
 mu] 
 
 i" till) iiiiirslics 
 .soil tlu! woi^flii 
 |'<I« IcsH on III,. 
 lio iiilclligciicc I 
 
 y soil iM'ciiliiir 
 iioor idcviiilrf ; 
 I'witl.v ill wiiiit I 
 beltiu' or more | 
 i<l lor tlii,s ivii 
 iiiiiei. Willi,. 
 Li(!t'i!,stliiiul i,s| 
 or bog. 
 
 ii(!li.V0fOI(|,.||. 
 .lo-broediii'' is I 
 
 r mow- 
 U pur- 
 
 UttVH. 
 
 ctarm. 
 ;t7, u:;o 
 
 Total urea | 
 ill uui'. 
 
 Ucetaru. 
 
 lu;i,oi:.l 
 
 (hi,ur> i 
 
 X., 411 1 
 
 tIcMm (ivory 100 1 
 
 * III' AiVA. 1 
 
 riK9. 
 
 Slioup. 
 
 r.'. .100 
 
 :i!i. 4iHi 
 
 IS. 203 
 77 (Ifi 
 
 
 
 TilC |».(|»»ll(lt'lilll('tM)r(;;it(ll«.ll|'M'lIili.r ill M.,. 11 
 
 |,0SCSNO liu- ..X<T,.,|S IIUS MUX'S i„ /b^ fe. rs I , L //^ '^^ 
 
 lllM.s.. I;.l(.r raco.;, tl.C3 ci u t^^^^ l^^'>'^'« 
 
 l,i.r.lin (ho (Iiiitod Htatcs. "^ ^'""" M'lality to improvo the 
 
 |,artin...(at()IdcM.l,uiK,tb.MH,i,, M?n-^' v^^^^ tho Htatmtical do- 
 
 |„. HtaUMl (o aiiioMiK, ,,or MH-t ric h um n< " -^ "^^^ "H'Ut.onnl, nuiy 
 A, iron. $;{7,7oO K, $ ir.,()(m ; Class f/'Vi) . 'I'-i- l'^'"' *'^'' ^''^«« 
 
 (ircstlaiKls aiiiouiK.,,.,] V or linst r ass hu (V ., i Vr t f 1"''*'' ^" t'»' 
 ..roii.l .la.ss land, (V<»n $U,rmuX^^^^ $1^L>,()()0; for 
 
 'J he bdtUT tlio soil tlio liirL't-r is tlio niiinlioi- <>«• i...... 
 
 tlK-n-on in tli« inarsbes, wblLst i tl c Gees Knds Z''" '"'••*"^ttlo kept 
 next aj.ri<M.lturo and ja'al .liKKinl'. '''^''''•'"'''' «'^^^^I> '"'« I'rouiiueiit, 
 
 Nearly all Caiincrs in tlio marshes arn i.r.n».w>f- „. *• ..i 
 
 "" '"'■" """ '" ' ■ the 
 
 cxiNt, (lic-rc, ( iH.rdbro lar^'er estates I in Vm „ kV ':*'!"""i"-'^' ''"•' 
 , .....and n.on. I. to 0^> .eetat ^V^^^^, ^^^ i,^;;; 
 
 CATTLE AND OATTLE-BEEKDING IN THE MAUSUES, 
 
 ^ ^ J1.0 lore,.>in,- an.ears necessary to the understandli,,. of the (bllow- 
 
 For tlie pronioUon of cattle-breeding' in the distri.-f of h.,i 
 .sovfiai institutions have been est-ibb\l^,..l . n. J"*:"' '^^ V' "'" "uvrshes 
 
 (1) The selection of bulli , -t ™^ 
 interested farmers, veterinary suiVri,.,^ ' " P*''^»'« l>y jlole-ates of the 
 jdak '^'-'"••I'y sui^tons, and Nome Government olll- 
 
 (:i) Tlie institution of the herd-book K-<.i»niii„ « . i- 
 (ows sele(!t(.d for refjistry. ' Iveepuig a pedigree of bulls and 
 
 (;!) The dillerent cattle shows. 
 
 Sdedtiono/' hulls. — I liavci to roin-irt- fiin*-.>..i. i . „ 
 lo.'.overii„- purposes as have 1 ee,' sil<^J^^^ S Ih.IIs may beused 
 
 iiiKcneral, is a],point,".l by bn-c^ en^. ,d I r -li. , '"'''^ '^■'"■•'''' 
 
 tl'Nmbli.. administration. 1<\ i tl^b es imlk '^ "'• ""^'''y '^^^^^i*'^ of 
 l'.v <IK- (ioveriinient amounting;' to n mt>0 t *7?^^^^^^^ f'' ^''^"'^^''^ 
 '» llie lurni and the bic,.,!. This svsf . !.. , * , 1*^^. ^'^'•"'' 'i<^'ii'>rdini.- 
 ''Ill- lin..K.rs and bn.t,. i "^J S^^in 'thlill^^" theapprov;d 
 tube covered by well-formed and aSc d ti<. ^.^ 1 ' '''''' '''''' *^"''^' 
 
 '•'ttlc. The nrstseeti. of : If.. / ''^^ '""'^ l>rmlii,- of seleeU'd 
 
 >'"' '"oeilint, has o < li • 1 e^^^^^^^^^^^^ "" V'^: ^'^'^'^^ ^^i"' which 
 
 I'y '^ .commission which ay no i".^- • , ,' ! v-^''V '"•' ''^^''^'^^f ''«» 
 
 iiLstitutioii of ihe herd-boo Ic • i , v i. -^""^ '"*? ^''"'" <'"'^ ''"J^^- The 
 
 Ea.t Frieslund t s to b • n^offi..^'*'" "' "'V ^^'i^ '"^ ^'^e year- in 
 
 d"cliy were i.-istered 1 % Si Slfn""* ,^".^^^ "^^'"^^'^'^ «f lit^ 
 
 total, L'.(H.i head. ' "^ *** ^'^"'^J '" the Geestbnds, 8iy, 
 
 li!ll 
 
416 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING. 
 
 Cattle ::Juncs.— This iiistilution, imixn'tcd from Eii<ilniid, meets Iicr 
 with great Jii)])r<)biiti()ii, and lias (lev('l()i)e<l ilscU' .siiuu-. IS.Ui 'mIioh tl 
 first cattle bliow was liold near Jlrake) very lavorabh , so iliat ,n^ ' j 
 nearly every district of tli(^ marshes anmuil eattle shows lake mI,,. ' 
 whi.'li serve jrreally to im])rove, by eompariii<>' t lie result of iJk. (ijiLv,!'; 
 breei. >, and the manner of breediii?;- in the dillerent <listri('rs. 
 Tlie eattle in th<> dinghy and East I'riesiand may be divided iuto 
 (a) Cattle raised on the marsiies of the river \Veser. """ 
 
 (/>) Those raised raised in Jeverhmd. 
 (c) Those raised in J{last l-'riesland. 
 id) Those raised in (reestlands. 
 
 (a) The marshes on the i-iver AVeser embrace the district of Bnl- 
 IJiidjadinsen, and Elsiietli, l)onniled on tlie r.orth urn] northe ist hv n ' 
 North {.sea, on tlie east liy tlu^ river Weser, and on tl;(^ westby'ilu. ,.,• ' 
 .Jade. Tlie cattle raised in these districts are called in tlie interior fll' 
 Oldenltiir^r or Budjadiii.yer race, and are in j>re;rt demand for bioed, !' 
 purposes nearly everywhere. Althoujjrii the cattle are more or less •. 
 lated to the races raised in Holland and East Eneslaiid, thev nosso 
 <bstinct marks which characterize their ori'iin. Tlie liead f(irV.\iini.l''''^ 
 does not a.uree with the Holland breed; the Ibnshead, tlic clieel'^ mi 
 lli(! parts of the moutli are broader, and the head is shorter- llie m'o'i ' 
 shows a dark, but not black pi^'inent; tlie jialate roof of' fne nioi til 
 shows tlie fc-ame; the horns of most aniiiials ar(>. short, with an oiitwn 
 curve, and sometimes on yonii!:' animals are ratlier stron-ly develoDnl 
 the formation of the forepart of th(> body shows also a di'trereiiee uiii! 
 the Holland breed, falsely called in the United States the liolsi'i 
 br(>ed, "-ciitm 
 
 Whilst the pure Holland breed shows a back view wliieh iv-oniisH 
 .U-ood milkers, the breeders thereof appear to have overlooked tl,.- (S> 
 velopmeiit of the fore i;<irts, whereas the cattle in the marshes show i 
 wi(h^ .md deep breast, well tbrmed, close shoiild(;.,s and broad withers 
 with ribs, which, since tlie introduction of th(i herd-book, take nun' 
 ami more the nmnd barrel-form ; the backbone apjK'ars loiif i„ ^^it ' 
 taction, and shows in .its construction .ivood tbrmation of kiiTnevs'iiul 
 hips, and very seldom now shows an inclination of <-uiviii-; dowmvinls 
 (hollow back); the ciuiipor hind <piarter lietween (ho liipscoiTosDnmls 
 with type jtecuhar io the cattle of the marsiies, but sometiiiies iiii..l.'| 
 be loujrer ; hy careful breediii;,' the root of the tail has -ivntlv iinuiovell 
 in Its situation ; Ibrmerly sliowin-- a mon' or less temU-nev to he pn.rii 
 ueut, It now hardlyraises above tlu' strai,L;ht backbone line; the shanks 
 of ii {^ood cow of the marshes present themselves lull llesiied ami tljo 
 Uesh between the shanks siidvs suliiciently «leep. ' 
 
 The fat cattle in the Weser marshes never prove delusive in their 
 weight, in j;eiieral they deliver lar-vr weiyhL than ihev i»n)nnstMvhi!o 
 livin;,'. Tli(< udder an<lmilktokensare in most all cases well develoned 
 and ar- never known to deceive ; wherefore the cow of the marshes mav 
 be put down as a .nood milker, the pariieulars of which will he showl) 
 in the fable annexed. 
 
 Tlie district in which llu' Jeverlaiid rac(^ is bred embraces the' dis- 
 trict of Jev(>rland on tin" left hank of the river, lade; its Itoiiiidaries are: 
 o.i the north, the North Sea; (in the west, lOast l'"rieslaiid ; on the soiitlij 
 llie<l!stiict of Varel; and on the east, the river .lade. Theeattleinodiieo 
 of this district embracesdairy jirodiiets. reariu:; ealve;i for lnvcliii" pur- 
 poses, an.' Caltenii.ij for s!au,trhleiin.n. In Iheii' whole ;!|)|icaraiice'tjiese 
 cattle show in a niiieh iai-vi- de.uree than the iJiidjadiii-ir i .iltle tliiir 
 near rcliilion to til ! caille niised in the north part of ilollaiid. The 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 ,W, U„w..ver ,.o.„ot rea.* tl„.t of „„ '.kttl e .1 „ US IS ""S", 
 
 form of tlio ribs is more flat; neverrhcloss tl.o fnfoi ; "'''f^"- aIio 
 
 re parts of tbe trunk or 1 odv is sat sfvinn. «£ .^'"Pff ««">" of the 
 , Wwlmt they aim at; tl.o lili^a ^^r'S T^"''i.3'''- ^'"'^'^l^T 
 ' vplope.l; a (riflin-curvin- or sinkin-SVlLh.,;. /"^ V'^l^'' '^ '''<'" '^c- 
 
 ;,oMK.ti,nos m..t with as woll as h,U yX ll*^^^^^^^ <ir""I> 
 
 , ,,ot of the tail; tl.o color is, in ^on 3 ^vkh on v T? '"■^'"" ""^ ^^'^ 
 
 |;„.k and wl.ito fonr whito Ic'ffs, tl ^tS i Vlf l.I- I- ,.'''' ,'^.y-^'J»^'">"«. 
 ' small wl.it.'staron tl.. forohoa.T; tluM^ve Lls^ d ft tvt H^^^ T^'' '' 
 
 , arel.lack. Tl.o n.ilktokens must bo 4j o f;" oo l,^t t ?^^^ ^'"'"^ 
 
 ol a (ino skoloton, «no skin and hair, but .. ffoni t is n V^'' *'"""'^" 
 ,|io .iK'o laiscMl in J Jolstoin. The Jovorlaia v^uo lit «*? ^'V•^^^V as 
 ,e„t n.ilk.>,s, oasily fod, ^vith corrosponVlt^' •nml il t\- o lu f .^^ 
 Tl„> ain. of 11..'. broedors horo in fjonoral is t7> St w '„! i-/^ 
 
 Tlu- lOust l-Yisian rac(> is roarod sololy i,, 1.71 sSict o ■ , ho ?" . i , 
 fPV.or (Winty of Auric'h, whiol. is boiin n., iw. , I ^ J-*i»<l<l>-os- 
 ^arshos, by tho .North Se'a, on tl.o wo 'v No Ij' olH.l.f ' fT,"" '^''' 
 by .lovorhw.d, an.l on tl.o south by iho ,lLst,ic o ' C '''''^ 
 
 (),snal.r,.<.k. This country co..tains" only . tl.o s los f ;?''''''''''*''-\' 
 nvcrs the marshland nuM.tion.-d boforo, whi s I.o • .wl u ^ '"'''' •''"* 
 tliointcior consists of bofj and sand """"'^^ tho land ly.nj,' more in 
 
 ] only iiiontion here the cattle Dnwlnfiw.f ^i.^ . i 
 l„. 1,0.; ■„..! snnd In,ul« n-n /I lAI' „!".' ."f.thejnarshos, a.s those on 
 
 ^. thi Wcsor n.arshos and I^oSd al tu ^. iir'^, "''"'"""' ^^ ^'"^^'^ 
 
 ,l.y show t!.o -Mvat.sr ros,.n.blan.-o o tl o S^^ 
 
 Til.' color of 1 1,0 ca t< lo is a bouf SO .u-r •■ont 11 ic V m^^^^^^^^^ T ''^• 
 
 20,.or con., rod. Tl.o first-namo.l colo s-^^^X^^^;:^'';'^ •'> >'><?f' 
 
 WMr,d.in; 11.,' lattorcolor is kept more V,i omo .'..^ a • '''''''\'' 
 
 ;.^'olh.. instilntion,.f 11-.,' h,'r,M,o„k was ,,tmC , ' V '^^""'^"^T 
 
 Hvr Jin.I 11.0 s.n.,' approbation as in th,! Votr ,ars .,^^ 
 
 ITS iiowcNoi, Iry lo iimrovo thoir ....,h- t • "'•V'^"< '^^ iiie br,','d- 
 
 «''rrh of iioiia,Hi, i.r'' Md i^ ,, : ^' ti^^,''!!;;:;!'^'':^ '-"'^ '\r'" ''"^ 
 
 ""'"'•<''• ••'■•'='1tlerais,.,l i„ this /n.. In ^ v^'ry ^voll. Tl.o 
 --tcl, ,.o.s,.s, sl.,','p, .,,.., py";nd,!f!od, as'n>n;;\.;.:" ^'" """"*'^' 
 
 »«(«>. 
 
 HorMCh. Ciiiii,, 
 
 Slioop. ! Pigs. 
 
 llncmiici .'!, 1S(17 
 
 JjiMiilV 10. IH7.I ....'! 
 hmmy HI, I.SMI 
 
 •ri, !M,i 
 
 101' 
 
 r.,-!i 
 
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 l.fl 
 
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 iL'r> 
 
 7H3 
 
 •111, 4(1. 
 
 "1. I4;i 
 
 (iT. :)(iH 
 
 M, ;ii)7 
 
 L',"i. ;)(i7 
 •-'7, 77:t 
 .7,079 
 31,207 
 
 tiloy 
 (iiiiii 
 
 ThiN ciiiiiiiorati(u. shows clfii'lv »i...f <. < 
 
 "'tl'<'iM.oijrhbo.s i io I n/rMM . . '''''''''V'''' '"»' ''''^M* pace 
 
 ^vhavo lost «.,.M, .i^ //''';'''''"'-'/''''••••'' the,.M.trary, 
 
 H J,-., r^j .J""-' "• ""l""^«' ''•«""• «'aillo ill the mannor 
 
 
 • Pit 
 
1 } 
 
 mm 
 
 418 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 wanted by breedera and buyers of the iijterior of Germany tlie IT t 
 States, Italy, and France, \\Mio in many instances pay prii-cs don hi"'?' 
 amount that may be obtained in the ordinary way of disnosiii<r l'!, 
 overproduce. ' 'b or tiie 
 
 The cattle raised in th Geestland are, as before stated not of 
 consequeiice for breeding purposes. In stature they are .sraajl oi r ■►f '^ 
 insignificant, ^.I^hough it is not to be denied that they dos'sps. ! 
 milking qualities. Breeders exert themselves to improve (heir m 
 by importing bulls from the province of Drenthe, in HoliaiKl ni.r; 
 stated that the result obtained by the cross-breeding has boeilvo, " 
 isfactory, although the lightness and sterility of the soil do unt ''"•': 
 them in producing such cattle as their endeavors deserve. ' 
 
 SUPERIORITY OF THE OLDENUURG CATTLE FOR EXPORT 
 
 For exportation to the United States, the Oldenburg cattle nisni 
 the Weser marshes must be put down as one of tiie best nnilifid.i ,. °" 
 To all parts of Europe, to the south of Germany, Prussia, east ar 1 wliiT 
 Kussia, Galicia, and even to the Sandwich Islands, these (••.»],'' 
 been exported. To Galicia last year there were exported thirtv,'i"i^' 
 head of exquisite registered cattle, destined to serve there ms fliV 
 mencement of breeding this ra(!e pure. Those cattle were bon-rtt C 
 by a commission of the Koyal Agricultural Society, at Leinb('r<. r 
 this year the exportation, including the number bought by this mnmi" 
 sion and private estate holders, not obtainable, is said to "be still lir. '' 
 For several years the cross-breeding with the Shorthorn raciMvisiml,?'' 
 prominent here, but since the laws of Great Uritain proliihitocri'i, ' / 
 portation of live cattle to the English ports, the farnieis have i,.|,v,ii 
 in favoring this race, and returned to the pure Olden bur<.' biwd nm . 
 to their own satisfaction and profit. ' "" 
 
 PRODUCT AND EXPORT OF MARSH CATTLE. 
 
 To compare the production and export in the Weser marshes I ww^t 
 here the result of the census taken thereof on the lOth of .laiiii-irv I'ss' 
 This census was taken at a very unfavorable time, wlien all s'dlhie 
 beasts had been disposed of an<l the new production had not ivlill..,! 
 the place : 
 
 District 
 
 Nnmlipr of 
 
 Catfli' ,i,llli. vx- 
 
 I'dtiiidildii liuricil 1,1 
 
 Jlllllliuy ( (lilfriiMll 
 
 ID, IbS.'l. I'liuiiliicnin 
 
 I Kiiroiii', 
 
 In tlio Wpser marHh I -n iiu ! m « . 
 
 inthe(}e..HtumiH i"::::::":::::::::] i^m -;i;?;l| 
 
 '^•"''' i~r?3;sM; 
 
 I'D.ii;; 
 
 In the present year the demand for cattle for breeding' pui poses lias i 
 been more active, in conseijueni'e of which the stock of first nitc cattle I 
 is rather low and prices rule higher than belorc. Lust veju' the iiitdiiiiii 
 l)rice for non-registered bulls of one and a half to two. veins was Siool 
 to IlL'o ; for <'l(ler animals of this sex, lir.O. ("ows, deliveri'd from two 
 to four calves, cost !!<l(i(> to $12."). Heifers, accordin-i' to (inalitv, .«i|(iO to 
 1225. Bull c'llves, $(J(), Cow calves, H 3 to $55. For reyiste'red cattle] 
 
'^»y> tiio uiiit<.,i 
 ;H;t',s,ioui,k.ti,e 
 
 lisposing of the 
 
 ^tednotofanv 
 •small, or rjmjpj 
 
 y possess good 
 :)ve ( i.'ir cattle 
 >";"'<1, aiKlitis 
 « been very sat. 
 '' ''<> I'ot assist 
 
 '0. 
 EXPORT. 
 
 •iittle raised on 
 qualified ruces. 
 , east and west 
 !st' <'attle have 
 tHl thirty-eioht 
 "i-e as the eoni- 
 le bouf^ht here 
 Loinb(>rs-. Po,. 
 y this coinnii.s. 
 bo still larger, 
 race was nion- 
 liibited Ihee.x- 
 ■* I'live relaxed 
 ■«• breed, luuclj 
 
 irshes I re])eat 
 'January, 188;{. 
 K'li all saiabk' 
 Kl not relilJed 
 
 Xiiniliprof 
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 iil.ihiii ijiirlid t(p 
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 I KiMujIi', 
 
 I 
 
 7!l,4t8 
 
 'M, m 
 
 i;.i,r.u6 
 
 li, 163 
 
 piirpo.ses has i 
 rst rate ealtle 
 irthe niediiiiii 
 ■ars was llOOJ 
 ■red iroiii twej 
 iality,.«il(iOf() 
 listered eattle | 
 

 
 
 
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tlic IIIICCS wcl 
 tdtlK'il' (Icsccti 
 iii;^- ilic jdirt'-b: 
 the pure Older 
 iicviT saw OId( 
 
 EX] 
 
 As to tllP l)(!t 
 
 is (loiio l).v flio 
 .sU'iim to New "5 
 pmwii lu'iist w 
 Nliippinj;'. Tlio 
 would aiiioiiiit t 
 in;' on l)oai'(l. 
 jieiids on tlio iin 
 \iiiit('i' is nccossii 
 iiboiit.SlOO, liioi'i 
 same amount to 
 or liottci'dani to 
 
 I'OUTRAIT 
 
 III order (o coi 
 
 Im'd in Holland, 
 
 tnj;rai»lis of tlic- 
 
 aiiriculturai fair 
 
 Xo. 1 of tlieaw! 
 
 of rather tlie old 
 
 answer tlie requi 
 
 tlie liead and ne 
 
 >lionl(lei's and tin 
 
 but the root of tl 
 
 islyiujf ; the? form 
 
 is not fuli enonf;li 
 
 ankle-bones luv. i 
 
 kick answei's Imt 
 
 Tlie animal sliows 
 
 iiiC easily fatteiKM 
 
 mlnir','-, on a niixe 
 
 star on tiieforeiu'i 
 
 No.l'of tlieacco 
 
 liieed. Owin;^ to 
 
 licad, she does no; 
 
 !lliisis innelj to Ik^ 
 
 "I tlie form of tin 
 
 stmiuiitlined l»ael 
 
 wtli. The ankle, 
 
 rw she has a ver\ 
 
 I iii) liirnierly was s( 
 
 il'"- liind(|narterN 
 
 ■^^'ii. The milk. f 
 
 i>itliU'k and white, 
 
 No. M afidll)I(,(. 
 
 ]alwa> hred in tin 
 
 emauds which aro 
 
OKRMANY. 
 
 I tlio lirict'.s wcio rcmarkablv Iiitihcr fVum in *«, m 
 , tll.ir .l.-s.rr.t and (,,mli( v. r hV s i , . i '?" '"'' '■•-"^•' »«<^' 
 
 419 
 
 ivcr siiw Oldenburg nor llolsteii 
 
 accord injf 
 ' in bnv- 
 
 KXPOET OF CMIXE TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 As to tlic best way of transnorWo"- <-ihi« f.. ^i tt • , 
 is done b.v fl.o way of I^mkSrd ^d nm fo T>!1? ^1"^'"^ ^'"^os, this 
 ,s,ea.n to xVew York, Baltimore, S 'w 1 !^^ Js ^E'li^^^^-''^/''^'^^ 
 pnnvn beast will amount to about $;ioVo ^30 i„ h?,*;* ^^''<^ '*''' '^ ^•'''■ 
 sliippin-. The cost for transport and ma nten .',. 1 *''",<='"'•"'<•<» way of 
 .0,' 1.1 amount to about$5 to 810 e S iui 1 b ^i'r'S"'' '"^ ^'*'>'^>«'' 
 i,,;; 01. b(.ar(l. This cannot, however 1 i/Jw'r ^''^''''" '""' "'"t" 
 peiKls on the nu,nber of anin'uils ^u^ Hm^^^ti'^ Tl"!' '^'■ 
 uait.T IS necessary, who would cost, passive S^'^n.!? ''"^ V'^'" '* 
 about .SlOO, moroor less, aecordinff to Vhe .Te,.n 5v' • '"*"""- "'<*'"<I^'<1, 
 sa.,.o a,n,.unt to ship by way of Han bSr-'h r In J ' TT'"'^' '^^'^ 
 orK..tter(lam for cattle froin East Frieshmd. ^ ' Amsterdam 
 
 I'OUTUAITS OP OLDKNBUKa AND EAST VRisiAN CATTLE. 
 
 Ill order lo compare the cattle bred in thn ....... i 
 
 liiHl ill Holland, France, anti S, •» < F ,^. T'' ''''^'' ""'«'' '^'"""^Is 
 
 to^-raplis of .iM.'oidenbm^ ami Sfc'j^^S '7'" , «^'veral pho- 
 
 a,^Ti(:.ilt.naI fair at llamburfr this y,^ir * " ' ^'''''''*' ^'''"« ''^ the 
 
 Xo. 1 of theaecomnanvin"' idinfrwrr.mi.., « 
 oi nitiu. the old. st^, Hhon'amfSr:^^^!^;^!;;.?'^^'^^ ^"" 
 answer he requirements of the herd-book mi ,. t ^^^^<J<>^'«"<>t 
 the head and ne(.k is coarse and fails bn Vi"" ^""'"^ti^" ot" 
 >l,o..I,lers and the formation of to ;^ Is "r i v^ ■.... ^ ''^ .V",'"^'" "^ *''« 
 
 but the root of the tail lies too hi^^a; tlVl ind on^^^r^^^^ ''"" ;'^'^-^'''>P^^«^ 
 , islyiufr: th.^ formation of the llesh m^u the H. '"'' ''"''*">' ■""^■ 
 
 I i^^ Jf /''li .""on«h. The animal shows oo ed "^^^^^ T'^'^VT 
 
 ankle-bones an; normal. The unim-il is, tZtl . v^ ' "'f''<'"«b the 
 l)aek answers but in.perfectl t e reoVi?/, " f/ir^'"''/ "'^^ ''"^^ "*' tl'« 
 Tlie animal shows but i.^y «L! mK^ ^ '' , ^^'H''-'''''' ""■"""• 
 m; easily fattened. He was raised on •inolt^.u! V"' '^'""'^ "^ ''t'" 
 ^"Kur.-, on a mixed soil. Jlis c^ or is wt '"''';'' ^^''''^^' ""<' <>'<»- 
 >t:iroii the forehead. ^'''^'^ """* ^^'"f'', with a white 
 
 , ^.ad, she do..s not rq>res,. tie Sfs fW^ *''^ '^'''^^''- '^"I'' ''»''' 
 Tins is much to be reiretted, as ?h T, If, I '''' ''^^ ""-''^ ^'^^ ^^'■^'""•l- 
 """",*•'>"" <'nhe b<^Kst, wl idVi ,, f ,;^^^^^^^^^ ";'t«ivea«oo<l idea 
 .^tmiditlined baekbon,.. ' Finer d, i, 1 ' J'V'I ""''' ^^''1' 'i verv 
 
 Kitl.. The ankle, le^-bones, ,1 ' i -..N "^'" '''''\ ^•■'•'•••" "'^'^ 
 
 r.r sl„. has a very fi„e hea. an b ' sF- ' '■ '/ '";''"="' ""•' ''"' ''*''• 
 
 N I'-nnerly was seldo,,, u.et if , T .' '''''' "' ""' '''f'^''' '^^ •^leh 
 
 hiP^lnnd(,,,arters,an fhil.s ' •so.) •""' '''""' '^''-'l<l^'r.S ribs 
 
 ;i:ii;.;;r-;--;;-^^^^^ 
 
 II* 
 
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420 
 
 CATTLR AND DAmv rAHMlKO, 
 
 blades are very good, m well ius Mu^ h-.wk, hips, and hi i ' ""^•''' 
 NeverthoIoN8,llio l.reedcrH in th<^ iMar.sh.>sovitii oidv a sii,.' >...': '.'''''• 
 do not approve of this v.wv. 7lw <«xt iviik' format ion of fir,l ,. ' ^l"'"", 
 the tail is not desired in ni(> interior. For that r.'ason'f 1',./ , '"."^ '" 
 race m preferred. The tiiigh^of the animal arehi<,'hlv(hn.' '' ' 
 
 others. The waiter, as well as the ph(.tof,M-apiier, did not ■ , "■\""' 
 they were about; otherwise tlie head of the cow w(»n!d i,,,m .,?' 7'"" 
 held as represented, the bactkbone reeeivinff thereby an ai ...'.! *'''" 
 It It was not Htraijjhtlined. (\)lor is white and br();vnisi. ,,',''' "' 
 
 No. 4 of the photographs is a prominent bull of the Oid.M.i,,,,, 
 Lud.ia. inger raee. TlH^ pietun^ does not do justice in this 'IT%?' 
 animars In-ad is kept far too high and out of plaee bv its w-i\i.n L '','' 
 which the backbone does not show tlu^ straiLdit line it n •' K , "'' 
 by nature. The 8tan<linK of the liind !<'f.s is a, normal On,. 1, ir''"*"'' 
 the thi«hs perfect, as also the form of the breast. 'J'Ik- r,,,,,', , ,1 ! ','" "' 
 answers the original Oldenburg tyi)e; shoulders, back, hii.s m.i .1 
 formot the hind quarters or ,Tonp ar.^ ^'ood, wlM-n-as^h.^i'i; 1 S 
 lavo been of a more round or barn'l form. I n general t lie <. u s , 1 ' 
 breed combine good milking with fattening .inabties. C,)!,,,- I,|.. 1 "^ 
 white, white legs, with white star on forel^'ad. "'^""'' 
 
 No. 5 of the accompanying pbotograi.hs represents a i,e,fpr nl,„nf 
 three and a halt yeiu;s old, by Magnat,-, out of an ( )ld.-Ml..,rg w 
 Oldenburg breed. The form of the neck and head seareely nnZ'iS 
 re(pureinents of the herd-book union. The n.-ek is short a ..<(!,. 
 head rather full and heavy; back and form of ribs good s • il ' 
 form of the hips and of the hind .piarters or <T(mp; tJ.e thi-hsCs'. '' 
 factory, but the breast is too much truss,Ml up. The ankles or s , ■ ' 
 joints are good, whereas the breast might have been a liftl.. dooiu'r ' ul 
 iner ; the signs o easy fattening are mon. i.rominent than those of „,' 
 Color white and black, witii blase on the forehead 
 
 N.yj represMits a bull of (he Kasr Frisian race, ll.ree years old, 1.01,, 
 near .leingum, l-.ast ]' rwsland ; is a, goad speeiim-n of its rare. HI,,, vs I 
 the unlucky position in whieh the head is kept, a sii-lK ,|o\v..\v'.n 
 curving in the backbone, which in nature is not the<-a.M'- (lie iim' ■ 
 otherwise i)reseiits itself favorably, and its ollspring, a.-.-.ndiii.r'to ll',' 
 stat(Mnfiitot its(>vner are ren.,wii,.,l lor being U'il fat aiul sliowinir 
 good inilk-tokens. Ocdor black and white, four white legs, and ;i i.lis^ 
 on the fondiead. 
 
 No. 7 of the aeconipanying photographs, a Polled .Angus I.iijl. j,,,. 
 ported from hngland, is kept on an estate in tlu^ sonilM.r llolstcj,, 
 Ihe farmers in the marsh do notaj)prove of this liu-e, wliereruiriisiniio" 
 duction here, though tried several times, did not siieeeed. TIm' pictiiio 
 shows the bull very favorably, but also shows far too iiiai.v (•(.riicrsdM 
 the fore i»art of (he hind legs. TIui ]»ictiire is mentioned 'lieiv onlv tn 
 show the dinierenee between the several races. ('(.lor blutk, witji 
 rather niousec-olored himl legs. 
 
 \>y the kindness of ]j. Vissering, esq.. King's eonnselornf tbc ;ii;ii 
 cultural department and president «»f the priii('i|,al agricultural sdci'itv 
 ot Fast l-'riesland, at Dorniini, I am enabled to present (he |iiiot(i- 
 graphs of cattle bred in Fast I'riesland, Nos. «, !>, and 1(1, LernvKli. 
 
 
!"' f^lioiildor. 
 ""' Miiiiiicrs 
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 alt lie root of 
 
 '''•l><'<l.u,su'H| 
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 and tlii('|(|j 
 as also the [ 
 flisiircsfiti.s 
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 ■'t 
 
 IS 
 
 f ■- 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 «. 
 
 
o 
 
 IJ 
 
 No. 8 h 
 
 of the I'iK 
 
 Iialf bliic 
 
 during in 
 
 No. 9 if. 
 
 in tlic. pot 
 
 men I of! 
 
 to be tl'3S( 
 
 years old, 
 
 this i'iU!e 1 
 
 No. 10 1 
 
 old, raiscil 
 
 the (leiaij 
 
 tiiii'est spe 
 
 and is lilt! 
 
 tone. Till 
 
 riitlior i»ro 
 
 tail. Tliet 
 
 the ocean i 
 
 Ileiewitl 
 
 tiicr, to en 
 
 in? of the 
 
 Theciittl 
 
 the oi)en ai 
 
 8onie I'ood, 
 
 pensated. 
 
 plants or Ik 
 
 or -5 acres, 
 
 crease of \v 
 
 Ibllowinf,'' St 
 
 From May i 
 
 urin;,' I'O.ioj 
 
 and calves, 1 
 
 of which tli( 
 
 iiig' one hu 
 
 from 517.1."> 
 
 hifjhest inei 
 
 aii>onntod I 
 
 increase! nui 
 
 niiirshcs las 
 
 h;id lost diir 
 
 When jnit 
 
 • H't. and Noh 
 
 Iweijfhcd a 
 
 mentation of 
 
 per day per 
 
 tlie \ulae of 
 
 In tliu niai 
 
 <if cattle Ilia 
 
 "viTjiIus, in 
 
 usually sent 
 
 paid for sneli 
 
 coiirse doL'8 i 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 421 
 
 ' 
 
 ? 
 
 *» 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 ^'„ 
 
 S 
 ■5 
 
 a. , 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 « . 
 i I' 
 
 AH.- 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 z 
 < i 
 
 L 
 
 I- 
 
 K I 
 < 
 
 z 
 < 1 
 
 No. 8 is an East Frisian cow, lopreseutinff one of flin flno<.f ^-n 
 of the race. Color black and wl itc, wl i ?2h8o fh n w. ^^ "i'"" *'*'''« 
 I,alf black, half white; i« a iii^tmte u LfeSi ^fr^^^^^^ 
 duririfl in all climates. "'<iKci, tasiJy led, and very en- 
 
 No, 9 is likewise an East Frisian cow, bred in f h-.f ^t.^.,;. i ^ 
 i„ tlM, possession of a Mr. Peters, coun^dro • tb^- JS !S 
 lueiit ofPonieranii), is a very fine si)ec.meii of tl.ir.S,'^' ***'P'^''*- 
 to be descended Ir^n, the An^^lia, iS C^, il.?^^^^^ 
 
 years old, a very «oodn,ilker,Tu,dvI-vbar'iv tZw ''^'"'■^ '*^^*'" 
 to .ace are raised in tlu^ dis riot of ^^A:.^^' '''''"'''''' ^' 
 
 No. 10 rcpr<'sents an East Erjsian bull, now thrfe 'uul n..« i.ou- 
 old, raised in East Friesland, now the pn)!)ertv of f L . ""^ • '^'^'''''"^ 
 tl.eGer:.an En.pire. The an'in.al is a iuKpeciS e / if'no^^ 
 fairest specnnens, ot his race, bnt shows rather 1 w onn Hnn n"f *^^ 
 and is rather lony-k-yea, with a sli^'htdowmS cu vh>t in «? """T' 
 tone. The formation of the liead i.^ nornri 1 ,J H 1 ^J" H? ^^^''■ 
 .ther ,,ron.inen. Color black alKlVStrftase wttoTogs "nd blacM 
 tail. These cattle are veiv endurinjr and will «Von-i .. ^ ' "^^^ 
 t^o ocean as well as the Olden bu/jj or Sj^dLger race?*^'^^' ^'^''* 
 
 HOUSING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING. 
 
 Herewith I close the descrijjtive part of the cattle ni^i^ii ;» ,« ^• 
 tiict, to enter more particnlaHy npin the lu^^^ing fee^ii Z^l ^'T 
 in? (.f the catth-, and the disposition made therwf ^' ^'^*'**' 
 
 The cattle ni the marshes pass from six to seven months nf H.n x^^ , • 
 tlieoi)en air on meadows, which L'ive nlentv nf l.n^S • "'^'^^ar m 
 mu. ibod, by which the more or le s s i" wileS 
 lieiisated. The j.astnros are abundant in ^mss. J W^ V, ""^ *''*"'■ 
 Plants or herba.is. For sevei.teen Sd l^^^^k^^^^^^^^^ '' 
 
 or 1'5 acres, are required of -ood mid.llii,..- marsh I ...St n*^' . "^^.'^^V^' 
 cease of weight (If <,-attle grazing <^^^ goo« aS,^^^^^^ h "^ '^'''',*''« "'■ 
 following statement was given mc"b Ave trwll Al^ the marshes the 
 F.OU. May to October, latt y ■^ ;'^,'/u,!^i J^ -^^^^^^^ 
 uiing I'O.lOy;; hectar(>s, or about 4(J acil^s fSv iwo ov , f ^ ^ 'T'''- 
 aii.1 calves, and onefill>-. For thirteen dav^^^^^^ sixteen sheep 
 
 I't wliich the grass had been cu be o i ^l"e 3t of ?K^ 
 ins- one hundred and sixty-two days on meadows ft.. H. '''^"'^' ^'"■• 
 from 517.15 kilogran.s at the beg nni g o 7JJ 1^ *Z t ''''?' ^l;"^^ 
 lii«l.est increase in weight was 3(« lurogmn s or G cw '%7.«^ ^''? 
 iin'oinitod to -'1 kilogKuns,or nearly to 4 c^U Th! .* ' *^« 'T««t 
 increase amounted to 1,bout;{ pou Is- \n7.fh, . V ^^'"^ ''.^^'fSO ihiUy 
 marshes last year fed ei- t ov. . , i.i. ,t"i't'"^^' <'""'<'i- "» the Weser 
 
 paid lor such ree,li,,g 'i ■ U W,m i? 1 io' ''T' ^V ^'V '^••- ^'''^ price 
 
 ) i,:. 
 
 if ill 
 
 
422 
 
 CAl 
 
 AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 mals mostly beiug fed oq straw, so that in general these cattle r«f 
 in a very lamentable state or condition when the grazing tiina""" 
 menees. For some time several of tlu^ farmers in the Wewr ir .r?'"" 
 Jeverland, and East Friesland have desisted from this old i> ,, **' 
 are finding for their cattle better and larger accommodations uwi ♦• "1 
 them during the winter with more nourishing fodder, consistiu .J of ' 
 cracked grain, and the diflerent sorts of oil-cakes and rice Tlio ""' 
 forage is used in its natural state uncut, while cabbages. 'turniLl'^" 
 are cut. ' ""luips, ,^'c.^ 
 
 The housing of the cattle during the winter corresponds witi. .u 
 method in Holland. The feeding cribs, contrary to the metl.< In ^^ 
 in the south of Germany, are situated a little lower than thpflln"-® 
 which the cattle stand, so as to give them more ease when risin./ -r/" 
 whole arrangement in the stable enables the farmer to keen' t h «" 77 
 cleaner and clean them easier than otherwise would be the cise Ti 
 18, also, a considerable saving of space and litter. In the m-dkht.T 
 <;alvingofthecowsin general takes place in the mouths fronS 
 ber to February, as this period is considered by all interest^l tiuf l" 
 tavorable, as it enables the breeders to bring the vounir ciIvo« f T' 
 grazing grounds early in spring. If brought there when youncrpp f 
 animals would hardly be able to withstand the inclemeiu.v 5 J. 
 weather. The new-born calves are not allowed to suck at i'Jl 
 The milk taken from the cows during the first three weeks onlv « T^^' 
 to them. After this time they are fed on buttermilk, bread ZH? 
 accustom them gradually to a more consistent food. Cnu -imi i! n 
 calves are fed just the same. To many of our farmers ii tbo Unih. 
 States, this feeding may appear irrational, but experience shows ti.'. 
 calves fed in this manner progress far more fiivorably than tho J 1 
 for a longer period on milk, as these come into the pasture gmm 
 with a tender stomach and with a luxuriant layer of flesli om tiH.ir..l 
 casaes, which is not desired. mtirur 
 
 The young heifers, after the completion of their second year, are led to 
 the bull. By this time these young animals have reached the m „ , 
 ment particular to the cattle bred in the marshes, so that thev ■, h u 
 to support the embryo and to calve without injury to theindolves 
 
 BifUs when thirteen to fourteen mouths old cover cows. Jt is*im„.i. 
 to be regretted that for some time the breeders of these valuable ani 
 mals when they are at their best development, sell the bulls to lorei^n 
 breeders without any consideration as to the want at home TIipS 
 ernment and the unions of the herd-book try to put a stoii to \hkTu 
 jurious di^sposition, but without any avail. The i)rices paid by foreim, 
 breeders being so high as to enable the proprietors of such biilKs toiv 
 turn the premium they received on the condition that the auimal h-i.i 
 to remain at least one year in the district for which the lueiniuni wis 
 granted. '■ * 
 
 Another factor ii; the breeding of the cattle in the marshes is the 
 climate, which, to those not born and bred there, ai»i>ears less thin 
 agreeable. The average fall of rain amounts to about 707 .nillinieters 
 annually. In consequence of this climate, of which the middle teiii- 
 l)erature in summer seldom raises over 8° lieaumur, together with the 
 more or less hardy rearing which the cattle in the marshes must endure 
 the latter may bo classed as thoroughly sound and healthv. Jn no part 
 ot the northerly marshes do less diseases anioiiL-- cat tie appear thim hen'- 
 contagious diseases, if any prevail, are brougiit here, and are sooner 
 extirpated than in any other district. The broad chest of these cattle 
 and their Bound lungs prevent any pulmonary diseases. For a series ol' 
 
 I'EEOENTAGE 
 
 ■m 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 423 
 
 years no contagious diseases have been observed in this district ; if 
 brought in from flolland and other adjacent countries they always were 
 localized and arrested in the places infected, wherefore I can only repeat 
 ny former assertion that the cattle in the marshes are the most hardy 
 and healthy race of North Germany and Holland. 
 Having alrea<ly reported in the foregoing on the disposition made of 
 the overi)roduce of these cattle by the breeders, I only need refer to 
 tie annexed tables, in which further particulars are to be found. 
 
 "AMERICAN CATTLE AND HOGS IN OLDENBURG. 
 
 Concerning the importation of live cattle from the United States to 
 this district, I have to state that so far I find it to be confined to a few 
 liead. These did not come up to the expectations, showing too much 
 of the Shorthorn blood, thereby taking a long time to fatten: so that 
 this importation ceased after the first trial. Lately, however, live pigs 
 of the Poland-China race have been imported from the United States 
 with some success. These importations would no doubt have been 
 more numerous if a reliable connection with breeders in the United 
 States was easier to obtain. As it is, the commission, shipping, and 
 expenses charged greatly enhance the prices. A respectable commis- 
 sioa appointed liere for sale or exchange of cattle for breeding or graz- 
 ingf piiri)oses would, no doubt, greatly assist in the transaction dt the 
 cattle business^ and certainly in a short time would render a good 
 account. 
 
 IMPORTS OF MEATS AND DAIRY TRODUCTS. 
 
 Of Other cattle produce imjwrted here by way of Bremen and Ham- 
 burg, 1 have to mention besides canned meats, salt beef in barrels, salt 
 pork in barrels, butter, and cheese. The salt beef, not only used for 
 ships' i)rovisions but also for inland consumption, is of some moment 
 wiiilst the importations of salt ])ork in barrels, by reason of the pro- 
 hibitive import laws of Germany, consist only of those qualities used 
 for ships' provisions— Bait bacon, as well as refined lard, for inland con- 
 sumption being strictly prohibited, the import thereof has entirely 
 ceased. In oflicial quarters in Berlin it would appear that the seafar- 
 ing people of Germany are not considered subject to trichynosis, other- 
 wise the exemption as above stated would not have been allowed. 
 
 The importation of butter or margarine is limited, as butter is'over- 
 proiUiced here, and commands in the Bremen and Hamburg markets 
 prices nearly 10 to 2o per cent, higher than other butter. The consump- 
 tion of American butter and margarine is more or less confined to the 
 more saving class of the population, whilst the poorer classes eat none 
 at all, in lieu thereof eating raw smoked bacon. 
 
 I'KBOENTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS OF CATTLE IN THE 
 
 DISTRICT. 
 
 The percentage of the inno bred Oldenburg, Joverlaud, and East 
 Frisian cattle is about 05 to 75 jmt cent, in either province, whilst the 
 Shorthorn cattle, bred only in the Weser marshes by one or two breeders 
 amount to about 10 per cent. The remainder is of a mixed breeds, not 
 necessary to enumerate. For dairy puri)ose8 nearly 25 per cent, are 
 bred, the remainder lor bnu'din-, Kljiuglitoring, or exportation. 
 
 TiKHX CATTLE FOR EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1 am of the opinion that the best cattle to bo imported into the United 
 States Irom Germany, to improve tho breed thero. without any doabt 
 
424 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 are tlie OI«l«aburg or Budjadinger race. Exact prices are not ohf»i„ 
 able, as they vary Irom $1(M) to $200, according to age, qiiality, &c 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS OF THE MARSH CATTLE. 
 
 In conclusion I submit answers to the questions transmitt^.i »;m 
 circular, giving naines of breeds, country, size of cattle at i n nS 
 niilkmg qualities, origin of breed, topography of country, substrSm 
 
 Name of breed. 
 
 Oldonbiirg, bred i n 
 tli« Wusor murHhus 
 
 Jevurluiid nwjo 
 
 OiHtHMitiid racex 
 
 Ost KriHlHD raco 
 
 StiortUoru raco 
 
 Aunual 
 
 avoraito 
 
 yi..l«l of 
 
 milk. 
 
 Milk to 
 
 noiindti 
 
 ufbutt«r. 
 
 Milk to 
 poiiud of 
 choose. 
 
 Size at maturity, : 
 measuriMl on \ 
 till) foro parts (in Wve weight 
 uioturH). 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 1.51 
 1.42 
 1. 30 
 1.47 
 1.62 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Owt. 
 
 14 to 15 
 12 13 
 U 
 12 14 
 U 10 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Owt. 
 lOtolS 
 
 14 1,1 : 
 11 ' 
 
 16 17 
 20 22 
 
 Owl. 
 
 01 
 
 08 
 
 50 
 
 04 to 84 
 
 00 00 
 
 36 
 38 to au 
 
 3H 
 35 38 
 
 33 
 
 Not made. 
 
 10 
 Not inado. 
 
 16 
 Net niadu. 
 
 1.4!) 
 1.3tf 
 1.34 
 1.32 
 1.50 
 
 1.57 
 1.48 
 1.21) 
 1.61 
 1.00 
 
 Breed. 
 
 WoMcrniash 
 
 Age at 
 maturity. 
 
 Team. 
 31 to 4 
 
 Jovurluud . 
 
 Geeslland 
 
 Out Fricalaud 
 
 Wolftlitof 
 
 moal at 
 
 maturity 
 
 of ox. 
 
 Owt. 
 8to» 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Owl 
 
 17 to 20 
 15 17 
 
 n 
 
 18 2(1 
 2« 22 
 
 Color. 
 
 Description. 
 
 « 
 
 0.72 
 9 II 
 
 Shorthoru . 
 
 10 12 
 
 Black and whitu 
 with white star 
 on fureboad. 
 
 White ami black 
 Hud four white 
 foot. 
 
 WbiUiand black.. 
 
 Bliu;k and white ; 
 wliiteli<;{H; star 
 on forehead and 
 black saddle on 
 back ; aliout 2U 
 
 llea<l shorter, as 
 with Ihu Hol. 
 htnd race ; sliort 
 loKS; Htruoturo 
 JMjrfect. 
 
 iluad longer; logs 
 UnorandlonKcr; 
 very good milk- 
 ers. 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 per oont. red. 
 Wliite and red ; 
 some blue-blauk 
 or mouao-u ol - 
 orud. 
 
 Fine looking ani- 
 mals hut -ather 
 toofatfuriiilaiid 
 consumption; 
 rei|uireat liiast 
 one year more 
 Brazing than 
 the other races. 
 
 How long bred 
 IHiro. 
 
 ■A- liinn limo, ex. 
 •'•opt uow ajiii 
 lli«neru88alwltli 
 hliortliurua. 
 
 A long tiiiio, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Si»id to bo of the 
 Angliariiilcn; 
 brood u long tlmt. 
 
 Twelve to fifteen 
 yt'ai'8. 
 
 Proiluct 
 
 BrtMMl. 
 
 Origin of breetl. 
 
 Labor. 
 
 Moikt. 
 
 -I- 
 
 Wesemnirsh I'uro Oldenburg brood with > (*) ♦OOtollSu 
 
 I few (fxcoptions. | I 
 
 Jovorhuid Original brmtil ' (») | 
 
 (leestland Diverse bieo«l I «50 to SKO | 
 
 Ost FrioaUud | Now sahl to be original ; now ( ; ) 
 
 mid tliencrosaudwitlillol- I , 
 
 I landbre'<d. ' 
 
 bhorthoni 'England ' i'\ I 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 7(» 
 
 KO 
 
 V, 
 
 1)0 
 
 
 («) 
 
 85 
 
 <.m 
 
 70 
 
 «fl 
 
 Milli. 
 
 170 to $80 
 
 loo 
 
 vi-j : BO 
 
 Cliwtse. 
 (t) 
 
 o 
 
 »2.'i 
 25 
 
 ' None required. 
 
 fffSiTtniiish.. 
 
 Jrvcrliwiil 
 
 (icislliuKl 
 
 0»t. l''ri<rtl;»nd. 
 
 ffesennarsli . . 
 .Ii'VPi'liind .... 
 (lo(>8(I:inil — 
 (tat FrieMland. 
 
 WeNorniiiish . 
 
 .Irvci'liKiil 
 
 (!eesthitiil .. . 
 U.tt Kriesland 
 
 Wi'sennarsli 
 
 iJcvcilaiid 
 
 (ioo.sllanil 
 
 Odt Friuitland . . . 
 
 Method of Ini 
 ami wiiriii in t 
 h)<i on lh(^ iiip: 
 
 Fcvdivij. — Cii 
 of t((ni(|w in ^ 
 
 Unrttiiiy. — 'I 
 liook is ()|ii>ii I'l 
 
 llavdlhig prt 
 Uxift, or ail) HI 
 
 (liH|IOMf(l of lit. 
 
 t Nuuo produced. 
 
 ; Not aaed for labor. 
 
are not obtain- 
 luality, &c. 
 
 LE. 
 
 insmitted with 
 a at maturity! 
 y» substratum 
 
 Live weljrht. 
 
 GKRMANY. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 DiBtl'iot. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 425 
 
 fffmrmiiiHli. 
 JcvitIiuiiI ... 
 (Iccsllitiid ... 
 0«t. l''ricrtl:ni(l 
 
 Altitude 
 
 
 
 ubove 
 
 Mnaii 
 
 
 lilBh- 
 
 teiniinra. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 wiitor 
 
 ture. 
 
 
 mark. 
 
 
 
 Feet. 
 
 OR. 
 
 °n. 
 
 2 to 15 
 
 6t4>n 
 
 7toH 
 
 3 lU 
 
 5 7 
 
 » » 
 
 15 40 
 
 7 8 
 
 7 8 
 
 2 2i 
 
 & 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 Wiuter. 
 
 °Jt. 
 liU*2i 
 
 U 
 
 1 2 
 li 2i 
 
 5| 
 
 District. 
 
 WpsmniHsh I Kntirely. 
 
 .Ii.vprliiml ! i 
 
 (loTOlIiiml ■-■ I I^omi. 
 
 list Friesliuid , ^ 
 
 Siihutratum, 
 
 How long bred 
 iniro. 
 
 A loni: lime, ex. 
 «'.o|it uow a,irt 
 lli«nc,ru8S0(lwlth 
 oliorthurua. 
 
 A long tiuio. 
 
 • 
 
 DIstHot 
 
 Liinefitoii 
 
 WoHoruiiU'sh -- ,. 
 
 
 J(^vrrliiMtl .-■., 
 
 
 
 
 Ortt Kri»w)an<l 
 
 Nuno. 
 
 None. 
 N'<mt'. 
 Noiio. 
 .Nune. 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 N(>iu<. 
 Nune. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 All. 
 All. 
 None. 
 i 
 
 Oravel, &c. 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 ) 
 None. 
 
 CulUvalcd grwiaea. 
 
 Do. 
 Suitl to 1)0 of th6 
 AiiL'liariiiloti; 
 brueUulonjjtlmt,. 
 
 Twelve to fifteen 
 yeai's. 
 
 Clifese. 
 
 m 
 
 (t) 
 
 80 
 fiO 
 80 
 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 (11 
 
 DlHtrict. 
 
 Wiwrinftiwli . 
 .lovcrliiiiil 
 
 (iocstlanil 
 
 Odt FriuHlunil 
 
 * Natural xniBsos. 
 
 Timothy, 
 
 (•) 
 
 Clover. 
 
 (') 
 
 Rye 
 
 (*) 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 an 
 
 Method of h,,um»<i.-lH stiibles Imilt of bricks iHi(U,liatcbe<l vviMi ree.l, v«rv beahl.v 
 1.1 win Ml Ml tho vvintor. I., sui.iiricr. from April ilO to November 1, aiiin.alB are feeJ^ 
 
 /'■<rrf,H.7.-CiniH,s in Huiinner. Hay, grain, beans bruised, .)il.cake8, iMul difloront sorts 
 ot (iinii|)n Ml winter. ' "'"'"">"" fc sons 
 
 IWv,dhuj.-Yy. l.iillH nscd for public use are selected by acommiHsiou. The henl- 
 iioiik IS ojicii lor rciristry. ^uiiimni- 
 
 llavdiwg produdH.-TM live eatHe are either sold at jMibllc sales or by private eon- 
 tract, or a e sent into the interior by private commissioners. Hutter and cheese re 
 (liHpoMfd ol at Hreiiien or Hamburg. cnct-se .»re 
 
 JOHN U. WILSON, 
 
 Consul. 
 
 ibor. 
 
426 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 CATTLE IN SAXONY. 
 
 REPOliT BY COXSUI. ilASON, OF DRESDEN. 
 
 I have the honor to rei)ly to circular issued froiu the Denarfmn^. . 
 State July 18, 1883. ^^-partment of 
 
 The importance of the subject I immediately comnrelieiidod -...i 
 to work to furnish all the information I couhl obtain, and liencVfi '*^* 
 parent delay in respondiu^,'. n'tap- 
 
 I found the greatest difliculty in procurin<r the desired iiifonn.r 
 esi>ecially that which wouhl enable me to complete the tables *.,ki?' 
 furnished by the Department. At last I applied to the statis ir^ J"! '' 
 .reau ot Saxony for what information they could furnish me to'.. .. . 
 the Department of State. They replied in the IbUowiu- ^ommSm- 
 
 [Xiiiuelution.J 
 
 The resi.pctf.illy nndersignea board of iiiaiia«..|fi .lot-ply ivjrrot Ijeiinr ,„„., , , , 
 to answer 1,ll.MHl.^stl<.lml•olltail.^>(l in the cirfiiliir issued l,y tlu) D.'i)n.'ri„ f ,'•' '^^'"^ 
 ^yaHhlUsto.l, on tho 18tl, of July last, as in„,.iri,.s ivlativo to tl^.C , ?;',■''''«' 
 nous breeds ot cattle and tho f.'c.iiidity of tli.^ ..|lH|.iiii.r to bo ni.^t w . i ^''" ^'»- 
 thecountry have, np to this tiiiu;, not bwn insulutod. Jtv nieaMs . f . . ''"'""Kl""it 
 made in the year iMriO concerning the anionnt of bulls kept throuKlu nf .' , '■'■'"'■'f<^''«« 
 some vah.able information has, however, b.-.-n gained with rcKar. It I ri'''""!''-^' 
 bulls used lor breeding purposes. As one is, at a,ny rate, able to 'raw , ';,;',''•'' "^ 
 from the bulls in exn*euce, to the cnt or tend.^ney of th.» bn^ediu-r t , ,i """""' 
 board of managers have tho honor of submitting to the consulate th,/, 11, r'**'':"*^'' 
 investigation under consideration in one of the sup.deinents- in iVl.liHn * "','''o 
 we beg to subjoin to the circular, which wo do hereby return a v. ..,.*" ^''''«'' 
 appertaining to the areas used for farming i.urposes, the live wei-ht « ,1 I'l J^Hi'.'e" 
 va ue of the beasts, togeth.T with the results of the lat.^st eensiis of-\ , ,, '" "'"'"S 
 
 Ihe Kingdom ot Saxony does not only import vast .inantiti.s of c'.t '. i ' , 
 ered for the market, but also introducs numbers of Ol.lenbur.' ■ n.Tn t " ^""'■^■ 
 ing fresh nulk, or great with young, which, sul.se.iu.utlv to bein.r nXa '""'.^r- 
 cease to yield any more, are slat>ghlere<l, or, like imnorted heifers u c d J ' r'^ 
 purposes. Only Voigtland draft oxen and fatten,..! ones, ..rs,'h',m!ie ,'"'!"*-' 
 a course of feeding, are exp..rted in rather large .,uanti( ,■„. Tl e Vol t .n r'^'ul'^ 
 which lormerlywero in very brisk deman.l, n.7t only on acconi of n 1 -""'"' 
 richness of their u.ilk, but also by reas.n. of their b.-ing strikin- " ' «l. , , , T'":"?," 
 fed, and, n, particular, owing to their servicableness as beast^ o f ■' f , • ^'^f' 
 quently used ..r bre.Hling purposes than they formerly w.-re. Tl ./ext. l.'s , ''T/,''."- 
 breed, which is the only ..ne indigenous to this count'ry, i« but very t ■ Ih "'!' 
 
 IS not to bo met with anywhere excej.t in the vicinity of Planen oi I,, ''^".^''r " 
 bach con8e.,uently, wi an area of 142,027 hectares. The stock of p'„n V S; ' ,^"T 
 had formerly been diminished by exportation, which was ..lii "'''''''''''*''* 
 lengths. Tho efforts made by hnsbandinen ami farmers of lat. t , „ i" '';""<"''™"^ 
 with as much milk as p.issible has more and more di«h,,lge ^^ ;',,'" '''''^^'^^ 
 cows. The Voigtland cattle, a reddish brown or bay-,.olore.l br... I o ! iV '^' n'"'' 
 stature, have white horns with black tips, and tailswith white e,l,,r;;oi',!t's'''''''"'^ 
 
 Accompanyinp: the above communication were a set of tables enibodv 
 m^ all the inlormat.ou obtainable from their cattle census oflS^" 
 
 While they do n... conform strictly to the renuirements i^f ti.,> I'.i . 
 table. iurniehe<l by the Department, I Imye tllol^ "u a i J, ' J^ 
 best to copy and transmit then, in the form receixed f.ou, tl 1 tt.s 
 cal bureau. T;he labor was great, ami the cc.,.rt,^sy coit, , nd ! \ v 
 the statistical bureau, which 1 duly acknowledged in appr.nlriato ^rms 
 and promised reciprocal courtesies at any time by this , '),,sulate^. y 
 Department ot the Government of the United St'ites, when .lesiivd ^ 
 Thecourtesy, not only in this instance, but at all times, aiid hN- i,l| 
 departments oi the Saxon Covernmeut, has always been complete a 
 satisfactory, and it gives ine great ph-asure to assure the Depaitin'nt 
 
 United States Consulate, (^.J,jj„; 
 
 Drcidcn, November 20, 1880. 
 
GERMANY. 
 SAXON AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE STATISTICS. 
 
 427 
 
 Areas that hare proved producHve, in an aflricultural point of view, together with the areeu 
 appropriated to herhuge for fodder, in the Kingdom of Saxmiii. 
 
 (Prepared at the royal Saxon statlHtJcal office, and t>HnHlati'd and tranBmitted by Consul Mbrod of 
 
 Dt-partnientB of ad- 
 iniiiiatration. 
 
 
 ,.£■•3 
 
 SbrievaltieB: 
 Jiautzen — 
 Dreitdcn — 
 Lcipsio — 
 Zwickau — 
 
 Kingdom . 
 
 s 
 o. 
 o 
 9^ 
 
 Jliet 
 
 '.'H5. 2 
 'J!)lt. 4 
 170.3 
 4««.yil, 10'), 141 
 
 3r)l,32e 
 TUT, 82'J 
 
 30a 1 2, 0T2, 80S 
 
 Beet 
 
 240, 073. 33 
 433, flHr.. 73 
 3M), T35. 44 
 4U1, am. 01 
 
 Area that proved prodnctive In an aBrlcnUnral 
 point of view In 18T8. 
 
 Arable 
 laad and 
 landcniti 
 \atfd n» 
 uardeuB. 
 
 Beet. 
 
 124, 138. 04 
 240, fiK4. 01 
 24-^, 2T0. 08 
 203,274.31 
 
 1, 400, 204. 31 
 
 872, 288. 24 
 
 Meadow 
 ground. 
 
 Heel. 
 
 34, 538. 27 
 49,0,57.12 
 8.5, 286. 42 
 87, 255. 87 
 
 188, 137. 18 
 
 Pr.Btur- 
 ago. 
 
 4, 280. 93 
 3,820.31 
 2, 826. OT 
 4, 502. 46 
 
 Vii.«. 
 yards. 
 
 16, 529. 67 
 
 1, 282. 95 
 
 Sum t4>tal. 
 
 3ect. 
 162, »j7. TO 
 204, 734. H8 
 2t;2, 403. 70 
 275, 12?. 26 
 
 1, 015, 218. 04 
 
 The following herbages for fodder and graases were •ultlvated as 
 main crops or produce in the year 1878, 
 
 Departments of ad- 
 iniiiiatratinn. 
 
 Slirievalties: 
 r.aiilzon.. 
 Hicsdeu.. 
 Leipxio .. 
 Zwicliau . 
 
 Ihet. 
 1.5,560.62 
 26, 800. 20 
 24,727 13 
 23, 237. CO 
 
 Jlcet. 
 
 30. 8; 
 
 30. 32 
 
 6.61 
 
 Kingdom i 90, ;m4. 55: 81, 78 231. 07i 7, 106. 55 
 
 
 neet. 
 
 204. an 
 
 17. 00 
 9.00 
 0. 34 
 
 Ilect. 
 
 0.88 
 
 3,10.5.66 
 
 5.5. 16 
 
 3, 944. 85 
 
 
 & 
 
 e 
 
 » 
 
 a 
 Hi 
 
 llfet. Ueet. 
 
 2a 04 18.01 
 1,50. ,50 221. 10 
 317.63; 214.15 
 
 81. 07 66. 00 
 
 P to 
 
 132 
 «, ** 
 
 .si 
 
 Beet. 
 
 228. 2i 
 4, ,140. 04 
 1,794.96 
 6, 108. 70 
 
 570. 14: 520. 22i 12, 650. 91 
 
 •a 
 
 I 
 i 
 
 add 
 
 Beet. Beet. 
 16,079.121 2,18a .13 
 
 34, 769. 94 
 27, 123. 70 
 83, 527. 46 
 
 11', 5P0. 22 
 
 811.80 
 101.08 
 308.02 
 
 3,478.13 
 
 Breeds ana number ofhulU used for breeding purposes in Saxony in 1880. 
 
 
 Low country breeds. 
 
 .a 
 
 a 
 
 To 
 a 
 M 
 
 34 
 
 21 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 95 
 
 Spotted 
 
 mountain 
 
 breeds. 
 
 Dt'partinonts of aduinist ration. 
 
 « 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 .a 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 •a 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 £ 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 ® 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 4» 
 
 63 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 ShrievaltioH: 
 
 Hautzi'n 
 
 232 
 130 
 261 
 181 
 
 266 
 
 1,003 
 
 620 
 
 373 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 8 
 3 
 
 
 r)rt'H(l(<n 
 
 Ijpiimio 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 46 
 
 68 
 
 It 
 
 Zwicliau 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 * " ■ * 
 
 6 
 
 IT 
 
 • ■« > 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 813 
 
 2,162 
 
 22 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 14 
 
428 
 
 m 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Jlreed. and numbc- of bulls uscdjor breeding purposv^ in Saxony in 1880- 
 
 Continued. 
 
 DepartmentB of wlmiuistiutlon 
 
 ShritvaUicx: 
 
 KlVlltiltM ... 
 
 UnMtloii.. . 
 
 LlljpHJU 
 
 Zwickau 
 
 Kinndooi 
 
 JW'oion or extension of the various kinds of n^olds or vegetable earths in S^uon,. 
 
 CollnctivH ivrtm bolouKini; m— 
 
 Diluvium 
 
 (rniiiiluuntl Hyunito.. ..!."].".' ' 
 
 G UtlJHH ' " 
 
 <;iiiynliito ."!.'."'' 
 
 U liiiinioi (ilauj (<J limnlei'mlilofer) 
 
 Ilm loiinalimi ,,f p.at (l.rown loal)!:;;;.'; 
 
 I'liipliyruiMlimlaidiyr... 
 
 Wliilosloijb ;... 
 
 S;iu;MuHtono(l)ioa«lbtiino).'.".V.V.' 
 
 jDlabaso (piiiiiitivo rock) 
 
 Xeu other uiulUs 
 
 TotjU . 
 
 Hectares. 
 
 34S,(M8 
 231, LTS 
 2U6,;t7l 
 1«1,;)7« 
 98, 509 
 
 «■"', m 
 7h, ;iutt 
 
 7J,7«7 
 
 4U, 5!(7 
 ■(■», Wil 
 .'11,711 
 
 40, m 
 
 l,4i)l),70f 
 
 Per 
 
 tout. 
 
 a 21 
 
 !r..4L' 
 l.f. 7« 
 1(1. 70 
 
 c. r,7 
 ■i. m 
 
 ■I. 22 
 
 s.oo 
 ;i. 48 
 a. u 
 '.'. m 
 
 2. II 
 2.fi0 
 
 1IM.0V 
 
 STOCK OP CATTLE IN IDE KINODOM OP SAXONV. 
 
 tlio cattJo kept in tlie « mtrv li. '^r,..' <,' « "i"«tive wcisbt of 
 
 Ilorncil caltlo in 
 
 Slicep ill (jeneral 
 
 Swino ill gimoral 
 
 QoiilH ill goiioral 
 
 U(iriit'(lcBtllt<iii ( 
 
 Swino ill general 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 Tlie sanio is composed as follows, viz : 
 
 Number of live animaU. 
 
 429 
 
 DtiRoriplion. 
 
 Naniber. 
 
 nortt*. 
 
 Fnnls less III'"' """>'"'"■ •'•"'•:•, 
 
 KoiilM IV..III on.' I'i I " o yeaiH iil«l 
 
 YmU lioiu I wo to tliiro voniH old ..... ... . . 
 
 total viUiio. 
 
 l.HM i 
 .'1,001 
 4,t»W ' 
 
 •iw : 
 
 117, Till I 
 
 Marin. 
 
 3;n,7!»r) 
 1,100,01;) 
 L', 121, ;i«it 
 
 107, OK.-i 
 
 70, !i;i0, :).vi 
 
 VhIho |ior 
 hvful. 
 
 Unrkii. 
 170.3 
 ;mi.;i 
 ri'J7. 1 
 
 1,071.0 
 
 n7H.fl 
 
 Horw'H . 
 
 120,880 I 83,000,210 
 
 Muhn mill liiniiii>s. 
 Asufls (iloiiko.vB) . . . 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 !l. tKIO 
 
 Neat nr homed caltle. 
 
 ago 
 
 mivcH lc».s Minn .six wookHold 
 
 ,;„lv.w lioiii Hix w.'..kH to MIX inontlm ol<l - 
 
 • WHS or voiiiiK iininiiilH Irom oimlmll .yoar to twoycnrw olrl 
 Hulls I wo vt'iirs ol.l, uiid «'xrw.llnK tlmt, ii(io . . . . . . 
 
 OlhtT oxtii or l>iill« 'wo yi'MH. iioil oxccPtliiiR that 
 
 CowH two yiaiB olll, ami rxocrdiu^ihaMiKo 
 
 Il.irncd cnttio In Rcneml ; 
 
 Shfep. 
 FiiiP wooUmI hIiw'P lc<'pt *"'"' sl'oai't'K piirpoRcs, 1(>»h tlmn ono year 
 
 Fi'i'iiVwiMiliMl hIk'cp kept lor Hbeaiing pnrpospR, on« year old and 
 
 (ililnr. 
 I 
 
 in, 000 
 
 40,:)«' 
 llH,7(Vt ; 
 4,003 I 
 21J,6»I5 I 
 
 442, ono I 
 
 457, 104 
 
 2, 4:i;i, ,im 
 
 14,720,004 
 
 i,2iu, 5:hi 
 
 7,730,081 
 
 10(1, 427, or..-. 
 
 0.'il,32ft j 
 
 ninrovc'd sliPi'p I>v<>d lor linti-lior, loss tlmn ono your old 
 111! irovcil slicM'ii lived lor liiilcl.rr, ono year old and older 
 
 III htr sIkm'P lortH lliii" "'"" .V"'"' <•'"' ••,-.•■■•.•,■■; 
 
 (Mlicr .slio('|i ono year old, and pxcooding that aKO 
 
 Sliccpin (icnpral 
 
 Swine. 
 
 .Siickiiii; pit's «"<• porkors loss than ono year old . . . 
 nreclinil sows (farrows) upwards of ono yoar old . 
 (Illior s\vine ono year old, and fXcoodhiK that ago 
 
 Swinoiii (jonoral 
 
 (loats. 
 
 Kids li'ss than ono yoar old 
 
 (iotttw ono yoar olil, and oxiocdinf! that afjo 
 
 OoatH in gonoral ' 110,547 
 
 1,1*70,82.1 
 
 218.3 
 78.3 
 
 20. 3 
 
 00.3 
 
 124. 
 
 a.'vi. 8 
 
 •Ml. 4 
 240. 7 
 
 Tlie live weigrlft has only been ascertained with regard to horned au- 
 iuiiil.s and swine. 
 
 DoHciiption. 
 
 ] NunilMir. i Total woiu'ht.; ^^fydf® 
 
 
 Ilomeil calllc. j 
 
 (JiiKps l(>fls than six wcoksold ; ir>, COO 
 
 (blvi's rrmo six w ^'lis to six nionf.lis old ' 40,382 
 
 Kawiis or voiiuj; aninials from a half year to two years old i 118,703 
 
 I'lills two M'ars old, and cxpot'diii!: that nRo 4,003 
 
 (lllirr oNi'ii and hnlls two years old, and oxeredinK that auo i 2!>, n8ri 
 
 Cows two. \ ears old, and exceedinj; tlmt a;;o j 442,0.'>0 
 
 Pounrh. 
 
 1,512,17.'-. 
 
 7, .Wo, 120 
 47, 488, 723 
 
 4,(H7, 113 
 
 2(i. 3.-,S, .'KiO 
 
 3,'-.l, 131.(I.V. 
 
 Uorncd eatlloin general 1 0.'>l,.'121t ; 438,717,.'>,'>5 
 
 flirine. I 
 
 Riickiuu pi^s and poikers less than ono year old 
 
 Utvedin^ sows (funows) one seai' old and olde 
 
 .1 08?, ."iOS lfl,2,'>n, 158 
 
 28, 287 
 
 Oilier sH ino ono year old and older 44, CO," 
 
 Snlnn in 
 
 Rene 
 
 ral 
 
 3.'>r>, 550 
 
 I 
 
 0, 2.'7, 407 
 11,821,811 
 
 :i4, 308, 400 
 
 PtmniU. 
 
 iw. n 
 
 187.7 
 400.1 
 !M7. 8 
 887. i» 
 704. 3 
 
 .17. 5 
 io.2 
 
 2-21 
 •Vi. 
 
 204. 5 
 
430 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS, OR BRUTE POLL, OP THE KINGDOM 
 
 ('^"•kenJanimrylO, I8«;i.| 
 CattU belonging to houtahoUs (farms) including moh heatU 
 
 Dencriptton. 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Of' SAXONY. 
 
 a» are te mporarily uhmt. 
 
 Total In 
 
 Namber of nwaorH of oattlo :* 
 
 (1) Sottltiil 
 
 ('•!) UuRflttlod. 
 
 SlirioTolty of— 
 
 Bsotcen. Oremlen. 
 
 I<eipaia. 
 
 CalvBH up to nionthg oiii'; 
 (>'l) IJptuUwHoka 
 
 H) From wi«k» to iiiontlVnYnVaKw 
 (J) From U wi-okH to niontlm (fu. 
 
 lualcs) ' 
 
 Fawns, oryonuu "niiuttlnfroiiVone-hiiif 
 yuartoa venrsold: 
 
 !!f! 5")'."",'"' '"""'o <■<>■• l>roe(ling)... 
 
 (7) Oeldedoxcn. 
 
 («l FoDialo fawns ] ' ] 
 
 (0) BiiUocks actually used for brcliijV 
 liiK purpoHoH (In 0) 
 
 ""■"f,;! "i""'" ^ J*'*™ "W «n<l over : " ' 
 
 (10) Bulls (cattlo for brcoilinc) at 
 least a years old 
 
 (11) Any other bulls or oxen. 
 
 (12) Cows 
 
 33, 8no 
 1,247 
 
 2, fi3S 
 1,411 
 
 5, 40r, 
 
 2,508 
 
 i.iao 
 
 14, 424 
 1,10& 
 
 OHO 
 
 n, 230 
 
 71, 12« 
 
 Total number (3 to 8 and 10 to 12) |02, KJO 
 
 43, 463 
 4, lUO 
 
 4,440 
 2, 443 
 
 0,030 
 
 3, 705 
 
 3, 111) 
 
 2«, 940 
 
 1,874 
 
 1,611 
 
 6,456 
 
 133, r>40 
 
 30, 773 
 5, 224 
 
 4, 270 
 1, 504 
 
 7,420 
 
 4, 455 
 
 25,482 
 
 1,794 
 
 1,119 
 
 2, CIH 
 
 115, 873 
 
 191,744 
 
 10;i, 512 
 
 Zwltikau. 
 
 50, 352 
 
 2, «U0 
 
 4, 303 
 
 3, 5tll) 
 
 9,()04 
 
 2, 857 
 
 7, 588 
 
 25, 743 
 
 1,277 
 
 1,284 
 17, 39!t 
 
 121, now 
 
 1883. In 1873. 
 
 198,243 
 
 •The number of owners apply to all live st«uk, cattlo, horsesT^-IuliiraH^^.^iJ^ep: 
 horses, mules, and asses in Saxony, 
 
 im,477 
 13,213 
 
 31.4J8 
 
 13,585 
 I2,5:'9 
 92, 58U 
 
 6, 050 
 
 4. Mn 
 
 '-'II. (is,-. 
 
 •ll:',o,Ki ! 
 
 «5i,:f!i 
 
 '■'AM 
 
 l-',50fl 
 
 M,«I3 
 
 6,8«5 
 1 113,317 
 
 «,t)«5 
 
 ■<tUI3 
 
 Boats, and swine. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Shrievalty. 
 
 Bautzen. 
 
 Foals: 
 
 Less than one year 
 
 From one to two years ." 
 
 From two to three years 
 
 Horses three years old and over : " 
 
 Stiillions for brecdlD!: purposes. 
 
 used for aRriouItural labor . 
 
 F or uiilitjiry purposes 
 
 All other 
 
 Dresden. 
 
 251 
 425 
 461 
 
 3 
 
 10, 502 
 
 02 
 
 2,957 
 
 649 
 
 705 
 830 
 
 103 
 
 20, 179 
 
 :t, 114 
 
 9,444 
 
 Leipsic. Zwiekan. 
 
 Total. 
 
 14,721 
 
 Foals bom in the year 1882 . 
 
 Uules and hlnotes 
 
 Asses 
 
 174 
 2 
 4 
 
 40, 930 
 
 013 
 1, 113 
 1,611 
 
 39 
 
 28, (521 
 
 2, 801 
 
 8, 895 
 
 T.itnl In 
 1883. 
 
 Total In 
 
 i«7;j. 
 
 43, 593 
 
 
 294 
 
 
 7 
 
 422 
 
 7 
 12 
 
 437 
 
 818 
 
 1, IIU 
 
 11 
 
 17, Old 
 
 07 
 
 8,192 
 
 27,042 
 
 — 
 
 3, (Mil 
 
 4,o:m 
 
 150 
 
 «2, -m 
 
 «,U44 
 29,488 
 
 1,^8 
 -', 153 
 
 70,475 
 
 5, 7t« 
 
 27,r,ll 
 
 128, 8W) 
 
 l,l(i4 
 18 
 2li 
 
 115,792 
 
 Sheep in Saxony. 
 
 Desciiption. 
 
 Finewooled sheep for sbearine pur- 
 poses, merinoes : 
 
 Less than one .year old 
 
 Oho yes r old aiid over 
 
 Improved sheep bred for the butcher': " 
 
 l.es» than one year old 
 
 One year and over 
 
 All other sheep: 
 
 Less f hsn OQc .^ ear old 
 
 One year old and over '.'" 
 
 Shrievalty. 
 
 Bautzen. 
 
 Dresden. Leipsic. Zwicknn. 
 
 ToUl. 
 
 1,032 
 2,608 
 
 2,689 
 «,U91 
 
 2,441 
 
 16, 337 
 
 2, 597 
 8, 743 
 
 3,864 
 12, 338 
 
 2, 200 
 8,433 
 
 1 Tntnl In 
 
 188:1, 
 
 18, 
 
 20, 
 
 , 259 
 ,278 
 
 ,178 
 , 233 
 
 411 
 815 
 
 38. 181 74, 174 
 
 OflO 
 2,038 
 
 I,C81 
 5,211 
 
 2, 28!) ' 
 7, 568 
 
 fl,S4« 
 31,267 
 
 15,412 
 42,473 
 
 10, 782 
 3!),25J 
 
 Total in 
 
 I 108,405 
 I 50, 238 
 ]■ 48,130 
 
 20,345 
 
 1411,037 
 
 206,833 
 
 Swine ; 
 
 |„.HH tlmn one yen 
 
 HiuiklnK |ilK« ••• 
 
 One vearold and » 
 
 iSri'ediiitf HOWH 
 
 Other swiuu at 
 
 Total 
 
 Ooiif « : 
 
 I,«8H than one yi-ar 
 One yiiir old luid o' 
 
 She(!oats 
 
 Any otlier,nt U 
 
 Total 
 
GKRMANY. 
 
 Siiint: ami fjoata in Saxouy, 
 
 481 
 
 Description. 
 
 8hrU<»«lty. 
 
 Total In 
 1883. 
 
 ToUlIn 
 
 lUntzen. 
 
 DnNuIen. 
 
 Lelptlo. 
 
 Zwlokan. 
 
 1873. 
 
 "'l^'U tliirn orio your old, Including 
 
 :iO, 182 
 
 2, 2fl.-> 
 
 4.B7H 
 
 80,210 
 
 11,500 
 12, 427 
 
 114,772 
 
 11,7.'V4 
 l.'-.,7H2 
 
 61, 308 
 
 2,000 
 11,008 
 
 283,608 
 
 28,287 
 44,006 
 
 
 HUiikliiK ]>tK« ■ 
 
 OuBVOiiroliUlKlDvnr: 
 
 IlrrmliiiK »0WH (Iiiitowh) 
 
 OtliBr Bwlno at loaBtono yeor old. 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 ;i7, 325 1 110, 212 
 
 142, 308 
 
 66,705 
 
 359,660 
 
 301, 300 
 
 ""lo'hh tlian oiin yonr old nnd kldH 
 
 Olio yiiir old luidovor: 
 
 0,645 
 
 30, 7.10 
 1 410 
 
 6,287 
 24,040 
 
 9 <U1 
 
 4,025 
 
 12,207 
 1,403 
 
 4,600 
 
 10,777 
 2,178 
 
 21,460 
 
 87, 44.1 
 7,038 
 
 
 
 Any othor.ut leoHt oue yt'iir oUl . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 38,720 i 3;i..'>08 
 
 17, 0U5 
 
 20,004 
 
 110, 547 
 
 105,487 
 
 
 
 
 
 BeeB in Saxony. 
 
 Shrievalty. 
 
 Bantien 
 
 Drendi'ii < 
 
 LiMiwio 
 
 Zwickau 
 
 Total In loss 
 Total in 1873 
 
 Total nnm- 
 bor of bee- 
 hives. 
 
 11,344 
 15, 657 
 14,783 
 11,072 
 
 Hlven with 
 
 movable 
 
 honey-combs 
 
 auonK this 
 
 total. 
 
 5,375 
 4,300 
 6,304 
 6,801 
 
 63,750 
 64,367 
 
 21,870 
 18, 670 
 
 li 
 
 : ;i 
 
 ■ I: 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 j ■■ 
 
 
 ' J.. 
 
 SILESIAN CATTLE. 
 
 BErOIiT BY CONSUL DITUMAR, OF BltESLAV. 
 INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY. 
 
 In accordance Avith instructions contained in the circular of July 18, 
 I iaclose liorewifli the result of investigations repardiuf? the altitudes, 
 climate, soil, and cattle food-products of Hilesia and its natifo an<l otl'.er 
 breeds of cattle, "with such iuforination as was obtainable regarding the 
 best breeds for the dairy, for work and for slaughter, the jiereentage 
 of the various breeds kept in the jirovince, and the amount and mode 
 of export heuce. In the absence of any printed statistics on these sub- 
 ject.s, and of any work describing the native cattle of Silesia and the 
 foreign breeds and crosses considered most desirable, I have been ob- 
 lijjt'tl to deponr, upon personal inquiry, verbal and in writing, and on 
 the assistance of several gentlemen who were In position to obtain the 
 most trustworthy information on the subject of the inquiries; notably 
 Mr. A. Kiirte, author of a standard work <m "The wool sheep," whose 
 business in tlie last six weeks obliged him to traverse the province 
 nearly from end to end; Professor (ralle, dean of tiie ]»i»ilosophical 
 faculty of the l5r<'^■:!au University, who fuvjiislied tlse altitUjie.Haud nscan 
 teinperatnre of the (country; Dr. Neefe, director of the Breslau statis- 
 tical bureau, and Messrs Leo Sachs and Paul Pusehmaun. 
 
 
48i 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY KARMINO. 
 Rir.KSrA— ARKA, CLIMATE, HOIL, TOI'0(;ilAlMrv, KTC. 
 
 Hilosin, Iho soufhojistorn province oftlie Kinc<loni of fiimwi„ i 
 ftroji of ir>,5r,0 8q„arc n.il.H/oxnMulinK Iron, norU. la tuclii i m; ?^i: 
 and from ojwt lon^Mtmlo .'{1.21 to MM. It is dividod into tl r - ""*' 
 Htrafvo (liHtricts Upper, L<.wor, und Mid.li.^Silei; , ^^^ ft 
 by the lufmeH ot their capitals, Oppeln, Lie^nit/, and Mi «:,,'' 1'' 
 
 Silesia I he sonthern i)art8 of Middle at.d Lower Silesia are ..m •'*' 
 ojjh; the rest of (he province is dat, with (he ex.Tption of ho ' '"■ 
 n the <5.ant Monntuins, which rise abrnptly fro, , the I ,w , i T 
 Ind,,,,/ 11,11s, and the hilly portions of IJ ,p'or Hih-sia. A loi '^;' ""^ 
 c^ntot the area ,s hilled land an.l ^aniens, JM.7 n...,d(,w ", ,i /K 
 
 tor observations have only recently been n,i,del and U.e n.T^mV.'' 
 yet been fixed. Breslan, situatnlnearly in the\i L" of hi. , l? 
 at an altitnde of nearly 400 feet, has a winter n,ean of -')'??' 
 snnnnerinean of +17.;{C. ^**<iui i..iL.i\\ula 
 
 The ffreater j>art of the province is drained by the Oder Ifivnr „ 
 
 small portion „, the sontheast by the Vistula, the wedce slVro^i „ .' " 
 
 extrein ty and the luonntain distri(,t near tl e s^.uW u p I o7sn'" 
 
 8.an s.de of the Giant Mountains) by the latter river. As h.^.ntv 
 
 jrouffh wh.ch theO<ler flows is for the .nost part but littVl i'l £ 
 
 the surface of the nxi^r at ordinary hifyh water, th(. stre.m ns ,ai " 
 
 be ddced neariy ts entire length, the dikes at so.ne plSd, f. t V,^ 
 
 a fi^w yards of the nver bed, atothers nearly half a ,nile liS.t IZ 
 
 or twice ineach year all the lan.l within the dikes isiniin I'S irwi ? 
 
 .nf ,.eq,UM,t,ly the water overllows tly^ banks. With , le K V ! 
 
 nay be termed alluvial ; not n,uch effort is miwle to eul iv ite if ,,/ 
 
 Ks good meadow land and yields fine crops of hay '"""'^^^ '^ ''"^'^ 
 
 fn.,j '«M'^''''''"''"."V'"' ^'^"'^♦'^'*' ^«"ee, with their valleys, nossoss •, 
 I^ w «;i f "|-\'^'i' ''^ u' Preat depth, iK^in^r „„<lorlaid by ^.a , tH ^i 
 sandstone, slate, basalt, and old limestone """•,^0*11 
 
 The soil op the lelt bank of the Oder is mostly clave'y, with a coi.si.l 
 erable swlmixture of sn„d, but isesteenied for all auric,, tun 11, Zi' 
 superior to that on the right bank, which is mainly sfu.d «,,'&' 
 
 tion). The al ,tude ranjjes from about .'WS feet at the point wl, 1 "' 
 Oder h'aves the province to af>out 2,i;{J) feet, the highest cnltvl 
 |>o.nt ,n the (J.ant Mountains, and 4,200 feet, the hiS,K i '" .-^^^ 
 rKTM^'f- ^'"^ ^^^'l |'iffJ'«st peaks are the Sd.neeVo ,k, u lie 
 (,iant Mounta,ns over .^(MM) feet, and the Schneebcw in he (}],"/ 
 Mountains, over 4,r,00 feet. (These names are applie.l t.,certuium' 
 tions ot the mountains ; the entire range is known as the Sudctics.) 
 
 CATTLK PEKDING L\ SILEXIA. 
 
 0»7i««<j«.— Thr ,-n^8wp CK'tivati'd are red (clover, white clover, (Imotliv. 
 l^u\ii\Z^l'"^F'^'''' ^'''" '■'""•••^'oue soii), lucerne, ii IK I smiulcllii. in 
 audition to tit^^n jj.aHses, Indian (torn, sown in diill.s, is cut j?reenfor 
 
OKRMANY. 
 
 438 
 
 f.MMcT {••'•' K'"'" '^'"'^ ""*' '■'pt^'O? «""l liipinoH, vt'tchcH, an<l foddor boiwis 
 „„. al.>^" lj"f,M'ly |)laiit<'<l. 
 
 Ill iii.v aiiiniiil H'porr lor 1H70 tlio nuinliorof hoctare8 80\vii in uniHHOH 
 mid otln r loddcr pliiiilM was Kiv«n, and an the pruportion dot's i\ot i)rob- 
 iiblv vary tnatrii dly from year to year, «'x<'e|»t that a larfjer amon..^, of 
 iii(iiaii (imii stalivs is now ])rodu<!ed— the tlgiireH are hero roprmluceU. 
 
 ArttolM. 
 
 I.iiplncs 
 
 Velolii'ii 
 
 fiHlitttr iH'ftU* 
 
 MalAH 
 
 Cliivoi 
 
 LiK'i'rao 
 
 neotariMi. 
 
 2(i, 2nr. 
 81, rn 
 
 1,H77 
 H.WIH 
 
 ■.'0:i, 1H7 
 n,u4i 
 
 ArtklM. 
 
 H(>rr»»li>lla 
 
 KHirarHelte , 
 
 Kv0K>'>tHM 
 
 TImoiliy 
 
 OtluM' Btannl'ii ... . 
 Otlifti' foililxr planU 
 
 n«wUrM. 
 
 a,3no 
 
 1, 'JTIt 
 
 1,1)09 
 
 470 
 
 OHR 
 
 IB, 7o;) 
 
 Poot fted.—VriniuiU'.ut anionj; the articles of food, jilike for dairy and 
 for Mil' It eartl", are the potato mash " swill "juodueed by lln^ iM'Ulis- 
 tiljorics within the province, the "yraiiiN" from its \Uir> breweries, the 
 iH'st rt'siduuiM or ,.alp from its 50 siifjar factories, and the oflal of its 
 iiiiiiu'ro' ; j)otato-starch factories. I have bef(»r(^ me a statement show- 
 ing the .iiiiouiitof arable land, of wood and meadov/ lan<l, water, &<;., 
 (it nil estate of (317 hectares in Lower Silesia, wlmrein, in the colnmn 
 (IcvotJ'd to live stock, occnrs the followin}? : " Cuttle fatteniiiju— food pro- 
 (iinul from mnnr factory and distillery." The exceptions to this method 
 ot fW'diiijj are-the cattle farms ami stables in whose immediate neij^di- 
 iHirliood the factory oflfal is not to bo obtained. Jn such jdaces potatoes, 
 beets, and turnips form a part, of the winter food. 
 
 HOIIHINO. 
 
 As a general rule cattle are coniined in stables the year round, the 
 liiiid bciug considered too valuabhi for j-razing, excrept for a few weeks 
 ill tilt' late summer and autumn, before the stubble is plowed under. 
 The stables are mostly warm and dry, and surrounded by the farm- 
 yard, into wlii<;h the cattle are sometimes turned for a few hours' airing. 
 Exceptions to the rule of dry and Avarm stables are, however, not 
 
 OATTLEBREEUlNa IN SILESIA. 
 
 As rofiards cattle breeding, this is systematically neRleeted by the 
 small fanner, while many owners of large estates view the matter solely 
 with iiiieye to i)resenti)rotit, without i«'gard to the permanent improve- 
 iiH'iii of tlieir sto(!k. They pay little attention to blood or iiedigree, 
 (((iitcntiiig tlieiiiselves with the i)uiehas(M)f a few line bulls selected 
 lioiii some stock of good rei»ute, either at home or abroad. 
 
 DAIRY FARMING IN SILESIA. 
 
 i¥(7/.-.— More care has been l>estowed v]wu the treatment of dairy 
 pnulncts in recent years than lormerly, resulting i>artlyfioin the estab- 
 lisliment (if a (Jovernnient <lairy school in Upper Silesia. Dairy asso- 
 ciaiious, (lisjKtsiiig of 8.(H)U io ::(),(>()(> iiiers of milk each per day, are of 
 recent origin, but are already numerous. Dairy farms within easy dis- 
 H. Ex. 51 28 
 
434 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 *ff «.P,f *'''f «i<^y g«t 21 cents per liter for their milk, retailors .on- 
 It ioroj to 4i cents ; m tiio country the usual contnict i»rico {«'.;"'"« 
 per liter, * ''^ -y wiits 
 
 BuUer.—Tho good reputation of Silesian butter dates, it is ...orf , 
 from the middle ages, and is still deserved. As an article thiAvm'^''' 
 and therefore, aclapted for exporting, it is considered (H,,n „'?' 
 Meclvlenberg and Danish butter. The mountain butter at nro. 'n ""' 
 mands the highest price in this market. Good table butt 'i cit! f"'" 
 J8J to 3oi cents per pound. In midwinter the price is Wn T 
 higher. '^wniently 
 
 C/icesc.— Cheese-making has not attained any great Dorfpof; 
 proportions, and little technical skill has been develoned Infl. ^' 
 tacturers. Besides some imitations of Swiss, Limbmger.uwi TfT 
 cheese, smal Silesian cheeses, called *' koppenkase," arV n. n?f 
 Tliese are sold mainly in the province and in the Berlin ret li ,n f ' 
 foreign cheese, notably English, Dutch, French, Swiss If. ir'^i 
 Eussian, is sold here in considerable quantities. ' ' **"*' 
 
 OATTLB PAIRS IN SILESIA. 
 
 the best bulls, cows, and cixen 1ms" bc^n Tiu.ited am^gXZZ'n; 
 the larger estates by these exhibition' ^ "^'^^ ^^ 
 
 CATTLE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP SILESIA. 
 
 Although many foreign cattle are imi)orted for breeding and dairv nnr 
 poses, but ew animals are purchased abroad for fattening. SiE?'' 
 coarse cattle are brouglit Irom tlui east and southeast bv de^wliVi ' 
 
 attcmed for the market, but their number is comparatively ^^^: 
 Cattle are exported hence to Si^xony, Berlin, the iestern an, d»^^^^ 
 inces, and some to Hamburg. From Hamburg they some 2^0 
 Knglan.l but the slnpm<'..ts to that country from hero direc aro inf.. 
 
 ue:it. The export of iiit cattle from Silesia amounts to fmm "I n > 
 70,000 head per annum. Besi.les the best qualities of ^l^Shi:^^^: 
 some working oxen are also exported. Among the best cat J Sox 
 por hence are the Ohlenburg breed for worldng ox,l^^ \;^^.l'^ 
 hoofs and great endunu.ce ; the Wilstermarsch (Ilolsteinr^ a'j) , 
 cross, an abnndan..e of milk and good meat; Shorthorn andXlet 
 cross, the former making much fat the latter much meat, an 1 clS 
 producing the best butcher's meat. The Shorthorn I as a s ? C, 
 disqualifying it as a worker. ''"'' 
 
 The freight from here to Hamburg for a car-load of 10 to 13 cattle of 
 an average weight of ] ,400 ,,onnds is $4.oO, including faro ,.f atte 1 u 
 Time, 24 to 30 hours Tiie cattle are closely t,.there(l t. tl.o I £ 
 car, and are neither fed nor watered on the road 
 
 As a rule, the best slaughter cattle are i)urcliased hv the dealers for 
 export, leaving the poorer <les(Tipti()ns for consiimptio.Mvitliin fho im v 
 ince. At the ast cattle market in this city Ml liead wore oil' m 7 
 
 «14.04 to $14.L'.S i>er cwt., exclusive of market fees or octroi hv lor 
 " prune "catlle, $11.00 to 8ll.!)0 for mediun,, and *0.(;(5 (,, ,^7 If Jo,- 
 poor lots. hx{)oit cattle fetch on the liiniis, live \vei^lir,!i!li.r.L''|Kn(!\vt. 
 
 ■■" "or good quality, and >^',.<Mi to ,mG..|;5 for 
 
 for prime steers. i5<7.1 I (o i«<S.r>i> t . „ ^ , 
 
 lean animals. The cattle lor expoi't are sliippeil jit'st 
 
 city and pay no city dues 
 
 ippcil at stations beyond the 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 435 
 
 CIIABACTERISTIOS OF SILESIA.N CATTLE. 
 
 ',Mie number of cattle in Silesia on the 10th of February last was 
 1,304,14"). The breed peculiar to the country, known as the Silesian 
 laco (Schlesisches Laudvieh), has many excellent characteristics. The 
 eows .yield a fair quantity of rich milk, and both cow and ox are highly 
 priztni as draught cattle. They are hardy, of great en*' irance, easily 
 fed, and tlieir flesh is palatable and nntritious. The^ .^re essentially 
 the poor man's cattle, and are to be found in their original purity mainly 
 oil the smaUer estates. Their color is red, and red and white, and their 
 horus are siaiilar to those of Ayrshires. With their long legs, broad 
 chests, and small haunches, however, they do not meet the demands 
 eitlier of the cattle fancier or of the English butcher. 
 
 An offshoot of this race, differing but slightly in appearance, but giv- 
 iiio' a still better quality of milk, though less in quantity, is called the 
 • Silesiaii moiintain cattle" (Schlesisches Gebirgsvieh), also red, or red 
 aii<! wliite, but usually white-backed. These mountain cattle have been 
 crossed with the Simmenthal (Switzerland) and the A Igau (Bavarian 
 hislilaiuls) cattle with the best results. The few animals from the Zil- 
 lerthal, in the Tyrol, brought hither by some Protestant exiles many 
 years ago, nave also been crossed with the Silesian mountain and the 
 Siininentlir breeds, but without any marked improvement. A cross of 
 the lonland cattle with the Shorthorn cattle, continued through sev- 
 iMiil gcner itions, has produced abreed known as the Silesian Shorthorns, 
 ciimbiMing the best qualities of both races. The Silesian cattle are thus 
 described- 
 
 Sileniaii cattle of the plains. 
 
 Xiiiiie of breed : Silesian lowland cattle. 
 
 Aiiniiiil average poniulH of milk : .5,000. 
 
 Milk to j)<)iiii(l.s of butter: 14 to 1. 
 
 Milk til ))oiiii(ls of cheese: 7 to 1. 
 
 Si/.f at maturity : Cow 140, bull and ox IfiO centimeters high. 
 
 Livi' wei^lit at maturity: Cow 1)00, bull 1,200, ox 1,000 pounds. 
 
 Aj^o at maturity : Four years. 
 
 Wi'ijjlit of uu'at at maturity : (500 to 700 pounds. 
 
 ('olor : K'ed, and red and white. 
 
 l)( sniptioii : Long legs, medium breadth, normal chest, snuill haunch, horns com- 
 piirativoly Kinall. 
 
 Orij,'iii of iirecd: Known only as Silesian. 
 
 Prodiut : Oxen i,nd cows esteemed as workers ; meat re>rjirded asmiod : milk of ex- 
 cellent (piality. 
 
 Silesian mounfaiti catlh: 
 
 Xamo of breed : Silesian liijfliland c.itle. 
 
 AiiiiiKil average i>onnd.Hof milk: :i,t)0O. 
 
 Milk to pounds of butter: 12 ))onnils to 1. 
 
 Milk to i)()iinds of elnu'se: (i pounds to 1. 
 
 Nariieof country : (liant Monntain.s and eonuty (ilat/. 
 
 Si/n at maturity: Cow V2:>, bull 140, ox. KK) centimeters lii<>-h 
 
 Live Weight: Cow, 700; bull, 1000; ox, IHIO pounds. 
 Ap;i' iit maturity : four years. 
 \Vei};l\t of meat at maturity : 500 to (iOO jiounds. 
 Celtir: K'ed, and red and white, mostly white-backed. 
 Df.seriptioii : Louft legs, broad chest, 'small rump. 
 ()ni,'in of breed: Silesia. 
 
 !'r,.,i,u.ts: (;,,,,d working cattlo; difTicHlt to fatt.-n, hn 
 oti'xiejlriit ((Uiility. 
 These cattle are' highly valiu'd by the small larmers 
 
 nu-atconHidered good; milk 
 
 Ihey ure hardy, mid can bo kept Rtmu6h less cost than imported breeds 
 
 ill the mountain districta. 
 
 
 
1! 
 
 ^^^ CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 IMPORTED BREEDS IN SILESIA. 
 
 the food, orperbaps'tor^,t'J^^:,*^ FresuSkI i? ^^^^»i«-eS i 1 
 years by some farmers, others import o.X fresh b ,1^17"^^ '^'^^^^ei 
 Zom'"! other breeds, such a^the 8 LS SwiT Jf '^'" ^ 
 «?«r.?o^K^"'?- ^^« ^"tch cattle, ^vith hroxccuilon nf ff "f ''■'' ^^^1 
 sterdam breed, are black, and black ami vlH?e ^li 2 i^'i*''*' >a'g<Um. 
 
 0,_000^^ 7,000 p„„„.3 per a,„r,.%7,Srilvi''„"eS^ 
 
 THE FAVORITE BREEDS IN SILESIA. 
 
 Taking at random 400 of the larger estite^ in v.,,; 
 province in order to ascertain which is the mos f v^^^^^^ "^ "'« 
 
 that on these estate&the following cattle are kept^ '''' ^ ''"" 
 
 Breeds of cattle. 
 Diitcl. cattle of more or less pure blood . Estates. 
 
 Datchand Silosian cross...: U) 
 
 Dntch and Oldenbiirff cross.. " r, 
 
 Dntcli and Swiss cross.... "" .t 
 
 Dutch and Shorthorn cro.ss.:.':; i.'."" in 
 
 Dutch and Zillorthalcro.ss. « 
 
 Dutch and \VilHtormar.sh cross ."."."■ i 
 
 Dutcn and EnolLsh cross l', 
 
 Dutch and Cxernian cross 1 
 
 Dutch, oi,io„,„„.^,,,inaswis<;'cro.;,;:: ::::: ? 
 
 Dutch and Miirzthal(Stvrian)cro.ss U 
 
 Due, and East Frisian cn's*^ I 
 
 Sl.'ff !' Tf; •■"'•' WilHtermarsh crosV ; 1 
 
 Dutch and Algau (Bavarian) cross 1 
 
 Dutch and panizijr cross :. 
 
 D c 'n? 1 A ■''''i''^' ■■'"'' Wiistcr.narsh cross W. 1 
 
 Dutch and Aynsliire cross 1 
 
 Mixed Dutch and other raco.s I 
 
 SiIesianLowhmd.... 14 
 
 Silesian Hi;,'hland 27 
 
 Silcsian and OldeninuK cross -".'" 1 
 
 biicsian andSwiss cross 1' 
 
 Silesian and Sc^hlcswi.rcros^ 1 
 
 Si csian and Sliorti.orn cross 1 
 
 S.osian Highland and Swiss cr<m.; :! 
 
 SIcsi.an and lYi.sian cross '<-' 
 
 Olden linrji; 1 
 
 OI(hMilM,rjran(l\si;„7fi;orn'VrosV ••■■•■• 1' 
 
 Odcn Mir««nd WiJstcrmarMhcros; ■' 
 
 Olden H.rj, ,i,„, s.viss cross ■ :! 
 
 East Eri.sian... 1 
 
 Wilstermarsh, MontafunramVswVs^VrosV ', 
 
 ^V stm„„,,,,„,^,^,,,^^^^.j .ss.,o.ss 1 
 
 W,\>>f.vnutv.h»n>lnuxrd hr-.-d" •'"'" '' 
 
 Shorthorns and Ayrshires ■^ 
 
 Hhorthorna and juixudbroeUa." !,'.'".". "J ,! 
 
GERMANY. 43 y 
 
 lireods of cattle. 
 
 Ayrshires '^• 
 
 Swiss '* 
 
 Swiss with various crosses i> 
 
 Dautzif,' ......'.'. '} 
 
 Miirztbal | 
 
 Algitii \ 
 
 Old Gpniiiiu •> 
 
 Itolcrii 1 
 
 Mixed broc(l8 of v:iriou8 rjices _" * 
 
 PRODUCTS FROM DUTCH COWS IN SILESIA. 
 
 Tho following answers were received to inquiries addressed to two 
 
 largo estates keeping Dutch cows : 
 
 From :he vUdnitij of StrMcn, midway between Brealau and the mountaim. 
 
 lirccil : Diitrli, of pnro blood. 
 Aiiiniiil iiv('ijijj;n (|Uiintity of milk : 2,800 liters. 
 Quantity of milk to pound of butter: 100 liters to 7 pounds. 
 Country of orijjiu: Holliuid. 
 Si/,() at iiiatiiiity : 140 to UM centimeters hi"h. 
 Live \VL'i;;ht : 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. 
 
 A;;ii at maturity : Four years. * 
 
 \\'i'ii;iit at maturity: 5!J0 to 650 pounds. 
 Color: IJiack and white. 
 ^Description: Broad chest, broad haunches, small neck and tail, horns curved for- 
 
 Si? ami in:^';!;.^:!"' •"'^°''' •' ''-"'' "^ ^'"""^ '^^^^^ ^""^ "^U-^^i every three 
 Lalior: Vaiiujd at 4H cents ])er day. 
 Meat: Worth •'5i7.K")i to |8.57 per cwt., live weij^ht. 
 Mill; : We ^I't 2} cciits per liter from clieeso factory 
 Cliccsi': Worth at factory .1?.j.71 to .fr>.!).''> per cwt. 
 Method of housin<;: In plastered stables. 
 IVedinK: Nine mouths dry ; three months green fodder 
 Urucding : For dairy and fattening purposes. 
 
 From MimclwUz, on the Oder, a few milea ahovn Brenlau. 
 JV koop an average .,f (iO cows, 2 bulls, 24 working oxen, and 15 to 30 slaughter 
 Tlitu'ows are mostly Hollanders, with a few SiloHi'iiw 'ri....T „:„i 1 
 
 Hr£:T;:^m;l^Se ^''"-" ^'"-^•^f^-SaiSSJ^rb^??-^ 
 .s^^s;i;t;;s^^;;:;i::\i^,;:^-it'c:;s,;s^^ 
 
 1,10(1 to 1,4(10 pounds. The ...lor of l)ut.: le ij us nllv b^ 
 
 tc;v an. also ,luu and white : hea.l and tl.l\:.^iluC:::r^^M^^:^:;' ^^'^•'' »*»' ** 
 
 llie Ilolland.rs were kept pure-ldooded for ten vears I'.st v,.... L 
 "itliSiniim.nlhal bulls. i lo. u,u yt.irs. l.ast j ear began crossing 
 
 The milk is noIiI to city dairies for 2| cents per liter 
 
 Jheworking oxen are o, tho IJavariau breed; red,"large horns; quick gait ; yoke 
 
 Soil in partly loam, iiartly sand. 
 
 CENSUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE IN SILESU. 
 
 ortSmuT l'it'w';s'r-.K n. n"'" T ^''*' '•''"^■'"«« «» tl'e lOtii 
 
 i, .^,, -l '•'^'^ ^^•'.*: l)""^l>'>. Of these tliere were in IJDner Silosi-i 
 VJ-m Lower S.Iesia lll>,(;o;j, and in ftfiddie Silc^la S'f^'"^: 
 
 iofa, tiu- iiiiiiiiicr nf i'lif lb. ill d.,. ....<^; ;_ . .._: :-:■-" ' 
 
 
438 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 n V' 
 
 n 
 
 er 
 entire 
 
 old In 1840tlm^e^e^m:^\^of'c^S^Sw;^ S^'^nJ'''' 
 ward of two years oldj and in 1816 the figures were 081 201 entira' "" 
 ber, and 398,106 cows over two years. The proporUon of ZtVlT 
 entire number in 1 883 I was unable to obtain. "^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 HENBY DITHMAR, 
 
 United States Consulate, ^'*'"*"'- 
 
 Brenlau, November 16, 1884. 
 
 CATTIE IN THURINGIA. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL MOSUER, OP SONNEBERO. 
 DESCRIPTION OF THURINGIA. 
 
 Thuringia is a mountainous district in Central Genmnv i,.; 
 about 280 to 30O longitude, and about 50° to 51o 45' hStS ^ ^^ '" 
 
 -., .. — v,v...„>3.wu,.i UU13 yiuves oi ueccu, oak, and nuiDle Ti.n « 
 sandy, wi h a substratum of clay-slate in the southeas em it ■ „,i nf 
 porphyry in the northwestern. Fertile meadows ami , k ,sn , 
 abound throughout the district, which yield a good ,m^^^^ 
 sweet grass The cultivated gra'sses are xea clm'i^iTi, h ■ J.I'' '""^' 
 
 The inhabitants are classed as an agricultural poonlo I f V^ «', . f 
 worthy fact that nearly all the manual labor of e&, ti e lout 
 the sowing, the planting, the haying, the harvestii..' • 1 L i 7 
 n.g, is do,« by the women, while the men art tMVher i.V ,o ■ nv ir'''' 
 engaged in the manufactories for dolls, toys, slates , o, id i,;,, " '""' 
 ware, which abound in this region. ' ' i'^'^*^'*""' '^i'*' slass- 
 
 DEtsORIPTION OF THE CATTLE OF THURINGIA. 
 
 /W.v.-The cattle in Thuringia embrace a variety of breeds sucli.s 
 he Allgauer, the 1 eilhronnor, theFrankish, and tl.i (Jla. alU? i S 
 have sprung Iron, the Bavarian race, which is itselt" a , iV. .' to 
 Swws-brown and the Fararlberger breeds. For the n unK es'', t « 
 report itw.U be sufficient to confine attention to tie Al "a kt r^^^^^^^^^^ 
 which are bred in .Southern Thuringia towards the lia u Tu, f o^i^^^^^^^^ 
 o the Ileilbronner breed, which is a cn.ss „f the re.l Simn en ' I ei' 
 
 Duivedom of Meiningen ; and to the Glau race, which is tl.e prev 1 ' 
 stock in the metre mountainous regions J>u\.iiiin^ 
 
 iJdZ ^'^"''^r W-It is the concunent testimony of ail dairvmen 
 isr^^ilS t^;?"'"' \^ satisfactorily bred in Thui'ingia. The S 
 hS J ;^ nt Z^ " '!' ^':^;,"'>»^''-" i'"'ti.u, of the distriel, in the val- 
 Ent ev«n !..;«.'''' •'"' ^^ ?'^"7;«attle are found in tl.e best eou.lition. 
 mt even here there .'s u noticeable modification of the finer Oliaructer- 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 439 
 
 istics of tbe breed, as it is found in Frankish Bavaria. The liea<l is 
 borne less proudly, the eyes are less bripflit, and the horns are less sym- 
 metrical. The neck is short and stout, the back strong and rather long, 
 tbe chest and rump broad, the body deep, the ribs barrel-shaped, the 
 bag iieiirer square than round, the teats long and with a tendency to 
 llatness, and the color varying from a dark brown to a whitish yellow. 
 They are not dainty in respect to food, and easily adapt themselves to 
 cliiUiKcs of location and diet. The cows of this breed reach a living 
 veiftlit of from 900 to 1,200 pounds. They average about 2,500 quarts 
 (5.000 pounds) of milk per year, the milk being rich, and the quantity 
 contimiiiig without much variation until the animals are from twelve to 
 sixteen years. While at pasture it is reckoned that about 10 or 11 
 quarts of their milk produce about 1 pound of butter, while in winter 
 lioiii 113 to 15 (piarts are necessary. It is also estimated that with these 
 (ows 100 pounds of hay produce 25 quarts of milk and 2J pounds of 
 Imtter. 
 
 The UeiJhronncr breed.— The ITeilbronner cattle, which appear in 
 Mciiiingen, are excellent milk-givers, some of them producing as many 
 as 1(5 (iiuirts <laily, but the average is about 10 quarts. The milk is 
 rich, and tliey can usually bo milked until about four weeks before the 
 time of calving. On an average about 10 quarts of their milk is re- 
 quired for 1 pound of butter or for 5 pounds of cheese. They are more 
 iorai)act than the cattle of the Allgauer breed. Their color is not uni- 
 form, but varies from a dark red to a yellowish hue. They have a 
 well shaped body, a deep and broad chest, a heavy rump, a'smallish 
 Lead, bright eyes, short, smooth, whitish horns, fine hair, symmetrical 
 legs, and a brisk motion. They weigh from 750 to 1 ,000 pounds, the 
 ox being about 30i) pounds, and the bull 500 ])ound8 heavier than the 
 cow. 
 
 The Ulan breed.— The Glan cattle, which are really the cattle of the 
 country, are somewhat rougher-looking animals than either of the 
 breeds already mentioned, and this is doubtless owing, in part, to the 
 less favorable circumstances in which they live. Their origin is respect- 
 able, sinc^e they came from pairing the red Swiss with the old and now 
 extinct native Thuringian cattle, but hard usage and a somewhat rig- 
 orous mjimc have eliminated many of the finer qualities of their ances- 
 tors. They are stout, rough-haired, dirty-hued, unintelligent-looking 
 aiiiuiiils, varying in size from that of the compact Jersey to the average 
 American ox. The weight of the cow is from 700 to 1,000 pounds, the 
 ox 1,100 pounds, and the bull 1,400 pounds. They are supposed to 
 attain their maturity at the age of five years, but they show no failure 
 of strength and i)roductiveness until they are from" eleven to fifteen 
 years old. They average about quarts of milk and one-half pound of 
 butter per day. 
 
 SIZING CATTLE IN THUKINGIA. 
 
 Cattle are sized in this country by taking their height from the ground 
 to tiie top of the fore shoulder, as horses are sized in most countries. 
 The Kirtli is never taken into account. The Allgauer and Ileilbronnor 
 oow stands about 140 centimeters (4 feet 2 inches), and the bull and the 
 ox abunt 150 centimeters (4 feet (J inches). The Ulan cow stamls about 
 145 centimeters, and the ox and bull about 155 centimeters. 
 
 cows AS DIIAFT-CATTLK. 
 
 A noticeable feature of industrial life in this region is the almost uni- 
 versal use of the cow as a draft animal. In the labor of the farm 
 
 
440 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 I 
 
 women take tli« place of men and eows the Dlaee of o^.u. /- 
 .vely few horses a.ul oxen are seen, bnt ne r y o^x^ry Siv '""''"^»- 
 m the country and small vilhi-es, o vns at least one ..nl'^ '/'"''^^^'''Ilv 
 then., either sin^My or in paiivs, for a I n it o^ X;orr' '[''^ "« 
 of a yoke, a narrow piece of wood passes across the ford e- d i '' . ,'"^'*''«l 
 the horns to eacli end of which a chain or Sthorr:'!':^ 
 pa^sinj; thence through lug-holes in a TnrcinHo '^^^^^^^^^ 
 whipple-trees that are fasten.id to the load Th .1 ♦ i''«vvaistt( 
 upon the forehead and neck. Ti?e owsuLr ^ '''''' 
 
 They are worked the year around, U.^rownerrcH in h' '^'' "•^•^"• 
 but little .liOerence in either the qVanVi^y or on ilitv^ ^'"'^ '^ "''''<e,s 
 
 grades of cattle are used in this way, e^ertel'u.tv An" """^■- ^" 
 sought by mai.y farmers primarily on In^^ount of tS ^''"'^ 
 
 anin.als. Such usage through msiny geiier t ons uTl^TT "'' ''^'ift 
 a kind of masculine grossnt'ss and st'outi esT i .^'iJ I""'l"ced 
 
 m>t.ceai,lo in their naUve homes and noimai eondiUon? ' ''"'■'' '' "«' 
 
 HOUSING CATTLE IN THUBINGIA. 
 
 storing fo,lder. But it is a veiyLmnon\ti to Hnfl "S *''^^ '''^ *or 
 
 n.g on the larm, the familv occu.Ty ng one ml o f L"^ "'"^ '"'"'1- 
 
 the cattle the other, with the fodder n S^ loft ^V), f,^'"'.'"^'"^ ""d 
 
 ment may be given to the cattle, te famiW ami th«^- n *" ''i'''^^" ^^^''^■ 
 
 «eco,u lloor between them ; or e sV tirfi^^ni^^^ -xt ^ S'^ ff''' ^''« 
 
 second story and se.uls the fodder int.^iratk Suno i. ''"'' •"' ^^'^ 
 
 against this practice, especially in the lai' er tovn.s uui '" '^ "'«^«'"«'t 
 
 «uiance companies, because it is bc^^ieA^" 'to bo r." ''"'.'V'^' ^''« "'• 
 
 [mtiiy Hres. The bedding most in u^ H i t^^ ^^ hS^'^ ' ''' '''^ 
 
 but in the country and most of the towiU V, i .riu ^^ *"'^''^' ^f^aw; 
 
 growu part of the spruce ami th'^hif^X ,1^! \i^f JJ^f ^^;;!;''« "owly! 
 
 the branches being retaini'd for lire wonrl if /i i • i^"'"«^i' J'iU't of 
 
 Of bedding i., «.b.%„oMti;\';hJ;tieru da«u,frttVtal':''" ''"' 
 
 CATTLE-l'EEDINCr IN THUItlNGIA. 
 
 hay, straw, '^scalded n,o.l,Cd "^^^^ •^;,^''^,^;;^ ^^^ '' ^•■«- 
 or e^ich cow is an equivah'nt of 25 pouu s of ay ai'lv Ti "' °"'"'*^' 
 braces red clover, lucern, and the native m-M J l^+'^" -^''" ''">' ^'"i" 
 
 <!oiisists usually ,)f rye-bran brr)//. m nV . ti • *' '"coldweaflicr, 
 
 water, which is su pose t s/i^, h ""f "'e of oat.noa! a„,i 
 
 Owing to the use, if The cows ^^ r > aninnl'J ' '"n*"'"'"^' """'<^''^- 
 pnictice<l in most countries, "iSnluuJunZ'fcr ''"""'' " '' '' 
 
 IJUEEDlNO CATTLE AND HANDLING TUEIU PROI,U.rLS. 
 
 There is uo "gentle breed ii"-" of sNu-I- h, h; 
 
 ■u 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 441 
 
 escaiH'*^ tli« butchorvs kiiile wliiKi lio is of tender sifje, must, as a rule, 
 ^prve iin iftnominions {i|)preiiti(!eKhi|) in tlie traces, preparatory to being 
 liitclied to tlio ])lo\v or to some, otiier wearisome load. There la rarely 
 over ii warm pla<!0 prepared i'or tiie cow at the interestinj;? periods of he'r 
 life and the calf, dropped upon a cold stone lloor or upon a bed of 
 ,igj,',]le-]ike spruce tips, nmy consider itself fortunate if it is allowed to 
 f(.('(l in tlio natural way the first fortnij^ht of its existence, before being 
 broivlit to tiie skimmed milk trou,!.',h <u' to the sour-milk bucket. 
 
 Bui 1 shoidd say that t lien^ are several " nxxlel farms" in the district, 
 wlicre tlie Ijest Swiss stock is kept and where the housing and care are 
 iiioiv comiortable. Even here the verdict is that the best-blooded stock 
 will ]iot breed pure, and tliat the cross between the Fraidcish and Sim- 
 iiicnthaler (tattle gives the best results. 
 
 The treatment of the calf is about as follows: Sweet milk until the 
 (Mfi-litli or ninth week, in daily quantities of about onelifth the weight 
 iirtlie calf, Mith one half ])Ound of coarse oat-meal and 1 pound of hay 
 ill the ninth week ; in the tenth and eleventh weeks, about 14 quarts 
 of milk, L'i)()unds of coarse oat-meal, and 5 pounds of hay daily ; in the 
 twclilh week eight quarts of milk, 4 pounds of oat-meal, and 10 pounds 
 1,1' hiiy daily ; in the thirteenth week, 4 (pmrts of milk, 3 ])ounds of 
 oat meal, and 10 jjounds of hay daily, by which time the calf is sup- 
 iioscd to be able to gradually abstain from all liq uid food and to confine 
 tst'lf to grass and hay. 
 
 THUIIINGIAN BUTTER AND CHEESE. 
 
 Very little cheese is made in Thuringia, the reason being that it is 
 considered more economical to sell or consuuK^ butter and milk, which 
 me eaten very freely, and buy tdjeese from Holland and Switzerland. 
 Cliecse nndiing was tried a few years ago at theliosenau farm, in South- 
 em Tliiiringia, but it was soou^jiven up for lack of satisfactory results. 
 The ordinary Swiss cheese retails here at 30 cents a ])ound. Milk 
 lotiiils at about 4 cents a quart and butter at 30 cents a pound. Tak- 
 ing idl cattle together, the average yield of milk is about L*,400 quorts 
 yi'inly for eleven years. This would represent a money value of about 
 i?l,()."iO. Ten <]uarts of milk are supposed to yield 1 pound of butter, 
 which would represent a money value of $7015. 
 
 KKSULTS OF mJEEDINO IMPORTED STOCK. 
 
 It is generally held that imported breeds, such ns Ilolsteins, Short- 
 iiorns, and Jerseys are sui)eri(u' in the United States to what they are 
 ill tiieir native homes. Such a icsult is not obtained in this country, 
 but I am convinced that this is owing <|uite as much to lack of proper 
 location and treatment as to any other cause. Such stock is almost 
 never " trained for condition " here, and the indill'erent treatment which 
 it receives, and the hard work to which all grades of cattle are put, do 
 not furnish suitable data for judging what any bieed is cajjable of be- 
 coming. The most that 1 ieel warranted in saying is, that there is no 
 bmnl here whose i)resent condition, whatever may have been its ante- 
 cedents, would warrant the. experiment of inqmrting them into the 
 United States. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVE STATISTICS. 
 
 The population of the district under consideration is about 1,800,000, 
 and tlie miinher of cattle is estimated at 475,000, of which lOi per cent, 
 are of the Allgauer breed, 10^ per cent, of the lleilbronner "breed, 31J 
 
 i'J 
 
 r 
 
 t > 
 
442 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINO. 
 
 through the rural districts the covr 7,H..?bo ^ Jo dr • ' ''^•*''^- ^11 
 then the more milk she cives the better ft nn /i ^"*"'""'^'. "iid 
 tively had results have attended tt s metl o i of el^.f?n '^ ^'"^^ '"'^ 
 whde the cows quite -enerallv sum'rse.l,, nvl. .. n!i ^* '^^^"'W' cattle, for 
 and in miscellaieous\lra v f^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ i'^'" "' ^'""'•fi 
 
 rather rich n.ilk. The stock of c Ule s ust^.Znflf'f *'"""tifv of 
 demand for food, but that is because the 'S^.)i^?^ !" ^''« J'<'"h 
 
 rather than great meat-eaters The Ifdf tVo ?n;f?f ''T'^-^'^^^'r^ 
 Villages and large towns. The flesh is Urly™^^ but It i'^l ?\''' '" *''« 
 able either tor its sweetness or its juiciness iKllV,/^ 
 I-ened b. the amount of sausage^u.d otL i^^^^^S^- ^J^^ 
 
 n.o?er;?;SSr ';''*^ ^^^^^^^"^« ^^«-- ^-ts of this report m a 
 
 GEOKGE F. MOSIlEij, 
 United States Consulate. C'oniml. 
 
 Sonncbirff, November 10, 1883. 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS CONCKJtMNG TIIUIUNGIAN CATTLK 
 
 »t inaturity : Cow, 4f,() ; ox L 0(0 • b I r,() f-nl, i ^^'^ ' "' ^''"•^^''- '^^''^^'Sl^t <>f ,„;', 
 .aloimu Fmnkish probably one Inn .Ir" art ifLv^.V- n"'" ^•'^:^''^'''" «">'"'«■ 
 
 t.'.Hled to Stock iH l,an.ll,.,l rirtdv „ , 'wi * . ^''•^^''''K ""t caidnllyat. 
 
 «un.cd „i d.tnet. Milk and buttcrUrU'nla^,;^ .;;^:^.!:;if ^Hllt. ''''' '"" 
 
 VOIGTLAND CATTLE. 
 
 iJ^i-o/er liY ooysvL bullock, op annallko. 
 
 Sf Jifi;;x^ "^^,i:^™:, z;;/'::.^;:' r-^* ' ^-^'-•^ ™«- 
 
 * From {rroiiiid to toj. of foro shoiildor. ^' 
 
I 
 
 ■ '1' 
 
 w 
 
 P % 
 
 m 
 
 fif :■ 
 
 
 if: 
 
'I 
 
 t i 
 
 i 
 
Iff 
 
 pi 
 
 ill 
 
 ^n,! 
 
 uJ/us Sien (f CoJjith. 
 
 VOIGHTLAND COW 
 
i 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
PLA 
 
 ^i2 
 
 pfiilz. Voifjt 
 tionof li'"><"> I 
 The iinnuiil i 
 last snowlall ( 
 
 111 the eail.\ 
 
 lirdiiji'ht^^ i"*" 
 laud cattle di 
 
 The follow! 
 The body eol< 
 yellow, and u 
 brauc of the ( 
 and well arch 
 and soit. A> 
 (Inctiou, 375 1 
 are easily fat 
 liowever, not 
 
 The nieasir 
 save the folic 
 
 l.ine liotwcfii liOI'ii 
 Xarinw jiiiit i>r foi 
 liroai\ pnit i)f i'i>r«' 
 
 Chei'k •••• 
 
 I.euKlhof lieatl... 
 
 iMate 1 sh( 
 tlie head of i 
 
 I.iiii' lirtwi'i'ii lion 
 Niirrnw iiiiit (if Id 
 r.iDUil pail irt' Ion' 
 Ll'llL'Ill «l liiii'l •■ 
 WeiiiM (if luM'k .. 
 lU'i;;lit (if iMiiiip ■■ 
 Li'ii;;lli of trunk.. 
 
 riate 3 sh( 
 
 of l-SS'J. 
 
 AKNAl5KIi( 
 
 VOIGHTLAND BULL 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 443 
 
 vh\7 Voigtlautl is a well cultivated highland, with sin average eleva- 
 nof 1 -iOO feet, and an annual mean temperature of 48° Fahrenheit. 
 Tl inii'iial rainfall is 20 inches, and the time between the first and 
 list snowfall of the year is about one hundred and fifty days. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE BREED. 
 
 Ill 
 
 liroii 
 
 the early part of the present century Zillerthal (Tyrol) cattle were 
 ■lit into Voigtland, and the origin of the present breed of Voigt- 
 li'mroattle dates from the time of this cross. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 The following arc the distinguishing features of this race of cattle: 
 The body color is chestnut-brown, without marks ; the tuft of the tail 
 
 ollow and udder bright red. Bright red is also the color of the mem- 
 hrauc of the eyelids, of the tongue, and of the mouth. The body is long 
 niid well arched, the back broad, with full thighs, and the hide- is thick 
 111(1 soit. Average live weight, 750 to 850 pounds. Yearly milk pro- 
 (liictiou 375 to 400 gallons. The cattle of this race are very hardy and 
 arc easily fattened, and are much sought after for beef. They are, 
 'lio\vcver,'not of rapid growth. 
 
 The nieasnrenients of a bull and seven cows of the Voigtland race 
 
 gave 
 
 the following results 
 
 LiiicB of measnrcnient. 
 
 Iineln'twcfii hajlis •■ 
 
 N.iriiiw piiit (>r ToiohriKl 
 i'.rirail part of iorrhfiid ... 
 
 CliCfk • 
 
 Lcuglhof lieml 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Cows. 
 
 Inehe*. 
 
 Inchei. 
 
 fii 
 
 6 
 
 7ft 
 
 6i 
 
 7J 
 
 9 
 
 «| 
 
 6J 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 I'iate 1 shows the head of a three-and-a-half-yearold bull ; Tlate 3 
 tlie head of a four year-old cow, with the following raeasurements : 
 
 liincs of meaauritment. 
 
 I.iiii' liclwci'ii liDnm 
 
 Narrow iiiiit (if lorclii'atl 
 i'.iimil pail irf f(in'lif;i(l .. 
 
 1,1'llL'lll of lll'llil 
 
 Ilciclil of liiic'k 
 
 ili'i^lit of iiiiiip 
 
 Li'ui^lli of trunk 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Inehet. 
 
 Oh 
 
 riate 3 shows a Voigtland cow exhibited at the Bremen cattle-show 
 of ISS'J. 
 
 GI'X). E. BULLOCK, 
 
 United States (Jonsul. 
 AKNAHKiai, Aptd 30, 1884, 
 
 
 
 , * 
 
444 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMING. 
 
 
 CATTLE-BREEDING IN WURTEMBERG. 
 
 SliPOKT JiX COSaUL OATLiy, OF STUTTGAUT. 
 CATTLE CENSUS OF WURTEMBERG. 
 
 tlie 10th (lay of .Tanuiirv lust, showed tliit Hir.r«.in > ■ . *^"^'>erg, on 
 on that day 004,131) l.eaiofStt e?'^ „e i at^S4^>^l "'« Ki"& 
 $dO,000 000), and wei^hin^,^ in the .f?g4 to yr^'l'T'^^ ':''»^'^« C^bout 
 were subdivided in ago and sex as follows ''''*'-^-'-'^^ l'o»'"l^'. They 
 
 Description. 
 
 Calves under 6 wooks 
 
 Calves (I weelts to moiitlm..!' " 
 
 i' roru « inontliH to 2 ynii-.s 
 
 KiillB anil oxoii, 2 years and ovoi-' 
 
 Cows 
 
 Number. 
 
 Total 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Kilnil. 
 
 «.-'i;i,«2 
 
 '«2,4l'J,oil 
 
 •>7,.^84,ai,'> 
 
 167,, 'lis, '.'Sa 
 
 Val! 
 
 34, 185 
 !)H, 200 
 
 211,262 
 *1()0, la;, 
 
 459, 737 
 
 WI4, 139 2U7, 100, 148 
 
 * Inoluding 7,524 breeding Imlis. 
 
 lie. 
 
 ilnrh. 
 
 1,019,089 
 .P. "40, 615 
 27.399,161 
 
 l''5,4l)3,6!)0 
 
 ^as 1,971,118; 
 of cattle to 
 square mile 
 
 There are to be found in the Kinrrrinm ;,. ..n <• 
 the Simnienthaler, Montafonei^AnS^ "li bu^^^^^^^^^ ''reeds • 
 
 the two lirst of whidi are imp/irted, the'others 'S stotkf '''''''^'"' 
 
 »> 
 
 THE SIMMENTIIALER BREED. 
 
 As early as the middle of the last century the imDortitim, nf «• 
 thaler cattle from Switzerland into VVurtem bemK? Z ?'"''''*^»^ 
 in small numbers. _ This breed derives Um;^-'^.; ''^^"f^''' 'i* Arst 
 Siinme, from which l(>calit ^t seen oriLin Hv^ ^^' ^•>^'l'>y of the 
 
 most of those at present purchM^l c iS fn ^ t e ( ui^in rf' "''"^^'^ 
 some from tiie vicinitv of J],.rne l)r V,.i. pLft- r : ^'I'lnis, am 
 Veterinary School in this , i v fn h sU.k onu?;.- ^T.''*^^^'' ''! ^''^^^'H 
 thinks that many in<licatio;is\\oi ' o tl is 1 e i \?S'[.; "^ ^^'""4" 
 Germany, and tiiis .ipinjon f;a ns all the mor wei,.irt /"'.'. ""*^ ^"'' 
 
 the Simmenthalcr race, Iieth'r Ih' n mv n. i"^^^^^^^ 
 conditions (brcc<ln.^, n.ill> andhlbor r ,,S; 'H ,[1^^ ';5 ^"^ 
 
 Kottw^,,i.din,<^;!;i;:/;;.;'wa;bn^^^^'^^ 
 
 iubn.,en, use the Simmeiithaler bre^l Ir the'^.;;;^;:;^';^^^ 
 
 ..fn^au:;;^:^^^^^ 
 
 av,.™,.., co„»„,„„u„„ ,:;,„;V,;i;. t'l „r,',; » „Mnv Alt,','/;," '';•''■'■ 
 
 l«v,ous rcckoulnj- u.ado at .1,0 »a,„e i-h^e thtX'o «isllt,?f',l,: 
 
 wm 
 
OKRMANY. 445 
 
 cows wiis l-'5(>n to 1, •■•'•"»<> |)<)mi(l.s, iiiid of bulls, li,2()0 to 2,300 pounds on 
 tl„, boot". Tlic ti'ii inoiiths <!;ittlo of tliia breed are found to consume an 
 aveni^ro of 1!>.1"» pounds of hay, and gained during six months' daily ob- 
 servation 1.1 T) pounds m weight per day. Of summer fodder, i. c.,red 
 clover, Uicern, and bran, tiio one-anda-lialf-year-olds consumed 20 73 
 ,)onn.ls (estimating 4.} pounds of grass, clover, &c., to 1 of hay), ami 
 jTiiiiKHl (hiiiy 1.98 pounds in weight. The older cattle consumed exuctlv 
 aponnds of stall fodder to every 100 pounds of their own weight. To 
 keep the fully grown stock in good condition, however, oidy the equiva- 
 lent of 1 J pounds of hay for every HH) pounds of their own weight should 
 be fed tliein. 
 
 Animals from three months to one jear old are fed daily 19 i)ounds 
 to an average weight of 47.'> pounds, i. e., about 4 pounds for every 100 
 pouridii of weigiit. 
 
 Cattle in their second year are fed daily 22 pounds to an average 
 weiplit of 700 pounds, i. e., about 3 pounds for every 100 pounds of 
 weight. 
 
 Cows while with calf, and in their third year, are fed 28 pounds to an 
 average weight of 1,000 pounds, i. e., 2 fV pounds for every 100 iiounds of 
 weight. 
 
 There is reckoned to every 100 jiounds of fodder an average increase 
 ill weight as follows : Cattle of both sexes, 3 months to T year, 7.()t 
 pounds; cows, 1 year to 2 years, 6.12 pounds; cows (in calf) in their 
 third year, 3.82 pounds. 
 
 As the result of observations conducted for one year, it has been 
 fonud that the Simmenthaler cows average 7,294 poumls of milk and 
 one calf, averaging 90 pounds weight, per annum. In a year, subdi- 
 vided into 174 days of winter fodder, 134 days of summer fodder, and ,57 
 (lays of autumn fodder (305 days in all), they average 17,193 pounds of 
 fodder, or 47A pounds daily ; or, on an average weight of 1,.500 pounds 
 to the animal, .3.14 pounds of fodder to every 100 pounds of weight. 
 
 On i; basis of 100 pounds of fodder to every pounds of calf pr:iduce(l 
 there may be reckoned also 4')f^ pounds of n'lilk for every 100 pounds of 
 fodder. The Simmenthaler milk produced at Hohenheim yields 12 to 15 
 percent, of cream, and contains, according to chemical analysis, U to 
 13 per <!ent. of solid substance. 
 
 Characicristks of Simmenthaler cattlc-^Tho distinguishing chaiacter- 
 istiesof the Simmenthaler cattle are as follows: Small, light head, with 
 gentle, lively expression, and fine horns itointed well forward and up- 
 ward, and in most ca.se8 ratlier Hat at the roots, more oval than round 
 ill form, and in the bulls often somewhat rough, and jiointing back- 
 ward and downward. Neck line, rather short, with a strong dewlap- 
 body well rounded at the ribs and locked at the loins. The hind quar- 
 ters are broad and long and frecpiently with prominent caudal boJie. 
 The latter characteristic, though a natural one in the races of mountain' 
 cattle, is nuieh c(nidemned by many in (lermany, though it involves no 
 real ground for i)r(',judice to the animal. The liindament is V(>ry low 
 1111(1 remarkably regular, the upper parts are strongly provided' with 
 miiseles, the parts umler the knees are line, and thehoofs well made 
 iiiid hard. Tlie udders are well formed, though not giving tln^ same 
 How of milk found in the (Jerman cows. The hide is in some <!ases very 
 tine and tender, but in nmny others very coarse, with rouirh hair atill 
 Willi a NOMiewliat bullish look, in this respect a marked difference de- 
 clares itself between the SimmentLaJer breed and the Frntigor breed 
 uud its exidanation is found in the varied conditions of pasturage and 
 
446 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Climate. TJie disimsitiou of the atiinmls of this breed w . 
 good-natured, almost playful. Their ^niit is vorv mn i ' m "'''''^''I'lv 
 might almost say graceful. The weight on tl e U of v." ""■'' '»"'^' 
 pure Simrnenthalers, about J,40() pounds, and u tl e stoH -^f '' '" ""^ 
 them 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. ' *'^"''"^ ''red fro,,, 
 
 THE MONTAPONER BREED. 
 
 This, the secona-nientioned inijmrted stock in Wurtembor,r • 
 veloped from the 8chwytzer stock by breeding, and Sm^'i "^ '^« 
 n climate, pastnre, and conditions of soil, f u, Mo S .' *-^' S""g« 
 lighter than the Schwytzers and heavier than t^ie A l,:^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 averaging about 1,000 to 1,L'00 pounds. Their (olol is' ''i*''*^«ows 
 brown, with the same charac'teristics as the SelnvX 1, tf '''^''^ 
 uXTinS". 'I'T-^.^'^:^, ^ *>*^«''' light-shaded stri ,S m r' 'l J«'.V, 
 1.?,^ tiff ^ '''?•'" "f *'•''"'"' the head is shott, with wio ill '""1 
 and the horns white only af, the base, the remainc er bii ' . /"'."'^''^f'. 
 neck IS short and compact, with thick folds; ?be sboul t^ "'H' ^^e 
 anu the back has a tendency to curve <lownwar.ls. T « i .f '''"? ^r««<l 
 also broad ; the caudal bone often too high • the 1 ...il ! '''""'«'^e.s are 
 
 T\ 'oo7S''^ '"T- . ^" ««"'^ ^«^« thel^ni^il^^y : *i f'^;.^^^ ' «;out, 
 as 1,900 liters, and of a quality giving 0+ pounds of i! '«'i«l'ish 
 pounds of cheese to every 100 liters." Tl^o^, a?* i'^/'f '""M"* 
 hauling, and are quite easily fattened, but give a coarso S' T'' *«'' 
 The origma home of this breed is in th^ Mont^tfoner vS u ^ ""^''^*- 
 intx) the valley of the Upper Ehine, a few h..urs list in/ fl'il''' "''''•'« 
 of Constance. Inasmuch as the MontafoiuV J'ws ^e not ^o l^'l}'^' 
 as many others u reffanl to f.ui.Ur. fi.^,. „„ . '''^^ ""^^'> fiistidiops 
 
 THE ALLGAUER BREED. 
 
 This breed is to be classified ainoiiir the d-irl- hrr...... 
 
 and is the smallest and most varS fi. shaK^^^^^^^ 
 pally found in or near the Swabian Alps, but oS "if. , 'J?"*"'- 
 has spread over the lowlands as well is found i,il.."i ^ ."•^•^^"■"ess 
 in the neighborhood of Wangon n IJ^nrtL? '^'' '''•''' "'"'''^^^^^^ 
 ported in large numbers for CMWptin;oU;s^v;f '"'!'.' T'^' '^ ""■ 
 sia, Bohemia, Poland, and IJungar!% ^""I*"'^*^^" Saxony, l!u,i..„,|.,„,. 
 
 The cows average 800 to 000 nouruls in «-->!,.i.f i 
 color. The head it small an I h a dson el WrZ ' h'"' "'"?, 1^'^^^ '» 
 
 vsr;id^r'rpr;i>i^s^ii^.::''^--rS^^ 
 
 Plaineclof asbeinghollowsl o Id.;^! : a bs^o ^inll^ii""" I'"' ''"'"• 
 wide; the belly it;.elf i, broad ml lo an t^w u ^^^i^' '""''f' 
 and compact. The oven are sfriliM,.il .1 ^ .* ""'"<^ " "'"' "iiiwiiliir 
 cows and bulls. anS ^b^IX^u'lJ 'l I'^l :\.i'''^«*' '^«"''U«'''^ ^vith the 
 large. Cows weiL^hino- 70( Vn xiio . 1" V *'^"" «"^"*pi''l'<M(io,mtelv 
 
 !«■ 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 447 
 
 It takos 10 liters of tlieir milk to make 1 pound of butter. According 
 to 11 (joinpiirative triiil made in Saxony tlie AUgauereows produced 29 38 
 liters, tlie Holland eows li5.2(J liters, and the Saxon cows only 23.16 li- 
 ters of milk to every 100 i)onnds of hay, or its equivalent, consumed 
 The iiK'at of the Allyauer breed, on the other hand, is less valuable thaii 
 tliiit of the other breeds mentioned, its fiber being coarse, dry quite 
 red, and very touyh. > ^> i 
 
 THE LIMBURGEE BREED. 
 
 Under this title two breeds exist, one originating in the i)rovince of 
 
 report more 
 in Wurtem- 
 ofGaildorf, 
 
 , ,„, . , . „ — *, •».id Baron von 
 
 Wollwarth. Ilieir <!olor is tawny-yellow, pea-yellow, and silver-yellow 
 (s(7/jer/(///>), mostly without any marks; the skin is fine, so that it not 
 only falls in graceful i'olds upon the neck, but also frecpiently in trans- 
 verse folds. As distinguishitig marks of the race nuiy be mentioned 
 yellow liorns and hoofs; as well as llesh-colored and almost hairless skin 
 around the eyes. The head is long, narrow, light, and in many cases 
 with curved prohle; the horns fine, round, and in most cases projecting 
 upwards and forwards. The chest is but little developed; the "shank's 
 irenerally Hat. wit ii but few muscles, and ungainly in shape. It is a 
 ijnht country ])reed, giving a good yield of milk, and, moreover, notice- 
 able on ac(;ount of the line liber of its beef. The cows are very small in 
 comparison with the oxen bred from them, weighing only GOO to 700 
 lionnds, while the oxen weigh as high as 1,500 to 1,000 pounds on the 
 hoof. The cows give about 1,800 liters of milk per annum, 10 pounds 
 of the milk giving about 1 A pounds of butter. 
 
 THE NECK A R BREED. 
 
 This is a race special to Wurtenjberg, having its origin in the neigh- 
 borhootlof Ileilbronn on the Necikar, wiiither, as long ago as the end of 
 the last century, bulls were imported from li<'rn for crossing with the 
 native stock, but later this crossing was carried on in such a manner 
 that an especial value came to be attached to the thoroughly red cattle 
 resulting in the development of an intermediate breed, rarely parti- 
 colored, which now widely exists in the counties of Heilbronn, Neckar- 
 siilm, and Leonberg. It was formerly much easier to obtain cattle of 
 the single color from the Simmenthal region, inasmuch as here as 
 everywhere, the ellect of prevailing fashion in cattle-breeding made 
 itself felt, though, of course, limited somewhat with reference to the 
 animal's usefulness. Thus, for instance, llvchner relates that formerly 
 ill the Canton Bern only red cattle wen^ in demand, while later, a de- 
 iiiiind suddenly sprung up for particolored ones, even though the latter 
 were prejudicial to trade. Formerly only delicately imide cattle were 
 soii,i,dit ior ; al K^rwards th«'y could not be found coarse enough, l-'or years 
 past the Neckar breed has maintained its pure red color, with a large and 
 somewhat heavy body and low belly. Its form, as regards the head and 
 lionis, IS lighter than is found in the breeds sired from Swiss bulls 
 The folds of the flesh are thick ; the breast finely developed, and the 
 haniu'hes regular, with a much better caudal bone than is fountl in the 
 Siimueiithalers. The bones are short, the hind legs somewhat curved 
 
448 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 atid 1 10 skill ratlier tUiok. A (iow on the hoof avoraijcs 1 ooo f„ , „ 
 poun.ls AvoiKl.t. This bmul jjivos a better (,ualitv of mi i ?, ,? ^'^"^ 
 «h,rer l,e.>t tha» the Sini.nonthuier. The oxen are also . m • hi' ,,? ^''"• 
 IS draft animals, and can be fattened to a weight of 1 S( """."' 
 Calves wlien born are ^^enerally hirge and heavy. ' '""""'»• 
 
 PUKIES OP WUUrEMUERa CATTI.K. 
 
 The avera-c priee at which a ball or a cow of the live hieo.l. .,,. 
 (h-scribed can bc^ purchased in the h)calities wiiere thev . w !> '. "? 
 on jjinate is as follows : * tuc^ »«N>mivelv 
 
 Ure«(l. 
 
 Siiiitiipnthalor 
 
 AllKiuior 
 
 Montarunrr 
 
 Llinliur;;oi' 
 
 Neokor 
 
 Hull. 
 
 '■Varh. iiarh, 
 
 Cow. 
 
 (idii 
 4.011 
 
 ma 
 
 Soil 
 4.")U 
 
 * Tlio iniiik c(|iinlM 2:1.8 ciaits. 
 
 I'm 
 
 4(111 
 3,J0 
 
 w 
 
 WEKIUT OV WURTEMBERO CATTLE. 
 
 The aver-ifre weiglit of a bull, o.v, and cc w of the live differenf hm i 
 hen slaughtered, is as follows: «»'ntruit hreeds, 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Siimiienlbnlor 
 
 AII-llll.T 
 
 iNf(ii.t.:r.nn'r.. 
 l.imlMiicer . .. 
 NeikHr 
 
 "■ 
 
 ■ — — 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 
 
 
 A'/7»». 
 
 Kihu. 
 
 tiOU 
 
 .'.Iitl 
 
 400 
 
 ;i,'iO 
 
 r>(N) 
 
 4(11) 
 
 m 
 
 4.'j|| 
 
 4UU 
 
 ;i,-.o 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Kilos. 
 4,".0 
 
 :iiio 
 ;if,o 
 
 4011 
 
 (JATTLEBREEDINa AT THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL AT IIOHlONllEor 
 
 In the i)reparation of this report I have made it my duty to visit tU 
 a^M-icnltural school at IJohenheim, about 5 miles to the (."sf,v I, J 
 this city, and Ion- and widely known throughout all Emonciis m,,' 
 tli(' loreiiio.st institutions of its kind on the continent. Tlie schn. n- 
 cnpies a larfre .mllection of buihlin«.s, whi,.li were built as an.,; 
 for the Duke Karl, of Wurtemberff, about one hundred y.'ars .'...o '. i^ 
 surrounded by spacious farm lands <|<.voted to the iiracticil AJnml f 
 cation of the instruction given in th(^ various branches of ii..n,ul ' 
 I rominentanionff the branches to whi(!h attention is «iv('n isnt 1" 
 breedmjr, whuth is here carried on sysl.uiiati(!allv aiul on flic latest sci 
 eiitihc principles. I was much j-ratilied by bein- enahled to niako a 
 personal insi)ecfion of the line collection of Himmeiitliiiler stock some 
 eifrhty or „i,„>ty in all, formiiifr flic finest collection in Wiiiteinlx-iVriuwl 
 probably one of the finest in (Germany. Through the km.lno.ssof'^I'ro- 
 les.sor J)r. V'ossler, a leading and ellicient member of the laciiltv, 1 am 
 so fortunate as to have Invu platted in i)os,'^es.si((n of a great variety of 
 interesting information on this and kindred subjects. I subjoin here- 
 with I rofessor Voseler's auswen; to my various questions as follows, viz: 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 449 
 
 Qnesfion. IIow uuxny browlsof oa ttio aro to be found in Wurtemberir? WhirhnrA 
 itivo 1111(1 which imported I uiitmutrgi wniciinre 
 
 nativo - - . 
 
 Ammn: The broods of cuttlo in Wnrtcn.berB may be classifled as followH, viz : 
 
 NATIVE. 
 
 Yellow and red (of wliich bnt fowoxiHt).— (l) Alb- fa"* TooU • fi\ n„i.„ i • u tt ,, 
 
 < ... foregoing broods witlx otherH, ct.ofly with yellow, red, and parM/corred Seu^ 
 
 Granish »'•«"•»•-(«) Allganor; (7) Ireeds resulting from crossings of Alluauers with 
 ScliwitztTN, Moiitaloners, and SinimenthalorH. »""» aaigauers witu 
 
 IMPORTED. 
 
 li(d <uid spotted.— (S) Slmiuenthaler. 
 <;r(i!iiili-hrowii.—('J) Montafonor; (10) Schwitzer (Rigi) 
 Xoi('/((»rf irt'e</8.—( II) Hollander (striped). 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 (l!j) AiiNhadicr (Triosdorfer) ; (13)Dnrliaiu ; (14) Ourtenvieh • r1r,^ +},» w».u t> 
 ,nsl.iii ,si,)ulv from the royal gr<.t.nd8 at KoHeuMtei,.; """^"^'^'^ ' (^^) the White Ros- 
 
 (^iHHtioii, Do tho imported breeds, when siiitaldv lopato.l mwi ,„o«„„„ i , 
 
 W.df.inhng oflspring .superior to tiaat I-roduc^./liVtlur^amo b eT if L'iV'^ 
 l,,„,,.s ;, aiHl, It so, IS tins super.or.ty ,uore marl<ed in the succoeding'g'l^eralShaa 
 
 A.isw.r. Tho breeding capaeityof the Sin.menthaler and Montafoner races rom-iinw 
 it" M.:u.wlmt " " '" ' ''"" "' *^' '''"'•"' '■*""' '"" yi"lrtof niilic X.i dimin! 
 
 uSl^^^t triSi^d ^lI.l^V"' '"^* "'''•^"'^ ^^ -!'-'-« *^-e ^-ds fxon. Wur. 
 
 Auswer. Young cattle from good Htocli iniL'lit iimli'ihlv i.n «-.,,,„-*„ i .j , 
 
 were taken that|onng c.alv..sf.ml cows in .■.'it\i:[4tni\^.j:^fft''o 'gl^^S 
 on thoBoa voyag.-, and that the ec.stsof transportation wrenoc to . l^«h ""^"""S 
 oSmVliomif '" "''"''*''" l^"'-''^'»«'"« Pr'^" I"*i'l f"r »i bull audV'cow in the 
 
 Answer. For animals of tho two races nrincinallv imnnp+o<i <•«„ -, 
 proving the native Wnrtend3erg stock, tirfldhlS^ln^ Ses aro imi.[, vir'"*-' ""'^ '""• 
 
 Description. 
 
 Simmenthalcr : 
 HiiU 
 
 (Jow 
 
 Moiitufoucr; 
 
 Bull 
 
 Cow 
 
 Aee. 
 
 Teari. 
 
 I' 
 
 Weight, 
 
 Kilot. 
 
 000 
 800 
 
 5))0 I 
 450 
 
 Prioee. 
 
 Mark), 
 
 I, L'(K) 
 IjOOOtol, «U0 
 
 600 
 400 
 
 oS; bn;,;?'* •' '^" '"*"""'''^ ^'''"'^ '" Wurtemberg of a good bull, ox, and cow 
 
 Answer. Of (lie Slinmcnthaler breed ii bull •lOi! tr, i onn „ ^ 
 n,a.k,s ; and a cow, ;]..(. to .10(1 ^^uuiToScr^^^^^^^^^ ^Z'rT '" '.'^ 
 
 m ..X, :i()0 t.. COO niiirkH ; an<l a cow, 200 to 400 marks ' ^°*^ """'"^^ ' 
 
 Question. What is the cHtir-iutcd number and value of cattle in VVn,f.„ v. 
 kfi'd, according to the iant census f "' '° VVurtemborg per 
 
 Aimner. According to (lie eiimneration made without reimr.l t« r.. m ./. , . 
 
 J:u.,.,ry, 18KJ, there were in Wurtemberg, of t lo cat o t"'»rLed n/n ' '''" ^"^''^'^ 
 tinn iihout two-thirds Simmentlialers and cross hSsoVs m nenVL ^'"^ ";">'"''?•'- 
 ...-■k, i.,d the remainder of .Ulgauers an<l .rosHings^'wi it he ,? ^^"'' '' '"*'' """^••' 
 
 QweH*.on What percentage is bred for the dairy and tlie I tcher f 
 
 and oxen, which- have been';';«:;utiaf;Vhali'^rBO^^^^^ 
 
 years, are sent to the butcher ^viuf, ooi vt u as <irait animals lo.- several 
 
 QiieHtiou. Docs the stock increase or decrease, and what is the cause? 
 11. hx, 51 29 
 
i 
 
 
 450 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Answer The stock of cattle increases, but that of sheep decreases q<. «;ii > 
 oy the following statemout : ^»ouaes, as will Ix. 
 
 NOOl; 
 
 Tear. 
 
 1840 , 
 
 1883 
 
 Incrcage 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Cattl.. 
 
 SI,,.,.,: 
 
 jas'j;:!:; 
 
 ijawi 
 
 Question. Is the stock of the country sufficient for homo demand ntwi ic .> 
 surplus, what becomes of it f """lanu, and if tjicre 
 
 ISil 
 
 --.-'. -"!••'•■- ".."...i^iui luiii 1/ lo every lui; inUubitiints. The nurn\uu ■ °"'"^ 
 principally to France (as b....f), to Ravaria. and to North Gon,.w''L'' 'il^I'-t^vl 
 draft purposes) The export from Upper Suabia and the BicicF.r '''''"- ''"<' 
 goes o Switzerland. Importations, and those only for bi"llT, . „r r^' ""'""""v 
 principally from Switzerland, and very few f.om Holland " P'^-poses, hio ,ua.l'o 
 
 brJe'ST- '''"' «-*-"«*• Wuitemberg is most favorable for grazin, a„,l cattle- 
 
 Answer. Strictly speakini; a regular svstem of ijiistiirn.r« ia ,...i. e 
 r.,,ion (counties of Wangef; and Leutki\Si bn t u?3 t;,^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 'l'" Allsau 
 breeding are everywhere favorable. The places at whid ti.m. if. ' /''.''''''''-'■ 
 thalers and breeds crossed from them is conducted most systems icv" '' *^'"""^"'- 
 are Rottweil, 'he Folders, Hohenheim. and in the vicinitv otTr. i "^ '»'><1 carefullv 
 
 Question. What proportion of the populati n is eng Si\ T, "':!!•'• 
 cultural pursuitsf ""b'S'^i »n c.ittle-raising aud agii- 
 
 Answer. About 48.2 per cent: of the population are employed in s„M, 
 eluding cattle-breeding and the dairy business. «'"P">Je(i m such pursuits, iu. 
 
 STABLING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING. 
 
 Stabling.— The stabies iu use are ffeuerallv strono-iv i.niif 
 which the cattle are tied to the fodcler tro- ^h Ss i -r;,'" 
 cattle can ^yalk about are seklo.a used, aud the.. o..l or v , r er' '" 
 nials. Duuff is removed daily. "'".> lor .\ oungcr um- 
 
 Feeding.— Calves up to twelVe or fourteen weeks are fed on inili- p , 
 little prepared and much cut fodder is give... Iu s.i .nnm in f ^' 
 green fodder is given. Pasturage is found oi.lv i.^ e lli , it'''" 
 
 Breeding.-In the main carefully co,.ducted. Stock is re^i^LVR"" 
 purchase of foreig., bulls. Bulls are «mciallv i.ispe etc' limt Sli 
 thoroughbred bulls are annually sold from Hohenhehn "^ 
 
 BULL-KEEPING AT KIKCnHEIM UNDER TECK. 
 
 In the course of n.y inqui.-ies on the subject, I have had occasion nnnn 
 the coiarteons invitation of Oberamtmam. Loeflui.d/iSrt ;?'?' 
 Agricu tural District Association at Kirchhei.n u.,d 4 IV ? to " hit t t 
 town, the center of a fertile and i)rosperous ffri^irU dtL^J ,\^''''^ 
 about two hours from Stuttgart, ani Sp ct^hj' yLto'biuk^ 
 
 Slows f"'''' ''^^^ ''' ^^^^« P^«^- ^^« ^«««lt 4TerirS 
 
OEBMANT. 
 
 46i 
 
 Statt-menl slmchig ths annual and atjyreyaU coats, expenses, and losws of purchaehK/ and 
 maintaining six breeding hulls at Kinhhcim under Teok, in Wurtemherg, during a period 
 of Jive years. 
 
 KXrKNDITUHKB. 
 
 Piirrlmni'-iiK'nPy •• 
 
 FoiUlei' 
 
 Stiiiw 
 
 tr^iitniont 
 
 Sljiblocxponsijs... 
 
 Salt •, 
 
 CoBtflofsolo 
 
 Totnl 
 
 liECBIPTS. 
 
 Service of bulls . 
 Dung II ml ;;Utte. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Excess of expenditures over 
 rteeipts 
 
 X878-70. 
 
 Marks. 
 
 i,2!)n. no 
 
 1, H7U. L'S 
 4o)>. Ill 
 
 an. 7(t 
 
 37.1.9 
 11.00 
 10.04 
 
 3, 724. 37 
 
 1, 564. 00 
 040. 20 
 
 2, 204. 20 
 
 1670-'8O. 
 
 Marks. 
 
 n7S. 75 
 1,521.88 
 
 240. 03 
 
 I2.no 
 
 41i. tii) 
 
 12. no 
 
 0.70 
 
 1880-'81. 
 
 2, 530. 95 
 
 718.00 
 517. 10 
 
 1,235.10 
 
 1,520.17 1,205.85 
 
 Marki. 
 
 l.nin. 2.1 
 
 1, 303. 45 
 
 2(ii.n6 
 
 14. til 
 
 10.07 
 
 14.40 
 
 7.flO 
 
 1881-'82. 1882-'83. 
 
 Marks. > 
 
 1, 423. 20 I 
 
 1,517.44 
 
 817.81 
 
 17.00 
 
 14.50 
 
 11.20 
 
 13.06 
 
 Marks. 
 
 8H7 " J 
 
 1,421.01 
 
 450. 08 
 
 6. 23 
 
 24.07 
 
 10.00 
 
 0.70 
 
 2,748.79 .3,315.71 I 2,810.15 
 
 700.00 I 1,714,00 
 578. 40 I 52.3. 80 
 
 013.00 
 5;i9. fiO 
 
 1, 308. 40 I 2, 237. 80 I 1, 452. 00 
 
 1, 380. 39 
 
 1, 077. 91 1, 300. 55 
 
 Total. 
 
 Marks. 
 
 6, 328. 80 
 
 7, 733. UO 
 1, 740. 04 
 
 79.09 
 
 143. 22 
 
 67.00 
 
 45.00 
 
 Yearly 
 average. 
 
 15, 138. 97 
 
 5, 099. 00 
 2, 799. 10 
 
 8, 498. 10 
 
 0, 040. 87 
 
 Marks. 
 
 1,005.70 
 
 1,540.61 
 
 348. in 
 
 1,5.94 
 
 28.68 
 
 13.52 
 
 9.13 
 
 3, 027. 81 
 
 1, 139. 80 
 559. 82 
 
 1, 099. 62 
 
 *1, 328. 19 
 
 • To thi.t ahonlil bo added tho amount paid the bull-keeper for gorviccs, 420 niurkg, mnkine a total o{ 
 1,748.19 marks in all. 
 
 TOPOGKAPIIY OK KIHCIIIIEIM UNDER TECK (WURTEMBEno). 
 
 Altitude: 310 nioter.s (1,017 Engli.sli feet) above the level of tho sea. The highest 
 point in the district if 810 ineterH .ibove tlio Icvol of tlie Hea. 
 
 Mean temperature : (Yearly av('rii<;c): Celsius, H.H'J ; IWaninnr, 7"; Fahreuheit, 4rto 
 Stimiiier: (in August): Celsius, 17. ti'^; R<Saiimur, H'^ ; Fahrenheit, 64". Winter (iu 
 Jnnimiy): Celsius, —1.5-'; Rdaumur. — l.-jo ; Faliiviiheit, 2l)<=. 
 
 Soil: Alluvial. Tho valley hottouis are partly lilled with soil from tho mountain 
 slides. Loam everywhere predominates, and rarely mixed with .sand. Clay is foniid 
 everywhere. In tho lower, brown jura sand is very plentiful, us thi> product of .saiul- 
 stoiio. 
 
 CATTLE-BREEDING AT ROTTWEIL. 
 
 Amoiiff the points in the Kin^'doin where cattle-breeding has been 
 carried on scientilically, with more or less success, is the neighborhood 
 of Kottweil, a tlonrishing town in tho Black Forest secition. With a view 
 of obtaining such intormation as was practicable in that (juarter on the 
 subject embraced in this report I addressed a letter of inquiry to Oeco- 
 uoinii'iath Burkhardt, president ot tho Rottweil Agricultural A.ssocia- 
 tioii, and received tho following reply : 
 
 Rottweil, October 21, 1883. 
 
 In rc])ly to your favor of the 19th instant I have tho honor to state as follows: Tho 
 county (district of Rottweil) has for many years past ranked among tho loremost iu 
 regard to cattle-breeding. Although tho sale of animals (or breeding purposes is 
 always a very considerable <mo, .and tho extraordinarily high prices'ltbtaiuedfor 
 cLoico stock result in tho sendiug elsewhere of tho finest specimens, yet no reaction 
 isuoticcablo. Bred since forty years in one direction (crossing with tho S^immcn- 
 tlialcr) a lioniogencou.sncss of race has been developed, so tliat experts at once rocoi'- 
 DJzn the animals, even when exported to long distances, as the "Rottweil" bri-ed A 
 very cflicient cause of tho present condition of our cattle- breeding may be mentioned 
 the keeping of township bulls as practiced in tho district for forty years iiast 
 
 For tho leuowal of stock, which takea place every three or four'years with ori-'iual 
 Siuiiiunthaicr bulls (no cowa have been imported 'for twenty years past), onl v well- 
 built and delic.ately-shftped specimens are seleoted. the tliick-.skiiined. hollou-'.shniil. 
 ileivd, iioavy breed, that yields little milk, having for a long time been abandoned 
 
 In consequence of tho system of cattle-shows with promimns. introduced by tho 
 ceutralstello for agriculture, a considerable progress iu eatl le-breeding has been noted 
 m Wurteuiberg. As at prcsout in tho district of Rottweil tho boof disease-showing 
 
 t« 
 
452 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 however, uo malignant Byn.ptouiB-prevaib quite generally, the present ni...„«,,» 
 
 be unfavorable <or an iimptction. ^ »"""*'"''«'"» laoiiioutwuni^ 
 
 I have bad the honor toMtate herewith that which in in genernl lunst ,.«,..,„• . 
 oerning cattle-breeding in our diatrict. and I leave it to^ the cSerri , '''^°''- 
 honor to favor us perhaps at some other time with a visit. *-»"»'«Jeratu.ii ot your 
 
 With highest regards, 
 
 Ooconoinierath BURKARUT 
 
 Prtaident of the Agrknllurul r«i„„. 
 
 CATTLE BREEDING AT KIRCnBERG. 
 
 At Kirchberg, in the Black Forest section, great attention h i, ,id . 
 cattle-breeding, and several distinctive points of IntereHt in (.„,''•" 
 with the subject will bo found in the subjoined letter fr , n ^ ^""^ 
 luierath Schotfer, the president of the Koyal Farming Seh ,1 H'*^" 
 point, who writes me, under date of October 2L', as follows: ^^ 
 
 KmCHBKUG, NKAIl SULZ, October '1-^ Nv, 
 
 In answer to your favor of the I'Jtb of October I have to say that the brn^.r' f ' 
 stalled here is identical with that kept at the Royal Academy utUe'li, ''''''" 
 that 111 regard to the rearing of young cattle only this diftorence .x hN ■ '' "'"^ 
 Kirchberg a thorough system of grazing is carried out. Near tb.7 fW... f" m"^ '" 
 there lire two inclosures of about a hectares each, provided with fiuillii?. ,"''''"-'» 
 njg J he animals, where the vo.iiig cattle, Irom spriug (al.out May mluVa'n'''^''- 
 f October, graze without the supervision of herdsmen So lon.r dnrin ' '"' ™' 
 
 in> 
 
 autumn, as the nights are cool amriiiV-H^nortrmuTrsomo th"/at"imaVs'i'Ill'^!''''!'";''>'il 
 to graze, returning in the evening to their stalls, where they are d'lirJwi /'"''" 
 soon, however as the summer days grow warm and Hies begin to .r .m; ''' ^^ 
 animals are allowe, to graze from 4 o'clock in the uftornooi, „„ thro,; '"^''.f'^'' 
 
 night III. to 8 o'clock in the morning, remaining during the duvtiine i i, "'V"'"''' 
 While tiiere they are provi.!..! witlfas much corn-straw as thl"^i ".J ,''V "'''"'''• 
 wet weather, they seem to prefer; no other fodder is given tiiem in t l/'V "?« 
 two grazing-grouuds are ordinarily used alternately for four weeks .i.f'*' ^'"' 
 the herbage gains strength before the cattle graze upon it. As so.'.n ,«„'""' ^? "'"^ 
 has remained lor some tiuie idle the dung is carefu Iv broken iin i , f ' '"<= "sure 
 mown oft- Besides the dung of the grazing animals f he gr , , a , "t::'^"^ ■"''■ 
 every few years with woo.l ashes. From the age of about six moul is , t ?f """""^'^ 
 pregnancy, which is here about two and a half years, only the fe 1 /' , ""Soof 
 during summer whilst the young males are ear.^d f.,r the same a. a 1 lw:,i '"*'''''^" 
 very strong bodily development and excellent health are found l/y „.''.' '"'"'• ^^ 
 thirty years to be the results of the above-described system of r'aWn" ./"""•' "^ 
 
 This 18 the on y feature distinguishing cattle-breeding here from'th. t" r"w1' 
 heini and I think that it would scarcely be worth while",, come r« n'.r V,"''"'- 
 pecially as at present the grazing is over with for this jear I'«™'"all.v, e^- 
 
 With highest regards, 
 
 Oeconomierath SCHOFFER 
 Preaidetit of the K. Ackerba 
 
 ■ivkei-buuachule. 
 
 CATTLE-BREEDING AT RAVENSBURG. 
 
 From Ravensbnrg, situated in the Swabian uplands near Lukt^ fo., 
 stance, in the southeasterly part of the Kingdom, it is report Ma S 
 hist chamber ot commerce report, as follows : ^ 
 
 The new law about bulls will, without doubt, contribute vcrv innrl, f,. .i. • 
 entof cattle-bree.ling, although the poorness of the soil n^oShi^^ 
 ime dlfi CU tv and rnndt-rn tlin k..,...i..„ ,u- t „i.:.. ,.. ., . '-'"^-rSCUwaben cause 
 
 ment 
 
 causes 
 
 some difflcu-ty au<l renders the kee ,Tngo7 town lip bu a nost n ..r, '," T' 
 to be hoped that through a better cl.oico of bulls the brown ca th, wm/ f '''■ ^\ '' 
 the Oberland, and will be able to resist successfully thoT, crS b .^J of h'"'^'" 
 colored race as far as dairy uses are concen.e.l. Where brS "- ' n liu fi ''" '"["• 
 growing parii-colore.l cattle are in their right place an sTuViddi >'!'"''''" 
 whilst the aimless system of crossings bet weenh,n,wnaKd cut^^^^ 
 in ni^ny places, should be o,,posed by every possible .nV4n ^£1 tC \, enin t? 
 a better breeding and rearing of cows will be the higher price for tlwnikn 
 in many honseliolds and dairies in Oberschwaben tCl^^^rthe L S^^ 
 cold- water m.-lhod, which we are glad to state is ••oming'moro and 11 0^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 On y ately the dairy at Sigmarshofon was remodeled according othiTsyln. r,; 
 -Molkerei Geuossenschaft » (dairy association) at AichstetteK mk.t^ayerv 
 showing in It 8 last year's business. " 
 
 very good 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 453 
 
 CATTLE BREEDING AT HEIDENHEIM. 
 
 From the district of lIei<kMjlieim, in tbo iiortbeaHterly part of the 
 (vin^'(i<)lll, it is roportpd tliat the .stock of cattle has both 'increased and 
 lUipiDVt'd (lining a sciich of years abundant in food, tbrouKb a more 
 ireuonil introduction of tbe 8imnientbal blooded stock. In the district 
 relerrc.l to there was founded in 188U "die Molkerei Genosscnschaft " 
 (dairy association) at Gerstetten, numbering lifty-sevcn members, and 
 producing daily from 1,100 liters of milk, 05 to 80 pounds of butter, and 
 150 to IGO pounds of cheese. The butter is sold to Ulm, Stuttgart, &c., 
 and also somewhat to North Germany, the cheese princi|)ally to Clm. 
 From Uottwoil it is reported that the condition of the cattle is satisfac- 
 tory, nnd that in just recognition of its importance greater attention is 
 directed to itfrom year to year. The race bred in the district has found 
 a lively sale at good prices; unhappily many a line young animal must 
 besold to meet the deficit caused by the bad i)rices of corn. 
 
 Ill the district of Heidenheim the total number of cattle brought to 
 market in 1882 was, to the 12 fairs in Crailsheim, 3,793 head: the 12 in 
 Ellwangen, 15,005 head; the 10 in Giengen, 5,701 head; the 13 in 
 Gmund, 0,877 head. 
 
 Prices of Heidenheim cattle. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Ox 
 
 BuU. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 llarkots. 
 
 CralUhclm . 
 EUwttugon . 
 Giengt'U — 
 
 Gmuuu 
 
 Crailshoira . 
 Ellwaugen . 
 Glongon — 
 
 Oinund 
 
 Crailsbcim . 
 Elhvaiigon . 
 
 Gieneen 
 
 Gmund 
 
 Heifer i Crnilslioim . 
 
 ; Ellwaugen 
 
 GiuKon 
 
 Gmund , 
 
 Crailsheim* 
 EUwangou* 
 
 Giongen 
 
 Gmund 
 
 TearliBg. . . 
 
 Highest average prioo. 
 
 Monti'. 
 
 November 
 
 df 
 
 Angnstand Soptombor. . 
 
 August 
 
 do 
 
 March 
 
 September 
 
 do 
 
 Deremher 
 
 NiiviMuber 
 
 Deeerabev 
 
 Foliruary 
 
 July.... 
 
 May and November 
 
 September 
 
 Juno 
 
 Price. 
 
 Marki. 
 
 444.50 
 410.00 
 38,"). 00 
 423. 50 
 243. 50 
 ai.'i. 00 
 2i:t. 00 
 262.60 
 230. 00 
 2tH). 00 
 240. 60 
 226 00 
 100.00 
 225. 00 
 225. 00 
 129. 00 
 
 December .. 
 
 September and October. 
 
 112.20 
 202.50 
 
 Lowest average price. 
 
 Month. 
 
 April 
 
 December . 
 
 April 
 
 ■January ... 
 
 October 
 
 July 
 
 April 
 
 Kcbriiary.. 
 November . 
 
 May 
 
 January ... 
 
 April 
 
 Kebruary . . 
 
 January ... 
 Docemlier . 
 
 Price. 
 
 January . 
 April..., 
 
 Markt. 
 
 317.00 
 380. 00 
 245. 00 
 321.00 
 175.00 
 285. 00 
 180.00 
 235, 00 
 105. UO 
 200. 00 
 181,00 
 190 00 
 
 63.50 
 205. 00 
 150. 00 
 
 7,5. 00 
 
 135 00 
 
 130 00 
 
 'Here the yearlings are not separated fh)m the heifers. 
 AT HEILBRONN ON THE NEOKAE. 
 
 In Heilbronn a district cattle exhibition took place from the 12th to 
 tbe 14th of May, to which one hundred nnd twenty nine exhibitors sent 
 one hundred and seventy -one cattle, all more or less worthy of notice. 
 
 OATTLE TRANSPORT VIA THE ST. GOTHAED. 
 
 The chamber of commerce at Heilbronn reports that since the open- 
 ing of the St. Gothard tunnel 100 to ;U)0 oxen of the best quality have 
 beeu sent from Italy to South Germany, costing per 100 pounds on 
 the hoof only 20 to 30 marks ($5 to $7.50) in Milan nnd Alessandria, 
 and bringing 38 to 42 marks ($0.50 t(» -SH'-oO) in Mannheim and Frank- 
 
 P 
 
 E».' II 
 
 J!- 
 
 ail •' 
 
454 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 .1 !i.l^''*'^'"'"^*'•^ ^'"'^ ^'"' '''••'i*^'''^ '■•>'• tl"'««^ oxen, inclusiv,. ,.f o. 
 m.rks (1.1) ,lutv, .■.n.o.u.l.s, In.,,. MM.ui f.,Ma,.,.l,oi,„, fo7( ,, ,' s • , "'^ 
 
 3.a „,arks !,(.,• l„„„lnMl woi^^ht, at wl.i.l, |,i;.h rate ot' ro r ir^"" "' 
 l)io .;ib e that tU. d.-ale,' ...a.v l.av.. pai.l a po.^ti,,,, .,fi„e Ih '' '•^*'"'» 
 l{iitt,i8 „e\v (■ni„|.etifioi. will not j»i-()ve l)erma,iei,tlv <liii.'.. r 
 ...q„al.ty of tlu. ,neal of the Ilalia,' ox does not o i e u f 7 ':; ''• 
 the ox ,a,fie,l ,„ W„,1ei„l,e,-j,s an,! .loe.s not keej, so w ! T ' '" 
 pnees ,n Italy aie a«<;,il,e,l t., tl,e fact (I,a( Anstiiun cattle a,v." ? 
 it(>(! II) Ci'rtiKiiii- oi-i #1.,. <•..♦* I . ...1 <■ . '■'»" »"iiie Hie pioiiiij 
 
 CATTLE TRADE AT OALW. 
 
 From Calw it is reported : " The prices of cattle are evervxviu.r. , 
 and constitute, with hops, the prindpnl source of ,i[eome of I ffl^""'"' 
 In consequence of the use of spoiled' provender the S^l so 1 1^^^^^^ 
 to have quite generally attacked the cattle. Although iMs iasdv t nw"".' 
 t has yet caused great disturbance in the cattle t,-a(le tm! '),.?? '''' 
 been a lively one during the entire year past, fat a,,«l lUvshv cutr ?.t •"" 
 always in demand an.l fat oxen, which for,, a pri, e , , ^tfl ' '7''? 
 port fron, the southwestern pa,t of the Black l^St uL'^^ r '"• 
 at the fairs and out of their slalls by the pea^'aufs to ttcier' n fwl'?^ 
 sale dealers. M, h.h cows and cows aboit to calve were a .^^ *i " ''"''; 
 and brought good prices. "^ "' (leniiiiKl 
 
 CATTLE-FAIRS IN 1882. 
 
 of 1,750,39.} marks: "foTh^e tluw cattle^Ihrrs 'rK'nuS'*" ''' ^"*''' '""''"<^^ 
 1,2(.9, sold 400 head, with a, .rilucof8^ 
 
 hundred weight on' hoof: fattened cattle 3^ "i^a-Lsfffi^^^^ 
 marks; young cattle, 18 n,ark8. To the cattkMU , il. El ^'^t ''.v 
 hea. were brought. At seven cattle-fairs in Calw veie so S,',. ' ,^n 
 head of cattle, 300 to 400 horses, and about 1,500 pigs '"* ^^^ 
 
 CLIMATE OF WURTEMBEKG. 
 
 The Kingdom of Wurtemberg lies at a varying elevation of fm.n vr 
 to 1,151 meters (on the a\-erage 500 ,neters) aboveX i< vol r .? 
 and extends from 2.5° .32' 20" to ^so 9' 3C'' ij^^^Mon;;^^ 1 }^^ ^''' 
 
 35' to 490 35' 30" north latitude. longitude, a,„l fr«,u 47o 
 
 The mean temperature for the hiHf t/.n vo...... ^vrsr-T^i t i^—ni- 
 
 the year round ^in spring, +"'6.4o7 .sumliiei ' + 13:iro';\+um;m ^^+^ 
 and m winter, — 0.2° K. ' «iiirii»in, + b.yo 
 
OEEMANY. 466 
 
 In n>)?iinl to apfrioiiltnre tha climate ranges from " siimmcrcorn " to 
 .,,„i,l(lliiig wine" climiitp, the *' winter com" diniiiti^ piedoiniuatiiig. 
 
 S|)iiii« bejjins in tlio latter part of MarcL and lasts till the end of May, 
 fallowed by throe warm summer months. Heptember and October are 
 usually very snnny autumn mouths, while November forms the transi- 
 lioii (() wiiitiT, which in jfeneral is not severe or vt^ry snowy, on thecon- 
 iiiiiy, oft(Mi loo mild and rainy. On the whole WurtomberK, like all 
 \\Vstern Europe, has milder winters and warmer summers than are to 
 ha i'xpe(!ted according to its moan ueoprraphical latitu«le. 
 
 SOIL OF WUUTEMHEnO. 
 
 AccordinfT to its pfeology and the character of its soil, which is inti- 
 mately (connected therewith, the country may bo divided into the six 
 
 following jrroups: 
 
 nerlarci 
 
 (iri)iii» I. CoUiriMl Hiiiul»tone 142, U70 
 
 Group 2. 81i«ll liiiio .'J0l,r>14 
 
 tJioiiiiX lieil iiiiirlH i!tn,()14 
 
 ilroiiit 4. Black unci brown jura 'iiKj, -JU 
 
 Groui)5. White jura 3-^7,a84 
 
 (jroiipG. Tertiary Hamlstono 404,:J83 
 
 Area of the whole country 1,950, 37'J 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF AREA. 
 
 The entire area of the Kingdom is subdivided as follows: 
 
 Description. 
 
 Bnililin){9, courts, streets, and roads 
 Oultiviited lands 
 
 lleadowH . 
 
 Gardi'iHand fields. 
 
 Viui'Viiitls 
 
 riirttmoliind 
 
 Wooillunil 
 
 Hectares. 
 
 StreaniH, hikes, &o ,••-,••■ 
 
 Biirrciirt, ([oarrles, marl pits, and saud pits 
 
 Total . 
 
 1, 990, 370 
 
 For cent. 
 
 50, 683 
 
 2.0 
 
 82H, 385 
 
 42.5 
 
 277, 880 
 
 14.2 
 
 8H, 20S 
 
 2.0 
 
 20, 135 
 
 1.3 
 
 84,180 
 
 4.3 
 
 01)4, 018 
 
 31 
 
 12, 881 
 
 0.7 
 
 27,298 
 
 1.4 
 
 lUO.O 
 
 i 
 
 MEAT SUPPLY OF WUETEMBERG. 
 
 The veterinary surgeon of Stuttgart reports that during the year 
 1882 there were slaughtered in the city limits the following number of 
 animals, viz : 
 
 Description. 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Bulls 
 
 Cow.s 
 
 Teivrlings . 
 
 Swiuo 
 
 Calves 
 
 She«p 
 
 Total 
 
 Xomber. 
 
 5,611 
 
 524 
 
 7i)0 
 
 7, ()93 
 
 24, 807 
 
 40, OHO 
 
 2, 250 
 
 Total 
 wei);bt. 
 
 Average 
 weight. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 'i, 340, 184 
 327,410 
 299,500 
 
 2, 305, 124 
 
 3,512,481 
 
 81,724 
 
 Poundt. 
 595 
 624 
 300 
 324 
 141 
 
 
M!l 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Stuttgart's population is about oneLveSnth of ?i.n . 'i'"^ ?'''ent tha 
 berg. As above stated by Professor D^CsL of Hnh^f •^^•"'t^" 
 beef 18 exported, principallv to Franoe to S. ""'^^"^^^"n, mucb 
 
 MEAT PRICES AT STUTTGART. 
 
 I append herewith a statement showing the currpnf ,»• 
 
 Description. 
 
 3ieef 
 
 „ Do.... 
 Pork 
 
 Do.... 
 Veal 
 
 Do 
 
 Matton 
 
 Do 
 
 t^ I'ricoperloOpounUs- 
 Slaughtored. 
 
 On the hoof. 
 
 
 Kotail price 
 Pouudii), 
 
 ASSOCIATION DAIRIES IN WURTEMBERG. 
 
 Agriculture is carried on in Wurtemhero- ..ImoA. i 
 and consequently, in the inclividiuXrchTs^of aS .1?' "f " ^"''"^r^, 
 the technical and economical aclvantages peiLm , '^ l^^^ Pro^luction 
 can-ied on on a large scale, can only bf enSyS Kl . ^"T^^ ^^•''^'" 
 Wurtemberg agriculturists by means yiX'atm./''^^^^^^ 
 eflorts have been made forsonie years nasttrTi.h, ^"'/^'« I'^^^sou 
 ized associations among the rural no.»w«f£.-.^''*'.^ 
 guarantees tothe members, and fo iTi Ir "os^. TLT' ""/^ ^'^^^ 
 cheese trom milk. Uj) to the nrese t St t'^ Producing butter and 
 been founded in WuItemEg' ^ncern u^r.^^^^^^ ^'^sociatio.s ha?e 
 methods of which the foUowing remar s fun^^^ '"-^titutio,,, and 
 
 connection with the acconipanjing ivg^latL/.s : "" '-^-^I'lanation in 
 
 THE DAIRY ASSOCIATION AT AICHSTETTFN 
 
 kreis), and dista'nt ollly'Z f'a'ki h eu ffi ,;;^^ ^".^''•' ^<'""" 
 
 on the little river Aitradi •m.l ,.,? h V ' '^*^' J^i'vaiinn fvoutii'v 
 
 fro^ Leutkirch to Memnllng , i Z i^tt^Xr^n'^"'' '''^"^'-^^^ 
 af ? f\'r\^^ f'"' place l,ei'ng (00 me e s am ^tlt^ , • 
 
 at hand, the climate is rather harsh d ,,n. V? '^'^' Alps hem- near 
 especially marked by sucld en c^J^ o^ ^vin.ly, „„1 is 
 
 boar and s],ring frosts and late Hmiim t Lo ' i- '"''' "'"' '■'■*''l"^*"t 
 on the whole, favorable: but as tl e SV.t!. ;=""^^'^'»»« <'»' the soil are, 
 of commercial products and fmi s rii^ ^ t ''''" '" ^" ^ ''*' cultivation 
 the farmer chiHIvtlu/rtj "1.1 A\^^\'"''^'" 
 
 of corn, and the ded\ig oi^t^ SSd n^r.'^^^ thecuiUvation 
 
 keeping of cattle. I'lmupal part of his revenue from tLe 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 457 
 
 Aicbstetten numbered, on the Ist of December, 18S0, 826 inbabitants. 
 Its area comprises 1,441 bectares, of whicb 800 are arable land, 260 
 meadow, 21 i)asture, and 300 wood. 
 
 Tlie livo stock amounted, according to tbe census of 1873, to 117 
 iKirscs, 1,010 bead cattle, and 120 swine. Sheep are not kept. 
 
 The classification of property of those citizens, numbering about 100, 
 ffho diiefly occupy themselves with agriculture, is at present as follows : 
 Fiinners who oavii above 20 hectares are counted among the large pro- 
 inietors; farmers with 10 to 20 hectares among the middling, and those 
 iiudcr 10 hectares among the small ones. According to this division 
 there are at present at Aicbstetten twenty large, forty middling, and 
 forty small proprietors. There are no large estates, properly so called j 
 jiccording to the rating generally prevailing, and especially in North 
 Gcrinany, concerning landed estates, the large proprietors would count 
 among the middling, so that, according to this scale, only middling and 
 small farmers are to be found at Aicbstetten. 
 
 THE ASSOCIATION DAIRY AT ALLGAU. 
 
 Dairies have been established in the Allgau for a long time past, and 
 there is considerable cheese manufacture<l, not ordinarily, however, by 
 thi' farmers themselves, but by " cheesers'-' (Kaser), to whom the formers 
 tiirnish the milk at a lixed price (for some years i)a8t at 8 to 9 pfennigs 
 per liter), whilst the waste of buttermilk and whey is returned to the 
 fmnisbers of the milk. Under these conditions, the sale of the milk 
 has become more and more a matter of monopoly for the "Kaser;" 
 thoy fix the price of the milk, and the farmers have been able to do 
 uotbiiig against this one-sided arrangement, as the individual farms are 
 iiiojitly too small to enable their owners to manufacture their own cheese 
 profitably, and, moreover, as, owing to the lack of larger towns in the 
 viciuity,'a direct sale of the mdk is imiwssiblo. Besides, dairy nianage- 
 mi'Ut liad not kei)t pace with recent imjjrovements, and the preparation 
 of butter had in many cases continued defective. A thorough iinprove- 
 mout of these (!onditions could oidy be looked for by tbe formation of 
 associations among tbe farmers, who would Jointly and j. Tactically look 
 after Ibe making of butter and cheese. At the same time it was' to be 
 expected that the introduction of the principle of association into agri- 
 culture would exercise a favorable effect also on its other branches. 
 
 lu order to attain the desired aim, it was lirst of all necessary to 
 bring tbe new method of dairy management to the notice of the farm- 
 ers in tbe Wurtembergish Allgau. An agricultural exhibition held at 
 Leutkircb in tbe autumn of 1870, by the twelfth agricultural district 
 association, ottered the wisbed-for (»(;casion. With it was connected a 
 dairy exbibir, in which, at the expense of the royiilcentralstelle lor agri- 
 culture, the making of butter and cheese after the latest methods (to- 
 };ctlii'r with tbe separator arrangement) was for a few days practically 
 illustrated. This sj)ecial exhibit aroused the highest interest among 
 tlio {ircat number of country peo|>le wb> attended. On the 28th of Sep- 
 tiiiilH'i'. cifjbt resident farmers, owning ir)2 cows in all, resolved ujton the 
 foiuiding of an association for the common handling and sale of the 
 milk, and charged a committee with tbe jtreliminaries for the establish- 
 iiunt of a dairy building of their own. Ibit various (»bsta(^Ies caused 
 (May, and ii was not uniil iln- 2r»ib of January, IHHU, that the assoeia- 
 lioii WHS deliintely organized as ''The Wiirtembergisehe Molkerei 
 Aishstctteu, eingetragene Geno.ssenschaft " (registered association). 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 is. 
 
 IF 
 
458 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 •lUg. 
 
 The principal obstacle vanished when a copious supnlv of fr^^i. 
 water was found at an easy depth and attaining even in ti.l i ^"" 
 summer weather a temperature of not over lOo Celsius TIii« i "^^^ 
 discovery necessitated the construction of a pump work- hnf nc\ "^^'^ 
 by steam also recommended itself as cheaper, cleaner, anil rnn,. ^'P^ 
 reffulated, it was decided to purchase a boiler of six atraosn wm '^'''^'''^ 
 motor of 4-hor8e power. The latter pumps water and worksTl f ' f "'^ " 
 while the steam heats the cheese- vat and warms the entire hni it ''^"^'^' 
 the cellars especially has the moist, equalized warmth en" en^l ^'"i ,^" 
 steam-heating proved unusually favorable to the ripening of l^ ^^' 
 Upon entering the dairy building, which is built in apleasino ?f' 
 on a small hill in the center of the village, and forms one oi^iS '^^^''^ 
 ments, we first come to the vestibule, which serves at th^ I , ""I^^' 
 for the reception of the milk. According to the regulations iS ""' 
 be delivered unstrained, as in this state the presH^jceTlbr"'^: T 
 stancesaudot impurities can be much more easily detectofl u^" ^i?^- 
 strained, then weiglied, and the quantity delivered by cachfarn!'i ' 
 credited in his milk-book and also in tiie register of the assof. ,Hn ''r'^ 
 the vestibule are also a number of test-glasses, used in de ermi ?n; .?" 
 percentage of cream which the milk of each furnisher coS* *^^ 
 At the left of the lobby we enter " das Aufrahmungslokal '' • hi^i, , 
 well ventilated hall, provided with long cement troughs 'sunri'?^ 
 floor. In these the milk vessels, containing 40 liters eafhar^ni, '!^^ 
 ath-racks; the capacity of cooling-troughs is ±300 liters Tho.""' 
 
 tSeroof."^ ''"''^"'"P''^ "^'" ''^'■''*^" ^•««'-^rvoirs,which?re under 
 During the first one and one-half to two hours the water i« nii-. , . 
 flow in and run oft' with full force, after which no furtheTflow is nioT^ *" 
 According to the method of Swarz the principal procls of exS^^^^ 
 the cream takes place after two hours and is finished in tSvl?^ 
 hours; any farther extraction of the cream is avoided, as otheml?"' 
 tJheese loses in weight and becomes tliin. ' °^^^^^ 'se tbe 
 
 The cream, which is taken off' after twenty-four hours, remiin. ft... 
 another twelve hours in cold water, so that it is put into the Hrrnl^^, 
 a temperature of lOo Celsius. The churn used is an imnrovp;i T ^ 71? 
 ';KoIlbutterfass"fromthe''Centralmolkereima^izrn'T^^^^ 
 at Muncheu. It contains 250 liters of cream and can turn out 50nnni' 
 ^f butter at a time. The churning process requires fS-^e 1 C! 
 the butter is taken out of the churn at 12o Celsius is loft fm- .,,.•' 
 fresh water, and then put under the kneadi.fg na'chiue 'klklZ '1 
 butter 18 then made into rolls of I pound each, which are 'tm]^^t 
 the stami) of the association, packed in wet parchment mi o ... I 
 again placed for an hour in\,uite cold water, aX? S' Sev'";'" 
 shipped away by post in boxes of ^ kilograms each. Tlie Aiclisfeth^ 
 butter has grown greatly in favor on account of its fine tasteS oHt" 
 keeping well. The daily shipment amounts to 75 kilogn nu: "ud th 
 demand cannot be supj>lied. A yield of 3^ te 3i kilogra. "s o buter 
 from 100 kilograms of milk is about the highest result ob iuec. 
 
 At the right of the lobby there is the " Kasereilokal," where staucl. a 
 cheese-vat with a capacity of 1,000 liters. It is of u'ood, cop, Jr bo 
 tomed and warmed by steam from l>elow. In mauulactu ring "Lck 
 stein cheese" the skimmed milk warmed to 33o Celsius is curdled litl. 
 liquid rennet. The Aichst.«tt.m " Ha^'t-^-i" " -.i-..^..^, ^ ,■ "J"'*^'.' ""," 
 besides its good appearance, by its excellent t7^\e^ am\X mteTit 
 ^Ze ' ^^^^^ ""^'* ^^'"^ ^'^^''^' ^'''''^^ P'"^^*^'' this sort of 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 459 
 
 Besides "Backstein" cheese round cheese (Rundkase) is manufact- 
 m.ed. Also here the milk is curdled at 33° Celsius aud worked to 40° 
 
 Bound cheese is sold at present at 80 pfennigs; 'Backsteiu" cheese 
 at CO pfennigs, and butter at 2.20 to 2.40 marks per kilogram, while 
 peasants' butter sells only at 1.60 marks. The yield of cheese amounts 
 fioiu 9 to 10 kilograms of Backstein, and a little less round cheese, from 
 „veiv 100 kilograms of milk. 
 
 Tlie whey is given to the milk furnishers, who take back on every 
 Slcilograms of furnished milk 2 kilograms of whey, and on every 10 
 kilograms of milk 1 kilogram of buttermilk, which remains perfectly 
 
 ' From the *' Kasereilokal," in which, besides the cheese-vat, are placed 
 tiie butter kneader, the stretching table, and the press, we come to the 
 machine hall, where, in addition to the horizontal steam engine, the 
 puni]) «ind the chux'n are placed. In a separate room stands the boiler, 
 ivbich is heated with Ruhr lump coals. The daily consumption of coal 
 is 2 centners, which, at Aichstetteu, costs 1^ marks per centner. The 
 eutire si)ace underneath is occupied by the cheese collars, which are 
 lijirb and well ventilated and fulfill all the necessary conditions for the 
 proper ripening of the cheese. 
 
 The whole establishment, with its carefully- scoured cement floors, and 
 tbe cleajiliness prevailing everywhere, gives a very favorable impres- 
 siou, as compared with the old, smoke-blackened, cheese-kitcheus of 
 tlic Allgau district. 
 
 [Juder the roof are apartments for the cheese-maker and the appren- 
 tices, aud room for storing wood, &c. 
 
 The dairy was opened on the 5th of July, 1880. The eutire plant cost 
 l!j,G28 marks, the chief items of which are the buiidiug, 11,710 marks; 
 tlie steani-eugiue, the boiler, and the fountain, 7,255 marks; the inte- 
 rior tittings, 4,539 marks; the ice cellar, 707 marks, and sundries, 1,364 
 marks. To cover these utlays a loau was raised under the joint aud 
 iudividuul guarantee of all the members of the association. Accord- 
 lag to section 12 of the statutes, on every kilogram of milk furnished 
 todie dairy 1 pfennig is due to the treasury of the association. One- 
 balf of the money thus raised is a[)plied to payment of interest and the 
 cauceliug of the loau, while the other half goes to defraying current 
 expenses aud to the accumulation of a reserve fund. On every kilo- 
 gram of furnished milk members receive on account 9 pfennigs; what- 
 over beyond that is obtained by the management is paid to them yearly 
 a> their share of the profit, after the deduction of all charges. The 
 quantity of milk daily used averages 1,500 kilograms. The [)rice per 
 kilogram amounts to 12^ pfennigs, without the whey. Every kilogram 
 is taxed 1.3 pfennigs for the exi)enses of the association. 
 
 Thi-s new enterprise, to which Ilis Majesty the King, upon the sugges- 
 tion of the ministry of the interior, has graute<l a considerable subsidy 
 Irom thefundof theroyal centralstelle for agriculture, shows, afteralmost 
 two years of existence, a steady, thrifty progress. As the best proof of 
 the recognition it finds anmng the peoi)le it may be stated that the mem- 
 bership of the association has increased from eight to thirty, owning iu 
 all two hundred and eighty-five cows. The association exercises, both 
 directly or indirectly, a salutary influence upon the revenue of its mem- 
 bers, who thus obtain an assured and more profitable sale of their milk, 
 while the growing of provender and breeding of cattle are imi)roved. 
 But not less important is the favorable influence which such au as- 
 soeiation may exercise in a moral point of view on its members as well 
 
460 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 mi 
 
 as on the whole community through the fact that working anrl „ • 
 for a common enterprise draws men nearer to one another an A 'i'^^ 
 them the better to agree together. The system and SuhS«i'^^.'« 
 pensab e in the dau-y business find their way by and by n?o S cV',',^'«- 
 the cattle and the dwellings of the families/bringing vWh them «n'' "^ 
 blessed sanitary benefits. ^ '^"'^'^lemalltheir 
 
 THE DAIRY ASSOCIATION AT HELDENFINGEN. 
 
 Sooner than might have been expected the example of Aiphaf.*. , 
 been followed and a second Wurtemberg Dairy Ass?citio,f if ^"^ ^'^'* 
 organized at Heldenfingen. ^''Wcutiou has been 
 
 The village of Heldenfingen is situated near the eastern fmnf 
 Wurtemberg, in the county of Heidenheim, belonging tyS^f °^ 
 distru, on the elevated plateau of the SwabiLn Alps, about e^V'^^^ 
 above the sea. Its climate i. severe, belonging to the zonl nf '"•''"'« 
 corn, windy, rather dry, less favorable in general to the ZJl ^p'"^^''- 
 mercial products and fruits. The soil is a strong, cScareo^us T L/'"'"- 
 the ijroduct of the disintegration of the white JnrarpSvfla/?. ""'' 
 and frequently too dry, as the surface water is quickh abL?&'^""y' 
 Heldenfingen has' 830 inhabitants, owning in all an a?ea of on , 
 res, used for asrricultural nnrnnsou . fi.^^o ^„. oZ\^^..^^^^ of 950 bee- 
 
 tares, used for agricultural purposes rtbere"Srr8ihectarra?.S 
 
 40 hectares pasture laud. '^"' 
 
 30 hectares meadows, and ,„ x.....»c» ,m«ture laua. 
 
 ihe stock of cattle amounted on the 1st of April, 1881 to ^k i 
 531 head of cattle, and SO swine. ' ' *" ^^ Worses, 
 
 The distributiou of the property in areas is as follows • Ti.« 
 proprietor has GO hectares ; seven great p-oprietws W .t, f^^"'^ 
 hectares; twenty middling propriftors haTeach 10 lo 30 liV' ^*^ 
 Sectarel'""'"" ""' ''^^'"""" ^""" ProprietTsNiave^afh SS 
 
 This shows that small proprietors are in a large majorit in hm. 
 flugen and that real estate is here still more cl^^vi.l" d u Hnn^?-^'"" 
 Aichstetten. IJnder these circumstances greSrc4 ^ "1? '"f 
 economy can only be obtained through the association an ^ ' "^ 
 In Heldenfingen, as in the whole Wurtembergish Alps region h.. , 
 tiyation of corn has occupied hitherto by far the grt/iter , p '. ^ " 
 stituted the princij.al source of income of the Ixumr 4 So IT" 
 stock ot cattle has been considerably improved in he 1 itf S " 
 the increased growth of clover, which is eipeciall, mpoVt; mt^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 of (he small area of meadow land, yet the farmer couhl i.of 1.^/ i", 
 benefitof it as the direct sale of I'nilk was tm^Z^£ Tu:to t if 
 tancefrom larger towns and the railroad, ai d dairy . a, >, 1 Jf 1'" 
 unkijown or confined to the preparation of an infeS m htv oH t e/ 
 which had to be sold at correspondingly low prices (1.50 nia.L pSo! 
 
 Whilst Aichstetten is situated in a localitv where dairy u.aijarrp,,,...^ 
 has been in vogue for a long time and forms^the most i nor an?f^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 nn of«"".-^1'- ' '"*^"*'^'^'' ''' ^^'^'^ ^^'« ^"•-'^tion there coi tS IreT n 
 an essen lal improvement of an already existing branch of tSrhP 
 improved da ry system as introduced in Heldenfinge iwa for A I 
 quite a new branch and one hitherto unknown there '""'^''''^^'^''^ 
 
 ^sll'tlXfj!^}f'fJ^'^^r^^ eiyenin Heldenfingen in the autumn of 
 nrpVnr H. wV . r"^- "^"^^^^d Dy the itinerant instructor iu affricult- 
 ^ f. IL ,'^/»,S«/.*'!«^"«f concerning the recent progress made in da y 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 461 
 
 In the lecture it was also pointed out that one of the most important 
 conditions I'or the successful management of a dairy, viz, pure, fresh 
 water, now existed through the parish of Heldenflngeu having but a 
 Kiinrt time before joined the rough Alps water- works system, thereby re- 
 piviiig good spring water in abundance from the pumping station in 
 t^ Eyb Valley, near Geislingen, 29 kilometers distant. 
 
 0,1 the 5th of December, 1880, thirty farmers resolved upon founding 
 g„ association for the common handling and sale of milk, and charged 
 ;, cominittee of live members with the work necessary for the carrying 
 out of the resolution. 
 
 Xlie members of the committee, under the guidance of the president 
 of the association, SchuUheiss Bosch, visited the dairy at Aichstetteu, 
 anil from the favorable impression thus derived soon agreed to estab- 
 iisli a similar institution in Ileldenflngen, and in so doing to protit by the 
 osperieiices gained at Aichstetteu. 
 
 But as there, so also at Ileldenflngen, the final realization of the en- 
 terprise encountered various difiBculties. Doubt as to the usefulness and 
 profitableness of the business took more and more hold upon not only 
 the adversaries, but also upon those who had hitherto been friends of 
 the project, and the president of the association very properly reported 
 to tlie Royal Centralstelle for agriculture in regard to the discord 
 among the members of the association that "a regular April shower 
 hiid occurred, followed by heavy spring storms." 
 
 But when the members' disposition had finally grown more favorable 
 it was found possible to commence building in June, 1880, and the 
 Jairy was opened on the 10th of October, 1881. 
 
 The dairy building is neat in style, and is constructed like that at 
 Aicbstetteii, according to the newest plans, but is more spacious in 
 dimensions. It has the necessary facilities for the Swarz skimming 
 rai'tliod, for the working of the cheesery by steam, and for the steam 
 beating of all the rooms. The total cost for building and construction 
 amounts to 24,000 marks, viz : 
 
 Marks. 
 For the lniildiiij:ot'tbo house, incluHive of the purchase of the bnildinglot.. 14,000 
 
 Forboilii, 5 steam etovoH, Mteain and water pipes, dairy coiistructious 6,000 
 
 Fortho ico cellar, water reservoir for cooling water with ice, construction of 
 andevator in the cheese cellar, fencing in of the ground, &c 4,000 
 
 To meet these- expenses a loan was raised under the joint and indi- 
 vidual guarantee of all the members, the interest on which is paid, and 
 the cancellation of which takes place according to the statutes here- 
 after i)riiite(l, on the same safe basis as at Aichstetteu, 1 pfennig on 
 every kilogram of milk furnished being first withheld for the treasury 
 of the association. 
 
 A water puinj) was not required in this dairy, as the water from the 
 pipes of the rough Alps water-works rises by its own pressure as high 
 as the upper rooms of the building. The water has in winter a temper- 
 ature of (i° Celsius, in summer of 10° Celsius, and must therefore in the 
 latter season, through the use of ice, be cooled to its winter tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 The new dairy at Ileldenfingen may be considered a gratifying re- 
 sult of the establishment of the Alps water- works, built by the aid of 
 rliedovernnient, lor otherwise the fonnev lack of water in that region 
 won!'.! have reisilered th.i'ideaof fo'siMling a h'.rgcr dairy impossible.* 
 
 As at Aichstetteu, the making of fine table butter and of good 
 Backstein cheese is the aim of the management. 
 
 6 ; II 
 
 *Seo report on water-works in rough Alps, Consular Reports, No. 10, p. 268. 
 
462 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ■>■■;> J 
 
 lii 
 
 only C kilograms, ^bowing that the new enterprise offeS iv„!"l* 
 smallest producer an opportunity of profitably selling hi^^.nm ^" ^'"^ 
 portnnity which he formerly lacked entirely. '' ^^ oP' 
 
 At first 650 kilograms of milk were handled daily, from whir.i. , 
 21 kilograms of butter a.id ■>(» kilograms of Backstein chees« I'^T 
 ^onn*l'..^'"*'^'"'^'"'^'''"'*'"*« '''^^e been made looking to tlol!., if ® *^''- 
 1,300 kilogran)s of milk daily. The butter and cheese are of ''"^ «^ 
 lent quality, and the former finds a ready sale at 2'>0 mn/i ,®^*^^'- 
 ordini.ry peasants' butter brings only 1.50 marks), the^latw r w^"i*^ 
 pfennigs per kilogranu The butter, like that^Vrom Ithstln '' '"^ 
 shipped pnne.pally to Berlin, I^ipsig, Stuttgart, and othtJ hS '"' '' 
 Members receive tor every kilogram of furnished milk 8 pfen, i„ °?'' 
 IS obtained beyond that is, after the deduction of all ei 3''^^^?^ 
 divided in shares of profit. expenses, yearly 
 
 To this enterprise also His Majesty the Kinc has nnnn ^.^ 
 tiou of the ministry of the interior, granted a considerable «„i f"^^^«- 
 the funds of the Centralstelle for agriculture "^ ^"bsuly from 
 
 AVhoever enters the dairy premises and notes the clenni;,, 
 systematic detail everywhere prevailing gains an extreSf'' ?'^ 
 impression of the new enterprise. One c-an well uuder?tnL T'"^'' 
 people of Heldenflngon speak with some pride of tftaiw'"^, ^''f 
 Hi the whole neighborhood and even beyond wins a uan e Ih^Ll^''^' 
 Alpine village and promises to become a source of raatSl wpfe*^";'^ 
 Its inhabitants. '"'^'^^»'ai welfare for 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The latitude given by the circular of instruction callintr fnr .i ■ 
 port has enabled me to cover a wide range of sub ec?r^i?,w' ^^" ''• 
 details and statistics which 1 trust will prove of SV. i «^ 
 stock-breeders and those engaged in kindred nnrsiSf x "^"''V^'"' 
 already stated, Wurtemberg'^is" the lead ng San st.t' ^'" \''' 
 branches of agriculture, and the subject therefore Svim in/'^'l 
 iniportanceforthisconsulardistrict. As appendices ^oii^^/^pSSe 
 
 ^^Trauslatiou of (he statutes of the Dairy Associatiou, (rtgietered company at Heldeu- 
 ^ Table showing cost, expenses, an.l outlays of..ull-keopi„g at Kirchbei™, „n,Ier 
 
 Tabic showing the perccnfaKo of area in each geological .Toiin ..n,i ,-, *. .■ 
 kingdom of VVnrteniberg 8iibdivi<l..<l as ivgar.ls rnltivation ' ' " ^^'^ *"'''« 
 
 Table showing the percentage of each ..f the various kindsof ..rn,l„Pf» • > 
 the arable surface of each group, an.l of the entire Kintrd„„, ^ ''"'^'' ""'"'^ "l'"" 
 
 llio characteristics, jiroductiveuess, &c., of theSimnientli!il..r ,..„! ah 
 of cattle, and their respective crossings. 6i">'uentlmler au.l Allga.ier breeds 
 
 I also forward as inclosures, &c., aceomnanvimr ti.i« m..^ >■ ■ 
 illustrative of it, the following : 'iccompanj ing this report, and 
 
 Six models (in papier machd) of breeds of cows mentioned in the report viz- 
 (6) Ne'ckarT™ ' "'' ^^';°'"'^^' '-"^ ^"i^^vcbiscn nail.-. • (4) Limburger; (5) Alb; 
 
 • Published in the supplement. 
 
 t Published in body of rejiort, ii 
 
 as inserted by the consul. 
 
GEBMANY. 
 
 46a 
 
 .'Molit'iLlieiin Tliior Album," being a collection of twelv« photographs of animalBcf 
 ..'virioim breeds, taken from life. 
 
 i'DioKiicen des Rindes, " an illustrated work by Dr. von Rueff, late director of the 
 v,.teriuary school at Stuttgart. 
 
 Photoi'raph of the Royal Agricultural School at Hoheuheim (near Stuttgart). 
 
 nfflciin copy of the law providing for the keeping of township bulls in Wurtemberg. 
 
 Plan of the royal domain at Kirohberg, Wurtemberg. 
 
 I desire to express my obligations to Professor Dr. Vossler of the 
 Koval Agricultural School at Hohenheini, to Assessor Zeeb, of the Eoyal 
 reiitiiilstellefor agriculture, to Oberamtmanu Loeflund, president of the 
 nigtrict Agricultural Association at Kirchheim under Teck, and to Dr. 
 vol! Kueff, lat^6 director of the veterinary school at Stuttgart, for val- 
 „niilp information furnished me in the preparation of this report. 
 "" . GEOEGE L. CATLIN, 
 
 United States Consulate, ^ Consul. 
 
 Stuttgart, November 28, 1883. 
 
 Tabkshowinn the percentage of area in each [leoloyical group, and in the entire Kingdom of 
 JVurtemberg, subdivided as regards cultivation. 
 
 DesoripUou. 
 
 1 
 
 Bnildinffs. courts, and roads > 2. 52 
 
 Cultivatou land | ^- 'J^ 
 
 lleadows .■...■ '•«" 
 
 (Jnnlens and fields | 1- }" 
 
 Vincyanls I 0.1b 
 
 Wo.«l9 ] "'-M 
 
 StrMins, liike;), 4iO - • j f • *» 
 
 Pasliirc land * 
 
 Birrcns. (luames {| "•"' 
 
 Mall aud sand-pits J| 
 
 Total I 10000 
 
 2 05 
 52.01 
 12. U 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.75 
 23.20 
 
 0.50 
 
 3.&0 
 
 100.00 
 
 "S 
 a 
 
 ■a 
 
 a 
 > 
 
 3.00 
 30.11 
 15.17 
 
 2.42 
 
 3.&1 
 39.47 
 
 0.67 
 
 5.52 
 
 2.72 
 40.00 
 18.97 
 
 8.10 
 
 0.55 
 28.24 
 
 0.49 
 
 7.03 
 
 100.00 I 100.00 
 
 
 1.82 
 48.77 
 8.69 
 1.05 
 0.05 
 32. 79 
 0.18 
 
 1«.65 
 
 100.00 
 
 hI 
 
 2.31 
 
 48.05 
 
 17.48 
 
 1.81 
 
 0.10 
 
 24.95 
 
 1.23 
 
 4.07 
 
 •s-S 
 
 ' 01 
 
 » a 
 
 I'M 
 
 §£ 
 £■■3 
 
 is 
 
 100. 00 
 
 2.8 
 
 42.5 
 
 14.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 31.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 4.3 
 
 5.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 100.0 
 
 lahk showing the percentage of each of the various kinds of products raised upon the arable 
 surface of each of the above groups, and of the entire Kingdom. 
 
 18 report, and 
 
 Description. 
 
 ■Winter-spelt 
 
 Oats 
 
 liarlev 
 
 Other winter nud aummcr com 
 
 (.'lover, lueern, &0 
 
 Piitiitues 
 
 ilaiketabli'prodnctfi, hops, tobacco, &c. .. 
 Escnleut.s, red boet«, sweet tamlpa, cab' 
 
 !i.-,EC, iic 
 
 Beans, peas, uud (»reen com 
 
 Follow fiiound 
 
 Total 
 
 
 ".a 
 
 oo" 
 
 'l .< 
 [a 
 
 S| 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 Per oi. 
 15. 40 
 17.98 
 2.73 I 
 12.21 ' 
 
 9.45 I 
 11.90 
 
 3.22 I 
 
 3.46 ' 
 2.07 
 
 21.58 
 
 Ptr et. 
 
 21.98 
 
 12. 49 , 
 
 11. 23 1 
 
 11.90 
 
 10. 62 1 
 
 8.63 ' 
 
 4.53 < 
 
 4.79 
 8.87 
 0.97 
 
 Ptret. 
 22. 85 
 13. 72 
 
 8.08 
 14.22 
 
 9.38 
 11.29 
 
 8.86 
 
 8.89 
 .^08 
 8.93 
 
 @ 
 
 
 2- 
 
 o 
 I.. 
 
 Per et. 
 20.o;t 
 
 10.15 
 10.11 
 8.89 
 9.09 
 9.98 
 8.70 
 
 3.30 
 2.52 
 9.03 
 
 Per et. 
 
 ?3. 42 
 18.84 
 U.44 
 8.38 
 10.70 
 5.36 
 2.03 
 
 2.1G 
 
 2.28 
 
 17.33 
 
 o 
 '•I 
 
 £ 
 
 Per et. 
 
 2.i.90 
 
 14.44 
 
 13. 42 
 
 0.17 
 
 12. 00 
 
 5. .'>8 
 
 3.99 
 
 2. 73 
 
 2. !!8 
 
 10. 39 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ' 100.00 100.00 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 IL 
 
 Per et. 
 •IX 04 
 14 00 
 10.76 
 10. 43 
 10. 00 
 7.88 
 3.73 
 
 •5.49 
 
 2.90 
 
 11.07 
 
464 
 
 11' 
 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 OHABACTERISTIfS OF WUETEMBERG CATTLE. 
 
 The charactoristics, productiveness Srn nf ti.A «■ 
 Aljgauer breeds of oaftle anrS\tectl''LtS' t*; "J 
 
 and bronil; horns oftoi. rather lieavy; back Vtraiffht • r-n ,,?ni^. '^ '"'""'1: '^eck sbn 
 ^,y i« ?.« C«".o^8: Height, 1.45 meters: lenirH^ y KL.„£^.^•''''' "^ tEo co« ft 
 
 AlOO to i>,4W) kilograms; no to iW kiloerams Drodni^inH i 'In " "*' "*'l^ '» fnim 
 
 |r^^f ..k producing 1 kilogram .A^r^^i SS^^al^J-^^J £ 
 
 CATTIE BREEDS OF BADEN. 
 
 XEPORTBT CONSUL SALLOW OF KEUL 
 MESSKIECH CATTLE. 
 
 The finest breed of Badeu is the iMesskirch cattle 
 
 which is called the Heuberg. TMs ch^n of iSV *^"™' '? l^^^^^"" 
 about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea ThJ t^f ''''' •"'"'"^*^ «*' 
 pally, of gray an.l yellowish Hmeetoue. There ?s T.r.T'^'' "^T^'. 
 water, on account of the inauv crevaasPH in Tiff ^^^'^^ scarcity of 
 
 the rains and prevent the fo?maSrsources Si "'t'^'^ f ^*^'''^ 
 
 tr.bu.ed ,0 .he •^^.^^J^^^^^J^'^S^^^^^S^ 
 
GERMANY. 465 
 
 the Mt'SHliin'li (li.strict were miuiU, of u fine HtriKitiiie, red iu color, 
 short but pointed lieiul, and stioii;^, .short horns. Thoy were very pro- 
 ,l,„;(ivc in iiiilli, iiiid friisal re,i,Mr<liii<,' their fmhier. Toward the year 
 l,s;iO, however, the Htoek-l)reed«M-.s begun to import bulls from the 8wl)S8 
 tiintoiis olZurieh and Schwytz, and soon a great change was observed. 
 This was lust done in I\lesskir(!h, but the example was wumediatelv fol- 
 low cd by nil stock-breeders in the whole district, so that twenty-live 
 veins afterward th(^ Swabian Alp cattle had very nearly disapi)eared. 
 The viiiiety obtained by this interbreeding is distinguished by its great 
 lleshiiiess, abundance in milk on the one hand, and strength and en- 
 (liiiaiice Ibr labor on the other. The importation of cows from Swit- 
 zeiiiiiid (lid not have good results; they did not become used to the 
 cliiiiate. The nund)er of cows in the Messkirch district was 5.000 in 
 ISSI). and 7(»i)iill.s. These bulls are the i)roperty of the comnumity, 
 Hhicli pays for feeding and attendance. I-lven the stables where thes(' 
 ;„iiiiiii!s are kept belong to the community. The Government ])rescribes 
 tiiiit one bull must be kei)t for every eighty cows. The inspection of 
 thebidls in l.SSli in the Mes.skircli district gave the following result: 
 Among seventy-six bulls there were — 
 
 KiN-iliiHH ( very i:»m\ ) Uf, 
 
 Soi;oihI-cI:im^ (Ki>n<l) IJO 
 
 Thiid rl;is.s (|ir()|)i'r for bic<i(Ung, but of ugly Mhapo) 10 
 
 l'i)iirili-i;l;iss (unlit for breeding, with tUfectivo constitution) .'.'.'.'.".'".".' 1 
 
 As a rule cows are covered for Jie first time at the age of one and a 
 haltyoiirs, and calve generally at two and a quarter years. Cows which 
 ciilve before they have reached their full growth' never become very 
 stroiif,' nor i)rodnctive in n)ilk. The inclo.sed idiotographs, for which I 
 am indebted to the courtesy of his excellency the state minister of the 
 Grand Duchy of liaden, are all of the J\[esskirch breed and show to 
 liood lid vantage their build &c. ; they were purjjosely obtained for this 
 report, and iiie good average specimens of these cattle. 
 
 PECULIAKITIES OF THE ME«SKIKC1I CATTLE. 
 
 Tim Me-sskirch cattle are nearly all checkered; the dillerent kinds 
 are: 
 
 (1) Yellow checkered, light yellow or dark yellow on the back with 
 irre;;ular, (dearly defined white spots. 
 
 (:') lied (;lie(!kere(l, hair on the back red, mostly red or yellowish 
 /iometimes dark red with dim whit*^ sjxtt.s. ' 
 
 (.')) White eiieekered, white back, Hanks ivaI hair, headatid feet white. 
 
 Desides tlie.M' there are animals which are either all red or all yellow' 
 die Ik^ikI is wliite, .some have little yellow or red spots around the eyes! 
 Statisticid eoniparisons made in 1S7;{ show that the yellow and red 
 eheckcred caAov is most prevalent in the Messkirch district. 
 
 The nostrils, the same as the membranes of the mouth-cavity jire 
 without color; the horns and hoofs are yellow, resembling wax.' 'The 
 tiit'tof hair over the ears is of the .same color as the hair on the back. 
 Tlieeiid of tlie tall is mo.stly wliite. lihurk or brown sjjots on the nos- 
 tril.smv marks of the descent from the originul Swabian Alp cattle. 
 
 l!eil or yellow eheekenid animals with white head, yellow horns and 
 hoots, colorless nostrils, and white end of tail are most freiiuent iu the 
 Messkirch district. 
 
 fl. Ex. 51 yo 
 
466 
 
 CATTLi: AND DAIRY FAUMINQ. 
 
 mZK AND WEIOIIT. 
 
 Viiiy coii8i(Ioriibl 
 
 SizoiiiKl woij,'lit of all bimulH ofcuttlo 
 kircli brt-ed arc no oxceptiou to this iul«. Animals whicirL^.'f ".."*' >'*""' 
 sibundant foo<l will b« n.ucli lieavit-r in weifrlit tlia.i ihos" wi,,,?'''"' ■'"'' 
 
 y; thoMto,. 
 
 by actual uw, 
 
 ii.suflidcut. The IbllowinfT table will ■8lio;rtho"aVeril!^r«i/!'v'!!i ?'"'' '« 
 
 Kind. 
 
 i 
 
 (!<)WH ' . 
 
 Ox.n , 
 
 Foiuulo uulvoB (.voiirliu^'s) . 
 
 I VunilMir 
 of ouluialH. 
 
 
 Avcriiu'd 
 
 /•■(. i„, 
 
 4 •> 
 
 t 1 
 
 :i 10 
 
 Avorairp 
 '•■iiKlli. 
 
 Tlionioiujuiemcntoi'ei^rhtyanin.aLsat maturity gave avem,... i ■ . 
 4 leet 1 uich ; leiifjth, 4 leet 10 iucUes. 've avciagc liajrin 
 
 The weight is aa ibllows : 
 
 C'ul veH lit tlio tiino of tboir birth ''""mU 
 
 AiiiiiialHofoiie your ] 70 to >,-, 
 
 Aiiiiiiiils oCtwo ycivrss I;i0 (|;(| 
 
 Cowf* roach a wtifjht of 77(i | o.Ki 
 
 Ox.Mi roach u wci-ht of '..'.'.'.'.." i"'" I,'lil0 
 
 liullMrcach a woifrhtof •-• MoO ] ;|(ki 
 
 i.'^wi -S.m 
 
 I MEASUUES OF SEl»AUATE LIM13S. 
 
 The length of the neck is on an average 1 foot '» iii(.l,r.M ri , 
 the, neck is line and wrinkled. The withers e 1- ^r , "'^ '''"' 
 me in a ln>rizuntal direction with luVkhv ini m^ls ^h' l'; /k?''' '" 
 average length of II inches. " '•*""' '"i^«' -i 
 
 Ji'vrayv mtasuninail of dijfvrait parU of unimah 
 
 ot 
 
 tuid 
 
 it II 
 
 Kind. 
 
 "a - 
 
 
 ■_ J, - - 
 
 ~ ^ ■ — a 5 
 
 (Jows 
 
 Fimmle cuJvch '" 
 
 HulJa 1(1 
 
 
 
 
 '■'(■ '■«. luchit. htclwH. lachn 
 
 1 !l 
 
 I'll 
 
 •J 
 In 
 
 L'l 
 
 IIKEEDINC AND TEEDINCJ. 
 
 
OKKMANY. 
 
 4H1 
 
 <*«»' wlios,. j„„,, i 
 «« «izi'« ()l,tai„i,i 
 
 
 ''Ulilli. 
 
 ft. 
 
 Ft i„, 
 4 '< 
 
 ' average licigin, 
 
 Hwri (''«•"""■"' '"'"" ^^^''i ^'""" *■<»'" 'iit'ul in it, jumI a IIuIm liiiy ; tliis \» 
 ,,„ii(iini((I (or six iii(»iiUks, Mumi tlio call' «etH, aiiiiiig Uuco moiitlis, hay 
 ■Hid wali'r mixed willi nait and cornineal. 
 
 Ill winter IIk' food of the K«»>"n np eattic HMmiistis of liay, cliopiK-d 
 sUiiw, iiiid beets; twiee a week Wie.v f,'et a niixturoof malt and oilcake. 
 Tlic cuttle of the Ninidl larmeix are moNlly fe<| (i]H)n straw antl very lit- 
 tle liiiy ami very olten on l)eet.s. In Kummer the food comsists of W'vved- 
 isliiuid liicern clover. The wtableM iiro very <lefoctive and unhealthy 
 lortlie tnittlc. The ^-realer pari are too low, too small, and often over- 
 (;iottd(!(l. (ioo<l and spacious slaliles with excvjllent ventihition arc 
 t„iiiHl oil the hnj-e farms. The temperature in the stables of the little 
 oiaiUrni houses is always loo warm, hut notwithstandinj,', the health of 
 these cattle is excellent; this is jHirtly explained by the fact that they 
 iiieiiseil to poor (juarters; it als(Mlenu>nst rates that they are very hardy 
 stock and do better under such circumstances than any other breed of 
 fiittle. 
 
 MEAT I'liODUCTloN AND I'A'I'IKNINO. 
 
 ''"lllKJ.v 
 
 *0 to ,s-, 
 ^ (1711 
 
 i"lll I,. 1(10 
 
 f'N- The ski not 
 and niuiid, and 
 •'- loins liiive, iiii 
 
 Calves which are sold three or four weeks after their l>irth to butchers, 
 liave a live wei},dit of KM) to IL'O pounds; calves which su<!k {;ood ndlk 
 liiive a weij^ht of from L'Jjt) to o(H) pounds after two to three months. 
 Theaveraj^e price paid for calves by butchers is as follows: calves from 
 three to four weeks old, $10; two to three »nonths old, $30; three to 
 tour months old, |45. 
 
 An ox of lirst «pnility, luivinj^- a wei^jht of l,r>00 pounds, juoduces «40 
 IiouikIs of meat, IL'O pouin s of tallow, IC ; pounds skin, and 100 pounds 
 must be deducted for tlie head, feet, and bowels. 
 
 An ox of second <juality produces 080 pounds of meat, m pounds of 
 tallow, 100 j)ounds skin. 
 
 A (;o\v of llrst quality, of a live wei|,'ht of 1,;{00 p(ninds, pimluces 680 
 IKUimls of meat, 1)0 pounds skin, H)0 pounds of tallow. 
 
 A cow of second (juality produces 550 i)Ounds of meat, 80 pounds, of 
 lalhw, 00 poinids skin. 
 
 The average is about 103 pounds of meat to 200 pounds live wcijjht. 
 
 MILK I'RODUOTION. 
 
 eacli year are 
 lers aio often 
 "' of tlie male 
 
 : tlie majority 
 •eeks and soill 
 
 lale as well as 
 ! tlie ealf gets 
 
 In tlie ycaioi named ei};hteen cows produced the following 
 
 r 
 
 i-Z - 
 
 t( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >J 
 
 u 
 
 
 '*'. 
 
 Inclicn. 
 
 lllChf^. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 -- 
 
 '.0 
 
 
 (i 
 
 •M 
 
 )K 
 
 
 K 
 
 •n 
 
 L'l 
 
 lh78 
 
 
 
 
 \m 
 
 YOOTH. 
 
 Quantity Prico per 
 ut'iiiilk. ! nivr. 
 
 Total 
 value. 
 
 Litem. 
 •J7, KK) 
 1!(1, V.W 
 a7, 4-.".' 
 
 CVitt*. 
 
 I 
 
 » *I,()M 
 
 :i^ ; !h:. 
 
 Total. 
 
 80,000 M JMO 
 
 From this must be deducted milk used in the house, ;j,*J8r» liters, milk 
 lurlood of sixteen (uUves which are born on an averaije in a year at 1 \ 
 Uiiilon a day during two months, 5,7(J0 liters, leaviii},' a total of 71 (;i5 
 liters or 17,"Jt)l gallons. 
 
 Atow --f the MeH.skiieh breed produces each dav on an average ]* 
 gallons of milk, or nu) galhnis a year in three humlred milk davs 
 
 llies[.ecilic gravity of the milk, fresh irom the cow, ir Irt.m'liO to M 
 pwceut. Alter twenty four hours the cream shows 10 to IL' per cent 
 
468 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAItMINO. 
 
 OiM' and oiuv fomJ h piIh.iiH (»f milk fiirniHh I ikmiikI of cIkp^,. . <• ,. 
 
 A rH8Um;|, |,n"n IS «,„(, nik'vwv to any of tho best, iiulk-|,r „|„,i , "r 
 of AiiHtria and Tyrol. "» im„ |)|,.,.,|^ 
 
 EXHIBITIONS Ol' (JATTLE AND MAllKETS. 
 
 At tho Inl.iiiational (Jattki Kxhiliitloi! at Vienna in 1.S7 t fi. 
 ot pro^iTHs was awardtMl to ll.c AKiic.dtnra! AHsocJuti,*., „r J !',;','.•'''!' 
 or tlio I'xiiibm.Mi oC twvnty yonn^ coxv.s and two bnll«. A( ,<,..',''!' 
 ion III MaiinluMin in ISdU llic al>ovo naim-d associulim, (.It' ,*i'li'" 
 nist pnzo lor a (collection of tlio bust broodiinj-cattlo. Mnl <■» . . , 
 t 10 firNt of every month in ti.e eitiesof Messkirel,, I'fnlle.'id.Mt Vn'.ri, !' 
 t.M. n ISS(» .Lere were Hold at these markets about ('ii l| , iu /^ ^ 
 syventy (jxeii am cows and abont sixteen hundred V(7un;,M S'' 
 
 Messkireh eattle have already found favor in Mtn-.-ral to,vi7- , .om,^ ' 
 A great many young cattle are sold everv year to tin* st.H-k ■, •'' 
 
 A saee, Wum.nbe,^., and ev(>n in Swit/erl.^nd. Cows ISl^iiZt^ I" 
 
 THE HAAB CATTLE. 
 
 Th«^ district (tailed tho JJaar is a plateau in Eastern IJad.... «i.: i • 
 l.<>.n;ded on the north by the IJlaek Forest, lu.rtheait by t lu, xt^'' r 
 south by the Swiss Jura, and west by the Wutach Vallev T h ,. r ' 
 extends Irom north with a slight descent towards the so, f I ' f n,'.: 
 northern part ot this jdateau, extending in a southern dir c "..n i 
 are three parallel chains of nHuintains; IM.e .'aster iicl lii it' ' '''/''" 
 the r.laek Forest, and consists principally oim^tirvi n','?"' 
 .strips of anhydrite; the middle chain conimeiices at D n, , . •"" 
 where the sources of the Danube are, and eu'l^at ll-^ ^^'''I'f''' 
 mountains consist mostly of shell-lime and d„l„miter fi,r„.:' '?!' 
 <•' Ml, which commences at liochemmingen, in VViirteiid.cin i. , ■ " 
 
 us nature At the foot of these tlir.re ci.ains . sV.tm.^^^^^^^^^^ 
 idam with ri(;li meadows, which are abundantiv watered bv ' , 
 watercourses. Thn. part of the 15aar is one ot^the mo t ' t :1^^^ 
 
 The 13a!ar cattle are a checkered cattle; they are red, li..|,f ,,,,| ,,,,, 
 yellowish in color, mixed with wh te. The red sn.,ts n. ..w. i ' /. 
 back, neck, shoulders, flanks, and shanks. Vl o /^^^ "',;;'' •' 
 are generally white. The skin in general i« coIorU:!:': t ' li: S 
 hoofs are light yellow. The si/e <,f this variety is not ahv. ys i 'vim 
 in some parts ot thedistrict theoxen aremueh str()n..eri il !• I'm ' 
 in others, while the dillerenee in the size of cows Is no m S. ' 
 J he average height obtained by measuring thirty animaLs w , i 
 ei't 1 inch; oxeii, 4 feet 7 inches; bulls, 4 feet 4 inches. ^|, . |! .'',1 
 taken Irom the top of the shoulder to the uj.i.er part of the |,i. is 
 cows, 5 feet ; oxen, 5 feet 2 inches ; bulls, 5 feet L' inches. The ^ i s 
 coiKseqnen ly HI per cent, of their length. The head of the li.ar n tti ' 
 Ks broad, strong, and bony. The forehead isstraight, sinoot!., '.ml ; t 
 out any cavities; it measures between tlu* horns S to ihncliVs <m (i,,. 
 temples 1) to 10 inches. The upper end of the forehead is l.'Iavil , 
 ered with ban- which spreads downwards in tlie ion., or a sni.i ciici... 
 1 h(^ length of t he orehead is 10 inches. The total leiigtl, of the li.'ad is 
 1 foot b inches. Ihe ears are straight, and stand in a lioiizoiital posi- 
 
OKRMANY. 
 
 4C9 
 
 tion 
 
 "■'•'liH^iii;,'!),.,.,.,!^ I '•' 
 
 Tlic eyes luo lively ; tin; f,'l:inct>i '\h cli-iir, quM, and attontivii ; tln^ 
 
 is of iii(u^ brown rolor. Tlic iinpc is Hf ion;;, Tii<> hii(!k is strong and 
 
 Iniisciiiar, but has UiodiHadvaiitiiKcitr belli;!; sonunvliat, tcMiiowaini deep; 
 tiic IJiulish veterinarians claim liiat Uiis is eaiised by defecitive feeding 
 (luring' the tinio afttu- the abhuttatictii, and by tin", fact that th<^ <!rib is 
 nliiccd bH) Iii},di for the yoiin;,' animals. Tlieleii;j:tli of thebaek is: eows, 
 I feet; oxen, 4 feer 1 iiieli ; bulls, I feet I inehcs. The slvin of the iJaar 
 (■iittln is roiifih and thu'k; it In a ^^oo*! tanning mattuial on account of 
 jfs durability. 
 
 Tiie live weipht of cows is from 1,000 to 2,000 jiomids; oxen, whicli 
 ,iic not fattened, weigh 1,200 to 1,100 pounds ; bulls reach a weight of 
 |,>,(MI{) pounds. Tim sizes of the animals vary lutcording to l>lie section 
 ot'roiiiitry where they wi-n' raised, and the food and atteiidaiK'.e w!:i, li 
 liiis lieeii given to them. 
 
 Tlio best and largest animals of the iJaar (rattles are to be found in the 
 villages of Mundellingen, IM'ohren, Aascii, Hiindthaiisen, (Jeisingeii, and 
 Uiiadiiigen, whi<!li are tln^ central points of the bree«l. Twenty years 
 iij^o tlicy (!ommenecd introducing this bree<l into the I'.Iack l''orestdis 
 tiict, and it has tlonrished in the limestone section of this range of hills, 
 liiit ill the red sandstone <listrict it has not done W(dl, and i'vw, if any, 
 (litlicse cattle are now to be found in that section. 
 
 The food and manner of f«>eding the calves is the same as with the 
 Mi'ssliirch cattle. In sinnmer tln^ grown ii]) (ratth^ are fed on clov«'r, 
 liKTi'ii, and esparcct grass. One-half of all the cattle arc driven to the 
 pastures. In winter the food c(»nsistsof hay, straw, beets, lentils, &c. 
 Oxen tliiit are worked get mostly (chopped straw and becits. In summer 
 llic animals are fed three times a day, in winter twice. 
 
 The dill'erent kinds of fodder cnltivati'd in the I5aar district are, the 
 ivdiiiover, the white clover, and other grasses, smdi as Lollum jH'rennr, 
 llidicum, Arena elatior, Dacti/IiH fflonu'rala. liiiciTii and espann't are cnl- 
 tivntcd on a large scale, as they furnish three crops a year. It is a gen- 
 eral ciistoiii in this district to grow fodder jdants on a fu'Id during two 
 years, and to plant it with corn or barley th(^ third year. 
 
 STABLES. 
 
 The stables are nsually (connected with the barns and dwelling houses. 
 Tlifi height of the stables is on an average H feet, the width 10 feet ; the 
 IiMiKth depends upon the nnmlH'r of cattle. The lloors are mostly of 
 wood; miderneatli the floor there a ni pits or reservoirs to receive the 
 urine. Those stables 1 have seen were insullicieiitly ventilated nn<l 
 li;;lit(Ml. C/iibs and racks are made of wood. 
 
 MILK rnODTTCTlON. 
 
 The cows of the Tlaar cattle are v«'ry abundant in milk. The average 
 quantity ]>rodu<!ed by a mid<lle-sized cow is 2,100 liters or .VJO gallons 
 IH'iyeiir. A cow Ki»ecially -fed is able to i»rodiice 2,000 liters, or (JOO 
 ^'allons. Three galhms of milk furnish 1 jionnd of butter, and lA gal- 
 lons produce 1 pound of cheese. 
 
 FATTENING. 
 
 The fattening has of late not made much jjrogres.i, because cheap 
 
 food, such as the distilleries and sugar factories can furnish, was scar 
 
 and tl 
 
 <'e 
 
 le existing breweries could not produce all the material re(piired. 
 
470 
 
 m 
 
 C/VTTI.K AND DAIRV FARMIXfJ. 
 
 Tl.o IJiiar cattlo arc inu<-ii iiso.l lor lahor, for the JJaar (lisfri,.^ . 
 lostly of small farins and the fannors Drofer oxon f o n i V ^^ *'"'''*'"^'^ 
 .0 nclds. Tho bony, strong, an.l sto.lt c^ ,sZ i m '^ ■:S''T'''" 
 and n.nHcnlar ]v^^, togothev with ifs safe pait, mal i- L ^^ '""''^ 
 
 NUMTJETl OF CATTLK IN TIIK 7UAU DISTIUCT. 
 
 Tlic .minb,'r of mttio, oxistiiiff in the Uaar district, ,s "7 tm . , 
 Tl.o lUMTontaffo of tho livo stock as to ago and sox, is as Wlow"! '"'' 
 
 Cows 
 
 Yoiin^ C(»WH f)V(>r I^- Y<'.'irs ['.' 
 
 ( )xi'n (»v(>r 1 ] yoars .' " ] ] 
 
 (;o\vN from ;{ {„ \i inondiH.!! 
 
 Oxon from :{ fo ly moiiflis ! 
 
 ('.lives l(>n,s tliiiii :i nioiiilm ol(i!!.' 
 
 IJiiIIh over li ycjuH . 
 
 HiiUhL-sh Miai'i li ywirs.. :'.".'"■.■. 
 
 I'm' (iriii, 
 
 • :«•,: 
 
 • II. 'J 
 
 • I.').;-, 
 
 • 11.11 
 
 11.11 
 (I, •< 
 
 O.'l 
 
 PurcKs or r.wn oattle. 
 loOhVS. ■^'^' ''■'" '^'""' ^''^^^ ^'•'<>"r yoars, .t70(o.«lL.,;;,i: 
 
 TIIK TlLACTv I'OIIEST CATTLK. 
 
 Tho IJIark Torost variety exists all over these monntains nndf-n, i. 
 call(>d t,h<^ proper ori-inal I'.aden <Mtt,lo, exeei)t in i v f',.; ' '' 
 
 nous to Swifz,.rln.nd, where (hey have h.^ , n v:,l vvVi i •'' '''^ 
 The jl.st inum^sion 'these anin.^ds'',,.:;,':: Is^. 'r',:,' 1, '"'?i,;?^ ; 
 snjain hon, { (<.ot 4 inches to ;5 feet S in.-lH.s in h'2^ 'hI i' 
 .{ oet ,s M.ehes in hei-ht. The animals of the l.u^ ;;;;.,. 
 yollowj facean<l sknll white; the .shape is line;' tie 1 el hi ,1 ' 
 same as to the snmit ; the honis are thin and not I . . • . , n i . 
 and strai«:ht; the Hanks are sln.n.^Iv l.n tie s - .'n - n- ^^^ \ 
 
 >nnno:.^er; thele^sarevijvorons,h,it;:;|:;.V i ,; •' ; "^^ 
 
 unl sw, As o ehara<'ter, the.se anin.als -vre v.-rv ,r >^ n / r 1 f 
 
 nn \,!!MfM>H j,l haden, In summrr the oxen and n.ws are (iiivni 1 1 
 
 'mm»rm 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 471 
 
 Tlio'i'iict tliat this brrod has roinainod pnrc during several centuries 
 • cxi>laiiicd by tlie fact tliat the farmers in the mountains <lo not have 
 ' wiiev eiiongii to introdiuH' foreign bulls. In the districts north from 
 t'loltlaek Forest the foddiu* j)lauts are more abundant, and the breed 
 
 f cattle there, although bearing a great resembhuice to the above- 
 described breed, are inueli larger and more Hesh y. Tiie (!attle of this dis- 
 Iriot iiave been cross bred witli Sinunenthal and 15aar c;ittle. Tlie prin- 
 piniil occupation of the farmers of this section is to raise young animals 
 until tliey are tAVO or three years old, and to sell them afterwards to the 
 adjacent'countries, such as Alsace, Wurtemberg, &c. 
 
 ODENWALD CATTLE. 
 
 In the Odenwald there is a bree<l which are adapted to Dw i)ooriiess 
 of the soil (colore(l sandstone). These animals measure on an average 
 3 feet 10 inches in height ami 1 feet (> indies in hmgth. Tlie hair is 
 ooiierally brown; tlie head narrow and short; the back is ji, little, bent; 
 riic l('"'s are weak and the shanks thin. The milk production is not 
 lir-'c nor are these animals lit for fattening. Cows st^U for f ,ir>, oxen 
 tbr'$3(), and bulls for $42. 
 
 THE NECKAR OATTLK. 
 
 In the northern hilly part of Baden, embracing the districts .4 Uretten, 
 I'.riiclisal, Heidelberg, and Werthein, <'xists a variety which is generally 
 ("illed the Neckar catlie. Thesis cattle me«»t the re(iiiirements of the 
 small fiirmers, as they reach maturity very fast. The average height 
 is f) feet inches lor oxen and ."> fi'et for cows. The average leugt h for 
 oxen is T) feet, and for cows, 4 feet 1<> inches. The cohu- is mostly browu 
 or hrownish red ; the head small, the neck short; back straight and 
 tl(\shy logs very short and muscular. The breed is less lit for dairy 
 than' for fattening. 
 
 ireiijht. 
 
 Itcsrriptioii. 
 
 (hof fdiirycurs ... 
 I'liwdllliii'n.vi'iirH 
 CaH'nriiiiirti'cii iliiy 
 
 Mont I r.ivn 
 Wfijilit. woiiilit. 
 
 mm I . (rj(i 
 
 I'.'O 7. Ml 
 
 no 1(111 
 
 I'.iills cost $(i() to i?*?."); cows, $'}() to ${>(); calves, ^7 to *1». 
 
 fATTLi: CENST'S OV lUDEN. 
 
 Tlie r>adish(5overnment has done very much for the improvement of the 
 live stock of l'.aden,esi)ecially by importations of Swiss si>otted catlie 
 (Siiiiinenthaler), and by a law establishing the cpiality and number of 
 hulls to be kei>t in every «'ommuiiity. The last cattle census, made in 
 I SSO, states tli<> total nund)er of horned cattle in lladeii to b(> Oi'.UJSO 
 had; itulls, S,;{!>7 ; cows, 471, fM.".; oxen, 1 ll;,rir.!) ; . alves, ;{|.«k;'.). This 
 Sivcs ;ni avrrage luiiiiber of 5S cattle to a «<iuare mile. 
 
 I'or the inclosed jdiotographs of the Messkireh breed (if cattle, 1 am 
 iiidchtcd to the courtesy of his ('•xcellency t he states minister of t he ( i rand 
 
I? i 
 
 472 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 /il!!f'S Of Baden, who, upon hoariuff tJiat I was oucnsed i„ fi. 
 ticii of a roi>ort ou the Badish eatUe, instruote, thfnri ^ ^'"'^^^^'^■ 
 have these photographs taken and «e^.t to'Xee of K^ ^'^^^^^^ 
 
 PKANK M. BAUOW, 
 United States Consulate, ^'^nsul 
 
 Kehl, Baden, October J 4, 1884. 
 
 Special DtotisHca of Badish cattle. 
 
 Namo of lireod and 
 
 (li.stri<:t,. 
 
 Mns.i)iii(lirn(tlo; <lir- 
 tiirt. <it MesHliircli, 
 U:i(l('7i 
 
 liaar latt'o; grcatnr 
 |(iiit of tho (liHtiict 
 of DoiiaiioRcliiiijreu, 
 ituileii 
 
 MKSSKUiCH CATTf.K. 
 
 liijriicr tliiui (li„ witli.TH. " ' "'"•*"'"*r, tijo crou]) ih almut 2 inclirs 
 
 /WrfiH//; Tl,,, i,rre(lin,!,r(.oninioi,o,.,lfortv.n ti„. • • , 
 
 llAAIt CATTLK. 
 
 5:?%;iff.i;^?^;s;-^j^.i,--i;r,-;r,n!;;;i,,.,,„,,,,,,„,, 
 
 V.lllh 
 
 • list ric-t ...iKnit ,„M> l.Mn.Ir...! voa.N 'i',' " """ "'■'■•' *'''^' i"t'"<lMml in!,, this 
 .l..ali;j;'an.n:i:^;.^^l^:'' '""•••■• "''""•" "-^ '-^ 'li-. .lity,,ni,U or n,i,l.l... 
 
PLATE 215 
 
 i,i,'iimlcaUlowere 
 ""■• It was very 
 
 ''"KtliaiKleiidiir- 
 iil<nt, 1111(1 or ex. 
 loivciiHcinetlKin 
 
 n; lieadaiKl frut 
 I'dfK-, and (hin, 
 
 iial South Itadcii 
 <'<lnw(l into this 
 
 milk of iiiiddh> 
 
 COW, MESSKIRCH BREED 'BADEN 
 
f I 
 
 ^|-:f' I 
 
 lo 
 
 h 
 
 ¥ 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 In 
 
 li 
 
 Id 
 
 Ir: 
 In 
 lo 
 
 \: 
 l> 
 1° 
 
 h 
 

PLATE 218 
 
 BULL, MESS KIRCH BREED IBADEN 
 
1^ 
 

 
 ^^B:; 
 
 
 
 m 
 
i 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 ji 
 
Tl 
 
CAT 
 
 Miti. 
 
 I have the ho 
 
 Department off 
 
 iiiiiLs ill the C nil 
 
 primitive uifiimo 
 
 j/razinff herds iii 
 
 '" liaden possess 
 
 wider, Messkin 
 
 Aa iiiiportiuit 
 
 fed on soil wliicl 
 
 :iii(ls:iiiii is not f 
 
 liiiio exists, riilre 
 
 nt'fi'esli animals, 
 
 I ofliiiitries have, 1 
 
 soil is sandy, vit 
 
 Tlio best ea ttle f o 
 
 produced by a cr( 
 
 (ifrattle liave ast 
 
 Iklor inHouthCJ 
 
 puiiilly tliesc hn 
 
 The (!(»lors are 
 
 Iliutennildcr.— 
 
 }lesiilHn'her. — I" 
 
 I rrti, 
 
 OilcnicnJdcr. — C 
 
 \'eckar.—\hi])]) 
 
 Tiie total minil: 
 
 The jiereentn^i 
 
 liiri'lior altDiit (iO | 
 
 Tlie aiMinal pro 
 
 The increase or 
 
 prices efliay, tun 
 
 tollMlOO heads. 
 
 Ill 1S7(I, wlien tl 
 
 niillo in Hadeii w 
 
 wisplciitil'iil, the 
 
 The. slock seerii) 
 
 (it'u(l,(l(l(» head ali 
 
 ,:.'rm'nil rc(|iiir('ine 
 
 liiiM'diiinion peopi 
 
 There is no «>x('( 
 
 ported tlicy eoiiic ( 
 
 viiriii. Tlic iiisMlli 
 
 Oil ecciisidns \vl 
 
 Sili'sia and upon tl 
 
 Iniiii tlicre to I>ad( 
 
 ('little snpplies a 
 
 I'.'ittlcol'r.aden an 
 
 stall iVtl Ircni thci 
 
 t'niziiiii; animals ot 
 
 liuniaiid niarhled \ 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 473 
 
 CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS IN BADEN. 
 
 REPORT liT CONSUL SMITH, OF MANNHEIM. 
 
 I have the l»o"or to report i,, rej.ly to circular letter issued from tlie 
 Dopartmont of Sta e July 18, 18S;}, that the breediug of domes? c airi^ 
 ,„;,ls m the Ciraud Duchy of Baden is conducted, in a very limited ad 
 Sns hS'S seir"""" ^"""''' ''"•' "<^""Py «'"^»ft^rms. No lai^ 
 "liad^n possesses, peculiar to itself, four breeds of cattl.s viz, Hinter- 
 wider, Messkirclicr, Odenwalder, and Neckar 'i'"«^i 
 
 An i.nimrtant result (mu only be realized in Haden when cattle can be 
 IH ,m soil winch has a substratum of lime. A substratuu) of granite 
 ,id siui.l IS not hivorable to the growth of foivign cattle. Even where 
 I |i,no.x..sts, refreshing of the bloo<l is required byconti.uied hnportatK n 
 othesl. animals especially nude breeders, lireeds original to m i rs Iv 
 ,oiiii(ri("s have been transferred to the, plains of the JIhine. where the 
 s,,,l,s sandy, without success m retaining their original charact.>risties.' 
 The best cattle for transportation in UadtM. is abreed called IMesskircluM- 
 „odi)(M'( by across with a Swiss breed (tailed Simmenthaler liieedeiN 
 rfrattloliaveascertainedto a certainty that the breed called KimineP- 
 Iklor nuS..uth (.ermany is the best for crossing with othiu- breeds, es- 
 I puiiiily these brougat up on a lime soil. ' 
 
 Tlio (!oIors are a^ follows: 
 
 ///H^e/'!<7/Wcr.— Dappled white and yellow 
 
 .l/mh-»r/<er.-Dappled white and yellow and dapi)led white and 
 
 Oiknirnldcr. — (rrayish brown. 
 
 .\V('/,rt)-.— l)a])pled white and yellow. 
 
 Tlio total number of cattle in'jJaden is 050 000 
 
 Tlio i.ercentnge of (In. different breeds is' Ilinterwalder and Mess- 
 tiirhcr abou (.0 j.er cent., Odenwalder and Neckar about 40 percent 
 
 llie amiiial imxuiction of milk is abouf 480,000,000 lifers ' * 
 
 nuMiinoase or decreas,' „f cattle stock depen.ls upon the crop and 
 IlSio lleadl!'''"''"' '■' "'"'' '"'''"'^ or<Iecrease vailing Iron! 5,0(M) 
 
 111 ISTd when the crop of^" grass was very small, the total number of 
 iiiillo Ml .a, en was only ;.(J8,000; yet in 1870, when fh<. crop of gn-ass 
 lilt'iitiliil. the to a w:is < ( ;i (ir»» ' *,'«*«« 
 
 \V;lS 
 
 The stock seems to be siitlicient for demand. From (he aver i-e stocl- 
 "t-<M;<K. h.'ad alH>ut l.'00,0()0 hea.l are killc-d .>aeh yem e^ioioh for f .t 
 ^mnilrnimrenients of the i.eopl,.. There is not much n.eat eafn Iv 
 ili;;"in'<ion pecpl... M,,,t once a- week is the usual cusfomarv diet 
 
 llu'ii' is no exress in the demand for foreign cattle. If cattle are'im 
 I«iitoil t ..■y coin,, from the a.ljoining <.onntries of Wurtemberg ami I .' 
 > i™. 1 lie ii.siiilH.i.Miey for a home <Iemnnd iM not noticeable 
 
 11 ornisions when th.- cu'op of grass has been very poor in Upper 
 Nbi an.l iipun he marshy groumis of Holland, ...ttl lav,' been sent 
 Ironi th.'ie to I'.aden and sold at low prices 
 
 (';jttl.. supplies are not drawn to Baden fmm the United States. The 
 o 1 .a.Ien are mostly, with a few excepti.ms in the Sehwnrzwa 
 *''! irnn their birth, making a. d.tlerent m.-at from that of the 
 
474 
 
 CATTLE Amy DAIUY FAKMINO. 
 
 Tiilcss stiill-l'cd cattle were sent fo ]\m]v\\ ilic niciit would bonliii.ot ,i 
 1<) l).v IJiMlcncrs, who lucrcr loan .stall fed meat. ( •()iixc(|ii».|itlv tiio I 
 portatioii of Ain(Mi<!aii (tattle to Itaden lias not taken place. ' '■'^' 
 
 I'V)rllie traii.sportation of cattle tlic bent and usual inetliodin (l,.),,,.,, 
 is hy ra-l. Cattle^ are fed and watiMcd in (he rail waj^ons and on uiiiv!'\ 
 at destination. The wajcfons are disinfe<:te«l iiu<l fumigated win, <nJ!l 
 euro. " ^'"^ 
 
 Sheejt when transjmrted lonjj distances are taken front tlic wunn,, 
 and allowed to },'raze several times upon their journey. Tlu^ sjicoiri. 
 eompanied by a shepherd an<l his doe:, iire rai)idly conducted U) sml 
 neishl)orin;> lield where fiood ffrazinj; can be foun«l. When tlic wjiijt , 
 of the eniLiine notifies lli<^ shei)herd, he notifies the doc:, who wid, .,xt'^,, 
 ishinj"- raiiidity collects theslieei», and with the obedience and nm'isini 
 of <lrill(>d soldiers ihey return to ilie wagons and i»roceed uiion f|„.i' 
 jonrnoy. ' 
 
 The estimated (^\•l)en.se for attendance, and food en rou Ids nUont,!^' 
 per head lV(un Mannheim to the seaport ; tint time eniiiloved iiltont Cnm' 
 days. ■ " 
 
 EDWARD M. SMITH, 
 
 ITnI'IKI) StATKS CONSrLATE, """ " 
 
 Ma7inlicin>, fhmvnry L'a, 1S84 
 
 ShiHxtiral tahic rrr)nrtlivfl Ihe mllh' of Untlrii. 
 
 N:iii eoC Idecil. 
 
 Aniiii:il iivpi- SiziMit mnliirily. 
 
 (Nmnlyoidis ii^n ino- Asrat 
 
 li'ict. iliiiliiiii <il' '"!'• 
 
 milk |MT cow. Cdw. Itiill. Os, : '"'ily. 
 
 (.ivo weight. 
 
 <'i"v. Dull, Ov, 
 
 A-(7..s. 
 
 11 ill ti>r « ;il(l 1' r l!I:lcl< [''(irrst . 1, (((Ml to l,fi(K) I.O.^I I III 
 
 (I'.lilcK iMllfsl). 
 
 .MrHMkiiilnr 1!imI.ii Sec . . . l/JOd to 3, 000 I,4() I. M) 
 
 Oili'iiuiililcr Oilciiwiilil. . Htld to l,(liKI I. Ill l.iMI 
 
 iNi-rkar Ni^kar I, '.'(id Id :t, immi |.:i(1 i.r.o 
 
 Mctrr^. . it,l.^, .lfw.j-«. i ivarsv A-,7,,,,. A',',.* K;u 
 
 (.'onnlv or ilis- 
 I lie I. 
 
 I'llark Kiiirst 
 lliiiliii Sii>.... 
 
 OilriiwiUil.... 
 Nrrkiil- 
 
 Allididf 
 
 iiliov i> 
 sril Irv.l. 
 
 itrlert. 
 "ltd to I.IHU) 
 .'iild 
 
 To|)<i^;i:iiiIiy, 
 
 Mraii ■ 
 li'iii|Hi,'i SiiiiiMH'l. WinliT. 
 
 llM'l'. 
 
 Hid 
 
 H . I)i to |H 
 
 K Ifi ll> IH I 
 
 H l(i III 1? 
 
 K IH III '.Ml 
 
 1. IK 
 
 i.fin 
 i.iid 
 i.dd 
 
 Soil. 
 
 'M) 4'nl I 
 
 2 lo 'i l.tiaiii 
 
 •2 lo r, ' Alluvia I, I nam, 
 
 I anil rlav 
 
 '_' 111 "i I. nam. ni'IiiIv 
 
 1 to (I . lilt ■ 
 
 .VKl 
 
 4 rm ■ m i miii 
 
 •"> -m : 4(10 : 4-* 
 1 too ' unii m 
 
 Siiliilnitiim. 
 
 liiaiiilr, cravi'l. 
 l.iiMi'slniii'. 
 
 Saiiilfltimii. 
 LiMM'stoiii'. i;rnvH. 
 
 I!!-.MAI:K.'<. 
 
 /Hiitirtralilrr. 'I'liis is;i lintiKvlirril r.ir<<, <il':i tl:i|i|i|i'i1 wliitc iiiid yi'llnw coliir; liny 
 ;ilii use Cm I ;is wot l< «;iltl<', liir (In ir meal, ii.nil Cor milkirij,'. 'I'lic yiclil (if mi IK is lai>,'i' 
 Mint (ir^'.iiiiil i|iiMlil V ; 'Jt iioiiiiilsol' milk 1 1 I'm I II IT I |iitiniil of liiilli'i : |i) iiiiiimliol' inillv 
 I I "III 111 I iil'tliccsi'. Ill HiiiiiiiKT lliry !Mc |iii( (Mil. lo ui;,v(.^ ;ii,i| ji, \\ i M (ir ,sl ,ll Mill . 
 
 .t/iNx/, .)i /(()". 'litis is ;i JiiilTii- lilril l.iii> iliis.scil Willi Siitiliiriil li.il ; tlii\ h.iM' lirtli 
 Im il imrc im .iliiiiir (illy y>:ns, (In' (iii;^iii;il fniiiitii; liiim Swil/ri l.inil. Tlioiiilor is 
 uliilc :iiiil yrlliiw iiiiil wliilc iiiiil rcii. As iiiilkiTs ;iiii! liiillor iHdilin'i'is lliry niiil; 
 W itil llii' llililci w alilrr. Mini :ilf iisnl fur Ilir siiliir |iliriiiiHr.s. SI, 1 1 Moil. 
 
GERMANS'. 
 
 47t) 
 
 OdmiuaUhr.—ThiH raw is lmni(>-l.ip<l, ol ■■> jrrjij i.sli-lfrown color ; tlioy aro nsod aw 
 wdik i-iiMc and aio Rood iinlkoiH; iil ixiiiikIh of nii'.k yield t pound of "buttor • vprv 
 |ittl<^»"li'*8'' ""^""''"''""'*'''- Stall-led. 
 
 ,\irkui:—A Iioiiie-bred race cnmHe.d with Siinnieiitlial, llie original coniiii- from 
 SwitzorlMiid ; tll«^v have been bred pure for alx.uMifty yisars. In color they aPe <la|.- 
 plcil while and yf^llow. Ah niilkerH and butter )>rodneer8 they rank with the Odeii- 
 waliliT, iui.l are used for tho Hanie piiriHweH. Stall-fed. 
 
 Tiie weight of meat at maturity in all of the above is oiin-half of tho live wei.rht 
 
 The iii.'imilaeturoof eheoso is inHijj;nilieant ; only Home eonmioii eream and"h'Uid 
 
 (|ic(',s(> Ih made. 
 
 The onliniiiy method of houHiiii; Ih jjursned ; hay after-Rras.s, roots, turnipH carrots 
 lintiiloe.s. TiiMothy, clover, rye, frrass, Ac, f;ro\v ev<irywhere, I'.reedini,' is at a low 
 ,,„iiit. and does not fnrniHh a (jood example for other countries. I'rodnets are mostly 
 iiMcd for home eonHnni[ition. ' • 
 
 BAVARIAN CATTLE. 
 
 hepout r,Y coxsil iiAhTF.n, of muxtoit. 
 
 TIio iiciif caltlc of Bavsiriiv arc poofl for tlic roiiil)iiioji pnrpo.so.s of 
 (lrart,bwf, milk, butter, and dipcso, but no variety amons tlicm oqnala 
 tho Sliortliorn, tlio Jcrsov, or tbo Ilolstcin in its .special ty. 
 
 Tlie use of the ox extensively jind of *]io. cow occasionally f(»r draft 
 lias i)robiibly been the main obstacle to the dill'erentiation of superior 
 dairy qualities in ]5avaria, as well as in some oMkt countries of conti- 
 nental I']aroi)e, The breeds that would take tho lii^hest prizes and 
 command the highest prices for (he jiroduction of butler, cheese and 
 hecf must not be praised as the J?!ivariaii cattle are for nec^l' and 
 strength in harness. The yoke, if not unknown here, is at 1 -ast a i-reitt 
 rarity. The ox pulls by traces, attached to a stick about 10 to 18 inches 
 loiifT, lyins' across his forehead and tied to his horns; and he works 
 oitlier singly or in double team, as occasiojt reipiires. 
 
 It is only within a jjeneration or two (hat the breediufj of neat cattle 
 for dairy specialties has been commenced in JSavaria, and if any vtiriet v 
 liiis had time to aciquire ii defiinte character with 8ur])assinjrexcellen(!e 
 tli(> fact has not yet, been made known by fj;eneral lep'itation. ' 
 
 I'.avaria has no dairy product celebrated for quality or (|uantity. Ft 
 lias no world-famous brand of butter or cheese. It exports beef ca'ttle 
 but not in larf,'(^ nund>ers. It will i)robably never import mu(!li beef oi' 
 (l!iiryi)rodtu!e from any source; nor do I see any reason to anli<'iaa(<' 
 lliat there will ever he nny very fjrcitt increase or decrease' of the s(o<'k 
 ol'iiciit cattle. The <lairy breed will doubtless continue to imi)iove Ibr 
 many years to (!ome. 
 
 Since, in my o|)inioii, (here arc no neat cattle here that can l»e o\ 
 imrted to the Uni((Ml .States with profit, I have not (hon<,'lit ii desirable 
 lo study (he melhods, roule.s, and costs of exportation 
 
 JOSKni W. IIAIMMOIl, 
 
 Unitki) States CIonsitlatk, 
 
 Munich, Janvnrif 14, I SSI. 
 
 Vnnxvl. 
 
 ■rorOOKAI'IlY AM) TKMI'RItATriM-. OK IlAVAIilA. 
 
 It isinipossihlelo pve the exact avera-e (cn.peratnre of oi.tnv disl riets, but on 
 0.1,11.- a plneevvln.h represents the len.pen. In ' the elinmte in .m-Ii .bstriet. 
 
 Iv 
 . ■ . !'■ "■mi"'''aMii<'oi iiHM'linmtein e.i-h.listriet. 
 
 ANtI r dinri,.n,.e..| I he tei:-pei atures in th.- wh.de Kin-<hmi of havMia is n<.| v.tv 
 
 Horn tl,.. (oll.nvn;.. tab!.; ' ""^ "' "'"''' "^ '"^^ '•\' ' •'' 'M-|'-=..s 
 
 
^'^^ CATTLE AND DAIRY rARMTKO. 
 
 Thi^ bf,ij,rlit,H ai.d f oinpcraturen refer to each selected iiluc,. in 1 1,,, „iirii|.,| dist ■• 
 
 l)i»tiiia. 
 
 U)ii)or Biivarin : 
 
 N<Mriii(Min tains 
 
 MoiintaiiiH 
 
 Lowi r Haviuiii : 
 
 Koar Ivilliciiii 
 
 F'alutinati' : 
 
 Nditli 
 
 South 
 
 Niiiili rpiHT lalatiiintn. 
 Uppi-r Kraiiciiniii ; 
 
 M:nM v.illi'v ■ - - 
 
 l''iilil( 1 MiMintn 
 
 Miildlc Fiiuiiiiiii 
 
 l^iiwt!!- I'liiciiiiia, 111,1 
 Swabia 
 
 Koim'si'iitathd place. 
 
 I Mmiicli 
 
 .] TiaiiiiHtfiu . 
 
 runs . 
 1.1 in V 
 
 Ullr 
 
 r.egenHlmij, 
 
 (liiinatadt 
 
 ' iindaii 
 
 vV'ciik'n 
 
 Alti- 
 tiiiiti. 
 
 Feel. 
 ],U80 
 I.OJO 
 
 1, 10,') 
 
 470 
 1, 290 
 
 '''""""■■■'y^-lMS;;;;^"^-"' 
 
 Itamlicrfr 7f!4 
 
 l!ayn!iitli I 1, no 
 
 AiiMliacli I ],;i'jo 
 
 W iir/.liiii}; t r,('p;) 
 
 Kciiiiitiu I OUO 
 
 Jnly. 
 
 10. no 
 17. i« I 
 
 17. 2.S i 
 
 IS. 88 i 
 
 I8.K0 
 
 lO.K'i 
 
 17.-11 
 Ki. .VJ 
 l(i. HO 
 18. :«» 
 10. .10 
 
 January. 
 
 -X 90 
 
 -4.27 
 
 -xn4 
 
 -Ttii 
 
 -•1,47 
 
 -;i.fio 
 -■1.7;) 
 
 -■(..02 
 
 4.11 
 
 -5.0!t 
 
 Year. 
 
 7.C) 
 
 7o; 
 
 0.(11 
 
 itii 
 
 7.(1^ 
 
 7.70 
 7. Oil 
 7.:i;i 
 Rli8 
 
 The above amnios are calculated by tlio Koyul Havarlan inetco.ological central statioD. 
 
 SOIL OF HAV.\I!I.\. 
 
 .Ilhiritil : Alluvial .soil oxinf.s in tlio valleys of all lap' or iiv.'r>i r>f (1„ 
 npallv ihoH,.oftl,ol)an„l.oa.>.l Hh t ril.ntari.-s a.xl of tl,,. hMu.,,. ,. d M./ir"!,'?' '^"'' 
 vial lonnafmiisor thoDaiml.o foi.sist iirrndpallv of ....ars.. and lin . x J i" ""l'' 
 .ln....s...s.. Tl...samo,.|,araH:..ri.tMvad...; <h. alhuial of (1,.. ..In .si '1 """^ 
 
 -onniiiT ,,,.n 1li.>s„„tl>, viz,Iller, Lcvh, I.sar, a.i.l Inn. Jn 1 hos" ,',.,,' '•'"'''.''■ 
 iiu. norM,, v,z Iho Naah, R.-en. and Ilz, t.s allnvial.s, ,|naf.x., ni, , ! ,' , ,r"'" ",' 
 
 h:;:^;;;:.!:;:''"'''''^'''''''*''''''^^-^'''''^'^''''^ '^A-...-.;^a,,d'S.l;:;?;;;:;;'!;f 
 
 Tl..' allnvial.s of tlioRliii.o.-ousiHtdiidly of <|nartz,indd,!,.,s,rlav ai„ls„„l I,. .i 
 
 l.ouni: Sn|.|.,).s,M;,r Inani trn.iind to l.c tl.e oi.posito of liniv or iiim.Iv ,.|.,v „, , 
 
 .«> (..Mow,,;,; ..„,. ,|H, pMndpai l.-ralif irs wl...ro' it is fonn.l : '( A ' , . ,.f rif 
 
 liavarian Alps in Uppor Bavaria and Swabia. (:J) In tl..- li.-i ■■„",;/' '''"^"' ,""■ 
 
 oni.o..a..n.„.,ofSwa.iia,U r iUvaria, a.,d Lo«lr Hava i " i"^^ ^^ 
 
 •.anron.a-.l.u'a, Iron. Dn, over .\o.dlin-.-n, HiH.stadI, and KV.^r, sl , , , ,, , .''' 
 a,vr..n.l, a.nl LiH....nfols, in 11... di.sh", ts of Swal.i, a , I ft , !, ''.h; ,^ T^^ 
 ^..ln..on,a.ndl;pp,.rlM■an..on,a. (4) In .1..- sl.HI-li,,,,. plat. , i , .w v '^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 W nrzl,,..';; to k,,ss.M..u..n an.l MH.i.d.sladt, in tl.o disliirts of Mid.ll,. , , n S^^^ 
 
 jVl.im' • ""■'■ '^'^•'■""""■'^ S,H<.n^^..,..|Ii.l,, to Landstnhl, .n.d i„ ,),;' ,,|';i,,;;ni,|: 
 
 (la,,: I'ndrr , lit- Niipjiosiiion .„.if,.rniM- loan. -I'o.ind ahov.. imntiimnl .l,, 
 HM.nds, nnxrd wnhsan.l, ., ,1... i^Howin;, distri.-ts: (I) h. tho „„ , i, , ' 
 
 I !i-l..M.M,;,n -ind Ipp.T •ala.in.at.. forrsls. .list n.-ts of Low,.,. I^.vaii ■ ,, ' , 
 
 •ii'i ;":::,.^: ."'! i*; 'jV'"' >i-';!-.-n„i i., <iuMiistri..t ..f r, " . , 
 
 pi'l' I' r:il1(.|||)l;i, 
 
 lanciiiil:., aiiij 
 
 (:i) III so;ni' places in the K-np.M- (crritorv, ... fli.» .lislriVt .I'f Miii 
 liii.illy in 111,, coal l.'rnlory ..f (li.. wcst.-rn part of tlio J'alatinat.' 
 
 .Sr/H,/; Sa::<l,soil p.-..d.i.ninal..s li..ro and il.rr.s nii.N,..! willi loam, i,, ll„. Molass.. tiT- 
 
 Iislil.ts.,1 I.a,,t i.uaria. T i.p.-r I'alatinato, an.l how.'r I'.avaria, .iiid ii, i nnii,. 
 
 ""•""'i'.'"^ '"':'<■ k''''>l''-rKraii,..mia,ai.lintlM.K..,.p..rt,n-,V.oivo M lli;. m- 
 
 .;...mi, Pp.Ml,an...,n,a,..n.lapait.,f IIpp..r I'alal^ .I.M..mt,'r ,If, |. 
 
 M ..;'''t<r'''i.'',' ^"^'''■ ''■•""•"""i («l'«^.s.sl.a...lt) an.l at t .i.l „f tl„.llamli 
 
 M.>iiii(aii.,s.)f tilt! J'alatinat. 
 
 Limculnnv : I.i 
 
 ST'nSTRATL'M. 
 
 anioKt.in." ,s tl„' Milistialnni .d' tli,. h.mI in t ho (ollowiii!,' s....|ioii,s of tho 
 
 '"" "' ';.' ,""■ '•^"! (••MMall .spot ,..s..,-p|,.. iw..,.|i AlMMisl„.r^.:nid K,..r,.MNloir..i, 
 
 11. ll.<..lis(i.rls.d Sua!,!..,. I', r I'alatinat,-, Mi.l.ll., an.l L..w..r Kiaiin.ai;.. Ci)!,, 
 
 111.^ Kl„.||-|ini..t.-rnt..ry ol Mid.jl,., Lower and I.'pp.r I.Van..onia. (1) In tli,. sliHIIiiiM' 
 
 district of South 
 Mount aiii.s. 
 
 Sun (In I II lie : Sal 
 ,il' till', country : 
 districts <d' l'i>l>«' 
 •liiiHof Middle. 1 
 Clay slate alteri 
 l<'riiDcoiiiaforc.Ht.s 
 (,-,) Mixed with 
 lliiiirdi Moniitaii 
 
 tiiiiili'- 
 
 (ivdiiilc : (irani 
 III 111,, lollowiiifi 
 Iliivaiia. (■■i) 111 
 th,. middle of 111. 
 rpiM.rFraiiconiM 
 
 Ifniiiir^'. 
 
 ('/,(//; Clay-slo 
 |i,iil id' ri)iM.r I'i 
 tli|. Ficlilcl Mom 
 siiulsloiie in the 
 tbun; ill III" l-1'l 
 liiiiiti.. (■'') III 1 1 
 in;;-, niiireldiol'ell, 
 llhiiic Valley. 
 
 drtircl : (i.'avel 
 .illMviiil soil, prii 
 Ujiiier and J.owci 
 
 Timollni : Tiii.o 
 tJiiLsi' districts wl 
 
 t|i.. ,l|.Vt'lo|HII,.llt I 
 
 !t7-H i.'i Bavaria I 
 cattl,.. 
 
 ('/(/rcr; l>c<l cl 
 l;iif;|.st ai-rea,^'e ol 
 rniiii'iMiia, t 111' Sti 
 iillkinils of soil A\ 
 vatimi, lia.H hccoii 
 livatcd with Hiic 
 |i;istiii't.s. Jaicen 
 Es|iiu'sclt.> clover 
 lime dist.-icts. V 
 li|.st in the win,; r 
 M'l'il clover. 
 
 /i'i/(. (/rrt.s'.s', .('t. ; 
 \;ili.(l seldom as li 
 i.;illivaliii,L; new I 
 (.Iroai tliilior) is i 
 kinilH of clovc'r. 
 
 not' 
 
 Ml'llw/ls of /l.lH.V, 
 
 liililf. The r..ce!i 
 ii|i|.n ilraiiis. In t 
 vi'iitil;il<.il. 
 
 I'mliidj : In the 
 lii.twi.cii May an.l 
 "Illy imt .ml to I'al 
 
 Thf. |ias|iii-.< in 
 iiiaiiiirt'd an.l cliai 
 rjijii.r liavaria llu' 
 
 In ^,.10 r.il the f( 
 lmld(..r cultiviiiion, 
 uf v(.getable wasti 
 
' I 'listiict. 
 
 Jiiiiuary. 
 
 -X90 
 ~4.->7 
 
 -3.04 
 
 -2.77 
 -l.tU 
 -4.47 
 
 -.■).no 
 
 -4.7.1 
 -4. .52 
 -4.11 
 
 -5.01) 
 
 Vcar. 
 
 7. 04 
 
 7.07 
 
 a 01 
 if.ii 
 
 7.li; 
 
 7. TO 
 7.0!i 
 7.;i;i 
 ROS 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 477 
 
 ation. 
 
 ' ••niintrv, pim 
 ■'"I. Tlic iillii. 
 ■<:i'i(l ;iii(iiii;irlv 
 "'■ till' J);iiiiili,. 
 
 lill'il'.S IJMillcr ji, 
 
 ill l"'li'iit's, 'mill 
 '"I'liitz limy al 
 
 1 sand, li, till. 
 
 '''•■II' Wlll'/.lpiir;; 
 
 y clay frmniid, 
 ':it' piii't. (iC (h,. 
 
 ■■''•'•■Ill Slllltlldl 
 
 I 111' territory (il 
 , iKirHnvan'l tn 
 liiiatc, Mi.ldli. 
 
 II lldllll'lllllir;;, 
 
 il l.invfr|''ran 
 ■;;■, Hlirska,sti.|, 
 II' jilaiiiiirtlir 
 
 (IJHtiict of Southwest Palatiiiiilo, aiitl on a siiiull striii on l\u: vnnt lino of the Haardt 
 
 jjoiiiiliiiiis. 
 
 /^iiiKlntiiiir : Siimlstoiio (oriiiations oxiNt in tlio H!ili.sti'iitiiiii of tiio foilowini; sections 
 „(• tjic, coiHiliy : (l)Miii'ly .s.'inilstonc.'i aifciniito in M o .sontii ISiivarian |)latoan of tlio 
 ilJstriclHof l'|tpi'i'l!avarla, Lower liavaria, and .Swaliia. (-J) In Ihi) K(hi)h':- Monnt- 
 •ijliHdf Miildli'. Lower, and Uiiper Kraiiconia; iiiso in pans id' I ho Palatinate. (;<) 
 (lav ."^lati' allernale.s in (lie northwest partH (d'(iio Fielilcl Monnlainn and in the 
 |.'iii'iicoiiiari>i'e.sts. (■!) In the Sijewhardt and adjoining; .seetioim of l^ower I'Vanconia. 
 (j) Mixed with hawilt, in the Kliono Monntainw of Lower Fran(;onia, (('.) In the, 
 llaardi Mninitains of tiie I'alatinato. (7) In tlio coal distri(;!sof iiio western I'ala- 
 
 (Imiiilc: (iranite and mountain roek (;rneiKs nniealate) etunpose the NuhHtratnni 
 jiilhr iDJlowiii^ (liHtriet.s: (1) In Iho bavarian and i\en))nr!ier forestH and Lower 
 Kavaiiii. {'■i) lu the. forestH of IJi)per J'alatiiiate, alon.ij; the lino of Ifolujniia. (:{) In 
 tlic middle of (ho Ficlitel M(uintaiii.>4, and in the Munelil)er;r ;;nois,s circle, district of 
 rpiicrFraiiconia. (1) In the Lower SjiesHhardt, near Lower Franconia and Ascliaf- 
 Ifiiiinrj;. 
 
 Cliit/ : Clay-stouo ((lay-nlate, coal-slate, pottcr-Hlate) is foiiinl : (J) In tho northern 
 iiai'l lit l'i)per I'alatinate (environ of AValdsassen). ('J) In t he elay-slato <liHtrict of 
 thr I'ielilel JMouiilains and Iranconia lorests (Upper Fraiieonia).' (o) Mixed with 
 siiuInIiiiio in the Keniicr districts of Upper, Middle, and Lower Lraueonia, hero and 
 tlitii' ill (ho Upper I'alatinato. (4) In tho coal nioiintains of tli.' western Pala- 
 linati'. (•'') III the norlliern part oi tho Bavarian plateau, [i.-rt icularly roar .Strauh- 
 iiif;, I'liitreiihiileii, in tho main district of Lower Urancoiiia, and in tho plain of tho 
 Kliiiie Valley. 
 
 Crtinl : (iravcl in a conglomerated lorio is found in the territories nientioned as of 
 .ijliivial soil, ]iriii('ipally at tlu^Uasoof tho Alps o.xtendinj; tlirou{;h tho districts of 
 L'liiier and Jjowcr JJavaria and tiwabia. 
 
 CULTIVAFED GKA88KS. 
 
 Tmnlhij: Timothy (Phlrinn imitvnsc) is cultivated in preference, hut not often, in 
 tliiw districts where there are no iiieaihtws, niix(!d with clover and other i.;r'issos for 
 llirdcvt'liiiHiieiit of new meadows. Ac'coruinj; to tho cultural statistics o? tho year 
 !67Hi.'i Bavaria HM jier cent, of tho total averaj^o is cultivated as {fiaziiii^' land for 
 cattli'. 
 
 f7(/w; l>ed clover (I'rifuliuin iiralawe) is cultivated most, and monopolizes tho 
 lai;;v,st airea,^'!' of land. It is used fireen or as dried clover hay. For j;reen fodder in 
 I'raiiciMiia, 1 lie Sleyermarker^rei 11 clover is preferred, h'ed diivcr prospers in nearly 
 all kinds (dsoil where tho vej;etation (d' this specialty, liecanso of too 'i'e(]n"Mt cnlti- 
 valimi, has hccoiiie uncertain ; tliero the Swedish clover {Trifoliiim liiilirkliim) is eul- 
 i.ivati'd with success. While (dover is cliielly cultivated lor speeia'llv-niado sheep 
 paKliin'.s. Liicern clover {Mcdiroiio catira) is most in favor on the .Jura idafcau. 
 llspiusclto clover {OnobrUhkmlira), rurkish clover, is cultivated chielly in tho sholl- 
 liinc ■lislricts. French clover (Trifolium iiuwiiutiim) is uncertain; it )>!'ospers tin* 
 lii'st in the wiiu' re;,'ioi:s and is nio.stly cultivated as a siibstituto in case (d' failure of 
 M'cil clover. 
 
 Hijc (jraxs, ,'i'('.: Italian ryo irrass mixed with red clover instead of clover is cnlti- 
 \atnl scldoiii as hill-sidi' seed; also mixed with other kinds (d" Ki'i'."s and clover for 
 I'MllivaliiiL; iK'w lanils. Tho Eii;j;lisli rye is hut seldom cultivated. The French rye 
 (.IroiK (lulii)r) is used as a top <rr:i!>>i for cultivating fodder grass mixed with ditlerc'uL 
 kiudH of doviM'. 
 
 ilol Sl.NCi, I'KKDINO, ANI> HUKKDING CATTI.l, I.V llAVAItlA. 
 
 Mdlimh iif liiiiit^iiKj : The slahles are, with few exceplions, •^ikhI ones, and solidly 
 liiidf. The recently huilt ones aro mostly with iron arches, stones pave.neiit, anil 
 (i|iiiidniiiis. Ill the mountain regions tho stahlcs are still (d wiiod, low, and I'ladly 
 vnitilalcd. 
 
 /(•(</(»(/•■ III llie iiHuintaiiis a greater part of tho eatth? feed in tho .Mpino jiastiires 
 lii'tttvca May and Octoher. On tho plaii.K, (hey aro gencrallv fed in the stahles and 
 "iilv imt out to lall i>astnre alter tho v.> adou.-. are mowed. 
 
 Ihcjia.sliiie in ilie Alp.s, where no ovei 'iowclin-i' lakes place, where pastures aro 
 Mi;iiiiiit'd and cliaM.;;vd, is excellent, part;, .liarly la Allgaii. In the mountains of 
 i pju'r liavaria the Alpine economy is si iil not as good as i( sLould ho. 
 
 liiHi'innil the feeding of cattlt! has liccomo hitter in edu.seinieiK'o of more extended 
 liKldciciiltiviviion. Tho v.'getable cultivation has increa.s.'d considerahlv and tho uso 
 ut vcjjctahle waste and strou<r fodder is important. 
 
lti ij I 
 
 •'v 
 
 478 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY FARMING. 
 
 Ill pIi»c»)H where tho culliviitioii of Kr.iiii jh curiiid on k. a (liHiiroiiDrli, ,„, 
 or w .010 li()iH.-.iuis!iif,' innvailH, tho iioiit cuttlo Mtill huIIw f„r tho wlint . (' n l'."^^''"' 
 IiiKoLstailt, .Slrjiiihinjr, and in tho wliolo liotthal Vunoy. '""u.aHii, 
 
 Ihrodiii;/ : Whom tho hioodom posHosa MiillicicMit kiiowKtlt'o, jind uiirl... i , 
 NU|.oii<)iity un.l vahio of native j)uro-bml Htock, their jivocatioii i.-, Imi|. i ' ^ "" 
 oils uuioiiH liiivo hooii forimd for tlie oiicouriigoniont of ii.iprov.iiui.'ts i ," , '^"'!l''- 
 Htock. homo yours a«() a proforoiico exintod in favor of tho Siiiii„on(h'.i ''.iii' '"- 
 ■ Switzorhmd, wliich wore fioquontly crosHcd with other breeds. Now ti m , 'i '?"" 
 dmapiioannj,', and tho conviction prevails that wlion well cared for and vv^. ,"' '" 
 
 bavarian cattlo are e«jual in every way to the Swiss. "''' ^''" 
 
 HANDLINU CA-nXE I'HODL'CTS IN ItAVAUIA. 
 
 The most of the Itavarian l;reeds fnrnisli excoHont cattlo for workin.r .,„,! i.u 
 and tlio Jiavarian boef is well and favorably known at homo and aT.,,:, .,''''«• 
 mands a ^ood price. The oxon are tho |.rincipal source of incom.' ofc 'il' . I *i'""" 
 aii.i (h(^y are bred with excoHont jiulKiiient. Itoiii- iraino<l to work Ih,'. "'''''''';• 
 soufrht after m tho many cutlle markets by dealers from other coiintrioH . i,, "n'' 
 
 luMutntuonoir*' '"''''' '''"''' ^"""^ "'" *'"■'" ""' '""' ^^^"'^ "^''' ^'"'i' ^'"^volS 
 
 Tito IJavarian oxen are oa.sy goinK, fiwt stopp.TH, roprosonted to be botb.r ti, 
 horses m pace, and are very endiirin^r, tmiKh, .r,„„i .,,,.1 frii-al eaters, IHttei, nnj, h " 
 attain h(>avy woiKhts, and furnish a teiubu' and palatable nuiat 'l"'«lvli-, 
 
 I'litMlairy biisiiioss is carried oi.|art;ely<)nly iu tho south .ifliavaria but nIiw. u 
 l.-ist hvo Years, has been oxtemlm-. The All-aii olu'ose now compares ■iv rZ ■ u 
 KmmeiKhal, but, as yet, in <).i.-ility, isnot.iiTiio its equal. 1 -*"« '■ivo..,l,|y wm, 
 
 Itavarian table butter from tlie contiifiij,'a.l dairies Kocs in lar'M ■,,,tiii,.„ 
 
 n. .m .iiisalt...l slate to North (iormany and, slightly salted, to Kui; '''{viTi?''' 
 iiun.useot dailies, broeilin« and latteningof liogs has also hicrea.4.1 t,]. u ' J' 
 lity ami ijiiaiii^ in Uavaria. ' """ 'Q 'I I'ln- 
 
 . Special statisticn of Jiaiarian catllv. 
 
 Nuiiiii of hici^il. 
 
 2 
 
 _! H lioiinilsur 
 g;g j butter. 
 
 a 
 
 Xiiiiio of Uirttiiil 
 
 IUfi«iit ridiii 
 
 I (11(11111(1 
 ! to witlu rs. 
 
 bcii^'lli ul' ''i'llilit'liiiul 
 
 lll'lH. 
 
 I 
 
 PillHKUIHT *... 
 MiOHl»a<'lior* . 
 SiniiiuMithuli'i - 
 
 AllMltilllllT" 
 
 Kclliiiiuor* 
 
 Allxiimir* . .. 
 
 l.lin. Quartn. 
 '>,!.m II). .itor.'. ;i 
 ii, (inoio. 5 11.4 
 .">, 000 10.5 11.4 
 
 . 5, ."iOII 10. -. 
 
 .;i, 300 u.ti 
 
 11.4 
 11.4 
 
 o I a 
 
 Sou 
 
 Int. In,s. I us.. lux. /„,v. /,„, /„.,. i,^,'i 
 ■>j _•;■.- .. iliJ.lMll.d.. 7,«. 7 «!.!-! 
 M. I ..... 1 (H. Dili I . (■ (i 1 . IKi. u 711, (1 7«. 7 !M 1 
 .%. () -.5. 1 111. .'.,01. (il. (I 7,;. ,s ;„. u -g^ - ;,|'., 
 
 ny. :i;o:;. 7 
 
 l<il.4ll-.'. !1 
 
 ■)•-'. ai-M. 3 CO. oil!'.'. !) (1-j. !) (i-j.!) 71); 7^1;; 
 
 li, liUO 0.0 11.4 
 
 ■»i.2."ir.. 1 
 
 (11:111 Di.iiiicisIm'I';;*!!' I . 
 8»;|j«;iiilililLi I 
 
 . 4, (fill III. .■> 
 . 4,400 10. .'•. 
 
 It. 
 
 lil.O . 
 
 . lil.diil.li ... 
 
 71.1)77.1 
 
 71 :i. 
 
 KlliimrrI 
 
 Voij-tliiiiiltirl.... 
 
 . i"), fioo 10. .'■) ii;. ,! 
 ;i,aooio. 5 II I 
 
 M iiruiiii' Wnriliiiil'olHitr I . 
 liuyruulliur SchiHtki-nl . 
 
 4, !l.')0 ID..-. 
 4. 400 10. .'> 
 
 11.4 
 11.4 
 
 Uppir Uiivaiia. . 
 
 (Ill 
 
 i)i»lH!im'iltlirmi;.'li 
 
 iioarly all ISuvu. 
 
 I'in. 
 Mi(lill(\ l'"iiiiif(>iiiii 
 III Miilillc KiiUK'o- 
 
 iiia and L<i\\i r 
 
 Jtavai'ia, and < s- 
 
 Iit'ciallv ill I p. 
 
 iM'vl'atatiiiatti. 
 In Siial.ia. N'( ii. 
 
 linri.', rppii' 
 
 Uavaria, and 
 
 pailly in tlic re 
 
 III a ill i n ^ i\[». 
 
 tiiil.s. 
 
 Palatinate M.'IM.U . 
 
 Ill tliK tliicc Kian- -."o. 1 ..S. I 01. 4 «■_'. miL 4 liU.'u77. ri77 1 si'li 
 
 lonia diHliicl,-) 
 
 and ill Hill t'p 
 
 p«r I'alalinali . 
 Miildlu l''niiM'iiiiia. 
 I'ppir Kraniiinia 
 
 and I'ppcr Pal. 
 
 aliiialc 
 I'pjK'r Uavaria ... 
 njipi'r Kianuoiiia . 
 
 .0.1. 1 r.:i. lii.oit'. il.... 
 
 40. « r.l. •.' 00. ,") .")". I Ii'.'. DO. !l 
 
 '.'^. 7 Ml. ;,' . . . 
 
 ■^'.ii'D.HSXIl 
 
 .'HI. M. :, on. 7 01.0 "i7. li'J. I) 70. !l 
 
 ,.r\,'i!'.''i:'i';'', '• 'i'''''ii'''''",'V'';7'', '■''''"'''''. ■' '"'*'"' ''■""" ■-'■-' '" -"■ ' I""""'" "' ■•"■'' "'"1' ■■ 2»--' m :« lioiiiHl,. 
 (it liall .sliKiiiiird niilli : ;i.i ti>.(7.4 poiiiidH ol Nkiiiiiiicd milk. i"""' 
 
 - •»•■«"; '•! P'Hin.l.M.l I,inili,ir:;,.r,lH.,.Hc it !ak.'M 7 11 .piartH .,1 s<,iii luill. ; l.l IcM' Miiait.s „r;;„,„l ,nill, 
 o.-' I'l U.l iinait« ol liall ,skimiiii»l niilk. 
 
 .N'.iiiii'ol liiocU. 
 
 riiiNiiiiici' 
 
 MiiMbaclii r 
 
 j^iiiiinciilli'ilt'i' 
 
 ,\ii.fb:iiii' 1 
 
 Kcllll'ilHOl 
 
 .\ll;;;iii(ii 
 
 (ilan II 'niicr»lier;;('r. 
 SolieiiileliU r 
 
 Voisllaiidc 
 
 .Miniuin-WfidiiilclHc 
 liaviviitlu'V Hclietlii'ii 
 
 Of llii.tni-ilild it 
 arc iialuduil. 
 
 Of all the raci :^ 
 lliico years of ai. 
 Iiv(! years of a;;e. 
 
 Altliueiidof tl 
 
'"'''NaiMi 111,. 
 •■^'11 liiceili,,. 
 
 '■'I <;iiiM. iro,;; 
 
 >.iH m,,i]|,„l i„ 
 
 i'li'l laUciiiiij, 
 '"■'1(1 1111(1 com! 
 
 ijlllc-l)n;c,l(TN, 
 
 '."■>■ ill't! lllllHl 
 
 '■'•'H.f.specilllly 
 
 'y iii'»^ woikeil 
 
 '0 iHitlcr tliuii 
 'ittcii qiiicklj', 
 
 l»ii<, Nincutlu. 
 iivoiiibly with 
 
 itilic'H. iiiostlv 
 "!• Witlilir,, 
 ImUi ia (|'iiiii. 
 
 if 
 
 (iir 
 
 Milieliidd 
 
 
 11 
 
 ihIiihiI- 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z> 
 
 u 
 
 ■^ w 
 
 im. 
 
 //i,i 
 
 IllK. his. 
 
 
 7.S'. 7 
 
 K\.l'' . 
 
 i.U 
 
 'ai.( 
 
 7«. 7 !H. 1 
 
 i. s 
 
 iu. 
 
 7eS. 7 
 
 ui.:j 
 
 
 7(1.7 
 
 77. !l 
 
 
 .!) 
 
 :(;.7 
 
 l^l.^ 
 
 7.\7 
 
 71. i) 77, 1 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Spivial slaltHtiv.'i of Huvarian ta^/Zt— Continued. 
 
 479 
 
 Mvu Wttiirbl 
 
 Naiiicol III Old. 
 
 
 a"! 
 
 (,'uliii'. 
 
 J>e)ti'i'i|itluii III'. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Jliill. 
 
 0.1. 
 
 :§ 
 
 awt. (hot. I Oivl. 
 
 lI.H-15. 7 I'.'.T-l.'i. 7 II. 7-l!l. (i .VJ-50' U.d, Im.hmi. ami WiOl r.iiiiiid aiiiiiialN. 
 
 wliilt iiiitlirliark. will) ili'cp IdhIv Hint 
 
 t:iMi(lil(iV(li)|n«l lU'uh. 
 
 !). ti-13. 7 Ij. 7-17. 7 U. 7-17. 7 17-11) Vclliiw hikI .-ipiil .MiiUllr lo laiKc, I'lillicr 
 
 I I U-'l. lli'Hiiyi lai'^tvlioiicil. 
 
 11. H-17. 7 17. 7 -lU. (i LI. 7-17. 7- 17-4!». . . . .ili. Vi r.y liiif:" im<l lifiw.v ; 
 
 I lU-U llcHliy ; lipni;li!;;8i»ii(i 
 
 i luipt'liiiiivir 
 
 ll.h-i;i. 7 ll.H-17. 7 l.'i. 7-17. 7 ."lO-.'i'.' ilo l.aitioaiiil heavy, H<llll(^ 
 
 \vitli1iiii<;lt'.^H: IikiikI 
 \ (.'lilclly ill lilt) low 
 > )i\m\iu\H. 
 
 Ikllii'iliiO" H.K-IU. ;i^ U.H-ll.M 1L'.7-I5.7 /lU-.').') It. il liiiiwn, Willi l.iylil, tii iniili 
 
 I I ' n|i(ii (HI ilif luiail. Wdi^lit; Will ■ pro- 
 
 I I I ' poitimiitl J viiy I'lu 
 
 mil and Ioiil;Ji. 
 
 I'innsiiicc ■■■ 
 
 Mii'ibailii'i'.- 
 >,iiiiin(iillial(^r 
 
 ,\ii»biu-iii'".-- 
 
 Allsiiuui 
 
 (ihin llinncralifrKCi-.. 
 Sclieiiil'i'ldii' 
 
 I „ 
 
 7. 8- 0. «i H. « -1'.'. V !). K-15. 7 r4)-:.."< I'laiufjiay I,i;;lil, to ' iiKMliiiiii 
 
 I ■ \mi:;lil ; well |irii|ior' 
 
 I tioiii'd, Willi t;u<.id 
 
 milk iiiarkH. 
 ,M)-.'i."i' J'liiiiiyi'lli.w, with Mcdiiiiii weight, with 
 
 H-K). 7 10. S-ll. 7 11.7-17. 
 
 1 
 
 «. ,H 1(1. H 1 1. 8-15. 7 I-J. 7-10. 7- M-a')! 
 I I i 111.0 
 
 li);lit. liiitl kH. lair t'liriim ; tint;; ^ood 
 
 milk marks. 
 
 do Mcdiiiiii W(^i;;ht, with 
 
 tail liiMiiH; lino; <;oim1 
 milk marks; i\<iid- 
 li'nl 1(11' work iiud 
 l';tlt(Miin^; partii'M- 
 larly nni'd in North 
 {iKiniiHiy, and in 
 iiuiuli diaiiami. 
 
 Klllii^jcr I 8. 8-11.K11.H-10.7 r.'.7-lti. 7- .W-j;'. I'lain yellow, with iJo. 
 
 I I lU. tiark niaik.H. 
 
 VolKllamlir 7.3- 'i.'i 7. 8-11. 8 1X7-1.J. 7 .f-OO, Plain liylit Inowii, Miiliiim wflijlil, with 
 
 with liuht iiHMitli. t'xeilleiil biHly ; very 
 straight andtiet'p ; iu 
 
 .Mmimu-Weldenlelsei-.: 0.8- U. 8 8. 8-1'.'. 7 U.h-l,-..7 :>-l-M I'lain yollow- Katlier laiKe;' wWI 
 
 hitiwii,willi(^ark I'oiined; ileliratt;. 
 marks. 
 
 liayiviitlier Htheckuli.., 8. 8-1'.'. 7 11.8-l.'i. 7 11.8-17. 7 47-4l)| Vt'llow ami ted. I.aiMii lo heavy ; rat her 
 
 I allotted. Ilfsliy; large-honed. 
 
 Of llii.i niijjhl it iaiindei'slodd that the meal in the founniarleni, •villi tallow and kiilney urea.se, 
 
 arc iiicluileil. 
 
 Of all till' raws llio MifMliiiflur atul SimiiicntlialiT arc tins imc^hi iiiatiiit^ at two to 
 Uiice, yiaiM til' aj;(;. Tin: KclUeiniDr, Scheinltiltlcr, uiiil V«iigtlan(li r iiiiitiiic only at 
 livi! years of vl'^v.. 
 
 At the end of the liiist year all those aniinulH ivacli lialf of 1 liiir wiiolit at nialuiity. 
 
 • ■71 .■!. . .... 
 
 . !) 77. ,'i 77. 1 ai. (i 
 
 . . 7h. 7 m. :\ ... 
 II 7:'. ;)":(. USX II 
 
 il7ll. II 
 
 1! to :t3 iiodiiilH 
 
 > iil';:<i(iil mill 
 
1 
 
 T 
 
 1;? 
 
 ;J 
 
 ' -i 
 
 \'- lli- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 480 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 MuuioofhriiMl. 
 
 I'lnHjiiHitT . . 
 
 MiuHbaclicr . 
 
 SiiiiiiK'ntliiilt'i' 
 
 AiisliiU'licr 
 
 Ki'lluiiiicr 
 
 Alljiimcr 
 
 (ilim DoillH'IH 
 
 Schi'iiilVlildr. . 
 
 lOllillL'I'f 
 
 Vi>lv;|lrt|Hl()|' . . 
 
 Mniii.iii- \V(!i'- 
 
 lIlMlti'lHCr. 
 
 lii'.v I' tt II Ml or 
 iSclit'cki'ii. 
 
 Iliivv llll|„' 
 lllCll pllU^ 
 
 A riiitiiiy 
 
 ;iO .vcaiN . . 
 
 .. <lo 
 
 l-."i.VriilH . 
 
 A riiitiiiy 
 
 . <lo 
 
 ...(In 
 
 <lo 
 
 «0 Vdill H . 
 
 A I'ciitiiiy . 
 ■-'(I Jiiux. !. 
 
 Slill ill Coi 
 iiiatiiiii. 
 
 Origin o'f briii^il. 
 
 Iliiviirliui iiicu . 
 
 riiiH^uii mill Slniiiit'iitlialt'i'iiHH 
 
 SwIkm 
 
 Oil 1 1 it N anil Unii 
 
 liaviii iiiii 1-,11-n 
 
 SW1.HM (>;i.iv mill lirowii) 
 
 liiivaiiaii iiicu 
 
 , ill. 
 
 Kill llavariaiiaiiil AllKaii nii\cii 
 
 'I'vnil 
 
 (iiay SwiM^, Wiiizllial, n'liii 
 
 iMiiiili'liiirii'r iiiiNid. 
 liuvarijiii, iiiixnl willi limn and 
 
 MiiMliaili. 
 
 Working 
 qiiiilil.y. 
 
 l!!\< rlloiit 
 
 I'-alr 
 
 ....ilo ... 
 Kxri'lli'iit 
 ...il.) .... 
 ...(Ill .... 
 
 ....(I.. . 
 
 ... till . 
 
 ...ilo . 
 
 ...ili> . 
 
 .. .Ill 
 
 I'"alp .. 
 
 I'liiiliiii. 
 
 Meal. 
 
 I'Mihl, rail' 
 
 Mnrli.liiii 
 mil (iiii.. 
 
 -. <lo .. 
 
 Fair .... 
 il" .... 
 
 I'itlli'iiiiil 
 iiiilill'i'i'. 
 cut. 
 
 Fair 
 
 ...iIo .. 
 
 • • ili>... 
 --•In... 
 
 • -.do ... 
 
 Milk. 
 
 '''i'iriiiiilv,.|v 
 
 KII'mI I|I,;,„ 
 
 '''''ii'logoijtl. 
 
 !'!ii»l rut,., 
 iMir. 
 '''iiNt riiln, 
 
 Mnili, jiiit 
 not liiii'. 
 
 ''"Oil. 
 
 I'}iii-. 
 
 y'l'.vKdi,,!, 
 
 I'aic. 
 (ioiiil. 
 
 I''ai., 
 
 ^ I .-iv I iM.y ni.k,. run,,. ..l,n.Mi-H likr 1 1„. Swi.s,. i„ for,.,, ,„„l i„ 1 1,, it | , . , ■\"":'i"' 
 >v.„an„„^^ pari o( It.uarin II,.. .hmy i.s n..l n,„.:h ,l„y.a„iK.l, as iT,' I „ „ '"/i"' 
 
 CATTLE IN THE DUCHY OF BRUNSWICK 
 
 i;i:rouT iir vossvi. fox. 
 
 .. ''',*;!"';•;''""•'•'"'*'• i^'PartmcntciicuIaror Wnly IS, ivccivcl (),.toI„... 
 .., INSJ, I liiive tlic iK.iior to tiaiismit licicwitli :i ivpoil <„, (|„. v, in ,! 
 ImrdH of .•attlc miiintaincd in the Diicliy of IJiiinswick. 1 I,,,,,,. Tim 
 iiblejo iiiiiko a MipiiU'incntaiy ivport in icfranl (o the siihJ,H;i at an (-ai'ly 
 
 morial, arc no.s.sci with tlir, impoitcd Jlolianil and Oldrnmn.r ;,„j,,,,,i, 
 t 10 olls),n„f.; ,r,s..|nl,lii,^r ,1,1. latter to ii -real .".xt.nt. Thi- iniporiat'io,; 
 
 ot the ollspnn;.- into till' United Stat.'.s could hardly he icnmiim imI 
 
 ius the onirinal hiccds would most naliiiallv have (he piclciviKr Tin' 
 llarz annual, on the other hand, lias i)roven to he a most suitable oiio 
 tor the raw elimatc of the Ilarz Mountains, and attempt.s to cn.ss tlinii 
 witii other breedN in order to obtain better individual (iiialities Inve 
 always rcsult.-d in failure, no that now the jrreatcst caiv is .,h.s,., vnl to 
 breed them as pure as jiossildc. Wheiev<'r au iiiteii.M' system of icni 
 culture IS maintained, especially in those parts of tiie diKiiiv <levot,',ri<, 
 the culture ol the suffar-beet, and where f(»od is plciitv, Hie HoIIuihI 
 and Ohlenbuij; bleeds are to be found, they ha vin- been citiuiiiniMiited 
 directly, bred Iroin iui lorted uniiiials, or are the result of crossiii". Tlio 
 
 Harz cattle lorexjioH l.i tho ITiiilid Klahs" iiiinn.liaulv l'..llow»lhisri' 
 
 iiiitiual c-ir( 
 will liiive }ii 
 
 sihI.V <!i"' k' 
 l,y the i)ei» 
 OliloiilMirj; 
 biitclicr is i 
 close tidiles 
 stiitiKti<!s in 
 i;Miiiswi(!k 
 llui several 
 hiitcluT is 1 
 tlKihutcher 
 years for (hi 
 siiiiil'tioii. 
 ,it .steers an 
 Oldeiibiirj,'. 
 ihiii't oxen 
 (ilaucr. Sh 
 Older to iiic 
 ill small iiiii 
 iififrlihoriiifj 
 I ho larger ci 
 local cattle 
 
 Unitiou 
 
 ( oiiqiuitlUci HI 
 
 Di^itrict.s. 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 Ill 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 
 riiliiliiMliii'liy 
 
 jj. !:> 
 
 jinrt. 
 
OKUMANY. 
 
 481 
 
 Kcttpiri^i oniK'seuiiiiiiiil.s isdi'iHiiiU'iit iiioro upon tr/<nioiiiinil tliiui upon 
 iijiliiiiil circumslHuri's, iiiul jih uiy (M»IIt'ii|;u«5« in (he Viirious iliistridH 
 will liiivo ^;iv(ii nioro poili-ct inCorniiiMou in iv/^anl to tlicni Miun I po.s 
 ..jhlv <!iin f;'«''i" ''«'''*S ' '"i^'^' oniilUMl tlioin in lilJinj,' out tiu; I'ornis sent 
 i,y tlio l)oj»iirtin(^nt. With j^ood littusiuf,' iind licdin;,' tliu llollnnil iin<l 
 Oldonlun},' «':iMli! piospir iiw well hnr, iin/l tlio .vi<'l(l lK)Lh lor«l;iiiv aud 
 Initdicr is uh iibundanl, iits in the KindM (»t' tJH'ir nativity. I lu';,''f,o in- 
 
 i;l(is« 
 
 tiil)lt'«sln>\vinjj tho nundM:idf (;atllo in l>run«wiik 
 
 a.s well as oIImt 
 
 . jtistiijs in vvniud to tliuni tala-n fntni tlio ollicial ivpoit of \\n) Diu'al 
 |iMiiis\vi(!li I!ui(!au of StiitiHtios lor the yinir l.SS;{. Tlir pi'r«;('nta;^t', of 
 
 oi- 
 
 Ol' 
 
 lliti HCA't'ial brirds, aH well as tlii' idTcentajii- l»iv«l for dairy and t 
 luitclu'r is not to ho obtained, since the iuiinials an- rarelv reared I 
 
 tli(! hiilclier (-xelusively, l»nt the cows and <ixen are used lirs't lor several 
 y(.;ir.s lor dairy and labor, respectively, before they jir«' faltened for eon- 
 siiiiiption. The stock is not sullieient to supply the (leinand ; nnndM-rs 
 olKtocrs and itresnant heifers are annually imported from Jlollandand 
 OldoiibiU},'. For the be»)tsuj;ar industry u lar^e nnndier of lUivarian 
 (liiil't <».\(!ii are importetl and a smaller niindxr of l!reilenber.<,'er and 
 tiliiucr. Shortlauiis are also imp(uted and cnissed to some extent, in 
 Older to increase tln^ meat i»rod net. SwisM cattle art; to be found only 
 ill small numbers. 1"liei»> is no e.\i»ort worth menlionin;,' exttept to the 
 iioifrli boring I'russian province «)f Jlaiutver and of faltened animals to 
 llioIiUKer cities. In Hanover the Drunswiek cattle are crossed with the 
 local cattle in order to obtain draft animals. 
 
 WILLIAMS C. I'OX, 
 
 I'NlTHiJ STATl'iS (JONSL'LATK, 
 
 I Ir una icicle, JJcccmbvr I, IMH."}. 
 
 (JonHid. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 I ' 
 
 iJttUNswicii <;attlk statistics. 
 
 « 
 
 Imiiuidliii Mlaliiiuiil >,lti>uiii<i the iiumlur <if talllv in lltv Diicliii of IouiumvuL m llu: 
 j/iarK Iri7;!-V;i, ititli invrtum and dnicanv, irKiiiciinhi, 
 
 |l'"ioiii (illiciul niiHim Uikiii .(aiiiiury 10, Iwa.l 
 
 I Wliolo iiiiiiiImI liirKiiHcorilcdtiiHi' A vi iin;(> t4i 1 wjiiiiltt A vii|j(;ii (u | (loo iij),;,!, 
 ! <()iiiilml. Miiu:«' IH7;i. kiUjincIt f. itaiitM. 
 
 Dititi'ictH. 
 
 IK7;i. I im.l , - (Ic.-rciiNr 
 
 I llllMlllltt'lj'. 
 
 [ .... 
 II.... 
 111... 
 
 IV... 
 V ... 
 VI... 
 
 21, 1175 
 47, HU!» 
 l.',.W.t 
 
 •J, n7;i 
 
 :i, 'M t 
 :i, III) 
 
 •J'J, h7H 
 
 40, 411:1 ; 
 
 J2,4II!I i 
 l',(i47 I 
 
 HI 
 
 lor. 
 I , I'o:! 
 :i, i»i 
 
 IKO 
 71 
 
 Tiil.iliiiiliuijy.! Wi, 17:; i yo, 787 
 
 n. Kx. 51 31 
 
 ^''■■' I I87;i. mx '•;;•• iK/a. i«ki. i 
 
 ••III- Clllt. 
 
 1.111I. 
 
 i'.r 
 
 -'j.4;i 
 
 -.i.-M 
 
 t r>. "i.'i 
 
 fH. til ! 
 -I.'J7 1 
 \'2.HH 
 
 10. IN) , 
 
 10. 7;i i 
 10.4:1 ' 
 
 V!I.(H ; 
 
 •jx. so I 
 
 46. !M I 
 
 in.(i;i 
 lo. :i<i 
 20. .".1 
 :it.<m '< 
 
 '-•H. 4!l 
 4(i.Ho ! 
 
 -0. -JT •j4,-..!l,'i 
 
 -0. ;)7 if^r.. 70 
 
 I I.UH 'JCMil 
 
 I :,m;.') i 401,(111 
 
 I 0. 40 fioo. :,n 
 
 '-•:■(!. 40 
 
 "(.l..''.o 
 401.0!) 
 
 I r.o.\7u 
 
 iO.iii (ill. 01 I (a(i.Hi 
 
 -- 10. . >■..■• 
 
 - ::". 17 
 
 - 0, 14 
 
 I :i. 110 
 I :i:t. V'J 
 
 t 15. .so 
 
 1 4.(ii.'-. I r..;i5 ' 'jxaL- ; iM.ta t i.ai :i.-,o.4i '■ a4u.4H i - oak; 
 
482 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 CATTLE AND DAlliV I'AKMING. 
 rBUJKS AND WKKnriVoi- ItUUNSWIOK (lATTLK. 
 rABi,K li.-tl(almvHt Hhowini} «W/»«j/ i>rUvmui li,;: w,iyl,t of nttll, i,i U„ l,„ /. , 
 
 wkfk. 
 
 (Krom oflloial oeiiitUM taken Jaiinary lo, Isaa. J 
 TOTAL SELLING I'ltlCK. 
 
 /')„ 
 
 UllltliutH. 
 
 r 
 
 II 
 
 Ill 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI ; 
 
 Totiil III duchy 
 
 CuIvcN not 
 wonkM. 
 
 Calvi'H friHii 'Aiiltniil»froiii 
 
 WI'.'kH tob UlllOlltllH to!" 
 
 Mark*. 
 
 4, (180 
 
 ;t, 71» 
 2r., 7<)(i 
 
 .IH, 7;)() 
 l»,41l) 
 3,U50 
 
 110, 074 
 
 lllOIllllH, 
 
 Markt. 
 IH, ;i40 
 
 8,7-8 
 
 1 14, H'r> 
 
 U74, IMO 
 84, 770 
 18, 240 
 
 819, o;j3 
 
 ycuiH. 
 
 Marki. 
 
 HO, 880 
 
 (14, Ofl.'i 
 
 n!IU, 410 
 
 1, 8(in, 400 
 
 .'IIIO, (lllli 
 
 118,350 
 
 3, 171i, 341 
 
 'i yoaifi anil i,vi 
 
 HiiIIh 
 
 (llit'ltlorH.) 
 
 Markt. 
 
 7,085 
 
 lU, 2(10 
 
 44, 8(M) 
 
 2{M, 4(10 
 
 211, UdU 
 
 2, 000 
 
 •'■''•'t'ImilMl 
 iivmi. 
 
 Marh 
 II. 
 
 1,711, 
 
 251) 
 ■.7.'f 
 (IMI 
 
 lidd I 
 
 lUd 
 
 •lOU 
 
 < 'owh 
 
 ^ l''7, !«l|| 
 2, I.'ID.WIO 
 
 '►It, ii;,u 
 
 '^^^ I -. 1-". ««5 jlTa:^ 
 
 .,^/'!'""'"i^,1*'"' •■ ^«'' "•' ""'•'"•'*>•, two mid a liul; v.-ars; wH.rl,. „f 
 
 urn imi.r.l hack. ]{ui„|. nixl (ail .-pipliVHiH hII^'IiMv lii.'li IJihl!, ''■'"'■'>■ ''"'■; 
 
 a.i, fi.Hubon,;,!, small and vrry c..„, -act I.-.n?./ T V ha . • i' '• , ''''•'* ^'"'n 
 
 Ih;{(». TluM.i,;,ri,i,.rhn.,.,l wan a <T..8i of tho local ar.ilnijs u it "•' ' .l','"'^ ^i'"" 
 
 a.. 8,h.nded draii ...i.nais. Tin, meat in of -i.i.iii;:;""ii;v;^!i;r;;:;':i;i,'';i-! 
 
 in.T.ll.i,(.'(ol!i'^; wniUT.l.r.hMoO.r.o. Soil traii.sitic n fio. ll.. n ;' * ' ' ' 
 
 .s'-;/-,Wr«/«m .- Ancient cr.Nstullino hIouo, «4w a'k c h L ! , Vi'/''' ''iV '"-""'• 
 ol .horil.) and iiorjihyrv. vvi«,ivi, m.U(,and cliiilK, will, imxtmo 
 
 ^'iillivnlcd ijranKiH: Kdl clover, Trifolium m-ulinMr ..it,... . • . 
 
 HAEZ CATTLE FOR EXPOET TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 iiUi'i'LEMi:.\TAur Ki'.i'oirvuY vossvL FOX. or luawswirii. 
 
 The price of the cattle will he about as follows : 
 
 Vcarlmt,' hnllH 
 
 Vcailinj; hcifci-H .'.'.."."'." ^^J 1'" 
 
 lM-c;;haill- hcilei-s -'."..".'."!.'.*.!!.'.'!!.' 'ri '" 
 
 i'oilll'r 'OWS Tl? I;' 
 

 !11h1 ClVl'l'. 
 
 Vim. I ' ()«H 
 
 arkn, 
 
 ll.'.'.Ml 
 
 Hi,.,7ri 
 
 Tll.lillil I 
 77, lUII 
 
 I 
 
 l^. I''7, lidii 
 
 ", i;!ii.wi() 
 
 ■►ll,!l,-,ij 
 
 »"".««s| i6,aa5,ifio 
 
 '■''• ■•il iri.'itiiriiv 
 '•'if.-lMiiMinm:,; 
 
 '•■I'liciihiilv ii,„.. 
 
 ';'"• '-'•;!« nIkiii 
 '"■'■•' I'lin^ siiici. 
 
 •■"• ».l"l'vnil, ,i,„| 
 
 '■■it. iUlll cliffs,. 
 
 '" ''' <'•; •tiiiii- 
 
 'I'l <'I:i,V liiM/id. 
 '■■> "ilh iiiixtiuy 
 
 ' \\illl IlllKlliiy 
 
 :ate£ 
 
 /r/v 
 
 1 lit- tOMiy 
 
 lot' l)rci'(liiij^ 
 ' iuid licilcrs, 
 leliniiisuiVIv 
 
 r<ir inroi'iiia 
 'liiisc or.siicli 
 ^<sM|■. Kri'is 
 ,M'iitl('i]i;iii i^ 
 iuiiol' breed- 
 
 i;l7 (1(1 
 ;jr> 7(1 
 r.7 I',' 
 ?;; ."lU 
 
 D 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 1: 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 k{0 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^128 |2.5 
 ^ US 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 S.4 
 
 16 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 
 ► 
 
 ^^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 <?. 
 
 
 ew 
 
 ■=# ^sy 
 
 
 PhotDgmphic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 As 
 
 <v 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 A 
 
 '%^ 
 
 ^\ ^\ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 87il.4503 
 
 ^4'^ 
 

 

 Mi 
 
 
 '•^^ »r«i 
 
 n 
 
 ■'f'l 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 n 
 
S',1 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 48d 
 
 Costortraiis|.uitiitioiilrom Bluukeuburg to Uaiubuig uu.l Bienieii 
 
 'snectivt'lv : ' 
 
 resi>t'< 
 
 Hiiicli 
 
 t'urtaul (lu C0W8 or la lii'iiurH). 
 
 HHmburg. 
 
 91 •10 
 a? II 
 
 Bremen. 
 
 $7 04 
 •SJ 97 
 
 cowis or 
 provided 
 
 Nino s(iuaro rnett-rs is takon as lialf a car load, in wliicli four 
 Ave hcirciH can l»c placed. Tlio person acconipanvini,' must bo i 
 with a Uiird-dass railway ticket. 
 
 WILLIAMS C. FOX, 
 United States Consulate, Consul. 
 
 BruHHickk, January 18, 1884. 
 
 SPKCIAL STATISTICS CONCKIUNG HAKZ CAITLK. 
 
 'J'lii^ l(>llowiii« iiiConimtion wan rfi|ucati(l in ordc^r to nroiiuilv louir.- m..)^.. wi,.,;i . 
 ,..,n.li(ions in tl.. Jn.U.l «,.(..«. sud. JoroiKn ^^>y..^Mj.^Z^t!:y.^^:^^ 
 Idm;; ixi(crienci) lo liavo born iinilitablc m their uativo bouius : »"voii uy 
 
 (,i„;aitit,voiinilk lo 1 pouiKlofbutter Vu, ' ' '-"" \" ' • <'"IJ 
 
 (,Miiiiti(v orniiik to 1 [lonnd ofcbeese..-. ,l„ ittol!- 
 
 '''^" "•^'-'"^"•"•^ -■■"■■:"" ikmuuih:: Tootoaui) 
 
 Ikllmh of hmmntj : In smun.er the «.W8 uro driven into Hhed.s at niirlit; the heifers 
 „,n,i|i. m the aids. Onuccouutol the sciruity of straw the auinml.s8t:uid ou boards 
 
 VinUnij : Uiiy, with a Niiiiplcincnt of corn. 
 
 /;,r«/.«r/ : lireclin- very extensive. Calves are snckled by the mother from six to 
 
 lhndnn;nnvdu<t>> : The milk is placed in earth, n pans; after the eream has been 
 h,k,M. oil, It IS heated; small round eboese (Hurzkase) aro nuunifaetmed from the 
 
 CATTLE IN THE GRAND DOCHY OF HESSE-DARMSTADT. 
 
 liKrouT 111- coitMi:kci.\L auKm- anirii, of ma xesce. 
 
 DESCKIPTION OE DUCHY. 
 
 I have tlie honor (,> inakc (be iollnwinj; srat<M,:ent in response to cir- 
 •■iiliii' "'«tru<-t ol tlie l.Stb .Inly last, received October '{ 
 
 ThoCiriMMl JMiel.yot IIesse-l)arnisla.lr, within which tins consuhir 
 ollH'c IS situate.], lies between the deyfees of 49o 24' i.nd r,(»o ni' „„,' . 
 .nt,ide,a„d 2503- and 27^ IJ,' east longitude, at the norttrn V^^^ 
 iromity ot the upper valley „t the Rhine, which stretches tVon. I'.asle to 
 
 avfiice, possessing- a Iength()f ab,)ut 1«)0 miles and a l,readtl. of about 
 1; J.S miles with an elevation above, the sea at Uasle of 800 feet -u 1 
 ;it Maycnce ot 208, and sinkinjj: from south to north. In Ilesso Vw 
 stmt this valley has its ^neatest width and lowest liepmsiilur 
 
 lliiMliidiy IS made ui) of three provinces, two of which are south of 
 H.*;nvcr Main, undone north of it; between whicliijvvo divSonsruns 
 
 ' 1 liler = ij.ll3 j)iuts, ~ ~ ' 
 
484 
 
 CATTLJi ANIJ DAIUY lAKMlNCJ. 
 
 a iiiinow Hliip of IViiswiiii, tciiiioiy, wliil,. tlr<i IMiiii(> (lows 1m>|\v > 
 
 W<. SOI, |,< ,M IMOVIIKTS, WIH.^I, pM.VM.r.-.S U, V, lu.OW., i..S .Slu.K ' ' '" 
 
 J^'\'''!;;''*.-T'4 ;'''*' ''•'"''■ "^'T- . '*'''^' '"■•'''"' ^'"' «''iiii,Mi»,,i,v • 
 
 klmK. h.s«r, ami HI 1, I;M.|;{ i,. I),,,,,,,. Ilos.so; u|km. win.;] , i„ I'^M ' "I 
 an; li<ri,(iJl i„ i;,,,,,., Ile«.s.. OC the 1,S!)7>.1.71 fj ^s , '■■^'^':' 
 puilKwos, as (ollow.'s: '".)'i'*U <'i loicsi 
 
 I'll 
 
 I 'III III It n.l <i'«HH.i'i<;iul-: 
 Kiiiilni liiii.l. ' "w. iin.l 
 
 |(;iHiiiriliiiiil. 
 
 Viiiiluh.l. I'll 
 
 I'-MjihI, 
 
 Stai'kt'iilmr;;. 
 
 ItllillC llr.H.SK . 
 l'|l|>C|- lltSKU 
 
 :i II!, Still, iiir. 
 •JM, fhiti. um 
 
 T..(ai ill .iiuli.v ^ u.io,(ma.au 
 
 SiiuareitfiTin. 
 H.'i, iri.-). till 
 I'", IM). (iri 
 1 17, f<0(l, 15 . 
 
 l^'liiiircdi'f.H, 
 
 l,ll'i|,:ill 
 
 -'1, Mil. 1(1 
 
 •I.-.. :;t 
 
 ■■Il'l,!i.')7. |;i 
 ^'i-'.VH.H;i 
 
 -■'«■'«'•'" •-•■Mil.uu ~^^^ 
 
 '"K'M.'M 
 
 htaikcii bnry-,;ai, },.■ In-st .losi^jnatctl as tho <lislii<,t lyinj. i,,...,, „ 
 
 lil..m' iMa,.., an, N.-cka,-, hy wl.i<-l, rivors \t is ah.H.sl u, i , ' :' 
 e.irlci . 'J li„ vulh..v ..f 1 he liliiii,., ibr„.s t !..• w«-sk.,i, part „r 1 ,,:,'"■ 
 t«. wlMj; h on (IH, no.M. Mu, valh-.v of VU.. Main is a.l oi.n/w ,";?'• 
 east ot tl,<., Jon.H'i of tlu's,. vaiievs ainl in a ho.iI1i,„Iv »liriT( ,,,... '" 
 lathM- iuus 11.0 Odenwahl Mountain ran-o. This ()(I.m w- 1 1 • '" '"; 
 .Mountain «lisl .let ImMwccu J>a.n.stadt a'.Ml lloi<l(,llH. '. , iV m '"''rf 
 
 of J.l>out 10 miles an.l a Inea.ltl, of Iron. L' t to oO. t^iXn. ?'"''' 
 I,ir51M,«(J!), I,8;]|, l,(J7!>,and l,«lil IW-t, ,v«,UM,,iv' y/ *;; ^ I ?*' 
 hall orrf(arkn.bu,« is of a Hat charact.-V, i^M^sislin^lb | ^ , j;;""'; 
 o a san.ly s.nl, wind, toward O.lenwal.l soen.s to hi. much . i el w ( ' 
 hcronuunsol rocks ol a primitive au<l volcanic ori^ri,. h Ti^h 
 lK,ar.nf.ca,pacily,s materially raised. Sn.all scattered lacts t" 1 
 .; lay n.arl, h.ajn, and tt.rt al.o appear, which hrin;^ ,a,outa hi 'l uSj 
 ot (ertdity. 1 n its most northerly ,,art, in its toreparts, an.l In , I'S 
 the Oerspren^c Valley the ()<lenwal.l exhibits an ex(-ee<lin»lv ■ H „ 
 soil; m Its entire western part, so Car as a|,nicnlt..rallvaN^i lahl ' tS 
 sesses dnelly a loau.y to clayey soil ; while in its entire eSaS 
 vailt" ''"" ^ '' <-'<"'"i.oner l(»u,my soil of colored san.lXne pi" 
 
 lihine-IIesse is the most fertile of the three i.roviuees and th.t^m.iii 
 ;^t. U ,s of a hilly nature, and is bonn.led on the m, j ' . '^ 
 the Kh.ne. ll.s s.,,1 ,s compose,! of i.dermiuKled an.is of h^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 nmrl, day marl, porous sili,;i()us earth, and chalky l(,a.ii. noi njis . ,.l 
 q.iar /.-sand. Th,- soil of the province is throu.^dM,ut vm He i S^ 
 lers in certain J. hices from dryness. ^ '» n, initHiil 
 
 I ;|.i>er Ilcsse lies hi^h ab.»x'e the sea, and i.as no lar-e plains. It is 
 II. part of an undulaM.i;; diarader, an,l partly of a ni.e.!, ,i, i. i 
 iMountamons nalure. The,-as(erna,ul western divisiousol H ! t 
 
 :.re wholly unlike, the soil of the western portion beii..- y,M' S 
 winle that of the easlerii is very poor. " ' ' 
 
 CLIMATE or IIJiSSE-DAUMSTADJ'. 
 
 Ill Starkenl.urH in the valh'ys of the Jihine and Main, tl.o cljiiiiite is 
 11. genera lo a mild South-CJennan type, whi.di, iu cons^iuencooniie 
 Vicuuty ot the wooded Odeiiwald and the iidlueijce uf t)jc idiiim awl 
 
fit'.imAVY. 
 
 485 
 
 Mftin, iiro Hiibjccif to w«'uUior ('liniifTon, miil rspi'ciiilly to fop^s, vliilotlijit 
 partoHlio Hat laml lyiiipf holwc(ui tlio IMiino and (Moiiwald, which i» 
 wiflioiifc lonwtM, Hiill'tTH in Hunimor al tiniOH ironi dryiioHR, bocause tho 
 Htorms and <5U)ndH upon paHsin^ tho Khino hiiHt,cu to the ( >donwaUl. Tho 
 ()(l(*nwidd, with Hlif,'ht exwptioiiH, posseamiH a very fine niomitain oli- 
 inivtc tlmtirt mild. Tlio diniato of Upper llosso in niudi rawer than 
 tliiitol'Htar!<enl»ur{?, and more lilio the e.liniate of Nortliern (lerniany. 
 Uhiiio Hesse, hilly, i»oorIy watered, and alnio.st foreatlesH, is a warin 
 vinelinid, whose soil and air become very warm at midday dnrlnp: the 
 siiiniiu^r months and cpiiekly eool at eventide, so that in the spring time 
 IroHtMiit nif?lit are oft<'n productive of much damage to vegetaticm. 
 Tliiniverage temperature, fall of rain, ike,., of IleHseDarmstadt, taken 
 from the observations of fourteen ycMrs, from IHOO to 187!), inclusive, 
 at Darmstadt, Starkenburg,Mayence, IMiinellesRe, and (lie.sscn, Upper 
 Ik'sse, are : 
 
 Anrage lemjmatnre. 
 
 H<mH()nH, 
 
 Wiiilnr... 
 
 Sprint! ••■ 
 SiniiMii'r.. 
 Aiiliiiiiii . 
 
 Vov tlio ynnr . 
 
 Average fall nfrain. 
 
 SlUlWIIIH. 
 
 Wintiir.. 
 
 SpiiiiK •- 
 Siimnii'i'. 
 Aiitiiiiin 
 
 DanuRtoiU. 
 
 Mnyonco. 
 
 OiimHi'ii. 
 
 -f-i.:il 
 
 7.711 
 
 l.l. (M) 
 
 1 7.1« 
 
 H 
 
 1 0. n 
 7.14 
 
 i.s.:ti 
 
 7. HI 
 
 "K. 
 i 0. W 
 0.02 
 
 1:1. no 
 
 O.HK 
 
 8.00R 
 
 7.042 
 
 6.K4n 
 
 1 
 iDnmiHtiKll. 
 
 Mayonce. 
 
 OieHaoii. 
 
 1 ... 
 
 1 14. 211 
 15. W» 
 21.8.1 
 10.110 
 
 i:*. on 
 
 i;t. «•_> 
 
 10. 'JO 
 !.■.. 12 
 
 10. 2h 
 1:1. LI 
 11). H.l 
 
 in. 'ji» 
 
 Fiir tlioyoiir. 
 
 08. SO 
 
 GU.8D 
 
 05.f.7 
 
 Arirn(/e niimhcr o/rain;/ and minwii dniis mvh year. 
 
 Darmstnilt. 
 
 SimHoii. 
 
 Itniny. 
 
 Wint<r : ;i!).4n; 
 
 SiiriiiK 47. 14 ; 
 
 Siiiiiiiii'r i 40.0! :. 
 
 Aiiliiiiin l'>.,SI)i 
 
 Forllinvonr 1H1.04 i 
 
 Maypiiro. 
 Snowy. I Rnlny. Snowy. 
 
 M.W) 
 
 4. o;t 
 
 :i. HO 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 ;!i no 1 
 
 n.io 
 
 •IS. .10 
 
 40. HO 
 
 4.n;i 
 
 4-.'. 00 
 
 4:1. 00 
 
 . . ..... 
 
 4S.21 
 
 .■!H. (Kl 1 
 
 1.70 
 
 4:1. .'^^O 
 
 OclBHPn. 
 
 Kiilny. I Snowy. 
 
 laoo 
 
 O.UH 
 
 a. SO 
 
 2;i. 53 
 
 li>2. HO 
 
 10.73 
 
 l..'.2l 
 
 27.28 
 
 OATTLE IN TRK DTTCin-. 
 
 I lofl.so Darmstadt is adai)ted to the raisinj? of cattle, but, inthetrans- 
 liitfld huiguage of thefjeneral-Re<!re|;iry of the Ducliy, "the breeding of 
 (iiitUo ill Hesse is an old, but ahi.s, in lio wise a very "sal isfact^ry slory." 
 Tlio iiatmal fypes of the cattle of t Ik ()denwald*'and \'og(>lsberg,*"as 
 well as those of the Doniiersberir,* were of such a character that they 
 
 * Moiiiitniim in Iloaso. 
 
48G 
 would Inn 
 
 CA'VTLK AND DArUY rARMING. 
 
 
 imfavoiabl,, l,. .•alt,l,..r„isM,.! ■•' '," ) ,, v m' , ,' ''l' '71 '• i" "• ' 
 
 lIlCll (.IK, , Hid till, VoL'clslllT.r a Bill i li.V.^i '"'''""' '■"NtI'v 
 
 ..ml ;l™a ..ir„„»,.«, i^n m.:H^.';.S!Lwrf;,r'' TiiJ^itiS 
 
 exi«t, uro „mv being u.S(m1 with mnch hS^v'^c^^'''^}! '' '^'^''1 f" 
 
 poruMico with tho Schwit/, tho coiuso, ivcl srmtte ^^-S f^l'' ^''''^ «• 
 
 Oborhi,,. were selcete.l, l,„t as the n i 4iNin^(' u^^^^ «<'r"^'«o 
 
 .a.l receive, httle or no utteutioi, In.in t^^ "sw K'- \^^^^ t'Ks species 
 
 ful .reeding has been the want <)f i do i ^^^rU bv^ 
 
 small size^in general of the farms in Hesse ml dso^'i. ? T*!!' ""^ ^^' 
 
 agenicnt from the state. ' '"^^" * '"^ ''"''^ «' <^iicoiir. 
 
 CATTLE STATISTICS OP HESSE-DARMSTADT. 
 
 Aceording to an enumeration of eattle made in 1S"t ^i 
 Ml tho Duchy the following number of aninmis: ' ''' "''"^'^'^n 
 
 Young cattle iiioiithH to 2 
 yoars old. 
 
 Animals over 2 years oM. 
 
 I'roviiic.s. 
 
 ("alvos 
 
 losH than 
 
 I! uinntlm 
 
 old. 
 
 Slarkenbiirg 
 
 I'pper FIosHO 
 
 IHiin,- IlesHo , 
 
 TotulOiandDncliy 
 
 12, 104 
 
 n, 4'.':) 
 
 I5('twflrii 
 
 rnoiitliH 
 
 and 2 
 
 23, 1.IO 
 
 ni,,'in7 
 11, m 
 
 DuIIh for 
 brot'din^.l 
 
 .'■.24 
 (if) I 
 4.'i5 
 
 Total. 
 
 .-13, sTfi or,, Km 
 
 1,040 
 
 62, 030 
 79, !K)9 
 42, U<)3 
 
 184,938 
 
 Branding 
 stones. 
 
 024 
 
 717 
 342 
 
 Other 
 
 steers and 
 
 oitin. 
 
 3.913 
 
 K, 7:(7 
 1,017 
 
 Cows. 
 
 Grninl 
 total. 
 
 '.409 97, 2M 
 
 <(i, 4.'>r) i'>7 ■1.4 
 <i,ej4| .w.'.wij 
 
 1.C83 1,1,007 109, .M :HW!) 
 
 'Ouo lioctare Ih a v«iy littTo less tLau ^Y^i^. ~ 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 487 
 
 (|iiaiitity of milk i)er cow was: 
 
 I„ Upixr HcMMO.iil.out }.««< 
 
 iiiUiiiiK'-IIedHfv ttlmiil, ItlJlJ*' 
 
 liinriiiHl Diirhy, iiboiif, * J.W'O 
 
 I,(ki0 
 
 It is also (..stiinatod tliat FIosso is (»I,li«,..l to draw aminally from out- 
 si,!,- sources tlio llesli ol about seven tliousaijd rtvo hundred and fUtv 
 oxen. •' 
 
 Ilesse-Dnrmstadt tluis presents a poor Held to tlie view of those who 
 me seeiviii;,' line types ot breedinf,'-(!iittlo. 
 
 .JAS. IIIONltY SMITH, 
 
 UNrTKD STATKS (JOMMEBCIAL AgKNOY, ^«"'^«»-'^'>'' ^'^1. 
 
 Mayence, Norembcr 2'^, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE RHINE PROVINCE. 
 
 JlKPOnTIir OChVSUL Sl•ACh'^fAX, OP COLOONK 
 
 In rei)]y to circular of July 18, 188.1, requestinj? information as tocat- 
 tlobrecdinp: in this (consular <listnct, 1 have the honor to report as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 There is no cattle-breedinj-- of any importance in the immediate nei-h. 
 borhood otLolofine. '1 he sloel; in the jrreater part of this <listrieris 
 not sii le.ient lor home demands, but the deliciency is -enerally sMPi)Ii,.d 
 
 IS about 1,/()(),(10(>, mc^ludin^' Irom 8(K>,(t()0 to !)()(),()0() cows The diIm 
 cipiil breeds are the iJirkenfeM, WVsfrwahl and lOifel, uam"ed after the 
 sectjons ol (touutry m which they are raised. 
 
 TU'F, BIRKENPELD BREED. 
 
 T1.0 host kind for exi)ort to the Um-ted States is the Birkenfeld Tf 
 well ed and pi'operly <rared for they jrrow very lar-o and fjive a ioo,| 
 sn)i.yot.nilk,theybeiuor stron-er than the other kinds and bet er 
 ablotoemlnre severe weather. This species is the saino as thecele- 
 .rated Oldenbiu- breed, IJirkenfeld now belouffiuff to the J)ucl v of 
 t)(lpi.bur«: an<l beinj? a narrow strip of ground neai- Treves and soi.H 
 the river Moselle. The cattle were formerly sent frol^OIden o- 
 tohirkenleld, and have since remained a pure breed. At the nrTXi- 
 tour years the best animals (ionunand the followin.' prices- For 'i cmv 
 
 THE WESTERWALD BREED. 
 
 Tbo Westerwald is a mountainous rejriou east of the TMiinn nn.i k„ 
 tween the valleys of the Sie<r and Lain,: and l^e cltSl? in'jhl^ dSrS^ 
 
 'A kilogniin = y.v.>04(Wl:< pounds avoir.lnpois. 
 
 t A liter = 1.7G077 piuts. 
 
k 
 
 I N' 
 
 1^ 
 
 \i 
 
 
 (JATTMI AND DATUY I'ATfMTNO. 
 
 arc .sniiillcr Mum llio.m^ in Hirknifold hikI fli.. lOilrl, Imt tlio nn.ir. 
 tlM^ir meal, is niiic.li (liior. A {,'ooM row roHts altoiit *l |() iiiid . '^ " 
 l>iill |I(5r», whiln a oim« year ol.l l)iill ran !»o li(»ii;,'Iil lor i|<7.-, '" " 
 
 f 
 'HI ox or 
 
 TItR KIMCL imKL:i>. 
 
 Tlio lOIH'I JH also a ninnntainons distrlrt, abonl ir» nii|,s ;,, i 
 and L'l niil«>M in hicadMi, .sifnatrd lM't,\v(«««n tln' iiv*i,s K'iiin<. m "n 
 an<l \lim\ Tliocalt!*^ lM«r«^ am V(«r.v .sfion^', and aio nscd \nt ZT ! 
 nial pniposoH and oilvu in iilacc of li<>rM«s. 'riicy air not ivcdin n i 
 
 lor export, on acronntof Mu^ pwnliar .'onnliy ami noil to win i 
 aro iMUinstomnl. Tli(\v r,ost iiliont tho nann^ aw Mm' nirkciiC.l.i 7 
 altliou^di they air nnndi Hnmllcr. '" '"'<'''. 
 
 IIOrsiNO AND rKKI)lN(}. 
 
 Tho Ronoralily of (1ick«> diflcroni, l.nn'd.s of i-attlc niv |<on( i,, „.,.,, 
 «lnnn« a. f-n'atcr pail (d" tli(^ .year, and ^nizo in t|i<^ ni..iido'v.^ '(?:., 
 RiasN is rnl. !»l«.nty .d' },'ood wati-r is indisponsuldo to i'im' i .','' 
 oft ho animals. \Vliil(> in staldos, and if in tlio ncijrl-lKniiood o( T.. 
 nianniiiHoiics, tlipyaro fed iip<ni llio mnains of nwcM't ininins ,ti ■ . 
 air considcicd very («\c('lli>nt for food, jiiid in otlur plnccs ti.('vV • 
 lta.y, hian, tho irfnso from dislilU.rics, (ait turnips, and oil iind linlTi 
 
 Tlio only spr^ics wliicli is in flio opon air most of tli(> v(.ir io n 
 l5irlvi'nlold or ( d.Icnbui,,'. Tlipy ^ivr milk Ibr almost nim; m.Wn.M 'r 
 tho yoar, and diiriit^' tho lirsl, tliroo months iis mncrh as tlii^ ini ' i .1 
 SIX lo^reihor, Mioqnantily varying' ill tin' Mist months fnmi I a to IK l*'' 
 JMT day. •r'muN 
 
 f'ATTLK-MAUKF/r OP NK^'HS. 
 
 riH^ principal markot for tlio sale of cattlo is in the «-itv of x,.„uu „„, 
 iir irom (Vdo-iic. Animals arc srnf tliorc for siilo lion, i|,,> m ' 
 »rovinc(>, IJirk(Mif.'ld, INdland, *^.?., and a lai-v i.nMHaMinn of tj,.' i '' 
 rs an' I'.cl^jians. "•* 
 
 .«?nn'MKNT OF CATTLF, TO TIIK IINITKI) STATKS, 
 
 The most convonicnt and c.lioaprst way of s(Midin<,'<!alil(.totli(iirnifi.,i 
 btatvs Irom hero is by rail to Antwerp, a dislainr of loT iniloN V , 
 C(do^Mi(s and from their l.y sl(.aincrs to New York. The ears v.m 
 size, Imt one of IS scjiiair meters aeroniniodates nino eattle aiid'rnstx 
 SS.StJ fnmcs or $17.11 fo Antwerp. A man must li-MMni.louTVt it 
 rate of *1.1() per «lay, to ae('ompany the animals, and TrM-enls isc'lnrffcd 
 lor cleaning and disinfecting the ear at the end of th(^ joimiiov ' |hv 
 lor leeding costs 10 eent.s, making the total expenses to Aiit\veri>!i<l/»'{'j 
 or |!i.ir» for each animal. I-'roin there tlnvy can Ite shipped to New York 
 III the steamers of the White Oross Line at tln^ follo\viii«^ rales- Cd (or 
 *L>O.L>0) <>a.cli for lull grown cattle, ,Cr. (or .fJ l.;{;{) eaeli foryearlii'iRs juid 
 Li lor .tn).47) each for calves. These sums include all cjiar"('s ' 
 
 Tlu^ annexed statements give the statistics for (tattle bieedjn" in tliis 
 consular district, as far as 1 have been ublc to (d)tain tlieiii "^ 
 
 HAISIUICL S PACK MAN, 
 
 UNfTKI) StATKS CoNSI'LA'I'I'^ 
 
 ('i>l()(/nr, Ih'ci'mhir lt>, ISS.^i, 
 
 far 
 
 I 
 
 or 
 
<n;i{MANV, 480 
 
 Vimiiil Htiilitillcn rntiirniinit Hhiiw rrnvime flaltlr. 
 
 Sl^.iMit iiiiitiirllv. I^ivi- nttlclit. 
 
 /\iiiHiiiliiv«rituii> S-C 
 
 I'liiiniln. ilillfm.' I.HftH. 
 1»,"0H| in I H 
 
 I'oiiiilrv. 
 
 nirkciil'olil 
 
 c -j i3 I o 
 
 V,.»lrnv;il.l.l 7, CINMo H, '.THt |(t | k W.'hI,,, 
 
 ^•if,.| ... ' 7,7(l«l<iH,i'-|(l mt(. 17 H \f.U,.\ 
 
 K \V«»t,.,wi»l.l 
 
 I'eet 1 t',rt tWI. I. hi, l,hn. 
 ' •■•{» *\ is 1,-Nllt I.MIKt 
 
 ' A lil.M' U .'.'aHHMWT ..111 (.'iillnn. 
 Tiiinnjniphff. 
 
 1,1,11 
 
 •i, 4110 
 I.MMI 
 'J. INN) 
 
 Niiiiit' III' <^oiiiitr,v. 
 
 Altltnitn. 
 
 Mi'iiii trin 
 |M^rl^Hlrl^. 
 
 HiimiiH'r. 
 
 Wliifor. 
 
 iiiikfiiri'iii ;iHM4. i.n.vi iiimit 
 
 \Vt«li'i«i»l'l ■■• ltS(l h»l,',:iiiti ■IMidT 
 
 Kil'l'l IIW) lo L', ;ilHI Htdfrl 
 
 A' 
 
 III to r>:i 
 
 III IoIkI 
 I! I lolMI 
 
 ' h. 
 
 jii to :in 
 'jii lit :iii 
 -jii to :iri 
 
 rbiiioiif nmii- 
 
 I \\ . 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Hiilmtrntiiin. 
 
 <'iiltlvnli<il cnkHHON. 
 
 lllrlirllli'M . 
 
 Wl'SllTWIlIll 
 
 Kili'l . 
 
 <:imlk,V I Wftio 
 
 li^mi'f HiihuK .. 
 
 Volr.inir I Ilia. liiiMiilf, mill tni- Volnnilr lufu, *n. 
 
 rli.vlK. anil in noiiiii |iarlHiir ' 
 
 llin Kil'xl IrliiH riiiiiialiiiii. 
 
 Mill' (.'fiiHM ill nillivHti'il iIIh 
 tilriM, anil lu many liailM of 
 IliK I'oiinliy liiiK liiiorii liovi'r. 
 
 KiiiK uniMM nnil itiiniiiiiin iliiver. 
 
 Hliiirl uniMM anil « liiln cloviT. 
 
 OK.^ruii'TioN, t:u\ 
 
 llirki'iifrlilrr : 'I'lim brood in of riMliliHli-yollow (morn rH Mmn yollow) color; tho cow 
 inalMiMt, 1 I'lM't C. ill! li('Hlii;;li iinil very Iiiiijr in |iiii|Hirl ion (o licij^hl ; Mio ilrwliip is voiv 
 liiruc, Intiimoronliiinry HJzr; tiny iiriivc at ni.iliii ity in I'onryoarH, or nftcr clianeiii'" 
 iNth. Tho proiliH't iMLHIIOlitoiNorniilkoilKlllpoiMnlNorclMM'sc; nn-af, I (fr> iioiiikIh 
 lor low Hiiil l.','r.OitonM(lH lor ox (iIcikI \v<«i;,'lil ). For tlio lirNt. foiiior liv(^ wVckNcalvcH 
 inrivo iiiilU ilnvcl lioin tlio cow.s ; «rti-i\viinlH llioy iiro fed upon a iiiixtiiro oldnliniirv 
 Miilli ihmI liiiHi'cil calio. Aniniiiln ariionly lioiiNcd ilnrini; tlioHOvorcHt, wiiitor wcillior 
 iiiiilllii-iiiilair<linoril:na,iyHtal)li>H. In wintor tIioiininii*lH arofod npoii wliito lii'miDH' 
 liiiUMi'liisi- from (liHtillcrii'H, oil ftHil linHicd cnko, iind in Hiiininor npon LTasN iiini 
 Iny. 
 
 Ilmlriwiihlrr: ThiH lirrod in fiiwii color, with wliito fiicos or liond, vorv Inrtro nock 
 iiiKJ iliu liip, and very lonj^ in proportion to lieiglit ; tlio lun-iiH iiro not, very lonjr ind 
 staiiil iiim<,'lit. Af,'o at maturity Mio HJvnu^ m Uirkcniold. Tlii^ iirodnctis :i ?(M) to 
 .!,IHH) litMiH of milk or -IIIO to 5IM) poiindH of cIiccno; moat, (151) (tonndH for cov, and Till 
 pi.nnilNlori.x, Min-ctiy aflrr llirir l.iith calves aro t,ak<Mi from tlio cows and fed 
 Willi Koiiil milk lor llic liiHt moiiMi, and i.ftcrwardH with a inixtnro of Hour milk niitl 
 liiiltviiiiilk ; if tlii.s Hlmiild prove too mncli of a laxatixe the Hoiir milk Ih mixed with 
 npiiHto innde ofliiiHeed powder and warm water. The animalH are hoiiwd mo^t of 
 llii^yiiir, hilt are turned out in th(> fiehlH after the KrasH \h cut. The feed In bran 
 HHi'i't tiM'iiJpH, aiul heet-H. ' 
 
 AV/W.-Daik brown color, witli white Hpot«, ordinary fonn, the neck aiwl dowhu, not 
 lii'inifso lar^'e as the ihikenfeld. Ago at matiiritv name as above. The iiriMlnet is 
 II.HlHili, I.IIIK) liters of milk or i7r> to .Mil) ponndH of i l„.ese ; meat, 7.^0 poiimis for cow 
 Hiiil l,O..II immids tor ox. The calves of this breed an^ treated and fed in the same 
 iiiaiiner as the VVesterwalder. The iu.imals are kept in ordiiiarv stables dnriiiL' the 
 wvi'ivst winter weather; tlieir food ii.nsiNlJi.jr of Inrnips, refuse (Vom distilleries A <■ 
 
 llie l.niirii.al markets for the sale of l„iit,,r and i heese are in Colo-Mie, (.'oblence 
 mill Miiyi'Mce, where they .ue neet by boat or rail. ' 
 
490 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 DEISTMARK. 
 
 DANISH CATTLE. 
 
 liEPOKTlir CONSV.. liYDJRh', OF COPENnACEK. 
 
 I have liorewith tlio lionor to iiidose, d.i 
 to tl»e ciicnljir from the I 
 re.erence to cattle-breedi..„, ...... ..„ .„„- „,.„,., ,,„,„ ,„„. ,, 
 
 honor to iiidose, .l.ily filled o„t, the form an,>a, , 
 le D(>i.nrtmentni.(]er (hite of ISth .I„h •S^'^'^'' 
 iediiitf, an<lattliesa,iiio time Ir.ivc tl.Vi V' ^^'^'' 
 
 .nuianci, wijiist the Jilack Spotted are to bo foniid 1 r T. i ' I''"'^"' 
 Jutland districts. Side by side with the? etioI^^^Jedsm^ 'f "'" 
 n;a^wd.stnct.,more especially i„ Jutland, JT'^t^S^r^Sa 
 
 THE RED DANISH CATTLE. 
 
 This IS one of t! e most noted milliing breeds in existence^ ti . 
 hns been tormed oy improving on the well known \n"en J.i"V"*'«'' 
 Sch esw.^^ winch, with more abundant fodderinrind en '" tT-^ ■;«"' 
 mark been brought, to greater size and with Ker^Z^^^^^ 
 nnlkinpr (jualities. «'"^ei <ievelopinei)t ;.. 
 
 <!a,lvinjr periods, they do not gin, their full yield of mill i/'''? f''^ 
 they rc.(]nire such kenenuis fcMhler/nj? 'iV.ere r ! Ir-^^^^ ""^''''" 
 hese cows which Rive an annual yiehUf S-OOC^pi ,?n, Is of „;!M-"'f V'^ 
 IS not infrequent amongst tlie best cattle herds to (i mr. • ' f *' '^ 
 pounds of milk in the course of a year. hhtlVtSS^rSS: 
 
 tto average uniiiml milk .vi,.|,l is „„t ,lowii at, .i,r,(N( ,„'„'. ,„„ „ : -:■ 
 to be lUHlera 00.1 as lwi„g the .-ve.ajj,., tw,.Ivi, i ror/t s' v i,l , . "?," 
 
 ort in her n;.lk„,g qnalities and begins to run dry slie tS^allliy 
 
 BLACK SPOTTED JUTLAND lUlKED 
 
DENMARt. 
 
 491 
 
 The Jutland breed of cattle are used both for dairy and meat purposes, 
 and are exported annually in large numbers in a fattened condition 
 from Jutland to the English niarketa. The midland, northern, and 
 more e8i)ecially the western districts of Jutland have from early times 
 been noted for the superiority of their breeds and a large number of 
 lieifers and young cows are every year bought up in thes districts for 
 removal to other parts of the Kingdom. 
 
 During the last lifteen to twenty years the Jutland breed has been 
 :;iL'iitl.v improved, both in regard to milking qualities and in its earlier 
 uiat'.irity. 
 
 The average quantity of its milk yiehl as given in the inclosed circular 
 form, is attained by allgood cows of the Jutland breed, and this amount 
 isexceeded by not a few of them. At the same time tliis breed is of such 
 thriving character that the bullocks can attain a weight of 1,000, to 1,100 
 pouiiils at the age of one and one half years,'and a weigljt of 1,300 to 
 1,400 pounds at the age of two and one-half years. 
 
 The object constantly kept in view in Jutland is the development of 
 milking qualities, whilst retaining at the same time a broad, deep, and 
 well built body. 
 
 NUMBER OP CATTLI., IN DENMARK. 
 
 In the year 1881 there were in the Danish islands 580,497 head of 
 cattle; in Jutland, 883,581— total in Denmark, 1,470,078. 
 
 EXPORTS OF DANISH CATTLE. 
 
 The export of cattle from October 1, 1881, to September 30, 1882 
 was 99,759 head, with an average export for tho decennium from Oc- 
 tober 1, 1871, to September 30, 1881, of 84,550 head. 
 
 Of these exports about G0,000 head, annually are sent to the English 
 markets in fattened condition, and about 30,000 to Germany as lean 
 cattle. 
 
 DANISH CATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Parties desirous of introducing Danish cattle into the United States 
 as breeding stock will meet with no <lifldculti(\s in the way of trans- 
 portation, as there has for some years been in existence a regular lino 
 of Danish steamers running between Copenhagen and New York, carry- 
 ing emigrants and cargo at about the current going rates offrieght 
 from the English ports. 
 
 The cost of the Danish cattle will also be considerably less than for 
 
 the English Shorthorn, Ayrshire, and Durham breeds. 
 
 HENRY B. RiDER, 
 
 rr n, , Consul. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Copenhagen, December 31, 1883. 
 
 Special aiatist.ca concerning cattle in Denmark. 
 
 Anmal average prndnotion ofmUk , 
 
 .Miikiul iiouiiii of butter , 
 
 Live weight : 
 
 Vaiw 
 
 Hull 
 
 Ox 
 
 Ri'd DauiHh 
 catUo. 
 
 Poundt. 
 
 6,500 
 
 nootoi.^flo 
 
 , L'OO to 1, 4(IU 
 
 Jutliind cattle. 
 
 roiindi. 
 
 n, «oo 
 20 
 
 9U0to 1, 100 
 
 1,4(10 
 
 1.200 to 1,400 
 
il 
 
 492 
 
 CATTLE AND r>AmY FARMING. 
 
 oS1.n!:;t':?f'(lL2!:'"^'^::'!.' I-;^-^-;-''^^ l.nttor,an.l Kldn, d.ooso. 
 
 Jutland mllle: Color, J.liick ; ,,„;, ,,,t ii»aT.,it,v; tJn- ■ rt, i ■ ," .'.^.'-'^ ■^'I'l'N^i.- 
 wo.ffht, H0(. Co !»0(.poan.l.; product name an Kon.M 1 . T ho o i,; ' L,'^ ''"'^V,., Ci 
 lan.l ; tlioy Imvo al wa.j-H boon hns.l i)iiro. *'"' "' '"' ''I inJut' 
 
 I ho cattio aro honsoil in cow-.shodH from Oolobor I to tho middle of M-, v ^r, 
 aiKl beiforo ar« liod into tlio .stallH. Tho food for a cow iii n s H t.'.u. ""'"««» 
 
 roo s). He r.>rHaro put <(. Mio hull at (iltoon to oisbtoc,, ii o Mh n i - ,''' ''^"r 
 
 nnik and ^vll.^.v aro nwcd Cor f<MMlinK I'IKh '""iiiiih old. ri„. |,||,j^ ' 
 
 ,,,J?rr2';7''''(i''iT",^'*'':V''^' «''«''»; ""^•'>'t,on.poratiir«,74-0.; Hn.n.n.r r . „ 
 <'i,(»..S- (! .S,„|, clay; thoHiihsoil coimiMtM oCa marly diiv c)^")! ». '' ' ' '"in- 
 
 THE ANGELK CATTLE OF DENMARK. 
 
 JffJPOIlT IIY COXSVL miHHJ}, OF COrKNUAril.X. 
 
 A woody laiMlscapo, with comparatively fimall fiol.l.s sinrnnm ,, 
 shoJtonnjr hvo liodges; a fortilo, gonial soil, witii froo.Vm . '"'''"'■^ 
 nnd «itth>, winch, from'romoto tiinas, have a wa •« iK rS d'f 'If''' 
 milkii.ff qnaltitios, with a fnU i-noriiiff of nioiit nrS?!, J ^ ^ ''*'"^''*'''' 
 fonner times, with a conti-actoa'^brced^.^iSLr^^^^^ '•""'*" 
 
 w.ntor Ibddoriufr, an.l finally, a cortain caro taJccrby tlfo n 1' .?'''•:''' 
 watcnnffover the roo.I desc.M.t of tho cows o„ tho not' ors'sff ^? '" 
 
 There may have been other canses of which I am i-i.onnf. f 
 amphs 8p(>cial qnalities of soil and grasR, which n. Uh C^i di.^ '\ 
 th.sinterweav.nff; but to allow that thUngeln b i « J ! ''^"''^^ 
 <Ioi,btfu crossings in remof or times, that the breed s n ,.,' ' ^'^?, f," 
 ^Wis which one of England's kings ha.l present .dri,isl'''^H'' 
 dowager <lncheHs of ITolstein, is not fieeded to sl.o "t e , ! „ • ' ^ "' 
 t.i's. A <,lo.o observation will show that tho same ca 8e.s i . / .T,""'- 
 <hiys keep u,) ho Angeln breed can bo accepte.l as uui ^ w J ' '? 
 cH'ntly potent in course of time to form the breed ^ ' '""'■ 
 
 As the most prominent features of tho better elms nf -u.;. , 
 .0 mentioned a line, and, considered as luilkinrrm s Tr L ' '/""^ 
 mn of bone, to which may be added a son nvS si mdf '/^ 
 head (with long lower jaw), also fine, white sM flv ' ' . . 'f ''''^' 
 il lean an«l rather angular body, thin, fine eck " m ' n ■ ' ''"?.''' 
 oose, smoolh skin, and finally w^U-cleVelopJIi^,',: /::,;";; /^'I-lfll^^^^'^v^ 
 hirge hind cpiarters. The Ang<'ln cow, as eoinn- mTvKi A -^^^ 
 
 snJbTJ*'""'"'"'^." features of Structure in theAng<M„ (,,ws aro in 
 such close connectiou with the gen(Tallife-condi(in..a .• ti n 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 493 
 
 t IHH(„|0 
 
 i./eiionil tiiulc liatf not t'xeicisetl any important influence on the (Uv 
 've'loi>iiH'"t «»^' '-''^ •■^^*-'' "''=* '"^^ l»L*cn the cane in Juthuul. The etlect of 
 tliis U"i»'«"<'.v to forni iViinilicH and races, which is very general Jn An- 
 .aliiiKl, must not be eatiniated too lightly, lor it has been the means of 
 kcL'itiii;,' the t,'ooa stock tof,'ctlier. Jn the Angeln breeding the greatest 
 iiiinortiiiice ia attacbe«l to tlie cow and the least to the bull. The bull 
 linic is always young, but this has both its weak as well as its strong 
 jjides in liiii'l husbandry. 
 
 TIic <;iittle interests in Angeland have thus in full measure reaped the 
 lieiicllt from the breed, having stood reiuly and fully develope«l when 
 (lieilcinandof the present day for iuiprovement began to make itst'lf 
 Iblt, as tiic neighboring (iountries, to a large extent, have sought it for 
 bindiiij;- It is only the Dutch cattle which in that respect offer op- 
 nosition to the Angeln breed. 
 
 WJion the Angeli! breed was lirst introduced into the country can 
 swiiwly be stated with any rertainty. The ohlest known henis date 
 tvoiii tiiirty to forty years back, but it is possible that the imjiorlation 
 look i)lace earlier than that in the ishunl of Fyen, which was at I hat 
 time tiic highway for cattle from South Jutland to the islands and to 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 li]ven if the chief jKirt ot the cattle which came that way were from 
 north Hchleswig and IJallum, still it maybe supposed that some An- 
 jTclii cattle may have followed the stream. This importation has gradu 
 ally become very coiisiderable. 
 
 Although there have naturally occurred several crossings with the 
 iilliod groups of cattle in the islands, still it conies probably neanir the 
 until if one considers the extension of the Angeln breed to be <lne more 
 to tlic introduction of the cattle on the spot than to crossing therewitli. 
 
 The cattle census of this country shows very plainly what part the 
 Aiij,n'iii cattle jilay, not only in the islands, but in Jutland. 
 
 Oil talvuig the census there were aseertuined to be of Angeln bulls and 
 bulls of native breed as follows : 
 
 Miii(I,iisiiriii(' 
 
 UititriutH. 
 
 Iiitliii i»lnii(lis 
 
 18«0. 
 
 
 Ill \\w inhiitilH 
 
 1871. 
 
 liiJiitliiiitl - 
 
 III tlir istaruls 
 
 187U. 
 
 Iii.liitlanil '' "' 
 
 Aiij;clii 
 
 Nalivo 
 
 1, »KI 
 •JUU 
 
 1(1, H»4 
 1, KU 
 
 l.'.Nll 
 
 7, !M)7 
 
 :i(iu 
 
 7.llltl 
 .|,;i7U 
 
 [''roiii I.S71 (he breed ol Angeln (tattle malve.s nipid progress, whilst 
 IJKiibdderiiigat the sanu^ lime becomes more plentiiiil, and Mm itMniin 
 iiMMits for a larger milk yiehl is tiwakeiied. 
 
 On llie islinids the Angeln liiUls have increased in the last livr v«';iis 
 :'l percent, and In .lutiand l;{ |»er cent. With this ineivase il, r;niiiot 
 hudoubtcd but that the race has been introduced into lllladaptabh^ dis 
 Iricts. Accustomed to sheltered fields in its nativ-.', home, and d<dicaie 
 ol'stnictui(s it naturally cialls for attention an«l care in its IreatmeiH. 
 lint, it Iiiis also been shown that it can thrive well and imuvase its milk- 
 in;' powers, ev(!ii in a severe climate, when it receives a (ioiitiiiued lib- 
 dill uiul regular course of feeding the whole year roiuid. 
 
I 
 
 rii 
 
 494 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 When one in unable to bestow such nourisluuent on f Ik, a .... . 
 It woul.l be udvM«abIe not to. keep then,, becS^ ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 to niaive ii return ior their liberal keep, thev are liable /n . • /"*'''l»le 
 the soil clin.ate ami natural conditio^.; SmLvob/^' X::.?"^^^ 
 they tall olt in their n.iiking qualities, but they sink umlei ^ ,^"« 
 consumption. "^ "imer attacks of 
 
 When the breed of Angeli, cattle began to be cultivated in fi.,\> 
 try strong, nourishing fodder was far from being eommo an .'"""• 
 the arger estates much less fodder was given than in iti tilr""" 
 
 Ihe ruling pru)ciples in breeding were to preserve ,,.,1 ?.' 
 develop the fineness in the breed, Ind ma nlyTom a s an v" '"^''' 
 Hul from the early stage of calving of the young cows his i,.'"'"'^' 
 at times carried to a dangerous extent. Gradualy; however ?f' ''■'' 
 took phice in this respect, and subsequent to the igrindtm': ^'^^^^^^^ 
 .1. Copenhagen in 1860, there commenced a .len.and for i .'l f '''^' 
 dcvelopn.ent, whilst at the same time a more libend fmlde t ^"'^^' 
 general. IJut it was also shown that the Angeln Sttle ? ?^.H'''''''''^ 
 their natnrul thriving tendencies, for the bi^ed l^ tg ertiir "T^ 
 submitted to the new requirements demanded of them S, 'v. ' '"^'-^ 
 herds where most advancement had been made n tli^ d re', 1^'"^'' 
 
 These movements in breeding Angeln cows, and the results ihorai- 
 1; hLS""''"' ^^"r«"trary to the belief that when tVe r Si^'S " 
 iiess has been reached m any productive breed and bee n w f ^ ^"'■ 
 r-ice or descent, that then a very considerable sfiLr.V,'^ '^'*^'" "' 
 both as regards bocjy and bone «ur?ace a d the wi'^r^ 
 dc existence, may be given to the animal withcmt anv ,ST''^^^^ 
 {hp:;\;;n^'^"^^^'^'^"^^ '^^ P-aucingpropert^s^lILil^iltJ- 
 
 Sufficient attention has not always been jriven to fi.o.,. . • . 
 hose who have either. received thel views or?he L X Zi'V''''' 
 the period when the general desire was for elegance, or h^u t ,1 , "!" 
 ot the present day, where they pertinaciously hohUo lu s' . m,i 'f' 
 have ticarcely paid attention to the inovements ' V. "i .«;'"' ^'''" 
 the advanced herds of the country, ca^i y^be a^ o si nf "' 
 
 have noticed in the fineness and socalkd one S i ' , 1 V'''^ ""'^' 
 ;lany thrift lu those parts of this countn, w ex'e C h Tt."' 
 ater years has begun to understand what dairy tl rift ^1 "" 
 
 has been very hard for them to get rid of 1 le Jca e wi 1.1 ..^ "^ 
 
 ^ai;^.:^';,!;;^'itK:'Al;y;;;^^;i;::^;:i-;;.^ 
 
 stated, a weigiit of 7^^) to ^(K) k. .< s^ac \ ^ (• S- i':;? '' ^'f '" 
 lint i.v,.„ ,t „„o K".>» nut <h,m 7.-,l) (o .S(jo pc.mls lor v" v« h 1,1 ™ ■ 
 
 !!iel 
 
 cows on a !>:l!i!sh f;!!-!,!, 
 
 •iiid (;alyed vyeigiieil !)1- pounds' per head;' 1 i headoi 
 
 old, that had not calved 
 
 ,>, « < «i«-:i«i oi cows, (, iivr. .year.s old, tlmt 
 
 per head; lliiead of cows, seven 1 ycai.s 
 
 weighed 1,058 pounds |,er headj thiceyeuVokl 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 495 
 
 Gabel places the milk yield of au Angela cow of irui f« yum , i . 
 ..300 to 2,500 liters of milk. This milk fSd was oSinP.lli "^7*'"/',^ 
 1 ffing daily fodder: 8 to 10 pounds hay ; 3 pounds wheiri In -> ^^'^^ '*','' 
 pea.; 2 pounds oats; 1 pound bruised mea^ rpount b^^^^^^ ST'^^ 
 
 b^dta^' ' ^^"^'^ ^-^^-^ 3pou'ndL^aTsr^SdT:K 
 It is not stated what the above-mentioned 17 cows thif i,.wi , 1 1 
 
 six-year-old cattle of the farm s herd will yield much more durinLf }.?« 
 je^ir, and which would be equivalent to 6.2 times their weLht of bo u 
 
 li the average weight is taken of one to two vear mfi nf * Y* 
 tiueo year old heifers, together with that of th7l7 cows wjfif.i*" " 
 ahly will not be far from agreeing with the nronnrMnl 'i ! ^'' '"'l''- 
 ,dJr cows and the heifers on the ffrm au averS Srof sS "l" 
 will be obtained, and which for an »^verageSk .Vm^STt in f !.« """l-^" 
 ,1,0 whole herd of G,100 pounds will give^a prip.^ ^on of "bo^t I'T' "' 
 
 Thus here IS not on y a considerable increase in we.gl of bmivbut 
 also 1.1 absolute and relative yield of milk. Even siinnosintr :\ h 
 |,e,d on this arm IS somewhat superior to those on o r t^ ' , ,^^ 
 not weaken what has been maintained, as most surely the i eatest ,n rJ 
 ofthe AnKt'lii lierds in this country will be able to show is ml .. J 
 ihoiigii it be a somewhat smaller progress. s'tudar, even 
 
 11 ENIJY B. KYDER, 
 
 Consulate of the Uiiiteo States, (^'onsul. 
 
 Copenhayen April 20, 1882. 
 
 BUTTER EXPORT OF DENMARK. 
 
 ItEPOUT 1!Y CONSUL KYDEU, OF VOPHNHAOm. 
 
 1 have the honor to pi-esent a report on the button- exports from this 
 luiiKdoin to Great Jintain, together with the relative imsifiim .1 
 hy this country under this head as compared with t he o E b >c ^t tn/ 
 aportmg lands. ■c "^uci uiipoit.int 
 
 The steady and extensive progress which has been maintnined bv tins 
 
 .,..u.i the ibiios^ng f^^^'ii^:::\z:;i:^^ 
 
 estimated value in round numbers of the export, in the piS years: 
 Exports of Daniah buthr /mm JWK! to Ihh;(. 
 
 
 Yeiir. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Cipts. 
 
 (!7. ;i()r. 
 
 7!l, 4:17 
 
 in;i, 01:1 
 iJ7,oi:) 
 
 Hll, K-- 
 
 I7:),r.7.» 
 •-•oi,:.:* 
 
 1«... 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 ISiS 
 
 I«3 
 
 Kll... 
 
 
 ifil 
 
 1 
 
 i.^7;i 
 
 1 
 
 i»;t 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Valun. 
 
 ♦1,520,000 
 
 '-', o:i;(, 0(10 
 
 2. 2»0, OlHi 
 
 2, 794, 000 
 
 ;i, (i'.'H, OOO 
 
 'i, noi, ui;u 
 
 ■l,!Kiri,0(IO 
 
 •I, SI!), (100 
 
 li, 018, dtiU 
 
 yetiT. 
 
 Qimntity. 
 
 1875 ^"... 
 
 lu7,i I 2(l(i,17I 
 
 07I' I 20.M!..-, 
 
 1«72.:::;::;::: I ^!^^^ 
 
 !«'i; :: f ii:Un 
 
 ml:::::::: i ^i^i^ 
 
 rL" i :!»4,7;t2 
 
 '*''* , a53,5»4 
 
 Value. 
 
 $11, 
 
 •', 
 (i, 
 7, 
 H, 
 «, 
 S, 
 8, 
 10, 
 
 200, 000 
 1172, 0(1(1 
 ■i.'i(l, (100 
 II7,">, 0(111 
 Kiii, OiJO 
 It;i7, 000 
 222, 000 
 HW, 000 
 4u7, 000 
 
496 
 
 CATTIiK AND UAIUY KAKMINCJ 
 
 111 comiecMoii with this iiiovoiiuiiC, if, isuf iiiUM<iMf, (,o till 
 
 !<« Il(»(,(. oi' 
 
 iiitoniiutioii <;.miv«\V(mI llintii^li Itlri^Misli slatistiral rcdiriis of ||,, 
 impurlH jiil,o fliiil, Kiiij;<lom d(niii« Uio siiiiH'. ix'.ijimI Iroin n,,.""! 
 l>ii(liM<'.\i>«>iLiii«: laihls, VIA, the UiiiU'il Sluios, IJiliriuni, Kmiin.' 
 MoIIhiiiI. ' '■ 
 
 It. will li»i suflicioiit \u'.\\i to j,'ive tlicNc import nstiini.s toi t|,,. . 
 IS.S;J, wljicli wtjic ol tlio lollowiiig iiiiliuo, viz: •'*^''*' 
 
 •iiicr 
 
 lIKl 
 
 li'roni— 
 
 Qiiaiiiii 
 
 V;ilu 
 
 Mil 
 
 IT|iil«.ISlaU-H 'JlHl'; 
 
 l;"'^i'"" ::.::::;:;;:::;:;:;:::;;;: '^ ■'!;:; *^.™,w, 
 
 l'ltUll•,l^ . •"■" l.rr.imi 
 
 ".xiami :.:.:::::::;:;;;;:::;;:::::.•;::: : ^^ ^^^^Z 
 
 Jh«,.(K) L'(l,|:t;),|„„| 
 
 Upon ciiticul iiiv<vstiKati()ii, liovvovcr, of Ihc, n-tiinis Ut\- i,,, v 
 .V«'iirs, it is seen that the hiittfi- exports IVoiii the UnittHl atilcri '"" 
 been snUJected to (jonsitU^iahie iMictuations; tiiat whilst tlie.se .'vim t 
 ISd!) only amounted I7,L>(K{ ewts., the.\ had in iSTOrejUilMsd iii) ti) lisl "i 
 ewKs., eontinuinj-- still on the inerease for sonu; .years, wliciiinK-'. 
 they had attained their nr.ixirnuui i>oint of .'JOljOoi owts. I'V,,,, i , 
 • late they have apparently been on the deeline until in 'l«S' ti,,,. 
 only seen to junount to o1,2K; cwts., again rising, however in Issi'".' 
 12(>,l(;;{ewts. The inipoiis from Helginni are, likewise seen to 1,^, ' 
 been retrograding. They would ;ip|)ear to have rea<!hed llioir i,,.'' ' 
 stage Jit the elose of the sixth deca.le to the eonnnenceinent ..r th 
 seventh, when, in 1871, the iniports Ironi that country are ereditv.lw' 
 'M/Mi cwts. All the subset uent,v«!ars show a gradual deeline umI ■ I 
 the present day they figure (or little more than one-half of tlio'ai. ..,' 
 attained in I.S71. I'l^ ainouni 
 
 The butter ex|»orts from Fraiuje U) Great IJritain have, on the otl..., 
 han<l, been maintuined without any I Kureptiblc changes, whilst I iJv 
 ports from Holland are found to have uiet with a very considLiible i,, 
 creasis but this rapid increase i.s more apparent thairrea! It is witli 
 out doubt in great measure due to the very large production jindexnori 
 Iromthat country in the latter years of spurious butter, and whJH i, 
 the English returns are not classe«l under a distinct rubric but uoindis 
 ciimiiiately mixed up with real butter; thus, whilst the exporis IV,,, , 
 JollaiM in 1.S72 were only L'(i}),(>!)l cwts., in the year 18S;; tlu-v li- , ! 
 lor the large amount of IKSS.'ifUJ cwts. As before mentioned this -TCit 
 increase is chietly made up by tln^ heavy exports of butterijto &(•" 
 
 In instituting a com|»arison between the exports from Deiiiiiiirk f,,, 
 the year l.S.S;5, with those from f,he other previously UKMitionn! Imd-. 
 It will be seen I, .at the exp(»rts from this Kingdom are iie;nlvtlim' 
 times as large as the exports from the United States, iieailv .schmi 
 times as large as those fioin IJelgiuin, and are only iiilcrioi li) Uiosc 
 irom I<'ranee and licdland. 
 
 It is at (he same time of inten\st to examiii" liic cslimaled values 
 which an^ placed upon the butter from the dilferent eounfiics in (|h. 
 lOnglish sta(isti<!al tables, these valuations in the returns for tlic ycai 
 1SH;{ being deiK)t«"d as follows, viz : 
 
 UiiniHJ.huUor ^^';^ 
 
 ;7':"'V''::'' •^^"" 
 
 jtlW<;iilll llllMOl' .,r ||,| 
 
 I'liiic.d .si.tics I. lit (or ."...!!!!.!...".".!!..!".'.." J>,-,ii 
 
 i>iitcij biittc-r , i. '.......,............... „ -iilW 
 
DENMARK. 
 
 497 
 
 ThoDimish Inittertliius being placed at the head of the list asre-ardH 
 value and at eoiisu'-Mably hirjher rate than its (iompctitors, next^coni- 
 i„jr Fiance and Hclginm, thereafter the United States, and hist of all 
 jlollaiid; thcUmv values tor this cjountry beinjr uffain inlluenced as bb- 
 liiic iciiiarked, by tlie large amount of si)nrious bntter included in the 
 jvtuiiis. The total estimated value of these butter exi)orta from the 
 iibovivmentioiied live countries in 1883 closely approached $48,000 000 
 
 Wliilst passing these ligures under review it must not, however bo 
 loifrotten that the estimated values of these tables are based upoii'tJie 
 ii^rfiirsate imports from each country, and that it chiefly tends to show 
 iliiittlic high i)ositioii held by this Kingdom is mainly o'win^' to her ox 
 ports consisting on the whole of a high standard class of butter • whilst 
 a liir ^ricater proportion of inferior butter is included in the exports from 
 ihcotlier countries, and it must on no account be taken for granted from 
 those tables tiiat Danish butter at all times commands the hi "-best prices 
 ill ilic English markets, as it is a well known fact that it by no me'ins 
 ohtiuiis the juices paid for the fresh, sweet, unsalted cla-jses of English 
 iiiid French butter. " 
 
 From Fraiure the imports may be said to consist of two kinds The 
 „iio coming troin the northern part of I hat country is sweet and unsalted 
 ;i;i(l made up in piccesof 2 to 3 ]>ounds weight, packed in small boxes of 
 «illo\v bark, whereas the other sorts are from the collected purchases 
 lioin llic smaller landowners throughout the country, but salted and 
 li;i(:k((l in ordinary buttercasks. This sweet, unsalted "butter of Eimland 
 iiml France can at all times command in the English markets the higher 
 piicc (if 4 to cents per pound above that of ths very linest qualitv of 
 Daiiisli butter. ' "^ 
 
 In the latter case a sinallquantity of this sweet, unsalted butter packed 
 ill the same way as the French article, has likewise been exported from 
 this country ; but the long sea route and the present rcistricted steam 
 iiitercourse with the English ports, have prevented any great develoi>- 
 moiifc in the manufacture thereof, whilst the French producers being on 
 tiio other hand favored by a short sea route and almost daily steam 
 counmiiiications, are enabled to secure the full advantage!- of these cx- 
 treuu^ l)rice8. The sweet, unsalted description of butter is almost ex 
 dusively directed to the great London market, whereas in the great 
 Maucliester market and other largo northern towns in England Danish 
 FrciM li (salted), Dutch, and American butter is chiefly fo be inet with' 
 
 Without question the sweet, unsalted butter must bo considered as the 
 liiicst and most renumerative description for export, and which the 
 limtliicers in tlie northern jiarts of Franco are fully alivo to. Here it is 
 (!(iuall.v i'elt tliat more satisfactory results could bo obtained for the Dan- 
 ish bntter if if could only be exported with all safety in the sweet un- 
 salleil state, I)nt. unfortunately, it is too liable to ui jury dnriu"' the 
 k'lijlthencd period of tvaiisi)oit under the present restricted ineirns of 
 stcniii eomniniiicatidu between the two countries. The great importance 
 ut a nnnv. rai)i(I and more lre(pient intercourse with the great London 
 marlcet is now so keenly felt hero by the agricultural classes that pe- 
 tiUoiis have been sent in irom all the agricultural societies to the home 
 iiiiiiKstry lor subsidies in aid of proposed lino of steamers to run from 
 the i)ort ol Esbjen, on the west coast of Jutland, with a biweekly serv- 
 iic. It irt calculated that a sea voyage from that port to Loudon may 
 .H- atvoinjilisiicd on ordinary occasions within thirty hours, and that 
 witli ill! appropriate regulation of the time tables for the dilierent rail- 
 iiys in coi.nection with Esbjeii, that the entire transport can be made 
 
 jiisucli short space of time as to allow this de 
 
 scription of unsalted but- 
 
408 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIKY FAKMINO. 
 
 ter to 1)0 br(»ii<;lit on the London njiirkot in porlectly Honnd condif],,, 
 und it is now eurneKtly hoped by tlic agricnltnral conimniiitv llmtfi ' 
 «o Ion;; di'slii'd Ntf[) in lutheranco of a Inlier devolopincnt of tlijsim 
 l)Ortanb brancli of their interests iniiy in the very near future becariipi 
 out in one wny or another with successful results. ' ' 
 
 UENllV: U. KYDEU. 
 United States Consulate, t'omul 
 
 Co2)cnha(/en, September 2t), 1885. 
 
 UNION DAIRIES IN DENMARK. 
 
 ICKrOllT VY OOSSUL RIDEK. OF COVMNUAaEN. 
 
 I have herewith the honor to present a re])ort on a subject wiiici 
 beiiiK nincli iliscnssed in agricultural circles here, as to the ailvnit iV^ 
 or otherwise derived by the class of small landed proi)rictors jii . 
 iiection with their relations to the present extensively devdoncd tv" 
 teni of union dairies. ' ' ''*'■ 
 
 It is now taken for granted that batter produce, in so far us it i,,., 
 bo intended for exports, ninst be packed in casks of a net weiirht of'-'" 
 to 100 pounds, and that it is useless to maintain that the \m\L •'* 
 equally as good whether it is sold in half lirkius or in packii-'es of hL. 
 size, for the s'-nplc reason that so long as English custoiners dcmnli 
 the larger packing, so long it will be necessary to coinnlv \vitli i , 
 Avisbes. The small producers thus find themselves unable h) comn t 
 the delivery of their butter in such largo packages without it,,.,, Z 
 the risk of finding the lower contents losing its freshness befoiv h 
 packing can bo comjileted, and are compelled to choose between t« , 
 modes of procedure viz, either tbey must dispose of their milk tot 
 union dames, which collect their supplies from many small Drodiicm 
 working the same under one system and producing butter therowitli ml 
 a large scale, by which means butter can bo packed and brought into tl ' 
 trade exactly in the same way as from the largo estates, or'^it is leff to 
 these sm ill producers to pack their own butter, selling: it in siiiali hwZ 
 the neighboring dealer, who purchases butter in these small m^LZ 
 for the purpose of repacking after careful sorting into casks oMhi. 
 re(|uired size, and then bringip-^- them into the trade for export' 
 
 This last method, in order to meet with successful results di'iiviiKk 
 that the butter i)roduction amongst the small farmers shall liiv'c it 
 tamed such development as to admit of a suihcient sui)nlv of .^hhI VikI 
 uniform character being obtainable, so that the dealer, with cm'ful'sr 
 lection, will bo enabled to oiier this jar butter when repacked in asks 
 m the same good uniform condition as butter of lirst class (lualitvVnmi' 
 tho large estates. •' 
 
 The Union Dairies, in tho beginning of their career, had iiiaiiv dilli 
 cnlties to contend with in their attempts to produce butter oi' o,„„i 
 ipiality; but with the introduction and great develoj)nient of tlic^iTii 
 trifuge system, these obstacles may now \w, said to bo removt'd iins 
 much as tho centrifuge can thoroughly separate the cream from tiic milk 
 in a short time, even in such instances as where the milk may have lost 
 much of its freshness from tho longer period which may have elansnl 
 during tho lengthened stage of its transnort to the dniry. nwin'r t,, 
 this improved system of working tho milk, the Union 'Dairies have 
 largely developed during the last four years iu all parts of the King- 
 dom, and such sanguine exi)octations are eutcrtainei^ of their pjieratious 
 
DKNMAKK. 
 
 499 
 
 <)l)llU!Ilt 
 
 |„.iii- .•louiK'd Willi »;(Miii.l.-t(', success (Imt a still (uitlicr ilcvcl 
 i.s pn.iiiolcd I..V till! j-iviit iviAhi<r of s.ympathv in (heir lavor 
 
 Tiiiit (lic.sc iiamcs ohhiii. a lai-c^ amount "of butter lion, "their milk 
 a„(l ti.ur, tlie.vare ma iu,s,tion to brin- this butter Wired, to le 
 ,„a.Ke s and there obtain eciuall.y as hi^h prices as Cor tJie best l)utter 
 iVo.n lli.^ hiviii^ estates, seem, to be the ^^eneral opinion amon-st tl i 
 small h.ii.le.l pi(.}>neto.san<l that they can obtain' better retun.s I r 
 their milk through tiic medium of these dairies than by any otlier course 
 oj |)^()(■e(lur(^ ' "^ »>"mM' 
 
 The home pniduetion of batter amon-st the small proprietors is looke.l 
 „p„n by Ihemas a hopeless contest a^ains such conditions, partly Iron 
 tl,.. .lilli.u t.y in piodnciii- a / rst <la8s cpialit.y of butter with their lim- 
 il,d supply ol milk, and partly Irom their inability to dispose of their 
 bultcr at lull prices as eorrespondiii," with its quality 
 
 Maiiyare (.f the opinion that imicli iUusion exists with regard to 
 these dairies. J hese l.nion Dairies, they urge, have to carry (m tiieir 
 epenilmiis under very Kreut dilliculties, and this is especially the case 
 
 uiliu'tlmilypoj.ulateduistricts of Jutland, where the milk has to be 
 (ollecled Iroiii tlu^ widely-spread farms over a lar-e arei 
 
 Tlicse diniculties with which tlu^ Union Dairies have to contend, they 
 iiiaiiiliiiii, :ire too iiitich underrated by th(! i)ublie just -is iniiel. .« 
 tlie.lillieultiesatteiKLinf,' home production are overestimated* and it tlu s 
 reiiiimis an open (piestion how far ,i,i.s feverish hurry which has been 
 (lispliiyed in the erection of «o many new Union Dairies year 'iftei' 
 .vcar, helore aclual necessity has allowed sulhcient time ior ample tests 
 ot experience, is really matter of congratulation tor the interes s of 
 Denmark s important l)raiicli of dairy drift ^^"^■-'i-^ oi 
 
 V\'W proprietors .,f lar},a. .lairies w'iU be leady to admit that it is so 
 ,asyaniattertopro,Iu.ebutterof the li.iest quality, and at the same 
 time al\va.>s to obtain the highest i)rices of the Jirst-class article , 
 
 the contrary, they are too ol ten accnstimied to receive complaints from 
 their cits omers over he Mi-htest falliuf,^ otf in the lineness of their b,! 
 I,-, :m, that it is only with the aid of a yoo.l <lairy staif and by eo - 
 ,s antly beiii- on the alert that these complaints (.,n be imneiited and 
 all errors redressed The attention of these lai-.>, <lairy propric 's 
 iscoiitimially directed towards the proper feedin- <7f the cows •iiid ,. . 
 lully watchiiif, that the Ib.hler mixU.ri are ^oocFaiufap,;;;; :^i^' f/t nS 
 the milk irom su.-h cows as are not in a normal condition is care|-u K 
 so aside for separa e fnatmeiit lest it should be iojurious to the otluT 
 iiiilk, or ev.Mi a^ doubt, be eiitertaine.l thereof. Alter dwelling on this 
 liliiiseol the subject the question must naturally arise, in what way lo 
 tie union Dairies, ^vhlch receive th(5 milk from lifty or sixty <lillS-ei t 
 places without havin- any knowled-e or control over the cows' folder 
 mj( «r their |^eneral condition contrive to carry on their operations sue- 
 mssliil y : I urlhermore, whilst the lai-*, dairy own.'rs have always eon 
 Mdeiyd as a mam point lor the production of tine butter that tlie mUk 
 .shoiihlbe conveyed as .puckly as j.ossible after milkin- to the «1 i, • 
 loi coohiif;-, and whilst it has always been reijarded of absolute iw.,.« 
 .sitytliat^ the milk should be remoVed from tlie stabiL a^t w' wU^^ 
 .hmiiHthemilkiii;, sothat U may at once be strained and c o ed c^ 
 ore lo u,;;' any ot its freshness, or injured by any acid formation or from 
 ho act, on of warm and impuie air-how, then, it is asked, do tZ 
 Ln.oii )airies manage to counteract these evils with the evenings in'l k 
 which has been allowed to lay over night at the supi)lyin<j far'In fiom' 
 which It IS brought together with the m^xt morning's milk f Sy thus 
 s .c..f;lv <iuestioii it butter of Urst (jnality can be produced nude? these 
 IMicmiistaucetJ. «tuiici mcsc 
 
500 
 
 CATTLE AND DAI It Y FARMING. 
 
 I i 
 
 i:l , 
 
 "i 
 
 In Huppoit of those views It is Htated tiiiit at tlio cxiiil 
 
 lic'Iil hcioovi-rduir.v piodiictH, out of romteoii ('xliil)itH 
 
 • T . IV • • • '■ '" — 5 •-.■>'./■ •will iciyii i.MiiDiin sOIlt ill rr'ninti' 
 
 inon Daincs, tl.c i.osifi,,,. of lirst-ciass btittc-r was m,t^ a /^^^^^ 
 tlRMM in any siMKlc case, and it must not bo si.pposfd tliat l^" 
 dno to want of proper nianaffruicnt intlie dailies, as it is lullv ■ , l'"'* 
 i'd^c'd tl.at ti.ese are conducte.l witl. a, very ablo'statlof i a ' .^^^^^^^ 
 assistants, but niust ratlier he attributed to ti.e ditlicMiltieswriHr 
 liiivo to eonten. witl.. wliich ti.e ablest of dairy farn.ers is ■ . ''?' 
 ovcrronio entirely. With the Union Dairies it is not sin.pl ,;?> 
 o sl.ol.t e, . ors, but rather an ..nlavorablo eharacter throufth , / 2 7 
 in part is .lisplaye, ,n the shape of an unpleasant taste and ',,''' 
 actory quality, with such peculiar outer apj.earance that id" ''^ 
 Sues." ^''^^•^^'"^''">«« to the finest quality of butter tiln ZSJ^I 
 
 This pervadin- unpleasant tasto and peculiar outer charactcM- ui,; i 
 jiro characteristics of the butter f.om the Tlnion Dairies, lo es , n ,''' 
 but that the same defects and difficulties are common to loJlur'^^ 
 
 Kor ho production of iino butter ffood and properly trea e, n i- 
 hrst ot all the main requisite. WJiether the milk used iu the , • " 
 possesses these requirements it is ditficult to say, and . S/.w .'' 
 niiinaprs themselves are not certain on that score, as practS h s,. >" 
 .Uff, It ,s received by them without the least control or S.oS, ' " 
 i.ature. But i those dairies are not supported in this revs .Tt^l.v tf ' 
 lurnisliers in the most conscientious manner, then the di'-mHiZ,'^' 
 ol their work w.ll undoubtedly only be a question of t ,7 rtu 
 tunes ot trade it would apj.ear thatdifiiculty is often fo. "hv t i, f 
 disposing ot their produce as lirst-class quality, and tii at o nr - 
 tamed vary between those of first and second ilass a , u i ' S^ 
 seasons the sales are attended with considerable difficulty u • s .t ' 
 stated in same doyroo as these <lifficuUies have beei u. K^^^^ 
 have the dificulties attending the homo production l.eei e s^ i^^^ 
 It IS maintained that no difficulty need exist for the pr, ,luVt i , ; 
 mttor by the small proprietors, as no later than some six r m. ye 
 back the produce ot those small owners stood at such a higl si' ,, • , 
 bat they could display a large exhibition of butter in ja is ;, h1 hit 
 kins, to which nearly half of the exhibits were awanieil pri'"s '" 
 
 ihe want of Lnion Dairies was not then felt, and it is (loiihtiiil ii .t 
 ;at time these small producers would have been satis iv, 
 prices they now receive for their milk from the union dairies , 
 
 c ays there ox.ste, in all the towns a numerous class of b ttor , 
 dea ers, who purchased this jar butter for subsecpient s , i ' J "; 
 packing W.thtlieintro.luctionoftheUnioiiDairiesthes irkit 
 all near y disappeared, for the simple reason tl.at too siaall Vi , , t' v 
 oUault less butter from these small farmers is now broug on. 
 a.lm.t of any similar repacking with advantageous results C,!,, 
 ere f n>quent howoNer, on the part of the small i.roduc -rs t ^ 
 
 Ley (.Id supply these dealers with butter in Jars of best « .n | ' 
 t^^-, and which was subse,,uently r.vsold by these dealers at tli ■ f 
 
 r.st-dass butter, tl.at they nevertheless had only received at tin i h i ,k 
 the i.rice of second class ; and tl.at they could not be s i i , at 
 dealer should thus be reaj.ing an advantage of L>A to '.} cei.ts o„ eve n- 
 pound ot butter, simply because it was delivered in jars ^ 
 
 iii.H liiiuv! ,,! j.tia .u tiic price (;f secoiKi class that lie was olitiiniiKr ., 
 net price therefor, whilst the dealer who again resolVto^t f , 
 lirst-class prices had to submit to several drawbacks and chargL, s,.4 
 
JIKNMAUK. 
 
 601 
 
 ,i„K.t(Ml at r, to . pcrront.; so tlmt flm ,M,„,p'iai„ts on this So v, ro 
 more, iinajjmiiry tliiiu real. "lom \\( ro 
 
 Tl.o nvsults troin th«.so diverffont vicvvs wonl(l npi)car on (iKw)nc Imiul 
 toadv.se cuutiou on the pnrt of the p,a>Iio i.Ui.e too l.nHtvi'rc^^^ 
 irn.on J)a.n(.s before Hnfflnont knowledge and expc^rienco 1,"^ cen „c 
 ,,nniMl,.ind not to allow themselves to be too blindly led by iwTiul.ed 
 stntemcMits mid calculations. It should bo remembered that vl ils iVis 
 l„llv adnntted hat hose dairies have been under the supervision of ' 
 vorv able and skilled stall of maiiajjers and assistants, that i.ever^heless 
 tlMMr productions so Inr can scarcely bo said to have been inst u'um la^ 
 i„ nny way towar.ls raising Danish butter to that high standard ,1 r ', 
 tatioi. which , ati.resent holds in the foreign, more especially the lOni is 
 „,nl<,' s; and it nee.l not either bo feared that any advantages oS 
 wl.icl. these dairies under various conditions have been ubh. toXct w 
 bo lost or injiucd by giving ample time for a proper and ininute ( onsi [er 
 ,tioi. of h..ir system of operations, and at the same time the small ro- 
 ,I„,.,"is.slionld he taught that before this thorough investigi ion I.Ts 
 ,:,l<c.i place hey should not jmt too implicit confidence in t e r d le 
 opinion hat these dairies are their only hope. Thev should reniSr 
 tliiit in former days they were fully able to 1-uruish a hi-li cl^srst m^^ 
 of;imlt..i;, an.l that they then wcmt to their work with pleas^/'^rt'ir^^ 
 .III again devote the same /eal they will again real zo the fact th?t 
 . oes not call lor a much greater amount of labor to produce a S od qua 
 ityof l.nfter than it does to make au inferior article ; it onlyJeZ 's 
 lucre steady attention ami judgment. They must not either pEoo 
 Kiea veight ou the general complaint that they do not obtain 1\ 1 1 va 
 or tl.eir produce when they are forced to sellfirst-class butter ns 
 for prices paid lor a second-class article, as that complaint is witho t v 
 loal foundation It is hardly to be imagined that the i.roducer wl o • n 
 .ti..n the needlnl assurance of making good butter, and can disp s m^^ 
 It at the price ot second-class quality, will not find it niore to fsTnte • 
 
 So'unimi Da'ir^""' '" '° ''"^'"' '"'"'''^'^^ ^^"' ^''^ «"^« «*" '''« " "'"' to 
 Of this, however every ono must bo left to judge for himself; but if 
 these small proprietors remain of the opinion that the Union Dairies are 
 so advantageous to them, then at least there must bo such can est' eis 
 ... their relat.oiis to each other that by careful attention to ,e fo llei' 
 ...^ of their cows and by treating them in every way with the smiie c re 
 I.... supervision as If they themselves intended to use the ni II s wel 
 ;.s V proper attention to speedy straining and cooling, so tEl ley wi 
 ;.t all tunes be in a position to deliver their milk supplies in jSmIv 
 sound condition. If the Union Dairies cannot place f , 1 1 reliance on siui, 
 Lct.ye suppor Irom the producers, their position will bo Kess 'si 
 ..oed 1.0 require a prophet to foretell that when they pay Ti t for ihe 
 ...Ilk and only get back three-fourths of a cent in the si" ape ot' butter 
 .0 peat ength ot^ time must elapse before they will bo forced to brn'i 
 their works to a c ose, and all concerned will bo of oiui mini th n 
 such case It vyil bo a day of bitter disappointment uie 'he sir 
 {..oducers find themselves again compelled to nial e uso of the mill i r 
 .011.0 production alter having arranged their operations on s cl fioti ' 
 
 HENRY ]{. ItYDER. 
 
 United States Oonsul 
 
 ATE. 
 
 Consul. 
 
 Copenhagen, Auffiisf 2r>, 1885 
 
r)02 
 
 f'ATTI.K AND nAIIlY FARMINCJ, 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 h < 
 
 DUTCH CATTLE. 
 
 ttuvonrv.y consul Kcrcsrury. or AmmnD.xu. 
 
 IIUNTINCJ m. (-ATTLK HTATIHTICS IN IIOLf.AND. 
 
 J.!l.'!?;'l'""V!!:V "'i!'! tlHynf ruction. co„tain,Hl in ti.o Doparh.uM.t, 
 
 .. tlm 41-11 <tf ^t/it<>lw... I 1.. 
 
 fori 
 
 I ^•"i"'"'"" "iiii iiH) injsrrncnon.s conta ncd in \\u\ u 
 
 to rcfnni n. «<.,.!»« .,v 1: , ,. "'.*'.' } "'.''^0 tlio li()nor||(.r,.\vi(|| 
 
 to return a sericH of 
 /illt'd out and con 
 
 of fornm su.rh as «ont with tin, na d "ir • u'ri? •'"' 
 * • ,, . ^'"'''''^'»»«'''»«l»anda8 autlHMitic infV.i, .. ' '''"'^^ 
 tamable, and urtl.er to report on tl.o subjocsn^Nvs ''''''' '' '^'■ 
 OlKscrvinj,' tlnit tl.o matter at is8ue is re-arded t m/.r . • 
 
 ■4 
 
 u 
 
 \ I 
 
 w 
 
 til IIIC 
 
 iiiiii 
 piir 
 
 Jf«'!iIizinf,'niysliortcomin|,'8 in these rcsDccts it hpr-nn-. .i 
 sary that 1 .should make, as I did, the Seretrnrf «^^^^^ 
 tion, data and n.atorial'of Huch i;;;:c^^a^\^^"^:^. ;:^i"':/|'';^^ 
 ''''r^ll'•".^f^^'"'t^'"'••ties on the subject in thiJ';,;;;,';;"^^ '" ''' '" '"' 
 
 ^ Srn.no;,, as it n.ay seem, it is i^ver e ess ru t ''^ ' • . 
 
 ;^="" ! <^"';l'l obtain no information or In In ^^^^IZ!!' ;V"'^'<; 
 Pivnises beyond ascertaining the names and h, "Pnl. ; '' '" "' 
 ta.n parties to whom to apply for attSn^ n/y ob -c "'""" •"'''■ 
 
 Amon-st others I was directed to Mr. JVP. A ml S^ ..« 
 persons most widely known for possessimr.nf..''^ *''''' ''''''*' 
 an<I inn-ins n.uch {mtctical and cSS^Ci "ne t.^rl'^ l''''f ' '' 
 in«- to farnnnn: and stock-lireeding &c ^l"-^'^""'"» .dburs p,.rriiiii. 
 
 about an hour's drive from this city ^J-"i«c< ui.nn and llaiirlnn. 
 
 There 1 calie,l npon hin,, explained to him the object oC ,nv „ , 
 
 expected to ask for, and, if iSble re!^Mvl t ^'"? '•'"'."^"■^ ^^'""" ^ 
 •bita, or statistics for this report ' "-'"'""' nifonnatjon, 
 
 u.<'^ho^^lStrSrJ;X:^lt';;i!;..Kr^ -^'- the^aaer, .n.nis,.H 
 .^ !:!:"1'?!":^?J"^'^ .^ '''««'^'^'^ l'<>"' '''»N !»eHoviniv that 
 
 my part to sitt tiiU? *' 
 
 impaired the Viilue v^r-i 
 
 tnser ue the information tl 
 
 if, and that f)n con 
 
 natany aLtcmptoii 
 
 ley <'oiitaiii mijfiit Imvo 
 
 "M^ into tlieIiai((l.sof.soni<^ 
 
 .1 J. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 .503 
 
 pprsoii fully nn«l<irstfti!<linj; the Mubjoct, ns it (loubtlcHH will, it can bo 
 iiiu(i(^ ii\ iiiliiblo to better udvantajfo. 
 
 Ah I <:oul(l not bo anywayH huio, howevor, to wlMit «xtent and at 
 wliiit time Mr. Amorsfoonl wouhl Herve nie, 1 considered it n^cossury 
 toiipply instill other quarters for the indispensable data ami wtatis- 
 ticH. 
 
 With this object in view I went to Wageu in gen, there to conler with 
 ,|oiiKki'"lf <■<»''"/?, esq., the director of the state agricultural school, 
 and, also, to JJeverwyk, to meet G. J. Hon tivald, esci., win* for a great 
 iiDWiy years was a teacher in the (lovernnient vet^^rinary school, at 
 i;tr('(!lit, iiiul who is the author of one of the best and latest publislu-d 
 worlvH in this country on " Cattle, its <liflerent sorts, bree«ls, and ini- 
 proveinent." 
 
 Mr. Ooning being seriously ill at time of my visit kindly sent for one 
 oCiiis assistants for mo to confer with, and with him, as in the* case of 
 Mr. Amersfoord, I loft copies of the forms and nu'moninda, after re- 
 (riving his assinance that he would fill out the forn)s for me shouhl he 
 lliiil it pra«^tlcal>le to do so, and give mo any other information that ho 
 could. 
 
 Til- result of my visit to Mr. Hengovold was substantially tho same. 
 
 Alter waiting about six weeks I received from the i)arties mentioned 
 (Mitiiin <lata and statistics. Tho forms, however, they did not till out. 
 
 The assistant director of tho state agricultural school, in writing to 
 me, explains his reasons for returning the forms in blank, in substance, 
 itjjoiit as follows : 
 
 MiitttTH ri'latinp to tbo livo-stock interestH of tlio NetlierlandH aro <.f too vifftl iin- 
 toportiiiKM) ptTinit of lumworingHUch radicnl and interesting (nicstioiiH ns urn iiuli- 
 (■(iUmI or involv<!(l in or by most of tho hendinga of tlio fornm dosirod to bo liHed out 
 (itliirwlMO tbnn in tho most correct way. 
 
 Willi tlio (bita at present on hand for this pnrpoHo it wonUl bo imjiosHiblototb) this. 
 In Miirh niannor an, with great difficulty, ho conbl now answer those questions, lie 
 would not want to bo reH]ion8iblo for tholi- correctness. 
 
 Ifo would not say, however, tliat it was impossible to lill u|) Mio lists so as to eon 
 vcy perfectly authentic and trustworthy information, but to do so would re(|nire pre- 
 vidiiH investigation and research for at least two years, and cause a largo expendi- 
 tiliv. 
 
 NAMES AND DISTRIBUTION OP CATTLE BREEDS IN HOLLAND. 
 
 Ill now proceeding to answer tho questions contained in the memo- 
 landiim accompanying tho cattlo circular of July 18, ISS.'J, [ begin by 
 (fiviiig a statement showing tho several breeds of cattle in this country, 
 luid where lociated, and in giving their uames conline myself to the 
 designations given them by tho assistant director of tho state agrieult- 
 lual s(diool, Irom whom I obtained my information on this point, as 
 follows : 
 
 Groninger breed.— This breed is found i)rincii)ally in tho province of 
 tl V iiame, and, also, in considerable quantities in Northern and South- 
 mi Holland. 
 
 Fminn orFriesIand ftr(?<?^.— Outside of tho province of Friesland this 
 breed of cat*io exists in large numbers in tho province of Drenthe, where 
 tlio conditions for raising it aro said to bo particularly favorable. 
 
 Holland or Hollnndinh breed. — This breed is found in a pure state in 
 the environs <)f "Do Beemster'' and "Do Punner," being aj)pellations 
 for (icr tail! districts in the Drovincse of Nortli Ilolbuiil rovms^vlv embrac- 
 ing the long-since drained* lakes so named. It is supposed "here that 
 the Sliortliorna of England descend from this breed. 
 
504 
 
 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Flemish or Zeehind breed. Coiitnrio« •^<r,^ ti.;^, k i 
 
 part ot the province of Gold(>rIant'l l>re.sci\t(l m tho soutlie,.,, 
 
 Drenthh .';rm7._TI,i.s breed, ia ii ,,„re shUe, is ibmul in tlu. 
 of Overyssol. It is roproseiitAl to i le tli-iH oi/ hiMn, i ,, ''^'^^'''ifc 
 islM^ow^ can hardly hi dis.i^uish^d Ih in ^'^xSe?! ^^'^'^J ^^^^"^ 
 
 FrmJandi)rcnihiHh.(leldrimi hrccd.-Th\H c. ,,s^l)ree(l f '>""''»tl' 
 provinces of Overyssel and (Jroninger m ^m^tf^^^'''''^ '""^ 
 wlioso naini's it bears. "" .«i<iuion to the provinc.n 
 
 (''roninf/er-Friesiand-achlrhm breed.— Thin cross bron^i n -. 
 
 Flemish Qehlriun-lToUand breed.—Thm is a cro^s-bre...l ^r .., 
 principally, „ Northern Brabant, and in I^ndmi' ^ ""^ '""'^^ ^«''"^1 
 
 ^(ltm' mid Enolish breeds. -Th, only prov • T,". ,vi.: i 
 of nativ(.ai.dioiei..,n (Enoljsh) ori ii, vkr fn ?'^' (-'lUss-brecLs 
 
 This was IbrincMy: also, nu) n .;. the , o ''( w''' '' '''''^'"^^■ 
 practice of raisi... this sort of stock t' il'e ha'Uen'SS;'"^ ''' 
 
 MISNAMINC; DUTCH (JATTLE IN THE UxMTED STATES. 
 
 th^;'^:'i^.n';;;^;:^s,if.:it;:,!;^;^si;^i'^^^^^^^ 
 
 Ml^' of certain or all breeds of I V^ ^ni -tf T i ?''^ '^l'^'^'<- 
 
 «een.s t.> be very annoyi... to ii.rm e,!^, ^o ek-i is^^t d Jo' H '" ""'"^ 
 
 II this eonntry, as there exists no bleed ();•(-/,*,» ^ • f^'rpartit's 
 
 ■"formed in IJoIland, nanu ,l " 110^011.1'' "*^ '"''*'' '^"'' ''' ' •'"" 
 
 It notice wonid be taken of (his i(riff,.r -,.,-1 ti 
 
 u.«continned, it would b, ™ v • ' m^^^ ''T^'*'" '^^^<™''l <" 
 
 people hero. "^ ^ appiec.at.-d by a lai-o „„,„i,„, „,. 
 
 PEKOKNTAGE OF THE .SEVEKAL BREEDS IN HOLLAND. 
 
 i>rS^^Sii:f ini;;rs;:[i:!;Si:!'^ii;v'^'*"'''''^'" "^•-<^" <•'• ^— a. 
 
 T)eiioiiiin:itii)ii oC lircods. 
 
 f;i(]iiiii;;(.t|jier(l 
 
 I'liiHlmid lirced.. 
 
 jfoHiiii.l or n.)llnii(lin'li ImVim'i 
 
 ili'iuHli ur ZcJumI I.ioimI. 
 
 '■I'ldiiiiri liirnd .. 
 
 l>MMitlii.Mli bifnd 
 
 l''riiHland-nii,ntliisb(i;idii,inbrcoU 
 
 I'crceiit- 
 
 I age. 
 
 18.2 
 7.1 
 rt. K 
 7.1 
 1.4 
 
 1.1. G 
 
 Dinomin.ilionof liri'cils. 
 
 j I'erociit- 
 a"o. 
 
 iaenii.sli.(;,.idiian-iroll.indliio(.,l ,- r 
 
 ''"■'' '^..ri^ 
 
llOLLANt). 
 
 605 
 
 TMPHOVEMKNT OV BUKKDS UV TUANSKERENOE TO FOREIGN HOMES. 
 
 As to ioioi-ii :uu\ im])ori,.,l breeds pioduciiiff iu ti.eir new homes 
 oir^pniif-- superior tr. tli.it, j.ro.lneed l)y the, same breed iu their or ff 
 iiiil lionie.s, and that this superiority is more marlced in tlio succeediiwr 
 than in the, l.rst generation, it is contrary to and not borne out bv t e 
 ox])erieii'*c <il larmerH and cattle-breeders in this country 
 
 The possibility of such results bein- attainable is urt gainsaid or 
 r|U(>stioned Iktc, but it is held that to attain such rer is i^eouires the 
 cxistcM.co of various and most iavorablc <!onditions, which, in cerfiin 
 parts of the Inited States or in other countries, may obtain, but thev 
 (loiiot seem to obtain in tins country, or if they do they have as " et 
 not been discovered -^ "'*i- .i.-, ^t,c 
 
 Efibrts have been made, tinui and a-ain, in dilicrent sections of Hol- 
 la,,,], by many ot the most practu^al ami cxiierienced farmers and stoHc 
 lHW,Iers t ) nni)rov,> st.ll luither, if possible, native breeds by crossiu- 
 li,ci,. Avitli best breeds bronsiit, m from P]n«land and elsewhere and so 
 las inbieediuj.- ot such best imported breeds been tried nuite .as olte 
 aii,l by many parlies lu many i)la,!es, bat, with almost the inviri- bio 
 .•csult iu both cases of fin.liuo' in the oifsprins certain deterioration m- 
 ,io.-oneracy, so that inbreedin- ot such imported stock as a prac i ce 
 is abandoned, whdst experiment, from time to time, has not whollv 
 ceased. •* 
 
 Itinust ,-)t b(! understood, however, and as is explained to me that 
 tlitu,i>q)rin- of sucth imported breeds showed infcrioritv iu all Dartic. 
 lais; on cue (contrary lu many cases the otrsprinj;- of such forei-v, breeds 
 shouted superiority in one <,r u, another respc-ct as compared witii san e 
 breeds in heir original homes, but, as a rule, they i>roved inferior iu 
 moieess,mtial particulars, and therefore the im])ortation, breediu- an 
 rinsing ol suchloiei^r,, cattle, no matter how tine the breed, has ffener- 
 iilly been unin'olitable. ' j^^ '" ' 
 
 BEST DUTOJI CJATTLE FOR EXPORT, 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 With reference to the question as to "the best animals to exnort " 
 believe that in stating what Mr. Amersfoord says in relation thereto wi 
 be the best answer I <!an make. 
 
 He says, in substance, this: 
 
 W.wlH., ii! Iliis ..ounOy may ivMso.ial.ly rlai,., to I.o ll,.,n,„.l,lv ••..nvvsant will, 
 tliLsnmtt..-, .•o„s,u;.r and always .v.m.UMCMwi animals oiu- y.-a,' o!,! to 1„- tl -I , s ('or 
 
 :uu.lm' iK.lli aiilk a,Ml IxvCtho (iron !„;;,.,•. wluH., >„ la.f I .s, v -i i .. I , h"' 
 ciltioto lid iiu'l Willi aiiyuliorc. ' ""' "'^ "" 
 
 PRrOi:s OF DUTCH OATTLE. 
 
 IJopirdini.' " the purchasing prices of tiie animals" if is hardlv nric 
 ticalile ;o sj-.eak lu jiositive teriiis. •.««<ii.> pi.u. 
 
 The i.iiees paid I,.,' tlioroughbred sto.-k vary so greaflv al all limes 
 a 1,1 seem to be c.ntingent np(,n siudi a variety of <arcnmstnnces t.r 
 
 It appears h, be d,li,c„lt to determ what realiv is the ivo, a,' ri c, 
 
 orhxed market value at auv lime. ,^m.upii<,) 
 
 buriiij.- the summer l:,sl ' p;,sl wb,'n eat t h> of t his class .ounnanded. 
 
il 
 
 '''0^ CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Soiiorally spcaldng, a nuicli lii/jhor price tban in tlie previous vonr .1 
 l)nces realized were about as follows, Aiz : ' ' ^"c 
 
 Ciilvos, heifers, niulcr one year old I'loriiis.. 
 
 YeiirIin|Ts !*"> tol50 
 
 CowH, from two to tlneo years old !•'•'' DOO 
 
 CowH,ovcr tlirt'(! years " 250 459 
 
 Hull calves, under one year old ." ^^" WO 
 
 Un lis, at from one to two years old ^"0 350 
 
 -iiiO 800 
 
 TEST ROUTES OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES 
 
 Kogiinlius- " the best routes of oxi)orL" I have to remark tbattl.nf i 
 not been recently and is not at present a matter of choice for aZvL. 
 reqiiu-iiiff transportation for cattle from this country to tliR iffi"? 
 btatos as for the last few years they have been obliged to sl.i h*^ 
 stock they pnrchased herefrom ports outside of Holland, cWlwhl' 
 such ireight was accepted or where transportation for "attleco.dd? 
 obtained— usually at Antwerp and at one or more English DorfT 
 
 It 18 represented to mo, and I am more than disposed to believe ti..f 
 the best routes tor shipping cattle from this country to oirsJrA ? 
 would be Irom the ports of Amsterdam and Eotterdani ^^ 
 
 lint as the steamers plying between these and American uorts nrn nii 
 carrying passengers, and are, therefore, prohibited from takiu<r ciffS 
 on board, and as hitherto the cattle exports to the United Sti tes hn n 
 been 00 unimportant and irregular to induce any steamship comnam 
 hero to make special arrangements for the cattle traffic or cii h 
 >orts *^''' ""''' ""^ «l'I^»^t""'ty to ship cattle from either of tS 
 
 COST OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As to ♦' the cofit of exportation and the estimated expenses for atton.l 
 ance and food en routed' I would offer the following observations 
 
 1 he ('attle of this country found to be best adapted and n.Sdesir 
 able lor breeding ijurposes and the improvement of the stock i 
 I n.ted States shouh ho, and usually are, procured in the piov „ f 
 (.loningen, Friesland, and North Holland. ' "^'"usoi 
 
 When bought in Friesland and Groningen it should be on comlitioi, 
 of l)fMi.g delivered, by the different farmers of whom obtain.", 1. 
 given time at the nearest railroad station or at the most convon e'.t • ,1, 
 terdam "' conveyance by water to Ainster.lan. or iS 
 
 The cost of such transiwrtation naturally differs very inueji and on. 
 not be exactly stated. It is in accordance M^ith or ai tl.e mni- f 
 rattle at any time to be shipped is large or small, and tiic distiinco 
 h.nger or shorter, but it does not amount to very much at iiuy tiino Z 
 licad of catlle in cases of large shipments being made 
 
 Cattle purchased in North Holland can convenientiy be, and m,,, 
 ally are, driven from the ftirms to Amsterdam or Rotterdam 
 
 Ihe cost ()f transportation from this jiort or from Jfot'tordaiii lo 
 jTi-avesend, England, is, as near as I can ascertain, about .CI Dorlioid 
 for steers, (;ows, and heifers, and ]0» per Jiead for calves 
 -J-i^i[*^*^''L*'^^^^^ '''^**^** f'^^* shijipingcattlo in consideiable number' 
 
 • Klorins — 'tO.y cents. 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 507 
 
 from Graveseird to T^cw York ure jus lollows, exclusive of cbargcs for 
 atteiidiUK^c iuid food en route: "^^h^a im 
 
 Kiill grown cattle 
 
 Yearliiiss 
 
 t'ulvcs 
 
 Per head. 
 
 £G 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Tlic expense for attendance on cattle en route is ordinarily not verv 
 ,„„cii, especially in cases of large shipments, as three or fofir persons 
 are said to be snflicient to take proper care of a hundred or more he-id 
 nf cattle. ' 
 
 Besides, it would appear that suitable parties, farmers, or farmers' 
 sous can almost al way be tound amongst intending emigr.'mts who for 
 a reasonable, smal sum of nmney are willing and pleased to undertake 
 the attendance and care of tne cattle, and who in such cases have no 
 passage money to pay, that being included in the freightcharire for 
 the stock. " *» 
 
 Food, hay, and straw is usually provided by the owner or shinnerof 
 llie cattle; the cost varies and cannot be stated precisely, but no extra 
 diarge is made for carrying such supplies. ' 
 
 When cattle are shipped via the port of Antwerp they are, as a rule 
 taken there by rail from Amsterdam or Rotterdam. ' 
 
 The railway freight rates are at present as follows viz • 
 
 Description. 
 
 Tifooxt'ii, cows, or heifers.. 
 
 (Incto live calves 
 
 Six oxen, eowa, or Iieilers ... 
 IfDCiilves 
 
 From Am- 
 sterdnm. 
 
 Franes. 
 •l\.Tn 
 21. 57 
 32. 3S 
 ;i'J. 38 
 
 From Hot- 
 tcrilam. 
 
 Francs. 
 11.88 
 It. m 
 ilL'. :i3 
 'SJ. 33 
 
 III chartering a whole car, and if not more than IG lull-grown animals 
 ami 20 calves are put in the charge is 43.14 francs fro'n Amsterdam 
 mill 20.7() francs from Kotterdam. 
 
 Ifa larger number (^f cattle are taken in a car, as is at the option of 
 the shipper, the i)ri(!e lor a car is then raised L'.5 i)er cent 
 
 The pn'sent regular ocean freight rates for shippiug cattle from Ant- 
 werp to New ^ ork or Boston are, as 1 am iulbrined by Antweri) .shin 
 brokers and agents, as follows (inc^lusive of ibod and water) : 
 
 Cdw 
 
 Voni'lmg •'-" 
 
 lull... 7 
 
 ' (i 
 
 Attendance en route I •. ])er head. 
 
 ill shipments of 100 toL'OO head at a time better arrangements thev 
 MV, can bo made. ^ ' ^ 
 
 !' ' 
 It , 
 
508 
 
 CATTLK AND llAIKY FARMING. 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS OT HOLLAND. 
 
 The ibllowiiiff tabular statcmciUs sliow tlic tolal number of ,., hi 
 dassilKid under tho separate Iieads „r bulls, mih^li-cows, cah,-. .' ,f ^'i 
 ors beet cattle, and working oxen, iu the diilerent pn.vincrs ni . f?' 
 Netherlands Irom 180G to 1870; from 1871 to 1S.'(), and i„ ss^ 'j 
 
 Years. 
 
 Hitlln. 
 
 ISCOfo 1870 
 
 1871 to IHSO 
 
 IfHI 
 
 188l> 
 
 Miiclt-cows. 
 
 IKfiO to 1870 
 
 )K71 lo lt>«0 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 Calves and hcl/ers. 
 
 lSnotol870 , 
 
 1871 tolH^U 
 
 1881 
 
 18HJ 
 
 HeefcatUc. 
 
 0, 129 
 3, 258 
 .1, 083 
 3, 142 
 
 O 
 
 332 
 3C8 
 47 
 47 
 
 ,'>7, 194 148, COIiSO, ;i07 
 
 '11,187 140, 2r)r);40, 007 
 
 .43,007 130, 708,:in, 002 
 
 ■ 42, 007 1.33, 047 39, .'■.07 
 
 K> 
 
 1,407; 1,095 900 
 1,C72| 1,434, 1,070 
 1,702 2,074 1,313 
 1,711 1,728, 1,100 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 
 » 
 
 "3 
 
 •« 
 
 .a 
 
 .a 
 
 
 'A 
 
 a 
 
 tS 
 
 1,218 
 
 2,49f 
 
 420| 
 
 1,404 
 
 3, 005 
 
 780; 
 
 1,^)38 
 
 2,058 
 
 07:J 
 
 1,44.5 
 
 2, .504 
 
 073l 
 
 80, 009 92, 279 54, 8,54 
 83, 4)2 90, .342 00, 091 
 81.090 94,920 00,091) 
 81,0,55 91,882 00,472 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 .3 
 
 s 
 
 nioj 
 
 830 
 
 .S7:t' 
 
 
 108,G47!l.30,057'27,4TO im oUi- nio. 
 109, 482 140 504 27 j" ' ' -,o l^' ?i? *"•'. »"< 
 lK).700:i45 139i2M.4;a9:; -• ""■-^l 
 1 1 1 , 408; 1 45, 0,50 20 .33* (i ' h " ' " ' s?J' ''i ' 
 
 1800 to 1(«70. 
 1871 lo 18eO . 
 
 1881 
 
 11-82 
 
 WoTkir.ft oxen. 
 
 ISfiO to 1870 . 
 1871 to 1880 .. 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 7,040 
 7, .571 
 8,009 
 7,210 
 
 40; 
 
 115 
 41 1 
 
 4,787 
 4, 075 
 4, r<59 
 f>,010 
 
 750 2,823 11,837 
 1,173 3,024 1,3,220 
 1,325, 2,88713,121 
 1,207 2,731 12, 722 
 
 i I 
 
 25 1,2011 1,774 
 30, ],;125| 1,847 
 
 28: 
 
 u 
 
 1,1.52: 1,713 
 1,12,5 1,.553 
 
 974 
 1,0.13 
 1,401 
 
 41 
 
 3,030 
 4,744 
 
 4,971 
 .5, 403 
 
 42. 
 
 11,470 
 12,041 
 
 12,88' 
 13, 083 
 
 3, 305 
 4, 584 
 4, 934 
 5,385 
 
 133 
 71 
 59 
 
 HI 
 
 9,008 
 0, 529 
 
 10,32; 
 
 10,320 
 
 1,00,1 
 
 ],o;)5 
 
 1,813 
 2,101 
 
 57, 210 
 CI, 476 
 CO, ,W4 
 
 <x.im 
 
 4,019j 2, 590i 10,486 
 4.^15 2,487110,040 
 
 3,C74 2,330i 8,S92 
 
 The statement next following- shows the total number of cattl. of 
 every desenpt. on in each of the provinces and in the Xetberlii. i frn„ 
 185^ h> 1800; fromlSCl to 1870; from 1871 to ISSO^ Zln'slIZ 
 
 t'M 
 
 if 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 nroniiidon. ... 
 
 l''ri(\slari(l 
 
 Drcnthc 
 
 Ovcry.ssiil 
 
 <irl(l('rlan(l 
 
 t'lU'dit .. 
 
 North IIolliiiKl 
 S:iiilli Holland 
 
 Zpclaml 
 
 North Ilnilmiit 
 Litiibiir,!,' 
 
 Tot.il.... 
 
 1851 to 1800. 18Clto 1870. 
 
 101,400 
 
 i 102,483 
 
 189,284 
 .54, 702 
 
 202, 5;i4 
 02, 988 
 
 1 108,400 
 
 117,012 
 
 157,104 
 
 171.422 
 
 72,931 
 
 75, 997 
 
 141,043 
 
 141,515 
 
 179,011 
 
 192,218 
 
 47, 504 
 
 .53, 284 
 
 1.50,573 
 
 171, 185 
 
 .58, -00 
 
 05,011 
 
 1,200,841 
 
 ). 3,58, 249 
 
 1871 to 1880.; isfii. 
 
 07, 845 
 
 9,1, 519 
 
 208, 495 
 
 20.5, 385 
 
 00, 455 
 
 05, 731? 
 
 120,309 
 
 123. r,49 
 
 184, 039 
 
 1H:', 1103 
 
 84, 235 
 
 f5, liC.1 
 
 '40,090 
 
 7 49, OUO 
 
 211,5,84 
 
 21.5,0,12 
 
 .58, 529 
 
 r.9, 003 
 
 178,272 
 
 177,840 
 
 72, 597 
 
 72, 718 
 
 1,435,710 i 1,434,4110 
 
 i 
 
 1882. 
 
 !W.8.S.1 
 204, 4rj 
 
 CC,280 
 120, S.V 
 180,01) 
 
 80,04. 
 
 i.'io, nr, 
 2i;(,iv: 
 
 CO, It 
 170, li'i 
 
 72,4" 
 
 ],I27, 
 
HOLLAND, 
 
 509 
 
 iinber of ,,ift,^. 
 
 l"<=l';Si„l,li„tl,, 
 
 "<• Ml 1881 nmi 
 
 ■J 
 
 S I 
 
 2 j . 
 
 J ! 3 
 
 t-:86l 
 
 87:i! 
 
 
 |i'"^.«I4 4-,018Kn:,9:4 
 
 l»-'.K!)47,4C3i) '., 
 :|3n,M)U.17;Gfi3 8J:r,l 
 
 lf:«,2f.SlR,0,VI38n,0^1 
 
 I '''.•!•).,'•.'(), lor, 4;jj',.„, 
 
 fii, <jjao,ioci.-,7,io) 
 
 n, cos 
 
 », ri29 
 
 ]i),;!S,") 
 
 10, .'CO 
 
 I. Offit; 57,210 
 l,!lMi«l,4:C 
 l.Si:! C(i,524 
 2,101 00,709 
 
 4,C4i)| 2,5901 10,480 
 ■•."ir'l '.',4871 10,040 
 ^, t*l»| 2, :;38i "i!) 
 3.074|2,330l 8,892 
 
 '1' of cattle of 
 Iierlaiids from 
 (1 in 1881 and 
 
 881. 
 
 on, :i85 
 iM,7;r 
 
 25, r,49 
 
 sr, 09,1 
 
 ■'.■•, (iC3 
 19, OUO 
 15,032 
 
 •.9, em 
 
 f7, 840 
 '2, 71« 
 
 !4,4ni; ! 
 
 1682. 
 
 90.8.'%! 
 204,412 
 
 CC,280 
 120,83? 
 180,911 
 
 8G,04j 
 i:iO,C7V 
 
 2n,i:/; 
 
 00, Kii 
 170, 15'/ 
 72,4,7. 
 
 1,42 
 
 DECREASE IN THE CATTLE OF HOLLAND. 
 
 The agricultural rei)ort or tlie Netlierlands coverititr tlio voir ISSi 
 and which has only recently boon published, shows tfuit thocohl ar„i 
 rough weather HI the months of April and May of that voar w s ov 
 tremcly aamagmg to the pasture lands, and that fanner,s\vho alrea^W 
 had their stock out; in pasture were compelled to house them n-ain m- 
 turn them into thoir meadows or hay fields, ^ 
 
 It was not until June that tho growth of grass began to revive •md 
 the prospect for a good hay year seemed better. ' 
 
 Still the first cut of hay turned out but a very inditlerent inodnof 
 1,0th as to quautity and quality, whereas tho second mowing, o viii" to 
 ■ilmost constantly prevailing rains, resulted far more disastrous and 
 vielded in many places hardly any hay croi> at all. 
 
 Ill consequence thereof it was found that at tho end of tho voir ISHI 
 the stock of catte in tho country had decreased by over .'3-/00*0 he-ul 
 as compared with same period of 1880. ' " 
 
 A further decrease in the number of cattlo is now reported -is h'lvinrr 
 occurred in 1882, amounting to about G,500 head; caused bv'the sc'ir 
 city oi todder, grass, clover, hay, and straw during the win tor of 1881 N'> 
 
 But as tho last and the current years proved both to bo far moiv 
 favorable grass years and yielded abundant hay (mo|)s, the decre-is .f• 
 about 4,100 head in 1881 and in 1882 will, most likil/-, «oVnTe i mdo 
 lip ior again, if that is not the case already. 
 
 STOCK RECUPERATIVE POWER OP HOLLAND. 
 
 A temporary decline in the numerical condition of tho stock of caff Ir. 
 occasions m this country no particular uneasiness, as it is ffener-illv 
 and well understood that the country's recuperative powers in thiV • . 
 spect aro very great, and that under anyways favorable circutnstanct^ 
 Its clhcacy ior stock-raising is prodigious. 'OLann s 
 
 As an illustration hereof tho following is stated: In 18GG the stoH- 
 of cattle, in consequence of tho cattle-plague, had been reduced tn 
 1,302,«00 head, and in 18G7 there were agjUn 1 301 3)0 -.tt in n 
 country and in 1870 1,410,800; thus in thcf cim'pt!;Uveirst'r^^ 
 of tinio (four years), the increase amounted to 108,200 heads 
 
 So has it happened in 1804 and in J 871, that on account of the scarcitv 
 ot grass, clover, hay, ami straw tho stock showed a shrinkagoof 45 300 
 head m the former and of 34,800 head in the latter year as against the 
 previous years respectively, but it was in both cases^-eplenished in the 
 course of but lew years. "'"cu m iul ■ 
 
 I^oiu facts amUigures above stated may, in a measure, be deduced 
 Ihiit the stock ot this country is more than sufficient for ho me (lem Zl^^ 
 :,ud that such IS actually tho case will be further realized bva'Se'' 
 at the hgures given below, and representing the exports of c at lo •■on ' 
 
 iiscom.t.y<lur.ng tho last live years and during thoninomonhs of 
 llic current year, VIZ : ""v^ uiumus 01 
 
 Esim-U of IhtMi cattle. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 iffs 
 
 W'.) 
 
 18S0 .... 
 
 Numlior of 
 • cattln. 
 
 K14,71I 
 
 Ills, i:i() 
 
 roai-8. 
 
 tf«l. 
 
 1W2 
 
 144,4l'l :| 18«y CJiiioutlm) '. 
 
 Number of 
 cattlo. 
 
 H4,4r,n 
 
 l'>4, 1»l(,- 
 
510 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIllY FARMING. 
 
 Of tlio, .stock exported two-Urths or tbereubouts eoii.sistcd <.r , i 
 ami lieih'r.s (.voiiiik cattle), ami the other throe-linhs of bed ,.■,..''' 
 milch cows, ^Ntc. ' ''"iK!;iii,| 
 
 The coiiiitrie.s to which nearly all the .surplus cattle werean.l ,,. 
 era) y .shipped, are: Eel-i.iin, England, (Jermany (I'rus.sii,)' ■«!'," 
 United States. "/> '""I tln' 
 
 IMPORTS Ol-' LIVK STOfMC INTO HOLLAND. 
 
 The iiuports of livestock into Holland are coiuparativeiv s.. (..iif 
 
 a.s hardly to deserve mention, bnt as they lljjnre in the customs' . '."'^ 
 
 "^ .%.''"''"^'">' ^ ^^""^^^ state that in 1878 they amounted l„ .1 i /'"'l' 
 
 "M*^^^SlJo^''^^7 ^'"'"^5 '" ^^^^ to 1,501 head 5 in 1881 t. .'-r "" ' 
 and in 1882 to 1,400 head. ^ '"-'•' Iioad; 
 
 IMPORTS OP AMERICAN CHEESE, BUTTER, AND OLEOMAlUiAUiNr 
 
 Whilst it is hardly necessary to say that thiscountrv i.ro(l„c,..l .,. 
 butter and cheese than is required to supply the h().nede,n. ',.,■'''' 
 very large quantities are annually exported, T would rein- I nlv '*' 
 loss, that the imports and consumption of foreif,n), especially F, , .i ,' 
 fewKss, cheese are quite <!onsiderable. -^ ' i ".> i kik h ami 
 
 It is possible that certain kinds of American cheese wouM ii, liMni i 
 quantities, ind a market here if proper efforts to introduce tli,«i' 
 be made, which hitherto has not been done. ' ^' ""'*• 
 
 That enorirjons quantities of oleomargarine are annuillv i,.., . , 
 into this country, and that the bulk of it comes from tlie U i„ S" "' 
 are well known fact.^. ^^"hui btiiUs, 
 
 In my rei)ort on this subject of Sei>tember 12, 1882 1 ..•,.,. .,. , 
 mated quantity imported during the year ended June'.Kriss' 'J!' 
 nig been about 80,000 tierces. 1 am now informed that the tnns*';',! 
 HI the artic e have since been most satisfactory, and that the i.'.'.r 
 It have still further and greatly increa.sed. ' "'^' "' 
 
 MEAT IMPORTS I'ROM THE UNITED STATE.S. 
 
 The meat imports from the United States, corned beef in l,.,..,,.! ■ i 
 cans, ajul canned beet; tongues, &c., have lallen off ^;' ^1 ^t m 
 the last year or two, but this seems to be owing more (i, ! f ,. 
 these articles no longer find their way so genera'lly into tin i, ,'.',!" 
 on the tables of the wealthy and well-to-do classed he earw^ul 
 the case than to anything else. loi-iuiij 
 
 PICTURES OF DUTf;iI CATTLE. 
 
 I inclose two photographs of representative animals, owiic.! I.v Mr 
 Anierstoord, the breed, color, and peculiarities of the same hohj n.mi 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Amsterdam, November '.iO, 1883. 
 
 D. ECK.ST1';l\, 
 
 ('omul. 
 
1. 
 
 
itfl 
 
 
 ^^nF 
 
 "I 
 
 
 m 
 
 t } 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 m 
 
 \>>'\ (I'Vln'iiury ti) 
 li-TJ (.liiiiiiiw.v, Ml 
 I^Tii (.liinimr'v to 1 
 Ici" (Jumiiiry, A| 
 lh7H (.rmiimi'v to , 
 IHiS (April tit Di'C 
 ItSU (Janiwrj' to ] 
 
HOLLAND. 
 DUTCH MILCH COWS. 
 
 511 
 
 IMravlHfrom the mUk lint kept at the Jimlliorvc(llath farm) in the Me of Uiiarlcm, Hol- 
 land, 
 
 [Tlio iiillk wiiH wciKtiod uvcry Sutiintuy.j 
 I'UODUCT I'lio.M Tin.; cow WOUTJIO. 
 
 Ill,, Wdiiljo wuH lioiii ill Mii,v, 1875, iiiid Ix.iiKlit when ii cull" ut tlio. iiiiirker, in Lov- 
 ,l„ii, Sdiiiii lldlliUHl. 1 lio lollowiiiB iH \wt milk iTciml for nix years, viz, l878-'ri;J: " 
 
 Your. 
 
 I«7H (April III NovcmiImt) 
 
 \m I MmkIi I" Novi'iiilioi ) 
 
 IhHIMMiiiili to llrcciiilpi'O . • 
 
 IKHj (,I;iiiii;iry I" Kdliniiiiy, July to Di'i't'nilii'i) 
 
 isvj {,IiiiiN;iry to Si|ih'iiil)ci) ......'. 
 
 \m (I'Vliriiaiy in OcIoImii) 
 
 * Every kilogrnm of milk mny bo congiUerod a liter. 
 U'oulje's calves.* 
 
 Totiil. 
 yield. 
 
 Kilns.* 
 !I4 I L',7W) 
 a8 ;t, 504 
 
 43 4,571 
 
 :«i ;i, 4'.'.'i 
 
 .■)8 I 4,441 
 
 Whin l.orii. 
 
 Apiil I, IH-S 
 
 )1;miIi;I, 1«7!I 
 
 Miirrli;'. I*-™ 
 
 .iiilvr., \m 
 
 iiiivr., i««i ■-. 
 
 Niinio. 
 
 (;i;)"i I!lm)i<.ii', remiili".. 
 (.'III4) ClildilH, iiinlo.... 
 (51(11 Diihlla, It'inalu .. 
 
 (().'.;i) KIhikI, in.alo 
 
 (li'il) KIdriH, iiiiiIk 
 
 Nociilf 
 
 IVbruury), IKKI (.S4I) Uecn,|o, rciuiilo . 
 
 Color. 
 
 lilnok ; wliltolioad mid billv 
 
 do ;. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do ;;■ 
 
 Numoofbull. 
 
 ('J70) Zpcnn. 
 C-'HHi Zi.ro. 
 (;iJ7) A roil. 
 (:i!l4) Chloiis. 
 Do. 
 
 liluck ; wliito lit'iul and belly . . (UH!)) Kist. 
 • FlKiiioH in ( ) icpitgontNoB. of anlnials in Mr. AnioiMriiordtH licid book. 
 I'lIODICJT I'liOM COW KlZKlli;. 
 
 Tills COW WUH calved in tluiLfiko <i(' Ilaailoin Jtarcli ¥2, lH7l. Notliini; furdicr is 
 known (if lii'r aiilnccdtMils llian tliat. hIio caiiinof Diitcli Iii-immI. 'I'Iih rci'oid hIiows tliat. 
 Ihr Sii/iitto liad Iirr lirst calf IVhruaiy ~t), 1H74, and her siiliM'f|iicnt, calves on M'lyV* 
 18".; May M, IH7(;; May til), 1H77 (no calf in lrt78) ; March '20. ItiT'J, The Hiizutto \va,s 
 ..(.1(1, dry, on April 'J(», 1HK». 
 
 l^ilk irconi for wren years. 
 
 Year, 
 
 I Nund)(<r of 
 i luilkliig 
 
 WfcliH. 
 
 Total 
 
 yiild. 
 
 1S71 (I'Vl.iiiuiv to llrcciiil.ii) 
 
 181.1 (J;mimiy, May lo Iliccinborl 
 
 jKTiK.laiiinii'v to Frbriiiiiy, May to Ilorcnibor) 
 W" (.limiiaiy, April to Ih'ceinl.cr) 
 
 1878 (.riHiiiuiy lo llocDiiibiir) 
 
 1879 (April lit Di'coiiiborl 
 
 ItSO (.(amiaiy to March) 
 
 45 
 4(1 
 i-2 
 4U 
 48 
 3!) 
 12 
 
 Kilim. 
 t, (L'7 
 
 •I, w^ 
 :>. I '.'4 
 
 .■•|,-J71 
 
 :i, !iso 
 
 4, .578 
 
512 
 
 CATTLi: AND DAIttY FARMING. 
 
 •ii"n 
 
 ■.tto^ 
 
 uj ; i i t : i : ; 
 
 % * 
 
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 ' •iu»i..ii In 'Zi's 
 
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HOLLAND. 
 
 513 
 
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 w a» ^ 
 
 ci ci.ri ci ^ri 
 
 
 ?i Sf? S S?JJ 
 
 S3 5 .-Sg 
 
 
 -I--3 a 
 
 £•7 c. 
 
 
 : if i 
 
 O ■ w 41 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 •j 5 
 
 H. Ex. 51- 
 
 -33 
 
 t'5 
 
 3 ■- 
 
 a H 
 
 *» 
 
 53 
 
 t- O 
 
 ?<MBJ 
 
 
 f 
 
 V 
 
 
 f 
 
 ^^^Klf ^' 
 
 
 t 
 
 jip 
 
 
 If 
 
 I^p 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 ft 
 
 , 
 
 1, 
 
DAIKY FAKMINO. 
 
 Ill romp 
 ,\iiKiif*Mir» 
 III' llollaiKl 
 
 To ohtai 
 1,111(11 Colli 
 t'liiiiKi'i't ill 
 rattle circii 
 
 1,1' |ll(»S(^ 1(1 
 
 stml.v. 
 
 I liii\ (', li 
 lor till' Ki'*'' 
 tli'iiiiiii, aiK 
 
 The (lillci 
 
 t'ollow.s: 
 
 llniMiii^'i'ii III! 
 Krisiiiii IiicimI 
 lliilliiiiil iMvcd 
 
 rirniiHJl III' Zc 
 
 licidcrlaiiil III' 
 
 jIllMlllll' liiccd 
 
 Krisiaiii'ii'iill 
 
 i;r{ii]iii;,'('ii-l''ri 
 
 jlcllli.Hll-IJfidt' 
 
 J|i<{M'liilll((III.S 
 
 Till' I'Visii 
 liriii('i|iiillv I 
 
 Tin- lliillii 
 »H>v. ill tlio 
 from wliicii 
 is still (loiibl 
 iJK'Iiriiiiitivi 
 
 The Droii 
 lliatit is iici 
 lidiii an Ayi 
 SallaiKJ, |)ro 
 
 The I'Mcnii 
 ahoiit I wo (•( 
 (i'iflirated p; 
 ill tli(! jirovii 
 
 The Col low 
 
 A.— Niiiiilj 
 (•xcii ill eaci 
 ihirin;; 1,S8I, 
 
 li.— liicrea 
 
 The (leercii 
 *';tii^-(Ml hv (ii 
 
 ('.-Total 1 
 
HOLLAND. 
 
 515 
 
 THE CATTLE OF HOLLAND. 
 
 liEi-our iiY voysui. yviNmn. or t{orn:iu)Aii. 
 Ill (((iiipliiiiico. with circular of Jiilv IS iHxt .....i ;» 
 
 i:z^i'^'' ' ""™ '■■■" ■"' '''''•"''"» '^' ..i-"";;o;;'';h;;'S.r: 
 
 T(M)l»laiii tlMMim'HSiiry iiiforiiijition I juUlrt'Nsnl Mr (' 7 ivr t 
 l,i„lt ( 'oniiif^, director of ll.o (Joverninont aKricuItunii sclmol I't u'!.'.' 
 ...liMKcn, and I traiisniittcd to I.i.n a copy ot" tlio forms i v. n t^^ 
 ratth' curular. in \m r.>pl.v 1,,, i„ti,„alVd, !.<> ever r^ ^''V 
 
 i have, lio\v(!Vc'r, micccedcd in oUtainiiiL' tlie followiiwr !„»;„.„. *■ 
 „„(ii.. Kilter jKirtof wl.id, lai,. i.idcl c(l to the E 
 ,le.n;.n,aMd the balance was oh(ai,.e<I Irom clnldal and J^lSK^S; 
 
 TJIK DlFl'KBKNT BUEEDH IN HOLLAND. 
 
 ^^TlHMlillerent breeds and their percentage in the Dutch stock aro as 
 
 (inmiii^'i'ii breed 
 
 YrWrnn luced * 
 
 Iliilliiiiil liiccd 
 
 riniiisli 111' Zeelaiid breed 
 
 l,i'l(li'rl;iiiil lireed 
 
 IHiMillir liieed 
 
 rri>iiilil'ii'lillie-((elderliiiid liieed 
 liiiiiiin^'cii-l'iisiiiiilielderliiiid l)fee(i. 
 ||(iiiisli(ieldfiliind-Holliiiid breed .. 
 Jli<i'i'lliMiioii.s breedH 
 
 r«r cent. 
 
 ... 7An> 
 
 .. IH. 15 
 
 . . 7. OH 
 
 .. :t.«:! 
 
 - . 7. OH 
 
 .. l.-ly 
 .. i:t.()l 
 
 .. 21!. HI 
 
 . . ir...v> 
 .. !i.4« 
 
 iind is 
 
 The I-'risiaii l)rced is considered as very L'ood l)reedin»r oxttu ... i 
 pn.K-.i;. i.v round in the provinces of lYi'shu.d and J tentlie ' '""^ 
 
 'ill': ilo iMnd breed is principally found in the Purnu4- l the J5ee, 
 m. Ml the i.rovinco of Xortli Holland. This is nml.. hu f , 
 Irimi which the SliniH.M.n^ I....... k..,. . , . '^ Pl ''''^'AV tlic bre( 
 
 in- 
 'ed 
 
 t 
 
 IS 
 
 iron, which (he Shorthorns luive been raiscn b/FSlul ^, '" ^T 
 i. still (hiubtful whether the Flemish c tie ,. i!wf i ' "^^ '/*"«'» ' 
 ll..-l»imitivc breed of the Shorthorns "'* ""^ ^' consnlered a 
 
 Tiii' Drenthe breed is so nuich like the Ayrshire breed of Ko.^tu. i 
 tliatit IS nearly impossible to distiujfuish -i thorm l. w.n!i t» ^?^'''»^' 
 Irciii un Ayrshire cow. The best iP i s\ wSL^i ' ^ l^renthe cow 
 Sallan.l, province of ()yeryssel '^ ^'"' ^'"'''^^ '"'« ^ound in 
 
 Til.- I'Meniishor Zeeland breed was found all over the Netherhmds 
 alioiit I wo centuries ai-o, and the i\ius of if i.-.o u -L^trnei lands 
 
 n'N.nit...! paintinj, <,f7. CV's 1 „lV'' I . ,n so,..'^'" preserved in the 
 lii <l..' IMo^ice oi^eelaiul amU e Luthe.^ Ss oS^ 'T'^ 
 
 ' I..' Mlowin,. statements are lu.ewith tr!in'sm tted "''' '''^"""^• 
 
 A.-Number ot mils, milch <;ows, calves, ami he fers f-it e.tth> ...... 
 
 oxiMi ni each province and in the whole cmi trv nf fb^, vu V^ 
 
 ^l"rn.,l,S8I, and the average nuniber of the T^ Te lyets '^'''''""^ 
 
 1!.— Increase or <lecrease of ciffln in >><vii ,. , .>«-ais. 
 
 'ri 1 '"tn^.iist^ ui c.ime in loM, as com oared win. i««o 
 
 llM' .lecrease of about ^o,m) head of cattle in Klw .J ., 
 
 ("ii^>i! Ill- (!i.i ! 1 > , '/• """' «'< »-<nLie in iftM was prinemallv 
 
 «.m.H<l b.^ he bau narvest ot j^.ass and hay in ISS] ' I'tii-'P'Mii 
 
 -:C±!^I'i'^","3^_^[^'ttle during the last twenty years. 
 
 •So-called llolsteiu cuttlo. ^ " ~~ 
 
^^^ CATTLE AND DAIRY I'AEMING. 
 
 PRICK OI' DUTCH CATTLK. 
 
 Tlio iivoiasc J)i;ices of cattle in the ])rincii>al i.iarkfcts of rh,. n,., 
 hiiul8 clunny the hist live years were as follows : ^^'^^''«''- 
 
 Cattlo. 
 
 Amatorilani: 
 
 Fntciitllo 
 
 llilclurows 
 
 (ililK.S lalvi'S ... 
 
 ViimiK calves . . 
 Liouwaiiloii : 
 
 Flit catlld 
 
 Mildli cowM 
 
 (irasH calvi'n 
 
 Fat calves 
 
 Vdiiiif; calves .. 
 Gloiii^leii : 
 
 Fateadln 
 
 Jlilcll COWH 
 
 t)rilliiarv uattlti 
 Kottei'ilaiu : 
 Oxen , 
 
 1878. 
 
 Cows 
 
 «!alvea 
 
 Yoiiijc: calves . 
 Zuoilo: 
 
 Hilda 
 
 Milch cows 
 
 Calves 
 
 Vlorlns. 
 
 L'SO 
 
 •J»jO 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 :)(),■. 
 
 M 
 
 W,l 
 
 vno 
 i;ir. 
 io5 
 
 liSO 
 
 fif) i 
 
 11! 
 
 1870. 
 
 Florins. 
 
 L'Kr> 
 
 270 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 
 2;i() 
 
 42 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 200 
 
 iSo 
 
 270 
 
 2;io 
 
 GO 
 10 
 
 1880. 
 
 1S81. 
 
 Flaring. 
 
 Florins 
 
 270 
 
 2-)0 
 
 2r.o 
 
 JjWj) 
 
 ;io 
 
 ;j(i 
 
 « 
 
 8 
 
 2(;() 
 
 ;ior> 
 
 200 
 
 l!l(l 
 
 f.«, 
 
 :iii 
 
 no 1 
 
 ,'111 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 lUO 
 
 2;i.-> 
 
 02 
 10 I 
 
 205 |. 
 280 I 
 
 18 : 
 
 100 I 
 
 21,0 
 a5 
 
 Plii/iin 
 Ml 
 2111 I 
 3li 
 
 1(1 1 
 
 :w 1 
 
 •j.iii 
 
 itj 
 
 I'fi) 
 
 7ii 
 lij 
 
 CATTLK IMPOItT AND KXl'OllT OF HOLLAND. 
 
 The foHowiiiff statement shows the nmuherof cattle imnmh. i 
 ciud exported from the Netherlands dnringthe last iiveVeul's ' 
 
 in In 
 
 Year. 
 
 1882 
 
 1881 
 
 1880 
 
 1870 
 
 1878 
 
 EXPORT OF DUTCH (."ATTLE TO THE UNPJ'ED STATEy. 
 
 The best methods of exportation of breeding cattle to the United 
 
 Ip'llt. KsiHiil 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■1 i.romneon 
 
 
 ^M Kricslaud 
 
 •."■li l.-il,!i|(; 
 
 ■ il:viitli« 
 
 1 ';';.',' "*•■'* 
 
 ^M Ih'iTV'SKi'l 
 
 '.Ml H4,4'l 
 
 ■ CrMiTliiliil 
 
 7.''^7| ];i«,i;;o 
 
 ■ rirwlit 
 
 lili\ m,7ll 
 
 ■ NoilliiliillaiKl.. 
 
 
 ■ Siiilliiliilland .. 
 
 
 ■ ''-'1 
 
 
 B Xiirllilirabant. . 
 
 i.v and l'L',s 
 
 H i.iiniiiii'i; 
 
 ■^.SL', (i.|,()(J(| 
 ri)iMii\- 'iiiii 
 
 1 Total 
 
 States are via London or via Antwerp. '" ' ^'"^ 
 
 The best animals of the JJntch cattle for exportation tbi hiwdin-r ,„ 
 I.o.ses are t hose of the Jl<,llan.l an<l 1-^risian 1, eeiis. T lie W ■ n 
 
 lur- 
 
 80(1 
 
 'or 
 
 lieifers, and lliO to I;»0 (lorins for calves. The tlir )ii..h nt... In..,, I'm 
 i^^^i!^^^^^'^ ^: '^-^*'»;:^- 1'-<>"' ^-1 to £5lbr acahl Ihliilx- 
 
 *ri()riii--i().v*,eiit.s AiiiciK.iui. ' 
 
Holland. 
 
 ol7 
 
 to 
 
 £C> for a heifer; and from .CO to jC7 lO.s. for a now or bull -uid i,. .„i,ii 
 ,„ 10 per cent, primage and sullicicnt fodder for tu^n v ihvs 
 
 The averaffo price of hav is M'2H nor tnn n.wi ..*• ..* I:^ -l'.., 
 
 per ton 
 
 tioii 10 per cent, primage ;uia suiiicicnt lodder for twentv d.v« 
 
 The average price of hay is $20 per ton, and of straw ln^n2 to $14 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 Rotterdam, December 27, 1883. 
 
 JOHN F. WINTIOR, 
 
 Conftitl. 
 
 i'"i;iii.v aiid L'L',s 
 ill 1 ■SSL', 01,0011 
 • Cifniiiiiiy, mill 
 
 to tlic! United 
 
 A.—Xumhcr of m tile in the Kcthrlamh. 
 
 I'rnviiicos. 
 
 Ilrnnmsoii 
 
 Fiicsliiiid 
 
 lircntlu' 
 
 iirfrynsi'l 
 
 rrfldi'rliiiiil — 
 
 I'lieclit 
 
 Xiiillilliilliiinl. 
 Soulli Holland. 
 
 Zoilauil 
 
 Xoitli liraliaiit. 
 Liinlinrt; 
 
 liiillfl. 
 
 1871-'80. 
 
 ;!, 2iW 
 ;)C8 
 1,072 
 1,4:14 
 1,07!) 
 1,4!U 
 
 :i, ()(),■> 
 
 THfl 
 
 h;ic 
 
 «07 
 
 Milcli cows. 
 
 <"iilvi's anil 
 lii'il'cis. 
 
 Fill eiilUo. 
 
 1881. 
 
 l,7S7l 
 a, OK! 
 472 
 1,702: 
 2,074i 
 ],;il3 
 
 1, r.iiKi 
 
 2, C:)8: 
 
 i)7ri! 
 
 K80' 
 
 (!:i4 
 
 1871-'80.|1881. ilS7l-80. 18«1. ' 187I-'80. 1R8I. 
 
 0.\on. 
 
 I871-'(''(i. iHfii. 
 
 r.!, 
 
 44(i, 
 40, 
 
 8;i, 
 
 00, 
 (10, 
 
 loo, 
 
 140, 
 
 lOL'i 
 •17, 
 
 187 
 
 25ri 
 
 O07 
 442 
 
 ;t42 
 
 091 
 
 482 
 .'i(;4 
 140 
 
 :!,■)!> 
 
 ■iO,! 
 
 4:), 
 i;ifi, 
 :io, 
 
 81. 
 0), 
 
 no, 
 
 110, 
 
 14.-., 
 
 20, 
 !)0, 
 47, 
 
 007 
 70rt 
 (:02 
 001! 
 020 
 000 
 7011 
 
 ];io 
 
 02 1 
 800 
 
 oo;i 
 
 ■17, 
 24, 
 
 ;»:, 
 "I, 
 
 21, 
 
 :io, 
 
 10, 
 
 di,' 
 
 20, 
 
 2.-)'^ 
 OO.'i 
 H77 
 Ollli 
 
 7!m 
 
 170 - 
 07(i 
 .'172 
 0:i!l I 
 
 :i:i:i 
 lo.-j 
 
 .'•hI 
 0)2 
 
 ;ii2 
 
 0,-)2 
 
 10-, 
 
 022 
 72.-| 
 .■148 
 071 
 010 
 2T0 
 
 i:i, 
 
 , '>7I 
 , 07.1 
 
 , I7;i 
 
 , 024 
 
 2 JO 
 
 ort 
 
 4,7(4 
 12,011 
 
 4, nsi 
 
 0, .120 
 
 i,o.i.-> 
 
 'i'"**!! 10, :i34 17, 182j 011,241 ^884,014 4:tl, 02.". m,:,(^ 
 
 8, 0(i:i 
 
 4, .^.y 
 
 ; 2, 887! 
 
 i:i, 121 
 I i,o;!;i 
 
 4,071 . 
 
 12,887 
 
 4,031; 
 
 io,:i2ri 
 i,8i;i< 
 
 40 
 
 *> 
 
 30 i 
 , 32.-, 1 
 , 847 I 
 
 -1 
 
 1!.-. 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 l.'-,2 
 
 713 
 
 1 
 
 ,21.'; 
 
 ,487 
 
 .in 
 
 ,810 
 , .338 
 
 03,470 0(1, r>24 10,010 I 21!) 
 
 rrovinco.s. 
 
 ilroniiigon 
 
 Frlcslaud 
 
 liriTitlic 
 
 Ihvryssil 
 
 OflcWiiiid 
 
 I'lrcrlit 
 
 Xiirtlilldllaiiil. 
 ,>liiillill(illiuid . 
 
 Z,rl;iiiil 
 
 Xiirllillrabant. 
 liinlimi; 
 
 'i'.plal. 
 
 IS.'il-'flO. 
 
 Ti)t.il . 
 
 101,400 
 1 SO, 284 
 
 .■■.4, 702 
 108,400 
 1.->7, 104 
 
 72,031 
 111,04:1 
 170,011 
 
 4 7, .'■.(,4 
 I.IO, .Wi 
 
 .'i8, 700 
 
 1,200, X» I 
 
 1801-70. 
 
 1871-'80. 
 
 1 102,483 
 
 07, 84-. 
 
 2(l2,r,:i4 
 
 208, 411-1 
 
 1 02, 088 
 
 00, 4.-1.-1 
 
 117,012 
 
 120,300 
 
 171,422 
 
 IHI, (;:)|» 
 
 7.-|. 007 
 
 81, 2:i.-i 
 
 Ill.-.l.-. 
 
 140, 000 
 
 102,218 
 
 2ll,.Wt 
 
 ■i:f, 084 
 
 ■ »^, .-i20 
 
 171, l.w.-, 
 
 I7K,272 
 
 0,-., 01 1 
 
 72, .'.!((• 
 
 I, :i -18, 240 
 
 1,4:1.-1.710 
 
 1881. 
 
 0.3, . 01!) 
 
 2(1.-., :!,s.-i 
 
 o.-i, 7:10 
 
 12.-1,810 
 1X3, OlKi 
 (<.-i, 008 
 110,000 
 
 2i.-.,o:;2 
 .■.:i, oi;:i 
 
 177, KIO 
 72,718 
 
 1,4:11,41)0 
 
 I{.-77(r hwrrasc (+) or .Inrca^c (-) ofcaltir in l.^Sl „,jai„Ht l.HSO. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Oraiiii;(Mi 
 
 l'!ir«l;Jlcd 
 
 HitiuIm' 
 
 Onri.i.sil 
 
 iMilirland 
 
 rircilil 
 
 .Viiilli lliillaud I 
 
 Snillli lldllailil I 
 
 Zrilanil 
 
 N'Tll limluii! [.'..'. 
 
 I.iiiilinr;,' ' 
 
 Total i' 
 
 BnllA. 
 
 -I 30 
 ~1,-|3 
 
 ! ;m 
 
 I 8 j 
 
 -I :in!) 
 
 -hl2H 1 
 -105 I 
 
 -288 i 
 
 - ;i 
 
 — 78 
 -20.1 i 
 
 -aso I 
 
 MilcllCOWR, 
 
 8fi,-| 
 4, 7;i7 
 
 1,0:111 
 .i, :!.'>.s 
 
 l,;io:i 
 
 7M2 
 
 ;i:!!i 
 
 7, 7.-i7 
 
 Cnlvi's ami 
 
 lii'ili'r.i. ' 
 
 I'al rallli>. : ()xf,„. 
 
 Total. 
 
 770 
 
 .•,01 
 08.-1 
 
 ::i,oii3 
 
 - 187 
 -2,170 
 -2, .328 
 -1,421' 
 -1.400 
 :<!) 
 -2,210 
 + 1,2.30 
 4 
 ■ 02 
 
 0. 1:10 
 
 + 
 
 -I 
 
 44 I 
 
 420 ! 
 
 i;i5 i 
 210 I 
 
 100 ! 
 
 41.'-. i 
 170 K 
 (100 
 
 42:1 I 
 
 140 ' 
 
 -100 
 
 - 1 
 
 -(■ '-' 
 
 - 3:1 
 
 - 00 
 
 - 
 
 1,080 
 
 - 
 
 !- 8 
 -304 
 
 (10,-, 
 
 - 1,141 
 
 - 0,041 
 
 - .3,7.><.-. 
 
 - 4,041) 
 
 - 3,(120 
 
 - 17(1 
 
 - 2,8!M) 
 
 - 7,014 
 • I.IIM) 
 
 ■ 1,1:10 
 
 ■ •-', 14-i 
 
 :i.'i, 20:1 
 

 518 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 C. — Niinilcr of vatllv in the Netherlauih diirinij the last twoiiii ijcum. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Number. 
 
 1,335, :!00 
 1, 374, (IdU 
 1,3S0, (idO 
 l,33f, 800 
 I,31», 1(10 
 1,302,(100 
 ), 301,3(10 
 l,;iB8,'.'0» 
 1,401, 000 
 1,410,800 
 1, 370, 000 
 
 Years. 
 
 ■N'liinliiv 
 
 1872 
 
 1873. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881 . 
 
 i.::7: 
 
 ■ ■■n.dOO 
 
 ■ IC;), IlKi 
 
 .^■ll,7(«l 
 
 -l! ■ I.I ,. 
 
 I'd "(MO 
 
 'ini,.'(ii, 
 
 •Ifi!). Ttiii 
 
 ^-l.'lltl) 
 
 n 
 
 '^ 
 
 h 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 ( 
 
 i 
 
 , 
 
 / 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ' ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 j 
 
KuasiA. 
 
 519 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 CATTLE-BREEDING IN RUSSIA. 
 
 iiKPoiiT HY coysnioEXRiuL staxtox, or ST. VETEitsiwna. 
 
 LACK OF CATTLE STATISTICS IN RUSSIA. 
 
 Keferriiif,' to the DepartiueuL's circular of July is 18S3 T hovn +i « 
 lionorto transmit h(3rewitli a translation of a docmnent forx^mlcd o 
 tins oftjco from the Russian department of asTiculture '"'""^'H '<> 
 
 I„ the letter iieconipanyinf; this doenniont the director of the depart 
 „,ento ajjncultare, General Kazeffsky, informs me that tie nnffi- 
 tejust appointed a committee ot experts to innuire into the ^vXn of 
 ,.a,tic.breeding in Unssia, both fro,,/ an ocono,!)ic and te^niSf p^ 
 
 (1 1 \ I C \ » • 
 
 Tl.e proceedings of the committee will be published in a separate re 
 port iiiiil sent m due course to the consulate-general '"'H« ic- 
 
 Tliis report shall be translated and forwarded to the ])epart,nent im 
 iiicdiiitoly u[)o,i Its receipt. ' '""'"^"i' im- 
 
 I R-Tcjt that the iiiformati^ou supplied by the department of a-ricult- 
 meslionld be so .neagor and indefinite, but transn.it it. hopi,,- U ,' nv 
 niiitain possibly something of interest. " ^ 
 
 1 urn promised full replies for Finland, and still hope to secure f ur- 
 llicrdolaiis for Kuss,a. ' --^i-nii. mi- 
 
 OATTLF. BRICEDS IN RUSSIA. 
 
 Tlic cattle raised in Russia a,-e i)rincipally local breeds and seldom 
 rrosscd with fore,gu varieties. weiuom 
 
 Thoy a,'e n.ostly small, (he height over the shoulder bein- from 1 
 inotorto 1.1;, the .n.nimun, being ().!)(», the maximum L.T. meters The 
 (lilloivnce in height is due to surioundiug conditio,is 
 
 A -ivat many foreign biveds have been iniported f;)r nrivate o^^^n.«. 
 
 .,t up to the present t ime there are „o regulir breedi. j^e a ishS^ 
 
 for mixed varieties. *^ ^'"■^'naiiineuta 
 
 MILKING QUALITIES OK RUSSIAN CATTLE. 
 Only the Kolmogoj-y cattle, the product of crossiu"- locil r-iffl,. w;,i 
 
 Tlioy a,ere,,,arkai.le for their yield of mijic, u„d are the favorite bn-ed 
 
 tagbl "'^' ""'"'''' ^""' "•""^'^"" '''■•"»^- of thirCed ;i' 
 
rirfl'lii' 
 
 
 ! . 
 
 I'i 
 
 ^^^ CATTLE AND IMIltY FARMING 
 
 ,i?^m.y ^iJ^wi'l"^ *'''''" ""'"' '"'"' "='^-t'«'"'"-« '^« to the Russian an.l Kol- 
 
 inogony 
 
 Breeds 
 
 YnroRlnff 
 
 Volojjdii mill KoHtidiiia 
 
 fNnvHiiMlid'tiiiiif imrlHoCTvpi'iNov 
 yiinwl.mid otliciKovi'iiiincnlH, ami 
 on tlMi livoi-rt Okii, Dniopcr, &,-. 
 
 iv(ilin();;(niy 
 
 -',W0 
 
 ;i,(ioo 
 
 Some cows o-ivo (ho, times their own weight in inilk 
 
 1 lie proportion of killed aninmls to their live weight is generillv ^ f r 
 
 Fml, uf,.~}iu^sum eows are principally gra/ecL The w ,h ,^ ^f'" 
 
 very n.o.h.rate Hay or straw .s the'shrple lo,, 1 so.n 1 ' ,'"^''\ '^ 
 
 u.g ;natte,v.s from 1 to 5 poun.ls of Hoar l,r bran per ^a ^1^ ' '3f " 
 
 Form.— Tha form, however, is almost the same evervwl.or. t, 
 animals are small, a,«,l mostly short-legged. They w:.. a ^'"' 
 l)0(ly, a, straight or slightlv e.oncive InPl- slnn , i i • I •''""Silted 
 
 long tan The n.hler i^no^er ' ;^;n Unel t,t ' ^, l! S^ "'f 
 oped iit the npper part and extends forward! ' ""■^'"^'i.il'b devd. 
 
 Rearing calrcs.—Tho. imuiner oC reariiii calves is vov^r „,; i it- 
 oven careless. *" ^'^ '^^ ^^^'^ imddlmo- ai„I 
 
 IVIKAT PRODUCT. 
 
 In the sonthein and eastern provinces cattle are l.re.l ■.« i.n. , • 
 burden and for their meat. K«'«'<nt- oiui as beasts oj 
 
 Vnrio(,i(!H 
 
 Hray Tcliorkaskv 
 
 UluckSwi • 
 
 Don ;;;;;;■'■ 
 
 Oicnbnij; 
 
 Sirnbrisk '.'.'....'..'. 
 
 Sanmru " ' " ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 Jfoat. 
 
 Talldw. 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Kilns, 
 
 •too 
 
 L'8S 
 .'Wd 
 
 EUot. 
 
 •in 
 32(0 .IS 
 
 .'12 Irt 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Unitkd Statks Consiilati;, 
 
 »S7. rctershur<i, Ikuxmlwr L'O, 1SS;{. 
 
 KDGAR STANTOX, 
 
 CoiisHl-denmiL 
 
 ADDKXn.V TO IM'SSIAN C.VTTLE RT^I'OUTS. 
 
 the's^;:::t!!;:;::?'^^:.:^f ;;!.:'!;i'!;:'!'^ -''f V'^ ''^ "••^'^'«"-"* "^ 
 
 i^nnatio,^ compiled princi.iuUn!;: l^l^lrt'^'^Sl^^Si:. 
 
A-ussiiui and Kol- 
 
 Qniiiitity(iC„||||, 
 
 IVdlM^O. 
 
 TMers. 
 iOOtol.SOO 
 1. liUII 
 
 C" L', 200 
 "II l',400 
 
 Mn 
 
 xiiiinii,. 
 
 liki:i, 
 2, WO 
 2,11(10 
 
 2, '100 
 
 ■Urn 
 
 8<MioraIly.']to7 
 
 'MVlIltlT ibod is 
 
 littio strength. 
 i><l IxMii.uiidded. 
 '>»•« iii'c ])eeuliiir 
 ;i\ black cottlp, 
 •<'<l prevails in- 
 
 ^rywliero. Tlic, 
 '1^ ill) (doiioiited 
 l-qiiarters, and 
 Klerably deypi. 
 
 ' iiiiddliiig and 
 
 !<1 as boasts of 
 
 
 -— 
 
 
 Moat. 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 
 
 
 Kilns. 
 
 •too 
 
 28S 
 .'Wd 
 221-272 
 (') 
 {'■) 
 
 1 
 
 Kitot. 
 
 •IH 
 
 ;i2 4« 
 
 ■■12 .|H 
 
 (') 
 
 
 NTOX, 
 
 ;ts. 
 
 volopment of 
 isties and in- 
 iKM-al Stanton 
 
 RUSSIA. >21 
 
 nn tlio resources of llnssiu, und Diihlivilmil !,. n^, i t. 
 in r.ts,.ons(., to tli(' cattle circular: ^ ''^'"'^' *'""' ^'at country 
 
 AUKA AND POPULATION OF TUV. RUSSIAN KMPIRE, 
 
 The Kiis.sian V.m\mv. lias iiii area of iiearlv 'ifK nnn 
 ,>r alx.ut (...' si.xth of ti.e lar.d on the .! obe K, nm f ''•^^'''^'"'''il "'iles, 
 -i-<'""'i a...l northern e.xtren.ities, tiren uv 7) ' ,,ul''f '' ^n ^''"'"' ^^^ 
 "••"■^'<>'>. extremities, lOasteap, t„ kJI '>^,u, '"'" ''" •'•^«terii 
 
 TlH. IVontiers extend mer 0.;;7(> « .,. ^rr ''^f ^^^^^ 
 
 wliicliares,>a-e..ast. nn(av()rabI(Md7 . ih m^^^^^^^^^^ ''"> '^'''•''^ '"''^'^ of 
 
 ll,islil.nral,aslarasconMnerce ..orn'me^^^ 
 
 lions of the Maltic, iJIaelc, and dana-llescVsels *'"' '•''■'^'v^'l.V «n.all por- 
 
 Th.. En.pire is divided naturally into thrJe ^reat districts, viz: 
 
 DiBtriclH. ( .. "" 
 
 - -- .._ Kilomoters. itants. 
 
 Kiiropcaii Kiissia, with Polniid nnd Fiiilnn,! I 
 
 Ijmvwus 1111(1 lians-Cispiau ilistrirtH . . ,1 .-isn (!•'« ' u- n,m „„ 
 
 S.lirtiiiiin(ICi>nlnilv\si.i l '-n'^r?! 8';.0«n,000 
 
 ■ ,. ;? ■3;:; "."00,000 
 
 Tntiil \_^^..VmJ !»,000,0(IO 
 
 - I -'■™-.-'''- j ioo.ooo^ 
 
 European iJnssia, with one-iiftb of tJu> f,w.,i ... i 
 lis many iid.abitaiits as nil the other disti; « ' n^ "early si.v times 
 generally into two .ones, the (). e m !^ d ' ' . ! ^f^'?' -"^ '^ '^'^^''^^^^^^ 
 ml the other all that with lUaclce rlV t £//' J^'^ ^^"'^"''•V ^^itiiout 
 ..l..hvid."d intoninegn.upsof ffove;",,;,^ntsor >vi?:"' ^'""fi" '-^S'"" 
 
 PROVINCIAL (UIAUAOTKUISTICS OP UUSSIA. 
 
 For a more comjjreliensive classificjitim. ..eui 
 Stanton, in the report already ^^^^^^ 
 iiients"asfolh)ws: ' '^i»n((( i,,, j.a.s ;?rouped the ''govern- 
 
 yorfhern (jroup — Archain-<d, Olonokf/ .nwi Ar i , 
 
 list DODulons districts r>F I?.,.'-; . !'.!.:^.''j '""! ^'oloff<la. These are the 
 
 Hnllic f/roup.—Tlm 
 
 I'niicipa y (cultivated, the latter i M'n- I.r< I ',,« ^. "''^ I'"'''^"^^ are 
 posos. OonsiderabI,. attcM.tion is vVm f ^'^ "f"^ ^'"' ^I'stiHin- p,,,.. 
 ilM,()()<) in this sroup, an ima" L ot^^J^'^.^J:::^"^!''-''^;'!/].^, there 1^. ^ 
 ;"m'a.e.I 12 p.-r cent, since IS^l. ftu^^]^^ ^^'>\ ^''^Mo have 
 '':'<1; M.eep nund.nr 1,().47,(»0(), !M7,()»(i ,• ,,! ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 I'MM.Toa.se .since ISr.li.s about 70 . .-• ee t S '' "'\'^'''^ ^*"'"<''^- 
 
 :iyin- iMcrea.sed since 1S.5I ;?;{ ,„.r .•,'. 1.' . V"*' '"""'»<'•• .'lOO.OOO, 
 
 ^"f ""l-"''.'"..-.-. Disiilli,,.,.. bn-win'^ ',;, , ill m'''"''''' " "' •""'■^^'^•" <>«■ 
 ii"l"iMii (liis.lisltict. "' ""' """'".^ !"•<' <'xten.sively <,;„•- 
 
522 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Western fp-oup.—T\m grouj) embraces tlio six Aovenimeiita of Midii. 
 le.if, Vitebsk, Vihui, Kdviio, (Jrcxbio, and IMiiisk, lias jiii area of ,",();; 4-p 
 square kilometers, and a ijopnlation luuuberins' (i,18r),0()(), S|)ii!ii.'m,i' 
 winter wlieat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats, potatoes, and llax aio'ci'iiti 
 vated. Horses numbered in 187(5 1,409,(»()0, and receive considoni,],; 
 attention. Cattle numbered 2,519,(>()(); slieei), 2,(M2,00(), ;]7i 000 .• 
 whicli were fme-wooled breeds ; swine, 1 ,570,000 ; ^'oats, 220,000. VotcmI 
 liave been greatly dev,istated, and liave decreased in area more tliMi, 
 :J,000.!)(I0 desiatines (over 8,000,000 acres). Distilling, brewiii<' ai 
 sujjar-makin<>- arci carried on extensively in this j-roui). '^' ' 
 
 Vistula fjroup.—Thm groui) inclndes the fornior Kiriffdom of I'oland 
 The consnl-<jceneral was unable to give statistics of any accoinitre"''inl 
 in<? this jiroui). Notwithstanding its dense i)opulatio)i this jrroun'is i 
 praiu-exporting one. Horses in 1870 numbered 7r)4,000: cat*^'e '* ")'> (Hm 
 sheep, 4,bS0,000; swine, 1,101,000, and ;, ■' . T./JOO. l^rests'lim'. 
 been greatly devastated. Distilling, brev ■ • ' A fiugar-niakin--- 'ir,. 
 as adjuncts to agriculture, extensively earn ,. ... Statistics conmn' 
 ing Pobsh cattle will be I'ound in the rejioru iron) Consul Kawic/ ..r 
 Warsaw. ' 
 
 ISoiithH-esfcrn lUaclearth (jroup.— This group includ(!s the three <'ov 
 ernmenis of Kief, Podolia, and V^>lhynia, and is one of the most favoml 
 districts of Kussia both as to soil and cliinate. 
 
 Jleet roots play an imi)ortant role in this gvouj). About 1 \r>,%7 desji 
 tines were jdanted, producing 91),212,0o0 pocds. 
 
 In 1871 tli. horses in this grou]) numbered 800,000, haviii" incrp--n,i 
 80 ])cr cent, in twenty years; cattle luunbered 1,500,000, "laviiM' d',. 
 <;reased 11 per cent.ji sheep, mostlv native breeds, 2,420 000- ^^winn 
 1,258,000; goats, 8.1,000. ' , mviik, 
 
 Sotithern Ste2)pe (/roup.— Thin grou]) includes the governments ofl^es 
 saiabia, Cherson, Yekaterinoslatl", Taurida, and the Don Cossacks dis 
 tric.t, which are more or less characterized by the word steppe. 
 
 The gr«>atest part of the grain ])roduction of this group is exported 
 In 1870 the horses numbered 1,185,000; cattle, ;i,427,0()0- sheen' 
 1.'{,174,000, of which 7,007,000 were merinos; swine, 787 OOO- <roitV 
 ];{i),000. I5ut little forest exists, and that little is neglected or wlsted' 
 and has <h'creased .'35 per cent, since 1840. " ' 
 
 Distilling, brewing, and sugar-making are carried on, thoinjl! tlielaol; 
 of fuel militates against these industries. 
 
 Central lilaclrarth orovp.—Thia group consists of the govermnoiitsof 
 1\)0]a, Kiasan, Orel, Koorsk, V'oronesh, Tambroff, Tensa, Ivarkotf J'ol- 
 tava, and T(!hernigofl". Cereals, fruit, and oleaginous and lihroiis i)liiiit,s 
 thrive in this group. 
 
 The i)roi)ortionately snudl amount of grazing land in this gronn lias 
 its inlliK'nce on the breeding of domestic animals. Horses number 
 4,358,000; cattle, 4,137,000; slieej., 10,841,000, l,5;i7,000 of which are 
 merinos; swine, .3,057,000; goats, 141,100. Forests plavaii uiiiiiiimrtaiif 
 role 111 tins group, and have d<'creased 20 jxm- cent. I'eiisa, Tiiiiiboil' 
 and Orel have the most, Toola and Poltava the least forest land. 
 
 Tlier(> are in this group 08 sugar-mills, whose annnal prodiidioii is 
 valued at 1.5,172,000 rubles; 745 distilleries, whose i)ro(lii(ti()ii is valued 
 at 80,;!55,200 rubles; 70 breweries, ]>rodiicing 1,242,700 iiihjes beer- 
 040 oil mills, producing 2,150,400 rubles oil, and 47 tobacco works, iho- 
 diicing ;{,;i04,000 rubles tobacco. 
 
 Eaatern. and SnuflieoHfern fjroiip.-~T\ui^ group iiicluiles the govern 
 mcnts of Kasan, Simbirsk, Saratoll', Samara, Oufa, Oreiihing, and As- 
 trakan. The soil of this group is lertile, ex<!ept in Astrakan, where its 
 fruitfulncss is allected by the salty character of the earth. 
 
RUSSIA. 
 RUSSIAN OATTLE. 
 
 523 
 
 Kussia possesses more cattle tl.an any other ccni.trv in Vmrovo but 
 issinpassed in this rospect by botli the Ui.ite.l States and So th An r 
 ica. Of the many native breeds few if any are wortliv n..rf v., .., , ■ 
 fhc ( 'hohnoffory, originally a < ross betwcVrj)^/^ i^u e -^ .'*.?''• 
 
 ,,.e..d of Ard-angel is the best known race. U dal^^ ^,1 ' >ete '';he 
 Greats une, is used ior nnj.rovinj.- other native breeds, and is ke nt n 
 
 •■,sa"tt' ""'*" ' '^^'"^ ''"''^^^ '■' •"''•■"'y '>'v'H'd by 
 
 \Vilh re-ard to eattle llussia may be divided into threes /ones the 
 „or hern, southern, and southeastern. I„ the first catt e ar'V k 'nf 
 ,.!,K-liy (or dairy purposes and manure. The breeds kept are ,a iv 
 niton crossed with foreign breeds, are small in statiiro ..,wi , f ' ' 
 
 l:nly lar,e niilkei.. The Uu.sian raees IwcJI^' i;^"^*,^, ' 1^:^-;, 
 ,1,,. a\eia-e iron. 7 to H j.oods of <;oarse, unsaNory meat Wes r„<^i 
 ;„i.l Cliolmogorian ealtle weigh from 17 to 20 i,(,ods '^""^-^'ii" 
 
 In the second /one eattle are kept as beasts of burden and for their 
 ,,K.at. I hey are largely exported, and, though poor milkers, a e es J e 
 loitlu'ir meat and as wtu'kers. ,<ii« i.m« i iiuo 
 
 III the southeastern zone oriental breeds are keot cliioflv r,.,. ,i • 
 n.eata..d tallov. Theyyield less meat than tllosroVtlu so tl ./;;;: 
 and are poor milkers. """un m /.one 
 
 I'ICTUUKS OF RUSSIAN CATTLE. 
 
 Umk>rdateof Dec,.mberr,, lSS.J,Consul-(}eneral Stanton transmitted 
 
 totlKU)epart.nentsi.Yy photod.thographsof Russian eattle, whiH^ 
 supplied by the director of aguriiuiltun^ in St. Petersburg Tl 's ' , •/ 
 nrcs represent eattle in the nortli(>rn and central groops oTiI v and i , ' , 
 
 hllKl, \IZ: J < xi m 1 III- 
 
 ,^r'''',?;;' •r''^'-~^'',''7"'''*:''^ of Anjlmugel, four representing e„ws 
 of ti.e 'Cholmogonan" bived and four of in.specified cattle; Gi.n..,' 
 ■nent 01 Vologda, seven cows ami seven oxen, evidentlv ot the co , n , 
 hiwds ot the country. ■ «^<»iiiiimmi 
 
 Central f/ronp iioy^yvummt of Perm, uine cows, (ive of whieh iiv 
 
 ornless, and all endeutly the (-ommon scrub race of the u ntrv 
 
 bom-mncnt of ^ latka, live cows, fully as inferior as th.s^t Per ," 
 
 ;iiul cvi. eiitly o the same breed. (Government of Jvostrone 1 f t e I 
 
 rows ami three bulls. One of the cows is designated -,^ ';/.;. " 
 
 c others are not designated. All are superior looking i„,|s h. 
 those ot Perm an<. Viatka (iovernment of Yarosloff, four ■ vs s '., 
 riigiy the same breed as thosc^ of Kostoma 
 
 FinUual-A vmv and bull, breed not designated. Thev would se.Mn 
 however, to be a cross between the Finnish and Ayrshire cattle wl,' 
 according to the report fro., Ilelsingfors, would seem to "nstitVi e i 
 lar^^c IHntion of the cattU^ of I'Mnland. « onsnruie a 
 
 As it wouhl serve no practical purpose to publish the sixty en^riv 
 ings of Russian cattle, which accompanied Consul-Generil Sl^ ft on's 
 report, selections are herewith given, which, with the eu s of" li^^ ish 
 |attleguTU with the report by Consul Kawicz, of WaS wil t i 
 thought, fairly represent t he breeds of the Empire ' ' 
 
624 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY rARMINO. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 
 
 liEPOnT IIT CONSULAR AGENT liOMBOLDT, OF JilOA. 
 
 ullv""^ ^Y ^.':V*''^ to inclose berewith a report having referorirn tn fi 
 breedniff of cattle n, tiiis consular district, but I regret to saTt !/ '" 
 inforraat.on I l.ave been able to collect upon this subject sveYvin. •/'','' 
 as pure bred catt e are very rarely found in these prSes. Z?JT^ 
 
 dition would not be recomraondable for export. The onlv cat i i ? '" 
 exporting are the Podolian (prairie breed from thrsS of • '"'' 
 which ,s renowned for its contentedness with regard toZd an I f '^' 
 tion, as a so for its largo size and excellent quabty o^nea T .•''■' 
 ot spreading the cattle plague in other countries must bo t Jkon inn "' 
 sideration in tliis connection. By continual andTvnr.f nv^^^^ ''"''• 
 breeding the Podolian cattle n the United States it S^^^ '" 
 
 whether this very useful cattle wouhrSloseftVdi^pS^^^^ 
 under the inHuence of the soil and climate f hpro "ri.! In . ?li '"^"'■'^^'' 
 jVonj $40 to .$00 per head. luSliua rgesla;ghterr 
 
 a/=?i^^i5^^ 
 
 ln£S^f^.^r^' Jt S' ^'^^'^ ^^odoliaS^r C'lli; 
 
 Ti.Twf ^T} ''''''Z'f''' *'^' ''-^^P^^*^ ^'^ *''e United States would be via Vu„\,. i 
 The cost from Riga to England for cattle varies from ibouVVi s S 1 
 per head. The stock is increasing and is suflicient ?i; hl./^dl !f" 
 
 PET. BOMBOLDT, 
 United States Consular Agency, ('onmlar Agent, 
 
 Riga, November 8, 1883. 
 
 ■M 
 
 Special utatistica concerninfi catlle in the Jialtic provinces. 
 
 Name of Iircetl. 
 
 Annual avo 
 aRo proiluct 
 of milk. 
 
 Habitat. 
 
 Live woiglit. 
 
 Cow, 
 
 Angiln 
 
 Olilonljurj; ... 
 (JlioliiMigoi'ian 
 
 Pounds. 
 4, !)00 
 4,800 
 4,800 
 
 ItiiRHia 
 
 Baltic provinri'M ....' 
 Livoiiio and Curonia. 
 
 liiill. 
 
 roiinih. Ponnda. 
 
 hm\ 1,070 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 Topo/fraphi/ 
 iilln 
 
 winter, !:!■ ]•' 
 
 .illiu ifil : u.l .siUHl, wiMi Mom.i loam ; Hubstratn.n, cliiy. 
 Cultivated fimmx: Titnotliy, (■lov..r, iui.l ryo ltusn: 
 
 color, 
 
 '.s, wIllMI 
 loilicstil' 
 
 licy pro- 
 
 NOi!, 
 
 Jlnedini/ , 
 I'roductn . 
 
 I^iik a;.2S;^:"' ^'"'•"''^"•■^"'^••"•''^^'■'^"'i --• 
 
ferorico to tlu. 
 s«\y tliat tli(- 
 very limit,.,!, 
 wliori! .stock- 
 •prtvsoiitcoii. 
 ■ «at,tl,! (it for 
 
 » ol" Ifll.S.siil), 
 
 )u and iittoii- 
 ^fc- Tiic risj; 
 koiiiiito(!oii- 
 peri men ts in 
 iiscei'tiiiiu'tl 
 >» to (lisdiisc, 
 
 ttloeost ll,!!,. 
 
 ^tiiblisluiieiit 
 enli meat t,) 
 f^rs, I'liiiiiiiijr 
 "<5 A'oin tii,> 
 
 nn Kn<;lan,|. 
 t'*18to$20 
 i<^ (lemaiid. 
 LJ)T, 
 lar Agent, 
 
 vo woiglit. 
 
 lillll. 
 
 too 
 
 }'ounds. 
 I, ;i:.o 
 
 1,«70 
 
 (itiin^; mini', 
 yfiU's, wliiMi 
 111(1 (Idiiii'stii; 
 . 'I'licy pi'o- 
 I'll. 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 iy5 1111114 11 1.6 
 
 
 Oy% 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 145(10 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 <x- 
 
 '*■' 
 
 
 c\ '^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 -C^^ ^\ WrS 
 
 «v 
 
 
 %'■ 
 
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o 
 
 
1 
 
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Ill comp 
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 TliL'ie is 
 import exc 
 poses. 
 
 LTnited 
 
 Same of hreei 
 
 html. Color, 
 
 I Ayishiro typo ; 
 
 at maturity foi 
 
 I iiintiirity : C'ou 
 
 lialf years fs fr 
 
 I,:iil0 poiiiida; i 
 
 ,1,,W to ii.OOO |)< 
 
 iivi'i'aso ])ro(liic 
 
 Topofiraphij of 
 
 1 11.7", July iJeiii 
 
 from Novell) i)or 
 
 jiiiisiitisfiiotorily 
 
 [ clay glacial iiiid 
 
 SuhtraUnn: G 
 
 Cultivated f/raa 
 
 clover iscnltiva 
 
 I uliilo clover is i 
 
 ami Alopecarua p 
 
 Tliocattloaro \ 
 
 I oat.s (crushed), li 
 
 I (III largo f'arni.s th 
 
 Jlriiiu Ayrshire; o 
 
 jwiteil to JSt. Pct( 
 
 1 bey to ucli 
 
 lliist, jiiid in roj 
 
 flljocattle-raisiii 
 
 Tlio mirnbcr < 
 
 [1111(1 in IK) j)ro] 
 
 I breeders. Owii 
 
 11111(1 tbo compet] 
 
 |ot'tlio foreig-n bi 
 
 Tlie purcliasii 
 
 Joxceediiigly viiri 
 
 [sizes and qualiti 
 
KUSSIA. 
 
 525 
 
 CATTLE IN FINLAND. 
 
 UmTED States Consulate, 
 
 Hclsiiififors, June 2G, 1884. 
 
 HERMAN DONNER, 
 ^^<^o and Acting Consul. 
 
 .S-BCrA. SX.TXSTICS COXCKUXUVO CATT.K ^^ Kl...... 
 
 UmcoJ breed, .Jc; Ayrshiro, i)uro uiid half i.i„ i 
 l,ree.I. Color, red aiurwhito, snotte " som iH^'°*^' ^™«««'^ with ori.riml Fin.,; i 
 Ajishiro typo ; Iwivo been broj puro W th^?^^v ^ ^ ™'"'.- '^'"«.V aro tbo woll knn '*'' 
 ;U,.Katnriry f.mr years, wjHMitrwoK'^ 
 maturity: Cow from r,0" to 80"; or Vom ^.fi' t?i» '^*'?' '"^0 *'' 700 poumls si/K? 
 
 ^,kra..«: Granite, di^;'^-.^^ ™-»«- g-vel, dowu .audra;;:i^S'sr 
 
 clover is cltivatod, I.ut nioi^ of Swodfa Xii& of^'^";^^^ « 
 
 while ciover 18 mixed; ryo-grasH does i.ot sUnd f h. r^" •'? *^*'^<^«'»); for ,).^fc , 
 
 laiHlJ/o;)emr«s;)mto.«,«areinucliu8od ^"•* ^^"^ I' i»»'sh winter: ir«/^^' '.^.„" 
 
 ||J(! 
 
 POLISH CATTLE. 
 
 last, and in reply to trausii, t flm fin •""" ''''"'^' circular of Jnlv 1^ 
 (lK;cattIe.raisi/,/inclu«j;^'inyJS. '""^^'''^' ^"^^•"^^ «" the comlS c^" 
 
 ilio number of the Polish mui f,^w • 
 ;•"'' i" "0 proportion wi^' t^'u^e f ^ f o-xceedingly lin^i^o., 
 brmlm. Owing to the cheapness of ^fn """'I*"'? ^* *h« tol stock 
 ^«;" tbo competition with th^ ^'stepne' -u d''"' """\""^^ "'^^^^^ products 
 
 .^"^5^S^:;-: - J5S^^^ ^y this count. 1 
 
 m(ts and .malitiee. ^a"(^ute of the striking differences in their 
 
526 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAHMINO. 
 
 from JO too., rubles, wi.ilo tlii^ ,,ri(,e„f an ox W(.i{r|,i„o' fro i )oo ^ 'M 
 pounds vanes from ;58 to 1 10 rubles and above. " ^" Moi) 
 
 riio total number of eattln in the Ivin-'dom of I'nlii.,! .. 
 V00,000 h..ad, out of wind, .ni.uber TOoloml L^l i.'o' ' , ^r"^ '" 
 largo laudcil j)roi,notor.s, Nvl.ile 2,000,000 head belong to tl ,,.""" "' 
 
 Near y tbo whole of the Polish eattlo sto.;k is etl s e •?'!' ''>■ 
 the milk products to s.j.j.ly the loeal demands, and o. i- £ ' 'T' ^'"1 
 worn out animals arc sold to the l)utohers of viUa-es • "''' ""'I 
 towns. '""ir,ts ,ui(i NiiialliM. 
 
 Some of the hu.«er landcl l>ropri;t;n;';h.a;;:m.Su l^;!;;;; 
 'xen Iron, the Russian " Stei,pe" governments of Volyi i '3^''''^ 
 Jessarab.a fatten, and export them to Berlin and VkM I '"''"'" 
 
 ,001)1 
 
 tlld 
 
 oxen 
 Bess 
 
 or 
 
 and 
 
 As regards the home .lemandsof the dairy products it .n.vi. . 
 stated that hitherto ahnost everywhere with th revr. .V/ ' ^ ^'^''''^^Ivl 
 
 I'll ml 
 
 IHa. 
 
 opii- 
 
 production of milk in the vicinity. '^ "icrciisMl 
 
 The foregoing data have been" eoUec^ted by mv order tl.mn i 
 competent party, and as far as 1 comiMred tlieM.uiH.fi "«'' ^'^""! 
 I nnd them fully representing t;;e -leau ^ .^'^ .« t^;j£^"5^J 
 industry in this country. < '"clobroedingl 
 
 As to the blank forms s(>nt me, I beg resoectfullv t.. 
 regrets that I am unable to (ill then, up or w u ;,• *^-'l"'^^'^'^ '".v 
 
 otlices and t^he prohibit <..' l<.<M.iW suolli^e^ b^; ,^ f;! .^ilif ^ 
 
 I inclose live photognii)hs of I'ol.sh cattle types ' '^''"'• 
 
 UNITKD StATKS CONSITLATE, 
 
 Warsaw, November 3, ISSJj. 
 
 ypi'i 
 
 JOSEPH ItAWlCZ, 
 
 Consul. 
 
"■""""'" foi,i;;i 
 
 '!'"' "I'loiints ti, 
 
 "'•V "'»' old ;i,i,l 
 •*'^ '""l .small,;, 
 
 I IvllS.Slil. 
 
 I.V ;ll>oiit (m,o()|| 
 '^[h while til,. 
 <'t ciittle. 
 
 il>lcm.uil,i,,sori 
 
 '•''''"<l<>Iia,aii,i 
 im. ' 
 
 t '"iiy bo safdv 
 'I'tiou of liirg^l 
 
 \^'"««iUmt(.(iiii| 
 'itiiiits,iu,(lHa. 
 
 ^^'"^•1W.SI)0|M,| 
 
 '» I'l-'.^pectivelvl 
 
 " f 'Hi increased 
 
 t'lrou^'h some 
 »''• 'Statt'iiKMitsJ 
 'iittle-broediiicr 
 
 ;<> cxpros.s iiiyl 
 tlHJ Statistical 
 Hte parties. 
 
 t 
 
 5r] 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 m 
 
i'A 
 
 'f\ M 
 
k 
 
 I 
 
 ni 
 
ta;.i- y,i.-.iii.^» 
 
n 
 
 U 
 
 t f 
 
 1 
 
 1 jyli 
 
 i 
 
 :hb 
 
 if L 1 
 
 
 1,41 
 
■ill 
 
 1 ,. i : 
 
 f 
 
 
 
, 
 
 '11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 1 
 
 1' '1 
 
 1 
 
 L 1 
 
MI 
 
 I herewith be 
 Hliicli 1 liiivc l)l> 
 liiruliii' of Jiil.v 
 ihiit iimiiy of tl 
 by Uio Iioiionibl 
 tl'io director of t 
 
 As to f,'encra 
 Jiiiii{?ary by the 
 1 1111(1 iilso tlie re 
 breeds. 
 
 Tlioujjii lluiis 
 throw olf its pi 
 I'xtont at this il 
 hind is more gei 
 loiifr-acqiiired In 
 
 Tims also the 
 poitaiico to the .' 
 ;;a'at coinpetitio 
 uraiii-raisiiijj so i 
 readied in othei 
 liroper to turn tl 
 only recently coi 
 think the state 
 seemed thus far. 
 
 II 
 
 It hoiDg iiatnr; 
 of its home, nine 
 home race, and 
 eattle may alrea( 
 (lie butcher and . 
 been very few ex 
 
 Of late, howcv 
 lirolitablebraneli 
 experiments and 
 Tliouf^h the expe: 
 .satisfactory, ther 
 
IIUNGAllY. 
 
 5^7 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 II I 
 
 MEAT AND DAIRY CATTLE IN HUNGARY. 
 
 UlCVOUT IIY COXaUL ,STJ':]iNE, OF liUDAVEtiTH. 
 
 1 lieivwith beg to submit nil tbo general iiml statistical inlbrinatiou 
 
 Hliich 1 liiivc bi'eii able to obtaiu in lespoiiso to tlio J department's cattle 
 
 j lirculiii' of July IS, 1883 ; at tlie same time 1 deem ib proper to remark 
 
 ihiit many of the details of my report have been kindly tnrnisbed mo 
 
 by (lie honorable minister of commerce of ITunf>iU'y and Mr. Toruuiy 
 
 academy of Uuda-Pesth. 
 
 I K) 1*1^. *■■ -- ■'-■ — -' - 
 
 till! director of the veterinary 
 
 OATTLE RAISING IN UUNGABY. 
 
 As to f,a'nenxlities, I shall bejjiu by stating the results reached in 
 , JIiiii{,'iuy by the systematic breeding with tbo cattle native to the state 
 I and also the results reached by the introduction of cattle of forei-Mi 
 I breeds. " 
 
 Though Hungary has been making great eilbrts in the last decade to 
 throw oil' its purely agricultural character, it retains such to a "-reat 
 ixtont at this day. Like that of few other li^uropean countries' her 
 liiiiil is more generally iidai)ted to agriculture and her i>eo]>le arc by 
 loiifj-acquired habits more inclined to the oecni)ation of farming. 
 
 Thus also the raising of cattle was always an industry of "-rent im- 
 portance to the state, only exceeded by that of grain production ' The 
 ;;a'at competition, however, in late yeurs, by other countries, has made 
 uriiiiiraising so unprofitable that, also considering the favorable results 
 readied in other countries by stock-raising, tlio"^ people have found it 
 proper to ttirn their attention more in this direction, and thou"h it is 
 only recently comparatively that .systematic elibrts have been made J 
 think the state has already cause to congratulate itself on the results 
 scciueil thus far. 
 
 IIUNGABIAN MEAT AND WORK CATTLE. 
 
 it being natural that the native cattle is best adapted to the country 
 ofits home, much attention lias been given to iniprove and i)erfect the 
 home race, and this has resulted so successftdly that the ilun-nirian 
 lattle may already be considered very superior animals, especiaTly for 
 Ihe butcher and heavy work. For these purposes there have therefore 
 
 the 
 been 
 
 eigu race 
 
 y work. l<or these purposes „,^ i;ut^ii:iwiu 
 
 very few expiniments made in the introduction of animals of for- 
 
 CROSS BREEDS FOB DAIRYING. 
 
 Ot late, however, it has appeared that '' 1 irv farming" is the more 
 prolitable branch of stock-raising. The couiiir., is tlierefore makin"- its 
 expernnents and applying the results of these more in this direcUon 
 lliongii the expenments with foreijrn breeds Imyo uof iwu.,. ,,n,,.....,]i.! 
 satisfactory, there have been a few which have resulted soweirthai 
 
528 
 
 CATTLE AND J)A1KY FARMING. 
 
 lor dairy laniiin^r theso hav(i already been ac(j('i)ted as (staiKlmd shi i 
 and they no doubt will soon largely replace the nalive catlk' fop ti 
 jmrpose, tliouj>h these cannot be called nnitrolitable daiiv uiin, 1' 
 either. ' ' "'"-^ 
 
 The most satisfactory of these experiments have been Imd wjtii ti 
 cattle from the Alps (Switzerland and tln^ Tyrol), and these mv il, 1. ' ' 
 l)ra(!ticaliy bred in the north and west of llnngary, also on ilic'eii' '^ 
 border on the hijjher situated pastures of the Kari)athian Moulif ;' " 
 and tiieir valleys. Of the the above the " Ked Spotted'" (11^. ^i\y 
 {?aner" race) and the "Brown cattle" (the race "lirachiceros") ,]1T 
 to be specially mentioned. ' ^^^^'"^ 
 
 Positively bad results have been made with the cattle liom HoU 
 and Oldenbury and those from the northwest coast of the c 
 yeuerally. 
 
 STATE ENCOURAGEMENT OF OATTLE-UKlOEDIXd. 
 
 I'oiitiiieiH 
 
 In this work for iiuprovemciif tiie peo[)le an; ,i,'r(>;itly assisliii I 
 the government of the state, not only by very instructive iiiKlco'ii,,,, , , 
 able methods of instruction, Imt also by financial aid wIh.i,. sh 
 needed; there are otner privileges --ranted as a further siiniiiV, ,'," 
 those who will be guided by the system adoi)ted. '" 
 
 To go into details : The state has been divided into brecdinu. ,ij,,,,: 
 in each of which model farms liavo been establislied, iiiostiv on 1,, i 
 belonging to the (Jrown. These farms are managinl and Iidd eitln' l ' 
 the state authorities or by the wealthy gentry, some of wlioinsimu ' 
 ceptional energy and enterprise in this field. They are strcl',.,! v ri 
 the best breeding stock suitable to the locality, either of tlio iiitiv 
 ioreign races. ' '" 
 
 From t hese centers the individual I'.irmer.s or breeders, and iilso vill ,-, . 
 (!onsumers, are supplied with breeding animals on very favor ihlcf,,,',!;^ 
 of payment, upon the condition that the jirogeny be illaced n tli,. 
 posal of tlie mother establishment for lurther sale and di'stiihnfinr 
 liius the state is oeing stocked only with such animals asli.nc ii,„n ' 
 by experiment and practice to be best adapted not only to (lie (.'iimt ' 
 at large but also to the separate districts, and in tlie saiiic i.n.noriinn 
 mongrel, defective breeds are gradually being extinguisliud. In', s' („( ' 
 tune seveulysix such model farms have been criMted, oneol'v i,i,.|'| ,',i'' 
 contains four hundred native bulls. Willi such a system it can hm I 
 sonably expected that soon a c()m[)lete change can be bioii'dil ■ihnn ij 
 the direction proving to bo the most practical. '^ ' 
 
 THE WHITE CATTLl'. OF IIUNOAUY, 
 
 There are two races of cattle in Hungary which can he called ii ,ivr 
 the ■so-called "AVhite cattle'" and the '• I'.utfalo." Of these ivii iii,i 
 former seems to be very well adapted for domestication in the Iniu'ii 
 States and becoming I hus of s])e('ial interest. I shall Iutc give a .shori 
 sketch of the animal as far as my iiinlfed knowledge of tlio snhjcct iiii 
 its technicalities will safely permit me to venture, l' liopc, liowcvci \k] 
 peoidoof t>ie United States inay I)e able to draw i)ractical conclusions | 
 Irom this sketch, tlie foregoing generalities, a. id the statistical ivsiilts 
 accompanying my report. 
 
 I herewith transmit t woi)Iiot(igraphs of ilungarian eatt!o,'>tlio Wliitej 
 native," referred to at length in my previous dispatch. I tliiiik tliivsc 
 iiictuies arc very iiue oiie.s. 
 
 m- 1.. 
 
 
 v- 
 
 
 If 
 
 i 
 
~1 
 
 ' <-iiuk. lb,, ti,;, 
 
 • '''"l with tlu. 
 CSC :ir(. ,.|Iiv;|,iy 
 
 ."" ''"^ eastH'i, 
 laii -Uoiiiitiii,, 
 
 d' (tliL-q-,,,,. 
 
 Jeros") deserve 
 
 ,';•;"" nollaii.i 
 
 y iissislcil hv 
 :>iuU;i)i|||,„,|,|j 
 
 ^^■'"'I't! Slldi is 
 >■ f^tiiiiiiliiiit t(i 
 
 '<li";;'<listiic(s 
 "■^t'y on liiiui, 
 •"■Idcitlicriiv 
 
 'VllOlll,s||0\V(.,\. 
 
 ; i^tcckcd with 
 ' tlio iialivcor 
 
 11(1 also vijhiooj 
 
 ivorahlotenlls 
 ''il lit tlio (lis. 
 
 1 <li.Sfl'ilMlti(1l|. 
 
 '•■^ li.'ivc pnivcii 
 f<> lliccdiiiitrv 
 "*' I>fiii)oni()iij 
 '<!• Iiiasliditj 
 
 '»f'\Vl|icl|;i;,)||,, 
 
 it can l;t'iv;i) 
 •ii«:Iil ai'oiii ill 
 
 iMilcdii.iivi'; 
 
 ilCSC IWII liic 
 
 in tlic riiiinl 
 I'^ivcasJKiri 
 ;Iio snlijirr 
 
 llOWCVCl', llifj 
 
 il conclusions | 
 istical results 
 
 ,''tli('\Vlim. 
 tliink tliosu I 
 
 I'VJ 
 
 i 
 
 fi- H > 
 
-<«tiM 
 
 Z 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 ! < 
 
 I n 
 
 I 
 c 
 z 
 c 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 z 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 "^■.:'H 
 
 • x- 
 
! ^ 
 
 [ z 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 ! < 
 
 I n 
 
 I 
 c 
 z 
 c 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 > 
 
 z 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ■^s" 
 
 U 
 }■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 If 
 
 I 
 
 '1 
 
 J 
 
 JIB 
 
 f 
 
 
 il 
 
 1. 
 
 i:^H 
 
The lior; 
 
 As 11 1'iu; 
 
 ^rcuiiis," C( 
 
 (•red (|uitc 
 
 thus far i 
 
 breeding » 
 
 Meat rtW( 
 
 tWOfCiipiU 
 
 and their 
 niiikcs tlic 
 motor, aiul 
 " Far Wes 
 makes tlio 
 (jiiick worl 
 will ciisily 
 their fattoi 
 ma I lire nn 
 Tlie"W 
 oil c\'er,v c 
 est alluvial 
 sea level tl 
 uiarly wlie: 
 useful as a 
 ing. 
 
 Descripti 
 
 the fjood a) 
 
 The coloi 
 
 the tail end 
 
 with a pill I 
 
 owiii},' to tb 
 
 is small, th 
 
 thick and s 
 
 the bull is 
 
 and more ii 
 
 Theinime 
 
 of the lica( 
 
 meter in lei; 
 
 feet ion in tl 
 
 of the sifjn! 
 
 value as a s 
 
 beautiful ai 
 
 quite a nob 
 
 The eyes 
 
 lively, and 1 
 
 The eai's 
 
 ing. 
 
 The neck 
 
 than the liei 
 
 The back 
 
 poorly sbap 
 
 strong; the 
 
 The sides 
 
 which the el 
 
 capable Innj 
 
 animals. 
 
 H.Es 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 629 
 
 The horns of the cow nre oxcpptionally short. 
 
 As a raco the* *'White cuttle" beloiif; to the Kionp **l{os taurim nriiiii. 
 pcuiiis," commonly called "I'odolian" and itexiHtHmoro particularly in 
 Kiisterii Europe. Althoufjh Uni animal here in Hungary is notcou'sid- 
 tivd (|uit(^ perfect m yet, it \h cliwmed that, ot the race, thoso here have 
 tims tiir reached the highest state of perfection, and the systematic 
 bm-dinK applied will no doubt soon develop the perfect animal. 
 
 Ment and labor qualities.— 'I he qualities mainly recoinmen<ling it are 
 
 two; capacity for fatteninfjandtheqiuintityandqualityof meat produced 
 and their great usefidness as working animals. The latter quality 
 iniikes tliem espe(!ially valuable here where the ox is the principal 
 motor, and 1 think that this should equally recommend them to the 
 "Fur West" of the United States, where the breaking up of the new soil 
 makes the steady, heavy work of the ox more practi<!al than the light 
 quick work of the horse. As a sample I am informed that u pair of oxen 
 will eiisily plow about U actres of land (5 inchcH deep per day. As to 
 tbdr fattening capacity 1 must add the caution that the animal does not 
 maliue as rapidly as that of some other races. 
 
 The " White cattle" is raised in all parts of Hungary, since it prospers 
 ou every class of sod ; the poor sandy, the peat and clay, or the rich- 
 est alluvial. For localities at an elevation of more than 3,500 feet above 
 .sea U'vel the animal is not adapted. It is, therefore, found more partic- 
 ularly where grain production is ])racticed, thus enabling it to be made 
 useful as a draft animal, while being also near the distilleries for fatt'»n- 
 ing. 
 
 Description.— In the physical description accompanying this rcDort 
 tlie good average animal is spoken of. 
 
 The color is a silvery white or gray, with black mouth and nostrils, and 
 the tad ending m a long black tassel. Animals of a pure white color 
 with a pinky mouth are found occasionally, but these are not popular 
 owing to their sensitiveness to the intluence of the weather. The head 
 is small, the line of the forehead straight and covered with a more or less 
 thick and soft tuft of hair; the nose is slightly rounded. The head of 
 the bull 18 more massive, with coarser outlines, the hair a little darker 
 and more inclined to curl. 
 
 The immense and 1 -eautiful horns grow a little horizontal from . he sides 
 of the head before they curve up and outward; many specimens over a 
 meter in length are found, those a yard long being quite common. Per- 
 fection m the correct shape of the horns is highly valued, this being one 
 of the signs of i^urity of race. Besides the horns have a commercial 
 value as a substitute for whalebone, and, when properly mounted, make 
 beautiful articles of decoration. Altogether the head gives the animal 
 quite a noble, majestic appearance. 'timuai 
 
 The eyes face rather outwardly, are very large, black, almond-shaped. 
 In fly, and frequently more fiery than desired. ' 
 
 _^^ The ears are firm, reasonably hairy, and point sidewise, not droop- 
 
 ti.!n *ii"''f ''1 ^"'''''''^' "'•"'■'''''^ V^«''' ""•^ '« f'^o"' 10 to 15 per cent. Icuger 
 than the head, measuring each from the line of the forehead 
 
 nnnrlv «w''/"''^'' ^T'}' •"'*^ '''''•X "'"«*^^^"''«r, sway-backed or otherwise 
 
 ronX.f;;/ •"'"'/''" ^'"^' ''"■*''^' "'^^ '^■*"'' tl'*^ «r«"l> >« broad and 
 strong ; the tail is also strong. 
 
 wS ti^Z ''^"\" ^'''"'^ ''"'', ^'"''*'^' '•'"^'' »"*^ ^l^'^^P' J» consequence of 
 Si ''''''"l ^''^''' ''"'^^ dimensions, whi(;h, with their very 
 
 animais ""^^' ^''"^^ ""liual to be so speciaiiy wtll adapted as draft 
 
 H. Ex. 51^ 34 
 
 !■ I' 
 
 ffS 
 
 if 
 
 ilvj^H 
 
 l» 
 
 m 
 
530 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY lAHMINO. 
 
 The wltl.«r« nr« lon^ and bnnul ; aho tho h.ii.H, thou-M. tli...« 
 Bomotirnos fonn.l longer timii tlicy .sliould proiu'ily be. ''^ ''«^ 
 
 «Iiai.e(, j.iulc.mipii<a; the f„n.ant. is Hat, very bioa.l, a , ' f '"''-V 
 w, hviH.bkwn.KscU's; (he knee is bnm.l; th'eshin short'w t o,, ! 7'*'' 
 boiicH ; the HUiewM clearly .leHne.l ; the fetlock very shaneh m" " ''.' 
 porportion ami the hoeCs ho strong, an.l linn that 'it bee.,.,,,.?' ^'"•'•' 
 to Nhoo working annnals only on the rou^jhest ioa<ls "^"^s«ury 
 
 MeanuremeHt and wdyht.~T\ni followinif '« a detail ineasi..-<.,„ . 
 good average animals: '^ "'< ''NnU'iniMit of 
 
 Uesoriptiou. 
 
 Length of hmul „ 
 
 Uieuiltliol hciiil, wIdMt imit '.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'. Mrteri.. 
 
 iin^ad Ml <]f liciitl, nun owutt part ..'.'.'"" <<>•.. 
 
 LniKtlKifiifik .... '"••• 
 
 } «tli of liftckt« point of liwf rill .'.' '" ■ 
 
 'ilrrli ineaMiito •'"' •• 
 
 IJieaillhof lii|)H .,"'.'.' ' " • 
 
 Total leiiKjIi, iiH almvo, of oxira aiilini'iiH.' .".".■.'.■.■.'.■.■ ' ," • 
 
 lota luwKlit,a»ab..ve, offxtniaiihimlM . |"■•• 
 
 1 otal uiit h iiK'UHui i>, iiH alKK e, ol iixti ii arilinalH. .■.■.■.■.■.■.'.■.'.■ ,'i,?' ' ' 
 
 ■Weight of extra aiilnialH .' I>oiiihIh. 
 
 do... 
 
 Hull. 
 
 Ul 
 (iS 
 '.'■.'< 
 IM 
 UI'J 
 .'it 
 ^45 
 
 ir>7 
 
 l,:iMi 
 
 Cow. 
 
 
 not 1 
 
 M.,1 
 
 TI 
 
 24.5 
 
 
 19.3 
 
 Willi 
 
 62 
 
 spt'ci 
 
 2IH 
 
 
 1.^ 
 
 
 11)1 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 m 
 
 Th 
 
 2\i 
 
 ■-'14 
 
 III 
 
 him 
 
 Fatteninj, (jtmlitU's.— Ah to their capacity for fattenin.r if „,.,, . 
 as a sample that a certain herd of siven 'hundred an ^h ,". S 
 o n^^-worked oxen were brought in one humlred and eiyh e • , h ■!' ■ 
 fattening from an average weight of l,li(.H) pounds to l'("nmml 
 Younger animals have been known to gain as much as •{ '.4 1^ ' ' 
 day in distilleric^s and equally goo,l r'esults hav^, b^j/tC S 
 hrstclass tarm feeding, in short, it is claimed, after many st S.T 
 uomce of cattle will compare with this one in the reLl^SS:;;^ 
 
 Dairy qualitm.—l am informed, as to their (luality for the dairv th.t 
 u more favorab h. localities much better results hav^, bee ireaS t m 
 those stated m the statistical table herewith ; that these shoS.fal 
 only to meduim animals umler medium circumstances ^ 
 
 i nee.— In price they range as follows: Bulls of medium to first-chs. 
 qmUity are worth from $80 to $1L'0 for three-year ohls, ai,Vt?or$60 
 8100 tor two-year-olds; exceptionally fine animals, of course, in .ronm 
 
 sex trom S-0 to §40. Lpon application 1 can furnish the juldrcsses of 
 breeders of the more thoroughbred herds. -'"un .sses oi 
 
 THE nUNGARLVN BUFFALO CATTLE. 
 
 1 have not been able to obtain an accurate description of tlieotlier 
 race of native catt e of Hungary, the '' Buffalo," but fro... iny , er« 
 observation and information I can say the followiii.^ • 
 
 The Buffalo is a black, shaggy, uncouth-lookliig animal, with rather 
 hoiizoutaii,/ ;'i> g head, backward drooping, short, and heavy horns ; 
 It 18 tar m. ..; jiocile f . an its appearance would indicate, and oiujccount 
 of severa! « r -; tij-ts it might justly be called the mule of Hungary. 
 Its extrcijo foujjhness and, if I may call it so, its modesty in rfiqiiirift- 
 
IIUNOARY. 
 
 531 
 
 nieiit of food and carp, iiro Uh moMt n'rrmrkahlo (imilitioa. It is them- 
 fori' ,s|H'('iiill.v popultir in localiti<^H wlu'it* lood is ueither '\UHity nor ccumI 
 aiitl everywhere it receivcH tho tmitmont of a "stepcliii.l" in this re- 
 
 S|)('(!t. 
 
 It is fond of tho water and thriven best in swampy sect lonM, will in 
 tact, decrease in size if liept in Urn dry localities, *lt is a verv iiouii 
 work unimul where speed is not r<"Miiu.d, (lisplavinj; apiin in tliis thu 
 e<|iiiiriiinity of the mule. The milk is noted for its riehness. 
 
 The Hutt'alo is raised, in nnmbers of any <;ons(.<|uen<-(', oidv on the 
 low bottom lands of the Dannbe, the Theiss, and the J)rave, all these 
 (listriets beiiij;- noted fiu- their <lampness. For the same reason I think 
 heeoaldbe pnietically introduced in the southern portions of the United 
 States; in Kh»rida, for instance, where, us it is, the domestic calth' do 
 not thrive so well. 
 
 Tlieie are also a few herds of thor()u;,dibred Butfaloes kept up here 
 Willi the object of maintaiiiintr the <piality of the race. First class 
 spi'ciiiieiiS can be had for from foO (o $1(10. 
 
 i 
 
 riOUSINO AND PEEDINO. 
 
 The usual manner of keeping the cattle here is as follows- 
 III summer they are allowed the run of the fields; these not bein" 
 feiieed, the animals are in eharf,'e of herders, larf,'e heids beiriL' und'-r 
 professional herders, while ilie women or children look after the animals 
 of the smaller farmers. 
 
 Ill winter the small farmers keep their stock in stables. The larijo 
 licrdH are kept in sheds, which are proteete<l towards the north while 
 the south sides iiro open to allow the animals the run of the adj'oiniii"- 
 imddocks during daytime; sometimes they are kept altogether' unpr(r- 
 ti'cted during winter, since the animal can easily stand Uo F, below 
 zero. Hut all have to be fed during winter, Hungary eeemin-dv not 
 having those grasses from whi(rh, as in our "Far West," cattle can make 
 tbeir own living during winter. The small farmer feeds cut feed, while 
 the large herds receive straw, corn-stalks, a little corn, and poor hay. 
 
 nilEEDTNG IN UUNOARY. 
 
 Inbreeding is never deviated from, crosses being altogether disouali- 
 tied as breeding stock. 
 
 The bull is i)ermitted to run with the herd in March, remaining' with 
 It three or four months. Calves begin to be dropped in January, and 
 It Ks claimed that these which are dropped on the snow are the hardiest 
 and best. 
 
 Breeding begins with the third year, the bull being considered fullv 
 capable until his ninth, and the cow until her thirteenth, year. 
 
 Working cuttle arc broken in at four, and remain fully tit for work 
 during eight, years. 
 
 For fattening they are considered ripo at four, but are at their best 
 when seven, years old. 
 
 nUNGAUlAN nUTTEB AND CHEESE MAKING. 
 
 The country consumes much milk and sweet cream, not so much 
 
 butter being used for the tnb!*^ SIS ill «iio rTi.if".! Hf..f.... rri, ^,^,„ 
 
 are \ery exacting as to the quality of these things, and use only sweet 
 
 
 id 
 
^^^ CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 butter. Lately the system of making butter from sweet mill. i. 
 rators is becounng quite popular. Cheese is ma "eXr the '^.Jf, 'J^ 
 Holland aud SNY.tzerland, the ftit, half fat, and the cream T'l°^^ "^ 
 I.W. not^see;. any cheese here of the character of^.^/'^f^^LSu,! 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS OF HUNGARY. 
 
 for Z S^r- ■■"■•' ""^ ''"' «"""«'' """ "- "™"""«V*K 
 The census of 1881 showed : 
 
 Native White cattle I'croent 
 
 RedSpolted ,•„ 
 
 Krown cattle ao 
 
 liutliilo aud crosses ••----........!.!!... -".! ]fi 
 
 1() 
 
 The following were the numbers of each aud of all : ^"^ 
 
 Native: 
 
 BuIIh 
 
 cowH ;;■ • id-Q., 
 
 X«"»ff'=a'tic :::::::":: '^■<m 
 
 O'^"" ;;:::::::: ]■"■■'.':« 
 
 Total — __. 
 
 "l.Ow-iij 
 
 Red Spotted and Browu: -r=^ 
 
 BullH 
 
 Cows 14 -.,2 
 
 Young stock 4!t<)'"^7 
 
 O^"" 404, 1-^4 
 
 m.ori 
 
 Total Red Spotted and Browu " 
 
 ^ ^ 1,0:17,774 
 
 Oxen of ditiereut races in fatteniu" ===== 
 
 i^"»aio«s ?.;::: iia,« 
 
 ^ , 'Am 
 
 Grand total in ccn.sus of 1S81 === 
 
 Grand total in cen.sus of 1H7I i">,;)ll,H78 
 
 ■ ii/^H),]!);! 
 
 Increase in ten years 
 
 . This seems to be and is, in fact, a very small "incrisefbrsnr.h ., , '' ''1 
 lu a conn ry which is so well adapted for cattle raisinr-.i 1 tn E "' 
 uterest It is as n.uch as I have pointed out. I i cHevt' 1 o o w H 
 the next census will .show far more satisfact()i-v res , t. ii ^^^ ' ^'''^ 
 matic ellbrts have h.',.,. l„M.„n <„.k i/; 1 vViS^'^^ '^'"<i« the syste- 
 
 IMPORTS ni' CATTLE INTO DUNGAEY. 
 
 Hungary i.s able to raise and is raising all the cattle nee.l^.i .t i,n,„ 
 for any purpose, and produces a surplus in cattle fbietdar 
 
 purposes, and these, as 1 have shown, conte nearly altogether frotn tlie 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 533 
 
 Tyrol and Switzerland. Besides this, the territory is usually barred 
 against the countries to the south and east, Servia and Koumania 
 whicli are the only states also having a practical surplus. This prohibi- 
 tion i8 in consequence of certain cattle diseases frequently occurrin"- 
 
 there. " 
 
 IMPORTS OF CANNED BEEF FROM THE " NITED STATES. 
 
 Specially from the Dnited States the only article imported connected 
 with this branch is canned beef but this in such small quantities that 
 it hardly deserves being recorded, and I do not anticipate that the im- 
 port from the United States will assume larger proportions or be of 
 any other character, 
 
 EXPORTS OP HUNGARIAN MEATS AND MEAT CATTLE. 
 
 The export of the surplus of Hungary meets with similar difficulties 
 in the direction of Germany as ihat of the United States, experiences 
 with the products of swine. Germany seems to be as much afraid of 
 HuTigarian cattle diseases as of the "dreaded American trichinje." 
 Sb Hnents of live cattle to Germany are therefore prohibited. The 
 on ' practical outlet is Austria and its i)rovinces ; but to show how 
 "l)rotection " is becoming the " parole" all over Eurojje, I may mention 
 tbat though perfect free trade exists within Austria-Hungary, both be- 
 ing within one and the same customs district, the former state has 
 lutely made quite a serious attempt to exclude the cattle of the latter- 
 the attempt, however, has failed, and I will therefore not go further 
 into the details of it. 
 
 Ita'y is open to Hungarian cattle and beef, but seem- to find them 
 too good or too dear for her demands. 
 
 Kepeated eftbrts have been made to export dressed beef in refrigator 
 cars to France (Paris), but the obstructions and difliculties proved too 
 great and the ventures failed. For veterinary, sanitary reasons (?) 
 Germany would not allow dressed beef to pass through its tevritory 
 (somewhat as she objects of late to American pork passing through' iii 
 transit). The beef therefore had to be taken by the roundabout way 
 through Northern Italy, which proved too tedious, and 1 suppose too ex- 
 ])ensive to make the undertaking practical or profitable. During the 
 coming summer the new Arlberg tunnel route will be opened, and this 
 it is hoped, will give a more direct route to France and, at the same 
 time, make Switzerland a possible field of export. 
 
 JJniigary and Austria belonging as stated to one and the same cus- 
 toms district, there is no oflicial statistics kei)t of the interstate trade 
 the exact number of cattle shipped from the one to the other is there- 
 fore not known. The railroads show that during ]88;i there were 
 183,000 head of cattle shijiped from Hiuigary toA^istria; nearly half 
 ot tins luunber went to Vienna alone. Of course, many were taken 
 across the border on foot, but there is no record of these. ' Many of the 
 cattle thus taken to Austria, outside of the larger cities, are work-oxen 
 a good pair of such being worth about ^'2U{) to $220. ' 
 
 HEALTHINESS OF HUNGARIAN CATTLE. 
 
 The cattle of the Hungarian race are peculiarly free from disease, and 
 the experience of many years has proven more particularly that the 
 oneutaJ cattle plague, though it is at home at no great distance to 
 
 If '' 
 
 & , I' 
 
 JAiimi i 
 
534 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMIXG. 
 
 eti.""-^" fr.o.K.„.,, caused i„ other co„„tr??»"Sf f„i'J\;;:„";;;;;;:,'.;,.j, 
 
 The ''autrax" and " treumatic affections" arp thp nnU. -• 
 
 COST OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITEP STATFS 
 
 states choapl.v, m.d would probably be "atSd w iml ^ ^'^ "'" ^'"'^ed 
 simply having tlieir passage paid. ^^'''*'^*^*^ ''''*^^ ^^^ «o»"PeDsation ot 
 
 ROUTES OF EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 pe^n.^sncl, transportation through it?tSrv sS.^^ """^"'d 
 
 induce<l to make un exception when itcan Kown tl.^l ^'' VV^'*^^^ 
 does not n,ean conM.«tition for any of htr e^'luZu^f^^^^ 
 
 does not -oan conipomSn t^;^^^l^S'J:?Si"^^such sy^ 
 
 Another route would be via Fiun"e oJ TrL^e o tL^lt 
 
 •, would involve n.. nvorlnno- L/J.l?.„l"'J^''<^^M^'''at'c. This, 
 
 , v.wiv ...»uui ue Mil i< uuie or Triesttt nil tim \ i 
 
 ters sea ports, or, what would ^^^e^mt^J^:^:^,!':''' ''' 
 to Irance via the "Arlberg tunnel" and Switierlaud ' "'^"^^ 
 
 OUTLOOK FOR OATTLER. VISING IN HUNGARY. 
 
 meat and dairy product sup,)liis/ Der t^.^t^'^l .t S' '" * ^' ^''^^ «f 
 adaptation ibr stock-raising should hav,. ,!,.<[; i ''"^' '"", '""^ l'^'^"l'ar 
 it is only of late that she t^h^u^mW^J::':/^ ■'"' '"'-^ '^"' 
 this interest or industry to the state not onh , , ^''^' '"il'"if»"<:e of 
 
 profitableness but also for otl er reaJon s "^ j\^.^.^^ '\' ^'^S^ev 
 
 iimg of my report. ii a.sons, as J have shown at the l)egiu. 
 
 I must say again, however, not only the Deonlr. hnf .,i. m 
 mentof the state are working in the most r?,: . ','l'' ^^'^ ^''^"^'''"• 
 wards a practical reconstruct^ oFitri^sr T'td 'h'''''"''^",'; ^"• 
 doubt succeed as much as earnest andpnScalefloi /''^^^ '""•"" 
 ot success, pxaciicai eOoifs are deserving 
 
 HENRY STEILXE, 
 United States Consulate, ^''"*"'- 
 
 BudaPcNt/i; April 10, 1884. 
 
HUNGARY. 
 
 Special statistics concerning cattle in Hungary. 
 
 535 
 
 Eace. 
 
 Height at maturity. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Hungarian cattle, " "White 
 cattle," "Podolian race." 
 
 Red Spotted 
 
 IJrown cattle, "Bracliiccros 
 
 Vinzsancr 
 
 Maricnhofer 
 
 IJutfaio 
 
 Meterg. 
 1.55 
 
 1.4C 
 . 1.22 
 1..10 
 1.43 
 1.38 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Meters. 
 1. U6 
 
 1.27 
 1. .W 
 1.52 
 1.45 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Meiers. 
 1. .W 
 
 1. .-.2 
 1.28 
 
 1. ;i« 
 
 1. i)0 
 1.39 
 
 Live-wcicht at lua- 
 tuiity. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Lhs. 
 1,215 
 
 1, 249 
 
 !):.() 
 
 990 
 
 1,171 
 
 1,149 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 Lbs. 
 •1,2«0 
 
 1,392 
 1, 105 
 1, 409 
 1,282 
 1,304 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1, ;)Hi 
 
 1,878 
 1,459 
 1,430 
 ],ni3 
 1, 193 
 
 Color. 
 
 Light gray and white. 
 
 Rod spotted. 
 Badgor-giay colored. 
 Kod-apottcd, darlt. 
 Light cream colored. 
 Black. 
 
 Eace. 
 
 Iliiiigariim cattle, " White 
 cattle." "Podolian race." 
 
 Ki'dSi)ottcd 
 
 Blown cattle, " Brachicoros ' 
 
 PiDZgaiier 
 
 Marienhofer 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Weight of 
 
 meat at ma- 
 
 tuiity.t 
 
 Age at ma- 
 turity. 
 
 How long bred 
 purely. 
 
 Per cent. 
 53. 8 to 06. 
 
 56. 7 to 64. 
 53. 2 04. 8 
 52. no. 9 
 53. 3 62. 5 
 51. 59. 
 
 I 
 
 Tears. 
 
 2* to 3 
 3' 3i 
 3 3} 
 2 3 
 4 
 
 Always 
 
 Several centuries 
 
 Always 
 
 Since' 1740 
 
 Since 1728 
 
 Always 
 
 Average 
 
 (juantityof 
 
 milk per 
 
 year.} 
 
 OaUons. 
 180 
 
 405 to 517 
 440 550 
 380 495 
 334 404 
 190 214 
 
 Milk 
 
 contains 
 
 fat. 
 
 Per cent. 
 7.58 
 
 4. 80 to 6. 41 
 3. 35 4. 66 
 3.89 6.11 
 3. 61 4. 48 
 
 Eace. 
 
 a 
 o f 
 
 H\ingarian cattle, "White 
 
 cattle," " I'odolian race." 
 
 Kod Spotted 
 
 Urown cattle,' 
 i'iiizgauer ... 
 
 'Erachiceros" 
 
 Marienhofer . 
 Buffalo 
 
 Pr.ct. 
 
 5. 63 
 
 4. 35 
 
 ,3.81 
 4.17 
 
 4.18 
 
 Total result of the products. 
 
 o 
 
 ■i 
 
 Trs. 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Eemarks. 
 
 3i 
 7 
 
 Pr.cl. 
 fiO.2 
 
 1 
 flails. 
 
 180 
 
 60.3 
 
 460 
 
 59.0 
 57.0 
 
 494 
 438 
 
 ,57. 9 
 
 369 
 
 54.0 
 
 208 
 
 Pounds. 
 133 
 
 208 to 247 
 
 195 
 
 182 
 
 221 
 206 
 
 144 
 
 IM. 
 212 
 
 442 
 
 442 
 347 
 
 217 
 
 Description in text. 
 
 Long, deep, heavy cattle 
 
 with coarse bone.s. 
 Strung but not coarse bones. 
 Strong bones, and choice as 
 
 to (|Uality of fond. 
 Tender animals, producing 
 
 very heavy oxen. 
 Description in text. 
 
 
 ! 'i 
 
 a- 
 
 'In working condition. 
 
 t Percentage of gross weight, including some tallow in the outside weights, the inside weights for 
 unfattoned, good .conditioned animals. 
 J Calculated for three luin(lrc<i days of milking. 
 
 I Net weight of meat by per cent, from gross weight. 
 
 II Supposed total of year of three hundred milking days. 
 
536 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING 
 
 Special statistics concerning cattle in Mungary-Continn.a. 
 
 No. 
 
 Origin of the race, 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 Hungarian cattle, native of Hungi 
 
 Simmenthaler, native of Switzerland ^1*^*1 ^^i 
 
 Brown cattle, native of Bavaria . . 15 *H4 m 
 
 Eed Spotted, native of tlie Tyrol ... I) *10 | 24 
 
 Cream-colored, native of Styria. .. T"* 
 
 Buffalo, native of Dgypt .......;. 
 
 No. 
 
 Topography. 
 
 Dry or damp. 
 
 ^"■y I Flat and hilly 
 
 ^"""P Mountainous 
 
 ■-do I do 
 
 .. do 
 
 --•do 
 
 8 Damp and dry.. 
 
 * Reaumur. 
 
 Beat resulta have been reached where marked " 1 
 Detailed wights of the diffetevt parts of 
 
 D(.P8 not do ao well 
 D<;i8 bent wliere in. 
 Practical for liigh lo. 
 Doi's speoiciiv well 
 
 K^;'<ult8 obtained uot 
 HO favorable. 
 
 "^'^"'^'^ Of iJ,e Hungarian race of cattle. 
 
 Live weight ... 
 Sliin and horns 
 
 Blood saved 
 
 Stomach and conti'uts 
 
 I ddcr with contents. 
 
 iict and mouth . 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Keniaining two <|uartcr8 '. 
 
 Breast 
 
 Entrails and lung 
 Total sum 
 
 '-'•« 
 
 1.37 
 
 I'll! ' 
 
 11.06 
 
 
 i;.9.5 
 
 ■2:]i> : 
 
 r'.M 
 
 4-4 
 
 :' j. (10 
 
 J«l 
 
 7.P0 
 
 •"i 
 
 2.61 
 
 ,');) I 
 
 im 
 
 (i9 . 
 
 3,86 
 
 iOO. uo 
 
 1. 774 I 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 537 
 
 DOMINIOK OF CANADA. 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 
 
 OPERATIONS OF CANADIAN CATTLE COMPANIES IN THE UNITED 
 
 STATES.. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL PARKER, OF BHERBROOKE. 
 
 The Cochrane Cattle Company, of wliich Hon. Mr. Cochrane of the 
 Hill Hurst Farm, Comptou, is the president, owns very extensive grass 
 lauds near the Eocky Mountains in the British Northwest, where the 
 company is breeding and grazing largo numbers of cattle. With these 
 herds the managers are now using Polled Angus and Hereford bulls to 
 produce the best crosses with the native stock, and grades of Shorthorn 
 and native parentage, which constitute the base of the herds. Expe- 
 rience has established it as a fact, they think, that the grade cattle pro- 
 duced by this crossing of the Aberdeens and Herefords with the rank 
 and tile of the herds, endure the rigors of the climate better and fatten 
 more easily than any grades that they have been heretofore able to se 
 cure. The Dominion Cattle Company now has a lease from the Chero 
 kee Indians of 284,000 acres of pasture lancls, and also of a large body of 
 land near the former in the Pan Handle of Texas. Upon these lauds the 
 company has located forty thousand head of cattle, mostly grades of " 
 native Texas and Shorthorn parentage, and not a few of them the chil- 
 dren of second crossings of these grades with Shorthorn sires. The man- 
 agers say that this continued crossing of grades of Shorthorn and Texan 
 extraction with Shorthorns j)roduces coarseness and legginess to an ex- 
 tent that renders the cattle harder to fatten and slower to mature That 
 in short, the third or fourth generations produced by that kiTid of cro'ss- 
 mg wdl not become sufficiently fat for butcher's use ui)ou grass alone 
 and that lierdsmen who have followed that line of crossing persistently 
 are now only able to sell cattle to the feeders. To correct this tendenc'v 
 Polled Angus und Hereford bulls have been introduced, and the result's 
 ni the herds of the Dominion Cattle Company give promise of bein«'- 
 highly satisfiictory. " 
 
 The methods of this company are i)erhaps worthy of a short di"-res- 
 sion trom the main subject in hand. It occupies a breeding farm of 7,000 
 acres, near Emporia, Kans., which is used not only to breed the best 
 lines of pure blooded cattle, but also to thoroughly acclimate imijorted 
 stock before it is sent forward to the herds. To th'is farm the ihor(>u"-h- 
 bred stock from Cookshire and other Canadian breeding establishments 
 and tlie imported cattle Irom Scotland and England, after coming from' 
 the ninety days' quarantine at Point Levi, are sent in the autumn and 
 remaining there over winter, are sui)plied to the herds in the sprin--' 
 lluis an eflectual quarantine of seven to eight months is provided 
 against the possibdity of sending diseased animals to the hertls. For 
 hist crosses with native caiLle in the West and South nothing is supe- 
 rior to the Shorthorns. But for additional crosses the hardihood, coin- 
 pactues8,and beeliness of the Aberdeens and Herefords greatly commeml 
 
 ■ M *■ 
 
538 
 
 tlieni 
 call 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARxMING. 
 
 II.HI tlie grasses and assiraMate 'tluM"" t .""f " f,!;?''™ ^''™ an<l "m 
 snperior for gra.i„s catMe to most "tl er bwrt """ "'■'"'«» '!■« 
 
 liSlit in which the.v are looked upon bjthrc.n liL^^^ ^''« «'in>o 
 
 ln'Mr"r ';^"^''"^-*"*^ P='«t fall il-oTi twotsten Tow sh'rir'T ""'"''^ 
 }Vi Ml. Cochrane, in Chicago, from the Hill n.,r«f- p ^, ^'^''*^'^- One 
 Polled An^us bulls and heife'rs'a of which brouH^n!" ^"!^'' ''^' «'«v 
 almost extravagant, and the other brwPT,i^ 5-' '"'''''' ^'''it'-^PPear 
 lierd ThiH latter took place inSsasCMU-Lwt ^'T ".e Cooksl, -J 
 gus bulls and iieilers Jere ^ol^^^^i^'l^^^^g^l^^aA: 
 
 BENJ. S. PAKKEIJ 
 United States Consulate, Cmsul. 
 
 Sherbrool-e, December 19, 1SS5. 
 
 THE MOST SUITABLE CATTLE FOR CANADIAN FARMERS. 
 
 «n^^i^''^ "^•'^^ ^ere 23,263 working oxcm7 TS^oVi""?,*^^^^'^^ 188^^ 
 8 6G1 other horned cattle in the j i fvi^,ce ' £ of ?''','' .T""'^ '^»<1 
 ot fiit catt e are exported tn Fno-i.,.., „ i • . -^ °* ^^^^ ^'etter grades 
 ing given to the impro?emrnf of Sh"^^^^^ attention^'is be 
 
 the stock cattle are marSS i?^lfe r^^J^ed ^ 'r^^'^^^^ ''^''^'^ "'«st of 
 
 ng to the sections bordering on heS 
 to the States are mostly of the native or Sad m i.f^^,«'«s« exported 
 
 cija^ye of t.ed and care prove Vront^^ ^^^^^ ^^l^^ 
 
 THE SHORTHORN AND THE HEREFORD. 
 
 cit!^;S^i?L:::;,;^,;^,S;^^,^.^n;^^^ eighteen pron.inent 
 interests of Ontario, and wi known as the Oni- , "^ ^'''''T •^Sricnltaral 
 sion. A large amount o7teSoily^^^^^^^^ ^'^"'"»«- 
 
 question, and in Febrnary iS tS rennl; w.?J ^'^^'^^/f ^ «" ^'h^ cattle 
 submit as a part of this reZr't in extTn,? 1.? 1 <^'«"!Pleted. I herewith 
 arrived at by the commilsS, as follows: '''''''^''"S the concln.sions 
 
 tho OHtin.ation in which thoy are hdTu'vTl,,. J HH^^yi *T ''"'' "il'"" l""'^" '•''"^'. «»'' 
 the s ron^^est claims to attention hv Ontario hree.lS/" "' ^''''^'''' '^'''' ""^'" 
 
 n.i .kin^SS: ^^i J\:^^.:;;;;:i ^S Woi^S^ •::;:i^S'f vr^ ^"? '»^ •^^*--"-^^- 
 
 vatiDn and strict scrutiny noisrems, conimeml them also to closer obaer- 
 
 ovS;tif;Lriw'S^;'';;:.^;/ii-^ -^ this province it is clear to 
 
 tics, tho Jerseys are not t , 1, tWH [ ,'/ T e",nn";". ''^ ''"'^fi^'/^'"! >"ilkin,n,„ali- 
 own particular an.l pa.'ili,; pnri s o f v .Min,/^ ■^^' ^^ '■''K'»'''1''<1 as nsefnl lor their 
 as suited exclusive.]. .. ^./tt;S;^i^-l;ll^- -l;-- ^P^T ofv^^^ ..1 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA, 
 
 539 
 
 ^f sixtv 
 
 'J'Jio Ayrsliires have a fiir closer relationHliin to the coraiiiou cattle or natives than the 
 JciHi'yH, possibly than any other breeds, although that is an open questipn. And the 
 jiyi.sliiio bulls may be found of service in maintaining and perpetuating or reviving 
 the functions where they appear to have fallen od or to he (leclining. The Ayrshires 
 can bi^ brought to a fair size for market, and, some tendency to milk fever excepted, 
 owing to the great activity of their milking functions, area'hardy and thrifty race of 
 cattle. I3ut it is impossible to say that they are the breed to' which the general 
 faruHT can look for the means of putting his herd on the most profitable and economi- 
 cal looting. 
 
 The Galloways have the merit of being good beefing cattle if well fed, and of endur- 
 ing hard fare if sneh be their fate. They may, also, from the absence of horns, be a 
 little better adapted for a shipping trade than others. But they take no high place 
 as milkers, unless it bo in isolated instances, and in the presence of the Durham and 
 Hereford it is not possible to say they are the breed on which the ordinary farmer 
 should place reliance. There may, however, be situations in so wide a country as 
 Ontario, not to say Canada, where the hardiness of the Galloway would make it of 
 value. 
 
 The Devons as draft-cattle, and rich if not very copious milkers, may suit those 
 ■wild have special need of animals i)OS8e8siug such qualities, while for the home mar- 
 ket they produce meat of a rich and excellent quality ; but as a breed to furnish the 
 grade steer or heifer needed by the Ontario shipper they will never, it may safely be 
 predicted, take a high place. 
 
 Tlie fact is, that for the object the commissioners have in view, namely, the several 
 combined requirements of the Ontario farmer, the competition for first place lies 
 between the Durham and Hereford alone. Of either of these two noble breeds there 
 jiro a sufficient number in Ontario to supply the ordinary demand, although the Dur- 
 lianis being the most numerouij the opportunity for selection by buyers is greater, and 
 the Hcrvices of Durham male animals can be as a rule most easily secured. 
 
 For attaining a given size and weight in a given time and at the earliest period of 
 Its life, always assuming its treatment to be liberal and Judicious, the Durham cannot 
 uc beaten. The prepotency, too, of the Durham male is universally recognized, and 
 'Mvo is enough Durham blood in mo^t of the present farm stock of Canada to make 
 •i^siimulation easy and to secure certain results. By careful selection, too, of bulls 
 fioni milking families the dairyman may secure in tlie Durham the means of beefing 
 his cows profitably when needful to do, without diminishing the supply of the milk 
 on which he primarily depends for his profits. The only danger, if there be danger, 
 in the Durham, is that by too close breeding, and perhaps pampering, a delicacy of 
 constitution may be engendered and disseminated. Such a possibility has been hinted 
 at, and while it ught not to tell for one moment against the use of the Durhams at 
 the present time, it makes it all important (1) that no opportunity should be lost of 
 giving the Durham stock in Ontario the benefit of imported blood ; (2) that the in- 
 telligence and vigilance of breeders and veterinary surgeons should always be on 
 guard against such a possibility ; (:?) that the knife should be used unsparingly when 
 anything short of the most vigorous constitution is detected, and (4) that all legiti- 
 mate encouragement should be given to a sec(md breed of cattle capable, approxiy 
 mately, of holding its own against the renowned Shorthorn. 
 
 That breed, so far as Ontario is at present concerned is, if the evidence be correct, 
 the Hereford. Strong in its prei)otency, all but equal in early maturity in the stall, 
 and more than equal in the pasture to the Durham ; with a constitution in which, 
 80 far, no trace of or tendency to any weakness has been detected and with good 
 milking qualities, the Hereford may yet prove to be a useful factor in the great work 
 of giving to Ontario a class of cattle adapted to the varied demands of such a country. 
 
 THE NATIVE CATTLE OF CANADA 
 
 The foregoing couclusious sire based ui)ou a large amount of testi- 
 mony given by prominent cattle-growers before the commission, and 
 representing all portions of the province. 1 would also in this connec- 
 tion call attention to the common grade of cattle, which are said to have 
 considerable merit for beefing and dairying j)nrposes. 
 
 Prof. W. Brown of the agricultural college at Guelph, in a report to 
 the Agricultural Association of Ontario, in 1882, says : 
 
 The Canadian: I know of no class of cattle so well deserving a first-class notice in 
 these i)ages as the CiJiadian. There is adistinct type entitled'to this name. I do not 
 mean those with a touch of the Ayrshire, Devon, or any others, not even the Short- 
 horn grade; but that moderate sized, milking, wiry,'active stamp well known to 
 the average tarmer. I claim that the Canadian deserves more notice than has ever 
 
540 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FABMING. 
 
 }vh.cl,cvinnoteo.,,par..witirthes t r Wh^^ 
 
 the ™„,u„»«l„„, »„eaks v.ry »tro„gl/„'„ Sta'slifer'lfe^r' '""°" 
 
 United States Commercial Agv::cy, 
 
 Otfaiva, October 3, 1885 
 
 R. B. EOBBIXS, 
 
 Commercial Agent. 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING IN ONTARIO. 
 
 nEPORT OF CONSUL PACE, OP PORT SARXi^. 
 THE NATIVE CATTLE 15 RED OUT. 
 
 «=o"i.non(lal,le zeal an' much ^ocMM^utr^^^^^ '"'« ■^'">«" 
 
 ])r<>venient of liis cattle. IJ v e?oss' . H^^ /• '' ^^'''^'^f "»" of the i,n- 
 breecKs fn„n Europe the ok ttv e of ox ■ d , o -h" '''"'^' ^i' '""I'^'f*^'' 
 1-ro.n the pastures, the distincf vefeSn i?A «! '"'"^ 
 way, the Hereford the A rs ,re „[ l' ,^i 'Y ^^''''^^^"h the Gallo- 
 in t he various farm yards of O u'tn i , r^^*'' ^''° ""^'''^^ oh«ervable 
 i-e purely native cattle V^^fK 1;^^^;! j^ ^ a Sll^ ""' '''' ^''''- 
 
 CAKADrAN POLLED ANGUS CATTLE. 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 541 
 
 1883, 
 
 from every part of the buildinj?, one Imndred Ijead of these peculiar cat- 
 tle, some of wiiicU were imported direct lioni Scotland by the Messrs. 
 Geary, and others were bred from imported stock on thefarni wiiere I 
 saw them. In color they are intensely black; they have no horns, are 
 sliortlegged, heavy-bodied, with small bone, and in appearance they 
 were \ery healthy. They are good feeders and very docile and hardy. 
 I am inlbrmed that when a number of these cattle are turned out to 
 pasture, that they do not scatter over the Held as do otlier breeds, but 
 are usually found feeding close together like geese or sheep. The beef 
 from the Polled Angus ox is said to be of excellent flavor, and the dif- 
 ferent layers of lean and fat are distributed in such a liianrer as to 
 resemble variegated marble, and in the market it is frequently desig- 
 nated as marble beef. From careful inquiry in relation to the charac- 
 teristics of this breed of cattle, I am convinced that they would be a 
 source of profit to the farmers of our Northern and Middle States ; of 
 one thing I am certain, the animals of tliis breed are in a])i»earance 
 much improved by the transition from Scotland to Canada, or rather, 
 the animals bred in Canada from imported Polled Angus stock are 
 superior in size and general appearance to the cattle from which tiiey 
 were bred. Some fine specimens of this stock were recently sent from 
 the farm of Geary Bros, to Kansas, and Mr. John Geary informed me 
 that he frequently receives orders by mail from various points in the 
 United States for animals of certain weight and other chara<!teristic8 
 to suit the purchaser, and he volunteered a compliment to the Amer- 
 ican buyer by the remark that in filling these orders, as he invariably 
 did (he possessed suitable stock for the purpose), he had always re- 
 ceived a ready response by way of draft or otherwise from the pur- 
 chaser in full payment as soon as the animal had reached its destination. 
 The following extract in reference to the Polled Angus I take from 
 the report of the Ontario agricultural commissiou for 18S1 : 
 
 The victories won by the Polled Aberdeeiis in the prize ring would be too nuincr- 
 oiis to recapitulate here. Suffice it to say it was a Polled Angus bullock that carried 
 oS Prince Albert's cup at Poissy in 18()2, tho c(Hnpetition being between all the 
 breeders of the world; that a Polled Angus yearling bull won the gold medal of his 
 class, at Paris, in 1878; that a Polled Angus has repeatedly gained the chief prizes 
 at Birmingham, and carried oil' the champion cup on at least three occasions at the 
 Christmas cattle-show in London, the last of these triutnphs being at the show for 
 18ri0. The Tillyfour herd now exists no longer. On the '^Gth of last August it was 
 sold by auction and dispersed. The accompanying plate HUi)i)lie8 a very excellent 
 illustration of the Polled Angus breed, of which some very liuo animals are to be 
 seen at th3 agricultural and model farm at Guelph. 
 
 Professor Brown says of these Aberdeen Polled cattle : 
 
 I am very well acquainted with the Aberdeen Polled, and it is well known that for 
 early maturing it is equal to the Shorthorn, though not so far as our experience goes 
 equal to it in improving other breeds or in attaining a greater weight in a certain 
 time. At the present time we nuiy call them our second best beeting breed. 
 
 But in the eye of the British buyer of fsit cattle Polled Angus does 
 not rank second even to the great Shorthorn. Mr. Hall, in his evidence, 
 says: 
 
 Of the cattle which come into the English market those which rank highest in 
 point of quality are the Aberdeen Scot. They are the breed known as the Polled 
 Angus. The fat Galloway ranks about equal with the Polled Angus; but a middling 
 Galloway is just nbout as bad a bullock for a butcher as you can select; he kills very 
 coarse indeed. The Galloway will bring more per pound than any other breed, ex- 
 cept the Aberdeen, but he does not cut as streaky as the Polled Angus. * » » 
 Next to the Polled Angus or >Scct in point of quality I put tlie English Shorthorn or 
 Durham. 
 
 
642 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Mr. Hull iKlds further on : 
 
 your nl'tTvlwTt'llo "JitTslulitfZ! ^"'^^"\^ ^^""''^ r«co.,„n..n.l v„„r fa.„ 
 
 tlie Polled A1.SU8 with the Shorthorn ^ ' ^^ ^^^^e^enee tocro^^i^' 
 
 liowever, wo aio not loO t,. . 1,;. '"« .'"t^^it woul<l )m in provHi ,"^'1 * "''owin 
 out in tI.o ,no«t >le.irJ^: l^^H^Hr^^^t' '""' '-" -o iou„„ t^o be di'stdbureS ull^" 
 
 PotSd'Xi'hS' i? rrc.;?/ tl""^"' ^" ^^« I>'"e-nt report to t, 
 breederto.^.reecfo^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 NUMBER ... BRKEBS O. ..OODED CATTLE I. ON..,,, 
 
 By reference to the tbllowinic tuUle it uili u. ^ 
 year ending M.y 31, 18SL' (vvhidi s he Ms .v^ . ^/j'^^rved that for the 
 this point) there we're but two hm dreil /. " 
 Angus cuttle in this province: ''"""'^^' '""^ seventy head of PoS 
 
 ^""'^"r 0/ each class of tkorouf/hhrrd caHoi,, n,., ■ , 
 
 Essex .... 
 
 Kent 
 
 KiKiii 
 
 N'oilolk... 
 
 Ilaldiiiiainl 
 
 W.IIan.l... 
 
 Laiiil)t„ii .. 
 
 lliiiou 
 
 Bnico 
 
 G re. y 
 
 Simc'oe 
 
 Middlesex . 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Biaut 
 
 I'eith 
 
 Wellington . 
 Waterloo ... 
 
 Dufliirin 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Wentworth 
 Ualtou 
 
 240 
 
 34 
 
 \m 
 
 32 
 
 y.'i 
 
 07 
 
 m 1 
 
 GO 
 
 394 1 
 
 23 
 
 lilO 
 
 37 
 
 4?8 
 
 71 
 
 fiK8 ; 
 
 0() 
 
 480 
 
 33 
 
 507 ' 
 
 42 
 
 5H7 1 
 
 51 
 
 ,111 ' 
 
 151 
 
 018 
 
 SI 
 
 5!)1 
 
 8 
 
 433 
 
 30 
 
 ,125 
 
 30 
 
 070 
 
 13 
 
 139 
 
 8 
 
 272 
 
 24 
 
 316 
 
 30 
 
 429 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 87 
 
 24 
 50 
 40 
 14 
 34 
 40 
 41 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 65 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 77 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 34 j 
 
 12 I 
 
 70 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 130 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 .54 
 l,)fl 
 
 80 i 
 
 37 
 
 «7 
 
 77 I 
 IflO I 
 10 
 48 
 62 
 42 
 
 
 
 5 
 110 
 49 
 
 434 
 550 
 408 
 724 
 490 
 281 
 
 ecu 
 
 9«;i 
 (i9(l 
 67« 
 794 
 l,4<i8 
 
 9)3 
 
 628 
 
 551 
 1, 424 
 
 754 
 
 184 
 
 349 
 
 m 
 
 529 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 543 
 
 '^rniers to cross 
 
 '''!' i'" It^^cl A.,K, H 
 •■ l'.Ucl,.,r..-,n, t 
 
 •''"'■•'• I'loiiot 
 ""■•t' thai, „u„.,. 
 '"'* Short |,„r„ ^ 
 ««ttle into Knjr. 
 
 '"« Necrotary 
 
 animissioiiers 
 JO to crossing- 
 
 rclured, wliid, 
 ";•■«' tl.oro can 
 'Jn this point 
 een tric.l M-itll 
 '1 tho viirietics 
 auii the poijed 
 
 ^uted throiijru. 
 
 -port to tlie 
 '■i«an stock- 
 ed a breed, 
 f cattle}, of 
 
 AlllO. 
 
 Iiat for the 
 
 ation upon 
 
 of Polled 
 
 aliiies, 
 
 as re- 
 
 ire. Total. 
 
 434 
 550 
 408 
 724 
 490 
 281 
 
 ceo 
 
 9«;i 
 (iOO 
 078 
 794 
 1,408 
 913 
 628 
 551 
 1, 424 
 754 
 184 
 340 
 486 
 628 
 
 I ' 
 
 y umber of each dma of thorouyhbrcd cattle in Ontario, •^c— Conlimied. 
 
 Couiitifa. 
 
 PppI 
 
 York 
 
 OuWrio 
 
 Diiilnim 
 
 Xditlminliprlftiid 
 
 I'linco Kdwunl 
 
 Lennox iind A<l<liii|{ton 
 
 Fronteuao 
 
 Leeds and Giouviilo. . . 
 
 Diindns 
 
 Stonuont 
 
 rili>Mt;iiiry 
 
 rrtwcott 
 
 Itiixaell 
 
 Ciirlctou 
 
 Kcnlrew 
 
 Lanark 
 
 Victoria , 
 
 ri'ti'rl)orou(;h 
 
 Haliliurton 
 
 lliistinj;* 
 
 Alcoina 
 
 Muakoka 
 
 Tarry Sound 
 
 Totol 
 
 Tboronsbbred cattlo. 
 
 Durbnm. i Devon. 
 
 402 
 741 
 7U7 
 4:.7 
 S'JH 
 142 
 lAl 
 1S8 
 280 
 100 
 
 tl5 
 13U 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 127 
 
 70 
 1U0 
 
 io;i 
 
 173 \ 
 
 15 
 170 . 
 
 17 
 
 38 j 
 
 26 
 
 80 
 2V 
 
 3;i 
 
 S2 
 45 
 1!) 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 17 
 23 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 55 
 40 
 
 3 
 48 
 
 1 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 Hereford. 
 
 rolled 
 
 O.llo. 
 
 1 
 
 AUUUH. 
 
 w*y. 
 
 n 
 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 82 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 ii 
 
 81 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 82 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2:. 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 •1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 il 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 VJ, 
 
 37 
 
 2 
 
 83 ! 
 
 AyrHhlre. 
 
 15, 385 
 
 1,438 
 
 841 
 
 4 
 27 
 
 20 
 127 
 
 17 
 
 88 
 121 
 173 
 117 
 123 
 545 
 203 
 307 
 203 
 202 
 
 70 
 130 
 
 03 
 140 
 
 31 
 
 8U 
 
 5 
 
 202 
 
 Totol. 
 
 552 
 048 
 847 
 050 
 538 
 375 
 320 
 335 
 008 
 452 
 447 
 501 
 320 
 101 
 321 
 lti3 
 2«7 
 300 
 427 
 20 
 400 
 ;!0 
 08 
 40 
 
 270 
 
 1,180 
 
 4,4UU 
 
 23,010 
 
 MILKING QUALITIES OF THE POLLED ANGUS. 
 
 With regard to the milkinj? qualities of the Polled Aiijfus, my obser- 
 vation does not lead me to sjieak authoritatively. On this point I may 
 quote Lord Airlie, of Scotland, the owner of a herd of Polled Anjjus 
 cattle. In his reply to a writer in North liritish Agriculturist he says: 
 
 I observe that the writer of tlio article states that the Polletl Augu.s cows are bad 
 milkers. It is the fashion to say so ; and no doubt, if you breed exclusively for show- 
 yard purposes and for beef producing, you may have a nuniberot indillerent milkers. 
 The same might probably bo said of any herd, certainly of the Shorthorns. But if 
 you want dairy cows, aud select the right animals, you will have uothing to complain 
 
 He further says : 
 
 I liave at present seventeen Polled Angus cows in my dairy. The greater number 
 of these give from 12 to 14, and sometimes 16 Scotch pints lor a considerable time 
 after calving. 
 
 The milk is admitted to be much richer than that of either the Short- 
 horn or Ayrshire. As regards the length of time for which they will 
 coutinue to give milk, Lord Airlie says : 
 
 My cow, Belle of Airlie (1959), dam of Reins (749), as pure a Polled Angus as any 
 ill the herd-book, used to be milked all the year round. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION OF STOCK TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 By a glance at the map of Ontario, it will be seen that nearly every 
 township in the province is in close proximity to a railroad. The (irand 
 Trunk and Canada Southern with their numerous branches, furnish ex- 
 cellent means for the transportation of ^Xock. These roads connect at 
 both the eastern and western frontiers of Ontario with the various 
 xVraerican lines which lead to 6very State and Territory of the United 
 States. Of course the cost of transportation depends upon the distance. 
 
544 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKV FAHMINO. 
 
 SfiiroH. TlK. vntuvviiuir linos (/f n i? vivin h ?"'''*""« '" tl'" (J„itJ, 
 FEEDING AND HOUSINO CATTLE IN ONTARIO. 
 
 with im allt^vway hotuocn tlifin S)ni Vwi.i '''"""^''^ '"«'"f^' eacl. otl.or 
 stalks, is u fuv„nr. foo<l ti cows, a s v l\ fW?T'' ""/"/^''"•^''•««'-n- 
 M.f,' tho last wooks c.f July and t ,o . o .tl i ? i^ls!' '"t/'' 'J"^^« ""^ 
 flamifd, keeps up a steady flow nf ,. i! .wi , "^"1^- J '»« food, it ]» 
 -ndition. iuuilian fiSc"s".^ ^^^ h y eSr ';^.n''l"""" ^"•^ 
 HH'y«ay ^rrass allowed to shrivel ai d iLS h. fi. "" *""n«^'l.y, as 
 •"uchofits iionrishn.euf h v to ,oMi. i^^^^^ "'/''*" ^"" *^"<l raii, loW, 
 and dried quickly iu the su,'!:' ' " "''"" '^' «^^*^«tne«s, must be cut eSy 
 
 CHEESE JIAKINO IN ONTARIO. 
 
 tUe Ontario aj^ricultural col ?«SrSr^ U un^ 
 kimer County, New York, settled i Oxford r.n.l'f^'"'' «*" "<''■ 
 rarrn.,.to„ conunenced the' mannfocl^ire oSese 1 t' 1 .'"'"• ^'''■• 
 (lone in Is^ew York State, and, to use the him , ,T^*^ii '\' *'j'^*^^''ou«lv 
 witness before the eonunission abrereferS tof'- -?^^^ ^ « lantync (a 
 tude Ks dne to Mr. Farringtonfor havL^es^^^^^^^^ 
 mff industry in Canada." To show tho'crow of- h • '• 'T^^^ 
 ;e l.ern.itted to refer to the followT.ig LCs Jn li^T Z^'T^' ^ '^'-^J' 
 lie exports of cheese from Canada to theTTm;ii «f /' ^^''^^' ^"^1 1«-A 
 ity treaty beins then in f()rc ^w s r>4 ^^^^^ '-^'^ilToc.' 
 
 respectnely ; in 1800, 1803, and lW47l,lTocwts Tfcl"^ 
 cwts. The^hijrhest money value of cheese ex w rill *''•; '""' ^'^8 
 years was $lU,19f). 1„ 1A70 .,„ 1 VL,! .l''^' ♦'XP" 't'Sm any of the above 
 
 ada amounted'to no less tl au « iiT 'r ^'.omlllf n ?T' ^'■'"" ^""" 
 lug $4,094,040, or nearly 10 cents per pom d(?V.i! i?. f.'^''? ^ '''"^' ''^=- 
 was the produce of Canada,- ;^(« 0( u<ls oJ i.' %'«^<' «l"">"»l.s 
 the same i)eriod apparently foun<l 1^/0 America,, cl„,.sc l„r 
 
 Canadian ports. W.e loll "Viir . ,1 ',' L^ '/ ^"''^^'S" """'^^^n tli.ou^W, 
 •"ilk used, the quantity and vaJuel '< tese niltdr";;,d';!"" ''''''^' 
 cheese on hand as returned for three bund, e nwi ^^''1 '"""'^'f-^' «^' 
 cember, 1882. Also the tofal nn n^be. nf A "^ "^''^ ^actojies i„ Da- 
 the same year. It wi be seen ZtwhriL/f ''''''? '" *'"' '"'"^•'"^'- ^r 
 «lre<I and seventy-one fiictorSsnfW- ^''*' ''•'^""'" '"''"^^ 'o't Iu.„. 
 from three hundred amtixeavi Jo 'in;. '^^ were receivcl but 
 
 ^u. the province i^omUiri^^SJr'^^^^^IIlir^^^^^^ 
 
T)OMINtON OV CANADA. 
 
 'iitimliiui rail. 
 '" tiK) (Jiiite,! 
 
 "' tl«« item of 
 
 '*;"<'''it,Mvann 
 
 '"''•'«, l>iit the 
 «*' 111(1 rootiiy 
 
 f'>«teuc«I to a 
 'fJT eucli otlicr 
 "iitnred corn- 
 1} cows (liir. 
 |i« food, it ia 
 iifiiil ill good 
 torriRTly, ius 
 '" lain loses 
 l»« cut early 
 
 t^Pt'ii known 
 I'o. rejioit of 
 o'l, of II(>,.. 
 tiirio. M,.. 
 • l)reviously 
 '"i'lityne (a 
 ibtofgrati- 
 V and tir-v. 
 
 8tr.V, I may 
 ', and isno, 
 *^ mjiproc- 
 1 ^5-''} cwts., 
 and 1,138 
 tli« above 
 from Can- 
 _l_valnt' 1)0- 
 '''^^ pounds 
 ('lifcsc for 
 
 tf til roil nr|) 
 
 inantityof 
 uantity of 
 ies in be- 
 •viner for 
 four liun- 
 eived but 
 ive facto- 
 the year 
 
 545 
 
 Cuunty. 
 
 Ki'iit 
 
 KWn 
 
 Nmldlk 
 
 Jliihliiiiiiiiil 
 
 U'iIIiukI 
 
 I.iiiiilitiiii 
 
 Iluriiii 
 
 i'.i'iirii 
 
 Siriiriie 
 
 MiilillnHox 
 
 O'.riinl 
 
 limiil 
 
 I'.rtli 
 
 U'i'lliiititiiu 
 
 Wiitdiiiii 
 
 Wi'iitwiirlll 
 
 IVi'l 
 
 Viiik 
 
 (Mitailo 
 
 llul'liiiiii 
 
 NiirllMiiiiliri'luDll 
 
 I'rincc Kilwiii'it 
 
 LiiiiiDMiiiil Aililinutiiii. 
 
 I''iiinti;ii;i(^ 
 
 Li'i'cIh and (iroiivlllo . .. 
 
 DllllllllH 
 
 StoriiKiiit 
 
 (ilc'n!.MiTy 
 
 1,1111111 k 
 
 VIrloriii 
 
 l'ctiilior(»ii({h 
 
 llllHllllHH 
 
 Oilier ((iiintlfH 
 
 Factorlep. 
 
 Totiil Nunilxir 
 
 «miiili«r. "'"'''"« 
 rutui-nH. 
 
 I'-' 
 
 IH 
 
 r. 
 
 4 
 Vi 
 
 m 
 
 7 
 
 
 ur> 
 
 HI 
 7 
 
 ».'! 
 H 
 M 
 
 :i 
 :i 
 :i 
 a 
 u 
 
 lU 
 
 lu 
 
 •-'0 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 4:1 
 
 H 
 
 4 
 
 I) 
 31 
 lU 
 
 'I'otul 
 
 471 
 
 n 
 Itl 
 
 4 
 
 ;i 
 u 
 
 11 
 4 
 'J 
 
 1(1 
 
 m 
 ■i 
 
 IH 
 
 7 
 
 K 
 .'I 
 
 4 
 
 1:1 
 7 
 
 10 
 II 
 
 'J7 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 n 
 
 ,'l 
 
 H 
 
 •J7 
 
 yuo 
 
 Milk iiHotl. 
 
 Pnunili. 
 
 a, (IS), 704 
 12, IIVt.nUH 
 
 2.N4I,01I) 
 
 a, lM:i,4tO 
 
 IViO, 112 
 
 ' 7, aoo, Ml 
 
 12,2:12,1-5 
 
 :i, 21111, .'iiiii 
 
 52"), mu 
 
 22, (18S.777 
 
 2.'>, ri7H, 01)4 
 
 1, »7(), :i22 
 
 21, 12a, 724 
 
 r«,4(ii,()or. 
 
 «, HUO, 2iM) 
 4, IU.\HII| 
 
 i,m)i,2u» 
 a.vi, ;i4() 
 U44, a»H 
 
 2, 1(02, 802 
 
 12, 42a, ;i:i;i 
 
 a, 4llil, HOO 
 H, 454, H17 
 
 a, a7;i, 700 
 
 lU, iaH,4l4 
 2,ail8,tllU 
 0, OflM, 770 
 
 Ltl, 000, 0(K) 
 4, 101), 440 
 2, 370, 02(1 
 5, 084, i;i2 
 
 24,41.5,0(10 
 a, 445, 040 
 
 CluHDOiiiniln 
 
 Voundt. 
 
 211.1, 570 
 
 1, 171,1)84 
 201), 217 
 ai8. ;i44 
 
 25, H41) 
 
 7l),\ 41) I 
 
 1,11X1,212 
 
 a 1 7, 011; 
 
 52, .500 
 
 2, 11II.08J 
 2, 4U4. 0:15 
 
 11)1.475 
 l,8H.'l, 1)11) 
 ft'O, l)HI) 
 oai), :i2H 
 402,141 
 lot, 220 
 34, 142 
 
 53, 812 
 27«. K.50 
 
 1,228,751 
 012,(148 
 820, 21)5 
 310,284 
 
 1,823, 3.'» 
 2ai,!);i(i 
 1)10,011) 
 
 2, UUC, 000 
 411,51)1 
 2:14, 121 
 558,731 
 
 2, 4»2, 857 
 341.01)8 
 
 VhIiio of 
 cUuuiio, 
 
 »n3, 070 
 
 125,720 
 
 28, 832 
 
 .5,1)17 
 
 3, 000 
 
 75, 1M)5 
 
 132, 110 
 
 31,213 
 
 5, ;i22 
 
 241, 130 
 
 208, 550 
 
 21,712 
 
 201), 405 
 
 M, 250 
 
 (III, 52') 
 
 40, 007 
 
 17,073 
 
 a, 034 
 
 0. n;i5 
 :io,7ni 
 
 1. ■1.1,8.53 
 37, 320 
 80, 700 
 37, ■11)7 
 
 107, 775 
 24, (!;iO 
 
 1(11,(1.'.!) 
 
 300, (100 
 43, 1173 
 2.\ 454 
 00. 202 
 
 271,801 
 34, U75 
 
 Clin PRO 00 
 liiuiij. 
 
 I'oundi. 
 
 401 
 
 324 
 
 5, •'.80 
 
 50 
 
 2, 221) 
 
 205, 813, 7.55 
 
 25,002,481 I 2,707,086 
 
 12,343 
 
 llie iiroportion ot cream to milk from wdlfod and well-kept cows of 
 good breed IS Htated ut from 14 to 1<{ per eent.; this is rei^arded as aa 
 average. When milk is ex(diaiiffea at the factories for cbee.se (as is the 
 custom III this country), th« amount allowed is 1 pound of cheese for 10 
 pounds of milk. 
 
 TREATMENT OF BAIUY CATTLE. 
 
 In reference to the treatment of dairy cattle, I may say that aiiood 
 warm, wellventilated stable, a liberal supply' of food, and an aim ! 
 dance ot Ires, Avater,are indi^si)en.sable; coupled with these kindness and 
 gentleness ot manner should ever be characteristics of the dairvnian I 
 would urge (even at the risk of being considered sentimental )*t be iirac- 
 iceo iorbearance and kindness toward all domestic animals, in rhe 
 Inst place because it is right and in the next place because it pays. 
 
 CLIMATE OP ONTAltlO. 
 
 Although I have not been able to obtain such information as would 
 enable me hll out the forms sent mo by the Dei)artment bavin..- ref- 
 erence to climate and other subjects, yet the annexed table will 1 trust 
 be ot interest as showing the comparative meteorological reo-istor l\n- 
 
 i '*'y'''i ^Too"*' ^^''' ^"^ l^''^^' "« r^'«orded at the Toninto Obs^'rvatory 
 m latitude 43o 39' 4" north ami longitude 5" 17' 33" west '^"''"'*"*"^' 
 H. Ex. 51 35 
 
 » 'J. 
 
54G 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIKY PAKMING. 
 
 Ynai'H. 
 
 Teniporaturo. 
 
 li-'S2.. 
 IHHl .. 
 18S0 . . 
 IK7!» . . 
 IHTrt .. 
 1H77.. 
 IH7«.. 
 
 
 a o 
 
 Uaronictcr. 
 
 4ri. 42| 
 40. 0(1 
 
 4-).4;il 
 
 44. 10 
 
 47. on 
 
 40. lOi 
 
 4:t. i)8, 
 
 o 
 20. C-.m 
 
 411. It mo:)]! 
 30. H L'n.c;tr.o 
 
 •J<X (i.-).-).-! 
 2K. Cl 2!». r.(;47 
 3.1. 21 21». C;i4« 
 
 20. 0017 
 
 ° I o i o 
 
 +■ o:t.^,3: :in 417 of, ... , ° 
 
 +-"l"7i30.ra 28y I ■'■■;•' 
 
 -••'■'1-), 0. 1";j 9h r,~^ •■"' 
 
 +-oih4I.'io.mL- "h'?.',! •;"'■ 
 
 Clout] inoss, 
 
 1^ 
 
 1882... 
 1881... 
 1880... 
 187!)... 
 1878... 
 1877... 
 1870 ... 
 
 71 
 
 7r. 
 
 0. 2G,'-, 
 0. 28;! 
 
 '. ; 
 
 70 
 77 
 74 
 
 0. 200 
 0. 207 
 0. 2!i;i 
 0. 27'. 
 
 ;o 
 
 0. 203 
 
 0.03 
 0. (i2 
 0. 02 
 0. 03 
 0. 02 
 0.00 
 0.00 
 
 
 -1 0.02 
 
 + 0.01 
 + 0.01 
 -10. 02 
 ■to. 01 
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 VALtIK OP WKATIIKU KEPORTS. 
 
 Ukitkd States Consulate, 
 
 I'ort Sfirnin, Norcmher 17, 'o/iJ. 
 
 HAM'I. 1). PACE, 
 
 Coimtl. 
 
DOMINION 01;^ CANADA. 
 
 547 
 
 irotiictcr. 
 
 
 •I" ■iil 28.7S1 ni,r 
 
 
 -«-7o;i i.u.,; 
 
 11(1. 
 
 
 10.42 
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 Coimtl. 
 
 THE CATTLE OP ONTARIO. 
 
 REPOllT liY CONSUL HOWARD, OF TORONTO. 
 now ONTAKIO BECAME POSSESSED OF BLOODED CATTLE. 
 
 The province of Ontario was largely settled by stunly well-to-do larin- 
 ors from England and Scotland, who bronyht with tliem to their new 
 iioiiie not only their native, social, and political pecnliarities, bnt also 
 the iigricultnral axioms and tenets of their fatherland. So that short Iv 
 tiiere api)eared in Canada a farm, here, that was a transciii)t, as far as 
 the Tiew locality and the chauj^ed conditions wonld i)erniit, of the Seot- 
 tisii farm and surronndings; a farm there that was, as far as possible 
 a copy of the one that had been leit in England. And in time cattle 
 fmiiiiiar to the eye of the settler, and of the sort that had been in a 
 oeiierous sense his friend "at home," came to be seen in the new fields 
 and gave evidence not only of their owners' i)rosperity, but of Ihat in 
 liorent sentiment that cherishes old associations— that delightfid con- 
 servatism that clings to old friends. So tln^ stately Durhanis soon di"-- 
 iiilied the fields of the English emigrant and glad<leiiod his eyes wifh 
 their magnificent projmrtions, while the Ayrshire cow fdletl the Scotch 
 fanner's heart with gladness and his pail with milk. And at one time 
 the character of the herd— whether Durham or Ayrshire, Galloway or 
 Devon— might almost have been determined by the name of the owner 
 Tins natural method of selection, if it may ;)e caUed such, has not been' 
 without Its lasting benefit. Through it there has been introduced into 
 Canada a much wider variety of cattle than would otherwise have been 
 the case— none of them adai)ted to all uses, of course, but each race ex- 
 celling in some desirable quality. In later years national sentiments 
 liav(! ceased to govern cattle-breeding in so large a measure, and to-day 
 cattle are bred for certain known and admitted excellencies, and the 
 breeder sele(!ts his herd in accordance with the object in view— as stall 
 leedmg, grazing, the dairy, or family use. 
 
 THE CANADIAN SHORTHORN. 
 
 Of all the diflerent breeds in Canada the one first deserving of notice, 
 both by Its superiority in numbers as well as its early introduction into 
 
 he country, is the Durham, or Shorthorn, as it is much oftener called at 
 the present day. The superiority of this breed of cattle for beef pur- 
 poses was lor many years uiuiuestioned, and might, perhaps, be so still 
 had not the art ot Shorthorn breeding been turned from its le'^itimate 
 Ime into unscientific and fatal courses. A kind of bucolic dilett^mteism 
 sprang up among biveders of this race of cattle, and in the development 
 ot family lines the general improvement of the race as a whole was al- 
 inos entirely lost sight of. Starting undoubtedly with an honest desire 
 on the part of the most skillful of the English breeders to perfect the 
 S tor horn race ot cattle, their very success founded a royal family of 
 Shorthorns so jiowerful in its influence that it may well be doubted if 
 the DuclmH lamily, a^ rt/flW»7)/,havo not done Shorthorn breeding more 
 
 lann tnan good, j he whole result of breeding in the years that fol- 
 lowed he death of Mr. J5ates,that most conscientious and intelligent 
 ot ngbsh breeders, was simply to produce and perpetuate a pedi|ree. 
 \ ciy soon the natural result of siu^h a vicious system was seen in im- 
 
 fiju 
 
 i 1 •: 
 
 lli 
 
548 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 potent bulls, bam-ii cows not able to briutr forth evn., n ,>„ r 
 ened eoustitutioii, <limini«li,.,l si/o b it o-n.^f.?.! , '"i Ijcxliffreo, w.^ak- 
 
 ';tl.oronshbre.l l^.lc" tl.u "to hkIuvc'-S « S ^h ^ n" '''\' "'"^ 
 ot the best Miarks of tlic earlier r'li-.. •iml fi.n I • < ., *'"' '>'>'M'n(.,. 
 
 •17. ,1 +1 i: •' . '^'I'l 
 
 September, ulu-n 1 1 :,;:;; s^ r-.. ii ? f ^": '^f''"' '^xl.ihi.io.Ma; 
 a^es an<l ropn-^ciUii.. u d.^ xSf ?'hI^ '" ^'^•"""^'" <'at(le of all 
 <'«<'«litable .li.s,,lav in. t 1 l .n. h ./^ tl';M;n.v.nee. If was a vm 
 
 eel arivwlicic 'i!m( v!-'i,> n - 
 
 ''>'"»l i" '1''^ J^nifi.' Wa es V^u;^; K,.r'*^- '""""['" '"""'' l"<'''^''''y I..' 
 
 consHh.,,iblv lower In, wi,;' V "'/'""I" ^'"^^ ^''" I>"'''''^ ''<'''''•»•' 
 
 man witl, us. I quolo at eonsiderable Irn-tli llio 
 
I >P<l!ffr(.o, w,,ik. 
 ot bone am] t|,„t 
 ^or tJic ahsoiu.,. 
 
 ti'iu'- Kk'ii of ,ie. 
 itio.l. Tlionoi, 
 al family" I,,..,; 
 tluTclorc ill two 
 .V">ff a pcdio,.,., 
 til tli(^ (U'vcloh. 
 ' 'Sense aiid .yet 
 3 iiave l)(>on less 
 in fanners, in a 
 ivc not snerveii 
 \ve for a " beef 
 to l>a.v $3(),(»()() 
 te patiis of i,„. 
 '''It the Short. 
 "'•" ■'f then, as 
 loi'i* tofliiMvali 
 <> -say that tiio 
 (it'll waved from 
 'ti and nnsoieii. 
 le danger from 
 i'«'turii, for (lie 
 eUallowaws— 
 t tile l)reedeis 
 ' a better I'tije 
 loi'thorns were 
 the i)roviMce, 
 'present time. 
 
 whom J am 
 'ii'M^ are three 
 
 1 llH'J)roviiiee 
 H'-tenths, ami 
 - Shorthorns, 
 i^facnhafaf 
 •■>,^|'S.S;5. there 
 
 The earliest 
 ;«'.s.srs. R w. 
 
 and William 
 K' Hhorlhoni 
 beinj;- in the 
 tario, Perth, 
 > race of eat- 
 .stall-feediiio- 
 
 rapidly. I 
 !«• iiJXMi' this 
 
 has already 
 lihitioii. last 
 cattle of all 
 was a very 
 lienlt focv. 
 roliahly lie 
 cs here arc 
 
 hMi^fth I ho 
 
 DOMINION OF (JANADA. 
 
 549 
 
 report from the ayTJciiltiiral (;ulle<,'e of Ontario concerning the 8hort- 
 iKiiiis on the col!e}.;e farm : 
 
 \\r ciiii spciik liiylily (tfUio inilkin;; inoix'itics, in tpiiintity :in(l (iiialily, of (lio 
 ,ii„:l .)t (.iii(o\v.st)t iliiK lirccd— niiikiiin- j;oo(l calves or irliahl'c iiiilkcis, as' tlicciiso 
 iii;iy liav(^ liccii. \V(( liav(! noUiinfr to say afiaiiist lliosiirc liiccdiii}; of tlio cows, but 
 (iiu- loi.r hulls III tliCM) years luivo not nivcii satisfaction in this rcsiicc't. Witlioiit cx- 
 ,T|ili(iii lliiy have canscd delay, loss, tioiilile, and extra expense, \vliy,l am not pre- 
 |i:in'd (o say ; two were, iiiijioi ted and two ('aiia<lian lired ; none wen^ ever in siudi lii"ii 
 llcsli as I hose of some other l>n eds. If 'tis said the choice, of individual Imlls wasii.nl, 
 ilicii the reply is that iliree iiidepeiidenr ,iiid|j:es did so; if marai^^iiient hy want of 
 |. radical l<iiowl(Ml,i;(! ischar^jed, then the same mana;;('iiieiit had to do with'thi* other 
 liiillsllial have stood so well. ]f tlii' Short horn re(|nireH on an averafjc! more draw- 
 iii^-moni altcntion than other heelin;,' hiceds, then it had better he aciriiowledticd at 
 (iiicc, and I don't think tlieir.admireisiieed he, ashamed of the fact. AVe ha ve faUened 
 ,s|iiirlli(irii j^rades, Hereford jurades, Devon <;rades, Ay|■sllil■(^ ^,ia<l«''<. and Cialloway 
 ;;iii(lcs tor l»ef l)olh in tli(! stall and on pasture, and nothing!; ciiiials the Shortlnn'n iii 
 ^'iviii;; lliatst.'imp to produce wci;rl,t in theshoricst time on Od/ac/o coHf/i<(«H.s— ''lowtir 
 ofyoiilli on <^ood i)astnro and iinishinj; in the stall. ° 
 
 TIIK CANADIAN AYRSIIIIIE. 
 
 In the report; of the Ajiricultural and Arts Association of Ontario for 
 the year 1.S.S2 the number of Ayrshire cows in the province is estimated 
 at three liniidred and bulls at one liunihed, scattered tlirou<«h the. 
 eoiiiifies of York, Ontario, Sintcoe, I'eel, IJalton, Wentworth, Fronte- 
 iiae, Lanark, Carlton, Kussell, and Prescott, with a ihw in Oxford and 
 >'orthtimberland. The Ayrsiiire cow has lon,i>- been famous the world 
 over tor iin enormous yield of nnlk, rich in (dieeseniakiuf;' properties, 
 and in Canada she seems to have fully niiiintained her pre-emineuce in 
 this particular. Speakinj;- from nothing but my own observations, I 
 should say that the Cauadiiiu Ayrshire would ave'rajj^e somewhat larjic 
 than the siuiu' breetl in the United States. This I think may probably 
 he the result of the natural beef- breeding tendencies of Canadian farm- 
 ers iind the unconscious iutluence of Shorthorn neighbors. The report 
 from the agricultural college concerning this race ol' cattle is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 We have had a inetty thoronoh test of the Ayrsiiire <attle. In sure Iirrediie-' we 
 have no cause to complain nor can anything; li(> said ii^c.'iiiist their adaptahili'tv in 
 raisin;,' a calf JOvery cow we have has to he milked three and lour weeks prcvioiislo 
 calviii^i— an imjicralivc^ necessity to avoid milk iVvcv; after calvinji, two of our best 
 have retfiilarly suckled two calves and, in addition, have had to be milked with tlio 
 hand lwic(Mlaily for I woorthree weeks, deiieiidin- upon the time (d' year, whetheron 
 t;rass or m stall. Me iiave not, however, been ticated to that coniimiancei of milk 
 that I was mtimate with in llie Lothian of Scot I;ind— the j^reat How lesseiiin"- nioro 
 iiipidly and dribbliiif;- loo loii-;-. I <lo not attiibnte this to actual |iooi'cr iias7nre or 
 kcepothcrw!s<', bnt to the >,'reat difVerenee in cli'iial ie condition and the want of that 
 iiiipoilaiit variety of jiiMsscH secured only in iion .iiient ]>astiiic. It is not tine in our 
 cxpenenct^ that the Ayishire (ow f,nves a lack of milk tni comiiarai ively bare iiastnre 
 111 whi.h regard she is on an averaf-e <lecidedly inlViior to theC'anatliaii, but it is true 
 that her milk is of that blue type— not so rich in cream— as chaiacleiizes tlu'iii in 
 llicir own country. » ' » I'lactically, t h. n, as i,.jv;„-,is the jmre Avrshire, they 
 icfpiire >;iiod trcalment in order to maiiitaiii their famous milklii" indp'erties and "l 
 am (d o|iinioii that an iiiliisien of new blood Isasolieii needed as in any other breed 
 -not so much a cliant,e of bull fiom other herds in thiHcouiitiv as that' of a directiv 
 iiiipoi ted oiHi. ■ ■' 
 
 As to prices 1 am cpiite sure that Ayrshires of jdire bloodof average 
 oxcellenco can be bought for nnich less nuuu'v in Canada than in the 
 United States. 
 
 THE CANADIAN lIintKFOUDS. 
 
 This breed is companitively a newcoaier in (Canada, iilthougli Mr. F. 
 \\. Stone began imiuuting them into this jHovince in IStiU, much to the 
 anmsement of the Shorthorn breeders, who had a curiously satistied faith 
 
 i 
 
 
550 
 
 CATTLE AM) DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 the Ilevelonl broeaors will coiicH^ue u. vf fn ri .r'''"^- ^ *Ioubt jf 
 colleffo farm arc roportcd as IbllmvL^ ^ ^^ "^''^ ir^roforUs on ti..l 
 
 rel gious <luty to rop^rt ,sL h • f is' ^ v^ii;.'!;' "' """""••^' '' '« '•^'"'v.. all f |,,„.,- 
 au.l no undoi^tateiMont oHinvt ,. v fJso. vor^ ' ; Hc-n,, cloriu;., „„ ox', ;:;'^,.""^ 
 
 The Herelbrds have been Lrainiuo- verv rmi.l),^ ,•„ r 
 low. year., and are now in ^neat em m^d nn s£ t'"' ^"^" ^''^ I-^^^fc 
 :iMd ,n the g.eat herds of the plaint ^enrominen? "'V'^'? ''^"^'"-'■^ 
 says in a private note to me : Prominent Jlerelonl breeder 
 
 iii« very fast. '^ "" (loiiiaiKl both liero and in tlio Wosi Im ■ ' 
 
 A„„ther, a breoci.r of both Bhortbon.s and Ilerofor,!,, „ite,. 
 
 THE CANADIAN DEVONS. 
 
 1' or a medium-sized beefinir bm. .1 wifi. .. ^' • i 
 n.ent, the Devons hav.- the r adudr ers tL v -ul -f v^'"' ''"i''^^' "^^"'^''• 
 ot cattl.., dee,>red, with fine sh peirhorns\m^ 
 pearanee. For workinir oxen th. v .,r« . ?»' , ' ^''''■^' """'^'"' '•!>• 
 matched, strong, and i^c^tive m ^mfl. '^^ ^''"'- '""''^vs well 
 
 of them from tlS A^rienllnral ifee" ll^^i;;^!!.'""''^ " '''" ^'^'^""'^ 
 
 under an conUitio... ^^^^ ^n!^ ^2:A^'\;2u:^S^;!!:):^^^ 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 551 
 
 Kliciiloiis. Tlw, 
 
 '■"tl.olustiow 
 ,'"t It has lonjj 
 ''«'•'! moil. As 
 
 '•ec(Isuro.ul,«„t 
 '« Hcrelbid foi. 
 "s- i iloubt if 
 -r^tords on the 
 
 •t illl niroiljrii,,,,,, 
 * "• «'><)il IIIOlll,.,. 
 
 |i<llii.,k „,•,,,,„. 
 '"> "1 '■<>m|)iui„„ 
 
 <'aes.siir,v ; to Niiv 
 wii ii uiiiC„n„i,' 
 v'litor iUKl M„i,. 
 '■" 'v('oii,s /af, „„ 
 ««ly .Mioiij-i,, „„ 
 
 'C Ol KOllU'dlill"' 
 
 /^V'"'!'', nor in: 
 
 '"«'> oil pantiir... 
 
 L,>i;Uiyo],.owi,s 
 
 llii! Iiuild is a 
 
 t of tlio jvlio!,. 
 
 for t!ic last 
 '.tlHiiiiiiclies 
 Ibril bleeder 
 
 forils 11(1(1..,! to 
 'O.st i.s iiicrciis- 
 
 rite.s: 
 
 CiiffI(!!iro tl)u 
 "W will iimko 
 '"!")ii; united 
 
 '!ll('r(l(MIIU||(l. 
 
 ■ iitcs. In (i„. 
 ''-'iiMliiiid thiiii 
 
 ' numbered 
 
 l.^oiiie race 
 lilbnii iip- 
 yayK well 
 I'lie rejwrt 
 
 ondiic't— no 
 Kood doinj; 
 -plmiip ou 
 
 pas! lire iind in {,'()(m1 Leurt in tbc stiill without jj,Tiuu. Tlioy bavo also bi-eii particularly 
 jpood iiiotlKMH, iiiir.sin}^ tbcircnlvcs iu a niiiiiiK^r siiin-rior to anytbinjt in oiir exiicri.Mico. 
 The IJuvoii calf is alwayHa lull calf on its milk aiuu(! — rollinif in I'at, and with all the 
 liiiild (if an old aninial. TIkj iparticiilar cbarnctcr of the- lirccd and rir.h milk ^;ivo 
 llirsc results. Alter W(ianin<r and all up to liiMltMhood breeding,', tlwire is a distinct 
 hearlinessand vij;or, on llio small scaloasre/^'ardsHize; tlioro is no stuntinji; accordin'? 
 t(i tlieii' kind, but one has to know th(( kind in order to a|ii)reci:ito this dillerenco Iic- 
 tween Ihcm and the lar^rcr bccfcsrs. We hav(^ never f;ot much milk from a Devon, but 
 ill (piality it is second only to tlu» Jersey. The bull attains a greater si/(( and weight 
 |ii()|i(iiti(inally to the eow than the same tiling in most other breeds. » * * 'xi,,, 
 U(\(iii cow, Ihercfore, is a milker in (imilily and moderate ((iiantity, wliilo the bull 
 c;ives a frame to the steer that compares well with of bets for beef carryiiiij;. But tlio 
 sleer will not mature so early as the Shorthorn, Aberdeen I'oll, and llcielord, nor even 
 iittaiu tho same weiyht on an average;. 
 
 Tbc DovoiKs number in tbc province about forty cowh and twenty 
 bulls. 
 
 THE CANADIAN BLACK POLLS. 
 
 Tlie Aberdeen or Poll Angus is tlic same animal. Tbc (Sallowiiy is 
 now regarded as a distinct breed, but I am told by a birgc importer and 
 ii yentlemau vvbo bas dealt in these cattle lor many years that torty 
 years ago they were all considered as one race of cattle, but that tbc 
 respective breeders, living at the extreuiei^ of Scotland, after awhile 
 naturally separated the cattle in their classihcation, and the one race 
 became two ; each one with a herd-book of its own. They are all, bow- 
 ever, hornless, all black, and all Scotch. The Aberdeens are larger and 
 liner — more like the Shorthorns — indeed it is not imi)robable that the 
 original ra(!e has somewhere a Shorthorn cross. They are immense 
 mountains of tlesh and not without an odd beauty. The Galloways 
 are coarser haired, snniller, and said to be hardier. The gentleman to 
 whom L just referred told me that he imported some Galloways as many 
 as twenty-live years ago, but that there was no demand for them anil 
 tliey gradually disappeared. Itecently, Lowever, they have commenced 
 to be called for, and there is now quite a dematid for tlicni. This month 
 he sent forty-seven bead of Galloways from this city to Illinois, at an 
 average price of $.')00. He brought them from Scotland in Seiitembcr. 
 Of the Aberdeen Polls, Professor Brown says : 
 
 We h(dd the honor of having introduced this brticd to Canada. * * * Our ex- 
 ]ierienc(! thus far is somewhat irregular: Health and breeding have been very good: 
 niilkiiig sure, in moderate (|nantity and rich, with jdeiity of llesh, both in stall aiid 
 (in pasture, yet we have to record an indefinito sort of instability ditlieiilt to expl;iiii — 
 I sjieak now of the lirht imjiorted animals and their progeny, not of ]HHl piir( liases. 
 The instability in ((iiestion has refereneii to a coining and going of health, es[ieeially 
 in Kuiiimer, as indicated by change of coat and general "staring" of the whole aiiimai, 
 lis if going tlivoiigh a coiirsii of medicine. Individual animais (d" any class often do 
 so, as everybody knows, but not a wli(d(» herd of oiio kind. There has been no sick- 
 ness actually. We liavi^ on hand four very iiiio steers — the first cross of an Aberdeen 
 i'oll with Shorthorn grade cows — with which we trust to convince the )iroviiiee ere 
 long as to the eminent bccling properties of tho Black Diamonds of the north of .Scot- 
 land. 
 
 ONTARIO JERSEYS. 
 
 There are two celebrated herds of Jerseys in this i)rovince, and sev- 
 eral smaller ones. Mr. Fuller's herd has been made famous l)y the rec- 
 ord of his Mary Anne of St. Lambert, that made 27 pounds Oj ounces of 
 butter ill Hcven day.s, and as a result the Stoke Pogis Idood is in great 
 favor. At one time tho same danger threatened Jersey breeding that 
 has been referred to in speaking of the Shorthorns, viz : Family fashion 
 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
552 
 
 ^i 
 
 CATJLK AND DAIRY FAKMING. 
 
 !« tl.o ujost I>.)UM.U>lc,o,I cle fe^^^ to r.l v .Tj; 
 
 u it(", a JCurotas, or a Stoke Po^ s ^uul' ' uf\' ''\ '^*^'"''^' ^'^^"^' <>(• s '" 
 torH have a Lutt.^ re,^ a^'^^'^^^^;"^^!:;. ^"'^^'^ the im«.£ ^'^,^!;j' 
 las benefited iM.n,ea8urab! y tt wi ot' ' '^";'''" ^T:'""" ^«r a 'it'; 
 I ml iorever the silly " faniily '^b h n ; n J '?| /^^^troye,! at mo 
 
 It KS imss.ble that the whole Jersey rL ■ nf f ^"''" " *=«'«>'• " <ui /^ 
 that all that is needed -ir .nv h.I, ' ^ " ' ^^ '*"'^'' "'i norm exf.. 
 
 "...I a mu„ c.«,.a care to s™;':,:',";;*- ';rr,r " ""'^'«.- s 
 
 CANADIAN IIOLSTEINS. 
 
 There are some Flolsteinvi in r^... . i i 
 claim for them size mri '? <-^aiiada, bat not many. Their ..,i. • 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 I)oit. it IS almost the univoi-s.ii ,„..^L '^t the close of tl.isi .,. 
 
 In the following tables 1 h a v e e m^ ^^'^'^ t''««« "an.e.i. 
 
 lorm a.s possible the facts olfJred b H. > ? ^*' V'*^'^''"^ '" "« '-ompact a 
 "<8he,l „.e information Se ivnortV a"**"' ^"'•''"^'^'''■^ ^^''"> '''^v'e h 
 «fem^ev in these herds. iC n uVsMm. 1 " '''''"''"« ^"^^''^ ''^^Preso t 
 were generally answered. Vlfe ! lif,^.?,",^"^.^'-'''"^' «oil, ^ras.L, .^c. 
 m^r.m localities were not .eneraily'kllo^ S'So'SK^I^ 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 553 
 
 .ier.si'.v brocd. 
 
 '■t-'"t 'Strains „f 
 
 J-'^isforiiiorit-. 
 «torelhvl,„.|, 
 
 ;Jlll(|,j„i,ej,,s 
 
 fHtiiilk.,s".,.sJt 
 At tlie j)].,.)^. 
 
 iJelloofScit- 
 S '"cans vci.y 
 
 'wliate aiit'CN. 
 
 ^'oyad at oiico 
 «olor",;ri,zo. 
 ,'" «X(;oIlt'ii(:,. 
 le extra feed 
 ) 'lenct'foitli 
 i*ri<;t'>s are 
 -vs, and if wo 
 
 "''■ adiuiiers 
 111 considtr 
 
 "itich more 
 i<l inteiTOff. 
 <>"«lt J (lid 
 k'e received 
 of tliis re- 
 
 " bleed ei's 
 o'lflis, and 
 "r beeiinf^- 
 ^■dvuv. fsiir- 
 Inland. 1 
 "c bloods 
 S" breeds, 
 <l on tile 
 tlH'se ani- 
 ler direc- 
 <1 except 
 I'e found 
 lied. 
 
 Jinpaeta 
 lave fiir- 
 epreseiit 
 ses, \-c,, 
 e of tile 
 'ivatorv 
 
 oive« tlie oluvatiou of Toronto above Lake Ontario at !()« feet, and tbo 
 Mppioxiinate elevation above tbe8ea,;}o0 feet; tlie mean ten nenituro 
 for 1.SS2 was 4r>.4L'0; liijjbest, 89.l)o ; lowest, 17.4o. lei.uuro 
 
 The Iierds rei)resented in these tables are, many of them, larce prize- 
 winners. In one or t\yo instances there seems to bo an evident anomahu 
 l)iit 1 have «iven tiie liynres as they were jjiven to me. Tlie same iiuin! 
 ber refers in each case to the same lierd. 
 
 WALTER E. HOWARD, 
 
 Connul. 
 Unitkd Stait.s ('onsulatk, 
 
 Toronto, JJeccmber L'9, 1883. 
 
 Sjwcial Hial'tHlica voncfrnhig Oiilario caillc. 
 
 Rrcoil and 
 
 ll(!I'(l No. 
 
 Shnrtliorn 
 1 
 
 ') 
 
 ;i '. 
 
 1 
 
 r. 
 
 ti 
 
 Ayi'slilrn: 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 , 
 
 (i 
 
 llfii'l'oiil- 
 
 1 
 
 2 , 
 
 DeviHi; 
 
 1 
 
 GlllldWiiy ; 
 
 1 ...".. . 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 4r>. 
 
 41 
 34 . 
 
 '■"'!■ 
 
 22. 
 'J3| 
 
 30 
 20 
 30 . 
 
 ml 
 23I 
 
 100 
 
 "I 
 4 
 
 45; 
 
 o 
 Lbs. 
 
 4, O.JO 
 7,000 
 
 Livo weJKlit lit 
 inatnrity. 
 
 c-c',^-: ■= 
 
 
 25 
 
 n, (100 
 r>, 700 
 r>, 000 
 
 0, 000 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 !s 
 o 
 O 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 1, aoo 
 
 1,1^00 
 1,700 
 1, 000 
 
 1,700 
 I.UOO 
 
 1, 050 
 
 o 
 
 TJiK. I T,bg. 
 
 Weij^htof meat 
 at maturity. 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 2, 400 2, 000: 
 
 2,500 2,400' 1,000 l,40o' 1,200 
 2,:i00 2,200 1,020, 1, 450l 1,475 
 
 2,000 . I 
 
 2,400, 2,100 1,22.'. 1,K,-.0| 1,000 
 2,200; I.HUO 1,200; 1,000 1,400 
 
 1,000: : 800... 
 
 Price. 
 
 0.50 
 000 
 
 1,0.50 , 
 1,700 . 
 
 1,500 2,000 
 ^ I 
 
 1,400 1,900 
 1,300 2,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 .500 
 
 000 
 
 COO 1,200 
 
 07,5 ],.W 1,170 
 
 OJO, 1,250 
 
 $150 $100 $120 
 300, 
 200 
 250 
 250 
 150' 
 
 400 
 1,50 
 250 
 200 
 150 
 
 125, 
 
 150; 
 
 100 
 
 1.50i 
 
 75! 
 
 125' 
 
 450 
 100 
 300 
 
 125 
 
 ioo 
 
 300 
 50 
 
 loo 
 
 200 
 1,50 
 250 
 1.51 
 100 
 
 125 
 400 
 
 .50 
 
 Oil 
 
 ioo 
 
 25 
 35 
 
 $1.50 
 .'IOO 
 100 
 250 
 !,50 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 30 
 
 300 
 
 7,5] 
 
 200; 
 
 250 
 
 75 
 
 200 
 
 GENEUAL AVERAGE. 
 
 Brocd. 
 
 SlKiillmrn 
 AM'sliim .. 
 llciolMid ., 
 
 Divdii 
 
 (lallowa.y ., 
 
 
 
 a« 
 
 
 "3 . 
 
 rs 
 
 "S 
 
 C* 
 
 
 
 
 
 a-^ 
 
 
 
 
 Origin. 
 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 a 
 
 4; 
 
 as 
 
 8 = 
 
 % 
 
 . 
 
 2 = 
 
 r-l U 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 •A-^ 
 
 ■< 
 
 -')'" 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 
 
 ' " 
 
 Englnnd 
 
 Scotland 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 220 
 
 238 
 
 1.5!) 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 4, 0.50 
 
 5, 025 
 
 25 
 24J 
 
 ""o'i 
 
 3i 
 
 KiiKland 
 
 
 
 do 
 
 Scotland 
 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 ■ •- • ■ 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 11 
 
 I'll 
 
 '^m 
 
 SF 
 
 «■• ■■ 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 111 
 
 mt 
 
 Ifl 
 
 hB 
 
 «w 
 
 SB 
 
554 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 Special stalimrs eoncnui,,,, Ontario m/«r^-C..„tinnc,l. 
 OKNKltAL AViSI{AaE_Co,.tl„„o,l. 
 
 Uretxl. 
 
 Llvo wniRlit fttiiintnrlty. 
 
 Woljiht ()(• iii,.„t ut 
 iimturity. 
 
 f^liipilliiiiii. 
 ■A.vif-liijii .. 
 Ilricl'diil .. 
 
 Ttiivoii 
 
 (iiillipwii.y.. 
 
 IA,K. 
 
 I.ltio; 
 IMili'l 
 
 I, r.do 
 
 1,40(1 
 
 i,;juu 
 
 Lhn. 
 
 L', ;ioit 
 i,.i:io 
 
 I', (100 
 
 I. iidi) 
 'i, ouu 
 
 Lbn. 
 -', 100 
 
 l.HOO 
 
 o 
 
 l,h». 
 Ml 1.1 
 
 U75 
 
 u:>o 
 
 
 3 
 
 IJm. 
 1, .'■>7r. 
 
 OUU 
 1,.1U(I 
 ],200 
 
 o 
 
 
 PrUo. 
 
 1,170 
 
 .a 
 
 
 Dully. 
 
 »21fl^ 
 K'O 
 
 J tool'.. 
 
 4.10 
 
 do... 
 
 100 
 
 -ilo... 
 
 :ioo 
 
 ■H 
 
 $L'08S 
 
 ")L'A"| 
 400 I 
 
 *l(il»l 
 
 n4'| 
 
 .'iOO I 
 
 7.'i ; 
 l!Ou ; 
 
 1175 
 
 in 
 
 LTiO 
 
 7r. 
 
 L'UO 
 
 Topography, .f-o. 
 
 lirx 
 
 Sliiirlliiirii .. 1 
 
 -3 
 3 
 
 -1 
 
 aliiro. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Subati'utuiii. 
 
 •i ji,i:oo !7u 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 Ayivhir 
 
 Luirii 
 
 <I.i 
 
 Cliiy anil luimi . . . 
 I'ditru 
 
 Ili'irriiiil 
 
 Alliniul, Ioiiiii,iii,(l 
 
 ••lav. 
 Clay'. 
 
 Cluy and Itiam.. 
 
 I-lniostono nnd 
 
 clay. 
 Clay and gravel .. 
 
 LimoHtono ami 
 Rravdl. 
 
 <'ul(ival,Ml «,,,SH,,. 
 
 Tim..(l.ya>,.ln.,|,|„. 
 
 Tinioiliy, ,,„i ,,,„,, 
 ,„.»o-l<'irlianl,-i,,H • 
 
 i ;»;;;( i(van,i7„;l' ;*.■,„. 
 
 I'lVlW, 
 
 or. 
 Tini..t|iy, rid , 
 
 ClayaniUravo... tC^;;;'!^;^:^; 
 
 LiniOHtono anil 
 clay. 
 
 I 2 
 
 I 
 
 Itoviiii J I 
 
 (i;illc)»,'iy.. .1 1 
 
 "lliivi.il, l()ani','niu! 
 
 Handy. . 
 
 Clayaiid loam.... LimoRlono, clu y 
 
 ! and gravel. ' ' 
 
 (■lay and Handy.. 
 VaiionH ■ 
 
 l,IUO 
 
 Clay and loam. 
 
 170 
 
 M.38I i!5.i5 1 Aim viai; •;„;;;,•.- 
 
 anil loam, ' 
 
 <'Iay 
 
 LiniOHtonii ami 
 Kiuvil. 
 
 CI 
 
 '.V 
 
 ...do 
 
 LiniOHtono ami 
 Kravol. 
 
 and nrilia,.,! 
 ii"">tliyandcIov,T. 
 
 Ho. 
 Clover. 
 
 1'i"i'.(l,y and ,|„v,.,. 
 i-oil-top, and 1)1 no'. 
 
 Tinii.(l,ya,M|,.|,„|.r 
 Imiolliy ami r,-,| ,.i„. 
 
 vei', ami a Villi,.! V til 
 niako ii,i,.|< ,,,„,;„, 
 
 iimoUy and rcil ,)«. 
 vur. 
 
 Do. 
 Tinioiliy anil el„v,.r 
 aJHiko, tnCoil, aud 
 orchard grasa. 
 
DOMIEION OF CANADA. 
 Care and attention. 
 
 555 
 
 ''ri(o. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 <4 
 
 •3 
 
 _: 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 Is 
 
 ;:5 
 
 n 
 
 .* 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 » 
 
 $208; 
 
 i;i,V 
 
 i 
 
 im 
 
 1 
 
 .'Uio 1 
 
 ■IH 
 
 ILT) 1 
 
 
 
 40U j 
 
 -""i 
 
 
 '^■•"''il «rass(.f 
 
 ''.V iiiiil n.,| ,,!„. 
 'i.v. r.'(l ,.l„v,,. 
 
 ■>ll'l]il|-.l ;;i:|,,^ ' 
 
 'X "'"1 ird (I,,, 
 i.v, rcl ,.|„v,,,. 
 
 "■'■'"II •! ylilSH 
 
 I.V "III! red c'l,,. 
 
 ■''Vi ri'cl 1111(1 
 
 ' 'V'lv.'r, nhWi,. 
 
 nlianl. 
 
 .V and clover. 
 
 ■ "lid y\n\-n 
 
 '. "'Id l.liio'. 
 
 ■ and clovrr. 
 
 ■ ftiid rod el,,. 
 iilavari,.(v(() 
 "iK'k liiiNlniv. 
 
 'Hill red do. 
 
 ■■Hid elovi'r. 
 ti'iCiiil, aud 
 gtasa. 
 
 r.ri'cd. 
 
 Short liorn 
 
 Ayrsliiro. 
 
 Ildroford 
 
 Devon . . . 
 GiUIowiiy 
 
 IIoiiHiDf;. 
 
 AVami BtublrH , 
 .. do 
 
 Itank'barn hIu- 
 hlo. 
 
 Ktabli'H II II d u i 
 bank barn. 
 
 Tied in Rtalla . . 
 
 Stoiio HtablcH 
 iiiulur barn. 
 
 Kcodluj!. 
 
 Tumi PR, liay, po.iH, 
 
 oa tH . an d bran 
 
 _ i'iiii|)|ii'd and iiiimmI. 
 
 SiK'Idu falvcH HCV'cll 
 
 nioiiUiH; uboppod 
 ' food. 
 
 lin^iidlii;;. 
 
 TiirnipH and bay... 
 
 Wliolo liay, R 1 I ('("d 
 riMitH, and li ii o k ■ 
 wlioat. 
 
 I^><ltll and liay 
 
 •Si'loct boHt bulls 
 
 IlrillMl lll'llcIH III, l|(1c«ll 
 
 iiiontliH, but. don't bl 
 tlii'iii Hiicklii ealvox 
 lliHt year. 
 
 C li a i n « d i n 
 warm Htablus. 
 
 Wornistablos.. 
 
 .do 
 
 S t a b I u H a n d 
 
 HitfldH. 
 
 Staldo n n d o r 
 
 bank baru. 
 Stout) HtabloH 
 
 under barn. 
 Loosn b(i.\*<H and 
 
 HtallR. Daily 
 
 exercise. 
 
 StoainiMl, ell up)) oil 
 
 (snrii'HtalkH, r.totH, 
 
 and olovor. 
 Tour i|iiurtH()f ni(>al, 
 
 balf biiHhol rootH, 
 
 and buy. 
 TiiniipH, blip pod 
 
 Hiraw, and ball' Ji.iy. 
 Few lootH and nioal.'. . 
 
 Tiirnlpa, larrotH, and 
 bay. 
 
 Four qnarLs of bar- 
 ley twiioiulay, wot., 
 
 Hniall (iiuuititioB ol'- 
 tun, tuniipH witli 
 Htrnw and bay. 
 
 Si tpi't bi'Mt bull to iiro- 
 dliro tlimll <| 11 ic, k I y 
 niid early iiialiirlty. ■ 
 
 Breed lloit■(^I.'^ at two 
 yearn and avoid cIoho 
 lelationsliip. 
 
 Select Hires of boHt milk- 
 iiiK Htraiii. 
 
 Umo best bull and keep 
 boKl fiMnalex. 
 
 Careful hoIim^ t ion of 
 pure bred biilln. 
 
 Oonumred with 
 , Name breed in na- 
 { live Imiiiio, 
 
 liiinroved. 
 
 Do. 
 Held their own, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Am ;;ood. 
 Iiiiproviid. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Quite eipiai. 
 
 Not improved. 
 
 Have lired hoiiio 
 
 better. 
 Ilidd their own. 
 
 About the saino. 
 
 Iiiiproviii';. 
 
 I 
 
 Some Shorthorns entered at thefat-atovk show, Toronto, Deoembar It utul 15 I8s;J, 
 
 Tlioroiighbrodg. 
 
 Steer 
 
 J)o.. 
 
 Do.. 
 
 Do . . 
 Cow 
 
 Do.. 
 . Do.. 
 .Steer 
 
 Do.. 
 
 Do.. 
 
 Ago in days. 
 
 342 
 
 ;inu 
 
 047 
 
 i;iii 
 
 045 
 714 
 24,') 
 714 
 
 81:0 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Pmindii. 
 2,200 
 1,020 
 2,110 
 1,220 
 1,920 
 2, 2r)0 
 1,()90 
 2, ;>50 
 
 2, a.'-.o 
 
 1,700 
 
 Grades. 
 
 Stei 
 
 Do, 
 Do, 
 Do. 
 Do . 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Cow. .. 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 — - - 
 
 Agoiudays. 
 
 w 
 
 eight. 
 
 
 Pounilg. 
 
 I,:t7!) 
 
 
 2. 120 
 
 l,0!l.-> 
 
 
 2, 2;io 
 
 1,0».-) 
 
 
 •-', l.-)0 
 
 !)77 
 
 
 I.IIIIO 
 
 010 
 
 
 i,!i:;(i 
 
 IIIO 
 
 
 1, »M 
 
 (MO 
 
 
 1,420 
 
 (!:i!l 
 
 
 1,410 
 
 1, ;i.'m 
 
 
 2, 0.-.(l 
 
 7^0 
 
 
 i,r)7o 
 
 Diiriiif,' tho two <la,v8 of (hosliow twenty-two tboroiiRlibn-d Sliorf liorim wcfo sold at 
 anc Km, uvoniKiug«l'28; tho IiiRbost ti«uro rcacLcd wa« $375 lor a three-ycaia-oJil 
 bull, tbo lowest, $40, lor a yearling boiler. 
 
 ij 
 
 tm 
 
556 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY TAKMING. 
 
 «!1!AI)K AND NATIVK CATTLK. 
 
 Tho iiiiinlior of Km.lo und mvtivo nitf lo in tlio i)i<)viii(« of OMi„,i<. i • 
 
 DeRcriptlon. 
 
 Wnrklnir oxen 
 
 Milch cows '.'.'.'.'.'. 
 
 Store ciitdn (over two veiuH)."!! 
 0( lior cattlo .' ' . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 IHKI. 
 
 asj, 151 
 i,82i,imf 
 
 ihh:'. 
 
 1 1. r.iiii 
 
 -"■-', 'jiiil 
 <ii(»,r..'7 
 
 I, .'lilTiisii 
 
 111 188-i tbo niiiiibor ofthoroiighbrea cafctlo of all kin.lH w: 
 
 IS cstiiimted ut l,t,0(iu. 
 
 CATTLE IN ONTARIO. 
 
 nsponr iir coxsul iuzelton, of lUMir.Tos. 
 I liavo the honor to tninsmit this lenort with iiiclosii„»« ,„ 
 
 ^th^;' Cattle circuh. of July 18, isi),"^:;;;;;'^'^;^;-;';^;-.. 
 
 ^^!^^ ?^!^!"!!5.^':t!'«^»"«V^^«^!^ «'^ttlo in Ontario is about 2;i,7()4, 
 
 m>rnALfr- '^" ,"'"1" "•> '"« i^'^"'*^ nicioseti. Jn a(l<lition 
 htty llolsteins have been imported this year Irom Ilnii,,,,,! *• i 
 purposes. There are several breederrof b oo e < i? v '"''''"« 
 
 tario to whoM, I an, indebted for inforn ai^ r e^h- d ' '''^ * " 
 breeds kept by each. Most oftheir herds hi^vn' been ISTn ;?!''" '''^ 
 imported, which is about twenty years. All «■ v ihll t\\. " ^"""'" 
 superior in Ontario to the san.e Ineeds in ll eh* uU e co »/.'""''' '■'' 
 ta.mn,. that the cold dry climate of Cumd! ^i^r^X^ii' ulT 
 part constitution and (juality to pure-ldooded cattle "' 
 
 In Ontario the Durham takes the lead eomnri«i..„- / - 
 the entire number. It is a ;,eod nlil^'^^ci S ^ m^ lor'uM;";"" 1 
 especially expensive to raise, and when crossed on ■ i ' ' '*' 
 ^rade is very satisfactory. I^ Js the ohlest ot" t ,e i pi r e 'l':. "; 
 K^qualUies are better understood by lUrmers genel?aI^;Vl.!;;; nl;;' ;!:[ 
 
 The Ayrshire stands next in favor, being celebrated for \u ,.i. 
 j.roducMiir qualities. Jt comprises about 10 per cent of tf ,,?;."' 
 ber, but is not increasing. ^ ^"* ^"^"'' '""" 
 
 The Hereford is hardy, and is chiefly celebrated for its h.w.f ..,.,>,! 
 qualities. Mr. Frederick ^^'. Stone, of Guelnh a ,, m 'fH.^*"/^'' "''''''''» 
 iu breeding stock, writes me regarding EKSai'S;;^':''''''''''' 
 
 ;.o;^;;;a!^r-S(;'::;;:^:i';;;;^;;^!r ,-- 
 
 bive.l of cattle, and HiiiHuior to an- to (Tosh on thniH^.f.^ ''.^ '''''' '"'> !"""' 
 
 AVcntworth County, will bo fonnd embodied in LTopS'rom^^^^^^^^^ ■'"'T'.:' ",' 
 Saru.a. For this reason Consul Ilazclton's table ia oSted ^^'^ ' '' 
 
' '« «ivni i„ ,|,„ 
 
 IKKI, 
 
 17, OSii 
 )1I|,H(JK 
 
 iiij, ir>.| 
 ■i)ii,«ii» 
 
 121, w 
 
 IHH'.'. 
 
 1 1, Wi) 
 -"■-', 'JIW 
 
 I, .'lilTiisii 
 
 tod at 1,1,0(10. 
 
 " <'<>iii|)liiiii('o 
 ^'piiil incur, of 
 
 il)()iit L';;^7().£ 
 
 •,»''5'S iVvoii, 
 Ii^i'scy. 
 
 '"» province, 
 ) these iil)()iit 
 <oi' lueedinu 
 Ka.st 
 
 t'ln Oi 
 
 iicerniM; 
 
 I'liie .siiieo 
 
 Itreeds jue 
 
 itrie 
 
 f^, Miiiin- 
 
 fi(te(l to 
 
 iin- 
 
 piT cent, or 
 
 bed 
 
 , IS not. 
 ive cow (lie, 
 luced.s, and 
 mil (hose of 
 
 • 
 
 its cheese- 
 t'litiie nniii 
 
 '-JHodiiein,^ 
 i experience 
 )\vs : 
 
 .V lircrd-i, jilsi) 
 rNipfjiiiy niiKi 
 Western ',•111(1 
 
 s cdvcicd liy 
 vi^ .Jci'.scys id 
 I'iK.c, of I'oil 
 
 •*; 
 
Icri 
 ccti 
 
 
 <|lli 
 
 to ipL' 
 t(» t\V 
 
 tai'io 
 tioii 
 farm 
 he i'o 
 iiiii' i: 
 
 SMl'p 
 
 tiiciy; 
 
 iKM'illJi 
 
 let tor 
 LaMibi 
 
 (IIIC ill 
 
 has I'x 
 lii.yii p 
 varion 
 
 Novel 
 Iroiii 
 
 tlic l»i 
 raii;;ii 
 lli'ife 
 milch 
 altciK 
 tlieai 
 attciK 
 These 
 and ill 
 (h'stiii 
 I iiii 
 heit," 
 the o\\ 
 
 T 
 
 le 
 hiiiiie I 
 ill the 
 
 orti 
 
 ihiiry i 
 
 'I' ' 
 
DOMINION OP CANADA. 
 
 667 
 
 L^ > 
 
 m 
 
 Tlw I)(.\o:. possesses many of the qualities of tlie Durluvu and is nre 
 
 (iallmvays comprise 5 per cent. These are without horns, are aver 
 ii^e milkers, and i)rothice an excellent (jualitv of beef- 
 ^^ The Abenleen Poll is also chiefly celebraie.l for its beef-pro.lucinff 
 
 The price of bulls of th(. several breeds above named rau-n-.s from «-.0 
 
 mu each, according to age and (p.ality, those from o. e a ,d o ,e haU" 
 
 to two years old beuig preferred. ^ 
 
 Tiie number of each of these breeds, excei)tinff the Durham in On 
 
 ano .s so small that they may be fairly said to be ou tria V d ,, " 
 
 tion to investigate the (pialities of the same exists larovjv iuno - th ," 
 
 (aimers however and a small number of one of the cl o^e breeds u v 
 
 lllg Imqlol^s!"" '' "• "" '^"'^ ^^™^' ^^'"^"-^^ ^"^^^' '^'^^ '^^'Pt^i^breelf. 
 
 N'ery fcware sold outside the proviucessso far as I can learn but tiie 
 .siir|>lus hiids Its principal market at home. ' ^ 
 
 KXPORT OF FANCY JERSEYS TO TIIE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The number of Jerseys in Ontario is so small that it was omitte<l en 
 MciylromthecattlereportsoflSSli. There is a her.h.f th .^ m-d u," 
 1.01 iiig eighty-hve, near ITamilton, owned by Valancev K K, ii . ' 
 l-tter I inclose. In this herd is t/.e celcd^rieVcow '^:^^L V' A nL o S' 
 
 lor 
 
 w 
 
 It 
 
 to 
 
 Lambert," whi(,h has made an average of ;U pound^of ul .;;er d^ n 
 (wie hundred and hfty consecutive davs. The renutiHm n • /i.i ' 
 has extended to the United States, resiJlting/u a S a ^ > .1 r es-" 
 high prices In answer to which Mr. Fuller has sohl an, iJhe ; d to 
 various parties in the United States ,luring the months of Oc oi» r ind 
 November, twenty-tour of these cattle of various loes -tt IX..! 
 from ><4(.0 to 80,000 each, amounting I'thr^^^'uo 'h ,■'";:;'''? 
 J^10,000 no otlu^breeding cattle havhig been sln^ i::rLm h ^ Z ," 
 Hie i.ast year. These have been shipped from here bv r.il .f , Vv " 
 laiiging from *25 t.> $oO each, a.-cor/ling to (lisllmce i^, ; 'j -i ,:^ [ i::^ 
 lle.fers and young bn Is are delivered with k>ss cost a.,,1 ,- bi ,':;• 
 .m Ch cows aiul older bulls. With the latter a man is us la sen o 
 a tend ►he same as re(,mred, thereby increasing the ,.,st <)f lelive ■ u 
 
 . t.iidant. bexeral ot the yearlings have been delivered by exor. ss 
 lliese were ti.'d ,n small movable wooden stalls made for tit , u oCo' 
 ;.ndn. that manner put on board the express car and car.inl'^oE; 
 
 limli.se cuts of the celebrated dersev cow ".Marv VnneofSf I ,... 
 u.t and ''Oakland's Cora/' of the same her<,, iuri^isi!^;r;.:'t:;^,[;:^;;^ 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 
 
 The increase of stock in this province is ,.ousiderablv iu evcess of the 
 
 !;;zt;;;Ssta/;r"'''*'''^ "■ ^"'^"'^"''-^ <i..<isitspnucip.d^m^.il:; 
 nai:;t'i;;:'i;; l! the'bun:,;:^^^^^ '" ^"^'""'^"^ •-•'-'^''^^' i"- *-• t- 
 
 ^ J !- -ds of Ontario are variable, but all a.v well adapted to grazing 
 
 .liiHl v' Fh!;"m T li""'*'' ^'"\ '"■'*''"'^" ^'"''•^' '^ " "'-^''^t depth of alluvium 
 ""•"> '-^"eand Saugeen days and Arteiuesia gravel, whh.h form the 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 558 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRV fARMlNG. 
 
 does i.ot exceed f few feet, a iTsgeneAllv ofT^^^^ "^t^'^ ^^" ^""^ n 
 on^.n. The middle sectio.'. parta^L o73 e'^natu S bM ^r^"**"" 
 
 J. r. nAZELTON, 
 United States Consulate, Consul. 
 
 Uamilton, January 10, 1884. 
 
 S^eoial stalkticB concerning cattle in Eastern Ontario. 
 
 Nanio of breed. 
 
 Aniimilav Milk to 
 
 oiiiKo yield 
 of luilk 
 
 Ayrshire ''""^'^^ 
 
 ''"■•stem ::: «'«2" 
 
 •'«•■-> olm 
 
 poiinil of 
 butfer 
 
 Nameof breoil. 
 
 Poundn. 
 •£l 
 24 
 22 
 22 
 24 
 2t 
 20 
 20 
 
 Milk to 
 
 pOUlKl of 
 
 cheese. 
 
 Pounds. 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 lOJ 
 11 
 12 
 10 
 
 Live weight, average. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Lbs. 
 HUU 
 UOO 
 itOO 
 
 l.UOU 
 9.-.0 
 
 l.UUU 
 050 
 800 
 
 Bell. 
 
 IM. 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,0U0 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,6U0 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,200 
 
 Ox. 
 
 Zhs. 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,HU0 
 
 i,(kJ0 
 
 1,800 
 1,000 
 1,400 
 
 Age at .^V^e'Klitof 
 luaturity.' '"eat at 
 luatiirity. 
 
 Color, &o. 
 
 A I. .,...„ l«o!I ... I r.Iack ; no horns ; hoavy 
 
 Du In, I H:,Ti = '""«''!""'■"• ^veii shaped':::: 
 
 '^■»""w"v\::::;:::|{!\'^\'^'""p^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 liereforil ii"^ " ;'"• uorns; iingaiiilv 
 
 HoE.:"-:::: ^^d'buitt^^r'V''^''' ^""Kiiodiei::::: 
 
 How long' _ , , 
 bred I Origin (]f 
 pure. I bleed. 
 
 Tears. 
 20 
 
 10 
 20 
 25 
 10 
 20 
 
 is' 
 
 Seotlanil. 
 
 Do. 
 Euglaud. 
 
 1).). 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Holluud. 
 Jersey. 
 
 Topograplni : Aliitn(lo,250f.!et above tliolevfil nffi,-, o 
 
 r;;,^;.y;;iTr/rj,,'^ri^r'fc:;r;;;;txi'r»f 
 
 Iloilxittn fi>,„i:„,. e.„ . m.- ... _ ' ' Jo'""' 
 
 .TI.n.SKY.S I.MI-noVKD BY IMPORT, 
 
 Mr. l-alancv,! A'. Fuller to Consul Itazelton. 
 
 Dkau S,K : As you ar. ..waro tl.o ..hanrf..,. .If'ib "'™'I'. ^""'V ^''''''^'"' ''' '^• 
 p<»m a l.Kht HH.Mly. Kn.vHIy H„il f a h " • v J^iuT'^ "' an«Uro,„ul Hamilton is 
 l)y liiii.'8f.)iio. ^ """ '"'.v. '""I thin part of Ontario is nnderlaid 
 
DOMINION OP CANADA. 
 
 559 
 
 .lirseya liave been bred within CO niiles of Iljiuiilton for tlio luist eight to ton years. 
 
 J have now on my farm 5 miles from Hamilton tl^ > largest herd in Canada, ninnber- 
 iiM' 85 head. There are in Ontario about (iOO thor-^.ighbred Jerseys. 
 
 Til my herd is the cow Mary Anne of St. Lambert (four years old), who has made the 
 lai-ircst weekly yield of butter, 27 pounds 9i ounces in seven days, ar.d the largest y u'ld 
 cvei made for five consecutive mouths of one hundred and lilty-tive days, ."ill pounds 
 ^'| ounces, and an average of 3^ pounds of butter per day for one hundred and lifty 
 ooiiHecutive days. She, like the majority of my herd, was raised in Canada, near 
 Montreal, as were a majority of her ancestors, proving clearly the Jerseys are capa- 
 1)1(' of standing our extremely cold dry climate, inasmuch as the thermometer goes as 
 low as 20 degrees below zero at Montreal, and the winter there is a very severe cold 
 one. It is, however, very dry. 
 
 My experience of the Jerseys bred for any length of time in Ontario or the province 
 of Quebec is that they increase in size very materially ; that their constitution iri 
 very greatly strengthened, and that consequently they "are larger milk(!rH than with 
 less constitutUm and size. This size is attained without losing their characteristic 
 faculty of being able to convert their food into milk very rich with butter fat. I 
 attribute this increase in constitnton and size very greatly— 
 
 (1) To our climate, believing the same experience holds good with cattle as with 
 lunnan beings, the nearer wo approach the north polo the more robust and vigorous 
 do the race of men (and 1 think cattle also) become. Tbo dryness of our winter pre- 
 vents tbe extreme cold being so much felt, and imparts vigor to the system. I con- 
 sider the cold bleak winds of the Atlantic coast far more trying to the cattle than 
 our climate. Certain it is that (save in very extreme range of temperature) the .Jc^r- 
 •seys yield (piite as large if not larger quantities of milk in a cold tlry clear day than 
 in a I'uildcr damp one in winter. We have no artificial means of heating our stable s, 
 vet the cattle never sutler from the cold. They are let out daily ; in fact our custom 
 is to rear many of our finest yearlings in the barn-yard and we consider the results 
 most beneficial. Certain it is, that when our Jerseys, imported from the island of Jer- 
 sey, have spent two to three winters with ns they not only improve very materially 
 in constitution, but are heavier milkers. Their progeny begot and dropped in this 
 country have better constitutions. 
 
 (2) Th(^ limestone which underlies all our soil in this part of Onatrio also contributes 
 largely to the development of bono and constitution. 
 
 (;i) The rich clover which abounds on good farms has in no slight degree assisted in 
 making the Canadian Jerseys famous. 
 
 You have passed for me in one month stock sold to the United States amounting 
 to no less a sum ti m $40,000 for twenty-four head, m.any of tJiem under two years 
 old. These prices demonstrate the value they realize, and I am convinced that in our 
 cliniate and with our grasses and y)astnre8 the Jerseys will thrive and improve. 
 
 The avtnage production of milk in my herd is about 4,000 ])ouuds per annum for 
 luMlers two to three years old, and from r),0(JO to 7,00(J pounds of milk for mature cows, 
 though I have cows who give from 7,000 to 8,000 pounds of milk per annum. 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 VALANCEY E. FULLEK. 
 
 J, F. IIazelton, Esq., 
 
 American Connnl. 
 
 ps; rye-grass 
 
 CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO. 
 
 RKPOltT liY COMMEKVIAL AGENT liVFriNOTON, Ol' CUATIUM. 
 
 I liavc t'>o lionor berewith to submit the report requested by the 
 cattle circular of July 18. I regret that, owing to un iusuflicient num- 
 ber of accurately recorded experiments by tlie breeders of the district, 
 many blanks in the tabular form remain unfilled, while many of the 
 statements lilled in cannot lay claim to more thtm approximate accuracy. 
 
 OATTLE-BREEDTNO IN THE OHATIIAM DISTUICT. 
 
 It is only within the last few years that, iibirmed by occasional fail- 
 ures of the grain crops, the agricidturisLs in this district began to de- 
 
560 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 vote special atteutiou to the imDrovpinonf of h,..;^ i i 
 
 principles, and, as yet, the ni me? able to state vvi?"^' 'V '^'^'^^''^ '«" 
 
 Mist.rution would, from the luiXrof its studJ ^ «f ''^/"^'/'^"'^ ^'-Vthis 
 I.rccmted by the a^jricnlinral co.nZ mitv 1T te^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 which are Ireely (circulated, luri.ish ii brraation n JS ^"^ 'V'*' ''^'l>o'f«» 
 .ties of the various breeds of c,S &c f^^VSv^^^^^^ 
 averap farmer, lew of whom have either ftcIit^^L^^^'V"''^ ^>" tl>o 
 ute the comparisons there conducted audwS n J'''*"'"*' ^"^ '"^f- 
 herd owner. 'M^-ii^", ana flhich are so useful to tiie 
 
 The number of thoroushbreds in this distnVf- ,•« ,.^f ■ 
 and n.ostof them are sefected, im orS ,na£^ '^, f„;»«0"«i.lerable; 
 animal is the Durham ffrade-either a flr^t .- J'^^ ^'^^'oi'^^ shippi,, j 
 breed n.ale ot. a conunon or grade cow J^whfcMs ' n'^ >"^ '?f "^ ''' ""'^ 
 peculiar merits claimed for it ro vT,T,i f. " ^*''*^'"*^' ^'i^'w. Tlic 
 
 «ar«e si.e. Some phe.omena5 w^hts L^^"^^^^^^^^^^ -'^^^-'^.V' " ':. 
 
 ^eneral-pjn-pose ^radS^^mSoS iS'Si;;^,^^^^^ 
 Ihe native, or Canadian breed-theold buf^^™i ? '^• 
 Laps a strain of liner blood-is agS mi k,^r uuV to^"^^^^^^ I"^'" 
 
 produces exce eut irener-il mnn^.^V. .f., "niut r .imi to a Shortlioiu bull 
 
 a thoroughbred. i^^'i't-iacure and diet riiiiioius to 
 
 C^) a good tbra 'el; (4) tine lil-s 1 Kint^, ^011^/-? ''"'"? ''''''' 
 iuui good nurses. "Miiimum otl.il; (;,) sure Inewlors 
 
DOMINION OP CANADA. 
 
 561 
 
 Mipon sciontific 
 ' grocofdet:^ 
 
 ly do."' 
 
 1 breed, reduced 
 
 )roduciii8- coiiii- 
 lie wininoi,^ or 
 
 rood irrjKle.sii 11(1 
 reputation i,.s, I 
 ''.Vjiistitied |)y 
 "■'■f's- Until n,. 
 s to bo (loiivod 
 <^rs to consiiiiio 
 
 emeiitto.sto(rk. 
 i"i affrituiltnnil 
 'ff on scientific 
 ftordod l).v tlii.s 
 to be fully ap. 
 rs and reports, 
 ' relative qual- 
 luable bv the 
 tience toiiisti. 
 > useful to tlic 
 
 considerable ; 
 oi'ite sliippin.r 
 
 rossof iiinirc 
 il favor. Tli(! 
 i^aturity, mid 
 \ at a period 
 ning. 
 Ices excellent 
 
 ow, with per- 
 lorthoiu bull 
 iirdihood and 
 it ruinous to 
 
 (1) a weiffht- 
 three yciirs; 
 are l)reeder8 
 
 irni them in 
 id stall Urd- 
 )n; (.'{lAber- 
 « for liiirdi- 
 sure breed- 
 
 RELATIVE YIET.DS OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 To aid in an niKlerstanding of the relative merits of the respective 
 breeds I embody lierewith a table showiiifr the results of nearly five 
 thousand tests made at the Agricultural Colloffe and Model Farm • 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Sliorthoin 
 
 .Sliorthoni irrade 
 
 Alieiilccn uratle 
 
 AbeTilccii I'oH (jrado . 
 
 Ifpii'ford 
 
 llcrelord grade 
 
 Ildvnn 
 
 (Jalloway 
 
 Ayrsliiro 
 
 Avrsliiro grade 
 
 iTorscy 
 
 Cuuadiun 
 
 .a 
 M 
 
 '3 . 
 itic 
 
 Co 
 
 Lbn. 
 1, .170 
 1,4.50 
 
 i,;)oo 
 1, ir>o 
 
 1,340 
 1,100 
 1,030 
 I,2.'>0 
 1,000 
 
 i,o;io 
 
 710 
 9S0 
 
 as 
 
 O £ 
 
 "5 " 
 
 Dai/g 
 170 
 22(1 
 170 
 190 
 I HO 
 200 
 200 
 100 
 210 
 220 
 
 2(;o 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 Lit. 
 2, .^50 
 3,0f)0 
 
 2, 3H0 
 3,040 
 2,310 
 
 3, .'■.70 
 2,800 
 2, 470 
 .5, 2.'>0 
 4,400 
 2, 5110 
 4,800 
 
 07 
 
 100 i 
 III [ 
 10!) I 
 
 07 
 100 
 113 
 lO.^ 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 
 o:> 
 
 105 
 
 .'■>( 
 
 133 
 7* 
 2' 
 0.^ 
 4| 
 
 34 
 OJ 
 
 •a 
 
 £ 
 
 Butter 
 I'roni— 
 
 
 Lbn. ' Lbn. Lb». 
 
 5' 2j 
 
 0, SJl 
 
 4\ 2 
 
 flj 2J 
 
 « I 3J. 
 
 nj 
 
 H 3l' 
 
 5 I 
 
 37 . 
 
 8 . 
 
 £ 
 
 lAm. 
 
 Value per sea- 
 sou ol — 
 
 12 l>19 
 
 40 111 ;(0 
 40 llj 18 
 23 
 17 
 27 
 21 
 
 OOJ 
 40 
 
 115 
 
 7 
 l«i 
 
 Hi' 39 
 
 .-..I 33 
 ....! 19 
 Hi! 80 
 
 111 
 
 lU 
 
 n 
 
 95 
 5J 
 
 llj 
 
 I'A 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 57 
 
 m 
 
 $22 
 18 
 10 
 
 'n 
 
 18 
 19 
 11 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 $.30 
 42 
 27 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 45 
 23 
 58 
 
 54 
 
 NUMBER AND KINDS OP CATTLE IN THE CHATHAM DISTRICT. 
 
 The number Of cattle in three counties, as per report of the Provincial 
 Bureau of Agriculture, with a classified list of thoroughbreds is ffiven 
 below. " ' fj '^" 
 
 
 1 
 
 •a 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 .a 
 H 
 
 434 
 
 .5,50 
 (i(i0 
 
 Grade and native. 
 
 Hilch cows, all 
 breeds. 
 
 -- 
 
 County. 
 
 t 
 
 O 
 
 
 its 
 
 09 
 
 o 
 
 10,292 i 
 17, (iJO i 
 20,202 1 
 
 rr: 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
 Essex 
 
 251 
 161 
 
 447 
 
 9,(180 
 10, 900 
 
 15, (hSO 
 
 4,033 
 
 8, 022 
 
 11,145 
 
 9,742 
 
 17, 035 
 
 "" 
 
 Kent 
 
 25,202 
 
 L:mil>ton 
 
 4.S, OIK 
 
 
 ir',787 47,701 
 
 iotai 
 
 l,C44 
 
 42, 320 
 
 24,400 j 
 
 48, 210 
 
 42, 504 
 
 117,032 
 
 
 Uiu'bam 
 
 Devon. 
 
 Uereford 
 
 33 
 41 
 
 8 
 
 Aberdcei 
 • I'oU. 
 
 ' Galloway 
 
 . Ayrshire. 
 
 Kssex 
 
 24G 
 391 
 
 488 
 
 34 
 32 
 71 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 17 
 37 
 34 
 
 . . 
 
 Kent 
 
 79 
 
 I^anibton 
 
 48 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RELATIVE VALUES OF CATTLE FEED. 
 
 The following results of a critical test as to the relative value of va- 
 lous diets 111 their effects on the different breeds will not. I conceive, be 
 
 [I'"roni Modil .arni Report. ] 
 Corn f.)(l<ler tjcwly cut, uii.l draw,, fro.,, 11,,, Ir.I,1 when t'lVfi, cnt into in.l, l,.,„r<l.. 
 
 tor an lud.diiiiio tiiiin in „ ,.,..,-iifi;.„ ix, i-.._ ....■':....'' '.••• • I- '!",i'''t''"f; ""'ii :i wall, 
 
 'ost notoxcoedii 
 
 , e.xclnHJvo of (iultivaf 
 
 KJii, e.xcinHivo ot (iUltivaf ion. 
 
 n. E.K. 51 30 
 
 I's; §1 
 
 \H' 
 
 a poorer niiiiketahlo luilter i„ color 
 
 erijiivo l.', percent, less milk, 
 
i in 
 
 562 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ikIh 
 
 ^ 
 
 DamnKftl wliont can ho. voryoconomically used in the fafteninirof rafflo <, 
 p«r hoa.l per <}a.v jrivo a <lnil.v incroas., of 2 ponn.ls p." ], a(l i"f ,Sv at „"" 'I''"' 
 cents pur pound to the live weight. ' •^' "* ^ *'""f' •" • 
 
 Kico meal in tLo fatteninj; of cutf le uavo a dnilv iiuTnnH« ,.f i >ii , i 
 
 per day. by the nneof « ponlid. per.H^.fl^Hlr d.!^ Ift a osrcU'l n'VlZ's n.!;. ^ '"'",'' 
 
 IJarley nipal in cattle fatteninL' reiinircHa lame unionnt <ifnt ■('.,> • ' ' '""""!• 
 and Hi pounds per head per daj? gaVe aXiff Vn^Z oV 2 4 h mU T.^IT '.' '""' 
 day, at a cost ot 7 cents per jionud live weight I'"»"(i.i j., i i|,..„| j,,,^. 
 
 Corn meal took the liifrhe.st plate in a dullv rate of inprmse in tlm f,.t. • 
 tie ; !»i pounds ,.er head daily «ave S.:U p. nds per i e Her ,C ["^"'""'F/'' <a(. 
 per i.ound of the added animal weight. ^ P'rdaj, at a est,, I r,i,.,,,(,H 
 
 ,. I !'.*"* "A*^i"\?^''\? *''" *"'.''"'"' '"'*** '^"''y ™*«' of increase at the least cost of .,ii .. 
 nlir cattle-leedinK K'ainH. Eiftht and one-half i.o.u.ds per In. I hi i; L "'"/'"- 
 a.iWponnda, at a cost of cents per pound of the weight uhleoS^^i, /' ''^" "^ 
 
 A i)iire-l)red Shorthorn steer can he hron-'ht to a weJ.Kht r,f - ri '''"' ""^'■, 
 month nn.ler two years old. or a .lally rate">f i,H;;ea:"." / o''^' o mu t"^ "- 
 
 II.TefordKrade steer calves can ho made to av.-ra«e UU pounds '>'i ''•^'• 
 rate of:;iJ pounds Iter day. . " I'ounos in ^„s days, era 
 
 Aberdeen Poll ^nido st-er calves can be made to average 7:i0 pounds >.,..-., , 
 or a rate of iiij ])()iinds per day. pounds iii J,.! ,i.,yj,^ 
 
 Dnrins winter a !,0()U-pouud steer will c .nsume daily 10 pounds hnv •! i 
 turnips, 4 pounds bran, and-, ponu.ls of a n.ixtnro of gra „,' Z , whh^^^ i '"i',"'"^ 
 i-'.ll jionnds to its live weight. ' ' »nieli a will ■u\,[ 
 
 One p<.n.id of added weight to a 1,000-ponnd steer can bo obtaine.l (Vnm .i 
 various materials that contain 11 ponn.Is of dry substances chemi ,• "'" ''"' <"' 
 
 Jiy .1 large variety of experiments with several cdasses of cattle audin.nv i • , . 
 foo, , we (ind the actual cost of adding I pound to the live weii' it , • ') '^""'^ "' 
 ima lis .cents to tho feeder who grows his own materials, mu le I' :,';;'''''/'''■ 
 the iood IS bought ,n he regular maiket-niannre and nianaMen int 1 ^ , '/ "''r' 
 
 Sugar beet, weight for weight with mangels an.l turnips Tin as.: ''■'•, 
 
 o;!SJ';:;:in:}::^eKSr •'^'^ '^"•^^' ^-« "- •"«»- -tuLs-^r .SHaS; 
 SfijlrKSlES'pl:;-!,!:-^^^^^ 
 
 omuls under conditions similar to mangels and sugar bee't '' "'"* '''"'"''"^'l '-""l 
 
 i "'r'Mseither a simple natural reasmi, or a hidden chemical one i,, th,. c.t ,i , 
 
 by. the use ot less gram and more roots, ciUtlo gave a greater "hui; nt. 'am K 
 
 COST OF CHATHAM CATTLE. 
 Sellii.ff prices vary Avidely, not only with the breed bnt also wifh 
 the particular merits of the animals. (Joo.I pure bred utHs ^it 
 service, can be had at from !{(1()0 to $300, and vouiifrer ■ nhn U . 
 SHlerably lower prices, althouj^h it is not unnsuart^^ [.ear o u.cv nS 
 beiny- paid for extra good stock. -^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 BEEF EXPORT OF THE CnATnA:M DISTRICT. 
 
 The beef trade is principally with Great IJritain, and is fomid to 
 grow more prohtable as better stock is introduced. Beeves "^1 
 pounds and upwards pay well, and, as is obvious, the per (-ai)! i er 
 ot marketing a steer of 1,000 pounds or one of 1 ,80() to L\0 1( m^^^^ 
 be.n^^ the same size ks for that consideration, as nIcH as a de.n 
 the loreicrn market for heavy stock, a desirable attainment. T e o . 
 age ruling hirnres lor some time past have been from r,.\ to 5nivo 
 rl^'uired! ' ' ''■^'"''^'' ^'"''''* '"'''^ '"^^"'^ '''-''''''' ^'«tter-stock Ling 
 
 in '.innTf !'"" ■''^'■."-f ^''>" "f tl'o reciprocity treaty considerable, traffio 
 1.1 <;attle \as earned on between the IJnite.l States and tl.is province, 
 
 ^ t IvS"'-''?".' ^^^''V'V "r^ *^"**'''*'' ""^'^^">' ^''« •''<^^^'-- This has sin, : 
 frieatl,\ diminished, while the export to the Urit-sh markets has iar-elv 
 increased. ""o*-'.) 
 
 ^ Notwithstanding the small proportion of thoroughbreds in UuMlis. 
 .ne., {iiere is always a lai-e surplus of excellent stock suitai.h; forlxvi; 
 a lair pro. ^>rtioii ot which passes muster for tlie export tni<h'. Tlieie 
 18 no lack ot buyers at the barnyards and at tlie agricultural fairs. 
 
rcattlc-<j,H,u,„lH 
 
 ',V, lit a COHt of 41 
 
 ponndH iMT li,.;„i 
 
 CCIltH 1.,!,- p„„||,|, 
 
 '< HinasHociiKioii 
 
 "•■* l>»'l' llctld p,.|' 
 fatlfllili;; ()(• ,..i( 
 
 <i(">.stofr,J,.,.,i(,s 
 
 Nt^nill (h,. n.,r. 
 
 1' animal. 
 ioiiikIh wIkim 0,1,, 
 "His iici-diiy. 
 
 I' -W dilys', (ir ii 
 
 Kls in^7;!dfiyH, 
 lia.v :M pounds 
 
 ■•"<•'' ilwill ;,(l,| 
 
 IVoiii Uic ii,s(> „(• 
 y. 
 
 ' "i"M,v liiiidsdC 
 1i"<"I-||(iuim1 aii- 
 y I'i ciiiifM wlieii 
 lot noiisidciv,! 
 WNCM'iatioii Willi 
 
 I fet-fliri;; cattle, 
 
 )tfllONlInr,qrI„.,.f 
 
 t wt'i<,'be(l l,Oiil 
 
 II tie fac't tliat 
 Y rctmn in Ijvu 
 
 lit also with 
 I'lills, lit for 
 iiiials at cou- 
 liiiicy ])rices 
 
 is Ibiiiid to 
 I'es of ],-)()(» 
 
 cnpihi cost 
 ,<•()() pounds 
 - (Iciiiaiul in 
 Tli(i aver- 
 I to 5f livo 
 .stock boiii"- 
 
 -able traflSc 
 ■s province, 
 is lias since 
 lias larjfeiy 
 
 ill I lie (lis- 
 lie tor lieel", 
 (Ic. There 
 1 fairs. 
 
PLATf ;,, 
 
 FARM BUILDINGS OF THE FUTURE 
 
 .'u/iits flianJ ro/iitti. 
 
P L A I f. 
 
 ' 67 
 
 *<■'>- 
 
 
 
 C*o 
 
 /^ 
 
 W-* 
 
 / 
 
 ^v"? 
 
 \ 
 
 ^% 
 
 \ 
 
 \At 
 
 
 \\ « 
 
 
 k VX 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 . . *l 
 
'■O 
 
 b! 
 f- 
 < 
 -J 
 Q. 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 CD 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 I- 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 I- 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 < 
 
5 
 i 
 
 O 
 
 z 
 
 3 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 (- 
 u. 
 o 
 
 z 
 < 
 
 D. 
 
 
p L A r F 
 
 f'rc; 7 
 
 I 
 
 « ; 
 
 .10. 2B 
 per cent 
 
 Hfifldid 
 
 •M 
 
 40. 50 
 
 11 
 
 
 Short H,„u(h\;,lv fhrrl,.,,/ <;,■,„/,. ]/„r</,.,;,'i,o/ 
 
 ;lii,:. BiK. 
 
 Hi !■: 
 
 MILK, CREAM ft BUTTER TESTS, 
 
L A r f 
 
 /'()// 
 
II! 
 
 HI 
 
 (C 
 
 u 
 
 lO 
 
 l^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 ftv-V 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■/ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^( 
 
 % 
 
 
 •Ni 
 
 ki - 
 
h 
 
 hi 
 
 h : 
 
 QC ^ 
 
 h ; 
 
 u . 
 
 < 
 
 u ; 
 
 J 
 


 s 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 r- 
 
 5 
 
 (Ti 
 
 ^ 
 
 hi 
 
 h 
 
 Ti 
 
 K 
 
 r>; 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 CO 
 
 1-- 
 
 a 
 
 1- 
 
 s 
 
 ,t 
 
 < 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 u 
 
 
1 
 
 i; 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 F"!*^ 
 
 
 N *-,- .- * 
 
 1 
 
 ^MiljyM 
 
I- -I 
 
 CO 
 
 UJ 
 
 h- ■ 
 
 a: ^ 
 
 u ■ 
 h : 
 
 D - 
 OD - 
 oft; 
 
 5S 
 < : 
 
 UJ - 
 
 cc \ 
 u 
 
 
 ii 
 
o 
 
 UJ 
 
 r 
 < 
 
 -J 
 Q. 
 
 
 h 
 
 y 
 f- 
 
 tt 
 u 
 h 
 
 H 
 DO 
 
 2 
 < 
 
 UJ 
 
 u 
 
 Mjjg»a.S»gga.-p»^»j 
 
 -a 
 
 -irt^ 
 

 
 ;. 
 o 
 
 h 
 W 
 
 u 
 h 
 
 lE 
 
 u 
 h 
 
 I- 
 
 DO 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 u 
 
 J 
 
Nnmc of 
 
 CAiiadiuii . 
 
 Slioithorn 
 
 llnreloril... 
 Aliiirilppii 
 
 Ilt'l r (onl 
 
 uracil', 
 Shmtliorn 
 
 Ilevoii . 
 
 (liilloway .. 
 Ayrsliiro... 
 
nOMINION OP CANADA. 
 
 563 
 
 CATTLE IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES NOT PROnABLE. 
 
 I iuii not iridined to tliiiik thut any (JonHiderable importation ofcaltlo 
 lioin tlio Uniteil States in likely to oi^'iir, as the only reqnirenient here 
 is tor No. 1 tlioroiit;lil)re(l.s, and the Mido-iiwake .sllippers are keeidv 
 ciiticLsiu;,' {orMiiii Htoek, of whieli, owinjr to their traiiH-Atlantie, trade 
 opportunities ot maknifr selectioim Ironi the niost fanion.s herd.s are not 
 liickinjr. 
 
 I I.iivc plea.surc in attachiiifr to this report a j.lan of the model stoek 
 Imihliiif;, Lxpenmciita! Farm, Uiielpli, tru.stinK thai it will not l)e <:on- 
 sidered extraneous to the subject, and an illustrated test of the milk 
 cream, and bntter prodnoinff capacity of several breeds, made by Pro- 
 fessor lirown, under the direction of the Ontario (lovernment 
 
 II. C. lUJPFINCTON, 
 
 ., „ . /I Conwiei'i il Affcni. 
 
 United Statks (^ommkroial Agencv, 
 
 Chatham, October 'A, 188.'J. 
 
 Special atatiniinH concerning cattle in Soiithwiattrn Oiil, r 
 
 10. 
 
 
 e 
 
 « 
 
 , 
 
 
 bf . 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 
 2^ 
 
 a 
 a h 
 
 ::; y 
 
 
 is 
 
 u 
 
 
 Nanif iif liii'od. 
 
 r^ O 
 
 zS 
 
 
 
 5l« 
 
 ..<" 
 
 
 
 S'S 
 
 =J ' 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lhn. 
 
 r.b». 
 
 ;^ 
 
 
 IM 
 
 (,';iiiiuli . 
 
 4, HUO 
 
 L'.'i 
 
 \\\ 
 
 SIkhIIniIu 
 
 2, .IfiO 
 
 2L'.^ 
 
 12 
 
 Ili'ivfcinl 
 
 •.', ;)4I) 
 
 •J4 
 
 lU 
 
 AliiTiii-cn urailii . . 
 
 J, ;t)-o 
 
 IT. 
 
 11', 
 
 Ucii'ldTil miidiv . . 
 
 i, :•'() 
 
 '.'» 
 
 t 
 
 Shorthorn unitlii. ., 
 
 1, um 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 Devon ... 
 
 i. nw 
 
 8;i 
 
 m 
 
 (lalloivav 1 
 
 i, 470 
 
 25^ 
 
 »\ 
 
 Ayrwliiru 
 
 5,200 
 
 24 
 
 114 
 
 * "uVV 
 
 Un. 
 
 1. r,,-«i 
 i,;i(iu 
 i,:iiK) 
 
 I, HIO 
 l,4.V) 
 I.O.-iO 
 1,2.'>(I 
 I.UOO 
 
 JAvo wclgbt. 
 
 P 
 
 1,. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 St- 
 
 
 
 
 ^•c 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 Color. 
 
 Uiill. 
 
 ()\. 
 
 es 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 £6* 
 
 Lbi. 
 
 Mimlhi. 
 
 Us. 
 
 
 I, ' 'HI 
 
 
 24 
 
 O.-iO 
 
 Vai'iiibUi, 
 
 
 
 1,766(02,606 
 
 22-24 
 
 I, 000 to 2, 000 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 28 
 
 1,^110 1,500 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 1,500 ],00O 
 
 no 
 
 i,:ioo 1,500 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 :i2 
 
 l,3uo i,r.oo 
 
 Do. 
 
 1,400 1,800 
 
 22-24 
 
 1,4,50 
 
 Do. 
 
 -. 1.200 1,400 
 
 2.V27 
 
 1,000 1,200 
 
 Chiollv ml. 
 
 i,:ioo i.Doo 
 
 30-;i4 
 
 1, 250 1, :)l)0 
 
 Cliietlvilark. 
 
 
 32-30 
 
 1, 000 
 
 Vaiiablo. 
 
 
 - -- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nnnip of 
 
 l.rwil. 
 
 l)eH(^ri|>tioi) of 
 bretHl. 
 
 Orijiin of 
 brtu'd. 
 
 Canadiun .. 
 
 sliortliorn . 
 Udreiortl..- 
 
 Small, (]iiirk, 
 wiry. 
 
 Oood frame ; 
 
 i|iii<:k},'row 
 
 cr. 
 Oood fi'cdiirH; 
 
 l)Iiim|i. 
 
 Woll Ipllilt; 
 
 not 1 on.sid- 
 
 crcd liaidy 
 
 Htock. 
 rill III |i a n d 
 
 iiiKl!<'d. 
 I.aryo ; ra]»id 
 
 (jrownr. 
 
 Small 1)0 nod 
 
 Native stock 
 with per- 
 liap.saHtraiii 
 of Dnrhnni. 
 
 iioiith-Ila t»H 
 
 f'XIiilicH. 
 
 Aliiirilopii 
 
 
 erailo. 
 II err ford 
 
 Cros.<» 
 
 uradc. 
 Sliortliorn 
 
 {{liUlo. 
 
 Ilovon 
 
 OroHs on na- 
 tive orjirado 
 cow. 
 
 (ialloway .. 
 
 am! phiinii; 
 
 caMJly led. 
 Thick Hi't and 
 
 hardy. 
 Small, ' clonn- 
 
 1 i III 1) d , 
 
 ;)luinp. 
 
 
 Ayrslnro... 
 
 
 
 
 Prodnct. 
 
 Labor. 
 
 <iO)mI 
 
 Fair . 
 
 Moat. 
 
 V k. 
 
 Kltsli Kood 
 but too 
 Huiall. 
 
 Kxcelli-ntand 
 
 lU'UW. 
 
 I''i..< 
 
 Very fair . 
 
 Oooil FleHli (rood; Moderately 
 
 i tooliuUt. bo<m1. 
 
 luditloroiit . llniicrliKlit .. .. di> 
 
 Good . . 
 Strong . 
 
 Too small. 
 
 Litflit but ex- 
 cellent. 
 — Lnrgo and 
 
 Fine bntliulit 
 
 Good 
 Kair.. 
 
 r \ Kood 
 Kx eel lent . . 
 
 Good 
 
 liatlier light.. Fair 
 
 Toolinlii I Superior. 
 
 Cbeese. 
 Uootl. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Very ({ood. 
 
 Siipeiior. 
 Very good. 
 
 IndifTHmnt. 
 
5G4 
 
 CATTLi: AND lUIUY I'ARMINO. 
 
 rJV'TV " •■ ^' '♦""•' XVr.V litMn ul.ovo M.o I..vol of L.vko Saint Clftir, wliirl, iN„|,n,„ 
 
 Dcrcuilxir, .limiiaiy, iukI I'cltniiirv, inriiii •,';(. r'. ' j> h , 'h.i , 
 
 .!.>.■•; rl.iy, ., ,..„• ,n.t., :t to .| iVrt ,1. ; ar, ,,..,• .•.■nt. Han.l.v ln:,„, au.l univHIv 
 
 lli.T(,,.s alm„lntrly ,m h.mI .„• snl.Miatnin in ll.is lurality which nu, nropr.iv l,„ 
 .IcNiKinU...! as Ntoiiy. Tli.Tr i. ,.„Msl.l..nil.l.< l.nvhm.l and Hon,,, nnirnhoH not f f 
 
 KrowMiK ^jja.n. Mo.( oHh,. 1. ,,h a iM.avy yllow or hino ..lay HnhHtnt , , , 
 
 n. Htat.Mho ,M>r .rn ., ,„t l.y (Mr (!,.• nr,,u..r area n.ay l....lHm H«mh..,1 A s , i 
 l.artol 11,0 No.l near I ,o iaUn •> l,jj|,t,, ,„„i |,„h KravH or Nan.ly hoII as a hm1,.|,, l ' 
 
 c«nt. Iho prinripul Kiass .rops aro timothy an.l .lovvr, H.,n,o corn lo • C,.,., i,,,, ,' 
 a.. /r"l m'win'jl!,,''''''"' "•'' "' '"'''"'" «''"'''"" ' '"'«" """"»!*'<'« "»" wh.-at un.l o.l, Hh'at 
 
 ,l/W/(w/, rj/' hoim,,;, fivdhiq, ,(>. ; Most calth- havo rnn of harn- vanl and H(ra\v.si.„.i. 
 .UMl aro only housed whrn hnn^ .stali-f...!. Opn, .sl,..ds(a K,,„aio ns,,allv ),■,:; 
 «ood sn.ltj.r. In so,„opla,;..syoMni;Nh.,.U nro l.adly nofrh'.'t.'d in (ho mat .'.i o f , , 
 
 (ndv thoplan inrlos,.!). Nosynt.. f f,...di„n ; vo„t,K' Mo, k arr allowed (of. ..r^ 
 
 NolvoH, and .■.(fnlion only hooins (savo with^dno animah) wh..,, iin , t • I , ' "r 
 
 "" '"•'"• "'" •"-»' >.|'I"'.v..,l l„ lors ,n,ss (ho hest, attainal.lo of .".,'■ 
 
 l.iv.lM on ..on,„.on or Kiado rows. No l„.l| is sndrr, d to jjo to his own pro ', T' a 
 Hwond or thii-d cross IS prftcrrcd to a (irst. '(""„' i,.\. a 
 
 llandliu,! ,m„lurh: No l.onldc; plenty of hnyers, who aro always travcljn.r ,|,.. 
 7ri"c.s'''^ " "'' '"'""''^ '""• "'■'''■'•'' >'"i«kWH and local hntchcrs, keep ,,{ ||„' 
 
 CATTLE IN PRESCOTT. ONTARIO. 
 
 hepout i'.y coxsrr, sLAoifv, or vuEscorr. 
 
 ClIAHACrrKRISTU^S OF THE VAUTOUS lUlEKDS. 
 
 The prodtKrtioti oCii sdiuM'ior (tla.ss of cuttle, such as arefoiin.l ainoii"' 
 the best herds ni this c,.Msiil;,r district, has been sdCiM'ssfiillv acconr 
 l>iished by a caretul sehrtioii and use of thoioiif-hbred balls oiilv' iiid 
 experience has i)n)ved that the Durham and Hereford stand DiVomj 
 nent, the Hereford bein- the lar-er and capabh' of attaininol,, .J hirr],,,' 
 standard in wei-ht as beefln^^stcMdv. Ibitfor snndlness of bone and ruiv 
 n.atnrity the Dnrhan. is the favorite, and ai)parently more numerous. 
 lie iMirhani bull is serviceable b.r breeding imrposes at lifteeninontlis 
 - Ihe Ayr.shire, or a well .selected Canatlian cow served bv a Diirliaiii 
 bull, pr<)diic(>s excellent results, nivinj: a hioh ^-rade ofaiiiinul.com. 
 binin- most desirable (lualities for tlu^ dairy and also f(.r hoHin'' 
 stock. It IS, however, by }r<,od fwdinfr and proper honsiii- that aiiv 
 preerenceis claimed for tlM« Durham; if tlu^ animals ar«^ exposotl to 
 cold and hardship, or insnllicietitly fed, the Hereford will .surpass his 
 ccjmpetitor. The cows at present comprising' these herds are lar-'oiv 
 of the Ayrshire strain, and under Judicious inanaf-einent the avcni"'.' 
 product of III die i)er cow is .-.,000 pounds durinjr the s.'ason, and wli?ii 
 made into cheese 10 i>ouiids of milk is recpiired for 1 pound of clico.sc 
 JjOO pounds of full cream (dieese beinj.- jdaced to the credit of each cow 
 111 the lierd annually. For richness of milk the i)rize is conceded to tiie 
 .Jersey cow. The special excellence of this herd is maintained hv the 
 n.se()t a tliorou;.'libr»'d Durham bull, and L'O per cent, more hiitter is 
 claimed for tlii.s herd from a fjiven fiuantity of milk over tiny other lieni 
 111 this district. The (Canadian cow is placed bv (lompetent authorities 
 here as havni'4- been ori-iual!y imporied from Normandv. These weie 
 j^()od milkers, and j)aitook very much in ai»peararice of the , Jersey and 
 Alderuey breeds. iJy cross breediiio' they are now clas.sed at one tomth 
 
DOMINION OK CANADA. 
 
 nerj 
 
 Thoy ;iro very o.HluiiM- iiiHl do ^oo.I ^servi.•o in tlic daiiv 
 
 Hliortlioni. 
 
 labor I him lor niilkinf; or iM'i.nnKnni s ». !^^^ <<>Mlinr 
 
 I)ISTIIJJ.;by.FKI) (IATTLE Foil K.XPOUT TO JINOl.AND. 
 
 Tli,-... an, l,L'0([ lH.a,l of cattle latto.HMl for ...arkct aun.mllv U (Lis 
 
 ..'..lock ... he inonm,. ul ItlH. hay tlu-y will ,.,( i., t ■ H, .Ps A S 
 
 I., m., .nasi, n,,,, tho <l..still..ry, ,,„ito tlM\,k witiM,,,. }/ s ;;, (h, , ' 
 
 At n.)0.i iiiii.sliafjfaiii.aiK at li o'clock i» in Iiu- \fV-, ., ^ "'' 
 
 an" lilUMl with .nash,'a,.,l the c.il.s w t ' k i... '. .^ "I:, ""i •'?"^'"^ 
 
 1 
 
 alHmi^lwmMna^li'a V^;i;„;^i^ 
 
 Pb n,r Iho ni;,ht. 'tl.s ^ystcMn'^l ! m n^ i^' i ;^^^ 
 
 li.M.sinji, aii.l produces vcrv choic.^ I.,...i' ti ''*••"'''*""•' ^^'f' f.^'»'»<- 
 
 i.r.ii..;aHhcr:.i,nie.crib:d^:iz setose :;i.r;i.s'!;:d^ 
 
 .attic aro take. Inun the tW.li,.;, «tall the! \ vc^ 'iV ^ '"1 '(^u 
 |.m..i.ls per head. The valnatioi. on the ,sp„t williv, r,. ,' * . < '\^^^^^^ 
 
 Thcyarea(,once.hippe<ltoE,,.|a,,,l,a,..l||H,n^^ :X.o^^^^^ 
 L.vcrp..ol, .ncludu.j.' ...snrar.ce, atte..de„c,. an.l f..,. I I, S 
 a}j.-,doc,s not exceed $lil» lu-r head The ■ v ,. h "•"" '^ tl»'\<'.v- 
 ..a;.c,s are Inan $,,„ t.. 8 50 juVta.l neltin' a' ^^i^: '^ ^f '-" 
 llie i.r.ccs (oryom,.- cattl,. lu-re are the follovNl,,- ; K r !s< rVen 
 ...oi.tl.s old, .s,,.. to $100 ; lu.in.,s, yearlin^rs, $20 t, $ 50 e. I, u " S < 
 stock ,« not .supposed to be pure, ulthoui], classed ari.iil.o;:;;!;, ^^'"'' 
 
 EXI'OIIT TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Tiansportation t., the IJnite.l Stafs by dire.it and .-ontinnons r.il 
 r.)a(l connections at verv small cost Tlw (u-,.i,-,. f V ""'"' "'"•^ ••i"- 
 n.cnpic.1 i,. transit n.,,,; hj" t , mi, ' ( A' u! "'^'l •^•■. ""•■ '"""■s 
 dispcscs with the ad.litional eo t t^ eari an w, «„^"'^';' ""'T 
 
 nite.1 States are constantly in Ca„a.liin,''m;,rk L f >r'^ n. 'e'u !' 
 beeves, however, are seldon, exportcl (o the llnib-d Sh^;:"lv.,m nlSs 
 
 ill view of the impoi'tant qnestion of profit or !,,«« t,, fi„. .^ ; 
 wlien the a.iimal pass.-s the a«e or for oil -.Jul I '^''= '•.V'""" 
 (ocntribnte p.cfitably to the Vbd^v i t. t oi ' ' ;r ^ "';"' •'''"•'^' 
 l.odi.„Mp,aliti'es, an.l what appt-^\\ 1,1 '^^ ';,,;;! '":;<'<''^^'<l /o .bs 
 »K'l that will attain to thesiea est wei- iTt i. hVs'l . ■ f ^'''''^V""' 
 iH' i..inii<...slyaflecte.l by iMn,aS i^, bod rcb.^ T. "V"^ ?V^ 
 
 ..nalities n,ayl,e tally ndied "I^.n^'chanlc'-H^ ^^ ^, ^j^;,,; [i;;^* 
 ici(l..nl,s. Theretoio ,t is n,y humble opinio,, that these ,-et^w 
 breeds to export to the United States. ^""^ 
 
 HAIIUY L. SLAGUT, 
 
 United Stat 
 
 ES CONStTLATE, 
 
 'rescott, April S, 1SS4. 
 
 Consul. 
 
 : ^ f 
 
56G 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIUY FARMING. 
 
 General statiniicH. 
 
 \ 
 
 I ] 
 I I 
 
 Nuiiio of breed. 
 
 a ^ 
 
 X6«. 
 
 r>, Olio 
 
 -\ jrsliire 
 
 I ) mil mil '.'..'.'..". 
 
 cann.iia>,":;:::::;:::::;::;:::;;::.::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;i «•;;»;; 
 
 Naiiiii nf 
 biocil. 
 
 Ayrsliiip . 
 Diiiliiiiii ., 
 Jloiclbnl . 
 
 •Icrscy 
 
 Canadian . 
 
 I*i(iilii( 
 
 Ori;riii orbii 
 
 Sciitland 
 
 j;ii;;laud ' 
 
 .-do 
 
 Island (if .leiHi'y. 
 Normandy '. . 
 
 * Nono nindo. 
 
 t Milk and croam. 
 
 Jr. 
 
 •at. 
 
 Milk. 
 
 j !f:^s 
 
 (10 
 
 ifl.'IO 00 1 
 
 ,j,i 
 
 00 
 
 Mi 00 \ 
 
 X, 
 
 00 
 
 .'iO III) • 
 
 >i"n(>. 
 
 il.'iO 00 
 
 L'8 00 
 
 :iu 00 j 
 
 ^^^:i^^z^7^.:X'^::^^j^:i^^ ^- <■•« '>■>• 
 
 luT, 
 
 n> m 
 ■'i'l no 
 
 Noiii'. 
 ■i^ 00 
 
 vl'I'SH lif 
 
 , ... ^ . , Icniand (or 
 
 talvos in exteii.sivcly ciigascl in. C'.ivho i.s , 
 
 "•■■'illc.n.l civaini. 1,;: K,, Z' 
 oxportcd. "^ u.iiMii- 
 
 CHEESE DAIRYING IN HASTINGS COUNTY, ONTARIO. 
 
 itEPour r.y coxsul j-uixci:, of nKhLEyii.i.ic. 
 CATTLE AND TIIEIU IMl'OUT AND KXl'ORT. 
 
 TIkm'o iiic vcr.v few pmv-b.va (-iittlo in tliis ili.stric,(. I ,,„il,l (in.? Imi 
 two or tlueo po.vsons who ina.lc an.v i.rehMi.sio.i-s to ra si, , , "^ 
 
 wiflMu a lew inoi.tli.s |.a«(), sovcraUinc l)inln. s , fv • """;''."<'•'•' 
 
 <i()ii ot\so,n.>, otlK-r bmMl.s, and n.oro interest n .i Vt . , '''' 
 
 the breeiliiii^of l.nre stoek, all of wl.i'i , l ll , n u , ' I""'," 
 
 cl.anjre the rl,araeter,,rth(^-attle here ' "'" "'""™"-^ 
 
 1 lind that in tne connty of IIa.stin«,s, eoniprisini^r tlie lar-vst „ pf ,.f 
 
 Cttttlo 
 
 Hoj,'s 31,n''.i 
 
 Sheq, 10,.™ 
 
 JIorst;8 '..''„," ^^-^1^ 
 
 =• = •=.- — •..-.........., 11,1;!:' 
 
 'ittsisML 
 
rtr-i 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 .007 
 
 I-ivoweiKlit. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 IM. 
 000 
 I, 100 
 1, 100 
 
 KlIO 
 
 uoo 
 
 liull. 
 
 I, "iiio 
 I,«(IO 
 
 l,(iuo 
 
 Ox. 
 
 I.TUO 
 l.TOi) 
 
 Uoo; Noiio. 
 
 Jlciit. 
 
 $-J« 00 
 
 .'),"> ()() 
 
 a.'i (10 
 
 Nono. 
 
 L'8 00 
 
 I'rodutt. 
 
 *'"'k. Clioesc, 
 
 •WO 00 .^;,r, „„ 
 
 tl:.0 im j N„,|,,. 
 ^!» 00 I a.-. 00 
 
 '•.•■;.'> IKTCL.iit, Exc™„f 
 
 Hiiiiiiiin-, (K; ; ,vi„(,.,. 
 'l.v.A-u. .Siil,,stialiim; 
 
 t(\ 
 
 ■ "'■••'■Ii .■iiiiiiiiil. TIkt 
 "Ni'il ;is ,'iii ;il.siii'li|.|ii, 
 
 lltJii'iM* tiliicsii wci'l; 
 ^'••l.V lidlc hiiftcicx- 
 
 '■^ '■•ir-C. Iv'ili.silHr „!■ 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 )Ii/'. 
 
 1 <'<»iil(l (iiid hiii 
 'ii'«':i I'fltfiiiiiiii 
 Ih'cii iiilnxliic'd 
 yi'shiirs, claiiiini 
 <'<»i' tlic iiiti'ddiic. 
 !t(«'Mti()ii paid to 
 ', will iiiiilci'ially 
 
 i^ largest part oi' 
 turns .show live 
 
 . 10,.™ 
 
 . 11,17!.' 
 
 l.iy nin,.t;..„.( wonlietl.s'. Nono arc rS d r l/m/lTer Kno;;^ 
 ,n<,st <;! . iK.tn a,v <,f a .s,„all .size, ,so,n., w]hm. (.oCl w.Vh u> i v ;,,i,^^^^^^^^ 
 u.'i-liirij- less tliaii J,;JOO luamd.s. Tl e Durcr tlio Im', <1 H. i '^ ':^liii('.s, 
 
 c-onic iron. <listricts wost. ITonc arc drawn IVo^TtL U. k I sE"?^r 
 arc any cxi.ortcd tint her of any iiiiDorf-inpn v;, ' i. . '"^^*' atates iior 
 to England. I lind that in tl.lf hs K^rs^o^m.rJ'Sm^^ fj* 
 of cattU^ have been .sent to the United Staf cs Wm,. ?i.: • ;V</'<>"*V?''^'' 
 at ]....,• intervals and of orclinary ^Jnu^^^^^^ * ^'"' '^''^'''*' '"'*^ ^'^'-^^^ 
 
 CHEESE MAKING. 
 
 The main interest here in this connection is the dairv f i,.> »..*;. i 
 
 net u. fact ^_oin^^ to the clieese factories. Tl r>ieW JT^. ?' f i .J''"'''^' 
 |nMnud,on the aycrafje, over and above what ^^ ted i c^^nilv' 
 t ioi,f,'h in one instance a party who has a fair herd (.f 1) rl ,, . ,, <' a ^' 
 .sillies says his yielded him $10 j,er season for e'.cl ....u I , '* ,-^-^ '' 
 
 .such as he used for his own family. """" ''''''" ''"*^ '^^^^^ 
 
 1 have analyzed the returns of three of the dHium.,.,! ..i. v . ■ 
 and I tin.l as follows: Milk toeach poun" ofXs N furn^^'T^ 
 .\... L>, !».870 ],ounds; No. ;j, !).5J0 pounds. ' ' ' '^" ^''""'''^5 
 
 Paid each j.atron or stockholder dci- sif.,„/i.,r,i / c •> <„>,> 
 c, which i.s suj.posed to rcpZent' 1 e -ivei^ o f! ^"* 'N^'^^'^.P-U'^ls) <>f 
 
 i was unable to lind any one who kent siwh •i(.<.M„,.f.. „ 
 l.i.n to «ct at the product of his cattle h/XfZec'.^ "'"^*l" 
 
 &c., or for the balance of the year As st it 1 i. . " ' ^'/''*"' '"*^''f' 
 IModuct -oes to cheese. '' ^^'^^ "'^"' ''^'"'"^' <>f t''*^ 
 
 The .lortliern i)ortion of this count v ('IT•l.Jfi.urv:^ fu , 1 • i, 
 lor ^razin. an<l the beef and ZZn\ ^T^Sr^'^'T^^'^^'^'r^ 
 better (,uality than the southern. The w i . n f '''"''r''^ '^ 
 
 LInitki) Stated Consulate, (Consul. 
 
 BcUerillc, Dcvcmhtr J 5, bSS3. 
 
 Spvcial statwtkH of citic in the Ilclhrillc dMrirl. 
 
 lirccil. 
 
 iMiiliam 
 
 Ayrsliiro 
 
 Onliiiaiv nviuUs 
 
 Cdlor. 
 
 Hill, 1111(1 red 
 mill wl.iti'. 
 
 ...ill) 
 
 White iiml red.. 
 
 Milk to 1 
 
 piMlIlll of 
 
 butler. 
 
 Poutidg. 
 L'L'J to 2-t 
 
 Milk to 1 ,.., . . . - 
 
 PnundH. Pounds. 
 
 OitoOJ I 1,400 to ],.5U0 
 
 PnumlK. i 
 »W to UOU liillivillo. 
 
 Kon non outaiio. 
 
 coo 700 ' 
 
 ;?n««,7„s.-Tlu. .vi,.l,l „!■ milk .Imiii-r the ".sensoii " -is p.ill,.,l ..f n . 
 
 ■ ' ' '""^^- ^-""^ 'i""*^ '--'"^. -y two yca.l, very lo w ^bsohltdj X 
 
 ■i I 
 
 :l) i 
 

 568 
 
 CATTLH ANJ) ])AIUY FARMING. 
 
 
 CATTLE m THE CARLTON COUNTY, ONTARIO. 
 
 hepout is y comml'i^via l a oent uomsim. 
 
 The coiiMiIar <listii(tt, of Ottaxva embraces a lame extent of em...^ I 
 
 with a ureat variety of .soil and climate; but foP the u rpo ,s ' ^ I " 
 
 re. ortl shall confine my investigations to the county of^cX^^^^^ " 
 which Ottawa i.s the county seat. "^ ^'Ulctoii, ot 
 
 TOPOGRAPliy. 
 As tlie published otlicjial reports fail to show th<^ m...... f 
 
 .Vm/i tetnjxndinr in lach quarter of the year IHHl. 
 Stations. 
 
 Pt'iiilinikcv 
 Corn will I .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 fl7. 4 
 67.4 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 .•i;). r, 
 .'is. 4 
 
 Ye.ir. 
 
 4:'. (11 
 4J.,ia 
 
 
 
 IT). 2 
 17.7 
 
 o 
 
 ."■.i.o 
 
 5i5 
 
 SOIL. 
 
 sandy ^nill^Sr^^^^^ 
 
 is a ^..od (h-al of li.nesfone r . All Le eul iv f 1'"' '"""V ""■'" 
 
 'i"'<'tl'.- ;n,d clover bei,,i,Mhe rnlim e L' , w ^"•''^"^•"■^•"'."•■11. 
 
 Jil")iit one-half is reported'is ( r^V/. 1 '^}'^^^''^; \>i the impn.vnl Imid, 
 
 "-wnaH....„,.,. ^'s;::':;^^z-ilz:z;^x^::^i^z':!;:r 
 
 IS considerab e swainpv land 'i« v,.t .,,.n-wi ' ', ' '""y tJ.iss. Urtc 
 
 "f i-H, .s„ ,,,„,,v „» ,„' Ik. ;;;;;lt';;:V. c S™;;;;',;;;:^ 'ir-' "•;" 
 
 IS generally well watered. '■•uio cuitivatKm. I ho (ouiify 
 
 AVERAGK PRODUCTION. 
 
 wS, •■iriSeir;!;;;''.':::,,'''' *•"■?'"' *;- i" "■i""'«' "» «■"««: i-»ii 
 
 ■u^ 
 
•luiiii and AyrsliiiL-N in (||j, 
 i;li asiHnwdiiilhofaiiiiiv 
 loiivcrafjo, aniii(liciit(.(l||,: 
 ■w yciii-H of a}f(>. 
 Ill '^')() to !,:«)() iv.ot al)ov,. 
 tl<'au tciiipMaturii, 17 jj, 
 Alluvial, loiiiii, JUKI (la,..' 
 strict, Silurian liiiicsiiin,' 
 in 8iiiall iioitioiiH. Tim! 
 
 o(1h. During t!u» milj;,,,,, 
 iici! ii day. " 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 extent of comidv 
 tlio i)nrpo,s(>,s of ti,'jj| 
 iiiify of Carlotoii, of 
 
 I' inean toiii|H'ratmi' 
 '<"'S viz, Pcmbrok,, 
 borinvjill .south iiiid 
 cliciito till', toiiipoia- 
 
 IH8I. 
 
 iimmor. 
 
 07.4 
 67.4 
 
 Aiitim 
 
 38.4 1 
 
 Tear. 
 
 4'.'. (II 
 
 4,1 ,ia 
 
 OWiLships, liiitclay, 
 'liiite viciiiify tliciv 
 '<! ffi-iisscs (i„ well, 
 tiie iiiijtntvcd la,i,|, 
 ill piirpiKscs; ahoiit 
 third chis.s. TIrtc 
 .s ill.so 11 liiml (IimI 
 itioii. The couiitv 
 
 (1 ius foMows: Fall 
 
 iirU'.v, -jO bii.sliiis; 
 
 corn, 25 biislieiti; 
 
 DOMINION OF r-ANADA. 5(59 
 
 ,M,(a((H-s, I50I.ii,slu3l.s; (iin.ip.s, -ir.O ImlsIu'Is ; other i()..t.(Mo|).s, 4"0 hush 
 els; hay, 1 ton per acre. ' ' ' 
 
 Al/l'ITIIBJC. 
 
 Othiwa Ilarhor, at loot ol Itulcau Caoul, i„ the cKv of Orh.wa i.s 
 L' .7a leet above tule-water nuirk at Thr,H. Itiv.M.s, ; point i I '■, 
 hetweeii Quebec ami Montreal, and tVon, whieh ollieh,! n,ea«,in'n.en£ 
 
 EXPLANATION. 
 
 Si>ecial statisliva concerning cattlcin thi. Ottawa (Uslrivl. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '2 
 
 
 
 
 
 u, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Naiiii' 
 
 "lliit'od. 
 
 Scv. 
 
 
 V 
 
 a 
 
 C3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Is 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 1j 
 
 
 
 
 <\ 
 
 m 
 
 ?= 
 
 Color. 
 
 Piiihaiii . 
 Din-dii ... 
 
 ]!iill 
 Kiill 
 
 Yrtt. 
 
 
 (■(IW . 
 
 4 
 
 Avrsliin^ 
 
 Hull . 
 
 5 
 
 
 <'ll\V . 
 
 4-.-) 
 
 K'Wf* liolwccn 
 
 Cow . 
 
 •-'-;! 
 
 Diii'liaiii hull 
 
 
 
 iiiiil native 
 
 
 
 (OH. 
 
 
 
 I'Driiiiioii III- 11a- 
 
 Cow . 
 
 a-.t 
 
 tiv.'. 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 60 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 Origin oC 
 liiui'd 
 
 Feet. I 
 
 4! I 
 
 4"! 
 
 IM. 
 
 2, 000 
 
 ,400 to :,0(iii 
 
 1, 'lOO 
 
 :ioo till. 400 
 
 ••iOOtol.liOl) 
 «00 to DOO 
 UOO to 1,000 
 
 Rr<l nml roan 
 
 ....do 
 
 Iteil... 
 
 ...do , 
 
 Jtoaii 
 
 do 
 
 Tm. 
 
 Kn;;laiid 
 ...do ... 
 ...do . 
 ...do . 
 ...do 
 .do 
 
 :.••'"•: -'5 I. ...do... 
 
 Kod and roan. Canada. 
 
 SOOlo yoO All colora... 
 
 ...do 
 
 CONCLUSION.'^. 
 
 There are a few Jerseys aiul a few Oallowav.s in tliiv; <li«tii,.f u„i . 
 .1.;: pure bloods the Dnrha.ns are the lavoi^e^r m dh ^^'^,v best 
 inloniiation the pre<ion.inanl elas.s of eattle in this district is lenLC 
 ♦"•"*'" tl- )";La.n bnll and connnon or native eow he nm^ 
 
 ;n:dS:l> ;;r:!;;s>le:'"^' ^"^^^"'""^ """--' -^ ^^-^-^ ^-^ ^^i-; 
 
 The Iriends of the hevou claim that eipially f,^ood resnlt.s follow from 
 I lie cross ot u Don,,,, bull with the native cow, and, as a n at ' < f f ,? 
 a crosses ot the pun, blo<„ls with the native' cow 'j; .J tv,p,oe'll; 
 
 :Sof^^rS::;^;:;;;;^.:iLf;srti^^ 
 
 II. r.. liOJ3BINS, 
 
 iTvcri?!^ y-ri-,,.. /1 . Commercial Aficnt. 
 
 UNIILD brATE.S COMMERCIAL AGENCY, 
 
 Ottaica, October 3, 1883, 
 
 ii 
 
 i : i 
 
 I! 1 
 
 !: 
 
570 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIIIY FAUMING. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE SIMCOE DISTRICT. 
 
 iu;ruiiT Jtr commelvul .uhcm- jaues. 
 
 TIk, i.rii.dpul breclsof catt'(3luMearotl,o Durhan.s an,l the Dn.i, 
 ^."'•'''f';M'*l soinc AyivslMivs to a limited extent. Tl.e hit ,,,, tho,i'''. 
 
 li.tri.vt ,u in,.i„ally lies, is s„n.e«l,ere in the nel;,I.bo hm 1 o ' -^ on ' r 
 i.r^est penM.ntase o which a.v ffnules. Aho,^, 40 or .5 ,;; '' ''' 
 •le.l (or tlic (lair.v. T!ie stock, I thinic, has sli-htlv (h'civ li , '"" 
 
 the shi,,n,ents f, the U.nte.I States anil tiu.^Mcoun rv T^e f '' 
 III < xcess of th<; home demaiul. As regards tlie bree.lin.M ^th J ." 
 .red Dnrhams ,t is ionnd that animals of sni.erior bre 'din """"'"«''• 
 here, and are annually bonj • ■ * 
 
 hi • ■ 
 
 iiie I'liiscil 
 
 e and are a.mually bonj^ht up at very lar«e sums a,nd ex^.o o , J 
 
 my, ,.en able to carry auay prizes Crom those bre.l at hom 'i,' ? 
 
 .ad a : the answers, as far as possible to obtain them, «ive i„ ,'■''' 
 
 closeil lists, and trust that such may prove satisfactorv "" 
 
 IIENllY m: -IAMKH, 
 UNiTiOD Stati.;.s CoM^noiauAL AdKNcy, ^'^»^mirdal Ijcnt. 
 
 i<mcoe, Jk-reinhcr 7, 18.s;{. 
 
 Sprrial ^lalitlicH roiiirniiiig ctilllc. in (he Simcoc dixtrict. 
 
 N'aiiio 111' ImvoI. 
 
 AviTjiuBJ Milk t<i „.,, . Livi. u-..i.,i.( 
 .\i'>l<l ..!• 1 pound ! ^""' ^' J''v««i'iKl>t. 
 niiikpei! . .111,11, ! .1',"""" _... ' A-(.,il 
 
 <h.,v. 
 
 tfl-. 
 
 iirciiiicsc. 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 On, bju„ „„.. i„„„a,„ «,.aae ''"""t ' '^[o^:: \ ''"""'\ii ' ''7 1' ''":'::!!::■ ''t''''' • -- 
 
 ill.v 
 
 illlllilv 
 
 l>iirli<iiii iiiitl Diirhnm ijmde : Tlics.? aio Ijir^ro stock i.f ml i 
 
 '•'-"" i:''.^'.''!.!, an.l hav .on l,r..,l p.nv To, ,n „n y /..^h \ V .m :;;''?:'';''■'"''' ' 
 
 m,ll<n.s: l.al.Hl.s, ' •■j:,,....,, Shan,nH,"a„,l "SanpariHs, -,„., i,;K,.£!;;;;';;:. ^^ 
 
 s..iS:o;x:,-.'';:;;v;'i:::ii^.;;iV;;;;:;Snr^^ 
 
 ;..u..n. .... ,.a,. live ..i^ht. They an, ^iji ^:L^':^ ':^:z:i' cz:\i;z 
 
 Tills district is in Norfolk Coimfy^ Oiitiirio 
 
 roiwfirapln,, ,Sr : Altilml..: IK) fJet jihov.. |".ak<^ Kri(! or from TOO tn 7U\ c, , . 
 sea l.vcl. Mci.n tcinneraf lire : lH7r. -Jit ' •>• lH7tl 4';o 4 • in <1 i }? ' , '"'' '''''"^'' 
 ..neci.M.ti, clay.au.i ,l.ree..i.|.,;;iH;j,;/J>'':;;j;,;; ,;/y^ 
 
 arc either tl.u.onghl.re.l, or iu ea.e ol' .ra.les l.re.i to thoJouKhhn.l uJu! "''' "'"^ 
 
DOMINION or CANADA. 
 
 571 
 
 rilOVINCE OF QUEBKC. 
 
 CATTLE RAISING IN aUEBEC. 
 
 llEroitT Ur CONSUL VAIIKHR, OF miiltniiOOKE. 
 INTIJOliUCTORY. 
 
 1 l.ayc tlie honor to transmit hcnnvitli H.ich answers to the in(,uiries 
 ,„a(U' by the Department of State relative to the vario.us b ee Is of 
 cat le, amount ami quahty of products, and the niethods of a'u IM. ^^ 
 and disimsing of the same, as I have been able to glean from tl le Im'e F 
 ons and dairymen and stock-fjrowers of this portion of the p vi e^of 
 (,)„el..T. I am aware that in many particulars the rer.oi I is neon ' leto 
 a.,.1 t hat ,n others results are only approxinmted. lU.t I lave C„d 
 
 conM'Jini '^ ^' "' '''"""" ""'" ''"^ '''"'^^'^^ inlbnnation S 
 
 A few general observations will, I thi„k, serve to "ive -i betf^r .... 
 derstandinfj of the cattle i.ulustry in the Eastern Townsl , Vof t ,u v-' 
 H..r of Quebec a..u of such features thereof as mav be of nterest t lo 
 luTdsmen and larn.ers of the United States than' any tabuh ted s a e 
 iiieiit can do. •' '^'"'""''^*^'^* m.ul 
 
 THE NATIVE OR FRENCH CATTLi;. 
 
 The native, or French cattks as these are called, form the basis .iwon 
 winch the various crosses with the imported breeds aie nn, le T hoi 
 <.attle are ,jot large, but they are hanly, light ea J^s'J d' i,!, ' ' 
 .li.anftiesot good nch nulk, well calcnlate.l for proli abh ,ise i„ li 
 M.a>M.ta<;ture o butter and cheese. Cattle-breeders who have g ve" e 
 stih.iectcarelul at ention are of the «)i)inion that these r, Uive e '.t ' 
 wine, were .ntro.luced by the, early French colonist 'b^,g,f^'^ 
 peat (Jiannel family and are nearly related to the Jerseys and (Jnern! 
 
 THE BEST DAIRY (^ATTLi:. 
 
 Senator Cochrane, who owns and oju'rates at Compton, near Sher- 
 hn-oke, the best appointed cattlefarm in Canada, possiblv, ex'e , m- 
 he, great Government establishments at (Juelph an.l Roui; m.m, ^s 
 lo-.ml by long experience Nvith the best-known breeds that'll.r^^' se s 
 |uv by ar the most prolitable and best suited to this .-liim te of anv' of 
 tiie iMghly-bred cheese and butter producers. The ollsi.rin , f I i v 
 .rosscl upon the native Cana.lia./stock are better di a tImu 
 
 ise HI j.Iaces where good shelter and thorough caie in win '.n,, 
 ahvays attainable JJut good results can only be sec, ■"<;. ',:',' 
 orlv housing and feeding stock during the long, cold winters. ^ ^ 
 
 CLIMATE Ol'' v^TElJKC. 
 
 Ill a climate where the Mcn.iry often sii.ks to LT, and ;5() dcrees be 
 
 ..wze.o,and occasuMially to ::»degreesbel(.w,the in 
 
 Miielter and food must be fully realized. ■■"i^oi piojui 
 
 CATTLE FODDER IN ttUEUEC. 
 
 The seasons being too short for corn to mature othe'- food Drndi.rf* 
 n.u«t take it« place. Among tlie.o hay aiul n)ot^ are nle ilrlml^illu 
 
 I I i 
 
572 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY rAKMIN(}. 
 
 iX 'wi'Cii.s,.. Til, 
 
 ts iiiv tlic white Swede turiiiiKs, sn;,'iirl)eets, and canois- n,' 
 eiiifjf the favorite. I'\)r yoiin^' cattle these are boiled. iiiiliKd' 
 ed with chopped elover, hay, and either oH eake or cotton. L,,i 
 
 The country produces timothy, (ilover, and red top, or heid .-r iss i, 
 f-reat abundance. JJefore the deveh)pment of the cattle in<ltrsli v 'i, 
 inense <|iiaiitities o' hay were exi)orted to the United States, p.ut '„„' . 
 much of the hay croj) finds a market witti the cattlemen, and th,. slm 
 
 nu'iits IVom this immediate locality show a correspond inj- ' ■- 
 
 best roots ' 
 
 turni|> bei 
 
 .in<l iniXe( ,.^„ , .>.. v., ....,, , .....^ vmni wai , .uvi; (M- COIIOIl siMil 
 
 meal; while they are sliced or led whole to mature animals. This is 
 of course, on well managed cattle ranches; amoiif; ordimirv rMiinci ' 
 they are simjdy fed whole in connection with hay. It is i)rol)al)h. tli ii 
 ('anadian cheese and butter owe more of their excellent (pialiiv tu tlii 
 diet of rich and suc('ulent roots, and to one other cause, than to tlie i,.^ 
 cnliar breeds of the milch cows that yield the milk and civ;mi fi„„, 
 which they are imuie. The one other cause is the freipieiit, rains (liiiin'' 
 the summer and fall, which keep the ^rass always j^reen and i,.,:,!,.?. 
 until the frosts kill it <lown. 
 
 TIIK MOST .SITITAIJLK UUKEDS 1<011 gUKIJEl!. 
 
 The (\inadian minister of agricnltine (Mr. Pope) is also lai-clv .. 
 fiii.iied in breedinfjfllne cattle at Cookshire, in tliis consular disi Wet umI 
 the Dominion Cattle ('omi)any, of which Hon. \V. J5, Ives, iii,.„il),'.r ,, 
 Parliament for the counties of llichmond and Wolf, is the ii'iami-ci' ins 
 its liead(|uarlerM here. JJesides these thereareother breeders of lii'umi|,.'|,' 
 breds, and a. nrvni many extensive raiseis of fjood-nfrade stock lor t'lic 
 butchers and exj/oi lers. The united testimony of all these tends toilic 
 coiielusioii that the Polled Anf>iis or Abenleen stock and liic il,.i,. 
 fords are the best (calculated to i)ro(luce pxxl beef cattle in this cliiiiau- 
 
 They are hardy, lar^e, mature early, and their meat is of the j)i.,s! 
 lire -ku's also re;>ard them as much the best for crosses with tiie n itiV,' 
 frrades here, and under certain circumstances, in the South and \\,.si 
 also. 
 
 THE .TERSEV.S VS. NA'I'IVE FUENCII OAT'l'Li;. 
 
 As before remarked the .lerseys and Jersey crosses with native cu 
 lie are nsost i)0])nlar here for dairy i)iirposes.' Mr. Cochraiie and uihvr 
 breeders of lari>e exi»erience regard them as beiiiju, in nianv ivsikmis 
 superior to the (Jnernseys, Ayrshires or Devons. The ease'witii wliidi 
 they are kept in j^ood (condition and the richness of their milk arc tiic 
 points iirj-ed in their favor. Some breeders have, at times, clicriNlinl 
 preferences for the (iiiernseys on a(!'couiit of their superior uci-lit iiiii 
 further experience has tauyht them that their inferioritv lo citluToitlif 
 tiiive <,Mcat beefprodiKiinji;- breeds is too i)alpable foV tlieiiitol.c ic 
 l^arded with favor for b'ltcher's stock, while their smaller yield of milk 
 and I)iitter will not i»ermit them to become rivals to llil- .IcisevsHn 
 dairy purposes. 
 
 It w(»uld not be fair to the native stock of cattle to fail to add liciv. 
 that in the (piabties re(piired for the farm (hiiry. the ('anadian calili-. 
 even without the benefit of favorable crosses are really stroii-. Tiny 
 are thoroiifrhly .icdimated, -;ive fair (piantities of milk,' and tlie viclddf 
 baiter and cheese is j^'ood. A competent dairymaa e.stiiiiates that tlic 
 avera.ti'e Canadian cow, with ordinary treatment, will yield ") quarts (»!' 
 milk (hiily for at least six months in the year, after which it will slowlv 
 fall otr. ' 
 
 NlIlM 
 
 l';iii;i(lhiii 
 
 Siinilh.im .. 
 
 IliT.tnnl.... 
 
 I'cilli'il Aiinilf 
 
 AliiTili'di. 
 
 • Il IM'Y 
 
tic iixltisliv, iiii. 
 f:»t('«. I'.iitii(,w 
 'II, and t!i,. sliip. 
 «• 'wi'Cii.s,.. Til,. 
 md cari'ois; n,,. 
 ' l>oil('(l. iiii||i(.||_ 
 
 ;i' or <'<)tt()||-.siMMl 
 
 linijils. This is 
 rdiiiiir.v t;iiiiM.,,s 
 i.s i)rol)iil)l(. iiijii 
 It (iliulily luthis 
 . tliMii to t\n' |,(. 
 
 »II<1 CIVMtll fidlii 
 
 t'lit mills (liiiiii.. 
 tx'CMi and ii.||,i,.r 
 
 iEC!. 
 also Iiirj;(.|y ,,,, 
 
 ••i'l'disllict,;,!),! 
 
 Ives, iiiciMlicr I'l 
 lie ininia;>(.|',||;is 
 k'i'.snflli()i,)||H||. 
 k' stock for th,. 
 it'sc tends to i lie 
 iind liif ll,,|.,,. 
 
 'ill tliiscliiiiiiU', 
 is of lilt' lies!. 
 
 \vitll (lie |i;|fiv,. 
 
 oiitli and Wcsi 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 DISPOSITION or CA'l'TLE AND OATTLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 573 
 
 As to tlie disi)osition of i.rodiictH, beef cattle arc largely (consumed 
 at lionie. TIjo people of this section of Canada make use of a }«reat 
 (jciil of meat, mostly beef and mutton, ])ork being' used c()mi)arativeiy 
 little, barge numbens of fat cattle are shipped to England and Scot- 
 land, and a small number reach the markets of the United States. 
 
 iiiitter is made by the families of farmers, and either ]»rinted or made 
 into rolls for the local tra<le, or i)acked in tubs for exi)ortati()n or lo 
 supply the home nmrkevs during the latter part of the winter and tln^ 
 early spring months, when the cows are mostly turned dry. (Mieese is 
 made l».v farmers' families and in small I'actories, and sold'tt. hxtal deal- 
 ers or to exporters. Much Canadian butter and cheese reaches the 
 markets of ISIew Kngland., its superior quality enabling shippers to i)ay 
 IJie duty of 4 cents per pound to the American Covernnient, and still 
 Iind ready and often prolitable sales among our people. The shii)ments 
 (it Canadian butter and cheese to England and Scotland, where they 
 are highly prized and bi ing fairly remunerative i)rices, have; been grow- 
 ing larger year after year, and in the last three years hav(^ doubled 
 Miimially. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 1 have thus endeavored to present the o])inions of tlu^ stockmen and 
 (liiirynien of this section of Canada, and the results of their varied ex- 
 periences— gleaneci lioui numerous conversations and interviews with 
 theni— uncolored by any notions of my own. 1 sincerely hope that the 
 record may contain something of value to the stock growers and farmers 
 of the United States. 
 
 liEN.T. S. PAliKER, 
 
 (Jo ti sill. 
 
 Uniti'.d Sta'I'es (Consulate, 
 
 ISherhroohe, Decemher 1!>, 1,SS;5, 
 
 villi native cai- 
 raii(> and dtlicr 
 many respects, 
 'ase with wjiicji 
 'ir milk are tlic 
 imes, eherislinl 
 ■ior weight, hiii 
 1<> eithcroi'thc 
 tlieiii to lie re 
 ■r yield of milk 
 
 I lie .leiseys Hir 
 
 il to add lieiv, 
 iiiadiaii ealtli', 
 stroll;^'. Tlii'V 
 ind the yield (if 
 mates that tlic 
 eld ") quarts d 
 
 II it will sliiwiv 
 
 I 
 
 Sjiic'Ktl ulalixlirti I'onvcviiuKj caltlr in llic eusli-ni towiinhii»< "/ Qi«'hc<\ 
 
 Amiiiiil iivcr Mill<t()l MilUiol 
 N'liiiir ulliiicil. iiftii ylclil or iiimiid lit' jHiuiul |,c 
 I'liilk, liiill.!-. chumi,. 
 
 Cow, 
 
 Live weijjht. 
 Bull. 
 
 Ox. 
 
 I';iii:i(lhin . 
 
 ■ l.tilllMi. I,!M1() 10 . r, , 7||„,„ ,._,„„ 
 
 Silnllh.ini 
 
 ilil.tnnj 
 
 I'lilli'il .\ii;;iisiir 
 
 AIk rili't'ii ' 
 
 •lii«',V , L', (1(1(1 111'.', 400 
 
 l.liUU I,«UO 
 1,200 1,H00 
 
 1,200 l.fiOO 
 
 J'ditmls. I'liiiiiiln. 
 
 '.Mill to i,:,(i(i ' Slid ti, i,.iiio 
 
 l.KiiO 2,4(1(1 
 1,WIU 'J, 400 
 
 I, MM) 2,40(1 
 
 700 1, luo !,(o i,;)oo 
 
 1,70(1 2,4(10 
 
 1,(100 2, :ioo 
 
 1, 0(1(1 L', :»•() 
 
 trno i.Udo 
 
 Kned. 
 
 • 'aiiMiliun 
 
 SIkiiUhiiii 
 
 llcivliiid 
 
 l'<llll'll AlifJllM... 
 
 ■ Irlscy 
 
 : Ajir ill Wciylil (if iiu'iit 
 iiiatiiiil .. at iimlii.ity. • 
 
 (.'dim'. 
 
 Origin iiriiiii'il. 
 
 r«or». I /'oun*L* ] 
 
 .1 I 7(10 to I,, 100 Pawn, roan, spof ted ..■ Suiiposcd tcili.ivr b.. ii In tlio 
 
 2 I 1.200 ;;,400 1^.I, roa,,, wlill.. .... Kui'andr' '''''''''" 
 
 l,ao(l 2.400 l;ud and vvliiui I l)„ 
 
 1,200 •J,400 liliick Scotland. 
 
 .00 l,.)0(i I'awM iHlandotMiTscyintlioKiiKllsh 
 
 ; Cliuniit'l. 
 
 • Tbfiso aro siohh \v««*tH ; Hnbtiuct nt leant oiiefoiirtli to obtain ii.'t wpigl.ts, 
 
ill 
 
 1 
 
 674 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 (•■Htm i,t,.,l), .!;.' above z.i„ ; HmiiimT, (id- iil.ovo; winter, 1(H above. Tli.. '« „,; '^'' 
 r.'i;or,Is kept hvw ..xcopf tboso kept by Mio Gniii.l Trunk Hailrond. I ,li,l „ ' ^ T "» 
 IMH in funo tr. srenro .(.rr.-ct (i-nr..H tn.ni lb.' Grand Trunk n'^uvvti] ..ffl,.„ at M Itr >' 
 llM. K,„l varn-s in <Ut\\'u-ut lo,.aliti..s so tbat it in fairly <M,,nM.t t<Mk.siVm,(7 i? ' 
 l";iin, cbiy, and Hand, in ((jnai proportiouH. '<-»'),Mai., ,nixe,i, 
 
 I'lUliraliil iirdHnii an^ tiinnrliy, clover, and red top. 
 
 lli„iH,n,i,j,Hi„(i, .fr. ; Tlie eiittleare k.^pt inslallHnnd bxme boxen (.nirronn.l n,. 
 o Mrn.saMdslu.dM Speeial earo is tak,.. on .be breeding faru.H for tW !| 7? 
 
 stoek. (^•Htlenre MniM-dinbasementHotniainbarnHwill.havan.lHtraw M r 
 <■.• l-us n..ar at band Ae. The lee.l •■..nsist.sotbay, turnips, vovu, barlev .a m^-^.fc^^^^ 
 ...l-c.Mke, eoiton-see.l meal, Ae. Tin>otl,y bay tod wboll.. but .dovr 1 ay el 1' l',',' 
 ..nxed w.tb pu pe, f nrnij.s, also will, n.eal, bran, mu.I o.l-eake foryonnKe^ ■ '1'' 
 ed who e or sliee.l (or mature stock. Good ^rradc cattle are nuide l.y cr. ssin.r « " 
 borns, llereronl, or I'.died An^rus on to native Canadian stock. TbobeZh ?^^^^^^^^^^ 
 .« pure C;,na.ln,n or ,,ure .Jersey or crosses of ( be two. Much care in takei v in '''^ 
 ers to keep 1 h.-irstrams pure. Mncb of ibe beef j.roductsaro Hbij.ped alive t,K,'?'; 
 ;""' ^';."/^'V ".'"'"'""■'" i'^ <^<'i.«.Mned at bon.e, wbile a fair per cent. « "^ i P " 
 kets ot the irmte, Stat-'s. Heef cattle are K-'ueruIly wll handled. MnH, ,„;',■ 
 chc.'se IS produced. 'J'he <hee,se is excei)tionally amnX and the butter • b , '"' 
 
 lb.' iivera-.. butter of the United .States. ■'""" ''I'"'' '» 
 
 CATTLE IN THE GASPE BAY DISTRICT. 
 
 ItEl'OIIT ItY COSSVL IIULT. 
 
 Littlo attention lia.s been «ivon to the impiovoniont of tlie lueed of 
 cattle oil tins eoa.st, eoiLseciuently tliey are small and inferior, and of no 
 value to tlio.se who are interested in the selociion of animals for bm'i 
 inj-- iiinposes. Tliey consist mainly of mixed breeds from Polled cnttlA 
 roin the I\la,i,M!alen Islands, and Jerseys and Canadian, of an aver m- 
 live wei^'ht of from 4 cwt. for the cow to ii cwt. for the ox, and violdim' 
 about 1(10 pounds of butter per cow annually. ^ 
 
 (JEO. 1[. HOLT, 
 
 Unitkd States CJonsulate, ^''"'*"'* 
 
 Gaspe Pumin, Ocfuher (5, ISS.'J. 
 
 CATTLE IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 lilil'OliT IIY ('<K\SV/, WOJIDLX, OF ClIAliLUTTETOWy. 
 
 I have the honor lo forward herewith the form which accoiiiDaiiicl 
 the cattle circular of July IS, I88;{. Many causes have operated to 
 Jiinder its cominlation, and now it is with consideralde doubt a.s to its 
 availability that I send it to the iJeiiartnient. 
 
 Ft is only within a few years that the farmers of this iirovinco have 
 beo'un to comjirehend the advisability of improvius? the native cattle In 
 im|)orlati()us from Kn<:lan<l. 
 
 A farm was jmrchased by the local fjovernment some vears since 
 and a number of pure and well-bred cattU' juit upon it. Tlieir progeny 
 have, fnmi time to time, been sold at auction, and gradnnllv tiietfWe 
 ot the cattle now bred on the island is beinj,' improved. This farm is 
 maintained at the expen.se of the local {<overiiiiient. No pains are taken 
 to ;;ive the farmiiiff community the advaiitapre of the .stock raised. At 
 present the character of the stock is not equal to that of Ontario, 
 
DOMINION or CANADA. 
 
 575 
 
 above T ,..,,, ,„„,„'; 
 •a.l. I <li,l not l<n„«. 
 
 ml offlcc, at Montreal 
 ■ t(» (k'Mignat.! mxu,\ 
 
 >x<'H ()nfrroiin,innors 
 'iiH for tIioi(,„)r|,i„,;i 
 
 ii'lHlrawinlort.s.r,,,,. 
 iirley,oiiliM,.al, I,,.,,,, 
 v<'r luiy clio,,,,,,! ,„„i 
 yonn«Ht(.ck. 1{,„„, 
 l<'l.yfr(i8Hin- .Short. 
 UiolmstduirvNtock 
 f<! 18 taken liv hivviU 
 
 p<'aaliv.)to|.;nj;laii,i 
 'lit. fjocM to tli(. mar- 
 (1. Much liiiitcraiKl 
 iitttT alion( (.(iiiiii („ 
 
 Imt, I'lom obycrviition, I cousider it superior to tiio cpiioral avora^-o of 
 
 1 (loul)t if the fecdiiif,' of cattle receives tlin saino amount of caro tliat 
 is fjiven to tlio Bystom in Ontario. Duriiifjf tlic Nunimcr the island is 
 iidiiiiralily ada])t<'d for j;ra/in},', and it seonis wh tiioufrli a trade in eattle 
 with the United States niij>Iit be of as nmcli importance as is the trade 
 ill the otlier ])rodnct8 of th<^ provin(!e. The Boston market would seem 
 lo i»resent a favorable opening' for this branch of industry. At ])resent 
 IK) ciittlo are sent to the United Stales from this consular distii<;t. A 
 (cw Imyers of sheep and lambs find theii- way to the island. 
 
 VV. A. \V()lti)l<]N, 
 
 ^, „ CohhhI. 
 
 llNiTKu Statks Consulate, 
 
 Vliarlottetown, Prince Edimrd Julaml, Autjnst 7, 1884. 
 
 Special itlaHalic/i concerning rrincv Eilumrd Inland callh; 
 
 t of the breed of 
 iferior, andofiio 
 nimals for breed- 
 •om Polled cattle 
 II, of an average 
 ox, and yielding 
 
 J. HOLT, 
 
 Vonsiil, 
 
 N.imoofbrepd. 
 
 Annual 
 
 avdinjjo 
 ol'milk. 
 
 Sliordiorus 
 
 AyrsliircH 
 
 Cm 11(1(1 Short horns 
 
 Ollii'i- (rriules (eroHHlnj; between tho 
 Ayrslii™ aiKHiurnsoy bulla uud 
 the native, cowm) 
 
 Pimnds. 
 
 ;i, oou 
 
 5, 800 
 0,000 
 
 5, 500 
 
 Milk to 1 
 
 poiinil of 
 
 biilte; 
 
 rounds. 
 
 Milkfol 
 ji'iiiml of 
 ebecMo. 
 
 lilvo weight. 
 
 Pouniln. 
 10 
 
 Cow. 
 
 Ihf. 
 1,400 
 1, 000 
 
 i,;ioo 
 
 1,000 
 
 Hull. 
 
 T.hy. 
 I.HllO 
 1,4(10 
 1,700 
 
 Ox. 
 
 TJis. 
 l.dOO 
 l,40U 
 ],&00 
 
 1, ;ioo 
 
 WclRbt 
 of meat at 
 maturity. 
 
 I'liunils. 
 
 xiio 
 
 t'OO 
 7hO 
 
 GOO 
 
 D. 
 
 Lfmarl-s: Iho Sliortl.oniH aro well Bhaped ; eolorH, while, roan, and re.l. Tiicv 
 
 were (•npnally iiiiprte.l from KiiRland, and have l.een bred piin^Heven to 1 went v-livo 
 
 .yei.ix J he AyrsliireH and Orado ShorthoriiH are Kiniilar to the Shorthorns, e'xeei.t 
 
 hat they are of n.ixrd ecdcrs. Other brt^eds are of mixed color.s. n.edimn shape, and 
 
 have been bred pure, lor one liundred yc^ars; origin not known 
 
 Toiyraphy,Jc.: Altitude, :iG feet. Mean tenii)eratiiro, :«».:»>; Hiiininer,47.r.H": win- 
 
 ,''■;•:"•'',• '^"''= J^«;;M"'<;''iy-«';<l»n"d. Snb«tratinn: Sandstone, clay, and Kravel. 
 
 (.'iiltivatedfJiraNses: Timothy and ch)ver. . ' .*>' ibi.n».i. 
 
 Ilmmn,, fecdiun, <K; The"cattlo are k.,'i)t tied np or in loose boxes dnrin^ winter 
 
 s,x months. liay, t.mothyand clover, roots; tnrni|.H, mangels, potatoes, gr^rin, oats, 
 
 find barley aro fed. Grain is Loimed or stacked, anil tl ■ • • - ' ^ "> """". 
 
 housed. 
 
 I I 
 
 "hi! 
 
 ■ 
 
 I r 
 
 thnwshed in barns ; bay cliietly 
 
 ich accompanied 
 
 five operated to 
 
 doubt as to its 
 
 ^ province have 
 native cattle by 
 
 me years since, 
 Their i)rogen.v 
 Uially the grade 
 1. This farm i.s 
 pains are taken 
 ock raised. At 
 hat of Ontario, 
 
r>7G 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY TAUMINO. 
 
 MEXU (). 
 
 CATTLE-BREEDING IN NORTHERN MEXICO. 
 
 itKvoitr ity ao\srr.<ii:Mu,:ii, .sr/ro.v, or mmwmohos. 
 
 I'rclmi)iari/.~A dctiiilcd inid irliahlo accdiiiit of \]w biccdiii.r.,..,,,],, 
 iriKortlicni Mexico, as <!iill."d for in f|,.> circular and nicnmrandi' I, 
 vcrydinicidt task. Nnprcvions data ix inji availaldc, I liavc had ti.Visi' 
 lli<^"rancln»s"andiii(|nir«'<liri't llyof "rarn-iuTos." 1 la viny selected th 
 cattle I ilcsired, tlie.v were idioto-raplicd, Micasnicd, and \vci-!i,.,l iM,i.,J 
 tall a description ^'ivcn as jjossildc. )'""i.is 
 
 (>ri(i;n.— \\\ all the histories of Mexico and of individual States wlii,), 
 1 iiavc examined, they are spoken of as the catth- of the c(Mnllr\ ,1, 
 sceiided from those- l)ron,tj:ht over by th' S|»aniai(l>i, 
 
 /,V<y7/.v.— Itonjihiy speakiiifj, there is only one Inced, hut in this tliciv 
 arc varnitions, showinjr that at. least three breeds were ori'-inu'liv im 
 IMuted, tln^ Lon-horns, the Shorthorns, and the Polled cattle ' 
 
 no- 
 ' ill 
 
 f/.vc».— These cattle, as a whole, are only j;ood for and onlv used for 
 heet and lai.or. Milk and cjieese are (»idy nnide, in sniidl aiuoiints H..' 
 local consunii»fion. 
 
 MiU,\—h\ this city cow's milk is sold alon«- with -oat's milk iii<l 
 rather exceeds the latter in (piantitv. In most <d' flu. <.tlier cities 'iiid 
 towns of >,'(.rther)i Mexico, cow's milk is usually scarcer and more .''.nfs 
 nnlk is used. Tin- incrrase of foreign iiopulalion has incn-ased i|r.',i,.' 
 mand lor cow's milk. I know of no attempt to iiicreas(( the mV 
 dncinjr (pialities of cows. The cows are '• corraled " at ni-ht, mJlluM, „ 
 the nn)rniii<r, and herded during the day on the open pastures 
 
 A fair avcra-e cow will ^ive alioiif \ ipiarfs of milk per dav for tluci 
 months. Alter three months the amount diminishes and t'iie (|iiiilif\ 
 ('cteriorates, so that milkinj;- is finallv stoi)pe<l at about or ciHit 
 
 months after the calf was dropped. ■" 
 
 The milk in j^ood seasons seems to i»rodn<'e a liynt creiiin. and is re;i- 
 somibly ^ood if ^ot pnr(> and clean. Venders of milk sell it at so iikiiiv 
 cnpfnlslord «'ents. TIm^ nnmber of cups varies with the seasitii, itiil 
 the piicc avera-es from .-) to I.") cents per<|nart. It lacks the taste' iiiid 
 (|ualily loiind in jjood American cow's milk ])rodnced from the iicli iiiid 
 Juicy f;rasses in the i:nited States. 
 
 /,'///^r/-.— IJutter niakin;;' is almost unknown, altlioii;;h 
 " lanchos" up-river where Americai: " ranclieros" haved 
 considerable butter for local consumi)tion. 
 
 (;iirc.sr.—A small amount of a sort of cheese is made and has a liiiiiled 
 
 sale. It is usually made into loiind Hat cakes wei^ihiii- aliout, a imiiiihI. 
 
 t resembles what is loc illy called '' Dutch (dieese" in some paitsoftbo 
 
 United States. The j^^encral jfct up of the artich; was not iiiviliii'' 
 
 Iliere arc siaiit' 
 lilies and iiiiikc 
 
 iSiiSijiSi. lS..li . 
 
 it 
 
the l>lV('(Ii||;r.,..„(|„ 
 •1 Illt'lllUIJllulll, i,s;| 
 
 - I llil\('Ii;it|(,, visit 
 liiviiij.-, selected tJK, 
 ii«l wc'i^lied, 1111(1 as 
 
 J, I»iit ill Ihi.s tjieiv 
 
 '■<'i'<' oiiuiiiallv iiii- 
 
 I'll (Mttle. 
 
 11(1 is. so Id s|)('iiI<^ 
 
 lylKiriiN ;ii'(> to lu' 
 
 aiid (»('casi(»iiiilly;i 
 
 I, iiiiiiieiise, i;;ii'iiit 
 
 i><l«'r. Tiie I'ollnl 
 
 (I. 
 
 and only used for, 
 
 •small aiiioiiiits for 
 
 JiOilt's lliilli, ;,||,1 
 
 "■ other eities ;iii(l 
 •'land iii(iiej,'oiit',s 
 
 increased ihede 
 case tlie milk. pro. 
 t iii;^lit, milked in 
 
 pastures. 
 
 per da\ lor (luce 
 < and the (|iiidit,\ 
 hoiit six or eiV|if 
 
 'icaiii. and is reii- 
 sell it at so niany 
 li the season, hut 
 cks the taste ami 
 IVoiii the rich and 
 
 li there are soiiii' 
 'dairies and make 
 
 and has a liiiiilcil 
 i;;' al»oiit, a immiimI. 
 some j)arts(irtlio 
 ivas not iiiviliiiL' 
 
 Ml XICO. 
 
 end lull lO <MI<!Oli 1-, IIIO to I :ik 
 
 Hiii(k tilut wliilei (Ii('i(f lue ll, 
 
 Me(-(»ii(l taste, 
 
 III 
 
 577 
 K eral it iimv l»o 
 
 milk is a «lif7' mU, lliiiif; (, ol)t 
 
 ..ii.s..mls of eattlo williii, Hifr|,t, ,i „i 
 
 liii, and butter and ol 
 
 a.ss 
 
 Viifiutio of hrmL—Uu the hMvIands tl 
 
 IkidI's spi 
 aiiiiir 
 rt';,''iti 
 footed 
 
 out. t 
 
 U' 
 
 imi>.s art! tliieUer, Hit; lioi 
 
 u't'HO are uiiknow., 
 cattle frrow !ar;,'er. Tl 
 
 (rally adaitt tiiofii.solves toll 
 
 iiM are louf-cr., nil tl 
 
 10 
 
 i<»o(,s ure Hiinii'ir an 
 t'l.v lianlv. 
 
 !l«ll 
 
 loirsuiTouiMlin-N. lutiioliini, 
 
 KIht; tlio iiniinala iiru a<'ile 
 
 Niiru 
 
 Volo -lii all this re 
 
 II til 
 
 tlie most prevalent, eoior, with 
 
 < eoloj" 
 
 flu' spotted 
 
 '»r"piiint"eati, 
 
 MiniieroiLs. JVilnips red i.s 
 IJesides the plain (rolorn. 
 
 lu, idiT'il glossy hail 
 
 Ums.^i'H, cIy-.-IaII these »-attl« 
 llie wild •,fraNS(S and' i.slie.s. Tlu 
 State the most eomi 
 
 I'Hn.'creuiiieolored cattle I 
 
 lave very 
 
 run niUl, and feed the year round on 
 '" glasses are very iiuiiieroiis. Ju this 
 
 ^Miiia grass, Ittid'aio! 
 
 •, .1 ■■ . ^ •>.",T •i<tnii.:i Hill 
 
 I.S the inez(piite grass. l{esid,.s th 
 
 )Uiiel 
 
 I a large iiuniber of others. After 
 ties an^ often found along tiie road with 
 
 g'rass,zacaliuizte grass, l5orinud 
 
 IS are the 
 u grass, 
 
 Other JhodH. — Mesides tlie ■'•i 
 
 leans of the iiiez(iuite bush or tree [Al 
 
 I rain, fifteen or tweutv varie 
 III a sh(ut distaiiee. 
 
 eaves and 
 
 isses, cattle feed upon the 1 
 
 Tl 
 
 ies(^ heaiis ar(^ very fatteninir. " 
 
 'iinroh'ta (jlamluk 
 
 cacliis are also utilized 
 
 111 certain 
 
 luses these are gathered in piles, .uol most of t'l 
 lliiit the cattle can eat then 
 
 more readily. 
 
 tmi of dray). 
 
 e nopal and other varieties of tho 
 
 ^ons as luod for cattle. In some 
 
 le thorns burned oir, so 
 
 IV^r.— -Water is allorded by tl 
 
 le various hi I 
 
 The value of a pasturage is largely <lepend 
 
 livers, and jiools. 
 
 tioii, (|uality, and periuaiience of the wate 
 
 pendent upon the amount, 1 
 
 ticiilarly near the (Julf 
 
 i-siipply. In this State, 
 
 fresh water. Some of tl 
 
 or river, are in the rainy season larjie 1 
 
 the higher country wat 
 
 lese remain through tlu* longest d 
 
 from lack of water. 1 
 
 er is scarcer, and in dry season 
 
 .scarce, and the lake 
 all 
 
 tivers in Northern Me: 
 
 oca- 
 par- 
 iigunas of 
 lought. In 
 H many cattle die 
 
 s are still scarcer. Th 
 
 over Mexico, and, as the rainfall 
 tlie year, renders irriirati 
 
 xico are comparatively 
 
 IS IS a condition which obt 
 
 f,'atioii necessary foragricult 
 
 i.snot evenly distributed throu<'l 
 
 111 US 
 
 ure for grass and water for sto(!k is ofte 
 raising on many otherwise line past 
 
 ure. Sutlicient nioist- 
 n unattainable and renders stock- 
 
 Tanh 
 
 In some sections, dams have I 
 
 iires very hazardous 
 
 iido.her deiuessioiis iu the soil w] 
 
 )eeii constructed across 
 
 To some of these the catti 
 
 lere the water is held in lese 
 
 (irroi/os 
 
 that th 
 
 IS .system of tanks would, if 
 
 Ne come long distances to drink. 1 1 
 
 I've. 
 
 iilie land into use. lu T 
 
 .Viicees County, who h 
 
 , -is thought 
 
 proper y earned out, bring much 
 
 lias made a large number of tl 
 
 SIS one ofthe largest stock" 
 
 from their ellect, or from oth 
 
 .section, between the N 
 iiig and becoming iuok 
 notes th(! advance of tl... 
 I'liiKheds of thousands ot 
 open jdains. 'J'li 
 
 ranches" ill the worhl, 
 ler 
 lis 
 
 lese tanks with excellent results. lOitl 
 
 er causes, Capfiiii King thinks that in 1 
 
 neces and the Kio Grande, th 
 
 V evenly distributed. With this ch 
 ■e niezipiite bush, which 
 
 e rainfall is increas- 
 
 lores which, ten or lifteei 
 
 iiii^'e he also 
 now partially covers 
 
 ij;vi;.;;i:„n„4's:" '■'""""■"• """'«" ■-» -i-i,;.™ n;«i;si 
 
 > .^"ears ago, were 
 in the 
 
 JMPOUTS OF IMPROVED STOCK. 
 
 II 
 
yw 
 
 e 
 
 /a 
 
 / 
 
 
 <rW/ j^ *M V 
 
 ■<» -V •Si 
 
 *% 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ^1^ 11^ 
 
 'i MS 12.0 
 
 L25 M 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 moiograpnic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 fe 
 
 /Aa 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 f/. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,\ 
 
 
 \\- 
 
 ^<b 
 
 .V 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
678 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Stock arc roported by Consul Scott, of Chihuahua, as haviuff 1,^..,, ;„ 
 fho froiltiS- **'"'''*' '"''""^ *"*" ''' ^''''' *'^''*''' i"U>ortatioMs illojl 
 
 METHODS OF BREEDING. 
 
 Cattle graze o-i the plains the year round. Generally tliov k«,. 
 pretty close to one portion of the range, changing somewhat with ? 
 time of the year an<l the supply of water and pasture. ^^"^ 
 
 Bulls.— The bulls run with the herd all the year. Calves are <lrnn, , 
 all the year round, but most generally in March, April, and Ma '"" 
 
 The bu Is serve cows at eighteen months, but are most eflectivn <■,« 
 three to six years. After that age they get so heavy that tl.ov ,?. "' 
 so serviceable. They are then castrated, and brS. to f;\:2''^^ 
 kdled lor beef. The bu Is arc not usually changed from herd to i, J 
 and hence breed in and ir, to the great deterioration of ll.o stoci ' 
 
 When lull grown and ten or twelve years old thev arc very !• -.o" ,. 
 wild and .xerce. A iev^ are used for bull lights durin- fairs .rn.iV'', 
 their way to the slaughter.hoi>se afterwards. To illustrate tho,!"' 
 tion of the wild bulls it is stated that south of Soto de la Mar . , ?H.r 
 State, some roads are at times impassable, because the bulls • t^ r. ., 
 thing which comes in their way. d.iu,tk any. 
 
 O^en.— Bulls and oxen are used indiscriminately for woiic n.,,,. 
 One of each are often yoked together The male, ^rc'ot c" S 
 until two or three years old. The "rancheros" think tl a t ^ ' 
 larger and faster by this method. They are often simivti if,''"" 
 pounded. As a I'esult they are usually fery stagS^ i.r'S.r^ 1'' 
 as their final destination is the «la«ghter-houseftLte ';'!;!!: -' 
 comes home to those who eat beef here with peculiar Ibico iZ i 
 of oxen are longer than those of bulls and otten reach a «V.aV .r i? 
 Th(^v are very strong, hardy animals. They are worked wii; i S i 
 made of a straight stick of wood, in which are cut slight curves J,J 
 neck. These sticks are lashed to the head and horns by ,>,' • 
 eather thongs. The pole of the two-wheeled cai'^i iS, Uivo, , :'(! 
 the yoke stick. They are guided by a driver who goes , W 1, 
 carries a long pole with an iron brad in the end. This he us nil , n: 
 o rest beh.ml him on the yoke. He accelerates thd p co b : Z, ?,? 
 ing the offending ox. A turn is made by punching oi.e i^ JniV . : 
 ribs and striking the other over the headf A full sU ,V i i ■ 
 tmg both over the head and getting in their way, Si '^"t /^^ it 
 &c. They will usually stand patiently so long as the goad .« rS 
 on the yoke m Iront of them. In muddy weather or on tie n,a, t 
 are guided from the cart by punching, hitting, and the voice ' 
 
 6otr«.-Heiler8 take the bull at about two years of nge an.rcows usu- 
 ajly drop one ca f a year in March, April, or May. The calves ?uiiwtl, 
 the mother unt she turns them off, occasionally return gt>^ tail! 
 share of the milk supply for the next calf. With good yeaPs who th 
 
 ^ZZ rr"^ ''•'^'' ;"■' ■\'^»"^^;'''f' t''« 'average annual increase in air 
 about 00 per cent. Droughts or hard winters will rodu,;c this incm 
 Cows are never milked except ne.ir towns or where a lew are selected 
 Iroin a ^ rancho ' to supi.ly the milk needed. These are tben milk 
 daily, with or without the calves, for a few months, then turned out and 
 their place suppiied with fresh ones. Many of these cows grow to."., 
 immense size, and the horns are as long or occasionally longer than 
 those ot tlie oxen. 
 
 Sranding.—X very important pioiarding is tiie branding, which occiir.s 
 generally in the months of November, December, and January. 
 
bavins l)mii„|, 
 portiitioiis iiio,|„ 
 
 srally thoy km, 
 nowhat with the 
 
 Ives arc (lro|)|,n,j 
 aiulMay. ' 
 >st eftective fVoui 
 uat they arc not 
 to Uw yoke Of 
 >ni lierd to lierd 
 f llie stock. ' 
 ' very lar-e, very 
 S lairs and tinii 
 ■rate tiie disixisj. 
 I Marina, in thjij 
 J"lls attack any. 
 
 work purpusc's, 
 
 J'ot oastratcd 
 that they grow 
 
 i>I'I.V twisted or 
 ippearaiico and 
 ^I'ui "hnil beef" 
 I'ce. The horns 
 a great length. 
 iil witli a joke, 
 t curves for the 
 y means of raw 
 sliod directly (o 
 es in front 'and 
 > usually allows 
 pace by punch- 
 L' animal in the 
 is made by hit- 
 iif,' their noses, 
 goad is resting 
 
 1 the road they 
 voice. 
 
 ■! and cows usii- 
 waives run with 
 ling to take a 
 ears, when the 
 •se in a herd is 
 i^ this increa.se. 
 'w are selected 
 re then milked 
 turned out and 
 ivs grow to an 
 ly longer than 
 
 ;', which occiu's 
 iuuary. 
 
r 
 
 A 
 
 '1- i 
 
 P LA T E 26( 
 
 A 
 
 Jt.;^.J:^.J.}^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 3" 
 
 J^ . X .K $ .7^ 
 
 7S/ . I .X-A-A- 
 
 ^ .N-. 
 
 -t 
 
 1A.^ .AT ^.1,;^ 
 
 Julius Bimi .fCu.Inth. 
 
MEXICO. ^79 
 
 Mi'zquito posts are set upright so jis to make a large "corral," into 
 winch the animals are driven by horsemen who have rounded them up. 
 Thtsc iiro very interesting occasions. One set of horsemen bring up one 
 Iicid, iuid by dint of shouts, lassos, &c., finally secure them in the "cor- 
 ral." 
 
 All those which have no brands are lassoed, led out, thrown down 
 ant! branded with the owner's mark. This brand is usually some letter 
 (,f letters of the name, but is often only a design. The idea is to make 
 II mark, usually on the left side or hip, which cannot grow out or be 
 blmied or obs'ured by another brand. Besides the main brand is an 
 ear hrand, and some cut is usually made in the ear. 
 
 Wiien sold many sellers round up the cattle and add another or sell- 
 ing brand. All these brands are matters of record. Cattle cannot bo 
 moved from one district (in Tamaulipas) without inspection. 
 
 When sold the seller invariably gives a writtenbill of sale, on which 
 the brands are *' painted " or rather written. To illustrate more fully 
 tho apj)earance of the cattle after branding 1 give herewith some speci- 
 lucDs of such brands on file in this oflQce. 
 
 Wild cattle.— Besides the cattle which are regularly guarded and 
 which are comparatively tame there are in the southern part of this 
 State many cattle belonging to large " ranchos " which are absolutely 
 wild. Many of these are never branded, are fierce, and roam about in 
 their section unmolested by man. A very intelligent gentleman who 
 has a large ranch in that portion of the State estimated that there mi"-ht 
 bo 50,000 such animals in this State. * 
 
 Gastratmg.— With a few "rancheros" V\ castrating is done when the 
 stock are branded, but the great majority ieave this until they are throe 
 years old. In other cases they are " twisted " or pounded. It is claimed 
 that 11 worm causes some trouble when stock are castrated, but this is 
 denied by tho most intelligent stock- raisers. The latter tell me that 
 there is no danger in castr.'ition,and that it should be done at six months 
 and that this method gives a better growth, finer stock, and much bet- 
 ter beef. 
 
 (Quality of fief/.— The beef is dark red, and when reasonably fat is 
 juicy and fairly tender. As beeves are never fed even for slaughter 
 and as so much is bull beef or very staggy, it is not so good as it mii^ht 
 easily bo made. In hot weather the beef is very watery and the wei""-ht 
 of the carcass ."s greatly diminished by drying after slaughter. '^ 
 
 Near Soto la Marina the beef is said to be finer than at any other 
 poiut in Mexico. Tho grasses are particularly nutritious and abundant 
 and the prevalence of salt in the atmosphere keeps the stock in good' 
 health and gives a finer taste to the meat. 
 
 BetaU prices.— The prices vary in different cities and in different sea- 
 sons. In this city (Matamoros) where some fourteen are killed dail v 
 the price of tho carcass is about 5 cents per pound Mexican coin, and 
 beefsteak, say, 10 cents American coin. 
 
 IIoio beef is sold.— Most of tho beef is cut into thin strips, tho bone 
 being left out. Formerly a roast or steak could only be bought bv nre- 
 vious arrangement, so that it would be properly cut. The American 
 Idea has, ho^yever, prevailed, so that one can now get meat properly cut 
 ior steak and other purposes. More than half is still sliced off into thin 
 strips to bo dried for future use. All the stands in the market have tho 
 price per pound printed above. This price is regulated by the city which 
 owns the market building and rents the stands. While the price is thus 
 
 ton Jn'-^'i 'I'^'P' ^"-^ ^^' *^° P^""'^- T'*^ ^"J'cr picks out what he 
 wants and negotiates to see how large a piece or how many slices ho can 
 
580 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Ret for 125 or 25 cents. A Himiil i)ieco is aliuost always thrown in m 
 *' pilon" or gilt. The meat not sold is sliced, salted, and hunir oiif tn 
 dry in the sun. " 
 
 Beef at various affes.—From six n)onths to three years the beef is com 
 paratively good and tender. From three to seven years it is very tomrl 
 After the seventh year it ngain begins to grow tender, and is at its biwf 
 in the fourteentli year. ' 
 
 -4<7c.— Cattle mature at five or six years but continue to fill out a vi-ar 
 or two longer. With fair care cattle live fifteen to eighteen years Thpv 
 rarely live more than twenty years. ^ • ^y 
 
 VALUE OF MEXICAN CATTLE FOB THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Breeding cotca.—Tho chief value of these cattle, so far as regar«lN tim 
 United States, is in the cows. These when exported to the pliins n! 
 Texas and the West make the basis of the finest herds in tho'worl 
 As I stated in a recent report (see Consular Reports No. 31, July iss'l" 
 these cowa breed very rapidly and surely. They and their (lescen.l 
 iuits retain the large size and red color of meat. They grow ranidlv irn 
 hardy, wild enough to be good ♦« rustlers," and the second cross wiiii 
 good bulls makes the best grass-fed beef that goes into our Eastern citiM 
 The first thought of the Western ranchman is to get Texas cows wliieh 
 are tlio same as the Mexican cows, except as improved bv botfoH....w) 
 ling, for the foundation of his herd. " ''"'" 
 
 J f prices are too high in Texas he comes through to Mexico. 
 
 Experience has shown that with one or two cr* sses these cows mo 
 duco u^uch finer and more profitable beef cattle than do the iveruLT 
 cows in the United States. They are not so domesticated or cflFeiniiiated 
 and hence are better adapted to the rough ways of ranch life u i,s 
 not at all likely that they would be of service in improvin"- oni- l»i.>n,i 
 of milch cows. "^ ^^ 
 
 Beef cattle.— When prices make it profitable large quantities of Youiiir 
 cattle are exported to the United States to bo driven to the ranies to 
 grow and fatten for our markets. These cattle are simply frames ind 
 Jattened on the juicy grasses of our West, make good beef at four'and' 
 five years of age. 
 
 J)utics.— All cows, heifers, and bulls entered for breeding purnosi's 
 are free of duty in ts.e United States. Beef and other cattle pay "o i)er 
 cent, on the original cost price. i j " i 
 
 Y<//mc*.— The prices of all kinds of live taimals as cattle, Imm 
 mules, sheep, goats, have greatly increascvi .vithin a few years. Herds 
 of cattle, which five years ago were slow sale at $d ahead as thov ran 
 now bring f 10 to $15. Kanchmen hold cattle so high that buyers bavd 
 Jnlleii oft" greatly and the morement is slight at present. 
 
 i:;rport duty.— The demand in the United States sent a good iiiaiiv 
 buyers to this State last year. The export of cattle so alarmed the 
 State authorities that they passed a law levying an export tax, amount 
 lug to $L'.50 per head on cows and $1.25 on other cattle. 
 
 Tliis tax applied if cattle were moved from one Mexican Stale lo 
 another. Largo transactions wore broken oft" and sa'.os for ji time aliuosi 
 entirely suspended. By a late law this tax has been reduced to $1 iier 
 iiead on cows and 47A cents on other cattle. 
 
 Marlets.— The principal market and that which takes perhaps two 
 thirds of the surplus is the interior of Mexico. After supplyiiijf the 
 small local demands about one-third goes to the United States tbi< ugh 
 Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Sonie hiiv«^ lioeii shipped by vessels 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 581 
 
 to Havana, and in thefaturo this may bo an important market lor these 
 cattle. 
 
 Priving.— They are driven in herds by horsemen, getting food and 
 water en route. Those for the interior are fattened outside and mar- 
 keted in the city of Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, &c. 
 
 Those for the United States are used for breeding or fattened and 
 shipped East by rail. The opening of railways in Mexico will cause 
 xoine shipments to be made by rail. 
 
 (lasts, (Co., of driving.— The cost and risk of driving vary greatly with 
 the route, season of the year, grass, handling^ and condition of thestock. 
 From the interior of this Stute to this frontier the country is compara- 
 tively open, very level, and in good seasons has plenty of) water and 
 grass. My averages show the losses on this route not to exceed 4 per 
 cent. 
 
 In the upper country, where grass and water are scarcer and the road 
 inach rougher, the losses have reached 25 per cent, on the route from 
 the place of purchase to the border. The cost per head from San 
 Fernando to this city, not including export dues, has amounted to $1 
 per head. This included going, buying, and returning pay of drivers, 
 losses en route, &c. 
 
 The best routes are more or less direct lines to the nearest American 
 town. 
 
 EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES. 
 
 The total of live animals exported from Mexico to the United States 
 for the year ending June 30, 1881, was $314,272, and for the following 
 year, $455,917, valuea in United States coin, nearly all of which passed 
 over this border. Of these amounts probably more than one-half were 
 cattle. 
 
 IMPORTS OF AMERICAN CATTLE PRODUCTS. 
 
 In the year ending June 30, 1882, Mexico imported from the United 
 Stfites (values in United States coin) : 
 
 Description. 
 
 Horned cattlo 
 
 I-oather 
 
 Maiinfocture.s ofloatlior: 
 
 Hoots and shoos 
 
 Saddlery and liarneos 
 
 All other nianiifacturo8 of 
 IlMf: 
 
 Fresh . 
 
 — head., 
 .pounds.. 
 
 ...pairs.. 
 
 Saltwl, or cured ..'..'.".".'.'.'.' .'.".'.' V.V ™nii<ii" 
 
 Butter .!".!!. .....!;.!!".;!."i!?.X^ 
 
 do... 
 
 Clioeso . 
 
 Condensed milk 
 Tallow 
 
 .pounds. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 793 
 2,502 
 
 CO, 610 
 
 None. 
 13,626 
 104,597 
 44,40a 
 
 543,000 
 
 Value. 
 
 *18, 002 
 8t>l 
 
 85, 327 
 34,497 
 29, 344 
 
 1,501 
 
 20, 105 
 
 0, 885 
 
 1,362 
 
 43,708 
 
 248, 252 
 
 Vm 
 
■.' 
 
 •'^^^ ' CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 MEXICAN DTJTIKH. 
 
 Ilonu'd cattlo 
 l.catlun-, not woiRht 
 
 Frofl. 
 $t 43 
 HU 
 
 lw",!'.'i'J''b ."''"""'" "'"".'^ ci'ii I i motors (7.09 iiir.lioH) of h.,1.. ..nor iloJion ' in ■ . 
 
 OloiUf.skln, Di-iutoMtloulliorofHumotlinioiiHlouH.. ' 1,1 ,',5 ;' 
 
 ^V'^lKllt.liiiv 
 
 111"""" 
 
 '--" l")iiii(N) 
 CruHi. 
 
 II 01 
 
 Klioi 
 
 pathor, nil oIuhhoh, for men, hiiiiio dimonHlouH uerilozKn 
 
 lIiirncHs lor ourriattoH : 
 
 Common, kio8» woiglit kiloirramH 
 
 »roaf.s: "" ■• 
 
 not wolslit, iiK'liidinK in tlilH tlio wiij,'ht of tlio inner wrapper, kilo- 
 
 (I) 
 
 I IKI 
 
 1 Ml 
 
 ums. 
 
 SiMokod or Halted, not wol;;lil kilo-^r 
 
 l.nttor,iinotwoi«lit, in(dn(lin^'intlil«tUatoflhoiunoVwrainior' ( 
 
 'ramM" ' ■ ""' ^^■"'«'"' '"•'•'"''"« '» tl'is tliat of tl.e inner wrapper, kilo. 
 CondonHod niUk '. 
 
 Tallow, all ciasBou. net weight .'.'.'.'.: Hi:"]": .['.::: i'.;:,: :: : ."kiioKr,;;,;;;. 
 
 * Kilojirani^2{ pounds. 
 In odditlon to above dntios, add -' per cent. 
 
 (I) 
 
 ■24 
 •24 
 
 U\ 
 
 un I 
 
 M 
 ,'K) 
 50 
 
 ,00 
 7t 
 ,10 
 
 I Plft} -Uvo per cent. 
 
 would keep g.,o(l longenoughto niJtko tiurjou^noy mlll^^'ljiieked";!;-^ 
 
 CATTLE CENSUS OF NORTHERN MEXICO. 
 
 The total of cjittlo can only bo estimated. Statistics cannot ho ol. 
 tamed except in some cases, and tliey are (jhielly remarkable b. 1,1. 
 unre lability. In a toriner report I estimated the iinmber of St c 
 Korthern Mexico at 1,500,000. In thi,s State, I am inroniiot hi ,I 
 list handed in to the State treasurer gave the total ar, about mm , 
 a counting up by sections and "rancheros" gives nearlv or nnitrT' 
 000. Consul Campbell forwards a similar list Iron N / o L o 'i :: 
 the total at 127,738 That list is probably more nearly ,;;, .I ' T. ^ 
 ornWn """""/'T' ""* 9^ttle-raisiug is not the chief iiuliistrv. IVrlr 
 1>50,000 would bo a tair estimate of the number in that Stite 
 
 The lollowing is a rough apportionment: 
 
 TaiDiiuliiiiiH 
 
 Niiovo Leon ^.W'U 
 
 Coaliuila '■^'AOm 
 
 Chibiiahn.'i '<^«'''.Wi« 
 
 Sonora, uart ~'i'"),(i()(l 
 
 ' .'.0,()(iO 
 
 '^''■''' F^:^ 
 
 Of this total hardly more than 1 [)er cent, are ever milked. This totiil 
 Jias been considerably reduced within the past three years. The into- 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 588 
 
 iattio 
 
 !l"»l (Mill, 
 
 rincipnl 
 (Inty. 
 
 "11 100 
 vllni-iiin,, 
 
 uruH», 
 
 Frnn. 
 
 41 43 
 
 KU 
 
 li'oi 
 
 Id :iO 
 L'7 00 
 
 I 1,0 
 1 IKI 
 
 7 (K) 
 r> 00 
 
 (1) 
 
 1 n\ 
 Till 
 
 80 
 
 J 110 
 
 II 
 
 72 
 ■24 
 
 m 
 
 .'KJ 
 60 
 
 U 
 
 (1) 
 0(5 
 
 50 
 76 
 
 cent. 
 
 enoriillyiiiiiost 
 vpryih"ely,l„,t 
 1 «"ui import, 
 ta.ste it once ii 
 <'I.y that butter 
 ' packed in ice 
 
 cannot boob- 
 'vablo for tiieir 
 'er of cuttle in 
 fined tiiiit tiie 
 lit l.S(),()00,b,it 
 ' or quite 7u(),. 
 ■() lii'on ;,'ivin;;' 
 correct, us tlie 
 ti'.v. i'erliaps 
 tatc. 
 
 "M.OOO 
 
 auo,0(i(i 
 
 225,0(10 
 
 L''.'r),ooo 
 
 no, 000 
 
 i.i'ioo.don 
 
 d. Tliistohil 
 vs. Tlie int(i- 
 
 rior deniand grows each year, and has greatly increased since railway 
 buiidii'K began. The biglier prices in the United States have inc^reased 
 tlie export tliat way. Then the local demand has been doubled by the 
 coming of so many Americans to the border towns. These demands 
 which have raised prices so greatly have made the "rancheros" more 
 careful to increase their stock, and will in time cause some improvements 
 in methods of handling. 
 
 DISEASES. 
 
 Tliero are various local diseases which occasionally attack these cat- 
 tle, but I have not succeeded in getting any reliable information. While 
 the reports promised me on these diseases are not to hand yet I have 
 been unable to hear of anything like pleuro-pneumonia. The diseases 
 wliich 1 have heard of are local, and, being caused by lack of water or 
 grass, or from heat, are not infectious except for the time and place. I 
 have not learned of any losses which would exceed twenty per annum in 
 one thousand, except such as were obviously caused by bad weather or 
 lack of water or grass. 
 
 CATTLE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 Tlie following weights and measures are from actual experiments, and 
 while of course other animals would vary, these were fair average ani- 
 mals of each class, live or six years old, and may bo considered a fair 
 average. The weights and measures are American : 
 
 Animal. 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 It 
 
 n 
 
 ■am 
 teg 
 a o 
 
 3* 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ja 
 
 .a 
 C 
 3 
 
 Int. 
 
 78i 
 
 78 
 
 7i 
 
 ■1 
 
 Weight of dressed 
 meat. 
 
 § 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 -.:> 
 
 J3 
 tt 
 
 |_ 
 
 XBx. 
 
 100 
 
 95 
 
 05 
 
 Lbt. 
 10 
 no 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 IS 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 Hull 
 
 in*. 
 
 C4.i 
 
 r.0 
 
 53 
 
 Int. 
 
 89 
 'A 
 874 
 
 Lbt. 
 050 
 C50 
 460 
 
 Lbt. 
 
 noo 
 
 470 
 
 Ott. 
 
 Lhg. 
 ir,i) 
 
 140 
 85 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 65 
 
 Lbt. ! Cit. 
 
 40 1 M 
 
 Ox 
 
 Cow 
 
 ^nn R 
 
 00 5 
 
 
 
 •* 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 SOIL OF NORTHERN MEXICO. 
 
 The mountain ranges in Northern Mexico are of the same formation 
 as the Eocky Mountains in the United States, of which they are simply 
 the southern continuation. 
 
 The soil is strongly 'mpregnated witL. limestone deposits; near the 
 coast are found large saline deposits. The •' vegas" or low bottom lands 
 are alluvial deposits. Some, particularly near the Rio Grande and Gulf 
 of Mexico, are black, waxy, and very fertile. Others in the higher pla- 
 teaus are sandy or gravelly. The ranges, or grass lands, are thinly cov- 
 erwl with soil, with, in many sections, large quantities of stones. " 
 
 The coast portion of this State. Tamaulipas, extends back, say, 50 miles 
 and IS particularly good for cattle. The first plateau is considered good 
 pasture for horst s. Farther back the country is divided into valleys 
 by hills and mountain ranges. The nopal and other varieties of the 
 cactus family are found all over Northern Mexico. There are large sec- 
 tions where stones, cactus and thorny shrubs cover the thin soil, so that 
 
^84 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMINQ. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 r,™?'^ average temperature of the coast lands of TftmnniiMno • , 
 770 Fahrenheit The coldest weather is \"suaSyirJaSv' t^ 
 VartulrT ^'""'if oc«"r every winter, and occasionally a litSe snow m' 
 Lartlerdown the coast th»j winters are much milder Ti.n"""' 
 heat iM usually in June, when lOOo FahrenSin the s^mdn L^''''^?*'^^ 
 ally reached. The temperature ranires in the ,,in«ffA« i "'^ 
 
 .nonths, May, June, July, and August '*"' ^""^ '°'"« '"«"'• 
 
 mo f^ ir5"®mP*^ between maximum and minimum daily heat Im ..k . 
 100 to 150 The northers, a strong wind from the north wTA. ^"'.'^ 
 out .ain, blow ,t intervals in the c&der moS These C^-l.l'''. 
 
 of which often comes in the autumn. Up river tie extr^S r'"^'' 
 much greater the temperature sometimes rSrr?gn7o^^^^ 
 the shade The absence of the tnwlo wind with the great h v,/ '" 
 the climate very trying. In the winter the noXrs^ Wow w h ' 
 force, and the temperature goes lower than near the cZfn^''J^"' 
 higher plateaus the climate is more equable. Someportrns iiS<l''f 
 tillo, have a magnificent climate. portions, like Sal- 
 
 ELEVATIONS. 
 
 j^Tlte coast portion of Tamaulipas is from 100 to 200 feet above the sea 
 
 This city, Matamoras, is 1G5 feet: Nuevo Laredo ^f)af^^4. «■ , 
 Negras, 1,401 feet; mouth of Pecos 2 027 flfltr^on.Vf-'^^' ^"''''"s 
 2,779 feet; near Paso del Norte ToffitTlfp^^^^^ ^''^'^ 
 
 CATTLE IN COAHUILA. 
 
 The sudden death of Consul Wadsworth nf Snifiii« „.i • 1 
 on the 8th instant, has been u «eV^ousToss in th^m^^^^^^^ 
 port. At the time of his death he was preparing fSt .0 1 .'?. '"■ 
 the points suggested in the circular but ui on "tLrrSfl.n ^l"'! 
 
 in expecting a very valuable report. ^ '^*™"* '"' 
 
 CONSUL SCOTT'S REPORT. 
 
ennesa is <: 
 
 'aused 
 
 aulipas is nlmt 
 .Tanuary. Near 
 nttle Hijow falls. 
 • Tlio groiiteNt 
 mdo IS occaNion. 
 s lor some four 
 
 y lieat is about 
 J, with or win,. 
 ^pn lightand 
 Pnl. Tluuiiost 
 Juration is Irom 
 puratively (-ool, 
 tlis tiio wind is 
 I bo almost un- 
 nearly onehalt 
 mes of heat are 
 ^ Fahrenheit in 
 iat heat makes 
 •low with Kreat 
 coiwt. On the 
 ■ tions, liice Sal- 
 
 t above the sea 
 
 'feet; Piedras 
 idio del Norte, 
 tions are those 
 I Central Itaij. 
 iihuahna City 
 3rth gives the 
 
 hich occurred 
 ionof thisrp- 
 iiotonlyuiwii 
 » 1 had asked 
 in Saltillo to 
 s on the coast 
 a warrant me 
 
 ansmitted, is 
 id ownership 
 

^^c 
 
 
 J 
 
 It 
 
 z 
 < 
 
 
 
1 1 ,il 
 
w 
 
 ms^ 
 
 
 
 i:;^*.V^ 
 
 .-Ili! 
 
Ibegl 
 8ul Caini 
 and OoDf 
 
 I give J 
 cow. Sh 
 She Lad 
 tame it vi 
 tlte view. 
 The "oft" 
 old. The 
 staggy. ' 
 goad are i 
 red with 1 
 wild stooi 
 guarded I 
 
 Tliese V 
 Enrique J 
 14 league 
 so as to b( 
 
 As Mr. ; 
 desire to e 
 given but 
 
 I also b( 
 of Browns' 
 tie ''ranch 
 
 United 
 
 With tw 
 live Mexici 
 Texas cattl 
 same maun 
 from 50 to 
 brand is su 
 must say tl 
 
 The laws 
 country, an 
 
 There are 
 to the Unit 
 have been s 
 
^, J 
 
 MEXICO. 
 OTHEE REPOETS. 
 
 685 
 
 I beg to call particular attention to the reports transmitted from Cnn 
 
 IIXCSTEATIONS. 
 
 I give herewith four Views of cattle. The firxt. in Hmn^o,.„~. > ■ . 
 cow. She was about seven years o l/of dark briwn .mTIK*^?'"''' 
 Sbe bad been millted about three months uZLhl^^!' °,.°'°?- 
 iamelt was with difficulty that sbe Sood lass^e'd'^n^^g moSlo'fl 
 
 s,^"K;Trfar'brbtrs'sw^ 
 
 wild stood fairly still "when drivrintoa'c^Se^Tthf .'.co°™r?aS 
 guarded by four or five men. t^orrai ana 
 
 These views were taken at the " Matanza" ^slaughtering place) of Mr 
 Enrique La Pierre, a resident of this city, Who owns a Sch^^some 
 14 leagues from the border. They were all carefully selected bvZ! 
 so as to be fair average animals of their respective classes ^ 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 As Mr. La Pierre refused to accept any payment for his trouble T 
 desire to express here my obligations to him, Lt only as to the v ews 
 given but as to much valuable information concerning cattle 
 
 I also beg to express my indebtedness to Don Feliciano San Roman 
 of Brownsville, Tex for information. Mr. San Eomn 2L a ifge^^^^^^ 
 tie '' ranche " near Soto de la Marina in this State. ^ 
 
 WARNER P. SUTTON, 
 
 TT o. Consul- General. 
 
 United States Consulate-Geneeal, 
 
 Matamoros, December 31, 1883. 
 
 CATTIE-EAISING IN CHIHUAHUA. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL SOOTT. 
 
 Wrth two or three exceptions the herds of cattle in this State are na- 
 
 T xaf PnS^^f''^'? ^'' ^" "^'* "^«P««t« «^°««>y ^"i«d to the ordinary 
 Texas cattle of a few years ago. They have been raised in much the 
 
 rem r/lTr' ™r'°/ """i! "?^"*^« plains, frequent rwandering off 
 hrlfi ^ "''^l ^?" *^® hacienda whose brind they bearVwIiich 
 brand is supposed to be respected by neighboring haciendado« ZnT 
 must say that property is generally securf from theft ^'''' ^"'^ " 
 
 couittTufTv iif § cattle-rearing are as good as can be found in any 
 
 tnS tV-? To?*?^^ *° *^'« St^te that would be worthy of Tmportation 
 to the United States for male-breeding. As a treneSl riilo thA laX 
 have been seriously injured by long inkeding S a sujJlus^S^^^^^^^ 
 
686 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 balls on the haciendos. Tlio cows are much superior to the bulls ind 
 those crossed with Shorthorns, llorelbrds, &«., make very desirable ani 
 malSc The most marked improvement occurs in the first cross. 
 
 The nature of the climate (Chihuahua being within what is termed 
 the " summer rain belt") demands a class of cattle that will travel 
 lon{? ways to water, Avhen necessary eat the grass as they can fltid jh 
 as no other food is ever prepared for them. Such a thing as a hav' 
 .stack or straw-rick I have never seen in the State. 
 
 No shelter is over prepared for them except to probably plant soino 
 Cottonwood along the ditches and streams of the farms. In ukuiv in 
 stances nature provides this shade. 
 
 The climate is dry from October If) until the following June whm 
 the rainy season sets in. During July, August, and September tlio 
 vegetation grows very rapidly, and the plains soon become covered witli 
 a rich growth of flue grass of the beech, buffalo, and gramas kinds 
 
 The cows are line breeders, but I consider this more on account of 
 climate than of breed. 
 
 Chihuahua is a table-land sloping east from the foot-hills of the Siern 
 Madro Range (where the plains are about 0,500 feet above the sea) to 
 plains and valleys divided by small ranges of mountains from 4 (Mm tn 
 5,000 feet elevation. ' 
 
 These cattle, when driven to Colorado and Kansas, fatten on tlie mi 
 tritious grasses of those States very rapidly, and make good meat fcr 
 
 Tiio cows kept for, dairy purposes are few indeed. They are noor 
 milkers, not averaging more than a half gallon a day, and are oiih- 
 milked once in twenty-four hours. 
 
 ]}nt little butter and cheese are made. Butter is worth 02* cents per 
 ])0und, and i very ordinary article of cheese 15 cents per pound IJutter 
 I)ays a Federal duty of 2U cents a kilogram and cheese 14* cents a kilo 
 gram, and in addition to this they both pay a State and city duty 
 
 The State of Chihuahua (80,000 square miles) contains about twobini 
 •Ired and hlty thousand head of cattle and not a fence, except around 
 some planted grounds. About twice a year each hacienda gatlieis its 
 cattle, which they term a '< Rodeo." To these rodeos the nei^liborinn 
 farmers are invited, and when the cattle are all in a bunch eacli set o( 
 men select the stock of their respective iarms and drive them lioinc 
 
 The (ilimate is art that could be desired for a stock country. It sel 
 dom snows and is free from the cold north wind, termed " Norther.s" in 
 'it'xas. 
 
 'I'he j)ercentago of calves is .large and would bo larger if tliev paid 
 more attention to the bulls, and killed oil" the old ones, which aie only 
 in 1 he way of .service of their more vigorous juniors. 
 
 If .some attention were given to proper food for the cattle during liard 
 seasons ; if hay were cut and stacked convenient to water, well-bred 
 grass-raised bulls from Texas introduced, &c., there would be a iniirked 
 difference in the cattle. 
 
 Suflicient crossing has been done to show the great benelits wLicli 
 will result from systematic crossbreeding. 
 
 The Polled Angus has not been tried in this State as yet. Their 
 color is against them in a clear climate where the sun's ravs iire so 
 I lot. 
 
 There have been some small herds driven out of the State into New 
 Mexico and Arizona, principally for l)reeding purposes, which 1 am told 
 have done well. They go out via El Paso, Tex. 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 58? 
 
 They haiuUe the cattle rougiily, even killing them at times in running 
 them over tbe range. In this manner the cattle become wild and fail 
 to make that flesh which they otherwise would. 
 
 LOUIS n. SCOTT. 
 
 Consul. 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Vhihtiahua, Mexico, November 1, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE STATE OF NUEVO LEON. 
 
 JiEPOltT JtY CONSUL VAMI'IiKLL, OF MONTERFjY. 
 DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING STATISTIC^. 
 
 I have the honor to transmit a report ou cattle in thf» State of Nuevo 
 Leon, Mexico, as per instructions from the Department of State July 
 18, 1883. 
 
 Owing to the great difiiculty of procuring exact and reliable infor- 
 mation as to facts relative to cattle in this State my re])ort will be nec- 
 essarily meager. 
 
 I have interviewed numbers of the most intelligent and reliable gen- 
 tlenien of the city, many stockmen of different parts of the State, be- 
 sides more than a dozen butchers of Monterey, from all of whom it 
 has been impossible to elicit the desired information. Some of them 
 had only a general vague idea, and most of them none at all. The 
 butchers could not tell the average weight of any class of livestock, 
 nor the difference between the net weight and live weight. 
 
 After boiling down the many conflicting guesses, and mixing in my 
 own observation, which of necessity has been limited, I have gathered 
 together a few facts which I think "an be relied on. 
 
 snefits wliicii 
 
 THE TOPOGllAPIIY OF THE STATE OF NUEVO LEON. 
 
 There is comparatively a small portion of the State utilized for stocik- 
 ranges. The northern part is generally too dry and poorly watered by 
 earns, besides being covered with the stubby and thorny chaparral 
 which overshadows the grass to such an extent as to render it unfit for 
 grazing cattle. The middle and western, and a large part of the south 
 of the State are divided by mountain ranges into narrow valleys, which 
 are used lor the purpose of cultivation, leaving the eastern and south- 
 eastern i)ortions for raising cattle to any extent. 
 
 There are very lew extensive ranches in the State, and even the lands 
 in these divisions devoted to grazing purposes are generally overgrown 
 by chaparral, rendering it extremely difficult for stockmen to corral 
 their cattle in order to count and brand them. 
 
 THE CATTLE OF NUEVO LEON. 
 
 Breed. — The breed of ' attlo is almost entirely of the old Spanish or 
 Mexican blood. They lsa\ j large frames, arc of various colors and are 
 hardy, good rustlers. 
 
 Meat. — The net weight of beef slaughtered for market, I would judge, 
 is about the same as cattle of the same grade i.i:d age in the western 
 part of Texas, and the meat is tender, juicy, and of good flavor. The 
 
588 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Stock-cattle m the eastern aud soutbeasteru part of tbe State k^^^n i, 
 excellent conditiou the year round, and are generally of line size ' '" 
 WorJc-oxen.—The work-oxen are generally large and well-kent Ti. 
 
 !l?e cba^arml' "'" ""'""""' ^"^ "^""^""'' ^''^" ""^ -^okZoJl; 
 
 NATIVE PREFERRED TO FOREIGN BREEDS. 
 
 hrl!i^ Stockmen are paying no attention to the importation of foroim, 
 breeds, preferring the native stock, which they say arc more bar. i ! 
 tei adapted to the climate, and hence better feeders, which is V,!' 
 important consideration, owing to the difficulties before mention(>/l ^' 
 Cattle are only raised in this State for beef and work stock • n,i .,.. 
 they already possess the qualities adapted to these purposos ti,e iJ! 
 PJ' ff ««" ^0^ ^ change or any improvement bycrossiug these witl. otb -r 
 breeds. The improvement of cows for milk and butter puriJes h In 
 firlf overlooked and not thought of, although there is aniple ^ 
 
 MILK, BUTTER AND CHEESE. 
 
 Good niilch cows are very rare ; in fact you might say that then, nm 
 none at all. Goat's milk is universally used for domestic purpose i 
 but er 18 as rare as manna. Nearly all the butter used is oleomS 
 ine imported from the United States, of a very inferior quSft?Si 
 retails at 60 cente a pound in Monterey. Of course sich be^nl £ 
 facts thereis no cheese manufactured from cow's milk in this Stitfi a 
 little of an interior grade is made from goat's milk. All tbe cbeese^nn 
 sumed here 18 manufactured near Monclora, in the State of CoaSS;" 
 and that is not of the best quality. It is retailed hero at abouuScenS 
 a pound. I am satisfied that if the stock was crossed by the W 
 Ayrshire, or some other good milk and butter yielding breed a vS 
 fine milch cow would be the result. But as there is very SdLS 
 here tor cow's milk or butter, outside of a few hotelsfl am SS 
 t'^e'^periS'"' ^'''" '^"^ «°^ ^"^ ^^^^ *^« enterprise to £;[ 
 
 CATTLE EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 At least one-third of the cattle of this State have been sliimiPri ta 
 
 hanced their value very much. Two years ago cattle could be bo, S 
 " this S ate for an average of $5 a head; now they command from $2 
 to $14 a head, which has put a stop to large purcbn,ses fo s Sent 
 rlfH "ot compensate any one to buy cattle at thu present pr S to 
 far from railroad facilities and attempt to drive them through the coun" 
 try any considerable distance. The difficulties are numerous amUx- 
 pensive It would bo cheaper to buy them as near as posSe o the 
 oint where the prospective ranch is located, even at ap],arenl5y eT 
 b tant prices. I know of one party who purchased 1,.50(J bead of cattle 
 ast spring near Leuares, m this State, and attempted to drive tbcni 
 I Ipm hlfii!i*'°""*''*^ to a point near IMedras Negras, who lost 500 of 
 ,«^ fi ^ f'''''*'''®'^ J'^ destination. Another party started from 
 
 neai the same place to the same destination a month later with .S.SOO 
 head and lost iJU per cent, of them, although he shipped the most of 
 them by rail ho greater part of the way. These losses were caused bv 
 the unreliability of Mexican herders, by which was caused stampedes 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 589 
 
 en route, when the cattle would scatter through the mountains, chapar- 
 ral an,l niesquito, getting beyond the control and recovery of the herd- 
 ers ' others, for want of sufficient pasturage along the narrow valleys, 
 would give out and have to be left. So by the time they reached their 
 respective localities their cattle had cost them 25 per cent, more than 
 original cost and a world of trouble and vexation. 
 
 The cheapest and best mode of exportation of cattle from the eastern 
 or southern parts of this State is to drive them through to this place 
 (Monterey), and ship from here via the Mexican National Eailroad, on 
 account of the difficulties and uncertainties and expenses before stated. 
 They can reach Laredo, Tex., from Monterey in eighteen hours. 
 
 Cattle census of Nuevo Leon, 1883. 
 
 Mnnicipalitica. 
 
 Abasolo 
 
 AaniilfBuaa 
 
 AUende 
 
 Apodaoa 
 
 Aramberri 
 
 nuntamanto 
 
 Cndcrcita Jimpncz 
 
 Cannon and Coralvo... 
 
 Ciencgado Kloreg 
 
 China and Dr. Arroyo . 
 Dr. Co88 and Escobedo. 
 Galeana and Garcia — 
 
 General Bravo 
 
 General Teran 
 
 fi enoral Trevlno 
 
 General Zuazua 
 
 Gnadalnpe 
 
 Ilipueras 
 
 UualaliuiaeB 
 
 Irtnbide 
 
 Jaurcz 
 
 Nnmbor 
 of head. 
 
 Value. 
 
 260 
 
 $2,500 
 
 050 
 
 6,600 
 
 050 
 
 5,500 
 
 580 
 
 6,600 
 
 050 
 
 0,500 
 
 aoo 
 
 3,000 
 
 12,700 
 
 127, 000 
 
 1,500 
 
 15,000 
 
 500 
 
 6,000 
 
 8,200 
 
 82,000 
 
 970 
 
 9.700 
 
 9,000 
 
 00, 000 
 
 ! 0, 400 
 
 64,000 
 
 20,200 
 
 202, 000 
 
 3,200 
 
 32,000 
 
 480 
 
 4,800 
 
 450 
 
 4,600 
 
 150 
 
 1,500 
 
 350 
 
 3,500 
 
 450 
 
 4,500 
 
 1,600 
 
 15,000 
 
 MunloipalitioB. 
 
 Lampazos do Karanjo 
 
 Linares 
 
 Los Aldemas 
 
 Los Horrorns and Marin . . 
 
 Meiry Norioga 
 
 Mina 
 
 Montemorolos 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Paras 
 
 Pesqueria Chlca 
 
 KayonesandSabinas Hidalgo 
 
 Salinas Victoria 
 
 Santa Cataina 
 
 San Kicolas do loH Garzas, 
 
 San Kicolos Ilidalgo 
 
 Santiago 
 
 Vallociilo 
 
 Villaldama , 
 
 Zaragoza 
 
 Total 
 
 Number 
 of liead. 
 
 5,600 
 3,000 
 2,600 
 :i, 800 
 
 450 
 5, 000 
 3,000 
 1,000 
 1,650 
 1,250 
 12,450 
 2,000 
 
 400 
 
 238 
 
 12,000 
 
 1,900 
 
 000 
 1,000 
 
 200 
 
 127, 738 
 
 Value. 
 
 $56,000 
 30,000 
 25,000 
 38,000 
 4,600 
 50,000 
 30,000 
 18, 035 
 16, 500 
 12,600 
 
 124,500 
 20,000 
 
 4,ono 
 
 2, 380 
 
 120,000 
 
 19,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 1,278,515 
 
 AN ENEBGETIO DAIRYMAN WANTED. 
 
 In conclusion I would state that, if some enterprising dairyman would 
 start the ball by bringing to market pure, rich milk and fresh, palatable 
 butter, it would create a taste among the people for these luxuries and 
 a crying demand before mach time for goodly quantities of both. 
 
 ROBERT 0. CAMPBELL, 
 
 Consul. 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Monterey, Mexico, November 15, 1883. 
 
 STOCK-RAISINO IN THE STATE OF NUEVO LEON, MEXICO. 
 
 SUPPLEMEN2A11T ItEPORT BY CONSUL CAMPBELL. OF MONTEREY. 
 
 I have the honor to submit a supplement to my report on cattle in the 
 State of Nuevo Leon. 
 
 In regard to cattle I have nothing more of interest to add to my former 
 report on this subject. 
 
 This State is generally better adapted to raising sheep, goats, hogs, 
 horses, mules, and asses. 
 
 hi 
 
 i^ t 
 
 Li 
 
590 
 
 III 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 SHBEP-FARMINO. 
 
 Awordint,' to tho latoat attainable statistics, tho number nf «i ■ 
 
 I.Ks State apj.roximato 200,1)13, the average value (.f v ch i^ V« m'"' *" 
 
 1 ;; breecl ,« abnost entirely the con.mon Mexican or «„u,isi,"T- 
 
 I icy attain a medium size at maturity, andareceuerallv op f t"^' 
 
 yield about. 2i pounds of nvooI each to tho cHp, t\S 'vl^^^^^^^ ^'l^.v 
 
 bru.ffs .1. this market from 12 to 14 cents a pound.' Sulv ^Uu "''"*^^'' 
 
 produced ,n this State Is marketed at Monterey verv ifti 1 ' ? ""'•' 
 
 ported It IS shipped to various factories in Mexfeo JoV^n u.nf 5 '' 
 
 . .Mto articles of wear. The grade of wool is general yconrsrS' ''•■''' 
 
 niiseis are beginning to open their eyes somewhat to thadVnf. ''''''■ 
 
 iinprovinf: their breed, both for an increased yield of w o . i ' 'P.?^ 
 
 grade. liu these people advance very slowly and LmHmis . '"f 
 
 any innovation upon tho old and well-known way. A few Tcvn.? "'^'^' 
 
 bucks larn hof.ii imr.r.i.«-««i k.,*. *i i "^ „ r '"'^ ^^exas lueiiiK, 
 
 ,„ . „ ' imported, but the advantages of the crosv^ i« ,. ^ 
 
 '*"^^'?'i -Y i^PParent to induce many to attempt the cxneJimnn " \'^ 
 
 coiit of $25 apiece for bucks. ^•^Ptrinioiit at the 
 
 Tlie ilocks being generally well guarded by shepherds nui f, • , 
 dc>gs iiro seldom invaded to any extent other dogs or wild •il "'''''' 
 
 'J hey are to some degree afflicted with scab, but norLSi 
 claim serious attention. ' "" ""^ *^""if'ieiitly to 
 
 There are few very large flocks in tho State, ranoiun- from ti.. .u 
 sand to tour thousand, but the largest flock number's forKi ^'^^'l' 
 The greatest drawback to sheop-raising is occaSml dro, ; .k .r'"*^' 
 which sometimes fi-om 5 to 10 percent Derish fo. 1. - If"^ ' *'"'"'"» 
 mutton retails at 8 cents a poifnd. ' "''^ "^ '''''^'''- ^^resh 
 
 GOATKAISING. 
 
 Goats are about as remunerative as sheen as tl.ov ..r-> . 
 not subject to as many diseases, and can get about t te." m- ''J^' 
 mountains and among the thorny bushes with wl. • . Vi "^^ *'^*^ 
 
 thickly covered. "'"-^ ""''"^^ ^^"^'^ ^^l"eh the ranges are 
 
 Xear towns and cities largo herds are oxclusively devoted to tu. . 
 duction ot milk, as goat's milk is almost exclusiveirusel fir /''["" 
 purposes ami for the manufacture of cheese. The aven 'e • el TS 
 
 ^'VT^^ If ^ ''"r^' ''^'''^' '^«"« '^t 12 to 14 cents e^miait"'"' 
 Most of tho male animals are slaughtered for tim ,n^ i - 1' . , • , 
 fmni three to four months old, and are woith ?5 Jents J f '' 'f" ^''^' 
 of the common country breed, and tho in rm^ne nt 'i ' ,",. Tl'^'"' 
 never dreamed of, though lam satisfied tl at^hrAUlfu-o K '' 
 most handsomely, even by exporting tho Mohair. * "'"^ ^'"^ 
 
 IIOG-RAISINCt. 
 
 Hogs are uot raised to any great extent, as will b(! seen fro... tl... «„i> 
 
 srZaSr-^ -" ™-^- "»"•»•• '"--^ -b "«:.'ci<o,.''iyr,,.'': 
 
 The average weight of those killed for market is 175 pounds Thnv 
 ni?i ?"'r^"f slaughtered chiefly for the Ian], wh cli Sgs '>oS 
 
 ported; ftom^hJ^l^S''£Si ia"S^ ^^ ^rSr^i^iS" 
 cured hams are worth from GO to 75 cents a pound!- ^ ' ^ '' 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 691 
 
 Al>()ut llvo UofiH aro hi an filtered a day to Hupply tho pork demand ol' 
 Monterey of r>0,{)M) jx-oplo. Tlio people are fond of it, but the majority 
 arc (ioinpclled to catcheapc"' iiinit— bocf, kid, and mutton. Tho jjreater 
 itintof tlio lard conmimcd is bronglit from surrounding haciendas. No 
 disposition is nuinifestecl to im[)rovo their Htock of hogs by foroign im- 
 nortatiouH, Huch as tho (Jhester, Berkshire, and tho like. 
 
 l)or 
 
 IIORSE-RAISING. 
 
 Horses are raised to a eonsiderablo extent when the po|)ulation is 
 (•oii«i(leret1. The average price of horses raised in this State is $13.50 
 cacii. They are principally of the Brancho breed, of medium size, well 
 sliiiped, and very durable and hardy. 
 
 lie is much better suited for the general purposes for which he is 
 needed and used here than tho larger American horse. lie can travel 
 fill flier in a day on less water and food than tho American horse. 
 
 Tliere aie, however, a good many large sized horses raised in the State 
 IroMi imported stallions, and the number will be increased as heavy 
 Anieiiean i)Iows and general agriculture demand them. 
 
 A great many horses, especially mares, have been bought and shipped 
 to tlie United States this year. 1 think 25 per cent, of tho horses in tho 
 State have been purchased and shipped beyond tho Rio Grande iu tho 
 last twelve months. 
 
 MULBBAISING. 
 
 s, and is im- 
 
 All the mules used in tho State are raised here. They will average 
 11 hands high, aro generally avcU proportioned and very hardy. There 
 iirc some larger mules raised, but very few over 15 hands high. Many 
 liavo been bought by the Americans and carried into Texas this year. 
 They arc used entirely for wagon and carriage juirposes here, having 
 never been able to displace tho ox from tho plow. 
 
 THE BURRO. 
 
 The buno, or, as he is called in the United States, tho ass, though a 
 modest and small anrmal, occupies a very important place in tho in- 
 dustries of jfexico, as is generally the case in all mountainous countries. 
 Ue is iudisi)cnsableaud can never bo superseded by the horse, mule, or 
 locomotive. 
 
 Perhaps when aerial navigation is iierfected his dominions will bo 
 somewhat encroached upon, but even then ho will hold an important 
 place in the industries of Mexico. Kind by nature, patient to a fault, 
 economical in his diet, ho will eat his allotted rations of cactus at home, 
 and enjoy a modicum of old rags, paper, &c,, when ho comes to town 
 without complaint. Burdened with loads larger than himself, ho sub- 
 mits to the cruel whacks of his master's "baston" without murmur. 
 
 Ue is faithful and true. He bears his rider with unerring step along 
 precipitous mountain ledges, and packs ponderous burdens of gold and 
 silver ore from otherwise inaccessible mountain heights to the valleys 
 below. Fruits and agricultural products aro brought by him Irom 
 " quiutas "' among rugged hills to the hungry of tho cities, and with equal 
 good grace he tugs with his heavy loads of fire- wood from forests high 
 >.ip the mountain sides to warm the shivering denizens of tho city and 
 hamlet. 
 
592 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FABMINQ. 
 
 With till Iu8 valuiiblo ([ualitics and great utility ho in worth oi.ivi^ 
 111 tho market. "■" *>* 
 
 Largo droves of the ma are uHcd to transport inerchandiBo from ,.ij„ 
 to viHago, and from hacienda to t(»wn over roads too rugged for w.i - ,. 
 
 KOBT. 0. CAMPBELL, 
 
 United States- Consulate, (^'(^mul. 
 
 Monterey, December ;j, 1883. 
 
 m 
 
 CATTLE-RAISING IN THE STATE OF TAMAUIIPAS. 
 
 nK PORT BY OONSVL SMITH, OP NUEVO LAREDO. 
 
 In responsototho cattle circular of Jnly 18, 1883, 1 have fli« i.,.,,. 
 to submit tho following : j- , oo, x nave tiic houor 
 
 1 rn "^•^*''' purposes of this report inquiries have l»con made on a teiritorv 
 160 miles long and 75 miles wide. "^"iiory 
 
 THE TAMAULIPAS CATTLE-RANGE. 
 
 The features of this territory have often been described, but itn.av 
 not be amiss to state that tho greater part of it is a plain n„t irS 
 praine, but resembling very decidedly rolling prairie bro laM, by 2 
 ranges of low hilla. ^ *"""^ 
 
 Coycring this whole territory there is an abundant growth of a sl.nrf 
 nutritious grass, upon which cattle tiirivo very finely. 
 
 Cattle require neither feeding nor shelter, or what would perLansdo 
 scribe tho ordinary practice more correctly, they receive no care m 
 such as relates to herding. ^^^ 
 
 The soil is for the most part a sand v loam with a substratum of sand 
 
 extent. Chalky limestone, which makes excellent lime, is foiin lin 
 some localities. ' " "' 
 
 Water is very .scarce and is often found at long distances only. 10 to 
 IJ miles. Thjs is a great drawback to cattlcraisers, it being rsotLat 
 cattle must of necessity be driven several miles to water. A drouS 
 means loss and damage to cattle-owners. Tho drought of the nresenf 
 year, which was exceptionally severe, was absolutely disastrous to many 
 men and seriously decreased tho number of animals. 
 
 THE EFFECTS OF DKOUGHT IN CATTLE-RAISING. 
 
 It is estimated that there arc now about 40,000 head of cattle on tbis 
 range. The larger part of these aro held by men who have lurce 
 ranches and own tho water they need. Small cattle-owners aro larcelv 
 damaged in time of drought for the scarcity of water, and because the 
 scorched grass is innutritions. 
 
 There aro not many cat-tic near tho Rio Grande, because of the facility 
 ot escape by cattle-thieves across tho river. 
 
 Tho old Spanish breed of cattle is tho only one found here. It is as- 
 serted by stockmen that tho heavier breeds of cattle cannot be made 
 
 f""~ ' "& '■'^ '"" '^'^"^^ '^""'' ^^^y •oiiuiiuL uuuure me longinps to 
 
 and from water. They say it does not seriously hurt these light-bodied 
 animals to go 10 miles a day for water, but that heavy-bodied animals 
 
MKXICO. 
 
 593 
 
 would surely biouk down. Wlititlior or not tlio HUpiiosilioii it* correct. 
 iimI so Ciir iis 1 ciiii h'lini it is only suppoHitlon, it HervcM iiw an eflnliiul 
 object ion to the intioiluelioii of otiier l)ree(ls. I huvo no inCortnatioii 
 tliiitiiiiy attempt has been niiule to introduce uny other. I can con- 
 ceive tiiat when some man (lenu)nHtrateH the I'eaHiUility of makin^' wcHm 
 80 as to insure u good water supply, the whole tiuestiou will be chunked. 
 
 MILK, BUTTEB, AND OHEESB. 
 
 Millv is oidy an incident. A man is content if he can K*^t milk enon;4:li 
 for iiis family fioni ten to twenty cows. A cow is popidarly supposed 
 to vii'ld a gallon of milk a day, but half that quantity would be nearer 
 the truth here. . 
 
 I'.utter is not made to any extent. The milk, as I haveoliserved it, is 
 very thin and ])Oor. Then the excessive heat renders butter-making 
 
 (liilicult. . , . , ^ , 
 
 A little cheese is made, put up in little cakes wei{,djinK about a pound. 
 Tliey look as digestible as marble, yet people eat them and live. 
 
 THE OEASSES OF TAMAULIl'AS. 
 
 There are no cultivated grasses. The short grass found on the plaiiiH 
 ..rows under api)arently unfavorable conditions, and while there is pruc- 
 Tieally a limited range, there is no motive to cultivate grasses. I do not 
 tliiiiU" that any one of the ordinary grasses cultivated elsewhere would 
 succeed here." I think the excessive droughts which prevail would 
 make their successful cultivation impossible. 
 
 (JATTLE EXPOETS. 
 
 • 
 
 Comparatively few cattle are kept on the ranches to maturity. Tlio 
 sales are mostly of two and three year olds. The price is agreed on 
 between seller 'and buyer with reference to an average as they stand, 
 the buyer stipulating that they shall be in good flesh. 
 
 Only a very small number of fattened animals are driven. For the 
 iiioNi i)art the beeves exported come from small owners near the point 
 of exDort. 
 
 The larger part, almost all the cattle oxi)orted, are taken to points in 
 Texas and farther north lor fattening. The cattle on the range are 
 neither sheltered nor fed, and are, therefore, in better traveling con- 
 dition than very fat animals. 
 
 No considerable luunber of (lattle have been exported for breeding 
 purposes. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS. 
 
 When,a8in this year, there have been heavy losses of cattle, and herds 
 must have the nuinbta- of breeding aidnials increased, these are drawn 
 from the State of Chihuahua by i anclunen living near the Sierras. No 
 breeding cattle have been imported from the States at this point dur- 
 ing the year. 
 
 A majority of the work animals are bulls. Some oxen are seen, but; 
 comparatively few. 
 
 These observations have been very general from the fact thjj 
 diita were iuipossible. The estinutte of numbers of a?!imals is i 
 obtainable. 
 
 n. Ex. 51 38 
 
694 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRV lAUMING. 
 
 nitflc. I'lu' land m vlwuu, uimI ir is idiiji ih-H 11,14,11;..,.... ""''' " 
 
 mit. wouM llnd (|.i« a i.uLt juvaing Si. '"l*'"'««'"t ••"..•r,ui.i„,, 
 
 s'tIOI»IIKN II. .SMITH, 
 
 Unitkd Statkm Conhui.atk, ^'"""^I' 
 
 A'ltcvo /Ainilo, J)i'ccmljer 'J, 1S8.J. 
 
 THE BftEEDINO CATTLE OF NORTHERN MEXICO. 
 I liitvi* flic lioiior 
 
 tl.c case. Wlnli. ^ u^^^'uZ;,:^;^J^ZZZ^:''^' ''"' ^"••'' '^"<'f 
 
 too mud. Iijri.t ,nul<-nH.ath tl. ■„., thus inid,>"M.-r.'n'.;f '/''''''''> 
 ami niuscula.- ,lev,,l<>pu..M.l,. HuJl. is n . , ' Ttl S / ! , ^T^;'' ''"'' 
 that the.v have W.m. l„o ,uu,.h iulmMl. It i^^^m:^tZziV''^'^'^'' 
 country, for no lo-ion under the sun is heft .. / '""''"' ""' 
 
 than Northern Mcxi.M,. l^il^^T^l!!^' I'^l'"'^''^^^'^. f" «''>^vi„.. st, 
 
 it i« a jjenerally rec.;;,ni^e.l"L;r7hat^';i.e'^S?n' ^S 1'"^'"''^' 
 to auU much smaller than Aiiieii,...i, ,...i.,l 1 ^ . "^'V^" T"'"'^ '« '"'eiioi' 
 
 ca„,:e i,..i,„. .. „„,„i,„„i;:;;'; ;^,"r,', ; Vv ' s:;':;, .;:'„',::'; ■^'™'-' 
 
 upon which to cross the uniieclirifih.,! in 1. . '"'^'-y^t'ljcnt nicdiiiin 
 
 Such <;ross pHnluces " -1 :'^^^^^^^^ and other fiiu. l,l„o,|,s. 
 
 estimated bv So hern a 1 Wes 1 i''-'*'^ '"'.""'^' ''"'^ '"^ '"J^'I'lv 
 
 The first cross Is es\Yn ate at io /r / n h?' ^uitod States. 
 
 and thoiisands of beeves ftls'S.rV';';'^^ the un^radd; 
 
 l.orted from the praiHils o ' Tex s N mv M T^'^ '"'" •"'"'» "•"'■^• 
 Colorado t.. Chi(U ;uh/s.,^ ,M mS^ ^.^ n'- ^'"""'^' ^^''"•^'^'^"- "'"' 
 
 iwi cattle of the NSthenMSla:.';"^;;:f '--"^ 
 
 '' tine bloods" an,/' the^ ac::!linm^i m s' 0'^': "Z .1. :f:'';r'T 
 
 B. J. J'KllJuEN 
 
 Unitkd STAi-Kti Consula'j 
 
 Piedran Negrm, JJecember 10, 1883. 
 
 l"E, 
 
 Vke-Comul, 
 
MEXICO. 
 
 595 
 
 CATTLE-RAISING IN CONOR! 
 
 ItKVOUT Hi VOSSUL WILLAkU. <>*' UUAXUSa, 
 
 I}|(Ki:d. 
 
 Ill i('|>l.v to <!in!ular juid ciittlii iiicmoiandii, of .Inly IH IunI, ivc«flved 
 af lliis ollli-c, 1 liiivc tilt' lioiuir to report tlnit the c iltle of this disfrict 
 lilt' llit^ loii;;'lioriiril Hpiiiiish brct'il, of iiictliutii size, priiKtipiill.v missed 
 on wild piiNtun\ and mainly iisi'd tor lal)t>r anil as niL'at. No Imttcr or 
 clict'Nt', savo wliat, is iiHotl lor litmio foiisniiiptlon, hclii'; produced, aiitl 
 that only hi tho northern heotion of tho tliHtrict. 
 
 ' PKIOKS. 
 
 The i)iiri!haHin^'pri(«of eatth' is as follows: Stotrk-cattlc, from one to 
 two years t»ld, #.S to $10 5)er head ; three to four yeavH and over, ijlTJ to 
 jjtIS per head j cowm with calves, 8l(> to i«<;j() each. 
 
 LACK Ol'' BTATlSTIOa. 
 
 No cuts or forms of animals are obtainable hero, fiom the fatit that 
 in iioiHi of the seetions of this distrittt is any record kept of the niiiiiher 
 of cattle raised, its increase or tle(a'ease, nor the (causes thereof, what is 
 biitcheriul or exported, nor of dairy jiroducts. [t is ilnpossil)l(^ to liiriiish 
 any statistics on these points. 
 
 EXpRlZTS TO THK UNITKD 8TA'':2«. 
 
 Ul)to one year aj^o but few caitie wen^ exported to the ITnited States 
 irtim this district. The nunibei of cattle exported to Arizona and New 
 Jlexico from this district for the quarter entliii};' Seittember 30 last, 
 was r),li84, which includes one, two, and four year ohls and iijjward, the 
 most of which are claimed by the purchaser to be for breeding purposes. 
 
 IMPORTS FROM J'lIE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As regards the means of increasinjnr the exports of meats and dairy 
 products to this district from the Uniteil States, at present, there are 
 uoue. 
 
 SONOKA AS A CATTLE-UANGE. 
 
 There is no reason why Soiiora shoultl not be a large ami profitable 
 Held for stock-raising, as the greater portion of the lands are more tit 
 for grazing purposes than for culture. 
 
 A. WILLAKD, 
 
 Conmil. 
 
 CONSILATB OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Guaymas, October 5, 1883. 
 
696 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY I'AKMJNG. 
 
 CATTLE IN LOWER CALIFORNIA. 
 
 liEPOBT BY CONSUL VJOSVA, OF LA VAX. > 
 
 The rancheros or cattle-breeders of the i)eiiinsiilii are .still i..Don„t t 
 the lar superior breeds existin|>iii ot!i(>reouiitrieH. Tlie cattle i7i(i„,i , 
 into the territory by the li:st Spanish settlers have continued lo ! -1 
 l)ropaf-atnis- breed, and not until a few yeaivs ayo did the firm,., ,'• 
 La Paz aiul around San Jos6 and Cape San Lucas, who iiie in r,,,,M " 
 bu8nies.s coiuniunication with the people of Upper (!aliforuii Icir Ii 
 existence elsewhere of other kinds of stock of jj;re;'ter supei'i(')iilv i 
 their lonj;- run out breed of Spanish cattle. Ilejic,^ the intrddiicfi.m '!• 
 American breeding.' stock froui California has practically eviiuHMl , 
 the otl'spring resultin.ir from the native or Spanish and Aniericui (•• n'l 
 are already giving- much better results, and this has created consi . / 
 able sensation among farmers and cattle-breeders liere. ' ' 
 
 It would be very difiicult to ascertain the total nuiid)er of oitt|,> i 
 the district, and more so rhe percentage of the two existin<.'h,.,li 
 The stock now in the country i.s not only sufliciei.t for home deinn k 
 but also to partly suiply the Gulf border States with dried h^JTl 
 tallow, besides slii[iping yearly an approximate amount of r> ooo i.J 
 to tlie United States and Europe, notwithstanding the inort ilitvni' 
 
 cattle caused by the ,-..arcity of rains during the previous vears. 
 
 rv. 
 
 lity of 
 
 To make a rejM^t of anything near the requirement oTtJie ii'iemo,..,,Hi, 
 18 beyond po.ssibility. "'.tmu 
 
 JAS. VIOSOA, 
 United States Consulate, . (^onmd. 
 
 La Paz, December 6, 1883. 
 
HONDURAS. 
 
 597 
 
 HONDURAS. 
 
 CATTLE IN HONDURAS. 
 
 REPORT BT CONSUL nEURING OF TEGUCIGALPA. 
 PASTURE LANDS OF HONDURAS. 
 
 Larf?e herds of cattle a,ro owned in the departments of Ste. Barbara, 
 (!()iiiayagua, and Tegncigalpa, but the largest are hehl in tlie depart- 
 iiiciits of Olanclio, Gracias, Yoro, and Colon. 
 
 ^fnch of the country of Ste. Barbara presents a surface very uneven, 
 hut the whole of it is covered, even the steep rounded hills from to]) to 
 bottom, with a living verdure, kept fresh and ])erennial by the mists 
 which hang about the summits, or condense into showers. lu the val- 
 leys nearly every square league is abundantly watered l»y pure limjMd 
 streams, swift and cool and healthy for cattle. Pine trees scattered 
 o\ cr the mountain sides afford all the shade that is needed, and along 
 tlie water- courses, palms, plantains, bananas, mangoes, and wild iigs, 
 with many other plants and trees, grow most luxuriantly. Cattle eat 
 eagerly and fatten quickly on the leaves and tender twigs of the wild lig. 
 
 In the departments of Tegucigalpa and Comayagua are a few valleys 
 of large size, one at the city of Comayagua, which has been cultivated 
 for centuries, and was at one time a well irrigated and productive re- 
 gion, where sugarcane, cotton, maize, rice, and fruits were grown in 
 abundance, bat the irrigating ditehes have been negh^cted and the li«!lds 
 have become wastes, whereon the thorny cactus blossoms undisturbed. 
 In the dry seasons the plain of Comayagua resembles certain parts ot 
 the Indian Territory, or of Colorado. The soil is coiniiosed of washings 
 from the volcanic hills surrounding this great valley, and of ashes from 
 the volcanoes. It is doubtless rich in the mineral ,>*le:v.ents required for 
 the growth of vegetation, and needs nothing more than water and cul- 
 tivation to mak«i it produce au abundance of food for man. Now, the 
 t-rass is scant, dead and brown, yet the live stock crop it freely, and 
 seem to iind in it ample nourishment to sustain life without loss of llesh. 
 
 The departments of Tegucigalpa, Choluteca, and La l*az are on the 
 arid slope of the Pacifle. Here but little rain falls, and the pasturage 
 is. conseo. leutly, not so good as it is on the Atlantic Slope, where the 
 winds, laden with moisture from the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea, 
 are forced ui)\vard to a higher and cooler altitude and deposit their bur- 
 den in Irequent showers. On the Western (/ordillcras the rains come 
 from the winds that blow at certain seasons from the Paei(ic,iind when 
 these rains fall vegetation springs up in most lu\uriant profusion over 
 all these hills and in all these innumerable valleys, and everv rod of 
 l)iisfure is (ilothed with grass, fresh and nutririoiis, upon which cattle 
 (|iiickly re,i.'ain the llesh lost during the drought. When a long period 
 ])asses without rain, as has occured in this region, stock sillier greatly, 
 
 aiHl soiHi-tiiiie: 
 
 s li.ivii ijecii known to starve, 
 
 The departments of Olancho, Yoro, and( 
 
 Ti-acias, siir])ass all others as 
 
 m 
 
 grazing regions, as those who have Keen them readily concede. These 
 
598 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARAIING. 
 
 broad Siiv;iiin;i,lis, stivtcliiii;^; for many milos almost uiibrokini in. on 
 oreil by a most liixiuiaiit (•ari)otof «rass, ami an^ oi-o.sscd by lnm,],,, j 
 ot small streams, rising,' in the ,t.raveily hills of tlu^f.()ld l)eai'in"-,|iS 
 west of the i)laiii8. Tlie ])rairies arc constantly refreshed liy sli„u'l 
 whieh, boffinninff in May, in.aease in frequency and dnraticm nnfii ;'" 
 November and early December, when th«?y become almost contiii 1 
 rams, at times falling' copiously every nif.ht, for two or three «,.'*' 
 Lnt lortunalely the days are usually clear and ])leasant even in ti '*'' 
 rainy seasons, and though (he streams rise rapidly over iii<>-ht t\u.l 
 rapidly fall dnrino- the day. "" "^'^ "« 
 
 CATTLE UREEDING IN HONDUKAS. 
 
 Under snch favorable circumstances cattle have ranged for ceiifnri 
 on tlie plains :ind mr.sds of Honduras; yet, no attempt appears ev', 1'^ 
 have been made to improve tli(>m by the introdiietioii of impioveil hi, Li 
 by the selection of th.', best animals wi.li which to add to size stiei ,!? 
 or (piahty, or by other means known to bieedeis in other laiids Tl 
 IS awantofi>roi)ermana,yemeiit, andofaiteiition to the easiest •md ■.!'",' 
 natural methods. Jiulls are not (tastrated until (iiey are thieev 
 old, and men who I'liii cattle estates sav that about oiie-tifth eisim'i 
 at this a.oe die from t he elfe(!ts of the oi)eration. Thev believe i l.'.r ,;!,'.'' 
 would die it the operation was performed earlier, l)u"t thev admit , 
 they have never known of a trial of the plan of alterin-i very .. '! 
 animals. -^ ymug 
 
 The custom of selecting for slaughter the strongest, sniootli.Nt nwi 
 best bulls m the herd has doubtless done much to checl-' the n- h' 
 tendency to the improvement of tin. breed, winch, but tor this enstr 
 mi-iit have been of -leat value, under the very iav()rable ,.oi,,]iVi " 
 existing 111 the districts named, even without the use of am alivi m 
 proved stock. (Jalves suck their dams much loii-er than thev\iV. ' 
 lowed to suck them in the United States. Frecpieiitly a, cow in, v it 
 -s -en standing (piietly. wiiih. a youn- calf tuy-in- at a teat oa on,, si.l ' 
 is aided in emptyiiif.- the udder by a. yearliii- snckinj.- awav at a^ to^, ,! 
 the other side. The spectacle has been seen of a (u.w s.H-ldin.- od 
 while a hei ter stoo<l siickin- 1 he opposite teat, and at the same time i'vl 
 su.:k to iier own newly-boin scarcely dried by the sun, it had seeiitir 
 the hrst lime only an hour or so before. 
 
 Notwithstan(iinj.-liies.j disadvantages the cattle here are nrolifibh^ 
 to their ovneis, are of excellent <p.ality for beef, of hir-e size and ro- 
 niar!<able doc'lily ; and with the modern improved methods of tint 
 ment aii<l breedin.o-, they coiild, o(<-oiirse, be made far more vahiMhhV 
 
 DESTUUOTION ()!'" OAT'l'LI.; 15V WILD IJKASTS. 
 
 There are few daiifzers threatening cattle in Hondiuas. Chief anioiic^ 
 those wliH-h do exist is that aiisiii- from the existence of the iii(MMit;iin 
 ion, tiie b ack (i-er. or imnia, and the <'ouoar. Theseaiiinniisc.iitiiiuc 
 to Iiaiint the inouiitaiiis and occa^ionally kill calves or yearliii<'.s The 
 U}iv<- IS callable of killin-' a <rrown Imjl. roitiinatelv'tlie wild "hcM.fs 
 are not so bu'imdable as in the north, and consnpientlv hKssesfn.m tlicii- 
 attacks are not very j^reat. The killiiiM- (.f a eow or a veailiii^' or t\v,. 
 by wild beasts occasions consideiai)le excitement in d',,. iiPioi,),,,,!,,,,,,] 
 where it occurs, and usually results in a luint which ends in the dfiitii 
 ot the cattle dest rover. 
 
 I 
 
HONDURAS. 
 
 599 
 
 THE CATTLE SPIDER. 
 
 Anotber drawback to the cattle industry i8 foniid in the existence of 
 a spider, which, it is said, rushes out of its burrow in the ground, when 
 disturbed by the tread of stock, and bites tl)e animal at the first tender 
 place it reaches, which is just ai)ove the hoof; and this causes fever and 
 inflaiuraation. The fever results in a sej)aration of the hoof frouj the 
 skin, and the hoof falls off". An early application of aqua ammonia or 
 strong tobacco juice will stop the inliamniation and ])revent the loss of 
 the hoof. 
 
 STOCK BANGERS AND HERDERS. 
 
 By law all owners of cattle have the light to graze their stock upon 
 the Government lands; but no one has the right to inclose such lands 
 without tirst obtaining a concession from the (Joverninent of sucli right 
 or privilege. Ilowever, there is little or no need for fencing, as no causes 
 exist here that drive cattle from their accustomeil range. No lierce 
 storms sweep over these savannas to drive cattle beibre them for days 
 without ceasing ; no frost ruins the grass ; no ice closes the streams ; 
 no snow covers the herbage, and shade is furnished- by the scattered 
 live oaks, the pines, and by the hills. Stock that has become wonted 
 to any locality will find nothing to tempt or to drive it to stray. This 
 is decidedly favorable to the owner, since he is saved the expense of 
 fencing, and needs but few men to care for his herds. Indeed, it is 
 stated by those who have givi^n the subject much study, that ;">(> events 
 per head will pay all necessary exj)enses of keei)ing a herd of eatile in 
 Honduras. The native or Indian is by instinct, training, and inclina- 
 tion a vaquero, or herdsman. He can readily drive herds through the 
 forest paths among the hills, and as readily find any animals that stray 
 from the herd, lie is a keen hunter, an<l therefore useful in ]n'otecting 
 the herd from attacks by wild animals. Such men can be hired for $100 
 to $150 per year. They are docile, faithful, and even att'ectionate to 
 those who deal justly with them. They are easily fed, for plantains,, 
 bananas, yams, and other food, upon which they usually live, grow iu 
 every part of the country. 
 
 CATTLE TAXATION AND EXPORT DUTIES. 
 
 Ownership of stock is indicated by branding, as "out West" in the 
 United States. The various brands are recorded in the districts where 
 the herds are kept, and wlien there is a sale tiie bi'and is duly described 
 in the bill of sale. A tax of $2 per head is levied by the Governu>ent on 
 each sale of cattle, ami a municipal tax of 50 cents jier head upon 
 slaughtering. A duty of $2 per head is imposed upon bulls and steers 
 (exported and of $10 upon eacli cow exported. As (!0ws are worth only 
 ibout $1<S when exported, it will be seen that the export duty of $10 
 ])ractically prohibits the exportation of cows from this Republic. Slaugh - 
 tering heifers or cows cai)able of breeding is i)rohibited by law. So it 
 is evident that the Government of Honduias by these wise regulations 
 is fostering the interests of cattle-growers as well as of the country gen- 
 erally, for the restrictions upon the exportation and the slaughter of 
 cows are causing a rapid increase of the cattle in the country. 
 
 CATTLH INCREASE IN HONDURAS. 
 
 From the most trustworthy information obtainable, the increase, the 
 exi)ense, and the income of herds of cattle in Ilonduras are fairly rep- 
 resented by the following table, furnished by Mr. E. W. Perry, an Intel- 
 
 a 
 
 w 
 
eoo 
 
 CATTLE AND t>ATRV PARMINO. 
 
 ligeut oxpert iii il.p cattle bnsinoss, niul it is basod upon tlie snnw 
 tioi) tbat the lierd i5=,in Micl)('<-imiiiij.-, composed of 1,000 cows nbo tT 
 drop their first calves. The averiio-e annual incuease that Tvil r 1, 
 inatunty is aasnined to be .SO per cent, of the nnmb(>r of bearin.r ,.«„ 
 in the herd. Practical graziers here declare that an averai>e veriK , ''' 
 crease of more than 80 percent, may be confidently expected but ,ln " 
 carefully kept records showing tbat to be true- are obtainabl(> i' ! 
 deemed better to use the above as the basis of said table, which LI 
 follows : ' ' "*''*' 
 
 Toara. 
 
 Ono year 
 
 Two vcars 
 
 Tlircd .vtiirs... 
 
 I'oiir y(!iir« 
 
 rivo.viiars 
 
 Six y<!ar» 
 
 Soveu y<iars . . . 
 Eigbf. ycaiH ... 
 
 Niuo yoais 
 
 Ten yours 
 
 Totals... 
 
 Cows. 
 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 1,400 
 
 1, mo 
 L'.noo I 
 ;i, 080 
 
 4,024 
 
 r.. 250 
 «,fi(ir) I 
 
 8,907 I 
 
 8, OCT 
 
 IIoiforK. 
 
 KmIIh. 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 rm 
 
 fiOO 
 
 720 
 
 720 
 
 014 
 
 044 
 
 ],2;i2 
 
 1,2;)2 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,00!) 
 
 2,102 
 
 2, 102 
 
 2,740 
 
 2, 740 
 
 3, MO 
 
 y,580 
 
 11,200 j 
 
 ! 
 
 14, 299 
 
 Value of 
 
 biill.sal 
 
 3 yoaVH. 
 
 $1, 000 
 
 4, 000 
 
 5, 0U(» 
 H, 040 
 
 11,328 
 18,4H0 
 
 21, i;ir, 
 
 42, 040 
 54, 920 
 89, 070 
 
 Vnino of 
 heiilH. 
 
 $12,000 
 
 10, (iOO 
 
 2(i, 800 
 
 35, 700 
 
 40, 280 
 
 00, 080 
 
 80, 850 
 
 122, iifiO 
 
 171,440 
 
 270, C20 
 
 HxpeiiHos. 
 
 Xet m 
 
 202,813 270,020 
 
 $1, 000 
 1,400 
 1,800 
 2, ,^(il) 
 3,U«0 
 4,024 ! 
 r),2.W ' 
 
 o.wiri 
 
 8,0(17 
 11,713 
 
 40,4115 
 
 :ain. 
 
 t:t, 000 
 '-'.iMi 
 
 2,800 
 
 f.'jfio 
 
 i<,248 
 
 14,450 
 
 1»,«7!) 
 
 H^lTj 
 
 4:.,9,-,;) 
 
 210, ,118 
 
 It will be seen that at the end of ten years tbe herd will consist of- 
 
 1,000 Hcrul) cows, wliicli may l)o valiu'd at flO oacli 
 
 1,;U)0 grade cow.s, ■which may he valued at ^V2 each 
 
 2,89() fATado cows, whicli may h<» valued at ^If) each 
 
 ;{,71l fj;rado cows, which may he valiitul at |:20 each 
 
 5,41)2 yearlinjnrs, which m;i.y l)e valued at ifilU each 
 
 7,172 liiKh-grado calves, which may ho vjilned at .'iJilO eacsh. 
 
 ^10,000 
 
 ifi,;«o 
 
 4;i,440 
 T4,2:'0 
 54,920 
 71,720 
 
 Total. 
 
 'i70,t]!0 
 
 The valuation of the above has been estimated as follows • ] 000 cows 
 of the original stock will be wortji $10 each for beef at tli.' end of tlioir 
 us.'tiilness as breeders. The increase of ( lie herd during tlie tiist t lnw 
 years will include l,liOO half-breed and 100 three.<piart('r blood Iieifor. 
 valiu'd at )^V2 each. The next r lire(( years there will be l.liOO half ')G(l 
 threeqiiartrr, '^rM .seven-eighth, and 480 heifers .if higher "rade' 'ill 
 valued at 8ir> each. Jn the seventh and eighth vears tlieKMvoiild'ho 
 liroduced lu'ifers as follows: 800 half, ;5L'0 tineeciuarter breeds md 
 L',5!)l heifers «)f higher breeding, all valued at $20 ea(;h. ' ' 
 
 The average value of the bulls iiroduced iu the above herd lias boeii 
 estiuiated at priites which wtmld iiiakc^ the general average .'$lS.;}s. 'flio 
 price of animals might, by the continued use of imiclv bivd hall.s \w 
 ma<le almost or (piite e<iitai to animals of pure blood, but" in tliisestiiii'iitc 
 it has been assumed that they are worth no more than $2") each at the 
 end of the tiist ten years, or rather when the last (vilves sliown in tlio 
 tabu* shall be ready for market. The e.\i?ens(* of the iiiuiiageuieiit of 
 such a herd ior ten years will not exceed lOiiercent. of the value of tLo 
 bulls. 
 
 EXPOKT.^ OF IIONnilRAS C!AT'I'LE. 
 
 The markets for the cattle of Honduras .ne foiuid in the towns scni- 
 tered throughout the i;c|>iiblic and in the adjoining Ke|ml)Iics. Tlic 
 available statistics, showing llie amounts received for exiidit duties mi 
 
tlONDtTRAS. 
 
 601 
 
 ipoii tlie siipposi. 
 
 000 cows !1 bout to 
 
 R that -will rcaci, 
 [* of beariiijnr ^,(^^.^ 
 
 werao'oyeai'lviu. 
 
 q)wte(l,I)iaaHno 
 i obtainablo, it is 
 table, which liwe 
 
 cattle <luiiiis tlie lisi!il year (Midod with .Inly of cadi of tlio following 
 years mentioned below, were as follows : 
 
 Expenses. 
 
 $1, 000 
 1,400 
 
 1, »l() 
 
 2, mh) 
 
 .'1, 080 
 4, OL'4 
 
 r),2.w 
 
 <!. 80.^ 
 
 8, !i(17 
 
 11, 7i;! 
 
 JO, 10,5 
 
 Net gain. 
 
 t:t, 000 
 
 •-', Cl!0 
 
 2,800 
 
 P,'J80 
 
 8,248 
 
 M,450 
 
 18,87!) 
 
 3:5,173 
 
 4:i,9,-,:) 
 
 77,!)j; 
 210, .m 
 
 t will consist of- 
 
 $10,000 
 
 ifi,;«o 
 
 4;i,440 
 
 T4,i.''.'o 
 
 ■ 54,020 
 
 71,720 
 
 270,(ii0 
 
 lows: ], 000 cows 
 t the end of tlicjr 
 US' the. tiist three 
 tor lilood lieifers 
 ie l,:iOO]ialf,!)G(l 
 lijilicr grade, ail 
 ' there, would be 
 Iter breeds, and 
 I. 
 
 e lierd has been 
 ij;'e.$l,S.;}s. The 
 ly bred hidis, he 
 tin this estimate 
 ^'■i'> each at tiie 
 es sliowii ill tlie 
 niaiiafjeuieiit of 
 the value or the 
 
 the towns S(;ai- 
 Ffepnblics. The 
 i.vport duties on 
 
 Exported fi'om— 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 nmbnrs. 
 
 22,4i;i 
 2, 7:!8 
 1,010 
 f, 770 
 
 1885. 
 
 A'aluo. 
 
 $30,. -101 
 li.lll 
 
 XiimboiH. 
 
 IM.W 
 1,5,-).'-. 
 
 1 
 Value. N 
 
 1 
 
 Valiio. 
 
 $-, 021) 
 
 4, 0,57 
 
 8!)2 
 
 20, 007 
 
 Ntiinlier.s. 
 
 Trnxillo 
 
 Piioito ( fortes 
 
 $14, 8sn 
 
 f), 477 
 2, Cfli) 
 
 
 2,n0fl 
 
 2, 028 
 
 410 
 
 J''riPiilii>rH 
 
 ,'i[),4Xi , 2!»,71l! 
 
 17, .'jrj2 1 
 
 iri,:io.T 
 
 TotalH 
 
 0^,845 1 40,421 
 
 «l), !)7.') 1 
 
 lU, 987 
 
 av, 470 
 
 18,7;t7 
 
 There appears to hsive been a material sbrinka^e, year by year, in 
 the anionnt of dnties IVoni exports of eattle, while at the same time the 
 snin received at Trnxillo, in the yeart'iided with Jnly, IHSI, showed ii 
 marked increase. That iiKTease was dne to the opeiiini;' of a. trade in 
 beeves between the jioit named and the West India, Jshnuls. Tinit 
 trade was favored l)y concessions from the llondnras Oovernment, l)ut 
 even the advantage thus attbrded failed to make the traliie ])rofitablo, 
 and it was abandoned after a trial of some two years. The losses which 
 resulted were heavy. The steamer JNIarco Aurelio, fitted fen- and used 
 in the exportation of cattle from llondnras to Cuba, has for some time 
 been offered for sale in New Orleans. Tiiis seems to indicaie that her 
 owners see nohoi)e of a protitabie revival of that In-anch of the cattle 
 business. ])uring the year l<SSl-'85 exports of cattle from TruxillofcU 
 from ^2,44;i to 2,000. The last-mentioned numlier were probably sent 
 to British Honduras, which gets from this Jtepublic all the beef required 
 for consumption in Belize. 
 
 Puerto Cortes exports nearly as many cattle as Trnxillo. In the year 
 ended with duly, 1HS3, exjKirts from Puerto Cortes numbered J, .555. 
 During the foUowing year the number increased to 2,738, or 70 ])ercent. 
 In the year ended July 30, 1885, the exjiorts fell off 710 aniniiils, or 35 
 })er cent. At Ainapala, on the Pacitic (ioast, 1,0;)0 were exported in 
 1883-84, and only 140 were shipped thence in 1884-'85. 
 
 The most noteworthy changes in the value of exports of cattle from 
 this Uepublic are those shown by reports from the frontiers. When the 
 Cuban trade sprang up it drew to Tiuxillo many cattle, which would, 
 but for the new demand, have gone across the border to Ciuatemala, 
 to Salvador, and to otiier adjoining Kepublics. T!ie result was that 
 receipts of export duties from the frontiers decreased some 70^ ])er cent, 
 in the year 188;5-'84, when the Cuban trade was in its most active 
 stage. When the Cuban trade dit^l exports by way of the frontiers in- 
 creased 45 per cent. These facts seem to indicate that the opening of 
 the trade with the Antilles <liverted 45 per cent, of the suri)lns beeves 
 from their usual markets in adjoining countries, and also drew from the 
 Honduras domestic markets 25 per cent, of the beeves exported Irom 
 Trnxillo. 
 
 It is a fact worthy of note that although i-xports from the portvS of tlie 
 north coast increase*! in 1883-'84, there wa.sin the total exports of that 
 yearade(!rease of 11, 524 eattle. Another curious fact is that, while ex- 
 jiorts by way of the north coast shrank from 25,181 cattle in 18S3-'84 
 to 4,!)S8 in 1884-85, tin^ total exports through other customs districts 
 ai)])ear to have iiuMcased only 3,013 during that year. 
 
 The.se laels .seem to warrant tlie inl'erence that tlie sui»])ly of (;attle is 
 increasing rapidly in llondnras. This inference seems to be the more 
 
 <li 
 
602 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 m 
 
 likely, since it is probiibl*^ that few if .-in.v feinal(> cattle were, vciMvs.M.t.i 
 b3 the (ijr..re.subov(M,uote(l, because the export duties i.nJJ,!, , ' 
 cows were so heavy as to be proliibitory. ^ "''"" 
 
 OATTLE CENSUS OF HONDURAS. 
 
 Assumiiis that 11,0 avera-e annual supply of beeves in this ,.,.,.„f,. 
 equals the number expoi ted in lSSli-'« {/ the sunniv wc . M , r^' 
 27,084 jrreater than it was at the <:lose (.f the /uonll! III^^I.Tn, k ''"' ''^ 
 
 No onicii.l (lata hiter than the statistics lor the V(^ar ISSl-'s > " . 
 
 hand showMi- the number of cattle in Iloruluras. At tlie ti.no ...nl 
 
 there were reported I({8,7r,()cows haviuf.' youu«- (;al ves by , h(M, i o t! 
 
 eowsnotsuclchn-theiryonnj.-; •U,(il'!)h(.i(ers,an(l i;i!),<MH<-alv es Th 
 
 hsures show that there were at that tiuu. 4iHM2 v^mn near v"or . S 
 
 alleapabkM.f beanuo- youn-. If it be estimated that tlie afc * ., " 
 
 nual inemise ot fenmles that, have since 18SL' con,e into e , ,' fc /.T 
 
 equaled 40 per cent, of the suj.ply of <.,ws on han.l at that , , 7, "" 
 
 would now be nearly or quite <Jt»(»,(H)(, cows in bearing iu tl.is S m, 17 
 
 The h.^riiest olhcal authorities in Jlonduras conhdentlv as^^e ' 
 
 the above staistics represent at most no more tlian ouel al ' f f 
 
 cat le production of the Ke])ubli(,. ft is but reasonalX t '„ ll, ' 
 
 t lat.f the.r opinion swell founded the ctun.try ,,an n,,w p o, U'i S 
 
 eeves per year. On the other hand, if the statistics arj lU' h^:^ ! i ? 
 
 JfATURITY OF HONDURAS OATTLE. 
 
 CJattle here reach maturity at a ]at(^ af?e. As a rule heifers .,« fi 
 years ohl before they produ(,e their tirst'^calves ; aud bu |. ZuS. 
 ap belore castration, and are four, live, or six vears ..Id b..^ v li ,!'"' 
 slaughtered for beef. It might be'r.-asonablv sup o e h ,fe^ 
 animals so treated is tough aud stringy and of poor (lavor. *'"" 
 
 BUTCHERING AND COOKINCI. 
 
 It is not likely that there is in all Honduras a butdier's hlofi- n. 
 saw, or cleaxw. A slice of steak or roast ol' neat s a e is n r v 
 ever seen. The meat is haggled froiu the bones in sha pek^ ii ' '* 
 an. these, withm three or four hours after the .U-aH, ..f ti.^ ul o kS 
 cooking in the earthen pottery, which here supplies the place of i 
 cooking utensils. ^ ^ "' '™" 
 
 THE OUTLOOK FOR CATTLE-RAISLNO IN HONDURAS. 
 
 That Honduras otters uiany and great natural advanta-es to cittlP 
 men cannot be doubted If a home luarket to al.sorb the suf,', "bm^" 
 shouhl be created as by th<> establishment on the ...ast .. i ,,,,,. 
 factory, this country would e.p.al, if iu truth it would not f/r s hZT 
 any part o the United States as a cattle-growing reg n J !,e 'S' 
 zooty or other disease of a serious nature has eu-r exisb-d ; , , s t Z 
 or8nows,orhar<i winters; but spring, alternating with sun me, ,i 
 both ever redo ent of healthful ,,erfumery and balmv hnr e v| 
 play <,ver broad p.a.nes, covere.l by sm.culent grass.-sj and watm' bv 
 crystal streams and refi'eshing showers. "^iiuui o) 
 
 i). VV. UElMtrNG, 
 
 United States Consulate, ^''^'**"'' 
 
 Tct/iirifialpa, Mnrcli L'4, 188(». 
 
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 603 
 
 THE AJiGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 THE CATTIE INDUSTRY OF THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 leEFORT nr consvl hakkh, of itnj;yos atuks. 
 
 I have to acknowlctlye the receipt of the cir(5iilar of the JJepartment 
 of State, dated the l.Sth of Jidy hist, askiiifj information relative to tlie 
 In'eedinjjcattU^ ot tlie <Iifierent .stoelc-growin;^' countries of tlie world, 
 and annexing st series of forms to be filled with details in regard to 
 breeds, size, weight, average product of milk, butter, cheese, nx'at, &c., 
 together with toj)Ography and conditions of clinuite, (|uality of soil, 
 kinds of cultivated grasses, and methods of handling, &c., in the locali- 
 ties where they are raised, these rei)orts being requcvstt'd with a view to 
 the importation of new breeds into the United States for th- 'Mirpose 
 of improving our own stock. 
 
 MILK, BUTTER, AND CHEESE IN THE ARGENTINE RErUBLIC. 
 
 In reply I have to state that the information sought has no applica- 
 tion whatever to the Argentine Kepublic, since there are no bree(ls here 
 which it would be worth while to iaii)ort into the United States. The 
 raising of cattle is, next to wool-growing, tlie most im])ortant industry 
 in this country, but the stock is ex(!lusively crcole, i.nd, so far as the 
 toi)ics suggested in the circular are con(!erned, there is nothing what- 
 ever to communicate which would be of any use to the stock- breeders at 
 home. 
 
 It may seem paradoxical, yet it is true that Avhile the Argentine Re- 
 public contains about 12,()00,0<)(> of horned cattle, it produces neither 
 milk, butter, nor cheese, while the beef itself is, generally sjieaking, so 
 inferior, at least in this part of the country, as to be the subject of uni- 
 versal execration. Such a thing as a dairy farm is unknown ; such a 
 thing as butter-making, in the true sense of the word, is a myth ; such 
 a thing as a cheese-factory, if we ex(;ept a cheap curd produced in Goya, 
 has never been attempted. In this immediate neighboihood you may 
 or you may not iind milk enough for your <!oQee, but not elsewhere. 
 Nol)ody, with rare ex(;ei)tions, keeps a milch cow. liutter, if it is used at 
 all, has until very '■ecently been brought from Italy. Of late years, an 
 unsalted butter, the work of Si)anish IJasques setthnl near Iluenos Ayres, 
 has been finding its way to market, but it is nothing more than coagu- 
 lated cream, while the cheese comes mostly from England or Germany. 
 Not long ago 1 visited an estancia stocked with l.^,0(K> cattle, and wo 
 did not have a moutiiful of butter i'or our bread, wliile our coflee was 
 seasoned with condensed milk from Illinois. 
 
 ARGENTINE- CATTLE RAISED EXCLUSIVELY FOR SLAUGHTER. 
 
 Cattle have never been raised in the Argentine llepublic, either for 
 the milk, butter, or cheese they might ])rodu<'e, but exclusively for 
 slaughter; and tlieir only pioduct, for export entiiely, is hides, horns, 
 bones, sinews, -and a, kind (d'jcrked beef ((7/rNV/»/) which finds a nuuket 
 ni Ibazil and Gidia Cor the slav( s. The science of husbandry is without 
 any devclopnu'Ul in i1h> Argentine Kepublic. During all the years which 
 have elapsed since its con(|uest by the Spaniards, no attei'.tion what- 
 
C04 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 I 
 
 ever has ever beiMi paid to tli 
 
 iiiiprovoinoiit, of tlio hreed 
 
 horned cattle wl,icM;Mi;v,{.;u',p';,:a^ 
 
 rcked."" "«'"='^"<"""» <"*"«- - '"" -"■'<"' t^:m^:yt:',zsi 
 
 INTRODUCTION OP HORNED CATTLE INTO THE RIVER PUTg 
 This occurred about the veiir 1C50. Aeeordiii"- to tl... a ... , ■ 
 clnve. iu Seville,* Don Pe.L <le Meiulc^a ^^ h tile rl wit^E^ '': 
 horned cattle inio tiie regions of the Plate He Llu^ht Z 'f "''"c*"'l 
 ;vh,ch he founded sixteen eow.s, two bu s tlin tv-tw 1, s "s • d li"'""'^" 
 twenty goat^n, forty sheep, and 'eif,d, teen ,„gs. ' \U^ m]n^-'^u^T^^ 
 eordin- to details given bv Ruv i3iaz de (in/in-ui M. 1 A IL ^^!'"•'■ 
 t..H;z de Irala thechiefs of theLpeluHo.^ "I '^V^^^^^ 
 with then, to he interior, and that others were lost in teu'; .:>'•' ' 
 m-<' fonnd n, the delta of the Parana River near f h Vese / v ,"'"'''i 
 ban lernando. A little later, ir>.W, two brothers ,,;,( .J ^^''/'^ 
 came in eompany w th Alvar Nnnp/ (^.l.,.-,., j< a/ 1. '""*• ^^'i" 
 
 From these two sources have descended fho linri.,.,i n.,ffi i • , 
 
 that time to the present dav the increase h-i^ hJn ..J 1 " ^ """ 
 mild clinutte amliucculent ^as^s of S^'pX^^ bei^ M 'S''^' 'Y 
 trons requ,re<l for their rapi<l n.ultiplicatiou ami d f Isio V^n7^' 
 left o themselves, they have been permitted to de.-e er ?e lu- < ."'' 
 ons bree.ln.g-in, without any etfort ever havino' e7n n' b> ' "'"'"■ 
 their onginal-ffood qualities, until now i ter I'l im . f",""I"<Jvo 
 
 years, they are without anv ()f t .re.; letcns i ^'^ ■• "'*' V""''''' 
 them a desirable acquisitioi^ocaUiet'c^,^^'^^^ 
 q.«n ity ot their hides, whi(,h the rough life the\ 1 av ^Z, ' , ]'\ *'"' 
 
 ;he^Sf:^-Se\S'^I.JXr^:^ 
 
 to ..>mmend them in countries whS^^^oS^-llI^^ll^^l/S^-^t 
 
 WILD CATTLE OP THE PAMPAS. 
 
 The cattle of this country came originallv from the Knuth nf «, • 
 and are said to exhibit still the chara(^(4isfis n • fi. i. V ?.^ ?"""' 
 cality,the range between th<^:^ d VJ^'^r ^ ' ' hIVi '^'V"' 
 couiKry not having exercised n.-u-h i u hu.. ^ u o t e ' 'l','; '''? 
 
 teL;hcent^nyt;tV;.;-;'iiiii.^;r^ 
 
 bega. to attract attention. The In.lhn.i.' wlJo i hi V C:^i^;;:f 
 
 ^ e eei ho OS i ^ IT"' ''"'' 'T^ !^ ieailessly in their cl.li.o of 
 to tl e new . H w hi l/'"'' P'""»*' '"' '"'t <l'<'.v l>ai<I little attention 
 Lu UK new (ritrie, which were incrcasin"' «o r=«',i,iK- .,,->m.,l tlu.m !„ 
 
 ;^c m 'iniribMh'b' "";'" '''-'■ "^"" ^'^'^^^^ '^'^' !--<-^i;'r!'idon.^: 
 
 OTl^_sjm,e^a(_rom,mrat.vely recent i^^^^ 
 
 ' Doiuinyiioz's Histoiy orthrAi-cnliuo Ropuhlic. 
 
TIIK AUGKNTINK UEPUHLIC. 
 
 605 
 
 (rilM'sliviiifion flicciistciri slopes of (lie AikIcscoiiiiiiciku il ti» ii^h^ lioriuul 
 ciillli' I'oi' ftxid,* tli(>ii;^li llicy still prcCcr lioisc mcaf. In lli(»s(' cMiiy 
 ,|;i\s iiciiil.s 111! the ciitthi on tli(^ j»iiiiip;is were wild (iil~aili).s), itiul most 
 of tlit'iii wit lioiit, owners. Tiie reverse is ii<tw (lie e;is(^, and tliey aru 
 ,;(»iiipiirati\ i!y tame, that is to say, tiiey are acnuustoiued to the presence 
 of iiit'ii and allow tlieniselves to be yiiided by tliein.t iCveu at tlie epoch 
 r('i(rre<l to, over a million hides wen^ annually exported from the Plate. 
 Tli(! cattle-farnis, or eNtancios, however, oidy contained a small propor- 
 tion of tame animals, the rest boinj^ wild were pursued on horseback 
 for their hides. 
 
 The manner of killin}>' them was as follows: The mounted gauchos, 
 carryiuf? in their hands a lance, with a sharp horizontal knife in tiieend, 
 .<;uve chase to the animals, and approachinjjf tluMnon the fidlfj^allop, cut 
 their hamstrinf;s as they raji, brinj;in}; them down with an address and 
 deNiterity which were astonishinji'. Wlieu they had thus secured a suf- 
 lictieiit niKuber, they returned and {i'avo the coiii) dn fjrace to the prostrate 
 iiuiinals by severiii.y, with a peipendicular thrust, the sjtinal cord just 
 back of the horns. When the slauf;hter was comi)leted, they removed 
 the hides, which they stretched on the ground with ]»ins, and abandoned 
 the carcasses to the dogs and birds of prey. This system of slaughter- 
 ing is still sometimes practic(!d on animals whose poor condition make 
 tlieiu of no value except for their hides. In 8iu;h cases they are driven 
 to the neighborhood of the slaughter-house ; and, after being skinned, 
 their bodies are used for fuel for the boilers, while their bones are pul- 
 verized for manure. 
 
 NUMBER OF HOBNED CATTLE IN THE KEPUBLIO. 
 
 The business of horned cattle has formed for nearly three (ienturies 
 the sole occupation of SpaTiish settlers and their d(?scen(lants, and it is 
 still almost exclusively in the hands of the natives, as sheep-farming is 
 in that of foreigners. It is the general impression that the number of 
 horned cattle now in the Argentine Kepublic is not so large as in former 
 years, owing to the immense slaughter, principally for their hides, which 
 Las heretofore been carried on. There are, however, no statistics based 
 on actual count to prove this fiict. I give below the nundier supposed 
 to have been in the Republic in 1809, compared with the number esti- 
 uiated for each province in 1881 : 
 
 Province of— 
 
 BiKMioa Ayroa.... 
 
 KIlt^^^ liioH 
 
 ■Siinliii^'ddolEsto 
 
 Saiitii f'6 
 
 Conii'iiUis 
 
 Cdi'dova 
 
 'rucninaii 
 
 S;m Ijiiin 
 
 Catiiiuiu'cii 
 
 Siiii.Iniiu 
 
 LiiKio.ja 
 
 Mcnildzii , 
 
 Juiuy 
 
 Saltii 
 
 Total 
 
 Nnmbor in 
 I860.: 
 
 6,116,029 
 
 2, 500, 000 
 
 1,200,000 
 
 1, 100, 000 
 
 1, 768, 708 
 
 052,470 
 
 305, 228 
 
 248, 344 
 
 200, 543 
 
 28, 561 
 
 72,043 
 
 64,878 
 
 93, 276 
 
 143, 010 
 
 13, 093, 090 
 
 Number In 
 
 1881. § 
 
 754, 810 
 
 216, 562 
 
 200, 000 
 
 91)0, 000 
 
 400, 000 
 
 043, 000 
 
 304, 7U0 
 
 139, 602 
 
 80, 000 
 
 05, 493 
 
 100, 00.) 
 
 100, 108 
 
 50, 000 
 
 200,000 
 
 11,554,275 
 
 * PfMeription gcographique et stRtistiqTie de la Confrderstion Argentiiip, par V. ■Martin de 'Moussy, 
 vol. ii, ji. CO. 
 
 1 CaiHiiiii Mnsff'T,, in bis book "At Homo with tbo Pntaponians," apeakB of tbo immense nnmbors 
 ol' wild <nttlo ^•liicli are found witliout owiiurs in the forests on the headwaters and tributaries of the 
 Itio Nu^ro, and the wostei n slopes of the Cordilleras of the Patagonian Andes. 
 
 t (N'lisus of the Argentine Kepublic, 1869. 
 
 ^im., 1881. 
 
 v-t: ?■■ 
 
 m 
 
 I'l 
 
 a 
 
 1. f 
 
 
C06 
 
 CATTLE ANIJ DAIltY I'AUMING. 
 AlJCiENTINE KXPOKTH OV tJATTLK IMIODTTOTS. 
 
 llie iiiipoihinw of tho cattle industry, in a comnieicial point ,.f v!u„, 
 will iii)]).Nir honi the custoni-liouso statistics, sin.te tl.o .'ntiic „,,lf!' 
 iittiT providing Or a meaner home consnnii)tion, iindsa market M, 7 
 A::(!ordin<f to those returns, tho (>xports of the products of I . , 
 cattle stand for about .u.e-third, while the exports of theslu-e "'f 
 nets stand for about one-half of the entire shipments abroad 'rfi 
 more exact, it appears that of the total exi.orts last year, r,(; r/nm f 
 were wool iUMl sheep-skins, ;J2.;J per cent, were the products' o ],n2 j 
 cattle wnle only Jl.L' p.T cent, were aj-r ultural, ininerul, f, ,w ' ' 
 nninutaclnred products. The exports of the total pastor.'il i, ,' ,V I'.' 
 compare<l with all other exports for the last seven years are s o v i ' 
 the toUownig- table, compiled Hum oilicial sources : • " '" 
 
 EfportH from the Argentine Hejuib lie from 1876 to 1882. 
 
 Artiolug. 
 
 I'DHloriil prcxl 
 
 AKH.uiitVirni**'*'""^''" *■'"' -"^' "*'* |*31,8!)1,830 $41,351,831 
 
 CO:', OIL' 
 
 proiliirtN 
 
 Miiipral |ii(i(l- 
 
 ucts 
 
 TiinliiT inod- 
 
 UCtH 
 
 Maiiut'actiii'iMl 
 
 I>ll)(lll(tH 
 
 Otliir L'xpoits. . 
 Total 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1'17, 544 
 
 68, 670 
 
 4, 212, (130 
 27,!I01 
 
 4H5, 802 
 
 154, 872 
 
 35,216 
 
 3, 722, 538 
 22, 8!)4 
 
 43,327,460 j 30,313,158 
 
 2, 150, 187 
 
 363, 025 
 
 78,154 
 
 3, 754, 473 
 61,017 
 
 47, 705, 287 
 
 1880. 
 
 ?50, 507, 372 
 
 784, 423 
 
 2,407,324 
 
 113, 304 
 
 2, .180, 4 14 
 238, 520 
 
 50, 407, 423 
 
 1881. 
 
 »57, 770, 303 
 
 1, 405, 035 
 
 402, 703 
 
 286, 180 
 
 1,592,313 
 521, «1() 
 
 1862. 
 
 $4»,142,4M 
 
 ■«.241,(16!l 
 
 M8,591 
 
 226,414 
 
 3,8(4,8:17 
 410,900 
 
 52,0«!l,]04 58,440,905 
 
 As a matter of especial interest in (jonnection with tho (tattle industrv 
 I ffiye below the shipments s(.parately of each arti(ao pro(luce iS 
 tho last seven years, as taken from tho custom-house returns : ^ 
 
 Exports of edttle imxiucta from 187(5 to 1882. 
 
 Artlolos. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Cotr hides Ni 
 
 Dried aiicl joikedbeef.. kilos. ,20^ 
 
 Boui'H HUtl l)(iue-ii«li d<) 33, 
 
 Hoinn do. I 3, 
 
 HideeiitfitiKs do j 1, 
 
 Aniiiiivl oils do j 
 
 Atiiinidsou the lioof No I 
 
 Suited lieef kilos. 
 
 Aniiniilhliick do. 
 
 Aitifleial )itinno do 
 
 Dried blood do. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 324, 800 
 600,21(1 
 2.'!4, K;)7 
 05<1, IM)0 
 031,486 
 210, 14fli 
 101), 72(!i 
 4, 1401 
 
 "2,'627| 
 28,7031. 
 
 '^. 488, 
 18, 732, 
 ■)2, 304, 
 ;t, 802, 
 1, 122, 
 Wll. 
 lOlt, 
 
 i4;i, 
 
 1,150, 
 
 532 2, 
 
 023 33, 
 
 08.7i3l», 
 
 000' 2, 
 
 152 
 
 OOfi 
 
 44.'i 
 
 74!) 
 
 320 
 
 1870. 
 
 2,'H, 802 
 000, 203 32, 
 231,010130, 
 !»!»H, 4.Vt| U 
 880,2041 
 HI.-., .5!»2 
 
 8(i, 308 
 110, B3hI 
 204, 540 
 
 .55, .500 
 
 42, 046 
 
 330, 
 330, 
 430, 
 700, 
 91)8, 
 422, 
 422, 
 
 lOl'li 
 8.52, 
 187, 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 529; 2, 
 
 25220, 
 
 207;27, 
 
 7801 2, 
 
 •'109 1, 
 
 025 
 
 5731 
 
 .594^ 
 
 890 3, 
 
 2,59:... 
 
 472 
 
 791, 
 110, 
 092, 
 900, 
 242 
 
 soiii 
 
 52, 
 591,' 
 
 299 2,192,370 
 479 22,412,031 
 477 34, 703, (149 
 410 2,90.3,(1411 
 "■" 781,709 
 199, 278 
 84, f!38 
 18, .'•,93 
 1, 082, 497 
 124, 4M 
 453,131' 
 
 1882. 
 
 1, 030 
 
 2,945,427 
 
 20, 906,613 
 
 28,212,,'i08 
 
 1,410,983 
 
 879, 183 
 
 M2,602 
 
 .')3,995 
 
 i,9,'ifl,'77l) 
 
 1,111,94,'; 
 
 92,517 
 
 I would state that there is an exiiort duty on all the above articles of 
 7 per cent, on the valu(_s except salted beef, animal-bla.rk, artilicial ffivZ 
 and dri(^d blo()d, which are tree of duty ; and that all horned cattle ex- 
 ported from tho country jiay a duty of 7,5 cents ])er head 
 
 Of the above exports it appears from tho custom house returii.s tliat 
 about ono-third of the hides no to the United States, tho re«^ to En- 
 land, Franco, Spain Belgium, <vtc. ; that tho jerked and dried beef goes 
 pnncipally to Brazil, Cu ba, and Spain ; that two-thirds of the boiiesand 
 •Estadiaticaa oftcialen do la li4:pubUva Aryciitina^KTG-ltm. 
 
THE ARGKNTINK RKl'UDLIC. 
 
 607 
 
 U0T8. 
 
 !iiil point of view 
 Ik) ciitin' iiiminut' 
 
 'iiiiiailvctiil.ioaii' 
 Hlucts of i,o,,„,,,i 
 
 t 1 10 siici')) prod. 
 sabroiul. To 1,0 
 m\ 5(i.r> percent, 
 oducts of ],„r„^,,| 
 
 ""Till, fomst, iUMl 
 
 'iiNtoral indiistrv, 
 ai's urc whowii \u 
 
 882. 
 
 IfciSI. 
 
 ♦57,770,303 
 
 1, 405, 035 
 
 402, 703 
 
 286, 180 
 
 l,S9i,313 
 fl'JI.OIO 
 
 1862. 
 
 *4»,H2,4M 
 
 4.241, 069 
 
 508, 591 
 
 228,414 
 
 3,8(4,8W 
 410,900 
 
 52,0«ll,]04j 5», 440, 905 
 
 s <!attle iiuliLstry, 
 )ro(luce(i during 
 etiuus : 
 
 1881. 
 
 !»!) 2,192,370 2,04r,4'>7 
 i7n22,412,«312H,flC8,oi;i 
 "" 34, 703, ()4« 28, 212 ,108 
 
 ■10 2,003,0411 
 
 1,410,983 
 879, 183 
 542,602 
 53,995 
 
 781,709 
 199, 278 
 84, (i38 
 18, .'■.93 
 1,082,497 1,936,770 
 124,4,')0 1,111,945 
 453,131' 92,547 
 i 
 
 ibove .articles of 
 artiii(;ial gmno, 
 Driu'd cattle ex- 
 1. 
 
 so roturn.s tliat 
 10 re.s.t to Enj;' 
 dried beef goes 
 fthe bones and 
 
 bone Uisb },'(» to Kii<;bm(l, {\u> rest priiicipally to tlio lJnit«'(l Htsitom; that 
 the iioriis ^o to lOnnliiiHl, I'laiicc, Italy, ami JU'lyiuiii ; that tho Uidu- 
 ciittiiifjs {,'o to llei^'iiiiii, (Jcrmaiiy, UnitHl Statt-H, ami Kii^fbuul ; that 
 the iiiiiinal oils j-o to h^raiin"; that tho livo lUiiiiiaKs ^t to Ciiili and Mo- 
 liviii; tiiat llic aniinalblack jioi'.s to Francis; tiiat tho artilbiial jfuano 
 f.(M's to lilt' l.'iiitcd Statt'M ami Eii^iaiid, and that tho (Iried blood gocH 
 to llic United Slates. 
 
 Tiit^ {gradual decrease in the above nhipnientH would seem to corrobo- 
 rate the ;;('neral iinpresNion that there lias been a deerease in tho niun- 
 ber of liorned cattle in theeoiintiy. Accsordinf; to tiie ollieial estiniateH 
 already inenlioned, it appciars (bat tiiere are about U,r)0(),00(» less in tho 
 Ar;,n'ntine Ue|)iil)lie to-«lay than there were fourteen years ajfo. This 
 count does not include tlu! number in the territories of l'ata}(onia, (Iiau 
 Chaco, Paiiipa,and [Nlisiones, which probably amounts to .'{()(>,0()0 more. 
 
 It will further be seen that over one-half anon the pampas of IJiienos 
 vVyres, Santa Fe, and Cordova, the rest bein;; scrattered in smaller num- 
 bers over the uplands of the inteiior, and the mesopotainian provineeM 
 of l'>ntre llios and Coirieutes. 
 
 now (iATTl.K ABE MANAtMOD IN THE ARGENTINE BEl»UnLlC'. 
 
 It may be said that the <!attle of the country are now all tann-, in tho 
 sense that they all bear the brantl or mark ol" their owners, are acciis- 
 toincd to the raiifje of the cufnncia to which they beloni"', and allow 
 themselves to be handled by those whose <luty it is to watch after 
 tliein and make up the rodeos, that is, brins thi'in to the place where 
 tlicy sleep at nipht. When the younj,' bulls have been (;astrated they 
 go by the name of norillos; and the number of bulls left entire is alxmt 
 one to every fifty cows.* it is very imi)ortaut that the men shouhLcon- 
 stantly watch after the animals, for if left to themselves they soon be- 
 come intractable and difficult to maiiajje. Where the attendanct* Ih 
 uegligent, they are readily fri{;htened at the si;;ht of a horseman, and 
 disastrous stampedes sometimes are the eonse(iueuce. Where these 
 occur, it is only with intinite pains that they can be restored to former 
 docility. 
 
 When the number of bulls are allowed to become too numerous, 
 furious and fatal combats not unfre(iuently ensue, tln^ cows takiiif,' pare 
 in the deadly encounters, and thus the annual (^alvin^' is apt to be re- 
 duced. A few years a^o, durinj.;- the civil wars in IJriiuuay and pemliuff 
 the long siege of Montevideo, a great portion of the cattle uii the aban- 
 doned estanvios having nobody to take care of them, returned to a wild 
 state (alzado), and upon the restoration of peace, it was found absolutely 
 necessary to kill all the old bulls and castrate the young ones in order 
 to tame the cows and make them easier to manage ; and even then it 
 took an enormous amount of time and the ruin of hundreds of honses 
 ou each establishment, before the herds could be reduced to a tractable 
 condition. And the same thing occurs wherever, for any cause, tho 
 cattle of an estancia are neglected. In a very i'o.w months they return 
 to a wild state, thus entailing great losses on"^ the owners. 
 
 With proper attendance and careful management, however, it is as- 
 tonishing how easily tho (lattle of the Argentine Jiepublie are handled. 
 The bulls exhibit none of the ferocity which is characteristic of those ot 
 other countries, and even to sui)i»ly l'^^' l>idl lights whicli are stiil al- 
 lowed to be exhibited in Montevideo, it is necessary to import the bulls 
 from Spain, thos e of the country not being suliieieiitly savage and fero- 
 
 * V. Martin do Moi'ss^-, vol. ii, p. 110. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
608 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIKY FAUMINO. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^^H I 
 
 IHI 
 
 'M' 
 
 CIOIIM toV tho pilipOS*'. TIU" CUftl.' llCtVHIH'lll lollilV.' S.lrll an ill.sli.u.H 
 
 ivH|M'ct lor u lioi'.s..miui (hilt tlH..v run ov .viold ut once, iiii<l .scldi,,, o '" 
 nii,vol.,stiii!U!,v (.r iv.sistui.c,.- to his iiiitliorily. A person on liors..'iri' 
 nm MUK'll.v puss into tlio midst ol' llio liiiycsl, herds witluHH (cnr i;'! 
 imitnals wdl always at onee open I heir ranks hi^fore iiiiii ; a,„l ti'u'.v 
 so acciisloiMcd to s('(^ rlt(4 people of Hie counlrv dressed in clothes ^!"''' 
 r/fw)or lHi,-,dit hues, thai the most {jhirinjj red colors do note./;"' 
 tlieiii. ""i.i;;i) 
 
 One thiiiff, which tlHw«/«//c(Vmv have to ynard against, where fi, 
 herds are newly formed of cattle col!ect(Ml at ilitlerent places is ||„. 
 dency of the animals to return to liieir former ran-es; iitMl^hMin,. ,h'' 
 in cases ul' panic they scatter in all <lirections, and it is dini,.,ilt u ,i 
 tLem to^^ether uKiiin. This desire of catth^ to return to thiA •. 
 ^v'liere they were raised {,i„rra,cion) is nuu^h stron-er shiMiid fl I' nfi 
 pasturaj'e he better or the country ukmo saline, the latter (lualitvfH 
 sod f,rreatly contribulin;,' to the increase of the herds of the river ' |.. 
 In no other way <;an he explained the remarkable fact thai in „i'i 
 where tlien^ is a lack of salt, uotwithstandin- the l)eautif.,l ani.e' r, !';' 
 ol the p.istnia^'c, such as for instance is found in the sontheas en. I. ! 
 of I'ara-uay ami in the provin(;es of Saint Catherine's and Saint ''., 
 r.razd, thos(^ parts of South Ameri(!a are not so suitable for th(> nisil " ,■ 
 cattle as the j.ampas of IJuenos Ayres, or even the mesopotainian . .'^.v 
 inces ol l-.ntre Jtios an.l (!oirientes. In these rejjions, in suite of l.^ 
 dr,\ ness and even aridity of the soil in some jdaces, ami (.f a nasti .•■ ". 
 winch ismeaf^er in app«'arance, the reproduction is s() consich- ni,i,. m, ,f 
 It is estimated that a herd of cattle will <h»uble in three yens ' I i I 
 this (piahty of tln^ soil that the beaiitv of the cattle on the" Vmnii 
 liiver IS attributed, where, not wiLhslaiidin;,' the exceedin-ly w mii si ., 
 nuMv^ind thoj;reat annoyanco from Hies and mos(piitos'^tliev'ire fn k 
 as larffo as those in the province of JJuenos Ayres, and 'aresel.l... ,. 
 tacked with epizooty. ' ' '""'' 
 
 WOKKlN(;t CATTLK AND MILOII COWS. 
 
 Owinj,' to their naliiral docility, the tamin-' of work cattle is .....n.,, 
 idished without difliculty. They allow Ihemselves at once to iu' m M i 
 the plow or tlie w.xgou, thon^rh tli(^ manner of yokim-- tliem by tli.' hei I 
 which prevents tlnun from usin^' tln-ir horns, may tiieatly assist in tli'iir 
 domestication.* If they an^ not uo strong' or robust as those we liiv. 
 at home, it is only be(;ause their li.od is less substantial ; for even wl'iih. 
 performing,' the lonj,'est. journeys, they have no other nourishiii,..,t thui 
 the Krass they can i)ick U|), when they stoi) to rest, on the i.anm'is • m,| 
 this IS s«»erally very scant alon-,' the highways or near the v'iili'n-.s 
 rroporly fed thest^ animals, which are larj^e and muscular wou'ldlm 
 capable of much more unremitting work, ' 
 
 For the same reason the cows j-ive but little milk, and then only wliuii 
 the calf IS present; and it «<''»erally dries after three or four iiioiitiis 
 On this account milk is almost unknown in the interior of the comitrv 
 in si)ite of the immense number of cows, and no butter is to heobtaiiini 
 except in the immediate vicinity of the river towns, where the cows in i 
 few cases are stabled and fed. 
 
 *TIm' .)x-,v..k.,.,r tl.o Ar^'ciitiiic Iv'.'iMibJic in u mini.'lTbiri^nKir.Tw,,,,,!, sli.rhUv 
 Iiollowcd our on tlic lower side, liiid ihtik^s tlic Iicaits oi'iln, aniin il.s •iin! Irhci) (T(t!i'» 
 l.omsi.v li.d,, il.on-s. Tl.cAi.-.|.itin..,s i.isi.si tlmt.-.n ...v cii" i.uil'g.Tatm' loads by 
 hia lioiiis tiitm l>y Ills bliouIdi.TH, Inil 1 ilo.il>t, 11 ontircly. 
 
 i 4»; 
 
THK AROKNTINK IIKVVIMAC 
 
 (JO!) 
 
 WINTEUINO OATTLK. 
 
 liiviii},' ontin'ly in tlio open air, and liavinj; no protectioii w Iiatc\ «t 
 no iiiiitN r how Ntivcre tlio weather nni.y be, and dependin;; soh'lv npoii 
 thi! iiiiliirul jiiiiMHes <»f the eonntr.v tor tlieir noiin-shnienf, the cuille he- 
 com" very lean <lnrin},' the winter inontiis e.speciallv if ilicm Ims Iit>i-ti 
 jidioiiKiildiirin^MheNiininier, tiiiis preventin^M lie growth ol ve;;cliili(»ii 
 'Jims reduced in llesli, they beeoine very !sn,seeptil»le to the eold- an(i 
 under siieh eirenniHti'iiee.s, when driving- rain or .snowstorms <)(;enr' with 
 the wind lr«ni the southwest, linndreds of thonsandK have been known 
 to perish in a siiif^le ni^dit.* In tlu^ spiin»' they at oiiee be-in to iin- 
 pn.ve, thoiif-h the yonnj,' .jrass is so watery at (irst as to eaiise violent 
 piirjiiii^S and iiiiiny eatth^ are sorin^tiines I(»st from this eanse, especially 
 if they are in i»oor condition. Tlie skins of ciattle that jterish Iroin these 
 
 (Mother like causes an* always removed, and ar(! sold in t he market under 
 the iiiii;ie o[' vpiilvniio lii(h's, tlion;;h of coinsci the word is not intended 
 10 coii\ ry the meaning- thai the animals died from an epidemic disease 
 which .seems to be .he iiiipre.ssioii abroad. So .soon as Mie snecnient 
 niii.s.sesof the pampas beyiii to mature, that i.s, (liiriii<;' the months of 
 JS'oyembcr and J)eeember, tlie cattle beyin to improve. 
 
 FROM THE ESTANCIOS TO TIIH SLAUCiHTKH-llor.SKS. 
 
 The moment tliey have iinpunulsnllicient .strength and <!o i(litioii,and 
 Will stand the loii}-- drives, tln-rtoc/Z/os are .separated from the rest of 
 the iierd and .sent to the slan^diterin^; establishments [snl,(vrt;»^) or the 
 city market {mnimkro.s),M\ operation which souK'times re((iiinv- a lar-e 
 niiinber of men (/;amf.v) and much eare ; for pastured cattle are, aidh) 
 Ik- <iiiick in their movements, and a very little thin;;' will ea-i.se them to 
 stampede in di.scnder and rejjain tlieir old raii^n-. On the other hand 
 unless occa.sional rests and breaks in the journey are permitfcil. since 
 the dhstance to be traveled is not unfixupiently hiindreds of lea-nes the 
 aiiiiiials become tired and the meat lo.ses its natural taste (boti lioni) \ 
 iiia.v add, Iwowever, that in the markets of liuenos Ayn's 'MmccI" meat 
 IS the rule instead of the exception. It is on acednntof these lon-r 
 (liives, without water or food at ])roper intervals, that the beef sold in 
 liie cities does not in any resj.ect compare with that which you can ob- 
 tain on the 6'.vtont'<«.v them.selves, where ordinarily it is of most excellent 
 llavor. 
 
 KEQUISITE.S Ol'- AN ESTANCIA. 
 
 A cattle (:st(nicia,i in order to be considered /list (tiass, renniies tliree 
 (■oiiditioii.s^, },rood (juality of j;Ta,s.ses, an abundan<;e of water, and ran«e 
 sulhcient to hold and leed a larye herd— conditions which, from the Im'- 
 '^uunuji, the bpanish coloni.sts seem to have well under.stood, in the 
 .selections ot the lands upon wliich are to-day be found the oreat cattle 
 tarms ot the (iountry. The development, liowever, of the wool industry 
 (luriiio- late years has ha d a tendenity to drive the (tattle farmers farther 
 
 "w^IfuV'"""!" ''i,'''** " Natural i8t'« Voy)T^A^.^trRrWorr(l7'^i;a7ollw.~Ha^^^^^ 
 Wl ti .v.-l.i,K t.rongl, tl.o Argeutino I^,.,,nl.li,., I r.-ccivwl vivl.l < ...sc.iptiousTa 
 
 ^"!:XX^'^^f f^ ^'^'-^7^ «rcat nun.bcn-s „r hi.-.lH, ^vil.l animals, cattll.. «,„1 
 .!--)>. u.,Hil Un the wanr, ot lood aii.l ual.-r. Ti..' icwest ..stiiiiato of tl.(^ lossofcat- 
 
 ,.1 ;■. 1 "h"""/^ 15,"""«« A.V'-P "1<""^ ^vaH taivon at ouo million head." °'^"'""'' 
 f iMiilliall'8 Hand-15()()lv of tlio Kivor Plato 
 
 H, Ex, 51 31) 
 
11 
 
 If! 
 
 610 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 out from this city, the inner ''cam, s," wiiidi furniHli soft Knissos 1,,.; 
 m dcmiind for the ffrazin^; of shcci). It i« still .-asv to obtain ,,m.f ^^ 
 cellent cstaiicia lands in the outside parthlos (connVies), while tl. ' r- '^^ 
 crnment sells its lands on the frontiers at prices which are c.)Msi,ll'r'; 
 reasonable, but the demand for places in those localities is in 'm- "'' 
 every year, an«l it now re<iuires uo little capital to buy and st()H' .!'''5 
 tie tiirm anywliere near to a market. '' ^'^^■ 
 
 Kstancio.s for horn<'d cattle usually vary from 1 to 10 s.niare lo,,.,, 
 HI extent, whde those on the frontiers are even mucih larger T 
 tanciero takes care to select a piece of land, if possible, bo'l(lm,.,V'," ^'' 
 river or having water cour.s. s {arroi/afi) rmnniv^ throu-h it or ..? '' 
 nent lakes (lagunm) of fresh water, and as free as possil)lo fr ,„ ? '' 
 lock and burr. The «rass of a stock iarm is what is called m2 f» ]" 
 or coarse j;rass, which stands the dry seasons better than f ,,. i 7 
 grass or trefoil on which sheep are pastured, and which does nr £ •' 
 to appear until the coarse grass has been entirelv eaten (i.uv. * ",'" 
 building Ins house the owner is guided by his taste or his mo\L " 
 iormer times, and it is still the case in some ])arts of the coi mhv ♦ " 
 cstanmcro lived in a mud hut without a wiiulow, nowaclavs v .,-v i 
 urious residences can be found, even on the frontiers, furnisl.o 1 uS' 
 every modern convenience. ""mimi witi, 
 
 The corrals, generally near the house, are large folds for inclosi.K, fi 
 cattle when necessary, and are most important apj)en(Iaffes torn , f,, 
 They are made of upright posts of hard wood. 7 feet K , fl o ! ?'• 
 gether by mesms of (^ross-bars aiulhide thongs. They are gei^^^ Uv m!i' 
 or circular HI form and strongly made, so as to securely hold a ^^l^ 
 ber ot ca tie, the gate consisting of two or three transverse l' is t i 
 grounds {monie) immediately surrounding the house generallv om,.i 
 Irom 10 to 50 acres, wired in, with a ditch on the outer ski, ^in i^"'' 
 sist for the most part of timber and fruit trees— generallv n .H, ILT" 
 reason that they are such rapid growers, arrivin-^ at :.tn.iK I/T,^'''' 
 years and serving the double' punK>se of 'fruit and t 1 e4l a£ 
 lences.t These patches of tim-.er are lan<linarks on tl e , , "S S 
 p.ains, visible for many miles, and at a distance look like ^^^S 
 whence the name which is given to them. I„ peach monies one I, of 
 the plantation is cut down at intervals, and is allowed t, 'row „ 
 atresh from the stump ; an.l m this manner the supply of linit Viu ti 
 ber IS constant and abundant. Such a thing, however as •v^i: 
 garden is ahnost unknown. The statfof an ^^tonc^us .aH^U nSJ^ 
 a superintendent called ma.jordomo, who represents the ..wiu-r t, 
 taz to oversee the peons or laborers, and from five to twenty of t E 
 peons, according to the size of the estancia, who earn from Ao to K 
 per month. ■ ^^ ■•"' 
 
 Where an <'.s7««cm is vw-y Inrge in extent and the cattle are iiuimn-- 
 ous, there are cstabI.slR«d^,it^oj,vsponding^,li8tances from each other 
 1. l^^r*"". n"*"ll" ' l'>"^ Hii.iiKo from voAvm^ to Hoft"gi„,s8es imHlmcl l.v tlio ..aNtun.-.. of 
 
 1.0 Arfr<.„t,i,.' i.|.,.,i,im: 'I was v.m.v inn..], slr,ck with llie mark.,! <• , , ,< ' i , o • 
 lKxt.,1 )l...c.,nnlry aiWv having ..nm.,'.! tlu'Snla-l.. River.. Fron. .a ■.. ' o1i, ,, . m • 
 imHm.fl on t„ ;, .arpet ,.f «,e..„ vendn.v. I at lir.sl atlril.n...,! t In V.rX | ' ,? , 
 
 liil.ntod to tl .. nn.nnnnf. and K.a/.njr oftl,,. Gallic. Exartly tl,.> sani,. fact 1 as mi 
 ol..s..rvo. m tin, ,,. .,.,.,■« of North AnuTica, wIhto .oam- fr,ass, 1m' oen J^ n 1 (iS 
 
 cno isii to .'-a.y v.luihcr the c iiang.i l,.i.. i.^ ..winfr i„ ilic introduction of new Niiucies 
 ton nuinj eolancw, jM.j.lur, cufalyi.tus, and willow i.lanttttiuii.s aro now vory com. 
 
THE AKGENTINK KEPUJiLIC. 
 
 611 
 
 and Croiii tlici cstancia lioiusc, a iiuiiibtT ofsiiuiUor Iiouni'js, called pitc.stoH, 
 with tii(Mr iippiopiialc .siui(tuii(liii}:.s of corial, iiiotite, &v., wIktc a peon 
 with Ills (aiiiil.v resides and lias cliai-;;*', of a i)or(ion of tlic cattle. J3y 
 nieaiKS of these sub establislinieiits the animals are iiioje eveidy distrib- 
 uted over the grounds for ^razinj^ ])iir])oses and do not crowd each other, 
 but they are always in daily coinnmuication with the inajor-douio. 
 
 NUMBER OV ANIMALS AN ESTANCIA WILL MAINTAIN. 
 
 The number of animals which can be supj)orted on a s(inare league 
 ol' land varies a jiieat deal, and dejiends upon the quality and (luandty 
 of the grass. Where the pasturage is heavy and nourishing, that 
 iiuiount of land will very readily sustain 3,0()(» horned cattle, and even 
 more, together with all the working cattle, horses, mures, and sheep in- 
 tended for the use of the estabWshmeut. On a " bad camp," * however 
 where the grazing is limited, owing to mliras, saladan, and other causes,' 
 whereby the vegetation is not luxuriant, the Jiumber of animals must be 
 coriespondingly reduced ; and even then, in times of drought it fre 
 (iu(!ntly happens that the cattle die of starvation, uidess they arc 
 promptly removed to a better pasture. It is generally assumed in the 
 province of Buenos Ayres that 0,000 square yiuds are recpdred to sus- 
 tain a bullock the year round, but this only refers to those CHtancios 
 which have an abundance of both grass and water. Otherwise the esti- 
 mate at the present day is too large. 
 
 HOW THE STOCK IS HERDED. 
 
 The stock of an estancia of course depends upon its extent, but often 
 numbers 10,000 aud even 15,1'00 head, divided into herds of 2,000 or 
 3,000 each, each herd being gathered up every night in its own rodeo, 
 an open space where each animal regularly chooses its own place to lie 
 down. Here they remain until morning, when they again set off to 
 graze. In seasons of drought cattle sometimes stray great distances in 
 search of water, but unless they calve on their new pastures they will 
 return to their former range. Sometimes where there is scarcity of 
 water, the cattle are watered by a baldc sinfondo, a hide bucket, which 
 is worked by a man on horseback in a very primitive fashion, the bucket 
 being pulled up over a wheel and thus emptied of its contents into a 
 long trough. In this manner one person can water 2,000 cattle per 
 day. 
 
 To one who sees for the first time a cattle estancia, the facilities with 
 which large herds are managed is a source of continual wonder. The 
 animals need no immediate personal supervision whatever, saving at 
 most a daily gallop by a peon around the boundaries of the land: and 
 m order to bring them to their rodeos all that is necessary is for a peon 
 to set out on horseback, cracking his whip and shouting at the pitch of 
 his voice, and the cattle at once stop their day's feeding and troop off 
 to their appointed place— and all this in an open plain where fences are 
 al most u nknown, t The gauchos evidently understand the natures of 
 
 ' "Camp," used in ordinary conversation by everybody in the Argentine Kenuldie, 
 IS a contraction of the Spanish word campo and means " the country." 
 
 t" riio operation of countiiijr tho cattle on an estancia wonld be tbongbt dimciilt, 
 where tbere are ten or lifteen tbonsaud bead together, but it is managed on the princi- 
 ple that the cattle mvaria1)ly divide tbomselves into little, trnsips s-.f frosn forty to one 
 iuiKlre<l. Each troop is recognized by a few peculiarly marked cattle and its num- 
 ler IS known ; so that one being lost ont of ten thousand, it is perceived by its absence 
 iroiu iiw UypcUas. During a stormy night the cattle all mingle together, but tho 
 next morning the tropeUaH sepanite as before, ho iliat eaeh animal muut know Ua fellow 
 out often thousand oihcru," (Darwin, page 145.) 
 
612 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 horned cuttle, for the iiiainier of Hubjectiiij;' them to the dominion of mnn 
 is so easy and so peri'eet tliat it lias never been improved on by th! 
 numerous foreigners \\ ho have tiirued their attention to eattle-brcedin! 
 iu this country, ° 
 
 CATTLE VERSUS SHEEP. 
 
 The rearing of cattle is much less laborious in the Argentine Jfonn' 
 lie than that of sheep ; but the latter pursuit is considered as tlic most- 
 lucrative, for the leason that live or six sheep can be maintained ou 
 pasturage that would feed only one bullock. Notwithstanding tins 1/ 
 vantage and the fact that sheep reproduce themselves in amncli shid't. 
 time, the natives ])refer cattle farming, either from the fact that a unl] 
 
 cvi'ry- 
 iiiS' to 
 
 smaller outlay of money is needed, or because no care or study is uccev 
 sary to render the pursuit successful. The two industries, however d 
 not at all contlict, for the reason that, while sheep are raised oiilv i 
 parts of the country where the soft grasses abound, the cattle fainisir' 
 larther out and consist of the harder grasses. In many places liowevci^^ 
 the two industries, as also that of breeding horses for slau'ditor nI 
 more or less cond)ined. The management of an cstanc'm is a vei-v simiile 
 routine of daily care, involving no liard work whatever. Almost ( 
 thing is (.'one on liorseltJick, every man, woman, ind child belon"- 
 the establishment having their own horse, which is generally kept sad 
 died all (biy long at the patcnque (a row of posts with a horizontal bai) 
 ready for service at a moment's notice. No one thinks of walkin"- even 
 a few hundred yards ; and it is not uncommon to see a man mouut a 
 horse to go to the oi)posite wide of the load. 
 
 MARKING THE YOUNG ANIMALS. 
 
 Tlie great business of an estancia is the marking and castration of tlic 
 animals. This occurs generally in the months of May and June tlic 
 season when the Hies have disappeared and the weather has ba'oiiio 
 cool. The young cattle are altered at two years of age, and the losses 
 resulting from it are about 4 per cent. The marking is done at the 
 same time, an<l it is a season of great amusement in cainplife. All tlie 
 peons of the establishment and many others from the neigbborhood as- 
 semble in full force. The cattle are driven into the corrals, and each 
 aninnil in turn is caught over the horns with a lasso by a man on horse- 
 back ; another lasso (or the '•io/'r.s") is quickly passed around liis hind 
 legs, which at once throws him to the ground, and the operation is com- 
 pleted in a moment. Then a red hot iron beanng the owner's inono-Traiii 
 oi' mark, the purport of which is duly registered in the proper office' is 
 hrmly pbuite<l upon the poor brute's Hank, while a blue smoke curls up- 
 ward from the palpitating tii'sh, thus leaving a mark which is indelible. 
 This is the oidy way that the owiun-s can distinguish their cattle, there 
 being no bounds or feiu-es to llie various CKtancins, and in case of sale 
 they nuist also have the brand o\' the imrchaser. These brandings are 
 often done so bungingly,or made so deei)lythat they greatly injure the 
 liide for commercial jiurposes. The day's work, called v/mY(,' always 
 winds up with a feast of meat cooked in the likla {car nr con cuero),tim 
 which nothing can be more savory or delicious. No coals or wood, but 
 only bones are employed in cooking it, each man with bis own sheath 
 knife cutting oil the piece that suits him best. 
 
 UORSEMANSllIl' AND DETERITY OF THE GAUCHO CATTLK IIEUDJIUfci. 
 
 The /*fcwt» or (;«Mc7t«« generally take advantage of these nicny mak- 
 ings to show ott" their prowess or their accomi>lishments. The liuise. 
 
THE IRGKNTlNE REPlJISLtC. 
 
 613 
 
 niiinship of tlie gmtclio is wonderful. On liis saddle (rccado), cliielly made 
 of luitiiuned horse-hide and sheep-skin, lie sits with the eoiisddusness 
 tliiit he is the horse's master. Indeed it is seldom that he j»uta his foot 
 in a stirrup — for the purpose of riding, never. And his dexterity in 
 throwing the lasso is equally astonishing. IJis aim .s almost unerring. 
 Singling out a horse or a eow iu the middle of a herd, he will bring him 
 down with unfailing precision. Ba will jMirsue au animal in full chase 
 across the plains, and when sufficiently near, he swings his lasso twice 
 or thrice around his head and then lets it go. The moment it touches 
 the runaway cow, the horse of the rider stops to receive the shock, and 
 and down goes the cow headlong to the ground. Another way which 
 ho has of securing cattle is with the " bolos." These consist of two 
 halls (iron or stone) covered with hide and fastened at the end of two 
 short rawhide ropes, and thrown by means of another short thong, all 
 three being secured together. They are twilled around the head like 
 the lasso, and thrown at a distance of CO or 70 yards with great precis- 
 ion ; when, entangling the feet of the pursued animal, it is brought to 
 the ground with a violent shock. He is also exceedingly clever in jdait- 
 ing bridles of untanned hide thongs, and his great ambition is to ca- 
 parison his horse with elaborate silver trappings, worth sometimes sev- 
 eral hundred dollars ; and when on horseback, dressed in his fantastic; 
 costume of striped loose fitting cMripds and bis scarlet vacuiSa poncho, 
 falling gracefully over his shoulders down to his hips, he presents an 
 appearance which would attract attention anywhere. With the termi- 
 nation of the feast, they indulge in indiscriminate horse racing, and not 
 nnfrequently, for betting is a besetting sin with the whole race, by night- 
 fall our gaucho has not only lost all his month's wages, but also his horse, 
 and it may be even his poncho. With many of these singular peoi)le, 
 how(;ver, this is scarcely looked upon as ii misfortune ; and they are 
 not slow in recouping their losses by appropriating the first horse' that 
 attracts their fancy.* 
 
 iieigliborhood as- 
 
 TTLK IIKUDKUS. 
 
 THE GREAT SLAUGHTERING ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 When the cattle of an cstaticia, as I have already stated, are in suffi- 
 ciently good condition from the spring pasturage to be able to undergo 
 the journey, they are sent off in lots either to the slaughter-houses of 
 the city {mataderos) or to what is known as the saladero. This is an es- 
 tablishment where cattle are slaughtered in large numbers, and all the 
 product of the animal, meat, hide, grease, bones, horns, and other refuse, 
 is collected and prepared for exportation. The erection of one of these 
 establishments requires the outlay of no inconsiderable capital, and to 
 be successful it must have m intelligent and economic^al organization. 
 Without these, as the running expenses are always large, the business 
 not infrequently fails to give such profits as are commensurate with 
 
 * Ex-President Sarniien to, in bin book " Ciriiizacion y Barhariv," puj^o 23, says : "The 
 gaiicho (looH not labor, he linds his lood and rainuMit ready to his liand. If he is a 
 jiroprietor his own floclcs yield biia both. If he posseHses notliinjj; himself, lie finds 
 them in the honse of a patron or a relation. The neeessary care of herds is rednee d 
 to excursions and pleasure parties ; the branding;, whieh is like the hiir\estinj;of farm- 
 ers, is a festival, tli(! arrival of which is received with transports of joy, being the oc- 
 casion of theassoinblinKof all the men for iJO leagues around, and the opportumty for 
 (lisplayiug incredible skill with the lasso. The gaucho arrives at th(! spot on bisbest 
 Hieeii, riding at a slow and measured pace ; Jie halts at a little distaiiee and puts bis 
 l(>g over his horse's neck to <'njoy the sight leisurely. Jf (^iitliiisi.'isni seizes biiii, ho 
 slowly disriionnts, uncoils his liisso, and flings it at some bull passing like ;i Hash of 
 lightning forty ])Mces from him; he catches him by one hoof, as he intended, aud 
 quietly coils hiu Itjatliur uurd agaiu." 
 
614 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 i; 1 
 
 the invcstuient. On account of the amount of money requircil to start 
 a saladero, the majority of them in the Argentine Republic are tlie i)roi) 
 erty of joint-stock companies, niiiny foreigners who hnovv the econoniip 
 uses to which all the parts of the animal can be aj)plieil, liavin}> larffo 
 capital invested in these industries. As 1 have said, the time is passed 
 when cattle were killed solely for their hides, and their carcasses were 
 left to rot on the pampas. Now all the appliances of European scieuce 
 and art are brought into requisition, and the entire animal is utilized 
 One of the lirst conditions of a slaugiitering establishment is tliat it 
 should be near a navigable water-course, where the largest sea-coini? 
 vessels can anchor and receive the jiroduct. Those in this conntiv are 
 located on the Uruguay, Parana, and La Plata Eivers. Several verv 
 extensive ones are at Ensenada, where is a fine bay, large enough to 
 receive a fleet of vessels. Another condition is the possession of im. 
 mense pasture grounds supplied with an abundance of water so that 
 the animals, tired out by their long drives on the road, may be' allowed 
 to rest and recui)erate before going to their slaughter, for, indepoiident 
 of the worthlessness of tired meat, the hide is with difiiculty reiuoved 
 from such animals, being easily cut during the operation, thusresultiiiff 
 in unsalable stock. It is also necessary to build deposits, respectiveiv 
 for the salt, the meat, the hides, and the tallow ; a long open shed for 
 cutting and salting the meat, and otticjcs for overseer, peons, &c. all of 
 which are located conveniently to the slaughter-house proper. ' 
 
 In well-organized saladcros there are usually three corrals, the first 
 and largest being built of very strong stakes or brick walls', openiiiff 
 widely to receive tlie herds driven slowly in by the peons. The second 
 corral joins this and is only large enough to hold a number snfficieut 
 for the day's slaughter ; and the third still smaller, and opening into the 
 preceding, holds about twenty head at a time, and terminates in anarrow 
 passage, through which there runs, on a level with the pavement a plat- 
 form car on iron rails. Around this small corral there is a high 'gallery 
 on which one can walk, while a bridge passes over the railway passage 
 which is closed with folding doors. Through a i)ulley above these doors 
 is placed a long lasso, the running knot of which is in the hands of the 
 executioner, the other end attached to a yoke of oxen led by a boy. 
 The executioner throws the lasso and catches the nearest animal arouiid 
 the horns, and calls to the boy to pull. Thus the animal is dragged in- 
 stantly onto the platform, where instinctively he rests his head against 
 the doors, when the man ])lunges his knife into its neck between the 
 occipital and lirst vertebrae, thus severing the spinal cord. The animal 
 falls dead, the door opens, and the car is drawn outside, the doors clos- 
 ing behind the carcass, which is at once deposited upon a ])ave(l way 
 and the car is returned to its place, and another animal lassoed. ' 
 Tlie maneuver is done with extreme rapidity. Tlie animals lying on 
 the ])avemeut are bled immediately, the blood running in a trough to a 
 special tank and dried or made into artificial guano. The process of 
 skinning the animal occupies but a moment. It is then cut into quar- 
 ters, hung in an open shed on hooks, and then cut up into small strips, 
 so that nothing rema jis but the bones. The meat thus cut up is piled 
 under thick layers of salt several feet higli. During tliesc operations 
 a part of the grease is put aside, while the bones of the limbs and carcass 
 are removed to great wooden tubs, heated by pipes conveying the steam 
 i'rnm thebnilers, tlinsextraeting a! ! th« .'xri>;is«' wlsij-h may roiHi'ln. These 
 vats arc capabh; of holding upwards of thirty carcasses. Tiie hides are 
 salted and piled like, the meat. The paunch and intestines are made 
 iuto guauo. The tongues, bools. tails, ears, horns, hide cuttings, &c., 
 
THE AROENTINE KEPUBLtC. 615 
 
 ;nv oonsi^ned Jo their mspox^tivo receptacles. When the skeletonH are 
 
 iciiiovcdlroiii the boilers, all the grease has (lisappearedfroiii tliem onlv 
 
 ii few Ii-aineiits and remnants of flesh remaining. The larger bones 
 
 used for mannfiictures, are then separated, and the rest are used for fnel' 
 
 (he hone ashes benig collected in barrels and sold abroad for manure ' 
 
 In tlie space of about five minutes after it is slaughtered, the animal 
 
 has entire y disappeared. As to the meat, when it has become well 
 
 ,)ene rated by the salt, after repeated turnings, at the end of about 
 
 live (lays, it is placed m an in closure on horizontal lattice work, and thus 
 
 perfectly dried. After this it is piled in the open air upon a brick plat- 
 
 ioriii and covered with hides to protect it from birds of prey, or to -iwait 
 
 its sale. For transportation it is put u]) in barrels or bales securelv 
 
 pressed. The gre.ase, after having been refined, is run into i)ipes and 
 
 sold by weight. Some saladeros, to utilize the grease and t allow, have 
 
 soap and candle factories annexed to the establishments 
 
 Such is a general r<^mmc of the usual o])erations of a mladero in irood 
 condition. Ordinarily they can slaughter and take care of four hundred 
 animals per day, the work beginning at daylight. The men engaged 
 in these establisnmeuts ])ossess a wonderful dexterity in ti.eir several 
 departments, and operate with a rapidity which is astouishino- Tlie 
 season for active work begins at the end of the spring monthsTeither 
 m November or December, when the animals are fat and can be slauffh- 
 tered to the best pecuniary advantage, and it comes to a close when 
 the frosts or the drought begins to cut down the past uraL^e. There are 
 now in the Argentine Republic not less than twenty-one of these -reat 
 slaughtering establishments, as follows: Eight in tlie province of Entre 
 Keos; one m the province of Santa Ee, and twelve in tin, province of 
 Buenos Ayres, together representing a capital of over $0,000,000 The 
 annual number of animala slaughtered varies considerably, but jreuer- 
 ally reaches m this part of the liiver Plate to a million head, thou-h 
 m the last year or two this industry seems to be languishing. 
 
 CITY SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 In the city slaughter-houses {vmtaderos) there is but little of the sys- 
 tem which belongs to the mladeros, while there is displayed a arcat 
 deal more cruelty to the animals. Those of Buenos Ayres are located 
 to the southwest of the municipal limits and consist of a large number of 
 corrals or pens surrounding an extensive inclosure in which are arraii -ed 
 the necessary buildings and sheds. The animals are lassoed in the 
 pens by a man on horseback, and they are then forced through the 
 corral gate into the inclosure, bellowing and pluuging in every direc- 
 tion ma vain effort to escape. Sometimes the animals are thromi down 
 by another lasso passed around their hind legs, when they are readily 
 dispatched ; but in most cases the but cher with an immense knife in his 
 hand takes his opportunity to hamstring the brute before him, thus at 
 once bringing it to the ground, when the knife is driven into ts neck 
 behind the horns, severing the spinal cord. Ereque-itly, how^l^i^ 
 the hamstringing is only partially done or unsuccessfully attempted 
 and the bleeding animal, infuriated in its struggh) for freedom the 
 chance of which is lessened every moment bv tlie tightened lasso' t e 
 wounded eg, and the loss of blood, suffers all sorts of tot re 1 Vom 'n en 
 and dogs before it finally succumbs to its f:.f.. Ti.i. ..,m " b.-'fT-^" 51' 
 
 1 one of the corrals: while 
 
 alion is at the same lime going on in eaci 
 
 scattered at intervals in \]w. iiidosn 
 skinning and disemboweling tl 
 
 It' ii, number of men are engaged in 
 
 ini.nials while others are cutting up and 
 
616 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAUMING. 
 
 ft 
 
 j|i 
 
 'i. 
 
 I i I * 
 
 Tho 
 
 sight 
 
 placing tlio caroaaaea in carts for tlio iViiWnvut eitv markc-l ^ ' 
 8 a most repellaut one, and no person witl, weak e Tes /.r .. i ' 
 heart would care to witness it twice. All these -itvest^.i^i. '"""""« 
 under tho control of the municipal autJior t Sr not imiel w 
 lection of the taxes on each head but to inspSt e n e aj 'b,^ t/ ^'f '=°'- 
 duty IS most carelessly attended to, and the amo m of m le, "''f^'"'' 
 
 Hr;r^i:i;rii;;;£^:«-"- ^>- ^«> -ordi.;^r^^j^;v 
 
 EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE ARGENTINE BREED 
 
 fepfort, I have exclusively referred to the ii-ifi,n / , 
 this Ropnblic* J Intve done this fo t, e r ^LW') 
 
 Thus far in my rei 
 
 breed of cattle of th.„ ...,, ^. , ,„,,,« u(me tnis lor t 
 
 scarcely any other kind reav'<"a the«lor"i,terin' ostnh 1..'.'," T'"'?" ^'"'l 
 not bo understood, how. c there are o bloo c^ •^"- , ^^'""■^^ 
 
 try. J)urinff the last fev verTc^imi ouS Si '". ^'" '"""■ 
 
 made, especially in the pro e of-fJ^M'oTC.t to\',^^^^^ ^•^^■' 
 
 and some of tho best bieedinff stock of Great I Hta n S . ' '"'''''' 
 m some cases comm an dln^r oxtra vacant nri( h Tl IJ f , ' ""l>o«<'(l, 
 Shorthorns or l)urhan.s,'^thouf^^ mo^e re centl v som^ v )'' 'IT^^^' ^"''■" 
 tions of Hereford bulls have been .m«ht 'jiLT.'-t S '*^^""'''^'- 
 with Creole cows cannot vet be fully d<'termine1^n <• "'^'"^: <"«'«w,s 
 producing qvuilitiesof the cross is ci u er e o? e^nrse t^JJ'i ''" """^• 
 tion ; but milk is just now a matter of small consiZntion .. ' "" ''"'■'• 
 vteros, wlio never milk a cow. i^'»'it>HU i.ition aiuon^' (-«/««. 
 
 Un two points, however, tiioro is a very serious nuesfion ti 
 hrsu the quality of the hides produced by tl e cr ss^^ Tliosoans 
 
 ab.hty of the^ro^s^toj' rou,di it" during t^rroug^i^l.teMlHTnr' "" 
 
 Jni«„a.v R.vor. I luivo never seen tho I.^oel,,?tI,'^ ''''"'■''''' "" ""' ^hm'V 
 Thoy are called nala m- niala. TI.ey uTmeai /a mi.M.M '"''''V' '''''• J''' >^'^- 
 tiou to other cattle ^sbU-h bull or iMiiV lo h , to . t h '.l ''"'', '""."l.v Hie same ,vl,,. 
 «hort and broa.l, M-ith the nasal end t^l. • uf ,p 1" le ^Zv 1 '""' '71'""'' '^ ^'■•■.^ 
 their lower .iaw« proj(,et beyond tho npper ar (t • ve . . . o '''•,"""'' 'I'''"" ^».k; 
 henee tj.eir teeth areahvayn expose,!. ' Th , r L^r ist e sV-Z'l''/''''.'" "''"""' '""'-• 
 open • the.r eyes project ont ward. When walkinc thev "nr "'' 'I'' '","' "'' '''^ 
 short neck ; and their hind \v^» are rather lonVr, , n, ,, nL." •^•.. ''?!'' '"'■'"'■^ '"^^ "" ' 
 nsnal. Their bare teetl«. .heir short h e/^/a nVnJnZ Lil'i '' '•'" ' ;'"" ''"■^ "'•'"' 
 Indicrons self-confident air of defiance inia. in I, v '""^f"''* K've tli,.,,, 11,,. most 
 a skelif on hea.l, whi<.h is nowlSted inf e lic.^ f^' '''"'''\ ! '"'^•" ■'■■"•^"'O'l 
 Lnxan kindly collected for me all tho inl'onnatio w^^^^^^ """ ''• ''^'""i^' '"' 
 
 JVonHus aeeo;n,t it seems that a!ire^?^vr,m^^ 
 
 kept as cariosities at Buenos Ayres. The bre.'.l is , vi .m ,lh i" ■ '\ '"'','' ''"'^ '""' 
 nated among the Indians, sontJnvard of t he ft^^ ^n- ffi 
 commonest kind. Even at (hisday those ro-i red in i',/ '' ^'"'''' " '"' """'" 'I'" 
 
 their less civilized origin in Lh2 ierc r tb^^^^^^ P''<'vin(;es, near the IMutu, sliow 
 
 deserling her first call^ if vIsHe t.o fte .' i m es "d" ti" "•'" '? "" '"" "^"'^ 
 almost similar strnctiiro to tho abnormal on, ,,('?.> •, ' '^"'>-'"l'ii' l"<Mli.ii an 
 Dr. Falconer, cliaracterizesXt Lre" ox^^^^^^^^^ '';:*'V''',:'*^ ' ••»" '"liHine,! I,v 
 
 The bree.l is 'very true, and .- «,X nil If 'l', ^"•"■•'' <"" ■^<rvi.l,.,i,„„. 
 
 niata bnll with aeonnnon ....w ovZ. 4ver o l.T, mZ'!;^''Ir^^ "'"'" -"'• '' 
 
 incliate <;haracter, bnt with the niata elw.rw.oru^Vl '^ o( spMnj; ],,,vni- an iiifc- 
 
 nro is t,,lerably long, the.lala c!luI.?iS U ^ M.S)- ^d n^^ ''!?'" ^"" ""'" 
 
 eattlo ; bnt dnring tii<i .n-oat droii<rbt« Jl.n,. '""«"< -"i I palat.', as well as ,(11,1111011 
 
 m.der a gr.-at disa.l ^ant'; I'e a id vo i.'lS^ l"'''^''' "'" "''"" '""■'' i'^ 
 
 common cattle an. inst ab o t kr, nllvo ?.t^7"'"'f^'''l "^ ''"' "'f'"''-''' '": '"•""' 
 and ree.ls ; this tho , ;«,rc ,ni mt d?, s v^^^^ lm>wsing with I l„.ir lips .,„ (]„. ,wi(;.s 
 
 nre fonnd to perish bS, Vb:;'!::.';.:!::.':?;;^ •,"";';;"• '/i!^ 'i" '"•< joi.., an.i i,..,,,.,, ti,rv 
 
 ofhow little wo are able t(> '^^id-nVfrnm fl.! " r •'""■'™ ""' •'« '' H'""' iilnsiratioii 
 
 Htances, ocenring at lo ." i terya s . v ho" •' .'."rr' '"''r' ';'' '"'"•."" '''''' '^''■«'""- 
 determined." " '"^*"^^'"" "'"> > <'"' """y <>r exlmctiou of aspeeies may be 
 
THE ARGKNTtNK KEPtinLlC. 
 
 617 
 
 In rcj?ard to the first point, T liavc tlic opinion of u largo buyer of 
 hides, tliat so soon as tlie cross with JJurham bulls bccamo appreciably 
 felt ill number, the price of Argentine hides would fall, owing to their 
 depreciation in quality. At present, I believe the hides of this part of 
 South America stand pre-eminent for their strength ; and it hardly seems 
 reasonable to suppose that to cross the native stock with a breed which 
 has for a century or more been carefully wintered and pamjiered will 
 hiive the effect to improve the quality of tin hide. The reverse would 
 iiiitnrally seem to be the effect. For this r<ason there is a growing 
 preference manifested for the Ilereford bulls, on the ground that they 
 have been bred in a more natural way, have a far stronger hide thaii 
 tlie Durham, and can better take care of themselves on the great plains 
 of the Argentine Eepublic. For it must be borne in mind that no pro- 
 vision is ever made in this country for protecting cattle from the weather. 
 Such a thing as cattle sheds or winter feeding is entirely unknown, and 
 the cold winds and severe storms which come over the southwestern 
 
 retain a vigorous and healthy constitution under the hard conditions 
 which they are subjected to here. 
 
 So far as the second point is concerned, it is probably true that the 
 llerefords are better able to stand the winters of this country than tlio 
 J)nrhams, but it is certain that neither has the enduring qualities of 
 the native cattle that for three hundred years, through all sorts of rough 
 weather, have become accustomed to look out for themselves. And it 
 must be admitted that, so far as body and weight are considered, the 
 native breed has much to recommend it besides its hide. In some re- 
 spects these cattle remind me of what at home Ave call the Texas or 
 Arkansas "stags," tall and long-bodied, with immense sjireading horns, 
 of no prevailing color, but of all colors ; and when well Idled out by the 
 rich pasturage of the pampas they present a most stately, not to say 
 handsome, appearance, the work oxen being wonderful specimens of 
 strength and docility. It is only in the province of IJuenos Ayres that 
 any particular attempts have been made to improve the breed. 
 
 The last census (1881) classiUes the stock of the province as follows: 
 
 ClasB. 
 
 Number in 
 the prov- 
 ince. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Native cattle 
 
 4, 037, 084 
 22, L'l!) 
 
 38(jJ O.-.ft 
 88, 008 
 
 221, 440 
 
 $38, 7.'>0, 006 
 4,443,800 
 7, 721, 180 
 •2, 810, 2r.o 
 6, 200, 000 
 
 Kii<;lNli and othor bloml niiiiualH 
 
 MiNoil breeds (English auil native) 
 
 Woik oxen 
 
 Miloli cows 
 
 
 Total 
 
 4, 754, 810 
 
 50, 037, 242 
 
 
 
 MILCn cows AND BUTTEB-MAKING IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 
 
 The small number of milch cows in the province of Duenos Ayres 
 compared with the total number of cattle will attract attention, while 
 in the other provinces, could the figures be obtained, the discrepancy 
 would be stdl {greater; whereas in the Uniiod States over one-Lhird of 
 all the horned cattle of the country are cows kept ibr dairy purposes. 
 Ihis shows the meager proportions which the latter industry has yet 
 
618 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 assumed in tbe Argentine Eepublic. Indeed, in the census of tlii^ ,>r 
 ince, which has just been published, the fi^uiW are so in^g.n&r; 
 no returns whatever are i,nven of the au.ount of the u.ilk/ ,t " t\ 
 cheese produced. Cows are never nnlked without the presn u" ^f /'' 
 calf to start the imlk; and even then the cows are so umu,n ^ <", L^ 
 the operation that they have frequently to be kept lassoe to "'fi » 
 In this city irnlk is either delivere<l at the door by un\kmvi(,^^^': 
 who come in from the country on horseback briuffinj.- ,, ?? 
 
 cans balanced on each side of a pack-saddle; or, what is i ImI?, ^"' 
 usua , the cows with their calves tied to theii- tai'lsT'ro ii | 'rr 
 the streets morning and evening, and the quantity which ea(-l ,. f'' 
 desires is mdked at his door. The appearance of these (Imv 4" A "''' 
 on the streets with their calves pullid along behind tJ.m, I T 
 dicrous to foreigners, and illustrates the prinTiti ve condi , ( ? "• 
 
 industry in this country. Milk sells in this city for H ,'e d" , n/^'"^' 
 butter for 40 to 60 cents per pound. ' "'^' '"'•' 
 
 I will not assume to say that Yankee churns are uidu)ow,. in f. • 
 country but a good portion of the butter which fims ^r v ,. 1'' 
 city 18 churned by the Iccheros on horseback, on their jouine v'tn /I " 
 by the mere jolting of some cream in the tin' cans s ra Z. Uol 1?'' 
 horse's back. But the most novel mode of n.akiuff bu t • ,, i. * " 
 nor 18 to fill a bag made of hide with sour crea ,^t n f, , t'lf'" 
 to one end of a long hide rope and attach the otlu r to h, h - , J '.S^^^ 
 around a horses body, which is then mounted bv a wio ! , " S'' 
 
 PKICES OF CATTLE IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLrc. 
 
 In regard to the prices of native animals, there areconsi,lenhl..fl„« 
 tuations corresponding to the season. Cattle that 1, , rhnj ' /f 
 wintered and have just entered upon the sprng grass ^ , on nLT^ 
 ter figures than cattle that are in bad coJulitio.f after It dl^; 
 with the winter before them. Likewise for animals raised fo •';i ! f 
 there is considerable diflerence in the price^acS mil I to f n' 
 cahty. In the upper provinces, far re.nov-d fr n/n i"./<. "' 
 seldom exceeds $10 to $15 for steers • $15 to i H fo ..l ' h ', '''" ^T' 
 cows, $10 to $15 with calf; without' c! $8 fo l ^ 1 Kv'r'" f'' 
 
 most part novillos of two years sell for ."^10 to «i<i. of- h '^ ^1^^ 
 
 to $20; fat bullocks, for $!i0 to $4;Vcols w "hta^ef ft-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 work oxen $25 to $40. For the gi^vat slaughte ing [n .rnint st b' 
 inlTnh*" *«^f *»•«*) <^^^i ^'i^tle are bought at the ^tanoL^^r^ 
 80 much a head generally from $8 ,to $12 ^Uil corte^* wl.i 'i ,13 
 
 is obliged to take the quantity f catUo '' c„l ir''' , I . ,?, i '' T"' W '"'/''"'''' 
 hand, whether the auii.al l.e^ol or vo.u.^ li "-'ts; 1 Kil',v''' a';"' "^'"' "■: •'^'' 
 more usual to put the aninmls int.. tl, 'o^V w w /'' '";"";' '^'" 
 
 enough to_anowtho escape of one at a Tin.o'. '■'„ n.^l^.'''/./'^;''.'''" ;;;;[;;''''_' 
 
Hnsoftliisprf,^. 
 isigiiiliciiiit that 
 'Jlk, butter, and 
 presence of the 
 nacciiNfoiiied to 
 '<»<^<1 to ii stake 
 l^iiK'M {li'vhcroa) 
 the HuKi in tj,; 
 
 MX-'Miaps 11,01,, 
 <'>'"VtMi tlirongi, 
 1 |'ii<;li customer 
 <1 roves of eowN 
 i''n is quite In. 
 ioii of tiie dairy 
 I'ts ii piut, and 
 
 ikuowii in tiiij, 
 
 ifs waytotlie 
 mney to town, 
 !>('<• uoross tile 
 t'l- in tlie iiitft. 
 fasten tlie bag 
 heather girtli 
 (•lio and riilden 
 ^■tli of time to 
 'Jjf against tlie 
 iild Noll ill the 
 
 fBLrc!. 
 
 isideralile flnc- 
 ^•e been safely 
 eoiniiKiml bet- 
 loiif,' (Iroiifflit 
 1 for slaughter 
 If? to the lo- 
 •Icet, t ho price 
 illocks; milch 
 lis city for the 
 ree years, $15 
 m $12 to $00; 
 (Mirinjif estab- 
 V in droves at 
 lile for breed- 
 numbers, say 
 
 I if.sexistrnr'o to 
 II' hi'id coiitain- 
 <l tile jjiircliascr 
 ■jkI lixt'd liclore 
 
 t, pi-cst'iit. ih is 
 ii'iii'd (iiily \vi(l(i 
 iii-i iMniiitiMl, as 
 
 lilled, tbo gate 
 
 THE AUGKNTINE REPURIJC. 619 
 
 CAPITAL KEQUIRED TO START AN ESTANCIA IN THE ABGENTINB 
 
 BEPUBLIO. 
 
 Tl a outlay necessary for starting: a cattle cstancia depends upon its 
 location, and its annual product depends very much upon fortuitous 
 circumstances. In regard to tbo first point, of course the capital re- 
 quired will be greater in the jirovlnce of Euenos Ayres than on the front- 
 iers, west and south, or in the interior i)rovinces, for the reason that 
 the former lands, command higber prices, the prices decreasing as the 
 distance from Buenos Ayres increases. In regard to the second i)oint 
 it must be borne in mind that i)rotracted droughts (sceos) are not unusual 
 ill this country, during which thousands upon thousands of stock die from 
 thirst and starvation, while the severe rain and snow storms of winter 
 frequently carry off' other thousands upon thousands of unprotected 
 cattle. For these two reasons any estimates on these subjects cannot be 
 implicitly relied upon. Mr,RicardoNap,aweIl-knownstatisticianofthi8 
 city, has presented some figures, which for a good year I suppose may 
 l)(i taken as approximately accurate. lie assumes that a league square 
 of pasture-land, with the necessary buildings included, has been pur- 
 chased in the province of Buenos Ayres for $40,000 (a similar qual- 
 ity of land farther out can bo purchased for $20,000 to $;}0,000 j )er league 
 while on the frontiers it can be obtained for $4,000 to $10,000 per league)' 
 lie then assumes that it is stocked with both cattle and sheep as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 10,000 sheop, aZcorie, at $1.10 jjl q^q 
 
 1,000 homed cattle, al corle, .it $6 !!J.'".'""."! (i'ooo 
 
 :iOO mares, .it $4 .'.'.'.'.........'..... 1 '"()() 
 
 .^OHiuldlo borsos for use, at $1G ..."'..'.......'.'.'.'.... 800 
 
 Outlay In the purchase of cattlo. llTooo 
 
 The capital fund for land and cattlo will then be $59,000, gold; and 
 he calculates the annual product as follows: 
 
 2,r)00 sheep, sold to tallow establishments, at |2 «-, nnn 
 
 l.OCO sheep, a? cor<e, at$1.20 1 '>()0 
 
 150 liorned cattlo for the butcher, at $14 y'Tnn 
 
 WO, alcorte, at $6 !.'!!'.!!!"". Coo 
 
 25 mares sold, at ?4 I'oo 
 
 Augmentation and prodnet of the year. q onn 
 
 Also 400 quintals of wool, at $12 '. . ii ';^^n ' 
 
 Also 3 quintals of hair, at $80 i."il."'..".'."'..".".'"!."!."". .".".'." fiO 
 
 4,8f)0 
 
 Gross proceeds ri~8ro 
 
 He deducts expenses as follows : 
 
 Siilary of the m.inagcr, per annum 4040 
 
 Salary of two servants, per annum .'.'.'.'..'."'. ygO 
 
 Salary of six shepherds and peons, i)or annum" 1 oho 
 
 Sundry expenses ..'.'.'.'.'."''. 26 
 
 l,8r.O 
 
 Which, .iccording to his figures, leaves a net gain of ~i2, 000 
 
 This is nearly 21 per cent, on the amount of the investment, and ho 
 
 the nivestment when the balance-sheet is fully made up. In good years, 
 and tliese do sometimes occur, the profit may even go to 30 per cent, 
 but this 18 uot hkely to happen very often. ' 
 
 ■•'■i: 
 
620 
 
 CATTr.K AND ])An{Y FAIiMING. 
 
 I 
 
 It will be «) )8ervojl that thorn is no ifrom in thc^ above ovixms,. „ 
 count for food. TIiih Is beca«.so the animalH on the i)la(!(. Um 1 T 
 Jilinu'iit, which 18 almoHtcxduHively meat, while th<^ skiiiH, hide t ii 
 ansnetot the animaLs biitchored tor eonsuinptioii pays neat. >',*": 
 Hi the small expenses; and, as Mr. Nap says, "it is exactiv . T 
 absence of small ex])enses that the principal kains of the nist,. ' i " 
 dustry are found in the Arfjentine Kepublic," no other provisio u '"" 
 ever, 8av<» what tlu^ pampas furnish, being re<iiiired or at least evo 1 fi 
 use of for the maintenance of the animals when the i)astnra<'V !' ', 
 
 The above estimate is made on the basis that the ostancia is mrfi..!! 
 stoclced w.tJ, sheep-and F am informed that such estanr/as Vr^r •' J 
 the most prohtable-but many of those more remote from tl i. ,' i' 
 are exclusiv«>ly devoted to horned (tattle. Three thousand ]uwZS 
 t e bewft- the number usually allowed to a league of land, i is -' L t 
 'Change the calculations n. the estimate to correspond to t uit basN 
 
 Whatever maybe the actual ])er cent, of profit wh-ch is nnhV ,iL 
 (tattle farming, it is yet certain that the business is lucrative J foot'!!!! 
 who are engaged in this branch of industry have became the iH. ' 
 ot the country, many of them having amassed imuunise fortunes m" 
 true, however, that the iiuirease in the vaUie of their lands 1ms in so ,! 
 cnses had more to do with their wealth than the product of ihe m n'? 
 1 rr^ "'?/ ''''"''" ^''.''^^tho value of well-sitaiate.l estiiS £ 
 jhmbled m the course of a few years, to say nothing whatever of t£ 
 
 FUTURK OF THK CATTLE INDUSTRY OP THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 
 
 I have undertaken in the foregoing pages to furnish the Demrtmonf 
 w, li an exhibit drawn from the most reliable sources atZm, 3 
 of this leading industry of the Argentine Kepublic, its histol y u ' ' 
 derful devel«>pment, its details, its products, and its i^i ' win j 
 have accomplished is perhaps hardly what niight have boo c-x , 1 
 in reply to the circular which was sent to me; but a strict 'nmno. 
 therewith was impossible, from the fact th'at th^rf an I'o S 
 cattle in this country whose importation would be an i.nprovon e 
 our existing breeds and to productions of the dairy. At tl o s a J mo 
 however, it has seemed to me that the manner in whicli tlie g e (• S 
 estancias of the river a Plate are managed and made nrodm^iv , no. 
 matter of sufficient interest, not merely to'^our cattle breeC 1, to Z 
 people generally, to warrant the extended mention I have made of thS 
 even though they offer but few points which it would be worU, w I 
 lor us to imitate. ""im uum 
 
 In my opinion, however, the cattle industry of this coniitrv if vnt in 
 Its infancy, is still in its undeveloped state, and that it will } orS 
 assume far greater proportions and be prosecuted with fur bettor rosn 
 than It has yet done. In the past cattle were only raised in this (•om.tiT 
 for their hides; at present they are raised for their hides and tlio j)i„, . 
 uct of their carcasses. The time is coming, with the i-iflux of 'iltolli- 
 gent labor from Lurope, when to these the products of the dairy will 
 also be added. To this end it is necessary that an improvod breed pe 
 haps the cross cf the Hereford with the native cow, shall take Tlu* pC 
 of the uiitivii (Creole) cattle, which at present constitute fh.. KtoHc-'f tLc 
 couiilry. This (;liange is no>r gradually g(»ing on, and a Way maiv years 
 will .shown a vast difference in the cpialities of the breed, wliilo tlio pro- 
 auction of uiilk, buttor, and cheese will double, if not treble, the present 
 
THE AUGKNTINK RKPUBLIC. 
 
 G21 
 
 NE REPUnLiri. 
 
 vuliui oftlio industry. I should not, indeed, be Huiprised if tlit^ Aigt'ii- 
 tine Kepublic should yet shiiro with the United States tlie Inisiness (»t' 
 .siipplyinf; the Okl World not only witii its piineipul iilinient, iiieiit,iitu 
 iiiodenite price, but likewise with all the products of tlie <liiiry. 
 
 Tiic introduction of blooded cattle and their crosses with the native 
 will of course require that they should also receive j,'reater care ; but, 
 when there has been established a I'lore intimate conne(!tiou betwe«'n 
 liiishiuidry and the breeding of cattle, this also will come. Alfalfa and 
 otiier succulent grasses will be grown and harvested to secure them from 
 iiossihie starvation during the winter months; while sheds or grea' 
 belts of timber will be planted to protect them from destroying storms, 
 The (country, all these years, has gone on the idea that the industry 
 ju'cded no other care than the gathering of its produce ; and that, as the 
 millions of cattle, which fed on the spontaneous grasses of the pami»as, 
 increased and midtiplied without any attention from tlie proprietors, 
 there was nothing more to be desired. It is these natural advantages 
 wlii(!h have in great part caused the negligence which hasattende<l this 
 industry. Everything has been left to luiture, without retleeting tlmt 
 it is very necessary to assist it, and in some cases even direct it, in order 
 to iuive it yield its best results, liut the old ways of the cattle-growers 
 will give place to the improved methods of other countries ; the advan- . 
 tages which the Argentine l{ei)ublic oilers for the raising of cattle on 
 the largest scale will be supplemented by their scientific appreciation 
 and utilization, and the industry will take a new departure of increased 
 i)roduction and dH increased wealth to the nation. 
 
 E. L. BAKER, 
 
 CoriHul. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Buenos Ayres, November 24, 1883. 
 

 G22 
 
 CAlTLli AND DAIICY I-AUMINa. 
 
 mUGUAY. 
 
 to 
 
 CATTLE AND CATTIE-BREEDING IN URUGUAY 
 
 OLIMATK. 
 
 reniuiu tor two days it invuriabiv given rise to u t .1, '"*^'''''*' '""<» 
 cool« aud frenheus th« air in ti.e mo«t a«ton Li .!! m ir r,''''' ^^ '""^l' 
 
 ro in. d, and though fronts arc frequent in Juno ' /v n '" "' "^•^''^ 
 
 allect the vogetation to any extent. Tiie air ia u 1 v^! "'"•>' ''"""t 
 mo8pbereovcu in Montevideo, notwitlistandin- e In ' '""i;' ^''^ "t" 
 
 mniediatelyon tl.o 8ea and liver.quitechT ll.de^, h '''1 " ''''«*'ity 
 lie enjoys au enviable reputation t salubrity '' ^''^ ''''"'" ^^l>^^- 
 
 TLo 
 inl883 
 
 VALUE OP LANDS AND STOCK 
 
 
 If •tionnl i f.y uf pro- 
 priotors. 
 
 Departfflontof Montevideo. 
 
 tTiUKuavnns 
 
 lUuiauH 
 
 Bpaniunlg 
 
 Fronth 
 
 Kimlish 
 
 GornianH 
 
 I'ortUKnoao 
 
 ArKcDtiDBH , 
 
 r'nuiliuuD , 
 
 8aizo8 
 
 Ainerioans ] 
 
 BoIkIhuii 
 
 At'ricaoM 
 
 Dauoa 
 
 ■AiiBtrians ] 
 
 Greeks 
 
 Swudu-NorwoK- 
 Inns 
 
 Proprietors. 
 
 3,S68 
 
 3,6:t3 
 
 l.OOS 
 
 1,072 
 
 134 
 
 8.1 
 
 77 
 
 144 
 
 4J 
 
 4U 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 ."i 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Valae of 
 proiierty. 
 
 Other dopartmentB. 
 
 rroprlotors. 
 
 Cliiliunh 
 
 PariiKuayang , 
 
 Dutch 
 
 All otliur 
 
 ♦;i4, 717, fi08 
 
 lfl,K(ll,440 
 
 10,501,077 
 
 7,371,070 
 
 1,1)03,004 
 
 800, 120 
 
 667,062 
 
 1, 877, 230 
 
 04.3, 233 
 
 104, 703 
 
 01,140 
 
 23,800 
 
 3,000 
 
 30,800 
 
 37, 870 
 
 2,060 
 
 4,422 
 
 14,609 
 
 2,840 
 
 4,043 
 
 1, 023 
 
 370 
 
 244 
 
 220 
 
 1,090 
 
 0,043 
 
 200 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 Value of 
 property. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Proprietors. Value ot 
 |)ropurty. 
 
 $086, 
 
 6, 028, 
 
 17,327, 
 
 6, 00.";, 
 
 0, Ma, 
 
 1,790, 
 
 1,255, 
 
 2, 229, 
 
 00, 998, 
 
 434, 
 
 00, 
 
 61. 
 
 940 10 
 622 «0 
 860 00 
 691 00 
 UCU UU 
 545 00 
 270 00 
 749 00 
 311 00 
 4«;i 00 
 837 00 
 412 00 
 
 19, 749 OO 
 
 10, 788 00 
 
 120, 182 00 
 
 i4, L'Gl 00 
 
 I!), 450 00 
 
 U>r>, .105 00 
 
 18, 2,17 
 0, 482 
 0, aiH 
 2, Kla 
 5l;t 
 
 •s.n 
 .•io« 
 74;i 
 
 5,5S0 
 
 245 
 
 2fi 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 II I 
 10 i 
 
 »103,4I1,J22 
 L'l;, VM, (ICl' 
 27, 829, m 
 i;), 460. 7(il 
 
 8, M2, :m ' 
 
 l,«2-.',!i;j2 
 
 4, 106, 979 
 
 51,5ll,,'i44 
 
 a:'9, 255 
 
 147,977 
 
 75,212 
 
 3.(J00 
 
 39,890 
 
 57,019 
 
 2,000 
 
 15,210 
 
 12«, Ifi 
 
 14, 201 
 
 l.^ 450 
 
 1C,-|,,W5 
 
UKUaUAY. 
 
 628 
 
 ''' ff"- T.I. y„u yj^. 
 
 '"ewliiit similar 
 
 3r-Htonn, w|,i,,. 
 
 V i'K' wiiitew 
 ['■>■» 'Kvdo not 
 '•V pure, tlio lit. 
 
 '**" of tlie city 
 ^ wliolo Kejiub. 
 
 lilted olliciaiiy 
 
 '«Hst ii fointi, 
 
 • -'5,000,000 ill. 
 
 'f 41,700, and 
 I of til is prop. 
 >llowiii^' table 
 
 Total. 
 
 itors. I ^alueot 
 propufty. 
 
 , 2,17 I 
 ,48.' 
 , ftl8 I 
 
 .:m 
 5i;t 
 L';i7 
 
 ,'IOI) 
 
 w.\ 
 
 l.M.I 
 L'fi 
 10 I 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 14 I 
 
 *"'3,4I],,i22 
 
 '-'2, 790, (ICL' 
 
 27, 829, H,'! 
 
 i:), 400,7(11 
 
 8,,'H2,,Vj3 
 
 2,590,fl(w 
 
 l,l>22,932 
 
 4, 106, 979 
 
 51,511,544 
 
 629, 255 
 
 147,977 
 
 75,212 
 
 xm 
 v\ m 
 
 57,619 
 2, DM 
 
 15,210 
 
 J2S. !S3 
 
 U, 261 
 
 l,^ 450 
 
 10,-|,,W5 
 
 Nutiimiilltyof pro 
 lii'lctum. 
 
 NiM'ionali'H (nn- 
 
 MollllllltlH) 
 
 EittnuiKMim (for- 
 I'iKiivi'*) 
 
 Total. 
 
 Uopurttiiout of Moil titv lUuo, 
 
 I'roprietorit. 
 
 41:1, r>fl8 
 
 7, 25'.! 
 
 Viiliio of 
 |irupvi'ty. 
 
 114, 717, WW 
 IIU, 1)73, 810 
 
 10,830 74,U81,3l« 
 
 Other dfpitrtniuQtit. 
 
 I'lopilolorM. 
 
 U, IMIU 
 l«, 271 
 UU, UiO 
 
 Vulii«of 
 proporty. 
 
 m», 604, 014 00 
 
 04, 1 10, 700 00 
 
 162,ii04,774 00 
 
 Totid. 
 
 t'roprlutura. 
 
 18,237 
 23, 823 
 
 41,700 
 
 Viilnn of 
 propertjT' 
 
 «103,41l,021 
 134, 084, 570 
 
 237, 400, 020 
 
 In proportion to the population the iiuinberonivo stock iH enormous. 
 A<!Cor<Iin{; to the tux returns for 1.S.S3 th(u-e were in the lt<;pubIio the 
 following': Horned cuttle, 0,907,031 ; oxen, 92,707. 
 
 SLAUOHTEB OF CATTLE AND EXPORT OF DEEP. 
 
 The inquiry very nuturally wugfjests itself, What becomes of the in- 
 crciise of such immense herds and Hocks of cattle and sheep (8,()()0,000 
 ciittio, 20,000,000 sheep) in a country containing only 700,000 inhabit- 
 ants? 
 
 The greater part of it is thus accounted for: 
 
 Of horned cftttlo (homo raoiit supply), in which is included the beef fnr- 
 
 iiJHlKid to the respectivo iiiival BciujMlrous in Montcvidotm waters.. head.. 502 000 
 
 Live cattle oxjiortcd pvriiuimiii lOa'ooO 
 
 Killed ill saladeroa (slaiightor-houses) per anuum !..!!.'"! 704000 
 
 'f'**"'^ 1,;J08,000 
 
 The exportation in 1883 showed as follows : 
 
 Jerked beef or dried meat poiimls.. 70,706,770 
 
 limed meat.. ,lo. _ 3,:j2(!,75l 
 
 Lxtract ot meat ,lo.... l,oy!>,630 
 
 ,«'■';"''"•;-. do.... 37 601 7:i9 
 
 Tallow-Hkins ,jo 11 547 r>yO 
 
 Artihcial guano (refuse moat, bouos, &c.) do IMKto'ooO 
 
 ""''■,•.-; « ."do.'.".! lu'WUO-i 
 
 tow-liules mimbor.. I,6:i8,730 
 
 Livingsheep jo_ __ 145j ^^^ 
 
 These mladcros (literally, salting places) are peculiar to the ri ver Plate, 
 especially to Uruguay and the Argentine Eei)ublie. In the vicinity of 
 Montevideo there are nine saladeros, the principal one being that at' the 
 "Cerro " (little mount), across the bay from the city, where, according to 
 Mulhidl, 200,000 head of cattle are killed annually, and he state- that 
 "when the wind conies from that quarter the smell in Montevideo is 
 disagreeable." I must say that 1 have not as yet experienced this dis- 
 agreeal>le smell, nor can 1 find any one who has. 
 
 On the river Uruguay there are a dozen or more of these sahderos, 
 including the famous Liebig Extract of Meat (Company. There are 
 Irom 000,000 to 700,000 head of cattle slaughtered at these saladeros 
 every season, besides a vast number of sheep, and from 50,000 to 80,000 
 mares. " The hides, tallow, grease, and other products of these estab- 
 
 CO 
 
 2:17, 496, 092 
 
G21 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FAK.MING. 
 
 liic same autl.of (aii(H)ym„u.s, but whoso book is insiumI bv tli,.,,, 
 tborifyof Ih.., <-o„.sub.tc.--(.,H.ral of Uruf-uay, I.on.h.n, ISS.J),; :; ; 
 «.o ' con.in.r,.al vabio ol an ox, yoi.ny- and in good cLndiU,,,) ' J 
 
 8<i 41! 
 
 Hi(le,()h |)(iuii(ls. iit 71 r.'iil.s jiiTTf. ]M)nn(lM 
 
 Til I low, 10 iKniiids, ill- i:! reals JUT ::i.') ])()iiii(i,s ■ 
 
 ,Moiil,ir,() |..(iiM(ls, a(, f)!-) reals iMr<|iiiiilal of 1(10 pomu'ls ' '^ 
 
 Ivciiuiiiutti ^ 11(1 
 
 Total 
 
 The suludeio exi)eiises ioi- oacb iiiiimal aro about ^liM. 
 
 THE LIEIUG lOXTliACT Oh' IJEEF FACTORY. 
 
 , '^''/^V'/^'•''"^'i?''^'■^'''* ''*' ^'''^*^" '"^'^ "*»"' -^ world-wide reixitati.,,, • i,, 
 deod, 1 beheve that it, has becon.e tlie univonsal l>ic^s,ni,,tio o • .'ii 
 and prostration. The factory is l.K-ated in this l^Mml lot '^^ 
 tos, u. the departnu-nt of Jiio Ne^ro, on th(. rive'r Ui^^- .y ^ f^ 
 l>Ioy.s over ..(() n>en, and loa.is ut its own wharves npwan 'of M v 
 selM dur.n^- ,e >ear to.^ the export of ti... prodiu^e to Knrope A 
 tactoiy and ,ts extra.^t iia\e be(.„ne so famous, tJ.ey merit MnvH.,'" 
 passm.^ nof,-e. Indee.l, it inust l>e a, nuitter of intiest m , Si.n ivfo 
 
 he tuousan.ls ot invalids who .h.ily consume the Liebi^ex n f' ' 
 Icnov.- how It IS made. "'^^".-^ i-^u.ict to 
 
 The best description yiven of it is by Mr. liathbone, in liis reno.t ,. 
 the Orange Estancia Company, Liverj.ooi, from which we Vi K^ l" 
 such extracts as our limited space will allow : **'''' 
 
 Tim cattle are, on arrival, driven into Iar"-e corraU or i.../Li,.«i. 
 
 supHytIuMnwinMv.ter,l.ntnotlMMlis.i;;!i7;X r" i^^^^ 
 
 t. or 7 leet will.', and skirt.'.l l.v a Ion"- "larrow id'.tCorm . T,„ , I'i'^'^ii-v, ,dioiit 
 
 ..'■ .1.0 animars I,orns, lea.ls .l.llvn lo 'Ts^nair pj! uS w a n^^^^;;'! 'l':' ''"'^''t 
 and ;; l.nd-n over tli.> oi.enin- into (l,o {-aloo . wliiel is (' .' h • i I';' '"''-^ '"'""'"' 
 l.eaui. Jielow the l.ridue i, a hu-e, I..NN s, v iron ne . "''' '•' " '""'"''I" 
 
 into the j:al,.on, and l.,^nel>,.s inh. w. p,M ' li es 1 tl U H e v"7''V"''''"""^ 
 
 '■"<■'•;""•■• Aionj^.h nsideorti.^siiedareio ;; :^.sS- iV:;/K^^ 
 
 and alon-; ili.., n,!;l,t ],and, a flat. sli..Iiilv slielvin.. (Pi. 17 .,i 1„ . r i '''."-'"« ""■•'^; 
 ni-on. At the end ofthe, sl.ed is a- la r' e I r ne ■ 7l, t"' ,:,,,, ', '•'■'"" l'"' "-'^•■" 
 
 this there, are fe, t her sIumIs where e'^sl/ins 'm' , h „ w " n ''""•' ■""' '"■>""•' 
 «hil.|K-d. b. saladeros the skins an' «e,uM l' sa ' ^m to e^t ,.:;':";;"' Vm''""" 
 usually <lried. As I arrive.l, .aluMit (ifi v oxen w ,' .'i V , ^ ' ' 'IT '"''''"'"' 
 orpa.hh.ek into the fatal pa.hh.ek ' " '"'"^'"^ ''"^'■" "'" " !■'««" 
 
 * » » . 
 
 * • • # 
 
 AVhen the paddock was full and tli(' "ale shut i nviii widi ., i-, . .• , ■ , 
 
 oud was altaeh..d to aslean. winch ..urshlc ( ,'at Vs "| I , • 'i ?' '"\'^" 
 
 n'u.H lhe,patlnvayandthn-wll..Mo,,seove t ' M'st\ron .nt'^^^,^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;;;;;;;;;::i,^.t,r,;;;;;:K';;;;:i^--;;r3-;;:J!;;; 'S 3 
 
 w h.l nn, the las..o disen-aj^ed, an.l Ihe truck run into the ^r.dp.m ly I , 
 •n.al w,(h half Us skin ..If. and even to detecta s",nnd pai^lullv iiu ' . ^ m, T ,' 
 
 h:::Zir.;:i;:;/''T"';'"'''^-'"''''''''^^''''''''^''--''^^ 
 
 wttc taken out and rarn...l away, the rihs cleand of (Icsh, an.l the liad-s .Mit off a.i,| 
 
I.S.SU('(I by (In., ,11 
 
 11, I.SS.'J) est i unites 
 lioiuliLioii,-^ as lol. 
 
 •'Sii4;) 
 
 ^01 
 
 ',» !lii 
 
 oil 
 
 "law 
 
 .(JO. 
 
 KY. 
 
 « I'ep'itatiou ; in. 
 l»tion lor debility 
 'l'<',Ht Fiiiy Ijeii. 
 ''".J^iiay. It em. 
 Winds of so vcs. 
 ^^iir()])('. Am thi.s 
 tMit, more thiin u 
 t^iiiidc'iiriosiiyto 
 iebi«- exti'cict to 
 
 ill liis n'|>ort to 
 ii wo will uijike 
 
 «, iirrjiiifjcd so us id 
 •rowiiiissiin,,, ,,I,m,f 
 , alioiit, the licijrlii, 
 ;ii'I';ifli\v;iyur()nii(l 
 loNcd Iry II niovaldo 
 •:iiinviiy wliii-lirniis 
 ivo tnicljH may ]>:m 
 lor Ii.niniiijfiiK.ai; 
 
 <»l' iMVillj; tiKMIXCII 
 
 '.skins, aiidhcydiid 
 
 I'l'fvi(Hlsli) bV'iiij; 
 
 icias (lii^ liidosaro 
 
 •lowii tlid "race" 
 
 asso, orwldidMiiio 
 .illiwli Imi'sr), Weill 
 iiinis lie cdiild .see, 
 
 H; Willcll llcilnrsft 
 
 ■iiilt' all aiiiiiiiij.s ill 
 ti into the i,mI)i!iii, 
 '1 wilha lar^tMla;,'- 
 pi'd will) a licMvy 
 was tlifii rajiidl.v 
 Ifoii liy I he. iiicii. 
 iH'd into its iiliicc 
 iMcdialcly cut its 
 IS and ladled inld 
 llic skin oil', and, 
 d' tlicspiiial eoi'd. 
 iiiijules III' an aii- 
 a, lii'iliiw. Tliese 
 ml I lie iieidi, and 
 ■n of, IlieeiitniilN 
 
 linilis cut (di' and 
 
 URUGUAY. 
 
 (525 
 
 taken to tlie opposite sido oftlic galpon, and there all llio huat was cut from the 
 boni'.s and hung up on the rails provukd lor that pnrpos.;. tojiethcr with 111-1^ '.ir\,<r 
 tho ribs, &c St II warn; and ,i„ivorins with life. ^Tho Hku.l ami l^orns wm, LC n 
 a rt.fterent direction. This operation takes Iron, ei.uht lonine n.lnntes on a averaire 
 but on occasions has been done in live, and the skinner waits his next tnrn, wiiicll 
 comes every fifteen minutes. As the truck is run out, the alternative truck iVrnni,.fn 
 the paddock and the beam shot back for another victim "'" '"''"'^•' ""'^'^ '^run into 
 The shed contains about 25 oxen at a time, so t>,at about 100 are killed, skinned 
 and cut up 111 an hour, and u, the height of the killing season as many al 1 200 are 
 thus disposed of per diem or from 100,000 to 150,000 .i season. Each skinner Sts 6 
 pence per head but if in skinning he makes a hole in the skin he loses his pavment 
 In the height of the season he disposes of about a;j iu a dav payment. 
 
 * * * * * » 
 
 After 150 were disposed of, in an honr and a half, the remainder wern b.f/tin «««.. 
 breakfast and the place was cleaned up ii. a marvelously short iinr.na in-' S 
 CM t to believe that such a scene of blood had been takinir place so reVentJv " » * * 
 When it has coo ed, the meat is cleared of fat and is ste^^?e?inargeoblol■ caldrons 
 m which the water is kept somewhat below boiling point, as it is S pec ,1 aS oAhe 
 extract that it contains no matter which is not soluble in cold aa .1 sH, .V,.i Ji,L^^^ 
 boiling water. The thin soap so obtained is then S„ed off aifd c Jfuft"' £mT 
 which removes any race of grease that may have remained in the rnVat It is t en 
 passed through a series of elaborate evaporators, out of each of whicl it comes thicker 
 anti 1 It reaches a consistency rather more solid than treacle. As m ch asToooS 
 Ions of water a day is sometimes thus evaporated. It is now ready for use and ^ 
 packed in large cube tins hohllng about 110 pounds of the extracr; each of" hese t , « 
 contains on an average the substance of 15 animals, and is worth about £50. 
 
 Tinshops, carpenter shops, eugiueers' rooms, &c.,on a complete scale 
 are attached to the factory. TL^re arc also churches, schools, and 
 houses for the operatives. ' 
 
 I will simply add that a higher price is asked here for the extract 
 "Fnihs ^F^'S-^^'r' ^"^t^'-^t'^.t^^ge to say, what is termed the 
 'Luglish Extract" is cheaper than either the CJruauavauor Americnn 
 The solution of this, I am advised, is found in the S hat tbeXv 
 guayau is unadulterated, and the English and American, rfter being 
 shipped from here, is returned adulurated, or rather weakened so af 
 undersel the former. Whether this be so or not I cannoTsav but 
 do know that the English brand is cheaper in this market than the 
 Uruguayan, or, at least, that I paid higher for the latter. 
 
 FROZEN-MEAT TRADE. 
 
 fiJi'f I*"r'^'''? wealth of the Plate countries consists in herds and 
 flocks and so rich are they in these that every possible attent on an 
 ettort have been given to solve the vexed problem, " What shall wedo 
 with our surplus beef and mutton ?" 
 
 Experience has taught the farmers that the shipping of live stock 
 will not pay; the voyage being too long, say from 20 to 30 davs bv 
 steamer to France, England, Germany, and Itily, and as a cousemienc« 
 the freights, including the feed, are very high consequence 
 
 ti.f L""""'^ time jerked beef answered for the purpose, but by degrees 
 the trozen-meat trade has been resorted to and made successfiil 
 
 10O0O.fS.n «^f °^'r .V*'"^^^*^''-^^'^" «>«»« there arc said to be now 
 100,000,000 sheep, besules immense herds of cattle, and, as the DasMiro^ 
 are apparently inexhaustible, the increase of sucl imi /en Je US" nd 
 ^o^Z^Z^r' ""''' ^^-^-^ all conceivable use i^r"^"^^ 
 
 onM .^'i"^"'^-'^'' ''H^^^^'s*"? With a impulation of about 700,000 there arA 
 If t^^Vr^y^'^^^ '''''' ^'^'^*^'"^'<' «"ttle and 20,000,000 sheep 
 It wdl therefore be easily seen that this frozen-meat trade if ulti 
 
 mately successful, will assume gigantic dinuuisions. The question lias 
 ii,. Ea. ui 40 
 
626 
 
 CAttLfi ANt) DAIRY PARMWO. 
 
 i 
 
 ■•1 
 
 Hi; 
 
 
 fi 
 
 !l' 
 
 become ao important that legislation for its encouragement and (level. 
 opment has been resorted to, and a certain interest guaranteed by Gov* 
 ernraent upon all capital invested in factories of frozen carcasvSes. 
 
 For instance, in this Republic, Uruguay, it has been lately enacted 
 in order to assist the development of the export of meat, that the state 
 will guarantee an annual interest of G per cent, upon all companies that 
 shall establish themselves within the llepublic for the purpose of ex 
 porting fresh meat, with a capital of not less than $500,000, to be in! 
 creased to 7 per cent, when the capital is not less than $3,000,000 the 
 total capital to be thus guaranteed, however, not to exceed $0,000000 
 
 This guarantee is subject to the following conditions: ' ' ' 
 
 (4) No guarantee to be granted until the proposer shall have deposited 
 in one of the banks of the capital a sum equal to 1 per cent, of the 
 amount of capital upon which the guarantee is asked. This deposit 
 may be made in coin, or in Uruguayan bonds at the market value or in 
 real estate. In this last case the owner still to receive the reveuue de- 
 rived from such property. 
 
 (5) So soon as the company satisfies the Government that work has 
 been done in the country equivalent to the amount of deposit, such de- 
 posit to bo returned. In the event of the enterprise not being caviled 
 out within the legal period stipulated, the deposit shall be forfeited to 
 the state, in accordance with article 14. 
 
 (0) Before any pja^ment can be made on behalf of guarantee, the com- 
 panies must satisfy the Government that they have complied with the 
 following conditions : 
 
 («) That they have employed in the country in constructive works ou 
 land and afloat, a capital of not less than $100,000, if acting under 
 article 1, or of $500,000, if acting under article 2. 
 
 (b) That the annual export has actually amounted to a niiniuium of 
 15,000 head of cattle or 120,000 sheep for each $500,000 of capital. 
 
 (7) The guarantee to be granted upon the capital actually raised for 
 these enterprises, including that em|)k)yed in the construction of estab- 
 lishments in the country and also the working capital in circulation 
 
 (8) This guarantee to be granted only once, and in no erase Mill the 
 duration of the guarantee exceed ten years. 
 
 (9) When the companies earn more than 10 i)er cent, per annum thev 
 will be liable lo refund to the Government the excess until tliey shall 
 have repaid any sums received to make up the guaranteed interest. 
 
 (10) The executive power is authorized to sau(!tion the operations of 
 the com[)anies 'n such localities as they may select for the establish- 
 ment of freezing depots, when these do not act to the prejudice of other 
 interests, and conform to the law of the Republic. 
 
 (11) The steamers of the companies will enjoy packet privileges. 
 
 (12) Companies will be at liberty to give' up the guarantee at any 
 time, provided they repay to the state all sums received as guaranteed 
 interest. When this is done, the oflBeial inspection of their operations 
 will cease, but all their other privileges will (iontiiiue as before. 
 
 (13) In case the state be called upon to make up the interest to the 
 guaranteed rate, the executive power is authorized by this law to take 
 the sum re<piired out of the general revenue of the coimtrj', amlin case 
 of there not being suflicient lunds, it will at once propose to the legisla- 
 tive body to giant the sum necessary for payment. 
 
 (14) The executive power is hereby authorized to (toneede at once 
 guarantees to the company or companies which, in its judgment, are 
 l)repared to fulflll the conditions laid down in this law, but cannot allow 
 more than two years for the installation of the works. lu the event 
 
UlltJatTAlf. 
 
 627 
 
 of the company failing to be in working order within that period the 
 deposit required by Article* will be forfeited to the state, and the con- 
 cession considered as cancelet 
 
 (15) The executive power will make arrangements for the inspection 
 of tbe companies' operations, and take the necessary steps to secure the 
 compliance with this law. " f 
 
 In addition to this, the subject receives the greatest attention from 
 llio rural societies, agricultural clubs, &c. 
 
 Indeed the interest manifested in regard to this trade by the valley 
 ofthe Plate (chiefly Uruguay and the Argentine Republic) is ably sup 
 plemeuted by capitabsts in England, France, Germany, and Italy ; es- 
 pecially by the owners of the many steamboat lines between those coun- 
 tries and the Kiver Pate Republic, as its success would till their steamers 
 to repletion with freights. '-i.Ta.mcio 
 
 The Zenoha, for instance, lately carried, at one time, 13,530 carcasses 
 of frozen sheep and 335 quarters of beef, at 3§ to 4^ pence per pound 
 for the mutton, and 2^ to 5 pence for tlie beef i""'"" 
 
 In addition to other meetings in different parts of Europe for encour- 
 agu.g this trade the papers allude to one lately held at Hamburg, con- 
 vened by Herr Pedro Beck, at which the matter was thoroughly tbs- 
 cussed and a proposition made for an investment of 3,000,000 mais to 
 assist the trade between that port and the river Plate 
 
 The great struggle now, as to what country shall monopolize this 
 ftmen-meat trade, seems to lie between the United States, Ausralii 
 New Zealand, the Argentine Republic, and Uruguay ^"s"'">«i, 
 
 The transportation of frozen meat has become an undoubted success 
 and sooner or later, in the opinion of the best-informed parties, will en- 
 tirely supersede that of the transportation of live stock 
 
 If this be true, the subject becomes of vast importance to the United 
 Sta es, and especially to Chicago, the principal shipping point to Enc 
 Jand. My attention of late has been forcibly directed to ths point by 
 reiidiiig in the papers here of meetings, where this matter so fir ,\it 
 afiected the United States and Chicago, was thXighly discussed 1 
 point of fact, .|ot only the Governments here (as wfll i secSTon tt 
 guarantees by Uruguay of C or 7 per cent, to frozen-meat investments 
 abo.^ referred to), but wealthy capitalists, backed by the weaUlT and 
 mtelligence of the estancieros (large farmers), are apparently more 
 eres ed a present in devising ways ami means to w/Jst this t ra le f ro m 
 the United States Australia, and New Zealand than in any other. In 
 order to do tlm, they have procured the fullest and most minute info " 
 ination as to the amount of live stock and frozen meat sent from those 
 countries where it is sent to, at what prices, freights, &c. For n^tance 
 ?/^f "«y«ng «'««« of '^ meeting where it Nvas seated, upon the a,m or-' 
 1 y of the Times, that the freights from the ranches in he UnitS Sta es 
 York o T.' '""""^^ average 32 shillings per head ; from Chicago to New 
 Jr\\nT^'''^V- "'f ^*'^*'"^'*^ ^"•' shippinga carcass or live beast Z 
 -^ard to L,verpo<d,s about 5() shillings; that a beast on the plains » 
 worth, roughly, £4, and that, therefore, American fat cattlef dead o? 
 al ve would cost in England little less than £10 apiece, and 'si owing 
 
 .0^:^, ^ -^ -- S srihS ^{^::^^ 
 
 erked beef was annually exported by Argei tine and Uru-mav th« 
 importiitions to Brazil and Cuba alone amounting fas yearT rSect 
 ively, to these countries, to $1,700,000 and $1,143,000} thilt no Smpt 
 
628 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 had been made in the United States to compete with Arfrelitineitil 
 Urugnay, the only cxi^orters of Jerked beef, and it would doubtless h 
 difBcult to do so, as the cost of the cattle is much greater in this countrr 
 Their transportation facilities to the West Indies are better than onr« 
 notwithstanding the difference in the distance, and a steamer leavv 
 Buenos Ayres for the Brazilian ports every day. 
 
 The jerked-beef trade is likewise demanding constant attention ii 
 deed, there is a society in Montevideo, supported mainly by the Go 
 ernment, with the view of opening now markets for the sale of tlJ 
 product. It is said that a great effort will be made by this societv t 
 provide ways and means for substituting i!i the foreign markets ierloi 
 beef for codflsh from Sweden and Norway. They chum that the jerkp! 
 beef is much cheaper and much more nutritious than the codlis'b 'in 
 that no other meat is so healthy; that it can be laid down freeVrm 
 bone and moisture, in ]^]uropo at 5 cents per pound, about onetbiirM.' 
 less than the cost of the codfish; indeed, they go so far as to say tli'it 
 the nutritive value of Jerked beef, pound for pound, is greater tli'tti thtl 
 of fresh meat. ' '^^ 
 
 About a year ago the Buenos Ayres Standard (owned by the finmiK 
 statistician Mulhall) contended that, allowing lA pence ]>or nouml 'ii i 
 1^ for freight, Merino mutton could be placed on the London wliarm 
 at 3 pence per pound. A New Zealand correspondent, iioticiii"'ti,i? 
 asserts that it cannot bo done for less than 3.V pence per iiouml \mt 
 after commenting upon the importation of mutton liom Australii W v 
 Zealand, and the Plate, he admits that, '' in Merino and the lower '"•'rjp! 
 of mutton, it is only a matter of time for the Plate to smother onr AnT 
 tralian neighbors, and drive them out of the English market bv ndvni 
 tages which the former possess of a slightly lower cost of nroduc-tinn 1.1,1 
 a much lower freight to England." '^uou.iud 
 
 A sufficiency of transportation is also being provided. In connection 
 !^Ji^J^*^^^J^„^*i^^?I^\^y y^y *^^"^-^*'V"J^'^^t'^^ Montevideo is in (iaiiy 
 
 than one per diem. 
 
 The question, therefore, of freight for the exportation of jerked beef 
 in the returning vessels presents no difficulty. When to tliis is added 
 that the French and Italian lines are daily going and coming iie'tween 
 Montevideo and their respective ports, to say no'tliingof the sailing ves- 
 sels of the different nationalities, it will be seen that the couritrv will 
 not suffer for want of freight. Indeed, I am told that the livalrv be- 
 tween the resi)ective lines and boats is so great as to render freVhta 
 comparatively cheai). " 
 
 I have bestowed much time and consideration upon this subject It 
 is of vital importance to the United States, so far as tlie transportation 
 of frozen beef is concerned, and it is highly important that it should be 
 known that the wealthy, astute, and energetic capitidists of the Plate 
 countries, backed by the money from England, Erance, Italy, and Ger 
 many, are endeavoring, not oidy to compete with the trade otVhe United 
 States in this regard, but to rival and finally snpersede it. 
 
 The Republics of Argentina and Uruguay "and Paraguay aloue possess 
 over ;i7,()0(),000 head of cattle and sheei). Indeed, in a comparison con- 
 tained in one of the leading Jonrnals hero, it is stated that there are 
 over l,riO() catlle to every hniidn-d iidnibitants of the I'lato coniitry, 
 and only a little over 70 eaffb^ (o the hnndred in tlio United States. 
 
 This may be, and I dare say is, 
 
 exaggerated, tliouj 
 
 ;h Mr. Curtis, if [ 
 
URUGUAY. 
 
 629 
 
 am not mistaken, makes the differeuco still {greater. The truth is the 
 Htatistics here are generally iinreliahle. At least I am so advised 
 The comparison, however, even droppiny ouehalf of the 1,500, is as- 
 touiidiug. 
 
 Besides this, there is no doubt of the great excellence of the pastures 
 litre, and of the succulence of the natural grasses and of their compara- 
 tive inexhaustibility, nor can there be any doubt of the cheapness of 
 beef, the tenderloin steaks selling in Montevidean markets at cents per 
 pound, and still less doubt that there will always be a sufflciencv of 
 tian8i)ortation for all purposes. 
 
 In this connection I will state that the merchants, shippers, and can- 
 itahsts of this city (Montevideo), composed, as they are, of all of the 
 great nationalities— English, French, Spanish, German, and Italian— are 
 unusually shrewd, intelligent, and exi)erienced, and for any feasible plan 
 can command, either themselves or through their Euroj)ean acquaint- 
 ances and houses, any reasonable amount of capital. Indeed owing to 
 the low interest paid on money in Europe, generally millions upon mil- 
 lions, as the journals here state, are seeking investment at higher rates 
 in the countries of the Plat<!. 
 
 As above stated, my attention was first directed to this subject by 
 reading in the papers of the minutiae of the Chicago meat trade how 
 to compete with it, &c. ' 
 
 1 will only add, in this regard, that there is now a petition before the 
 Buenos Ayres legislature for aid in the transportation of frozen meat. 
 
630 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FABMINO. 
 
 BRAZIL. 
 
 CATTLE IN BRAZIL. 
 
 REPORT BY CONaVL-OENEIlAL ANDREWS, OF RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 DIFFICULTY OF OBTAININO CATTLE STATISTICS IN BRAZIL 
 
 I have for a long time liad in mind the Department's circular of 18tb 
 July last in respect to breedinjjr cattle, but owing to the ditlicultv of 
 obtaining information Iiere on such a subject, 1 have been delaveil ii 
 giving a reply. " ■ . • ni 
 
 The so-calie<l "dei)artment of agriculture, commerce, and Dublic 
 works of Brazil" is occupied principally with public works and does 
 not colIe(!t or publish statistics upon agriculture. Nor does' there in 
 
 caretully looked through all its back volumes, at the national library 
 with the hope that I could lind some information in regard to breeding 
 cattle. 1 found many articles on the subject, but they all related to 
 English or other foreign stock. Not a particle of Informutiou c aid I 
 find iu respect to the cattle of Brazil. 
 
 I have had to resort, therefore, for the facts contained iu this renort 
 wholly to personal inquiry. 
 
 BRAZILIAN CATTLE AND THE HOME MARKET. 
 
 A rough estimate puts the number of horned cattle in Bra?!! if 
 20,000,000 head. ^ 
 
 Of course there are many and extensive areas in the interior with au 
 altitude of 2,000 feet above the s- a, well adapted for raising, and which 
 now produce cattle ; yet owing to their remoteness they are not avail- 
 able for supplying some of the best markets with beef. It is a striking 
 fact that this city should have imported last year 54,000,000 pouuds of 
 dried beef from Uruguay aud the Argentine Kepublic. 
 
 THE OLD NATIVE BRAZILIAN CATTLE. 
 
 The old native race of Brazilian cattle has long horns and a yellow- 
 brown color. Having been introduced from Spain and Portugal over 
 two centuries ago they have the same origin probably as those now 
 found in California, New Mexico, and Texas, aud are 'better adapted 
 for producing oxeu and beef than for dairy purposes. 
 
 The oxen of this breed are very large, being much larger, I should say, 
 than are usuplly seen in the Uni.^d States or in the north of Europe. 
 
 The accomi)aiiying photograph, taken in the interior of this province, 
 of a team of four yoke of oxen, shows the native oxen of Brazil of me- 
 dium size, but perhai)s of less than usual flesh. The cart which they 
 are drawing represents the kind iu common use, having solid woodeii 
 
r E 
 
 ?72 Py, 2/: 
 
 >E JANEIRO. 
 ^S IN BRAZIL. 
 
 t's circular of 18th 
 to the (litJiculty of 
 •e been (lelaye('l in 
 
 nerce, and ])„blic 
 'i woriis, and does 
 <or does there ap- 
 '8 statistics on the 
 i country for mauy 
 >8UJige and I have 
 e national library 
 'cgard to breeding 
 Ijey all related to 
 iformutiou c u!d I 
 
 ined in this reoort 
 
 RKET. 
 
 ittle in Brazil at 
 
 le interior with an 
 raising, and which 
 hey are not avail- 
 i'- It is a striking 
 000,000 pounds of 
 
 K. 
 
 rns and a yellow- 
 nd Portugal over 
 bly as those now 
 e better adapted 
 
 I'ger, I should say, 
 orth of Europe. 
 ' of this province, 
 . of Brazil of me- 
 ) cart which they 
 iug solid wooden 
 
 ii 
 
 ' Mi 
 i 111 
 
 1 Mmm I 
 
 ' ifl I 
 
 w 
 
 ii 
 
-i?:<iJ 
 
 %::^ 
 
 
 
 ■A. 
 
 •.. >^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 NATIVE OXEN OF BRAZIL 
 
r f ^- 2 72 ^.. 2 7? 
 
i 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 j 
 j 
 
 I 
 
BRAZIL. 681 
 
 whcplM iumI Hxle wljfoh turnH with tho wheels, producing a houihI simi- 
 lar to the llling of ii large Maw. 
 
 DiiriuK a recent tour which I made in the extensive agricultural 
 province of San Paulo I saw sonu^ good specimens of the native cattle. 
 A peculiarity of many of the cows is their resemblance to oxen in re- 
 spect to head and neck, and not unfrequently in size. If there is any 
 tnit or (piality of tho IJrazilian breed which could be i)rofitablv intro- 
 duced into the United States it must be that, and I think only that of 
 size. ' 
 
 The accompanying is a photograph which I had taken of one ofthoso 
 cows at Tiracicaba, a town noo miles distant from here. 
 
 Tlic local name of tlm breed of this cow is Cura(pia, and her nicas 
 mcinent is as follows: Height, 4 feet S in<aies; length of body, 8 feet 
 !• indies; distance between tips of horns, 4 feet 7 inches: age, nine to 
 ten years; estimated weight, 900 pounds. 
 
 The name of the owner of the cow is Mr. liento Vollet, and of the 
 l)hofographer, Mr. IJernanh) Newman. I saw cows of this breed which 
 jielded about 12 quarts of milk j)»'r day. 
 
 MIXED IIRKEDS IN BRAZIL. 
 
 The Me.it ico8.~T\m long-horned breed is docile and is esteemed prin- 
 cipally fordiaft. Mixed with breeds liom Europe it has produced a 
 stock called <' Mesticos," whic^h are large and goo<l looking with smaller 
 horns ami yielding m(;at lightly, but of good flavor. 
 
 The (^Mu/^««o«.— The interior province of Malto (Jrosso produces a 
 smalt bullock known as the "(,>uiabaiios" breed (a name derived from 
 the capital of the province), of rather wild inclination but affording good 
 meat. 
 
 English hreeda.—Oi aomm in the principal cities and towns some of 
 tho best p:nglish breeds, such as the Shorthorns and Jerseys, have been 
 iiitrocUuied for family use. 
 
 The THiino.—Tlm breed used almost exclusively for milk dairies in 
 thus and other large cities is called the " Turino." It is rather a large 
 black and white cow with medium sized horns, similar to those seen in 
 the dairies of France and Switzerland, and yields milk abundantly, say 
 ],L'00 pounds per year. 
 
 UKKE AND DAIRY PRODUCT (X)NSU.MPTION IN RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 The fact that most of the butter used in a city like this is the modem 
 adulteration, imj)orted in tin cans, is one of maliy proofs that might be 
 adduced of the backward condition of the dairy industry in this country. 
 
 The city of Kio de Janeiro consumes in beef, on an average, 110,000 
 bullocks a year. These are principally killed in the public slaughter- 
 house, at Santa Cruz, miles distant on the railway, and the meat 
 brought into the city in cars. From tUe station it is distributed towards 
 evening in heavy four-mule carriages, which can be distinguished from 
 all others by their ra])id pace and heavy rumbling, to the retail Khoi)s, 
 whicli latter, generally, di8j)ose of all their meat early the next morn- 
 ing 
 
 The cattle usually come from the two great provinces of Minas Geraes 
 and San Paulo, being driven in herds of one hundred to one hundred 
 iiiid fifteen h(!ad each, over bad roads, and arrive in tired condition. 
 Ihey cannot be transported by railroad on account of the high freight 
 
 ( , 
 
 !' 
 
632 
 
 , 1 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 pits ?;is„''jv"XM:rae"'/c """'^^ "^^ ■""'■' -^ "-'v '•fout «. 
 
 anotbertax of 2 mite s ncT hea, Th« fJSSl,, kI ',''°""'''.'^°"««li 
 
 The meat m retailed at about 11 cents per pound. I"''"""- 
 ■ll'enieasureuiout given in the accompauj'iUff form are forl,.„„.i r 
 foT l"egi'.""' '" '"" °' •"" ' "' «""■• ™""" '"» "ii^^S'jurt SSi'iT. 
 
 0. C. ANDKEWS, 
 
 United States Consulate-General, (Consul- General. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, June 7, ]884. 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS CONCERNING BliAZILIAN CATTLE. 
 
 ,200 
 
 poumls c, • ,„ilk TI.O cowB meuHnr^To feet nK gi^.r & 4'!" "h ''"'">"'' '-'^ 
 Iho siibstratuiii is 10 per cent. limostonB ••{n^H. -„.'.* ,"*^"'''^ '•' 'ength. 
 
 gnn.ito; 20 per cent, clay; 20 per ceur«ravel ^ "*' «''"''«tono; 20 portent. 
 
 llie cattle are not housed, except in towns Tlicv fi»>,i /,„ „ t 
 
 ii.K is but little attended to. Beef " Zerallv handle ?.n tf'V^ ?''''*^"''«- ^rocd- 
 
 extent, by railway. feeueraiij handled ou the hoof; milk, to some 
 
 y^Zr^^'"" ''''''' ^'^«*- '^'^~ ten.perature «7o Fahrenheit; summer 750. 
 co'itrud;.'' '' ''"^ '"'"'- '»""^''^^' ^« 1- "-*• 1«-'. 20 per cent, clay, and 111 p. 
 
 1:^ 
 
1 is ouly about 440 
 
 UNITED STATES OP COLOMBIA. 
 
 633 
 
 U^^ITED STATES OF CQLOMBIA. 
 
 CATTLE ON THE PIAINS OF BOGOTA. 
 
 JtEPOIiT BY VICE-CONSUL SOSHELL. 
 
 The cattle of this couutry is not fit to be exported to tlieUuited States 
 on account of their very inferior quality, and the accoinpanyinff form 
 could not be failed, as there are no statistics to be obtained here 
 
 Cattle brought from the wanner climate to the cooler plaius'of Bo- 
 gota bri.iff with them a pest called here "ranilla," which they transmit 
 n\ their saliva to the grass, and which is almost always fatal to the 
 animals raised in the cooler climate. The poison which the hot-coun- 
 try cattle bring with them blights the pastures for at least twelve 
 months, and the grass has to be burnt several times during thacneriod 
 to eradicate the disease. 
 
 The hot-country cattle lose,after beingmont hs on this plain, the power 
 of transmitting the above-mentioned diseasi . 
 
 MARTIN BOSH ELL, 
 
 TT oi ^ y ice- Consul in Charqe. 
 
 United States Consulate, '' 
 
 Bogota, December 5, 1883. 
 
 KKMAKK8. 
 
 The Criollo is a mixed breed between Spanish, Hortfortl, and Durham. Tliere is no 
 hxed rule as to color— red, black, white, and yellow. 
 
 The llortlbrds have been bred pure since IB.'iti. 
 
 The altitude of the plains of Bogota is 2,500 meters, medium term The mean 
 teuiperature is ir,o centigrade ; same^climate .all the year round 
 
 Catt,le are not housed hero; they teed all the year round out in the fields Breed- 
 mg IS lett free. J^rodutts are JianOled us ia primitivo time. 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 V 
 
 ii 
 
 634 
 
 CATTLE ASD DAISY FARMING. 
 
 ECUADOE. 
 
 CATTLE BREEDING AND PRODUCTS Ox CATTLE IN ECUADOR, 
 
 REPORT liY COXSVL VEACU, OF OUA YAQUIL. 
 
 In response to circular of July IS, 1883, askings information in regard 
 the breeding cattle and cattle products in E(!uador, tlie followino- 
 
 to 
 
 facts are given as derived from extensive cattle raisers in dillereut .se(> 
 
 tions : 
 
 THE SEASONS IN ECUADOR. 
 
 As an introduction, I will state that practically Ecuador has but two 
 seasons of the year — the dry and the rainy. 'J'he tirst usually begius 
 with June and ends with November, and the latter begins with De- 
 cember and ends with May. Each olten begins or ends a month earlier 
 or later than the «lates given. The " winter," or rainy season, is tlie 
 warmest by Irom 5° to 10°. Vegetation of ail kinds grows most lapidly 
 during the rainy season, though the intluence of the rain is extended 
 for several weeks beyoml its cessation. There is usually every yoai- 
 Jrom four to five months when the pasturage is scarce aiul the cattle 
 have poor subsistence. There are abundant mountain streams that 
 during the dry period might be utilized at small expense in iirigatiii"' 
 the land ; but the people have not yet reached that degree of agricuir- 
 ural progress. 
 
 MILK YIELD. 
 
 During the dry season most of the cows give but little if any milk, and 
 the figures given in the subjoined table are for the quantity realized iu 
 Irom six to eight months. The quantity stated (485 pounds average per 
 cow peryear) is given under the supposition that all the milk of thecowis 
 included. The general practice is to let the calves run with thccows dur- 
 ing the day, separate them at night in corrals, and milk the cows in the 
 morning. Thus they are milked but once a day, and the, quantity is 
 not more than one-half of the jiroduct of the cow. 
 
 Breedn. — The cattle of the country are all "native stock," and have 
 been bred iu and in from time immemorial ; the only changes have been 
 from one plantation to another. The eftect of long inbreeding is degeu- 
 erated animals — animals of small size — as shown by the table jjiven, 
 and they are of every known cattle hue. The planters inform me that 
 there are no natural obstacles to the raising of as good stock here as iu 
 any other part of the world. 
 
 NUMBER AND VALUE OF ECUADORIAN CATTLE. 
 
 No well authenticated census has ever been taken in Ecuador, either 
 of the inhabitants or showing the extent of its industries and iiiodiicts. 
 The actual population is ai>proximate<l very closely, but there is no data 
 showing the quantity or valueofagricultur.il products, except of a very 
 few articles, nearly all of which are exported, their quantity and value 
 being derived irom exportation statistics. Iu an endeavor to reach ii 
 conclusion as to the quantity and value of the cattle stock, I adopteil 
 differeut metUo«.la. 1 sought to get an estimate by provinces, but could 
 
ECUADOR. 
 
 635 
 
 iinlly au estimate of the number of cattle killed iu the country per day 
 was made, based ou known numbers of cattle consumed by a known 
 number of inhabitants. By this method it was ascertained that the 
 number of cattle slaughtered daily is about 1,000, or 365,000 per year. 
 As the cattle are sold at an average of five years old it makes the whole 
 luimber of live animals 1,825,000. The cattle are sold at an average of 
 $25, making the total value of annual sales $9,125,(100. The value of 
 the whole stock, young and old, will average about $18 per head, mak- 
 ing total value $32,850,000. 
 
 About three-fifths of the cattle raised are cows, and the other two- 
 flt'ths steers and bulls. The steers are sold as soon as matured, but the 
 cows are kept longer, all finally being sold for beef. Most of the cattle 
 bides are exported to the United States; a few are used by the natives 
 in making bags, "raw-hide ropes," ''bed blankets," and tile like. 
 
 cultivatj':d grasses in Ecuador. 
 
 The alfalfa is a very good grass, somewhat of the clover order, which 
 yields largely when well cultivated. The jcneiro is a specie of wild 
 grass that grows luxuriantly iu wet places, and while it is of inferior 
 quality is iu large demand during the dry season, and becomes valuable 
 because always in supply ; for four or five months in the year it is the 
 principal food of the uorses, mules, and donkeys, in Guayaquil, whose 
 market is supplied by means of canoes. 
 
 PROFITABLENESS OF CATTLE RAISING IN ECUADOR. 
 
 Plantations are not dear, and by reason of perpetual i)a8turage cat- 
 tle raising is one of the most profitable pursuits in Ecuador, and the 
 business is increasing. But the business has some drawbacks, as about 
 5 per cent, of the stock is killed by tigers, and many animals are stolen. 
 As there are many wild cattle, the result of strays from tame stock, 
 the loss stated is sometimes partially ott'set bv the capture of wild cat- 
 tle. 
 
 HOKATIO N. BEACH, 
 
 Consul. 
 UwTED States Consulate, 
 
 Guayaquil, October 26, 1883. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The cattle are of SpanisU orij^in. At iiiatuiity the cow weighs 500 pounds, the bull 
 COO pouudH, and the ox 800 ponnds. The annual average production of milk is 485 
 jiouiids. They arrive at maturity at from three to five years, usually at four. They 
 are of every color. Oxen are but little used. All cattle are ultimately slaughtered 
 tor meat. Only a small part of the milk is sold. Cheese ranks next to meat in im- 
 jmrtance, but the value of this ]»roducti8 not known. The cattle are confined by cor- 
 rals. The ouly method of feedin<^ is by |)aHture. The hides are mostlysbjpped. The 
 aititiiiie vurifs from *o 2i,,')0p feet. The mean tomporature is C0'= I'aLreuLeit: iu 
 summer 55^, iu winter t)5". The soil is a sandy loam on the coast, sandy, scoria, &o., 
 iu the interior. 
 
 i^ 
 
 ml 
 
 ii'ii 
 
 
636 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 PERU. 
 
 CATTLE IN PEiaU. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL LAPOINI, OF CHICLATO. 
 
 I am in receipt of circular diitcd July 18, 1883, asking for information 
 relative to breeding of cattle in tbis department. 
 
 In answer I am sorry to say tbat I am notable to give su<!h itiforniR 
 tion as the Departn)ent of State might require. 
 
 Cattle in this department are bred in a wild state and no attention 
 is paid to the improvement of the breed. Whenever a sujiply is wanted 
 the owner of an estate surrounds his lands and collects the cattle whipli 
 he requires to sell or to send to market. Milk and butter are very 
 scarce articles, and only to be got on the farms. Peru does not nroducfi 
 sulUcieut cattle for its use, and large supi)lies are imported from Cliili 
 and the Argentine llepublic ibr consum|)tion in the south. 
 
 AMEKIC'AN OATTLE FOB PERU. 
 
 I am sure that when' the Panama Canal will be finished, and direct 
 
 steam comnumicafoi, with the United States established, it will be a 
 
 proiifable business to introduce cattle from our country Into Peru 
 
 ALFRED LAPOINT, ' 
 
 TT CI ^, ViceComul, 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Chklayo, November 5, 1883. 
 
Venezuela. 
 
 637 
 
 VENEZUELA. 
 
 CATTLE INTERESTS IN VENEZUELA. 
 
 REPORT ISY CONSUL lilltl), OF LA OUATRA. 
 
 Certain specific inquiries witb rcli'reiice tocatlle in Venezuela having' 
 been made by tbe Department of State throupb a circular letter lately 
 received at this consulate, tbe lollowing rei)ort is resjicct fully .submitted 
 It will be observed that, owing to tbe difticultv of procuring intell^ent 
 and accurate information, tbe .subject lias been tre,ited in a "ciPeral 
 manner, but it is hoped that the salient points have been so farreco"-- 
 nized, that at least something more than a vague idea of this indu.str\' 
 maybe communicated, and that some of tbe matter herein ])rescnted 
 may not be devoid of a certain degree of interest to those enfa^ed in 
 similar enterprises in the United States. " "^ 
 
 As the channels of trade and intercourse with the great i)ampas of the 
 
 interiorof Venezuela areinadequate to tbemainte.nanceofc.\ten.sive inter- 
 State commerce and for the transi)ortation to the seaboard at reasonable 
 rates of agricultural produce; and as, in such a sparsely populated coun- 
 try, thus deprived of facilities for transportation and communication tbe 
 idea of anything like the existence of a bom(>. market is naturally pre- 
 cluded, so the attention and interest of the i)eople has been directed to 
 that branch cf industry that, with comparatively little care or manual 
 labor, will yield the surest and most renumerative returns, and that 
 when ready for the market, itself fnrnishes the means for its own iuex- 
 l)ensive transimrtation. 
 
 The Republic of Venezuela has an area of territory of 439,110 square 
 miles, a fraction larger than tbe States of Louisiana and Texas and the 
 Territory of New Mexico combined : and a populr ion of 2,07."),245, not 
 quite as large as that of the State of Missouri. In the interior of tbe 
 country are vast plains of Goyernment lands practically illimitable 
 isolated, and uninhabited, though well-watered, salubrious, and fertile' 
 and especially adapted to the raising of cattle. ' 
 
 According to recent stastitics there are 220,000 people engaged in this 
 particular enterprise, though the number of cattle cannot be given with 
 any degree of accuracy. Through the devastating internal revolutions 
 from which the country suflered up to the year 1874, the large and 
 flourishing herds of the plains, exposed to the constant and ruthless dep- 
 redations of all the hostile armies, were practically decimated. Thev 
 spared not and paid not; and hence not only were the Hocks and herds 
 destroyed, but the rich proprietors were generally reduced to penury 
 and many e\'en to a state of actual want. But iinder the unbroken 
 peace that has subsisted for the i)ast ten years, and tiie careful and un- 
 remitting efforts of the despoiled Uaneros to iei)air their .severe losses 
 the revival of the industry is assured and the prosi)erity of the stoek 
 raisers reasonably restored. 
 
 From all inailable informat 
 
 stated that there is only onecl 
 
 atioii and pensoiuil ohseivation it may ho 
 
 there have been, from 
 
 iissof cattle in N'eiieziiela: t 
 
 "or, although 
 
 the breed by admixture with A 
 
 time to time, some exi»eriiiieiital efforts to cro.ss 
 
 mericaii and other stock, it is virtualiy 
 
 1 ni 
 I -> il 
 
 rli 
 
 unchanged. It may be called the SpanisliAmerican breed, .since it'has 
 
CAtl-ta AND DAlftV nflMlNO. 
 accurate, an,l would readllycouvii toour AmoS n'cSl^,''"'*? "' 
 
 ing by ludividual owners, as is nracticT n tbi S^^^ nf t*^' ''°*^l*r«>'<l- 
 
 tax whatever to the Gove,^«meit arti;%:;t uS o? wh 'ct.rV''^ '"^ 
 from duties levied ou imports and exports Of oour Jit wi 7 '^^''^''^ 
 stood that on this vast pasture, lyinrbetween the sivfh ^i ^^ ""•'^^• 
 grees of latitude north, no preparation L whiterino- sSl '^ ""'^'' •'*^- 
 the climate being always f'on, warm to temperate ^„lu^^^ nocessar.v; 
 Wlif,: uTrS ,r r\"'^^'*« sustenan^tK^C t^S"« ^^ 
 
 on ordinary even rnnning lots of cattle over two ylarsoW l"^'^*^ 
 
 been much higher even, owing to the late wars- S uiti ^ '''">'. ''a^« 
 peace, prices must rule much lower. OwL"Toubtlesr/\r''^'"^ 
 prices and the ditticulties of transnortitin. thlT *" *^'^''« l^'ffh 
 
 establishments in the couiurv- bn wU th . f *'''^"'' "^e^twinni^ff 
 export of r.u.ned ad 'Sgemted ineits mtirhfr^''^ ^*^'"«^'^"' ^''^ 
 ative. The pasturage, as Seen s atel T^J. ?'f ^1'^ ^*''"""«''- 
 impossible to give f techntll <SsSfi'^ ion o??hi ^1;:';'' '' '' '^'"^^ 
 may be suflBcient to sav that thev comnr se imnioi a i "^ srni^^oa, it 
 
 *' WiJh all'?^'' ^'""^^^^ raisiiV^rnTfreili'^^lr """'""' ^^"'^• 
 
 con^Matinia^Ut ."^c;Se^;r\;rm?l ^^^^ ^ 
 
 United States Consulate. 
 
 Xa Cruayra, September 20, 1884. 
 
 W. S. BIRD, 
 
 Consul. 
 
 MABACAIBO. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL PLUilACUBR. 
 
 I regret to state that I am unable to cive anv si.o^i.,i ;..<• .• • 
 answer to the Department <-irr.iilMrTiw. ^ special information in 
 
 The cattle of thS parTof Veie^^^^^^ breeds here. 
 
 consumed. '^ *^"® '""'' ^'* Soats and asses is 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Maracaibo, November 30, 1883. 
 
 E. 
 
 H. PLUM AC HER, 
 
 Consul, 
 
Wfeflt iNWis. 
 
 689 
 
 "WEST INDIES. 
 
 CATTLE IN BERMUDA. 
 
 ItEPOHT IIY CONSVh ALLKX. 
 
 In reply to circular o4" July 18, 1S8;{, rpqucHtiiif? information relative 
 to breeding cattle, I have to say no cattle are bred here that would 
 have any value whatever as stock breeders in the United States. 
 
 The Bermuda cow is a small, scrawny animal, of a mongrel breed 
 is a ])Oor milker, giving only about ,'? quarts of milk per day for eight 
 months of the year. A few cows have been imported liom the Unite<l 
 States and Canada, but they do not <lo well as a rule, and though well 
 fed with grain, after fjiie or two years they are no better than the na- 
 tive animals. 
 
 The Bermuda grass s not adapted to stock-raising, and while it will 
 sustain animal life the, will not thrive on it, and cows that are not fed 
 with grain are very poor. 
 
 Neither butter nor cheese is made here. 
 
 The native beef is very poor and is rarelv seen in the markets 
 
 No oxen are used here, and the male calves are slaughtered for veal 
 except those kept for breeding purposes. ' 
 
 CHAS. M. ALLEN, 
 
 TT o, ^>. Constd. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Bermuda, October 3, 1883". 
 
 CATTLE IN SAN DOMINGO. 
 
 ItEPOKT JIY COMIUL SIMl'SOX, OF PUERTO PLATA. 
 
 I have the honor to return herewith blank which accompauied cattle 
 circular, filled to the best of my ability. 
 
 The origin of the breed of cattle on this island seems to be unknown, 
 but 18 probably Si)anisli, They are small, give but little milk, and are 
 mainly raised for the butcher. 
 
 Few are exported, and, as enough are raised for home consumption, 
 tew imported. Bulls are used exclusively for draft purposes. Thev are 
 gentle and easily handled. No oxen are raised. 
 
 Cows have been imported from the United States, but thev never 
 seem to tiirive, probably from the fact that thev were imported from 
 btates too far north to suit this warm (climate. 
 
 There does not seem to be much desire to change or improve the 
 breed, although within a few days two bulls and one cow have been 
 imported Irom Porto liico. These animals are said to have come from 
 tepiiin, and although not large are a (leci-.b'd im})rovcment on the breed 
 here. 
 
 ., ,, THOMAS SIMPSON, 
 
 United States Consulati:, Consul 
 
 Puerto Plata, JSovemher 20, 1883. 
 
640 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 KKMAliKS. 
 
 Tho annual ttveiaKo production of milk jicr eow iH y.OUO ponn<lH 
 ehoeso m n.mlo. Tlu, oi,ttlo«iriv«at, maturity whon tJ.ml v.-arn. 'I 
 
 of neat ihO.q p„nn,ls. 'ilu, .attle vary in color; their oriirin \h ui „ 
 
 ,S>7'''''"'"'';'^'-"''-''''^''"'''^ nosystcn, of l,rce,lins^u• of S 
 Cultivated maHses: (Juinca {iniHs. 
 Tlio mean tcmporaturo js HI"; 8umiiicr, Itb'; winter, Ta'^. 
 
 Ko 
 licli 
 vera; 
 wu ; 
 linjr 
 
 I'liUor Of 
 vo Wright 
 «'• «'-iKiit 
 
 they r,.,.,[ 
 proihicts. 
 
 \: I i< 
 
 CATTLE AND CATTLE PRODUCTS IN SAINT THOMAS. 
 
 ItEVOltT liY COX^'UL SMITIT. 
 
 I am just in recoipt of tlio, csittlc, circular of July 18, 1883 
 
 J '!«n' IS iioinfoniiiif ion relative to the cattle of Saint Thomas tJ..if,.., 
 «Lf %T^^'\^^- " l'« '>*■'"'>- value to the stock-breeders of 1 efe 
 S a es. There ben.ff no fresh water on the island, and but 1 tl nnlf 
 stock IS not bred for any jjurpose. *^''^^'^» 
 
 There are not to exceed two or tliree hundred head of cattle „,. ti 
 
 '^s:toZ. '"" '"""""■■ "•""""" """ """"■■"' »' »"ii-'y s;^,i.* 
 
 IMPORTS OF CATTLE. 
 
 The suj.ply of cattle fbr the butcher is drawn from the neipl.hnri, 
 
 Wlieuco inii)orle(l. 
 
 OMuT Uaiiisli WcHt Ii:tlia Islauils 
 
 JJii.isli WoHt IiKliii IhIdikIh '.. 
 
 Spniiish WcHi Iiidiii Islaii()s 
 
 Kiciicli Wf«t India IhIiuiiIs 
 
 IJutcli Wont Iiiilia iMlaiiUH 
 
 DotMiiiicHU ]Je]>iil)lio 
 
 Total 
 
 Ueail. 
 
 lir, 
 
 1,7.^ 
 
 1, :)74 
 
 20 
 «! 
 
 Value. 
 
 P,7.3 
 
 M.oin 
 
 1, 105 
 4U 
 
 y, asj 
 
 50, 375 
 
 tratle!''"" '"''*' '"'" ''"'^^"''^^''^ '^^ '^ *''"« *» «'"''^" ''*1'^*>!>-^ ''"Snged in that 
 
 MEAT niPORTS FROM THE UNITED S'J'ATES. 
 
 The expense which would be it.cMrred by keeping a lar-o supnlv on 
 hand prech.des tiie butchers froa. nej-otiatinff with stock-brmlmi 
 
 sh;;!;:i,;;^';si;;;;,or;;:;r;l.;;n'?^: ^s^ti^r^'^"^' "'^ ''^'-^"^ ^^ «'^ 
 
 IJUT'J'EU AND rUEESB IMPORTS 
 
 Butter is (^hielly injporte<i from Denmark, and d 
 and France. 
 
 leese from Geiiiii 
 
 my 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 641 
 
 Danisli butter keeps better in this climafo than does that of any 
 other (iountry. American dealers have frequently sent consignments 
 here, and in most instances have sustained heavy losses thereon either 
 on account of the quality, or in consequence of its soon becoming'rancid 
 iind unmerchantable. So long as the quantity of the present quality 
 of butter produced in Denmark is sufiicient to supply the increasing de- 
 mand, it will not be possible for American dealers to extend their trade 
 in this direction with an inferior article. 
 
 V. V. SMITH, 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Saint Thomas, January 8, 1884. 
 H. Ex. 51 41 
 
 iiged in that 
 
642 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMINQ. 
 
 AtTSTRAIiASIA. 
 
 i I 
 
 THE CATTLE OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 HHVORTBT COXSUL ORIFFIN, OF AVCKLAKD. 
 
 In replying to the ''cattle" circuliir of July IStli, 1883. 1 Lavo ,i 
 lionor to return lierewiti. tlie forms (iucloauroNo. 1) transmlttp.l t\ 
 in November lust, and which I have tilled up with Hii<h infornrit 1? 
 was possible for me to obtain concerning the cattle nth.' nrovWM 
 district of Auckland. \ \'xsc lurtlier the honor to stii e thai h, S f' 
 annual increase in the exports of New Zealand frozen incut and S^ 
 produce, together with the favorable condition of the countrv if Sn^' 
 
 ^S^S^^:^^^^'' ''"^" ''""' """" '" ""P'"^' *"^ '^"'^^ 
 
 PASTURE LANDH. 
 
 Every year new 
 grasses 
 
 lands are being fenced in and sown with EnfflisI, 
 J he total number ot acres in grass in New Zealand in 1883, 
 
 including landin hay after having been broken up, was 2 018 0fii 
 against 1,7 j 1,S75 for 1882, an increase of 247,180. If, 1 owevw tKi 
 m oats, barley, and wheaf were added, the number of ™ i 'S 
 crops for 1S83 would. ,onnt to nearly 4,500,000. The™o ofS 
 
 $500;i)oa '' '"'^ """"""^' '"'*" ^''^ ""'""^' ''^ «omethiDgC; 
 
 Considerable (piantities of grass seed, princi])ally timothvandelnvp.- 
 come direct from the Tnited States, and also small qua titles of the 
 variety called alja/a. Jioth the voh.imc and light sancl oi of this 
 colony produce neh, succulent grasses, well adapted for tiittenini cJ? 
 tie without any extra food. '.ivi'mnUiita i)astnres will general IvvioS 
 better protit for the dairy, tog^th.^r with 'the breeding o? a ami o 
 tation ot crops in eonnectu.n with grazing. The greater portion of sec^ 
 ondclass pastures recpure breaking ui* alter grazing from three t(, four 
 years Dry, h.lly land, and what may be termed asthird Csjs ett 
 adapted for sheep. ' * "^^^^^ 
 
 NUMBER OF SHEEP AND CATTLE IN NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 The Sheep industry is by far the most important one in the colony 
 but I have observed that the uuTease in the number of sheep during 
 the ast decade has not anything like as great pro rata as thatof.attle 
 
 Hie number of sheep in New Zealand in 1884 is estimated at i'5 113 
 412. In 1874 it was 11,704,88;}, an increase of only 1,408,.')G7. lii'lHTt 
 
 1,000,000 J he census lor cattle is ta.keu in New Zealand every three . 
 years, llie last ceiisiis occurred in 1881, It will be fakeit n<'o!!! in B 
 
 April 
 
 next, and until then the number of cattle in New Zealand for 
 
 1884 
 
AUSTRALASIA : NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 643 
 
 can only be given approximately. The subjoined table shows the num- 
 ber of cattle in New Zealand at each census sinne 1858: 
 
 Tear. 
 
 I8.'>8 
 1861 
 
 18fi7. 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Xumbur, 
 
 
 4.')U, .^93 
 404, 017 
 578 '(,'10 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 a08, U17 
 
 
 1871. 
 18T4. 
 
 1878. 
 1881. 
 
 At the last census Auckland district had 158,181 cattle; Taranaki, 
 51,846; Wellington, 140,951; Hawkes Bay, 36,213; Marlborough, 9,019; 
 Nelson, 31,620; Westland, 7,944; Canterbury, 115,155; Otago, 150,150: 
 Southland, 34,205, and Chatham Island 0,883. About 40 per cent, of 
 these cattle (ionsist of Sliorthorns and kindred bree-ls, and the remain- 
 der of llerefords, Devons, Ayreshires, Normans, . Tseys, and mixed 
 breeds, &i\. 
 
 While New Zealand has produced a higher class of catUe than any 
 of the other Australasian colonies, she is only the fourth in the list in 
 re«?anl to the number of head. Taking the census of 1881 as a guide, 
 Queensland had 4,089,715; New South Wales, 1,859,985; Victoria, 
 1,207,088; New Zealand, 698,917; South Austra.ia, 306,040; Tasmania, 
 122,504; Western Australia, 65,473. Total Australasia, 8,4_;),448. 
 
 With the exception of New Zealand, cattle in the Australasian coIo- 
 iiies, in spite of everything said to the contrary, do not thrive as well as 
 in tlie great cattle districts of the United States, and in regard to num- 
 bers Texas alone has more than half as many en t tie as the Australasian 
 colon ' s put together. 
 
 CATTLE QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. 
 
 All the Australasian colonics except New Zealand had for many 
 years prohibitory laws against the importation of cattle. New Zea- 
 land, on the contrary, ad' nifed cattle not only from Australia but from 
 Europe and Ame ica. Last year, however, the government of the 
 colony issued an order in council prohibiting the importation of live 
 stock from the United States. This order is now very generally admitted 
 to be a mistake. Mr. Robert ,1 CJreighton, the agent of the New Zea- 
 
 land government at San Francisco, has repeat Vlly pointed out that 
 
 oot !ind-mouth disease 
 
 there is no cattle disease such as rind»!rpest and 
 
 on the Pacific coast. He has also shown that i e Texas fever, which 
 cattle-breeders fear so much, has for many yciis been localized. Tlie 
 old plan of driving cattle long distances, and wiiich was the principal 
 cause of the outbreak of the disease, has been abandoned on account of 
 the facilities fforded for transportation by railway in Texas, M<'w 
 Mexico, and lorndo. The liability to tlu outbreak of this disease is 
 now reduced to a luiir aum ; moreovor, none of these cattle have access 
 to the blooded herd or dairy stock oi the country. 
 
 The question of quarantine is one in whicli tiie authorities on cai 
 diseases differ widely. The quarantine regi. ations in nearly all com, 
 tries are so loosely enforced as to be practically worthless, and always 
 occasion a vast amount of trou ' de and expense^ Bewides. manv diHease.'i 
 of animals, like thoh*t of human beings, are localized. For" instance, 
 certain diseases in tropical countries are uuknowa in cold climates, and 
 
1 ''i4 
 
 
 ■i9'-t 
 
 ! •ft 
 
 , i ! 
 
 ■ *'l • 
 
 
 : : i i 
 
 ] ■! I 
 
 
 fi i '" 
 
 11 ; 
 
 644 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY PARMlNO. 
 
 tropical countries urc wLoJIy free from umu 
 Hnd any attempt to rojrulalc U.cin l" 
 
 y (lisciiHcs of frijr, 
 
 Z()||(io 
 
 CNN. 
 
 tl.-rc ,.a.l been u law n,^nnst\tV. ? ,S^^^,^,^.^^^ I? 
 
 flna many persons rea.ly to proclaim tint tl M m 1 ,m '"" '"^'^^ 
 
 tnm, tins ( hsease was <lue solely to the prol it , ^''" •'"'"'"''^ 
 
 It IS sai.l tl.at ti.e law /o.hi.i; 1,,^, 1 e im , , ion of ,...,h . 
 Zealand was passed mainly for the be '/if J ^^ ^^'^v 
 
 h.b.tion will, of course, enhance le , , ,• j K- /„"'"';"'"• ' '"' I'H'- 
 the end will ,,roye yer^ irijn i , s , I, , uiV ' !' "^ *''^f^'''' '"' in 
 Shojdd ther.! bo no ^S'l^l^^,^;''^^^^^^^ ->lJ, 
 
 Zealand, in a few years the cattle will n( t 0.11^. .i' . '^' "'^'» ^^'^ 
 will vastly deteriorate. The 1 1 ibi ,. do"s no ., " .""'"■"^■'' '"'t 
 S..^i!^ -•>' -tth, disease e!er ;bun:rin";he"colol:;'^.:^ ;^!!:;-""- 
 
 brou{,'ht from Australia. ' -"..'..^y wjis o,.jnj„a||^. 
 
 li.ssjon IV. 
 
 l«.rt«l fro,,, Bo,toi,, M,w.,., J„|,v L'l, 18.4, ,« Sow": *"'"""»'"" 
 
 Hi'giiiiiins with tlio crc.it rendo/voiiH of ...itd,. ..f i- 
 Onjaha «„ Imvo n.ado .HrHnI in -si 'ut ons .] , f ,/i '/n^ C-t.vC.UMnl I!|n,lk, „,„1 
 aH t 10 EashM'i. fcahoanl. I„ tl,i„ invoSti." " , ""■ ^T" "* •••'""'• "■"'*'■ ^ m (ar 
 yar,ls wlK,r., ca.tl., a.. dHaine. f,, ■ fl^S' '! t ^ , ir:;/'''!"''^^ ;;" '''"■ "''■■■'' -•'"■'<■ 
 Htablcs ctmiu'i-.ti'Al witli (llHtillenoN •m «r.:., i. i *" "'' ' ")'''' "" "'" K'''"' <''''liM"- 
 «Mty dairies wl.ero sto.tlv-vaV, « cxiit ,1 w V*; "'^r '■""' """'■ '"'•"•"if.s; .11 ,|?,. 
 
 drawn from tho abovv-nan,..,! «lodv-v r.N an 1 i .'s^ ^^ '"''' '■'"«'"" 
 
 we Iiavo n>a.I«, ob.sc-rvalion.s in tl,., Ht , 1^'^: 1 l' t, ' I'^V'''' ,'''',^" "'" ■""'•^'■"fl'if" 
 our eattl.' tf,m,. ..,.,i ♦!...* ... ._,■'. """ h-,\.uilH at tiii! Hcaboard— tin, t'-'"i!'i! wd <.f 
 
 imported cases i.-o,',; Great Urifaiu"wo htt[^'b!:!,'„'"',n''>*^,''V'':J'r''"^ ai-artiro.,; tLo 
 foot-and-mouth disease complaino"l «f! " ""■*'''" *" ""'• » »'»«'« case of the 
 
AUSTKALAHIA : NEW ZEALAND. 
 NEW ZEALAND OATTLE IN THE IINI'IEI) STATES. 
 
 645 
 
 Tiic Ih'kIi i'hxsH ofciittle in tliis<u)l(niy ninl tho low prico at which thoy 
 can be obtained ban very natiiniliy attracted tlie attention oftlio eattle- 
 breeders in the United States. In An^jnut, I88.'i, Mr. A. W. Hiason, of 
 Oalilornia, dispatched j\lr. Ifollin P. Saxe, a cattle expert, to New Zea- 
 land to pnrchase lor liini u band of pnnvblooded Heref'ords. i\Ir. Waxe 
 iinived-in An(!Uland in September, IHS;?, and after viNitinjj several of 
 the cattio districts in the colony iiiirehased lit) twoyear-ohl heifers in calf 
 and 21 balls from one to two years old from the >iew Zealiin<l Stock and 
 Pedigree Company, of Anckland. Mr. Saxe was not only snr|»rised at 
 the Hni)erb condition of the company's cattio bnt at the low pri<!es at 
 which they were sold. They were shipped to San Francis(;o by the 
 Taciflc Mail steamer (3ity of Sydney in U<!tober last, being thti first 
 shiinnent of New ZeahuKl bred (tattle ever nnide to the United States. 
 
 Mr. Saxe is of the ojjinion that Hereford (iattle can be more easily 
 and economically bron/^ht to (California from New Zealand than across 
 the continent by railway from J llinois and other States celebrated for 
 this particular breed. In Illinois these (fattle sell at from $500 to 
 !ji,'»,()()0 per head, whereas tliey can be bon{,'ht in New Zealand at from 
 $100 to $700 i)er head. Arr.ingements, it is said, have been nnide for 
 monthly shii>ments of Iferefords from Anckland to C'alifornia, and Mr. 
 Cnii;,', of San Francisco, has projiOvsed to establish a distrd)utin};' farm 
 for them on the Contra Costa Slope near Oakland. It is noteworthy 
 that the two breeds of cattle most larj;('ly in demand in the United 
 States, viz, the Jersey and the Hereford, thrive better in New Zealand 
 than any other kind of cattle. The Jerseys are nothiujf like as numer- 
 ous as the Herelords, from the fact that they were introduced at a much 
 later jteriod, but it is well known that they do equally as well. My at- 
 tention has recently be«>n called by stock farmers, to the high prices 
 which these breeds bring in America. At the, Kellog combination sale 
 in New York last June a yearling bull, King Ashantee, brought $5,000; 
 a six-year-old cow brought $1,000, and a twoyear-ohl heifer brought 
 $1,050, and many others at similar ligures. These ju-ices, however, 
 were eclipsed at a subseciuent period at Mr. T. S. Coojter's sale in 
 Connecticut. At Mr. Cooper's sale lit) Jerseys averaged $952,50 each, 
 and a thirty-three months' old heifer brought $5,150, and a live-yearold 
 2,800. 
 
 cow brougiit 
 
 NEW ZEALAND IIEREEORDS. 
 
 The New Zealand Stock and Pedigree Comi)any, of Auckland, has 
 one of the largest herds of pure-bred Herelbids in the world. This 
 breed has long been a favorite one here. They are tough, hardy, and 
 are able to pick their food on poor soil, and when two and three years 
 old outweigh any other breed, and are famous for their high-pri(!e(l 
 meat; that is to say, their loins are well developed, and their yield of 
 succulent and porter-house and sirloin are proj)ortionately heavy. The 
 hiud (piarters of the ])ure-bred Hereford are long from the hip back- 
 wards. The thighs are largo and full and well meated at the hocks. 
 The whole carcass is set s(iuareon good, short legs standing well apart. 
 The llesh is firm and the hide mellow, with soft, hair, not too line, but 
 giving the iiMprossioii iiiat it, t;au be slrefchcd to any extent. 
 
 The color of this breed is a distinct red, with white face, mane, and 
 white breast and legs as far as the knee. As an evidence of how thoy 
 staud hard feed it is said that during the long drought of 187S and 
 
Ijli 
 
 i' ! !l 
 
 ■ i 
 
 646 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 1879, in Australia, about 5 por cent, of the Herefords w«'ro In^f 
 run -n Quo^eensland against 10 per cent, of the Shorthorn herd a..Zn 
 per cent, of the stud Shorthorn. In one large paddock there wen 1 "^ 
 euty Shorthorn and seventy Hereford bulls o.ie and two years oT7 S " 
 Shorthorns got so poor that they had to be turned out on the rm. ff' 
 paddocks being bare of grass, but the Herefords kept in coo.l « . ' 
 condition. '■ b"»<i, strong 
 
 When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand there were no ontfi 
 the country, but at a 8ubse(]puent period some were introd.iml ?r '' 
 .ustralia. In the early settlement of the colony the leiS of 1 *"'" 
 x|upied in a voyage from England, and the many difficulties v^n?i,*;"'? 
 
 thing of the time and i)atience required to introduce them -hnZT'l 
 the colonists began to improve their herds by the introduction of ti'^ 
 oughbreds from Europe, and I have not the slightest hesitaU „ ,. "'" 
 mg that nearly all the imported cattle thrive hettt^r u New 7 l^f'^"; 
 than in their native homes, and that this superiority is devXr^ 1 '^"'^ 
 still higher degree in their ottspring. "J"-^' ^^ a 
 
 TVEW ZEALAND SHOKTIIORNS. 
 
 The Shorthorns, as 1 have stated previously, ontiiumber tho^o nf 
 other breed in New Zealand. They were amo ^st the S .um'hi "I 
 cattle imported into the colony, and have evei^siimfbeen ve nnmS' 
 on account of the prevailing impression that they are hewi ' ?f 
 for improving the breed of inferior cattle and for ad ntinl thf 'T'^ 
 to d.Uerent kinds of soil and camate. Those who CiUMr;:'' 
 strain i>reier the roan color to a.ny other, though in large hmls ml' h 
 white are not uncommon. Any sign of black is n>,r.„. i.ti " ""^' 
 
 of blood and is not bred from,'but^ir:\;;attr<:i-^rthe bu"^ 
 cows of tins breed are believe.l to give milk for a lon-.er neHn i t [:., '" 
 other and, when dry, fatten rapidly. " ^ "^"^"^'^ *^'"» '^^.V 
 
 The largest prices ever iiaid forNew Zealand cafflp l.uv« u 
 for Shorthorns. Messrs. ll. and E. .Maclean, of Auc flam d frll..^ 
 many years gave great attenti»)n to this breed ^"'^'''''"*' ^'''^tnct, for 
 
 The famous bulls Duke of Newcastle and Duke of Cii.,i.,.,m 
 he property of the New Zealand Stock and pSrgree Co ,^f C' 
 bred by the Messrs. Maclean. These bulls took tin. i? I •^•' ^^" 
 the Am^klanrl fl.r,.innln.v.i .Ur.«,. .:..^ .1^^^^ ^^^ ^»«t prizes at 
 
 i 
 
 
 ton tribe Of pui. BaieMiHrproi;:;^;;;!^ M;::Bo;;er^^^^^^^ 
 
 bru ge IS of a light-roan color, and at four years of age w s v rv ,n ««h « 
 with great thickness through and of inimense d -pU wi ] '^ 'u'^^^,^^ 
 dei^.ne good spring of the rib, and level back. Ilis cZmi on 1. 
 Duke of New Cattle, a rich roan, wascabx'd in NovemlH.r iS Xi 
 Ninth Colonel Tregunter, <lain Countess «)f 1\ unt, ,7l v T^.^^^^^^ 
 erset (2G012), grand dam' Windsor, Ist hyli^mua^.^^.^ ^^ 
 Crocus by Henry tst (2G37()), 4th dam Cowslip by Saladin This s 
 l»ure IJates pe.ligree of great excellence. His sire, itl C\.loi el Tre 
 gunter, wa« out of a Siddin^jton cow, Dutches^ U4th, and has au uu-' 
 
AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 G47 
 
 broken liuo of thirteen Dutcbesses in bis pedigree. The Duke of New 
 Castle is of a beautiful roan color, bas a fine bead and well-shaped neck. 
 Each of these bulls took first prizes in their respective classes at the 
 cattle show at Sydney, one being for three years and over and the 
 other for two ypars and under three. In addition to this the Duke of 
 New Castle was awarded the first and champion i)rize for the best bull 
 of any breed, for which the whole of the Australasian colonies competed, 
 and it is said that the owners refused for him an offer of 2,000 guineas 
 ($10,000). 
 
 NEW ZEALAND POLLED CATTLE. 
 
 fi 
 
 The steady demand for bhusk Polled Aberdeen Angus cattle in the 
 United States has increased the price of this breed fully 50 per cent, in 
 Scotland. 
 
 The Polled Angus being natives of a cold climate are, of course, of a 
 liardy breed, and on that account are well adapted to the severe winters 
 of America, and, moreover, it is said they require no artificial feeding. 
 In the climate of North New Zealand, where they do not require Iiouh- 
 ing, it is thought they will do even better than in colder countries. Al- 
 though as yet this breed is confined principally to the colder latitudes 
 in the south island, it is thought they will soon be distributed through- 
 out the colony. I learn frorn a late number of the North British Agri- 
 culturist that Mr. AV. S. Davidson was fortunate enough while in Scot- 
 land to secure for New Zealand the celebrated Pride heifer and a pair 
 of yearling bulls of the Aberdeen Angus variety. 
 
 Mr. Davidson also pur«hased ibr New Zealand, Solomon (2,349 pounds), 
 of the celebrated Sybil family and winn«5r of the third prize at the last 
 Inverness show. The animal was bred by the Earl of Southesk, and is 
 the produce of the first prize national societies' animals, Sybil 2nd, of 
 Tillyfour (3520) and Knight of the Shire (1(59!)). The cost,"^like that of 
 both parents, was considerable. Mr. Davidson also bought from Mr. 
 George S. Grant, Achorachan, ( Henlivet, at a high i)rice, the yearling son 
 of the prize cow Patience of Gorskie (1932), bred at Drumin, and of 
 select pedigree. The sire of the yearling was the Erica Pride bull Proud 
 Viscount (1240). The Sybil bull is a son of a member of the late Mr. 
 I\IcCombie'8 Paris group, while the Patience yearling is half brother to 
 the celebrated heifer Pavilion (3772) wbich, exhibited by the Earl of Air- 
 lie, carried everything before her at the national shows. Eecently some 
 New Zealand bred Polled cattle have been exported to Australia. Two 
 of these were shipped to Queensland ; one of these, a yearling heifer 
 from Mr. Auld's cow Pride of Aberdeen, brought the sum of 510 guineas 
 ($2,550), and the cow Pride of Aberdeen brought 385 guineas ($1,925). 
 These cattle were the property of the New Zealand Land Company, and 
 were entirely grass-fed on the company's estate near Omaru. 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 NEW ZEALAND DEVONS. 
 
 The Devons, next to the Shorthorns and Herefords, are the most nu- 
 merous in New Zealand, and in time will become fully as popular. Mr. 
 James Dilworth, who was formerly president of the New Zealand Agri- 
 cultural and Pastoral Association, says that the Devons are an excellent 
 breed and thrive remarkably well in the Auckland district. He says 
 that some cattle exports think them superior to the Shorthorns, but, 
 owing to the fact that little knowledge prevails in regard to them, they 
 have not obtained the rank they deserve. They are smaller than the 
 
 li. 
 
 J 
 
648 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 IKS report, is of tbe opinio., that the DeJlIirrixen ar^ m^H^'f^i' "' 
 
 nil; J:^r'' ."•'''""??'•)' '^^^'^ ^'-^-""^ '^^ "^^ too Wv Tberha "?'^ 'f 
 ness of siction which nooti.er bree.l of cattle can enual " ^ '' ^'"^l^- 
 
 Zeahxnd. He sayj that'nrbe'er t rS 1 cm beS"X'r Th? '" ''^^ 
 than tlie Devon. They have better (lairy a laUties Tin fho n ^'^'^ 
 but do not grow or fatten so rapidly on rou-h Ted tSJ H«^«f««ls, 
 Drotitable to the butcher and r/rot^ SYrbftter than'S;?^;,!!"^-'*^^; 
 
 AYRSHIRES. 
 
 Ayrshires are also a lavwite breed here. Thev como ,>«x.f . 
 DAvons in regard to numbers, and are especialhSpte . 1;,?^' *,^""^ 
 
 found ,n New Zealand of various colors, principSv mS , V- '^' '^'^ 
 sometimes brown and white. ii"ivipdiiy rca and while and 
 
 The Ayrshire steers, unlike the HerefnnlK ^ir. ,.«f i 
 ami are usually sold for veal and thflTdSreare "fo^t^^^^^^ \^?^' 
 Dii worth owns a pure-blooded heifer of this breed th^^ nf'^' ^^''• 
 produced as much as 23 pounds of butter , ei w-ilf on I ""* """^ ^""« 
 from 12 to 15 pounds per week. ^ "'''' """'^ "''"' ^^'^^ages 
 
 I ALDERNEYS. 
 
 The Alderneys are not iininerous in New Ze-il-iiui n,.,i 
 upon as fancy cattle rather than nrot^t-ible n,7p« ti '^ "''.'^ '"^'^^ed 
 *^>r the richness and duality of "he rmikbu are nl^ ^'', '^•'l'^ ^«'« 
 dairies. They are of mtle value to thi; grazier. "'''^ '" ^'''^^ 
 
 MIXED BREEDS. 
 
 In addition to the distinct breeds I have described tl.nr« n 
 number of cross-bred cattle in New ZealVt d S? /. t *^ f '^ ^ ^reat 
 to the colonial bred Polled 'attk^ DnH ,1' f\T ^""^ ^«"fe'''«"' <lown 
 months thousaiHls of cnttle u4 S ;nc:S and'Lhvth?^^^^^ .f ""'"'^'^ 
 nary pastures without the aid of ei^TeiroSts S^vf^^^^^^^^^^ *?' "'*'•■ 
 parts of tlu! colon v cattle are fattened o.flw.nnJ,. ^^'''^' ^" '*'o»'e 
 the year. In districts sul iiVt to fW? ;f ■ ^^" P'^stm'es all tl.ro„«l, 
 mip,)ly of roots am lay o ' W idi t ? 1 H.^'e.'m "7 *" ^^^^^^ " ^'««" 
 «tall t,eding or even i.ousin!;'r:SS;'.5!;?irthe^Se;;itlT 
 
 large runs hel^ds";^ bi-;^ g ^^^^II^^:;;; ,^^^ «» «'>'"o of the 
 
AUSTRALASIA : NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 649 
 
 PRICE OF NEW ZEALAND CATTLE. 
 
 Threo-year-ohl steers are worth in Auckland from $20 to $30 eacb, 
 and when fat they realize i'roin 8.'5;') to $55, the market bciuff a very 
 riiictuatinj; one. The cattle are sold at per head, thv', calculatiou beinj; 
 ii guess one of i)er 100 pounds dead. The aui^tioneet's qiiotations vsiry 
 from $4.25 to $7.50 i)er 100 ])ounds of beef, tlie i)rice dei)endin^'on the 
 supi)ly, but the former is t)fteu the midsummer price and the latter the 
 midwinter or early spring. 
 
 DAIRY FARMING IN NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Dairy faruiing is carried on with profit in New Zealand by a large 
 proportion of the settlers, especially when the family can do the work, 
 without employing much extra help. Near the large towns and cities 
 considerable quantities of milk are consunu'd fresii, some farmers retail- 
 ing their own milk, while ot-hers sell wholesale to tiio dairy companies 
 or dealers, who sometimes receive it by railway from 10 to ;}0 miles. The 
 dealers generally ])ay from 10 to 10 cents per gallon for the milk. The 
 business of butter and cheese making, combined witli rearing (jalvesand 
 ])igs,'is i)rolitably followed when the distance Irom the city or railway 
 will not allow the ndlk to be sold fresh. tSeveral cheese factories are 
 now in lull worlcing order in the colony, the machinery for which was 
 imported from the United States. The farmers sui)ply'the milk from a 
 radius of 3 to 5 miles to these factories at from 7 to 8 cents per gallon, 
 and find it more profitable than butter-making. 
 
 NUMBER OF DISTINCT BREEDS IN N^ 
 
 ZEALAND. 
 
 ires all tlirouali 
 
 There are quite as many different kinds of cattle in New Zealand as 
 in tbe United States. Mr. l.^ilworth says ten distinct breeds are known 
 to exist in the colony, and there may be some others (recent importa- 
 tions) in the south island that have not as yet come under his knowl- 
 edge. The following are the mames of the different breeds of cattle in 
 New Zealand: Shorthcu'us or Durhams, llerefords, Ayrsiiires, Devons, 
 Black Polled Angus, Jerseys, Alderneys, Normans, and Bretons. The 
 Shorthorns and the llerefords are the two principal breeds. The New 
 Zealand Stock and Pedigree Conqtany own a herd of the latter, pure 
 blood, nund)ering over seven hundred. 
 
 One of the most striking facts in connection with the cattle industry 
 of this colony is their wonderful injinunity from diseases which cause 
 such devastation in Australia. For instance, pleuropneumonia cai'iiot 
 live in New Zealand. This dreadfid disease was introduced here on 
 two occasions from Australia, but at once assumed a very mild type, 
 and soon disappeared altogether. Another I'act almost as interesting 
 is that cattle are never vicious in New Zealand. It is well known in 
 Auckland district tliat cattle will not light one another. I have often 
 observed that when bulls of an (Miual age are turned into a paddock 
 together for tlie first time, they will not take notice of each other. 1 
 have also observed that in large dairies where fresh ccjws are repeatedly 
 introduced it is never necessary to cut or cap their horns. 
 
 COST OF TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 The cost for shipping cattle j)er head to San Francisco via the Pacific 
 Mail Steamship Company is $150 to $200. This cost would be ma- 
 terially lessened if they were shipped in sullicient numbers to justify 
 
 iM\'^ 
 
650 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY rARVlINCJ. 
 
 the company iu making arrangements for regular sliinmoiits Ti... . 
 
 NewTiKnd ^?" ^':*>'",J^"»<'on to Auckla^.l via ti.r'tSme.s 7£ 
 JNew Zealand Sbiniung Corapanv and tlm Shiw s-iriih. .... i *i, ^"'^ 
 Co is from $200 £'.«.4 per 'hea;!.' Tho^xpoi ^I oHVeding a Li ,';,".^^ 
 both on the San Francisco steamers and the direct steamSs to '1^ . "'*' 
 18 about 2 siul ngs (48 cents) per day. The fooaco^^'^ito^!";^ 
 of oaten hay 25 pounds of oaten chart; and a little bran ^ '"*'' 
 
 Ihe cost ot transporting cattle from London to New Ze-ilm,! i 
 
 been materially redncp.l sitw.« ti.« r.ot..M:„i ^ „i- ,. '^:'^'»'«'n(l lias 
 
 service with this 
 next the charges 
 Zealand Shipping 
 present rates. 
 
 G. W. GRIFFIN 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 AucJcland^ i\r. Z., February 4, 1884. 
 
 Consul, 
 
 CATTLE STATISTICS OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 The Shorthorn cattle give an anunal avenij^o of ,4,:W0 ponnd.s of n.ni- t *, • 
 mate thev will niilk nearly tho year round "iVn nounrls nf .niii , ^" ^^^^ ^'i- 
 
 rhcy arrive ar, maturity at (our years. The averiD-fi w..ur if r.f ' ^ '^'''^^"'"•'Is. 
 «>0 pounds. The C0W8 aro red, roai and w li e • , .fl .n.i ^^ ( '"'''"^^ *^ niiilnritv is 
 
 imre br,,eds e„niofV..„i English "lleCand dc^i 
 
 Holland during the last century l.y English breeders "np.'it.d from 
 
 1 lie cattle are not housed in tiiis cmiiitrv ti,..,' .,„„ ,. 
 
 jvinter two feeds per day o/ oaterhay ffinip. ."^^ cTov. rC ^T '"S ^^"''' "' 
 handled mostly through storekeepers and co„u„i,:Jim, n.^rh. ns T^ l!™''"'=t« ".o 
 there l.eiuj; no dairy furininp- on , I,-.,.,.,. .,...1.. "h truants. 11i,n i.s eun.sed bv 
 
 ti.ere being no dairy fanning on a large scale. 
 
 J ho mean temperature of Auckland is .VJ.:?; in winter, (ir..4. 
 
 by 
 
 ami sandy soils are found in New Zealand sci t'te re ,^r I nt' Jn. '''''''^^ '"=""' ''"J"' 
 d.srict of Auckland. Tin.othy is not nmcl cultivate ! buf clo^^^ ;'"'• '''''T '^' 
 aud white) as largely cultivated. Eye gntsses, pe Inniu alian I m/l '.'"nr "' ''' 
 
 CATTLE IN TASMANIA. 
 
 REPORT HT CONSUL }yEBSTEI{, OF UOIUltT. 
 
 With reference to cattle cinjular of 18th July and accoinnuivinr. 
 memoranda, I have the honor to sav with rennet tlit..fJ«,.?r ^ 
 the government inspector of stock, \ tS that'no nt^s' ? 1 J t wS 
 would enable me to supply you with reliable information ^ 
 
 ?;rKf/"f '''''^^ ^'"'^ attention has been paid here to cattle breedin.r 
 Ihe total number of cattle in the island is 122,500 o.dy. "'''^"'"'' 
 
 A. C5. WEBSTER, 
 /, Consul, 
 
 Consulate of the United States, 
 
 Jlobarf, November 28, 1883, 
 
AUSTRALASIA : VICTORIA. 
 
 651 
 
 CATTLE IN VICTORIA. 
 
 REPOItT IST OONSUL-QENERAL SPENCER. 
 
 Koferring to circular letter of July 18, 1883, relative to stock breeding 
 iuicl dairy products ia this colony, I herewith trausniit all the informa- 
 tion I have been iiblo to obtain on the subject, which is, I ragret to say, 
 very njeager and unsatisfactory. 
 
 On the receipt of the circular I placed myself in communication with 
 the secretary of agriculture for this colony, requesting him to furnish 
 me, so far as practicable, with the desired information. 
 
 On the receipt of his reply, in view of the disappointing character of 
 the information thus obtained, T addressed a circular letter to the lead- 
 ing cattle-breeders and dairymen of this colony, but with only indiffer- 
 ent success. 
 
 As the result of my inquiries and observations, I am led to believe 
 tiuit the United States has little or nothing to learn in respect to cattle 
 breeding and dairy liirming from Australia, where bo*^h these industries 
 may be regarded as still in their experimental stage. 
 
 With a boundless pasturage and a most propitious climate, rendering 
 housing or hand-feeding unnecessary, all the year round, there has 
 hitherto been no necessity for conducting these and similar industries 
 on strictly scien title principles; hence I account for the unsatisfactory 
 character of the information obtained. 
 
 O. M. SPENCER, 
 
 ConsvlOeneral. 
 
 United States Consulate-General, 
 
 Melbourne, May 16, 1884. 
 
 11 ii 
 
 m 
 
652 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 CATTLE IN SYRIA. 
 
 REl-ORT BY CONSUL HOUKSON, Of SEIIWT. 
 
 raisers m the Uniteri States r l... v,? ,. „ f i' i "' ^^ *'* "«« to stock 
 
 ou .1.0 brco.,,-,,,. r:u»n,i:k/„';':;'tt;':;v;i:;j',°:;-.;;;s^;!;;; «.y .•«« 
 
 BREEDS f)l.> CATTLE IN SYRIA. 
 
 Hays3' (of Diunjiscius). *"""^' ^^^'•"'M'»'itive or coininon)- 
 
 <liii). They are well /briiied ami hink ■ .wi *'*^""^'^-y I'^yond tlieJor- 
 Uer. (The natives of thirconrvt.^, [.kittle ?f'a^ 7^1 '"'" tHl- 
 average weight (,f the Joulany at three veurs o hi IvT^"^ ^''« «'«^^« 
 to ows: TiM' bull and ox i\ommi)ZZtZmat fn^*' '*;" ''"^^'» ''« 
 500 pounds. The JJeiady ddlors very 1 tirfm t'l ? ''?'^ ^''0'» ^5<> to 
 
 Jsothot the above-naiiied l)r<M>ilvi 'uo .,u..-i c ,' '^'^•^- 
 
 plowing in Syria is (loluri. i:^'„ X^^^^^^^^ 
 
 be„j«- used for the cultivatioi. of tl.e s,!il ''"'''^^«» ""»lc'«, nor caa.ols 
 
 -he Ilaysy breed (Darnasiiene) are reddish brow,, ,-.. . 
 ar-er than either the Joulany or the iSd ,,^7 *'"'"'' '^'s:''tiy 
 
 best l.ree.l for u.ilk and butter xL^ro f™ il ^?"'' •^•^^^'' the 
 bowever, to the breeding and raising ol^,uil^ ^Jttle attention given, 
 
 BREEDING AND RAISING SVEIAN CATTLE. 
 
 The natives generally breed from bulls before thev ..r<.f «. 
 iKstead of mature animals: nor do thev 'wvo ..nt*^ ''^e two years of age, 
 deeding or housing; thev have no Inr .7,S^ <i'y special attention to 
 other stoek. Th.r;=attl.^ ^ ^^S ^^t^n^^ ''T'^^ r'""' «>■ 
 Mhen not grazing in the eonuiions or pi ,wi ,. TlV: ' '*^ ' '^' ""■"^''• 
 J)oor in most i)arts of th(. coiintrv but in t ,1 u Srazuig is ratlier 
 
 Damasc.is, the pastures aiv goo i or s v or « J "'"' '""/ ^''•' '''"'"« '»f 
 (From May till October w havTno nh . w.Z ''' '/'.""^'T '" ^'"'■V*'"'- 
 is not irrigated, the vegeta I'm <| e^u n 'X'l^^^^ where the land 
 the cattle are generally left to lh', 7.. ...h m f^^''?'"^"" Mouiitaii, 
 .season; the grazing en ^4tik or t^^ ""' '''"''"^' ^''^ «""""^''- 
 
 inulber'ry and grape-v , e^Vivi s 'nf f.^^^^^^^^ thin. I,, autu.nn 
 
 tie, whili during tlu, w i t^; i;;:" ^ e'n , wTtl wtS';" ""' '*^'.^ ^"^ •^''^t' 
 the dry residue of the n.ulbe TvlJa'Vs eft b Tir. if '''''^ 
 
 bee. The I^.«antS^vl;o';s^iJ^r^^^ -"Sit- -;^^^^^^^^ 
 
SYRIA. 
 
 653 
 
 y 18, ]S8;5, ,it.,i,, 
 
 't\onise to stock. 
 
 nbMntiriy report 
 lukey. 
 
 arc til roe breeds 
 ve or com moil)- 
 
 i«<I to Lave been 
 
 beyond tlieJor. 
 
 ' sweet aiKl ten- 
 
 'ff-) Tbcfrross 
 
 "« put down as 
 
 iow from 450 to 
 
 ••i"iy ill weight 
 ary. 
 
 , ill fact all the 
 It's, nor camels 
 
 color, slightly 
 considered the 
 ttention given, 
 
 '0 years ot'age, 
 il attention to 
 •sing cattle or 
 
 of the owner 
 ^iiif,' is rather 
 
 tlic plains ot 
 « ill the ,vear. 
 Iicrc the land 
 on Mountain 
 
 tlic summer 
 • In autiunn 
 r food to cat- 
 . cut tine, and 
 ns. In some 
 , which give 
 not good for 
 "attic in this 
 
 country do not allow tho calves to suckle more than a few days after 
 they have been dropped; when seven or eight days old they are taken 
 from the cows and are feil on grass and other food. This system in- 
 jures the calves very much, and they soon become thin and weak The 
 Arabs, however, think that taking the milk that nature intended for 
 the calf and selling it is a clear gain. 
 
 MEAT, MILK, AND CHEESE IN SYllIA. 
 
 The best breeds for beef are the two first, viz, the Joulany and IJe- 
 iady. The Damascene are considered the best for milk and b'utter but 
 are harder to keej), taking twice as niu(!h food as either of the other 
 breeds. It is diflicult to get any statistics of the quantity of butter or 
 (Cheese nianutactnred in the country. Butter is sold hesh asi soon 
 as taken Iroin the milk; none is kept in stock or prepared for exporta- 
 tion. The quantity of cheese made is so small that the manufacture of 
 cheese cannot be considered an industry in Syria. 
 
 There is no way of finding out the number of cattle in mv consular 
 district, nor the percentage of the several breeds or the iierceut'in'e 
 bred for the dairy and beef, nor the increase or decrease of stock The 
 cattle seem to be sufficient for all the demands, as none are imported 
 
 The best bulls can be i»urchased at a ])rice varying from $7.'> to SIOO- 
 cows from $70 to $90. " ' 
 
 EXPORT OF SYRIAN CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATED. 
 
 The best method for exporting cattle to the United States from Syria 
 IS by one of the English lines of steamers jilying- between Beirut and 
 Liverpool, there to be reshipiied. 
 
 '^1''*^ cost per head for cattle, from the best information 1 can "et will 
 be $.o to $80, including food, &c ; for a number better rates inicrht be 
 obtained. "^ 
 
 I have seen line cattle about Damascus, and I am of the opinion that 
 with careful breeding and proper raising Syrian cattle are worthy of 
 the attention ot American stock-raisers and farmers. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 I think that the liat-tailcd .sheep of Syria arc well adapted to many 
 parts ot the Lnited States, especially the Southwestern States amr'^er- 
 I itories. They make good mutton, are hardy, and grow to a large size 
 a iK^r fleeces are hiie,.weighing from lli to ir> pounds each. The wool 
 IS of the best quality for making carpets and other heavy woolen goods 
 J he average price of sheep is $r, ,.er head. The cost of exportation to 
 the United States via Liverpool wouhl be about $.'50 i)er head, includ- 
 ing food. ' 
 
 PROHIBITED.* 
 
 I beg to remind all who may be interested in the exportation of 
 horses, mules donkeys, cattle, and slieej) from Turkey that the same 
 IS prohibited by the laws of the Ottoman Empire. 
 
 JOHN T. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 li^irvt, March 30, 1.S84. 
 
 KOBESON, 
 
 Consul. 
 
 " In hiH report upon tlw- " Antfoni Roat." pul.lish.'d ii, No. :{l , (or Jul v." 1883 Cousnl- 
 General Heap thnn rele.-H to tbe prohibit io,,' of f l,e export of live ani.nalH : 
 
 Inbitert tho export at Angora goatH. This was done hi response to a petition on tho 
 
654 
 
 CATTLE AND DA IKY FARMING. 
 Special stadatics concerning cattle in Syria. 
 
 Xamn of 
 bree<l. 
 
 
 Name of country. 
 
 S:S •i<"s ■«<- 
 
 i: 0,0 S;o 3 . 
 
 " I ■ $ I « 9 *i 
 
 «5 i(S°'g2 tg 
 
 size at niatnr- L. 
 
 ity (feet). jLivewelght 
 
 Basbam ... 
 
 CoaNt and inte- 
 I'iur. 
 
 Mount Lebanon 
 and tbediHtrict 
 of Daniasuus. 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 IC 1 17 
 
 I>('H(Tl|iti(in. 
 
 ^'"'■k! great 
 Pnwer of m. 
 durance, 
 
 Dark brown ■ 
 '■"•npiictana 
 
 tan ami slcn^ 
 <lor legs, 
 
 ^_- ■ I I 
 
 Topography and climate of Syria. 
 
 Uuited Sfate.sf 'who woulhTo doibt obtSil?-' ** *""''"'* '^'"""«'' ^"" ""'"^tor^.f tlo 
 
CEYLON. 
 
 B51 
 
 
 44 
 
 ~— — — 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
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 c ;; 
 
 
 
 
 
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 0) 
 
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 a 
 
 
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 — ■ — 
 
 ~_ 
 
 frt. 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 440 
 
 Black J ^ejt 
 power of fo. 
 
 3 
 
 430 
 
 ^auraiiec. 
 Dark brown, 
 •■"inpactmia 
 
 3 
 
 511 
 
 „ well kiiif. 
 
 K'-'liliHhbrwn, 
 tan anil slea. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 <ler legs. 
 
 ROIIC 
 
 "■'•I'y kept ill 
 
 Kl•^lz(^ 
 
 I" tiutiiniii 
 
 wii 
 
 ter 
 
 they are fed 
 
 CEYLON. 
 
 CATTLE OF CEYLOIT. 
 
 REPORT liY CONSUL MORET. 
 
 DIPPIOULTIKS WHICH BESET CATTLE-BREEDING IN CEYLON. 
 
 Tbe materials for a report upon the cattle of Ceylon are very meager. 
 The climate of the low country is too humid and tUe pasturage too 
 pom" for the vigorous support of the largo animals sometimes imported 
 from Europe. Australia, and the hill districts of India, nor can they be 
 Hiiid to thrive greatly in the more elevated region, for even there the 
 natural grasses are neither nutritious nor wholesome, and if these spe- 
 cies of cattle are not largely fed on grain or roots they fall off in condi- 
 tioii and die early, having in the meantime produced a degenerate pro- 
 geny. 
 
 I have it on the authority oi a European lady, who has a taste for 
 the breeding of improved cattle, and who has expended laige sums of 
 money and much time and attention in that direction, that her early ef- 
 forts in Nuwar Eliya, which is the sanitarium of Ceylon and over 0,000 
 feet above sea-level, were very disappointing, in consequence of her 
 best animals often dying of intestinal complaints. Post-mortems finally 
 disclosed the fact that much of the grass they had consumed was so 
 hard and wiry that it had resisted digestion and remained in the animal 
 ill the form of large fibrous balls, which completely stopped intestinal 
 operations and caused death. 
 
 The plan finally adopted by this i)ersevering lady to preserve alive 
 siicli of her surplus stock, princii)ally cows out of milk and youngsters, 
 as it was impracticable to keep stall-fed, was to send them down to 
 Pussellawa, to a coffee estate about 3,000 feet above sea-level, where 
 they were fed on cultivated grass, for the sake of their manure, and 
 tiius the stock was for a considerable time kept in fairly good condition. 
 Eventually, however, the said coffee estate went under different man- 
 agement, when, owing either to a neglect about cultivating the grass or 
 t«) not feeding it to the cattle, those poor brutes were, to my knowledge, 
 soon reduced to a most pitiable state of starvation, from which it proved 
 imi)ossil)le to recover them, and the moiety if not the whole of that choice 
 liord is now extinct. 
 
 Most other i)eople's attempts at rearing improved slock here have 
 resulted about the same, and, although there are in the central prov- 
 iiicr, where most of these operations were carried on, some very nice 
 stock of mixed parentage, still it has been reared at a cost far beyond 
 its viilue, and if not kept up by fresh importations of new blood from 
 abroad, will i)robably degenerate and run out in the course of another 
 decade. It also seems to be very <litlicu f. to improve the common Sin- 
 ghalese cattle by crossing them with foreigners (see Plate 1); for what- 
 evef the present improvement, principally in size, may be, such progeny 
 are generally wanting in hanliness, and crosses likely to work au im- 
 l)rovciaent in this respecit are diilicult of accomplishment. Some beau- 
 tiful bulls 01 the Amrut Mahal (Milk Palace) breed, which I imported 
 
656 
 
 OATTLK AND DAIRY PARMINO. 
 
 1 M^ 
 
 fill 
 
 
 
 
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 lis 
 
 : i 
 
 
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 i""al»itiM, fljo TH..^,. c-oun^y ofV-Ua t' ^. ' ;;,; ^^l^.tij^^ 
 
 •onlonnatioM a.Ml color, tho, c.ittlo'now <^oMMn<.M t en' ^ w "?' 
 
 ot f hilt portion of In.Iia l.vin». „,,„• y ,nm si V/t . s is hh '^^^ 
 .m;;l.t ..Rurally 1„. ..xp.H...! that sud. JJn^n s w H. j ' !', ^ll''^'^ 
 <lnc('<l. It mast )<• icmi'iiilx'n'd liou-,.v,.i. u. .^ fi , '.^^ *'"♦•" 'iitro- 
 
 I tlM'iHon, l,,.Iiov(. that the popularly termed Sin-hales.. ,..,hi 
 mainly th,- otrsp,in,:,M,r relu;iu'sto.'k ; an.l tlo,-" so H«1r 
 •■rate in sue, ami now almost inc. iise(,nentia (Pin'. .1: '''^^''"■ 
 nevertheless he„er suited t.> thiselim e • ln> or Kv'T' ''f 
 
 othKs insular people than any otlu-r variety at esent ' / ""'"'^ 
 
 Ihe lar^'est of them do not exceed 1 feet "in hci^n. .„ . , 
 fop of the hump, oyer the withers, not ti^j i o? jj ' :;:;i:;; ^'J^ 
 (lie females are ulmut implies lower, osviim- not «mlv to n ■''• 
 
 ;t';;.'u::;[';:;';i,:.'';L;;;,:" "•''•■■"'■"■■ ^'^y^'^-^^^^^Xsx 
 
 rhe maxMuum amount of milk yielded by ucow under fiyo,.,l,h. 
 it.t rate ot or 7 miles an hour, and if the driver enteitaios a con- 
 
m. 
 
 >o oiiticcd into inter. 
 <l<»('S(!()inin()n|y,„.,,„f 
 
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 Ins island, uhcnco jt 
 )nl(l have Im'oii intro- 
 i«^ Indian conqiu'iors 
 •*'<>|»l<',<;ani(( Ciom th,. 
 tl.v kept np an active 
 (>l)taininf,' from tjica- 
 y tlicir domestic aiii. 
 
 ^|i>i«hak'.s(M'atflo)m- 
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 ;ht, measured to the 
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CEYLON. 
 
 65? 
 
 <;elt about his animal being fast, the poor thing will have to race, load 
 or no load, with every other turnout of the same sort that conies f ' >ng. 
 Tben the shrieks and wild howlings of the rival jehus are almos. un- 
 earthly, and the twisting of the poor brutes' tails, as a last resorl to 
 increase their locomotion, is incessant and positively inhuman. 
 
 These little animals are treated with much care, and only used as 
 roadsters ; whereas the mothers, and in fact all of their cows, when out 
 of milk, are put to the plow by the rural Singhalese, who would much 
 sooner behave thus ignobly towards the weak and obedient females 
 than be put to the bother and expense of keeping unruly male animals 
 for such purposes. 
 
 The Singhalese cattle are of all colors — though black, very dark-brown, 
 and rod, arc the prevailing colors. When white appears to any con- 
 siderable extent it indicates an intermixture with other blood, and fore- 
 bodes a want of hardiness. Many of the male animals are branded all 
 over the body, in huge designs, after the stylo of lace or fretwork, and 
 this i.s done for ornament originally, although there is a belief that it 
 improves the stamina and condition of a bullock to so brand it. Ac- 
 cordingly, whenever an inhuman cartinan has by overwork, cruel neg- 
 lect, and starvation, reduced his animals to almost the last extremity, 
 he gives them a few days' rest, meantime calling in some fiend with 
 firing irons, who cauterizes the wretched creatures into popular condi- 
 tion for further labor. 
 
 In fact these people have a proverb (as I believe most other folks 
 have) to justify monstrosities and foolishness), viz., that "the bullock 
 will come to its owner once a year, and ask to be branded." Here let 
 me state thai; this practice of such doubtful utility, to say the best of 
 it, renders the hides of the animals almost worthless to the tanner, as, 
 wherever a hot iron has touched an animal's skin, the leather will be 
 fatally defective. 
 
 IMPORTED CATTLE IN CEYLON. 
 
 In years past, before railroads were common, and when, owing to a 
 large production of coffee, money was plentiful, many excellent draft 
 cattle of large size were imported, and Plate No. 4 fairly represents 
 those of a breed coming from Tanjore, which, though of fair longevity 
 in their own country, where the climate is dry, do not last long here 
 when put to work in the interior where, at high alt:*ndes, cold rainy 
 weather prevails, causing amongst them such serious mortality that 
 now, fresh importations having fallen off for Avant of a demand, but 
 few respectable specimens of this really fine breed are to be seen here. 
 
 Some of oar rich estate proprietors in prosperous times also got down 
 Nellore cattle, bnlls and cows, both for draft and the dairy i)urposes 
 for which they excel, but the cost of their keep, for they require to be 
 almost entirely stall-fed in Ceylon, and the absolute necessity for careful 
 European control and supervision, which is expensive and not always 
 to be had, render them a luxury which, owing also toearly mortality, is 
 somewhat transient, and only to be enjoyed by the wealthy, a class not 
 common here now. 
 
 There are a few reputable speciments of these Nellore cattle still to 
 be found in Ceylon, but I cannot regard them as fair representative 
 types of the breed. There are also Australian of mixed European 
 blood, and some English cattle, but the same conditions required by 
 the Nellores also largely apply to them and are not available, conse- 
 quently the breed is disappearing fast. 
 
 H. Ex. 51 42 
 
658 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 
 There are crosses between the English and some Indian breeds fn, 
 seen which to n.y mind, especially on account oftheir snper.o.sh "'''^ 
 to withstand the varieties and peculiarities of the climate/are otv?// 
 local utihry than their originals. Plate No. 5 represents poor Iv^. '"^' 
 specimen of them, viz, a draft bullock well known here! iSsi ,?"ll 
 of the best points m some measure of both varieties in his mS''"' 
 and having their marked characteristics amalganmted and UuS^'-' 
 m a highly usetiil and interesting manner, vi. : the N.-llo-es , , '?'' 
 somewhat stilty limbs are shortened in the (^ross-bred and tli^.i S ""' 
 tions altered, so that the animal, though standing on short t&^^^^ 
 ong and mnscular thighs with short canncns, and the body soS ''! 
 lengthened and broadened, covers more groui ,1, which po nts n "^ 
 with the retention of the massy fore quarters ,.f the hlSvlZ^ 
 
 The photograph does the animal injustice with respect to theso ,mi„f 
 owing to the picture having been taken m a circumscri mI '^r '' 
 nuny day and there was no opportunity of gettii...- •1^1'.''" 
 
 BUFFALOS. 
 
 The common Buffalos also inhabit Ceylon and are found both wii,i ; 
 the interior and partially tame in the Singhalese villagcvs) 0^11^1. " 
 kept and used to trample the paddy (rice) lands after Xw U Sf ! 
 be sometimes milked, though not often, as they are ti('r co • m n'mii 
 
 aEttdS '"'' ^' "^'' ^""^' ^'"^ ^^ I'Oo^qualityl^Th^at 
 
 siderab e numbers, for they are fairly tractible and give" y; ZZ 
 
 wholesome milk and being kept in the neighborhood of 1,^1 
 Mid allowed to feed upon the commons, they present an interc m- H 
 
 to strangers who are astonished at their almost hairless uiic ou linf 
 the very exemp ihcation of ugliness; and the wonder is still tli' 
 creased, wheii the awkward beasts, to avoid the miclday 1 eat 1^^^^ 
 l.berately into the neighboring ponds, submerging th^i ^1 4 mftl 
 only their noses, raised almost perpendicular, protrude above he ;!?e' ' 
 presenting the appearance of a shoal of alligators ' 
 
 No successful attempt at crossing these animals with true cattle has 
 I behove, been made; the mixed progeny, whenever any Ceaed' 
 having invariably died young. '"^ '«ppeareu, 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 1 ^^ 7^^} ^?.f®^" ^'^*"" '''!':'^ ''^ hereinbefore written, that a «r'eciesof 
 dwarted ca tie, too insignificant in every resp.ct for Wcs.hm j ,m ,L 
 though we 1 suited to the small wants of a simple people. i« the o h' 
 permanently successful an<l largely useful breed in tlie island- and this 
 by some natural interposition, is suited to live in a cliniwfc, KraduatiiiK 
 tnrough all degrees of tciiii.urature, froa. exUvmc tonid m tlio low 
 country, to mild frigid on the hilKs, and to subsist upou such poor vc'c- 
 tation as grows in the meanest soils of almost every description Knowu 
 
CEYLON. 
 
 659 
 
 to geologists ; whereas no known breed of superior cattle can exist upon 
 the natural pasturage of the island and endure the climate, accompanied 
 witl) the tormenting attacks of the land leeches, which are common in 
 (lamp weather, up to an altitude of at least 4,000 feet, unless it be in 
 the Horton Plains, which have not been practically tried. Therefore, 
 it seems impracticable to attempt the tilling up of the tables attached 
 to tlie circular letter now under replj, and for that reason I hope the 
 oniis.sioii will be excused. 
 
 I would have illustrated this report with colored plates, but did not 
 consider it of sufficient importance to warrant so much elaboration, 
 more especially as the photographs (except No. 5) fairly represent their 
 subjects. 
 
 W. MOEEY, 
 
 Consul. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Colombo, November 1, 1883. 
 
 M 
 
660 
 
 ;t 
 
 If ' 
 
 •' iiiiiiw 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 MALAYSIA. 
 
 t:he water buffalo of siam and Malaysia. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL STXJDER, OF SINOAPORE. 
 
 I have to ackuowledge the receipt of a Department circuhir of date 
 July 18 last, addressed to the consular officers of the United States. 
 
 I have carefully and repeatedly read and reflected upon the tortus and 
 memoranda just alluded to, and, while fully impressed with the {jreat 
 importance to the agricultural interests of the United States of the 
 subject rontemplated in the said circular, 1 can truly say, as a native- 
 born Swiss and as an American citizen who has resided for a number 
 of years in the State of Iowa, engaged in farming, owning and breeding 
 stock, that any information I can give about the territory and prov* 
 inces lying within the limits of my consular jurisdiction and adjacent 
 countries or islands can be of no practical benefit whatever to llie .stock- 
 breeders of the United States, whatever interest it may have otherwise 
 as a contribution toward a full understanding of the whole question ot 
 cattle-raising; anil were 1 ever so willing to obtain and give the infdr 
 mation required in anyway in accordance with the said forms and mem- 
 oranda, I leel fully certain that no ont here, with any degree of satis- 
 faction to myself and to the Department, could give it to me. 
 
 The colony of the Straits Settlements and intervening Malay prov 
 inces under British protection (the territory within my consular juris- 
 diction) is not a cattle-breeding country, notwithstanding that districts 
 therein are devoted, more or less, to agriculture ; and very nearly all 
 the cattle used in the same for beef and for draft purposes," the passeu 
 ger traffic excepted, are imported from Siam and some of the suzerain 
 Slalayan provinces nearest to Siam proper; from Burmah and Bengal, 
 but mostly from the Coromandel coast; and they are peculiar breed.s 
 of cattle not met with anywhere in Europe or America, and seemingly 
 specially adapted to the tropics. They are lop-eared and hunchbacked, 
 with a very thin covering of hair. 
 
 There are several varieties as to size, color, form, horns, and strength. 
 The best as to weight and strength and power of endurauce under a 
 tropical sun come from the Madras coast chiefly, and occasionally from 
 Bengal (the largest size), and Siam. 
 
 The cattle of the countries alluded to, I feel certain, could not endure 
 the climate of the United States, except i)erhaps the extreme southern 
 parts of Louisiana, Florida, and Texas. And as the cattle of our South- 
 ern States are much larger, tiner, and inured to the climate, and giviuff 
 far better returns in beef aid dairy products (quantity and quaSty), I 
 fail to see wliat any one would gain by importing stock for breeding oi 
 race-mixing purposes from India. 
 
 There are a few Hindoos engaged in the dairy business, keeping small 
 herds of cows. Tliey raise calves, keep the heifers, sell the steers to 
 cartmen, while the old worthless cows are disjjosed of for beef. The 
 owners of worn-out cattle, after allowing them a few weeks' rest on coarse 
 tough grass (called ballang), sell the same also for beef, so called. 
 
MALAYSIA AND JAVA. 
 
 661 
 
 Beef cattle are really not indigenous to any portion of jungle-covered 
 Miilavsia ; the buffalo alone finding subsistence therein. But the latter 
 is uot used for dairy purposes, and buffalo meat is only eaten, owing to 
 its toughness and unpleasant flavor, by the lowest and poorest classes, 
 chiefly Chinese, when it is eaten at all. But for purposes of heavy 
 (iraft, such as plowing, cart, or log-hauling, the buffalo, being a ponder- 
 ous and most ])owerful beast, much larger and heavier than our largest 
 American ox, is unexcelled in point of strength and power of endurance; 
 but mud-holes, fords, swamps, or creeks, places where he can wallow and 
 bathe, are necessary for this animal. For the cultivation of rice he is 
 therefore invaluable to the natives. He must be unhitched when he 
 gets restive, this being a sign that he wants to bathe. If this is not 
 done he becomes, as a rule, dangerous. 
 
 I have seen bufl'alos in size and weight about half way between a 
 very large ox and an average elephant. 
 
 They have very heavy, ponderous, and peculiar horns, resembling some- 
 what those of the western American buffalo, only very much larger. 
 They are a sort of mouse-colored (as a chief color), from i>inkish blue to 
 dark in shade, and have an exceeding thin coating of hair (if any at 
 all), the tail (bushy at the end), ears, and head excepted. They are very 
 numerous in the rice-growing districts in Siani, and everywhere met 
 with where there are native settlements on tlie peninsula, of Malacca 
 and all through Malaysia, and at Penang more than at Singapore. 
 
 They are unsafe, often very dangerous and vicious. The Malays and 
 natives of Siam, who breed them almost alone, understand how to manage 
 and work them. 
 
 In the jungles of the Malayan peninsula there is a wild sjjecies, ex- 
 ceedingly dangerous, going in herds. 
 
 The buffalo (really known as the "Water Buflalo") I believe could not 
 live, or not live long, outside of hot, moist, and swampy countries; he 
 must have mud and water, and for that reason alone it would be ex 
 tremely difBcult to bring him over a great sea distance. 
 
 A. G. STUDER, 
 
 Consul. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 k^ingapore, November 9, 1883. 
 
 THE JAVA BUFFALO. 
 
 REPORT BY CONSUL HATFIELD. 
 
 I have to acknowledge the receipt of circular relative to breeding 
 foreign cattle in the United States. 
 
 There is, however, very little, if any, information of interest bearing 
 upon this important question procurable here, and but one kind of cattle 
 that could be imported, if at all, into the United States ; even then, the 
 South would, for climatic reasons, have to be selected. • • * 
 
 I refer here to the Java Buff'alo, an Jinimal well-nigh indispensable 
 to the native, a beast of burden when alive, and furnishing foo(', hides, 
 and bone when slaughtered. 
 
 I am very sorry to say that, after having tried to get from more than 
 one authority such data as desired on the second page of your circular, 
 I find it not procurable, nor does it seem that any bureau, department, 
 or private party can supply the same. 
 
 ^L.. 
 
U2 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 
 hyvt, does not cost as Tnncli, aiul na a rWn f i^nX ..n ,.^^T''''''''v 
 t.ves and tlu, poorer classes'sene.a ly I foo.I ^ IrS"!"?;' ^'-^ >"i- 
 ence l.ere has proven tluit l.e t hri ves best wl.e.nu krS ed / ..f ''^'"• 
 to graze at large and in the neifiliborhood .,f a no lor ^^^^ ^^ 
 stream of water. A buffalo will iiivinv.hlv t.> -^ +' Vi • •"'"^'••niiiuo 
 
 l.in.solf np to his neck, and ililV";^'/^.^ Inc'l^^.S^hr 'l"""'^^ 
 MX hours every day if he can. ^ "^ t^ontent ior live or 
 
 f l.n'i!'!^!"/""''"!? **^^^''« '*''^"<^ ""^^ Sumatra have suffered n,„,.l. i 
 1..^ l)ast four or five years from a ph.su- attac^dnLMl is c-m '''I'^l'^'' 
 {,'oveniment has done all it well could to i eve t . «,.^. I ..' "'"^ ^^^ 
 case, ^yith fairly satisfactory results 1^.^ plan adoC;^^^^ '^'^ 
 
 luomplly kill any animal attacked, and in ma nvV^S h ^"^ ''^'^'" ^o 
 the same herd. Fanners in sever iSselK^ crS oufT '''"' '^ ''^ 
 system as entailing unnecessaiy expense upon The rrmi.^^'""'^ ^^^^ 
 make good the value to the ownir) a.,Vi^i,iZp ul.f reL?''^ ^"'^'" 
 
 Jt certainly is seen that the treatment to wl iol, K f?i'"'er.s. 
 
 been subjected by European veterS »Tlrgeons in k S ^'''' 
 
 preventing their free access to the watir has noMm.nli . '^ *''^'" ''"^l 
 ticii)ated result, for many sound beasts ^ 1^1 ,-''"^,^^ ''''^^t fl'** an- 
 it, thus causing the oxtermSon of all. '""'^ '^ ^^'^ '" ""»'«• 
 
 OSCAK HATFIELD. 
 
 Consulate op the United States Oonnul. 
 
 Batavia, Jamiary 11, 1884. 
 
JAPAN 
 
 663 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 CATTLE IN JAPAN. 
 
 REPORT OF CONSUL JONES, OF NAGASAKI. 
 
 I have the houor to acknowledge letter of tJio Department of State of 
 Jiilv 18, 1883, desiring infornuition n-liitive to breeding cattle for the 
 i)eneflt of the fstock-breeders of the United States. 
 
 Ja|)an cannot be said to be a stock-breeding eonntry. Previous to 
 the arrival and settlement of foreigners in the country — now some 
 twenty-five yeans — beef, milk, butter, and cheese were not used by the 
 natives as articles of food, and were in fact unknown to them. 
 
 There are no woids in the Japanese language for beef, butter, and 
 (;heese, except those recently framed irom the English for convenience' 
 sake, and infuse only at the treaty port. These words are not known 
 or used in the interior of the country. 
 
 There are no larms in Japan, as an American understands the mean- 
 ing of the word farms. There are. instead, small fields and patches of 
 ground, bounded by ditches and watercourses, which are highly eulti- 
 vfteil, but more as gardens than farms. Consequently there are no 
 ranges for stock, and the grass of the country is coarse and of poor 
 quality. 
 
 Sheep will not live on the grasses of Japan. 
 
 The cattle are apparently a degenerate breed, brought originally from 
 China or Corea. 
 
 The bullock is used as a draft animal for packing purposes, and in 
 the cultivation of the soil— plowing, &c. 
 
 The cow gives but little milk ; merely sufficient for their calves. 
 
 When killed and dressed by the l)utchers the cow will weigh from 250 
 pounds to 400 jjounds ; the bullock, from 350 to 450 pounds. 
 
 Beef in the markets at Nagasaki sells for about 12 cents a pound. 
 
 It will thus be seen that "there are no facts connected with cattle- 
 breeding in Japan that would be of any interest or use to the stock- 
 raisers of the United States. 
 
 ALEXANDER C. JONES, 
 
 Consttl. 
 
 United States (consulate, 
 
 NagasaM, Japan, December 12, 1883. 
 
664 
 
 CATTI.E AND DAIRY FARMING, 
 
 chi:n^a. 
 
 CATTIE IN THE YANG-TSE-KIANO VALLEY. 
 
 liKi-oRr nr consul nuepahu, or hankow. 
 
 I have tho lioiior to .submit the followii.},' a.s my re.snoiise u. u 
 went circular of July 18, 1883, relative to (.ittle' the C'// ^'''^^^ 
 consular .,«n.s<l,ciiou, their treatment, a.ul colhttem topic^^ ^' '" ^'''^ 
 
 The location of thi.s consulate and ts (leDendencieMLu.V,- . ■ 
 valley o*" the Kivcn-.YanK-tse-KianK, extendi L!",, tlu S 'o;",/'"' 
 Kia.ff to Chun«-ChinK, a <li«tauce of about 1,000 mil'4 ' L? ^^'"• 
 8ued inve8tigatu,n.s upon the points preseute<l in the rms l^T '""'• 
 in«' he circular, by correspondence and otherwise rtli'l'l "''''''>• 
 as thoroughly as the means at my con.nnrcl wonid" d o^^^^ K 
 inat.on given is as exhaustive as a snmmary w II nJrmt r ' '"^"' 
 sented in detail, rather than on the forms /river Am 1 . ''' l*'^'- 
 
 varied uaturo of the region reported ou! ^ ' ' '^''^""* «^ the 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY OF THK YANG-TSE-KIANG VALLEY. 
 
 The topography Of territory ])resents differing features at difV • 
 e .«)il, being all bordering upon the Yang-tse Eivpr ''^ 
 al, with loam. chiv. juwl k,.Li ,>k...„.: '.^ ^^^*^ ^^'^^^ 'M'riii- 
 
 points, but the.,w.,, Memj^ an wumenng upon ttie yanL'-f<iPi t^m.^^ • ."^ 
 cipally alluvial, with loam, clay, and sand observ.M. of ^^ ' I''""' 
 ties, but not generally predominant! "^"^^^-i^^'*^* ^t special locali 
 
 The aliBtude at any station in the entire district of countrr ,„. i 
 sideration has never been taken, as far as I cmi d'wr A ''^ 
 means of estimating it is from the flow of the riv Sin • ' '^' °"''^' 
 with distant from tide water. But he rate ot' ft 11 ni^r ",' ««"."e«tiou 
 minate, varying so widely in esti.n tea given ?LS Snot «v ""'•^^*^^- 
 average with any certainty. In low stages of vatorh. J- "P""' ''" 
 ocean tides is visibly felt for three to four ln?mil1l . .f'^^^ff^^'^ of tb-j 
 I judge therefore, that the falTo thlwater is m^^^^ "''^ «?• 
 
 be produced by the curvature of the ear i am t s Ss t'V''"''^ 
 elude that Hankow is about 50 to (JO feet above seileS pi ^ T' 
 ther up would of course have a pronortioint iltit,: L , ^ '''*'*''' ^"• 
 the river valley, but highlands t e lerior ofte^^^^ T-"''^^^*' '" 
 
 to the river ban'ks, rise to loftv elevation^ ' '-^PProaching dose 
 
 ^j^^^ -'' ^^^- ti^ceni;;ii-- re^rr^rrs 
 
CHINA. 666 
 
 Records of thermometer and harometer at Ichang for IfifiH. 
 
 -— 
 
 
 Tbermomcter. 
 
 
 Barometer, 
 
 Montbt. 
 
 Higbeat. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 TIIt:hc»t 
 avorase. 
 
 
 
 44 
 45 
 
 81 
 60 
 
 72 
 82 
 83 
 88 
 78 
 60 
 64 
 52 
 
 Lowest 
 average. 
 
 UiKbeet. 
 
 Lowest. 
 
 J«iiu»ry 
 
 Kibrimry 
 
 Ntarch 
 
 April 
 
 .Muy 
 
 June 
 
 ,Iiily •••• 
 
 
 
 58 
 52 
 71 
 77 
 83 
 80 
 03 
 02 
 08 
 80 
 64 
 
 eu 
 
 
 
 30 
 81 
 41 
 40 
 60 
 68 
 71 
 73 
 
 ei 
 
 40 
 80 
 84 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 38 
 60 
 50 
 65 
 72 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 6-1 
 48 
 41 
 
 01.61 
 30. 40 
 30. 80 
 30. 32 
 30. 18 
 20. Oft 
 
 ;;o.87 
 
 30.06 
 30 37 
 30. 54 
 
 no. no 
 
 30.50 
 
 m7« 
 
 ^0. 06 
 20. 64 
 ■20. M 
 •.'0. 60 
 20. 60 
 20. 68 
 20. OS 
 
 
 20. 77 
 
 
 30.00 
 
 
 80.01 
 
 
 80.12 
 
 
 
 From ii short distanco above Kin Kiaiig to uoar ITiinkow aand-stone 
 i,s met with, and ia a vory su])erior building stono, innch used for fouu- 
 (iiition.s and tritnniing.s for the more pretentious building.s, and also for 
 h, Hiding the riviM- banks. 
 
 About Hankow, and for miles above, limestone abounds, and immense 
 (juarrie.s that have evidently been worked for centurieH, with no signs of 
 t'xiiaustion, approach almost to the banks of the river, where limekilns^ 
 are met with at frequent intervals, constantly employed in the process 
 of calcining th(^ stone for buildings and kindr; d uses. An immense 
 tratlic both up and down the river grows out of this industry, most 
 useful to the people. 
 
 Clay also abounds, and bricks of extreme hardness, of flinty strength, 
 of a dark slate color, are made in vast quantities. Crucibles are also 
 made from clay in the near vicinity of Hankow, said to be of unsur- 
 passed excellence. 
 
 Granite and gravel are found in a variety of locations, the former 
 more inland than geological formations already referred to. 
 
 There are no grasses cultivated, and hay is not gathered as an indus- 
 trial product. A coarse, wild, swamp grass is found everywhere. 
 Wheat and oats are extensive lie:d i)roducts, but 1 have never seeu 
 rye under cultivation here ; and timothy and clover are unknown. Oc- 
 casionally one meets with a few blosoms of small, sweet, white clover, 
 and they are i)robably the result of scattered seeds from lawn planting 
 by foreigners with imported grasses. 
 
 BREEDS OF CATTLE IN THE YANGTSE VALLEY. 
 
 There are only two breeds of cattle in the entire region, and I think 
 neither has any characteristics to recommend it for exportation and 
 adoption, even' for experiment in the United States. I present the 
 characteristics of each separately, and other paiticulars will apply to 
 both alike. 
 
 THE COMMON YANG-TSE CATTLE. 
 
 The common cow is a small-sized, compact animal, ^- 'ighing about 
 400 pounds on the average, and produces young w ■ ' -, Aii -d year. She 
 may be considered mature after that, and lives iboiv wenty years. 
 The bull and ox of the species are L'O per cent, h, ..han the cow, 
 
 and all are broken to labor, the purpose for which tuey are kept, iu the 
 
GGC, 
 
 tattm; axi) daiky iakminq. 
 
 n.iKl >,.ar. llu, olor ,.s ^ri.|„,rall.v a dark ml, Hoinofiii.oH „i,.l..n 
 L inhs aiv h ...rt n^n.l Imhu-h Hmall. !!,.n.,s an- short, ,..., v s ,' ' ' 
 1. ....t anjl UKly ... Con,,, „.s.,ally of almi.l <M,„al ,si/.. r,;„„ , is/ .' 'f '/' 
 Millva.Hl.M compo.init.s a.c little i.mMl l»v the- propk. a.ul I . ''" 
 
 l.'a.sf. Ti.«,o„l.vr.stia,at<.,t<. 1,,. iHi.Ml „p„n (hat' I (,,„ -mv' '" 
 
 li.lllv.i.K quahticvs ll.av.. ol.(ai.i,.,l ot' a (o.n«.ie,, wiM. kH-pH /m,r /i^^r^ 
 to a(:co.i,mo,Ia(i. (ho Cavin,, pop.,Ia(i(,„ with .niik only. JW . '^' 
 iKT.c.K-c a .our ;}. Plans pr.- ,h..v is du' hi^JK-si avna J T , V'V 
 u.aK(vsKo.Ml l„rl wh,.,, ,I..<.'.,(1> (nl, l,„t tl.., a.iia.als an- ,;,[ id . S 
 1 l.c'.v a.-.. j,a,s l„(..Mli..- a.i.l too oM f,,,. w,„k. Ti.o ,l,i,. I si'"' 
 ul.o„t -7 to lis pcu.Hls, a,a! th. b.aa.s a.al <.(lai a.v ...n., , ,t " " T 
 Cah-.-s arc .s.aall, a.i.l th.' (list year dovh.p slowly. O . u '£^ 
 fl.u- ....Ik.rs i., the IJaitcMl States is sarpris nl at, the ve v 1 . ' il' '' 
 ol : hese ,:ows, and their teats a.e ve.y s.aall a.al .li.,.i..,,(ivr Tl , • ^ 
 veins, however. :ii<. li.r..,. „,.<. ,.i.,..i i. ■ '"\*-. "'•'iiiill; 
 
 THE WATliU UUFFALO O]' TH]'- YANO-TSE. 
 
 The water HuflUlo is the only other Imvi.ie i.i (his re-ioi. It i. *■ 
 «a...e ai..n.al that is f<a..,.l i.. India a.id Kj^ypt. Webster's IT,,..! ,1. *^"i' 
 J).etu)..ary, illast.ate.l ..ditioi. of 1878, ]„Vs a <p.itc^le ear.fo ! '''^''' 
 tatio.. of the a..i,„al. If is there <lescVil,ed z olo ieall i^^^^^^ 
 
 nost ot the warmer eoiu.trirs of the easier., .•onti,,,.,. . It i^ h. • .. 
 less doe.le thai, (he eo.„...on ox, and is fond of n arsl.v , i . P "'" 
 nvci-s." This is a veryconect idea of it. 11.0 007 fas' r«/"''' 
 eommon ox in the United States. It is of a <1... or shteJinf '■'■'' 
 c-oursohair, bristly and sparse. It co.nos to tu ity i " hi A.lm 
 yea.;, and p-states onoe i.. ei«bteen n.onths tli.'ieafte, p.! di.Hni /> S^ 
 ov 1....0 calves in a life-tln.e, which is about ei^l.teen vc'ais ' IW ^ 
 are b.okeu to work in tho seco.id year, and the eovvs m 'nni/ ^"""F 
 iKsed for milk as the co.n.noner s.nall bn"d iJld ..^ i" ' "' '^ 
 will perform double the labor of the Hinall animals m. u m *"• \^ 
 testii.,Misa draft animal, but it is not to be" i'ot m.^C^^^^^^ 
 sluffffish at work, m<,vii.{. very slowly, and is ntPt ..Iro on ,. K V '^ 
 
 METHODS OF HOITSINC AND FEJDJKG. 
 
 When boused at all, bamboo sheds are provided-poor alTiirs it tl.r. 
 beet, and yet about as poo.l as the people Vl.o ow t leT occ ? ' 
 
 winf "'^'"^ !?' "?^' "^'•'^^ "^ ^^-^ «^*^'»^ described s onlv done in the 
 M inter months, when vegetation is destroyed; the., wheat st -aw i^^^ 
 
 tter^'fo^'^rilir "'"^ "" ''''' \' ^"«"'- ^''- l-tt^eS 
 «au L 1 • " ^''^' "P®" ^*'"««" ^^^y are left to foraye for tbeiii- 
 
 selves, brows.ng „„on wild crass, ba.nbno -hoofs .,,.,' t]t (Hi, - 
 
 tlje reeds that coyer the maivshes, or whafevereii they ca, , i fun 
 They are unrestricted in range by either fence or wall,VdwC fof-' 
 
 «i k 
 
soniotliiuvs 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 6G7 
 
 iiyiii;;;!!*' U»'i»t fVoin ciilliviitml ficMd.s by a giiidiinj-iMtnl nttaclicd lo u 
 I ill;: In tlu' nose, when :i .sinaii boy KmuIs tiiiMii, or inoiv olU'ii Kits upon 
 ili^liackH oftlu' iinimuis ami from his peicli directs them to the best 
 biowsiii;; grounds. 
 
 llllKKDINa. 
 
 No Htfciition is paid to sclci'tiidi. Tin- cowh an^ ullowiui tlioir own 
 (uiirsn iunliTK«'stative impiilau, and liml tlioir uuiti's by Ibrceofiimtimit 
 ,)iil.\ . Jli'i.i'c Uk' till tic liavo been bred iu and in lor agi^s, and have un- 
 <liiiil»U'dly degeiicrati'd. 
 
 NUMBEU OF CATTLE IN TUK VALLEY. 
 
 Tii«! total iiuinbdr of citlM-r breed it is utterly iiiipns.sibie even to guess 
 at, lis no statist ies aic aceeHMiltle, and probably none ever existed in any 
 |)ari of tiie Empire. The stock is amply Miillicient tor the needs of the 
 people, bill no surplus is exported, nor is any sort of product from the 
 cattle an article of merchandise save the hides ami horns. These indi- 
 (•ate immense numbers of cattle scattered over the Empire; but I have 
 never seen more than two or three animals the property of one man or 
 one household. B. E. JJredon, e.^cj., commissioner of customs, and a 
 niost intelligent observer, in a recent report commenting on the increase 
 in the quantity of hides exported, estinuites that live times asnniuy ani- 
 nials are left alive us the skins represent, and well says: 
 
 it looks 118 if thorn iiiuHt. bo rafiny inoro hornoil cattlo tlimi is geiionilly Hupposod, 
 wlif'i tlio district witliiii rcauU ofoiio troaty port supports iioarly 7(i0,00l> lit;a<l. 
 
 Following out this idea, and of an approximation to the total number 
 of cattle within a reasonabh^ distance of Ilaukow, let uje call attentiou 
 to the export of hides from this port as given in my annual rejiort for 
 ISSU, and more recently detailed by months for the same jjcriod. These 
 show the total amount sent from this po- 1 alone at over . "{,730,000 pounds. 
 At th(^ tiighest weight given tor a single hide, 28 pounds, the total in- 
 volves the slaughter of more than i;W,000 cattle. But the returns for 
 1S8.'} show a still more noticeable total. Th(^ export for the last year 
 was 04,11(>.J jiicnls, equal to 7,215,545 ])ounds, of hides. At the rate of 
 28 poundsfor each hide we have 257,098 skins, and if live living cat- 
 tle were left behind for each one slaughtered it shows the enormous 
 amount of 1,288,400 cattle on December 31, 1883, supported in the dis- 
 trict of country furnishing the exports to Hankow alone. But 1 am 
 bound to say 1 thiidi the given weight of a singh' dried skin is about 
 twice too large, and the allowance of five times as many live cattle left 
 as are slaughtered too small by 100 per cent, if 1 am correct in this 
 the total live cattle as given above should be quadrupled. Either con- 
 clusion shows the Chinese much more of a beef-eating people than they 
 have ever been supposed to be. 
 
 EXPORT OF YANG-TSE CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 • 
 
 The method of exj)ortation, should any be desirable, would be by 
 river steamer to Shanghai, thence by the Japanese steamers to Yoko- 
 hama, and thence by Pacific Mail steamers to San Francisco, occupying 
 ])robal)ly six weeks. A native Chinaman to care for half a dozen cattle 
 (•onid be hired, for $n per moiitb, and. the food, would ]>robably cost $-5 
 to $10 per head per month. Passage money and cost of freight can 
 better be learned at the Pacific Mail office than from me. 
 
668 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 I have thus endeavored to exhaust the meinorauaa accompanvinD tv, 
 circular I am responding to. My report has been unavoidably dehrpH 
 Irom necessity in the endeavor to be accurate, and from the rrreit ,\\ 
 tances I have had to investigate, with very meager opportunities fm" 
 intelligent correspondence. I believe I have touched upon all the fm-l 
 that were suggested, and I trust to have acceptably met the nuiim^I 
 of the Department. h'"ws 
 
 ISAAC S. SHEPARD, 
 
 United States Consulate. ^*'*'"^" 
 
 Hankoic, March 6, 1884. 
 
 CATTLE IN SOUTHERN CHINA. 
 
 REPORT ST CONSUL SEYMOUR, OF CANTON. 
 
 There are no cattle raised in the vicinity of Canton, or Southern riiin 
 that are desirable for importation into any other countr*' The f .m^' 
 are generally of the Buffalo breed, with humps on tlieir backs at 
 usually with little or no hair on their hides. Their meat is so und%i 
 ble that fa- lilies who require good beef on their tables get it via Tin ,' ^ 
 Kong from Shanghai. The cattle of Northern Ciiina are bettert • 
 those of Southern China j and those of Japan being better than unyiu 
 
 Butter is unknown in this part of China, except as importetl fro.,. 
 Europe and America for foreigners' use. pu^eti irom 
 
 CHAELES SEYMOUR, 
 United States Consulate, GonsuJ. 
 
 Canton, November 7, 1883. 
 
 l^'ulkL^ 
 
AFRICA. 
 
 669 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 CATTLE IN CAPE COLONY. 
 
 REPORT FY CONSUL SILEB, OF CAPE TOWN. 
 
 Since receiviug Department circular, dated July 1", 1883, coutaiu- 
 iiio- instructions to report on the cattle industry of this colony, I have 
 constantly used every endeavor to obtain the necessary data for such a 
 report, but regret to have to state that my endeavors have not been 
 connected with any flattering degree of success. 
 
 As a matter of fact, there has been little effort in this colony to im- 
 prove upon the breed of cattle found in the possession of t lie Hottentots 
 by the earliest settlers of the country. 
 
 This breed of cattle at this day is known among colonists as the Afri- 
 cander breed. By far the larger part of the cattle of South Africa 
 belong to this variety. 
 
 With the view of obtaining the necessary information for compiling 
 an intelligent report on this subject, I sent to several of the leading 
 stock farmers the principal interrogatories contained in your circular. 
 From some 1 have received no reply whatever ; while others have re- 
 sponded, but, as a rule, with the confession that they possessed little 
 or no knowledge of the subject in cpiestion. One prominent stock- 
 dealer writes: 
 
 Re<rarding tho inforiii.itioii reciuircd by you with reference to the different lueeds 
 of Cape cattle, I reyret that aft,er keepiujj; you waitiufr so loufj, and after thoroughly 
 going into the matter, I should find it imijossihlo to oblige you. At a glance it seemed 
 tlie easieat thing imaginable, but on giving it a little thought I saw more and more 
 the difficulty of carrying out my promise. I therefore went to several follow cattle- 
 dealers for assistance, and they expressed the sn'.iio want of information which I ex- 
 perienced. Wo all agree, however, that the Africander is tho only breed kept pure in 
 the country. For information about that breed I went to our principal or rather 
 largest meat merchants her< , who could not jfive m3 the average weight of an Afri- 
 cander ox. 
 
 Another cattle farmer writes : 
 
 I have looked over the papers yon sent, and think, after all, the mixture of cattle is 
 so great in this country that it would bo nseless to attempt a report. Tho only breed 
 we have pure is tho Africander, and you had better send to tiie Free State for iufor- 
 ination. 
 
 Still another prominent cattle farmer writes : 
 
 To get the informatitm reiiuestedupon the cattle industry, I regret to say, will take 
 up too much of my time, and then 1 am afraid it will not be of much value, as the 
 herds are not kept pure, being crossed and recrossed to such an extent that they 
 cannot be classed. 
 
 Notwithstanding the discouraging tone of the above, my own obser- 
 vation, coupled with frequent interviews with Richard H. Stockdale, 
 esq., of Wynberjr, I have been enabled to gather a few tacts which may 
 not be uninteresting to the Department. The Africander breed are of 
 moderate height, long in the leg, flat-ribbed, and require good pastur- 
 age to keep them in condition. In appeanince some ol the best speci- 
 mens resemble the Devon, the horns being longer, and red being the 
 prevalent color. 
 
670 
 
 a >■ ill 
 
 ii 
 
 CATTLE A\D DAIRY FARMIXG. 
 
 "'■■■'i»i.ii.. F.ie,sin,„i h,' "',,.,"; «; • 41",';;' *""". "^^'iiv «,«,;';; 
 
 1 n-,"«mf' ^"""- '" ''■" -C wtn ''aniSir^,!"''™"''" '"«" ■ 
 
 urpOKTS OP DAIItv PKCDUCTS. 
 fjittlo or no infr'nwf Jc. i.,. * i 
 -ept in r.u, nJS;^:?,:;,.';^-;;-^'- glairy l.nsin..s in the co,o,.v 
 "It' he greater part of the veavvlmnf •,'•'"'■'/>' ^'' «'^tt'« fHiHi.rs 
 l)ro(hictlh)mtheiro^vn h nil ... "^ """' •"■ '"'ff<''' so far is m 
 
 P""<litare could be .ave.l to thecotonv ^''""^''^ this enonuou.s ..v 
 
 ^.^r::;^!?;: E!^';fn:;'^jLi:^:^;:r"^' ^^^^^^ ^'-^^^'- -• - 1,. 
 
 ^. JAMES W. SlLEli, 
 
 UNITED States Cox\st-LATE, ^''"'«m'' 
 
 gai 
 
^IIXG. 
 
 4' Very 
 
 erably well, bein 
 
 «^orti.Ie.ss giving.. ,,„^ 
 
 «su.o-, atul have j,., ,!j 
 >t the cou-,, as well , 
 
 I ''lood for sol;/; 5' 
 /". Africuiuk.r I,;,, V,; 
 ' of the iminiiiLs. t,, ' 
 ;t^ct.on of any .li,^,- 
 :lHiKl have been fiiSJ 
 
 ttle iue to be nu-t witl, 
 t to balf-breed Bum, 
 
 ^)rtbe«au.epurS 
 ve h ,(1 but a limited 
 Hat,«tactiou in pm ■ ' 
 ' succumbed. " 
 
 Devon are the breeds 
 e Africander breed is 
 
 iu the cattle industiT 
 'Iter care is used bV 
 
 tlirough carelessness 
 
 ;nece8sarilybemucl, 
 
 > there weru 
 
 m 1865, 
 
 >f increase the num. 
 mite .sometiiin"- jiu 
 ■^>5m head in Brit 
 ^ were not iucludod 
 '^'ad ot cattle in die 
 
 is about $50. 
 
 '•cordiu"' 
 
 C5 
 
 «i»ess in the colony 
 ty of cattle farmers 
 >'itter so far as aiiv 
 
 dau'v j)ro(hi(!ts the 
 II tries. 
 
 li^s colony 1,424.750 
 
 <*iHHui(ls of cheese. 
 
 tliis enormous ex 
 
 astwise and to tlie 
 
 ^^'. JsiLEii, 
 
 Consul. 
 
 AFRICA. 671 
 
 CATTLE IN SIERRA LEONE. 
 
 In reply to the circular just received from the Department of Stato 
 (July 18) regarding breeding cattle, 1 beg to submit the following : 
 
 SIERRA LEONE CATTLE. 
 
 The cattle found in this country are not raised with any care what- 
 ever, aud no attention is given to improving the stock. They are all 
 of the common or scrub kind, of small stature, about the size of an ordi- 
 nary two-year-old, and the cows are seldom or never kept for milk. 
 Cow's milk is an almost uuheard-of thing here; the only fresh milk' 
 which perhaps is about 1 per cent, of the total used, is li'om the goat' 
 Condensed milk in tins is the kind in general use, and to make any 
 batter or cheese is never thought of. 
 
 HOUSING AND FEEDING. 
 
 There is no housing or artificial feeding of cattle in Sierra Leone ; the 
 climate being warm the year round they i)lck up their living wherever 
 they can, and there is no i)ains whatever taken in breeding. 
 
 There are no cultivated grasses. Cattle are brought to town in canoes 
 by the natives and sold to butchers and dealers and killed for the beef 
 aud hides. 
 
 PRICES OF BEEF AND CATTLE. 
 
 Thii beef is very tasteless and dry and is sold daily in the market at 
 about 5 pence per pound. 
 
 The price of a live bullock is from £2 to £5, according to size Thev 
 weigh alive (I should .ludge) from 250 to 500 pounds. Color' mostlv 
 red or cream-yellow, ymali horns. ' 
 
 EXPORT OF HIDES TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 There have been shijjped from this port to the United States during 
 the year 1883 to the present time (October 27), 66,938 dry hides • it is 
 probable that 15,000 more will be shipped ere the close of the 'year 
 making a total of 81,938. This, no doubt, includes very nearly all the 
 cattle killed in all this surrounding country which has any trade with 
 tills j)ort. 
 
 The average weight of what are classed as good hides is 10 pounds 
 each when dry, and they are bought by the merchants, who ship them 
 to the United States at 0* pence per pound for good hides, half price 
 ior " cvdls." '■ 
 
 The mean temperature of this country is about 80° throughout the 
 year. ° 
 
 The soil is loam and sand, with, in many places, a substratum of 
 
 .uramte. 
 
 The surface stone is largely iron-stone, and is used exteusivelv in 
 building. •' 
 
 JUDSON A. LEWIS, 
 
 TT», o ^ Consul. 
 
 UNITED States Consulate, 
 
 Sierra Leone, October 27, 1883. 
 
672 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 CATTLE IN MOROCCO. 
 
 trarj, ,t anvtbiug, the breeders require much imj rtvinsbv im , r,'^'"" 
 of o her classes, and even that wouhl give but doubt ulrp^nil^''^'*^'' 
 having, as a rule, to live upon the chances c^f aCXnce or « iT' "'"''^ 
 
 FELIX A. MATHEWS, 
 United States Consulate, Consul. 
 
 Tangier, Jamiary 3, 1884. 
 
 GENKRAL STATISTICS. 
 
 bnudled Wack. Tliey arc LongiioruVHauie aTs SnanislT.' .. .« ,„, 
 
 io^^tz::^;^::^-^!^?.^}^ oft.. ,..0.1 \« untn.c:;;r 
 
 It 18 uncertain howlo'nir'ti',"" 
 tlay. Very In rlo cheese is made ; it. is imperfect and infeilor ' ' ^^ 'l'"'"''* l'"' 
 
 The cou'iifry 
 above 
 
 6tjOF 
 
 • > o 1^., in wniter, 
 
 Ihe soil IS generally alluvial iu the Tangier district • In.,,., di w , 
 the vicinity of Tangier San.ly soil predom^inate in the "chi'itv ff T?.,? ^*?^'' '*''«'^''" 
 
 Ihe substratnm s a I ttlo limestone a m-..n(- riAni ,>f '■^^'nn^, ot langier. 
 partly day ; gravel, &c.!7rorminates. S^^-^* deal of sandstone, not ni^cl, granite, 
 
 Ihero are no cultivated grasses. 
 
 There are no methods of housiii";. The feeding U o-rocQ o„j i i 
 IS promiscuous. The products are JXalnU^o mo^sTprimUivrSnue^rl'" '""'''"« 
 
 CATTLE IN ZANZIBAR. 
 
 I have the honor to acknowledire the rprftint nf n.« «;. i 
 
 F. M. CHENEY, 
 
 TT ,, Consnl, 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Zanzibar, Foremher 20, 1883. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 673 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 There is no (iiittle-bicodiii^ of any cunsc'<]ueiice wiiuU'ver in the Piiil- 
 ippines, only a few cattle beiiiff kept for draft purposes, while in all 
 other reHi)eotH bullaloes, a similar bree<l to the rejjular black African 
 kind, are universally employed for farming and hauling. These also 
 furnish the milk in use hereab()uts ; consequently there are no dairy 
 i)i()(UK',ts of any description. Sheep do not thrive here, ami aresparingly 
 ill! ported from Ciiina for our butchers. 
 
 JULIUS Cr. VOIGT, 
 
 Commercial Ayent. 
 
 \J. S. Commercial Agency, 
 
 Manila, December 15, 1883. 
 
 nil 
 
 CATTLE IN MAURITIUS. 
 
 1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of circular bearing <late 
 July 18, 18815; also the nu^moranda accompanying the same, relating 
 to tiie breeding of cattle in Mauritius. 
 
 In re])ly I have to state that the information required is not applica- 
 l)le to this island. 
 
 We have a few cows from France and the Cai)e of Good Hoi)e, and 
 the native breed is a cross between the two. 
 
 15eef for consumption is imported from Madagascar. 
 
 THOMAS T. I'ltENTIS, 
 
 t'onsiU. 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Port Louis, Mauritius, Ikccmbcr 17, 1883. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE SEYCHELLES ISLANDS. 
 
 I have the honor to acknowledge the receii)t of circular bearing date 
 of July 18, 1883, inviting a, report on the domesticated animals of the 
 country to which 1 am accredited. I beg resjtect fully to inform the I)e- 
 ])artinent that the cattle of Seychelles numl»er barely three hundred, 
 and that they arc? descendents of the wild African humpbacked cattle. 
 TIm'S(? animals are very small and areconmaratively worthless for either 
 milk or beef. Four or live quarts of milk per day is a, fair average ot 
 the quiintity given by the lu'tter animals. No butter or cheese is made 
 here. The beef is hard, stringy, and tasteless, and the fresh meatsupply 
 of Seychelles is augmented by importations of bullocks from the eastern 
 '•oast of Madagascar. No statistics in regard to the domesticated aui- 
 
 U. K.X, 51- 
 
 -4a 
 
6/4 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINQ. 
 
 iiiaKs wliidi obtain lieieoHii be piocunul exciopf, ns r('<,'ii.i(ls tlio iniinl ! 
 Cattlo aro bred only lor the inivuto ii.se of tlu^ bree«U'r, an<l no ..■!*' 'J 
 incmiKe or decrease of stock could beexi)ected in u country vviieren. 'll 
 urago IS BO limited as it is bero and where tiie (biiry is unknown 
 
 TT o ^ EVELYN P. MUSaiOV 
 
 United States Consulate, ^^oi.i. 
 
 MaU4, November 20, 1883. 
 
 SPECIAL STATISTICS lUCLATING TO THE SEYCIIELI.KS. 
 
 Topography.— Mtiinav, 8oa-]evel; tomporature, luouu.SOd F. ; suiumer 8{o . ,„ . 
 '5° ; soil, clay and sand ; 8ub8tratum, clay. '"-'> 0'> , ^Vllltcr 
 
 CV^<«e «<a«8«cs.— African breed ; anuual yield of uiilk 1,500 potuulH- liv„ u..i i. 
 cattle, cow, 300pound8; Lull, 400 pouuds; age at luaturity, three ve,. is • w f ' "' 
 n.oat at maturity, 200 pounds; never liouaea; fed on coarse -raJ and' rn^'*" 
 rcBulium. o"*™ auu cocoii-uu 
 
 75° 
 
grass aud cocoa-uu 
 
 SUPPLEMENT 
 
 K) 
 
 IHPOKTS FllOM THIi CONSULS OF THE UNITED STATES ON 
 CATTLE HREEI)IN(;, DAIIIY FAIlMlNr;, AND THE MARKETS 
 FOR (!ATTLE AND CATTLE I'UODUCIS, IN THEIR SEVER\L 
 DISTRICTS, IN ANSWER TO A CIRCULAJi FROM THE DEPART- 
 MENT OF STATE. 
 
 675 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 AMERICAN VS. DANISH AND FRENCH BUTTER IN CEYLON*. 
 
 .., * * * * * * 
 
 Thvu' wus an importation of Inilter here diiec't from the United States, which was 
 ,,' 'w-MlvcrlisiMlto ho oirertMl on anival at a price which, it the art. ch, were }i00(l, 
 ni I i sure a rapid sale. Unfortunately it prove.! to he salted hutter m t ins, and the 
 ::; i r^a not ex.:ellent; not, in n./opiiiion, from any fault in the hutter itsell. 
 1 color and consistency appeared to me -inite perfect, l.nt Irom a stronj; alka- 
 nl,etl'ivorr'V'i<li"Stl»' nuus,s, renderinfr Hlit;htly olfensivc that whu^h otherwise in.j;ht 
 iviw'lieeii nnre and wholesome food. ,. , . ,,• •, * 
 
 ' , - s, iislied mvselfthat the whole mistake ahout the hutter was, tii-sl, insidlins itat 
 |. s con'div in the'use of impure salt, say thatwhich hiul notheen<!ompletely cleansed ol 
 , I, .'sevcrar sulphates anrf oxides whii^li ordinary culinary salt is known to contain; 
 nlv that the tin cans were of an inferior <,nality of tin plate, which therelore lent 
 s 1 murities all the more readily to the corrosive action of the not very pure salt 
 S , e .I'l pie here will not accept this theory, hut believe that the hutter wa.s ot poor 
 ...a V vlx'n packed. I think dilferently and regret this circumstance, which must in 
 ! ' sure l.rin;; .\nierican hutter into discredit in a place where 1 have olteu ext.,lled its 
 ; , itv and m,..dness, and where it uixiuestionahly may find a pro litahle luarket it ex- 
 ;^1 to th.-. custo.uers in anything like its native excellence; and I w.mld advise our 
 ,.cs and packers who prop.ise preparing canned j^o.kIs lor export to employ as 
 ! sdt as posVihle, and to he sure that whatever of that arturle is used is pure; also 
 nnke their cans of the verv l.est tin plate mid .solder that are manulactuml. 
 iiwlose dunlicate samplesof the tin containing the American hutter al.ove mentioned; 
 .ISO sa nples cut from a Danish hutter tin, the dillerence iu .,nality he.ns very not.ce- 
 ;lhk.Van'l w..uld add that whereas the Dani.sh hutter sells rapuUy lor tio cents per pound, 
 
 the American sells slowly for 4."> cents. 
 
 T he •■ren..li are sendiuf,' to the Orient larj^e quantities of butter, in I and 2 pound hot- 
 tics with mouths about -2 inches in diameter, ^lass stoppered, and secured with hard 
 me cc lent, so as to be perfectly air-ti^ht. The butter is fresh, but alter bein}^ 
 •k .. il'.ut one tablespoonful of white pearly salt, almost im palpably hue, and ex - 
 uis t -iv pic, is put into the neck of the bottle, and the stopper se.^ured. This butter 
 t Is iniltunliniitahly at (i:. cents, «ohl, per 1-pound bottle, and at r,. cents per 
 Land in:2iK.und bottles. Vs our country has now become tamous lor its exce lent, 
 !! '" and there van be no .|nes.iou ab<.ut the conservation of butter m vessels lormed ot 
 U'.t material I see i.o rea.son why our exiiorters should not pack their butter alter the 
 |. ; .„ • style, also their cheese, and thereby secure the preservative .,na .ties o these 
 two j-reat'articles of universal .•onsumption, as well as a nev.rr taihii- market in the On- 
 futal hemisphere. 
 
 CHEESE AND BUTTER MAKING IN ITALY. 
 
 REPORT HY rOSSUI. CHAIS, <>r i)f//,,l.YJ 
 
 The Italians devote themselves to the rural arts with Vir^iliau enthusiasm. The 
 plains of Lmnhardy are cultivated with the care bestowed on garden plots in other 
 
 * i:x tract from a report by C.msul Morey, of Colombo, Ceylon, published iu No. 4 of the 
 Coll^u!al• put)lieations. ». , . ,. . * iqqi 
 
 t ijcpublished from Consular Reports No. 10, tor August, 1881. ^^ 
 
678 
 
 Ih 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY PARMINQ. 
 
 pe';^^inS'^.;z^;:^rf^^;;S^ care, huh,, „„,,. 
 
 tenin.l dm-nv,, though .■vi».nsi , ^^^^^^ "'t'lToducLs of the dairy. In '^'f"™ 
 
 n,^r::S^ ii;:;s:,;i'„:;"S ^::s: "-,'" «^'" "»'"■•«■■'•«« . "11"' 
 
 nstly hiKh „ri,.c that it lil m . w , . ^^ 'l^.'ir"" """V"^"*' '"' A."ori! ^^^ ; ^ ''^ 
 ti.uhility „f iniitiition is shown .v H, l ^^ imnnKactnro prolitiihie ' n ' ' ^' 
 
 ducoitin their fHcVorS''-''''' "" '""' "^''•'•'- <•'"'>■'"« distri.U.f o„TnM,ntn,'' '^ 
 
 Alba, Mondovi, and Ac.iui wl> >,.,. n ' '''"'""''' "r" «i'>ull Hlie,.„'.s n.ill ' i, '""" 
 
 <funo are Novareso pro lu't; fe fo n!:;? '■•«'V'''r'^'''>' e^'orted.' Iv It m'T';" *" 
 latter in October and November T„ ' ""''" '''"■'"« t*^" »">"tl.H of ' v ''''I'- 
 tho increased price of E tte" 'n, -uceJ ts ""' '' *'! I"-'''"""'« then, is h.^^\^S^;l[: ,"'f 
 , A large .pa'utity «f c^xceIle„t l?^ttVr ',^^^^^^^^^ *" their",!" .'' '"" 
 
 bardv and Mortari r ,.,./.« \r , ' v'^"''", and xtnicchnm s made in <,.„ \ . 
 
 Inferiorbutter and cheese arc made in Mantn. t v,. • ' ''" 
 
 nu 
 
 th 
 
 In Asiago ti;;;!e ^'^^S^'l l^llX'-'r^ '^•"'^"«- "' "'" 
 
 are sj-attered on tho plain and on the 1 ills a^ S' «7«''»V''''"""'t« «''"« it i^d ' 
 and 130 churns for butter n.aking. J thcTnlXfi„V''l' wV' '"""""-' '"'ili"gol"n k 
 ami cheese, they coKsumo O.OOO.OOO quar Hf S tL ''''"'""" ?«"»"« •••" I » Sr 
 
 T^relZlf^n ^""«'' 'f "'"*''""" «re ope"> a t y a'/ ^"^'^'"^ ««"'^«» '« from Apri 
 the iiraelian cheese keeps well is imr.rriv,.,i V.,, "^ ^ 
 
 "J^f • V; '' '"^^^ "« >» I^on.ba <]y/lS i/ ^ Te' c^^'^ '""'"'' 'I""' ^ « '"'i^l' with 
 "Hiking, the percentage of poor cheese is less in UmhH " T.^^'^ '■*^'"«^«'^ '^m o,e 
 a considerable quantity of cheese of ^hZ^T;,jLl^'!^'{r^ V" ,*^"''^''«« ^'"'V >":'! ' 
 nmtrnadeon tho mountains of Visso. i" tH^I^^Sr l&Al!;; ^^^;^£-;f,-'f • 
 
 K.ve, on an average, from 1] to 13 qSper cHv i . ^'^^'^'J." "'"' «wiHs 8to,:k. Ti v 
 sheep-s goat's and cow's milk mix " cCe ^f J^lZtA ^T''' ''^''''^ >« '"'" ' 
 and sells, where produced, at ]r, and 20 cVn^sper no n, 1 '"." ■' ^^tensively oxi.ort.d 
 J|Ondon, and Paris. Its excellence i.s due ", the n m "'*/'""«'' P"=''-s at Florence, 
 abound on the Marcerata hills. Fron sheen's n, I ^ "J''^"'■""''^t''•' ?'""*« whi.l 
 about 770,000 pounds of c-heese. One of t lieiV fXrl ^''^ ''^P^'^tese pr„,lune aunuall 
 7 ) choice Kwis.s cows, 2;{,000 pounds of cl"oe aM 2 OOO n • ^ T"'^' ''™'" <'"^ >>""< "'' 
 •^hease, called ''art.," of Siena, Tuscany is well kn^wn ,''""'/• '^'''« «l'«n'''^-'i'ilk 
 tive name, but is not made by special mwetrfir ''"'\ ?°°'^- ^* ''««" a distin.- 
 tem and in small lots. F Jto^fes b? ite scM'enfi l^''^" '7 I'^''^"^'^"*'^- ^'"'""t svs- 
 erected. L-ttle cheese is made in rTzirowin" to thl"""'''-.*"'"''.''^^''^ '«"'" '"'^'•••"t'v 
 quality of the milch c-ows. ' "^'"» *« *^« scarcity of sheep and tlio poor 
 
 A (iovernment comniittff. r,. ., • „ •' produced elsewhere. 
 
m. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 C79 
 
 I the dairy. Italia,, £ 
 1,'narticKJtalia,,,,,;;;^ 
 
 H would e„al)l,, our, ];,irv 
 to h«.sola„.|.swl„.,„'-; 
 itol A,n«rira„e|„,.,s„ .' 
 'TO i>ro ital.ie. Ti,„ , ,1 
 "'«(.» Swiss d,...,.s,M,,r 
 "•^- J will n,i„„(,.|vr 
 "KP';o,:e.sHi.stoe„al,i;:l 
 
 *clieo.e,orwl,i..|,,/,,„„,^ 
 
 "l/»»/n'aar..,„a,|,.<v„m 
 ;'>-l.'.s .uilk .1..,,,, ™ 
 
 toth»Mrd..triiii,.,it 
 
 •JKidcinSoulhm.i,,,,,,. 
 
 '<Iucc«ood,s/,v„.,./,;,„^, 
 
 3 rich pasture of, he Val- 
 
 '. iinU Milan, which pro- 
 Ho,urethebestdairyi„,, 
 r, hut tho butter of tl,!; 
 
 nng .'{00 hands, an.l an- 
 
 ', between the Panaroon 
 y. the eeuter of Italian 
 
 "t;t annually produei,,,, 
 •« ol two or three cows 
 
 I'l-nts where it is made, 
 lorthe boilingof milk, 
 ',000 pounds of huttcr 
 »K season is from April 
 
 I nsed as a relish will, 
 'Uly removed from one 
 '0 Marshes they make 
 ii littlo of cow's milk 
 IS excellent and cele- 
 
 report, 100,000 poun,],^ 
 il Swiss stock. They 
 'les cheese is niadc. ,ir 
 ^ extensively exported 
 aed prizes at Florence, 
 ro,nati(! plants which 
 tese produce aunuallv 
 "ly, fiom themilkof 
 T. The slieci)'.s-niilk 
 '• It bears a distiiic- 
 )ea,sants, without s.vs- 
 ) have been recently 
 f sheep and the poor 
 
 , called "marzolhie," 
 
 Hence wasduetoiicli 
 f,', inclndiu^Mitciisils, 
 inj;, salting, and pre. 
 
 servinn was intrnsted to empirics; and that tojudno, a priori it wuh Hufllcient to Klanco 
 at the wretched dairies surrounded with dirl ;ind permeated witbodois. MoliscpriMluceH 
 •:T,(MI0 pounds of cluese per year, find Teriu d'Oltranlo ;ri,()(l() jHiunds, oroiielliini more 
 IliMii ill 1H70. 
 
 AuKiu),' tho .Southern Mediterninean provinces •Catanzaro is I'iinious lor its hiittor- 
 CaMTlii tiir a peculiar cheese <'all;'d " iiii>z.~nr(llr," und Potciiza for excellent slieep's-,uilk' 
 (hcesc. The Casertcse make :i:-',0()() pounds yeaily, und •Jfi.dOO pounds are made in Heii- 
 evcuto. '{"he cows of tho Modiiii dislrict.of Sicily are hune milkers, and the jiasturanois 
 so rich tluU their milk contains line butler and clieese-,nakiii« properties. The cheese pro- 
 duced is eciual to that of I'arma, I,odi, Knj^land, or Ifollanil. Cows stai)led nivo from 'JO 
 to ■!'., and many from IJdto IW (|i,;irt.s daily. They do nof ^ive milk in winter or iit 
 other tiuu's when the food in scarce. Sicilian sheijp (^ive 1 and ;.;oats;i ((uarts per day. 
 
 In Sardinia two kinds ol cheese are made, vi/,: that of (tows' and that of shecp'.s milk. 
 Of the latter kind abimt one-third, or :!()(),00(» pounds, is expoited. The Sardinians ul.so 
 produi'c a large quantity of lintter. 
 
 Mmtin of iiinkin ;/.--ln making Piedmontese cheese the milk is used when tepid. It is 
 mixed and shak«!,i in whey, wliich curdles it in one-(|uarter of an hour. 
 
 The curd is shaken for drainivge, and when dry picswed in a t'orni. Homotiines this 
 cheese is niade of ])artly skininied ,uilk. 
 
 Slniirhiiii), of (iorgonzola, is made of niilk containing the buttery parts. When the 
 nioiintain jiiusturage is exhausted tlie P.erganese herdsmen drive, for wintering, their 
 herds to th<' plains. (Jorgonzola i.s their favorite halting spot, for thei-e they lirst lind 
 Ihe luxuriant vegetation of the fiOmhardian plateau. Theses herds reveling on t he rich 
 glasses of (iorgonzola are, from the middle- of September to the end of Octtdxi', very lac- 
 lileroi,s. 
 
 t'heese is made during these nionths i,i small rooms devoted to it in the homes of the 
 (loigonzole-se, who buy the milk of tho herdsmen. The autumn temiu'iatnie, Iieing 
 laoderate, is best lor cheese making, as too much heat, by hasleuing tho separation of 
 the whey, makes it too dry and friable, while excessive cold produces a wheyey acid, 
 and easily-spoiled cheese. 
 
 The milk while warm from the cow is curdled with well-preserved and prepared calf 
 rennet. The iiuality of the cheese depends mucli uixm that of the. rennet ; and experi- 
 ence guides as to the (|uantity recjuired. In lilteen or twenty minutes, when the milk is 
 coagulated and the whey sc^parated, the curd is hung in hein])clolh liairs to diiiin. As 
 cows are ,ni Iked twice daily the foregoing is twice d(me, viz: mornings and evenings. 
 
 The morning-drained curd, inclosed in liglil,, llexible, wooden bands, coveivrl on Their 
 inside surface with hemp cloth, is placed (m an inrdined board .sti-ewn will, rve chaff, 
 lleing of two milkings the cnrd is paitly warm, p.artly cold, and, though mixed, caie is 
 taken to I'orm the upper and lower strata of the warm, because it is <'enientilious. As 
 hot and cold curd never perfectly unite, minute interstices lemain iu the cheese, in 
 which, while maturi,ig. green mold, known as "parsley," forms and gives the nh-dcvliiiio 
 the delicious taste for whi(dj it is famous. 
 
 The curd is further drained during the lirst day of the iirocess 1)y two or three turn- 
 ings. On the following morning, when of some consistency, the cloth being removed, its 
 value is determined by weighing. A fter three or four djivs fermentation iregins, and' the 
 wooden bands are removed. Itisthcn, oncedaily foreiglitortendays, alternately .salted 
 on its upper and lower side, 4 ounces of pulverized salt being, on an average, used jier 
 form, or ;?;? ponnd.s. The (lorgonzoleso adopted .some years ago the process of ((uickly 
 tuining and pressing the cheese against a salt-coveri'd'.suriiice, thus insuring moi-e un'i- 
 formity and a better cru.st. 
 
 The color changes in a month to pinkish-white, if good; to hla(;k, if had. When 
 black the crust is soft and the cheese perish.ible in summer. If the cru.st is sufficiently 
 liaid the .shade is improved by one or two dippings in salt w.atei-. 
 
 The time of maturity depends upon the tempeiaturc (which is best from 10° to 15'- 
 Centigrade), manner of making, and quality of the milk. The Gorgonzoleae Mracchim 
 begins to ripen in April, and continues till September. One hundred quarts of milk 
 make about !2.') jumnds of this cheese. 
 
 lir/liinrsfi ('heeso is made by heating tlie milk, pouring in reimet, letting it coagulate, 
 breaking it into medium-sized pieces, reheating it, putting it in wooden tubs, salting and 
 Itlaciig it on .stands for daily turning, and resulting until consumed. 
 
 The following process makes a kind of Frinlani cheese known as "fieno:'' Milk 
 heat<'d until tepid in caldrons is mixed with rcuietand left to curdle. The curd is broken 
 in vessels into small pieces, and violently shaken over the fire. When thus crumbled, 
 Uu" caldi-on being set on a stand, it is g.'ithered. thrown into the " t:i1('i(j " or formint'- 
 tab, iilaced on tables for drainage, dried, and finally immerged in brine. 
 
 Other I'^riulani cheese is made with milk tepilied in heaters and thence poured into 
 wooden vats for coagulation. The curd I'ormod is wet, broken into large lunips, remoist- 
 
680 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 \i 
 
 \ 1- 
 
 It Ih Iuhm Nliliil 
 
 "'"iiiliir,. 
 
 <.CM;r/:;;:;;;=,rry:';„';i— ^ 
 
 . UKi niixcHl with rmiiiot. One-Hixtl, .,f mi ounco of m. o s ns .1 n< r"^ '"'" """f" 
 
 Jh« ronnot in ,li,«„lv.<l with a p.....lo in w.khIo 1 t H , , , u^ 
 
 ond turn., with tl,o<.r.a,n-turn.r, n,////WorH i I wi, w^^ 
 
 (or cun« with twisted twi«H „r in.u ,,i,.s al ..,.., oxlrl, y ) ' ' is iso, nt \ T^ ''""•' 
 
 •limrUirHofmi hour, whiliMomnlioiw ai)iioiriM,fn,i.M,...r. "'"'''' '"' 'In,.,. 
 
 Tnr„i„K in „,op,,..,l for two r t r, ,t ,, v, "to n,^^^^^^ ''> '''""!• 
 
 •mw Hot^c^od or dLoI v.d ...rd. The wllnv In r^ . n^ 1 "^' ' h of in"' '""''*" ""• 
 
 tVon p.T IK. ,,„arts of milk, thrown into th.. <Ml,ir,.n. Thl c r<ris r, • """i"/"'^" 
 
 one hour on tho lire, hoated to the lortv-lKth dr..r..« n.,f 1' 'u.l'T." *'''''' ' '"'«l "wt f,„ 
 
 ss'i;:;;; ;i:: s;™" -'•" -i^-'Ks .=.,,::;rK«';s';;:^ 
 
 en 
 th 
 the 
 
 A Clip is filled withcunlforexaininationuntotheniinntcneHHof itMnirti i 
 louKh the raldron is nMuoved, and the cird sinks a l.n sm ts'wr^"^^^^^^^^ "^^"'•'H 
 im the eooled whey (l.efore <Ir:tined olf t., ...al.l. tl e a, K? MUfm Uu' . '" ^'^'''^ 
 le caldron, the hotton. of whi.'h ispn'sse-l w,th (he n ^7/ H^, „Tt "' , ' '" '"'" 
 
 J-ur,!. The enr< is loos.-d with a sti.k from the si,4 o f t e ' I'Z ' ;::r''r "'" 
 the snrlare, eoileete.Mn a .loth, j.laeed an.l left lor on.U mr h ' ^ l;./^^^^ \ 
 w.th whey. It s „,arke,l with t'he nan.e of the own" l' that .Hv's'. i"'' ""''" '''* 
 or drainage l,y han.l in a box of narrow I.ee.i, iKKmlslmu, wit' f l.rl*'''\'"'^^^^^ 
 thread un.l covered with linen, a wooden .lisk. and T eavy "t om Wh''*' !'""'■ ''^"■'^- 
 eovennjrH are removed and it is rewet with whey ui h^M. nv';. ^'":"/''-'"'<l Hiw., 
 wh.eh, under pres.snre of the disk and «t-,ne, n a^JVeU 'nl tVd h'' '""'. '""•''^'"". 
 . Murhu'e. After some h.mrs the luK'kram is ent a i d th. , inni, ""•"""'" "" '<>* ••ircila, 
 whey to dry in. It is eovere.l and n.l.hed on a ' ak"| ^ "vT( uZ^T' ^7'.'"""" 
 water, and repressed between the bee..!, boar.ls. ,S.,nK-tin.sseU;i ,''''"''' "! '''^' 
 tane..nHly pras.s...l to improve the under by the .salt m..is ur ' IVom th , ' '•'"', '^"•""• 
 .s,a ed every other day Ibrtw.i weeks, then put in the .Cse 1 .s " I n'' " ' ''' 
 salt >s re„,ove.l by Hera,,inK. In Sept.-.nber it is rubbed wi ,' ■ n oiT ''"n"^""""^ 
 
 I he eow.s of the numerous dairies oi' Pmrii., „,,,i i>, "' " '" ''I' <>"i- 
 Their n.iik. when poure.I to la,!^; J S uli?!^ • u I tin. "V l"!^^"'^ ""'- "'-'- 
 will make it and the unheate.l n.Ke.l wh'V est' b'i ,^ u ,1 li; P ' ''"''"' "'"'''' 
 «l Koat's milk is mixed u„d shak.'n in it. While e„ Ml .. i is .'.uL ."'.'■'""'• ^^'"'^ 
 keep up the tempenvtnr... When ..urdle.l it is h. S s irm wHl H i^' ') 'V;!""' '" 
 berthed p.eees. phu... with whey in a vat, rebeaten, wet,^i;:!l iS:::.!:!;';;!:':;,;;;;.- |;'; 
 
 the pail, where they are wet w = lh lu.t ■ .t .7 , , i "■ '^'"V ""• 1'i<'''«n thrown inio 
 and n.nde into as nil^ny bans^lhc'^'.^ ^e^^be; ade''''^ S /l".;!:?^^ 
 n.ersed ui the water whieh served t<, make them nr latei m^ '^^ 
 
 compivct formed by ha.id int. nroper shapes, an 1 ,1 iT's "S "'"' 
 
 Cheese thus made is eal led '^ rnrwraroll,, l' Pu'Z ''^ ' *"' '"' *^'" *"• ''"■'■" "'".Vm. 
 
 gather, afterdne heatiuK t'i.e' h e. 'w n ^I v i "".In "' """'""•■' ""^•^^' '""' 
 
 and eonsLstent pa.ste; subject this, in va s to t e leti , M. '""",''' """ "■''"'"" 
 
 to tables .;.r workin^^ wh!,re, arn^,;[i;ro;bi*lr ' ,S* ." In^/ :^lZ:\!:iT '' 
 
 t to theehemieal action of it.s constitnent parts. I)nrin./ts new .V '.'?"'' 
 bejjins, It IS cut in .slices, which are innnersed and s Iik cT. i I,, % ''■^""■"•:'f:'Mi 
 
 drain (.IV the whey, ^^-e.. rednrrd bv w c^.m,, I 1 . ,i « ''■'^'"'' """"pulalcii l„ 
 
 and ren<lere,l Noltra.ll ;i\e , 1 Z, 1 , J^' ' '^^^^^^ I'on.oKene.ty, replaced o„ ,.1.|,. 
 
 In this state it is divided, shajd, V ^,' :''"/;!;•'!" "l''""'« "' -I'l wa.n. 
 
 dnce elasticity and eonsisten.'v- the n ev s^'h ' r. "'V'''/ .'" .'•'>''' "•"<■'■ »" 1"'- 
 
 endofas,ick:an,. hnn« .v::^n:e b^:,;;';,,^;;:! J-houii;"^''*'''' " '^ '''^"•'•"" '" '"« 
 
SUPl'LEMKNT. 
 
 ()81 
 
 Hiciliii,! rfwiniai'iillo Is nia4le of cowh' or nontH' milk, mid coii^iilivtHd likii shopp's milk 
 riitcMOH. ".VlKii (•lutlitMi it is not hmlMl in wiilcr hut hrokcii willi ii pii-cn of wood, the 
 whey ri'inovfd, dried, and tJikt-n I'rom tlio tub to tiin tiounli. Then thccurd iMHijced, 
 ri|ilii('fd in the tnh, eooked in hoiiinn whey, removed to the trough, [iroHsed to Mtjiility' 
 nioli'd, iihuTdiirid h^lt for twcnty-liinr lionrson iiMliind or luhle, NJieed, (lirown into lioiil 
 Hij; whey, reeooked till viscid, withered, presMed, driiwii by hand, reduced to pasto, 
 li.riiied in pnnipkin-Mhapcd piciccM, Malted I'or tweiity-Cour hours, und hiuiK, prepared 
 litr iiMC, in llie c!iecse-honso. 
 
 I 'mini lira cliecMc is nuwlo of cowh' luilk. Thii cows ino only milked mornings, when 
 tjitn' niilic is pourfid intoalarxo pine, tuh-Hhaped roceptaele. (Inly when tluuitmos- 
 lili.re is e(dd is it previously sliKlitly heat<Ml. Dissolved kid rennet is"|K)ur.d into it, the 
 iiiixiine imned with the riiMo, nnd then lett (|ulct. |!p(m coim'ilation the curd is' not 
 Mlliwed to heconio lumpy, hut is presst'd and sol'lentid with the nilolii. When the curd 
 sinks in the vata sieve of pierced tin is placed anil held over it with weights. If niiicli 
 whey rises it is used for riaitln ; if little, the siove is leiiioved, and it is left (Mi the curd 
 to liieililale "nn>wtli," iw hefor«) delined. When ductile it is cut in small pieces, placed 
 ill iinotliiT piiiu vat, and previously piejiared hot wtiU:i- ixmred upon it. Hero tiie curd 
 is kept till cooked, when the water is drawn oil'. It is then, in portions, gathered, and 
 .stiiTcd with a wooden s|M>on, and formed, by hand previously wet in cold water,' into 
 two-ponnd halls, which are put, and left lor some hours, in tnl)s of cold water' and 
 liimlly slightly salted. ' 
 
 lIUTTKK-MAKlNd IN ITAIA'. 
 
 liiiltor, when made in families who have little milk, is mado in cylindrical diurns, in 
 uliieh the cream is shaken by movement of the churn-handle. Factories nso la'rine 
 { ylindrical churns on trestles, in which are winns turned by miwhinery. The butter 
 they produce is cleaner than that made by haiid-ehurns. 
 
 In I'avia, cream of (i*^ or 7 ' U. is slmken in round hovescalled " punn/ijiW Each box 
 has a ,«poou fastened to an axle. This axle is turned by a ini ik, 'ind revolves tho spoon 
 around the inside, iieriphery of the box. ihe procesy ;viiu'fcs two men. Some use a 
 cnulli-cliurn, which saves labor and produces ei|Uidlv yooi butter. In Cremona the 
 American machine is in t,'eneral u.se, namely, a li(»ii^(vntally fast<.!ned tub, in the interior 
 1)1 which is a reel similar to that used in silk-making. 
 
 The dairyman of rarma beats the milk with a cream-whipner, nnd skillfully lets tho 
 lloatin'i cream, which gathers in tho bucket, overllow into a (ine-edKcd wcmden I'lowl, and 
 Ihence into the churn. Jn summer it is customiiry to a(Ul l(» jionnds of ice to every :i(l 
 (|iiailsof cream, while in winter some cn-ani is heated and turned into the churn with 
 Ihe rest. The temperature is alway.s kept frcmi in' Ut liVMieautnur. When in the 
 rhiirn two men alternately beat the cream with a butter-))eater joined to a .strainini,'- 
 IVanie, raising inul lowering it by leverage. r.utt<'r should begin to form in thrce-fiuar- 
 (ers of an hour. When it is necessary t^i hitsten formation, water is added— where ad- 
 \isalile to retard it, ice. If made before the tinio mentioned, it is soft— if alter, hard 
 and set. When jtrepared it is taken from the churn, worked with tho hands formed 
 into hlocks, and lelt to drain. The blocks are freiiuently adorned with impressions 
 made with a woodi'ti stamp. The skimmed milk is used for the rirolln cheese. 
 
 In Catanziiro butler is made with the old-fashioned churn, a iniseriible mechanism 
 eaiisiii^' loss of milk and time. The manner of keeping butter there, though simple is 
 exceedingly ingenious, consisting in inclosing it in small bladders, in which it can'be 
 conveniently kept and carried without danger of change. 
 
 At Modica, where the Imtter is delicious, it is not niado directly from the cream but 
 from the "/■/(«//«," which ia obtained by boiling tho small milk after extracting the 
 easeine. 
 
 Tlie butter-maker of Sardinia put.s the "ricottii'' in a bowl of cold water, nnd shakes 
 and i.re.s>,es it between his tingens. In a half hour a white scnni appears on tho surface 
 ol llie water, and by continned niovenientnudpro.s.suroof tho ' • nVo//rt " increases durin<' 
 Ihe succeeding half hour. This s<mm is the butter of the " rwolla." 
 
 Ihiirn asmciations ami vherxefactoriM.—U is hard to determine the epoch in whichthe 
 Inst dairy associations were formed. It is known that tlwy were nnraerons in Savoy in 
 liie Middlt! Ages, and that they have existed since remote times in the Trench Juraand 
 on the A Ipine slopes. Where land is owned in small plots, n.s in the monntainons parts 
 of Upper Italy, and where large dairies, consequently, do not exist, the making of cheese 
 iM impossible, nnlessassunied by a manufacturer who would buy tho milk from thecow- 
 owiieis, or unless these, in partnership, prepare it. 
 
 1 .10 ai.vanlagos of dairy assooiatious and chccso factories arc nniuerous. One cheese- 
 niakiug establishment, set of machines, and utensils answer for many milk-owners 
 lessen the cost of production, increase and improve the product, facilitate sales, save 
 
682 
 
 CATTJ.E AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 l>n'z(s 
 
 quarts, tliey rewive Unit (|u;iiititv buck 'it oi... thm. 'i ; . . " -"" 
 
 n>nt.,ally ..enCicial, aa a L,. .^J^, uf'nuli"^ .;,.;;• S ';i:!.e',.;::;:""'-" "-s . 
 
 1 tiiist sir that my «aK'j;esti()ii of iinitiitiiiK Italiiiti cIicno w i ,?;„ 
 nuro to hobeneat .,■ onr .iairyn.en; ibr while i s a, ro u ,, , '""""'V'^""' and 
 
 the secret of nat.ouul prosperity consists iu having ti^SiuIss^I, lea 'n^ '" ''"■''• 
 
 T1I08. C. T. CUAIX. 
 United States Con.sulatk, <'''imi. 
 
 Milan, Mai/:n, 1881. 
 
 THE MANUFACTURE OF SWISS CHEESE.^ 
 
 REPORT IIY COysVr. ADAMS. OP GEXEVA. 
 
 ^^.Tf^?^Z"'j:}'^'r^};^'^? of the n.ost ancient i„,lns(r 
 
 Mim 
 
 !^!!!''^7 ^!- --"!^-t- ->'■ -.•^'.in -r.^or^liy';:;;;: -Siii^'iif ;;;,.;i!:::ir;v"!'' ""■ 
 
 •' V I' "■"^- J-iir improvement ol (ina tv created ; wi,i ... i , h'wimviiI- 
 
 .V/vrx, vu.f/ras, or ,/m/,/re (rich, mc.ii.im or (hin) ,,''"'"•'*'>' '"^'"'■i'. as 
 
 <io„ of the'better.kno.^n;;;^;,-; -,;::; :-^ \L':,:Zi:; i,„?"f,^ .iv.. ;r;i;;-;: 
 
 anaiysm of selected specimens ol'some of tl^^ same v i ' . s u- hi H ' ""' ''■^'"" '= ''" 
 
 / -»■/,.,•,« (Mont d'Or, which ori^nnated in I'ran.r ■ I 1 , Ir . ' ••^''•l'""" "Ithr 
 
 nn>ta(,ons of foreign styles like The Lnnbur:', a 1 ii 'l „, iZ^' ?'" "^''>' "'"'^' 'i" 
 
 peculiar to Swif/crhuid. " '"'' "•^'""' '>«''•'■ ;iic iiulivciinl 
 
 The lw>«l niwl ^l. ,».«....» ..1 1 .»..,.. 
 
 !■ ranee, 
 
 •liopiiblMhci froin C„„,„|ar ll„p„rt N„. rr,, ll,r J„„„a,y, |8,;, 
 
N'G. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 683 
 
 iis<'fnlIy(;ini)lov((l ti 
 iiiMiian;,.,l;,ss..ciaii,ni m.i 
 
 IvtMMnthcMrs,,!,.^,,, 1,;^ 
 eruu(lin>pr(,v..,li,n„,,„.,; 
 lallmilk-owiK.rs,,,,,,. :• 
 ■■sUMnot .■<-<-ip,ocal luuns 
 
 -|;-;.e.uuk..s „„.„.,,,:;; 
 
 will .•omni,.n,l iis.ir, and 
 uessto Iciun. ' 
 
 <^«- C. T. CUAl.v, 
 
 ( 'dllxiil. 
 
 lEESE.* 
 
 VA. 
 
 istrio.s of Switzerland in 
 r; of- tho country i; 
 
 own l:u-.,re cnoni,'ii to l)p. 
 '<'''nH.sofl{erae,<|iari, 
 
 lit ..I the <•hce.se,, ami to,'. 
 I) lorei.r,i eo„,„,,i^,^ ^1 
 
 '" •■'"'•iKlekin,! still i,; 
 
 ''''-^•■'"'•l' nmkiM^Mvlmti, 
 
 ' "'" '■" manulaHiire 
 
 •■■'.'""•"rurtilieial lb,l,l,,. 
 i"v.'rsui in the lower v;,i. 
 ''■'•/I'Miiandatlmmeaml 
 ^wisseheosoarea-smiicli 
 
 ■'"•y "1' material, ;,s ,/,„• 
 
 "•^.^(.riatty mailer as 
 1"^'/" Iho eoafrnj.iti,,,, 
 
 '.•'''''■, ^ UivesadescriM- 
 
 ,";'"^;'.andTahlel!an 
 nil iliee.\ce|,ii„„„|',|||, 
 
 ''"',''■'"" Il.il.v, andali.u- 
 lied here are iialive ami 
 
 ""■/'//m/, aronndelieese 
 nd weijrlii„,^r in.nir,|)to 
 leli retain nearlvall llio 
 •'.'''■'" 'lie valley of the 
 iii;ration iiit<)lli,.ii(iri|. 
 1 .'iiti> I'.avaria, UuMii. 
 I'loii l>ec;aii in the last 
 I lie l>rin<'ipal inaikuls 
 Iieheve, it is known as 
 laiie, mostly Ibr I'raiice, 
 
 ili.il name in FrihonrL', 
 iiliiiielerstliiek, wcijili- 
 ^^( ten years, since tliu 
 
 liiry, imi 
 
 formation of a wealtliy society for its manufacture in Fribourg. It is also made in liirge 
 (Miantities in Vaud and Neufchatcd, and the French provinces of the Jura and the Doubs, 
 where aeeording to some writers it ori<j;iiiat(;d ahont IToO. It is manufactured in mucli 
 the sarce way as the Emmenthal, except that a third or more of the cream is removed, 
 wlience it is "classed as mi-gras. The exportation is mostly to France, Italy, and recently 
 to South America. 
 
 The Spalen, so called from the manner of jKicking for shipment, is a cheese mi-gras, 
 45 to of) centimeters in diameter, 8 to 10 centimeters thick, weighing 18 to2:{ kilos, and 
 iiuHie in a much ruder manner than the Fmmenthal and Gruyere. It comes from Un- 
 terwaldeii, IJri, Scliwyz, Lucerne, and the Uurnese, Oberland, and is sent to Italy, 
 where it is used grated (fromage dur u raper) with maciironi, rice, polenta, &c. It 
 comes to perfection in two or three years. Another variety luado for the Italian market 
 is the Urseren, which comes from the higher pastures of the valley of tliat name. It 
 resemhlt^s the cheeses of Northern Italy, as does the Formaggio delta pfir/lia, and the 
 BnUdin'tlt, both produced in the canton of Tessiu. Mast of these varieties are disagree- 
 able to a palate unaccustomed to them. 
 
 The cheese of the canton of Appenzell, long famous for its fine cattle and excellent 
 fodder, differs in certain qualities from all the other Swiss varieties. In making it the 
 curd is triturated in a brassoir, molded without pressure or salting, and finally treated 
 with a brine of water, wine, leas of white wine, pepper, and salt, which gives it a pan- 
 j;ent odor and flavor, something between the Swedish and Italian cheeses. The exact 
 formula for the brine is supposed to be a secret, and, as with mos , of the Swiss cheeses, 
 the processes of manufacture is only to be learned in'its own country, where the tradi- 
 tiomil methods have V)een handed down for generations. The Appenzell is a cheese 25 
 to :!() centimeters in diameter, 12 to 15 centimeters thick, weighing? or 8 kilos, and is 
 exported to all neighboring countries, but mostly to Suabia. 
 
 IStill more remarkable is the Schnab .igcr, or green cheese (fromage rrrl), known, I be- 
 lieve, in the United States, under the corrupt name of sago or sapsago, and which some 
 writers hesitate to class as a cheese. Its manufacture dates back to the ninth or tenth 
 century, and it is still the most ftimous product of the canton of Glaris, which turns out 
 a great many other varieties, mostl.y mi-gras and maigrc. The peculiarity of the Schnab- 
 ziijer is due partly to the method of coagulation by azi instead of rennet, and partly to 
 treatment by the zigerla (melilotus coerulea), a plant grown for the purpose in Schwyz. 
 In 181)9 the exportation amounted to 1,250,000 kilos, valued at 750,000 francs. It is sent 
 ail over the world. 
 
 'fhe foregoing are all export cheeses, principally consumed out of the country. The 
 variety maiiulhctured for home consumption is endless. Some of them are of great ex- 
 cellence, but will not bear transportation. The following may lie recommended to the 
 attention of importers in the United Stales: 
 
 The <lrn:icn(iii, made in the high pastures about the village of that name in Berne and 
 elsewhere in the Oiierland. It is a cream cheese (gran) of line aromatic flavor, very 
 hard, and keeping well for many years. Its nutritive value is high, and it should be 
 used li!;e the spalen or parmesan, grated with soup, macaroni, &c. A similar cheese is 
 made in the canton of Valais. This is perhaps the richest of all the Swiss varieties, 
 and has a peculiar flavor of its own. The process of manufacture has greatly improved 
 since 1872. Less durable but eiiually nutritious and palatable, and of the same general 
 character, is the irislnllina, made in the valley of Mcdels (Jrisons. 
 
 The Vtichrriii is the only soft chee.se of large size made in Switzerland. There are 
 two sorts, the first made about Gruyiire, and in appearance like the cheese of that name; 
 the other is nuide in the valleys of the Jura. The latter is 25 to 30 centimeters in di- 
 ameter, 4 to G centimeters thick, and weighs IJ to 5 kilo.s. It is sold in drums, and if 
 lierfeetly mature has an exquisite flavor. The Mimt d'Or of France is the same as the 
 Vac^herin of the .lura. 
 
 Some of the Swiss papers have rather ridiculed a suggestion in one of my previous 
 reports that a market might be found here for American beer, cheese, and butter. In 
 the matter of cheese, the competition of the imported article would be with none of the 
 foregoing kinds, some of which have little or no sale in the country, and some are in 
 (lemiind for the special <jualities, but with the ordinary kinds niiule everywhere in great 
 abundance for home use and largely taking the place of butter, and even meat. 1 be- 
 lieve that a good American article that could be put on fhe market here at 150 francf? 
 thr kilo would find a sale. 
 
G84 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 A..— Quality of different Swiss cheKsea. 
 
 Degcriplion. 
 
 Kiiimontlial 
 
 tJruyiTe ....".". 
 
 Spalen, old ].'.'.' 
 
 Spuleii, new .....]..' 
 
 IJrsereu 
 
 l-'orinaKKio (Iiilla n'agiVa!; 
 
 JJattclmatt 
 
 Appciizell i.......... 
 
 (rCHHeniiy 
 
 f JriHtalliiia ......"...'.... 
 
 Viif'lierin 
 
 Hellelay ".■.'.'.■.■.■.■" 
 
 Valais 
 
 I'mettigau ' '" 
 
 vaud ;;;;;■■" 
 
 Touinie '.'..'.'.'.'.'.... 
 
 Hehiinlizijfer ,".'.".'....., 
 
 Hluclcr 
 
 A fromaffe qran or cream cheese is of uuskimmed mil k • «.«;«,. , „»• i ■ 
 gras, of partly-s!:immed milk. "SK'mmeu miik, maigrc of skimmed i,,iik 
 
 1111- 
 
 'R.~ Analysis of Swins Cheese. 
 
 Componont parte. 
 
 thai. I ^^'oyere. 
 
 Water 
 
 Katly inalter ...'...'.., 
 
 r'asrine 
 
 Halts 
 
 Ii'atly iiialfor.. 
 ('aseiin' 
 
 Total.. 
 
 31,92 
 •11.26 
 2!».H8 
 3.94 
 
 34. .57 
 
 2!). 12 
 
 32. 51 
 
 3. HO 
 
 100.00 
 
 "•ujT 
 
 ■IS. 00 
 
 Hellelay. GcHsenay. VuHuTin, 
 
 37. m 
 30. ai 
 
 2,s.Ks : 
 
 3. -IS ! 
 
 100. (X) 
 
 100.00 
 
 51. ~"l 
 49. 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 KHI.OO 
 
 12.40 
 
 3I.;k 
 
 41). NO 
 0. f) 
 
 100.00 I 
 
 42.~4n 
 .57.0 I 
 
 100. (Ml t 
 
 27.L'I 
 
 •ir>.,s7 
 
 l.G:i 
 
 1111.(10 
 
 .11. s 
 
 •4S.2 
 
 10(1. 1«) 
 
 C.-i:xportation, i,i mefrie guinfah, of Swiss cheese, iHin (., ]8H0. 
 [The metric quintal =1(X) kilo.s.l 
 
 Year, 
 
 ISIO.... 
 IS2.V... 
 
 ltJ(iO 
 
 I.Sf.1 
 
 lH(i2 
 
 m\3 
 
 JSUl 
 
 1805 
 
 
 Metric 
 
 
 quintals. 
 
 r.,000 
 
 IO,<KK) 
 
 7.!,3'.I5 
 
 Ki,42S 
 
 S(i,()20 
 
 S.i,(i08 
 
 y-',7l7 
 
 
 120,807 
 
 I'V)!-.,, 
 lSli7., 
 1H(W . 
 IHOO.. 
 IH70., 
 IM7I,. 
 I.S72,, 
 1S73,. 
 
 Metric 
 l<iuintal.s. 
 
 12.5,522 
 
 I4H,3,S« II 
 M[,«()9 il 
 102,440 P 
 KiO.SOO 1] 
 ■.JO(i.707 II 
 
 I'."s02(i II 
 
 II 
 
 Year. 
 
 1874 
 
 1S75 
 
 IS7(i 
 
 IS77 
 
 IS7S, 
 
 I«7!>,,,. 
 IHSO 
 
 
 Srelric 
 
 
 qiiiiilal,.!. 
 
 
 
 2111,. ■«: 
 
 
 IIW.Cll 
 
 
 200,11(17 
 
 
 
 I77,l)!i(l 
 
 ' l!ri,7!i<i 
 
 I -'1(1,171 
 
 1 -'17,1-1 
 
 J).-rmportalion and exportation of clieese, 1877 to 1880, in met,- 
 
 Year. 
 
 Importation. 
 
 1877. 
 
 I87M 
 IH7'.» . 
 1880. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 . 1(1.* 
 
 l.i.lWI 
 
 H,;)7i 
 
 12,112 
 l.!,2.-)l 
 
 Value. 
 
 2, I.S!>,fiOO I 
 l.>>7l.!l|0 ' 
 
 l.r)Ti,.'iiio i 
 
 1,72.3,020 i 
 
 •ic 'juiiiMs. 
 
 ICvporlation. 
 
 Qimiidty. 
 
 177, '.CIO j 
 !'.>'>, 7!l!l I 
 210,171 
 2I7,I.S'J , 
 
 Value. 
 
 32,(KW,2(1II 
 3l,;)27,.s|(t 
 3l,.'i:'fi, IIHI 
 3I,7")(1,2I0 
 
 ' M 
 
 etric.piint«I= 100 kilos. 
 
G. 
 
 of skimmed milk- 
 
 nil- 
 
 ■<U) to ISSO. 
 
 ;<l>ii>ilul.'<. 
 
 ! aii.r.; 
 
 liw.cii 
 
 j 'Mi,<.»i: 
 
 I I77,!K«I 
 
 ' I'.ri.viKP 
 
 I -'17,1-1 
 
 mdrie 'jutnliih. 
 
 lO.vportation. 
 
 Quniitity. 
 
 7. >»*. 
 I77,'.I'.I0 
 I!ir),7!lil 
 L'lO, 171 j 
 
 :ii7,iHi) 
 
 Vuliip. 
 
 .'t',0:W.2n(l 
 .•il,.'L'7,HI0 
 
 .•!i,rc'(i,i(i(» 
 
PLATE 2'-iQ 
 
 \f./A- H>n,r„timrf,;:> 
 
 A (:!„..,M;' li/M «■,,/, «-,Un-l^ ws,;i,„r, I, ,„ t/,r,v.„rr,„„/,u„f,or, ,„ /,...„,,/„■„ 
 
 Wl'lUtdtJlf i' f/,//x 
 
 B. ffi/fCT (nhf 
 
 L 
 
 
 Juhus ffipt, 
 PROFESSOR SOXHLET'S AEROMETER FOR EXTRACTING FAT 
 
PLATE 2'-^Q 
 
 
 lin f?lf' L- t'li.lx 
 
 Bie 
 
f 289 
 
 COPPER BAT 
 
 AND ; !)R: . . 
 
 H SHOWING 3 PIPETTES 
 
P L A T ^ 
 
 29a 
 
PLATE 288 
 
 Hi' : . ! 
 
 
 mm 
 
 
 ' m 
 
 !1 
 
 ; 
 
 :. 
 
 ! H 
 
 i4*l 
 
 m 
 
 
 '■^*i: 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i||#?h--^^>i 
 
 ,40 ...jfj. 
 
 10 
 
 i:! '; - - I 
 
 , -- .!|i 
 
 i(V.^ /^loii (< 
 
 feser's lactoscope 
 
PLATE 288 
 
 Riert f . V 
 
PLATE 287 
 
 l!!l 
 
 C.C. 
 
 I E 
 
 ulii.s l^ten i 1 1' ;;i'ji 
 
 LACTOBUTYROMETER ON STAND WITH STOPPEI 
 
PLATE 2 '1 
 
 I: i 
 
 Aen i re .'.I 'J: 
 
 ER 
 
 Pr 
 
P L.A T E 2t 
 
 ll|iio-Hfe-i*:(kjjiis 
 
 JllhUl! /?!. 
 
 (!!..> rcLnh: 
 
 GERMAN CREAMOMETER OR CREAM TESTING TUBE 
 
 /-'i;!| B01 rOM OU!].f. 
 
Plat E ac 
 
 '_i±_{l!£;i±£c^uh^ 
 
 UBE 
 
PLAT 
 
 L 
 
 CREAMOMETfR ON STA 
 
 ND 
 
 .ui:.- ."if:; i ib.Ajit. 
 
PLAT 
 
 ) 
 
 ■•J'':' ■'•li.'H.fi's./jiJ: 
 
PLATE 2 f 
 
 SKIM 
 
 MILK 
 
 •j NEW 
 J*^ MILK 
 
 J.6_ , 
 
 if***'' 
 
 Vio 
 
 [J 
 
 
 
 PURE 
 
 PURE- 
 
 'i3&i 
 
 QUEVENNE'S ORIGINAL LACTOMETER 
 OR LACTODENSIMETER. 
 
PLATE 
 
Bars' : f -jii ; 
 
 M>^ 
 
 
 11 : , 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 685 
 
 Y,,—l'ik(g per 5U hill)!) of diffcrciU carlcUcfof SwLss clicenc from 1851 to 1880. 
 
 Yciir. 
 
 Is'il 
 
 Ira 
 
 Ml 
 
 <>'} 
 N'lll 
 
 BKVJ 
 hhlill 
 psOl 
 
 |isi»! 
 llMil. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 !<4 
 
 Franm. 
 52 
 
 5a 
 
 50 
 
 5H 
 57 
 
 m 
 m 
 
 TO 
 57 
 50 
 (i7 
 •IH 
 05 
 
 ;•. a 
 0« 
 
 Francs, 
 12 
 •10 
 40 
 47 
 51 
 50 
 53 
 54 
 51 
 51 
 51 
 51 
 5:1 
 51) 
 
 i> 
 
 
 ■^cj 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ■fa 
 
 V 
 
 i;'* 
 
 rid 
 0- 
 
 1 
 
 'rancn. 
 
 Franc.i. 
 
 40 
 
 .55 
 
 oH 
 
 1(5 
 
 45 
 
 ;<7 
 
 45 
 
 .30 
 
 4'.l 
 
 40 
 
 4H 
 
 41 
 
 51 
 
 40 
 
 5:! 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 52 
 
 .50 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 !-)3 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 5'.t 
 
 57 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 Yciir. 
 
 ISflO.. 
 1807.. 
 ISOS.. 
 If 00., 
 1«T0.. 
 1.S71., 
 l.H-2.. 
 1873.. 
 
 1H74.. 
 
 1«75.. 
 !S70.. 
 1877.. 
 187K.. 
 1870.. 
 1880.. 
 
 o 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 •riiiirn, 
 50 
 00 
 71 
 
 75 
 00 
 77 
 85 
 03 
 75 
 00 
 
 no 
 
 '.K» 
 70 
 75 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 ■0 
 
 c^ 
 
 ri 
 
 <J 
 
 4) 
 
 ifi 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 — 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %• 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 I5i 
 
 nc.s. 
 
 
 
 
 Fra 
 
 Fiditrx. 1 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 ,53 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 .57 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 .57 
 
 
 (i2 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 fill 
 
 
 ,55 
 
 
 02 
 
 
 Oil 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 77 
 
 
 02 
 
 
 (A) 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 78 1 
 
 a 
 
 Francs. 
 ,50 
 48 
 61 
 00 
 71 
 .57 
 07 
 77 
 78 
 50 
 00 
 82 
 
 m 
 00 
 73 
 
 I'. —Ilii/hcd umlaliom of cheese in different Swisn markclti per kilo for October, 1880. 
 
 .M:irkets. 
 
 Nyoii 
 
 Vivcy... 
 
 Vvcrdoii 
 I McmkIdii. 
 I I'aycrrn:, 
 
 I 
 
 Fromage 
 gras. 
 
 Francs. 
 2.00 
 2.(K) 
 2.40 
 2.(H) 
 2. (H) 
 2.00 
 
 FromagL'S 
 luaigre. 
 
 Francs, 
 1.20 
 l..iO 
 I. (Ml 
 I.IO 
 I. 10 
 1..50 
 
 Markets. 
 
 Neufeliatel 
 
 Sioii 
 
 (Jc'iievu 
 
 I'"iiil>ourg ... 
 
 Hullo 
 
 Delemoiit .. 
 
 Froniage 
 gras. 
 
 Francs, 
 2.00 
 l.JiO 
 2.20 
 MX) 
 1.75 
 2.00 
 
 FroinngoK 
 niaigrb. 
 
 Francs. 
 1.40 
 0.00 
 1.25 
 O.iO 
 1.10 
 1.50 
 
 LYELL T. 
 
 U.N'iTED States Consulate, 
 
 Geneva, November 25, 1881. 
 
 ADAMS, 
 
 Conaul. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC DAIRY INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 iiKPoUT i'ui:i'Aiii:i> FOR (:()y.suL sir.wy, of MAmniEi^rEK, nr mk. .iameu loxu, of 
 
 JlFTVllIN, KN'ILA ND. 
 
 Milk tfstt'is arc not iiaiticularly miinenius; iiidi'wl, it is <|iu'sti()iia)ile whether an ab- 
 sohitcly iicilect iiKstiiinuMit can l)e devised iniusniuiih as .siiecilie (gravity, as well as the 
 (■ream tist lias jirovcd inetlicient when n.sed alone. The ii.se ot llie laetonii'tei-, ei(;anii)ni- 
 ctci', mill thermonieter in eotubination, howi^ver, are tDund to he very sure tests; iind 
 iilllii)Oj;li, ill eases of iMoseeution, analysis is resorted to yet in jnivale |')iaetiee, the above 
 will answer every jinrpose. Crciaiii is inea,sured in a }:;laHs tube called a creaiii K;in,:;e or 
 test-tiilie or in a j^la.ss jar and ealh'd a cream iiieasnrer or ereainoiiu ler. 'l'lu^ lactometer 
 i> really a hydrometer aihipted by a modilieiition in its scale to tcsl the density of milk 
 instead of the density of water— in like manner ;us by other mod ilicat ions suited to the 
 iciiniiemeiitsol'thevarions liijnids, .separate forms of theliydrometer are made and known 
 by llie names of al ■olionieter, Kaceharometer. ikv. In the aeeomiianyin,!? illnsi ration the 
 1,.1'tonieter is on the left hand, and a .set of test-tnbes or creamomet ms are belween the 
 lactiinicti'r and thermometer. 
 
 The lactoaieter (called the "lactidensiiaeter " or " ('iirouvetfe "' on liic Continent) is 
 iiswl for jcaii!iin;j; the density of milk. It was invented Ity W. (^)ueveiinc, a niedical man 
 in Paris, and is now in j!;eiieral ii.se, althonjjh tli<" scale diifers ii, various eoiintri. s. It is 
 •iniilar loan ordinary hy.lrometer, and is Ihrnished with a .■-cale, whichshows thedeiisity 
 (if thc' mill; at a ;;laiK:e. A ^'iveu voluuiL'of water weighiu«l,000 jiouuds. is iioh'.rgeru( 
 
686 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 bulk thiui a similar volume ol' milk weighing 1,02J) imumlj to l,(«:i pounds „,, , 
 lug to Its quality; and, heiiring this in mind, (,>ueveiine takin- oil' the t.n us,,i ,, 
 other two figures upon his lactometer, ills scale commences at I I, which is 'it ti, , 
 and descends to 42 at the bottom, it is appaient that 14 (otherwise lOM ) is 'I'lr „ i '''' 
 to be pure, but the margin is a wide one, while 4'J (1042) is j ust as much the otii, , ! " 
 When the instrument is placed in the milk (which should bedoiie very gently h ?' 
 that It may not sink, and cause milk to adhere to a point above that at whici.'it ,i"". 
 or It will not be trues), the ligure which is level with the surface will show the tm ' i ' 
 of the case. Thus, in (^uevenne's, if it rests between 29 and M it is pure- iC i 't '^ 
 27 and 29, i'„ water has been added ; between 24 and 20, A; if between 2l'anil ')^r? 
 and .so on. A sketch of this instrument is shown. ' >«'■ 
 
 With English lactometers the scale commences at the bottom at 10, yoes un ),. n , 
 then up to 100, at the top. Pure milk marks 0, pure water 100; thus everv f ', 1' ",'"' 
 tween shows the actual adulteration, the ten spaces below indicatinji wIicm t..ni;i 
 been skimmed. These liu;tometers are usually employed in milk heated to'fii ' p i^"^^ 
 while the t^uevenne is u.sed at 59° Fahr. (15° centigrade and 12° Keamur) '"''■' 
 
 An advantage of (,>uevenne'.s scale is that it tests skimmed milk as well 'w < i i 
 milk, the .siime ligures being made to apply by being bracketed; thus ;{;! to '!(! in r . 
 purity, and skim milk being heavier than new milk, the lightest portion crom, ■ 
 skimmed liom it, while the addition of water is shown between M and 17 TI,,"' ■ " 
 doubt that t,)uev"nne's iii.strument acts well wheu u.sed for mixed milk- l,iH?"r'"' 
 varies considerably with the pure milk of individual cows. ' ""*^" 
 
 In using the lactometer it is best to have a deep and narrow ghtss ves.sel simii. . 
 creamometer, in which the milk is poured at the right temperature When ft )' . " 
 nient is placed in the milk, it must be held by the stem until it floats at the i ")./«,"" 
 that It bo not made too heavy, as mentioned above. If it sinks below the m rp nlln 
 mark the percentage of watering may be suspected. Thus, supposing the luctompi J 
 be au Lng ish one, measuring to 100, if one-half the liquid be water and the ofhp 1, u 
 milk. It will sink to 50; if 20 per cent, of water is added, it will sink to ''0 -in ! ^ 
 it must be remembered that the laetometer can not be expected to do'n'wm' .i "■ 
 profes.ses; it denotes the gravity of milk, and if that gravity is any where no' fi, '" " 
 age, all well and good; but, *w the milk of different cows varies iii -ravitv s„ IVi^'" 
 instrument cease to be a specific guide when applied to these distinct sm'mliJ ./ 
 testing a sample it is found lighter than the tiverage, there is reasonable suE„m i,','' 
 It has been watered; if, on the contrary, it is found heavier, there is ground for bd o! ' 
 that it has been skimmed. ueiicving 
 
 The English lactometer shows thison the scale 10 to 0. It has been shown thit i i,.,«,„n i 
 iis cream like water is lighter than milk, a sample heavy in cream would a , ''r , ' 
 adulterated just as though it had been watered; while, on the other hand its, 1 
 were dissolved in the milk, they, being heavier, would cause it to show'tlrit tn ,i '"'" 
 pearauce, the milk had been skimmed. Thus it is always well to us.> tli. .^r ' ,', ''' 
 tor and lactometer in conjunction witli each other, so that when both nnint (,.,..'" 
 or skimming there is little doubt of the fact. Again, it is well to use the •■ ri mS 
 even when the lactometer is satisfactory, for it can be cheated. As has been s o«m, 
 water is added to milk it i.s made lighter, and that if skimmed it bccomas lu u ei IVo 
 the los.sof Its li^rhtest constitiw nt; it is therefore possible to first skim it and 1 ■ , I ,t 
 It back to Its normal gravity ' y the addition of water. Although the lacton.e er wZ] 
 not detect this, the creamometer would. >-u'"iLitr would 
 
 It was found by Chevalier, by experiment, that the value of the glass creamom.t.M i. 
 much regulated by ,t.s .liameter, in accordauce with its height. In usiiiii Z , ' 
 poured 111 until it rea(;hes the top line, 0", and left for twenty-four hours in ir« „.^ 
 alKjut G0°, by which time it will have Ibrmcd a cream of 7° to2r,° actZhnL'\: 
 nes.s. This in.strument is valuable, as shown above, for use in conjunction with t lie ' !' 
 tome er, and also for testing the cream yield of individual cows. ]W it sneci il ml 1 
 may be tested, aud thus considerable expense saved. It must not bo infernd tin ^ 
 <|uality of the cream is shown by the creamometer, for cows giving the saiiu. Mnant v 
 often make es.s butter than others. At the siime time the cream tost l.v th s ,1 ■ : 
 very valuable one. j ••■■■-' imui in ,i 
 
 The thermometer is a most necessary instrument in the dairy, as without it the work- 
 is accomplished by gue,s.s; and in spite of those who j.refer to trust to their iinial.. knoJl 
 edge of temperature, then; is no doubt that the result affects the .niality olbotli hiitter 
 and <-lieese very matcriiilly. 
 
 A lacto.scopewas recently in-ented by Profes-sor Feser, of Munich, which is hiused nnon 
 the nieiusureiiient ol the degree, f transparency of milk, which depends <-hiel!voii the r-u 
 it «>nt.uns I h.. ,„stn,.,ont ..m.Ui~ ofa graduated tube, marked with a .iimhle seal., 
 imd a pipette which is liije.l with the milk to be tested. This is then poured into tii 
 
 i tube, when water i.s added n:itil the black liiKv 
 
 ■s arc visible!. The jjorcciita^^c of 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 687 
 
 will bu shown. The lautoscope is a veiy ingenious inHtrnment i nd i^ in n « ... n 
 Cham laboratory Uw.tzeriand, ^vhere the ehenust had made amore Je fee" iu^tr lent 
 ;,|ter Feser's model; bnt, although ingenious, it is not perfect l"^"ei^i luhunment 
 
 A (Jtriuan gentleman, Dr. Heeren, has invented an instrument vvh;,.i. i n 
 ..pioskop." from "pios," fat. It consists of a sn.all rouST^of n i^Sh «T"the 
 „„lst ol which there ls a circular raised riuR, and aghuss disk of the same size 'il^ di 
 vide.1 by a r.ug in the middle, the outer part of the disk being .livided into sV «,»• i 
 iKirts, and colored from white into sha^les of blue, up to dark bine Th„ ,tw ^ ^L 
 ream; the light blue, very iat; medium blue, norm U; a leS" shlJrLifl^^^^^^ 
 „l„e, thin milk; and blackish blue, very thin. In working a Lwdrokio? .^nl'''"^ 
 placed into the inner part of the india-rubber disk; the glass dfskil neTn^L^,''' T 
 op, so that the transparent part is on the top ot the iS The mi^k th , « ,? **".' 
 ..injjestooneof the colors named above anSthus indicates ?te Vilify LX"h 
 U, ()(/., and IS sold by JJeinbauer, of Hamburg. ■'^ P '-*' '** 
 
 All instrument called a "testing centrifuge " was recently invented bv fi.o n u 
 L;„ud, of Worcester, Mass. It is practicality as correct in ^,^.Sg?he c^eani Sich is 
 contained m milk as the creamometer, but, unlike the latter, it does its work mI^„ 
 ;,„d more completely. It is also believed to be a better test ol thfavaiHbP .r ■■" 
 ,„ilk than aualytiis, because the latter gives the total Imtter fats al of wh ch >n .? " '" 
 vet been obtained by any practical method of cream separation '"'''" 
 
 There is one more experiment which is easily performed with milk vi -, n. 
 of the tat, and which a little practice will enatt penZ t^do fS^JelV 
 nieiits re(iuired arc a proper tube, a copper bath for the same and -i thprmn«!o t, i 
 .ome etlier and alcohol, both of a given strength. Tlio tube is divid.. TnVn h ' "'f ' 
 ,|K. top division being also graduated. FirstNiew milkt pouml Id in^^o^^^^^ 
 10... line, when the ether is added to the middle line, and severe v sh-ien 1\\ 
 ,,l„ea,.iaIgan.ation has taken place. The alcohol is theullZuoIhelop.i^^^^^^^^^^ 
 ,,mal-amated by shaking, a most important point. The tube is then t.hZ ? /^^„ i . . 
 oi^vaterat 1(10° Fahr., and allowed to stand until the prepaS; S^^^^^^ 
 ,,He when it can be measured by the gauge at the top. ^ F^Snary purposes tC; 
 n ..0 better system lor testing the butter-making properties of a cow t'^'^P"'"^'^ ^"«^re 
 For the estimation of the liit, however, which is contained in milk. Professor Soxhiet 
 m invented an apparatus which is most valuable, and the best vet m'lde for !,, .iVn 
 |,ose. iiythe illustration it will be seen that the stand, whiKa ,nit.,n^^^ 
 |,nl(l.r litted with a movable screw for holding the glass tube A to the nt^^L?" ' T '"^ 
 ,r whi.h the india-rubber tubes h 1/ are attached, hi the < entt^r ot" « Is RstS "*-' *"n'' 
 ,ubeof glass, B, the topof which projects beyond a, and is clS by u corf The df^ ^^^ 
 of I! must be two millimeters greater than that of the float of the anometer The 'ion'!'' 
 eter hasas<:ale divided into degrees corresponding to the specific cmvitip« Vr,!i /i 
 attain are divided into halves. In the float of the i^rometer is fastened fth^rf "r*" 
 .a,l..ate.l. An india-rubber tube connects the b.-ttom of B wufthe «h s Tr^^t n 
 which passes through the cork E of the bottle, which is desiKnated theSitVn > . J ' 
 a,Kl the glass tube F to which is attached a pair of small'hiadlSvs?? LS ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 , rough he cork. The stand also holds three pipettes for the mcasur , g o7 ^e n ilk 
 alier, and ea.istic potash. The caustic potash solution must be of 1 2(i to 1 27 wpifi,' 
 ..av.ty, which may be prepared by dissolving 400 grams of fused ciiwic n^ffu ■ 
 I kilfa iter of water, which after cooling, is lu.ulo up to one lite .The et.er'^nS be 
 ..turated with water, and this ciui bo obtained bv shaking commercial ether xviH. * » 
 ;, otits volume o water at the onlinury temperallre. A large Sot" at lei 7 A ' !" 
 «i|)a,ity tilled with water at a temperature of 17° to 1H° (J is also m.u ,ed ^ *"' 
 
 To perform the e_xperiment, the milk, after having been thorou.rhlv mixed .u„f . « 
 I ...iperature o 17°.r, C, 200 cubic centimeters are mer.sured by he arf^t pLe te 
 ,.,„i<liseharKed into one of the agitating bottles, which should iLe a c.Stvol--i( 
 .iibic centimeters. Similarly 10 cubic centimetei-s of the potash solut on ir^ „fo , 
 
 ;nKl discharged into the bottle containing the milk and mixed iOerVrf "''^^^^ 
 ! dher saturate.! with water are then ad.led. The ether when m.^ur In, ?/" °' 
 
 l(i^5ai,d 18°..5 C. The bottle is then <.|osed, well shalTen hi hal a S 
 water at a temperature of 17°.r, C, and shaken evcrv ■iltern.t.. n . f ? .V'"""''' P'»t;ed in 
 ..our. After this it stands for a <,uarU. of.nl' l^lu^ ;:ShS. it so^;;;:SSa°lr 
 
 (Hi . when !i Iiivpr i\i tlir. <.ili<>..„..l .,„!., t; ,• <• i • " """^■^ uitvLS a 1011- 
 
 .,• peno.l), when a layer of the eUiereal sol^Uo. f' i "^ se ^ on t ii^Z' Sd^" ""K 
 lie perfectly .'lear. The India rubber tube at the bottom of-, is L„ ..i ' '. -^^ ™"'* 
 IT» to H ' (■„ when a is lille.l with the water J c Ho , d c W Tonnl' :•"'"'„"* 
 / vvith a small ghu.s tube. The stopper ^f the botfle1.stXed byTheS''^ 
 
 IT" to 
 (l.ils // /;' 
 
 1111(1 the 
 
 ..on. The cork at the top of It, and f h^^dppe;;, '1^ i^eing o.l^^ned'a !m^,!i'tv or' H '"" 
 ^..Ihcent to .•anse the a.ron.et..r to float, is bri^ -,1 by nieuis of m ,;p?,hL^ ^ ' '"* '*''"' 
 W bellows i..fo the tube 1 When the clamp is dlsS and ';i.:'co^'£;^^ 
 
688 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 prevent evuporation. 
 
 which coincides with the middle part of the deepest curved line on the Hiiiliiccdi 
 liquid. The tenipcniture dniinK the estiiniition ol' the specilic gravity of the noIh 
 must he noticed, and if it is ^".nC. the speciflc gravity will need no fiirtlur.,! 
 
 The position of the scale is then read off, that part heiiijr tnui 
 
 »l' til,. 
 *"'liitiijn 
 
 tion, for it uwA be nnderstowl that it is diminished hy a higher and inereiwcirir 
 lower temperature. The temperature of the water in A may lluctuate from Kj^ r^." 
 18°.5 C, and the specific gravity of the ethereal Holution at n°.r> C. having ])vvn li,,' " 
 the amount of fat in weight per cent, ciin lie obtained from the table 8Ui)pH((| widnJ, 
 instrument. The value of the Soxhlet apparatus is that the percentage ol fat to i 
 second decimal place is obtained, thus making it as valuable as actual analysis 
 
 CREAM-SEPARATING MACHINES. 
 
 REPORT PREPARED FOR 
 
 CONSUL SlIAW, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES 
 IIETUUJN, ENGLAND. 
 
 lonn, 
 
 OF 
 
 Up to the present time the most popular machine in England and France iim i 
 the De Laval, which is the only one that has been regularly exhibited. There Itt 
 reasons for its popularity— its price, which has varied between £30 and <£ J? ,, i 
 value— lor it is a good m;Mjhine. Perhaps it also ought to be said that it hw no nn "* 
 tion in either country, for this is almost the liict. True, three other ni'ithiixN i " 
 been exhibited in England; but in one case, the "Danish," patent difliculties Ii v ' 
 vented its sale; in another, the "Lefeldt," is very much more expensive- 'iiui in'!'r 
 third, the "Petersen," a quite new machine, which competed at the Koval lis 
 against the Laval for a gold medal. It was fiir higher in price, suitable onlvfn/f' 
 dairies and factories, and did not take olfall the cream. There is, however ■uWff. r 
 with the Laval, which its inventor can not overcome: it requires a great deVl „. '^ 
 lor so small a machine, and it cannot be made in smaller or larger sizes tiiespT"" 
 most insuperable objectiods when rival machines are introduced without ti'iein '"'' 
 
 The De Laval is the invention of a Swede of that name, but it is not the culi 
 vention, for centrifugal force, which is in reality forced gravitiition iw iDnl'ie.I i '"' 
 English inventor, was first uaed by a German, Professor Fuch, as early is k-i'^ ," 
 LavaPs machine the receiver revolves with the milk some 5,000 times i niiunt i 
 takes the cream from some 200 quarts an hour. This receiver, which is "mado i • t i 
 works upon a vertical axis, ind is filled with the milk through the medium of n f 1 
 which pa.sses into it from above. As the milk revolves, the centrifujial letinn ' 
 the lighter cream to gather at the top in the center, while the heaver n'mtinn ..'"If 
 v«..,.„„ i. f„„..,i .„ «.. ..,.„;^„ Tu•'^^i"?..•!J^T^\* «">y."eeds some additioual out' 
 
 volume is forced to the outside. 
 
 side power to force it outside and this is provided by the continual stream of npw „ ii 
 The result is that the heavy skim milk is compelled to find its way llirou-'liTtn , 
 an outer chamber whence it runs out by a pipe. As the new milk enters ancHs sk- ., f i 
 the enlarged volume of cream likewise demands an outlet, for it Ciiunot Lret t.'. i 
 hery nor escape with the milk; hence it is provided with a special tul)e •lud ,1 ,;,?"' 
 nd escapes from another portion of the machino in a similar way Astliedr "' 
 il meters in diameter, the surface sp*d of the interior reriuired to senirit.. d.l "* 
 is about 1 5. 000 f^et per minute. »qwratt tlie cmnii 
 
 Now we will take the Danish machine, originally so called, although now thu (h,.r 
 are not one but four or five machines made in Denmark, we ought to follow the .'v. i 
 of the Danes themselves and use the names of the makers; otherwise hiuei-s will « 
 d ay get into a difficulty. This machine, called, respectively, the Petersen iiid I' 
 per & Dam, is sent out by H. C. Pet<'rsen & Co., Copenhagen, wliieli liut slu 
 specially noted, as of the eight matthines wc know four 
 this name, 
 tsan 
 and 
 feet 
 center is a C(>ne, within which is the shaft by which the machine is'woiked 
 
 ire made 
 
 urnu'is- 
 
 shnulil lie 
 
 >y ditlereut lirnisdl' 
 
 mot 
 round 
 
NO. 
 
 off, that part buinj- ,,iuUj 
 I line on the him liicc (if ii 
 dlio gravity of t|,e t^^^u!!, 
 vill iu-(Ml no (liitluMCrr, 
 hif^lier iind incicii.soil 1,,., 
 lay lludAiutc irom 1(1^ ', Z 
 n°.r. a Imvin. )..,,,,;„' 
 lie table 8iii)pli,.,| wi(|,,L 
 the percentage of lUi ^ a 
 I as actual anulyssis. 
 
 NES. 
 
 , ny MR. jAstEs Losa,op 
 
 exhibited. There are t« , 
 .een£30andi;;;7,and 
 Bsaidtlwtithasnoopiwsi! 
 three other nu.diim>H Lh 
 latent difliculties have pa 
 ioro expensive; and j,, ,i., 
 ted at the Koyal last y,a 
 price, suitable ouly for i,,,, 
 
 lere is, however, a (lifficultv 
 iires a frreat deal ol' power 
 ar larger sizes, these bdn- 
 iced without them. ' 
 
 mt it is not the eaillMt in. 
 aviUtion, iw applied l,y„|, 
 wch, as early as I>ri!) i,, 
 
 5,000 tiniesaininiitcauil 
 er, which is made of stcd 
 gh the medium of a liinnci 
 e centrifugal action caiisw 
 ' ttie heaver portion of tlie 
 needs some additioual oui- 
 tinual stream of new milk 
 
 Its way IhrouKh a tube to 
 
 nilk enters and is Hkimiaed 
 or It ciinnot get to the m- 
 special tube and chamlicr 
 liar way. As the drum is 
 iired to separate the ei«iiii 
 
 d, altliouKh now that tlierf 
 ughttolbllowtheexainpiu 
 itherwisc buyere will soiiiu 
 the Petersen and nunm-is- 
 Kcu. which liict shnulil lie 
 made by ditlcreut lirriisdl' 
 hich lias yet a|ipeare<i. It 
 ^<1 ujion a solid Ibiindatiiiii 
 r. The drum i.s alMiiitr. 
 le depth in )i kei. In (he 
 ine is worked. On the top 
 issor Fjord, of Copeiilii«eii, 
 e a .set of strainers, and in 
 passed tliroiijrli as is noirs- 
 im; it is bent at the end sn 
 '.v. When the drum is in 
 <lyof the milk is whirled 
 of the drum. As in the 
 
 1 
 
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 SBS 
 
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 NOTE T,;i.s 1.- Ihr,/ „f,;i Ihr lt,„„.</, ,y,;:(nUrr !,'„• !,•„., I,:h,:~ ,- ,1 rr.„-/n„„ 
 '-IJiilh'U.i .•I'l/ii- i/iiiiii riii- iiulk liiil.MittolJir i/in,> ■>t'tli,- .v" 
 •iVclKi- cr.'.-trilliim- iimi i.y /i.i.swil nilollir iii.nJllri,- in /,inir ,v 
 ■^""lll iilittilUUiW ii.-r/u-,s-l,>f</<e>:'! ■, h ,in- iv.iili.lf,,!. Ih, ,,:/:'.<«■ 
 }viili/uliiiii the iifdiii tiilini litri, ill,' •i,il/i 
 
 .'ulius BienSCo fiith 
 
 PROFEISSOR FJOno'S F^ ECU LA FOR 
 
 BV I H I 'J MACHINE ANY M t H C t N "1 A u L Of C F< (_ /\ W 
 CAN BE SKIMMED B Y T H R. [lAN.SH 
 
en 
 
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 V) 
 
 en 
 
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> 
 
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 M 
 ID 
 

 
 
 
 
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Julius ?>leti*Co t.i'h 
 
 THE VERTICAL DRUM CREAM SEPARATOR 
 
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PLATE 299 
 
 Ir- 
 
 
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 Jul I us Su tCo.Lith. 
 
 THE ! ! DT CREAM SEPARATOR. 
 
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SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 680 
 
 De Laval centrifugal Torce briugs the cream to the surface and to the top, where it is met 
 by a sharp tube, fixed from the outside and literally cut oif, i,he tube acting like a plane 
 ■ind' making a furrow into which the band of cream rushes only to be cut off the faster. 
 It rushes down this tube and out into the pail .set to catch it. As the milk continues 
 to bo poured in and the cream to be cut off, the skim milk at the back is forced 
 through an outlet at the top into a little chamber above the cream, where it is taken by 
 a cutting tube in a similar manner. 
 
 With regard to Professor Fjord's apparatus, it may be mentioned that if all the cream 
 were required, a plain tube only would be necessary; but as different milk producers 
 and dealers have their own ideas, they must be consulted. One may wish to make 
 cheese, .-nd leave a portion of the fat in the milk; another may prefer to sell skim milk 
 which is still rich in cream, for there is no denying the fartthat tliis separator takes more 
 cream from it than can be obtained by any old system. For this end, then, Fjord's reg- 
 ulator is used, and by its aid any proportion of fat can be tr.ken. Thus if the supply be 
 increased by regulating the tubes, the skimmer will only take thesame quantity of cream, 
 consequently more must be left in the milk. 
 
 The last addition to this machine is an ingenious machine by which the revolutions 
 are counted, and this does Mr. Peterson, who is really the inventor of the machine, great 
 credit. This gentleman claims to skim with his large machine 1,200 pounds or 120 gal- 
 lons an hour. This statement is not an exaggeration, for, when in Sweden, the manager 
 of a large factory, where the centrifuge is worked, in answer to a question told us that 
 he separated 200 Swedish cans an hour, this can being 6 pounds. The cream, too, can 
 be taken of any thickness, so that indeed a spoon will stand upright in it. 
 
 The large machine costs 1,100 kroner Danish, or about J£60, while the smaller is 650 
 kroner, this revolving nearly 2,800 a minute, skimming nearly GOO pounds of milk, and 
 working by one horse. There is also a tube which will carry the skim milk away over- 
 head into a vat, instead of into a pail below. It should be mentioned that in all cases 
 the temperature of the cream and the quality of the milk has much to do with the re- 
 sults, and to this end it is now the custom to hea,t al Imilk to its temperature on leaving 
 the cow by passing it ovc hot water or steam tubes as it runs into the machine. 
 
 In comparing this machine with the Laval, we find, first, that it requires less power 
 and does more work, its surface speed being 9,750 feet, or 5,250 less than the Laval. It 
 can be had in almost any size, and can be regulated. At the Royal trial it gave more 
 butter, while the analysis showed — 
 
 Component parts. 
 
 
 
 a 
 .a 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 in 
 
 ■Water 
 
 61.46 
 
 as. 44 
 
 4.56 
 .54 
 
 52.32 
 
 42.08 
 
 4.42 
 
 .58 
 
 91.72 
 
 .29 
 
 7.22 
 
 .77 
 
 91.82 
 
 .11 
 
 7.32 
 
 .75 
 
 91.36 
 
 Fat 
 
 .44 
 
 Cnaein aii^. Qufirar 
 
 7.41 
 
 
 .79 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 1(10.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 During the past year the most imj. )rtant contest which has yet taken place was held 
 at the Danish Exhibition in Aulborg where prizes were offered for large and small sepa- 
 rators. The Danish of Petersen easily won in the large class, two of his machines com- 
 peting, one running at 1,900 and the other at 2,10r> revolutions per minute, the in- 
 dicated horse-power being 1.3. In the small class the I ury selected the Danish and the 
 Laval for trial at a farm-house under the superintendence of Professor Fjord. Every- 
 thing was done which science could devise to make the experiment complete. Every 
 minute during the trials the speeds of the axle, of the horse gear, of the vertical 
 axles, of the separators, of the rotary dynamometer, and of the intermediate motion, 
 were written down by self-registering iiidicators. The Danish g.ive a speed of 2,400 to 
 3,000 per minute, and the Laval 5,000 to 7,000, the result of the five series of experi- 
 ments which were made being that where both separators were driven by the same power 
 the Danish skimmed 565 pounds (Danish pound is equal to 1.13 pounds Engli.«h) per 
 hour, leaving 20 per cent, of fat in the skim milk, and the Laval 450 pounds per hour, 
 leaving 24 percent, in the skim milk; ov, in other words, it was shown that at the same 
 degree of skimming and with the same supply of milk the Laval required one-third more 
 power than the Danish, or, supposing that the same power is consumed, the Danish small 
 
 H. Ex. 51 44 
 
690 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 iuuy impioveu. in nppearauce this niachiuej 
 wive. It was first produced by Willy Let'eldt ■* 
 ;k, who at the polytechnic school at' Carlsrnli.i' 
 ing of tlie iuveutiou of I'rofessor Fuclis in thij 
 
 machine skimmed one-third more than the Laval. When the supply of milk was tl 
 same and the consumption of power also the siime, the Laval left 04 to G5 per cent mor* 
 latin the skimmed milk. Under these cireunisUinces the Danish machine took theoth ^ 
 gold medal. " 
 
 Now we may refer to the Lefeklt, which is the oldest machine now in use, and wlrd 
 like the above machines, has been recently improved. In appearance this niachiu.' ' 
 
 not unlike the Laval, but is more expensive. '* — - ''—* ' — -' •-- ^"•" - ■ - 
 
 civil engineer of kSchoningen, Brunswick, 
 Lad, it may be 8uppo.sed, seen somethinj, 
 
 town; and in 1874 he produced the first machine which was shown at the e.\liil)itioii 
 Bremen. The Lefeldt revolves at the rateof 2,400 upon a vertical shaft driven I)y ban i 
 attached to two disks, the one on a level with the machine and the other above it Ti 
 cream is taken on a principle similar to tlie De Laval, but the machine is much ninr^ 
 elaborate. It is made in three principal sizes, thus: the one lor separatiiu' 4Uil]itr 
 (88 gallons or about 900 pounds); the price is 500 marks, or with thefixturts £V r 
 1,000 litre it is £75, and 2,000 litres £125, without fixtures. The inside diam'eu'rnf 
 the drum is 24 inches; thus the velocity required to separate the cream from the mill' 
 is 15,072 feet iier minute, or a trifie more than the Laval. There is nodonht whatew 
 of the value of this machine, for we have seen it working in Switzerland at the amt 
 Anglo-Swiss works, where it is much appreciated, as well as in Germany and the oni 
 limit found with it is that it has now and then to be stopped. ^ 
 
 The machine "System llenrcich Petersen," of Hamburg, while working under centri 
 lugal force, is (luite unlike those above mentioned. Instead of horizontal drums ■miU 
 vertical shaft it has vertical drums and a horizontal shaft, the drums bein>r also verV dif 
 lerent in form; the diameter is large and the depth very little. Instead, too' of the i " 
 cumference being fiat it forms an acute angle. The shalt is fixed to an iron founilition 
 the drums being on each side, and when there are two used tliev lesemhh. acou'nipnf 
 carriage wheels upon an axle. Tiie shalt is driven from ;ibove, and the milk whidi k 
 poured into the drum from the front, is skimmed from the same position uii.l the liv 
 standers can see the whole working. If, for instance, the tiii!^erisintroduct:'l;ui(l touch." 
 thesurface ofthemilkas it revolves,it will almost be cut with the force olcontutt hutliet' 
 alarge cutting tube is introduced and takesoff the cream similarly to the other svstsm 
 the skim-milk being forced into the outer chamber of the drum and alsoskiniuieil Tlii' 
 machine is now improved, and can be regulated to take any quantity of cieam livscrew^ 
 ing the cutter deeper into the cream, as is found necessary. The drums are muiein 
 various .sizes, but are decidedly dear— the small-drum machine, holding loo im.uikIs milk 
 per drum, skimming (JOO pounds an hour, costs £7."); if two drums are purehised tlmi 
 the cost IS £120 5.s. A 200-pound drum machine, to sidm 800 pounds an hour to.;t 
 £9o, or for two drums, skimming 1,000 pounds, £UM. These machines do an immense 
 amount of work, have great advantages on account of the power used and tlie Dossihl,- 
 addition of drums, but arc too dear. ' " 
 
 The "Nakskov," which has never 1)eeu seen in England, is a Danish machine, made 
 by Tuxent llammerich, of Nakskov, and rescml.'les the Danish or I'.urmeister in 'i .rr,..,t 
 measure. ' We saw it at work at the exhibitions in Denmark and Germany and we miM 
 say It did its work well, although it is a palpal)le coi)y, l)ut without an analysis of the 
 skimmed milk we should not like to say that it took all t he eieam. 1 1 has no re"uIitor 
 or machine to count tlie revolutions, and works on a sliaft from al)ove, which is nxei'l to 
 a powerful bent inm arm which comes from the Ibundalion and over the Iwck of the 
 drum, which is 22 inches in diameter, with a smaller openin, than the Danish (1) indu< 
 It is driven from a horizontal wheel or disk, and it is claimed to separate I'mI) tn lui) nimnils 
 of milk per hour, the cost being £27 Ids. 
 
 Another machine, called the " Aarlius,'" made by Jansen, of that town, is i)riee(l a-^ 
 and is also similar in appearance in all respects, although tiie working is a little <litlir' 
 ent. The milk enters the machine through a tube fixed in the top of 7l)e u\>rhM shalt 
 and a little below this becomes two arms, each of which distributes lli<r milk into the 
 periphery. Here, too, is an arrangement lor the escape of the milk at the lioltoni llic 
 cream being taken at the top. Tlu^ drum of this machine is similar to a plain roiiiil 
 vat. .\t the top is a wire gauze strainer, from the tube on the top of the sh:il't is hlleil 
 The annexed drawing wilt show the system of tlie distribution of milk. The top oiit-iue 
 pipe is for the eseaiu^ of the cream and the bottom lor the escajio of the skim-milk. 
 
 Another machine is manulaetuivd by O. C. I'eterscn & Co , of Copenlmu'en, Imt thi< 
 did not compete in the trial, hav in^j; arrived too late. Tlie makers informeil ns that iis 
 price was to be ;{00 kroner, or about £!(> Kl.s, but although there appears to he sume 
 niertt in it and a consi<k'rable amount of merit in the price, it is hanliy perlWti'd; vet 
 the makers are in tiie hope of ([uickly placing it upon tlu; market. 
 
 Again, another separator wiw entered by O. retcrsen & Co., of Koskilde, bnt this nut 
 being perfected was not sent, although it also has some merit, but, its price is consider- 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 691 
 
 able, 1,100 kroner. It is, however, upon a similar principle to the successful Dauiau, 
 and consc'^iuently needs hut a passing reference. 
 
 The last machine exhibited was called the "Solid," the invention of Hervin S. Berg- 
 lund, a Swedi.sh engineer. This is priced at 450 kroner. 
 
 I give sketches of the Dauish, the Laval, the Lefeldt, the Petersen (Hamburg), the 
 Nakskov, and the Aarhus; the last two being rough sketches made in Denmark by the 
 writer. 
 
 A WILTSHIRE DAIRY. 
 
 STATEMENT PREPARED FX>B CONSUL SUA IV, OF MANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG, OF 
 
 JIETCUIN, ENQIAND. 
 
 The following table gives a record for seven yeai-s of the receipts in a Wiltshire dairy 
 of English croasbreds: 
 
 
 « 
 
 9 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 , 
 
 J, 
 
 J, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Butter sold. 
 
 0, 
 
 $ 
 
 3 
 
 3 . 
 
 
 8 
 "3 
 
 £ 3 
 
 S 
 
 
 2 
 
 "v 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 J4 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 '■J 
 
 aa 
 
 2 
 £ 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 1 
 M 
 
 Si 
 
 1 
 
 >> 
 
 s 
 
 ■s.a 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 <a 
 
 ■g,s 
 
 1- 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 s* 
 
 > 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 'A 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 anlln. 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 >i 
 
 s: 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 «<! 
 
 «<S 
 
 
 
 
 Oalls. 
 
 Galls. 
 
 1 
 
 Ton.i. <nvt. ! Cwls, 
 
 Cwls. 
 
 d. 
 
 8. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 1881 
 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 70 
 7'2 
 
 308 
 308 
 308 
 308 
 308 
 
 31,6;i4 
 26, 386 
 .30, 513 
 31,1.'53 
 28, 470 
 
 1 ir,i 
 
 136 
 445 
 3't,') 
 
 H, 33J 
 7,960 
 3, 450 
 3, 840 
 
 1, 7yo 
 
 8 51: 
 
 7 15 
 
 12 18 
 
 12 lOi 
 
 11 UJ 
 
 40 
 34 i 
 36i 
 43J 
 42i 
 
 5i 
 6 
 
 9 
 9 
 H 
 9j 
 10 
 
 58 
 32 
 44 
 
 59 
 60 
 
 13 
 
 14i 
 
 I6i 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 1880 
 
 H 
 
 1S79 
 
 12 
 
 1878 
 
 12 
 
 1877 
 
 12 
 
 1876 
 
 80 
 70 
 
 308 
 308 
 
 .32, <.I30 
 24, 270 
 
 4Ui 
 34GJ 
 
 150 
 90 
 
 13 4i 
 10 10 
 
 34i 
 28 
 
 5i 
 4 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 35i 
 60 
 
 16i 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 1875 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 DAIRY ASSOCIATION LAWS OF WURTEMBERO. 
 
 rinelosure in Consul Catlin's cattle rei>ort,l 
 Statutes of the Dairy Association at lleJdenfingen {Registered company). 
 
 1. The undersigned associate themselves toi^ether for an indefinite period under the 
 title of the liegLstertd Dairy Association of Ilcldenfingeu. 
 
 The seat is vt Heldentir.gen, and its object is a most advantageous disposal of milkby 
 ajoint management of the business. 
 
 ■J. Only persons who are of ajre, self-supporting, and of good character, and who own 
 milch cows in their own right, can become members of the association. 
 
 '•>. iMcmbership is acquired by signing the statutes or a written declaration of acces- 
 sion, after having received formal admission from the general assembly. 
 
 1. The membership is annulled (er) by voluntary resignation, {h) by death (c) by ex- 
 pulsion. 
 
 A resignation can only take place <at the end of a business year; the declaration of 
 withdrawal must, however, be sent in to the president of the association at least three 
 mouths in advance, otherwise a discharge from membership can only ensue at the end of 
 the Ibllowing year. 
 
 In case of deiith membership ceases on the day of death; it may, however, be trans- 
 ferred to the widow or heirs of the decea.sed member, who can carry on the business, 
 without any entrance fee, if such privilege is applied for within one week after. 
 
 Withdrawal is made by approval of the general assembly, in which case the mem- 
 bership uea.ses on the day of the approval. Expulsion mii.'it be acted on as soon a-s a 
 member has lost the capacity to serve or his stiinding as a citizen; it may, however, 
 also ensue through a non-compliance with the duties provided for by the statutes. 
 
692 
 
 CATTLE AND DAI3Y FARMING. 
 
 5 The settling of the accounts of those who may have withdrawn from membership 
 Ua b and c) or of their heirs +'<kes place at the end of the business year. Their bal- 
 ance is, however, not paid over before six months. Also for two years from the day of 
 cessation of membership ex-members are lial)le for their share ot any losses by the 
 company. 
 
 6. Members have the right— m. • • i 
 
 («) To take part in the general a.ssembly and to vote there. This nghtceases with the 
 day of declaration of resignation. Female members have neither the right to vote nor 
 admittance to the assemblies. w , ■ 
 
 (b) To forward to the dairy all milk which they produce and to clami their payment 
 monthly for the same from the company. 
 
 (e) To draw their share of prolits on the basis of section 30. 
 
 (d) At any time to enter the dairy and take note ol' the conduct of its business. 
 
 7. Members are required — 
 
 (1) To pay an entrance fee of 10 marks, which sum forms at the same time their .share 
 in the capital uiock without interest. On withdrawal from the compauy (4 a, h, and cj 
 this sum'is repaid. 
 
 (2) To observe the existing regulations and subsequent resolutions ot the association, 
 as well as to guard the interest of the company in all respects. 
 
 (3) To be individually responsible with their whole property in so far as the proper- 
 ty of the association may be iusuOicient to meet its obligations. 
 
 (4) To Ibrward daily a stated iiuautity of milk, which quantity shall be lixed by the 
 superintendent in each case, in proportion to the number of the cattle; and partiimlarly 
 to acquiesce in the following rule:3 relative to the delivery of the milk: 
 
 (a) The milch cows are to be well and regularly fed, as well as thoroughly milked. 
 The udders are to be washed belbre milking if necessary; care must also be taken tliat 
 there be sufficient straw and pure healthy air in the stable. 
 
 (6) The milk is to be delivered immediately after milking in a clean vessel, whicli must 
 be properly cleaned alter each time it is used, and must not be used lor any oilier purpo.se. 
 
 (c) It is ibrbidden to deliver the milk of cows which are diseased at the udder, or not 
 in good general health; the milk of fresh milch cows in the lirst five days alter calvin;,'; 
 the milk of bearing cows in the last four weeks belbre calving; the milk of cows newly 
 brought in from market and which have not been previously three times milked; thiii 
 and poor milk, and in general all milk which in any of its conditions is not normal. 
 
 (d) At any discussions arising relative to the quality of milk, the areometer ot 
 Miiller and the ereamometer of Chevalier are to be applied as tests, and each member 
 must hold himself subject to the decision resulting therefrom. 
 
 The milk is to be considered thin, when its specitic weight— measured at l.j^' Celsin.s 
 by the areometer of Muller— falls under l,0i2!), and it is to be considered a.s devoid of 
 fat, when, after twenty-four hours of skimming, it yields less than 10 per cent, of cream, 
 aecording to Chevalier's ereamometer, at a temperature of 10=-15^ Celsius. 
 
 (e) All milk which is intentionally altered by the owner to tlie prejudice of the asso- 
 ciation (skimmed, watered, &c.) is considered adulterated. If adulteration is proved, 
 the furnisher has for the lirst oU'ense to pay a stipulated line of 100 marks, and in case 
 of repetition is to be expelled from the association. Should there be any suspii-jon of 
 adulteration of milk, the superintendent is to examine into <he matter, and if necessary 
 to cause a chemical investigation of the milk. He has also the right at any time to have 
 the cows of the milk furnisher milked in order to compare the milk obtained in his pres- 
 ence with the milk furnish^!. 
 
 8. The association is to conduct its business independently with e(iual rights to all its 
 members. Its directors are the executive committee and the general assembly. 
 
 9. The committee consists of the superintendent of the association, a vicesuperiu- 
 tendcnt, an accountant, and two inspectors. The general assembly holds two separate 
 elections annually, at the first of which the superintendent, and at the secimd the other 
 four members arecho.sen. These ollicers are eligible for re-election. 
 
 10. The committee distribute the ))usincss among its membia-s according to its own 
 judgment. The vici-supcriulcndcnt and the accountant are to be chosen from iimoii;,' 
 
 i<^s members. . , r. .., x- 
 
 11. The committee is responsible to the general a-saembly lor its action. Its members 
 are personally answerable for all losses resulting from negligence or malfea-sance, and 
 may for this reason be released from their duties at any time. 
 
 12. The execulive commit tee assembles asoften as the superintendent fiitdsitnece8.sivry, 
 or upon the request ol' two of its members. 
 
 13. The business of the executive committee is: (a) The discharge of ciiriTiit Inisi- 
 ness; (b) the arrangement and care of the books; (c) the directing and paying of the 
 cheese-maker and all hands rcijuircd in the business; ((/) the purchase of the necessary 
 fuel and other articles required in the dairy; (<■) the rendering of the yearly accouuta 
 and the taking of the inventory. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 693 
 
 liui tkeir payment 
 
 ts busiueaa. 
 
 It fiit(lsitnece8.siiry, 
 
 14. To form a quorum of the executive committee the presence of at least three mem- 
 bers is required. In case of a tie the president has the c.i.;ting vote. Every subject of 
 discusi«ion must, if two members of the committee desire, be laid belbre the general 
 as-sembly for decision, and in this case a special meeting of the general assembly is to be 
 called. The proceedings of the committee are to be recorded. 
 
 If). The executive committee represents the association in all legal proceedings, and 
 signs tor it. The signature is valid in the name of the superintendent or the vice- 
 superintemlent and one other meml)er of the executive committee under the title of the 
 n-ssociation. The legitimation of the executive committee is made by a certified extract 
 from the record of its election and that of the vice-superintendent. 
 
 l(i. The superintendent, iuaddilion totheotherduttesimposediipon himby the orders 
 of the executive committee and the general assembly, is required: (a) To issue calls for 
 the meetings of the committee and general assembly, to preside over the same, and to 
 take care that the resolutions there adopted are carried out to the letter; (/)) to have an 
 oversight of the buildings and all movable eflecta belonging to the association, which 
 he, according to the inventory, has under his charge; (e) to order as often as possible 
 examinations of the milk, to watch over the employes, and to hold at least once a year 
 a special revision of the accounts; ((/) to announce immediately to the committee any 
 irregularity in the books or business in order that measures may be taken tending to 
 the safety and surety of the association. 
 
 17. The accountant, who at the same time acts as bookkeeper, if the committee does 
 not decide otherwise, has charge of all the funds of the association and keeps the books as 
 to income and outlay accord-ug to his acquaintance with the business. Paymen*sfrom the 
 treasury of the company can only be made by v^Titten order from the superintendent or 
 the vice-superintendent and some other memb^. of the committee. He must allow at 
 any time n revision of books to be made by the superintendent. 
 
 18. The call tor the general assembly, which has the linal decision in all the affairs 
 of the company, and which is issued by the superintendent, must be made ia writing, 
 and not later than three days before the holding of the same, with mention of the matters 
 to be discussed. 
 
 1!). The regular general assembly, at which the yearly accounts are to be rendered, 
 with a reportof the examination of the same, as well as the election of the new committee 
 and the auditors of accounts must take place not later than the end of February in each 
 year. Special general assembliescan, in cases of emergency, be called in at any time; the 
 superintendent is obliged to call them if the committee decides, or if a third of the 
 members propose it, with a written statement of the su' Y-cts to be discussed. 
 
 20. At the elections each member has one vote, and it is :.,)t transferable. The elec- 
 tion of officers, as well as the votes on receiving or excluding members, must be done 
 by written ballots. On any other (juestions members may vote by rising from their 
 seiits, or remaining seated, provid'Hl that the general assembly may at any time decide 
 upon another mode of voting. 
 
 •21. Besides the cases mentioned in section 'S:i the general assembly is at any time 
 cualilied to decide whether the call has been regularly issued, with a mention of the 
 subjects to be discussed. 
 
 •2-1. Decisions are binding for all members of the association, if they are taken by vote 
 of a plurality of members present. In case of a tie, the vote of the president decides. 
 
 'i;5. The general a.sserubly has the right to withdraw the privilejje of presiding officer 
 from the superintendent on any proposition brought belbre it, and to offer that privilege 
 to any other member of the association. 
 
 24. Minutes are to bo kept of all decisions, and these minutes, after having been read 
 and adopted, are to be signed by all the members of the executive committee. 
 
 25. All sui)iects not expressly appertaining to the executive committee must be sub- 
 mi tied to the decision of the general a.sseml)ly. 
 
 20. The necessary funds for carrying out the objects (? 1) of the association are to be 
 raised (1) by admission fees, (2) by mortgage, (o) by lines and other payments. 
 
 27. The fiscal year is identical with the calendar year. At the end of the year the 
 committee shall settle its accounts and take an inventory. The balanced account for 
 the year is to be forwarded for examination to the auditors of accounts not later than 
 the end of January, and is to be placed before the regular general assembly not later 
 tliii!'. the end of February with a report of the results. 
 
 :a. 'Ji'j yearly account must include: (1) All income and outlays; (2) a special ac- 
 count showing i)rofit and loss; (3) the balance showing the assets of the association at 
 thef 'jritj of tlie year. 
 
 In tiio latter are to be mentioned, under artin'cnpitdl: (1) the condition of the Treas- 
 ury in ready money; (2) the securities actually in hand (juoted at their market value; 
 (li) money collectible except that not bearing interest and that of whiih the probable 
 value cannot be estiioatet' with any certiiiuty; (•!) the actual dairy products and other 
 
 iUl 
 
 M 
 
 V ■■ 
 
 I l! 
 
 
694 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 stores ac(;cr(ling to the price of the day; (5) all other movable effects, with a statement 
 of their value alter dediictinji: at least Ti per cent. I'or wear and tear; ((!) all lixturcsac 
 cording to their cost (i)rovi(hHl the general assembly does not decide otherwise); (7) nil 
 interest-bearing debts only collectil)le in the next year's accounts. 
 
 J'timve cnpi/<if.— (l) The menil)er.s' shares in the l)U.Hine,ss; C^) the reserve-fund- f'j\ 
 debts on capital ; (1) unpaid l)ills; (,->) expenses yet due and unpaid (income, waces of 
 hands, &c.); ((i) interest yet due, butm)tpayab' before the next year's account reclc 
 oned to the end of the year. ' 
 
 The surplus of the active over the passive capital constitutes the net profit the sur 
 plus of the jtassive over the active the net loss. ' 
 
 29. Any possible loss is covered by deduction from the reserve-fund. Should the lat- 
 ter not prove sullicient, then the members are to bear the deficiency in proportion to the 
 mea.sures of milk delivered during the year passed and to pay in tiie amount iu ca-sh 
 
 30. The prolits are to be applied as follows: ( 1 ) A sum in marks equal to the nuiaberof 
 hectoliters of milk delivered to the dairy during the previous year shall be applied to 
 cancelling l)orrowcd capital and to tlie formation of a reserve-fund; {'2) the remainder 
 shall !>e distributed among tlu! members pro rata, according to the quantity of milk de 
 livered; (3) wlien all capital debts shall have been \r,m\ and when the reserve fund 
 shall have attained the amount of 1,500 marks the net gain shall be distributed to ths 
 members ])ro rata as above mentioned. t 
 
 :n. In order to prevent a loss in the yearly accounts, milk should not be paid for hii'lipr 
 than at 8 pfennig per liter. *" 
 
 32. In voting upon amendments to the statutes or the enacting of new ones as woll 
 !!3 upon a dissolution of memljership, the presence of at least two-thirds of all the niem 
 bers is necessary iu Ihe general assembly, and at least tbur-lifths of those present mnsfc 
 vote alUrmatively to render such action valid. W the dissolution of membership is de 
 cided ui)nn, then the property remaining on hand after deducting the debts willbo 
 paid over to the members in i)roportion to the ((uantities of milk delivered by each 
 memlier to tlie dairy during the last two years. The same rule isapp'icable to themv- 
 ment of debts. The li(iuidators are to be chosen by the (Jeneral Assembly. 
 
 33. All disputes concerning decisions under these as well as future statutes of tlio 
 association shall be acted upon by the general assembly. No member is allowed to 
 waive this, and the law hits no voice therein. 
 
 34. All i)ub:icatioiis of the Association shall be made in its firm name and over the 
 signature of the superintendent, in the newspajjer puldi>hed at Heidenheim entitled 
 the "tJrenzboten," aLso in tlie Wiirttemberg Weekly .Journal for Agriculture.' 
 
 33. In questions not provided for by these statutes, the German Association law shill 
 decide. 
 
 TRANSPORT OF CATTLE. 
 
 REPORT PREPARED FOR CO-WSUL .S7/.I II', OF MAycilESTER, BV MR. 
 
 UKTCniX, ENGLAND. 
 
 JAMES LONG. OF 
 
 Inciuiries under this head have been made of every firm of .shippers to America ia 
 England, but the great majority have nothing to do with the transport of live-stock 
 Particulars, however, have been obtained fioni some linns which will W. found of coal 
 siderable value, Imt it appears that the general anangenient.s of ijtting stalls feedin" 
 cartage, and minor matters are usually left to and made by independent persons of wJionT 
 80 far as can be learned, only one, Air. Sherlock, of !) Cunning Place, Liverpool, is re"iil 
 larly engaged in the business and able to give specific information. There are otricr 
 persons who undertake this work but only iu a visual way, as they mav be emploveil 
 by breeders, or dei'lers in cattle in their piuticular districts. Somepcisons make their 
 own arrangements and send stock men across the Atlantic whom tliev Jiavo themsehcg 
 .selected for the work. Mr. Sherlock's particulars, however, will be tound most valua- 
 ble, and the account he annexes will be a good guide to intending sliipju'is. 'There is 
 not always the nece<sity lor engaging any particular firm unless the number of animals 
 to be sent is large: for if the i'.ritisli exporter is an intelligent and carcl'iil man be can 
 surely be trusted to manage this without the additional expense of an aueiK-y. 
 
 The writer has himself cxporte<i to America and found little or no diliiciilty in the 
 matter. Communication was made with llie Khipi)iiig firm who forwarded information 
 as to the time when the ciittle were to arrive and where they were to lie sent. Tiiey 
 were fitted with spe-ially-mude halters, insured, and victualed with an ample qnantitV 
 of food. They were then met at the station, conducted to the ves.sel, and placed under 
 the care of one of the men on board who was allowed for the purpose and used to tha 
 work. In such a case the vessel is watched from the other side, and the animals taken 
 
 III 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 695 
 
 the net profit, tlie sur- 
 
 MR. JAMKSLONG, OP 
 
 chargo of by the purchasers immediately upon arrival, quarantine of course not being 
 
 "tIic Cunard Company (Limited), of Liverpool, furnish the following particulars: Ship- 
 pers of liritish cattle to America should be careful to select the lariiieHt type of vessel, 
 Ivitli higli 'tween decks and >;"«d speed. The animals should be berthed on the main 
 deiU under a spar-deck (never exposed to the weather), where there is a certainty of ven- 
 tilation. The owner's own servants take the care and management on the voyage and 
 providing the food. The ship linds liitings and water. The cost of the freight will de- 
 pend «i)ou the seas(m of the year, as, according to the Hritisli passenger acts, the number 
 of steerage passengers in the vessel is limited by the numl)er of cattle carried. Up to 
 March and after July freight can be obtained at a cost of from £.S Ht. to ,C12 12,>t. per 
 head, according to the numt)er. Shipment is generally effected by the animals walking 
 on board (which is a great advantage over being slung), and the discharge in the same 
 way. The trade is greatly hampered by the enforcement of quarantine by the Ameri- 
 can Govennuent on healthy and unhealthy animals alike. 
 
 Messrs. tieorge Warren it Co., of Alexandra IJuildnigs, James street, Liverpool, state: 
 The freight on horned cattle from Liverpool to IJostoii ranges from ,£:? to £5 per head, 
 according to the number shinped. For single beast of high value ,t 10 lO.t. has been paid, 
 the .shipper faiking all risks of the voyage. The fittings, Ibod, and attendance are found 
 by the shipper, and therelbre we cannot give you any information on this point, but we 
 would refer yoiv to M. Sherlock, esq.. Canning Place, Liverpool, who has frequently 
 shii)ped sheep, cattle, and horses. 
 
 Mr. Sherlock has furnished the following information: I have thought it best to 
 give a memorandum showing the expenses incurred on .shipment of two horses in 
 May, 1HH.5. 1 have discarded odd money, l)ut have given sullicieut in order to enable one 
 to gather some information. I have been shii)ping cattle, horses, cows, and sheep for 
 over twenty years. I shipped three or four herds of (tuernseys, some valuable horses, 
 and two lots of sheep lately; and with my experience, theretbre, I am in a position to 
 give considerable iiitbrmati'on. Jly greate-tt feat was the purchase and shipment of 
 sheep in 1 88:3, iissisted by a reti red larmer. We selected thirty-seven rams of six different 
 breeds, and shipped them. This year, 188 1, we purchased ninety-nine ewes for the same 
 parties, viz, "the Massachusetts Association for Promoting Agriculture," and they were 
 so pleased with what we had <lone that they sent me a very handsome present. 
 
 The insurance against the total loss of the steamer is trilling— same rate as on ordinary 
 j,oo,ls_i)nt against accident, either in shipping, on board, or on landing, it runs very 
 high, sometimes as high ivs 10 or 15 guineas per cent. We have always victualed for 
 twenty-tive or twenty-eight days, according to the sesuson of the year. Such may seem 
 absurd, but it is on the safe side. Cattle steamers coming to l^irope have nearly always 
 something on board upon which they can fall back, such as grtiin, Indian corn. Hour, &c., 
 ))iit outwards there is nothing of the kind. 
 
 Again, as to the man in charge of the animals, we have two or three first-class men, 
 men who are constantly crossing with cattle, and they freciuenMy call in to know if we 
 have anything going. These men, being good sailors, do not suffer from sea-sickness, 
 and consequentv can always be at their post. Five pounds is the general payment. I 
 find wedisburso'd nearly i.700 lor the last lotof sheep— ewes. I have only lost one horse— 
 a large, heavy stallion — which, however, was no fault of iiiiue, as he wasof a fretful tem- 
 perament, and very shortly after a gale of wind sprung up he died. The following is the 
 memorandum above relerredto; 
 
 Expcvmv- of I he i:hipm€Hl of two hoi-msi in Jfaij, \H8'^. 
 
 Freight out, 1 10 IO.m. each - --- 21 
 
 (iroom's pabsage -• '* " 
 
 Victuals for twenty-five days: 732 pounds hay, 108 pounds straw, 2 sacks saw- 
 dust, andsacks - -- 4 
 
 ;',(I0 pounds CTUsl'od oats, 200 pounds bran, 10 pounds linseed, sacks &c 3 
 
 Cabbage, carrots, and turnips, or roots... 10 
 
 Ironmongery; Fork, bucket, scraper, basket, comb and lirush, &c 15 
 
 Stalls, vrrv strong, padded, with mangers, &v. «'' 5 
 
 Slings, extra strong --■ " 1^' 
 
 Leather halters and ropes ._ ._ 10 
 
 Incidental expenses: Livery stables, grooiu's board and lodging, men leading to 
 •^tables, and next day to steamer ( i miles), cartage, porterage, provender to the 
 
 dock, men at steamer assisting in sliipping, &c — _ 3 10 
 
 Consular invoices (breeding purposes), ;").<., say; consularfee, 15s -- - . 1 
 
 Entry at customs, dues, bills of ladin^^ and insurance (against total loss of ship 
 
 oniv. and not against accident) _ 1 
 
 Agencv: Attendances, fixing steamer, and ireight at dock, and stalls, superintend- 
 ing shipment, early oil late, Ircmi ..£3 3a to 4 4 
 
 <Ai 
 
696 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Messrs. I-linii, Main & MoutKomery, tlio inanagii.K <lirector.s of tlic MissiNsinni «n, 
 Domlm,,nSU"aM.sh>pt^,„,pany(Linut.Ml),<,^rarvevl!uild.nK^ 24 James Rtro^^^^^^^ 
 8 ate that tl.0 rate oClreisht averages (h.m lour to live ,.oum Is l.er 1 .a.l, wh tii^'K'' 
 the co.st of the «UU)s and lit lings ns.Ml on the stean,,! an.l the suppi; o Zsl" wu '' 
 «lur,n«tbo voyage. Fo.l.lcran.f attendance arc provide,! I.y the Hhipp'-r. un.l u>ua,Z': 
 
 is allowed Ave lb, every :25 cattle. A« to,,,stoi- n.aint.Mmneo dndngVhe vo^;;;^''!;,^ 
 
 •e any certain information. The loss fronrn'iortujit, 
 
 1 luin, Ma-.n A: (,o. are unable to give any .c. u..,. ..u... uuiuon. i ne loss jrom mort.m 
 by thw TOmpany'H ve.sse s is very sligh,. o„t of l,;M;t hca.l <.f prize breedi. "S" f 
 rmd to (iuebe... during the summer of lHs:i, only 4 die.l, and during the wi Her 1 k" 
 they have been earned with equal succes-s. ""•nths 
 
 The stalls are placed on the maiiu steerage decks. Their averaire size is (hr „ • , 
 horse 8 feet by 4 feet such stalls being always padded. Cattle^d a n' o, r^f ^ 
 80 hat each shall hol.l two animals, and their size is usually 8 leet by ,d,o i T I 
 niches. These are the onlmary sizes, but special arrangements can bo ^ i . h ' 
 
 the stalls arrange.1 for any particular lot, as shippers may desire. For shipp .t ' ^'r:*' 
 company s l.ne. or ,n li.ct by most of the Atlantic lines, the AlexaudriaS "u fon t 
 the London and Nortnwestern Railway Company is the most eouvenien „„"?»? 
 should be .sent lorward the day previous to the ship's sailing date. ' ^"'' 
 
 Note.— For convenience wherever pounds, shillings, and pence occur the noun.l. n, 
 be reckoned at |i5, the shillings at 25 cents, and the pence at 2 cents. ^ """^ 
 
 BRITISH CATTLE MARKETS.* 
 
 REPORT BV COySUL RYDER, UF COPENHAGEN. 
 
 The attention of the Royal Agricultural Society of Denmark having freouentlv h„ 
 called by many of the district members to the grt-at want felt bythe a-r Sr.lci '^^ 
 for lull and trus worthy inlorn.ution on this subject, it was (letern.ine, by £', T;^' 
 in the course o last year to ;send over a duly qual.lled expert to examine c otfr ' 
 the workings of the i^nglish markets, as well as into the\.eneral re n ^ ^Rilof f 
 trade and the results of this onicial'.s investigation have now been n 2 ,r£. '' 
 beneht and guidance of the agricultural community. ' '^ ''"^ "'*' 
 
 In furtherance of the objects in view two market places in London, two in \Vw,..,=fi 
 and one m Edinburgh and (Hi.sgow were visited, and it is remarked i,r°heontri^^^^^^ 
 much truth that n. order to obtain a proper insight and become fu ll^a u°int ' 
 the systems ol these markets, to which are forwarded a large nun.b.T ofS eo ."7^ 
 erable money value from this country, itwas tirst of all felt to be ol' p marv h.^lS^ 
 to seek lor lull inlormat ion regarding the dillerent clas.ses of eustom'ers a? hS" irZ 
 and the .leman.ls ma<le by them, as constituting one of the e.sseutial points oriuvestij 
 
 At Newcastle the markets were found to be held on Mondays and Tuesdavs of phoK 
 week, on the lirst day the market '..eing held in the cattle stalls; on the Sn,I in ? 
 open market place. On tiie Monday the buyers were traders Iron, disMnf nK ^■'" 
 irom Manchester, York. Leeds, from t;,e lufrders ,,f Scotland ^d even^^f^o^^^ 
 From Manchester, wlii..h has a .attle tia.le <,i' e,ual in.pon n'° Ls Lon ircJre tZ 
 largi^t number ot buyers: ^^hol,.sale <lealers wlu, purchase in lar.^e l.)ts , lev^V |?.rt, '' 
 a ra.hvay-wagon load, and, as a general rale, nearly half the ca IHs on h V, 'T' n '^ 
 trade center. Though Manchcs,...-, ih.m i,s na^:u■L posit^UI^ Li"^ ' 2 i P^ 'j!' 
 ee.vingport of the Initcd .^t.,(,.s i,„p<.rts, this market ,.f Xeweastle s i\, ys Sm! 
 in luenced aeconl.Mg to (he extent of (he .Anuriea.i imi^orts ( ,„ ,I„. T S', on i 
 other hand, the „,ark..( is genemUy atten.led by the local but.hers, a ' a!s "by t ' "t f 
 ers irom the neighboring (ovmis n, tins (hi.-kly popniale.l disfri.t Tuesdav , ny tl s 
 be regarded asa day ol retail (rade, inasnnuh as each bu«.her only buvs a minle . 
 niost (roms.x to eight head; l,nl ,.„ this day (here is generally u veiAM.ris],, J; ' ' 
 nnn,bcr ol b,-.nsts are disposed „f. Finally, there is a third class of buyers nVtul 
 are.noreuncer ain in (heir .lealings, namely, the traders from l,..nd..i. so ;all • I e v« 
 butchers, who look our (or the large and coarser kinds of animals, to sell tl s J.H^^ 
 the great sausage niaiiuliieturers. ' ''«'"" '" 
 
 In comparison with Newcastle the London market ranks ,,oorly in regard to the nuiii- 
 bersolcustomei>,iorthel)an,shea.tle. Theehief luiyer. ,n Ihis liK.rketaiv tl e v 1, , II ■ 
 hutehers iron, (he wes(en, part ..( (he ..(y, (he Whi-echapel biKehers, who bay , h 
 amount ol these cattle, one individual taking a( times fro n one liund re.l to one n Ir 
 and twenty I.ea.l in the week. 71,ese pinehase the infenor, large-horned n 
 aMhejameJime_ require th.ni t o be of a i.erle. tly souml condition. T hey p„rdia"e 
 
 ■■'•Rcpubli'died from Consular I'eports No. 5:5. ' 
 
 f^tmtiimm nmmm«lmt . ' 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 697 
 
 chiefly for the Jewish iwpulation, who buy the forequarters, whilst the hiiKlquartera 
 are sold in the meat markets. 
 
 Another class of customers are the country butchers from Kent. These buy the large 
 animals of bast quality, especially young and fat heifers. . Individually they do not buy 
 in lave (;uantities, but still the uumber sold to them on the whole is far from inconsid- 
 erable! The third class of London customers are the large maat contractors lor the arnjy 
 and navy services, the hospitals, &c. These are, however, a class of buyers of very un- 
 certain nature, inasmuch an they can often remain away for a lengthened per'od of time; 
 l)iit then when they do make their appearance they can purcha.se on a very extensive 
 scale; frequently a couple of thousand head, one individual contractor having been 
 known to purchase twenty-two hundred beasts in the course of two days. They are, in 
 conse(iuence, held in diead by the other classes of customers, whilsi, they are, on the 
 other hand, most heartily welcomed by the commission agents. This class of custom- 
 ers as a rule conline their purchases to l)easts of somewhat inferior description. Finally 
 a Iburtii class is to be found in the retail butchers, of which there are a largo number; 
 but these, unfortunately, it would seem, are, with great dilliculty, reached by the im- 
 porters of Danish cattle. They dwell chielly in the eastern (luarters of the town, and 
 only buy unimals of best quality, but, as belbre said, they are very dilHcult to approach, 
 and when they do come to our agents they only buy of the very best, and, on the 
 whole, do not seem to favor our cattle, but preier keeping themselves to their home 
 breeds. 
 
 To the market of Edinburgh, or, one should rather say, Leith, which is the port of 
 entry, and suburbs of that city, comparatively few, and all lean, cattle are sent from 
 this country, and it may be said that this market has never met with much success. 
 The trade is here, for the greater part, carried on at public auction, held in a large build- 
 ing belonging to the commission agents, who are mostly moneyed men and few in num- 
 ber and the market would almost appear to be greatly ruled by some of the leading 
 men. 
 
 The system of auction may undoubtedly be equally •■ , a<lvantageous as that of selling 
 by lots, nevertlieless it is the general opinion that the prices in the Edinburgh market 
 were more lluctuating than in the others. Both in the Newcastle and London markets 
 the supplies have increased enormously in the last ten or eleven years. In the year 1872 
 there were imported into Newcastle (rom foreign lands 90 head of cattle; in 1878, 28,9!)0 
 head; in 1880, 5r>,H00 head, and in 188;$, 10 1,;{00 head. It cannot therefore be a matter 
 of surprise that under so rapid developmi>nt a system of conducting the trade should 
 have arisen which should not be allowed to e.xist. 
 
 Several bad customs have crept in which are now difKcult to combat, but which may 
 ultimately prove of serious detriment to the trade unles-s a firm stand is taken in time 
 against them. For example, it is now of very common occurrence that the commission 
 agent, so as not to cause dissatisiaction to his constituents when he has made sales at 
 low prices, is in the habit of adding to the price at his own cost, whilst on the other 
 bpud he makes a deduction from the prices obtained when he hiis succeeded in effecting 
 sales at unusually lavorable rates. Again, these agents treciuently have their subagents 
 in the kingdom, to whom they make a pecuniary return for each animal which is for- 
 warded to them through their inlluence, and which muut in the long run come out of 
 the pockets of the farmers. Aiiother objectionable practice is that of long credits too 
 often given by the commission agents in order to secure customers, but which can at 
 times be the means of entailing loss to the farming classes at home; and again, the large 
 advances which are also freinuiitly made by these agents to cattle dealers in the king- 
 dom (the middle men) are likewise the means of creating an amount of uncertainty iu 
 the trade. These large advances too often lead to extensive speculations being carrieil 
 on, which in a great measure place the farming classes at the mercy of these traders. 
 These middle men again are also too often in intimate connection with the forwarding 
 steam company's agent. 
 
 All these excrcscencies only tend to injure the vitality of the trade, and in all prob- 
 ability the only correction against such .ibuses will be found in "combinations " by the 
 iiirming i)opulation to protect their interests, as also by transacting their business with 
 a;ients of their own choice. 
 
 .\iiothcr great fivctor in regulating the state of the English markets is to be found iu 
 the (lill'erent relations with our competitors in the trade. Thenatureof this competition 
 is to be seeu from the imports from the different countries. Thus the imports from Den- 
 mark which in 1874,;were 20, -OO head of cattle, in 1883 had reached uptoll!»,;50(»head, 
 while the exports from France are very inconsiderable, amounting yearly only to about 
 .'!,0()0 to 1,000 head. But owing to the outbreak of the cattle plague the imports from 
 this quarter have been completely stopped. From Schleswig-Holstein the exports were 
 gradually on the increase until 1876, when they had obtained the number of 51,000 
 head, but now that cattle from thciio places are required to be slaughtered at Deptford, 
 the exports have continued to decline so that in 1883 these exports amounted to only 
 
 "M, 
 
i 
 
 698 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 28,000 heml. Ifolland, also, like tlio two ))erorn-meiitionod countricH, recoivel ablow 
 1877, when tho Ireo import of I heir live-stock \v;n also icHtncted, tiio exports IVoni h'° 
 country, which in IH7(i, uinounted to 8U,()i)0 hoail, l)eiii« reduced in I88;i t > call- \\Z 
 head; but on the other hand tho imports Ironi Spain, I'ortnual, and Sweden hiv,. u 
 on tho increase, and, an nu«ht he expected, it may he accepted iwa rnlethut tho esno? 
 to lOnKiand from all those ('ouii i ies enjoyin-c the priviieno of Ireo imjMirts have Ix, n 
 the increase, while a considerahlo liillinj? oil* is to ho noted from those which are ni "" 
 under tho «lauKhter regulations atlho])orlof import. Of thocountriesoutaidouil',,' 
 it )s seen that the exports from Canada, which (Irst 1. k its (!oniinenuemcnt in 1 -^- 
 uboutiSOOanimaN, in 1877 had already increased (o7,(Wi», that ii hoHnowattaiuc.! 
 (hivelopment of ',(),()()() head. From tho United States, while tho export to I 
 ]87J was also only about iiOO h(!ad, these have likewise iiKTeaaed toaconsideralil, 
 as will be seen from the followiu)^ tabular smtoment, viz: 
 
 I'-tports. 
 
 The annual imports of live-atock into Great Britain durinj? tho decade of 1871 ls^'! 
 have l)een increased from I'J.J.OOO head to ;{(>7,()0(), of which tho United States of AmMr 
 ica and Canada have shippet about one-half ami Denmark one-third. 
 
 In tho imports of sheep v.ermany and Holland occupy predominant positions thp- 
 countries exporting annually from 2()(),(M)() to :iO(),()(K) to tho I'^njrlish markets Thi'o 
 ports from Denmark have likewise been steadily on the increase, umonntinL' in the '■^^l 
 year to 90,000 head. The sheep tra<le, in opposition to that of horned cattle is innni 
 to meet with moat 8ucce.s,s at the Deptlord market. ' ' 
 
 Of the fresh-mutton trade the imjwrts for tho past five years were as follows, viz- 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Ilolli.nd 
 
 Nortli America.. 
 
 Australia 
 
 Soiilli America.. 
 KuMsin 
 
 IHHO. 
 
 Cwt. 
 87,500 
 
 1881. 
 
 Cwl. 
 lU5,0(Xt 
 
 1882. 
 
 Civt. 
 
 2(),(HI0 
 87,200 
 
 1883. 
 
 Cwl. 
 K't, 100 
 tl.HK) 
 1(X1, CIKI 
 0, l(N) 
 ■tlK) ' 
 
 iSH. 
 
 Cwi. 
 
 117, so 
 
 2l,2i«l 
 
 Total I 87,800 108,000 
 
 i«»,2w)| •xn.im \ :!4i),i(iii 
 
 These fi-jures aflbrd a Rood indication, and account for the reduced prices of this irtii I.. 
 of food. Durin- the pa.st year especiallv the sheep trade has been 8ul)i..ct to .Meit .lo 
 prea.siou, owni- to the largely increased imports of frozen meat, and, uniortinntL'tv f,,r 
 the sheep-owners in Kurope, there is all prospect of tho.se imports meetin" w ih n.n.h 
 greater development in the near future. " ' '""'i' 
 
 The importation of fiesh and salt ox meat can date its commencement from tlie Fnitcd 
 States of America in 187.->, and from Canada in lH7(i, the exports from tho latter miiitrv 
 in the year 18<{ havin.,' reached up to iM.OOO cwt. In 187.") the United States unlv ex 
 ported ;{,00() (iwt., in 1877 tiicse had already increased to the lari,'e amount of 4i;j(i(ii) 
 cwt., and in the tmbsequent years these li.ive furtlu-i ucreased as Ibllows viz- In 187^ 
 with 48:J,000 cwt. -, in I87!>, with r,:>'J,m) cwt. ; in 1-s ,, with 7:1 1,01)0 cwt '- in 18S1 witll 
 717.000 cwt. ; in \-i-i-2, with 1 1(;,000 cwt., and in 188;{, with 7:{0,(K)0 cwt 
 
 As will bo ol)servetl Ihiiii these tabulated returns a considerable decline is to lie 
 noted in theexportsfromtlio United Statesin 18S:>, l)Oth()fliveHtockaswellassl:iU"literwl 
 meat, and it will thni ai)p jar tint n)twit!istandiu'.; its Iar','e supplies, the Unite fstitcs 
 have not yet been able t) bringdown ))rice<, like as in tli'jgrain market^ t) sii-li ,nv,int 
 as toexdudu from thu markiiti their European (•ompctitors; but rather that tlio extent 
 of these exports is more dependent upon the condition oft ho homo prices in our countrv 
 Thus, f(>r instance, (Vom 187(! to 1870— when a steady redm-tion in meat ))rices was felt 
 in the United States, especially i\>v the first and .second class (|nalities, owin'.,' in a iiie;is- 
 ure to tho diminished home ciinsamntioa coiisniuenL upon the unfavorable eomlitioiKil' 
 tho working cla.s.sei in tin; Ibregoin,^ years and due also to the introduction at that period 
 of the short horn bull breed !br cross i;'; |)arp(n.'s— a large increase of meat prodiiets 
 both in regard to (|uality as well as ([uantity tiwk i):ai-e, which led to the rapid devel- 
 opment of the export trade in tlio.se years; and here it should not be omitted to mentioa 
 
flUPPLEMENT. 
 
 GbO 
 
 ■vm- a,u(iooi Mutm 
 
 llUf: 
 
 IH- .VUH 
 
 cattlti loun- 
 
 tjio ui devilopment :i Hie rriHli-iiM at trade is esHeutiully due to tho ^^rcat iiU' 
 .nitiU li.iulo i; tlienuiliodMoiiiploycii for t lie iff curriano of these articles over 
 „4.ii voyiiiic'* lyu'r ineooledconii)!! "' utM thcHhipiH now UHcd lor the full 
 
 ,^iviitioli >~i Ii meat, and tliiM huH now .1 bp , -lit t<> sudi points of perlcction 
 tint ulanuhtered meat tan in these (lays lio lii.xight in sailing 'lipn from the AiwtraliftQ 
 ,,,'|„„i, ^ nd delivered to the i:n(?lish marketH in excellent eon.i ,n. 
 
 \ siiiliifii pereeptible deelint* on the other hand heeoiues appu\nit in the . xport*t from 
 
 ■ United States, when priet < at the elose of 1W«1 atCliicano and throii;;h the llrst half 
 
 IHrtJ met with an advance of .wnio 4(1 to 1.') per eent. n the letter <iualities of meat, 
 " )]\r\ ti) the loss of a larj;e number of aninials in scverui uf the Xo'tliern Htrites 
 diiriH" IIk' i)ievioi. severe winter, and more esi)eeially to the enl -.need ( of feei ;, 
 re.sultTl)'.'; iV'ini the had cereal crops in the jirevious year. 
 
 The ( f elVc' 1 of thi^ 'u'^ely diminished supply from the Uniterl States m 
 1 corresiioiidin '\f-t«- n to incrt'asetl supplies from other exportm;' 
 tries 80 that ■ ' 'l'"''^ y«^'"" was found to take part in the exp .it of slangL- 
 
 tcriMi ine:it to Ki a<l I'ho imporUof live stock into England from Denmark, an will 
 1)0 observed llrom i iio Icvfroing tables, Ikus been steatlily and largely on tho increase, ho 
 i!n« this conntry may now bo considered as Uikinga prominent position in two of the 
 , ota. During tho latter years n much larger number of young animals have been 
 ivviiy than was formerly the ease, ami atthn sametimo it has to bo noted that these 
 iu> i,ased exports will be found mainly due to tli« larger exports of cattle in lean or half 
 lattened condition. In fact, it may be stated that tho great change which has been 
 made is that in place of sending their cattle as in former years to the marsh lands for 
 fitteuing jturposcs. these are now sent to England, whilst tho exports of fattened beasts 
 liave not inerciused to any extent worth mentioning. IL will undoubtedly seem strange 
 that a country like Denmark, which from olden times htus been an agricultural and cat- 
 lle-raising land, I '^ not nuide further progress in the liitteniug branches, whilst the 
 English farmer, >iu these tiims subject to a severe competition and pressure, only 
 disposes of his : ils when in luUy fattened condition, and which he must tind out 
 
 without doubt is must to his advantage. 
 
 The fattened beasts sent from this cou ' v are forwarded by a limited number of the 
 mo-st intelligent and enterprising of tho lanniug classes, who have made themselves fully 
 awiuainted with all tho retiuiremeii of the English markets. Tho causes of this un- 
 satislactory stiito of things are perhaps manilbld. One of them without doubt will be 
 looked tor in the backward state of the r(K)t culture in this country, as fattening with 
 .'rain or other costly feeding stulVs can only become prolitable up to u certain point. It 
 muv also be partially due t« the slow fattening properties of Danish cattle. And again 
 there are always to be met with large numbers of cattle dealers (the middlemen) travel- 
 ing through the agricultural districts, who exert all their intluence to induce the farm- 
 ing classes to part with their live stock, and iu this way, without question, a course of 
 fattening is too often interfered with. 
 
 In the concluding remarks of the report the Danisb agriculturists are at the same time 
 strougly reeommended to give greater attention to tho improving of their cattle breeds 
 by introducing of good short-horn bulls tor crossing purposes, as it would appear to be a 
 general complaint that the Danish breeds do not furnish an equal amount of meat, 
 neither do they fatten in so short a space of time as the short-horn breeds, and it has 
 farther been seen that more favorable prices have been obtained in the English markets 
 on the exports of crossed-bred cattle than for thoscof the pure Danish breeds; thus it is 
 mentioned that iu the spring of bust year, 10' cents per pound Wius obUined at tho New- 
 castle market for some beasts of cross breed, while on the other hand no more than 8 
 4;ent3 weie realized for the animals of pure Danish breeds. 
 
 HENRY B. RYDER, 
 
 United States Consulate, Consul. 
 
 Copenhntjen, January 20, 1885, 
 
 ll 
 
 THE BELGIAN PROCESS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF FRESH MEAT. 
 
 JXCLOSURES jy THE CATTLE REPORT OF COySUL TANNER OF VERVIERS AND LIEOE 
 REPORT OF FIRST COMMISSION. 
 
 We, the undersigned— A. Thieruope, member and secretary of the Academy of Medi- 
 cine, veterinary of the State; Professor Ruge Courloy, chemist; A. Reul, repetitive at the 
 saidschool: A. Van Schelle, avocat at ISru.ssela, and .1. Limbourg, veterinary surgeon, in- 
 spector of tho meat market atRrusscls for the Government— members of a commission 
 constituted for a process for tho preservation of fresh meat invented by Dr. Closset, of 
 
 if- 
 
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 HiotDgraphic 
 
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 Corporation 
 
 72 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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700 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 o/Z' St'Sclare?' ^^'""*°'^ "' ^^^««' ^"°"^^ ^'' '^^'' *» -»t«^ the n^etho, 
 
 m J.f '^ ..'"^^'1^°")"*^ '° preserving freoh meat in an artificial air. Four piecea off . 
 meat— anb ot. beet, a round of veal, a leg of mutton, and a shoulder nft-f, ^^'^^ 
 placed separately, in air-tight tin boies, which werrdep^ited in the i??""";;^'"^ 
 the laboratory of Liege. Then we reassemble.' on tbol^id of FebrSrv^ a '"^ ^'""^ «f 
 alte:-wards The boxes, identically the same, were opened in our presence IZ^ '"°«'' 
 test that the meat was prt^erved perfectly fresh, not even havinrthe look i'^f'^'^- 
 meat which when thawed, looks repulsive and becomes soft and moist anSl?°=^'' 
 quaat.as in the eating. Having cut the meat, we found the lat, ThTtissuL rV^*"^^ 
 
 ^a'l^'^^f/^^^ different experiences we tasted some slices, after bavins had thp,« , 
 naturally, and we were struck with their taste and their tendern^s 'TW hT "^^'^ 
 that degree of tenderness, by their being deprived of air andSg preSLw^^'li'^^ 
 condition necessary for an easy digestion «" «"u oeing pressed, whicli is a 
 
 These pieces of meat have been hunK in a trianale in tlm a^n^aA ^n 
 tioned, exposed to the south; we hav>observed them eveJ? §17*^^^^^ 
 and we have found them totally free from corruption and vSy whoiesom«^ ^^''^' 
 we declare the pro..«s of Dr. Closset perfect in the aim proS ' '°°'''l'i«"«y 
 
 REPORT OF SECOND COMMISSION. 
 
 Experimenta made at the 3laughter-houae at Liege on the 9th of 3Ir-ch, 188? 
 
 In pr. sence of Mr. L. Browier, medicine veterinaire, director of the slancht u 
 at Liege, also inspector of the ^jutcher-market of Liege L. D^ce do^t^r f f^''"'* 
 rS.' ""' ^- '"*"^'^^' '"'"^'"^'' '" "^'^ P— « -- S' ?h"tilowiug°5 
 
 Two huge piecesof beef and of veal were inclosed separately in twoboxp^hv n n^ 
 according to the system of which he is the inventor "^ ^'- ^'"^t, 
 
 . he first box coutaining the veal was opened after three weeks- the menf .n u 
 exposed Xo the air was still intact, and continued so eight days aiwlfnatl' ''""^ 
 tne box. in all, forty-six days after being killed. Tho meat in thifL k ^ ^^^"^ °'" """ 
 natural color and spread a ftesh odor, afd when c^ke^h^d exX th« S^^^^^^ 
 HfiS^K Th''*- ^"^ •■* '^°"*'.*^ P^y^'*^* l^'^lit'^ ^^r« those of f^^h meat whf.t. •'"''" 
 tified by the numerous witnesses present, among whom were MeC N Jf i k " '"• 
 prisentant; Jules Frisart, bornquier; D. Closet industripl- H« v,^,t ^^''^•Arban, re- 
 de Nossius, bornquier, &c. ' '°''"«triel, de Vaux, engineer; Delorme 
 
 What is above all to be remarked is that after being taken out of th« w..^ ,v 
 can stay exposed to the air, without losing any of its oualiti^ Jn nr fift^^]^' '"'^' 
 which in all the other operations nithert^ triKhe re^ it be eatenlmS' ff 
 alter being exposed to the air. ^° immediately 
 
 REPORT OF THIRD COMMISSION. 
 
 Report of tlie commismon to which has been referred the account of nf,. m 4 .., . -, 
 
 ^'-^ly^ffrun^ntolofthepo^nhmtgofthepriservai^^^^ 
 
 animal food in Europe.' ' ^'"'^^'■< J'^'-^"', Jrom Oeyondseas for 
 
 GENTLE>fEN: I have the honor if civJDff voii nn nrmnnf «f ♦!,„ • ,. 
 
 lu the actual social condition of Eurone animnl fnmi fnr f»,o „„.i • i . . 
 lulelv „.»»„, I. I, al» clearly shorihTtSlhe^i'L iffi?" '"t 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 701 
 
 • witness the method 
 Four pieces of fresh 
 
 the glazed cellar of 
 
 ruary, a good month 
 )re8ence,andwepro 
 ?. the look of froze! 
 oist and loses lt8iin! 
 le tissues, the bones 
 1 parts of the piec^; 
 
 "-T^*^ *l>em cooked 
 
 They had acqnirci 
 
 ! pressed, which is a 
 
 gallery above men- 
 l the 6th of March 
 wome, consequently 
 
 If our population suffer at ihe present day from the want of that food, there is hut 
 one means ot remedying the evil, that is to discover a process by whidi fresh meat 
 can be exported Irom beyond seas, produced from the mimercus flocks and herds there 
 superabounding Atter numerous trials of which he has given a short account, it 
 seems he has realized all the rexiuired conditions of preserving the tissues, n.uscles, at, 
 and bones m their natural freshness without introducing any strange substance This 
 process m (resh meat being inclosed in air-tight tin boxes, alter the manner of Mr C 
 the meat loses none of its freshness either in color or taste; at least this is the result 
 as shown to us ot the veterinary laboratory belonging to the State, composed of MeC 
 Th.ernepe, Van S^he le; Limbourg, inspector of the markets at Brussel^ Coartoy, prol 
 fessor; Hurt & Mussulman, reporters at the University. """Vi 1"" 
 
 After having assisted at the preparation of live tin boxes, containing large nieces of bpef 
 mutton, veal, and pork, the commission above named has seen, after thir^v-two davs the 
 meat come out as Iresh as when it was put in, losing nothing either in color or ta^te 
 
 We helieve It useless to insist lurther on the consequences of Mr. Closset's discovery 
 ortheetjfect itwiJ produce o--. our working population, a plentiful supply of whole- 
 honor- """ Considering the importance of this conlmnnication, wi have the 
 
 I. To address thanks to the author. 
 
 II. The insertion of his work in the Bulletin. 
 These conclusions are adopted. 
 
 he slaughter-hoase 
 'octor; A. Ansiant, 
 ne folio wi ug expe- 
 
 »xesbyDr.Closset, 
 
 le meat after beinir 
 t)eing taken out of 
 ) boxes presented a 
 he taste and smell 
 leat; which is cer- 
 rs. Nelf-Arban, re- 
 engineer; Delorme 
 
 le boxes the meat 
 r fifteen days, and 
 aten immediately 
 
 FEEDING CATTLE ON THE SOIIING SYSEM. 
 
 3EP0BT PEBPARED FOB CONSUL SHAW, OF MANOHBSTSR, BY MR, JAMES LONG OF 
 
 HETCHIN, ENGLAND. 
 
 The soiling system or the feeding of green crops where they are carried to the yards or 
 houses lor the animals irom spring to autumn, has been too much neglected in ffiand 
 perhaps owing to the excellence of our permanent pastures. Proflsor Brown ot^?he 
 Agricultural College, Ontario has paid much attention to this system, and he estimates 
 the proportionate feeding values of various green foods as follows: Green fodder from 
 ifpSLy comfrfy! 2T'"'' "''"'"''"' '^'^^ «*' l'^'^-" i« 38; ofsanfoin" sfredclo;:^ 
 
 The best green food for soiling, therefore, says Mr. Evcrshed, a well-known Enelish 
 
 authority, is the produce of rich pastures, and Professor Brown recommends ibr Canada 
 
 hecultivation of other soiling crops only because the pastures of th™ntry areTnS 
 
 liable for continuous progress in the production of beef or milk. The rich owjr^ and^ 
 
 of England cannot be secured there. The droughts and frosts of an extrprni rH,3i ^, 
 
 There may be rain enough, but it is not properly distributed so as to suppy whaf th^ 
 professor calls the 'regular top-dressing which is essential to conMnuous %renn. T" 
 Hence the farmer himself mn^t " make good the balancing of things that haf^ been cHs 
 placed in nature " by the growth of crops suited for soiling. Mf Brown does this ai 
 the college farm successfully; "and with such a sun as oursf" he says^^enorisalri 
 n? h"rlT'-^ f ''^ be attained bythe production of repeated cropsof fodder by Lefns' 
 ot the plants just named. I have no doubt the old turf of England has discouraged thf 
 
 CKe^^s fufedr -' ^'^'^^ "^ '''''' «°^ ^^'^^ *^« -- ^vantale^sttSrsy's! 
 
 y.eld.ngl6 tons per acre; the sanfoin G tons; the red doveT, 7 tons; mixed ta^esani oat? 
 6 tons; prickly comfrey, 10 tons; .-.abbage, only 12 tons. The aveS is ]er?han 19 
 tons per s,cre, and I think that in England the general aver^grruTd be a great d^? 
 more. Each animal consumes 100 pounds of green fodder diTilv with nthJf^^A 
 
 sTx^to'nSswr^Srf '''''"'''' he^l would b'eSSitdr^hellL"*^^^^^^^^^ Z 
 SIX months when this forage is available, or about oneand-iv-sixth animal ner nnmna 
 against one animal on 3 acres of permanent pasture. In Canada it seem animals fed ?n 
 a 20-acre pasture walk several mi es a day searchine for a hellvfnl H^ (• fil? „ • 
 
 of the fodder to his horses and pigs, and maintain^ with the rest twenW cattleTnste^d of 
 twenty-six, aa he might do. In fact, by setting aside 20 acres in 100 acr^ he "S to 
 
 I 
 
 |;pi 
 
 i ,i: 
 
'^^^ CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 fl^aL*irf°*^ ?f"'^ '"m^^ of seven, the usual number found on a farm of that ,• 
 financial results of soiling 20 acres of Ibrage during six mouth are: "^'' ^be 
 
 Ten fattening cattle (103 tons fodder at $-2.15, $232: attendance $50) 
 Two milch cows (8(i tons fodder, $184, attendance, ^iii^S^nsf^Y/r/S:-- «®i 
 Outlay _ — . 
 
 Increase on 10 cattle, $5 per head per month == 
 
 Manure.. __ "" '^ 
 
 Sure*"^ ^" '^°^^' ^'^"'^"^^y^^ 10 q'"arteaVir(inte-""""."II"":" 50 
 
 Forty tons fodder to other animals "" ' 40 
 
 "■■ , 66 
 
 Balance profit ._ ==: 
 
 These figures are offered merely for the sake of comnariqon Th»„ oi, ., ' '* 
 Brown obtains for rent and profit .bout 35lMmnSXac^^^^^ Pressor 
 
 less than 15 shillings an acre. He charges against the land alwut 9 sbn i„ ^'""' ''^'"S 
 the cost of the forage orabout £5 5s. per acre, the yield of the cron bein^ 1 fJ'*' *"" ^ 
 per acre. He sells the milk at a half|Jenny and an Sh per au^r^ an?l^h ^ ^^.f" ^'^ ^'^ 
 in value about 5 shillings per week. In England afl theK^ musul if" '*""^^ 
 theni to the very different circumstances, and each person wh^adont.tl'v*^ ^ ^>Pt 
 must alter the figures according to his o;n partTcular drcumstancT ° '^'''"' 
 
 One of the most successful examples of soiling that I have ever a?;n w,. 
 on the south coast, near a large town and in mifd climate ThfvH ^^1"° ""h 'and 
 
 t"fv?eM oft' " ""' '^' ''^' «"^" - «-a™- in tKam^pS Jtv'ett^^^^^ 
 the .> leld of forage per acre io quite 50 per cent, higher. Every kim^ n'n- "^''' ^""^ 
 
 usually found on fertile li^nd, or which Mr. Brown CinentionpTj Ir^ ""i^^ '^"^'c'l » 
 fo n and prickly comfrey, 'which have not beratSted LnL^rn '^'^•''*P'^''• 
 8oiling crop of Canada, flourishing under a hot sun vfelds rtrTl^' '^lu''^ '^^hetei 
 acre which Mr. Brown no doubt correctly attrlS'totcE.S''? ^\'^^ ^'^ «" 
 claims 12 tons an acre, yield 40 tons, and thou" hth^v are hardlvT-V "'" ''^''^ ''«™ly 
 are one of the most useful and .luite the moSduTtive of th. «^ir "'^^' "°P'" % 
 advantage on the same farm, with itTwarm d en so land s^piS J^ '""P'' "^""''"'r 
 tension of the se^^n. Trifolium. a prompt cr?p fn^d sS^^^^ ''T 
 
 and the permanent pastures, which are mown for soilina ntTn^ mL! "".^"^''^'^e forwarder, 
 nowhere later in their growth. ^ "°^ ''™^ '^^<='^ reijuir«l, are 
 
 To carry out the soiling system advantatreouslv we rpnnim ,„.o.„ 
 sorts of some of them, eariy and late, so X SnTthe'neriod of r '!?P'' ""'' ««^'^"' 
 vent the occurrence of gaps in the regular pro^sTon ot" fo^d On tSSnT.' •'"" '« ^"'■ 
 there are four sorts of trilblium-early. late later latest— th^ u.^ J' f,'".'" 'J'^e^'w 
 acquisition, and a timely one. There^are two sorts Jfr^cLvTr hil"''* '••^'"« " '''''^' 
 (1883) almut June 20 and July 5, and the ear Her ot" he^ is now \T^3 ^1"^ >'«^^ 
 for hay, the introduction of the "later" and " latest " t7ithlim.T 1. "' «'^*-'rel.V saved 
 trifolium season into the middle of JuW when natures f.Iow ^,*'1"-,^''''«"<1«'1 '^ 
 food, such as^cabbages, becomes abundant."' A dd.trS:rS,Ti„1S ,hiS: 
 
 this hirm are nearly all of the Aldemev breed and thrv arl r*^ • ^'"^ "'"'^ »» 
 
 cotton cake, in add i ion to their green Kand^ thoiT r '!'/'' '""'' •"■"»' "^'l 
 farm less of tlie soil constituents^thaii nv othe ktnd of i£. n '"/'^'' ''"1"'*^^ '"""^ 
 roots, which remove in their side morrthan whe^ ?nr h.ri ^ '^"■'' '^•"'^^%an,l 
 sold, the land grows richer ye bryear tt a'LTtted t'hatT '"/ '''''■'"'' ^'^'^^y 
 8oili,,g; but the system nncLl, oLi^r;\lZerf^^'l^^^^ 
 
 jStl^eSr"'"-'^'*' ^"'""'"^-^ ""' '^'^ '"'^^-' «^ »'-- P°-'' -?" tKn^lSS: 
 On a cold, poor hill, where Alderney cows would norish I Ii-iir« bn^... 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 703 
 
 the field us a rule, unless they are to be fattened and killed young; and in that case the 
 soiling' sy.steiu is most .sucuedsl'uUy applied, as it is in the case of growing pigs, which 
 lire not a very desirable kird of stock to ramble in the fields, and are very properly fed 
 iu yards. In the case of small farmin'^, the soiling system is specially adapted to the 
 circumstances that usually obtain on small I'arnis, and therefore in many parts of France 
 and other contiuentol countries it prevails. In the wine districts you will find it uni- 
 versal, and very properly so. The manure goes chiefly into the vineyards, and it is pro- 
 iluced under the soiling system by cattle bedded with the straw of the grain crops. A 
 poor, unmauured pa.sture would only maintain about one cow per acre, but the green 
 forage produced on a single acre of the several grain crops will suffice for three cows. 
 
 lioth on small and large farms animals are fed on this system through the summer 
 with obvious advantage in several respects. They are kept in the cool, and are spared 
 the annoyance t flies, which in some districts are particularly harassing. Their food 
 is used with economy; aud instead of having to wander for jniles to and fro, as they do 
 sometimes on poor pastures, to obtain half a bellyful, the nourishing and l)ulky succu- 
 lents which they love are brought to them and they take their fill in comfort. Then 
 the crops they are fed on are of the most productive kind. They are grown with the 
 greatest economy of land, and there is no tramping under foot of the he/bago in its con- 
 sumption nor fouling it with excrements. In most situations from two to five times 
 more cattle can be kept by soiling than by depivsturing; and it is a point worth notice 
 that much second-rate pasturage can only be grazed in summer by lean stock, owing to 
 the annoyance of flies in some districts, and tliat corn would he thrown away if it were 
 given to the animals under such circumstances. This refers especially to the drier and 
 hotter parts of the country which are least adapted to natural pasturage, aud these are 
 the districts where soiling oflFers most advantage. 
 
 The soiling system is practiced more generally than in any other country, and there 
 cut grass is brought to the cows all the summer— mowing often extending over four and 
 even five times— but it is regularly followed with liquid manure. In England as a 
 rule, the holdings do not permit of such heavy manuring of grass land, but where it 
 is conducted there is saving of time and better crops, especially on heavy soils which 
 drain better without the weight of cattle continually upon them. Hedges and ditches 
 and drains are also much less troublesome, but ,, viust this there is the labor of extra 
 mowing. 
 
 MIXED FOOD FOR CATTLE. 
 
 REPORT PREPARED FOR CONSUL SHAW, OP WANCHESTER, BY MR. JAMES LONG OP 
 
 HETCHIN, ENGLAND. 
 
 The following specimens of mixed foods for fattening bullocks were last vear collected 
 from the Highland and Agricultural Society's members. A number of m'y correspond- 
 ents have kindly supplied me with a statement of the diet on which they are accustomed 
 to feed their cattle— both feeding animals and stores— and we proceed to give specimens 
 of these. It will be seen that in every instance very much less weight of turnips is al- 
 lowed than the beasts would consume if an unlimited supply of bulbs were placed be- 
 fore them. 
 
 Jlr. Jlutlar, Coupar-Angus, gives his feeding cattle the following mixture, costing 10 
 pence, or thereby, daily: 
 
 jE"enoe. 
 ].) jiounds cut straw. __ 
 
 oil pounds (>T cwt.) turnips (pulped) at 6rf. per cwt. .."' '_ •$ 
 
 •i pounds linseed meal at U(/. per pound '_ •{ 
 
 t pounds cotton cake (decorticated) at Id. per pound I 3 
 
 1 pound treacle (diluted) at Id. per jKiund "II-"!!!""!] 1 
 
 10 
 
 The above is given in three feeds, and after a time the richness of the mixture is in- 
 creu-sed by a<lding cut grain, such as oats, beans, and maize, to the extent of about [i 
 pound.s. costing about 2 pence a day extra, bringing up the cost of (ceding to n shil- 
 ling per day exclusive of straw but inclusive of roots. Mr. Buttar thinks that " cwt 
 of turnips would be consumed by a fair-sized bullock, if getting nothin" else exceiit 
 strpw, which at G pence per cwt. costs the same as the richer of the above diets He 
 adds that even with all this quantity of turnips it is dilBcultto turn out a welMinished 
 
704 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ^ 
 
 beaat without a little cake and corn in addition. Mr. Buttar's diet for yonng store-wit 
 tie is as follows: 
 
 15 pounds cut straw 
 
 28 pounds (\ cwt) turnips (pulped) at 6(1. per cwt -""^11 ii 
 
 1 pound linsee<l meal, at l^rf. per pound .._ " jt 
 
 3 pounds cotton-cake, undecorticated ...... o 
 
 1 pound treacle, at Id, per pound l"_~_ i 
 
 6 
 Mr. Buttar's testimony is to the effect that in the above mixture, costing 6rf dailv 
 his stores are kept in much better condition than IJ cwt. turnips, which at 6d nerowt 
 would cost 9rf. ■ ^ • 
 
 Mr. Dalziel, Dumfries, at the commencement of the season, places his feeding cattlfl 
 on the following allowances: 50 pounds turnips, pulped and mixed with chaff, Spounds 
 linseed cake, 2 pounds Waterloo cake, and 4 pounds Indian meal, well mixed with hot 
 water. After two months, a pound of cake and a pound of meal additional are civen 
 The average expense of the supplemental food is Id. per pound— that is, lOrf.daily or 5s 
 lOrf. per week lor each beast when the animals are on full feed. Long straw ad llbilum is 
 also at the command of the cattle. Mr. Dalziel is of opinion that if % cwt. of turnios 
 were given insteatl cf J cwt., the cattle would not make so much progress. We have 
 alrea(ty referred to the experience of Mr. Bryce with cut hay, oat straw, or wheat chaff 
 Many years ago, that gentleman informs us, he used to make bullocks very fat on 
 Swedish turnips and wheat straw, an unlimited supply of each; but on this diet it took 
 about eight months to make his cattle ripe for the butcher. Now he succeeds in raakino 
 them equally fat in one-half the time by feeding them according to the following sva 
 tem: He pulps the turnips and mixes them, and adds 2 or 3 pounds per head of corn nieal 
 the whole being allowed to stand for 24 hours to allow the meal and chopped fodder to 
 become thoroughly saturated wi^th the moisture from the turnips. The beasts are fed 
 Ihree times a day with this mixture, two and three year old bullocks j^etting about 80 
 pounds and younger cattle 60 pounds each. In addition, from 4 to G (lounds of linseed 
 cake (home made) are allowed per head, according to age, with an ordinary allowanpn 
 of lodder. 
 
 Mr. Wilson, Ballencrieff, arranges his cattle in different sets of courts. accordinK to 
 their forwardness of condition, and his scale of allowances in food is a graduated one a 
 different quantity being given to each set. When the courts containing the first quali'tv 
 of beasts pre cleared they are refilled from the second courts, and so on. The foUowinir is 
 the usual Ecale of daily allowance for each lot: ^ 
 
 First, or mora advanced lot. 
 
 Pence. 
 
 10 pounds chaffed clover hay, at £4 per ton n 
 
 56 pounds (i cwt.) turnips at 6.f. per cwt... """"*" 3 
 
 4 pounds linseed-cake, at Ihd. p'^r pound . ...l. « 
 
 5 pounds mixed meal, at hd. per pound 1.11^..'.'.. qJ 
 
 This it will be saen is exceptionally liberal feetling, but Mr. Wilson from his business 
 in Edinburgh has special reasons for desiring to have command of the hi"he3t nualitT 
 of beef. ° •' 
 
 The second courts are getting the following diets each day: 
 
 Pence. 
 
 5 pounds chaffed hay, at jE 4 per ton _._ 2 
 
 5 pounds straw chaff, say _ ^ l'/\ I 
 
 84 ponnds (J cwt.) turnip, at 6d. per cwt.. 111111!"!!""" U 
 
 2 pounds cotton-cake (undecorticated) !"!"""" l| 
 
 3 pounds mixed meal, at Jrf. i)er pound... --II!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15 
 
 The cost is here about 10\d. per day. No straw is given as fodder, but the cattle are 
 roughly littered. In comparing the outlay on Mr. Wilson's cattle with others, it should 
 be noted that an estimate is put on fodder in the former case which has not been calcu- 
 lated in the latter. 
 
yonng store-cat- 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 705 
 
 FARMING IN BELGIUM. 
 
 (Jf. FUAAiVJS FLIiVTllET TO CONSUL TANNER.) 
 
 Tluis.VHtom of inana«iii« cuttle wliidi is practiced by our farmers liiw been in uho 
 luiioiii; ilH'iii (loin 11 very tinl^ i.cikkI, and tlie neixlilwring cantons of Liniburir \er- 
 vMis, l»ison IKion, and IJiilhe.n have likewise adopted it; it is the only one of this 
 land itiloiileii m Imuoih;; it is so arrangetl that all the cows culve from February 1 to 
 
 Any (ovv n.-t will, calf by Au-nst 15 is liittened and sold to the butcher in autumn 
 S)iriclnius, li she is a lirst rate milker, tiie liirmer winters her, gets her milk feeds her 
 u,lli iiK'-d and ),'o«k1 hay, auvi n\ the month of March she is in ht condition to' be sold to 
 (Ik; hntclier. 
 
 iMklliu.-nt faniioi-s take aire that cows that have calved in March and April shall bo 
 we; , led with nuuil, oil-cjvke, and the best of hay, so that they may be in good condition 
 u h.Mi Ihey aio (nriicd out to pasture ejirly in May, according as the spring is more or 
 |,.,„s advanced. All who are able to appreciate the value of permanent gniss will readil v 
 uii.lcistaiid how almiidant must be tlie yield of good milch cows when allowed to graze 
 JM <,ai- rich ol< green meadows. Alter tliey have been in piusture for some days thev 
 aic no longer housed; they remain all uiglit in the memlows until the month of Decem- 
 ber, or latlior until the gnuss is entirely covereil with snow.' 
 
 The cows are milked thnse times a day for six months; the firet milking takes place 
 lit 4 o clock -.11 the morning, the second at 11 o'clock, and the third at 7 p m Dur- 
 ing the nioiiths of April and November, and a part of March and December, theyaro 
 ■ milked liuL twice a day; the intelligent farmer always manages it so that each animal 
 has a rest ot at k^ast two months from the day when she is last milked until calvinir time 
 This IS done .so that sh(! may not be exhausted. 
 
 Not only do the liiriiiers' wives, daughters, and maid servants milk the cows- the 
 larmeis lliemse.v.s, iheir .son.s, and menservanta arc not itshamed to perform this iJask 
 
 llie proper nulking ot a cow is a scientific piece of work; it requires considerable 
 stivugtli Ml Ihc wiist, (or not a drop of milk should ever be left in the udder for the 
 Mry gool ua.-(>n that the milk is in the udder as it is in a milk-pan; in the cream-pan 
 the iTcaiii IS on top; it is, therefore, readilyseen thatthe last tenth of the milk extratW 
 Is the richest (laclion that the udder contains. 
 
 It is not Ion;.; since many land-owners bought cows that were not with calf in the 
 .'ipnng, and lattciied them in their rich pastures. 
 
 Alariiiof ten hectaies (;».'. acres) allbrded pasturage, early in May, for twenty-five 
 aiiiiiials, some ot which were fat by the 1st of ,July, especially those cros.sed with the 
 Diirliam breed; these cattle have always been found sui^erior to the Duteh and native 
 lireeds, as rcgaids lattening (pialities. It wius considered that the land-owuer made a 
 pioiil ol l.)() liuncs (!s;:!0) on each cow, which made a totid profit of ;5,7r)0 francs (S750) 
 Tins practice has been given up since the price of butter has exceeded 3 francs per kilo^ 
 Kiain. 1 wo or three cows in pro;;ess of fattening are still found here and there among 
 a herd ot iiiihh cows, but no (arm is now entirely devoted to the liitteuing of meat-cattle 
 Ihc llc.xh ot a cow liom (bur U) live years old, fattened in the rich pasture of Herve-Aubel* 
 IS (ar more tender aiitl succulent than that of a fat ox six or seven years old. ' 
 
 riie breed ol our jiiovince, which w.ts originally very good, has been improved bv an 
 adniixti.re ol Diirliam and Duteh blood. A number of Durham bulls have been kept 
 lit Lattice, ien\eii, .Sipiumaekeii, and Wcgimont, near Herve; thonsimds of calves of 
 iMith sexes, sired by these bulls, have been reared and disseminated throughout the 
 district. " 
 
 The (iirnuis al ways select their cows with great care; they place a very high value upon 
 Hoo(( niLk-produciiiu; (|Ualitiea, and itis not iincoiniiKm to meet with cows that give milk 
 eiimigh in one day to make a kilogram {-i.! lbs.) of butter, and even more. The success 
 ol li(! (anner depends, beyond a <Ioubt, upon a judicious selection of his cattle 
 
 llie cows most sough tatter in the spring are those which havecalved for the first tim(5 
 aiul whose age is about thirty montlus. Tlie.se animals, if they liave been raised in third 
 or imirtli rate meadows, develop admirably in lirst-class meiulows, and become splendid 
 imlkers. !■ our tliousiand (rancs are not unfrequently paid lor a cow thirty months old 
 that has had her first falf. 
 
 There are in the district magnificent animals of the pure breed of the country; their 
 loriii IS big ily .symmetrical and their frame is in no way inferior to that of Durham or 
 iiutcli cattle. 
 
 These catthj of' oiir district are usually excellent milkers. It is con.se<)uently much to 
 ue wondered at that our larmers, who are so intelligent, economical, and mindlul of their 
 
 H. Ex. 51 45 
 
706 
 
 CATILE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 interests, do not form an associiition lor the pnritoso of improving the l)ree<l by njcinmnf 
 Holcction. To attain this end it would ho HUlHcient to select the nioi't liiKhly imi)rm 
 eows, 1o procure a bull irreproaehnble in all respects, and to raise twcMiiy or more cih 
 every year. These cal vet, at theaKO of one year would bosold to the hi-^licst hidd,.,' „ i 
 • reparchufled by the parties who had raised them, or by their neighbors, an estiniii,.'h' 1 
 ing previously been mmle with a view to iudemnilyuig the raiser for the expense Intin r i 
 by him in keeping the animals from the time of their birth to that of the sale 
 
 About thirty years ago farmers raised no calves, for the reason that they were ahli- 1 
 purchase in the breeding districts excellent milch cows for from three to four liim,!, i 
 lran(» (sixty to eighty dollars); but Hinc(; the average price of lirst-ratecows hais ris.. '( 
 500 (raucs (llOO), and is sometimes even upward of $«00 liancs ($120), they hive ti ■ 
 up cattle-raising, and they have acted wisely in so doing, for, u'i they raise mir,,.' Kn',' 
 calves whoso dams are flrat-claas milkers, they thereby perpetuate the eood n, ,'i. 
 qualities of their herd. ^ ' i b >i mniviny 
 
 Although bulls begin to leap at the age of eighteen months, the calves i.rodiKv.l i 
 them at that age are generally excellent. Tlio number of these breeding aninnls I '^' 
 doubled in the last few years. There is now scarcely a farmer owning ten cow- t li'it ,i 
 not keep a bull. He thereby secures the following advantiges: There is no iimJir 
 o» removing the cows to a distance for the i)urpose of mating, and the prolnibilitv r 
 cow 8 conceiving is much greater than when she is taken to a bull cxhausterl by too ,„ ',, " 
 leaps. This system is not costly, for a bull born in February is able to Icap'in In 
 J uly of the year following; he is sold to the butcher in Heptember or OctoI)er for h ,,',' i' 
 as a fat heifer would bring. His leaps have con.se<iuently cost nothinji, and tli..'.'l„ . I 
 result is assured. "''"'" 
 
 One thing that has greatly contributed to the advancement of agriculture in (I,,, ,1; 
 triutof Herve-Aubcl is the good nnderst^inding that has always existed between tlio lu. 1 
 ow'ierand his tenant; and yet leases are only made every three years Thev ■in'i 
 three, six, and nine years, and always begin on the 1st of May. A tenant havin-r , ,'"' 
 leaves all the manure that has accumulated during the winter lor the use of his siui' . 
 he IS strictly Ibrbiddcn to remove any liay, even if lie brought some when he (■•iin.. 1.',",' 
 he has a right to arrange matters hd as to have all the hay consumed bv his own clt 
 the number of which increases or diminishes in winter, according as feed is niniv on in ' 
 abundant. ' '^** 
 
 So far as I am aware not a single landlord has been obliged of late years to kvv on 
 tenant's cattle for non-payment of rent. Kents are paid twice a year with th.. lii, ?,'! 
 punctuality. "imosi 
 
 Wlien a tenant gives up a farm he proceeds, through the agency of a n')tarv to Iviv 
 his live-stock and farming implements sold at public auction, and such .sales ire'riiKl.' i' 
 cash, 5 per cent, being added to pay the notary's fees and the (!xpciises of the si'lc 
 the seller has the reputation of keeping line cattle the biddin'^ is enthusiastic in tlir .v 
 treme. There is no need of giving credit to purchasers. So tar (ioni this bpin./ Im 
 civse, if the seller should make it known that the sale would be made on i iu(|jr,,ii 
 chasers from the district would not attend the sale. The reason why tlicv would 11') ■ 
 reivdily seen. These farmers, as a general thing, have .sullicient capit^il'to woik tiicir 
 farnxs, and they do not intend that parties who have 110 money sliall coiiinctc wilh tln.m 
 This pra<;tice differs not a little from that which is in use' in the otlicr i-MiciiIti i 
 cantons of the province, where J5 percent, is added to the price of horses ciittre md im 
 plements purchased at public sale. However this may bo regarded, the iucrea.se is it fli,. 
 expense of the seller. " '"'""' 
 
 The rent of a farm is sometimes fixed according to the number of cows tlnil m iv h 
 kept on it, and sometimes at so much per hectare. While some farms arc .still l,'/ n,, 
 less than 200 francs per hectare, tlic land which they contain is fourth and liftli r itc luH • 
 First and second rate meadow lands arc rented at from 2.".;) lo ;;o(i iiuncs (|,.„",„ <;-||, , , 
 $«0), while the very choic&st lands bring 4<") francs ($•*()) per licclan". These no sifi 
 ated near the town of Herrc, the burg of Aubel, and the bfautifiil villages of 'l!,tii,i. 
 Chaineux, Charneux, Clermont, and Thimister. Ten hectares (2.T acicsrof these vitv 
 choice mefidow lands afford pasture for from twenty to twenty-four animals in suiiiiiici 
 and sufficient hay to winter at least twenty. 
 
 The farmer who undertakes to work a farm, whether lar.w or small, always Ins ilic 
 capital requiretl for the purchase of the neces.sary stock and a'^riculttiral iiiiiiieiiiciits 
 Six thousand francs ($1,200) are required tor a farm of 10 hcflaros (2.". acres) Vs to 
 implements, their cost is insignificant. J[e will need a dozen ])it(li-ti)i!vs and as iiianv 
 rakes, two shovels, two dung-forks, a straw-cutter, one or two wheel-barrows daiiv 
 utensils, and furniture. Farmers who work 12 or l.j hectares (;iO or ;{7 acres) ami up- 
 ward keep a horse, %vhich they u.se for hauling hay, manure, fuel, and lumber. They 
 hitch him tf) a wagon so that he may take their producu to market, ami .souietinics icl 
 him work for the neighbors. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 707 
 
 Fauvhik <nil the w.iKt-8 and the l>o«nl of a |e,„:,lo servant, it is cstiniatt-d fh it tl.o ox 
 p.„s.M. e,.l nation does not exect-.l r,() inu.cs ($l()) p..,- hcrtaro cll a"^eH 10 her' 
 
 t..,.s ..t i.usturc Iim.l thr.M, and a l.alC arc n.„vvc.,l at a cost of 'i:, tr m^; , e l.ct m 
 
 :;:;' !;.::;X;d'^:^.t:i. ir^ '-'"^ '^'"" ^'- "-.i-'"':^-i:';^ai^ <i:^-i";S:? 
 
 .„r,aly Hon. to .ho «r,mn.K Thi^ ......nin.nJnf "^uliy n Hi" K "hir , ^ ht ""[' 
 
 tamed an avera-c Icnu'lh of IVom r,() to (iOcciitinK.iors ( (i to ",) in 1 »«/ ■■, I i r f f^ 
 ,..;u..s:icunt^n.e,.,rH (f of an inch), 4 ,..r..n.. ot ui ,r;:^st f Jou^s^' 's^- ' u^^^^ 
 wlKH a meadow ,snu,w...l as d,«e n« it ou^ht to he the mon.l gr ^i. i^alSsZr;, 
 vifiorouH and nniturni. ^n'wui in uiwayM more 
 
 Those ;!l lu'ctams (H] acres) ol meadow lami ar,. manured in the snrin.r with .11 iu 
 niimiirethat has accumulated dnrin-' the winter- it is s nrlVl W fiJ *^ ^ " i ^^*' 
 llnnily and the hired n.en A re,ubr cartJ^'^v^lhS.;: K'^/c n' w! f h^ 
 .luysdoall the cart.n, ol manure that is neede.l. The expense of til 1^1" 'loVrlnus? 
 
 The work of repairing fences an.l keepinj; then, in onler is intrusted to none h.,t 
 si<iled mechanu^-men who thoroughly un.lerstan.l their l.usine.^ and w ho do ts 
 work, when the weather permits, duriufr the dull season 
 
 The traditional way of judi{iii!/ of the excellence of n fi.i.m iu v. ti 
 which its fences are kept. This is verriKitur l As f Jv .fr ? • V "'" *'«"«''''"« '" 
 vigorous herds hoth day an.l ni«ht heL fe es should W^^^^ ;'"""'^""1 «»'» 
 
 All the rjew hedges that I.vcS.een phu.te.l ah^ tlfe mal!/ I' "nf.t,^ 
 roiulsareot live thorn bushes, cut and kent at the iiniil.ir.. i.„i„i .• ' 1 , 
 
 .vntimeters (4 feet :J inches), 'ued^e^ pi a L nearwS pe^^ '" 
 
 .ist of yoke elms, hazels, hollies, and thorn bushes "'"'"°''''' ''''' P''r«^nn"*l. and cou- 
 
 Atthe loot of these l)eautiful hedges the Rras.s grows as it does in the ,ni,l<ii,. -.r 
 meadow. A larmer «-oul,l bo disgraced if he allowcnl bran ble. . e'tle r othS^niuri" 
 
 The value of land in the province of Lietre was, in ]H4« '> 7<)7 frii„«. ^*r.,.o^ i 
 .a;.; in IJ.; it -^ ^f.^'" iVjincs ($720); in ,8B.i, 4,23.1 f^an,S SS? ^^^ ^ ^^ ^'" 
 
 r.esta.st.csof 1>^I0 ia,(j, and 18«r{ show this value according to a«ricultural din 
 tricts. We conseciuently know that the avera-'c value of a heet^rn !.?;!,„/ ; 
 
 £:: IS:;;: ''''" '-'''' ^^"'^ ^^'"^ ■> - '«^^ ^'«'« ^-- (*^o5S; -• ilns" 
 
 '^'U-r'nfrr """';■'.' J:?"^ J?"' '»•■ ^'""^ "> "le province was, in 1S4(; 81 frincs (SUi)- 
 
 I'lai. I'nces are now mueli larger. -"'t-ae "feurts ate om- 
 
 Jn almost all the agricultural cantons of the province of Liege farms are divided unso 
 t ,at hey may be more a.lyantageously sold. 1„ the district ot' Jierv^Au Id tS ,ne o 
 .1 selling IS ..nktmwn .At the present time the price of a hectare olT.Vt In 
 rate n.ead.,w land „, the district of Herve-Antol is\,pward of 5,000 llan^ SI 0,) n 
 
 ll .'.'!" Ti^'"."^ ""'""'• '""^ ^'''"' '■'"'^ '"^^'^''"^^ '''"J i^ upward ri.trSr 
 (5l,4i)()). three larms were very recentiv sold-one of them situ it .. Z h , i :'' 
 
 (•h.rueux, contairnng !» hecures^wo of thetn, situld in he C^,.^^^^^^^^ 
 '■niifainmg 10 h-ctares. situated at Chene-du-Ljun; the other contdnimr wV, ,V ' . 
 .;.;n.,l-Xl.,,re.atl.U)001ranc«per hectare. Six hlctal^;^' ^.SZd'wmSSl' 
 .....;., situated near the village of Clermont, were .sold for <W,0(K)fra. ^ tl^se ( hecta e^ 
 we e puivbiused by two farmers. Two of the farms sold were h sed at the 1 1 e of 10. fr , 
 iJ^ I) per hect..re; the average price a^ "hich meadow land is nowlo Id in the £^^^^^^^^^ 
 llme-Aiibel is nearly 8,000 francs (!i;i,«00) per hectare "istnct ol 
 
 i 10 dwelling hou.ses and stables are strongly built of stone or liHcU- H,.. ,„....« 
 them are roofed with slate, the rest with tiles; thatohe I "o(^L ar"^ 
 
 r Ji!'i ''?"'''^ ^^^ average pri"i^^r;ir^ii^;uiurhii^^ 
 
 (*14(/); ol meaitow land, 3,377 . ancs ($07(5); of vine land 2 7->7 francs V^'-.lfil ^ 
 rent paid for a hectare of land Wiw, on an a era-e 7.) r ncs'/«141 for n 1^' /']" 
 10!) francs ($22); and for vine laud, 102 frauds ($20 50 ^* ^' ' ™'^'^*''' ''*"''• 
 
 I 
 
 ft! 
 
708 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 An iiniiitect iit Verviem recently |)r€^|Mir«il iin cx»reJlfnt plitn o/'ik Htul)l« (Vir !ii li,.a,| „f 
 Cttttle, it in ti'J uu't<M-H \unti by (i wido ((!(! I)y 10 li't^t). Iron rulttrM Hti|)|M>it llif vluill 
 lour rowH of cowH iiro itccoiiuniMltittMl in it witli fiwf, and tliero urn (wo pa«MiiniM, oiic i; ' 
 two rows. Tim iininialH that I'orni tlio two niiddlo rowH arc placed hack to liiu k. \ 
 Htaldo of thJH kind cohIs l)iit little, and unitcM in it«clf every hygienic advaiilanc. 
 
 C!uro in taken to l)uild tlio bakc-liouHO of each farm at uHUttlcittnl distiuxut IVonith' 
 other huildiMKs to avoid llreH. The lion-Hty in n<'>"'''""y •'"'"■ <;''>*«' *« the hake Ikihn,. " 
 No litter is nuvde; the cowh lie on the hanl lloor, vs hicli in kept in a Htato of coiiNtjini 
 clennlincHH. The droppings of the aniniulH are t^ikeii and piled up in a manure diti h 
 which iHljoiiiH the buildin}?). The ordinary cuusca of waste of fertili/,li!}» matter uie not 
 to bo feared hero, an the manure is tinnly piled. 
 
 The part of the farm wliero the cnttle are kept uaually coHHistH of land Honicwiiit 
 higher than the orchard; the rain wat«r that falls from the roof on the maniii' li,.,„ 
 Kome elewentM of which it absorl)s, is led through small trencluw to the orclmid whirl 
 is irrigated by it, so that nothing is last. ' ' 
 
 At a short distance from the buildings there is » [K)nd of water which is collected Iron 
 the roots or from the little springs, with which the di.strict is abundantly sujjpliet'i, Tlicr' 
 is nota meiulow without its pond, this being onoof the lirst reiiuirements on a liirnuon 
 sistiig entirely of permanent meadows. 
 
 There are, we think, 1,(K)0 farms in the district of llerve-Aubel. The orcliards wlii,.| 
 snrronnd the buildings are planti d with walnut, apple, and lu-ar trees, but very .sel,|,iii' 
 with stone-fruit trees; according to statistics, there are 1,«0(» hectares (4, ()0(t jMrcsldi 
 orchard or of wooded meiulow land. There ligure,s must he SMTcpted as (iorrect, lor tjier ■ 
 is, at most, lor eivch farm one hectare and a half planted with fruit trees at tiie rate ol 
 HO trees to the hectiire. The district of Herve-Aulw I, therefore, has l'-!H,ooo fruit trw 
 in full iMsaring; yet, oltLongh they are cnred ibraml trimmed with the utmost ililiiffiuc" 
 and although the cattle deiwsit an abundant snpply of manure about them, there is an 
 abundanceof fruit not olYener than once in three years. The value of th<! averaue vidii 
 of each tree, in years when the crop is abnn<lant, is estimated at 10 francs, which nmkis 
 an income for the district of 640,000 francs ($108,000) every three years.' 
 
 Although these figures appeac high, the numbt^r of orchards is not increased liccuiise 
 the exiMjrience of more than u hundred years shows that the milk of cows pus ircd In 
 meadows without trees is richer than tliat of those which graze in orchards. T| , iutt,,, 
 iHiing shaded, do not receive the sun's rays. Another reason is that, if ni.adiiws in- 
 tended to 1)6 mown were planted with trees, the grass, Injing deprived of the licat of the 
 Bun, would need several days more than it does now (or drying. 
 
 Many farmers sell their frnit to dealers, who resell the good <iualities iu the towns 
 Others convert them into sirup and vinegar, of which thoy lay in a stock in years wlun 
 the yield is abundant. 
 
 Drnnkenness is unknown among the great majority of the farmers in tliisdislrict 
 con8e<iuently a state of comparative aflluenco prevails, wliidi is the result of industry 
 order, and economy; morality and uprightness are the main characteristics of the inhali- 
 itanta. 
 
 Rciincmcnt, moreover, is not lacking; one needs only to be i>resent at tlu- conclusion 
 of high mass on Sundays and feast days in order to see and admire the el(f,'an(e of ihc 
 yonng people of both sexes. 
 
 This district is abundantly supplied with means of commnnication; in additimi totlic 
 nmin roads which intersect it, first clivss minor roads have been built Iwtweeu the vari 
 ous villages and hamlets. 
 
 The subject has l)een somewhat agitated of late years of a railway from IJatticf In 
 Bleyberg. via Aul)el; there is no doubt that this plan will be carried out, cither liy (Ik 
 et-ite itself or by a company to which a very low rate of interest on tim amount is i,'uar- 
 anteed by the state. What is called the network of railways of (Iu? i>la(caiis of Mcrve 
 would not be completed if Aubel were allowed to remain isolated; it is, (lien lore, a 
 mutter of strict nece&sity that the burgh ot Aul)el and the neighborinj,' localities should 
 be connected with Verviers, their shiretown; this district, moreover, ollliHf;i(;ii advan- 
 tiiges to a railway, since it does not prwluce any grain, and all its cereals arc broiiijlil 
 from other places. No pot^itocs even are raised here; all thature used are l)rou,!,'l:t Ironi 
 Ardennes and from Plolland. 
 
 FRANCOIS FLIXTRIX 
 St. Jean Sabt-Aubex, October 17, 1883. 
 
HUPPLKMENT. 
 
 7,09 
 
 leorclianlM which 
 but very ,sel,|„ni 
 
 TOrrect, lor there 
 •eesiittho rate of 
 W,()()(» fniit iret,s 
 ntnioMtililifreii,,,, 
 Hiem, then- is ail 
 
 tiM! IVVcrilKf! yiclil 
 
 ics, which iimiieH 
 
 rs. 
 
 iiTcascd, lifcaiise 
 
 cowH pas ned in 
 
 ■"IM; 'I'!.' latter, 
 
 t, ifiiu'iKhnvM in- 
 
 »l"tlie lieat ol'the 
 
 ies in tlic towns. 
 ;k in years when 
 
 I the eoiichisioii 
 ! cief,'aiice ol' Uie 
 
 n a(hliti(intothe 
 ytweeu the vari- 
 
 LIVE STOCK IN BAVARIA. 
 
 REPORT R} rONSI/n IIARI'ER, OF MVSWIT. 
 
 The ronntinj? of livi'-stocrk in Hiivuriii wiw tnkon In Junimry, IHKJ, ami in conDeK'tion 
 therewith the iiveniuo market viiJiio mid uvonmo woigltt of tho various anininlH. From 
 tliis iiccountinK wc gather the liillowinK: 
 
 Tho total itapitul ho invoHtcd was ^1S!),7(K!,7(!1.(I», divided an followH: 
 
 DeMriptlon. 
 
 No, of head. 
 
 19,973 
 
 21,412 
 
 17,718 
 
 4,(H)7 
 
 293, 141 
 
 Total value. 
 
 8744,011 OH 
 
 I,:i.'i,s,oo9 .'1^1 
 
 l,\53, 127 79 
 
 1,020, .508 Ihl 
 
 .3.1,.580,0;H 49 
 
 Value per 
 head. 
 
 Iliiises: 
 
 j.'iihIh liiHler 1 yeiir of nue 
 
 137 27 
 62 43 
 200 51 
 2.50 18 
 114 02 
 
 Ilornes 1 jeiir and (niilor 2 yeiirs of iif{" 
 
 ll<>rHeH2 yeiira mill Iiiiiler3 yeiifH of imo 
 
 HdillioMM .'1 yeftfH iilil hikI over 
 
 Oilier liorHeH 3 yours olil niiil over 
 
 
 ToUl 
 
 330,316 
 
 .38,249,490 75 
 
 107.14 
 
 
 Mules 
 
 R3 
 1B2 
 
 .5.2;)6 00 
 3,043 78 
 
 •63 07 
 2iJ 97 
 
 
 
 Neiit-eHttIo: 
 
 (.'ivlves umler weeks old 
 
 90.482 
 218,080 
 088,318 
 
 ,32,.3'.)5 
 
 42i,701 
 
 1,581,4.50 
 
 778,710 53 
 
 3,460,255 50 
 
 22,017,08.1 45 
 
 1,»1.5,087 15 
 
 27,07i,;i35 ;r7 
 
 77,917,910 79 
 
 8 50 
 
 15 85 
 31 99 
 56 95 
 05 15 
 49 17 
 
 Calves from weeks t« nioiithH old .,.„ 
 
 CiiKle iiionllis to 2 years old 
 
 Hulls 2 yeiirs old 
 
 Itiills mill oxen 2 years old and over 
 
 Cows 2 years old and over 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3,(»37,098 
 
 i;«,698,388 85 
 
 44 03 
 
 
 Hliiep : 
 
 Wool sheopiindcr 1 year old 
 
 .38,271 
 09,749 
 41,977 
 108, (K)0 
 221,190 
 098, 978 
 
 145,444 89 
 .104, 375 38 
 102, 4a5 22 
 611,175 91 
 6!H) 910 02 
 3,051,404 00 
 
 .1 00 
 5 00 
 3 (XI 
 
 n 00 
 
 3 m 
 
 4 00 
 
 Wool slieep over 1 yearolil 
 
 Meat slieep inider 1 vearold 
 
 Meat slieep over 1 year olil 
 
 (Hlicrsliei^p under 1 year old 
 
 Oilier sheep over 1 year old 
 
 Total 
 
 1,178,270 
 
 B, 02.5, 802 08 
 
 4 00 
 
 
 .Mwine: 
 
 Under 1 year old , .. 
 
 7.59,923 
 131,842 
 140, .579 
 
 6,8.14,990 15 
 2,445,410 02 
 2,697,0.14 80 
 
 900 
 18 00 
 18 00 
 
 Swine kept for breciliiiK over 1 year old 
 
 Other swine over 1 year old 
 
 
 ToUU 
 
 1,0.38,344 
 
 ll,977,4;}4 97 
 
 11 tio 
 
 
 Ooats 
 
 220,818 
 
 748, 764 60 
 
 3 00 
 
 
 The livinj4 weight of cattle and swine was as folIowH: 
 
 FLIX'TIJET. 
 
 Desoription. 
 
 No. of head. 
 
 Total weight. 
 
 Weight per 
 head. 
 
 Cattle: 
 
 Calves under 6 weeks old 
 
 90,482 
 
 218,080 
 
 688,318 
 
 45.5, 1.50 
 
 1,. 581,450 
 
 Pnumh. 
 
 8, '.WO, 019 
 
 38,749,<t55 
 
 2(H,.52l,.5e9 
 
 .188, (>"0, .570 
 
 1,0<.I7,092,807 
 
 Poundn. 
 
 Calves weeks tu niontliH olil 
 
 117 
 
 .184 
 
 VoiinK luttlo month to 2 years old 
 
 liiillsiind oxen 2 years and over 
 
 8.53 
 
 ( 'iiws 2 years old and over 
 
 09'* 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3,0.17,098 
 
 1,798,020,920 
 
 
 
 
 United Statkh Consiii.atf:. 
 
 Munich, Norenihrr 6, ISSU. 
 
 JOSEPH W. IIAKPER, Consul 
 
710 
 
 CAtTLK AKl) DAIHY lAHMlNO. 
 
 BRITISH CATTLE STATISTICS. 
 
 isar.nsuKHs is (vshuItUKShhai. MKRHtTrn kki-oht. 
 
 The followitifli is a copy of n piintwl (ircnliir H«iif Crom Um coimulalp-Kenoraf at Jo 
 (Ion to leadiiim'uttln l)nu<<lcrsiin(l raim'is in l'!imliin»l. 'I'ho iinMWorM to tliiHcirrular i" 
 Htitntotlio "iiirloMiiros" wl'crrcil to in llM!<'otHiil-K<'in'rul'H r»'iK)rl ; and hiicIi porljoi '" 
 tboHe inclortiircM UH iti-o not incor[H>rate<l in wvid roport, and urootlnirwiMt- conHidfrHi" '! 
 pnu;ti('al value to American auriiulturiftts, arc hcrcwitli publi^licd; 
 
 DK(!KMIlKlt !»l, IHHII 
 Sir: The favor of inCormation on the lollowinKHuliJcct woulil much ol)liuc, tiicniiM, 
 the Depnrtnuuit of Htat<i, Wiwhinnt^m, to lociile hucIi lorciKU dotncMticalciT m^|,u,| ' 
 
 have been (or a ioijn time prolltal)iy lircd and reared in their niiti\e I icm, uiidrrHimii"^ 
 
 conditioiiH in the Unitwl Htiites. I'leaw) Ibrwaril the name in the indoMed ii(|ilr..H^"i 
 envelope to ^'' 
 
 H. KAINS JACKSON. 
 
 PlWBlirr: — 
 
 ALTITUUR. 
 Boll 
 
 Mran Tkmp. 
 
 Tkmp. in Bummkr. 
 
 WlKTSIi. 
 
 -Alluviiit 
 
 I.UHIU 
 
 Oltty 
 
 Huiidy, Sic, &o, 
 
 <l«<ll<l|{iual HtfHtA 
 
 HiitMoil 
 
 PA<<TtiBAaK, Nati'bai. cib AnTiririAL Oiumn:— 
 
 How Htook Ift hoiimd 7 
 MeltiodH iirr<HHllii|{'.' 
 
 Do. lirtM-iiiiiKT 
 
 i>u. nmrketliiK? 
 
 Namk of IIbbeO: — 
 
 Size nt nintiirity. Cow. 
 
 Live wcIkIiI. 
 
 Aiiiiiiulit criiKn yii*l<l of iiiillc 
 ill puimdH ur iiuart.i, 
 
 ORiniN OF liBERII: — 
 
 P(^Norl|itii)n, Hiui how lunir pure lired ? 
 
 t 'olor. 
 
 Mtttiirity. AVeltfht. 
 
 Product 111 ?'«lM>ur. 
 
 Mm(. Milk. 
 
 Bull. 
 
 ■ t'ouiidH orbiitlpr. 
 . PouiidNordict-Ne. 
 
 Ak«". 
 
 Oj. 
 
 Cbctw. 
 
 (tKNKKAl, liKMARKH.— The nbove (jnestions are furnished rather i»s hints tlmii (m 
 rategoriwil answers; and ycm are a«ked here to ofler any inlbrination un<l sujrjrostidus 
 and iu any tbrm you may wish to write them, in respect to hinsi's, mIiccji, or pigs, as 
 well as rattle. The obJtHit tif this eircular is that the American agriculturists and 
 Btoek-hreederH may learn the best vurieticH of h.'ock t« purchase from abroad asiuliipted 
 to their own special localities. • 
 
 THE SANDRINQHAM HERD. 
 
 [iiiclOHurc No. I ill CoiiMiil-Clenenil Merrilt'H report.] 
 
 Stock is housed at night; cows and heifers always runout. The feeding is chiefly 
 hay, mixture of !)e.Ht lin.seed, and cotton— from :{ to 7 jMiund-s. Heilei-s eome in with lirst 
 calves alxnit thirty-two months old. 
 
 Ah u breedinj; herd the milk is entirely devoted to calf-rnisinn. 
 
 The present henl were started by tlie I'rineeof Wales in 1H77. 
 
 The rrineo of Wales has a herd of Itates & KniKlitlcy Hhort-horns aud one of Booth, 
 and iu both cases the C4ittle are treated as a tenant farmer would do, the object being 
 
SUPrLEMENT. 
 
 711 
 
 to niukt* tliii iuiinmUoM hardy (W pomihly can bdmanAgiMl. Tbo land, m Minted atiove, ia 
 vurloiiHimil llmiliMlrictcoM. 
 
 'Ihi* I'riiitti kf'^iw niHo ii mhiiiII hord of AldorimyM mid u Mtock of Hnuthdowii ewea, alao 
 u IfW liliuk I'olh'd rftroUli ('Jwh for liroediiiK croHH l)r«dH. 
 
 Slidi l-horiiM imil hUi-i'p . t nxhibit<d lit tin viiridUHiiKricnltnnil HO<!ietii's, mid Win Itoynl 
 IlinliiifMM took the pri/o iiiH- yrur ivt tho Itoyal AKricuKurul Hwiety, held in Vork, for 
 Miu iK'Ht Hhort-hora fiimily of five. The I'rlnce took flrBt for aged niuiB at York and 
 tliiiinpion iH, tln! Uoyul t'ouiilitH. 
 
 All Ht(M:k can Im) Ini^ptwtMl liy niakluK an appointment in writing and t^ivioK two 
 clear dityn' notico. 
 
 EDMUND HECK, 
 Agent, ISandiiiitiliiim, Narfolk. 
 
 Tiio uiiurcat station ia Wolfertou, and tho Booth herd ia within cue luiuutc of the 
 stiitiou. 
 
 CATTLE IN THE WEALD OF KENT. 
 [InolMure No. 8 In Onimiil-nvnpral Merritt'a report.) 
 
 Tho SuHsex breed of cattle ha.s tho appcivriiDceof beinK nearly idcnticjil with the Devon, 
 and Im.s been the prevailing Hlock tlirou^;lw ut Snssex and a lar^e imrtion of the Weald 
 of Kent for a very long i^riod. It is a hardy, kindly uninml, yieldinj? iihiKlHuuility of 
 beef an<l fat« ntmiily. Until lat<ily tlu^y vv.n> n>n<h valncd for working pnri)os(H, bntn.s 
 iiiilkiTH they are of bnt little use, the calf tivkin^ nearly the whole of the cow'h milk to 
 rear it. They are yarded in W)nt<ir on account of the wetneH8 of the soil and not on 
 uccount of any delicacy of cont*titution. 
 
 • W. MORLAND, 
 
 LambcrhurM Court Lodge, Kent. 
 
 CATTLE AND SHEEP IN BUCKS. 
 
 [tncloRuro No. In Connul-Oeneral Merrltl's report.] 
 
 My farm iaon a hill, slopinR into the valleys all around it. The soil varies from 
 strong day at the Iwttoin to tleep loam on the Hides, and stone brash on the top of the 
 hill. It i.s rt mixed farm of abont 270 acres arable, and Il^Opjwture. 1 keep a breeding 
 herd of about 70 milch cow.s — Short-horn grades; sell milk, and wean my heifer calves; 
 cows average when in milk alM)Ut Hi pint.s of milk each per day. I keep a flock of Ox- 
 fordshire «lown sheep. I lamb twelve score ewes, breed rams, and sell about l!Mt shear- 
 ling rams annually; have an auction sale the first Wednesday in August or last Wednes- 
 day in July, when L sell about (iO of the best. Last year they averaged £215 Od. {\il. each, 
 in 1882, £2(! VM. Hil. each. Many are sold to go tx)(jermahy tocrosstheMerinas, some go 
 t ) Americji, the rest to the leading i-tock-ma.ster8 in England. I have bred this breed 
 ((jr nifily thirty years, keep up the i)edigree9, and show at the " lioyal " and some few 
 other leading shows, with what success tne "Journals" ofthe Koyal Agricultural Society 
 of Ilngland will tell. 
 
 1'. S. — I might say the Oxfordshire down sheep seem adapted for all climates, all soils, 
 and all systems of management, and improve any breed of sheep they are crossed upon, 
 especially Merinos. 
 
 JOHN TREA DWELL, 
 Upper Winchenden, Eyleahury, liuckn. 
 
712 
 
 CATTLE AKD t)AIRY. FARMIKG. 
 
 
 PRIZB BREEDERS OF BRITISH CATTLE. 
 
 [Inelosuro No. U in Oonsular-Oeneral Morrltt's report.] 
 
 A nUttemmtof the lyreedn and ageM of the nnimah which hace won (he qold mcdah »;/ 
 (rnv^,arul champion phite, offered h}j the eluh for mil/e, to the year 1881 inchmve 'llZT 
 with t/w names of tfie exhibitors and breeders. ' ^"'"''' 
 
 NiTE.-Thc rK.rtion ofthe folInwiiiK iip to tl.o ycnr 1857 inoliisive ih cxtnvcted from tlie "nw,„„ , 
 the Smithnel.l Cluo," by .Sir U. T. IJrundroth Uibbs, honorable Mecretary ^^ "' 
 
 EXTEA PEIZE £10 FOR, BEST STKEU OU OX IN TIIK FlE.ST SiX C^AaSEx. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1S07 
 1N(LS 
 
 to y 
 i82y) 
 
 To exhibitor. 
 
 William Flowrr.s.., 
 Samuel Chandler . 
 
 Discontinued. 
 
 Breeder. 
 
 .Tames Walwyt» . 
 William Walker.. 
 
 BreecJ. 
 
 ^r;£::l"^"°^« "■'■»-" Ti'^, \ 
 
 Haroford os 
 
 Ape, 
 
 « 
 
 Gold Medals foe Bist in any op the Classes. 
 
 J 830* 
 
 IW<2 
 1*B 
 ■ 1S'}4 
 I KB 
 IK«i 
 
 ih;!7 
 
 IKTH 
 
 IK!'.) 
 
 IHIO 
 
 1H4I 
 
 IHl'Jf 
 
 JKl.J 
 
 1844t 
 
 seir;;";!!!!;;;;!!!"""""!;"" 
 .Self. 
 
 Hoiiry I'ownsliend 
 
 .Self 
 
 George I'eaeh 
 
 .Tr)lin Veriiey 
 
 S,!lf. 
 
 <'. Ilillynrd 
 
 ICarl of Warwick 
 
 .Solf. 
 
 .Self. ;;;;; 
 
 Mr. Maxwell.. 
 
 Sir Charles Tempest, Ut 
 Henry Brown 
 
 
 Marquis of Kxeter 
 
 Karl of Urownlow 
 
 .1. B. TopliHin 
 
 William Townshcnd 
 
 Eafl .Spencer. 
 
 •lohn Dent 
 
 Marquis of Tavistock...! 
 
 K. W. Baker 
 
 Kx. of la»« Mr. Talbot... 
 
 It. Hill 
 
 Rarl Hpencer 
 
 It. WriKbt 
 
 Sir Charles Teiniiest, Bt. 
 
 Self. . 
 
 Self. 
 
 Durliamatecr « 
 
 Durham ox i '. 
 
 ■■■■■■■do »....::::::::: '^ 
 
 Durham heifer 
 
 Durham ox ..",.'. 
 
 Durham heifer...".!!." 
 
 Hereford steer !!!! 
 
 Short-horn heifer...!!! 
 
 North Devon ox.... 
 
 Hereford ox ""\ 
 
 Durham ox !!!!!...'! 
 
 Durham cow...!!!!!!!!!!!! 
 
 .Sliort-lKirn cow..!!!!.!, 
 
 Slioit-horn heifer 
 
 Durham heifer. 
 
 10 
 7 
 7 {) 
 9 
 fi I) 
 
 11 (I 
 
 10 I) 
 
 S II 
 
 11 II 
 7 
 2 II 
 H U 
 9 
 
 
 Gold Medals fob Steeb ob Ox (Best in the Classes). 
 
 181,? 
 IKtfi 
 
 I8t7 
 
 iHiy 
 
 18.V) 
 IK.'il 
 IS.-C' 
 IK\T 
 1^4 
 
 i.s.V) 
 
 IR")C 
 
 isw 
 
 IHfiO 
 
 R. M. Layton 
 
 Karl of Warwick 
 
 \V. D. Manning 
 
 Karl of Leicester 
 
 Kiehard .Tones 
 
 \yilliam Heath 
 
 Kdward I.onKmore..., 
 
 Kiehard Stratton 
 
 do 
 
 Duke of llutland 
 
 Marquis of Kxetor 
 
 William Heath 
 
 I'Mward Wortley 
 
 Itichard .Stratto 
 
 Kiehard Hhirlay 
 
 It. W. Baker 
 
 Oecirgo Taylor 
 
 P. Prosser 
 
 John Thomas 
 
 .Self 
 
 .Siiif. ! 
 
 .Tames Ci>rtwrifflit.. 
 
 James Ilill 
 
 Self 
 
 Self 
 
 Self. 
 
 Self 
 
 Self. ; 
 
 .Tohn Possnuire 
 
 Self 
 
 .Self. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Self 
 
 Christopher Clark.. 
 
 Hereford o'r.... 
 
 do ;;;'! 
 
 Short-horn ox " 
 
 North Devon steer' 
 
 Hereford ox 
 
 Hereford steer 
 
 do !;!!.;; 
 
 Sliorf-horn ox !! 
 
 Shorth-lKirn st<'er.... 
 
 Short^horn ox 
 
 Sliort-horu steer 
 
 Devon ox 
 
 Hhort-lKiriiHleer...... 
 
 do " 
 
 I lereford steer...... ... 
 
 Short-horn steer 
 
 do .■.■'■ 
 
 s n 
 
 17 
 
 vt 
 
 * The R-old medal In 1S;» vas offered by Mr. KIteles 
 
 I Aft "■ .'I'!" ^'■'*'" •.'"i'f ""■»?»'•' "»"hils were awiinh-d to the exhil)itors instead of the 
 belfheifei oVTw.^'''*^ '^''"'""'' """'"'^ '^'•'" «iven-~one for the iM^stXr r,'"ox'am'i 
 i After this year (l.SCI) u silver cup value CIO waH Buluuittcd for the gold medal. 
 
 ■1 
 .1 
 ■I 1 II 
 
 :! H II 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 I 10 (I 
 .1 '.) ', 
 I I II 
 :i III II 
 ( .') n 
 ;< 10 li 
 
 2 ,S2I 
 2 (127 
 
 ;< s (I 
 
 2 11 7 
 
 lirecilwrM. 
 
 line forilm 
 
 •i ..*,^ 
 
B. 
 
 gold mcdnh, siker 
 1 inclimvr, logeiiiey 
 
 iVom the "History of 
 iretary. ' "' 
 
 tX Cl-ASSE«. 
 
 ;e named. , 
 
 Ape. 
 
 y-m.(i, ,, 
 'i 
 
 6 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 i 7 
 
 II 
 
 5 7 
 
 
 
 4 » 
 
 II 
 
 •1 fi 
 
 
 
 4 11 
 
 
 
 .) 10 
 
 
 
 ••i 
 
 
 
 ■t S 
 
 II 
 
 1 11 M 
 
 S 
 
 
 5 2 
 
 II 
 
 « « 
 
 1) 
 
 ■1 '.» 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 iES). 
 
 vt 
 
 ■I s n 
 
 5 fl 17 
 ■1 4 II 
 ."! S 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 
 I 10 II 
 
 .1 9 r, 
 
 •i i 
 
 :i 10 
 
 ) 5 n 
 
 .'J 10 li 
 
 2 H2\ 
 
 -1 11 27 
 
 .'1 H (I 
 
 2 11 7 
 
 if llio l)reccl«r». 
 c, 1111(1 orii^ for 111! 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 BiLVKB Cups fob Stekb ob Ox. 
 
 713 
 
 Year. 
 
 1802 
 
 I SO I* 
 IHIV) 
 
 \na< 
 
 ISIiV 
 
 I WW 
 
 l.Slilt 
 1«70 
 l.s-l 
 1.S72 
 187.1 
 1871 
 
 I87r. 
 1S77 
 
 187.8 
 1870 
 I.S.SO 
 
 msi 
 
 To exhibitor. 
 
 .Tohn Overninn 
 
 William Heath 
 
 .Ii>iiu WiileHby Kirkliiiin. 
 
 I Juice of HiitlierlniKl 
 
 Uicliiird Hcnth Harris.... 
 
 William McK'onibie 
 
 William Heath 
 
 ICarl of Avlesforil 
 
 William Taylor 
 
 .Tosepli Stratton 
 
 .lames Briiee 
 
 .r. .S. Hull 
 
 do 
 
 <!. Sowerby 
 
 Hamiiel Kidmtr 
 
 U. 11. H. the Hriiiee of 
 
 Wales. 
 
 .Tames H. Biilt 
 
 Henry 1>. Adamson 
 
 .T. .1. (Jol-.nan, M. P 
 
 Sir W. li. Gordon-tHnn- 
 
 Diiny;, Bart. 
 
 Breeder. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Thomas Loekley Meire.. 
 
 l-ulte HnrriHori..' 
 
 Dr. Medillivriiy 
 
 Alexaiuler Cowie 
 
 Helf 
 
 I<ale Thomas Klesmere.. 
 
 Helf. 
 
 U. Stranger 
 
 The I ,te Ui(.h"d Htratton. 
 
 .Tohn Macl'herson.... 
 
 .Self 
 
 .Self. 
 
 .Self 
 
 Helf 
 
 William Shajiland.. 
 
 Self. 
 
 •Tames Briiee 
 
 •Tame.s Durno 
 
 O. Willianuioii 
 
 Devon and Short-horn 
 
 Hereford ox 
 
 .Short-horn steer 
 
 Seotch-horn ox ....... 
 
 Hhort-horn and 8eot<'ii-i)olle(i. 
 
 .Scol ell-polled 
 
 Hereford ox .". 
 
 Hhort-horn steer ." 
 
 Devon ox " 
 
 Hhort-horn ox 
 
 Polled Aberdeenshire steer.... 
 
 Hhort-horn ox 
 
 Short-horn steer ....'... 
 
 Hhort-horn ox .' 
 
 l/evon ox 
 
 Devon steer ........! 
 
 Short-horn steer 
 
 do 
 
 (IrosH steer 
 
 Scoteh-polled steer.. 
 
 ^ge. 
 
 y. m. d. 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 2 5 20 
 
 5 8 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 3 
 
 3 8 11 
 
 t 1 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 11 
 
 2 5 3 
 
 3 7 18 
 2 8 6 
 
 Gold Mbdal.s fob Heifeb ob Cow (Best in the Clas.srs.) 
 
 IMS 
 1,810 
 1817 
 
 1.848 
 1.840 
 18.^)0 
 Wil 
 
 1S.S2 
 I8').1 
 l.8->l 
 1'8.V) 
 IS.'iC. 
 
 i8r>7 
 mx 
 mv,i 
 
 18I>U 
 1861t 
 
 William Trinder., 
 
 .lolin Hooth 
 
 Karl of Itadnor.... 
 
 .Toh.^ Mann 
 
 Samiie) Wiley..., 
 .Stephen (looeh. 
 Samuel Druee... 
 
 .T.D.Cook 
 
 Henry Smith 
 
 Charles Towneley 
 
 Henry Ambler 
 
 Uiiliard.SlraUon 
 
 liieut. <'ol. Towneley. 
 
 .1. W. Brown 
 
 Lieut. Col. Towneley. 
 
 IfiehardHill 
 
 John Faulkner 
 
 Ix>rd Sherborne.. 
 
 Self 
 
 Self 
 
 Self. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Nathaniel Cartwright.. 
 Self. „ 
 
 Self. 
 
 William Smith 
 
 Alexander Banneruinn.. 
 W. D. Manning (the late). 
 
 Helf 
 
 Self. _ 
 
 Self 
 
 Self. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Sir J. Harper Crewe. Bt. 
 
 Durham heifer 
 
 Durham eow 
 
 Herefor<l and Long-horn cross 
 
 heifer. 
 
 Durham cow 
 
 Short-horn cow 
 
 do 
 
 Short-horn and Hereford cross 
 
 heifer. 
 
 Hereford cow* 
 
 Hhort-horn cow ' 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .do, 
 
 Shorl-horn heifer., 
 
 do 
 
 Hereford cow ., 
 
 Short-horn cow 
 
 3 10 
 
 
 
 9 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 U 
 
 6 U 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 7 11 10 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 10 21 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 10 
 
 
 
 SiLVKB Cups fob Heifeb ob Cow. 
 
 1RC2 
 l,8ii:i 
 
 iscif 
 
 I8ri.'> 
 
 i,si;!i 
 
 I.Si',7 
 
 l,Hik8 
 
 l8iW 
 
 18711 
 
 l,S7i 
 
 1872 
 
 is;:; 
 
 1,871 
 IS7.% 
 1.870 
 1.877 
 1878 
 1870 
 I "80 
 1881 
 
 Rol)ert Tennont 
 
 Clmrles Kwaisland 
 
 liii'liard Taylor 
 
 ijii'l of Itadiior 
 
 Uii'liaid .Stratton 
 
 Ileni-y Jiettridge 
 
 i'jirl of Hardwi<'ke 
 
 .Sir W.C. Tievelyan, Ht. 
 
 Tieviu- L. Si'iiior 
 
 .bime.i Itniee 
 
 Trevor I,. Keiiior 
 
 .lohn Walter, M. V 
 
 nil hard Htriillon 
 
 William I'ox lieaven 
 
 .Ioso;(li Ht ration 
 
 N, Catiliiiole 
 
 Iii<'liiii'd .'dilation 
 
 do 
 
 Ch;irl(.M TliomiiH Lucas.. 
 Hir W G. (iordon-Cnin- 
 niiiiif, Hart. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Lady Lubbock 
 
 Heir 
 
 .Self. 
 
 Helf. 
 
 K. Tanner , 
 
 Self. 
 
 .Self 
 
 Lat<- Charles Gibhs ... 
 .Mexandcr Paterson.. 
 
 Walter Kadhing 
 
 Hy. Mi(!kleiu 
 
 Helf. 
 
 Helf 
 
 S<!lf. 
 
 Self..., 
 Helf.. 
 .Self , 
 Hell,.,, 
 Helf..., 
 
 Short-horn heifer 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Short-horii heifer 
 
 Short-horn eow 
 
 Hereford heifer 
 
 .Short-horn heifer 
 
 Short-horn eow 
 
 Devon hoifei 
 
 .Scoteh-i)olled heifer ...... 
 
 Devon lieifei 
 
 Short-horn heifer.... 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 .Scot<!h-polled heifei 
 
 3 
 
 r, 10 
 
 2 
 
 11) 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 r, 
 
 » 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 .» 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 14 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 11 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 3 10 14 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 *Afler this year (18(il) a gold me.lal to the breeder was substituted for the silver medal hitherto 
 
 I Aller this year (18t)l) a silver cup vali. tlO was HubstituU'd fur the gold modal. 
 
 (Alter tills year (l.SOl) a gold medal to Hie breeder was substituted for the gilvor modal hitherto 
 
 J^' Veil. 
 
714 
 
 CATfLE AiJD DAIRY FARMtNtt. 
 
 Silver Citps fob SifRopsiiiUK, OxroKusniUE, Cuosh-beed, ou any otiiku I'rpp 
 WOT Before SPEoirini) (Best I'bn op Wethers in the Classkh). ' 
 
 Year. 
 
 1862 
 1863 
 I8<>( 
 IS65 
 1860 
 18()7 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 
 To exhibitor. 
 
 Zndiarinh W. Htilgoe 
 
 John Overnmn 
 
 do 
 
 Duko ofMurlboroiiKli 
 
 .John Overmnn 
 
 .Siinmcl Druce 
 
 Alfred ItoKers 
 
 ,lolin Overman 
 
 do 
 
 Lord Chesbaui 
 
 IJiikcof Marlboroii^rli 
 
 do 
 
 Breeders. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Self 
 
 Self. 
 
 Helf. 
 
 .Self, 
 
 .Self. 
 
 HeW, 
 
 .Self. 
 
 Helf. 
 
 Self,. 
 
 Helf, , 
 
 .'-iRif, 
 
 Breed. 
 
 .Sussex and Cotswo'd 
 
 I,,el'?enter and Houth-down 
 
 do "" ■ 
 
 Oxfordtbirc-down 
 
 Leice.Mler nnd Soiitli-diiwii 
 Oxfordsbirc i 
 
 do ::;::.;: i 
 
 LonK Wool and Hontb-down "! 
 
 do "■' 
 
 Hbropsbiro wethers ; 
 
 Oxfordshire wetliei's | 
 
 Oxford welbera ! 
 
 Age, 
 
 "1. lit 
 -'0 ;i 
 •M 
 
 2(1 
 
 21 
 
 211 
 
 21 :; 
 
 21 ■■ 
 
 21 
 
 21 '< 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 Champion Plate (Value £105) to Exhibitor of Bbht Beast in the Show 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 X87I 
 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879* 
 
 laso 
 
 1881 
 
 Karl of Aylesford 
 
 Tbonius I'ul ver 
 
 Joseph Htratton 
 
 Janie.s Hruee 
 
 John Waller, M. P 
 
 U. n. H. The I'rineo of 
 
 Wales. 
 Thomas Willis. 
 
 Self. 
 
 Self. 
 
 The late H. D.SIrattoii 
 
 .lobnMael'berson 
 
 H.v. Mickleni , 
 
 HuKb Aylmei 
 
 Self., 
 
 Samuel Kidner i SeU',. 
 
 N. (.'atebpole 
 
 lllehard Slratton 
 
 James .lolin Katelill'o 
 
 .1. J. t'olman, M. V 
 
 Sir W. G. GordonCimi- 
 luiiig, Bart. 
 
 Self, 
 
 Self, 
 
 Self. 
 
 iJamesUurno 
 
 Self. I Seotch-polled lieifer . 
 
 Sborl-horn steer 
 
 Short-horn ox 
 
 <io !'.'.'.!;"■"■ 
 
 Polled Aberdeenshire steer 
 
 Short-horn heifer " 
 
 Short-horn cow 
 
 3 2 
 
 I) II 
 .1 II 
 Nil 
 2 II 
 5 (I 
 
 do 
 
 Devon ox 
 
 Short-horn heifer 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 Ooss steer . 
 
 ;! 1 I 
 
 ! 3 7 II 
 ■'! ID H 
 ■> 4 II 
 2 7111 
 2 « II 
 
 ♦After file year 1870 the club's gold medal was KJven to the breeder. 
 
 Cup Prizes for Best ok each Breed. 
 
 [Breed cups, value MO eaeb, to the exhibitor of the best beast ot each breed 1 
 
 Year. 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1870 
 
 Exhibitor. 
 
 T. L. .Senior 
 
 Ulebard Hill 
 
 James S, llidt 
 
 .lohn Kent 
 
 Sir W.t iordon-t 'nmminK, 
 
 Henry Humphrey 
 
 Ilenj. Hrowii 
 
 T. L. Senior 
 
 William (Jroves 
 
 Thomas Willis 
 
 William Wood 
 
 Duke of Sutherland 
 
 Thonvis Htatter 
 
 Samuel Kidner 
 
 Itobert Worlloy 
 
 loseph Stratton 
 
 Breeder. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Richard Stranjjer 
 
 Selt 
 
 Self 
 
 William AV'oo<l 
 
 W. Webster 
 
 Sir (,'. (iorluK. 
 
 Self 
 
 liicbiird Strantjer 
 
 Mejisrs. lleiKliwav A: Son, 
 
 Self, 
 
 Self 
 
 Self 
 
 tieoru'i^ Sluind 
 
 Sell' 
 
 TboMuts I. owe 
 
 Self. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Devon 
 
 I Herel'oni 
 
 I .Sboitliorn 
 
 I Husse.x 
 
 I HlKbland .'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.','.;', 
 
 j t'ross ' 
 
 i Norfolk polled .'.......'. ri 
 
 Devon .,....., 't 
 
 Ilcrefonl ....,..,.. • ,j 
 
 Hiiiirt-horn ] i t 
 
 Sussex I I 
 
 .Seoteh HiKhlimd. ..,..„'.'.'.'.'. ■.■.'.■.'■.■; r> 
 
 Cross '__ ^-j 
 
 Devon ox .,,,,,.,' t 
 
 Kreforil ox ,!!!...!!!' t 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 William Me(;oinliie 
 
 .lames Keid 
 
 H. It, II, The I'lin. r 
 
 Wales 
 
 Henry I'a^ce 
 
 Nathaniel Calilipole 
 
 ,\irri-d Apite 
 
 .Sir W.<lor(lun-<'ummiii){ , 
 I.rfiri! r.!!v:i!! 
 
 .lohn Koliert Overman..,. 
 
 HoIhtI Woitley 
 
 Hiehard Slratton 
 
 John Woodrull' 
 
 .lames Marron., 
 .lames Merson, 
 
 William Sbanland 
 
 D. Kd wants 
 
 Self 
 
 .Self 
 
 The late Ali-x. I'aterson,, 
 5 Wm, llrown of Link- I 
 ) vv<M>d «Sc Aliei'decn, / 
 
 Mrv Clark 
 
 J. II. l-'armer 
 
 Helf 
 
 John Kirk pat riek 
 
 ,/. TO. il. 
 
 I II II 
 
 I I II 
 
 , ; 2 ;! 
 
 •i 7 II 
 1 III 211 
 
 :! n II 
 
 'i a II 
 
 ') II (I 
 
 I II 
 
 7 II 
 
 II II 
 1 II 
 
 Shorthorn heifer. 
 
 .Su.sse.x 
 
 Si'otch polled ox.. 
 Cross steer 
 
 ;t 11 
 
 Devon steer 
 
 Ilereforil ox 
 
 Shorthorn lieifer 
 
 .Sussex steer 
 
 Seoteh polled lii'iUr . 
 
 Sh.-.rtliitrii steer 
 
 Devon steer 
 
 Ilerefonl ox 
 
 Hhortborn heifer 
 
 Sus.sex steer 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 ..I 4 
 
 ..■ 3 
 
 :i 
 
 . 3 
 
 li II 
 
 '.) II 
 
 2 
 
 2 II 
 
 7 II 
 
 2 II 
 
 III II 
 
 .1 10 II 
 3 4 7 
 
 mil 
 
NY OTilKK ijREEn 
 
 CLASHKh). 
 
 I. 
 
 Ago. 
 
 ^"'d ';•*. 
 
 mh-(lo«ii,.. , "ii " 
 
 "•■::::::;:::::::■ ^^ 
 
 nth-down on 
 
 •! ^1 2 
 
 I '"I ., 
 
 iontli-down...' iji " 
 
 ^rs..,V.'.'.'.'.V.'.'.'.','.;; ^[ ■ 
 
 *"•« 21 
 
 21 
 
 IN TlIK Snow. 
 
 iliin; Htecr. 
 
 3 2 H 
 
 ■i !l II 
 
 •1 3 II 
 
 ■'* >i II 
 
 ••! 2 II 
 
 ■1 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 .. ! 1 1 
 
 ■■! 3 7 II 
 
 •j 3 III ii 
 
 . 3 4 I) 
 
 sder. 
 
 1> Uivcd. 
 
 Age. 
 
 ,/. »i. il. 
 
 { II 
 
 I I II 
 
 ,; 2 :{ 
 
 3 7 (I 
 
 1 IU2II 
 
 3 Ii II 
 
 n 8 II 
 
 ri II II 
 
 3 I II 
 
 4 7 II 
 4 » II 
 
 f) 7 II 
 
 5 I II 
 
 4 I I 
 
 4 3 II 
 
 3 II 
 
 4 8 
 
 3 9 II 
 
 I 
 
 Is 3 
 
 4 2 II 
 ! 3 7 II 
 ^ 3 2 II 
 
 3 III II 
 
 111 
 
 3 4 7 
 
 4 :l 2! 
 
 , 3 mil 
 i 3 II 
 
 SUPPLEMEKT. 
 Qpp Prizes for Bkst of ka'cii Bbeed— Continued. 
 
 716 
 
 Year. 
 
 Exliibitor. 
 
 Breeders. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Age. 
 
 1878 
 
 SirW.Gordoii'Cumming.. 
 
 George Williamson 
 
 
 y. m. d. 
 4 7 
 
 Self. 
 
 
 3 8 
 
 1879 
 
 John Walter, M P 
 
 Siiinuel Kidner 
 
 
 4 25 
 
 Mrs. Edwards 
 
 Rirlitird Htrntton 
 
 Helf 
 
 
 4 3-20 
 
 
 Self 
 
 Hhorthorn heifer 
 
 3 7 10 
 
 
 Jolin Kirkpatriek 
 
 Sir W.Ciordou-Cumuiiiig.. 
 
 Self 
 
 C Grant 
 
 Hu.saex steer 
 
 3 7 10 
 
 
 Seoteh polled steer 
 
 2 8 U 
 
 
 William Keliuan 
 
 Cross steer 
 
 Devon steer 
 
 3 6 7 
 
 1880 
 
 Inliii WuVer. M. P 
 
 Self 
 
 2 11 23 
 
 Kredpriek Piatt 
 
 (^luirles Thomas Liiais..., 
 
 .lohn Stewart Oxlcy 
 
 ,J J <;olmaii,M.P 
 
 Solf 
 
 Helf 
 
 .Self 
 
 I'eter Deattle 
 
 Hereford steer 
 
 3 4 23 
 
 ' 
 
 Hhort-horii heifer 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 Hnssex lieifer 
 
 3 5 19 
 
 
 St'oteli polled steer 
 
 2 11 10 
 
 
 ,r .1. <!ol(naii,M. 1' 
 
 .Taines Dnriiii 
 
 Walter I'urlhing 
 
 Orosssteei 
 
 3 7 Ifi 
 
 1881 
 
 .lohn Walter, M. P 
 
 
 3 29 
 
 
 Self 
 
 
 3 1 3 
 
 
 W H (iil)bs 
 
 Belt 
 
 Shorthorn eow 
 
 4 10 7 
 
 
 
 Self 
 
 
 3 8 13 
 
 
 Si r W.O ordon-t'u linn i ng.. 
 Sir John Swinburne, Bt... 
 
 Self. 
 
 Seotoli polle<l heifer 
 
 2 8 
 
 
 Self 
 
 
 2 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 MILK RECORD OF BRITISH COWS. 
 
 (Inslosure 15 in Consul-Qeneral Merrilt's report.) 
 Daily yield of milk {in quarts) from sixfy cows during twelve months. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name. 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 a 
 s 
 
 18 5 
 18.5 
 18.0 
 16.0 
 17.0 
 10.5 
 10. 5 
 19.0 
 11.5 
 18.0 
 10.5 
 21.0 
 18.5 
 17.0 
 19.5 
 17.0 
 18.0 
 
 19.0 
 
 a). 
 
 18.0 
 19.0 
 '20.0 
 
 20.5 
 10.0 
 2.'!.0 
 17.0 
 
 17.0 
 19.5 
 17.0 
 17.0 
 20.0 
 17.5 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 a 
 
 if 
 
 • 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 it 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 % 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 V 
 t- 
 <a 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 Daily average 
 over whole 
 period in railk. 
 
 09 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 'u 
 
 S 
 
 R 
 
 1 
 
 •> 
 
 Victoria, second 
 prize, Dairy 
 Show, 187.S 
 
 PrimroHO 
 
 14.5 
 lU.O 
 20.0 
 10.0 
 17.0 
 15.5 
 14.5 
 1.5.5 
 10.5 
 1.1.0 
 14.5 
 10.5 
 10.5 
 14.0 
 17.5 
 19.0 
 18.0 
 
 20.0 
 17.5 
 22.0 
 19,0 
 19.5 
 
 19.0 
 14.0 
 2*2.0 
 10.5 
 
 10.0 
 18.5 
 10,0 
 10.0 
 19,0 
 10.5 
 
 11.0 
 17.0 
 10,0 
 14.0 
 14. 
 14.0 
 Vi.ft 
 14.5 
 12.5 
 13.0 
 1,5.0 
 10.0 
 15.0 
 12.0 
 14.0 
 17.0 
 14.0 
 
 18.0 
 17.5 
 19.0 
 17.0 
 18.0 
 
 18.0 
 13.0 
 •22.0 
 17.5 
 
 13.0 
 17.0 
 1.5.0 
 1.5.0 
 17.0 
 15.0 
 
 11.0 
 13.0 
 14.0 
 14.0 
 13. 
 1.3.0 
 12.0 
 12.0 
 13.0 
 11.5 
 1,3.0 
 15.0 
 13. 5 
 10.0 
 11.0 
 14.5 
 12.0 
 
 15.5 
 14.5 
 17.0 
 14.0 
 16.0 
 
 18.0 
 12.0 
 18, 
 1.5.0 
 
 11,0 
 10,5 
 r2.5 
 12.0 
 1.5. 5 
 15.0 
 
 9.5 
 11.5 
 11. 
 12.5 
 11.5 
 12.3 
 10.0 
 II.O 
 12.5 
 10.5 
 l'2.5 
 15. 
 '2.0 
 9. 5 
 9.0 
 13.0 
 10.5 
 
 1.3.5 
 14.0 
 16.0 
 14.0 
 1.3.0 
 
 1.5.5 
 11.5 
 10.5 
 11.0 
 
 9.5 
 14.5 
 12.5 
 10, 5 
 14,5 
 13.5 
 
 8,0 
 11.5 
 11.0 
 
 9.0 
 11.0 
 11,0 
 
 9.0 
 10. 
 l'2.0 
 
 9.5 
 10.0 
 11.0 
 11.0 
 
 9. 5 
 10.5 
 13.0 
 10.5 
 
 13.5 
 12.5 
 13.0 
 12.0 
 11.5 
 
 1.3.0 
 11.0 
 10.0 
 12.5 
 
 10.0 
 12.5 
 1.3.5 
 10.0 
 14.0 
 13. S 
 
 7.5 
 9. 5 
 8,5 
 9,0 
 11.0 
 12.0 
 7,0 
 11.5 
 12.0 
 9.0 
 10.0 
 '0.5 
 10.5 
 8,0 
 8.5 
 12.0 
 9.0 
 
 11.0 
 9.5 
 12.0 
 10. 
 14.0 
 
 11.5 
 9.5 
 11.0 
 10,5 
 
 7.5 
 4,5 
 12,5 
 10,5 
 12,5 
 10.0 
 
 7,0 
 8.5 
 4.5 
 7.5 
 9, 
 
 10.0 
 0.0 
 
 10. .5 
 9.5 
 3.5 
 9.0 
 9.0 
 9.0 
 0.0 
 8.0 
 
 11.5 
 9.5 
 
 9.0 
 8.0 
 9.0 
 ,5.0 
 9,0 
 
 10, 5 
 
 7.5 
 
 12,5 
 
 8,5 
 
 8.5 
 
 io','5" 
 12,5 
 13.5 
 
 0.0 
 
 8.5 
 
 5.5 
 8.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 2,5 
 7.0 
 
 8.83 
 
 11.54 
 
 12.87 
 
 10.3 
 
 10.68 
 
 10.63 
 
 10.38 
 
 9.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 10. .55 
 
 10.83 
 
 10.00 
 
 8.04 
 
 9.77 
 
 10.18 
 
 12.15 
 
 10. 15 
 
 11,80 
 12,9.4 
 1.3. 83 
 11,8 
 12,8 
 
 14,61 
 10,30 
 1.5.0 
 13. .33 
 
 10.04 
 14.71 
 14 04 
 10 50 
 14.4 
 13.0 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 ShortlegH 
 
 3.0 
 7.0 
 8.0 
 6.0 
 8.0 
 8.5 
 1.0 
 8.5 
 7.5 
 7.0 
 2,0 
 7.0 
 8,0 
 7,5 
 
 ,5,5 
 3.0 
 9.5 
 6.5 
 4.0 
 
 0.0 
 7.0 
 12.0 
 
 8.5 
 
 7.5 
 
 "s.b" 
 
 10.0 
 9.5 
 
 2.0 
 5.0 
 3.5 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 T) 
 
 Hereford 
 
 2.0 
 1.0 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Red Cheeks 
 
 Paxton 
 
 11 
 9 
 
 H 
 U 
 III 
 
 Cliunipioii 
 
 Barry : 
 
 Dasher 
 
 8.0 
 8.0 
 
 7.5 
 7.5 
 
 0.0 
 7.0 
 
 10 
 17 
 
 <) 
 
 II 
 
 
 8.5 
 7.0 
 ti.5 
 
 7.0 
 7.5 
 6.0 
 
 0.0 
 0.0 
 5.5 
 
 
 1'' 
 
 Chariuer 
 
 10 
 
 i;i 
 
 Jones 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Loosely 
 
 (Viokhorn 
 
 4.0 
 
 10.0 
 
 6.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.0 
 9.0 
 0.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 "7.0" 
 5.0 
 
 11 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 Meudow Flower 
 14th (dam of 
 first prize Chip- 
 penham) 
 
 Hereford (Cox's)... 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 •») 
 
 8.0 
 1.5 
 4.0 
 
 7.0 
 
 5.5 
 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 Witney 
 
 < 'lierry 
 
 10 
 
 Tf. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 ■a 
 
 Hereford (Corn- 
 ish's) 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?4 
 
 Tiohorn 
 
 7.0 
 8.0 
 
 5.5 
 4.0 
 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 :>A\ 
 
 Hereford (old) 
 
 Noble 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 I''air Mal<l (second 
 pri/.c, Croj-iion, 
 1880) 
 
 0.5 
 
 i'i'.B 
 
 11.0 
 8.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 "9.0" 
 9,5 
 
 "0.0 
 9.5 
 
 11 
 
 ?s 
 
 Primrose 
 
 7 
 
 '«» 
 
 
 V?. 
 
 31) 
 
 Lily 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 Champion 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 Droophorn 
 
 , 
 
 
 7 
 
716 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRV FARMING, 
 
 Milk record — Continued. 
 
 No. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Xi 
 
 ;m 
 .n 
 .'<(> 
 ay 
 
 io 
 ■n 
 
 •CJ 
 
 4t 
 (5 
 
 '(I) 
 47 
 48 
 1!> 
 W) 
 51 
 
 5:j 
 r.3 
 r>4 
 
 ST) 
 
 r>« 
 r>7 
 
 
 r.adv 
 
 iiridc ;;; 
 
 Pensnilt 
 
 Pearl ioth 
 
 Ilenriettti 17tii 
 
 • 'orniHli 
 
 ShorlleKS 
 
 Miiiiiio 
 
 Inrtinui " 
 
 Bailey 
 
 Ariel iUl ..'... 
 
 VenUH.'id 
 
 Huiulv 
 
 HHikIIo 
 
 Hrownio 
 
 More ton 
 
 ('lierrywliitu 
 
 liuhy 
 
 Venus 2cl 
 
 Minilcin 
 
 Jietts 
 
 Star '.;■ 
 
 I)uiu|>ljnK 
 
 Infant 
 
 <'lmriner (<laiu of 
 first |iri/.o, ]h- 
 
 litiKTtonJWJ) 
 
 Slojjps 
 
 staK .'.':;;; 
 
 Nancy 
 
 AveraRC of sixty 
 cows ! 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 e 
 e 
 
 17.0 
 IH.O 
 IH.O 
 
 i«. r> 
 
 Ki.O 
 'M.O 
 22.0 
 IH.O 
 20.0 
 ISI.O 
 I. Mi 
 17.5 
 1 1. 5 
 IC.O 
 
 ir>.5 
 
 17.5 
 IH.O 
 15.5 
 19.0 
 lit.O 
 Ifi.O 
 Ui.O 
 1!>. 
 22. 5 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 15.5 
 11). 
 
 in.o 
 
 III. 5 
 
 13. 
 
 20.0 
 
 21.5 
 
 17.0 
 
 21.0 
 
 Ki.O 
 
 12,5 
 
 lU.O 
 
 15.5 
 
 13.5 
 
 1.5.5 
 
 10.0 
 
 17.5 
 
 15.5 
 
 17.0 
 
 15.5 
 
 15.5 
 
 14.5 
 
 IH.O 
 
 17.5 
 
 20.0 
 17.0 
 21.0 
 10.0 
 
 25.0 
 lfi.5 
 
 25.0 
 14.0 
 22.0 22.0 
 18.5 1 15.0 
 
 13.0 
 18.0 
 l(i.5 
 12.5 
 12.0 
 17.0 
 21.5 
 15.0 
 18.0 
 19.5 
 11.5 
 14.0 
 12.5 
 10.5 
 13.5 
 14.0 
 1.^0 
 13.5 
 15.0 
 
 13.5 
 12.0 
 15.0 
 17.5 
 
 10. 5 
 12.0 
 1.5.5 
 12.0 
 12.0 
 14.5 
 15.5 
 14.0 
 14.0 
 18.0 
 10.5 
 11.5 
 12.0 
 9.5 
 13.5 
 11.5 
 14.5 
 U.O 
 15.0 
 12.0 
 13.0 
 13.0 
 14.0 
 15.5 
 
 23.5 20.5 
 12.0 10.5 
 22. 20. 
 15.0 115.5 
 
 10.5 
 1.3.5 
 15.0 
 11.5 
 
 10. 
 
 ir>.o 
 
 H.5 
 l.i.5 
 13.0 
 17.0 
 7.5 
 10.5 
 11.5 
 9.0 
 10.5 
 11.0 
 14.0 
 10.5 
 14.0 
 12.0 
 12.0 
 12.0 
 14. 5 
 13.5 
 
 10.5 
 13. 5 
 14.5 
 8.5 
 8.5 
 1.5 
 0. 5 
 13.5 
 8.5 
 1.5.0 
 7.0 
 10.5 
 II. 
 7.5 
 8.5 
 9.0 
 U.O 
 9.5 
 12.5 
 12.0 
 11.0 j 
 9.5 I 
 1.3.0 
 12.5 
 
 J3 
 
 C 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 18.0 17. 09 15. a? 1.3. 75 12. 55 
 
 20.5 
 9.5 
 7.5 
 
 12.0 
 
 8.5 
 12.5 
 12.5 
 7.5 
 8.5 
 9. 5 
 8.0 
 12.0 
 7.5 
 II. (» 
 7.0 
 9. 5 
 9.0 
 5.5 
 7.(» 
 7.0 
 10. 
 5. 5 
 10.5 
 10.0 
 9.5 
 (i.5 
 10.0 
 11.0 
 
 14.0 ,12.0 
 5.5 I 3.5 
 15.5 12.5 
 U.O 9.0 
 
 11.34 
 
 9.72 
 
 7.0 
 10.5 
 14.5 
 7.5 
 5.5 
 10.0 
 7.0 
 9. 5 
 V.O 
 10.5 
 5. 5 
 9. 5 
 8.1) 
 4. 5 
 0.0 
 5.0 
 7.0 
 
 5.5 
 8.0 
 .'!,0 
 7.5 
 1.0 
 
 THE POSITION OF ENGLISH DAIRY FARMING IN 1883. 
 
 J irnolcsiire 10 in Consni-Oeneral Merritt's rei)ort.] 
 
 The marvelou.s changes and improvements which have arisen during tl,,. i.,.f i , 
 in the mannfacture an.l disposivl of the pro<iuct8 of the dairy can "arce v^.l ' If ' 
 b.y the iict.vc participat«.-H in the movement, ««tinga retrospecti'^ .ri.l^ ' f '''"! 
 depreasmn of the dairy interests thro«Khont the country so rccent%"r W. vlf " <^''' 
 factory syat<^m ot checsc-makinfj was (inst intrmluced into Knghind^ Yi r i ii?,'"'" "'' 
 n, a (c^ tavore<l loc^alities ..ontiguous to jK.pnlons center, wher new , k r„^,^^^M^ 
 
 red twice a .lay to the Imeksters who rctiile.l it over the c. u it^r ,m-,T . ?.'''" 
 no orpm.^cd .system of delivery, those living outside the area of th s c nVm ed ! """ 
 con.i>ei]e,l t« convert the chief of their milk into cheese. Jt i.s rae t 7, >2 T 
 .•alvcs, made a little butter from the whey lleetings, and a li-ditskimmiiilLn 'T 
 
 .n order, as was alleged, to prevent the cheese from falling to pieces "^ .?:;''' 
 
 cheese had to he made in the kitc'hen, whi.-h was „ften in"onveni,M'la„ ' , Vr" 
 the pnrpo.se. The a.-commodation for storing and np.ning "he Xte wh ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 a delechve character, lien.-e the produce was variable in .,uulity an.l ,n Ju^r i . „n / 
 The I ernyslnre lan.llords and others who contribute. tlu/fu„,ls ' n ' ' I , / V 
 time an.l energy in experimental dairying, the pionee.^ who cont ,, t 1, i : 
 nndertook the lal.or, have rmnved .scant m-ognitlon of their phi nt o i, 11 / 
 
 accomplished all its most sanguine a.lvomtes everanticipate.l, which was tor is 't h. i 
 fenor .,„al.t,cs to the level of lirst-class hrauds. Taking the aver . en. r^ £ ' 
 n.a,le u, » :{().)-<.onv .lairy, and comparing them with an equal u.^ulfitn!!/,: ;:,,;' •'^ 
 nat^iy m larinhoiise .iairies, th., unilbrm ,,uantityof the hug.; i.uila; '.'i'ves (l.i.i.i .^ r! i 
 a^lvantago ,n the market. Although tho'systein I.u, not expai,,lc.r', a ,'w 
 
 im.'»g.nc.l, .t .s not due to any inherent imj^rfe<..ti»n, but tx, a' co.nl.iuatio.r. f i' uu^ 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 717 
 
 stiuicea haviiiK directed the law iimteriai iiiUj new eluHinelH. Previous to Uie factory 
 uiovenieiil, all .statistics as to the yield of milk ami it« pri)(lii<:t was nieajrer and nnrelia- 
 l)lo. The more Imsiiiess-liko method oldealiiif; with milk by wejj!lit, and the weighing 
 ol'tlie cheese iroin the j)ress, showed at a glanco the (luuntity of giten cheese produced 
 liv a gallon oi'milk thronglioiit the year. Having ascerrained ihls. the shrinkage or loss 
 (,i weight in ripening was esisily ciilciilated; the cost of labor, sa t, and other inateriala 
 iisi'd in the mannlacture was correctly ascertained, and the value of the waste prodncta 
 (oriectly appraised. 
 
 Another important les.sou to the dairy farmer was the transit of milk forking distances. 
 The Derbyshire milk trade to London, and otlier large towns, dates contemiwraneously 
 with the introduction of the factory. In 18(>y there was no milk sent from Derby to 
 London. Now, in the height of the .season, the ({uantity sent by the Mi.lland Railway 
 iiloiie we estimate at '20, 000 gallons a day. During the earlier development of the milk 
 tiiulc many lo.sses occurred to the larmers, generally through an imperfect knowledgeof the 
 );()sition of the middle men, many of whom were needy ail venturers, who, by fair prom- 
 ises anfl the oiler of an e.^tra half-penny per gallon, imposed on the good-natured credu- 
 lily of the farmers, who allowed their accounts to run on and were freiiuently mulcted 
 in large sums. The old adage "once bit, twice shy," has kd to more careful inquiries 
 as to I he respectability and solvency of the purchaser. Weekly, fortnightly, and, at the 
 utmost, monthly payments are now the rule. Yearly contracts are common with avary- 
 inf; scale of prices and quantities ibr the different sea.sons. Although the jjrices of milk 
 have not generally improved, the trade on the whole has iissumed a mor.. settled form. 
 
 IMPROVEMENT IN THE I3KEEI) OF DAIKY CATTLE. 
 
 Tlie various grades of Shorthorn comprise four-tlJtlm of the cattle kept exclusively for 
 dairy inirpoies in the Midland and West Midland counties, and as milk and meat pro- 
 ducers hey cannot be8urpa.s.sed. Theirsize, quality, and aptitude to lay on flesh quickly 
 hiis betii immensely improved by the use of pure-bred bulls. Where these have been 
 selected with judgment, the milking capabilities have likewi.se increased. A much 
 greater <l(;grce of care and attention is exercised in the selection ol' cows suitable for the 
 dairy. A well-shaped milk veasel is a point on which dairy itirmers are becoming more 
 critical. Inferior milkers are weeded out, and either passed on to the grazier or fattened 
 oil' on the farm. The chief obstacle to more rapid improvement of the ordinary stock of 
 the <liary dislritt.s is due to a parsimonious and grudging spirit in securing the services 
 ol abetter cla.ssof bulLs. A man withadairy of 30 to 50 cows will give £30 for ayoung 
 .Shorthoin bull, which, after three years' .service and three mouths' stall-feeding, will 
 readily make tof) to €10 to the butcher. The stock left by him will be a remarkable 
 improvement on the original. Instead of exercising more ciire in the selection of another 
 pure-bred animal to Ibllow, he .saves a vaW from some favorite cow in his own herd 
 which, being only a half-bred, reduces the progeny to their original state. 
 
 The milk-selling mania, which set in about 187;5-'74and culminatedin ]8H0-'8l, com- 
 pletely demoralized the dairy interests of the Midlands. The bast men were realizing an 
 average return of i:22 to X'JG per cow by the sale of milk. On all the best milk farms 
 rearing was for the time completely ignored; the ciipabilities of farms were taxed to the 
 uttermcst in order to produce the greatest possible quantity of milk, the farmers pre- 
 ferring to purchase springing cows to fill up their stalls as required. In the course of 
 three years the system began U> tell in the scarcity and enhanced jirices of calving cows. 
 The diminution, so to sjjcak, of the cattle population of this couutry is largely due to the 
 ■same cause. For the last two yeara the enhanced prices and inferior quality "of the stock 
 luusreilnced the profits of dairy farming to a small margin. Stock reared on tha farmare 
 more healthy and thrive better than strangers, and these are fretjuentlv of a nondescript 
 .haractcr. Instances are numerous of cows purchased at Z'2\ to £2(5, aVter being milked 
 10 or II months, .selling lus barreners at .tl(i or £18 each. This makes a rather heavy 
 inroad on the gross returns. The very few men who have (|uietly gone on rearing sufli- 
 eient lo keep up their herd and finished off their cast cows have suffered little from the 
 jiressnre of the time. This year the rage for rearing has again set in; colory calves of 
 a lew days old have been eagerly jiicked up at IOm. to SO.s. each. We have a commission 
 (o purcha.se all the bull calves Irom a herd of 40 ordinary tlairy cows at 60s. each, deliv- 
 ered on rail at three days old. I need scarcely say they were all by a pedigree bull. 
 Wuch prices should be suflacient inducement to use a better class of sires. 
 
 IMPEO\ ' 
 
 ^sETIIOnS OP PEEDINO. 
 
 The great impetus given to dairy fiirming by the introduction of the factory system, 
 aud 8ubse<)nently the sale of milk, luw led to a much more liberal system of feeding. 
 Formerly the produce of the farm, grass in summer and hay in w'nter, constituted the 
 
718 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 diet of a dairy cow. Cheese was made during eight or nine mouths. The cow was put 
 dry and rested lor at least three mouths outot the twelve. With milk-selliiiy the tuse 
 is entirely changed. The supply must he kept up to a lixed standard throughout the 
 year; hence shelter and artilicial food are essential. The cows are now regularly milked 
 to within one month of calving. Little long hay is now used, the food is all given ia a 
 prepared state. Large quantities of meal, (;ake, and brewers' grains arc used. Durini- 
 the early days of milk-celling some landlords were alarmed lest the '.and should beconit; 
 robbed and deteriorated. This contingency has not been realized; on the contrary, larue 
 sums are now sjjcnt on purchased foods, where, under the old cheese-making trgi'mf not 
 a shilling was spent on extraneous substances. 
 
 I may be allowed to quote an instance, within my own knowledge, of an estate of less 
 than ;{,000 acres, purely dairy land, where not a Um of ciike or other purchased food was 
 ever used. The average outky on this estate during the last seven years has been pp- 
 wards of X2,00'). Some of the best men are adopting a modlQcation of the town system 
 The weak milkers and the more aged are highly fed, and are thus milked and fattened 
 at the same time, and are passed off to the butcher before they are dry. On some of the 
 larger farms a recent improvement is becoming popular. I have litted up cooking cis- 
 terns on several farms. These are ccmstructed of common bricks set in cement, into 
 which is placed a perforated wooden bottom; a pipe from the steam engine delivers the 
 steam into the open space under the false bottom; above, the tank istilled with hay orstraw 
 chaff, or a mixture of the two, with a quantity of unground corn. The cistern is covered 
 by a closely-fitting lid.the steamisturnedon, and the contents thoroughly cooked. This 
 has proved to be not only the most ei Jiiomical, as in the case of dairy cows; it is the most 
 efficient method of feeding corn. 
 
 / 
 
 YIELD AND VALUE OF MILK. 
 
 The improvement of the breed and a more liberal system of feeding have increased the 
 average yield of milk 1(50 gallons per cow during the last twelve years. The averatu 
 yield of the best South Derbyshire dairias may be tiiken at (ioO gallons. The popular 
 taste is in favor of a rich, mellow, spiooth-tlavoured cheese, artihcially ripened, at from 
 six weeks to three months old. This is somewhat in /iivor of the producer, tbeslirink- 
 age in weight being less than would be the case if kept to a greater age. An imperial 
 gallon of milk at a temperature of (id degrt&s weighs 10 pounds 4 ounces; uimUt good 
 management, 11 pounds of milk will produce 1 pound of cured cheese, if we estimate 
 the cost of labor and materials, and allow, on the other side, one halfpenny pet gallon 
 tor the whey, the cheese must sell at 7(*«. per cwt. of 120 pounds to realize 7(1. per im- 
 perial gallon for the crude milk. 
 
 Immense improvemeuts have taken place in butter-making since the Bristol nicetini! 
 of the Royal Agricultural Society in lH7i>. The Coolle.y and Swartz systems were there 
 thoroughly tested by English judges, and their meritvS fully recognized, lioth the.se.sys- 
 tems have been completely superseded by the cream separator, which elltcts a perlect 
 separation in an amazingly rapid manner. The milk is drawn from the cow, paused over 
 a Lawrence refrigerator, and immediately sei)arated at the rate of CO gallons or more an • 
 hour. The perfectly sweet cream is churned immediately, or, as preferred by some, ren- 
 dered slightly acid, either by natural or artificial means. So rapid is the jjroeess that 
 butter from the morning's milk can be placeil in the market the .same evening. The 
 cream, when removed by the separator, is as free from milk its can po.s,sibly be tlie case 
 by the ordinary method of skimming; hence the butter is liner, I)eing pcrlWtlv Tree 
 from ciisein. The (juality of cream is further shown by the yielJ of butter. Oue hiin- 
 ilred quarts of cream frequently produce 112 jM>unds of Itutter; the average yield of 
 butter thnmghout the year, in an ordinary (arm dairy, is Ki ounces o( butter from II 
 (|uarts of II. *v milk. One of the chief advantages of the separator is the enhanced value 
 of the skim milk, which is perliectly .iweet, and will keei) so tor a much longer period 
 than milk which had beeij .set from twenty-four to thirly-si.K hours, hence it is more val- 
 uable either for household purposes or the rearing of stock ; its coiiniiereial value is '.iil. or 
 \(l. per imperial gallon. The butter fat only being removed, the solids remain intact 
 to builil up the l)one and muscle of the young animal, and tlu! sugar as a heat pro- 
 «lucer; hejice its value for stock-raising. The market pricf, of criitle milk varies like 
 other commo<iities. The best prices are generally obtained Iroin local vendors. 
 
 There is still a large field open amongst the mining population of the North Midland.s, 
 as well as that of the country villages, who can obtain it only as a iu.Miry. Though 
 sent daily from their own doors in large (|uantilies to London and other l;iri;e towns, 
 the denizens of the country villages are unabh; to supply their wan*s, Tlii' iiriees Miry 
 from 7i(/. to Hrf. for the six summer niouthsand U'^il. to l(i«/. for the six winter months, 
 jier imperial gallon, out of which the fanner has to defray the cost of carriau'e, vvliieh, if 
 sent to Loudon, is Id. per gallon. Although stringent laws have bceu placed iu the stat- 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 719 
 
 \„' L'linit'd. A constiintHUiiei visiou would itisurf. ii more iiiiilorin uiid liiKlier <|uality thi 
 is possible wlicre uu ecjual (niantity is iiiado ui> in Hcimrato dairies, witli ail the, disadva 
 Utfji's ol iiileriorplaiit. JJmter factoritvsareon the iiRTC"a.se, and tliciinalilyof thepmdu 
 is unil'oiiu and vastly superior to the f!;eneial inn of private dairies. To my niiud tl 
 
 ate book aa to the legality of certain well-dellned weixlits and nieaKures, neverthelesa 
 tl„! old barn pillion ol 17 pints is nwd iis a measure of capacity to the mystification and 
 „„t niirreiiuently, the lo-ss of the avera-e counliyman. Since the use of cream senaru- 
 t.irsluuH become more general, the iiseof new milk amongst Iho workini' cla«se« lia.s Inieu 
 gradually lallinjr oil. Tl'o retail price in London of perfectly sweet and wholesome skim 
 Miiik is'J.r/. peiMiuart. Ihis cannot tail to prove an inestimable boon to the poorer 
 iliusses. ' 
 
 THE ADVANTAGES OF TIIK CO-OPKUATIVE I'ACTOUY SYSTEM. 
 
 The isolated position and the general circumstances and surroundin-'s of the ordinary 
 (l:uiy (armer seldom IcjmI him into the keen commereial current of modern lile hence he 
 .omes more (retiueiitly into contact with the middle-man than he doe.s with the eon- 
 siiiiicr. The co-operative principle i,s specially applicable to modern dairy manaceinent 
 and on ail estates ol any magnitude liictories should be erected and litted up with the 
 necessary plant lor cheese and butter making and milk selling, the tenants pavinu u 
 niddtrate rent lor the buildings and use of the jilaiit. 
 
 On a large scale, it is necessary U) have a skillful inaiiager who would act under i 
 -eneral committee of the milk ciiitributois. The association would be hampered 
 by no contracts, and be aide at all times to dispose of their pioduee iu the best market 
 The sale of new milk, cheese-making, or l)Utter-mal<ing, and thesale of skim milk would 
 each be resorted to m order to meet the turn of the markets, so that larger prolit.s might 
 he earned. A constant supervision would insure a more uniform and higher <nialitv than 
 
 vau- 
 luce 
 
 ..... . ,,' ' '. r T", ■ "' i""""^" >uiiiic.-<. iv» iii_y unmi, the 
 
 cliiet objection is, they are not conducted on co-operative principles. The milk is pur- 
 chased at a li.\ed price, and the farmer has no further inteiestin the concern. 
 
 My employer, the Earl of Harrington, is willing to erect and e<iuip a cheese and but- 
 ler dairy in the center of a. large dairy jiarisli by way of experiment, charging only a 
 iMiiiiinal rent for the lirst year or two. There is, however, great dillidence on the part 
 of the tenants to embark in the venture. Jn order to take full advantage of every fluctua- 
 tion of the market, one or two .condensing pans .should be erected in every factory. This 
 insures a complete control over the skim milk, which can either be condensed as plaiu 
 milk, when it will keep jierfeetly sweet for si.x or eight da y.s, and sent to the distant 
 towns and returned to its original state kA' skini milk by the addition of 8,5 per cent, ot 
 water. This is a palatable and wholesome addition of the tood supply of the working 
 ehusses. The retail price in London is ^'.d. per (|uart. The skim milk is likewise 
 s\vt!etened by the addition of sugar, condensed and packed in hermetically .sealed tins 
 This will keep for an almost indefinite period. When wanted for use, the tin is opened 
 and H.") to H7 per cent, of pure water added. The mixture, when well airitated, has the 
 iippearanee and taste of sweet skim milk. To my n-.ind, the great practical advantages 
 ofthe cream separator and condensing pan is that the condensed milk, either plain or 
 sweet, is in a jiortable form, easily conveyed long distances at a cheaj) rate, and will 
 prove an inestimable boon to the liirmer by enabling him to rear his stock at a cheap 
 rate, so that rearing may be successfully jiracticed on liirnis wliicii, under ordinary cir- 
 cniiistaiices, would b(! imjiracticable. A condensing factory has been started in ftcuth 
 Derby.shire. .\t preisent the produce is piincipally .sent to the L(mdou markets, and aa 
 its i)ioperties become better known the demand will largely increase. 
 
 Till! yield of butter varies considerably, even from day today, irrespective of food, 
 ■file ((iiality and teiupemtiire ot the drinking water has a marked etleet on the health 
 and secret ions ofthe cow. Thesimple cream-test tubes now iiievcry-day use longpuzzled 
 (ibservant managers as to the direct cause of the varying (|iiautiliesof cream. Close ob- 
 seiv;itioiis and experience have strengthened the, conviction that temperature is the great 
 disturbing cause. The .same (|uantity of milk which under a mean atmospherii^ teinpera- 
 lure of (iO degrees will produce 4 pounds 5 ounces of butter, at a temperature of 70 the 
 quant ity ol butter is reduced to J pounils \,i ounces, and at M() degrees of temperature 
 there is a fiuther tailing otl' in the ((uantity to 4 pounds .i ounces; at ."ilt degrees the butter 
 is iiierea,sed to ;> pounds 14 ounces. With regard to added water the analysts are Ire- 
 i|iiently at lault. As soon ius the milk is drawn from the tow, chemical changes begin 
 to tiike place, by which new combinations are formed. The solids in theiroriginul.state 
 vary slightly; the chemical forces, which are constantly at work, arecontinnally building 
 lip new structures from the ruinsof theold. Uy this w<. iniply that even wh.eretb.ecnwH 
 e tiiirly well, kept the milk at certain times may tall fur short of the cream standard 
 
 without a iiarticle of water being added. All milk now .sent by rail 
 
 is passed over a 
 
 refrigerator and the temperatur.' reduced from !»') degrees (the normal heat when drawn 
 from the cow) to (iO degrees, at which it is usually seutofl". This change of temperature 
 
720 
 
 CATTLK AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 rcdiiocH Ihe volmiie neuily 5 per «;uiit. AltliouKh niciit iiiiproveiutMil.s Iiiivi! lucu ,„,i 
 (luriiiK tlu) last 10 yeais in tho hsuuIliiiK of milk iiiid iis pioiliicls, tliurt) Ih Htill imiei,'.' 
 learn before we «iii pretend to be adepts in tbe art. 
 
 GlLBKItT MUUIUY 
 
 OCTOHEB 1, 1H8;1. ' 
 
 THE MILKINa TRIALS AT THE DAIRY SHOW. 
 
 [IiiuluHurc lOii ill CuiiMiil-Ot'iiorikl Murritl's rcpLH-t.J 
 
 The foUowiuj? lull re|M)rt of the yields and analyses of milk ut tho London Dairv Sli 
 have been sent to us lor publication: "*' 
 
 COWS. 
 
 Duto uf culf or kill 
 
 Miiy 12 
 
 iScptcmbiT 27 
 
 AiiKiiNt 17 
 
 AnxuHl2<.) 
 
 H<'pteinlK;r 1 
 
 July 2*< 
 
 AiiKliNtO 
 
 Juiio2'S 
 
 April H 
 
 Oot»l>iT;i 
 
 AliKiiHt S 
 
 .lulylO (. 
 
 .riilyJ 
 
 September 27 
 
 
 Piiv'h 
 
 Qimlity 
 
 
 Age. 
 
 milk, 
 
 oftiiUkI 
 
 Kilt. 
 
 
 (luunlity. 
 
 HOlllU. 
 
 
 Years. 
 
 Um. (IS. 
 
 per mil. 
 
 
 7f 
 
 SI 
 
 I2.W 
 
 3. Ki 
 
 Ri 
 
 17 
 
 11.21) 
 
 1.71 
 
 •■■•A 
 
 27 12 
 
 13.11 
 
 l.lll 
 
 r> 
 
 .'!l 12 
 
 13.77 
 
 •'>.;k) 
 
 "! 
 
 32 8 
 
 13.21 
 
 1. '.'() 
 
 7,', 
 
 2.J 
 
 13.2i» 
 
 1. II 
 
 5,', 
 
 20 i 
 
 H.21 
 
 r>. II 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 M.liD 
 
 5. OS 
 
 7.1 
 
 IS H 
 
 11.2.-) 
 
 •<. r, 1 
 
 ».i 
 
 30 4 
 
 H. IS 
 
 .'■>. 12 
 
 1 
 
 .'« 12 
 
 13.71 
 
 •l.UJ 
 
 7 
 
 at 4 
 
 12.12 
 
 2, HI) 
 
 ■a, 
 
 2(i S 
 
 ll.?.-) 
 
 •'). 2.S 
 
 r>i 
 
 51 8 
 
 11.4!4 
 
 2.11) 
 
 'l'"llll 
 iiwurd. 
 
 9!). I:; 
 fenr, 
 
 "•I. !f.' 
 
 x\.H^ 
 
 H7..')l 
 7!l,N| 
 Nil. 1.1 
 '.l|..V,l 
 
 Bit. Hi 
 
 m: 
 
 No. 17, Chiss I.— UedCiierry (Shorthorn); color, red; aj^o, 7 years!) niiiuth.s midl 
 week; la.-Htcalf, M;ty I'J, 1Hh:$; breeder and exhibitor, Mr. J. I'hillip.s (non -pudlirree) 
 Yield of milk, October, 18H;{: 8.:{0a. in., 27 pounds 8 ounces; 7. irjp. ni.. 'J:t nouiiil 
 
 p. 111.. 'J:i poiini];< 
 solids not Hit, 
 
 !UI; 
 
 ilUiility, 
 
 8 ounces; total, 51 pounds. 
 
 Analysis: Specific f^ravity, I.OI'.IW; total solids, I'J.yO; fat, :5.8.') 
 percentage of cream by vol unie, 10. 
 
 Number of ))oints (1st j)rize, section No. 1 Champion prize): Quantity ,'il 
 23.!)2; time, l;!.7(>; additional fat, 8.5(1; tol.il, iiO.l'J. 
 
 No. 21,CliV.ss 2.— Daisy (Shorthorn): color, roan; a>?e, 5 years « months; produce 'i 
 calves; hist calf due, per cat;iloj;ue, Hepttimber I'J; per cowman, September 27, IHSHe.x- 
 hibitor, Mr. Thomas liinlsey (non- pedigree). ' ' ' ' " 
 
 Yield of milk, Octobo ;{, 1883: 8.30 a. ra., 2(5 poumls 8 ounces; 7.15 p. ni, 2(» pounds 
 8 ounces; totjil, 47 inmiids. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.033(1; totwl solids, 14.20; fat, 4.71; solids not fat d.i<)- 
 percentafie of cream by volume, 11. ' • ■> 
 
 Numl)er of points (2d prize, section 1): Quantity, 47.0; (lualitv, 28.1- tinii' ikhw. 
 mlditional fat, 17.1; total, 02.5. ' ■ 
 
 No. 25, Claas2. — Honesty (Shorthorn); color, roan; a,'.^e, 5 years 2 moiitlis; produre 
 
 3 calves; last Ciilf, jjcr catalogue, August 17, I'^^.J; per cowman, September 27, H?;) 
 exhibitor, Mr. T. liirdsey (non-pedigree). ' ' 
 
 Yield of milk October:?, 1883: 8.3i" a. m., K! pounds; 7.15 p. m., 11 pounds 1:> ounces- 
 totivl, 27 pounds 12 ounces. ' 
 
 Analy.si8: Specilic gravity, l.()33(i; total solid.s, 13.11; fat, 4.01; solids not fat, !).|()' 
 IKjrrentiigo of cream by volume, 10.5. ' ' 
 
 Number of jiolnts: Quantity, 27.75; quality, 2fi.22; additional fat, 10.01; total, (ilUK 
 
 No. 27, Cla.ss 2. — SjMjt (Shorthorn); color, Sus.sex brown; age, 5 years; prot'hicc ,'i 
 calves; last calf, August 2!), 1883; e.xhibitor. Rev. W Winlaw (non-pedigree). 
 
 Yield of milk October .3, 1881: 8.30 a. m., 19 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. m,, l.j pounds 
 
 4 ounces; totiil, 31 jMrnnds 12onnce8. 
 
 K--' 1 '• .-. s> 'p 
 
 percentiige of cream by volumo, 14. 
 
 tot^vl solid!?, 13.77; fiit, 5.30; solids not fat, 8.17 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 721 
 
 tot 
 
 quality, 28.42; time, 5.80; 
 
 Number of points: Quantity, 34.75; quality, 27.54; time, 3.50; ndililional lUt, 23.00- 
 lotiii, K-^.?!). 
 
 No. :t<!, Class :}.— Lady Savage (Jersey); color, silver gray; a^o, 7 years 4 months; 
 lii^t till i" about September 1, 1883; exhibitor, Mr. H. C. Smith (non-iiedigree). 
 
 Meld ot'milk Octolier 3, 1883 : 8.30 a. m., 18 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. in., 14 pounds- 
 
 till, 'M pounds 8 ounces. , ' 
 
 Analysis: Specilic gravity, 1.0326; total solids, 13.21; fat, 4.20; solids not fat, U.Ol- 
 iiTcentage of cream by volume, 12. ' ' 
 
 Nnn)ber of points: Quantity, 32.50; quality, 20.42; time, 3.00; additional fat. 12.00' 
 total, 73.92. 
 
 No. 44, Class 3.— Velveteen (Jersey); color, fawn; age, 7 years 2 months 1 week; 
 l)roduce, « calves; last calf, July 28, 1883; breeder, Mr. Le Brocq; exhibitor, Mr. J. 
 Cardus (non-pedigree). 
 
 Yield of milk October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 13 pounds; 7.15 p. m., 10 pounds; total, 23 
 pounds. 
 
 Analysis: .Speciflc gravity, 1.0336; total solids, 13.29; fat, 4.11; solids not fat, 9.18; 
 percentage of cream by volume, 12. 
 
 Number of points: Quantity, 23.00; quality, 26.58; time, 6.C0; additional fat 11 10' 
 total, 07.28. ' 
 
 N3. 4)), Clas.s 3. — Little Katie (Jersey) ; color, lemon fawn; age, 5 years 4 weeks; pro- 
 duce, .3 calves; last calf, August 5, 1883; breeder, Mr. C. B. Dixon; exhibitor, Mr. H. 
 11. A. Kigg (non-pedigree). 
 
 Yield oi milk October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. ra., 14 pounds 12 ounces; 7,15 p. m., 11 pounds 
 8 ounces; total, 36 pounds 4 ounces. 
 
 Analysis: SpeciUc gravity, 1.0316; total solids, 14.21; fat, 5.14; solids not fat, 9.07: 
 percentage of cream by volume, 18.5. 
 
 Number of points (2d prize, section 2) : Quantity, 26.25; 
 additional fat, 21.40; total, 81.87. 
 
 No. 56, Class 4. — Countess (Guernsey); color, lemon and white; age, 4 years 2 
 weeks; produce, 2 calves; last calf, June 28, 1883; breeder and exhibitor, Mr. W. A. 
 Glynn. 
 
 i'edigree: Sire, Billy 1st; dam, Duchess. 
 
 Yield of milk October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 12 pounds; 7.15 p. m., 9 pounds; total, 21 
 pounds. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0324; total solids, 14.66; fat, 5.08; solids, not fat, 9.58; 
 percentage of cream by volume, 10. 
 
 Number of points: Quantity, 21.00; quality, 29.32; time, 9.60; additional fat, 20.80: 
 total, 80.72. 
 
 No. 57, Class 4. — Gentle (Guernsey); color, lemon and white; age, 7 years 2 
 months; produce, 5 calves; last calf, April 8; breeder and exhibitor, Mr. W. A. Glynn. 
 
 Pedigree: Sire, Johnny 2d; dam, Fairy Ist. 
 
 Yield of milk October 3, 1833: 8.30 a. ra., 11 pounds; 7.15 p. m., 7 pounds 8 ounces; 
 total, 18 pounds 8 ounces. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0316; total solids, 14.25; fat, 5.54; solids not fat, 8.71; 
 percentage of cream by volume, 7.5. 
 
 Numberof points (1st prize, section 2): Quantity, 18.50; quality, 28.50; time, 15.10; 
 additional fat, 25.40; total, 87..50. 
 
 No. 65, Class 5. — Liidy Flora (Ayrshire); color, brown and white; age, 4 years 6 
 mouths; last calf, October, 1332; exhibitor, Mr. G. Ferme (non-pedigree). 
 
 Y'ield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 16 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. m., 13 pounds 
 12 ounces; total, 30 pounds 4 ounces. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0326; total solids, 14.18; fat, 5.12; solids not fat, 9.06; 
 percentage of cream by volume, 12. 
 
 Number of points: Quantity, 30.25; quality, 28.30; additional fat, 21. 20'; total, 79.81. 
 
 No. 66, Class 5. — Pride of Leigham Lodge (Ayrshire); color, brown and white; age, 4 
 years; last calf, by certificate, August 8, 1883; exhibitor, Mr. G. Ferme (non-pedigree); 
 disqualified. 
 
 Yield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 18 pounds 12 ounces; 7.15 p. m., ISponnds; 
 total, 33 pounds 12 ounces. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.0,312; total solids, 13.74; fat, 4.92; solids not fat, 8.82; 
 percentage of cream by volume, 15. 
 
 Number of points: Quantity, .33.75; quality, 27.48; additional fat, 19.20; total, 80.43. 
 
 No. 78, Class 7. — Magpie (cross, sire Shortliorn, dam Dutch); color, black and white; 
 age, 7 years; last calf, .luly 10, 1883; exhibitors, Messrs. .1. Riimbal and Son (non-pedi- 
 gree). 
 
 Yield of milk, Octobe 
 ?,o.t,al. (j'O pounds 4 ounces 
 
 II. Ex. 51- 
 
 3, 188:5: 8.30 a. m., 31 poun(^j4 ounces; 7.15 p. m., 29 pounds; 
 40 
 
722 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Analysis: Hpeciflc gravity, 1.0331; total solids, 12.12; fat, 2.80; solids not Iht, ii.oe. 
 percentage of cream by volume, 9. 
 
 Nnnihcr of points (1st prize, section 3): Quantity, 00.25; quality, 24,24; time, 8.5o 
 less deOciency in fat, 1.40; total, 01.59. 
 
 No. 81, Class 9.— Myrtle 7tli (Devon); color, rod; age, 4 yours 5 months 3 weeks 
 produce, 2 c^ilves; List calf, July 4, 1883; breeder and oxbibitor, Mr. A. (.'. Skinner ' 
 
 redigree: Sire, DukeofFarriugton (1323); dam. Myrtle 1st (4705); by Squire Winici 
 (1453). 
 
 Yield of milk. October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 15 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. ni., n pounds 
 total, 26 pounds 8 ounces. ' 
 
 Analysis: Specillc gravity, 1.03.30; total solids, 14.75; fat, 5.28; solids not fat, O.47. 
 percentage of cream by volume, 3. ' 
 
 Number of points (2d prize, section 3): Quantity, 26.50; quality, 29.50; time, 9 00 
 additional (at, 22.80; total. 87.80. ' ' 
 
 No. 82. Class 9. — Dairymiiid (cross, sire Shorthorn, dam Dutch); color, blue and white 
 age, 5 years 6 months; produce, 2 calves; last calf, September 27, 1883; exhibitor, Mr. T. 
 IJirdsev (non-pedigree). 
 
 Yield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m., 27 pounds 8 ounces; 7.15 p. m., 24 pounds' 
 total, 51 pounds 8 ounces. ' 
 
 Analy9i'<: Specific gravity, 1.0330; total solids, 11.48; fat, 2.40; solids not fut, 0.08 
 jiercentage of cream by volume, 8.25. • ' 
 
 Number of points: Quantity, 51.50; quality, 22.96; total, less 6.00 for detlcicucy of 
 fat, 08.46. 
 
 GOATS. 
 
 No. 171, Class 24.— Kitty; breed, horned goat (short-haired), Nubian and British 
 color, brown and white; age, 7. years; last kid, .Inly 13, 1883; exhibitor, Mr. E. T. Crook- 
 enden (non-pedigree); disqualified. 
 
 Yield of milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. ni., 1 pound 8 ounces; 7.15 p. m., 1 pound 4 
 ounces; total, 2 pounds 12 ounces. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity. 1.032; total solids, 14.09; fat, 4.90; solids not fat, 9.79. 
 
 No. 289, Class 25. —Nancy (horned goat), long-haired; color, black and white; age 7 
 years; produce, 7 kids; last kid, July 3, 1883; exhibitor, Mr. Nixon. ' 
 
 Yicldof milk, October 3, 1883: 8.30 a. m.,2pounds2 ounces; 7.15 p. ni.,2pound84 
 ounces; total, 4 pounds ounces. 
 
 Analysis: Specific gravity, 1.032; total solids, 12.39; fat, 3.34; solids not fat, 9.05 
 
 Number of points (1st prize): Quantity, 4.37; quality, 24.78; total, 29.15. 
 
 CJSNTRAL CHAMBER OF AQRICULTURIi. 
 
 (Inclosuro 106 In Consul-Ucncrol Merrill's i«|>ort.) 
 
 Chairman: Thomas Duckhara, esq., M. P. Vice-Chairman : Henry Chaplin, esq., M. V. Sccninry 
 
 Major CraiRip. 
 
 Chamber. 
 
 Banbury district 
 
 Bedale ~ 
 
 Herk»ain! O.xon Association 
 
 UreekiiockNhire 
 
 BuckinKhnmshire .^ 
 
 ("nwbridgeshiro ond Isle of Klf 
 
 Cheshire 
 
 Cirencester ■. 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Clwyd.Voleof 
 
 Cornwall County 
 
 Cowbridge Farmers' Club 
 
 Croydon Farmers' Club 
 
 Devon and Cornwall 
 
 Houth Durham and North Yorkshire. 
 Kfise.x.. 
 
 South Essex Farmers' 
 
 llloucestershire 
 
 Iliimpshiro 
 
 HiTcfordshire , 
 
 Hertfordshire,... 
 
 Association.. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Si 
 
 W.T. ■Warner, 59 Middlcton rowl.Grlmsbnry.Danbury 1 
 
 J. Tcalo, solicitor, Itcdalo ,' j 1 
 
 .1. Nci\le,21 Friar street, Iteudinn: ....!!.!/ I 
 
 Hhys Davlcs, S I.ioii street, Brecon .......T. 1 
 
 Oeorgo Fell, Aylesbury 4 
 
 U. Peters, jr.. 7 I)owiiint{Street,('«nil)rl<lj;i' 2 
 
 Thomas KiRby. Hulton Weaver, Preston Urook, Clicsiiiro.. :' 
 
 ItobcrtEllett, public ofHce, Cirencester :> 
 
 T. Petch. Marton, Mi'ldU'sliro' 1 
 
 .T. D. Ix'wls, Innd nKcncy ofllce, Denblffli 1 
 
 G. H.P.Martin, Truro : i 
 
 O. R.Tutton, Broadway, CowbrldRc ' 1 
 
 O. Horsley, 85 Canterbury road.Croydcn ' 1 
 
 J. B. Body, Old Town Chambers, I'lyinonth ; 1 
 
 C.Waistell. Northallerton I 1 
 
 E. H. Bentall, Elm Villo. Halstead 1 4 
 
 U.T.WraKK, Great 8t. Helen's | I 
 
 A.C. WiiL-fler, iiloutesler i 3 
 
 Robert Uaynhird.Bn.sinBstokc 
 
 .1. P. Brown, 21 East street, Hereford 
 
 Vernon Austin, Hertford 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Ctnlrat Chamber of •Ayriculturc—QoniiaxxKA. 
 
 723 
 
 Chain bor. 
 
 IlnWlU'IlHllIrO 
 
 IxworlliKorroert' Club 
 
 keiiiliil 
 
 ICiiflt Kent 
 
 Loii'i'iilcrslilre 
 
 MikoIiihIiImi 
 
 MllldHtOIIO 
 
 Moiiiiioiitlmlilro 
 
 NVwt'iisllo li'ariiicr»' Cluh 
 
 Ncwl)ury 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 NortliiuiiptoriHliiro 
 
 NotliiiijliiimHhIro 
 
 I'cmllli raniiorn' <,'liib 
 
 I'l'ti'rlmro' AKriciiltiiral Hooiety..., 
 Hi'ottisb 
 
 S('v<<n<)HkM Kurniers' Club 
 
 SliropBliiro 
 
 HoincrsftMhiro 
 
 .SIiiiror(l.thire 
 
 Hliiliiilrop Knriiiurs' Club 
 
 KiiHt Huffolk 
 
 WoHtHiiirolk 
 
 Siiii(li>rliiiid 
 
 Swiiiilon 
 
 Wiirwicksliiro 
 
 WislM'iich District 
 
 Soutli Wilts 
 
 Worcpsitcrnhiro 
 
 KiiHt UidiiiKor Yorkshire 
 
 WchI Kiilliitf of Yorkshire: 
 
 WukclloUl Hrnnch 
 
 DonuuHtcr Urauch 
 
 York 
 
 Hccirctory. 
 
 lleiirv Ori'iMi.Hulicitor, Ilowilen 
 
 .F.C. liooly, Ixworth.Hutlblk 
 
 Arthur lioKKai'th, Kendal 
 
 Oi-orKo HInUT, land ajfi'iit, f-'anterbury" '!!!!! !!„'.""*.'."'.!'. 
 
 Thoiiuis Wilson. Knai.loft Ilonso, Ountlle 
 
 Htciiheii I'plon.Haintllcncdict'niiqnare, Lincoln 
 
 (I. llurn, Maidstone ' "■ 
 
 .1. H. Hlone, 2U Dock Htroct, Ncwpiirl 
 
 T. Hell, Ilcdloy Hall, Murlc-y Hill, Oateshottd"..'.'.'.".".'.'.""."."' 
 UeorKO .1. Co»l)urii, Market place, Newbury 
 
 .1. U. Forrester, Tonililand, Norwich 
 
 Tlu.ma».J. Adkins, Kiirdcy road, Nortiniuiptoii ...^..'. 
 
 Kd.llrowne,l<'obdcii(,'lianil)ers, Hclliunist.,Nottlniihftm 
 ThoinHs Uol)insoii, Kaniont llriilno, I'enrllh . 
 .1. I'v. Llllle, tiucou street, I'ctcrboro' 
 
 David Curror. Indiu IJuildiuKS, Kdliibu'rith .'.'.'.■.■...',".■. 
 
 W. II. (Jrouk.HevenoakH 
 
 Alfred Mansell.CollcKO Hill, Hlire'wNbury ".'.". 
 
 Messrs. Mayo und Murcli, Yeovil . 
 
 W. ToinkinHoii, Newcastle, Statlbrd.shiro "* 
 
 Johu Abbs, Westholino Winston, Darliuuton 
 
 It. I.. Knerett, Itushniere, Ipswich 
 
 (J.'HIencowe.WhltinHr street, Mnrv St. I'.dnini 
 .I.T. I.iiWHon, Ilollycar House. TiuiHtnll .... 
 .1. A. Davles, HiKh t-treel, Hwindon, Wilts . 
 
 nuRli Snll'olk, H I'riory i-.iw, Coventry 
 
 OeorKo ,T. Moore, 1 IlriilKe street, Wlsbeaeh 
 
 J. It. White, Zeals St. Martin, Bath 
 
 Johu Ulick, solicitor, Droltwicli 
 
 Tom Turner, solieitor, NewbcBln, Heveriey.", 
 
 M. B. Hick. ExcliauKc buildiuKs, Wakefield 
 (.eorfire Chafer, "J Market place. Donoaster .. 
 n. K. Cundall, 2 Blnko Btrcet, York 
 
 uuda.. 
 
 1 
 
 [., M. P, Scertlnttj: 
 
 rook.t'hcsbirc. 
 
 DAILY INCREASE IN WEIGHT OP VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 [Inclomiro 17 in Consul-Oonoral Merritt's report.] 
 
 The following table shows the cionipurative daily rate of iiuireuse in the cla-wes for 
 steers in the Devon, Herelbrd, Shorthorn, Sussex, Ked Polled, Scotch Polled, and Crossed 
 breeds of cattle at Islington. 
 
 Classes for steera not exccodiuK 2 years old : 
 
 Cros-ses— 7 animals nvoraKO o go 
 
 Herefi>rds—0 animals overage, .".'.'.'..'.'."..."!......'..............,..! 2 2< 
 
 Husse.x 7 animals average ....".'.!!!!............. 2 14 
 
 HhorthornB— a nniniAls average .................."."!!!.... 2 05 
 
 Devon? -7 animals average !..."."..!........!. l 70 
 
 Cla8.scs for steers not cz(K<edi!>i( 3 years old: 
 
 Shorthorns— 16 animals average j 9,3 
 
 (.'rosscs— 10 animals average ..■....."!...!......!"!!!!.."!!.'.'.!!.......... 1 90 
 
 Ilercfords— 8 animals average ...1.!..".'. !....!]!..!...!.!.!..!!..! !!!."." 1 88 
 
 Sussex— 7 animals average 1 81 
 
 Scotch Po!led~10 animals avorago ...!!..... "!i.".. .."!!!... .!!......."!!!.]]! 1 81 
 
 Ked Polled — 3 animals average ............!!...!!!..."!!!."! ". J tso 
 
 Devons— 8 animals average ..."...."..".".'.'.'.'..".......!!.....!!". 152 
 
 ('la.sscs for steers not exceeding 4 years old : 
 
 Shorthorns— 3 animals average j gj 
 
 llerefords— 2 animals average ...."......."......."..!!....".!!!"!!!".!!!!.... 1.60 
 
 Sussex— 2 animals average !!!!!!....".!....."!!..'..."'.!!..'.'.'.'.".'." 1 (50 
 
 Crosses— 3 animals average ......!!..'.....".!.....!!!...]!!!!!!!',..'...!!.]!!. \.m 
 
 Scotch Polled — 5 animals average ...........,".'.".','......' 1 85 
 
 Itcd Polled— 2 animal-s average ......'...."..'.".'.!'.'.'.,'.'.'.'."'.'......, 1 40 
 
 Devons— 7 animals average .'."."..!!!!!'.'....".', I'ss 
 
724 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMINO. 
 
 FRENCH LIVB STOCK.* 
 
 Tho ruces oC domostictitcd atiinmla mot with in Franco iiro ninnorous and « i.lni ■ 
 feront, iind conHtituto one of tho principal Hoiircci of tiio »Kriculturiil wealn ,7/l 
 conntry. Hul^iect to tho vi.rious conditions of clim.ite, soil, syfltcm of cultivatinn i*' 
 they nro diHtrlhutcl iw follows, according to the liwt goneriil censuH of 1873: ' ^■' 
 
 Cttlvea 
 
 YounK bnllot;k8 and buUi '.'.'I' ' ^'2'>2,477 
 
 Heifers ■ W.H'il 
 
 Hulls. 1. ■178,580 
 
 Oxen . •■"•'>,081 
 
 Cows...... I.7»2,57() 
 
 0,0;{8,4r^, 
 
 Total "---■ — 
 
 ■• 11.721,818 
 
 The Departmontfl in which tho number of stock exceeds 200,000 head are— Pin.- . 
 Vendee, Loire-Inforieuro, Ille-et-Vilaino, Siwue-et-Loiro, Cotes-du-Nonl Mn? l"''' 
 Muiue-et-Loiro, Mayenno, Nord, Calvados, la Mancho, Ain, l'uy-de.I)omo«„i '''?''' 
 lerieure, and Cantal. "^ ^'omo, Heine-In. 
 
 Those in which the stock is lass than 20,000 head are— Vaucluse. Var HRin. >■ 
 
 SeTfbrt "'*^^"^'P*^' «0"che3-du-Fhone, Alpes-Maritimos, and the jurisdicUoa'of 
 
 THE NOBMANDY BHKEDS. 
 
 The Department of Manche. tho actual cradle of tho Normandv races nnnaf it.,* 
 «.at of Calvatlos, the principal center of production of tiirsSTel S to h« t''^ 
 nwndy breeds and their sub-lfecls, which latter form a somewhat i^Xt &' 
 tho supplies furnished for tho consumption of Paris. '"porHmt nom m 
 
 The Norman breeds are also kept. thouKh in smallei numbers than in Mii„.h« „ , 
 Calvados, in tho Department of tho Orno, Euro, Soino-lnleriure Enro-ct ^t <• "'"' 
 Oise. Seine-et-Marue, and Seine, whence thoi r heifers are .Z\^7n ctmp itSit'H- 
 Flemwh cows, to r&stock tho cow-sheds of Paris and its environs ^»™PG"t")n with 
 
 The famous Isigny butter is made from the milk of cows of 'the Bes,siiin l,r„„.i , 
 from thatof other Normandy breeds is made (Journay butter, and the chZn r.,,? V""'' 
 Livarot, Pont PEve.,ue, and Neufchatel cheeses, as well as the Neua-StTdonhr^"'' 
 cheese, and tho Goumay variety known as Gervais (iheese. '^^""'''*t«' doublocream 
 
 THE FLEMI.S1I IIBEEI). 
 
 The Flemish breed are pro-eminent as milkers. They are met witli ■>. fi,„ i 
 raonLs of Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Aisne, and up to the suburbs of Paris but the nn'^P^''" 
 breeding center is in the arron.lissements of Dunquerquo and Hazebrouck esLS !'' 
 the extensive pasture of Hergues. Ca.ssel, and iJailleul. where a ju.Uc Ztw"^' '' f ■''" 
 tains tho breed in all the plenitude of its byst characteristics stitction mam- 
 
 The Flemi.sh cow is distinguished by a reddish-brown coat, deepening in color towar.u 
 the he.-u with a few white marks. Tho extremities and' the nat.K one niS " 
 lihick. It is ol large size and liandsoine conlbrra ition, wilh a lino skin a ZZlt i 
 very straight dorsal line, a largo rump, and a fine, well-hung tail. At the samo .Lf 
 the chest IS wanting in width, and the sides might well te more rounded 
 
 A good Flemish IJergucs cow will produce as much •■ , '.(JOf) litem of milk a ve.r 
 
 The males of this breed are slaughtered when quit« young, and s .ij as veal, with th« 
 exception of the few reared for breeding purposes, ' *'"' 
 
 THE CIIAKOI-AISE IlBEED. 
 
 The Charolaise breed is the handsomest and the most important in the central denart- 
 ment« Originally coming rom Hrionuais aud Charolaise (the southwest part of the 
 d.'.partment of Saone-et-Loire), it is now bred throughout the whole Saone-et-M 
 N;fi- -f, .;ud Allier. as well as in certain parts of Cher, Yonue, Coted'Or. and HautI: 
 Z^rl .£ "^' ^^^'^ workin g oxen, an d fluuish linifc-rate butchers' meat. 
 ^^^'ife poiiraita of French cattle which accompanied this inckeirre"ar7ins^d~at^e 
 
RUPrM.KMKNT. 
 
 725 
 
 3 veal, with the 
 
 Tho Cimrolnlw t« rono«nuoil by its wliit.wmt of ll:n Hilky lulr, il^ roKuliircvlindrinil 
 l„i,lv, Mhort \mm\ hiu I. niriiUluiil with lln i m>\ ll.« si? .1 sr'.nti) hi)rii. riirlml ur. towunl 
 Ihn iiiilntM, iti rtHo-ci)lor.!(l niu/;zlo, l.ir^rc oyu, im J Kmirln p'lVHloniKimv It is mhort in 
 tl„. !,% and oxhil.itH a wcll-lmiy^ t:iil, u v«ry piN>iai.umt ,m I <luo|irutrii>, « bmul NtraiKht 
 hiM'k, well roiimled sidoi, n dill ddoji liUast, uu 1 n noci: .tid shoulderH cinryinir littlo 
 (lnwliip. * 
 
 i'ho (;ow Ih by no nioaiM u ^ood milker. 
 
 Th« sub-breed, ;'(marolairto-Nivorn;tl«o,' thobest typ, > r,f ^hioh coino (Vom Nievro 
 
 ol^'or Freniih hroodn from 
 tbo prizo ill open com- 
 
 mid AMier, in partioulurly worthy of notion, and NHi>erior to otii 
 
 till! biitchcrn' point of viovv, luvitiK indeed Hoiuotimos curried off 
 
 pilitioii with hnrhnmsiiiid Diii'iitm i;rnH.'Hc>i. 
 AniniiilH of tlio Churoliiiso biv. ,l ivro bou;«ht .it very hixh prices by the fiirmorH of the 
 rth and ol the suburbs of Pans, who use thorn first for llidd labor and then fatten 
 
 iiort 
 
 tlit'in for (he btitchor. 
 
 THK OASrONNE AND CIIIAROLAIHK IlHREns. 
 
 The Chiuolttise has its center of prodiiiition in the district of Carollc ( \rie«e) th 
 OI..I in the department of Oors, more especially in the ivrrondissementof Lonibez 
 are clescended (mm the Hchwitz breed; they arc essentially working oxen, and liVo often 
 kept lUi such till 11 (teen years old or more. 
 
 ewc- 
 Uoth 
 
 I generally black. 
 
 Tlio cows are tolerable milkers. 
 
 'flicso two bree:ls give rise to a brisk tr.ulo between the districts where they are rei 
 iiDdlhedepartmentsollIaute-Uaronno, Tarn-et-(iaronne, I.ot-et-(}iironno Ande Hai 
 Pyrenees, and Tarn, whore they are much sought after for draught purposes ' 
 
 reared 
 antes- 
 
 TUB OARONNAIHIC UREBU. 
 
 This l.reed, the bulkiest of those found in the subPyrenean basin, belongs to the great 
 .all.c bovine (amily, and IS divided into two groups-that of the valley, which furnishes 
 he better developed animals, and that of the hills, whoso members are smaller and less 
 heavy, but more capable of work. 
 
 (iarounaise oxen are very long in the body, and often betiay a faulty con(brmation- 
 the side.s are flat, the ches conlined, the buttock short, the tail ba.lly set on and the 
 osseous frame mean Its long, heavy, basked head gives the anii.-al a melancholy ap- 
 pearanee. The coat m ot a uniform wheaten color, the muzzle and the border o(' the 
 eyelids pale red, and the horns white. 
 
 Tlie cows are better shaped than the males, but are poor milkers. The (Jaronnaise 
 breed is much esteemed for laboring purposes, on account of its colossal strength and its 
 patience; it also fattens pretty easily. 
 
 The best centers of production are the valley of the Gargnno as far as Agen and the 
 Dordogne valley, " ' 
 
 THE BAKADAIBE BREED. 
 
 The arrondissement of Bazas is the chief rearing ground of animals of this breed 
 which ,s nevertheless found m the departments of Landes and Gei«, and in certain mrts 
 ot Lot-et-Garonne and of Tam-et-Iiaronne. •'"■M«"ifl 
 
 The shape of these animals is ,Hjrfect. The chest, well let down, is broad and deep; 
 (10 (lank rounded and the body generally almost cylindrical; the line of the back 
 straight; the haunch broad, square, and well placed; the rump often very good occa- 
 sioaally leaves soiuothing t^ desire in a good many specimens. '^Tho head is sliok the 
 (orehead broad and open; the horns arc often faulty. ' 
 
 The females may bo said to bo irreproachable as t« shape, but they are poor milkers 
 
 llie bull IS a wild, almost ferocious, animal, and extremely dangerous. Prom a very 
 early age it is hardly safe to go near him, and even in the stall he has to be tied up with 
 .Urongropas 'I he oxen are c.apital workera, but .always pre.serve their character for 
 violence and spirit; they are extremely irritable, .and much management and all sorts of 
 precautions are necessary in leading them. wmmisunsoi 
 
 THE FEMININE IIUEED. 
 
 This breed, which belongs to the Comtois type, is chiefly raised on the borders of 
 Doubs and Saone, and is met with as far as Hrelse. "orucrs oi 
 
726 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 The hair ia of a move or le&s deep wheaten colour, the head slender, the horns small 
 and pitu;ed near the eyes, the ueck slim, the chest narrow, the body long, the hiu(l(m„/ 
 ters broad, the legs sJiort and thiu, the skin supple and very delicate, the root of the tai 
 a little prominent, ' 
 
 The cows run small and are generally good milkers, the ordinary yield of milk aftp 
 calving, ')eing from 15 to 18 liters a day. ' 
 
 The bulls are very spirited, and become vicious as they grow old. The oxen ir 
 strong, active, tractable, and form excellent draught beasts. ' 
 
 This breed fattens late, but easily. 
 
 THE PYEENKAN BREEDS. 
 
 I. — 27(6 Lourdes Breed. 
 
 These are good milkers compared with the other breeds of the Pyrenean basin- th 
 are chiefly used in the valley of Argeles (Hautes-l'yrenees). ' ^ 
 
 They are of small stature, and carry a coat of light wheat color, which is consider I 
 characteristic of purity of blood. In the bulls this color is somewhat deeper T? 
 head is long and somewhat heavy ; tha horns of a dull white. ' 
 
 This breed, highly esteemed as good milkers in a district where these are rare su 
 plies the cow-sheds and dairies of Tarbes, Bagneres, and the large towns of the ~ ■ ■ ' ^ 
 
 ssruthwest. 
 
 II. — 2'he Aure-Valley and Saint-Girona Breeds. 
 
 These two breeds have many points in common. The first is raised in the liiirli-jvii 
 valleys of the Pyrenees; the second is restricted to the arrondissement of Haint-GimT^ 
 
 (.\r:ege). The latter, which may be regarded as the ancestor of the Hazadaise breed 
 well made, though small, and of general graceful appearance, 'i. he coat is of a dee 
 badger-feray color passing into ches^1Ut, aud all the exterior mucous membraues • I 
 rose colored. The auimals are not so strong as those of the Lourdes breed. 
 
 The Saint- G irons cow, high! 
 
 lO 
 
 ngs, and 
 
 ;ow, highly t-.-leemed asamilker, issent out to Ariege generally 
 Haute- Garonne, Ande, and Herault; it is essentially the cow lor small holdiniM 'i 
 may he regarded as the Dretonne of the southwest. °' ' ' 
 
 The Aure breed is not so small ; its coat is rough and more tawny iu color and th 
 cows are not such goo<l milkers. ' 
 
 The bullocks of lK)th breeds are small, squat, hardy, and without any specially nioini 
 
 uent characteristics. 
 
 III. — Bearnaise, Basquaise, and Urt Breeds. 
 
 .These three breeds belong to the same family, and such differences as there are between 
 them are scarcely appreciable. Their essential characteristic is their aptitude for work- 
 combined with the production of meat of excellent quality. 
 
 All three are graceful iu 'appearance, spirited, and playful. The head is sliort (ml 
 s<|nare, the broad Ibrehead bearing well-placed and finely curvcd-horus. The ( oat \ i' ics 
 from deep red to light wheat color ; and these dilTerences of color, as wellas certain lt lilii 
 ations in the direction and length of the horns, constitutes almost the whole distinciion 
 there is Iietween the three types. 
 
 The bull bears a very lully developed horn from an early age (a character ^vhi(•ll is 
 rather rare in the generality of French lireeds), and is very courageous. 
 
 The cows are bad milkers, and are chiefly used for draught purposes. 
 
 Thebullocksaroactive, and good workers; but they require gentle management be- 
 ing easily made restive and obstinate. ' 
 
 i he raising of these three breeds is carried on in the part of the Pyrenees situated be- 
 twecu >Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Canterets. They are generally sent to be fattened in the 
 departraent of Landes, and notably in the arrondissementofSaint-Sauvenr, whence they 
 aciiuire the name of ' ' bocufs landais, ' ' by which they are known on the Bordeaux market. 
 
 THE LIMONSINE BREED. 
 
 This breed is principally raised in Haute- Vienne. It is of medium size, and the coat 
 is of red wheat color. 
 
 T!<L- h.ead is Hiiht. the muzzle .iml eyelid.^ p.i!e roso color, the Lotos white and open, 
 the back well .set, the side rounded, the attachment of the tail a little prominent the 
 liinlw .short an.l lleshy, the extremities white. Their leading characteri.stics aredcRii'iity, 
 aptitude lor work, and early fattening. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 727 
 
 iu color, ami the 
 y specially piomi- 
 
 laraoter which is 
 
 management, !«>- 
 
 lize, and the coat 
 
 The cows are moderate milkers. 
 
 The Limonalne breed ranks tvmon}? the beat of France ia respect to yield and quality of 
 meat. 
 
 THE SALKR.S BREED. 
 
 This breed originally hailed Irom the motintaius of Auvergne— the central plate;, a of 
 which it frequented— and from Cautal and Pnys-de-Dome, e.xtendiuf; westward towards 
 the neighboring departmeu\s. 
 
 The Httlevs present ti slender appearance, with bulky and powerfid bones ; the coat is a 
 bright red mahogany, marked with white under the belly. The head is short and strong, 
 the forehead broad and covered with abundan* ;urly I'.air ; the horns smooth, twisted! 
 and turned outwards ; the body long, cylinduciu, mounted on long legs ; the head and 
 shoulders strong, the dewlap thick and prominent, the rump short, with the tail at- 
 tached high up, the bony prominences well marked. 
 
 In the plains of Linmgue these aniniiils have ii pied red cout ; the bo'y is shorter 
 squarer, and lower on the ground. In t he east district the coat is brilliantly dappled- 
 pied chestnut or black — and the head white. 
 
 The Salers cattle are repro<luced with great fi.vity of type; Ihey are hardy, good work- 
 ers, and tolerably lair milkers. 
 
 THE AtJBEAC BREED. 
 
 This breed, originally froni the mountains of Aubrac, is mostly raised in Aveyron 
 Lozere, and a small part of Cantal. ' 
 
 Its characteristics are— coat varying from lawn gray to silvery gray, horns large and 
 black pointed, bead handsome, eye brilliant and level with the he^ul, neck and should- 
 ers short and mnscular, dewlap loose, chest well dtveloped, trunk compact and sym- 
 metrical, legs l.road and short. 
 
 The Aubrac is quiet, gentle, tractable, strong, and well fitted for working, fattening 
 or milking. Its meat is of excellent quality. 
 
 The oxen leave the mountains for Lozere when about three years old, and after three 
 or (bur years' work are led up on the Alezenc pa.stnres, and thence consigned to the meat 
 markets of the large towns of the southeast. 
 
 THE MEZENC BREED. 
 
 The district of Mount Mezene (Ardeche) may be regarded as the cradle of the race, 
 which is distributed in the departments of Ardeche and Haute- Loire, and a part of that 
 of Loire. 
 
 Its distinguisliing points are— coat light red or wheat colored, head massive, horns 
 large and projecting in front, skin thick, hair coarse, dewlap hanging; under the throat 
 chest tolerably large, tlank long and liollow, loins weak, bones enoinious. It is .saddle- 
 backed. 
 
 lieasts of this breed possess strong constitutions, and are good paying animals, owing 
 to their aptitude for work as well as lor the production of meat and' milk. The Mezcnc 
 ox is much esteemed as iood from the rich llavor of its meat, due to Uie Alpine flora on 
 the Mezene pastures, and from his early maturity. 
 
 THE I'ARTHENAISE BREED AND ITS OFF.SHOOTS. 
 
 The Parthenu' e breed and its derivatives (Veudeenne, Nantaise, and Mancelle breeds) 
 constitute the horned stock of the department of Deux-Sevres, Vendee, and Loire In- 
 ferieure, and a great portion of those of Mainc-et-Loire, Vienne, Indre-et-Loire, and 
 Charente-Inferieure. 
 
 This family, which the l)reeder8 consider as a pure race, is regarded by zoologists as 
 the produce of a cross with animals of dili'ercnt .Swiss breeds. Thus in the Mancelle 
 cattle wo recognize the characters of the great IJernolse and Fribourgeoise l)reeds, and 
 m the Parthenaise and Nantaise beasts tho.se of the Hchwitz breed. 
 
 The whole of the I'arthcnai.so grouj) proper has the fixed characteristic of black ex- 
 ternal mucous membranes, surrounded by a badgergray circle, iu the others this mark 
 varies with the tint of the hair surrounding them. At the same time the mixture of 
 foreign blood has nci. been introducetl to siirb un extent as to modifv the .sh.-vio. of fV.o 
 animals, which remains entirely that of a I'rench breed. " i ' • 
 
 The Parthenaise ciittlc combine the three liiculties so desirable to bo united in a breed: 
 working power, facility of fattening, and good milking qualities. 
 
728 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 if I 
 
 a 
 
 Animal8 belonging to tliis family are distinguishable by their liuht bony framp ii • 
 ^1i • T«''-P^°P°'-ti«"f l^«'ly. «nuall head^with broad flat for^ S, and h^ndLn" 
 well-directed horns, which are always brilliantly black. The eye is weU plS a!^^' 
 mated lu expression, and the general iispect docile. ^ ^"' ""'• 
 
 r, Ji'^'^^f" ii''°.'''^P't^^ workers, and when fattened their meat is considered sepn„,i , 
 none on the Pans market, where it is known as Chollet beef '^"'"^ *" 
 
 s?rrf=.°„uss;:r°"" """"""• -"'^^ »■>.»"• «Sof jsk 
 
 THE TARENTAISE OB TARINE BBKED. 
 
 The small-sized breed, originally from the mountains of Tarentaise ismiof 1,0 1 
 patient, and distinguished for its working power, and above all for its <iSl ty ^t'n Sb'^' 
 hnTw,''"''* V' -'^^^ ^'7' ^^"^ extremities and the natural apertures iS ^^'^f 
 bull the coat is more Irequently badger gray, black on the neck, cheeks in.l 1 ' 
 parts; in the cow it is tawny, or of a gray wheat color, ol>servable ii no otl ^r h eJr''' 
 
 The trunk is compact, the leg short, the sides rounded, the head short tbeZj- , 
 broad, the horns well set on, the cjes large and mild. ^ forehead 
 
 These animals are eminently fitted to replace sheep on the Alnine mstnroo „ 1 
 maintain their fitness for the Mediterranean littoral, despite thTheat o^e di'nS ^'' 
 
 THE BRETONNE BREED. 
 
 The Bretoune breed, which would appear to have originally come from tho ri«no . 
 ment of Alorbihan, is met with in thetive departments formiu- the an do^t n. P'*''". 
 Brittony, with the exceptionof a portion of Loire-Inferieur^ where treParthon^"' ° 
 pSed.'""'" "" '''P*' '^"•^ '''' ^°°^"^^ '' I"«-t-Vilaine, where NorST^Ks 
 
 Bretons are hardy, docile, a^d good workers. 
 
 The cow, which has been justly described as the milker ;wr avcdlence of noor rti«f,;„f 
 .8 small ami squat, the limbs are short and rather slim, and thcextrTmit Ls parS't' 
 slender; the he id short, tho eye vivacious, the muzzle black, occasiori y nSo^ fj 
 rarely white; the liorn« thin and white at the base, but occasionally Suihrtio 
 generally picd black, the skin fine, lissome, and i^iadily detaS the ,"'*'' '"" 
 decided, and the disposition mild and sociable. "^-^-i^'ipH, the ga,t ,,u,ck and 
 
 In the more fertile and better cultivated parts of Brittany animals of tho Umf. 
 race are more developed and exhibit a better shape generally ^^"'*°"°'' 
 
 On the north coiwt, and in Fini.slere especially, pied chestnut animals are n.of wifi, 
 
 ^ s. Most ot these are the result of crosses with bulls otiier than those of Br Umv ft 
 object in view having been to increjiae the size of tho Bretonue breed ^""'"'y- ^I'e 
 
 DL'RHAMS AND DURKAM CUOSS-UREEDS. 
 
 The Durham breed wiis introduced into Prance in 18;5S by the "Administntion ,1p 
 I'Agriculture," ably se<.,nded by MM. Aug. Yvart and Lefebvre de SaS Mar' e 
 
 It wa^s at irst locate, at the Pin Stud Farm, but since 18(!1 the expcri.nen al 1 Iclin. 
 stiit.on iKu, been f ransfeireu to Corbin, iu C;.lvados. The foundat.oiro th feS h^ 
 ment has had a great inllnenco on the progress of French agricultare,7y s owi; .^ net 
 owners the advantages of early maturing breeds ^ blowing stock- 
 
 The distinctive qualities of Durhams arc their extraordinary aptitude for puttine on 
 (lesh an, heir great precocity which allows of their being slLghtered .4 three ylrs 
 old or a little more, and alwaysat less than four years. The shape of tl . D rh „" T 
 called in Englan.l the "Shorthorn improved," i^ perlect fronr^e l^he^fpirut ^l' 
 
 Durhams are less dilFicult to rear than might be supposed, and they succeed uerfcctlv 
 well under lavorable conditions. They have iucreasil la/gely i.rUurStS ' ' 
 Maine-et-Lrnre an<l Mayenne, where they are maintained p«./and a e 2 wUh her 
 and there m all parts of the country. Numerous breeding.stations have LS lisE 
 and are answering well, in Cote-d'Or, Finistere, Jlle-ctvilaine, Loire" me S' 
 SHne-Infmeure, and some other departuientsof Central France '■"«- •■''■>""e, 
 
 in,,re fhanT?(.nn^;I^V'"'"^'n""^' ^''"'"'"'^'^ "[ ^''"^•'' '"^^■^' now appeared, shows that 
 
 a emwiJS^lVn the bolls especally have ct.ntrihnted much towanis the creatiou of 
 
 a oonsulerable number of desiiable crosses. 
 
m. 
 
 eir light bony frame, their 
 it forehead, and handsomp 
 JO eye is well placed, ani- 
 
 jat is considered second to 
 
 Ik production, never beim, 
 
 the coast from Loire to 
 
 hold their own as milkers 
 
 arentaise, is qniet, liardv 
 
 toritsqualityasamilijer 
 apertures black, in the 
 
 neck, cheeks, and lower 
 iblo in no other breed 
 
 head short, the forehead 
 
 Alpine pastures, and yet 
 le heat of the climate. 
 
 y come from the depart- 
 i the ancient province of 
 
 'here the Parthenaise and 
 Yhere Normandy stock is 
 
 xcellence of poor districts 
 lextrmiities particularly 
 ccasioually mottled, and 
 
 iially dissimilar; the coat 
 .lod, the gait quick and 
 
 inimals of the Bretonne 
 
 b auimals are met witb, 
 illy remarkable as railk- 
 lu those of Brittany, the 
 breed. 
 
 the "Administration de 
 
 de 8ainte-Marie. 
 
 e experimental breeding 
 dation of this est^ililish- 
 Iture, by showing stoclv- 
 
 aptitude for putting on 
 
 Lightered at three years 
 
 lape of tliD Durham ox, 
 
 the butcher's point of 
 
 1 they succeed perfectly 
 in till! departments ci' 
 and are met with Iiere 
 IS have been established, 
 e, Loire, Orme, Sarthe, 
 
 iv appeared, shows that 
 ding i)urposcs in France 
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SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 729 
 
 It, is more p.irti(;nl;irly in the department of the West that Durham croas-breeds have 
 been moatmunerouH, and that their influenec on tho condition of agriculture is most ap- 
 preciable. At the present time the superiority of English blood for getting good crosses 
 
 for the butcher is beyond dispute. 
 
 FRENCH CATTLE. 
 
 [Rcporti fontribnted to Tho Field NewHimper, Fet)ruary, 18S?, by H. Kalns-Jackson. Inclosuro 
 O O 111 CoiiHul-Oeiieral Morritt's report.] 
 
 FAT STOCK IN FKANCE. 
 
 Paris, February 1, 1883. 
 
 The Agricultural Implement and Fat Stock Show in Paris, under the auspices of the 
 
 ministr.v of agriculture, and supported by tho chief land-owners, stock-breeders, and 
 
 niaehiue-niakers of the country, has Just been concluded, and I send a list of a few of the 
 
 ' chief ))ri/,os, reserving remarks for a letter next week. Of lat stock there were 345 bul- 
 
 ' cks and cow.s, !)1 lots of sheep (tho pens being sometimes of three or a score), 120 lots 
 
 • "■■•' • whilst of poultry', rabbits, and pigeons the numbers were 2,400; and, asa special 
 
 IDCJ 
 
 of pigs; ,.i....,v «. j,.^>..v.j, ...„.,....,„.... i,.^^„..., „,.vj uuuiuci,Ti »y c-1 D .i, 1UU j uuu, osaspeciai 
 and new feature of this season, there were on show G8 young bulls, 63 rams, and 23 boars. 
 Added to this goodly collection were 318 lots of dead poultry, and large collections of 
 roots, vegetables, corn, grass, Iruit, butter, cheese, oil, &c. Tho implement show con- 
 sisted of 1,500 diverse inachineH and agricultural appliances and tools. The show of the 
 latter wtus open on Tuesday week, but was scarcely visited until the cattle show judging 
 commenced on hist Saturday ; and catalogues and prize lists were issued on the first " franc 
 day" (Sunday). The exhibition clo.sed on Wednesday, after proving a successful at- 
 traction to the Paris people, and country inhabitants of tho departments generally. 
 
 rente. For breed prizes, _ ^ ^^ 
 
 Saint- Aubin-les-Forges, Nicvre, with a white Nivernaise beast, weighing 19 cwtTTqr! 
 (i lbs., No. G I, aged 4.') months. The first prize for tho Limousine breed was awarded to 
 M. Parry, of Limoges, Haute Viennc, for a red animal weighing 1!) cwt. and 16 lbs., aged 
 40 months; number of catalogue 83. For Garonnaise breed. No. 107, belonging 'to M. 
 lierncde, of Meilhan, Lot, and Garonne, for a light dun, aged 4 years and 2 months, and 
 weighing I ton and 28 lbs., took lirat prize. For tho Laradaiso breed, M, Chambaudet, of 
 Meilhan, Lot, and Garonne, won lirst honors with No. 11,5, aged 40 months, and weigh- 
 ing IT) cwt. Sqrs. 12 lbs. Tlio grand race of Salers, the largest in France, was represented 
 by the handsome red beai't of M. Valtau, of Vindelles, Charente, aged 4 years and 1 
 month, but the weight of which was only 19 cwt. and 8 lbs. The first prize of the breeds 
 Parthenaisc, Chotelaise, and Nantaiso was taken by No. 132, M. Poinet, of Leche, Vi- 
 euuo, for a gray Parthenaisc animal, aged 5 years, and weighing exactly tho same as the 
 Salers beast, 19 cwt. and 8 lbs. Of the breeds Flanders, Normande, Mancelle, Femeline 
 Bourbonnaise, Comptoise, iV-c. tho first prize w;vs awarded to M. Jaques Bellard, of Cours 
 les-r.arres, Cher, for No. 138, a Lourliounaise, aged 4 years 2 months, weight not given. 
 
 .lui'uii-, jiii.v.iin;, iM. iiiu iii.ii. yiii,i- lui liiu jiiiiuiii^ lueeii was uiKeu ny m. jeanJJros- 
 sicr, of Saint Loup, AUier, for a black and white beast, aged 4 years 4 months and 10 
 days, weighing 1 1 cwt. and 10 lbs. The prizes of honor were given to M. Signoret for No. 
 •J(i, a Durham-Charolaise; to .M. Mativou, No. 234, also for a Uurham-Charolaise; and to 
 51. Gustavo Valtau tor his Durham-Manceau group of four beasts. 
 
 LIVE STOCK I.V FRANCE. 
 
 The great show of cattle, sheep, and pigs, of poultry, agricultural produce, and im- 
 plements, held last week in Paris, and which represented all France and some of its 
 colonies, must include many points of interest to tho readers of Tho Field. Under the 
 auspices and control of a ministry of agriculture, and with such a magnificent and ceu- 
 tr:il .site as is atlbrdcd by the l'alaci> of Industry in the (Iliansos Elvsees. the exhihitiois 
 Ibrmed a great display of rural economy. It is of tliecattlc that I have chiefiy to speak, 
 ;ind, knowing France well in its country aspects, I may say that tho various breeds 
 brought together must have astonished and pleased any lover and critic of animal life. 
 Contrasted with English breeds, the <'attle were most conspicuous by tlieir light and 
 even color; the sheep by being shown out of their wool, and from the relative ab.sence 
 
730 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 of all heavy stock; whilst the pigs looked very innitli like their English brothers, and 
 in fact were often more than half-and-half nrili.sh blood. 
 
 It may bo noted of "how they do these things in France," that each set of thejudges 
 is complemented by a member elected by the exhibitors in the respective sections. Cer- 
 tainly this is a commendable method, that might bo introduced in English shows. In 
 Paris more than a dozen gentlemen were thus a-ssisting in awarding prizes. 
 
 The entries may bo thus grouped : 
 
 Cattle .- ;;(J9 
 
 Sheep pens... ..* 92 
 
 Pigs-- - 125 
 
 Bulls 63 
 
 Kama... , 63 
 
 Boars ojj 
 
 Besides 2,269 pens of live poultry, pigeons, rabbits, &c. ; 3,477 exhibits of roots, seed, fruit 
 vegetables, &c. ; and .'520 of dressed poultry, 487 of cheese, 217 of butter and milk all 
 of these being inside the building, whilst outside, occupying ample space on the walks 
 and roads atljacent, the implement entries num1)ered 3, 178, including a working but- 
 ter-maker and Laval's cream separator. 
 
 The center of the largo transept formed an admirable and roomy space for the exliil)i- 
 tion of cattle, for the circulation of the public, and the ta.sk of "the judges. There was 
 abundance of litter, and in all respects the feeding and comfort of the animals left uotii- 
 ing to desire. The central and side pa.ss;iges were kept like garden walks, and shrubs 
 and flowers in the center Ibrined an ornament and a rendezvous where friends could meet 
 Under the galleries, corresponding to those of Islington, the great display of poultry, iii 
 wire-fronted boxes, Hanked the live stock, whilst at cither end of the va.st buildln<' were 
 the sheep and pig pens. Ui>stairs some thirty large rooms — the salons for pictures in 
 May — were filled with cereal, seed, root, forage, and other agricultural produce, includ- 
 ing oil and honey. As liirm produce hops were missing, nor were tnere many exiiibits 
 of manures, phospho-guano only being well represented. The cheese, butter, and dead 
 poultry exhibits were excellent Knd very numerous; and poultry appliances, iucludiu" 
 many incubators, made an exhil)ition of themselves. In one of these salons the Eni'lisii 
 visitor might see with natural curiosity the inviting exhibit of sausages formed frouHiie 
 meat of beasts of burden — horses, mules, and donkeys — the latter being especially recom- 
 mended at 1(W. to Is. 3(1 per pound. Many persons tasted the tempting slices oft'ered 
 them, and judges rank as.ses' llesh as Siivory food. So good indeed is it, that "Patede 
 foied'ane" formed a display after the fa.shian of our "Pimlicopics." Looking from the 
 galleries, where kuicknacks were sold, the scene of animal life below was cheerlul ami 
 picturesque. The great blotches of color were more distinct than in an English show, 
 as the breedsof cattle — white, cream white, dun — gave much the same impression as do li 
 number of harvest fields of difterent grain, one tone being general. Of course there were 
 red and roan and pied animals, but these were in a minority, and there were no classes 
 of black cattle, Scotch polls, Welsh, and Irish to attract notice. This omission of black 
 color from a fat-stock show wiw a notable feature. 
 
 As a curious piece of animal statistics may be given the following particulars of the 
 prize animals killed and analyzed a year ago, only the chief l)eing here given; and as 
 French weights and figures serve for comparison as well as do English ones, the ollieial 
 report is quoted. It may be stated briefiy, however, that a kilogram is e(|ual to 2', 
 pounds, and 50 kilograms are close upon a hundred weight, and 1 ,000 kilograms a ton. 
 
 
 
 M-0 
 
 u 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Sf^- 
 
 tr. 
 
 i 
 
 ■3 
 
 >. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 IK 
 
 'S 
 f 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 - - " 
 
 05 
 
 It 
 
 First qual 
 
 Second qu 
 
 2 
 
 '2 
 
 
 Kilof. 
 
 KUo'. 
 
 A-H"-.. 
 
 
 
 
 Diirlihnin-f'liiirolaiHc 
 
 ItL'O 
 
 Ill 
 
 oos 
 
 22,3 
 
 119 
 
 110 
 
 
 <I|4 
 <.K:ri 
 
 S77 
 8U7 
 
 .•11) 
 •1! 
 .'li 
 IJ 
 
 5'JI 
 
 r,;!i 
 
 .•jii- 
 
 i',t') 
 
 120 
 l.M 
 
 171 
 
 V'.(> 
 
 
 VM 
 
 
 \m 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 * !'r<)l)!il)ly f>r oxiiihilion. 
 
 Fnrlhcr, n» regards loss of weight on being killed, the fat Norman only lo.st 8 kilo- 
 grams, whilst Yorkshire lost 1!» kilograms, and the big Yorkshire-Limousin hut 7 kilo- 
 grams. 
 
SUPPLEMlONT. 
 
 731 
 
 lisli brothers, and 
 
 1 set of tliejudf;es 
 ive sections. C'cr- 
 iiKlish shows. In 
 rizes. 
 
 ■ - '.m 
 
 -- 92 
 
 ■ - 125 
 
 68 
 
 m 
 
 2;j 
 
 )f roots, seed, fruit, 
 tter and millt, all 
 pace on the walks 
 ug a working but- 
 
 ice for the exhil)l- 
 "Iges. There wa.s 
 animals left noth- 
 walks, and shrubs 
 riends could meet, 
 play of poultry, in 
 vast building were 
 ins for pictures in 
 .1 produce, inelud- 
 ere many exhibits 
 , butter, and dead 
 diances, including; 
 salons the f:nglisli 
 !.s formed from tlie 
 i; especial lyrecom- 
 iting slices oft'ered 
 Jit, that "Patede 
 
 Looking from the 
 f was chcerrtil and 
 
 an Knglisli show, 
 impression as do a 
 'course there were 
 n-Q were no classes 
 i omission of black 
 
 particulars of the 
 ere given; and as 
 li ones, the ollieial 
 ni is e(|ual to 2^ 
 liilograms a ton. 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 .C 
 
 i 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 C ID 
 
 >, 
 
 s « 
 
 ""w 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 |3 
 
 
 
 0. 
 Pranci. 
 
 •< 
 
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 >ri 
 
 -'.tWi 
 
 .32 17 
 
 i5 
 
 L',(KIO 
 
 SI m 
 
 .... 
 
 l.illO 
 
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 ■JO 
 
 i.aw 
 
 «1 00 
 
 uu 
 
 *5,(i00 
 
 SI 00 
 
 n onlv lost 
 
 S kilo- 
 
 101 
 
 isin but ' 
 
 ' kilo- 
 
 I am hopeful of getting similar returns to the above of the cattle, sheep, and pigs at 
 the present year's show, especially those referring to the two beiusta exhibited by the 
 Vicomto do Chezclles; which were fed on ensilage. 
 
 To give any adcriuiitc idea of the I'aris Ivxhibilion, it is necessary to run through the 
 several chvsses, of which the first prizes were published in last week's Field, which rep- 
 resented the llivo stock of France, I'roin its great plains, river valleys, and mountain- 
 .siiles and table lands. 
 
 In Claas 1 of young bullocks, born sincoJanuary 1, 1H8{), were twenty-six entriescom- 
 petingfor eight prizes, all of which were awarded, and a supplementary prize was added, 
 whilst two animals were honorably mentioned. Many famous breeders competed in 
 this class, of which nearly every entry had Short horn lilood, the exceptions being a Ni- 
 vernais, IJasquais, 15azadais, Limousin, ami Charolais-Nivernais animal, five in all out of 
 twenty-six. Of the eightprizes, six were .Shorthorn cro? .ses, the sixth prize fa' ling to a white 
 Nivernais, and the eighth prize to a Chaiolais. The llrst prize was to a Durham-Cha- 
 rolias, the second to a red and white pure Shorthi)rn. The weights of all were good, but 
 1 should not consider any beast satistactorily ripened. 
 
 Cla.s3 I, section '2, was for bullocks born since January 1, 18T!), and the extra year 
 brought together thirty-six animals. Four to six years of age would appear most in 
 favor in France at present for exhibition, ius two to lour years are in England. On 
 this point, one should remember that the greatest proportion of oxen have two or more 
 years at the yoke as draught animals. 
 
 Again, in this fine class Shorthorn crosses formed two-thirds of the total; but the 
 heaviest bejist was a white C'harolais, whicJi weighed 1 ton and 41 lbs. at Ibrty-seven 
 months old. The first prize of the class was a Durhum-Charolais, red and white, weigh- 
 ing lOcwt. and 14 Ib.s., age forty-two months. It was M. Nadaud's prime exhibit, and 
 fought for the championship of the show against the Durham-Charolais of JL Signoret, 
 which, a year younger, weighed within (iO llis. of the older animal, and was judged by 
 points a neck ahead, and so carried off the prize of honor. (Senerally, the animals in 
 Class I woul dhave bee« a fine display in any country. 
 
 Class II had the interest of being one of breed, and without distinction of age. There 
 were nineteen entries, all of the Oharolaiso and Nivernaise breeds. The ages ranged 
 from three years nine months to seven years, the majority being four or five years old. 
 In this class a white Nivernais turned the scale at 2;Jcwt. 3(|rs. 91 bs., the age being four 
 years six months and twenty days. It gained a supplementary prize. These breeds 
 are the chief working oxen of France, and until lately were not fattened until eight or nine 
 years of age. The meat oftlie.se animals after four years is mature, savory, and highly 
 nutritive. The first prize was taken by a white Nivernais, the youngest but one in the 
 class. 
 
 Of these famous French breeds, the leading points are: They are handsome, good work- 
 ing oxen, and make first rate but( hers' meat; the coat is usually creamy white, with 
 abundant hair; they have white niiddle-.sized horns, turned up towards the points; the 
 head is short and l)road, the muzzle rose-colored, the eye is larg(!. and the aspect gentle; 
 a regular cylindrical body is set on short strong leg.s, the neck carries but little dew- 
 lap, the back is straight, ending in a well-hung tail, and the rump is prominent and 
 deep. The race came originally from Saone-et-Loire, and is now the chief breed of the 
 central department's. The cross with Nivernaise— an olVshoot of the Charolaise — forms 
 the best French beast for butchers. The cows are but jioor milkers. 
 
 Chuss II, section 2, comprised twenty entiie;i of Limousine cattle, aged from three 
 years ten months to six years, most of them beiim four and a half years old. The color 
 was always yellow, from a fawn white to u red wbeateii-duii. The weights were gener- 
 ally close to M. Parry's first-prize beast weighing 1!) ewt. 1(5 lbs. at three years ten 
 months. The whole class was a good one. and carried one supplementary prize and one 
 honorable mention. Docility, aptitude for work, and facility lor fattening, make this 
 breed a favorite. The Department of Haute-Vieiine is its cliief home, and at this show 
 the best animal came from Limoges. The other prize animals were from the Gironde 
 and Charente departments. For yield and quality of meat tlie Limousine ranks high; 
 the features of a good animal being a light head, with white open horns, pink eyelids 
 and muzzle, well-set Irnck, rounded si<ies, short fleshy limbs, with white points that give 
 a look of breed and fashion. A Limousine is usually less bulky than a Cliarolaise. The 
 cows are fair jiiilkera. 
 
 Class II, section ."{, included the (laronnaise breed, and thirteen animals represented it. 
 The race is improving, and was reckoned in advance of the Limousine cattle, supplying 
 one of tlie henvicst lieasts in tlic show. No. 113 weiiihinu 'i'J ewt. -.'{jrs. (• Ihs.. am! iraiV.in" 
 third prize. Gironde and l.ot-et-tiaronne furnished the best specimens. The first prize 
 weiij;hed 1 ton SM lbs. tlaronnai.se cattle are said to In; the bulkiest in the sub-l'yre- 
 nean basin, and form two gioujis of the great bovine (iallie family— that of the valley 
 
 and that of the hill.s. The latter are smaller, but 
 
 more capable of work, than those of 
 
 the valley. They have a very long body. Hat sides, and confined chest, short buttock 
 
732 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINQ. 
 
 and bony frame, with tiiil badly sot. The head ia ion^ and heavy, with white horns 
 and pale red eyelids. The coat is of an even dun or wheatou-yeliow color. The oxen 
 have colossal strength and work patiently, fattening easily. The females are hand- 
 Bonier than the bulls, but juwr as milch cows. 
 
 Class II, section 4, had eight entries, all being of an even and rich grey color. Tiioir 
 weights were DO.'j, 894, t)33, 930, 881, 937 kilogrammes, or about 17 cwt. 3 qr.-i. each. Tlie 
 ages were from three years lour months to five years. The llrst prize went to M. Cham- 
 baudet, of Meilhan, Lot-et-Oaronne. Most of the exhibits came from the Gironde. Tiio 
 shape of the prize beast was typical of the breed which is reckoned perfect, with (lei'|) 
 chest well letdown, rounded flank, the body almost a complete cyli>- "er, the lino of Itack 
 straight, the haunch broad, snuare, and well placed, heavy rump, souiotimes bossy, horns 
 often faulty, on a short head, with broad open forehead. For shape, the cow.s are espi^ 
 cially handsome, but are only poor milkers. Temper in the bulls makes them generally 
 dangerous. We have no breeds in England to parallel the Bazadaise. A group remind.H 
 one of a silver-grey Jersey herd, grown big and wild. 
 
 Class II, section 5, had but live entries; yet these were specimens of perhaps the most 
 special breed in Trance, the bullocks often standing inches taller than our biggest Short- 
 horns. In colorthey are deep mahogany red, with white oftenunder the uelly. M. (ius- 
 tav Valtau, who took many prizes, carried the ilrst in this class with a four years ten 
 months animal, weighing 20 cwt. 2 qrs. 10 lbs. This breed is improving; they are good 
 workers as well as meat-produeers. The mountains of Auvergne were the cradle of tlu- 
 race, of which the head is short and strong, the forehead broad and covered with curly 
 hair, the horns smooth, twisted, and turned outwards. The body is longand cylindrical, 
 mounted on tidl legs, the head and shoulders are strong, the dewlap thick and promi- 
 inent, the rump short, with tail attached high up. On the Limagne plains the body is 
 shorter, scjuarer, and lower on the ground, the coat often chestnut and white, the head 
 sometimes white; yet the Salers breed is one of the most lixed character in France. 
 
 Class II, section (», was compri.sed of seven entries, for the breeds I'arthenaise, Chole- 
 taise, and NanUiiso; but the specimens shown were all of the I'arthenaise group. These 
 were scarcely e(iual to expectation, yet their weights were fairly good ; the lirst-prize ani- 
 mal, fi%-e years old, weighed 19cwt.(81bs., and the second prize turned a ton. TheParthe- 
 naiso family includes Vendcenue, Nantaise, and Mancelle breeds, which occupy .several 
 departmenta— the Deux-Siivres, Loire-Infcriemo, Charentc-Infurieure, &c. The biiwl 
 is regarded as pure by some, and as a mixed race by others — crosses between Bernoisi-, 
 Fribourgeoise, and Swi.ss cattle. The animals have one lixed characteristic, that of black 
 external mucous membranes, surrounded by a badger-grey circle. The shape of all the 
 groups is that of the old French breed, which is remarkable for good .iiilking qualities, 
 good fattening qualities, and good working powers. 1 laudsome, well-directed, brilliantly 
 black horns, a graceful, well-proportioned body, and good disposition, belong to a trno 
 Parthenaise, one of the best milch cows in France. 
 
 Class II, section 7, included several breeds, as follows: Flamande, Xormande, Mancelle, 
 Femeline, Bourbonnaise, Comptoise, Bearnaise, Basquaise, Aubrac, Mezenc, Brctonne, 
 Tarine, itc. Only ten entries represented the above races, and the first prizes awarded 
 were to a four years and two months gld BourlM)unais, a yellow dun, of which the weight 
 was not given. In this class was the exhibit of the Viscount Arthur (le Chezellra, which 
 had been fed on ensilage, and was the heaviest beast of the class, weighing 21 cwt. 3 qrs. 
 6 lbs., age live years two months and ten days. A Bourbonnaise took second prize and 
 third prize, whilst the Norman entries only got honorably mentioned. In the subcliis,s 
 a handsome mottled-dun Basquais t(M)k first honors. The four entries of Bretonne cla,s,s 
 were good, and of the typo well-known in England. 
 
 Of the Flemish breed, the great merit is their milking qualities, and the chief breed- 
 ing districtsare in the I'as deCalais and Aisno departments. Thecowsare large, straight- 
 backed, with a large rump and well-hung tail, color a reddish brown, deepening toward 
 tbshead; some liave a few white marks. The sides ar.- wanting in roundness. 0( 
 course the cows are too valuable to send to a fat-stock show, and the males arc killed 
 early for veal, except such as are saved for breeding. Blanche and Calvados are the 
 cradle of the fine Norman breed, wich is subdivided into Cotentme, Bressine, and 
 Augeronne families. The breeil is large and hand.some, of great diversity of color and 
 shape, but usually dappled, and often of the brindled-brown seen in our LonghoniH. 
 The quality of the meat makes the oxen vidued in Pari.s, and specimens of this hreed 
 have been, it is stilted, fattened to over 30 cwt. The cows are remarkable for their 
 abundant and rich milk. The famous Isigny butter comes from the Bressine breed, 
 and that of ( ;onrnay from various Xormnn families. The Livarot cheese, that oht.iined 
 the prize of honor this year, is, like Cainemliert, Xeufchatel, &.c., made •from the milk 
 of Normans. 
 
 The Femeline cattle, of which there were no entrieji at the show, are of the Comptois 
 type, and are niised in Ihe Donbs ami Saonc deimrfnients. The coats are whoaten- 
 vellow, the head slciulcr, with small horns close to the eyes, the neck slim, the chest 
 
SUPPLEMENT, 
 
 733 
 
 loti),', tho hiiiil qtiiulord broad, tho lugs short ami line, thu Hkiti supplu nud dolicute, the 
 root of tho tail prominent. The cows aro good milkers, the bulls viciotw wluii old, tho 
 iixun good workers, and Iktten easily. The (Irst |)ri/c lioiirbonnuis eamo Croni M. Bel- 
 lurd, of Cours-les-Uarres, Ohur, and most of the entries were <!l()-,ely of the Charolaiso 
 type, hut of a red-duu color. Tho breed is u favoritB one with the but^hera, and is 
 well distributed in Hovcral dep;irtnients acrons central France. 
 
 Tho Bearnaise, Uasiiuaiso, and Urt breeds aro of tho same lamily, and have the char- 
 ueter of beiuj; good workers and prodnciuK excellent moat. The coat varies from deep 
 red to light yellow color, the varieties showing tho breed and district. Tha bull \vm a 
 specially-developed horn, and i.s an animal of noted courage. The breed is from the 
 Pyrenees, near Saint Jean de Luz, but stock for fattening are sent to tho Landes, and so 
 are often called " I>andais" cattle in the Hor.leau.\ market, where the.v are highly es- 
 teemed. 
 
 The monntuius of Aubrae, the mountains of Mezene, give names to their breeds, 
 which, feeding on fine herbage, have (inely-Havored meat. Tho Aubrao is of a silver- 
 gray or fawn color, with large horns, black at the points. The whole animal is compact 
 and handsome, and tho breed is a good one for working, fatting, or milk. The Mezene 
 has a .saddle buck, enormous btMies, massive head, aud large front-projecting horns. 
 Tho breed has a good constitution, and pays well Un rearing and keeping. 
 
 There renmin lor reference the grand open and large class of cross-breeds, of the cow 
 class, the groups of cattle, the small exhibition of young bulls, and the sheep and pig 
 classes, which may be deferred until next week. 
 
 INVICTA. 
 
 p. S.— I have just heard the sale pricie of M. Signoret's champion prize was 4,000 
 franes (£100), Ijought for Magazinsdu Louvre. Tho fellow-champion made but 'J,000 
 francs. M. Chaminade's champion pig sold for 1,000 francs. 
 
 "We aro rot accustomed to over-f.itten meat in France," writes one of the leading 
 French jour .als; and the same 2>;iper further <lcelares that most of tho animals sent to 
 exhibitions pass tho line that ..ap.irates the best me^t, as an article of f(X)d, from the too 
 gross animals which carry oil' tho prize*. Moreover, breeders, in preparing stock'for ex- 
 hibition, disregard economy in their production, whiili is hotter studied when ordinary 
 butchers' animals are sent to market. " We are not La))landers nor Esquimaux, to re- 
 (juiro such ma.s.ses of fat as do tho inhiibitant.'^ of the Polar regions," indignantly ex- 
 claims the patriotic Frenchman, and next learnedly ((uotes the data of Messrs. Lawcs 
 aud Gilbert, that ordinary beasts have only 1!) per cent, of fiit, whilst a fat prize ox has 
 30.1 of the same oily constituent— record •< of a v(Ty fat Simrthorn cow showing G inches to 
 10 inches of fat under theskin ! Ifowevt r, as i)efore observed, tho fattest bullock in the 
 Paris Show wius a good way behind the cliampions of Norwich, Birmingham, and Smith- 
 tield, a finely ripened animiil being a great rurity in the palace of industry. Last Tues- 
 day week, certainly, the '" Mardi (iras of Paris did not liavci any available fat ox to rival 
 those of former days, even if carnival revels still hud Iteen in fashion. 
 
 To walk with the catalogue — and so continue my narrative of last week — the visitor 
 to the Paris Show came to — 
 
 Class II, section !), for pure foreign breeds, in which there were but four entries, all 
 Shorthorns. And here — whilst in Kiigland there is a eontrover-sy about white cattle — 
 the first prize may be recorded as falling to the forty months old white Shorthorn of M. 
 Deplancho, the weight being 17 cwt. :iqrs. 'iOlhs. The second prize, for a white and roan, 
 wiis taken by M. Nadaud, which Weighed 11 lbs. more than the first-prize animal, ivl- 
 tliftugh four months younger. The other two entries in this cliuss were alike red and 
 unsuccessful. 
 
 (;iassll, section !), w;is the field of combat — an open class to all comers that were cross- 
 breeds. The collection was a really line one of forty-three entries, and to which no fewer 
 than seven prizes aud three honorable mentions were awarded. I put in a tabular form 
 
 i; 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^vm 
 
 Prize. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Color. 
 
 Owner. 
 
 J 
 
 First 
 
 Dnrhnn»-Munceau 
 
 Wliito nnd red 
 
 Wliite and red 
 
 Wliitpgrny 
 
 I)nn 
 
 ... M. Arnand. 
 
 .... M. Itouille. 
 
 ....; M. i>ert-n-r.f;,rfi!itl. 
 
 ....! M. Miitivon 
 
 h *- 
 
 Second 
 
 Thir;! 
 
 Diirlmni-oroHs 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Dnrlnim-CharoliiiH 
 
 ' 
 
 KifMi 
 
 
 Yellow 
 
 While and red 
 
 Uriudletl 
 
 ...! M. HriKUon. 
 ...1 M. Xadiiiul. 
 . ' lU>iint Rrieif 
 
 Li "" ^ 
 
 Hixtli 
 
 Durlnini-Manceuii 
 
 wS 
 
 Seventli 
 
 l)urhiuii-eri).sH 
 
 KU 
 
 
 
 
 
 IM 
 
 
 * Heaviest beast in sUov 
 
 r, weighing; 'iS cwt, 1 qr. 
 
 83lba. 
 
 ff 
 
784 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIUY FARMING. 
 
 us 
 
 The three houorubly-monlionediiiiiiiialH wore Diirhiim-CliuroluiH, l)urlimik-MiiU(x>mi,aii,) 
 Durhuui-CImrulitm. The I'rliiftxle Wiiki'^"' ''ihI si vvliUti l)iirhuiii-Ay i^hiic, an<l there wei« 
 i'Oini)etiti)rn in liiinouHiii-ChnroluiH, tiuroiiuiviH-lluxudiiiN, Lorriiii), and othe"- vuricticM, u|| 
 loft behind, whilst the Shorthorn blood >viw in tliu van. 
 
 Freneh politene.'*.'*, tliat bidn ns |{ive "pliu:o anx dainoM" in the Hulon, duca not extetnj 
 priority in the Hhowyard to c.ovih, which now patiently follow, and form into — 
 
 CImw III, HeetionI, for aniniaN born before May 1, 1H*!», and beinn pureorirosNed Trench 
 blrnxl. This cliuw was a hchxI one of twenty-fonr entries, the ajies running np 7.\ vciiim. 
 It is cnonKh to nay the pri/cs fell to — llrst, a whiteCharoliu.se-NivernaiMe; Hecond,"a liuht 
 dun liiinouHine; third, a white NivernuiHeCharolaise; and fourth, tou wiiiteCharoluise. 
 The red Flemish and Norniun brindled-red auinuvl)* failed to attract attention. 
 
 Section 3 was moreeoHmoiMilitan, and invited pure and cross-brud cows; and here anaiii 
 first, wcoud, third, fourtli, and (H'tli prizes had Shorthorn bloiu!, two of which were pur(. 
 white Shorthorns. An elj;lit-ycar-old Swis.s cow and a yellow Limousine-Swi.s.s were 
 competitor; bnt then the winnin;{ animals were exhibited by Hueh extn^rts na MM 
 Mativon, Tiersonnier, Nadund, lianKlnde, and Larzat, the Strattons of France. 
 
 The good-group Hystem tluil is in favor across (ho Channel now brought before 
 twenty-eight l>eas(H, in lots of four each : 
 
 Class IV, bullocks born since .lauuary 1, 187!). It was in this class that M. Onstavo 
 Vttltau took Ilrst prize and the championship with his four Durham-Maiueau cattle a 
 remarkably even and well-linished lot, well-built, scjuare-.set, and with capital hind 
 quarters. The cross of the Durham-Norman gioup was piusaed over. The third prize 
 and lot honorably mentioned were also of the Durham-Maneeau breed, bnt the secoml 
 prize fell to four white Nivernais, and all the groups were heavy, good beasts. 
 
 The second seciiou of Cla.s8 IV was for older anipjals, born before .lauuary 1 ls7'j 
 Here were lifleen groups, sixty animals; and besides the four prizes, the class was good 
 
 enough to ea'-ry a supplementary prize •'=— ' - ' ■ — i-J'- i>...-\ .. 
 
 whit 
 
 Nivernais. i eouiiuue ui give coior, in evuience inai wniio in rranco seems livvoredbv 
 
 climate. 
 
 The groups of cows in Cla'?s IV had sixteen animals and four prizes, but only two were 
 given — Durham-I.imousine Ilrst, 'and i)urc Shorthorns .second. 
 
 Class V was fat calvwt 
 thri*e entries there were 
 rtsnb-race of Norman) 
 with ii totttl weight of 1,20'.) cwt. and 3 lbs, 
 
 lere were iiiieeii ^ruupn, sixiy auiiiiais; uuu ucsnu-^t uiu lour prizes, ino CIOSS Was uood 
 nough to ea'-ry a supplementary prize. First, red and white, Durham-Mauceau- second 
 irhite, Charolais; third, yellow, l!as(iuais; Iburth, yellow. Limousine; extra prize, white 
 Jivernais. I continue to give color, in evidence that white in Franco eeeros lavoredby 
 
 in Cla'?s IV had sixteen animals and four prizes, but only two were 
 iisine Ilrst, 'and i)urc Shorthorns .second. 
 
 c>«, most of which were of Norman breed, as out of the twenty- 
 re bnt the exceptions of a Swiss calf and three Coteutin (the latter 
 The three prizes together aged but five months twemv dava 
 
 twenty days, 
 
 I,;. 
 
 KM 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 735 
 
 it only two were 
 
 PORTBAITS OF CELEBRATED BRITISH PRIZE CATTLE. 
 
 Ilii.l.wiiro OOO III report of C'oiimil-<icii«ral Mirrltt, of I-omlon; U'xt niid iMirlraltN iH-lnn Ihkrii 
 ' from KiikIIhIi i><>l>li('utloii». I 
 
 A, Sliortlioru cattle; U, Devon cuttlo; C, Huffolk cuttle; I>, Loiinhorn cHltic; K, Ihiiu- 
 litrd ciittlo; !•', Sussex tuttle; (I, AyrHliite cattle; If, JeiHey uiid Guernsey cuttle; I, 
 Welsh black cuttle. 
 
 Tiio portruits of each group inimcdiutely follow the text relating to the sonic. 
 A. MIIORTIIORiV VATTm. 
 
 Shorlhnm Bull Duke of rndaUy.—We here present our readers with Mr. WillianiM'H 
 j.ketihot' Lord Bective's Duke of Underley. The Ibllowing descriptive purugruph re- 
 lutes rutiier to general funiily history than to this imrticular bull. The Duchess ofCie- 
 iipva Tenth came over to this country with the reputationof being one of the most beuu- 
 tilul hliorthorned cows in the United Htutes. Nor did her merit end with herself Her 
 liisl calf in Knglund was Duke of Underley, the subject of this portrait. He too 
 HUtialicd the most fastidious breeders, whatever their preferences might be. lie repre- 
 HentH the Duchess liiniily as America has made them, i. e. with a slight infusion of 
 strange blood through Komco, who entered, indirectly, into the pedigree of the sire of 
 Duchess of (Jeneva Tenth. Hhe was put to Duke of Tregunter Second, u Duchess bull, 
 liaving the " Usurer" cross, which was added by Earle Ducie. Duke of Tregunter 
 Sicoiid had proved himself, in Gloucestershire, to be a sire of rcnuirkable merit; his 
 (laughters, especially, at Kingscote and Siddington, being very grand animals, with the 
 best of middles and long liind (luarters. It seemed but reasonable to expect that the 
 coupling together Duchess of Geneva Tenth— an American success in breeding— with 
 Duke of Tregunter Second, a well-proved English sire, would, to liorrow a Yankeeism 
 Iroiu Martin Chuzzlewit, "eventuate a spanker." The engraving is from a drawing 
 in tiic preparation of which measurement and photography were both employed. 
 
 Slwiilioni livifcr IauIij Violet. — These portraits (front and side views) represent Mrs. 
 I'cry's Shorthorn heifer, iMdy Violet (calved December 19, 187G), to which was awarded 
 the lirst prize in her class itt the Koyal Dublin Society's last spring show. Lady Violet 
 is by Don Diego (X{5:J9)~dam Lady-love by The Earl (27623), g.-dum Latly Surah by 
 Ik'st Hope (23413), &c. The side view is a good reproduction of a very successful pho- 
 tograph. 
 
 Slioiihoni hull Anchor. — Lord liathdonnell's bull Anchor (winner three years running 
 nt the Dublin Spring Show) was one of the sights at the Kilburn Show. It is good to 
 have opportunities occasionally to compare the products of the sister kingdoms with 
 our own. Clydesdale horses and Irish and Scotch Shorthorns are good tests by which 
 to try English showyard favorites. Mr. Chaloner (the Irish judge), who bred Anchor, 
 stepped on one side when the chief prize in this class was awarded. The other two 
 jiidj^cs pive the lirst place to Anchor, who, in addition to his personal successes, was 
 shown in (ompaiatively hard condition, an example worth copying. The engraving is, 
 we think, a remarkably successful example of justice done by photography. 
 
 Slioi-llioru Lull Tiitmachiis. — Four or five groups of Shorthorns have, in the course of 
 the last two scatons, made themeelvea conspicuons above their rivals for number and 
 excellence. These are the Marquis of Exeter's Telemachus family, the Earl of Dun- 
 luoic's lied Ko.se8, Colonel Loyd-Lindsay's Burlesques, Mr. T. H. Miller's Kinglets, and Mr. 
 W. 11. Wodehouse's Countess groups. One and all of these are a sufficient answer to the 
 oil-repeated assertion (which is, however, very limited truth) that fattened parents en- 
 tail barrenness or dcKcncrato ofl'spring. It is one of the merits of the Shorthorn that it 
 will bear forcing without breaking down. Among all the groups named the Uurghley 
 one nuist now be held to be entitled to the first place. Sea Gull and her offspring, ail 
 by Telemachus, are so curiously alike, and all of such a very striking typo iu the show 
 ring, that she and they must be held to be the most remarkable family group in Eng- 
 land. The members of the gronp seen at Kilbnrn were by no means all Sea Gull's pro- 
 duce by Telemachus. 
 
 Here we have a portrait of one of the winning four, all of whom are for color, size, and 
 condition, entitled to rank separately as prizeworthy cattle. 
 
 Shorthorn cow Lad;/ Careio Third. — In her old age Fanny, a Wurlaby cow, went from 
 Mr. V/ilson, of I?rawith, "for a soug" to the Koii. Culouci Duncombo, who, bringing 
 her to Waresley Park, had a heifer calf Irom her by Hero (a bull sharing Bates blood), 
 which he called Heather Bell. 
 
 ■ i 
 
736 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 When Heather Bell wiw wcll-strickea in years she fell " to the nod" of the lute Mr 
 Pawlett; who, hardly venturing to expect produce, pnt her to one of his IJooth l,iil|,s-l 
 Prince James— and had a calf, m little expected that ho named her Miracle. Jliiailc, ji, 
 her turn, bred freely; and her blood-red daughter Lady Jane, by the " ISracdet" l)ni| 
 Baron Killorby, was one of the cheapest lots at the famous Beestou sale in 1HT;>. 
 
 Mr. St. John Ackers took I^ady Jane to Gloucestershire, and she has proved that tlio 
 virtue of regular and long-continued fecundity is hers, as well as her grandduiu'.-; ibv 
 she hiis produced in succession three light roan heifers, each of which in turn -a'ccived 
 the name of Lady Carew, by the white Warlaby-bred bull. County Member, of the 
 Christon tribe. All the Ladies Carews have been successfully exhibited, and all iLuy 
 had the same characteristics. All have been somewhat small heifers; with veiv line 
 bone and on very short legs. All have had the silkiest of hair, and a long even ea'icase 
 somewhat unduly weighted with flesh and lilt fit both ends. Lady Carew third (of whom 
 wo give a portrait) has a I)osoni which is wonderful to see. She inherits the blood o 
 almost all the leading strains, though her siro is purest Warlaby. 
 
 Shorthorn dairy cow Victoria. — The portrait represents Mr. Fretl. Harvey's first prize 
 cow in the dairy class at Kilburn, named Victoria— type of a capital dairy cow; well 
 formed as the mother, whether of meat-carrying steers or milk-producing heifers, llore 
 too, wo have an example of successful representation by means of photography. ' 
 
 Shorthorn dairi/ cow iUuidi'n.—T\w prolilo portrait represents Mr. W. vStrattou's white 
 dairy cow, Maiden, which took the first prize in the class of unpedigreed dairy cattle at 
 the dairy show in the Agricultural Hall. She is, wo understand, out of a gooil ordinary 
 .Shorthorn dairy cow, by the same sire as got x'^ectarino Bud, which was a noted prize- 
 Uiker at both the Royal Agricultural Society's and the Birmingham shows. 
 
 S!iorlhorii hcifcrn StiinwicL- lloae. nnd Gaiety Sixth. — The portraits represent two very 
 pretty Shorthorn heifers exhibited at the Perth show of the Highland Agricultural So- 
 ciety," by Mr. J a'mes Why to, of Aldbro, Darlington, which took the first prize iu the 
 cl.n^ies for yearling and a two-year-old Shorthorn heifers respectively. The older heifer is 
 SUmwick Hose, by Lord Godolphin (:]()0G5), dam Moss Koso by Baron Killerby (-27949) 
 
 The yearling is Gaiety Sixth, by Ben Brace (:50524), dam Gaiety by Merry Jlonareli 
 
 {•2-xm). 
 
 Shnrtliorn cow April /I'o.sc— Tho favoriteold " Mossrose" (!0w April Rose, having ceased 
 t« In-oed, has gone to the butcher. This cow was remarkable, notonly for her pensonul 
 merits, which were very great, but for the-excellenco of her progeny. Calved iu April 
 ISt;:,', she brought her lirst calf iu August, 1361, and her tiiirteenth and last in 1S7()' 
 Among the best of her produce were the following: A white steer, calved iu LSG,"), that 
 gave remarkable promise fot Christinas honors; but he went wrong before the shows, and 
 when slaughtered, a large stone was found in his stomach. Twin steers in 1H(J7. 'oue 
 of these won the prizes for Iwst Shorthorn aiul for best ox or steer in any of the classes 
 at Birmingham; also the Champion cup and gold medal for the best beast in the yard 
 at Smithlield, 1H71 ; and further distinguished himself in the hands of Mr. Morrisou in 
 1M7-2. Flower (Jirl, by James First (-^I'JOi), won lirstprizeascalf at Manchester ''Royal" 
 and among her many other prizes wiis lirst as breeding cow at the Bath and West of 
 England at Dorchester. Passion Flower, own sister to the above, was never shown, but 
 was the nr plii^ ultra of a Shorthorn. Village Rose, another own sister, won the tirst prize 
 as calf at the Yorkshire; lirst at the Bath and West of England as a yearling; and see- 
 o:m1 at CardilT "Royal," where she was sold to Mr. Cochrane, Canada, lor ;>0i) guinean. 
 Since these, April Rose has produced two heifers and three bulls, one of the former 
 March Rose, by Protector (;!:2-221), is still iu the herd; two of the bulls died young, hat 
 Kvpect;iti(m (;;'-<;]'il) is l)eiug largely used iu the Duffryn herd. 
 
 Shorthorn hull Diihc of Howl JoAh.— This white bull is Mr. John Vieker's Duke of 
 Howl .John, a not euphoniously named, yet a remarkable animal. He was six years 
 two months three weeks two days old when his photograph was taken How well he 
 li:us held together during that long fattening time, his portrait tells, lie represeius 
 the mixture of Bates blood (in a small indirect infusion) with that of the dder .Mr. ,1. 
 Booth. The earliest named dams canio from Killerby, the latest sire from Mr. IJariies, 
 of Westland, Meath. Tiie bull himself has attained great distinction. Almost every 
 recent English show of " lirst " ela.ss has seen those victorious which were placed below 
 liiin at (Carlisle; yet Duke of Howl John, by his selection by a quite competent beucii 
 was preferred to all of them. 
 
 It is not to be expected that such a Buccecs should bo at once accepted as deserved by 
 everybody. Yet it would puzzle the critics who challenge the decision to tind more faiilt 
 iu the Duke of Howl John as a breeding animal (about whom the u«liesl point is his 
 name) t'lan enn bepoinltHl out in any of liis defeated rivals. His rough shoulder points 
 are his most conspicuous <iel'ects; and this is proJvibly owing to liis sire, White l)nke, 
 who inherited the blood of (irand Duke Tliird. Y(;t the presence of these .shoulders, 
 wotjld sccni to imply great masculine vigor. At all events, unsigiitly as they are, the 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 737 
 
 animals which have this conformation have }?enerally extra stronj; fonstitutions. Dake 
 ol' JIowl Jolin has besides, through his grundsire, the blood of the Townley Richard 
 C(cur do liion, whose use by Mr. ICastwood was believed, by the luto Mr. I'awlett, to 
 have been the means of invigorating that branch of the Bracelet tribe which came into 
 his jiossession. It furnished the liull Baron Killerby, to which the Beeston herd owed 
 so much. It undoubtedly would be preferable to obtain a bull for the showyard with- 
 out rough she ilders, and also for use at home. But rough shoulders should be accepted 
 with something more tlian toleration when the animal which has them brings into a herd ' 
 li'oundity and length of days. The photograph successi'ully represents a very massive, 
 well-made animal. 
 
 Slioi-llioni cow Baroness Oxford Third. — We give the likenesses of two of the most fash- 
 ionably-bred specimens of Mr. T. Holford's herd. The cow (whose head is fairly repre- 
 sented) is Baroness O.xford Third, a granddaughter, in direct line, of the celebrated old 
 Holker cow, Lady O.xford Fifth. Baroness O.-cford Third is by tlie famous Kingscoto 
 sire, Duke of Hilhurst. 
 
 Slinrtltniii huU Duke of LeinsUr. — The young bull is Duke of Leinster. He is a grand- 
 son (by his sire) of the cow of which we have just been speaking; but, on his dam side, 
 he is of the Airdrio family of Mr. T. Bates's "Duchess " tribe. His dam, Duchess of 
 Airdric Seventh, was bred by Mr. Albert Crane, Kansas, United States of America. 
 
 Slinrthnni cow MaichlcHs Fifth. — The portrait represents Mr. E. C. Tisdall'scow Match- 
 less Fifth, shown at the Agricultural Hall at the recent dairy show, which took the cham- 
 pion prize as the best dairy cow in the yard. We heartily join in the congratulations 
 which Mr. Tisdall has received from his many friends U])on his success. It is a happy 
 and most welcome fortune that one who has shown so much public spirit in the thank- 
 less and laborious work of establishing and guiding a great national institution such as 
 the dairy association must become, should himself reap the highest honor awarded liy 
 the society's judges at its annual exhibition. Of the cow herself the best account is given 
 by her well-known breeder, Mr. Hobbs, of Maisey Hampton, Gloucestershire: "Thelirst 
 i)rize cow. Matchless Fifth, at the London Dairy Show \n the shorthorn class being bred 
 Uv me, and in my possession until within two months nables me to certify as to her 
 ir()od milking (jualities. When newly calved slie has produced twenty (juarts per day, 
 and yields a good supply through the whole of the sea-;on. The judges appear to have 
 looked on her square, well-shaped udder as iudicativeof a good milk producer, although 
 her last calf was dropped on November 1, 1880. She is by a bull bred by Mr. Edward 
 Bowly of his (Jazelle tribe." This is one of Mr. Stacey's photographs. 
 
 Sliortlioni cnw Generous. — The following note is from the Herdsman: The cow (4en- 
 rrous. in the Uatton I'ark herd, near Eastbourne, was bought for :50() guineas in September, 
 1878, direct from Mr. J. B. Booth. She is of the same tribe as Mr. St. John Acker's cow 
 ( tnei'u of the Georgians. We give an engraving of Generous, from her photograph, with 
 lier hist year's heiff^r calf, Georgia Regia. She is by King of Trumps (;J151'.i), calved 
 March I'i, 187!). 
 
 f<ltortli()mhu.U ealf AeropoliA. — Shorthorn bull calves at York were represented in a 
 cla-is of many entries; but the stalls showed several gaps. Oddly enough, all the win- 
 ners of prizes were outsiders. Mr. R. Stratton's capital young bull Acropolis (one of 
 the younger) was put first. Wo have here a capital portrait. 
 
 siiorUioni dairy cows {Mr. Birdgey's and Mr. Tanlor^s). — These portraits represent two 
 1)1 the late dairy show winners, in one of (Ike best classes iu the hall, i. c. No. ;5, Short- 
 liorns for which no jKidigree is asked. In many country districts cattle of this stamp 
 arc reaicd, generally by pedigree bulls from cows which were similarly l)red, but of 
 wlio-ic breeding no authentic record has been preserved. These really are milking Short- 
 horns in i)roper condition to exhibit at a dairy show. The darker roan is Beauty, No. 
 •.') ill tlie catalogue, and tho property of Mr. Thoma-s Birdsey, of Southcoto Farm, 
 l,('igliton, Beds. She was awarded the highest place. Tho lighter colored animal wa.s 
 1)11 1 second by the judges, but was preferred by not a few of the lookers-on, and her 
 yield of milk proved rather tho larger in amount. She, too, is called r>eauty, and was 
 shown as No. ;{5, and is tho property of Mr. (jeorgc Taylor, of Stanton I'riors, near 
 llristol. Although not extraordinary, these are good specimens of the milking Short- 
 horns, such as exist on hundreds of farms, where this mast Hcrviceablo variety is culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Sliorlhoni cow lied Cherry. — The jwrtrail represents the second prize cow. Red Cherry 
 the property of Mr. Joseph Phillips, in the class of dairy cows at Reading. It 
 has evidently been taken when tho udder was empty, and thus it does not compare so 
 favorably as it might with ])ortraits given elsewhere of cows in the same class which 
 fcrcivcd iU) award. The judj;es, hov.-?ver, h ..e uo diruht 'leen gnsdetl, ;i.s in our opiii- 
 ion they always ought to 1)0, by the other <'icments besides milk which go to make up 
 till' character of a cow for tho dairy. Mr. Phillips's large and massive Shorthorn cow, 
 tbongh it does not promise milk protluco either so large or so good as thatof thoGueru- 
 
 n. Ex. 51 47 
 
738 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 sey, or that of tho Ayrehiro, ia likely to be ou the whole a better animal for the ordinary 
 cheese or butter dairy in a iairly fertile jlistrict. ItvS superior capability of couvertin" 
 food into beef, after it has done its work as a milk producer, makes it the best of the 
 three as a dairy cow in the opinion of the society's judges. 
 
 Shorthorn coio Innocence Second of NaHcby. — Innocence Second of Naseby was calved 
 June 20, 1880. Sire, Earl of Geneva (:}3794): dam, Innocence, by Telemachus Tliird 
 (32650). 
 
 Shorthorn hull Sir Simeon.— TUe celebrated bull Sir Simeon (42,412) whose portrait is 
 given in page 89, was bred by Mr. Aylmcr, and calved January 16, 1878. He is by Hi 
 Booth's Sir Wilfrid from Foreign Ueauty, which was bred by Mr. \V. Torr, and purdiuscd 
 by Mr. Aylmcr, when a handsome calf, at the great Aylesby sale, 1875, lor 500 guiiuas 
 Hitherto she has produced only bulls, which ha been sold for large sums; Ui: .Johii 
 Feel purcha.sed one of them for his herd at Knowhncre. Sir Simeon is a deep ridi red 
 in color, of large scale and great substance, and walks likca thoroughbred animal. ][,, 
 has what those old Judges who founded the breed considered a great attribute— a lin,. 
 large maaculine head, with a pair of strong, rather upstanding horns. His appyaraiur 
 indicates vigor and line constitution; his ribs arc round and deep, but his latv^ hi,,,] 
 quarters and full tli^j;lis are somewhat dwarfed by hips a little too prominent. Sir. Teas- 
 dale Hutchinson, of ("atterick, whoso career as a farmer, breeder, and exhibitor liasrarelv 
 been equaled, oflered 500 guineas for him when a yearling; but his superior merit anil 
 high lineage induced Mr. Aylmer to keep him at home for his own herd. It is to this 
 bull that the Duke of Manchester's two best O.Klord cowa of Bates's blood, as v ell ai 
 other highly bred animals, liave been sent for aer\ inv He was sold last autumn to Mr 
 \V. Talbot Crftsbie, for his extensive herd at Ardfert Abbey, Ireland, to which place the 
 bull will be taken, early next spring, should disease regulations permit. 
 
Naseby was calved 
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SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 739 
 
 PORTRAITS OF BRITISH PRIZE CATTLE-Continued. 
 
 B. DEVOIV CATTI.E. 
 
 Devon cow Phlox.— The portrait renresentq Mr p«Uo„ t^ , ^ 
 calf. The calf is a charmiSg little he?Ky M^'efof I h7„v' ' ^T\ ^'^'°^ ""^ ^'^ 
 tho Devon County show, competing in the class of l.l^^ir. '\°? ^''^''^ P^-^e, 1883, at 
 
 at the Bath and West of England at CaSfft^ C/ al )f„ if ^^^'"^^^^ than heraelf; first 
 and third at the Koyal of England at EeaiSiDg. ° ^^°^''^ ^«™^^" ''^ Launceston; 
 
 C. SUFFOLK CATXI.E. 
 
 Suffolk coto Wild Rose. — The portrait renrp<jpn«. 'Wi^A i> 
 cow, the property of and bred by Mr. GeorsVSorlvim at ^^' % ^^'^^'"'^ ""^^ Suffolk 
 Sullblk, calved April 10, 1 874/ Sire, TlSSitTam^?!!';^^ 
 dam, Beauty by Wander. ^^»'mant, dam, Ixosy by Perfection; grand- 
 
 Troduce: Januarys, 1878, Wild Ease of TTin..,,.,, a , ^ . 
 
 This cow has been shown three times for thn miiUnr, +„ <. i ^l „ 
 Association, and has gained one first aM two se^nd S n.*' *.'^^S"fl«lk Agricultural 
 never been beaten by a red polled for milW pui^ Shf^'* "^K^'^f^^ '''"^ has 
 Beccles 20 pints in twelve hours. At home^sCS I^l ?f^ f Woodbridge and 
 months after calving; and as 20 pints of her mi k mak« 1 «^? 1^? ^ ^°' "^« ^"^^ lo"r 
 that she has made nearly 19 pounds per wSr sScen ^eks %i?""'''' '^T ^^^'^^ 
 giviu,^' 40 pmts per day, and makes 14 pounds of butter weeklv u '' "°Y (August) 
 that this proportion (t. c, 1 pound of butter for 20 nint, J ^; A ^^ '^ '^'""^^ noticing 
 as that from Shorthorns (reported from the Jour^Tf the S' f ^^'^f^^ ^^e sau.o 
 ol England, near Hull). uuuiuai or ine lioyal Agricultural Society 
 
 ». XiOIVCiHOBlV CATTLE. 
 
 Lmnhorn hull Priucc Vidor.—The portrait renresents Prmr.« v;.* , . 
 owned by MaJ. Oen. Sir F. W. Fitzwygram, St of T e[X?>Il^ w' '^ ^°°«h«rned bull 
 yeans and three months old, bred by Mr Shaw liw OIH w'^i,";'^'!^ "^e 
 
 of Lpton 7th (70), <lam Princess. This engrSL/irSS,?e?? ' ^'^'^fi^^J^^-hy 1^'arl 
 photogra].h taken in thcKilburn show-yard for the Sk T nnfr ^'" " ''^7 admirable 
 ^IZ^''- *" ^^^ ^^- - ^'^^ --^^ot^^fl^,S;^,^-e Victor 
 
 oki,"at the Bristol show of the Royal CicnlSsoSf °a?''^ ''''*'^^ *'^^'^« y^^ 
 dairy aptitudes, and this cow in partkular^is SnUvr^ ?■" ^''^"^ has distinct 
 graph has done fair justice to the^ow. and the^'^r^v^erhf^oUTft r..cu^,t^'^ 
 
 E. IIEBEFORD CATTLE. 
 
 ;in,.e as uuusive-quite, we think as goo^in^fb and sirloin a^H f ^''^^^ he breed are 
 hee .MOWS as any other breed, the Shorthorn included ""'^'' '''^'^'^ ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 JUo^S;;:^i^i^\r\;;:^:i!i^s^ , ^^ «. .ass tbr 
 
 -Mr. Aaron Kogers, of theKodd, Kingtoi llerSsliirP f^if « '. [^'^ ''^ his exhibitor, 
 ;vas ,aced second to him; he is be4r i^!"^^ ^r';^^,J^Z 
 
 oftjS^S i^S;wlr;:^l;;£iJ,:^;,fr; ^ ^heKc^al Agricultural Society 
 
 ^ '•' nH-.si uii ifirs Ko shi.ri i.",...i„r,,.t„i.. .„_ r, •■ . ""' — : '■ '""jiuj; auch a 
 
 son.ethin.mol.^uianr^^'llll^elrar^SjI^jIifr"^^ 
 
 near such stock as the hW sisS? iiSd ^m -"'' "''" ""' ''-'^^ ^S'^^'i *« ^ 
 
740 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAUMING. 
 
 V. SUMSUX OA'FTIiU. 
 
 Siissi.1- hiifn!'.—Tho Sussex is— like tho Abcnlociwliiir, Poll— the "cominK aiiimal " 
 for liinuers only in those districts where cattlo-brcedinK is (llstiiict IVoin iliviryiu;,'. lint 
 it seems oertain that it eau add size and deep llesli to in;iny herds, which are kept ii, 
 remote places, under the natural conditions of luivinj,' "to proj; I'or oneself." Willi its 
 somewhat thick (Ihoufjh snpplc) skin, hard hair, and ^reat activity, it seems unite the 
 animal for the ))ii i, the backwoods, or the roui^h land now bein;; laid down to frrass 
 because it cannot liiid a tenant. The portraits are capital representations of a most uhc- 
 ful kind of grazing stock. 
 
 a. A%-KMIIIHI<: CATTING. 
 
 Ai/rshiic cow ,/(»»<•.— Mr. (ieorge I'^erme's Jane was the lirst jiri/.e Ayrshire cow iiulii.s,s 
 5 at'thcAutumn Dairy Show at Islinj^ton. .lano is abcat nyears old, breeder unknown. 
 She is a cai)ital specinien of the Ayrshire breed. 
 
 Am-Hhiir cow.— The portrait represents a capital dairy cow of the Ayrshire breed, and, 
 us can ho seen from the ennravinu;, a good specinien of tliat admirable dairy brecil; she 
 yet remained undistinguished in the midst of a large class, not expressly of Ayrsliiic 
 cattle, but of dairy cattle of any breed or cross-breed at tlio lieading Show, so good a 
 representation did it give of the best dairy cattle in the couutry. 
 
— the "coiuin;; aniiiial" 
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 Ileitis, wliicli arc kept in 
 !JC lor oneself." Willi iis 
 tivity, it s(!(Mns (luitctlie 
 hvhv^ laid down tofjrass 
 esoiiUiliona ol' a iiuist use- 
 
 •.ri/,0 Ayrshire cow iiiclii.s,s 
 ir.s old, breeder unknown. 
 
 ftho Ayrshire breed, iiiul, 
 mirablo dairy breed; .she 
 not expressly ol' Ayrsliiic 
 lieadin;^ Show, so jrood u 
 

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 Jersey heift 
 l)reetl, taken 
 street, Philat 
 was winner o 
 corded to liin 
 (it'lirst prize, 
 lirize herd. 
 sketch that tl 
 lore leg toucl: 
 the two legs, 
 
 Jcrscij coto 
 veteen, whict 
 (Ins sent three 
 veteen in the 
 but over two 
 was seven yej 
 Fowler lor ex 
 Grey Prince ( 
 Mr. Le l?rocq, 
 Mr. C. B. Bh 
 twenty or thi 
 aud after bree 
 She calved in 
 ricultural Sho 
 the Dairy Sho 
 prize at the K 
 mended at tht 
 maturely a bi 
 Vixeu, her cal 
 by Baron Lion 
 
 Jmcy cow A 
 bred by Mr. F 
 
 Jimcij cow Lc 
 beautifulJerse 
 itcd by Jlr. J; 
 Society .show, a 
 inealt', having 
 
 Jersey vow C 
 ConD,)isnnnil 
 11871 A. J. ('. 
 many successiv 
 cow, and the If 
 1874tol87C. I 
 In seven day,s i 
 I an; in 1879, 1' 
 18S0, M pound 
 added also that 
 <luction waspu! 
 
 GwriiKeii hull 
 sliown at Tunl) 
 "I'Les Vauxlu'l 
 lieen unlbrtuna 
 iiize bet from 
 cliUisliOorOl ol 
 vcllow and whi 
 tbrni aud beaut 
 
 !!!(•!:!^:s!.t4rcnliU 
 
 diifniKey cnw 
 umongOneruse 
 uraving eonveyi 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 741 
 
 PORTRAITS OF BRITISH PRIZE CATTLE-Coutinued. 
 
 H. JER8EV CATTI.E. 
 
 street, Philadelphia. Their sire was brecl%r E Gibrouf ^f- V"°' °^^*'; ^^^ ^'''^ 
 was winner of his parish prize when ahont tP,r,A«,.VT , , i^*- I^^rence, Jersey, and 
 corded to him twenty-eight ourofThe tSi onP T„ n ' ''^'ll ^''7'°^ ^'^^ «* that age ac- 
 of first prize, as three ylars old!at State Fa"ra^tTHfr«^''/"Ty'''^'«: then winner 
 prize herd. He was sold to Mr E. DSfiel^Smith i?'«rn?/'™T^'"'-?.^'"' ''*^''«^*nK ^^e 
 sketch that the fore legs of the older f".u-«ri!„v "* ^^^^- ^* ^^'^1 be seen in the 
 fore leg touches, the ground Shincf th^other and^'n^';^,.' T*'"'" "^^ P^°P«° '^^^ 
 the two legs, which are hardly distinguishable above thow'- •?P^"'-'^°ce of width in 
 
 Jerseu com Vclvetee,,. -Thovovtvait rlTrSs Mr ?obnr '%"'"' 'fP''"°'^'^- 
 veteen, which took the first prize in the co^o^iss ami nnf f . T^^^' '^*^"'^^y '^"^^ Vel- 
 dus sent three animals (of six entries) to thJshow' Tl '"^ ""1 Dorothy. Air. Car- 
 
 veteen in the cowclass; second pSe for wfe ^'1 ^"''^ '°' Vel- 
 
 but over two yean, old; and firit prize f^rlTroStyZmll^^^^^^^^ 
 
 was seven years old in June last. She was selected ii f l,? lii ' 7°r ''^'^ers. Velveteen 
 Fowler ibr exportation to the United Sto^L hi Tune lS7n f '1°' '^''^'y '^^ ^^'- ^- ^'■ 
 Grey Prince (168), Jersey Herd Book fSat^nTnl V ^■'l*^"^'^^''^ «''^; she is by 
 Mr. Le I5rocq, St.'peter's Jersey She warnorhowovl^rni;'^ Valentine (734), bred ),y 
 Mr. C. B. Dixon (late of the vLery, Shirley Sour.rnt^n??^^^ ''i^'' *^ ^""^"<^-'»' ^°^ 
 twenty or thirty others in the SoutLmp on'Sr "nd rS^n, ^T °"* ''''"'" '^""''^ 
 and after breeding two calves for him, Mr Cardus bonlt .? fi' ^'""^ expatriation. 
 She calved in July, 1880, a heifer calf, V xen who toS bV 1 f " "'*' ''"'V"'" *''' ^«'9- 
 ricultural Show at Derby in 1881 in the ellV rnHV^ol' '**'' P.'""'® '^' ^he Koyal Ag- 
 
 the Dairy Show, Islington, in 1882 In . u ' IW^^l 1^'^!!^ ^va^ highly commended at 
 prize at the Koy'al Counties Society's Show at W?ndttrin"l'8s\^ '''f^' '1'^ l'"''^^^^* 
 mended at the Royal Agricultural Show at lladin in J'hs" tJ "lul^'l' '"^.'^'^ ""'"- 
 maturely a bull calf, killed: and this veir 1 Ks' «i,L i" ," ^^^"^ ^^^ «i'^<^il Pre- 
 Vixen, her calf of 1880, was by Daii v Kin w'n if t^fA? J™^^ ''e»'e«- ^^^f, Veh-et. 
 
 by Baron Lionel (994), son of Dairy King.^^'' """^ J'^"- ^^l^eK „f 1881, 1882, and 188:{, 
 
 Jmcy cow Alice. — Alice was 21 years old nt thn f inir> +i,„ « l -^ 
 bred by Mr. F. Le Brocq, St. Fetcr-s, JcrseJ P"''^'^*''* ^'''' ^''^"'''' «'>« ^^«s 
 
 Jcmij cow Longtievillc BcUe. — The portrait is ■ivpi'v«n,.,....,cf„i ^ . 
 
 beautiful Jersey cow bred by Mr. Luu^rens of^'o^V^ut^ir St S^ «*■ ^^^ ^'^--y 
 
 ited by Mr. James Plyth.' of Woodhan , St nsC / fe^V t tt^^ "ndcxhib- 
 
 Societyshow, where she was highly commended ibVr'f^VcJ f .the Loyal Agricultural 
 inoalt; having previously calved i.f August. S) ' '"''"S then a three-year old 
 
 Jmctj cow Coo;nrts,s/(?.— This cow (the pronertv of Mv S Ar p i 
 Conn.) is numbered 1442 in the ''Foundation ^K-k'' of ;i.!r"''l'J™'. ''^.''"S^tud^'- 
 11874 A. J. C. C. H. U. She wascalvc in 1H71 ,. i , •^V's^'^ "erd Book, and 
 
 manysuccessive years, 87SSindusive- irlti\i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '""T "'.'u''^" I«l""dinas 
 cow, and the last thr^e times a.s thr' ' iLnS;" eile "n'r.lr' '^'V *'''*'^" ""'^' " 
 1874 to 187G. She brought with her from lo he 1 1 vi, , 'm"^'' P'"'^'*'''' ""'" 
 
 In seven days in 1878, 14 pounds If, ounces "i^ooulVZ'n J l'^ '"•'*'' 'r''^- 
 ran: in 1879, 14 pounds 11 ounces Jerscv eniv 1 V,.' ir , *'V ~P "'' ' ^ """^'^'^ ^'ne"" 
 1H80, 14 pounds n ounces Jerse ' J qS-f noun N ',' out ^ ';"''"" •'"""r^'V ' •■^"" '» 
 added also that the photograph was tak4n Vo r I,; n W . '''" . ^* •'^'•°"''' ''^^ 
 
 .luction was past its Vighti J//„|,i;'S rZ- "J^'I^I'^^J^'''^' •'^'l v"^', when Iwr milk pro- 
 
 ofLes ^aux.u.le,s^;uer„sey, <akh;;i^: S.i^:'^:,;^ ;;';;'?. '^:,'; -''!"r '"'r^- 
 
 been unlortunafely n.isnnmbered by the pboto-nnhor I' ,• , n ,i ' ' ''"'^ '""' 
 
 nize ho, from \^i^v y.vy ^s(^cuj .u^S^^'^'t^lnJ^^T.l'y '''''''' "■'''^' ''*-"'••'«- 
 •liu^sOO or 01 of the Tunbridg,. \V..H.s show Tlu> i m i' '.'"" " '' P'"'' '"'' *" 
 
 vcllow and white which characteri/rth I n'o.! ,, ,1 wv ^ """ '■'•P'''^'»t "' colors 
 lbrmaudbeautv,,ftlu..MniLs ',:.'. : '* ""'^ "'" '" "">• '^"'' iH'-strato the 
 
 in clasM'srcnmrkabk- Ibr iiu 
 
 d the milk-likoai 
 
 niiu r and fxci-Iiei 
 
 pliinUK'C of (be cow. 'rii! V 
 
 were 
 
 !l cow Ehi/dntc—Thv. above is 
 
 among Guernsey brcedc 
 
 rs— E 
 
 plat 
 
 I" of a (tuornscv < 
 
 ■ow, now well kiiowi 
 
 Kraving conveys a very accurate idea of lier'in a*ll 
 
 .■ganto, No. ,l!.;j ,No. ll)s i„ the iilan.l ivgistrv) ' 
 
 respccl.s except <olor. 1 Ut col 
 
 heon- 
 ors aro 
 
 ¥ 
 
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 •fl 
 
 ;L., 
 
742 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 i \ 
 
 sits,';!LtS,s,"; i;:rr;U"»:." f '»«" »—j t. =.pp-»ci. >.- »' «p«» .h, 
 
 hair to see the glow. 
 
 I. WEIiSlI BLACK C;ATTI.K. 
 
 Tho l^lu-k eittlo are natives of the counties of Pemhrokc. Carmarthen and Cardigan, 
 
 ihc J.lat.ivcaiuG ueiuu, Pembrokeshire Blacks, sabdivuleil into Castlemuitin 
 
 and are more p « «J'y ^^^''^ OudiSiire they also extend along the North W al.s 
 
 and Dews and eeds. }^^^^J^^f:^^%f tlie College of Agricultnre at ])ownto„, 
 
 ':^^^.^^>l'^^S^^i^^^^ an,l I'odolian cattle are of the same breed 
 
 "m " SlSTl£^^'^^^^>^ preface to the Welsh Black Cattle Herd Book, .ays the 
 
 Ml. Kitnarii J^- "'J\:^>, , ,^ Occisionally there are some cows striped— red ami 
 
 cattfcaro generally ot black colo. ^.."^ ^'«^i^ ^ , .,„ji feet; but these are be.o.n- 
 
 ^''^^'''^-'rl^r^The Htel^ I Dy v^^'^l «ome very fine specimens of the white l.n.d 
 ing very rare. 1 ^\\l']^';./^^]'l^^^^^ .^ere line animals. The horns shonld b. of ;, 
 
 near ^^'^'^^!'l{'^^ ^^;^^ tpcdwth black, an.l do not come ont yello^v to tho 
 neb yellow; they '' ^ ^^,"^,^'^''^^,^^;;' , a dillereut .itch of born lor bulls and cows. A 
 b'lk'Sri shmlld be h^^^^^^^^^^^ well .spread; the co^s narrower, and tho pitch more up- 
 '"The steers and oxen take more after the bull. This description applies in a K.eut 
 
 '•'^Si;:iScH;:;io,XwevS Mf ^i^iJ^K^^^ . b-aemf tiiese cat.le, 
 
 tool exception ^ 1 le never .saw a black cow with a dark-brown lace. 
 %icv sSuld have the hair long and wavy, neither short and cnsp nor very curly. X 
 incy snouiu "-'^^ be nreferred to any other. A white udder and a gray or 
 
 SSJ^f hai^i^the'nd o^ tSaU is the o^y deviation irom the seU:cdo,.-,„ae,. 
 
 °^J?'''''■^"'''''f 7;ili;^i'iie; of the breed may be described ;vs narrow on the sl.aidde, 
 
 T'' hiT "sHcrr e o^^^ n clination to be high on the rump, and Uat-side.l. 
 '" V "^ ?il.^;^stnd cold ni vet with greater hardihood than the Blacks. Their Iu.uk. 
 • ^ ft rn V, Xne u^^^^^ Bl^ieks roam in the llelds, their only sholt.u' bein, 
 
 ,s 111 a «to""y ^''7Vh?. „,.l,,.nres Cows and heifers ireciuently calve in the tempest „r 
 l'" 't ^int :i Sh apparel: conZ; and without ilijury to their ollspijng. 
 ''I^U^^^mI^^^^^'^ breed is Veniark^tble . A stranger may go sately !„.,, a 
 1 1 • /avvw It it is not sale to do so where there is a bull, unless accoiupanuul by 
 herd ot '■''^\'^: J '\;, '■', ' .'i; ; i,, habits. Bulls, after they are one year old, shovhl al- 
 
 r;^ i""^:; r ^u- -'t -.ly -<>"ii»^ --^l-^:^ '^"^ -""^'ii- v" T" "; '•"^"■ 
 
 ite tlK^ t nes of <'alvl.ig. The c:.ws stand very .lUietly t.) be 'mlUed ni the yard or ,n 
 the bouse and with tlidr large full eyes and .lUiet expression look the very putureoi 
 dociHty They are most uselnl dairy stock, ivs the have a good How ol luillv, ot more than 
 
 ''"/'^,?»7 -It is a.lmitted that the Black breed will fatten at an early age, ami when 
 
 /tho inii.rovcd breeds, will make good weights. Looking at tlie sud, tl:e ch- 
 
 S an:ruI'--'omnulaion Ibr them during the winter, they are the only hieed tha. 
 
 "mJ'^C^ 1"Br:Sof^;n,ersal, near Derby, never ties np any of hiscattk^^ ^ 
 
 • ,. ■ 1 • ■ iw.l ,.(V c.r the butcher Tie calves reared on their dam s mdk at one 
 he nu Iks and '" f ' ' ' /, ^ ' „ ts, than those reared by hand at two years old. 
 Sr cllv^ ^ l^;w en re^^s on skim milk, Simpson's calf meal, mid a little dissoh.! 
 on «[ke For ii;cding purposes it is considere.l best to buy barren hcilersand hullo.ks 
 
 '" v7-! \l!r/v,S/oIm./ .1/.r^,7^-Another breed, the large Black or Kunts, isof great 
 Black Welsh. 
 
eml and neck than 
 on any part, Is not 
 ich her or open the 
 
 lien, and Cardigan, 
 I into CasthMuaitin 
 j; the North Walus 
 ulture lit ])o\vnton, 
 c of the sunn- Ijveed 
 
 [ercl Book, says the 
 kvs Htriped— red ami 
 ut these are hecuni- 
 s of the wiiite hn^til 
 orus should !)(■ of a 
 le out yellow to tlii' 
 
 bulla and cows. A 
 I the pitch nioie up- 
 
 n applies in a )j;R'at 
 
 back, and slimier in 
 
 (fellow. 
 
 eder ol' these cattle, 
 
 ) nor very (turly. A 
 udder and a gray or 
 the seU'-i'olor— black 
 
 rrow on the sliauldcr 
 ), and llat-sid(!(l. 
 Blacks. Their lioiiii' 
 ir only shelter heiii:; 
 Ive in the tenipest (jr 
 leir olVsprjiin. 
 may «o safely iiilii;i 
 less accDMipaiiied by 
 1 year old, sliovld ai- 
 1^ the lariiier lo rcuii- 
 vcil in the yard or in 
 k the very iiicture of 
 of milk, ot' more than 
 
 early a;;e, and, wlii'ii 
 ij; at the snil, tliecli- 
 e the only breed thai 
 
 r his cat tic, only tho« 
 eir dam's milk at one 
 and at two years olil. 
 and a little dis.'iolvcii 
 1 heifers and bullocks 
 
 : or Kuuts, is of great 
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 iiiiiverHul tliroi 
 Wiirteniburg t 
 iii(j; I'ur tho iiini 
 rui'o or ract'H ( 
 syNteniatic in ii 
 iiivorporiite it I 
 eoiiiinnnities ni 
 
 Townships shi 
 poses in their re 
 |j' as is not oth 
 aociHte thcmscl 
 This joint uctic 
 representatives, 
 siibtownships, (h 
 the Hul)township 
 existing contract 
 lations hetwceu i 
 
 Townshiiw maj 
 der tliat of a dul 
 I'or a period not k 
 or by several pers 
 bapormitt«d in e: 
 tho advice of the 
 
 Any appeals b; 
 tlio eounty author 
 ixse of Article II, 
 whose decision shi 
 
 Appeals must b 
 the county authoi 
 
 A delay beyond 
 suit holds in the ri 
 regard to redress. 
 
 To defray the e: 
 tflwuship may itse 
 tlie siune by the bi 
 
 The consent of t 
 ing-fees, as well as 
 
 The brceding-pl; 
 and shall becFosec 
 lu towns not comp 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 743 
 
 WUETEMBURG CATTLE LAWS. 
 
 systematic in its provisions that notwithstamlim/ ^i' ^ ''' '"^^ '« «<> thorouifh Zul 
 incorporate it bo.iily in „,y report a.. HS Kn 'i"""^''.^ •'''^'•» *' wor i wh le o 
 communities may I.e gui.led. '^ "" " "'""«' ''y whuh po,ssihly „ther cattle.l7reedin« 
 
 Law in regard to the keeping of bull,. 
 [Enacted June 10, 1882.] 
 
 poses 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Townships shall bo obliircd to nminfnjn „ 
 
 -ses in thL respective di's??icts in p^opttioSTthe"""''!^^ °' ^""« f- 'needing p„r- 
 „ . as is not otherwise provided for. A^^mSer o f fnwn'^"« """''^^ "^ cattle an so 
 s,H;;ate themselves together lor tho Joint Snenanoe^/f "' •'"^*°^^"«'»I>-'' i"''" as 
 llns )oint action shall bo ellectod by ngreemcnT • H,« "'« P^"?*'' "umber of bulls 
 representatives (ArticloVIir.sectionL.uUjTfthelt ^.^''^'/m"' ''""""J^'h their proper 
 sjihtownships. defined by distinctive bonn larVs Srill^^^*''"';^,"^ 185:U In 
 
 theHuLtownships, so far as nothing to tl e coSrv k pW^',"^"'''^ *« obligatory upou 
 existing contract. (See Article Vll of the stSr f<' f ''f '"'^ ''•>' »«agoor previous Iv 
 lations between adjoining townships, Kerilbtt p.^o fffir '^' ^'''' ^"»<5«rnYng re- 
 
 AnxicLE II. 
 
 Townships may arrange for the keepin-' of the bnlio „„ i ., . 
 der that of a duly appointed bull-keeper. In the Wh r f "''"■ "^'^ '^''"^tio". or un 
 lor a peruxl not leas than six years. l\,e tak "g du geol' trbnli "r^™'' T'^ '^« '»»^1« 
 nr I.V severa persons together, or by tho in.livid.nl Stlelwi^,?!' u' " ''"*''''^^'- I'«"od, 
 Ik l)eriuittedn. exceptional ctvses, subject to re vooat^nnhj'rv." "'tcrnately can onW 
 tlu' advice of the inspecting officera. evocation by the county authmites upon 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Any appeals by tbo townships against the carry in- ont of \.r ^ r 
 tlio county authorities, as well as agaiast a refusal bvLJ- 1 '^"^^"^'^ ^' section 1, by 
 i:Lse of Article II, section 2, shall bo in-vdo to ihA tr • '"^"- "^''""^^ authoritea in the 
 whose decision shall bo final. **" "'^ kre.sregic.ung (district authorities) 
 
 Appeals must bo brought within two weeks jiflAr ti,„ „ , .. ' 
 
 till- county authorities. ^^^ '"'^'^ *'^° promulgation of a decision by 
 
 A delay beyond tho period named iuvolv&s the loss at r!a.i.f + 
 snlt holds in the right of appeal by tho county autSitU^Mi*" T^-"^'' • T''" ^''^^ ^^- 
 regard to redress. ^"umy aurnonties. No advice will be given in 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Article V. 
 Thebrcedimr-nlnpnai.oii h" ;» ti — , -• i' i. i . . 
 
 '!.' 
 
 m 
 
 I (I 
 
 ■•» ,'! 
 
 
744 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY KATIMING. 
 Artici.i: VI. 
 
 only ..nils fo. .vhich a permit ^^;^t^,::::X^^y'l^^^^ 
 ether in whole or in part, ^^^ /^ ^T^^'!^ l;,:^:r^::^,^n^t^on been acl,i«.l,e.l 
 
 AuTicMO VI r. 
 ,-1 i-i 4i.„.w>vi roiriilii-iiiMtn'ction (Article X),nu(lanywherethrou<>;li- 
 
 ^Sin^^ii^U^^^'^ the bull pn.v... unlit tor breecbn« pnrpo.es. 
 
 AUTIC'I.K VIII. 
 
 The board of inspection competent Tor the issue or revocation of snch permits shall 
 
 consist oTtr^^^^ n^nl^"' '"'^■"'"■'•^ '^'"' "" '''1"^'' ""'"''^ "' ^"^f """' ,;;^'''" '"^'' "! 'f 
 ofXV™alinf^re^j.c.hcrhina^^ 
 
 K:^S^:^trn2iS:?nu;-t';;f!he;"^ 
 
 ; S.in(erthei..vision,.ftlu.st 
 
 ..Vl 1 1H77 li'e.'icrun«s Ulatt, pa-e Hi), a re-nlarly orpini/.ed district iissociution 
 ;\^ ts thVel^'liol-n^nSers o( the- board of inspection, with the cxeoptu.n of the 
 nres dii omccT and his substitule. is to he letl to the conim.ttce ot he association 
 ^ ASlution of the board of in^.c-lors (with the excrpl.on pointed out m Article 11, 
 section 1) is only valid when adopted in lull session. 
 
 AiiTici.i: IX. 
 
 Members of the board ..f insi.ectors may on application to the .■ounty autlioiities ro- 
 «i. ,1 heir ol ice before tiie expiration of the lime lor whah they are appointed. 'Ihey 
 3 e nvolnut Mily dismissed f. n„. oHice hv order o. the c,.unty authoritieson ado.ree 
 "mm the ministry of the interior ul.en base.l on }:ood grounds. 
 
 Ai.'Tici.io X. 
 
 Ki be fixed by the iircsidini; officer 
 i;c a i'cj;nlar inspection of tlii'liulls 
 'stion of the issue nf ]icniiits. M 
 ]r,'ovisi()nsof Articles I, llnudlV 
 
 11 to any irregularities discovered, 
 
 )v called by the ciitiiity authorities 
 , and ])ievioiis to llic next rej;nlar 
 
 i tics' knoulcd'c as scorn to render 
 
 Iher cases of ciiicr^cney, tlio lioaiil 
 be cli.'.r'icd by the coinily :uitlinri- 
 
 idition of tile laills in a township. 
 
 The board of inspection shall annually, on a day 
 in conjunction xvith the n.yal eonnly autho.ities, nuu 
 ineaciitowushii., with a view to.leternnn.n- he qu. 
 the same timein-iuiry .shall be made asf. whctlwrthe 
 are complied with. . ,, . . ,: 
 
 The result of their inspe('tion, especially in rclatu 
 shall bo reported to the county aullKnitics. 
 
 Hnceial meetings of the luurd of inspect u.n nuiv 
 in eases when, after the is.sne of a permit h.r a bul 
 inspection, sm'h facts may come to tlie county author 
 neces.sarv a revocation of the permit. Likewise, in o 
 of inspection, or an individual member thercol may 
 ties with the duty of making an inquiry into the ( m 
 
 Airnri.i: XI. 
 
 Annlicliona for the issue of a permit alter tlu. niakin- of I he re-ular insiin tion shall 
 be^leciSuponWthe presidin;,'ollicer of the board o. inspection, or .some othennem- 
 
 '",r?ie thel:,;';;;";; ismlt made by a township o.Ucial tlieappli.uit inn^ ,>rior to 
 thllns^'eVtilm lH-in,M.uub>, .leposit the amount of the costs ansnij, tlicrclrom «,th the 
 chief map;istrato of the village. 
 
 Aktk'I.k XII. 
 
 tow 
 
 Such appea 
 iiutliorities' ( 
 case tlio piovi 
 luiide by the ( 
 hy the connt.y 
 apjpcal. In c; 
 may lie dismi: 
 presiding ollk 
 
 Fordccidinj 
 of inspection 1 
 tural .associali 
 
 Said hoard > 
 who serve in <■ 
 
 The presidii 
 hythc Central 
 tees of the a^v 
 
 The provisir 
 inspection Avit! 
 of the county 
 
 The superioi 
 it iu full sessic 
 
 Any further 
 superior hoards 
 their proceedin 
 
 In the aise o 
 tion without ji 
 
 The costs of : 
 who proposed i 
 pellant. 
 
 All other cos 
 hoariLs of inspe 
 
 The county c\ 
 
 Violations of 
 ished with a 111 
 ration. 
 
 Articles IX- 
 amendnioiit of 
 to the inipositit 
 
 The provision 
 exception of A r 
 
 of .lanuary, ]8ti 
 Our ministry 
 
 nship bull or by the bull-keeper. (Arlielo lli.j 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 745 
 
 iarciTy;u'urlv, 
 
 fitii's (liscovereil, 
 
 •Such appeals must be brought within two wor-k-o nftor +i,„ i . • 
 
 autlioriticH- decision, either verbally diS hi nrotn.o U'^ "'^"'^ ''«""t.^ 
 
 ,as. the provisions of Article III, section iuro ■ ,>tt„? m"' 'V.'V'^"'«- ^" «"f''' 
 ,un.le by the comn.on council the ^^W^^l^muT^^^'ttlV. ^^" •^^'^ "'V'^l^''^' ''^ 
 l,y (he county authorities, deposit a .inm aden .,te t HV^l h '] *""'' '" '"^ "''""-''» 
 
 ap,,cMl. In case this deposit is not n.a.iJ or' t L' /, ' f., '' ""T i""'"'"- '""" ^^'^ 
 „!ay be dis„us,sed by the county anf horities o i,er visf i i ''i' T " 'T T'''''^'^"' '' 
 presiding ollker of the superior board 01- inspection "''''' «^'^'' '<> 1'"^ 
 
 AirrrcLi: XIII. 
 
 For dccidinf; upon appeals asjainst the refusal or rcvoc-tinn nf o 
 
 „f inspection lH,l,iin^. olHce n>r a space of thrc"' v.[rs .;:",! 
 
 (iiral a-^HOciation district. • ^^" '" 'U'l'omted in cadi iisricuil- 
 
 Siiid board shall consist of thrcci n'Ltnlar inciulwiv .i,„i .,„ i 
 
 .1,0 serve in case of the personal iute;..;^^:' in .;:?!;;^;,::::;"^''''"f '-♦'*"«««- 
 
 The presiding olllcer and othe. .nenib..rs as well as lei '; 7'''"' ";;'',"'"''--^' . 
 
 bytheCentralstelleforAgri.ulturenponlluMccomuJ, a ,T ,? 
 
 tecs of the agricultural asso, iations. nuciKiation ot Ihe lespective conuml- 
 
 Tlie provisions of Article IX govern the action of tlif n>,>,„K> ,•.-, 
 
 iuspcction with th<-, und(Tstanding that tuStrl 'lie o '-"."'"'''''' '""''"''■'^ *"' 
 of the county authorities. ^cnt,ai.^ltllt to. .Agncuitnieacts in the place 
 
 The superior board of insjiectioii niiist furnish "roniuU i;„. .,.,„ , ,• 
 
 ^in fnii cno^im, M. v,..,>i„* i,.... ,i.. ., v ," . , ""■^ rcsolution adoi)lcd by 
 
 Ao lees are to lie charged. 
 
 it in fill) session. Its resolutions are linal. 
 
 Autk;i,k XIV. 
 
 Any further provisions in regard to the organization of the boards „f Jn=„, .• 
 superior boards of inspection, the indemnification of the r men c s a d uTlT 'TI 
 their proceedings shall bo pron.nlgate.l through the n.inistrj of the interior " ''^ 
 
 Akticlk XV. 
 
 In the aise of Article X, section 3, he who may have brouLrbf nl.nnf ., c • i • 
 tion without just cause, shall bear the costs incurred ^ '"''"'' '"•'P^''- 
 
 The costs of a special inspection as provided for in Article XI fill tn fi,» m,„ e , • 
 jW. proposed ;t, and the costs of a ivjected appeal (ArtlSxn,'?"tt*ch'it"'SVhe'a;! 
 
 All other costs arising out of tho action of the boanls of inspection and the superior 
 hoards ot uispect.on arc to be borne by the corporation in whose' district the bulls are 
 The county authorities shall act in lirst in.stancc tor the imposition of the costs! 
 
 Article XVI. 
 
 . ™\f'^ f the provisions of Article V and Article VI, sections 1 an(i 2 shall be nun 
 .s!|e,Uith a line not exceeding 100 marks. The tines go to the treasu.y of the co^rpo- 
 
 Artidcs IX-XXV of tho law of tho 12th of Au<Mist 1S7<) in rel..fion tn n 
 .imeiKlmcnt of the rural police law of December 27 1 87 Ian, t ;e\ L^il- ^ /-''^ 
 
 to tho imposition of lines by the police, are here equally appHcable. ^'''''''^'''^' ''^^'''''' 
 
 Aktici.e XVI I. 
 
 The provisions of the present law shall take eirect on the 1st of May 1S8.1 with tl.P 
 oTSr;,' issl. ^' "'*'"" ' '"' '' "'"'' '''''' ""^ *^" '»*« openftion un'til the 1st 
 Our ministry of the interior is charged with the execution of this law. 
 
 
 I , u 
 
 I ifcl. 
 
746 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAEMINO. 
 
 DECREE FOR THE CARRYING OUT OF THE FOREGOING LAW. 
 
 [The following decree, tbonj^h extremely detailed in its interpretation of the law to 
 ^vhieh it relates and upon which it is based, contains, nevertheless, many ponits of in- 
 iiest to stock -hreed era, and is therefore herewith appended.— Note by Consul Catliii.] 
 
 teiest 
 
 Decree of the minintn/ of the interior pronJinn for the cdrryinfj out of the law of June 10, 
 
 1882, ill rrijarit to liHll-hrcpituj. 
 
 [OctohcrSl, 1SS2.] 
 
 For the carrying ont of the law of .Inne Kiof tins year in regard to bnll-keeping 
 (Heg. Blatt, page 2(1.5), it is with the approval of Jlis Majesty the King decreed as 
 follows, namely: 
 
 AnTici.E I. 
 
 1 Townships shall take charge of the bull-keeping, in so far ius the necessity for it 
 there exists; especially in so Cir as cattle-owners in the township are not in a position 
 themselves to keep the bulls re(|uisite for their cattle; and in case where the keeping of 
 bulls in some other manner, viz, by eimtracts with a third party, is not already provided 
 'br if bv contracts with a third party or by other arrangenu ut the actual rciniirenient 
 isouly snppiiid in part, or in the event that those who hold conlractsdo not lullill (heir 
 duty the township siiall, according to the recinirement, supply the demand. 
 
 If in a township some cattle-owners keep their own bulls lor their cattle and allow 
 other cattle-owners the covering ot their cows by such bulls under llie condition tlwl 
 the latter serving f)r the use ofothe.s' cattle be supplie.l with peiniits, and tliut tlify 
 be a(iapted to the breed of cattle ill the township, then bull-kieping by the tovnsLip 
 c'mbedispen-^ed with so long as no necessity for it exists and no inconveniince rtsulis 
 liieiefroni. If tlirouiih existing contracts with third parties only a part ot tlie rt(|uisitc 
 nnmb<>r of bulls is kept and yet the bnll-keepiiig be in general in chaige cf fie town- 
 ship, then ill order to avoid inconveniences resnl ting from such conditions, reliel'istobc 
 .sou'dit through tlie said existing contracts with third parties. 
 
 in adjacent townships, consisting of ii greater number of subtownships, as well ;is in 
 isolated townships, a joi;it system of bull-keeping corresponding with tlie lecal nnvm- 
 liients and on a proper arrangement between the subtownships is to heainiid at. It 
 is hereby made known that the law permits associations of subtownships with various 
 townshms, and of subtownships with single townships, and that it is also p(rniittpd to 
 such associations to keep bulls, if only for a single breed of cattle. An approval aittr 
 inspection by the police is not necessary for as.soci.ations of this kind. 
 
 2. As to luiniber and breed of bulls to be kept the following rules are to be obfeived: 
 
 To eve-y HC cows and full-grow;; calves at least 1 bull should be kejit. Hut if there 
 be iu one township 4(10 or more cows and full-grown calves, then 100 cows and lidl- 
 g:own c.dves maybe reckoned to 1 bull, if the bulls are togetherand kept by one nnd the 
 
 The breed of the bulls must correspond with that of the cattle in the township, or 
 must be sueti as can bo advantageously crossed for the raising of geod cattle. 
 
 The township is not obliged to keep special bulls for cattle of an exceptional race, 
 r.nt should there be more races in the township not suitable for crossing (article (i, sec- 
 tion :? of the law), then for each o! these single races special bulls are to he kept. \ 
 race is to be considered sufficiently iiuincrous if there be 40 cows and full uiown calves. 
 ' In reckoning the number of bulls to be kept by the township only those female cat- 
 tle are counted for llKM'ovcring of which the bulls are tube kejit. 'I'liere reniain to 
 be counted separately tho.se female cattle for the covering of wliidi the owners keep 
 Iheirown bulls: and again, if bulls of dilVeient races are to be kept, for example, lor 1,10 
 cows, of which Kiobclonu'tooneaiul ."0 to another race not, suitable for coveriim.iUmllsarc 
 to be k"pi, while for !.')() female animals of one and the same race '! hulls snltiee. Hon 
 account of' the condition of the bulls or from some other cau.se the proportion in nomlur 
 be not snlUcient, then the township shall keep more hulls according to the leiiuironienis 
 of (he case. 
 
 AnTIci.E 'i. 
 
 *1 The management of bull-keeping by the township is evcrwhcre rooommended where 
 local conditions permit. l!ut if the bull-keeping is not iu the charge of the to.vnship, 
 it u dPBimblfi that the bollashouUl be Imught by the townshipanil retuiuu tlieir property. 
 
EGOING LAW. 
 
 etation of the law to 
 s, many points of in- 
 te by Consul Ciitliii,] 
 
 / the law of June 10, 
 
 gard to bnll-keepini,' 
 Ihe Kin 5; decreed as 
 
 19 the necessity for it 
 are not in a position 
 wliero the keeping of 
 
 not already provided 
 le actual rciniirenient 
 ictsdo not liiilill their 
 2 demand. 
 
 Iieir ('attle and allow 
 I'v the condition tliat 
 units, and tliut tliey 
 ling by tlic toMnsLip 
 inconvcnicuc(^ rcsulis 
 I i)art oftlu' r((|iiisite 
 
 cliaige cf tl;e tnnu- 
 iditions, relief is to be 
 
 r'nships, as well as in 
 'ith tlie Idea! iciniiir- 
 s to be ainicii at. it 
 >\vnsliips with various 
 it i.s also pirniittfd to 
 !. An approval afdr 
 nd. 
 
 los are to be observed: 
 jc kept. i;ut if there 
 len loo cuws and fiiil- 
 lul kept by one and the 
 
 ,e in the township, or 
 ;()od cattle. 
 1' an exceptional race. 
 jrossing (article (i, sec- 
 lis are to be kept. .\ 
 an<l full-^irown calve.* 
 oidy those female eai- 
 'l)t. There remain to 
 licb the owners keep 
 )t, for example, for 15(1 
 t'orcovciini.', ilhnllsare 
 '1 iiullssaltiee. U'oii 
 ^proportion in nunihir 
 lu; to tlu^ reiiuireiueuls 
 
 re recommended where 
 iar;ieof thcto.vnahip, 
 remain their property. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 747 
 
 It -a bnll-keeper 13 charged with t.he bull-kcepmg by contract, then, in the first place 
 in charging bim, it 19 to be seen it his capacity can bo trusted-if he have proper st^ls 
 and a place lor exercising the, animals, according to article 5 of the law, and if he hasor 
 iniys suOlccnt lood of a proper quality. Care should be taken not to award this position 
 to the highest bidder; but sboiild proposals bo received, it must be with the condition 
 that the township have the choice among the applicants, and the position is only then 
 to he awarded to that one who will serve lor the least wages, provided there is eprtain 
 .round for believing that the bulls will be well cared for bvhin Inthe oTnshinmH 
 otcs it is to be recorded that no doubt exists on this point" township min- 
 
 1. The post of bull-keeper under the provisions of the law is not to be awarded for 
 less than si.K years, but as a rale should be awarded ibr a longer time, so that the bull- 
 ia.epcr nia.v be in a position to make the necessary outlays for the proper fuimimen^ of 
 his contrae . 1 he township na^ hovveyer, the right to relea.se the bull-keeper from his 
 .oHlract belore its expiration it any failure in the fulliUment of his duty can be shown 
 Tlic Imll-kceper'.s wages must be so fixed as to give him a proper remuneration for bis 
 time, trouble, and expense. 
 
 ,-,. I nder the exceptions of the law contained in article 2, section 2, townshius are to 
 ohscrvo the lollovving principles: f v. w 
 
 The awarding of tho po.st of bull-keeper for a shorter period than six years is only to 
 lie permitted where exceptional local or personal conditions rerder a six-year contract 
 impiact icable. Its awarding to several persons at once ma^r only take place under cer- 
 Uiu local conditions, as, lor example, if tho farms belonging to the township be located 
 far apart, anil then only it there is no risk of a disadvantageous rivalry between the bull- 
 !;eepers on the too freiiuent use of u single bull. 
 
 If bulls of dillerent breeds arc kept, then, in exceptional cases, where no doubtexists 
 a special keeper may be allowed for the bulls of each individual race ' 
 
 The alternate awarding of the post of bull-keeper to individual cattle-owners may only 
 lie permitted 111 tho.se townships which consi.st of scattered farms, and then only incases 
 where it is shown that tlio.se cattle-owners among whom the bull-keepin" is to alternate 
 are capable of lulfilling their duties in a proper manner. " 
 
 The tbrcgoing exceptions are ba.sed npoii the condition that the rule . u.ticle 5 in ref- 
 erence to location and kind of places for exercise nre complied with. Moreover exceo- 
 tions of this kind are only to be permit-ted for a stated iieriod. ' 
 
 Aeticle 3. 
 
 fi. It is the inspector's duty in the regular inspection of bulls, as well as by special rc- 
 (|iiest of county authorities, to examine whether the townships fulfill their duty in ref- 
 erence to bull-keeping and to give their opinion to the .said authorities. They are also 
 by joint counsel with the county authorities and null-keepers to aim at improvements 
 and as much as possible prevent irregularities. 
 
 The county authorities in carrying out the law (according to articles 1 and 2, and in 
 litllillmcnt of the above rules) are to hear the opinion of tho inspectors and as tar a-s pos- 
 hMc to cnmniission tho board of inspectors or a member of the same with the investi^'a- 
 i;mi of the lHill-kcc;nrg in any given township; aLsolo provide a check through another 
 iiuiiilKr of the board of irl.^pector3 to see that the coinnii.ssion is properly executed. If 
 the county authorities have doubts on the opinion of the board of inspectors, they are 
 to address themselves to an overinspector for an iniiuiry, submitting a statement of the 
 lai'ts ill tlu'cas(-. 
 
 Wlicie thedistri(tt authorities are called on to decide upon an appeal, it is left to their 
 ehoiee to isk tho decision of the inspector or overinspector, or, if reiiuired, the central 
 
 lelle for agriculture. 
 
 Articlk 4. 
 
 T. The increase of fees for theu.se of bulls is to be allowed in townships where (a) eat- 
 ile-'iwuiiig is distributed very unevenly among the population; (h) a lo.ss to the town- 
 ship is oecasioncd or increased through bull-keeping, and has thereby to be borne by 
 tax-p.iycrswiio derive no iininediato])rolit from it, as, for instance, trades-f.eople or land- 
 owners owning cattle in tho township, or those who keep their own bulls, or where fc) 
 oil account of there being several breeds of cattle more bulls have to be kept than if 
 ilieic were only cows of one and tho same race. In such townshipsa proper fee is to be 
 elianjed, and tho iacreaso or decrease of tho same only to bo allowed by the coantv au- 
 thorities when there is no unjust burden occasioned to aomo tax-payers to the benefit of 
 others, 
 
 ■Sncli increase or decrease of fees in townships which sufltain no loss and do not incur 
 any loas thereby will not as a rule be objectcil to. 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 -a,'4 
 
748 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY lARMING. 
 
 AUTICLE 5. 
 
 8. It is to 1)0 observed that the provision of article 5 with regard to locality and 
 character of places for covcriiij^ and the prohil)i«tion ai^ainst covering; in a idaco not cor- 
 rcspondinj^ to these regulations, not only refer to the employment of township hulls but 
 also to bulls of private parties, whether they be used for covering their own or others' 
 cattle. 
 
 Abticlk G. 
 
 9. The provisions of article G arc not applicable to bulls kept ou Governmoiit or 
 royal farms. 
 
 According to the provisions of article G, sections 1 and 2 (also article 16), in future the 
 use of bulls without a permit is allowed only so fir as they are kspt by private porsons 
 exclusively for the covering of their own cattle. Although the exceptional use ol'a bull 
 without a pt rniit for the covering of others' cattle is not punishable, yet the police au- 
 thorities arc to .see that the provisions of the law are not thereby evaded; and special 
 attention is dincted to the circumstance that a frequent or regular use of jjrivate bulls 
 without a permit is. puui.shable, even if no fee be paid. 
 
 Permits can only be withheld for the reasons mentioned in article (i, section ;j. 
 
 " Townshi]) bulls" in the meaning of the law are to be considered as not only those 
 mentioned in article G, .section 1, but also those which are kept under lontract liy third 
 parties for breeding purpb.sea in the district. 
 
 Article 7. 
 
 10. In case of any change in the ownership of a bull the right gj-anted by the permit 
 passes over to the new owner. In such ciise the permit may be transferred by means of 
 an indorsement upon it from the jjresideut of the board of iusiiection wliicli i.ssued if 
 provided that the identity of the bull transferred is established. Such transfer is to Im 
 entered in the minutes of the board of inspection. (Section IH. ) 
 
 11. If there come to the knowledge of the authorities (acts indicating the unlituessof 
 a bull for breeding purposes, and a consequent necessity lor the withdrawal of the per- 
 mit, the bull owner is in the first i)lace, in consideration of article 7, section 'J of the 
 law and of the costs arising from the api)cal, to be rtHjuested to give up the pen'nil. 
 
 If this summons is not complied with, the board, which can Oiily in full >neetiii"order 
 the withdrawal of the ])ermit, is to be assembled. 
 
 The county authorities are to inform the board of inspei'tion which issued ituf the 
 withdrawal or voluntary return of a permit in order that the necessary note niav he 
 made by theiii in the minutes (section 18). (See further section :>1, sections 1 and ;;.) 
 
 If a townshi]) bull, even though not unfit for breeding ])urpose.s, yet proves not adaiit- 
 ed to the breed prevailing in the township, the county authorities shall rei|uire the 
 removal of this bull from the township, but no withdrawal of the penult in such ease 
 is legal. 
 
 Articles 8-11. 
 
 12. The election of the board of in.spection is to take plai'e in such manner that the 
 ordinary members, the substitutes, the president, and flu! vici'-presidcnt ;iie chosen hv 
 .se])arate ballots. Au ordinary member maybe elected as vice picsideiit imiteio. lii 
 this ease every time su(!h mend)er acts as vice-president a substitute is to till his ]ihiee 
 in the meetings. 
 
 Substitutes arc not elected ""as such for any particular regular member, biitlbranv 
 regular member. Therefore, the president may choose as to whi(di one of tlie sidistjtutes 
 he wishes to call in in individual casas. 
 
 \Vherc\er no sj)ecial rea.sons exist to the contrary, that substitute is to be called upon 
 whose sulistitution involves the least exi)ense. 
 
 V.i. In order to avoid delay in the election of the board of inspection, the counl\ au- 
 thorities are to summon the committee of the agricultural district association at least 
 four weeks before the meeting, at which the president and his sulistifute, ami erail- 
 ually all the members of the board of inspection, are to be elected. (Aeeordiuf,' toarti- 
 <de H, section ;{. ) 
 
 It is left to thcit .judgment so to provide that the meeting ajipoint the piesideu* oi 
 vice-president, or both of them, from those elected by the comniiitceof the airrieuKural 
 di.-<trict union, and fi^ elec t at 1 he same time in liieir stead one more re;,'nlai' iik inberand 
 one more substitute. 
 
 If no doubt exists that the committee of the agricultural distri<( union intend loavail 
 thfciU.sehe.-M of Ihflr right of voting, the lueetiug ina" go tiirougii iiie election ufpresiJeul 
 
regard to locality and 
 in,i; in a i)lacc not cor- 
 t ot'towuship buU.sbut 
 » their own or others' 
 
 3pt ou Governnieiit or 
 
 rticlcl(i), in future the 
 Dpt l>y private persons 
 iceptionaluseol'almll 
 ible, yet the poUcx: an. 
 I)y evaded; uud speciiil 
 lar use of private liulls 
 
 cle (!, section ;j. 
 lered as not only those 
 nder contract liy tliird 
 
 wanted hy the permit 
 ransferred hy means of 
 'ction whifli issued if, 
 
 Such transfer is to 1)0 
 
 I 
 
 ieatinj^thc unlituessof 
 .vitlulrawal of tlieper- 
 ide 7, section 'J, of tlio 
 ive lip ilie pen, lit. 
 y in full iiieeti III,' order 
 
 whi(di issued it of the 
 iccess:iry note iiiuy lie 
 :M. sections 1 andD.j 
 I, yet proves not adajit- 
 ities shall rcipiire the 
 10 permit in such ease 
 
 such manner that the 
 ■csidcnt arc chosen by 
 )rcsidcnt imiteio, hi 
 utc is to till his ]dan' 
 
 ■ nieiiilicr, hut liiranv 
 . one of t lie suhstitntes 
 
 te is to he called upon 
 
 lection, the coniilvaii- 
 ict association at least 
 sulistitute, and crenl- 
 . (According; to arti- 
 
 poiiit the presideu* »i 
 [ceof thcafrrieidfnral 
 e rc;,'nlai' iiicinherand 
 
 union intend to avail 
 ecleeiioll uf presiJeul 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 749 
 
 and vice-president already before tho election of tJ,<. ^.i 
 
 said comniittee. '"'"''«" «* ">« other members on the part of tho 
 
 If an aKrieuItiiral district association does not eifi.ov . „ 
 Un.c avail itself of its right of voting,, the nieeti, f is to'cle /''ir u "" *''*-' Prescribed 
 lioard ol inspection and any subseriuent votini? bv the •?,.;,. ^' ,""' '"embers of the 
 ism such case invalid. ^ •> " ''""^'"'ti'iiil district association 
 
 1 1. 'J'lie term of ollico of members of the bmr.i r • 
 year acd emls April ;;„ „f the lust of tho three y°rs l[!rSei;\'^'''" ^^7 ' "'" ^^c fii^t 
 
 It mcnibers ol the board of inspection annlvlhr W ,, , V*'"''^ •""' ''•■"sen. 
 term of olhce, it^ is f, be ^.raut..! them by' j 1,^; c.>n, ^ a Sh- ".'^ •■''"''''''°" "'' *'"^'' 
 been mate lor the n.>cessary substitution and eventual ill? /ru '"''"" I'^^'^ions have 
 of uisiiection; until dischar-cd, members arc to atten,! Vn i^ !v \"™»ey in the board 
 
 if mcn,I)ers of Uio board of inspection withllr ut . . " ""■ ""'•'''»' '''"ties. 
 I„r which they are chosen, a snpplementary election t ,i iw. ,v ''■^'".''''tion of the period 
 he held Such election may be omitted, if no ncS i y - 'is "'!'!';'"!■.?/•■ ''''^^ P""'^l>« to 
 
 I,). 1 he composition of tho IJoard of 1 inspection as w.>n ? tlieliUinj,M)f the board. 
 Iironiul-ated liy the county authorities throusli the otIi,^i' i''.^ '"iiuj^cs therein, are ^,o bo 
 ,Hirtc<l to the superior board of inspection au'l to the (' ., f,.,'i ''n" * ^^'^ 'listrict and re- 
 
 The president an.l vice-president, as well as the other • >' 1 ^"^ ^•"' "J^"^'"lture. 
 stat, arc to be sworn by the county authorities and niemlo.s-'r '''''*''''- "* the county 
 scat, hy order ol the .•ounty authorities, throuKh thH lunr ,V?. " *',"*•'"''' the county 
 The lollowin- oath is to be used: ^ ' ■^'"^ "* their place of resi ice. 
 
 "Iswcar by th(! Almighty andOmniscientGod th it r ■■« ., , 
 >peetion will attend impartiallv .,ud to tho best of mvknmvl ,'""*"■ "* ^'"^ ^''^^'^ of in- 
 ,lisehar-e of the duties of the ollice conferred unon f/""^y edge and con.sdence to the 
 
 Members of the board <.l inspection who in the saim. c.mnlV^,""^' ^'?''-" 
 vionsly sworn arc to be reminded of the oath alre-idv n',..)^ i ^, '^''^' already been prc- 
 
 hl. The li.llouing persons are on account of ,,. rs In.w i± !7/'''^^"!-., . 
 i,,atio>i in the resolutions or decisions of the boanfof i is e, tio". ?V;')p,"*«' ''fom Partic- 
 one who during the last two years lias been owner oft),, ., ii ; \ ' • "° owner and any 
 dse having a substantial interest in the decision of the bo.r / I' '"^^Peeted, any one 
 interested in the use of the luill under ins.icction ()r wl. ' ■;, '"^Peetior, or any one 
 amedaiiy one contributing to the expenditure ot'the tow, sl.in c *r','f,l''P '^"^ « mi- 
 t"wnship taxes. (:5) The husband or wile of su d pa " les t^^ , "'' '^"H-kceping through 
 laml:2, even if their state of matrimony no loic'e.? ;!''*,' ''^ « 'nentioned in articles 
 iiuiireet line, by marriage or by adoption, or relate.l in"' ,'.nii . , ,"''"^ '''''° ^^'^' elated 
 ik-reeor by marriage up to the second degree to tlie nmS"'''' .• ?' "P ^" the third 
 sp«.o„,evenif the state nmtrimony on ^^^^^^^ SSZ;^^^:^!^ ^t^ 
 
 .Slflnnderancir^^iSr' ''''"''' ^^-'^« (otherwise the president) whether ly 
 , ir. The hoard of inspection enters upon its duties npon the call of the county author- 
 
 The president, or in his absence the vice-president i.a .- • i ■ 
 summons to name a <iale tor the assembling ot the 1 o ard ot' 'l,wf . •"^''' '"'^'^^^'P* "^ the 
 :.ml time for the bull inspection, ami to sum.ium in ea on b ^Ti'^fV"''' "' Tf'' ''*' l'^'^*^« 
 uliu members. stason toi that purpose the two reg- 
 
 ll:i summoned member is iirevcnlcd from takin" nut ,«. .„ . r 
 
 .r other .ausc, he is at once to inibrm the S tot ,■'?''•'' ^ 
 ofasnhstitute, and if necessary the putting . If ot' the t m v . ' '"t''^'"^* ^^'^ ^'"'l 
 
 111 ease tlic president is tneviouslv •iwir.'tb f ,,! • '-^ '"' """'e m f^eason. 
 
 in. he may at'oncc sununon a substittu;.! '"'"'"''' " I"'^"^"^-"*"' l™'" PaMicipat- 
 
 Memhers of the board of inspection who proven^ the insi».,.f;„., < i • 
 miexensed absence or the tardV notice of fheiHnab y ^^eu rc'r'*^ P''"!^ through 
 tojvnship corporation li.r tin- costs incunvl on tiieir am, , nt ' '^ respons.))le to the 
 
 Ihenia.vorof the township ctmeerned is to 1... i„r„!..., i • 
 are^nlar hull inspection, or lor <, ' ^^ ,t U , n "'li IM^'r"" "' *!l' '^''' "^^^^ ^^^ 
 "laspeeial inspection of a town.ship h.^.a, t' a, i h ^e. l'''^'"/''" tom,,Mp, or 
 
 Kh;^i;-:ss::;r"^>-^*> ^''-••-'-^^ 
 
 wi 1. the exception named in Article XI ol the hw "'^pection is necessary 
 
 Hie hoard ot msiicction decides bv a mai(uiiv of vnt,... ,., i 
 "iHr the inspection ofthe bull at thrphcc "^ ^'>tcs, ami as a rule immediately 
 
■v.S" 
 
 750 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FAKMINC.. 
 
 « 
 
 delivered up to the l.ourd and by >* ^l^fj^'i^ ,,,,^,.,, ,or special ifasoMs t!,e ,i,. 
 
 11). If no furrier be a '"7^^'^'^, ' •1'^,'^^^^;'^'^ ^ \ p 'Vbe result of L veterinary exa.nina 
 
 ..ision as to the granting ot f, P*^"" J,;'*: X^ hol.lin.^^ of su.'h exannna.iou a„,| 
 
 tion of the bull propose to ♦^"^.^.'""Jf^i^^; ?\ ,.our(l is. lu.wever, in sueh eases t„ he 
 the report...^ othe^suKlu^dm ^^^^ ,,^^^^j^ ,,, „^, ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ti;,^^out'!:no.ic:i^ins;;e:;ti;;n o?the b.dl, thereby causing turther expense, and .1,1, 
 out further oral consuUatiou ot the bo^^^^^ Association and the township mcetin, 
 
 oo. The committee o e ^g 'j^ll"^. \^ ^^^\„ ^, .^e.s their opinions as tudm,,,,,. 
 are to be summoned by the / "/>^^ ,'"'". '^,,,,,, ,,^3 ,^ui. Upon such opinions the I'iv>. 
 atwhichthoreguarannualMlm^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^^rmaUin, the regular buU M;ect^on tl. ^J-^^li^'- ^^ ;^,:^'Sr;;;^^ ' 
 i„ the diirerent ownships .s to^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^J^ ^^^^^^ ^^^J^^_ 
 
 S'^The VSuiof Udk'^iuil^J isto be entered in a special current record of vi.. I 
 
 "n^'^S^uumber'^rue;;; ^S'uHl «l"^^lity «f '^' ^"''"^^VP ^'"|\(^'^^""" ''' ^''^^ «^^"«"'. I 
 
 (1 ) 1 he "'^'"'^^',' ppt it.n 1 sect ion '2 of the bulls mentioned therein. 
 
 "^"^.r m- rmbe mdrac'o throws and full-grown cUv^s in the townsliip districl, 
 
 (2) i tic numoci •'"" .'^^ . , „u,„bei- of uuimals belonging to each race, is to 
 whereby It there are >"^ ?" '^liose tl e m^ of which is to ],e stated) for the cov- 
 !:^i^''of 'SifuI^'^vlSs U^p':;:;^ia bulls of their own. These iigures are to be j 
 placed at the disposal o^he board 'O^ J^j^ -^^^ ^„, township's own mana,enieut, or 1 
 
 . ^'' ^^''''':^ n, d"bu 1 ke Sc'r ■ or' ilir without the purchase of the bulls at the u- 
 SZ^tR^S^^^^'^l^^nrav^rn^^-^ contract lor buU-keeping, .c, 
 ^74^ Mature of the Stalls where the bulls are kept. 
 
 (-}) Nature of the place for covering. 
 
 ((5) Maintenance of the bulls. 
 
 (7) Irregularities discovered. 
 
 (8) Suggestions by ^J>';,.\';'''''i,,,,,,, .,,,11 i„s,.ccliou this record of visits nia.le, with the! 
 After tae te"B.,ija.ono he u,g U m^ ^_^ ,^^, ^,,,,,, .^,^^^ ^„ ^|,^ ^,,„„. 
 
 t^^lSSti^Siidr ;SIli: ^d atterward to l^ reta 
 
 dent of the board «'' '"^1«'':[:""- ^ .„., ,,c,„.,„,its as well ;v.s the giving up olthesamo.isl 
 01. The fi'-'».^t'"«/\''f , '' ' A-;^;",^, \ \^^^^^ bv him ill the usual inunm,. 
 
 ^•'iri^ieixsii^-^"'^^''^ 
 
 re^lU^^ile'ilgu^buUin.^^ 
 
 .i-:i:^'S^;h:^::aK 
 
 where there exists no reason lor •'^"'^Pf.'^^ '^ '" • ,';:i^ i,,ui inspection are to he resis-: 
 00. Proposals lor i^X^^U^^r^^^^^^^^^^^ '-"-■^ fronatowuship 
 Sl^r ';u,"2:;int is1 ie'i.e ^i.:^" wltl. him, which ^ liUcly to cover the e.^eo^J 
 
 ^S^;iito=^th^^^ 
 
 " U'^'n^'iiemeiit .0 .leposit a su.licient amount .or c.ts be not iul.ille.i, the pro.| 
 
 pJIus to be ielused by a resolution of the county authorities. 
 
■t.S! 
 
 e ii'coid may l)i'. made 
 )y hiiu. 
 
 , iM as a I'lili'. to 1k' miuk 
 
 I! (si;e liK'losuic V), lu 
 
 latiuv of Uic pifsuloiu, 
 
 Is thLTefor arc vcrl)a!ly 
 
 luiiuuufatioii ol' tin; 1,.. 
 
 ill, siu'h iiLTir.il iiiu.slht 
 
 [• special Vfasoiis tlie (ii- 
 )t' a veterinary examina- 
 if such examination ami 
 ver, ill such cases to lie 
 i result of tlie exaiinii:i- 
 ther cxpenso:, and wiih- 
 
 ad the townsliiii nin'tiiis 
 ir opinions as to (lie .lime 
 )U such opinions the I'lfs- 
 shall lix llie (iate lor till; 
 ;ard to the saving; of ux- 
 
 nic time to make imjiiiiy 
 couipliauce with the pit- 
 , and 8 of the preseut.dc ■ 
 1 current record of visits 
 
 I (section !), last section), 
 therein. 
 
 in the township distiiil, 
 
 ionf^Ln^ to each race, is to 
 
 to be stated) ibr the tov- 
 
 Thesc ligures are to be 
 
 lip's own iuaua};er.ieut, or 
 ise of the hulls at the ex- 
 i for bull-keeping, ie. 
 
 ■d of visits made, with llii' 
 he submitted to the omii- 
 by the latter to theprwi-j 
 
 e givini; up of the same, isl 
 him in the usual iiiuiiui'r. 
 
 blisltiiiji a statemeutol'tliel 
 
 • of the (listrii't. 
 
 eidaimed and destroyed liv] 
 
 the medium of the iiwynv. 
 jiresident of the hoiinl dl'l 
 
 ,im is to be complied with j 
 
 inspection are to he reps-l 
 lal comes from a towuship I 
 ikely tocoverlheexpen-esr 
 
 is kept, 
 isal when made, statins; tliej 
 
 .s be not fiillilled, the pro-| 
 
 BS. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 751 
 
 In case a suHicieut amount (or costs is advanced or I f 1 1.,. ,„.^^^ i 
 
 Hhipollicial.thecounty authorities are .orcquiretheVre^^K^^^ 
 
 to Ining about a decision witli regard to it. I'HMdtnt ol tiie board o( inspection 
 
 It is lelt to the president whetlier he himself will ilcci.l.. „„ .i 
 he will charge another n.end,eiHd' the boar,lo.ns,.„t°^^^^^^^ 
 he is to consider all possible savimi in travelintr exnenws '"*'"'"'"« ««• J» «'>'» "sitter 
 
 As rules for procedure iu other reirards llic"iii-.'vi»;i,.„l , <• 
 applicable, with the modilication Ihatt^a u e yZ , ^,:tie '"r h'"^* "V""' '-^ '"•« 
 turn makes and decides upon the examu,ati.,n of tile hull " """'' '" '"■'I'^'^- 
 
 The examinatiou of the bull can be made at (he i.l ,ci. ,>c •■ ■ i 
 member, if Ihe owner of the bull takes him Ihithel- fo! j^u" ur nose'''''' "' ""' '"'^'"""^ 
 
 111 exceptional cases a permit maybe i-ranlril wi(ii,>„t . !'"'■■ 
 hull at th!, place where i[ is kept, pmvhl^Uhe , n" i,^ nUe:'",. n ''T'"'V"'; "'" '"" 
 tion is Uioroughly informed concerning the bnll, in conse ue , , r '""''•'" "'•'l"^^" 
 
 .horl time previously, as, lor instance.^.t a recent awarTol , e, .i , ""'"""" ^'''"' '" 
 
 The couulyautborities are to.be inlormcd of thedecision tiV,.,, 
 a statement of the bill of costs. 'itcision taken upon any proposal, with 
 
 •S.i. Upon the .special re(|uest of a bull-owner the full boir.l „r i„ ,., .• 
 upon a proposal tor a permit alter the regular bull ii snecti „ i ni ' r''" '"^'^' ''^"'''''^ 
 to hear the cost arising therelrom. ".spection, il the apphcunl is willing 
 
 It is lelt to thejudgiuent of the county aulliorilies after consnli.,(w , ., , 
 nntlee of the agricultural district a.s.sociation.to allow so f^r ' ' '' ' """" 
 
 Imll inspections to be held in certain townships liv the whole \Zlu\nn T!"'T'^'r^?'^ 
 the cattle-owners concerned or the townships, or bv v. , i ', "'^l?«^<'»"" either 
 
 township corporation are willing to defray the expenses! '"^^"«I"l' meeting, the 
 
 Aktici.e 13. 
 
 superior hoard of inspection. 
 
 The composition of tUe superior board of in snectiou is to 1,p ,>.«.„■ i . j .. 
 ollieial papers of the districts concerned. ^ ' *" Piomulgatcd tlirough the 
 
 The members of the superior boards of inspection are bv direitinn ,.c.i,„ * . , ,, 
 fora;^ricuUure to be sworn by the county a, thorite's ,,f ih ' , ." " 'e.'j'^^"tralstelle 
 the oath given iu section 15. Members of the suneriorbo i .t il .? "' .'^•■^"•'^•":' "«'"« 
 ^eijy have^ been already previously sworn, arrr^i";-:,;;.!!^^^^^ 
 
 .i^^l^ti^i^:^!^^^^^ of the superior board 
 
 •2,5 If a complaint is transmitted in the prescribed lorn: (article 12 of this law) the 
 county authorities are, m cases where i)rools are subjoined, h> the lirst t, V, o tl ' 
 the board of in.spection to report promptly upon the compla'in'. a..d tS s n, '""'" 
 sueh report to the president of the superior board of insi.cction Ibi- fnrtliei 
 the amount of costs deposited. 
 
 it with 
 er action, stating 
 
 The corresponding provisions of sections 1(! to 1!) are properly aDDlic'dd^ t 
 ecednigs of the superior board of insj.cction, with the followin.. moMlicitions- 
 
 11) j-articipation in a resolution or opinion of the sup.'rior Imard o'f insnect 
 hibited to those members who are at the .same time members of the bond of 
 lioiii will. h the contested decision cobjcs, or who have participated ^is 'imZl- 
 m the .said contested decision. ' " 'i'wiki 
 
 to the pro- 
 
 ion IS pro- 
 inspection 
 
 (2) I the permit is granted in second instance it is to be enforced at once and 1-inde.l 
 othecaiini.nt, and thecou.ity auth ,rities are to be informe.; of it f..r he ' „„nse „ • 
 taking urther steps witl- .egar.l to the costs. I'.ut if the cmplaint i re e te hen 
 without preiudice to its immediate communication to the cla n.i n r i, f' 
 ..risinga brief explanation is to Indrawn up and sent to th;;ou;;t;;;;Uio^£*;o';^r; 
 
 ..'!'.r!""*.^\'*"*A'""''* '.',■'' ''" '^l*^^'': l»'"t '-"^ <o fix the costs' 
 
 the superior board 
 handed to theconi- 
 
 the complaint was iiddresscd. 
 
 to' 
 ol' 
 
 1'' 
 
 he home by the comiilainant, and theii to cause the resolution of 
 mspectio.i, together with their decision concerning the co.sts to be 1 
 umint through the mayor. ' 
 
 -I). The members of the boards of 
 
 """I""*'^ '""""■' ■'*i'l>''''i»"' boards of insDPctinn on. ♦„ 
 WeivcMor perlorming their functions outs.de the town'ship di.s.riet ^U^^Z^^ 
 toceo marks allowance lor aa entire .lay, an<l a proportional sum for a shorter tin 
 
 I f 
 
 i.y<; 
 
 tune, 
 
752 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY TAUMINO. 
 
 accordiiiK to «.M.tion J(» of tl.o royal dc-ree of February 22, 1H41 UW Watt page K!), 
 bSs the <lelrayii.« of their tnivclinf? expenses uecr.l.nj? o Heetion 4 ot the royul ,1... 
 cr™ Juno M 187?. (Ke^. lUatt., i,nj:e :n.l). and ... ease ol tl.e.r rema....i.K abroad ovw 
 ni-'bt, lor every niKlit ofHUeh ahseiiee a reiinl.i.rseineiit ot ;i ii.urks. 
 
 It is reserved to the judg.ueiit of the township n.eet...j,'H with the consent of the district 
 uoverument, their superiors, to increase in a proper way the allowanees and traveling ex- 
 nenses of the membeis of the board of inspection in consideration o the special conditioiiH 
 of the district coucerued, or to fix certain contributions lor them. 1 n the hitter case, how- 
 ever it is left to the individual members of the board of mspeition to reiiuire through u 
 declaration to be f^iven covering the whole period of tl..;ir ten., ol olhce, that instead of 
 Bucli lixed contributions, the allowances and t.avelii.K expenses, according to the pro- 
 visions of the lirst section, may each time be granted them. 
 
 Farriers when serving as members, receive, unless by contract some other provisions 
 are a-'recd upon, the usual allowances and traveling expenses of county iarriers accord- 
 ing to the existing regulations (decree of the ministry ol January 10, IH/l, Keg. lilatt,, 
 
 ^' The' bills for allowances and traveling expenses of membeis are to be transmitted 
 through the president to the county authorities for auditing and payment from the 
 township corporal ion funds or out of the moneys deposited i.j advance. 
 
 The cost of blank forms for permits and minutes and ot other writing materials, ixist- 
 a"e &v reduired for the boards of inspection and superior boards ^oi inspection, arc 
 liliewise to be defrayed through the county authorities and out ol the township cor- 
 poration funds. ,1 • 1 ., V ,v I , • 1 ^, 
 
 "7 The township authorities are, even belore this law takes etlect, to provide thai 
 coutncts for bull-keeping, not made out in compliance with the provisions of the law 
 and tills accompanying decree, be made to do so as soon as possible. New coutract.s not 
 corresponding with these provisions, and the period ot which extends beyond the l.st of 
 May, 1HH;{, are not allowed to remain in force. ,,,,„, ,, „ 
 
 The county authorities are to assure themselves that bull-keeping, alter the i)iomnl- 
 .'■vtiou of this law, is carried on stHctly according to its provisions and tho.se of this ac 
 rommnvi"" decree. At thesamc time, however, diinngthe period ol transilion, so far 
 •IS Di'icticable and esiiecially in the case of poor townships, regard is to bo had as niiuli 
 •IS possible to 'local conditions and to the difliculties encountered in eliangmg the exist- 
 'inn order of things. Whenever in such eases a departure Irom eompnlsoiy provisions 
 seeius necesssiry, applications are to be addressed to the ministry ol the interior. 
 
 Btuttgart, Odohcr 31, 1882. 
 
Itliitt., page y,',), 
 
 of tlio royul dc- 
 
 iiiiiK ubi'uad ovi;r 
 
 n\i of the district 
 iiiul travt'liii}!; cx- 
 ipecialconditioiiH 
 latter case, linw- 
 Kliiire, tliroufiha 
 i, that instead of 
 rding to tlie iiro- 
 
 1 other provisioiiy 
 y iiirriers accord- 
 H7.J, Keg. JJlatt., 
 
 ) be transmitted 
 lynicnt from the 
 
 tl materials, (wst- 
 M' iiispeetion, art' 
 the township for- 
 
 b, to i)rovide that 
 .isions of the law 
 <ew c'outnii'ts not 
 beyond the 1st ut' 
 
 alter the iironmi- 
 l those of this at- 
 ' transition, so far 
 o 1)0 had as niiuli 
 lanniiij"; llie exist- 
 mlsory provisions 
 u! interior. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 753 
 
 DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN BAVABU. 
 
 [Report byCo„,ulHa,.per.ofM....,,„,j 
 
 The results of the ireneril Pn.,«*i 
 
 County ilislricts. 
 
 Upper Baviiria /( 1883 
 
 I i 187.3 
 
 Lower Bavuriii / IHKJ 
 
 ; 1 I8r;j 
 
 Pulatiimte f l8.s;5 
 
 I ' 1873 
 
 IppcrPalaliiiatc f 1K8.J 
 
 1 I87.J 
 
 IpperFraiicotiiii f I88,'( i 
 
 < I 1K73 
 
 M><(lle Fraiifoiiiiv ) 188,'! 
 
 ( 1873 
 
 L. \ver7raiicoiiia / I8,8;{ 
 
 I 1873 
 
 Sua MB f i 1883 
 
 \'. 1873 
 
 ( 1S.«3 
 \ 1S73 
 
 101,110 
 101, ,37 
 31,0H(i 
 71!, aw 
 ■'!•'!, sii'i 
 :u,im. 
 
 l«i,0|3 
 
 15, '.VM 
 
 (i, ilSl) 
 
 <>, :.'oi 
 
 ffi. 2sl t 
 
 aj.iict ; 
 
 I0,7(i.-, ' 
 17,111 
 
 64, W2 j 
 
 5.-). m 
 
 3T.S,,V.O 
 3!0,2;» 
 
 3. '«'i, 433 
 
 1. '"'il.^sii 
 1. 317,1173 
 
 1,071,778 ofTp; 
 
 JiECAPITL'LATUXV. 
 
 I'pper Ravariii f 1883 
 
 , „ ( 1S73 
 
 Lower Havana... / IshS 
 
 „,.. I IS73 
 
 ™atiiiate < IH8.3 
 
 ,, „ , ( 1S73 
 
 l-PperPuhitiiiati' f 1,>»83 
 
 ,. „ "( 1S73 
 
 ••PpcrFrancoiiia / 1s.h;! 
 
 ) ls",3 
 
 Middle KniiKoii ill ( I.sk'j 
 
 , „ I 1S73 
 
 i-owertniiiciuiiii ( I,s,s,3 
 
 S-""!" I \ l^ 
 
 } 1873 
 
 Total f 18,8.3 
 
 ____ ( 1873 
 
 HI, 
 111, 
 
 73, 
 
 .3.V» 
 21 !l 
 Ul ' 
 
 is7 
 
 ■W, 8C'J 
 31,0»i.J I 
 17,0.53 
 lii.iiTiO 
 N,J(I8 
 7, 7(18 
 2!t, KH 
 28. 2.-.;) 
 
 1", 2!I2 
 .^!', 780 
 .VJ.,38.8 , 
 
 3ii2,0KS :' 
 
 l!l.r.37i I 
 
 <i2.5,(;(i.-, 
 
 ■'■)2i,ii27 ; 
 
 512,811 I 
 -•17,m.9 
 221,8.31 
 3l(i,2.')l I 
 ■H7,270 , 
 2i;2, ItJK 
 27'.i,(K)'.) I 
 
 •'«Ki,^,88 ; 
 
 2W7,8!I7 i 
 
 2V2.41I ; 
 
 297,007 ! 
 ■l'>8.577 , 
 ■18.'^, 058 ^ 
 
 3, 021. 920" 
 3,066,a.M 
 
 -■17, 7ii| 
 211-1,1,',!) 
 15), 'IM,"-, 
 202, .'xi J 
 
 37, 1-;;. : 
 
 33, !f,7 i 
 112, '.Nii; , 
 129 719 , 
 
 lA. 1)7 
 
 l^.'5,(i,^s i 
 -'i5.,s'.s : 
 221, imi 
 H5,r,i() 
 
 152, 123 
 Is-'), 1,5 J i 
 I9<.l,ti90 
 
 1.178, UH ' 
 1.312,190 
 
 Ml,0.')O 
 
 I08,.V.M 
 !!'3,tU3 
 
 IVi, .jiij 
 
 72, .5.3-. 
 
 5(i, "C.i^ 
 I3i,0<i<i 
 I2.>,110 
 
 77, .306 
 
 70,071 
 191,7.52 
 121.287 
 171,1,T0 
 M(',,M.H7 
 lllti,K38 
 81,1(H 
 
 •'..OitlTJlir" 
 
 •'*72, 098 
 
 12,304 
 12, (i9:> 
 15,G(i.5 
 17,511 
 ■19,724 
 •31, .502 
 l'i,,392 
 II,. 521 
 ■10, .3,50 
 31, 8f,7 
 3<i,.525 
 32,855 
 ■l!l,712 
 •38,800 
 8,90a 
 8,087 
 
 219^ 
 Ifl.J,881 
 
 it 
 
764 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 . 1 f i».ta tnhln Hhows that the immbcr of neat cattle decreased somewhat; 
 
 A glance ^^^ ♦^jf^S.lUSV X number of horses hM-^ increased « tritle; thenum- 
 
 . I'er oTgo^tL ha^^Tsri^Sa^^ - '^^ --'- "'^ ^°«« '"^ "" """""""* 
 
 "" rV .v.n„«,in., table shows the relative comparison of the extent and charact. nf the 
 chinget^n'mL*,: of sSiud the per central increase and decrease u. IHH.as ..g,u„st 
 
 1873: 
 
 Hones. 
 
 Xciitcal- 
 , tie. 
 
 Sheep. IIoKH. I Goutu, 
 
 Upper Bavaria 
 
 Lower Hiiviiriii 
 
 Pulutliuiti" 
 
 Upper I'liliitiiiiite,.. 
 Upper I'ruiuonin.-- 
 Midille I'riiiicoiiiii., 
 Lowtr Kruiiconiu . 
 
 gimbiii 
 
 KingJoin 
 
 ..*. 
 
 ( Per cent. ; 
 
 ' + 
 
 ti.i 1 
 
 +ia.4 
 
 _ 
 
 0.0 
 
 :{: 
 
 0.0 
 
 o.s 
 
 ' + 
 
 s.o 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 + 
 
 0.0 
 
 + 
 
 a.u 
 
 Percent I . 
 —1.0 i 
 + 1.7 I 
 —1.9 
 —0.3 
 -.1.0 
 + 1.0 
 -1.9 
 —3,4 
 —1.3 
 
 cent. ' 
 
 Pvrcenf. ' 
 
 —15 
 
 +30 
 
 -2:1 
 
 +25 1 
 
 + 10 
 
 +27 
 
 -13 
 
 + 6 
 
 —25 
 
 +14 
 
 — 4 
 
 --67 
 
 r^ 
 
 --17 : 
 
 --27 
 
 —12 
 
 +25 
 
 Per 
 
 - 3 
 -U 
 +15 
 + 13 
 + 16 
 + 11 
 +20 
 + 10 
 +13 
 
 This r rf Tin.:;^o;^^^r;:n^ef ^ wiS^ ^'Ll^^nmSr a^;f ks;: 
 
 ?rtro up :^ SS^rUppL- I'iiii^^ Snabu. from one-tenth to one-half of 1 
 
 percent and in Middle 1-ranconia and Upper Frauconia 5.V to Oi per cent. Ihem- 
 
 iTPn-io ill the whole Kingdom amounted to 3 per ctnt. ,•„.,, 
 
 Xe umber of neat cattle increased in Lower Uavavia 1 per cent., and in Mul.Ue 
 
 FrLicona 1 l.er cent., whereas there was a moderate decrease in the o her distru'ta, 
 
 w ,rn.' in^Suabia t<, over 3 per cent., and in Upper I'ranconia to nearly G per cent. 
 
 In the whole Kingdom the dccrea.»e was a little over 1 per cent 
 
 VheciT avt" aeerciise.! evervwhere except in the I'alat.nato where the increase was 10 
 
 ^^'^'^''.''/'''^m;'' f 'Jrl" so in Upper Frauconia and Lower Havana was -i,, per ceut,. iu 
 
 per cent 1 he l'';^;^'^^'; '" > 'ijp'r I'alatinato 1 :! per cent., and in the other districts 
 
 LT"4prcent tr7 p^; ;ent.''l"t^ whole KiuUm the decrease reached 1. per 
 
 ''^The increase in the number of ho-s is lar^c in all the districts, amount iui^' in .MM,1I,. 
 Fraiico ia to .-57 ..ercent., in Upper lUvaria, P.iU.tuiate, ^uabia, and Lo.vcr Uavuna, .',, 
 L" per cent in Upper Franc.Hiia and Lower Frauconia, M o 1< percent.; I,, per 
 ralatiiC (i pe cent.^ In the whole Iviu.^donj t he uu-reaso was -o per ,ent 
 
 X umber of ^oats was augmented in all the districts except prr Bavana and 
 Lower "iva b, where the decrease was 3 per cent and 1 per cent, i he mere..* in 
 Lower F u conia w.us -8 per cent., and i.i the other d.sr.cs Horn per cent, to 1(. per 
 cen The increase for the whole Kinu.lom amounted to 1.5 per ■ wit 
 
 The decrea.se in neat cattle has been more than compensate, l,y the miFOvemen of 
 stock i breed, size, and value, and the firmers preter to keep tcwerau. better «tok. 
 
 The dS^sc in sheep is partly owing to the low pnee ot wool, the chai.gu.^' ot pas- 
 ture into arable land, and similar causes. ,,., • 
 
 The r^nid increase in hog. is due to a larger consumption and high prices. 
 
 re increase in goats i.uu- be attributed to Ihe fact that marriage and the establish- 
 ment of a Twusehold is now more easy, and the working people keep one or : ore goats 
 for milk, as it is not necessary for them to possess and or their nourishmeut. 
 
 Population of the Kingdom ot Havana, -'->^t .,O0J,(.U0.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 United States Consulate, 
 
 Munich, .May Vi, 1B33. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
UPpJKME.Vl. 
 
 765 
 
 JgM. 
 
 Qonta. 
 
 cetil. 
 
 Per'tnt. 
 
 +*) 
 
 -3 
 
 +■^5 
 
 -U 
 
 +27 
 
 +15 
 
 + « 
 
 + 13 
 
 + U 
 
 +16 
 
 +ft7 
 
 +11 
 
 --17 
 --27 
 
 +28 
 
 + 10 
 
 +23 
 
 +13 
 
 Suppi 
 
 OU till' (I 
 
 8P EP AND h IGS IK TWT? TTwro^T.^ 
 
 A« IHE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 V to my rt'port 01 tattle i r 
 "• '""■'^'' "'■^heep aud pi«s o. , .^tUl^'"' '"^^^^t the followiug aotea 
 
 B.tKBr or 
 
 I*. 
 
 V th the except w,a of tho mouniaui 
 puM '■nturyeveniu«rethauBriti-, cftt.i ( 
 
 "'•;£ s;;:.*:i'?L"iiirr™TT "';'• ■ " ""° '■■"•'"'""■ ""*'"'" '"»'-■■"" 
 
 "»S^«^Ks,^S«™?^!;: 
 
 I h 
 
 ri /• * 11. '"', '•'""^'iiK witli other k 
 
 I lie (nf.swokl l)ree(l can no doubt i.riU-.., , • 
 most other breedM, and it is L'enoi-iii.r .i "" "'* diuiu to antiimit./ f„_ u ^ 
 nana, to the .sheep cotes o„t To i^^^;i;»" '""• the CV,. n-o .1 * r/^a^hiU? ' "'!'" 
 tlun nny other variety in the Kin do n l " '^'T' '^"^'^'^ -^l^' "p havj" .trj;-"^ "« 
 
 shoahlens, while their heij-ht niak rs t ' ' - '''y '""« -'"il broad nvr ,h, ''™: 
 
 l.e the ease. Cotswolds have 1).:.,, so i '■'"'"■ '""■■" i'"P"sinK l i Vvo, f, "'' ""'^ 
 liittea durinji the present (rn n that "•'^^'■°'"'' '" ^V'u, „.",',„, " l";".'^'."V'«e 
 
 Leicester blood took place in a ■.in- "" " " «'-'"^''''' "Pi^. i t t i" .•'""*"'" *« 
 
 uld. Draft ewes are sometimes 1 ,1 t '""""'' ^^•''i'" ''''"i ele\. ,, tf. ''' '"""■ 
 
 tlut he has know.i i.istS ,,'/'. -'V''^* "'i''-'''^ ""'• -Mr. -5 u Co ,n. n ,'' '"""^''^ 
 
 pounds. The native home of tli^ Iree wV '"'" ''^■'' "^■'^^'■"; bo-et'.! ' .^^ f '^l' ^ '! 
 t;!on<:estershire. Afterwards thev e^^ d rthen,";'-'"^'"''""" "^i C Sa', "!; ^ 
 lonntu's. csjiecially Oxfordshire \Vor<es .. "' ■"^i'^^'-'^ very niueh into the n, i 'i '" 
 
 lieen received trom Mr. II. ]. JClwes ,,r V>r?'"'"''V'"« ""^es (inehnure Vo 1 ^i ,, 
 i" ^vlueh he alludes to the origin or'u, brS'"?''' "'^' ^''''•'''■"l'='''' Ulouce te s Irl' 
 niilty, nature of soil, &e. This ^^hi;Wo ^^ J nrtunT'h ^"" '''""''^^l' £t: 
 l.osses.scvsKreat n.entsin respect to in.poriat as 'w "' •'^''^•^'1', it may be noted 
 
 wool Ihee.xeellenceof theeross hetwe.' C n t,-' "" ^'"^ '■"^"^' "'"their meat .ml 
 
 .c ers of the Ox.ordshire Down, 7^^"^ IJ^' '^^^^ «"-!> i^ aekno^l:^ 'l!^' 
 
 snitable lor Jabri.s tor rou-h wear. - — ■ -^ — "ug anu aurable 
 
 '''*'<'io;<-^ produced between Merinos aud (•„'««„n i • , 
 13 a pure-bred Merino at two vears Vvn ,;. ?''^ ''"''''' '** >»«ivier at a year old ihn,. 
 Cotsuold breed as making a k" cX i^d '!"'","'"'': ^'>' ^'' •^•»1'" I^a\S ere it^ha 
 
 '.reed which he luus ..ompared w ith he n' Laml v'';'" ""' "' '"'"' ^l'='» 'l*^-^ any other 
 •mmths old The Cotswold sheep bea,^ cold sZl T ''■''' 1"^"'' ^'''' '"■«'^'li"« at eS 
 }^'ar round. From .51)0 ewes, the mZlu^vTllTv '' •" ^^l•^"8'i•^l' dimale all Se 
 counted when weaned Th,. <t«..«i J"""""."' Wi- l-lwess lock is (JOO tn ()-,n , , *- 
 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
K^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /A 
 
 V 
 
 % 
 
 % 
 
 m// /"^5' 
 
 <^' 
 
 <? 
 
 
 / 
 
 C/j 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 II! I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 £ lit 
 
 — 6" 
 
 I— 
 
 22 
 2.0 
 
 14 11.6 
 
 Fhotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 . ,1^<^''' 
 
 'o-^.^ ^f^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 4^^ 
 

 c<^ 
 
 #/% 
 
756 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 ing with specimens from Gloucestershire, a result that might, however, happen from the 
 
 superior grazing qualities of the Norlblk pasture. 
 
 The Leicester.— The Leicester- breed may be described as follows : 
 
 "The head and ears are covered with short white hair. Some are rather bald on the 
 
 forehead, but this is general.'y caused by their having been housed. The ears are Jong 
 
 and thin; the eyes full and quick; the chestdcep and wide; the back broad and straight; 
 
 thebone line." , . ,.• ^ . 
 
 This breed generally takes the foremost i>08itiou among long-woo) varieties. Owing 
 to the magical change wrought by Bakewell in them they became towards the close of 
 the last century the model sheep of Englard, and the means of transforming well-nigh 
 all the long-wooled breeds iu the Kingdom by bringing about bettor quality and more 
 symmetrical proportions. At the present day really pure-bred Leicestera are somewhat 
 limited, many of the Yorkshire llocka being crosses with the Wensleydale to increase the 
 size and make the flock a better rent-paying one, although the blood is less pure than 
 that to be found in the midland counties. In Scotland and the i^orthof England "Bor- 
 der Leicesters " are in great favor. They are a much less symmetrical and far stronger 
 boned breed than the Leicesters proper, but yield heavier weights, both of mutton and 
 wool, and are far more profitable. Leicesters do not get so weighty as sheepof the Cots- 
 wold or jjincoln br^ed owing to their smallness of bone, nor are they extraordinary wool 
 bearers, 7 to 8 pounds per fleece being a good average. Their wool is not so valuable 
 as formerly now that Australia sends to England the best quality of merino adapted to 
 liner kinds of fabrics. It is, however, the best of the long-stapled, bright, coarse wools, 
 r.nd is used for making the l)est quality of luster yarns. The weight of wethers from 
 fifteen to eighteen months old is usually from 20 to 22 pounds per quarter. 
 
 The Lincolns.— The Lincoln, like the Leicester breed, is an old one very much trans- 
 forme<l by modern art. The eld Lincolnshire was a gaunt, big-boned animal, capable 
 of feediag to an enormous weight, but taking a long time to accomylish it. By a prod- 
 igal inlusion of Leicester blood the modern Lincoln has been .. ade pre-eminently wejilthy 
 in both mutton and wool, with a predisposition to fatten scarcely excelled by any other 
 long-wooletl variety. Lincolns are best adapted to the fens of their native country, 
 and very high class flocks of the breed are likewise to be found in Notts and Yorkshire. 
 The type of Lincoln sheep to be found iu the latter country is, however, much crossed 
 with Leicestei-s. Wether hoggets feed to about 25 pounds per quarter. Being very broad, 
 deep, and compact in form they generally outstrip the Cotswold in weight at tlic- Smith- 
 field Club shows, and last December the heaviest pen* of sheep in the agricultural hall 
 was that of Mr. John Pears, which took the first prize in the ewe class, the animals 
 weighing 9 cwt. 2 quarters 24 jiounds. There was, however, a heavier pen of wethers 
 in the Cotswold department than in the Liucoln, Mes-srs. Gillctt'sweighingBcwt. Gpouuds, 
 whereas the heaviest Lincoln pen of wethers belonging to Mr. Robert Wright weighed 
 7 cwt. ;? quarters 8 pounds. 
 
 As wool bearere Lincoln sheep excel all others. The fleeces average from 12 to 15 
 pounds for ewes and wethers and 18 to 24 pounds for rams. They have hardy and good 
 constitutions, they thrive on bad clayey soils and where the land is wet. Their hardi- 
 ness recommends then' for increa.sed cultivation. In regard to Lincoln sheep, Mr. Mac- 
 kinder, of Lincoln, sends a record (indosure No. 2) of his nine-months old lambs weigh- 
 ing 14 stone, and ewes three years old 2(! stone, live weight. The sheep are not housed 
 in winter, and their wool, when washed, weighs 10 to :50 iwunds. 
 
 The Ihvon Loiu/- Wool. —ThM is a breed of long-wooled sheep much valued in Devon 
 and West Somerset. It is the result of a cross of Leicester with an old loc;il breed 
 called the Bampton. The sh-icpare longer and stand higher on their logs than the 
 Leicestei-s, in which resjiect they .somewhat resemble Border Leicesters, ))ut are much 
 finer in Iw'ne than the latter. The carcivs.ses of wether hoggets when a y.'ur old range 
 from 21 to 24 pounds per qiiart«;r. The districts where they are found iu tiie greatest 
 perfection are alwut Tiverton and throughout North Devon generally, i'lso in the Taun- 
 ton and Willeton vales of Somerset. There are two other long-W(X)led breeds to be 
 'found in Devon, but chiefly in the southern part of that county. These are the South 
 Hams and Dartmoor varieties. 
 
 The former are considered excellent rent-payers, and yield fleeces almost as heavy as 
 those of the Lincolns. They likewise feed to tolerably iieavy weights, yet are far coarser 
 in bone and le&s symmetrical than the North Devon. The Dartmoors are giants, and in 
 case of crosses on the old mountain Dartmoor by South Ham rams the fleeces are heavy, 
 but most remarkably cmirse and long. The carcaases of the .beep are very weighty, but 
 they are considered to Uike a long time to fatten. The locality where they are found is 
 around Tavislock or on the slopes of the Dartmoor mountains. 
 
 The Krntish or liomney Unrnh. — The Kentish or Komney Marsh sheep are gaunt, and 
 very strong in Iwne, muscle, and w(M)1. The Kent Marshes are very much e.xposed to 
 
 *The word "pen" signifies 3 animals of a kind taken collectively. 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 757 
 
 channel blasts, so that breerlpra Hn,^ « ^ • 
 
 Kern tho b„ed i, to 2, met tlU, S,w '»f '7' 'J'"? ''"™™". "ut in »„o „,,, „, 
 
 early maturity, the first prize pen of lambs omr /l" P'°«f that they are^Sble of 
 3(juarters4 pounds, which far excel led ZtmnHoK ^i ^^^^' °* Calmer; weighed 4 ow? 
 to wit: 3cwt. 2 quarters lOpounds Tltt ,TSeYaSr^'^"^«*P«° of LeicSerVmbs 
 The lioscommon. —The Koscommon breed il o i u*^' ^^"^^ ^^o weeks older ' 
 
 which new rivals in usefulness m^t of S KlhS'^'^*^ ^''P^''^^^ variety in Ireland 
 old lioscommon was peculiarly »nnnf i • ^°8"sh breeds of a similar kin/ otl^ ^? 
 
 by aplentiful infusion^f "L^teZd'a^^^^^^^ 
 
 are usually fed ip to from 25 to 'iO nnnn^ *'^" v marvelous. Shearlinc; ™^ *C ' 
 
 fed up to 40pounds per qSart^r i^X ^\ '^T^'' ^^^ ^^^t ewes S som«f^^'' 
 each The wool is U'de'e^grow^iS "^Thetrefd^^'^^^^^-'S^'o^^^^^^^^ 
 county giving its name, but also in W^f ivroatr ^ r '^ '^ ^^^ only to be found inTi? 
 of England a long-wooled bree^ ^,Khf wStmo'reHnT'^'^J • ^^^^ ^^ ^^ "Se North 
 a soiiiewhat similar kind called the Wensleydale Sh^' '"''* '° Yorkshire another of 
 more hardy than the Leicester with which they have lln'''^ rent-paying sheep and are 
 show a handsome shearling ram of thn wlof ,, ^ V 1 "^®° crossed. At the I)f rh^ r«„ i 
 son, of Singloton Park, KLa^Z^^ZtStZ in"'' ^^'""^^^'^^ ^ Mr^^ 
 animals of the Devon long wool and WensTevdafe L're'edV^r?^'''^^^^' competing wTh 
 K'^'J?^"^ f] P""'^^^ «f ^«"1 the previous April " ^"^ ^^''^^ that the sheep 
 
 iA(Ox/orrfM*rc.— The Oxfordshire breed df«PrlL ■. 
 tween long-wooled and short-wooled varfeties nl T r 'f-'V"" °«^*. ^ ''^^nding be- 
 wold and Hampshire; but which for maiy ylars ^s bv^' ^r'^^"","^ ^^''^^^ from Cot^ 
 to a tolenib y uniform type. The best of E flocici LTr^^^'l •^''''"°°' •'^en brought 
 Beds and Uant«, but the breed is very much exWdln ^ *?""•! '" Oxfordshire, Bucks 
 and the combination of quality and qnantityTn thStn?"^ ^ '^ ^^-^^thy character' 
 that weights of carcass exceeding 30 pounds npfn*'^'','''^''- ^t has been claimed 
 froni wether hoggets a year old, and coSerin^. fi^^rl^'i"'^^ ""en been obU^ ned 
 quality to the Hampshire, it is very much injhvorM ^''^ ^'^^ '« J»i«y ^^^ ofS 
 f''„^f!ii^^^^«>y, «"«>!?, writes t'liriTom Sraock of oJf h^^^^"' ^l>9^^^t 
 lambs 240 ewes, and breeds about 10()shear]in«raniramuLn°''^'^'''' ^°^^ «heep he 
 in Jnly and August. The average at which M,?J^i! annually which he sells at auction 
 been A-23 9.. 6rf. each. Many s^t to Gemai yTo cZ ?h '' M ' ">^ P'^^ t^« ^ "^^sS 
 Mr Treadwell has worked this breed and kent im thl ^^ Merinos. For thirty yeara 
 tatioa to all climates, all soils and sVat^i s ot^,, "n. P^'l'Sree. He claims for t a^lT 
 any other it crosses, especially the 7£Z "^'^°''««'"«"t. ««d that the breed i. nprov^s 
 
 1 he Hampshire or Wilt) hire />oi('ms — Th« nri^ • i j- 
 are South Wilt and North Hants, they beK^n^'" iH'''* ^""'^ ^^^ Hampshire breeds 
 than the other. The HampshirekarfalsobKr*^*''"'""! '^^ ^"^''^'^ *' the one district 
 Cambridge, Surrey, Sussex^nd Kent "^^ to a considerable exten, , Dor^t, BeS 
 
 fbis breed appears to rival all others in pjirin- t. -^ '' 
 
 successes m the show yard was scored onlv iLf n i ^"*' ^^ ^^'■- l^arsons's creat^t 
 where his pen of sheep were ad^Sed one^ ?f r'"*'!'" "* ^^^ Smithflelds Club stS^ 
 ambs belonging to Mr. W. xxStoifof Berks tJ'u^' '"f ^''l"^'^^^'' ^hile a pen of 
 2 pounds at the age of ten months and two Sks ^wtri ?" *''""." *=^*«- ^ W^i 
 of the .South Down wethers a year older ernZHf^'ti,-" ',* '^ considered that only one 
 the early luaturity of thisbreedTSXnis,W^'%W*' '\ •""^* ""' ^d^ittKat 
 Its origin by an amalgamation of two old «THn ?^' ^^ '^•""^'^ "^ said to have derived 
 «h.Je Notts, and subs^uent crol^:? Sith S wnT'"' *'' '""''^^'"^^ «°^°^ '^^ '^^2 
 ^^^^iX:'^^;^^^:,^^ to two very old bre^, the Long- 
 
 amalgamated race. No n.i^ l^Zll^f 1^1^:0"^- :^f "V,"^. ^-^^^^^-^r^ on th'e 
 
 ■" ^--. Although growing to ^^l^^^^^Z^S^^^ ^ 
 
 iff 
 
 
758 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 remarkable for early maturity, the quality of the mutton of the Shropshire is superior, 
 and only to be excelled by t^^'^^of the houthaowu .^ ^.^^ ^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 .KS^^imSrr^^i^^i^ 
 s;srsorhV^LTand\«rj^ 
 
 ^«^,EU/o.««.-The3outhaow^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 LrXdV^ura^eSSSSL^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This.however. 
 
 ? rtStlble to change of P-}u-, jt t« any cro s of blood. ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 On the fertile grass lands ^^ ^0™!^ Jie'^^^^^^ those which have been propu^uted 
 
 have increased their s ze and l>ecome mucn larger ^ SouthdoNvns are the pride of 
 
 for countless generations on theu naUv'^.S^ 
 
 most show-yards, but are refe^n^ed in y^^^^ i„ ,^ ^^^.^.; 
 
 ''"£?aVe'L'me' g^^atks'oi- Southdowns in Dorset and Gloucestershire, no less than 
 
 in Sa^atir^^u^ty. as ^^^^^^^^^ ^iftt-body thick and cyM.uhi™,, 
 
 Their characteristics are a, foilo^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^,^^^^^ ^.^^ wool, uhieh 
 
 the ears wide apart. Both th« ^ara anrt ore ^,^^^ ^j^i,. the che«t wide, deep, and 
 
 SS ttTaik fla'^o tieliTwhich 'is J on high; the hind legs are very fu.lon 
 
 rtiir It is -- -ShtSTrns^i^wltrth;^' r^^^^^^^^ valuable papers as in- 
 On the subject of Southdowns Itransumw ..g^t,,^io,^,j gheep, their history, 
 
 closures, first (i°<^»o«»»^« ^?V fH ^ ^^ iSy Woocls, of Merton Thetford, before the 
 brenlingand u,auagement ^^^^^^^y^J^'^K^S.^^^^^ Museum, March, 1884; and second 
 Institute of ABiiC-ilture^at the houtli Kcus^^g^ ^.^ ^^.^^^ ^ 
 
 (inclosure No. 4 ). a paper on ^o' tMov> ns ana v.a j Southdowns. 
 
 er<2«'bfttS;Xlo^^^^^ 
 
 hardy and «««/," "".'j^^^^^ ^^i^^^^^ faces^l legs, with long donkejAar. 
 
 al«j louna '!^,^^}i'"^^^^^^^ improved of late, probably by the impress of 
 
 lu West huftolk 1 ey haNt b^^^^^^^^ ^ , ^^n^^ved them a wether and lamb class at 
 Hampshire rams. . ^^'^ ,^;"'' .^;;;;, ^^a^^^ in a formidable appearance, sufficient to 
 
 the Deceml^r show, am ^>« ';">;'^^,,X „?e not delicient in early maturity. The heav- 
 S^:^ iSVhow r '1^' of Mr. K. Tyson, of .ilverley, Newmarket, wLich at 
 
 briir£^(^es.r.I.;j^t^om^ 
 
 tiou of the same 'I'^t"^^ " ^^m k^ a ^n t^^slopes of Quantock. below Bridgewater. 
 are some good >^"-^'7^J'"« / j'^.^'l^^.^enU^ twh.s an.i triplet-s at a birth, and 
 
 The ewes are remurkably V^'^'^.^J'^^^^^^^^ This b.i.s been the breed always chiellv 
 
 with go^Kl feeding -'» P^"' ^.'.^^V ™ riambs. Dmft ewes, after having be^n put to 
 depended ui>o.i in ^^'^ P"^ "\ ["^^"w^^^^^ i„ Octolx-r and panluused by Herks an,l 
 
 a Southdown ram, are ''^""K ^^^^^ ^o Iv ve them lamb down in Noven.l)er and Decem- 
 Horne Count.e^ lanners, ^^''OP^'^'^'^^.^'^'V '*;;;;,,,,, ke goo<l weights. .Mr. 1 lerhert Far- 
 ^.^tX^^^^i^^^^^^^ rvSiiTtt late sfnithtieMsbow scaled 7 cwt. .3 
 
 really a mountain l>ree«l. |" "^^^''^^P'^i'^^t'uey ^,ve no horns. The faces are large 
 as follows: They are prol.bc and goo^ nurn^^ ^^^^^ prominent; the ear. 
 
 and whit*, Y/^'^^'^TJuh, '.^^^. Xche^^ Their thick wool makes them very 
 
 a;"\t w^^":sh:rUiSni^diSn^;uality, but with go«l spinning ..tialities. It, 
 
 J^^trXl^l:^^^^^ "- l.-k sheep -ronndl the lower Soo.t.sh 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 759 
 
 hills. Originally tho carcase weiaht nf Ch^r,; . 
 
 quarter, but now from 18 to22pounds nprnnli? .^^.^^^ed seldom 12 to 15 nnnn,i» ^ 
 
 hunger, and thrive on scanty food,\avn\ freouentfv^V '^^''^^'' "^ enduring coW and 
 get it. They are good mothers. '^ frequently to scratch through the snow ♦« 
 
 They have a shaggy lur and coarse open wool of mi,i^, , 
 elined to curl but is hempy, and only fitffoi tTe coare^? d ^'°'''"?' °' "^^her long, in- 
 such as carpets, &c. Tho face and le^g are black Thf ^.''^"'P*^"'! of mannfacturS 
 ami the females also are mostly po.^s,sed of horns burs::f i^'*^ I'-'^g^ spiral homt 
 the muzzla Ireo from wool, the ears lonir an.i til ' "" . smaller. The face i« inrT™ 
 
 nr //erdm/ci-.-ThelleVdwicrbreed isSiJ t.^r'^"^'^°°^ lively- *' 
 
 ihood. They are propagated in the fells of CumlS'^ w'" ^'^^ black-fa<;e8 in hard- 
 poi . .on of Lancashire. '^uiuueriand, Westmoreland, and a smsUl 
 
 These she. p are very active, and it is difficult f/i rof • *r. 
 They will return from almost incredible distances if r„T ,. ^'t^^in any inclosure 
 The fleece is thick and .natted together. The wJil is r„7h* ''T ^^eir native rS 
 finer ni quality than that of the black-faces. ^^^"^ ^^^^^'^ in staple and 
 
 Tllf r.fllll-H. This lirOOrl r».irrin»^»,l ;_ il. ."..- 
 
 I. 
 
 i 
 
 I 'i 
 
 quarter. ' '^" "" «"«" «"«« 1^"'1> weighabout IBpounds p^r 
 
 ne Exmoor.— The Exmoor is a mountain race nativo t^ w ^ c. 
 Devon, and belongs to the elevated range, runninij from AIin^hl„ i . ."'^'^^* "^d North 
 to the Forest of E.xraoor. The wethers^un on thVhuTs lor thr- V "*^ *^*'"^"' '"^"^^ 
 fleeces which average from 4 to 5 pounds each. The onl n.,r^^^ *"" °"'" ^*^^' yielding 
 to about 15 iiounds per quarter; but highly improved nrZ'''"°°" '"" '^^° fatten 
 early maturity has been induced, so that at eigCen SL";^ now found in which 
 pounds per quarter, but these do not of course run on the ^nnL • ^^^^^rs fatten to 18 
 
 Otall mountain sheep the Exmooi . ,.e tho most shan!w n T 
 their round barrel-like forms. The^ are short thick com ,!fn7 .™'°'^ ™°^«^« ^ith 
 horns curling downward and outward, white fiwcs le"s iln.iflii'!, ' "?• ,'"*^® ^^o*"* legs, 
 the wool coming well up to the cheeks. . An excellent S^for^A!!^''l T ™*^«'- ^^^ 
 of the Leicesters with tho Exmoors. "^ ^°' lowland feeding is that 
 
 WMi 3Iountahiecrii.—Thia is a diminutive breed fnnnrl /.,„*„ 
 ranges. They arr a small-horned breed, wild and S Cf ^T'^^'" }^^ '^^^''^^'^ 
 of tho mountains, thriving on scanty HxhI, and CeedinK on alninn nr!l!.. .• . '^^^^^P^^ts 
 no doubt, are the sources of the tine flavor of Welsh Zftnn .^u""-'*^ ''^''^'^■' which. 
 Their fiioes are usually white, bnt sometimes speckltirLrav pf '^^.'shly prizedl 
 the fat wethers seldom yield u carca.ss of more tlian 40 tmnn^L ^^f° "*.'""'" y^^^s old 
 weighs over 4] pounds it is deemed of doubtful purity ^ "°''^' "°<^ »* » leg of mutton 
 
 A cross with the Cheviots hiis done well on some of ^he less p1pv„*^,i * . .„ 
 There is a variety of Welsh sheep wiUetl the " Itiuluorahire - wS^ w'^ of Wales. 
 prove<l. They are prelilic and excellent nurses. S are hardv an^' ""'^7 ^^^"^ ''^■ 
 ing mountain storms, while the mutton is lino favored Thl^uT ^^^^ 
 ranch to the county giving its name, and even there has been mm. h„'''' ^o^j^^^^l very 
 Shropshire. "**"* ^'^'^n crossed with the 
 
 The Wivklow ami ike ^em/.— These are the mountain breeds nf Tr«i„„.i *i ^ 
 sembles theDoreet in a remarkable propensity for early Snditv hMfn^'^'^ ^?™''' '•^- 
 in size, bearing allinity in this respect to Welsh sheei. The breed i,m T 1°""'' """'"^'^ 
 Wicklow Mountains, but farmers in the neighborhood of I)nh if.^ ^ '^^^ '""'' «" ^he 
 productionof ear.y lat lamks. Tlio Kerrvs on VKll-r imn^^ V '^'?" ''^^ for the 
 Ireland. Sheep of this breed are Wgefin J e t J n tl le WickLws 'V' '/^ '^^ ^''' ""^ 
 boned and unthrifty, taking a long time to mature. ^icklows, but very coaree- 
 
 ne Shetland. —Theao sheep are natives of tho Shetland and Orkno - ToI ^ 
 them are polled, bat some of them have small horns SS St h^^'^T,. ^"^^"i 
 smallsize, weighing when fatteneil only from 7 to 10 pounds ^^r qtrtTn ^^ ^'' ""^ 
 
 BRKEDS OF SUEKP AT TUB PARIS SHOW. 
 As regards the exhibition of sheep at the Paris show ISHVftt wi,ir.i, 
 included a prize greup of South.iowlis bred in the nSVo. I'Lsmit SwUWif !^""' 
 No..) a note from II. Kaius Jackson on the different bre^ds.'^ith hisS^uVuponThe 
 
 
 'if' 
 
 •¥ 
 
 4 1^ '■ 
 
 ."J 
 
760 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF SHEEP. 
 
 As furnishinu; a very complete record of the age and weight of sheep of different 
 clns-ses at the Islington show and the average gain per day m pounds of the several ani- 
 mals, as also the comparative daily rate of increase in the classes lor lambs and wethers 
 of the different breeds, &c., I forward (indosure No. 6) some tables ou the subject pub- 
 lished in the Mark Lane Express, of December '24, 1883. 
 
 SHEEP AND MUTTON IN 1883. 
 
 A paper, under this heading (inclosure No. 7), taken from the Live Stock Journal Al- 
 manack, furnishes a very complete list of prices at which the sheep of the various breeds 
 of the country sold in the markets during the past year. 
 
 PORTRAITS OF SHEEP. 
 
 Inclosure No. 8 is -said to furnish excellent portraits of three noted animals, to wit: 
 An Oxford Down rum, which is considered u littiug iUustratioii ol the breed; a three- 
 year-old Lincoln ram, " Hermit," ar-.l an Oxford Down ram, Campsfleld, three years 
 and five months old. 
 
 aided, and 1 
 
 II. BREEDS OF PIGS. 
 
 The Berkshire —The J'.erk.xhire is a most extensively cultivated and a very valuable 
 breed The animals are usually rather above the medium size. The prevaUing coloris 
 black and white, the white generally being on the nose, feet, and end of the tail. Some 
 are however, almost entirely black. These differences are attributed by some writers 
 to the iulluence of either Chinese or Neapolitan blood with which they are allied. The 
 Berkshire pig is altogether thoroughly useful in its character, fulhlling m all points the 
 reciuiremeuts of modern farming. One of its great merits is the large proportion of lean 
 meat to the fat and the distribution of fat and lean when properly fed. As a result of 
 this a given live weight realizes a larger proportion of available meat than any other 
 breed The late Mr. William llewes was for many years a most successful breeder of 
 Eerkshires having a favorite sow which on one occasion yielded fifteen pigs in the year, 
 the produce of two litters, for which £150 was realized, the pigs having been sold when 
 quite young at £10 each. This breed is especially adapted for bacon ot excellent qual- 
 
 *^ The points of the improved Berkshire are as follows: The head is moderately long, 
 the eaissomewhat projecting, butnot drooping; the skin has a slight tinge of piuk; the 
 eves are large and intelligent; the hind quarters often droop rather too mucW; the legs 
 are short; the hair i.: abundant and indicates great hardineas ot constitution. 
 
 Mr Joseph Saunders, of Sutton Wimbonie, Dorsetshire, whose specialty is pigs, writes 
 anclcisure No. 9) recommending the Berkshire l-reed as the li:»rdiest. It should be 
 noted that one of this breed took the champLon ) ,0 at the last Smithheld show. At 
 the age of eight months one week three days iU: Aght was 16 score, or ,m pounds. 
 
 Mr Alfred Ashworth, of Woodham, Chelmsford, bears witness (inclosure No. 10) to 
 the excellence of the Berkshire breed of pigs. As a successful exhibitor and breeder Mr. 
 Ashworth linds a ready demand for his stock for breeding purposes a fact that may be 
 emphasizeii as showing the extending demand amongst farmers and others lor the best 
 
 The Large White or Yorkuhire.—Thia breed is cultivated principally in the counties of 
 Yorkshire, Lancaster, Lincolnshire, and Leicestershire, and it is probable that it is de- 
 scended from the old English pig. Mr. Ronaldson, in his prize essay on the breeding of 
 
 ''There are good grounds for supposing that the old English hog with flop ears was 
 originally the onl> domestic animal of its kind in the Kinr^onj. The genuine d Eng- 
 lish breed was coarse bonetl, long in limb, narrow in the uack, and low shouldered, a 
 form to which the animals were most prolmbly predisposed, from the fact ot their having 
 to travel far and work hard for their food, undergoing at thesame time considerable pri- 
 
 """a W^Umprovement^has been effected in this breed by careful selection and greater 
 attention to fWing. It is said that Bakewell was the first to improve the Leicestershire 
 pigs and this by a process similar to that which proved so successful in the case of the 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 long-horned cattle and the Leicester hIipp., vJ, i , . 
 
 ar«e coarse animals, aud selecting suclwasw.Tll..^!^ selection; that is, discarding 
 is probable that the first step in the i nrnr .?!!;Tf.'^^"'"'«^"«al and finer boned 
 
 761 
 
 is probable that the firststep in the In ^rove ne^t "r^^^^^^^^ »"d finer boned*! It 
 
 proved Le.ceeten.hire pigs; certain it is that tone tSpyr''''"'^ ""^ *'>"■«"«'' ">« im- 
 rated, and are described as "of largo si™ . nnnt ^r^H '^ T'^ particularly unculti- 
 
 I.n„„.K„^.„?^^'"?°'^' S^^^^y, und unthrifty; coarse in the 
 f 'lL!!:T".^.^'-k«^--B^l havesoine of 
 
 vated, and are described as ,. .„,™ „,,„ 
 quality of meat, flat-sided, and huge-boned 
 
 \ ,•' : — _.,_^„« o'v.,.u, uiiu uuge-ooneu " 
 
 the characteristics of the original breed, viz a Ion., ,-".-"—""«'="" nave some or 
 ears very long bodies, but narrow iu proportion i?th« Ik ''"rS?°«*°« '*°*^ drooping 
 sided and the hind quarters usually drZ The/nn uT^' ^^^^ ^'« therofote fiat- 
 are therefore usually kept till they attain their -nn-^r ^u'^'^rtn** ^"'^ maturity, and 
 size and their meat is specially suitabb for curiiu LCn " V^^ '^''' "^^''^ ^^'^'S^ 
 
 Mr. Sanders Spencer, a breeder of hiirh r ! *^ ^ "^"'^ ^''^^- 
 
 classes at the best English shows, and tfie honor^b^I J^f/.^^K^^''^'''' J^^^e in the pig 
 ciation, writes (inclosure No. 11)' that the deS.i f^r ,,1 T V^^ l^i^-breeders' aJLo- 
 that he no lonirpr mmr^t^ ^^ 41-1 .... ""« uemand lor his l)reed of pigs has been such 
 
 MiLML 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 very capital one. "This bTe^d; f ^aTher^VeTrd ' we^e'^otihV "^''^'•g^^Wte " breed a 
 tiona summer exhibition at Hamburg in jX laTt wb^™ *i^'"''*=*^'^"' attheinterna- 
 
 „.>. .^^j «.^.v... xucj. cuuiuiue aptituae to fa 
 
 out coarseness, and hardiness of constitution ThoV nr«TrA-C"rr"**i'"'"''->' *" "^" ^ith- 
 lilic than the small white breeds, and they are c^^lHr ^''^f^,^^> being more pro- 
 in characteristics, sometimes appioachiuK the Unr^r.^^ .■ ^^^^ "^^ " 80«(l deal 
 and may be said to be more fitted for bac^on than f r ° rk '^' ""^" ''''''''''' 
 
 As observed by Mr. Sanders Spencer ^ii<. i« n««o vi' ^ ' 
 
 ms,nall v>kl.-TMs breed SE^Tom "^brtewhu: ^n f '"* '' '''^^''■ 
 animals have very short noses, slightly turned un t hpi^p.^ 1""^ respects. These 
 w.ard, and may be termed " prickears " The bodv s p.1 T ?if ""P "^^^ ^'^^^^ ^or- 
 which is usually mther long, but in some cases t is^thiok Inf 'iT' '^ ""^l^^ ^^'t« l^'^i^ 
 ever is generally rather delicate in consSiin and wiH Vot^bear^'^'' '''''''' ^•"^- 
 shoulders are %-ery wide and full, the back straicht the T■^n i" . ^ exposu-e. The 
 deep and square. The bone is fine ; the carcass fs thick , n^n T* ""^ '"»^' *^« '^gs are 
 The small white breed possess a wondorlXa^ tude to 'fattT ' '*"'l ^^-y ^y^nietrical. 
 often are almost hi.lden; but there is an undue pronortirn If .' . ™"'^ '** ^^"* *''« ^y^^ 
 le..n. This breed, however, is extremely usSlTr'^rils „f/J h,'? comparison with the 
 rieties of pigs, and they generally improve the nudUv 1 , ^'''^*'' ^"^ *=«""er ^a- 
 
 TAcSH/yo/A-.— Thesepigsareof a small black brppH wbIi ^ * . • ,. , 
 the abundance of which indicates that they p^eiToll iL n k'^ with long, soft hair, 
 and slightly turned up. and the ear. are sho'^H^oiSrib SThp T'**^ ,T^ *^ ^^°" 
 cellent, the back is straight, the tail is set on Wb ^n,i fi, ' ^ « 'onlders are ex- 
 panvllelogiam and very syii'imetricivl. The skin ifnoraJto ,^^^^^^^^^ form is that o a 
 They pcssess great aptitude to fatten. P* ^ '^^^^^' ^^ '« so'"e breeds. 
 
 Mr. .T. A. Smith, who acted as delegate- iudse for the Fn.riioi, n , . • 
 ciety at Hamburg, and has taken many mize^ wr LlVi. i ° ^ S"^'''' ^^g"cnltural So- 
 his breed of Suffolk pigs, and ^lyrthat^ he mea^^^ '^^l-^' "» reference to 
 
 to™ he farms, is fi% degrees? burner tomSu^eS"^^ 
 
 grees. This indicates a goSl climate, but tirSes cuf Imrd vl^p^^f ' TJf ' ^""^ •^^■ 
 respect to the district. They probabh- refer il n n.r«t i ^ ''*' accepted as exact in 
 
 to Tr. Smith-s preference fol E" oVrthiS pilf' Tle'bl™ tw^he f" " ''".^^' 
 exposure to the sun's ray.<. when fee<ling better than the latter '^^' *'**''** 
 
 pigs are deficient in hair™ tlieTskin is^ ^kj^^tre^ato v^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''^^^ 
 
 symmetrical, and they ix>asess a great aptitude toKLn^rSt^^^^^^^^ 
 
 noses and legs are short, and the animals are usually very liand^fe^ '*'^^' *^^"" 
 
 Impmrd E^c.-There is a great similarity be^tween he Sex and Doi^et l>ro«, 
 both evidently possessing a gocxl deal of the Neapolitin bhJiV tL, ^!^\ ^'^^' 
 Es^x have n.ther longer heads, with straighterZe ^^mSat ilJuLTt Y^ T^' 
 and have not much hair. Their aptitude to iatten 'is eS ve tZv „ 'I' ''''T' 
 handsome in every rtepect. "'neu is txcessive. 1 hey are extremely 
 
 U^.i-i 
 
 'l ^1 
 
 
 1 
 
 4^ 
 
 i 
 
m 
 
 762 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Tamu>orih.-ThiB in a breed whose chief diBtingaished characteriatic is that the color 
 i8 red. They are very hardy, "fj}?* P'«^-. .„ y.■..^^ ^jth coarse bones, very hardy, and 
 /n«/..-The native pigs of Ireland »'« ^J'^^flfXl Iobk strong hair some are white, 
 
 The foregoing notes on the ^"""us breeUs ot sm^p an l g En&land, Sir 
 
 scriptive volume on the sheep and pigs ot J^reat """!'V\"; jj^'^eferretl to. 
 
 bound, and superbly illsutrated ^Ji^^/JXnV^ t'o^^yi"? «"^^^^^^^^^^^ ^''''^' "^ 
 
 The foregoing observations, with inclosures accompmij'iuK, 
 
 sheep and pigs may be found of service at home. ^ ^ MEKRITT. 
 
 Consul-General 
 
 United States Consvlate-Gknekai,, 
 
 London, Manh "25, lei54. 
 
 CO'rSWOLD SHEEP. 
 
 REPORT BY II. T. KUVES, COLESBOR^'E PARK. CHELTESirAST. 
 
 [Inclosure No. 1 in Consul-Geueral Merritfs supplementary report.] 
 
 , . ^ 1 • » ^# M.o «iflpst iii EnKland. and its origin is lost in obs^curity, at any 
 This breed is one of *'»« "If^f ' ;"„|r°fi"7„nc wooled sheep three centuries ago, and 
 rate the district was a ^^^^^"^^iXri Leicester rams were used to correct the .:oars(. 
 though in the beginning of t^f/«°\°'^,i^^'^^„a^er •„ England, except the Southdowu, 
 ness of the native bree<l, ^^^^^^ '^.f^^^f^^'i^y f^^ck The Cotswold Hills are a poor, e.- 
 so like in general appearance to is or B'""^ «^'-'- ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^as spread into Norfolk, 
 posed district in the west of ^Jf^l-^^^y^^ niore or less when .removed fro.n 
 
 South Wales, and other !»'*'♦?> /'^^"^'^f/^t^e ^[Xcold, clayey, aud sticky in winkr; 
 its native hills. These consist most^^ l"™JtS never finished before October; lami 
 raiu-fall ^eavy, Irom 30 to 45 .ndi«i, har^e^ geological formation is o<ilite limestone, 
 
 Sh it'L^^frSSl^s^m'^J iSfnU'S^ wool is not ,uite so line on account 
 of the inferiority of the soil and climate. instances on record of sheep 
 
 The size of old mms - « J;;^ -™«^,, s^kinnXnrdrS^. The onlinary weight o'f 
 weighing trora 80 to 90 pounds per ^^^^^^ ^.^ ,^^^ .vetheis fed by 
 
 sheep a year old ^hen they are iwaal^^"^^ j weightVat twenty-one months old, 
 
 myself hf^^^ weighed upto JJ PO«°«i^I^^ q^^^* „f this breed at the Islington show in 
 and my lambs which took t''^ ^"P, ^ ";„i^a ^^l 20O to 206 pounds each, and the (lend 
 December, 1883, ^eighetlahv^at ten montl^som^^^^^^^^ ^.^.^ 
 
 weight was 33 to 34 P«'^°'l='J^„^,^"'^^'i^7i ^^ „"°ewes, about 10 pounds per fleece, clean 
 The wool averages througha whole fl<^kma,xaint,e e , j^ ^^ ^v^ ^^^^^ 
 
 washed, but individnal ^^^e^P^X^' Xf^'^JS hor^girthsanJ Mankets, and is 
 
 Sh^A^preSn^tfmt^^^^^^^ '- than^*'- ^^^ ^'^^'^ "' ^^'■ 
 
 Shropshires, having a tendency to prcHluce ^^ .^^ ^^ Lincolns or Leices- 
 
 SS^SCctS ^itSSbT^s'^htb are dedcieut i^^irly maturityand fatten- 
 rn?;u:J£UperU.themost^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 AH the finest cross-bred sheep '^Jf^X^'^:^Z,J ^nd it hxs been proved that the 
 produced from Hampshire ewe« by a ^^^^^^^^ „;^™' ^.^r d^ than pure Merinos at two 
 
 ^roes between iI«"'»V;;°'^ ^"^HmJCrmuch h^^ Sandy districts 
 
 years old, the wool at the ««7 t^i-nej^ing mu^h n^ 1 ^^^^ ^^ ,re never shel- 
 
 Z:^X^^^^^^^S^^^ endure'a great deal of cold withont 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 763 
 
 injury, the Inmbs when (luite youun beini: nlwavo aii„^ i * 
 
 their uiothers, uud are healthier wlfen so^jSuhan whl'' 'ZT- '° ^^^ ««'"« ^»th 
 
 (ira88, clover, an.l sainfoin are thc*rind,v iL" ,hr m ™' *"^'* "' '''^«- 
 vember; hay and turnips in winter, an.l t j 4i.Z . r. ^'.T ^l'^'^ *"«>•" M«y "'1 No- 
 that Cot«wol,l8heepn}a,lea ureat^r an, Ser Iturnl^.^^^^^^ Lawes's experin.entn 
 other breeds which ho tried against them ""^ *^®"' '^°»** than any of the 
 
 rnrchasera of Cottswold sheen (or cxjKirt slmni.i i . , 
 
 ran.8 got up for show, as these olten sS on 1 V"'"'' °°^ ^ ^""^ ''^'^ ^'^"'y. &» 
 an.l climate more than ranUan.bs or year olVs ,e.l' "r°''^""'V'''*'' the change ol'food 
 jainbs are preferable to older rams, a.s"thev are liLrimir „ "" "°f?'"B with inferior sheep 
 dKuse and are fully fit for breeding at e^t miff: lu^^^^.^hn ' """^ '\"'^' *" P"'' 
 iiiti through dealers are usually pu t off with the intor «1 '^'^chascrs m America buy- 
 «cK,d Hock and pay for them as m„chorWo e « hS"'.?J„ fir^'"*^ '"'™'"« ''^"'n a 
 direct from the breeder. The present va u^of Ire ^Zl**, T*'*^*^^^^ 
 aotk is from 8 to 20 pounds., thouKh mucli hii-h^r il" ^otawold rams from a pedigree 
 iambscan bo had at alK,ut )mlf thraSnt! "'SET r*^' ^^ rambreedera. I?an? 
 
 counted when wcmeci. The death" rate from ^.'u'nnl'-.T^^^''^ annually 600 to 650 lambsi 
 
 COLESBORNE PARK, H. J. ELWES. 
 
 Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, Jannary 2, 1884. 
 
 if! 
 
 ti', 
 
 LONG-WOOL LINCOLNS. 
 
 yOTE BY Mlt. MACKiyDER. 
 [Inclosure No. 2 in Consul-General Merritf, supplementary report.] 
 My breed of sheep is Long-wool Lincolns md oviiiKito^ i .li. „ 
 Iamb., !» ntonths old (live weight), 14 stont;; uVef 3 ^ean o d -f' ^'nithlield show; 
 i,s all arable loam, with limestone subsoil SWn bi in^f^ '' ''^*^"^^- Mylar»» 
 seeds, and in winter on turnijxs in Hel ; not housed- wei^^^^-T nf' ^TT"^ ""^ "°« y*-^^''^ 
 10 pounds to 30 pounds washed. ' *'' '^'"^H of wool when clipped, from 
 
 JOHN W. MACKINDER, 
 
 Jlcrc Hall, Lincoln. 
 
 f;| : ■ 
 
 SOUTHDOWN SHEEP-THEIR HISTORY, BREEDING, AND MANAGE- 
 MENT. 
 
 Licture delireral In Mr. Henry H'ood, of Merton, Thetford to the Tnollhit^ »e a ■ u 
 in the Lecture Theater of the ,outh Kensington ^lLuCin',;^C^'tn"''Z 
 
 [Inclosuro Xo. 3 in Consul-General Merritfs report; from Bella Weekly Messenger ] 
 
 Mr. Wood .said: The Southdown breed of jheen is b(.li»vf..i t^ k„ • i- 
 Downs of Sus.sex. It is said by the editor of tL Fanner'! TV . '»^''K?°\'« *« the 
 isted there before the Conquest.^ It is, n.. dotlt one oH^e nnr / "^ *1 ''*'^'' «'^- 
 breeds i.j Britain. Little ieoms to ha e beenTmAriltnZ tn^^^^ 
 comparatively limited area m whuh they were kept until about two huS^ySraeo 
 when (as Mr. Tl.om.is Ellman writes) several flocks on the Southdowns appLrThfv; 
 been nearly annihilated by an outbreak of the small-nox disease wi,in», ,„„ • f 
 
 into this country from Holland alwut that time ^ ' '"'^^ ^"^ imported 
 
 The sheep which the di8ea.se spared attracte<l rather more notice than had previouslv 
 ken bestowed on the breed, but it was not until the latter part of the hdt ceEv S 
 they came to be r^uch esteemed. It wa.s, in fact, Mr. Arthur Youmr who L nnS^ 
 nsefnl e.ssays pub ished about 1794, which male his name funon;T,?i,i^u'''^? 
 world, tin,t called puplic attention 'to S.uthdown sheerspe king I'^vtvblv of hS 
 hardy constitution an,i ^f A, fine ouality and llavor of ti.e mmton^hey proiuced. 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 w 
 
 ) 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 >t 
 
 Ei 
 
 1 
 
764 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY KAUMINO. 
 
 
 AlKJiil Ihe 8unii> time tliev were also descrilKMl l).v otlu-r Nvrit«rH iw I.eiiiK «pwkle-fnpp(l, 
 loiiK and thin iu the uecl<, i.i«l» on tlu< top of tlie Hliouiders, nlurk \n the girth .ixh ami 
 narrow on tho lion, low at the nimi- .'n.!. with m wt on very I'/w H.urp on the l.u.k, 
 llat-rihl.e(!, narrow in the lore.iuarteis, and Kent-rally, thon^h with little spiuoI.etWHMi 
 their lorelo«8, showing a fairly >{oo<l le« of mutton. A« a rule they were looked upon „« 
 plainly formed, if not ugly sheep, whieh produceil (i.M)d and 1 ne-llavored llenh. 1 li,.v 
 were Hmall, very small, as compared with the Kouth.lowi.H <)t the present .lay. 
 
 To Mr. John Ellmaii. of (ilyi.do (the father of the late Mr .lohn Kllman, ol Laii,l. 
 port au.l Mr. Thonuw Kllman, late of IteddiiiKham), will most deservwlly always htlon^; 
 the credit not only of l)riii>;i!i« Southdown sheep into more general notice, Imt ot .„„i. 
 meuciug (ftlH)ut the year 1780) a eonrse ol valuable, well-consulered skilllul, and ,su,. 
 cessful exiwriments upon them. Th.-se experimeiit.s were eondmited by him with .low 
 anil steady good elVect during the long i)eriod of more than ha 1 a century. In jusuic 
 to the memory of one who so earned the gratitude ot sheep-breeders, not only in this 
 country, but iu various parts of the world, 1 will ([uote to you his well-tounde.l and 
 i)raeti(-al opinion as to what an improved Southdown sheep should be ; and 1 would ii„. 
 n.ess upon you the desirability of carefully studying those remarks, with which I tlior- 
 oughlv agree, except as to two particulars, which 1 will i)oint out to you later on. 
 
 Mr" Tolin Ellmansays*: "The head should he small ami hornless; the taie spnk. 
 eled or gray, and neither too long nor too short; the lips thin, and the space between the 
 nose and eyes narrow; the nmler jaw or chop tine ami thin; the ears tolerably wide, and 
 well-covered with wool, and the forehead also, and the whole space between the ears 
 well protected by it, as a ilefense against the lly; the eyes lull and bright, but not prom- 
 iuent- the orbitof theeve (the eye-cap or bone) not t«K> projecting, that it may not Ibrm 
 a fatal obstacle in lambing; the neck of a medium length, thiii t(>wards the head, hut 
 enlarging towards the shoulders, where it should bo broad ami high, and straight m its 
 whole course aliove and below; the breast should be wide, deep, and piqjectinglorwards 
 between the lore-legs, indicating a good constitution and a disposition to thrive. Cor- 
 responding with this the shoulders should be on a level with the back, and not twiwidc 
 above- they should bow outwards from the top to the breast, imliciiting a springing rih 
 beneath and leaving room for it; the ri lis coming out horizontall; Irom the spine niid 
 exteu<ling lar backward, and the last rib i)it)jecting more than the thers; the hack Hat 
 from the shoulders to the setting on of the tail ; the loin broad anu Art, the rump long and 
 broad; and the tail set cm high and nearly on a level with the spine; the hips wide; the 
 space between them and the last rib on either side as narrow as I'oasible, and the rihs 
 generally i>resentinga circular form like a barrel; the belly as straight as the back; the 
 legs neither too long nor two short; the lorelegs straight from the breast to the loot.uot 
 bending in at the knee, and sUuuling far apart Iwth before and behind; the lunks bav- 
 ing a direction rather outward, an<l the twist, or the meeting ol the thighs behind, be- 
 ing particularly lull; the bones line, yet having no apiK'arance ol weakness, and theleg.s 
 of a dark color; tho belly well defended w ith wool, and the wool coming down liclbre 
 and behind to the knee and to the hock; the wool short, cloee. curled, ami tine, and tree 
 from spiry projecting libers." ^m ^ , , , 
 
 Mr. Ellsmau'sdascription of the main points which constituted a symmetrical and 
 well-bred .Southdown sheep early in the present century iniiy be accepted as the essen- 
 tial re(iuiremeuts of a gmxl .Southdown .sheep at the present time, with the two follow- 
 ing exceptions, viz, speckled faces and the set-Qp of the tail. A speckled lace is very 
 pronerly no longer looked upon as denoting a pnre-bred Southdown sheep. The tke 
 and legs should be of » nice mouse color, neither too dark nor too light, but of mediura 
 tint. In fiict, anything in the way of a white speck on the face or legs is now con.sid- 
 ered to show a detect in the purity of the blood. The other point in Mr. Eilnian's de- 
 scription of a well-made Southdown shec'p with which I cannot agree is the set-ou of 
 the tril. Mr. EUiuau says the tail should be " set on high, and nearly on a level with 
 the spine." I am of opinion that if a sheep's tail is placetl on a level with the spine 
 the position is an unnatural one. 1 have generally found, too, that when the tail of a 
 sheep hm* been placed very high the back has been weak and not well covered with 
 flesh. There is a right and wrong position for the tail of a sheep, and to he right it 
 should be neither t;)0 high nor to<i low. „•»,■.,, , •. 
 
 NotwithsUiuding the great improvement which Mr. Ellnmn ellected in the lireed, it 
 was some time before Southdown sheep won their way into public favor, if we may judge 
 of this by the prices which they made. 15ut we must bear in mind that in those days 
 sheep, even of the most esteemed breeds, did not realize high prices. It apiiears, how- 
 ever from an article in the Agricultural Annual of that date, that m IHIKi there was a 
 considerable iucrea.se in the value of Southdown sheep, the breed having become better 
 known and its merits tlien more fully recognized. In the year 1787 a .Southdown ram 
 fetched for|the first time as much as 10 guineas, Mr . EUman selling two lor 121 to Lord 
 
 ♦Farmer's Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 534. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Wttldenrave, nf Essex. 
 
 at 'ja*. i» hea<l. In 1790 Mr 
 'HU. each, niul n rum 
 the Glynde ewe«. 
 
 at I'J «u.nea«. la 17!)1 Mr. BoyTiave •uJ^''"T' '^.'^ ''"•"' "' 
 
 "ysKave .n». 04. per head for sijty of 
 
 From this year I btilieve we mnv diit« tViA i.w..^ 
 into Nortolk, under the auspices of Zt ?enoSTl'onr'"*=''"" «f «o»thdown sh.ep 
 ment and proKrms Thom,u, William Coke S w r N ^ ^Jt*''"^"''"'^""^ *™P™ve^ 
 cera.u y visited Holkham iu the year 17!)0. llSu sl^i .. 'tr"-**""^" ^r. Elhmiu 
 which he considemi more remarkable for their act iv^fvTh ^^"^ ^°"""* •''««d «f «l>t'en 
 ^ ^\'i ^^''■^^r <loMirabiIity of a trial of Tfew ffl,, ow„""^""°«*''^- !>« «ug«e.-^ti l 
 would be suited to the wil and climate of l^ Ik^mm Mr ?^^^^ ^° ««« 1"°" 1«T they 
 sheep were sold, Atr. Ellman bought five hun,lredewesnn,M^'*^f "'«''• A« his own 
 i„Hu.s.sex, and sent them to Holkham, with four ^^ni'T** '^^«» the best llocks 
 givjuji as much as 70 gu nea« for these 'rams. In V^-JMr T„i? «^? fl««k; Mr. Coke 
 each orexhty ewes and in 1701 the l.^,rl of RrKemo ,t iav« 9 •?""• ^'- J^'l'""'' ;«.. 
 the Ulynde ewes. After this Francis, Duke of H«l r t th m ,*^"'"^"« *'"*-"'' 'w "Ay of 
 „oi,lemeu and gentlemen, visited G ynde, ami we f ^^ 
 
 down sheep into ditTerent counties. The first mm fh!f '"^"f "' introduciuK South- 
 by Mr Ellman in 17!.« to Mr. Goocleno^;!; oV ZSwr" ' Fro?;^ «""""" '-->•• 
 
 tou-r, and no wonder, for he c;uried out what he umlertoSk ^l^^^ ' ' Eough- 
 
 His connection with Southdown sheep commenced when i.pt... 
 itered upon a series of experimental trials with sevenl r1 L^ *V""?*'' '"""• "« 
 (Icr to lind out which breed w.us most suiUnl to the f\i,V,l.r . . • * ^'^^'^'* °'" «l'eep iu 
 Me Mr. Webb had no particular preference Wr ^.v " !'?'«'"''>.^*" »?'""''''■ At that, 
 
 entered 
 order 
 
 time Mr. Webb had no particular preference Ibr mv nn.:7^ , '*u'*" "P'""' 
 
 trials he fully satislied himself that Southclown sheen nZlneriM '"''" exhaustive 
 
 ISive the best quality of mutton for the amount of foid consump.i l^,'"''*^*^'* ''■*''«ht, and 
 
 tl,» ninat nrnf UjiI.Ia Ixlfli in K..,>«,I„ 1 : " t-OHSUmeil, aud Were CnilSB,.„«..»H„ 
 
 j;,nc u". ..cai. K,L.»..^j. u. .uuiioiiiur [lie amouut of foodconmiiiiPil a., i "^'B'"-. anu 
 
 the most proUtiible Ixitli to breeder and grazier ^-onsumed, aud were couseciuently 
 
 These trials determine<l Mr. Webb to liave nothing to do with an,r *i , 
 than South<lown. He therefore ,,un-hase«l for the Church iS Z^ ^f^^' !''^'^ °*' ■^^^'''P 
 n-,msof the late Mr. John Ellman, „f tilynde and other 1,^..' ^f^''^'''*'*'"- ewes and 
 started it he gave unremitting attention to his' flock. ^ vHn.!!l^"*^'- ."'^^•'"-''' 
 
 sure improvement in iU character. His lirst lettingot' ruuThv Zlhu !■ *''""'""' ''"^ 
 in 18-2(i. These lettings were continued annually .U,wn t^t he e r 1h«^^^^ ^"^ P''*^" 
 
 Many will remcm.ber the Habraham liam Lettmg^, and the •' u,' ,- 1 ,^ ' 
 lowed, with mingle<l tWdiugs of pleasure and regret ewsiurir hi I""" '''"'"'' ^°^- 
 days, and regret that such meetings are now things of the n^^t thinking oyer those 
 long and gaily-decke<l wagon-lmlge which formed a chanict^erist^c hm w'""u"IF^ ""^ 
 with agriculturists, aud among them many l««li„g nSmen L """'* 
 
 not so much to do business as to pay honor to an old ?rS w lo Io^^IT^"' ''H" '^''•"^ 
 late Earl of Hardwieke, with his burly .fohn Bull for. .<m;i T "**' remember the 
 
 of the guests delivering his pithy s, J^^^reSterth ,-"'■' ^'"""'^ *''^ ''*^ 
 rent topics; who does not reeall'the jolly clToSS ^'m ""' h'Wy hits on cur- 
 
 ..eremonie.s; and his face giving o.V n.S'^e eSgMo have^^^^ T''' "{ '''' 
 
 the aid ormndles; or the lithe and active John cTayde who w ' h2 If ^'""^ T'*''""* 
 where, with a kind won! for everybody; or the hos himself hi hu' ^^ere andevery- 
 tible, supporte<l by his friend and opj^nent "u Cthdnv' b i^^^^^^^^^ 
 and by the UU and spare form of JeTruruer, of Chy;;^:,;':^ o^'thriXdg'of 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 llilfl 
 
 '«i^ 
 
76G 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 11 
 li 
 
 Hoathdown .beep that ever Hv.l 1 Tho^e were lu.leea n,eeti««., the like of >»hich will 
 never be neeu uj^iu. Hat U> ^^^:^YJ\'';\'^^Z^^ for 170 guiue.u., u 
 
 uud iu 18«)U a 
 were, 1 Iteliyve, 
 yearling W.W. Hold, atUMi)e.UK»«>uu..»".^^^^ Mr. Webb wub a 
 
 the hiKlie«t priceH i.mde by lUbniham "^"f»„ ^/\;"3al and other agricalturuUhow.. 
 ;„.n,tMUcox^.lul ««»bitoro. Southdown HheepattJ „^ 
 
 HiH UrHt pn/o was won at the Lwex «' «*^' ";" ^^ Ireland, Kcotland. and Fnina-. 
 .,uentlyawarde.l V"^*'^ '% ^in Bhoep a exhibUiou^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 he ilrHt exhibited at the Royal )Kr cuUura H<xlety h m^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 ii:Lt?n^JtT.-tt ityrr:d.:rtrnd 'iX-S t... Canterbury .cetin« i. 1««0. 
 
 In the IbllowinR ymr (lH«-i) tUe «hea lm^t ran« and^cw^^^^ ^^^^^ ietcbed the 
 
 lidy di8,K,«ed ol, and '»•;"»»!'', ^;';,7,\ few mon l'^ the dlBpersiou ol his lavorito ll.„k, 
 
 S^wuer p.v::d .'.way in Nove.>ber«. the Bameyear. 
 
 and Babrahuiu Houtlulown Hoiks. ^ j^^ jj^^^^ j,f ,,l,i,,,, j ,,,,^.,, 
 
 Here I would venture lo »,«'^1'J,^.,^' ",^,S, tain t^ pur i ol the bree<l, eacl. ui.„ed 
 juHt H,M.keu were scrupulously ^^ " , \^,, ,"2^^^^^^^^^ Mr. Elln.ausu..., 
 
 it a <liffereut type oi an.uu ..^^'"'''^^^ *; ^"/.t large sheep were nmcb the IrsI. ...ul 
 Mr. Webb's, "large uud good. J\'^ ;:'">*,„"'' ,4^,,v%vell Mr. Webb succeeded iu pro- 
 would be the sheep ol the uture ncjd n«^^^ Southdowns of Mr. ku- 
 
 Si;':fdariii'-tE.s^.:';^taE^u^ 
 
 down sheep) that the hrst and ,>«;-\'.'^,'^[.n" .V^Uv , 'Xd. The lirectiou in «lud. im- 
 ero.s to .linnnisb the '"-'•^^""''^Vdl ri 1 " "Vi b uity of cha. .er, strength ol n,.. 
 provcMuent in '^'-'S^;^;,,^^^^ „u,ttou.pro.luci„, ,„„p. 
 
 S "^rilni . blnr^JVom,:!^ with weight ol meat, yet not such s.uallue. ., ,o 
 prevenUhe casing ol an incre.ised amount ol Uesh. 
 
 TlIK MKBTOX FLOCK. 
 
 n V tivLt these -ire tb.' points to wuich our attention has been always most wpt- 
 
 I may say that tbese f/«- '"' .l^"' , . . ^^ now bad the management lor upwards ol 
 
 eially directed in the "»V „ I ♦ . nav 1 ow 1 r we have been 8ucces8lul;in.lee.l,lnubt 
 
 thirty-six years. It is not '''V, '^/^hI^J, , n v subi"'t. I ""' i» ^^me degree eompdled 
 
 eai'h, live weight. ^ ' ^^.^ J ' f,''',^" exhibition thought that the great weij-ht of tliose 
 
 time. ^"'"'^Pf^n^l^rellu beenso^^^^^ i" tb'' breeding. 1 nee.l scandy .,y 
 
 sheep suggested that there had J'^^l'J'^J" ■ r^^^, ^,„e iu,,,utat ion had been iRlore 
 
 how "tterlygroutid ess w;us any such sugg.^^ producing large Houth.lowu 
 
 laid to the charge ol J7'^.,^J*^' "^ Ji*^"*^ / IX small sheep ol lorn.er times, la, 
 ^V^ X<S^^^^:iZ^>^^^ -th Bome other breed, but the suspiciou 
 was as »V?'«""^*:\\;" IJ'" i*:!^;;! ^- iHToTtUcr Merton pens of shearling wethet,^ have iH^eu 
 K-rf ^l^^"^!!^ iv he averige iSght of the chamjion sheep of that year, and no q.a.- 
 
 At the late ^""t^'^'^ Exh.bno^i Urd ^ .^^^^P ^,^^^^^,^,^, ^^^ .^^ J^^, 
 
 cedent^il average fo^ Southdovv ^ ^-Jj ^' . t^e champion wether, of 1.^70, to which 
 
 -fS^no'Snthm of trying t-a^ppear^tha^^^ 
 
 been accomplished than may '^^ J^""^ ''y "i^" and excellence ol .nuttou 
 
 ton sheep have attained. .,„.,,„„. pure-bred flocks of Southdown sheep iu this 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 to paw over. Utit ntandiuK in the front mnk nr — .„ i- . ,. 
 
 nreWt day we ai . natumllv r«.Vl'ilT„7*.' .''. '^L''"''''*? 0'» «"nthdown bred 
 
 767 
 
 •TH ut the 
 
 present day we ai j naturully reminded of thu l'r3.! !T\V7 ■ .. ". 
 
 the Earl of .Suffolk, Lord ArlinKt,,n H?r W | , ^Tl^ro l,"''""\*'^^ KUhn.oud, 
 
 Cohnan, M.P., (i. n„d It. Rm«ry John h\,r,| Zrv fc "".'i "i'. ""I'' "*'''*"^- ''• •^• 
 
 thou«h not lea > ..y excellent tViend M.-nry Wei.b " """*' ^""'K" •^»"«»- n»»i l«t, 
 
 now TO POBM A 
 
 FLOCK-PBACTtCAL 81UOK8TI0N8. 
 
 In the formation of n (hx-k of Houthdowii or imv <.n,«r i i ^ 
 judgment art,, of cour^,. n.ont OHHtrntial U.V.Wmitv , f .H!^ ^ «'^'"">«» 
 
 look iw much alike ",w peas in u prok/^hou T, v .Ll I ."f^""' *.' "'"^ ^''« «"»«» 
 judge of the Kenorul churaiiter of , llmk of S h .w J! "'''r!' '' y"» ''«'«''•« *« 
 ;, it were, u lamily likcu.,HM. havo thnn d iv"^ Z t dSn'^"''/" '"^. "" ^"^^^ »"'*«' 
 an.l then suddenly whceh-d r<.un,l h„ that tl 1 h«"u c tlnl ?"" ^^''"f" ^l^ "^"^ 
 Been at a glance. This will onahio you t.. <lete,. Tnv hLl 1'' •"'' "'*"'' '"'^^ 
 
 there beany. In a wor.l, theew..Hhould he '' itZ.K '"t .e''^'. "' """"7"'^; "' 
 ewen and HfparutinK them into lot« for the nmw v , imwt tII i ^ When drawing 
 theselecUon, tiarefully uotiu« individual f..rni tiol.^ni'.M'''^,'"'' «'''"V "''«'"«''* '» 
 
 1^ ;?t:;iiZ!^ ™"^" ""^" - •-''"- -«i ^i::i-i u^ thi^X^-^- i?t?^ — 
 ..,.5rc::;r:!;;i;;r'i>jeL:::r^;;.Sts:^^^^^^ ^^«,«t ^^''•^'> 
 
 likely to improve in the offspnnK the faulty , out. ohserv.I?l\r"" ^^^^^^''/^i'l »>» 
 moreover, he a n.atter to whieh ti.e ll.KknL\" l ven unx^.^,^^^^^ *"'"'''• /' "'"''^• 
 
 ram that in correctin« defeets in the ewes he d .^ ,o v " X^^^^^ 
 the ran, which may be transmittal through the ewe an tl erebv .^ f^ ^ ''"•"^' '" 
 in the lamb which the mother did n..t jKKsse.ss. "'e^eby create imperleetions 
 
 Only by practice and carefully observiuK the tnienrincinloa nf i.- i- •., ., 
 
 uKu.ter ublo to nuiko a proper an.l Ju.licious Ji^Aio'Zl^^^^^^ " """: ^^l'- 
 
 ,nate them. I therefore (le«irc to i mpre,s.s upon v.. Ld.'i . nr. / '? ' '.''*' "^''^ ^'^ 
 neimsity of your becoming IhorouKh y a.ur," u. 4 v 1 ' , .in^^^ 
 
 bud points of Hheep, no n.utter what tLi^ bre ed n"mM«t T'^ "'" ^"^^ "'"' 
 
 «kill'>.l,iudKmcnt requisite lor the HUcce^sful u m ^emS 1 So^ "^^ """'^ 
 quired in the manu«cment ol' other (locks. 'B^^""'" ot houthdowus are also re- 
 
 E;icli liiml has its own murkul peculiurities, faults and merits »v),i,.i. «.., * i 
 .juried. md^carelhlly looked alter or a man will n.^^^^^^ ^l^f^^^^^^ 
 
 IIBEEDINO. 
 
 Remember that the brecliuK of k,k„1 or bad animals is no ^ame of chance You 
 m,f-l,t as well expect to breed a suiMri..r Shorthorn beast by usinJ .« \ dernev b>?n 
 .„. ahrst.<las.s Shorthorn cow as to breed a really «,h,,1 Sou thd,. J ^Hll:,;l^us•L^^ 
 Ulterior ram on o good Southdown ewe. ""^tii ny u.^mgau 
 
 Jf a man desire, nrd most lloekmaHtt rs <lu desire, to breed l'o<«1 nn,i ..i, ..^i i 
 uo matter what their breed may be, he n.ust first en le, 70/^0 .bw.rvl ^'i" ^^^^^'' 
 ,l,e ri.ht way to work to obtain it.' Leave not hi.lg to eW ""'"'*' ''^^""'^ 
 
 Many persons when they have hired a gmxl ran> try to get as much out of himasnos- 
 s.),le, aiul give h.m a.s inany ewca as he c^n be got over. Xo«, I look n Z t hTs Tj ?u 
 rniwise thing to do .Nature has Its limits; and it is far nu.re judicious to imit the 
 number ot ewes put to a ram tr ron, 50 to 70. The ewes will tlius be seasonal a he 
 proper time, and have strong, lu.ilt h.y and vigon.us lambs. It you ovei.lo a ran. ami there 
 are many em*< " run oyer," you ^v.ll probably brewl a number of weakly Jambs to *iv 
 notimig as to the bad eflect upon the ram for the following season ''""'«, 10 Siiy 
 
 I may ohservo tliat I by no me«ns recommend what iscommonlv knownasa "teaser " 
 nun to show which ewes are ,n use. Nature never intendcnl thai such a courseTould 
 be adopted, an.l I would unpre.s.s uiwn you the necessity of following the laws of nature 
 as closely w yon c^n. When a ewe is taken from the t«a«er to the ram bv which she 
 18 to he served there IS (r«iuently a great deal of nervous excitement and tfear produced 
 in the ewe and this being so how can we wonder if there are manv cases of ew^ "run 
 nmgover, ' when they have been subjei^ted to such unnatural treatment, which maybe 
 aggravated by the rough conduct of an irritable or batl-tempered shepherd. 
 
 PBACTICE AT MEBTOX. 
 
 I feel that I can beat explain my views and recommendati.ms if I allow myself once 
 more to say a few words with respect to the system of management adopted in the Mer- 
 ton flock. In doing so I desire it to be clearly understood that though I have been con- 
 
 :y 
 
 * ^ 
 
 
 n. ' 
 
 'I 
 
 t 
 
 1l 
 
 • l 
 
 
 ' ^--^ 
 
 1 
 
768 
 
 CATTLE AKD DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 nected for so .any year, witu Ho.tMo- sh^^^^^^^^^^ ^uf diaporeS 
 
 them with all the admiration felt lor one a //f * j"J^' :' ''^^ j,^ taught me to recog- 
 
 praise them by depreciating other b.^,^^^^^ ,^e weH Xpt^ to^'Pl^'^^ -°d dry soill, 
 
 . nize the fact that while Soixthdovu sheep <ire ^^'^ '^i^^P j eonditions. And ^vhen 
 
 they are at the same tune "f^ "^^^ jf,,,^„7\^„fh4 tak«° Pl"''« ^" *^^ breeding of 
 pointing out to yon the great unproven ent tf ;* '^^^^^ \^„^,^°„S f„l of the marked change 
 Southdown sheep during the present ^t°S\/ ''"u " Li 3^^^ Oxfords, the Shrop- 
 effected in other breeds such aa th'^ -«tf;j»' ^«' *£ iuv'Sness it would involve, I 
 
 mit this digression. ,iwrorpnt families and the shepherds know, from 
 
 The Merton flock comprises .^^^J^J^'^^'^t.acl fTm ly, which ram to put to them, and 
 long experience how to fj^f* the ewes lor ta^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^. ^^ ■ ^j^^ 
 
 the kind of lambs that are I'k^ly *« »e Pro''»ce« v f ^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 several families we have prouuced and n^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^ ^, ^l,,t^„ t„ j, J^ 
 
 We have always remarked t^at whtn rams na^ e , ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ 
 
 SirX^a^nS^^^^^^^ of ffeSr biriCthW own sheep, have been most sue- 
 
 ^=^1^ a rule at Merton tbatwhen a hired -m has^jt a p~n^^^ ^.mb fhe Injnb 
 
 !lStu^'t£i5S^:^t XKS ari^om his proc^ce not being satisl.eto?y 
 
 i^a^'""'^'^- FEEDING. 
 
 ^ J o f,>rt„i.rl,t before rams are put with the ewes it is advistible to 
 
 For ten ^?yy''^,[^l\^^f^^ ometlihg more stimulating than that which they bad 
 
 ;SSrc!:ia;;;^ri::: SlSrrS weeks, when doubtless the greater partof 
 the ewes will be seasoned. 
 
 JIAXAC.KMENT OK FLOCK. 
 
 * ,.,,„ ...iiat im .exorcised not only in supplying the ewes with 
 JS^^S^S^^ kee^iXn trom a^ greal Lcitement; s„el. .or 
 uutiitious, ne.uui Mviui, ' /^ . ,>i.rht from beini: run by a reckless dog. J maylieie 
 
 instance as might be p^^^^^^^^^ -"fuS of a Jell-trained sheep dog, 1 .au- 
 
 observe that, «hile luliy recoMiizmK free, uently seen in-lamb ewes and other 
 
 not but protA^st against th^^vay iuj;'hu^h \^;^%e^^ | apparently under theslif^hl 
 
 .sheep chiised. banished, /V^';;^^"",';^^^; ho to save his own legs, will unnecessarily ruu 
 control of a careless and buy "h'-'P .^[ • 7;,?;^^Jts it may produce. A good ami carelul 
 the dog after the "^eep, ecdh^ o t i ' el^c s t^ .y^I ^^^ ^.^^^^ ^^^^b^^ ^^. ^^^^ 
 
 manwillnotdr^amol •\"'"fJ,;"'; ' ;\ .''Vhg f they are in-lamb ewes thtrc is great 
 that is done by the inj ud.cu us "P^^ °' 'i' f ^^t ug 3hi.>p the effect of the alum, caused 
 risk of producing at)ort.on and it thty arc ';»^^'">j ^\ P ^ . j^^.^ ^^-^^^^^^^ j,,^^,^ , 
 
 by an excitable dog upon thein '« ^,, l^,^^^',,^^^ .'^J^^^^r is a sutferer. The excitement 
 can put on again in live loui^. " '» "V";^'-^;;; ' ^i,,,^ ...ith the (,uictude which m so de- 
 
 woald it thiy were *l^i>\\\\\ ,.o,„-se o( feeding for iu-lanib ewes is a most impoitant 
 The ',,uesUon what is the ^ «t to ui>c M^ g ^^^. ^^^^ t,„^kmaster. 
 
 one. and calls tor the ^''« «,-■-♦ ^«nM hat w"^^^^^ are kept on gnuss laud u.Ail alter 
 
 Thr-e exists '"' 1'^'"°"^ H,''Sr^^^^^^^^ prcsupiM>siug that they arc kept 
 
 they have amued here is t^U^^^^^^^^ Jatcr-cu^.., are not over-drivel., 
 
 free In.m "»f/y;.';^ "''4'"'^?,^ , " rove.« '•^'VOU'l .,nestion. with the Mertou ewes, that 
 nor sul).|ecte<l to fright, .Vc. l "'';.'',»;,;':'',,;, ..,-,^.; they have lambed is a decided safe- 
 keeping them entire y aw^vy rom t lun ps n^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^_ .^^^ ,, ,,^^ 
 
 guard against abortion Up ^o »; ^^ >"^[/^ foliowiuu year. They were then ius unhealihy 
 the end of Oct-.ber until he spring^ "^^'^l^ \^,^ there'were something like 110 
 a.s any ewes in the eountry. in ia« •?,•:,: that a change in the tr.iatiueiit must e 
 eases of abortion, and HO «w^ « .-I , ^'^^^^X^U L.t'be .e<l on turnips (except ,or 
 msMle-. I determined that in tlieiuiurt iiic t.y>i. ^^^^^ ^ ^^^j lambed. Since 
 
 live or six wi 
 
 L^ks when the rams welt- with tiK-Mi; 
 
 that time they have been loldwl aix 
 
 fed on grass land, with tiie supply of grass dail 
 
 supplemented by a 
 bran, at the rate of 
 
 ableallowanc«of a mixture ot hay ( 
 
 reiwouL 
 
 bushels of chaff to one 
 
 ^^ 'half ami fiesli-iiuide broad 
 
 of bran. .Vt about the tiiteeuth week of 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 769 
 
 geswtion half a bushel more bran is added in aioK .■ u , 
 
 ance of ,nixed food is gradually increased in pSrS .„"?''? °^ '^'^' ''"'» «»« «»ow- 
 
 by the unborn lamb on the system and strength'^/ the « we ** '""''^""'"K ^e'n'»°d made 
 
 HOW TO AVERT ABOKTION. 
 
 Since the introduction of this chamre in our • 
 ton cases of abortion have been uukuowrand thp ?yTl'?K ^'^^ ^""'aiub ewes at Aler- 
 at a mjnimum. On this point I may be permTtid to c U ' ^ ''''T^ '^' ''''' !'"•' ''«'« 
 on "Al)ort.on and Mortality among Ewes/' de limed in te"' t^**"*'"" ^ "'i' »««*»« 
 at something like a deflaite idea as fj the ci.isp ,?.• ♦ ' V^'^' ^^ enable me to arrive 
 which aborted and died in many part^ of the eoun r} i^ ho''""/ ''^■•«« »"'"'"^'' «' -we! 
 referred to, I sent out more than lour hundred circular VthLTr^ P'""*"' ^'■'^ J"""" ^ have 
 tainmg twenty .juestu ns, to flockmasters and oth"rs [hmX^'";!"'^^' ™^'' 'ettercon- 
 'l:,ese letters were almost all replied to. and the Son«^ ■' *''« ^^°'^'» Kingdom, 
 clearly and conclusively that the greater mrt o. 1 1,1 „T }^ »ns«ered. They showed 
 flocks where the ewes had been lkU„ a c^mSi^tivelv u'n!i '?f .""f, '^"''^' «eJurred in 
 turuipa and swedes unmixed with dry food .vnd tlv.t ..,.?, '^ allowance of common 
 donbtedly does aw-ay with m ,ny of the ill e lects producwri L" •"'^1"''' *'*' "^'y ^""'l «"- 
 also very clearly shown that where the ewes were ™ li''.^ """l^'** ''^'^ ^>'«*- It was 
 of any serious amount of abortion and mortalitv tL l'^'"'', '*'*''''"" ^°t'''«' aWnce 
 irivpii for the cnnflnawino nf ,.,k;,.u t ..__: , ■'• ^"^ particulars, with the rea.son>' 
 
 
 o generally ailouted wm. *^" ""' ^PP^^'i^ted i, it 
 
 flotkniiusters as to dairy larmers. cbee.se-make'rs -nd sf!I!.t .! ^^"''"*. ""'^ a<'vautage to 
 justiHed in this confident statement by my rece^^lt exneHp,,; Z"' *" «^"*"''^>- I »ni 
 have followed theu.se of ensilage in the c JoS.'.Xwe^T *''" ^"^l^ ''^^'''^^ ^^»'i«h 
 to the public in the lecture which I hope to have the hnnn- „.f'?';.^^4't-'* will be given 
 on the nUi of March, on which occasion his Rovvl HiJh?, ' " /l*^ ';?""K i" this room 
 with gracious condescension, expressed his willingue.ss to Side'' "' '^^"^^^ '»"«' 
 
 LAMBINO. 
 
 Aa the time draws near forewes to lamh, a sheltered woii i,** a 
 Tided. This should be .surrounded by straw-tKS shll. ^'^r^T'.''''""''^ ^^ P"-"- 
 Diee comfortable pen for each ewe when she lamb? The, ' ""/''""'«'l =« '" I'ave a 
 for a comparatively small expenditure, and the cost' will if.L^'"',"* "'"^ '*" *:»"«tructed 
 savin- of life Imth among ewe.s and lambs; many th ir wo. m ^ J'l' "^ t;""il)eii,sute.l by the 
 in severe weiither being pre^.rved by meansof his mernv^,""^'''^'''' P^''''^'''y >>« lost 
 dry litter should also be provided close at hLul .^ th uilT^^^^^^^ «"'*^''>"<' '"od and 
 
 in seanh of these neces.sarie8 at a time when tl^ ewes te S .f r"'' T ^ ■""" «'>"»^ 
 which he can give them. '''' '^'^'^ '^^"'"K '">• "il the attention 
 
 Hear in mind t'lat the duties of a .shepherd at lambiii.r finw> ,., • , 
 anxious, and it is a "pennywi.se" pnujtice t^ stint him '^Ti ''/■''"•'*^;.^''>'"«' "'"^ 
 sonalile amount of manual help when he re.iuires it will be l„ir i '.7 !!• "' ""■ *""' '■^"- 
 the cause of >he death of many lambs; beci«.s,rhm^!ve win "C'.^'?' ""'•' ""t^ ''« 
 to the shepherd's Imiily power, besi.les which he «iunot bl' „ wo >r h ""T '' " """* 
 ,>..me time. A careful, painstaking shepherd, of th g e„te.st ilZ Z *?• ^^'""'T "^ "'" 
 doubly valuable at the laborious and an.vi.,ns tiiueon Swl i "^ »«'"«, l.i'.omes 
 
 importance and worth of such a shepherd can oi 1 v h.' r^i , *^" a ^^ ronHiderable is the 
 by'?hose who, like my.self. have wat^l.e? l^c im zf and Z '.'::' """ ^T''^-'^^ 
 to do the best in his power for the interest of his e "plover re m / „ " .*''J'''""7"''"« 
 lornier oca-sion, that it i.s very de.siralile lor the ma^/r to vi.it' ,"*\ ^ ?"' °" " 
 
 lamhinK-lold during the night .is well as during the I .sfe. eh "'''"''• ,"' '''*' 
 csiHrially in coarse weather, and if he o<c«si,,mill v t k ; w i |? '?' 1?^!'*.''^ ""'^ 
 and comtorting" it will be gmtefully re.-eive.l an.l '. X ap i^i i ted S^ r"" 
 
 worthy the shepherd the l>etter pleased he is to lind the n u. T t "* """"•' *'"**- 
 
 work. If everything is going on s.itis.;u.t..r Iv i wi „ ^^ ^1.1^ /^ "" ''"'T'"' *V ^"^ 
 known to hisemploN,,, while on the ..the: hainl i7 I le el^^^^^^ '"""^^ >» 
 
 nary anxh-ty and dilVuulty in ,H-rf..rming his .1 tiis he'v^I ™^ "•""■ 
 
 Kmnnded in all the ,,nu • al details of shee,. Lni^em.^.t i vl -^t" "'t^, to be well 
 M fl..k„..ste., or J|esu^. ,o have your ih^KKkuJ toVZZidS;""" "'""'■ 
 
 :■ , 
 
 
770 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 8TBAININQ IN EWKS AFTKB LAMBING. 
 
 Tn a lecttire on the "Diseases of sheep," delivered in November 1872, I referred to 
 ,r,it of the dirisesto which sheep are liable. On this occasion I can refer to one or 
 most ot *"« "'^'7*',}^. ,." \ disorder "straininK in ewes after lambing," as to whicb 
 two only. Ihere « *»^»* *"■**! f'*™f'X k^^^ the success which had Ibllowed the 
 I may say that in the «P"°K ."Ji^^J.^/t^if^^JS^^^^ use of carbolized oils, by which 
 
 treatment ot ewes when affec^^^^'tj \^ amT^t ewes is prevented. Not only did tlie 
 
 ?;i"ern"srpheT:.ve eve^r^^^^^ f-* t'^^ '^^ 
 
 Merton s"^P"f^" J^'-". • W , * f^w years baa been entirely Iree from the diseaae, 
 
 wSrAhiE whX attr buSL r^^^^^^ 
 
 which 1 '^'^''^fjfj'"""^^^ ",,;,,_ ,.^ arisen Since th s treatment was made known by 
 
 rthr^hlhe'S^^ulSrp^li" ir^ been tried by many ilockmaste.. and witu 
 
 ^'C^TtrarptTsicians of Norwich, and at the present time mayor of that city 
 m? E^e) w»r^tru k with the snccess of the treatment that he tried it in two out 
 fftive^ver^^ danRerous cases of puerperal lever in women. The two pat.ente 8<. 
 of hve severe ana "»"fe*''""° , .■ X r^^^^ ^^^ ,nost interesting and important 
 
 treated recovered the other t^Ff.*' /^'^.^i^j,^' '"^ewirted in the British Medical Journal ot 
 (from nia^y ^.nte of view) ^^" XSut^dTy Dr. Bade. It would take too much. 
 ?rmrt:;'eSr Si;rhe paV fculEf 2"atal diseLe and the method of its treatment 
 time tn enter i""" ^""^ ,v,int« I would refer vou to some correspondence on the subject 
 SLrSXTop^tTro'? t'hrNirwtarcury, at whose o^ffice copies may be ob- 
 ?^ined There yon wUl find full directions for the preparation and use of these Ciubol.zed 
 ^ Is The utm(^t cTre must be taken in preparing theoils, which should be compounded 
 of the b^t?nTSiente Failure here may lead io lailure in result Indeed, such js the 
 i^mmt^ u thapreparation that (though no doubt there are otbei^) I myselt know 
 on?y^ one or two fl^ms in England whose oils are pertectly satisfactory. 
 
 THEATMBNT OF KWES IN LAMBING. 
 
 A few brief general directionB as to the management of ewes during lambing time may 
 
 ^u^Sr;E\£ shepherd should make it his practice to quietly walk amongthe 
 ew.^ carefully n^ing thos^ which show symptoms ot' lambing within a few hours, and 
 tiJjrUin J all mfch into a sheltered fold near the lambing yard, or into the yard 
 fS^si that^hltbrr\ be will know where chiefly to direct his attention. 
 
 When the laboT pains come on, and the lamb is believed to be in the right position the 
 shSerd should not l>e in a hurry, but allow nature (the best of all midwives) todo 
 Kwn work! \n exper.ence<l s.epherd will pe-r attempt to help a ewe un^^^^^^^ 
 that there are signs of her (to use a shepherd's term) giving up. then assistance 
 
 "The'larb^Tltllhould'be placed ne«r the head of the mother who, ^ a rule,. 
 will irformhor natural duty. When the ewe has done what is ne.-essary by the lamb, 
 rnd hL sJmewhat recovered from the fatigue and exhaustion of the labor, she should be 
 snariSff^d at first with a mixture of gmnl hay. chail, bran, and crushed heavy oats. 
 iTit ever be ren embere.l that the more.judiciously and generously a ewe »«« alter 
 haiinc fullv re^'overed from the lambing the better she will be able to nurse the lamb. 
 wTn the Hmb^ are old enough to pick or nibble a few turn.p ops, or a little young 
 7r^ t Jev Tould H. allowed i^, run into a forward fold, where alter a little time some 
 S^-cr^shtMl inst-c.! cake, mixe.l with crush..l heavy oats andasrnal quant, yo) fresh 
 f,r » sluS L^i^^^ in 1. w. covered troughs, so that they mav eat a ht e o the mixed 
 S \t Xts Ke This kind or feeding should be continued, nu^reusing the allowance of 
 ScdlK rUe 1 unl« grow older and stronger. Of course expenem^ed shephcnis r 
 Wk muXr^ll un.lcr.tan.1 that it is desirable later on to throw out a lew inanKolds 
 vhic Ith. Hmbscr. pick over in the forward fold, the ewes taking what the lambs leave. 
 S U.S t N m«" as..rv 1 Hh..uld ^.y that it is desirable lor the n.angol.ls o ,.. some- 
 f I ' -4^ r,,n.vVT™L;ire to the sun and uir before they are thus given totbecww 
 Tud in .s klw o.> nwrngo d so well suited for early feeding by ewes and bunbs a. 
 aud l-inibs^ 1 «;'."^:^ . ,„t,.,^„.,,i,ite." We are so satisfied with it that we now ^row 
 Sutton .V Sons ^ . I « ;"*"'":;; ^.,.^ ,v,r weaniiu: the lambs, which will be about 
 r 1 M >f "ul ' pr.' n io IZld brmade to have a supply of ..oles..ed or cabba,. 
 '^'VimVr'i"'-' "'<>"«' ♦"<•<•"<' «bem upon at night, and during the day they should 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 771 
 
 ance of from three to four onnopH n«r k„ j . 
 
 avcu uuuj', wmte ana t)ioodle8s A nup^ ;= ■■■■"•i^iui 
 
 the fever remains unchecked for in vf^T""* *'""«" 
 
 matten., i. far easier and therefore KrTh.V' ''""'• I'^^vention Tn^ tTirri^rT.' '' 
 injudicious and nigKardlv feelinEr t Itl • " *^"™- My experiencp n«„,,- ' '° ***''^'^ 
 art given a change^^f S ^f'S HWeTha^^^^ °' *^^ laS E^^'^^'^Sr^f that 
 ores or layers where sheep have been .^wT^^'J "'"'^ "^e not allow^'to fc!^ '""''* 
 generally remain healthy, and are seWom Sf h^'*^^ ''^'^ ^I'icklyTn the uronn?. T*" 
 thriving condition" is a ule wh^j^ouX i.^^^ '"*'' *'>« 'everf ''KeefS •^'^ 
 which also applies to sheep of a lages^ Til^> ''""«'» ^^ betters of gold ^w ?i ' '°,*' 
 minutes to speak of the miiim^emnnf\p ** P"^*^ so quickly that r , .V. '^ ''"'® 
 
 may, however' briefly olJ^TuT^l:^'^::^^'^^ -Ln «L*'£, V^thVurl: '"f 
 hoggets to turnips by throwinc a few «> „ ♦ • *"'°°'" be taken to Kraduill^ o«, * ^ , ^ 
 increasing the daily allowaZls th^y it S.? T '^«^'*«« '''^^^ Cft t ^ 1 TpH ^^^ 
 accomplished put them into a fold on fht^ ^•*^'?'"' ^ t'»« food. When thu . 1'°^- 
 supply of rooti n.ust be limit:/l for?M ,t "wh'enT^"* "'^^^J i° S cl^'f i^« 
 it is of the llrat importance not to pinch them wifi? -^^^^S^ y°»°g «heep on tur^in li^^ 
 £1(1 expended in hurdles n.ay sav'eS l^":,^];^ /^"^"V^urdle rim. Tn'^^^^^^^ 
 hnnl es enables the animals to get exerc.ran 1 fo nick „ *" '^"«P- ^ good supply of 
 which may have been passed over duriutr thp lili-r ^ c"P «°y withered parts of n.rnil 
 by ,shee„ when the weather is line, audlre^u nt ^avf .''^ 1""/«* ^o^'te enS 
 passil.Ie ev.Mioni the tresh turnips. * '''"'^ ''"'« '' ^^ etfect in checkin«Tnv 
 
 It should be borne in mind that irnn,i .,«,! . . ^ 
 
 food with a mixture of ehutr (if of^.^y 1 M t hXt )T.r" f^PP'e'^ent the turnip 
 cake, amlaregui(le( in t ledailvallnwo,,-. k\ . -'' 'n-^'t, cu ms, bran arwi i;!, ? 
 sheep ready tlfr .vle. ^^^Jti! ^:t:^^y^l^^-^^f tli^yT's'liTolilS 
 other common turnips, care must be tiL-..., t^ • / , '*° swedes, n place of whUo 
 gradually to increase^ the r.n.poS,n ot^t es^unt? t Uin •"■" ™'^^^ «tSt!^:cUh:u 
 overdo them with root^ at any time, or bad results m^v'^n'^ "'% «^^«" «* all. t v ^'^"t 
 hat under any circumstances a lot of sheep will C'f''!""^- J^ ^ometime.s hupS 
 this .8 the case do not hesitate to entirely chLure tlS,'? '^'^ ^"^^y on roots. VvC 
 astrons loss. I have f reciuentl v known ,. i ■ ^ . '' 'o*" a time. It will ivnij ; 
 
 change in the health of u^otTsl^ L to ^^^^^^^^^ of food 1" l ^^^^ 
 
 charge 01 them. A ..reful, ol>serva„t'a,Td prSaTi. 5 wi,?^ 
 ^sh.ch another pen,on, less observant and leLs pracliclll !s clllleTl,"'°n"fo'*'^^ ^^ ''"'""^ 
 
 nist-r.sHiox. 
 
 Loni Walsingham, who was warmly cheered said- Pr„r 
 moment very unexpectedly done me the honor' fT V ^■'''""" ^''^^^^ having at thela.«t 
 Mon it Incomes m^ duty Ld ^iv^me g rjlea ""• tTnr" ''''^' *'^ ^'^^'^ o?fh! i": 
 ^\ ".His lor his most excellent lecture. I in v h.mesth- ...^ITT " ^"*« of thanks to Mr 
 pmnnityot judging of Mr. ^V^KKIs•s intiniatcMuC,!^ I ., ^ ^'•''.* """"« '"*'''w<l nioreopl 
 a.^)nst spoken than I have myself I m i, I ^ ''" ''''"' "'^'«a'>)t^.'t on whid.Z 
 
 i-«gr,ru!t< r:tl nu-nuuro arc known and valued r tulvr.i.' '"'" "'■**'>"triinuions 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 s« 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 I 
 
 B 
 
 1T2 
 
 , . 1 „„ ^f rnmhridae. and bears testimony 
 ni- that Kentletnan whi<th stands in the n^'*'i»^«t-pl«« «f ^a ml dge,^^ ^ ^^^^^,^^ ^,. ^,,^^p 
 
 to tSe S eputation iu which he -^;:. f^^^V^i^t^d very m to the improvement of 
 T fhink we shall all ajjree that Mr. Webb contrinuvea y ^.^^^,,^,^ ^^.^^ ^ , 
 
 ou?mutton and wooU and I am .juUe sure ^^^ Z the ime satisfactory result. 
 Woods has done his duty durmj^ his lite »\"3'"^^^^^^ the remarks which have lallen 
 ^^Sr Tanner: I have great V^^^']'*" l^'J^'^f^^'^Xm. Woods, which have been 
 1 ™J^**"\A",„i_,,l,,inj In reference to the lectures "' "" amoniist agricultural 
 
 Sdistd \1 qn?te sure that they are ^-^^^I^^^ireTp i^^^^^ 
 l^^eratare' embmlying, as they have done, f «'^* P^7„"° ui h^ve the pleasure of hearing 
 ud'iient; and I have no '^o'^bt that those of UBwto w.1 ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^-^^ 
 jua„mcuL, March will find that in reierenct v^ ^^^e front. I 
 
 -i?>^stio^s^Sd with -^^^^^iiij^i^hSSvSSi^ 
 
 thenobTelSdVoranotherof the very many and great kinrt ^^^ ^^^^ this evening. 1 am 
 IZ me in speaking so Afttenngly and ^ ,°^^y^V' ^^«„„,,„ to you something of the prac 
 very glad to have had the oPPf t""'*^^' "".^Son and if it proves ot any advantage, 
 very gi.i" . yo^tiniown sheep at 5^^""";/\":n„titnte— which from my heart 
 
 Tl hope tt S do. to the students ^^f^^^^^^^i^f^^^y^n.^ had the manage- 
 Twi.! success-1 shall be f '^atly gratihed. J^^^^^f J^ that it would have been a 
 meat of the Merton sheep lor such a ^^s f I L\ not been so thoroughly and pract.- 
 
 lufrelebrated Hock. ^ ^jj^nks with great pleasure. He said he 
 
 Mr Bidden. M. P., seconded the vt^teolinan iu^ebted to his lords liip and o 
 
 cou d not help feeling that ««"«"!*" Vl.Thev had great practical talent and scientific 
 h" til "rate agricultural adviser. Wh^^^^^^^^^^ ^\,Z wealth ever ready to spemi 
 
 attainments, combined with wealth and t»« « , j „„t be too gratelul for the advao- 
 ?i on behalf of agricultural advancement, t^.^y 'f'"', experience, he advised young 
 igTs^h'ly deriv'ed the-froin Speakin.^lron ^^^^-^^^.^^ Pithing like weight for ge,- 
 ^mers to disabuse their minds oi the id^ uia ^^.^^^ bring more pro it than .arge 
 
 tiu2 a large price for their sheep, ^'^•''''i,,^ portion to their food much la.ster, aud 
 sheep, Suse they would make """^ "" \^, Pffi it wa.s much more Pliable thaularge 
 '^^en it was made the butcher -"" 'J^'^i^^,^^' J^en South.lown Hocks would again he the 
 mutton. He hoped to live to ^tt tuc uay 
 
 most fa.shionable. , ... .x,.„i, you very much for your great kindness 
 
 '"The noble chairman in ^«P >^ ^^'^ , Ln.^ iu \vhuh tlie proposer and seconder o. this 
 
 towards me, ami for the very hitt^ring ternis i ^^ ^,^^^ ^,^^ ^^^.^^^^^ 1^. 
 
 iX thanks have been good enough o «P ' ^ « JJ; ^his is very niuch owing to my 
 
 ^ible interest in all .luestions P'*>'"f,;" , ''' ^ ,n my iutere.st in a^ncultmv won d have 
 
 f en.i. Mr. Woods, for I am atraid ^^ '^'^^^^''^^^ J, „po„ to begin a cour.c ol larunng 
 
 \Zln verv luuch handicapped. It 1 "'H "e'^" * , ' .^ atciiculture has not been id 
 
 S get up "lock of sheep at a \''-.- -^,:: 'I'lit L^lued, and .lid that . woujdno, 
 
 A M„%-t urosnerous condition, 1 migut nave u. . j ,; j ^^ m, ^ Uo, k already 
 
 a'L much trouble alniut it; but coming '"J" ^''.^J^ n w th everything in my favor, 
 
 ^UiblX 1, with able '"'^"'^^r;"^^'^",:::^.! L" U r:- . not only m the purnnit olagri- 
 
 U^'w imi^^ssible for me not t.) t^^.^;, . f '^un , upon the M.rton estate. NV^tl, re- 
 
 cuu"elmtal.s..inthellocko.slieep^w^^^^^^^^^^ I j..^,,j^,,j , .^^.j,, ,j,,,^, ,vi ii him 
 
 t ml to the size of sheep, the ,M;int a u e.l » '-^ j,,^,,, ,, ]..iTA^. „„e. Siuall mat- 
 
 U at a snuU slie^p ortei, means "> • e I r ' J \ ,,i",,^,„ ,Ueep will l.t.h lugl.er price. 
 
 u\s, no doubt in great ' e^^-^^ /; "^ '^tinu.' ii' you can increase si. e witUou. losing 
 
 iiffi?!" horn ihS^S'Sii^^-iiect which we should have m view. 
 
 [liiclosuro Nc 
 
ri' 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 773 
 
 SOUTHDOWNS AND CAMBRIDGESHIRE FARMING. 
 
 [iMclosuro No, 4 iu Consul-Qoneral Merritfs Ueport-Reprintea fro 
 
 ui tlie Field, August 18, 1883.] 
 
 The history of the Babraham flock is the his nrv nf .„ i 
 
 Babraham Hock originated ia this way. The litP \t7 t^ m«dem Southdowns; and the 
 
 ing farmer of his day, and when his W we f^rown ^ ^^^^^^ ^'f ,«"• ^«« « l^ad- 
 
 into years, he spoke to them to this effect- " There o^.uLT.' '^"'^ ^^ ^^^ «e"iag 
 
 ,vith different kinds of sheep. But that is younc men'^ L • '"'"*" "i'Pe'iuients tried 
 
 begin now; you make the experiments." Hisson Jonl^Pnt^^Tf?! -^ "" *°« "'*^ *» 
 the suggestion, and, having hired the Babraham fnr^^ entered fully into the spirit of 
 
 trials 11 suggested' themselves to him LSe^'^^^eVhS^^ ^'^^ «"^b test 
 
 day, as wa« then shown by this breed being drat on theliSnff.''?'''^ ^\^'^ «f t^*** 
 Smithfield Club Christmas shows. They stillit need hlrHif i ^ "^Tl ,«^»^^^ ""^ ^^^ 
 of place " at the London shows to this dJy And notonW S^- f '^' u' ^°^*^ *^'« " P"^^ 
 ricultural Society of England was inaugurated a Oxford ^inis^^O Th^T '^^ ^^^^^ ^8" 
 first iu the list of classes lor sheep. They were Jivpn U ' ^^.^.^eicesters stood 
 
 York show. ^ ^ ^-'^ f^'""^" ^^^ ^nie Position at the recent 
 
 The young Jonas Webb, of some sixty years auo disnlnvp/i of * *• 
 and,ju<igment which ultimately led to his beinKThe LrlK ^^^""^ ^^'^ ^^'^Y 
 He experimented with Leicester3, Southdown ramotheTSeds^of'il''"''^' ^'' ■''^'• 
 with a view to ascertain which would produce the most m^^tindLn^' '/'^" ^^ "''*''• 
 If that wius not a stroke of genius at that time, It wrth^Srect w.v/f r'' "'P'-'''""'"- 
 question from a practical point of view. Younii Jmris ™? m '^.^^ 'T'""- ''^ ^^^ 
 sWlthen, as it is acknowledge,! by every pra^tSrman now'Ihrl'^/'"'''*y ^"'^^^^ 
 that the greater individual weights at a given a e of ."^^^^^^^ ' ^T- ""* ^*^"«^^ 
 Cotswohls yield the most protit on the ibod a lurmer may hav flH "r^ *" V"-^^°'°^ '^"^ 
 will grow ..at of nothing; and a large, coarse. Cy- vLi^^X^J'^^^^^^^^^^ >^^^'"= 
 
 food than smaller and more compact ones. It wfis this eon, nt? "fi^^^^'ly requires more 
 referred to.a question of so much'mutton and money p:r.cf'Sw.^L^^^^^^^ 
 of laucy prices, as now given by rich amateur breeders at homL^and by ibTekm n?, n ^^^ '^''^^ 
 The question then was closely limited to the value of Ztton n/l 3 
 the food consumed, as between the br'-cdercr producer mdHu.K.lf.' '"^^^^oriluig to 
 It is true there were some high figures given tor'' New Lditers ^'VZ^'JTT'l 
 this time; one Leicester ram w.as let for a thousand guine.is to three ow n;i!.f f -^^T*^ 
 ewes. But young .Jonas Webb clearly did not heed this and es^crtemmi^? Leicester 
 After the several experiments he instituted ami carrie 1 T J^t .1 T ^''"T"^'- 
 Southdown breed. """^ ''" ''*'"^«^l ''own to the 
 
 Having come to this decision, young Jonas Webb then brouL'ht his ,rrp.,t „..♦„ i • , 
 meat to bear i., improving his lloek. The result of his jndSt amfsk 1 in^ :^^^^^^^ 
 his males and fen.ales culminated at the Hoyal Society's sV^ a it te .ur^" n^n^^^^^ 
 when he took easily the six [.rizes oflered or rain.s liiNt second .i,.,! fi.; .,i '^ . ' 
 lings, and lii.t, second, and third in the chus.s ,or o deV Xep v .v^n^ '°:f^'''''•: 
 painting of these sheep, with .lolm Day (now of >Ierton) an K^\h,,u c [.'^^^^^^^^^ 
 hangs in the dining-room of Jonas Webb's eldest son, .W. "irr\\Vbr,.rK^ 
 llall near Linton. The artist was the well-known animal pa.nleYo h iay Mr w"^ 
 H. Davis. Mr. Jonas W ebb Inwl resolved not t.. exhil,it his .heep after the Canierlnrv 
 meeting, and his success there, as above nu-ntioued, was a well-.uerited liud, tl ^ i,l.w 
 career of sueee.sslul breeding and exhibiting. 'ueriitu unale to a long 
 
 Not so, however, a.s an agriculturist. For some years previously Mr Webh ),.>,i .t....f. i 
 aherdof Shorthorns and a- the Hatten^.a slu>w of'tho H^y.d ^f^^^^^^^ f^^ 
 a wliite hul call, which was in the most bl.H.ming condition that I had ever seen .in an 
 imal up to tha time. I or I i.st !• ru.ts (appropriately named, as this w.is the firs .SI ort- 
 liorn he exhibited) he «wsily won the first prize. Then in the.Hanie vearcame hishnVe ted 
 death, at the age of si.Uy-six. But the honors he lud won lus an a^'riml tudst li S 
 with his d,^easc^ for be ha- so gaine.l the confidence and respect":,' idi^^t^rS 
 cnltunstsol the kingdom r' ., •^ statue to his memorv wiiss,.lw.Tii.^.i r,>r ■»,-! c~ t r"i 
 was ilie nret honor of it.s Ivini. that was ever conferred lor purely agricultural eminence 
 
 Ill 
 
771 
 
 CATTLE A.ND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Ss^hotevT^Si the"eadiDg breeders and prize-winners at Royal audo^er shows, 
 aa will be 8««»«^ortl^. ^ jj , y^.^ ^^ ^^out six miles from Babraham) four 
 
 ^'V^r'''.,^ H^f h nf hiSZhL Herntinued to superintend his father's flock, so 
 years belore t^e death oj his father ^« ^""''^t^^i of males and females went, and 
 far as seeipK to his «f '{ ,9f J^f '8'^^,*°?i^®J^ glfe^p and lambs as his father coald 
 during tto time he ^^^ *f « ^^^J °"^?^^Jl ^ "^^^ 
 
 spare. Then «ttbe sale at Babraham m^^^^^^^ he wellknew. 
 
 chara^terof which, Iwth in regard to tn^^^^^^ to the ewes he then purchased and 
 
 He also bought eight /^"f «/, ^'il^.^^^ u wa^Tthis way his present flock was founded, 
 rdtSvCwTl:l;Td"af o^nc"e1L n^^^^^ ehee^ of either stock has since been 
 and It may as ^«"^° ="'" " ^ , ^^^^ close in-and-in breeding has, of course, re- 
 introduced to *^«J^^fXrent aS well^^^ intimate knowledge of the complete record 
 ^f relatSL'p tSCCn ke'^t" AU this has been displayed in a masterly way by 
 Mr. Ifenry We^b ' 'evide^ by the prolific character and unilorm appearance ol h, 
 
 ^Tr2t?v°Hali five miles northeast of Linton, is an occupation of 550 a<;res, 40 acres 
 btreetiy Jiau, ";» J"' „, . ~ . ^ jq the Webb lamily for four generations, 
 only ofwhich are pasture. Jj>^fl™^^^7t^ soil is all of a tenacious character, th; 
 or upwards of » hundred and mty yea^. specially skilled management 
 
 rnSopSislhrrS: rS^ed t^'^k'oTsuitablc for ?he health and progr^ of a 
 
 ^^h^A^Llt^^v^^kep^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 SeteZ'^^.Zi:ne\{rZl^^^^^^ floc^k yearly, and these are replaced „ 
 
 S^reauked number of the l>est shearlings. As to t^e health of the sheep, the greatest 
 tS3e S I token to avoid contagious diseases. The fences by roadsides are hnrd ed 
 ^ andtihe gat*^by roa<lside.i are fenced off by squares or semicircular oopn or hurdes, 
 BO thatthesheTpmay imt come in contact with any passing stock It sheep or cattle 
 are Sen to pa.^ along theroad-and the shepherd is always on the lookout nrth.s-the 
 ^eattlhe same road of the Streetly Hall flock is °«Vi«" Thf/,:^.!? ''i!5 
 K*no matter what the inconvenience and extra expense may be. This may be looke^ 
 ^ 'T^^aBtlk keenersasan overdrawn precaution, but this great care is justiUed 
 hri^heShat while to^ have existed ii, the neighborhood and close at hand, the 
 SuSvllall ?ock h^^^^^^ attacked in any form. As an instance ol the healthy 
 
 and prolific chiS^ter of this flock-its close consanguinity notw.thstanding-every ewe 
 
 nhTm*Soreg7sirgrX-o?l^«S^^^^^^ 
 
 laSs S^givenC before th^ are weaned. Then the dams-wh.ch, of course, have 
 ifa^thoh-ir-marks since they were lambs-aro dotte'd with paint on the near or off 
 shouSe^ oToifthe side or runfp, e^ch mark indicating that she was by a certain ram, 
 or had^mc other close relationship t<. other rams. These signs are all recorded in ho 
 flock4)^k^ and when the time for matehing rams and ewes in the autumn arrive,, it is 
 to be s^n 'at a glance (by any one like Mr. Henry Webb, who is used o it) whub ew«< 
 ^ndr^s are dosely related, and whi-h are further removed in relationship. T is 
 BkUled and accurate system necessiU.tes the use of eight or ten rams every year for the 
 ?wo hundred and thirty to two hundred and fifty ewes. Sometimes ten ewes of one 
 TWO nuuiireu uii I J nnother St rain. In other cases, twenty, thirty, or 
 
 strain may ^« f '*^'''tn^ n Tie su uT/lf r ot er rams. The best rams o. par.imlar 
 lifty ew.^ of other sUuns may ^ ^""'^ ^''j;^" t,,e ewes of the current flock ire valud 
 ^irndV^rfo^nf oiSuitS "mtrtlt b. s.ld. An instance ot this ..ourred 
 beyond P"*-^ •'";," fonc of the leaciig breeders of Southdowns in Iraneejcame 
 o^?-[rusual t: b ran h^showel his ^ood judgment by s,HHnally a.ln.irin,apar. 
 fionlarsK but htf was peremptorily told that he was not tortile, as he was require. 
 ticuiarsneep, oui in "* i^™, .' i,,,^^„vpr did not p;wM V mousieur. lor he went liack 
 for so many ewes at home JJ'" ^^^^^^^^'^'^ J n„. L all last evenin,-, and .Ireaming 
 the next da.V and said. ^ I,!:'^.!. S^« bave, him." But, as I ha-e said, aspecially 
 ttlioui mm an niiiu., '^l''r\-"':r^W^^ ^^ ,{e„ry Webb as i)em« i)eyond jirice. and 
 good «^*P".f "«;7.»*.'^^' ;;:,", "e^^^^ many ewes, and no templinj^oiTer could 
 
 SiliKCn l^im h;:.::^^ ™; l how Ihe ane char..ter of the B.i)>rahani 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 775 
 
 •stock haa been preserved at Streetly Hall Th«»« k . , 
 
 Ah an instiince of the way this nl^n h..o k "reeaers, 
 
 *heH,.^pmeshearhngatLntr&,J,'^i\'l^^^^^^ ™'*y be mentioned that 
 
 relerred to, waa used at Babraham inlt^rX^'^,,'" ^^^ P*'"^'^ «^«"P of s^x above 
 
 yo K. ^'le strain of thm sheep is now stroufflvmn^iTi.' ^ut^hess County New 
 
 ent ilocks is due to the^n/p™ nradVt^rArcSon'' ''^ '^"'^ '^''-^S oSi^'J^S 
 so named alter the first-prize shearling afthe first lioLT ^'V'^^^- The Derby sfS 
 hue ol sheep that is now consDicuona n^uL /^oyal meetiuir at Derbvi i» Llif 
 
 4illottedforii9oat home tZ S %t 2, T'! *^''^ 8''*°d «hl,r HnSof^hisZ^^' 
 thought and dreamed so muV The ewT^tr. Z' f *^^ '^''^ the^FrLS SSr 
 Derby stmn This shows the imp^rJu^'^fth Pf\°* T* «" ^^e off hip are 0^1 
 «ee.l hardly be said that the male deSansnf^ T'*^.^°'^ » '^^^ of them 1? 
 fenmles of that strain, but a ram wilfbo ch^'' f^^^'^^^ ^J." P«* be matched wi^h the 
 
 'Th*'f' 'T.u' ^^^ . '* '"^y bo tiiat^n ArchWsL?f 'V'^^ forthestTemoJed 
 .matched with them. But in this lam only Kuessin,. 1 .T " .* ^^^^8"" "ne may be 
 for I could not enter into the complica^,! Ldl^Zll^y?^, » general illustration 
 altliou^h tb.se entries are ABC to Mr, Henry Webb ^',*'^' •*^t*'^« of the flock-Ck 
 with them irom boyhood upwards. ^ ^^^^^' ^^« ^ grown into Jamiliaritv 
 
 The younger animals of this flock are remarkahl« «.*..■ 
 frome and color There are one hundred and twenlvvlaHi "*'''' "•"* tmilbrmity of 
 will be selected for strengthening the muinflo^k Tlw!I ^' ^'"^- ^^' ^bese seventy 
 might be run promiscuously into lots of live or ten e«;. ^X,®°ty. when put together 
 not. to «iy an affected Judge, who would have con£ .J""*^ ^^^""^'l be a fasted oS' 
 the better pen of the lot, so alike are they ^0^ ?-h?r*''J°"^''^" '^«^'''*^« which ^ 
 will be sold to French, Canadian, American" or orhiSS'L V'" ^'^^ ^"^'^^^^ ^'V 
 buy at high hgures any number that can bo spare^l lh)m th^« n K^f "**' "^^^ *'« Slad tb 
 men in particular are eager customers, from the recolbwin.. Vh f*^**'" ^^°^^- French- 
 cessof the late Mr. Jonas Webb at the Paris Interl^ational fe v'" ■^'' *^« ^'^'' 8uc- 
 
 The rams are eighty, most of which are shelirlinLAuf ''*'*'" "" ^^^''■ 
 uniiormity of size and general character asewes do n^rf i,.„i "?** , °°^ ^^^ *» *> much 
 .iB left for stock. But, even with this large numb^r^ ther 'T^iT^'" '^ '^'^« proportion 
 stamp and likeness to be seen in the meanest sheen Th^ • t ""niistakable family 
 good demand for the smaller and less evenly-balancwl r.,,^0 .•'^' b«sules, a regular and 
 is well known that animals are often as much like the rmn* "" ^'°*","^ Purposes, as it 
 their parents; and therefore, by the .same ruW,, ^conZZ^hT!if''^^^^'^,^^^y "'elike 
 not forgetting the dictum that "like breeds like ''-n,,rr^ ^^"^^ 
 vstock purposes as his more jwrfect relative would be « ),V f 1 f "^ ^'""»ble for ordinary 
 saves the large number indicated of his nuUas fbr which ..! «'''"°il/^Ir. Henry Webb 
 and gowl demand. But— and this is not singular us tl,« rl ' ""V "."""*'*•*• ^ regular 
 bmhan. sto.k causes it to be still resorte.l o Iw u"^ nnncin,?.T''* "'''*''**-'*«' «*'tbe Ba- 
 te keep their flocks up to a high standar.l-there is more d Sn !l' ' "i"^ *" .Wouthdowns 
 or £1-2 rams than for such as run into three ligur^ iw V r','^-' '" bargaining for £10 
 feed for a direct profit over the scales, look at an extra shiT in , ''"'"'^''^'.^bo breed and 
 oost of £-i or £-.1 for their sire, with s;i3picion o d ;trust & b.mb, Irom an e.xtm 
 when a pure-bred ram from an old-established fl(^^k is mi to I h^ i '.•'""'' *^*^ ^'"'^ ^bat 
 they of the same or of a different breed, the i.ssue " shoot n,,t a, " ("'"'""o ^wes, be 
 .size tl.au they will do if they be i.ssue of common ormon^rel fT '" '',*'»'• greater 
 These le.s.ser-prieed rams are therefore geneiHlly s^id toT^?[ ^^'''"^ °" ^"*^b sides. 
 Canada, and other fo,^ign aud colonial partT Tl^ etL,^,c.^rn^ '"^ ^""If^' '^»"*^"^- 
 api.re<iated by the customers of Mr. Henrv Wehl ill 7 h« h '*^'"««° ^"11 known and 
 order by letter for .so many at the unTleVsU.„f''p;l" ''^p'S^j^'^ ""- 
 whose issue are now marked with a paint spo. on the ne.ir shmTl'ar ^ to mention, 
 prize-winning flock last year, and he has since f^t^rsold at ,1 1 '.•''''-■' "^^'^ '"""°S » 
 French breeder of .Southdow.is. Ilardih Jd N^riO). t t KnoP'' '" '1 '^'"« 
 favorite lineage, and she is well-woolleil down to her j w; a„ ."^ u'^'r^* ""T^i" 
 No. :t, a four-year-old of well-preserved form as he is ie;ir v L , "'"'•''bood is by 
 
 although his grand ,hara,.ter h'as le.l to n,ue.^u!:lu^Iei",VS 'V-f r*^*'' ''" " Bhearling, 
 
 liie lambs are simpiy living pictures, both r.ims and evves »"J.i, "; , 
 mis together, there are, of..Mi..e, variations in h! 1 1^ d si,e H " '^t^^^^^^^^^ 
 character, there are very few under-size.l ones. .Vnd a, ^o thdr faiSy* tr!iit;^ H ^"yS 
 
 t, i^ 
 
77fi 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 jaws, and down the legs. ^,i„ „«-/.rnnninff Streetiv Hall, I willjnstraen- 
 
 ^ Before I make a few notes about *»>« "no*^" »' f ™PP'°? i^r^^Jf "be etting of Young 
 tion that I saw the entry in the Babraham «*talogue ^^ > *" ;^°X« „,• ghropshires ami 
 Elegance, the sheep ^^ich causal so ^^'^l';^™"" j",™^"« hired in the above year at 
 their critics, Irom twenty »« ^wenty-Uvo yea« ago^ » ^,.ordin«ly used. The 
 
 L^LTa^h^DXra^^o^nrh^^^^ named The Dnke-at 170 
 
 ^^Seropping of Streetly HaU ^'^^^^S^:::^^^:^^ Ifn^PuKf 
 valuable llock of sheep kept on the lariu 1 he .'^'J^ «" ,^ ^ th,^t the green crops 
 The cereals need not be relerred *« '» ^'^'^ft^i^tejl ' Sv on them in a lavorable sea- 
 and other food prepared lor and given to ^J'^. ^^^^fj^" ^^"'^.ore favorable than forsev- 
 «on. This year the spring ami ^^^^['^J^;;^ZdtuTv.he.a, oats, and barley have a 
 eral past seasons, the crops are K^n/r^^^ °^" .^^^^^^ have patches of a dark appearance in 
 very fruitful appearance. Home of t*^e ™* ''7£ autumn having killed some of the 
 them; but this is due to the ^^^P^^^^J^^f J VeplSs having tillered in the spring 
 plants the sai.l dark appearance being di^ f^ there ip^'""^' ''^^ threatened to be more 
 from having had too much room. Mildew is there appa .^^^^^^ ^^, 
 
 ^^eeT-rops of almost allkindsaregro^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Sainfoin is a favorite variety, and '\ «["r^« '!f '^ "°th of tkres, ryegraas, and clovers in 
 marly subsoil. This year, "^'."f. J^jS^^ave ifeen mvvet for s^d! and f^m the way the 
 April and May, several acres «» «*'°'f/" ^'^f ^j ''t ° rTne sacks per acre in the husk will 
 stems are heavily laden, it is ^^P^^^^^ed ttot ei^^^^^^^ "drawing' this seed; that 
 
 l,e yielded Mr. Webb J'^ -^^'IfJ'^^J^l^^^S ^h^^^^^^^^ it is unnece. 
 
 ^. rhfsirw'sf 4hIU h'h^k^ sells what he has to spare ,n the same cond.- 
 
 ^^i swedes, r ^«f '^^^^^l^lo^r^SJ wSt cC^ -^^^^^^ 
 feet tilth may be made wh. o the crops »[« ^'™^ ^ ^^^ ^ws are generally left with 
 nece-s^iry point in farming «t™»^; ^ ^''^^.^.^^^^^^^^^^^^ nature of the plants. The 
 
 a short space between them, but tn'«'«y""^' a Garrett's horse-hoe is used for cleaning 
 later white turnips are *«'7 «"J J^//^*;; '^^^^hUe ti Sp^^ a bunch, when they are re- 
 them. The Xorfo K plan o leaving three white ^^ 
 
 ,„irc.l "c spnng^ed, - be « P -u d.^^ IreXeTgether; W- - »^™wi°*^' ''''' 
 the etlect of winter irasts "e^er ««»i frozen, by rising trom the inner or 
 
 to the sxvelliTi- of the soil at the time ot '^ f '"^^^^^^^^^ stretched, the cellular 
 
 touching mU of each turnip, ^hereby the roots arejniysi^^^^ ^ 
 
 tissue not being broken, as it l^^.^'^^^" V^",,",^"'"'^,^ pS^^ clay soil; so the latter are 
 Neither mangold nor kohl rab. ^row ree y on thy cuu > ^^^.^, ^^^^^ 
 
 not cultivated, and swedes are^own with the iW^^ ^^^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^^,^ 
 
 t^-X^a::1^tZ:^^^i^^ '^Z:::^^ir bu^,s much larger than the 
 
 being applied-iu the place ot '"« «• '^^^"t, ,i t e no " l.rluK^^ I heard of a case of !) 
 are also generally grown to a '^""'l- ex^*""\ " Webb's lant was H(» inches long, and very 
 ,,„,uters to the acre having been grown. /'.'^' 7,fJ' ^^^ ^'^." harvesU-d. nipe and mustard, 
 
 fn^i^ttis:---:'-^"^^^^^^''^^!'^^ 
 
 for thecwfts. with a v.cw to make the [-V«^ ;^*^ '7, , , ^ la.i. Turnipsarc sownaller- 
 i„„ ,„ Ih. «»-™ a-l ll'« " "«' ""k ^, ',lL1.!::™;,ta/„„ whit, clover «,..l l..«m. Tte 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 77r 
 
 year's mangolds remaining, and will annarpn*!,, k„ r 
 lent condition, and two of three tonsTda. S^^L^" " *?'*''*'>• These aw yet in excel- 
 them freely, and, owing to the ripenesa cJ ^he ii,Z°th°'°.^^? ^°^''' *»'« 'ambs "ting 
 showu^ no signs of scouring. A arue «( uanf ^ ' ^''^ *''"''« admirably on them 
 every fold. Mr. Webb pre4s the reled blocL to nT"^^ ^^''« «"!» is ^n a bixTn 
 It. They certainly nibble it off, or scoon it off fni ^^ '^^*' "« ^^^ sheep take more of 
 ah. Ensi age in an incipient Ibrm, T^ommr^" Sf ?r»ti«««. ^ith an evideTrel- 
 this practice, has been long in use at StZfll irJi * ^i"? knowledge we now have of 
 success which has previously attended the Ste"""' ^^ '* » «t"l <intinued wS'hi 
 cut into chaff by one of Maynard's riddling mShin J /n^r*^* '*""' "' <»'e farm if 
 barn, mixed with as much cut green tares clo^ff'"' ""^ '* '" packed in the bay of a 
 degree of temperature of a well-secured haystock ^rn't.^"' '""«« '* *^ heat to the 
 has been cnsumed and it is necessary to Kre anSr .*'"^""•"'"° «"*«» <>f ^ bay 
 tares, ryegnws, or lucera is fit for the scyfhTa s3^„^"?P'y < ""^ «P"°K ««e belbre 
 generate the required heat for giving a relish t^the^irch^ff^ ot mangolds is used to 
 
 These point«ofMr.Webb-spr.ticeclearlys.m to beworthy Of general consideration 
 The flock of ewes consists of about 300. after about 70 yearlings are putl alal 
 
 H. W. 
 
 iW\ 
 
 FRENCH SHEEP. 
 
 NOTE BY MR. IT. KAiys^rACKSON. OF THE PARTS SHOW, ISsa-S. 
 llnclosure No. 5 in Consul-Oeneral Merritfs report.] 
 
 To most English breeders these would he <lma«,^^;. »• 
 contingent and ragged regiment in ^ompad^n ^1^0," cLw '^"^^ ."^'^^^ ^^^ a light 
 and Downs sheep; whilst their being exhibUed „„ of tt^^. ''"' V°'"'"' Shropshire, 
 clothed up like greyhounds, gave a very for «rn annear^ ire fn° '> ''"^ '"''"^ "*' ^^e best 
 
 The lireeds of France are lieaded by the NWinn^n. . ^"^ w*" ^''°'' 
 
 be the most widely distributed of any over the L"ohenI5"nf ^^^*^"°« v"''-'*'««' ^'^ ^ 
 at the close of the last century. A gootl ll^hTo^'Jt^ ^T^ *''''-'^* '■™'" Spa^Q 
 from the tip of the nose down to the feet TTe chief Z^"^^' ^'"f," ?"' "^"^ «l"««c, 
 trict.s-Sois.sonnais, Chatillonnais, Beauce Chai inainp VnV' "'■^^■*""' "^er their dis- 
 hy Merino nims have been greatly improved rurcil^edM/t^'tr"^? ^""'"'^'^ "°^«<^ 
 of our New Leicester or Dishley bree<i wit \r r nL I ^''^t'f-Me""08. Tbe cross- 
 favorites in France, especially in^l.^KldS t a„ I'The Sn '^r'^'^r''^"""" ^'^''^ 
 Solofiue. The French long-wooled breeds are r' 1, TIJt *lepartu.ents of Berry and 
 Flemish, Saintongeoise, an.Wend.'.en^ „nd ha f lon^£ri!!n' ^^"[r"^'^' Pi'-^rdy. 
 and leKsdevni.l of covering, ami coarse, 1o„k point«K,otefr''K^ ^''"'"'^ ^^'^^^ 
 re.sentative of the Flemish breed whicl hw th e ^™.,7 . T/^*"!.' ^"'''''- ^^" "^e rtp- 
 oheaply. Grassing with the Dishley or New t^ls' Se VoU""'"'"^' ^''^"^ «°" 
 from its former meagerness. "^' "'* ^^^^ "' ""proved much 
 
 In tlie great central sheep-breeding provinces of Berrv .in,i ^,j„ . , 
 
 land bree<ls-tl,e Berrichon and Solognot; bu tht wi 1 i7l ard ,tTV'''' ^'""'^^ '«^- 
 belly. thighs, an.i legs being bare-and the s Le is Xnsnuin^ fe "'' ''«»°,ty-''ead. 
 hang backwards, and the whole animal is the an m .1;^ f :? i- • ';'"^ '""^ ''^""'' "n^l 
 the liesh is delicate, and the bree.l Stet wel Thrsl'^ll 'T !^* '^''^- ««' 
 their a,f,r-n,lor,;l hcuh amf l,„x. Cologne sheep attract notice by 
 
 TlRMnouiitainshavelocalbreedsofsmall.size, comnacttnink thini- i,„ i , . 
 well-llav„rcd meat. Thcchiefarethe Larz.M-, I^u n S C slV m wh ?^ "°* 
 
 they are found in the southern departments gS mS n i ri U ^^"^^^ ""'^ 
 
 The tn><t iiMnu-d producers the celebrated Ko-iueSX^sev,..., "'"•"' "\*° ''^'^^' 
 ma.i.- UMny .n.ss and valuable varieties iu'tWni our V^^ 
 have cnatcl what is „.,w often s,H,ken of =^ the i'sii SrhMr.L? '^«"^"n'l «errichoii 
 
 At the show held last February, 1HH4 tl fp ii ^ron^of I" .'^ c u , 
 
 bred in the Nievre by M. Colu.s and he h)l of 15 wTr." .t ^ ^^^^^ Southdowns, 
 
 would take a g.K^d phL at an Eng ish sboV nroLb .^1/ '"''*" '"^ fr»"P' »'»» 
 
 The next l.reeds thaV gained notice^ weVrtTe' i:2;:!;e;.*'t D r.^.r^rt,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 dions, ana pure r.errhli.,us. and Ariesiennes. The pure and crn^ hr^^i It • . "' 
 
 occupy front rank. The Oxlonlshire Downs cm"s with the vZulf ,''"""' '*'^'*y* 
 
 teemed. In 1883 the prize group wasof the \leHm.bree.lP^n?hK^^^^^^^ 
 
 not be recommended tbr export. i"e.Hennoi»ree*l. French breeds of sheep can- 
 
 H. KAINS-JACKSON. 
 
778 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF SHEEP AT ISLINOTOH. 
 
 ,„Co«.«. NO.... Oon.u.^n.~. M.rr.tf, repoH. ^ Pro.u tb, M.,.. I-a. E«pre«of O^rn^r 
 
 Tablb 
 
 1 -Aae in day,, weight, and average gain per day of the »«'«;«««»•««;«' ^^^<f '*« 
 \latet<^S>landin the catalogue, with the exception of those for ewes. 
 
 Deacriptlon. 
 
 No. 
 
 Exhibitor's name. 
 
 ClaMM.— Fat wethersheep 
 of the Leicester breed 
 above 1'.' and under 24 
 months old. 
 
 OIbmSS.— Fat wether ambii 
 of the LeioeHter breed 
 under 12 months oUt. 
 
 Claiw*).— Fat wether sheep 
 of the Cotewold breed 
 above 12 oud under 24 
 months old. 
 
 Class 41.— Fat wether lambs 
 of the Cotswold breed 
 under 12 months old. 
 
 <31as842 — Fat wethersheep 
 of the Lincoln breed 
 above 12 and under 24 
 months old. 
 
 Class 44.— Fat wether lambs 
 of the Lincoln breed un- 
 der 12 months old. 
 
 Class 45.— Fat wethersheep 
 of the Kentish or Kom- 
 rey Marsh breed above 
 12 BLd under 24 mrotns 
 
 ClaBs47.— Fat wether lambs 
 of the Kentish or Ilom- 
 ney Marsh breed under 
 12 months old. 
 
 Class 48.— Fat wether sheep 
 of the Southdown breed 
 above 12 and under 24 
 jnonths old. 
 
 215 
 
 216 
 
 217 
 
 21f) 
 
 222 
 
 223 
 
 224 
 
 225 
 
 220 
 
 227 
 
 228 
 229 
 230 
 234 
 2:15 
 2:16 
 237 
 238 
 23» 
 240 
 
 245 
 
 246 
 247 
 248 
 J4U 
 250 
 251 
 252 
 253 
 254 
 255 
 259 
 260 
 
 Second.... 
 Cup, tlrst. 
 
 Mrs.8.P.Herrlok 
 
 do ■ 
 
 Executors late B. Painter, 
 
 do .." 
 
 Mrs. S. P. Herrlok 
 
 do.. 
 
 Kxec..tors late 11. Painter. .^^^^ 
 
 Honors. Age. 
 
 First 
 
 ..do.. 
 
 T.andS.O.Oillett., 
 
 do 
 
 J.H.Elwes 
 
 T. R. Hulbert 
 
 O.W.O. Thomas.... 
 T.iindS.a.Oillett.. 
 
 J. II.Klwea 
 
 T.R. llull>ert 
 
 O. W. a. Thomas... . 
 Thomas Ouniiell.... 
 
 Hubert Wright 
 
 John Pears 
 
 First., 
 
 Second.. 
 
 Third... 
 
 Second. 
 Cup, first.. 
 
 Herbert Mackinder., 
 
 do 
 
 n.M.Kirkhmn 
 
 Thomas CUinnell. ..., 
 
 do.. 
 
 A.,1.Whltchcr 
 
 ThonmsWotten 
 
 Henrv Page 
 
 B."W. TMse'li 
 
 Fred Neiime, jr 
 
 Henry Pace 
 
 First 
 
 Second.. 
 
 First 
 
 Second., 
 Third... 
 
 Class 80.— Fat wether lambs 
 of the Southdown breed 
 under 12 months old. 
 
 Class 51.— Fat wether sheep 
 of the Hampshire or 
 WilUhire Po w n breed 
 above 12 and under 24 
 moiiiusold. 
 
 Clas853.-Fat wether lambs 
 of the Hainpshireor W 11- 
 shire Down Breed under 
 12 months old. 
 
 i-'l 
 262 
 203 
 
 264 
 265 
 266 
 267 
 
 208 
 
 269 
 
 270 
 
 271 
 
 272 
 
 273 
 
 275 
 
 285 
 
 286 
 
 287 
 
 288 
 
 289 
 
 290 
 
 291 
 
 292 
 
 293 
 
 294 
 
 298 
 
 297 
 
 298 
 
 299 
 
 1 312 
 
 I 313 
 
 [314 
 
 315 
 
 First 
 
 Second. 
 
 n 
 
 Cup, first. 
 
 B 
 
 Cup. first.. 
 
 Third. 
 
 H R. H. Prince of Wales. 
 
 do • V 
 
 Duke of Richmond and 
 (lordon 
 
 Sir John Kelk 
 
 Lord Alington 
 
 The executors of H. H. 
 Penfold. 
 
 .^.'^d^^*'".'.".'^''."."".:".."--- Second 
 Diike of iiamiiton.. 
 
 Eorl of Onflow 
 
 Lord Bray brook 
 
 O. V. Carew-Olbson 
 ("harles Chapman .. 
 
 Earl of HuUblk 
 
 do 
 
 Henry Upton 
 
 Alfred lit^asman ... 
 
 '■j.j"Coiman"'M.P!!!!l..'.... First 
 
 William Toop 
 
 do 
 
 Sir John Kelk 
 
 SlrC. M.Sampson 
 Alfred Morrison.. 
 
 do.. 
 
 llnnrv Ijvml>crt... 
 Wiiliiim Newton 
 do 
 
 R 
 
 Third... 
 Second., 
 
 B 
 
 First .... 
 Third... 
 Second., 
 U 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Day*. 
 014 
 614 
 614 
 614 
 254 
 254 
 254 
 254 
 630 
 6-i4 
 6.10 
 Otto 
 6.']0 
 281 
 •00 
 240 
 270 
 66U 
 690 
 630 
 
 270 
 284 
 201 
 800 
 300 
 270 
 607 
 600 
 600 
 600 
 630 
 240 
 240 
 
 William Parsons ji liiit-fliiit 
 
 William Parsons cup and I Plaienrsi. 
 
 champion. 
 
 690 
 630 
 630 
 
 630 
 630 
 6.30 
 630 
 
 614 
 
 614 
 
 630 
 
 044 
 
 630 
 
 6,% 
 
 600 
 
 270 
 
 270 
 
 9U7 
 
 307 
 
 284 
 
 284 
 
 270 
 
 270 
 
 284 
 
 644 
 
 644 
 
 674 
 
 OIM 
 
 644 
 
 314 
 
 314 
 
 284 
 
 900 
 
 Daily 
 gain. 
 
 Pound*. 
 
 242 
 
 248 
 
 255 
 
 232 
 
 134 
 
 131 
 
 129 
 
 122 
 
 292 
 
 271 
 
 311 
 
 260 
 
 274 
 
 188 
 
 201 
 
 149 
 
 168 
 
 m 
 
 292 
 
 280 
 
 179 
 189 
 179 
 192 
 173 
 172 
 243 
 264 
 246 
 254 
 259 
 160 
 179 
 
 Pou 
 
 203 
 
 213 
 206 
 
 221 
 214 
 215 
 234 
 
 2S1 I 
 230| 
 
 208 I 
 217 
 210 
 
 209 I 
 204 I 
 160 I 
 147 ! 
 
 ita I 
 
 163 
 151 
 135 
 131 
 lU 
 153 
 
 m 
 
 279 
 319 
 277 
 2<t8 
 2« 
 
 m 
 
 199 
 214 
 
 
 niU. 
 0.39 
 0.40 
 0.« 
 O..TH 
 0.53 
 
 c.,v 
 
 U.5I 
 0.48 
 0.47 
 
 0,4: 
 
 0.4'. 
 
 o.« 
 0.4a 
 
 0.66 
 0.1)7 
 0.C;! 
 0.62 
 0.42 
 0.46 
 0.44 
 
 0.66 
 0.67 
 0,62 
 0.61 
 0.58 
 0.64 
 0.40 
 0.44 
 0.41 
 0.42 
 0.41 
 0.67 
 a75 
 
 0.32 
 0,34 
 0.33 
 
 0,35 
 0.34 
 034 
 0.37 
 
 0.41 
 0.37 
 0.33 
 0.34 
 0.33 
 0,33 
 0.34 
 0,59 
 O,.^ 
 OX 
 CM 
 0.53 
 C,48 
 0.4'.) 
 C.57 
 0.54 
 0.46 
 0.43 
 C.i7 
 r.42 
 0.46 
 0.77 
 0.63 
 C,70 
 0.71 
 
( Oeoembflr 
 
 , taking the 
 s. 
 
 Dailjr 
 gain. 
 
 Poumlt. 
 
 0.39 
 0.40 
 0.« 
 O.JW 
 0.53 
 C.V 
 0.51 
 0.48 
 047 
 042 
 0.41 
 Oil 
 
 04a 
 
 0.66 
 0.1)7 
 0.6;! 
 062 
 042 
 046 
 0.44 
 
 066 
 0.67 
 062 
 061 
 08* 
 061 
 O40 
 044 
 041 
 042 
 041 
 067 
 075 
 
 032 
 034 
 033 
 
 033 
 034 
 034 
 
 os: 
 
 231 I 
 230| 
 
 ms I 
 m 
 
 210 
 209 I 
 204 I 
 100 I 
 147 ! 
 KB I 
 103 , 
 1151 I 
 
 i;» 
 
 131 ' 
 
 153 
 
 279 
 319 
 277 
 2<.I8 
 2W 
 
 199 
 214 
 
 041 
 
 037 
 033 
 031 
 0.33 
 033 
 034 
 050 
 05) 
 
 05i: 
 C.53 
 053 
 C.48 
 049 
 C.57 
 0..54 
 0.46 
 0.43 
 C.47 
 r.42 
 0.46 
 0.77 
 063 
 0,70 
 0.71 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 Tablb I. —Age in days, weight, and 
 
 779 
 
 Deaoriptlon. 
 
 •ClawiM —Pat wether lamb* 
 ofthe Hampshire or Wllt- 
 ■blre Down Hreed under 
 12 montha old— Cont'd 
 
 •Cla««M.-Pat wotherMheep 
 of the HiiflTolk ( black - 
 faced) breed above 12 and 
 under 24 niontlui old. 
 
 ■Claw 8S.— Fat wether lainba 
 of the Suffolk ( b I u u k - 
 faced) breed under 1 
 montha old. 
 
 •ClBMSe.— Pat wether «heep 
 of the ShropHhire breed 
 above lii and under 24 
 uionlhs old. 
 
 No. 
 
 316 
 317 
 318 
 .SIO 
 330 
 821 
 
 average gain per dag, .ftc-.-Continued. 
 
 Exhibitor's name. 
 
 -Claw 5S.— Flit wether lambs 
 of the HIiropMliIro breed 
 under 12 months old. 
 
 -Class 59.— Fat wel her sheep 
 of the Oxfordshire breed 
 above 12 and under 24 
 months old. 
 
 Class61.— Fat wether lambs 
 of the Oxfordshire breed i 
 under 12 months old. 
 
 !fJH 
 32fl 
 ;t!7 
 328 
 
 ;m 
 
 330 
 
 331 
 
 .332 
 
 333 
 
 XU 
 
 3.3S 
 
 336 
 
 837 
 
 838 
 
 34U 
 
 340 
 
 341 
 
 347 
 
 Rtr Edward nulaa 
 
 do 
 
 F. K Moure ... 
 
 SIrO M. Sampwii"' 
 
 do 
 
 «i 1 John Uarlon ■o::rL"'J— 
 
 ■W Alfred UeMornay I *««»'««•■ 
 
 •Ji4 Marquis of Bristol... I b 
 
 do 
 
 KdwanlOlttiis'."" 
 AliredMUoblnson 
 O Uentliick Itobtna 
 
 do 
 
 Joseph Smith .....;'" 
 Murquls of Bristol.. 
 Kdward tiittus 
 
 Kdwttid Fyson 
 
 «. Bentlnrk Robins' 
 ■1. 8iurleyNunn . 
 
 .loseph Hmilh 
 
 Robeit I,oder, M p 
 Uird Cheslinm 
 
 do 
 
 Duke of Portland"!;; 
 Orim wood Cooke. 
 Robert I-oder, M p' 
 
 p'mt.. .:;;;; 
 
 Second..,, 
 
 PI rat, 
 R 
 
 348 I Roberto. Oliver' 
 
 Cla8862.— Fat wcthershoep 
 of the Cheviot breed of 
 any age. 
 
 'ClassftS.— Fatwethersheep ! 
 of any white- faced moun- ( 
 tain breed of un.v ajje. | 
 
 •ClassGl.— Fat wether Nheep ' 
 of any blauk-faced or 
 speckled-fuced mountain 
 breed of any age. 
 
 ■Class 8.5.— Fat wethershccp 
 of the Kyeland, Dorset, 
 or any other pure breed 
 notspecifled in any of the 
 foreBoinjf clasfies above 12 
 and not e z c e e d i ii k 24 
 months old. 
 
 C1b(w67.— Fat wether lambs 385 
 of the Dorset breed un- s 
 der 12 rnontliH old. i 
 
 Class 6>J.-Cro»s-brt>d fat 
 wetlior slieep iibove 12 
 and miller 24monthNold. 
 
 : 34U 
 390 
 
 ! .-ui 
 
 I 352 
 
 I 353 
 
 334 
 
 .'W2 
 
 am 
 
 'Mi 
 300 
 387 
 388 
 389 
 370 
 371 
 372 
 373 
 
 ff4 
 o78 
 877 
 378 
 
 380 
 381 
 
 do 
 
 Chorles Cliappell." 
 
 Albert Brassey 
 
 James and F;Howird;; 
 iN. 1". Stii({oe... 
 
 Charles ChftppeU." 
 
 Albert Brassey.. 
 
 do :. 
 
 J. A. Miles ; 
 
 do ;; 
 
 Thomas Irving. 
 
 do 
 
 Duko of Sutherlaiid 
 
 do 
 
 Lord Poltimore; 
 
 do 
 
 Second.... 
 
 R 
 
 Cup, Nrsi; 
 Second .. , 
 Third 
 
 Second... '! 
 First 
 
 R ;;;;! 
 
 Second .. I 
 Cup, Hrst.. 
 
 Third.. 
 H 
 
 R 
 
 Third. ..;, 
 
 First 
 
 Second... 
 Second.. , 
 
 First 
 
 R 
 
 Cup, tirst.; 
 Second.. ..! 
 
 Second., 
 
 William Gordon 
 
 Thomas Irving... 
 
 do 
 
 Mundoll and Wediier 
 spoon. 
 
 Herbert Farthing | Cup. Brst.. 
 
 Second 
 
 Class 70.— Cross-bred fat 
 wether lambs under 12 
 months old. 
 
 I 386 
 387 
 388 
 389 
 390 
 .391 
 .3<,>2 
 303 
 394 
 3i» 
 308 
 397 
 398 
 399 
 401 
 403 
 403 
 404 { 
 MS 
 
 Herbert Farthing.. 
 
 Duke of .Manchester.. 
 William Robinson 
 
 do 
 
 H. V. .HherrinKliam';;' 
 
 .... do 
 
 H. A. IJnissey.'M V ' 
 Charles \V. Hchrocter 
 I'.dwiirU Burbidge... ... 
 
 do 
 
 11. V. sheringhauj;;;;;; 
 
 lio 
 
 ThoQiua Rush,.;; ; 
 
 do 
 
 William Toop ; 
 
 John t'hiwes 
 
 Francis Minelt...; 
 
 do 
 
 Algprnon J. WhitcJior 
 do 
 
 First.. 
 
 R 
 
 Second.. 
 Cup, first.. 
 Third... 
 
 First 
 
 SiKind., 
 Fourth., 
 
 Third 
 
 R 
 
 284 
 391 
 
 80O 
 
 291 
 
 284 
 
 814 
 
 291 
 
 674 
 
 674 
 
 660 
 
 630 
 
 630 i 
 
 630 
 
 660 
 
 814 
 
 800 
 
 284 
 
 800 
 
 800 
 
 300 
 
 614 
 
 630 
 
 6.30 
 
 630 
 
 630 
 
 294 
 
 800 
 
 800 
 
 607 
 
 680 
 
 WW 
 
 830 I 
 
 614 
 
 257 I 
 
 284 I 
 
 284 ' 
 
 284 
 
 284 
 
 8U) \ 
 
 970 1 
 1319 
 1319 
 1383 
 1389 
 
 130S 
 940 
 940 
 
 1339 
 
 697 
 097 
 
 837 
 
 63'! 
 000 
 600 
 660 
 660 
 644 
 270 
 281 
 278 
 314 
 314 
 300 
 800 
 814 
 261 
 800 
 300 
 291 
 291 
 
 200 
 2*23 
 695 
 203 
 
 in 
 
 198 
 190 
 273 
 269 
 301 
 ^ 
 279 
 246 
 244 
 199 
 173 
 203 
 168 
 187 
 198 
 296 
 269 
 
 2.V8 
 
 232 
 
 190 
 
 195 
 
 133 
 
 190 
 
 292 
 
 302 
 
 311 
 
 282 
 
 276 
 
 193 
 
 173 
 
 170 
 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 189 
 
 217 
 
 214 
 
 197 
 
 2-24 
 
 308 
 
 204 
 184 
 193 
 178 
 
 269 
 
 181 
 
 190 
 298 
 283 
 304 
 263 
 243 
 197 
 197 
 194 
 224 
 209 
 201 
 207 
 180 
 lOB 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.77 
 
 0.69 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.8S 
 
 0.41 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.44 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.87 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.71 
 
 0.96 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.40 
 
 0.37 
 
 0..30 
 
 0.61 
 
 0.51 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.48 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.43 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.75 
 
 0.61 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.83 
 
 0.83 
 
 0.31 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.10 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.16 
 0.20 
 0.21 
 0.13 
 
 0.89 
 0.39 
 
 a54 
 
 0.24 
 0.43 
 0.47 
 0.46 
 0.40 
 0.38 
 0.58 
 0.70 
 0.70 
 0.71 
 0.67 
 0.67 
 0.69 
 0.87 
 0.6B 
 0.S4 
 
 asr 
 o.fla 
 
 I h 
 
 !l 
 
 i'rI^ 
 
 ■ 1. 
 
 i, =j5 
 
780 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 1S.T (Vm?^^ /"'^•-''t /^,«//M. .SV,u<A'/««.u. /fa«,>./k.r« Dow,^, Suffolk, Shrnp^hire, 0*- 
 fonhhire, DorM-i, and Crofbred thetp at Iilingtm. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 LAMB*. 
 
 Kcntlnh 
 
 Hituipaliiro Down 
 
 CotswoUl 
 
 Br««(l. 
 
 t)xft)r<l»litre 2 
 
 I,lllC«lll " 
 
 Hiinolk 
 
 DofHOt "•■ 
 
 Mhropxlilro I 2 
 
 Soulhilown I J 
 
 Leicester ' 
 
 TIVKTIIRRI*. 
 
 OxfonUhlre 
 
 ("OIHWOUI 
 
 Haiupsliiro Down .... 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 HufTolk 
 
 KentUh 
 
 I,eli'eiit«r 
 
 OroHMi* 
 
 Dorwt 
 
 HhroMire 
 
 Boutbdown 
 
 H 1 
 
 1 
 
 1' 
 
 £ 
 
 < 
 
 
 Ptiand. 
 
 
 .4« 
 
 
 .« 
 
 
 .« 
 
 
 .44 
 
 
 .U 
 
 
 .42 
 
 
 .« 
 
 
 .:» 
 
 3 
 
 .39 
 
 U 
 
 1 .» 
 
 TAB..K 'X^^Kclntm' position oj the lamhs a,ui mtkero givfn in mU> 1, acc-o'.li., to the av 
 iAm.B..>. e iraf/e Qoin per day m pttunda. 
 
 1 
 
 DeBcrlptloi. of ajilm»l. 
 
 Honon. 
 
 Age. 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 
 817 
 812 
 ■260 I 
 862 
 83.3 ! 
 3U5 i 
 315 ' 
 391 I 
 31)3 ; 
 314 I 
 816 i 
 31U 
 
 am 
 
 aw ' 
 
 24(i 
 2:iB I 
 
 ay? 
 
 24.-4 i 
 
 234 ; 
 
 4Ul 
 
 323 
 
 318 
 
 2.10 
 
 248 
 
 403 
 
 313 
 
 :ai 
 
 2.36 
 2.37 
 367 
 366 
 320 
 247 
 402 
 347 
 368 
 864 
 2M 
 
 ?»:. 
 
 ■MJ 
 M 
 IU4 
 3»2 
 399 
 
 Third. 
 
 Third.. 
 
 U 
 
 Hecoiid .. 
 
 Kirst 
 
 Kdiirth .. 
 Mecond ., 
 
 First 
 
 Second . 
 
 SirE. HuUo'h llftnipKhlre liinibs ^ 
 
 W NfWtoiiHllmiipxl''''*' """'" First . 
 
 11 'I'ttne'H KenllNli liinilm H'lip) \ 
 
 (! 4'hi»ppi'll'» Oxtbril IuihIm , 
 
 E. Kywrnn HiilVolk lumlw ........ FiJiit. 
 
 II 8l!erliiK»uiin'«<'r.)»<H-liriMl luuibH."......-—;:" I p, , 
 
 W IW..m'« llan.psl.iro !»owii lambs (ch. pit.) | »•'"«•;•;• 
 
 E. Iliirridge'BC'koKH-Wrcd luinba ■•■• 
 
 do 
 
 W Parnons'H Unnipslilro lambs 
 
 HIr K lIulHc'sHanipBliiro lambs. .. ■. 
 
 Sir V. M. Hiimiwon's llaiii|>»hlro lambs 
 
 T RukU'm Cross-bred Inmlw 
 
 H Phk^'s Kcntittli Irtiiilw 
 
 iT. Muokiiid<'i'« l.iiirolii lambs 
 
 .1. 11. F,lwff«'H<'ot»w<)id liiml>s (cup) 
 
 T uiiHir«t'ron«-bri'il lambs^.. 
 
 II HIioriiiKliaiii'wCroHJtbroil lamlw 
 
 II'. Mackindcr'H Lincoln IhihIih ..^ 
 
 T &H. (i.<>illclt'H CoHwold Inuilm 
 
 J flowes'stroHs-bred liinilm 
 
 A Do MoriiBv's llampxhiro lamlw 
 
 F It Moore« Haiiipuliirc liiiiibx 
 
 A. .1. \Vhitclll•^■^* l.iiioiiln lambs 
 
 T (liiniiclI'M Lincoln lambs 
 
 F MinnctrH«'roH.'<-brcil lambs 
 
 \V Newton's Hampslilro lamlMi 
 
 J. Marlon's Hiimiisliiioliunlis 
 
 T H Hnllx'rt «<"o<»wol<l lanilw 
 
 ii Vf 'rhoiniissrotswold lanilw 
 
 J. A. Sliles'B Oxfordshire lambs 
 
 sir t' Saiiips4>n's Hampshire lan»l)S 
 
 H M Kirkham's Lincoln lambs 
 
 \'whltchcr'srros«-brcd lambs 
 
 it Loder's Shropshire lambs. 
 
 a'. Bn««c.v'H»>tfordshire lamt>8 • 
 
 Karl o7 Suhol'ks Hoii'tlHlo^^ 
 
 C. W. H«,-hrt>eter'8 Cross-bred lambs 
 
 T (Juiii.rirs I.iiu-olii litmlv- .....t. 
 
 W T<M)p's Southdown lambs 
 
 A Whltchcr's Cross-bred laml>s 
 
 e" Gitlus'sHiitrolk himbs.... 
 
 W Toop's Cross-bred lambs 
 
 Day: 
 ■Ml 
 814 
 240 
 
 2S7 
 284 
 814 
 
 300 
 
 278 
 
 281 
 
 284 
 
 384 
 
 391 
 
 300 
 
 210 
 
 2P4 
 
 !«X) 
 
 300 
 
 814 
 
 270 
 
 284 
 
 261 
 
 201 
 
 80O 
 
 270 
 
 800 
 
 30O 
 
 314 
 
 .314 
 
 .'.10 
 
 2(0 
 
 284 
 
 284 
 
 2H1 
 
 third I 2«l 
 
 I 291 
 
 Second ..' 
 
 R 
 
 Third-..., 
 
 Pottndt. 
 
 223 
 
 Pound. 
 
 siecond .. 
 
 Second .. 
 First 
 
 2.M 
 284 
 284 ! 
 270 1 
 270 
 300 ' 
 270 j 
 291 I 
 800 ! 
 814 I 
 
 248 
 
 .77 
 
 179 
 
 .7i 
 
 193 
 
 .75 
 
 203 
 
 .71 
 
 224 
 
 .71 
 
 214 
 
 .71 
 
 194 
 
 .70 
 
 197 
 
 .70 
 
 199 
 
 .70 
 
 200 
 
 .70 
 
 2ai 
 
 .70 
 
 2»r7 
 
 M 
 
 160 
 
 .67 
 
 189 
 
 .67 
 
 201 
 
 .67 
 
 201 
 
 .67 
 
 209 
 
 .67 
 
 17» 
 
 .66 
 
 188 
 
 .66 
 
 I«9 
 
 .65 
 
 IM) 
 
 .« 
 
 lUS 
 
 .(& 
 
 172 
 
 .(A 
 
 192 
 
 .64 
 
 193 
 
 1 ,61 
 
 199 
 
 .63 
 
 1«S 
 
 .m 
 
 149 
 
 1 .(C 
 
 leH 
 
 .62 
 
 176 
 
 1 .62 
 
 177 
 
 .'i2 
 
 177 
 
 .62 
 
 179 
 
 .a 
 
 179 
 
 '. .62 
 
 IS5 
 
 .61 
 
 173 
 
 1 .61 
 
 170 
 
 1 .60 
 
 IIH) 
 
 .» 
 
 1S7 
 
 .58 
 
 173 
 
 ..W 
 
 Im 
 
 
 l«7 
 
 .57 
 
 172 
 
 .57 
 
 180 
 
 .67 
 
HUPPLEiHENT. 
 
 
 i^und. 
 
 s 
 
 .IS 
 
 s 
 
 .« 
 
 B 
 
 .4A 
 
 a 
 
 .44 
 
 7 
 
 .4-i 
 
 B 
 
 .42 
 
 4 
 
 .40 
 
 A 
 
 .:» 
 
 3 
 
 .;» 
 
 B 
 
 .;« 
 
 U 
 
 1 ■» 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 K 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ndt. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 .77 
 .7& 
 .75 
 .71 
 .71 
 .71 
 .70 
 .70 
 .70 
 .70 
 .70 
 
 .m 
 
 .til 
 .67 
 .67 
 .67 
 .67 
 .W 
 .66 
 .65 
 .65 
 .65 
 .64 
 .64 
 .64 
 .63 
 .63 
 .62 
 .62 
 .62 
 .fi2 
 .62 
 .62 
 .62 
 .61 
 ,61 
 
 .5J 
 .58 
 W 
 .57 
 .57 
 .61 
 
 TABLK3.~ReMivepo,Uiono/the /ami. and u,Hher, givm tn Tabk I, 
 
 i 
 
 334 
 
 Ml 
 
 403 
 
 .138 
 
 •ilfl 
 ■Ui 
 34.H 
 
 .in 
 ;i4v 
 ^vi 
 
 22« 
 3W) 
 
 av) 
 
 3lW 
 2'.'» 
 
 as'j 
 aw 
 
 23» 
 
 a.7 
 
 '.MW 
 
 2U4 
 
 3811 
 
 331 
 
 326 
 
 ,1'J4 
 
 353 
 
 2.'>2 
 
 328 
 
 240 I 
 
 387 
 
 22» 
 
 230 I 
 
 2US j 
 
 2U ' 
 
 217 , 
 
 331 
 
 338 
 
 227 
 
 23.S 
 
 •m 
 
 2.W 
 2lW I 
 258 , 
 324 1 
 2.51 
 216 
 
 aw- 
 
 3110 
 
 325 
 
 2!5 
 
 afi) '• 
 
 380 
 
 381 
 
 21S 
 
 :i»l 
 
 •im 
 
 2B7 ' 
 
 340 
 
 330 
 
 y>\ 
 
 I'A 
 26*1 
 265 
 262 
 271 
 263 
 270 
 272 
 273 
 
 781 
 
 <fo.— Continued. 
 
 OaMrlpilonofnnltnal. 
 
 O. n. R<.l.lim'«H..tT„lk hirnlii,.., 
 ; lif' "'■•''I'lli.llc' mtlidowii Iambi" 
 
 iy.;,""'' 7 **""""'"«■" '»">•>» '. 
 
 !*.• MliU'tt'H lr<»».|)ri,l lui„l>M 
 
 I 11. KnnhlnK'ii Dorst- 1 IuihIm 
 
 M™. a Ilorrl.k-H I,. Iimter luiiibii ■.■.■.'." 
 I A. licaitMiaii'MHoiitluldWiilHiulw 
 
 J.HiulUrHSulIolk l.iiiilw... 
 
 II. t'utoii'H Hoiithiluwu laiulm 
 
 I 1"J?r,- "'"■'•'<•'''« lelwlorlamu;'."". 
 
 .1. H. Nueurn Hiiffolk lamlm 
 
 II. t'pton'H .Soiidiilowii Ininlm . 
 
 Hoik 
 
 ion. Age. 
 
 U. K. niivor'H .Slir<>|m|iiru laiiihM 
 
 lauiba.. 
 
 IMiirniilii of BrUlorH Miillolk lainbii 
 K. i:. Ollvir'ii Hliropurilri' lamba . 
 
 J. J. Culmttir« Houtlidowii luiiilm 
 
 .1. 11. IClwen'a ColHwolit \vi!llier«. 
 
 Kit'jiil.irtt late II. Palnur x I*lce'ii'orl»,ii'bi' 
 A. tIe»HiiiitirHS<iiitliilowii laiiilw 
 !;•, ^|'."'l'J»'"'".'J-^'"r«l»liiru wt'tlKTH 
 
 \V. ItobfinHiii'it C'DHUt-breil wetliiir 
 
 T. & H. O. Oilletfii Cotswol.l wethew V" 
 
 A. llrasKoy's OxronlHhIru wcthera 
 
 A. Morrixuii'n llaiiipNiiIro wclherg 
 
 U. Wrljtht'M Miu'ulii wi'tlit>rR " 
 
 A. M. Koliiniuiii's.Muirolk wethere 
 
 II. Ijiniliert'H llariiimlilri' wethera. 
 
 Hir.). Kclko'H IIuiiipHliiro wi'lliors 
 
 II. HberiiiKliuiu'H CruH^t-bred wetliei-H (cunT 
 A. nraH.wy'nOxfordnliIre wethers (tuD) " 
 
 R Gittll»•H^Sllll■l.lk wetbiTH ^ 
 
 .M. r. .StIllKiK-'.HOxronNliIre wctiierii 
 
 .1. & K. llownrd'nOxfi.rdsbire wethetii 
 
 II. llaKo'H KeiitlNlnt'ethcni 
 
 (f. II. liDbiiin'aHuirolk wctbent. ,.....'.. 
 
 .1. I'eBPt'M Lincoln welliors .....'.,." 
 
 W, linbiimon'tt CrosB-brcd wclherii."!! 
 
 T. U. lIullM'rt'M Cotsu'iild wuthcni 
 
 U. W.(*. TboiiiHM'HCutHWold wctherii 
 
 .Sir V. Uuiiip.Hun's IlaiiipHblre wctliers 
 
 It. W. TaKell'D Kcnti.sli wothpni 
 
 H. 
 
 Klnrt.,.. 
 FIr.1.... 
 
 Second 
 H«ic'ond 
 
 TUIrd. 
 
 H«conU 
 
 VSnC". 
 
 Flnit 
 
 Kiret 
 
 Second . 
 Second., 
 
 FIr»t 
 
 FIrtt 
 
 First 
 
 It 
 
 Third... 
 Flret 
 
 Second . 
 K 
 
 KxeciitorH H l'aii|l..rH Uleestorsiiire weth^^^^ 
 MurtiniMof Uri»t<>r» (Suilolk wctlicrM... \^"Vi- 
 
 I.onl ('heflhanrxSlirupMhirc wethers (cud)' 
 
 T. .'i .S. OilletiM ColMwold wethers ' 
 
 K 
 
 First..! 
 
 First.. 
 
 Third... 
 .Second , 
 First 
 
 11. 
 
 Second . 
 Second . 
 Third... 
 
 r. (iunnell'.s Lincoln wethers ' Second.. 
 
 A. Morrison's IlanipNliire wclherij .".'.". 
 
 II. I'kkc'm Kentixb wellicrw .'.......'.'.Z 
 
 Lord VValxinKhnni'tt .Southdown wethers (cuiji 
 
 K. .NcHiiie's KcntiHli wftliers 
 
 MiiniulH of Ilristol's Hiitl'olk wethers!!!........ 
 
 T. Wootton s Kcntinh wethers 
 
 Mm. S, I'. Herrick'sLeict^ster wotiieii)!!! 
 
 Lord ClicNliant'.s.miropsliire wethers ........! 
 
 II. SlierhiKliiuuB Cross-bred wethers! 
 
 .Maniuisof ltrist(>r.>i Sutfolk wethers 
 
 Mr.i. .s. P. Merrick's Leicester wethers 
 
 (i. H. liobins's SulFiilk wethers 
 
 II. KarthinK'x Dorset wethers (clip) \"vV: 
 
 M, Karthinir's Dorset wethers. J*™ 
 
 Kxcciitors late H Painter's I^ieestVr wethen! -Second.. 
 
 H. A. KrasNcy's Cross-bred wethers 
 
 Lord WalsiiiKluun's Southdown wethers 
 
 KxeciilorsolII. Penfold's Southdown wethers' 
 
 Duke of Portland's Shroiwhire wethers 
 
 .1. Smith's Huffolk wethers 
 
 ■■^ir.!. Kelko's Southdown wethers 
 
 ('. <'hapiuan's Southdown wethers.. . 
 
 I orcl Allng^ton's Southdown wethers 
 
 . ..do 
 
 IVim* of Wales's Southdown wethers 
 
 Karl of Onslow's .Southdown wethers 
 
 Diikpnf Richmond's Mtv.jth:!;-.-.?!-, Tv^fji^'^' 
 
 Duke of Hauiiiton's Southdown wethers 
 
 Ix>ril Hraybrook's Southdown wethers. 
 
 t). C. Carrw-Uibeon's Southdown wethers 
 
 Second . 
 
 R 
 
 Third..., 
 
 Second. 
 
 J 
 
782 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 Table 3. — Relative position of the lamha and wethera given in TdbU 1, Ac. — Continned. 
 
 261 
 308 
 341 
 384 
 301) 
 377 
 370 
 374 
 
 37a 
 
 370 
 371 
 373 
 378 
 
 Description of animal. 
 
 Prince of Wales's Soutlidown wethers 
 
 T. Irving's Cheviot wetliers 
 
 O. (Jookc's Hliropshire wetliers .' 
 
 Dukp of Minu'hester's t'ross-bred wethers 
 
 T. IrvinK'H Ciuviot wetliers 
 
 T. IrvinK" Moiintiiin wetliers 
 
 .1. IrviiiK'rt Mountain wethers 
 
 W. (tordon'H Mountain wethers (cup) 
 
 Lord Poltiniore's Mouiitnin wetliers 
 
 Duke of Siillierliind's Cheviot wethers 
 
 do 
 
 Lord Poltiniore's Mountain wethers 
 
 Mundell & Wedderspoon's Mountain wethers.. 
 
 Honors. 
 
 Second ., 
 
 First 
 
 Second . 
 
 First.. 
 R 
 
 Second. 
 
 Age 
 
 Day», 
 
 630 
 
 600 
 
 6.30 
 
 638 
 
 970 
 
 940 
 
 940 
 
 1305 
 
 1365 
 
 1319 
 
 1319 
 
 1365 
 
 1335 
 
 <a 
 
 Potmd*. 
 203 
 185 
 100 
 150 
 217 
 193 
 184 
 204 
 224 
 214 
 187 
 208 
 178 
 
 I 
 
 Pound. 
 
 .32' 
 .31 
 .30 
 .24 
 .22- 
 .21 
 .28 
 .16 
 .16 
 .15 
 .15 
 .15 
 .13 
 
 The above tables have been coustrnctetl on the same plan which has been observed in 
 those for cattle. The average gain per day in jwunds is calculated to the nearest deci- 
 mal; that is to say, when the remainder lepresents a fraction of grester value than one- 
 half it is reckoned as one, and where more than one animal is represented by the sarca 
 average rate of daily gain relative positions are determined by the numerical value ;' 
 the remainder. With regard to the tables of averages, it will I 3 seen that the numb* 1 3 
 e.Khibited refer to pens of three, the weights and daily rate increase referring, of course, to 
 an average of the three animals i^ each pen. The weight of each pen has been divided 
 by three; a remainder of two has been reckoned as one, and a remainder of one has been 
 dropped. 
 
 SHEEP AND MUTTON IN 1883. 
 
 [From the Live Stock Journal. IncloBure No. 7— Consul-Gcneral Morrltfa report.] 
 
 The past season h,^8 been on the whole an average one to the flockmaster. Neither 
 liver rot nor fluke have disturbed the flock, although foot-and-mouth disease and scab 
 have caused some anxiety. The losses in Licolnshire and Norfolk were most severe, 
 and caused a drop at some of the sales. The regulations in force to prevent the spread 
 of the di.sease were inellective, aa the local authorities in some areas granted licenses 
 which were refused in other places; hence disio'itent and dissatisfaction, encouraged by 
 bad .seasons, hits produced a wonderliil progeny of evils. 
 
 ]n the spring there wa-s quite a stampede. Farmers usually endeavor to have a good 
 crop ol' early lamb for market, whiirh helps t« pay th<! way at Easter. An embargo, 
 however, was placed on the sale. Her Majesty the Queen issued an order that no lamb 
 would be required for the royal household. This immediately lowered the price of this 
 liivorite dainty, and occiusioiied a .serious lo.ss to flockmastcrs residy to sell. The outcry 
 against the order Wius so great that another \va.s issued explaining Her Majesty's com- 
 niaiids only aflected the royal household, and was in no way int«nded to interfere with 
 the sheep nuirkets. 
 
 iJoubtless Her Majesty's advisers, looking to the fearful decrease in our flocks of late 
 years, were anxious to "retain all the ewe lambs possible lor future use. But llock- 
 iniu-ters know their business, and can attend to it. They can spot the lambs which 
 ought to be fed for lamb and thos«- which should make mutton. Hheep-breeders have 
 foun<l out that mutton pays lietler than wool, and that fat lamb brings a better return 
 than mutton. The prodiice of bhick-f;uvd short-wooled rams and white-faced long- 
 wool<-d ewes is found to be a prolitablf early lamb for the market; and the lamb dropped 
 by Dorset horns is jmr (jwlleiirr the dainty of early spring. In Scotland early lambs are 
 jiurpcwely bred from old ewes, beini« their last crop of lambs; cvmscquently it pays to 
 feed both with as much artilicial Ibod its jwssiblc. These old ewes begin to lamb in 
 iM'hruarv, and droj) more laiiilis than uidiiiai y .-.lock ewes, biCiiusc thry arc put m ;;Md 
 condition when the rams are with them. It would not pay to keep the lambs till they 
 got bigger, as it would increase the liill, anil as mutton fetch less. Therefore flock- 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 >, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 &. 
 
 t«. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 3 
 
 .an 
 
 5 
 
 .31 
 
 D 
 
 .30 
 
 
 
 .24 
 
 7 
 
 .22- 
 
 3 
 
 .21 
 
 
 .23 
 
 
 .IS 
 
 
 .1ft 
 
 
 .1» 
 
 
 .15 
 
 8 
 
 .15 
 
 8 
 
 .13 
 
 785 
 
 mastera in both conntries trv t.^ ,., i 
 
 movement of cattle contribSed to i'^„7°'' "?« restrictions in force resneHi... th 
 almost entire V .stonnB<i „o +1, "Jase mutton dear 'Ph.; +»..-i V'^" •^^"Pei'iiig the 
 
 It wiw estimated that over £30 000 h J h *^^ Wiltshire sales, and wUb.n „ .• * • .,. 
 Down fleeces letchimr from u; * ir, September sales wern riHioI^ • 7 . *' ""• 
 
 great demand from Australia fnr i?I,„i • u 1^°"^*' Downs. Time wm wh,^,u "^'^ 
 
 mg monr markets. <)..r AuMmTian'^^oS"" *"''''"«" '■'"i JaVlil „ *biv 
 
 as we hnd it, and therefore iliront ^..'"'"•^"ice. vve must, howevi-r tnt. ,? '^ '"^"®» 
 sale ringduring ti^n 'TfsH* "xT°" ^« ^''« ''"^tunes ol Kriot hri"". '^*'^.*^* 
 pride o/place. ^ "^^ "* ^^^-^^ Naturally liakewell's D^hky S<S^tik4" It 
 
 LEICE8TKRS. 
 
 This famous breed owe a great deal of th^i,. n 
 Robert Bakewell, of Dishlev Ft au-,^ . • ^^''®"^»'« and popularitv t<, ti,„ <t- . . 
 
 At I'orres. over 70 rams were offered \r »» , 
 priceofi;20forastn)ngwell-brou./htsL... i ^''*-'^'.<'«'"»'k, of d.-es, gave the hiirh..t 
 average was £7 higher than lastyear It , '^ ""«'">' ^" ^^'- '^""ter, otDe, L So«1 
 sold 40 at an averse of £6. ^ ' '^' ''"- **"'' «* «"l lair. Mr. Gorran o\' Arabella^ 
 
 BOBDEU LKICE8TEB. 
 
 EiS'lt" tT^tefo'vingt S'and ^^'"^'r*!;.-"' «'«<' in Scolhuul At the 
 
 low thase current at tile iWhian^^les in HHTrS "^'T'' '''''' '''^ I'er c.e„r £ 
 in ine coud-fion, numbered 1,807 bdm, xnLr.J ^^ ?,?.'-* '''" "■'"""• which were forward 
 I'olwarth's lamou. Mertoun 'rams ec"u« 1^1:;°!;'""""'-'^ ''^"^^ y«^"''« tot.U Lord 
 From the siime Uock Lonl Arthur Ceci n„r,.i .. *- ^* Pn<:e-,t;]2,-,-for a grand r .. 
 tononeatijoljandMr.l.ocldH.O.l^"'^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 IUH,I. Lord I'olwarth also h.'aded tlie h,. :- T , Mertoun average was i;a({ 
 
 m...le XTH. Mr. Thon.,«„„, Hai ok„ow^ ""^.T ^^T'"' '"''•'" "'" ''iKl'-'^^t-prired^rtm 
 CJO :i,. Mi.ss Stark. .^Ielle;ulean secured m fo 1 rb" TrV '^^ ''"'"«« Pn«'e .e g 
 m({ an average of XLS ;i.. j,/. " ''"^ '»' "»^ l>'-'«t lot m her iien, the lot mak 
 
 avi'i'S-'iiti.^JiiiiSthi^r i!^^'^; t;^r "r'T""- -• ■' " •"^- "'«- 
 
 ran, w:ks iH.ugl.t by Mr. Milrov, Torranc; Ibr /-u, I »' •^■'■'"•- ''''"■ '"Kiu-st-priJed 
 secuml the.se,.oa,l.,„i.e f.an.leVVa uTt e^, M^ ';,'!•"'' Mr. Aloxander. Last..r )ean 
 
 t e.i .vc.ai>f ha.l the highest averajto lor trd.r i 5''*''?' ^-*'''''''"'«l"''k'^. ^ 
 
 pl^onthiscKx.^ion.'' Their u~'^"^'i'.'; l^'^?^'^- '"'t they ha.l only the t[,:nl 
 
 -^^ mw *,i^ ,M. I,/., iw compared with il'M Uh. 3rf. 
 
 M# 
 
 I H 
 
 i 
 
CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 784 . 
 
 COT9WOLD8. 
 
 CoUwolda are greatly favored on tbe Glo^^^f ^^^^^j^^^^ bS^' Mr iJot 
 
 ^°**„J„',,vl)ree(:er8 in othercounties are exceedingly lom exceediujrly 
 
 :rJ; nt ro^dSrth, obtained the ^-^^-S'^o'tVi^A" r Jpecti^ Buf it 
 
 even lot; and Mr. C. Mace and Mr. •'; V,"5"^ "^^„ „aii Uock met a ready sale at tn.m 
 
 !lempt«n Green Mr. T. Brown's ;=« ^^nvt^^J MarJ^'*'"^^, ^,^, Mr. Brown's highest price 
 
 « to 18-k guineas, »he sixty averaging i-^^^"^' ^ Aylmer, of Fincham Hall, mudelhe 
 
 WM ITV'guineas and his average ill ..?8. , ^^/- 'iar xv'^ 15 guineas. Mr. T. Thornton's 
 
 Sh avefage ol £V2 ISs.; the t«P P"ce a«t year w.^ i^ g ^ ^^ ^,^^ ^^. 
 
 v^onrlimr runs bred from the west Dereham ""CK, leic le compared with li 
 
 fe^r SprCr^n irom 9 to ID ^-^^^^ i'dTn^um^er of Vam. at porringer |Hir, 
 
 Rr n 1881 Mr. Thomas Allen, ot Maikshali, ouereu ^ ^^^^^^ of the West Denham 
 
 ^h eh ma.ie prices ranging from f J''^oX,^'^,_ ^ e. Th"ra^is o.Vered were of a flue 
 
 Long-wools, H"gh Aylmerhadamos s»to^^^^ combination of good quah les lor 
 
 unilbrm character, P^f «°t!»^ '\Vf« o s The average for the lamb, was X7 10.. 9d., 
 
 :^SJ^^:^S'£^^^^- ^'-^ -- ''' '''■ 
 
 MNCOLNS. 
 
 1 .-> Pnaoiblv this was due this year to the 
 
 This long- wool breed seem to decline 1° ;'» «e ^°^ J ,„ovement. Time was ^vhen 
 
 prevalence^,f disease and the >^«?t"^\^«'»,'^'"iSfo;rnun which hxst season only letohed 
 
 '^^^T^:::^^^ S=glf-rw:/-"-'> lowertHan thoseol la.t year-a 
 
 eightnrsaveSeaatriUeoverHguine^ ^^^ o,/rams. The l.ighest 
 
 Mr. Edward .Tames Davy ( Jwershj "«'"^ » ^[ r^,^ average was 17 gumeius Mr. 
 
 h„„,hed sheep realized a tota orU,4 H 1^ ;/ ' -. ^^,„^, ^.^he Hultolt llo.k, the property 
 
 the average of Wf sbeep was tl.< •'■-•«''• \'„,,i„^„u, of Aiulevby, gave 10 cimeas. 1 he 
 
 of Messrs W.F. and C. li«^»n«"»' ^^^ Mr iXi Turner, aveia-ed 11 ^junuas. The 
 
 Uk ibyTirange Hock, the property «1 Mr. "J" " ^,1, ;™i);„uUng, of Hiby Cirange, ,uur 
 
 Sh -r prices were i;-i5 10. £^ , ami ^.^"^^'^J,^ of nearly ^I'i; h. Samue, 
 
 /V!i...„u„ (lite of Panton), sod .iO, maKiu^, »' .i-, dor exportation to New Aa- 
 
 r t Br gfgot one for 'il gnin^*^- "'"' 1^ ,f Mr Tl "• . l^ Tavh^r. Havercrolt, anr- 
 
 and ' The'w.K,t.oii Dale rams, the g- >- ,,:^ ; Z-^, bred i.y Mr. John Wal..),, 
 
 I ,,«..rlv £«( Fortv rams oi the lainous v.aui j .....raues obtained in Lincoln 
 
 W Urfmrof Harmston, made an ;'--^«'' "' /^^ '^^^X^ £\0 7,;. 6!</. In Ireland 
 
 ;:;i;;:r^..,icken..^A.,|u^^^^^ 
 
 l^S^irt^^ofLtyear. 
 
 YOKKSIUBK OK WEN8I-EYDALK. 
 
 i« i« loeallv termed Wensleydale.al- 
 . , , ,. _ u.p^ 5, HiMuewbat obscure. It >" '"""'^ ","_„ , ,. ,.,•, „i„«,pr 
 
 ,Sr^in^^r;h^^::^th of s^'ou-i^^ii^'i-i^^l^^rsfU;^^^^^^^^ t.u:.v. 
 
 ml au.l it is tbnmgl. tins cross t»\f < J,'^" J.'^ i ..wch and Cheviots, the pnxhK.^ h^ 
 i:;;;h;ies fumish r•^^^'^|-\r^?^^l'^ rul rams follow the ewes over the b.l^ 
 .iugstyletrliaU-bf-'e<ls or sia-sn-i 
 
785 
 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 present in large numbers. Tr^le w , Sttr^'l'-'^P *?"'^ '''"'hH ^vere pennc.l- bnv.r, » 
 
 S IZ IZ r «r^^^'""'^ -^ ^- aTea T *« ^-'"- '-'cionTTS 
 il6, good-bred ram lambs, £3 lOs. to £4. ^ *'^'® "* P"«es varying from £i) to 
 
 UEVON LONOWOOI^, 
 
 Tbeso are cbiefly confined to Hpvnn „« i r 
 tain that Sir J. 11. HeathSe Amorr^ti"? onH, '^^V'''' '■^««"led. One thin^ i. .-or 
 s,K.ce.>«fulIy. At the Royal Yorkrecti'ngSrn i' '''/'"' ^ the KoVal ^^„^ '^ ^ 
 was placed second w th an iinconinionlu «r..* entered in the Any Othpr ,.ine<. ■ 
 
 the /..and,- for another c.xcE "h"en o" n. ""'' *^'T' ^«^«» I^on™ • !,« J '^7'' 
 pri.e with the only entry in thTJht'r Fng Ew'e 7^t ''T 'p""^' ^^ --^«i ^Ir 'tte SS 
 .. yst, sold 20 rams for £217 7.. Many onKhcen'h.ul l ^^ ^''■"''' «*' Motion, ifrid- 
 sliows, and were sold in line condition with hZrl*"''''" P'-^'^s ''* the agricuUr.1 
 guineas and another at ir, guineas. The I.tw ^ "'-'''''■'• <^"« ™'" was let at Th 
 lot 10, and for it he paid 21 guineas. Mr V'^N v^'lV''^ «'"«» ^y Mr. Bowden fir 
 rams for £103 Os. The highS^t (igu^o oftbred was v''. l"' ""' V"-^'^^""' «li W^ 23 
 year-old ram which won third at haunceston :md i ^1 f "T ''^ ^^'•- ^^ould for the o. 
 JJciulmg. The ewes fetched fair prices ThV" ' ^''!:" '"^ ''^ Cardiff, Torquav mrrt 
 au.1 Mr. Franklin's 9 guineas. ^"- ^^^ ""' *^^"S« °f Mr. Norris's was lU gTin^as^ 
 
 DORSET JIOBNS. 
 
 The Dorset Horn is pre-eminently the sheon wi.,v,i. 
 This breed had wonderful luck duKg theTrt seasr^"'T*\^^ in spring 
 
 about early lamb. But the breed is evi le, uf nS.?,' r"° *^°".''* «^*'°8 to the Sy 
 spriug innrket at Cro.xton Farm, near DorSfe; > nnr ''I" •'^''y maturity, and at the 
 izea for Dor^t Horns. Two-to<,th ewes ?a iS 'ron 75?'.nT"^ '"-8'' P"«^« ^^ere rea,- 
 tooths made from Wk to SHs. ; six- tooths Irouuhn-r^^^^^ f' "P'^'«e, whilst the four- 
 
 cwes Gfi«. to G9.. ; couples, »as. ; ran,,., •! to 5 guine^ mul /' '", ^^^t- ""^ ^he off-going 
 per pair. This lot was brought to A high tuilorZri- ♦• ' "'"''"• '^ ^o 10 guineas 
 amply proved by the extraordinary priee.s'-lS^d vSf 1^^! '''• ^"°-^' ^'"« »>«^« 
 the .sheep had been previously shorn. That this v vrTetl V' • '"'''^ ^' «»°«"'c"ni 
 
 no denying and at the annual sale Mr, T. j'nsm of iLn-h T'"',"^ P^P"'--*"- ^here il 
 one (lay. This was considerably in excess of mI'v^L i ■^''''■'. 'I'^l^e*! of 20.000 in 
 suit w:is due mainly lo the efforts ,mt for^ by S F ?.„ *^ T""'^^ thousands. tK 
 of:»guineasforthe best drafts of'horn ewLs Lter^i ibr «:»7e ^tf 'fP"^''^"''*''^ ^■»>»'' 
 a, spirited competition. The priztewes of Mr, MavoShed tSV'""' .""^^ this evoked 
 good lots made «8s. to 71.^. ■ * 'eicned the top price— 80s. ; other 
 
 SOtTHDOWNS. 
 
 Thi,s is the principal breed of the Downs varie* v ,m,i ; <• 
 and 1 onl Walsingham who have HockTof "n hlvil S e t- \\?nco V^^'"^ 
 l)cautilul sheep, and, though short in wool m-iko .^ni^i VI ' ^''« Houthdowns arc 
 place last .s.>;ison. The rams belonging uLtxeVun^ VT'\ ^^^^^ ''^'^ ^^^ t(^k 
 ^n, Deopdale, near Hc.irlwrough, were sold The '^'Tn' ^l^ ''1*^ ^f''- '^'homas jrk- 
 lion, ami realized t(i 10 ,. aven»^.e, T«^ ^.^nJ sheeuTvon.'n^^K ''T. '" '"«»> ^""di" 
 horouRh lur £•» an<l £7 ctwh- four othep, .s«I S over^n. ^1''^:'^''^'^ »>y ^^ord Londes- 
 "• , Mr.- W. liigden, of Hove, sold 2(i st r'n^ .a .w .'*'!? f;"'' '^"** """">" <■«' *« 
 e,uh. This was a capit;il price for sheep uid Mr • iV "^'^rage of £21 lOw. 6rf, 
 
 torinhiwlin-rsuchanexcdlentlloc-k niu :,no^^^^^^^ 
 
 Uoikhas gained at the Hoyal Show sinre laV t i -w r^^^^^ '^^ 
 
 ml We., of Knghind. 1 prizes at tli^^' Sm^J . .J;^ ^T S'v.h' ""="^^ "* ♦'^^"' 
 
 shows, liu. socret of the success of tl.« Hove llo< k Ml , ""'. P"''"'* »t other 
 
 pre^Mt.sbepher.1 has been with Mr, KMgde for twe„ l ' i^''"-' ^"'^ '" ""' '"^t that the 
 
 IH first, 26 .second, and « tliini pri/es lla vc been wo," ^ ' ^'"'''' '""^ '*»■•'"« that time 
 
 UOM.VEY MAB.SH. 
 
 Thi.s breed, which is confined chiefly to tliis distrirt 1,... i 
 01 late years, and Mr. (ie.,r<«. .mat^r i^fV^.. A ,?,,'' ''"^.''^'<'" wonderfully Ibrtnnat* 
 In the south Kentish sheep are extro,nelv',K,m,hr'' uV','. .-"A*" '^'^'P "'* '» f«»°t. 
 Mr, Powell prices ranged from t7 7.s. " o' £1 ,» „, :, f.'.H .' " f ''"'''' 'H^Ionging to 
 These 01. good ligures to pay for the nmcb-d^ij;:; K4;;i';i;'b;eij*^"'^'" *'"^ ^"^ ^^o. 
 il. £^X, 51 ' ■ -oQ 
 
 
 
 ;li 
 
 uf 
 
 li 
 
 t." 
 
 iiti; 
 
786 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 OXFOBDSHIUE DOWNS. 
 
 Tht«o liuvo Ukcii ijuilu u firm hold of the ulTuutions of luuuy breedura iu Beiirordshire, 
 HackH, Ilunta, &c. The Oxford Dowu is an attrnctivo sheep, ami the specimens exhib< 
 ited ut the lioyal York Show were worthy of the national gathering. (Juality was ob- 
 servable all along the line, and where so much excellence was diHccrniblc they were most 
 dilticult classes to judRe. The ram sides were fully saccessful, and attracted numerous 
 buyers from the continent. At Mr. .John Treudwell's sale at Upper Winchendon, a 
 number of shearling and ram lambs were disposed of at an average of a trifle over X'i',i 
 I'M. A number of the rams were bought for Gernuiny, although a few were picked up 
 by our Gallic neighbors. The Fyfleld flock of Mr. A. F. Nulton-Druce averaged £17 
 1U«., and the Biddenhnm lot realized the handsome average of £15 lis. Mr. Albert 
 Brassey, who was so successful at the Koyal Show at York, wa.s equally fortunate in 
 the sale ring. The lleythorp flock averagetl £14, lieing an increase of nearly XI com- 
 pared with last year's aven go. Mr. George Street, of Maulden, obtained an average 
 of £10 1«. '.id. Mr.'Fred. Street, of Somersham I'ark, also disposed of 40 fine sheep at 
 an average of £14 !)«. 8i(. Mr. John Worley's flock averaged £14 3s. 2d., and Mr. 
 Kd. Gillett'.s Hampton flock obtained an average of £15 3,s. Drafts were sold from va- 
 rious flocks, the averages ranging from 4 to 10 guineas. Equally favorable prices wero 
 obtained for ewes and ewe lambs; and on the whole the Oxlbrd Downs went off very 
 well. Thev are great favorites on the continent, and before long will bo found in the 
 United States. 
 
 HAMP.SHIBK D0WK3. 
 
 These are a comparatively new variety,* and are said to have been produced by South- 
 down cro.sses on the old Wiltshire sheep. The breed possesses in a high degree the ijual- 
 ities of fecundity and early maturity. Indeed, we have known 100 wether lambs, just a 
 little over six months old, fctcii 7'2». per head; and as for weight, three lambs under 
 ten months weighed at the last Smithfield ClubShow (1HH2) 224 pounds each Jive weight 
 or upwards of ;{5 jMJunds per (juarter butchers' meat. Tiiese sheep are massive, broad 
 even, deep, and close-wooled, and do well on dry chalk soils. The Hampshires fared 
 particularly well both in the show-yard and in the sale ring. Mr. Alfred Morrison after 
 iiis Hamburg success, won well at York with large, long, and lusty animals. Mr. 
 AVllliam Parsons (Michehlever) also had a fair time of it, and secured first and seeond 
 in the shearling cwo cltiss with well-rounded, neat sheep. In the salo ring his flock 
 avcn-iged £15 llli. for rams, and !)7,i. 3rf. for ewes. The llackwood flock of Mr. Jolin 
 IJarto 1 averaged £12 10«. The Wrotham Hill Park lot wero quickly di8po.sed of at an 
 average of £(>; two of the rams being bought for exportation to .Jamaica. The.siipnly 
 at Wclton fair exceeded 100,000, and wero chiefly bought by flockmasicrs in the west- 
 ern counties. Mr. Twiddell's flwk f"tched from £4 14«. Gd. to £12 \2s. ; and Mr. John 
 Pa rris's averaged alwut 74 guineas, and Mr. 11. Dudding sold 16 rams at an avcnigeofflS- 
 and Professor Wrightson <lisposed of 40 at from £6 to £7 lOs. each. Mr. Oakley had 
 l.V) from his Underwood Hall flock, which fetched from £7 to £10 each. Six raraswcre 
 iKHight at Peterborough at £5 lO.i. each for shipment for Buenos Ayres. Mr. F. Boyce 
 (Manor Farm) disposed of 1,400 ewes and lambs at high prices, the total sum realized 
 l)cing £4,484 IT*. The Brondfleld lot, belonging to Mr. William Ijine, aver.iged £17 7.. 
 Hf/., the average last year being £17 ISs., and in 1881 £12 Hi. i)d. The Homington flock 
 was weeded to the extent of l.'U lots. The rams wero let as high as 07 guineaN. Mr. 
 Dibl)en hired at 42 guineas; Mr. Parsons, of Micheldever, at 61 guineas. Kara lanilw were 
 sold at 41 guineas, which was given by Professor Wrightson. At the side of Mr, Piil- 
 mer (Berry Court, Wallop, Hampshire) ram lambs were let at from 7A to 22 guineas 
 each, the average of 70 being £11 iy,f. 6(/. A nunilwr of rams of the well-known Tont- 
 hill floi'k, which took the champion prize at the Hamburg Show, were let andwldat 
 high prices. The ram lamlw were let for the season at 64 guinea.s. The average at 
 which 11$ lot« were hired was £;i4 6/(. 6(/. The selections from the flock of Mr, W. Clieyncy 
 Street made satisliictory prices, and the draft ewes, which were remarkably well matched, 
 sold for upwards of 5 guineius each. 
 
 siinoi'HiiinrA 
 
 This breed is making great headway, and seems to l)e a great favorite everywhere. 
 They are fancied not only in Shrop.shire. but are found in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, .md 
 in several continental countries, while numbei's have been exported to Canada. That 
 the breed in decidedly popular cannot be denied. 
 
 ^Next oldest to Southdown. 
 
*i.<«..vaa»itMia«iiia«B 
 
 u Btiiirordshire, 
 >eciraeu8 exhib< 
 Quality was ob- 
 thcy were most 
 Mited numerous 
 Winchendon, a 
 i trifle over X'£i 
 were picked up 
 B averaged £n 
 Is. Mr. Albert 
 lly fortunate in 
 nearly XI coni- 
 led an average 
 10 flue sheep at 
 . 2rf., and Mr. 
 re sold from va- 
 iblo prices were 
 8 went off very 
 )o found in the 
 
 SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Tl.„ < /I .. . . 
 
 hi„ - ...... 
 
 miDKham sales were .nosScS,^^^ 
 
 ship's shearlings. Tho c wes a^lf/ • l^""" ^'- ^^""dell Ravo 100 m in ^I""*''^- ^'^'« J^i""- 
 
 Mr. A .<< iJo..-.». -1-.. .J> *»o'verhamntnn ,.,„ ouufeures. Tlio lot sent by Mr. 
 
 ; each; and some of 
 -e^ewhiclfh^-- -er^or^ 
 
 u„ J i? l/; ?«f ''' '°''^ "°'l let wen and fi! ™'°S^"°'- Tl'oHat- 
 
 Kuineas for his flrst-nrit J.l l^'^' ^^'- T- J. Mansell of n^''''''''■*°*' ^'""^ '^^^^ was 
 famed Uffington utk'rMr' " ^t^«,2n^-k. »"'! tKer^^e^'wi^'S^^^ ^«'^ 
 
 a little over £10 for ewes JutL °^ 'Yeraged .£30 6.. 2dfor-^^^? r"^" '^''- ^'''^' 
 wardine, I^rd ChancelloTwas so d "t ^^^ *^'*^ °*' Measr.. 0^" ancf T-In^' "'^'^^.'^'^'^ 
 The average was £19 14, if,,, n" "•} ^^ Snmeaa. and Koval OnL^,., ."•""' *"^ '^''^'i- 
 
 Ifcn 
 
 M 
 
 sold at h 
 
 Chesham ,„,.,,,„ tj 
 
 tons lock, belonging to Mr 
 XJ7 l)i.^, and for owes "~ 
 
 luced bySouth- 
 legree the (jual- 
 er lambs, just a 
 ie lambs under 
 ach Jive weight, 
 massive, broad, 
 impshires fared 
 Morrison, after 
 animals. Mr. 
 lirst and second 
 ■J ring his flock 
 :k of Mr. Jolin 
 isposed of at an 
 a. The supply 
 ers in the west- 
 ; and Mr. John 
 average of ,£12; 
 Wr. Oakley had 
 Six rams were 
 Mr. F. r.nyce 
 al sum realized 
 veniged £17 7-. 
 romingtoti flock 
 f guineas. Mr. 
 {amlanilwwerc 
 iile of Mr. Pal- 
 to 22 guineas 
 ll-known Font- 
 let and sold at 
 The average at 
 Ir. W. Clicyncy 
 f well matched, 
 
 to everywhere. 
 p.", Ireland, and 
 Canada. That 
 
 of 
 
 .....»ftv,«uu.u,eaiortneUnibury flockofMr Fr' ?•''' "^erageda littleover £11 97 a>. 
 ing to the late Mr. George W ■Lntr^oi„ / r "^^^ ^''^ £10 12s. lOrf Th. <t 1 1 ' , ^'"^ 
 (lisiwsedof, the rams makMiurannS"'."'^ Leconflold Park IIonT",.o; ,."°''H ''*^'°"«- 
 The IJeaumont«-oto rams h« nrn"^^"^"^' ^«- the ewes TtchkTnrln ' ^'^^^^rley, was 
 
 Thomas, of Uaschurch, got an averse' Z ^^ ^"^fl ^°'^ "* 1«0.^. c:k 1 \ \ ; 'l" 
 mther over !)^. guineas each For ^„„ r"^ ^""^ ^^^ "id let of i;>8 7 s ,.., . ,'''''"' 
 
 highest pricc(l shearling ran wa'■lJ^ZL^r°T ^*'"^° ^"™' l^owmi Lr 't. 
 (stablished Haughton Hock wasdi^SJ'^.f^'"- ^' ^- ^'^iHips al ;{.-, «u ne'^^^Tb T 
 Mr. Charles Wadlow The rVm Vr^ .2^ acc-ouut of the deceiso of f hf ' • "'•'' 
 
 HHussohl averaged CU L' 7, :"U"'f?r" 'e P ^"°^'«^ ^l^^n ai^yg, iLr"ffi*?A 
 .sheariiDg HHus ranged from 7 toSuin^Is ih , f IfT"" '^"''^ '* l«t of rams nd cw.m t. 
 Earl I'owis. The ewes fctch« S'S'.i^" '^''Z 'T^ '''' '''^'^^'^ Pri ■" and ™id bv 
 g.KHl buyer, iu.d turned up at several i uTX'^ '*""^» ^'«'«"'^1 1^11^° ..y "^J '■ 
 gave still prices. Goo«l stock were m d „l *k "' '""'*^' ^'^'ected good , nff nn," 
 round t'H-Shroj.hire.salesof 188,/w"ir^ij:^;Vi?- j;:>- -- ^^^^^ '"cSe"..""! 
 
 J "iiu iiio.seot previous seasons. 
 
 fHEVIOTS. 
 THK nL.\CK-l.-ACED SlFFor.IC* 
 
 .„.J''^.f:? ••;r!'.V.'«.'"'«K iuto favor in I.:a.st An-^lia Thi. hr 1 r- 
 
 *Fin,tde.scribe<l iu Augu.st 1883 bv If KW • , •'^'a.can.l leg. 
 
 uaaokuowlcdge*!. *= ' '*^^' ''^ ^f- ^<»n« -liH'kson, in "The Field " but here 
 
 
788 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 KO aud the more mh\a tliey are the better. Thin breed is a cross between the South- 
 downs and Norfolk Blacks of halt a century ago, probably improved with Hampshire 
 Down crosses. The meat of the BulVolk is juicy and lean, and Iho mutton is much in 
 request in various centers. The breed is active and hardy, and can live where other va- 
 rieties would bo lamishcd. Mr. K Giltus made the top figure of tho season, namely, 
 £'20 and the average beintf £1A 2i». Mr. Gittus's shearling ewes fetched 12««. for Iho 
 l)est pen at Newmarket, where Met«rs. Slater and Northcnd both sold rams at 2« guineas 
 each, and the Maniuis of Bristol got '25 guineas for another. At Ipswich fair Mr. J. A. 
 Smith's consignment was one of great promise, having been selected from the Ijest cwe« 
 of liis flock. He sold 10 ram lambs at an avenigo of i:t guineas, and 40 lambs at an av- 
 erage of £ii 3s. Mcs.sre. 8extou and Grimwado, who were the lirst to inaugurate the 
 auction competitions, old 70 nun lambs and n line lot of ewe and wether lambs. A line 
 viiu wiw purchased by Mr. KobertCross for £'* 5.s. Mr. W. Gurdon, of Branthani t:ourl, 
 sold his best apecimen for £i:i 10.s. Mr. E. Fyson .sold 12 ram lambs at 12] guineas, 
 &c Mr. Jacob Walker sold bis Hock, as he was about to take a smaller larni. The 
 Suilolk ewes made high prices. Tho 210 shearlings realized a total of XOll. The highest 
 ligure realized, 95«. per head. Shearling rams realized from £8 to £3. 
 
 SCOTCH BLACKFACES. 
 
 In Scotland Black-faced sheep are supplanting theCheviota, as it is a more hardy breed, 
 which has weathered the storms of severe winters more successfully, aud on this account 
 larger numbers have been offered for sale all over the countrj'. They met an exceed- 
 ingly good ninrket, and averaged within a shade of £16 each. Mr. Brydon, of Burn- 
 castle had the ne.xt average of £10 13s. Tho highest price paid of £45 was by Mr. 
 Thorb'urn, Stonehill. Mr. Dodd, Northumberland, also bought one at £44. The Duke 
 of Ajgyll bought one at £37, and another at £24. 
 
 Mr Charles Howatson, of Glcnbnck, Ayiflhire, offered a wonderful lot at his twelfth 
 annual sale, and made capital prices. A three-shear ram made £20. The highest prices 
 were given for three shearling rams, sired by Glenbuck Yet. Mr. Fleming, Lesmaha- 
 gow mid the top figure of £43 for Glenbuck Again. Mr. M'Naughton, Aberfeldy, 
 bought Arabi at £30; and Mr. Hamilton, Tyndrum, gave £2i> for Duncan Gray. The 
 tup lambs got by Glenbuck Yet made the remarkable average of £13 14». (id. each, Mr. 
 Brydon Burncaktle, paying the extraordinary sum of £28 lOn. Ibr a handsome ram, com- 
 bining symmetry, size, and substance. This price has never been equaled lor a Black- 
 faced lamb, the highest last year being £13. ,„ , r ^ , r,.v , ,. 
 
 Mr. Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Argyllshire, sold some Black-faced sheep. The shearling 
 tups averaged £7 a head. Mr. Campbell, Ormaig, bought the highest priced one at 
 C3(i The total increa.se on the stock proceeds of last year's sale for a similar number 
 of sheep was £000. This shows that the Blackfaces are gradually rising in value in 
 
 Scotland. , . . , .. , , , . , 
 
 There were doubtless many other sales and incidents worthy of remark which trans- 
 pired during 1883; but we have simply dealt with tho facts as presented to us in the 
 markets. Under tho circumstances, llockmasters are to be congratulated on the results 
 of the iKist soa.son's sales, and to hope for a continuance of the .same friemlly competition 
 in the year 188 1. 
 
 SHEEP PORTRAITS. 
 
 [Inclosiire No. 8 In ConBuI-Oencral Merritt's report.] 
 
 The iwrtrait ( Plate 307) is repro<luccd from the Agricultunil Gazette for 1874, as a fit- 
 ting illustration of the Oxford Down breed. This ram was shown by Mr. C. Howard at 
 t'le Hull and Cardiff mcctingscf the Koyal Agricultural Sotsiety, and he was commended 
 at i)oth places. Everyone knows that the history of tho breed includes many names, sucli 
 as Trea<iwell, Gillett, Druce, Howard, Street, and others; and illustrations might have 
 l»cen select€d--reproduced from former years— of sheep from any of their celcbr.ited 
 Hocks Wc have selectetl the illustration here given, however, as being on rather a larger 
 scale than the others; aud, notwithstanding a certain distortion due to the lens, indud- 
 ing much exnggeration'of the head and muzzle of the sheep, as being a fair representation 
 of the excellent and massive form, line character of wwl, tS:c., indicative of the breed. 
 
 This breed originated in a cross between the Cot^twold ram and the Hampshire Down 
 
 ,-.-. l„,i M- 'r.""!>npi jw.ur nf Winchfjtf IT, was one of the leaders, fort v years aco, in 
 
 maintiiining that the breed should be made permanent by continuing to breed from these 
 
 proes-bred sheep, until at length a penaaueut typo waa estobljsbed. This has now been 
 
 ft 
 
 h 
 
 w ■ 
 
 m 
 
 •u 
 
m the South- 
 b Hitnipshire 
 )U 18 uiutii in 
 lere other vu- 
 «ou, namely, 
 
 12««. lor Iho 
 iit 2(i Kiiiiieim 
 iiir Mr. J. A. 
 Lhe Ijest ewes 
 nbs at an av- 
 au^urnto the 
 iul)8. A line 
 iithaiu Court, 
 
 12\ guiuetts, 
 r I'arni. The 
 
 The highest 
 
 1 hardy breed, 
 1 this account 
 et au exceeil- 
 lon, of ISurn- 
 > was by Mr. 
 I. The'Duke 
 
 it his twelfth 
 highest prices 
 ng, Lesmaba- 
 n, Aberfeldy, 
 1 Gray. The 
 (id. each, Mr. 
 mo ram, coni- 
 i for a Black - 
 
 The shearling 
 priced one at 
 milar number 
 { in value in 
 
 : which trans- 
 L to us in the 
 on the resultH 
 y competition 
 
 1874, osatit- 
 C. Howard at 
 as coninieiidcd 
 ly names, such 
 Qs mi^lit have 
 tir celebrated 
 rather a larger 
 3 lens, indud- 
 rcpres(!iit»lion 
 f the breed, 
 iipshirc Down 
 T years aco, in 
 eed from these 
 liiu now beei^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 'ti', 
 
5 1 
 
 t 
 
'4\ 
 
 l^h-A 
 
 t 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^8 
 
 
 ■~ '1 
 
 
 - -i-i-sB 
 
 
 T< <•, ^Hj 
 
 '.a 
 
 ' t^ f- i^l 
 
Ul 
 
 h 
 < 
 
 J 
 a 
 
 Q 
 
 -J 
 
 « 
 
 < 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 Q 
 
 q: ! 
 o ' 
 
 o 
 
 ,M 
 
 U 
 
 u j 
 
 c 
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 t- 
 
 

 i 
 
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 Q 
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 ol 
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 Q 
 
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 D j 
 
 m ! 
 
 2 I 
 
 o| 
 
 t- 
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 i 
 
 <j 
 cj 
 
u 
 
 
 i 
 
SUPPLKMENT. ^gg 
 
 aawnipllnhwl. The breed ii roiniirk.ihin r,. 
 
 MUTTON AND w,«,,. 
 Tlio iK.rtmitH will, wo l)(.li„v,. iMuiilinlti,.,! t i 
 
 li:::Su::.a'.i.:^;u:r:.r^'" 
 
 li:iv(,«uc<oc.I,.,l, iiove tliolosH n.r '"''"• "■"' ^*"" "« "f the si om » ' "''y ''" 
 
 ..uiH or tv^ vcVy i,npor;.;;;rc!. .:;r '"■"^'"« ^' "- -"•- ^-.tz:.. ^ Lii^i:: i:!';;,:- 
 
 I'liito .KIM ro|)rcscnts '• Hermit " n r i,,,. i "■ ifrihiK p.,!- 
 
 l'i;Ue .mi) is tt portrait of ji„ Oxronlsl.ir-. it • 
 
 A. i; Milton Druco, and Hlu.wnt l^X^i^l';;.^^ l.eIon«inK t.. Mr 
 
 ,l.e ilrst pruo. ,t is :, y.u. and 5 n.onZ:£,:'U^^^;^ S'^h.S.^'^'' '"'"^ 
 
 BERKSHIRE PIGS. 
 
 """'"•"■•'' ^"- "'" ^•°— •<'<•".•-. MorrUtW,.,,.! 
 
 . ^"•"■*>.V.WlMIl()KNK, ^>„itSKT, 
 
 Siu: My spetrialty is j.i^rH; tluTofon. I inuwrinn J,:»,ian,H, \H^i, 
 
 mm nuikr the abovoprinte.I ,,,„.rie.s. I Imvo ror vZ! f""""'''' "" ""«'' w>"l«l liardi v 
 ot lar«. wh.to pi«,s, und u.oro recentlv J n^vlZlZ^ ''''■' ^■"•V«''«e.sHnd as a I ce K^ 
 
 These l!erkHh,r..s at e.RiU months one woek an th oo J V.'*'" '''>'«^ *•> the «how 
 ,v,„mk My wh.to p,«s arc h.rdy. and fanu-d "r s . a, ^rl ' T'*^'""" «"''' »" ^'oro 
 .xubitedat tbowunotwno as tbo llorksbirrs. also t.diiri.^f^"'"'"'""^; ''• ■'•. f'o P«n 
 woRbt cm-b 01 :i;' s,.oro pounds at sixfon n n b mV^'^^^ "i" avernir. 
 
 l,re..d H !u> most hardy, and ..oul.l bo bred 1 ri^.r. M?r",i'^*''-'^ '^'^ J''"ksb"'?o 
 ,m«t p.rl.vt sn.ccs.. u-,;.! my pi^s on barb.y and . L ,,. I '""'' ''^"^*« ^^i^'' "'« 
 I am, sir, yoiir obedient servant, '"'"/e-meal. 
 
 .J()HKF>H SAUNDRRH. 
 
 [riicloniire N< 
 
 ""''<'-'m.|.(ic„,.rnlMorrilf«r,.p»rl.l 
 
 My Horksbires answer a.lmiral)!v. My sow^ nm ,.,.. 
 round, except when th.-y have yo"un«. ' 1 have "I (!,.," ^\^^, '"'"' "•''^'-ly all the year 
 JispoMMilmy tail e..rn more proiiiabiy than sendln-' it on, ,ri ?''''"'*• "'"' ^ ""'• «^vine 
 
 Taiimcv (JitANoio, ALFUKl) ASHWoii'I'lf. 
 
 Kemtufnrd, Chcuhin: 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 THE YORKSHIRES, 
 
 |liU'lc>Ni:re N'o. II 
 
 i"<'..us,i|.«;,.ucn,lM..rritfHiv|,ort. 
 
 I'iKsIiiivebeenmyKreat weakness. I have dnrim. Hm i„.t . . . 
 («ir LuKlixh varieties. Ilerksbires. 1 loan, v , L . ^ *^^'''"V'-'i^« .va.^ fried all 
 very slowly when .r.m. three 1.. six nn.nthsob T,w ,',"''' '"""' T'^^'''' '""' ^^"-''^^ 
 >low puycn* or feeders. The small l.laeks an.l Hn,.l| " I I?,!' '' ''"'' f^ '••"''^^"^ •■""! ^ery 
 iniiKiv at iiiw ;ii«.. lull II.. .i .. . . •'" '"' ^•'Kiil iirec(ier.-< :i.iii i-.h.,.. 
 
 cKly atauy a><e, Iml liuir meal is t 
 
 pig is a brute prolille cnon;;h I 
 
 <"> lilt for present tastes. 'I'l 
 
 readers .i.id fattei 
 
 »nt ruinous to tatt 
 
 <'» 1 have found II 
 
 (■ eoiumon I'nulisU 
 
 10 middle wbito 
 
790 
 
 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 
 
 and tlio liuj^o, white Yorkshiro ftir awiiy tlio beat of all. They arc very prolific, grow 
 last, and I'attiMi ijiiickly a( any iigu, aiul the careaat! is exiuilly what is now reiiuired cither 
 lor \wvk or l);u'nii purposes. 1 have ivow a herdoi" 'MO, all eligible for entry in the pro- 
 l)oscd licrd-lxiolc wliicli a low of us are trying to estai>li.sh. I try to keep my pii^s as 
 naturally as jjossible, feed well, give plenty of exercise, and begin to breed from tlicin 
 carlv 1 scud them all over the world. 
 
 KANDEIiS SPENCER. 
 
 THE BLACK SUFFOLK FIO. 
 
 friiflosurc No. 12 ill ConNiil-Ociiornl Mcrrltl'H Uoport.] 
 District: 
 
 Main temperature, .W F. ; temperature in summer, G0° F. ; winter, 40° F. ; 
 
 Soil, sandy preferable. 
 
 Subsoil geological .strata, grit. 
 Pa.sturage, natural or artificial grasses: 
 
 Ifow is stock housed? Warm and dry, avoid floors or walls whi«!h are good roii- 
 ductora of heat and cold. 
 Name of breed: 
 
 Suflblk small black-breed pig. 
 
 oize at maturity ? '120 pounds. 
 Origin of breed: 
 
 Cro.s.sc3 between Es.se.x, Chinese, Dorset, and other breeds. 
 
 Description, and hov/ long pure bred ? Thirty years or more. 
 
 (Jo lor? ]5iac!c. 
 
 Maturity? Eighteen months. 
 
 Meat? Short, sweet, and Juicy. 
 
 Black pigs arc preferred to white ones because they stand exposure to the sun's rays 
 better when out feeding on the pastures or (\lover leys in summer. During a greater por- 
 tioM of the year this description of jiig will find its own living on good, well-drained 
 l)asltires, with an occasional rain upon the .stubbles or clover leys. Tliey are small Iccd- 
 trs and very contented and easy-tempered. When fattening it is sometimes dilUcult to 
 net thcni to take suflicient exerci.se. They can l»e Ibrcetl into early maturity, at six 
 months of age, if required. 
 
 J. A. SMITH. 
 
 .\Ki;NjrAM, Ijinwilh. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 ITinclpal points of circular to consuls 3 „ 
 
 beef importe, ml .'^o rrri "''"" ""P"'*^"." «?"' ^''^^ ""'»''"" 
 whence Lport.,,1 7 vaiuor '""'"''"» '''^'•'e h; 1"^'! "V"'"" "''"'' -■• 
 tries into tbe xVnitLi V "Z ^^" '' '"•' '''"'^ ^eenap^rte. f! ' "?.'' ""• '='"""^'«« 
 tl.oE„BlisU market 8 of "; "''°"' ""^ i""™ l^SO-"^ 17,*''" **"''"' ''°""- 
 purposes for wUitXir;iu':7a^-"*'"'" '''" -^^^^^^^ 
 
 a.ul supply of tbe several countr 0^ , i '"?"" '■''"°*^'«« "^ Europe an.f„T' '"' 
 «amn«, into the United Kin^om lirinTt, "" """'*' l^""^-- »' hor^J^l'" r""'* 
 value per pound, and the eountruT^ l" '/ , ° ^""^ ^»«^' *«*«' 'luant t ,T L . ^ 
 outside of EnroDo 12- fr,.„i ' " *°''° ''"P«rte<I. 12 : numlw„,?f 1 ' '"'""■ 
 
 ..airy P-ductsr E ^ ;'S;::f °' «''^-°>' -'"• " a - /„^; ■« '» --tries 
 and value, value p„r pound and th. '""'"' °^ "'« ^'»'t<"l KinX '."?""•"'"' "' 
 American butter/doercZ co" ul.r"''''"^'''' ^'""""' '".ported Ig^i ? """""""' 
 l;ermetlcaUvsoai;u„tTo:;re,^Coroi!"«^"''-''- 
 .0 year xm. 10 , cheese i„,ports Z tl rn W Er '^T *"" ^"'""l sil 1,,^ 'J 
 
 A3;_.o„ndcatt,eproduet:d:^n«t"-^^^ 
 
 Calllo statistics: "^' ^^^'^^^^Jil'S LETTBB. 
 
 (U Statement showing the exports of rattle from ,k t- 
 
 ;ndin« with the year ,«84, BhowinrthlTu uhcrs"''"/ ''•*^''''''^"'« ^'-o eleven year, 
 hoad 0. ,1.0 cattle exported to each eoun r """ '"*"' ^•'""« '«'•' »"" v "ufl^ 
 
 (3) Statement showine the einort«nr f.» I . 
 
 ..-..' ..rst efllclally reeonr,Tea;o U ^'Crr '\ '''"•-l ^'-tes fr«. the year ,877 
 ll'o quantity and total value and t he 1. ' "'"' '"<''"'"»« the year 18«i Itl, 
 
 .. statcueut Showing the .a.p.;;s?f^,.t:r"irt:.';h'! r' "f ?r -'--'-^ -So;^^^^^^ 
 
 .voarn e„diu« with the year Xm. showi;.': ';"'''' '^'■>«''""' 'l"Hn« the olZ„ 
 
 IluU^rHUurtic"' '" '"""''' '■""" "«*^" -.uutry ...'.."'.'''.;;';;' I'"*' ^■'""« "".l the value 
 
 (■" Statement HhoxviuK the exports of butter fmn.f. ,- , 
 
 -din« with the year xm. ^o^^ZJZ^'^^^ f "'"^ '"-'"^ '•'« eleven yoar« 
 l.mmt and country therein """"■ ""'' ^^""" "^ "■" exports to ea..hcr 
 
 i«) Stntement showing the Imports of hntt 1 
 
 cl>.ri««. he eleven years ending with the Tear !ir.""r""'"" '"'" "■" ''«"'''^i KinKd;,ni 
 and value ,„,r,H.und of tl l.u'!:jZ^';^r''^'''^'^^'y ^-'^ ^^^''^ 
 
 Page. 
 
 26,20 
 
 28 
 
 M 
 
 30,31 
 
 Cli(>(>«t 
 
 c 
 
 ntatint 
 Statcni 
 
 los: 
 
 nt showing the exports of , h 
 
 '"« '*'•'' "'o year I1W4, slmwlng tlii 
 
 liiK lit and country therein 
 
 !'f I'nitod Slates during Ih 
 
 IB the 'luantityandvalueof II, 
 
 10 rlcvei 
 
 years 
 
 sports to ejieh con- 
 T'Jl 
 
 32, 8S 
 
 31,35 
 
Page. 
 
 M 
 
 792 INDEX. 
 
 •^ (sTsuitnrH^oSr^^^^^^^ of cheoHO int. tUc Uni.ca Kingdom during the clcveu 
 
 ^ y^r- enlg with lUo your 1881. .howin« the ..uantity and total value and the value 
 
 per pound of the imports from c»cU country 
 
 ""trattment'howiuB .lu, cxportH from the XTnitod S.utcB of eat.lo and cattle producU- 
 * l,orncd cattle, frenh beef, canno.1 beef, olher beef, butter, cl.ocHe. beef allow and .. le... 
 r.rKVrlne-d..rinK the year 1884, Hhowinfi the „.\n.lK,r and value ot cattle and the 
 quanUlv. and value of 1 l.o Bevoral productH exported to each co.intry .W-44 
 
 1NI>KX OF SUBJECTS. 
 
 Abattoir: («««<, aliio ShiuKhtorhouHOR.) ^^^^ 
 
 Klberfeld. gtiitiittics of Ml 
 
 I,l8lo,niodoofdividinguuoxat '^^ 
 
 I'ariB, mmle of dividinu an ox at .....!!."....... 258 
 
 StatisticHof "L., 
 
 Abb»\v farm herd of Sliorthonw 16B m 
 
 Aberdeen. topofp-apl'V. »oil. climate, &c 
 
 ^'";ir;Sa;o:;^Ml- .-.y ."".—^ .ndivid,.alaa„d iu.,itu.ion« which will J!'''^-; "; J'';'^ 
 
 alSabetical order in tb.H inde. ..« .ontributorH, tho following are referred to in .1... 
 
 XS and renpeciive report- in eomplimentary teruiH f..r courtosieB »hown and as- 
 
 rUncoTeudered to varlm.H conHUln-general and cou.uIh, in the preparation of thdr 
 
 papers. ) 
 
 BolBlum: ;,g;, 
 
 Houar, I'rofesuor. UrusHel* ,■■;■■;,"■■,■, m 
 
 Chevron, Vrofo«Hor. Koy.il Agricultural luHtltute, (.anhloux M 
 
 Leyder, ProfesBor. Koyal A -vicultural Institute, (ianbloux « 
 
 Mlnno, Edward, in»pecU>r of abattoir, C.bent J»J 
 
 Seiiaote director of iU>atlolr, Ih'URseln , 'V V ,Vi" 1 '"' \o. 
 
 ?ydSt. LouiH. Hccrrtury A«ricultural Society of Flandre OrlonUlo. Uhent 38,1 
 
 *'TrurreKelonuue. Marcel, secretary of tho Society of Afirlculture of the Girondo ;;2 
 
 Manauor of the (ienerul Milk Company of Bordeaux '- 
 
 Germany : . ^■^^ 
 
 KnBchman, I'uul, Ilrenlau ^.^^ 
 
 ( lallo ProfesHor, Itrenlau IJniverslty ; ■ • ' \Vrii .' 
 
 Gro..; John, consular a.-cnt, for securin« st^itistlcs for report of Consul Wilson on cat- 
 
 tloiu()ldenbur;:,.Teviland, andKastFrlsla |Ji 
 
 S:.^;\::!n:;n;m:.:';::es;dentofA^.icultu,:alD;str,ctAssociat.;;a.:K 
 
 Neefe, ProfesHor, llreslau St.it i«lical Iluroau ■■ ',J 
 
 President of the Hn.nswi.k ("entral A«ricultura Assocatiou - 
 
 Kueff, Dr. von, late director of the veterinary HchcK.! at Stuttjjart 4W 
 
 Sachs, Leo, Ureslau ; ......!!!!.....!!! O 
 
 Saxim < Jovi rniuenl ■ ... 
 
 Stat.H mluisterof tlioCrand Duchy of Ilailen ■.'.■.".'"'.■.'..■.'.'.'.'.'. 4M 
 
 StatiHtical Bureau of Sa^ouy •■■^ 
 
 Vossler Professor, lioyal A Rrieultural Sebo.d at Uohonbe.ra . « 
 
 Z.?b a--»or, Uoyal Centr»l Stallo for ApricuUnre. WurtotuhurR <63 
 
 ''"lSt:;u<...»«ent.o.hePri..ceofWales,Sandr.n«ham ^^ 
 
 CUrke. K. (!.. Bristol ,.. 
 
 Do la Perelle, < ieorco, l,iverp<K)l 72, 179 
 
 Dnckham, TlioinaH, M. P., llrwick '|.j 
 
 nine, N. .r., Smithileld Club "' ,^ 
 
 Howard, .1, and I". Bedford ,,5, 
 
 Jones. .T.JWiwen. Shropshire '.'."Z.'..'.'.'.^..Z " 
 
 Kains. J ackson .Mr ;j 
 
 Lawes, Sir John B, Botham»ted, Herts .'.".."..'.'.".. 17 
 
 Lord Moreton, M. P 
 
INDEX. ^gg 
 
 Acknowledgments— Continued. 
 Holland : 
 
 Animorafoord, J. P., Badhoevo **** 
 
 ha. Pierre, Uoniiquo, ilatanioroa • 
 
 ontS"''"'"""'''""'''''''^'''"'*'^'^'^"'^"'^*'^'':::::;:::;;::"^ ^85 
 
 Fiilloi.Valauco.vF, Hamilton ^ 
 
 Oeury Urog., London ... 
 
 SoutliAfrica; '^ 
 
 Stockdalo.Klchardir., Wvnnborc rannri ^^ 
 
 Adan.8, LyellT., consul at Genox a ''' ^"P^^olony 
 
 ( 1 ) Kcport on cattle lu tbo ai»trict of Gonova 
 
 (Cnttlo census, meat-caltlo imports, rcsuU;";}^;.^.";-;-----. 32W23 
 
 cliaractcriHtks of SwiHs cattle ■ sneciul ..„.!" ^'^°""'"ix>''t^d cattle. 321; 
 feeding, brccdins, ...il, „a J, Tc'"^'^'"'''''' "^ Swiss cattle. 322; housing 
 
 (2) r.eport : The manufacture of .Swiss choo.; /'i' ' • 
 
 Adulteration of food products in Eu,.pe and thoV l^stS" '" ^"""' <^^-<^r, 
 
 Advice to Americans in retard to lmyi„a,„,^ig„'r^''*'.'"'«^, ,0 
 
 dn- United States,) -"'K" cattle. (4^« Purchasing cattle, and aJ,o un- 
 
 Afiicander cattle, charaotoristics 
 
 SI ilk, price, weight _ ^^ 
 
 Age for breeding cattle ..„ 
 
 , , ,. OiO 
 
 Agriculture: ^ 
 
 Average yield of Carlton County, Ontario 
 
 Central Chamber of, England 5gg 
 
 College. Ontario. Keport of: On Shorthoros'and'Avr"." ■■■■;■ ■ 72" 
 
 . ^, l>«vonH.t«0; .violdofditrerenthr™ sTfeattC'IoV'''' "" "•^"'"'^'' --^ 
 Shows m England in 1883, list of i^»i"oat, 5C1. 
 
 School of, at Aicbstottin, Ciornmny...!"!"j" 54 
 
 Uoheuheim, Germany ^50 
 
 Alb cattle: 448^50 
 
 Characteristics, weight, &c 
 
 I'"*'* ^^-""'"^"!!;! 392 
 
 Algttu Dairy Association oj- 
 
 A JKauor cat tie ; „. 
 
 lUitter yield 
 
 Clwiracteristlcs 394.438 
 
 Habitat ' ^35, 
 
 Markets for !!!.!!.!..'/ 308.400.440 
 
 Milk yield. 3|u 
 
 Origin ••■••...!!!....... **♦> *"5, 400. 439. 448, 478 
 
 Pr'c« 304,405 
 
 Weight ■ 3gg 
 
 Algerian cattle : '**• *05, 400. 439, 448, 478 
 
 Care and handling 
 
 Characteristics 25il 
 
 Milk yield 257 
 
 Allan, David. Experience of Ayrshire breeileni. !!!!..'".. 258 
 
 Allfs, Charles M., consul nt llcrmuda: 138 
 
 Report: Cattle in Itermuda 
 
 Alp»: 039 
 
 Dairying on 
 
 tiraziug cattle on 311 
 
 American: 810 
 
 lieef, canned, in Hungary 
 
 Fresh, exports of. 1877-1884 533 
 
 In England, and Ilritisli butchers ]" 28.37 
 
 Salt4Ml. canned, and prowTvcd. exports of, 1884 * 
 
 Butler, decliuii lu expnru, and remedv the-ri^fur 21,37 
 
 Decreased consumption of, in Uritish markets ^^. '* 
 
 Exports of, 1H74-18S4 16 
 
 r> Danish and French in Ceylon 30 
 
 877 
 
 iih 
 
 r 
 
 s -B' 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
794 ^^^®'^- 
 
 Page. 
 
 American-Continued. 4 
 
 Cattlo best general cattle in tbe world 25 
 
 Exports of, 1874-16M 40 
 
 rattening in England •■■' 103 
 
 Imports into Germnuy 581 
 
 Mexico 364 
 
 In Belgiuni 270 
 
 Bordeaux "" Wfi 
 
 Lower California *'^ 
 
 Oldenburg '''"' 
 
 Peru ^'•'- 
 
 Markotfor, in Ontario ••■: " 
 
 Superiority of, in IboBritisb market..... 5,0 
 
 Cbceso, butter, and oleomargarine in Holland ••••■ 20 
 
 In the EngliBb market '"* 
 
 Exportaof ^- 
 
 Crazo for Enelish cattle 51 
 
 Farmc .-8 at fault in cattle breeding ■•■••• 382 
 
 noracB in Belgium • 309 
 
 Proaucts, counterfeiting, in Belgium 370 
 
 for Belgian consuraption 444,445 
 
 Analysis and value of eattlo food in C.ennnny .■.'.■.■.■.■.■.'.■.■.■.'. 1== 
 
 Analysis ofmilk of Jersey cattle 
 
 Andalusia; ^^'^ 
 
 Cattle in ?^ 
 
 Grasses of '."'""e'^^it\\ '^^ 
 
 Pasturage and special statistics of cattle j^ 
 
 A iiilnlnaian cattle, cliaractoristics - • • • - 
 
 InlrowTc.C., consul-general at Kio.ic Janeiro. 03„,. 
 
 Report: Cattle in Brazil ■ " ' Zt ! V ," „' old native cattle, 630; felxed breeds in 
 
 Brazilian cattle and tbe f^^^J. ''^ JJVl'l in Rio de Janeiro, 631 ; special 
 Brazil; consuraption lof beef <""' «>"''^yP , , ,„ „, ..ttle , soil, houciup, to- 
 statistics; weigbts, yield, charactenstlc, and orig 
 pography, ic., 032.) 
 
 Angeln cattle : *^'' 
 
 Census of bulls ;;;; 3»S,4W 
 
 Characteristics of ■■"" » 
 
 Habitat ;: 410,400,492,524 
 
 Milk yield of ••■■■ <92 
 
 Origin of • 396 
 
 Price of 410, 411, 490, 4»2. 494, 49,^524 
 
 Weight of ,■.■':■■■; '™ 
 
 Anglesea, topogmpliy, soil, cl.mat^, &c 307 
 
 Appau'-ell cattle, characteristics ot.. 301 
 
 ArLnnaiHOcattle, chai-acteristicsof 268 
 
 l:^:reage and cattle distribution in France ..••-•••••••• ,,, 
 
 And population of Uussia ••• •• 432 
 
 Of Silesia .......'. ' "" 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Argentine Kopnblic : •'12 
 
 Cattle r«. sheep in AM 
 
 Coiisuh of homed cattle lu COO 
 
 Unviug cattle in 0>9 
 
 l-Htanoias, cattle, in ;■-;']' "° 
 
 capital required to start an estancia in fi06 
 
 Exports of cattle pr. ictsfrom ■ Vi 
 
 Freshroeat trade of, with Germany 620 
 
 Future of cattle ralsii^ij: •- «12 
 
 Guaclio bortlers, doxterity of CU 
 
 Herding cattle in....... "l!!!;!!!!! !1! 
 
 Improvement of breeds in CU4 
 
 Introduction of horned cattle into •••; 007 
 
 Management of callin in "-i- 
 
 Marking cattle in, feasting, &c '"'''.^^". 5"? 
 
 MiUUcowsin '' 
 
 Milkandbiit'vorin 
 
 butter, and clicose In . . . 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Vmg/t. 
 
 40 
 i03 
 u8l 
 364 
 
 27!) 
 r.9fi 
 423 
 <i3C 
 fi.'i'i 
 
 510 
 20 
 
 ;)9 
 
 5i 
 51 
 382 
 309 
 370 
 444,445 
 
 ion 
 
 384 
 385 
 385 
 38« 
 
 030-C32 
 
 oils in 
 special 
 up, to- 
 
 4M 
 
 305,490 
 
 395 
 
 410,400,492,524 
 
 492 
 
 396 
 
 402,494,49,5,524 
 
 ICO 
 
 307 
 
 301 
 
 208 
 
 521 
 
 432 
 
 037 
 
 012 
 
 12,005 
 
 COO 
 
 C09 
 
 019 
 
 fioe 
 
 Vi 
 
 620 
 
 .: «12 
 
 oil 
 
 CIO 
 
 C04 
 
 007 
 
 Ci2 
 
 [ 008 
 
 [[_] 017 
 
 003 
 
 Argontiuo Itepublic— Continued. 
 
 Prices of cattlo in 
 
 Slaughter, outllo raised for 
 
 SlaugUtering establisliments in....."'".. 
 
 Wild cattlo of tlio pampas 
 
 "Wintering cattlo und losses tliorefroni ' 
 
 Working oxen and milch cows therein 
 
 Arnold, L. B., on "Exorcise for Cows".... 
 
 Asliworth, Alfred, on Borkshiro pigs 
 
 Association: 
 
 Dairies iu Denmark (union) 
 
 England (co-operative) 
 
 Silesia ^ 
 
 Wurteniberg 
 
 Dairy at Heldoniingen "[[ 
 
 AUgau 
 
 Heldoniingen 
 
 Laws of Wurteniberg 
 
 Aubroc cattle : 
 
 Characteristics 
 
 Cross-breeds 
 
 Meat yield 
 
 Anro cattlo: 
 
 Characteristics, milking qualities, &c 
 
 Australasia; 
 Kew Zealand : 
 
 Breeds of rattle in : 
 
 Aldernoy (Jerseys) characteristics, &c... 
 Ayrahirog, charncU^ristlcs, &c ....!....." 
 
 Devons, characteristics, io 
 
 llorefords, charnctRristies, &c 
 
 Mixed, characteristics, ifcc 
 
 Tolled Angus, characteristics, &c 
 
 Shortnorn, characteristics, &c 
 
 Census of sheep and cattlo in 
 
 Cost of transportation to the United Stotcs!!! 
 
 Dairy furniiug in 
 
 Number of distinct cattlo breeds iu 
 
 Pasture lands of 
 
 Price of cattlo in 
 
 (^narantino, cattlo, regulations 
 
 Special statistics : cattlo, soil, climate, ic 
 
 Tasmania, cattlo census of 
 
 Victorio 
 
 Aveyron, dairjingin 
 
 Aylnier, Hugh, ou Abbey Farm, Shortliorns 
 
 Ayrshire, topography, soil, climate, &c 
 
 Ayrshire cattle: 
 
 lirec<Ung 
 
 li'itter yield 
 
 Characteristics 
 
 Dairy henls of 
 
 Feeding " 
 
 Housing and treatment 
 
 In Canada 
 
 Finland 
 
 New Zealand, milk and butler yield 
 
 Maturit y :i.s meat prod uccrs 
 
 Milkers 
 
 Milk to butter and cheese, proportion of 
 
 Milk yield 
 
 Only Scotch breed of any object to Americans 
 
 Origin and history of 
 
 Percentage of meat at maturity 
 
 Price of 
 
 WclRhtof .....!.... 
 
 795 
 
 Page. 
 
 GI8 
 tOJ 
 
 . (iia-«io 
 
 ■104 
 GOO 
 COS 
 40 
 789 
 
 408 
 710 
 433 
 4,'>Q 
 450 
 457 
 400 
 COl-004 
 
 253, 727 
 
 233 
 
 253, 727 
 
 720 
 
 .539, .'■i42, 
 
 • 75, 137, 
 
 048 
 
 ...' C48 
 
 """' C47 
 
 [['[ 043 
 
 [.." 048 
 
 \\\[\ 047 
 
 ,..""" C4G 
 
 "' 12,042 
 
 .'"'] 049 
 
 " 049 
 
 . "' 049 
 
 ""' 042 
 
 ' 049 
 
 '' GI3 
 
 ' C.% 
 
 " 030 
 
 051 
 
 '" 2.53 
 
 " V2 
 
 1C9, 200 
 
 l.'!7 
 
 ;■ 212,048 
 
 "3- 135, 108, 200, 211, 212, 220, 740 
 
 i;i5 
 
 • 130 
 
 547, ,-M9, .553, 555, 5,50, ,55H, 501,' ,508, ,'Hi7; 309 
 
 C25 
 
 048 
 
 130 
 
 137, 200, 540, &18 
 
 108, 171, 200, 202, 2i2, 2io,'2i7,'2io, .523, m 
 
 217 
 
 0.3, 1 34 , 1 'Ji*, -J 1 •_' 
 
 138 
 
 84, 100, 20,5, 214 
 
 '4,138,108,171,200,21(1 219 5''5 
 
 I 
 
 T il 
 
 i.'^' 
 
796 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bur cattlu : 
 
 Breeilinf 
 
 Census of 
 
 Characteristics . 
 
 Feed ins — 
 Habitat — 
 nooHiog... 
 Milk yiirld . 
 
 I'rico of 
 
 Welglit nnd size 
 
 Baar district, topofirnpliy, soil, climate . 
 
 Page. 
 
 472 
 
 470 
 
 468, 47-.' 
 
 4I6S 
 
 m 
 
 4(M), 472 
 
 40U, 47! 
 
 470 
 
 4011,472 
 
 4G8 
 
 460 
 
 404 
 471 
 466 
 471 
 473 
 
 003-021 
 
 (irosscs 
 
 Bacon, John K., thnrR/i d'nfTairea at MontPvidoo : 
 
 Keport : Cattle and cattlcbrecdinR iu UruKuay .• —• • •••••■• ••;•••,; — •■ ""•"-^ 
 
 (Climate , voluo of lands and sto.-k, C22 ; slaughter of cattle and exports of beef, 02J ; the 
 Liobig extract of beef iuct^rv, 024 ; froze nt-^at trade, 025.) 
 
 Baden, cattle breeds iu 
 
 Census of cattle 
 
 Feeding and breeding 
 
 Keckar, cattle in 
 
 ProtluctP of cattle iu 
 
 Baker, K. L., consul at Buenos Ay res: 
 
 Kepoi t : The cattle industry of the Argentine Kopublic ••••••;•• ' ■ " ,; ••••••-■•• • ■ 
 
 (Milk butter nnd cheese; cattle raised exclusively for shiughter, COa j introduction of 
 ' horned cattle inio the river Mate; wild cattle of tho pami>as, 004; census of 
 cattle, 005; exports of cattle pro<lncts, liOC; uianageuient of cattle, 007; work- 
 ing cattle and uiilch tows, 008. 
 Estancias- From, to slaughterhouse ; requisites of, 000; number of animals on estancia 
 will maintain ; herdin.: stock on. Oil; cattle vt. sheep on ; mai king youns ani- 
 mals on ; horsemanship .ind dexterity of Cuocho herders, 012 ; groat slaughter- 
 ing establishment, 013. 
 Cilv slaughtering establishments, 015; cUorts to Improve Arpentlno cattle, 010; milnh 
 cows and buttermaking, 017; prices of cattle, 018; future of tho cattle in- 
 dustry of tho Argentine Kepublic, 020.) 
 
 Baldwin, Prfocssor, on Kerry cattle 
 
 Ballow, Frank M., consul at Kohl ; 
 
 Beiiort • Cattle breeds of lladen 
 
 (Messkirch cattle; district of Messkirch, 404; peculiorities of cattle, 465; si/.e oiid 
 wei.'lit, breeding and feeding, 460; meat pi-odnction and fattening, uiilk pro- 
 ducrion,407; prizo winners, 408; Baar cattle. 468; stables, milk prmluction, fat- 
 tening, 100; census and prices of, 470 ; Black Forest cattle, 470 ; Odenwald uud 
 Neckar cattle; cattle census of Baden, 47 1 ; si>ecial statistics of Badlsh cattle, 
 
 130 
 
 4(H-4? 
 
 472.) 
 
 3e« 
 400 
 130 
 7'JIJ 
 475 
 7,'i3 
 700 
 480 
 477 
 478 
 
 Barmen cattle and cattle product, supply of 
 
 Climate of 
 
 Barle:,Uichard, on Kerry cattle -•• 
 
 Basquaiso cattle, cliaracteiistics,liabitat, milking qnalities 
 
 Bavaria, cattle of, characteristics of 
 
 Census of domeslicanimolsof 
 
 live stock of 
 
 Cheese (Limburger) and butter of 
 
 Cultivated grasses in 
 
 Ilandliug cattle products in 
 
 Uousmg, feeding, and breeding cattle in |j^ 
 
 Soil and substratum of • ^,^ ^^^ 
 
 Special cattle statistics of ' ' 
 
 Topography, soils, cliaiate, &c 
 
 Bacodaise cattle : ,^. 
 
 Calves, raising ' 'Vif, 274 7>; 
 
 Characteristics of " "225 274 
 
 Crossbreeds ■* ' ^^ 
 
 (Irazing grounds of ]".".. s.'iS 
 
 Origiu '' ;"!""''""""!!!! 225,274 
 
 Superiority of iiioat 2^j 
 
 Weight and value of oxen ^^j 
 
 Working 
 
472 
 
 47« 
 
 468,47-.> 
 
 4169 
 
 40!) 
 
 480,472 
 
 40U,47I 
 
 470 
 
 400,472 
 
 408 
 
 460 
 
 022,629 
 
 023 ; tlio 
 
 404 
 
 471 
 
 466 
 
 471 
 
 473 
 
 603-021 
 
 iluction of 
 
 CCUHU8 ut' 
 
 07; Tork- 
 
 D vstancia 
 yoiiusniii- 
 Mluuglitor- 
 
 310; inilcli 
 CHttlu in- 
 
 130 
 
 404-47 
 
 Hi/.o aiul 
 
 inilk pru- 
 
 ictiou, tut- 
 
 nwalil uml 
 
 lisli ciittlu. 
 
 400 
 130 
 720 
 475 
 753 
 709 
 480 
 477 
 478 
 477 
 470 
 .... 478,479 
 475 
 
 275 
 
 .225,274,725 
 
 .... 225,274 
 
 270 
 
 255 
 
 .... 225,274 
 
 275 
 
 725 
 
 -INDEX. 
 Boach. Xlorntlo S., consul ntOuayaqnii 
 
 IScpo. t : C«Mlo brooding .o.. caltlo ,.r„„,.„u of Ecua.lo, 
 
 (Tlio HortHons In Kcua.lor, i„ilk vii.1,1 mTni '; 
 
 Rra.«.a; proflu of cat.lo .aia ui ' o « i"!:.';""": *"' ''""'•'■ "'*■ -'"-"'«"' 
 •apIi.v,.oil,pa«tnrc8,&c.,fi;tj, ""«'""""' ^••'"r'>cl...rmtics of cttlo; (opoff. 
 
 Boaurhainp, K.nory IV, conmil at Saint Gall ' "*" 
 
 Keporlon Swiss oattio au,l .lajry pro.Iuct* 
 
 (Oovei nn.cnt asHistanco to cattle brciuors" VoV ' '.■.■ 
 
 tr.o »poito,l bred, ;.U5; tho IlrownSchi ," "'" ''"'""'' ""' ' "«'''''°<'«'' «'f 
 
 797 
 
 Poge. 
 
 034, 630 
 
 720 
 303-320 
 
 <nntonalprizo«bo»-8,so'7; ol.l and llv T.".!"''"''" '"''"^""''■"•<"'« l)roc(l8, 300- 
 -.rinK of oatUc. 309 ; cattle gra,.i„« on the A "r.i", " l'""""' ■'"" ' '"""""'^' """ 
 •«1 I poHty of SaintO.ll milk; mUk.cu o ,'^ i,' ^ ''"'■■''"'«'"' »''« '"kI. Alps, 
 milk; c»n,lense,l.milk m«nufa,^tnro, 3 2 cond^^'™*;;"' "'""■' '" -"""""-l 
 S....OS, 313 ; b„tt«r.,naki«K U Swit erlana a U '""' """"'"' '» ">" l^»'t«-l 
 
 """cr.makins; ^•heese.n.aking.315 ™ 'of s'' ' ,"■' """"'■■ «=""•■"■"«•" 
 o brecU m Swit.erlan.1 ; SwIh^ ca tloT ,", l""?" «'''"''"'. ^" ^ PorcentaRe 
 Charles Kuhn. Deiorshein, .-.la ,on > "'" ^"""'l «'«t«s. ^18; 
 
 milk-book of 
 
 Charles Kuhn. Dejor8helm,3l9 a-JO ) 
 
 Jleck, E.,«.ara. an the Prince of WaWa heras'ot-cattle ,;t Sanarin«ha.„ 
 American: 
 
 ('nnnedin Ilnngary 
 
 Frosli, best moans of mmliug to Engiiind 
 
 exports of, 1877-1884 
 
 in Belgium 
 
 Kngland 
 
 Snlte<l, canned, proservod, &c., oxporu ... 
 
 Consumption in Itio de Janeiro ' 
 
 Kxi>ort from Chatham, Ontario 
 
 Kxport from Urngiiay 
 
 Kxtract, LiebiK'.M factory In Uruguay....!! 
 
 Fresh : 
 
 British imports 
 
 Kxport8fromU,issla,(iermany, and Franco 
 
 Imports into Franco 
 
 Increasing demand for, in Europe...! 
 
 Trade of tho Plato ' !! 
 
 InlapannmlChina, nowordfot, inVhoIanguaKes • 
 
 III Northern Mexico, price and quality " 
 
 lifCfl in Saxony 
 
 liHsInn cattle : 
 
 Snitalilc for the United States 
 
 Weljjht, size, Sec 
 
 licOpinn method for preaervinj; mi-at and vegctabies fresh 
 
 Belgian milch cows 
 
 Bclsium ; 
 
 Agriciillnral f^to at (ilicnt 
 
 American prwluets for consumption in ...!!!!!!! 
 
 lirecds of cattle In, eliaraeteristics of....!. !! 
 
 (Ardennai-so end Cliarloroi, 301 Fli/tci,,./ nn.i ui' ' ,' 
 
 nollandaise, 307; lavor to lu'eed 3fl ? roi. '""^ ' ' ^'■"^'""'"■•^""'•■"■1". 3«h 
 
 fattle-breeding in ^ ^' "^""^'K" """' «roHs breeds, 301.) 
 
 Cenitnsof cattlo. 
 
 Coimterl'eitins American products in !! ! 
 
 I'niry machinery in 
 
 Kxportation of A merican horses to !!!!!! 
 
 KnrniinH in 
 
 Imports of butter into 
 
 meat and cattle Into 
 
 Market for Amoricin beef and cattle in...!!! 
 
 MiUh cows of 
 
 Milk .vicMiif cows 
 
 Milking qualities of cows ! ! ! " 
 
 Preservation of meat and vejjotublos frc.1. !u 
 
 710 
 
 633 
 
 81 
 
 • 28,37 
 
 304 
 8 
 
 • 21, .'17 
 
 031 
 
 ."ioa 
 
 023 
 024 
 
 7,11,28 
 U 
 206 
 13 
 025 
 003 
 570 
 431 
 
 304 
 
 373 
 
 370, OIK) 
 
 37l,;i74 
 
 371 
 
 370 
 
 301, 307 
 
 Vv 
 
 icps of cattle. 
 
 3,-.9 
 307 
 309 
 371 
 382 
 70,-| 
 308 
 303, .-loa 
 :!C4 
 370-3f?l 
 378-381 
 374 
 .... 370,099 
 304, 385, 373 
 
 303, 37, 
 
798 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BelBliiDi— Continued. 
 
 Special ciiUlo stotiBtlOB of 
 
 Ti ansportatlon of «!at.tle to the United Stoten 
 
 WolRlit nnd siJie <>f cattle 
 
 Dell lino, province of: 
 
 Ansoclntlon dairies ill 
 
 Ciittlo In 
 
 Dairying In 
 
 TopoKniphy, soil, climate, RrnMei, io 
 
 Bcrfsnmaso cattle In Nice : 
 
 (Imports of^ miataml milk prwluctsj price*) 
 
 Itermiidn, cattle nnd cattle products in 
 
 Dickie, lUohanl, Bradstono, on DoTon cattle 
 
 Bird, W. 8., consul nt I^ Guayra: 
 
 Kcport: Cattle Interest of Vcnenuela V'V.i" Vi •••■••■-• 
 
 (Inadequate communication with the interior i area and cattle iilains; number ol pco- 
 pie cngBged in cattlcraUinR ; roundinB up ; public pasturaRO ; price of cattle, 
 
 &c.) 
 Blrkenfeld cattle, characteristics, weight, milk yield, &c 
 
 Trice of •"•• 
 
 BoRoU, plains of. (S«e United States of Colombia.) 
 Bomboldt, ret,, consular agent ntKlRn: 
 
 Eeport: Cattle in the Baltic provifloes r,'"".Vr" VVi":! ""V 
 
 (Potlollan cattle for the United States j price, &c.i special cattle statistics, toiiogra 
 phy, housing, feeding, breeding.) 
 
 Boriteaux : 
 
 Cattle and meat supply of 
 
 Census of <Ustrict 
 
 Cost, of introducing i «UbUng, feeding, &c 
 
 Export of Amerlcaa cattle to *• 
 
 Bonlolaise cattle : 
 
 Characteristics 
 
 FeedlDRand houaing 
 
 Ora7.ing grounds 
 
 Milk y'eld 
 
 Not suitable for export 
 
 Origin, weight, price 
 
 Boshell, Msrtin, vice-consol at Bogota: 
 
 Eeport: Cattle on the plains of BogoU •• ;■•■■■:■■ ■• 
 
 (The ranilla i>est: foo.1, l)rco»l of cattle, tojioRrapby, temperature, &o.) 
 
 Bowden, George F., on Welsh cattle 
 
 Branding cattle in Argentine Republic • 
 
 Branding cattle in Mexico 
 
 ™ Beef and dairy pnnlucts, consumption in Itlo do Janeiro 
 
 Brazilian cattle and the homo market 
 
 Mixwl bree<l8 In 
 
 Nati^'o cattle - 
 
 Special cattle sUlistics of 
 
 Topography, soil, climate, &c 
 
 Breeders. (Sen Cattle-breeders.) 
 Brcotling. {See Cattle-breeding ) 
 Breeds of cattle in the various countries. 
 
 A fricandcr 
 
 Page. 
 
 363 
 :iflO, 3BU 
 
 ao8, 37:i 
 
 343 
 33U 
 341 
 
 350-358 
 
 '.'«0 
 r,3» 
 IIU 
 
 037, C3t 
 
 489 
 
 487 
 
 5'.'4 
 
 270-281 
 '.'81 
 SHI 
 279 
 
 '.'70 
 'J77 
 l;7(i 
 i;7« 
 
 :'70 
 i;70 
 
 (KI3 
 1,")G 
 
 cr." 
 
 578 
 031 
 
 am 
 i;;u 
 
 030 
 032 
 632 
 
 (See aUo Special statistics.) 
 
 .009,071,073 
 392 
 
 Alb 
 
 Ahlcniey («« Jersey ) • -gj,' "g^ ;3i;„;398;405;408.'4ifl,'438, 430, 440, 
 
 Allgauer ...^ 
 
 Algerian. 
 
 Andalosion . 
 Angein 
 
 384, 
 
 .,39.'),41(>,490,40'J, 
 
 Ajisbacher. 
 
 253, 
 
 Anbrac 
 
 Aure Valley " " ' .j"^' jg.' j'g^" V„ „^4 ji„r, r^,, ssr, .»«_ ..rg. fi^s. 
 
 Ayrshire 4jg 4^ 
 
 Baar 
 
 Baritone 
 
 048 
 478 
 258 
 
 ;>« 
 
 .'.24 
 478 
 727 
 720 
 744 
 472 
 257 
 
S^^m-^imim^mlSmMmmlm 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 BH2iMlallM) 
 
 B >rnalne 
 
 a ody .-..........'.'.'.' 
 
 UttlliinFRo 
 
 HtTKBIIlttdo 
 
 Ulrkenfcia 
 
 UI«ok African .'"' 
 
 Black Foroat [.'. 
 
 lilac kSpottcUJutUud.!!!!!]." 
 
 BonlelalHo 
 
 Uiaillioii, native 
 
 Urittany 
 
 Uuffalo ' ' 
 
 Cumarguo 
 
 Canadian, native or Fronoli '......". 
 
 CharleroU 
 
 ClinrolalHo 
 
 Chlanlna -."!". !.!...!!! 
 
 Cholmogoriau 
 
 Comtoiso 
 
 CrloUo .".'.".'."■ 
 
 Devon ...V. 
 
 Dexter 
 
 Donnersberg 
 
 Drentbiah 
 
 Dutcb ■■■■■■ 
 
 Dutch Encliah 
 
 Eifei ;;; 
 
 EiiDgor ■..'!"!!".!!.' 
 
 Femelino 
 
 Floehet ^"*."!!!'.i."."." 
 
 Floraiah 
 
 Flemlsh-OeldrlauHolland 
 
 Freiburg 
 
 FroiburgFniilano 
 
 Friealand .....M[ 
 
 FriesIandDrentblBbGeldrian 
 
 Friaian (East) " 
 
 Furnese Ambacht 
 
 Uaronualso 
 
 Galioian 
 
 Galloway 
 
 Gaacon 
 
 Ueldrian 
 
 (ilan 
 
 Gronittger 
 
 OronlngerFriealandOeldrian.... !!....."*] 
 
 Onemsey 
 
 Uaare '"_] 
 
 lUyay 
 
 Ueilbroner 
 
 """'f"'^ ..".'.'.".".'. '.'.V.V. mVo 
 
 UiBhland "*•"• 
 
 Ilinterwaldon 
 
 ]loIstelna* 
 
 UoUand (fee Dutch) 
 
 Jcraey ' 
 
 Jonlany .'.".........'.... 
 
 Kelheinier 
 
 Kerry '""' 
 
 Landaise 
 
 LaDdviehraaM , 
 
 799 
 
 Pago. 
 
 720 
 
 253,274,720 
 
 720 
 
 05-! 
 
 310,353 
 
 288 
 
 <87 
 
 873 
 
 470 
 
 400 
 
 276 
 
 830 
 
 245,327,328,728 
 
 320, 528, 530, 058, 660-002, OW, 008 
 
 271 
 
 530,540,556,604 
 
 301 
 
 248,724 
 
 [ 330,334 
 
 "' 610,624 
 
 "" 250 
 
 • • • .57, 70, 108, 158, 191, 530,'55O, MO,'o47. 670, S 
 
 """ 228 
 
 485 
 
 ••••3<'^'302,398,404'4!i,'«0;48O,S,5l2 
 
 504,515 
 
 488 
 
 ■ 478 
 
 250,725 
 
 368 
 
 ;; 2<l-243,308,r«l,5.i,724 
 
 504,515 
 
 [ 201,301 
 
 "" 3;:6 
 
 503,070 
 
 504,515 
 
 •''»». 408, 417, 420, 421, 436 
 
 361 
 
 ;■■;■• 2H 272-274, 725 
 
 • _ ggfj 
 
 «2, 147-153. 194, 210, 210, 539, 557 
 
 257,725 
 
 501,515 
 
 439,478 
 
 503,515 
 
 ■V 604 
 
 04,124,741 
 
 480,482 
 
 052 
 
 ■-.. Ann 
 
 110, 161, 172, 181, 100, 538, 645, OlU, 564, 070, 739 
 
 03,143,196,211! 
 
 473,474 
 
 ^98, 430, 504, 552, 556 
 
 . 04, 1 10, 166, 205, 551. 557, 558, 564. 572, 048, 670, 74 1 
 
 • 852 
 
 478 
 
 05,120,670 
 
 250.277 
 
 480 
 
 i 
 
 ' Se« remark, at page 504 regarding the ml.naming of Dutch 
 
 cows in the United SUtes. 
 
 i 
 
800 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bre.di of cttle lu tho vrlou. countrio*-Contlnaed. 
 
 Limbur«er '.".'."..".'..........• 
 
 Limerick I)»lry 
 
 LlmooRlno ' ' 
 
 LonKboru 
 
 LourdM 
 
 MkDcollo 
 
 Mantuan 
 
 Maromniano ' 
 
 Messkirch 
 
 MoHticoi 
 
 Mezeno ..........'...•- 
 
 Mexican 
 
 MlenbttcUcr 
 
 Moorish 
 
 Montefonor "' 
 
 MountalD 
 
 Z:*^«!^ou,b;;«;ioathVup,;^;T}ru;;uayBwe;:;:::^^^ 
 
 Nookar ; 
 
 NormBDily _ _. 
 
 Odenwald • 
 
 UldonlmrR 
 
 Farmenso 
 
 , 
 
 Parthenalso 
 
 rianura ""'^ 
 
 riotlfflonteao 
 
 rinegauer 
 
 I'mloliiioh* (PodoUan) ".'.'.'..... 
 
 PolUU 
 
 Polled Adrub 
 
 PngUoM ..........."!..-. 
 
 Pyreneon 
 
 QuIbanoB 
 
 Rwl Polled (Norfolk and Suffolk) ..".■.■.■.■.'.'." 
 
 RlRl 
 
 Rasstan, common ■"■ 
 
 Saint Girona ......*.........•. 
 
 Balers " 
 
 Bcheinfelder 
 
 Schwab Hall ■■VV 
 
 KchwlUer (Brown, Spotted, &o.)-— • 
 
 5^S:in::::::«^W7o;72;7c;o8;l;^V8^■2l3.«M»^^ 
 
 Slinmenthal (Pernosc) ■• 
 
 SinRhalese ■■"" 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 Sussex ri"'j!" 
 
 Swiss (not particularly defined) ... v ••• • •••••■■■ 
 
 Tarrentaise 
 
 Tondern ' ' ' ' ic»\ 
 
 Trles«lorf (misspelled frw«dor/on page 3<«»- •••—•; 
 
 Turiiio 
 
 tJdine 
 
 uri ;;;;;;;; 
 
 VoReUberc 
 
 Volghtland 
 
 Welsh (Knntsj Black cattle) .'.'.".".'.'.'. 
 
 Wcsterwald " 
 
 Whlt« Dunoiarlan "' 
 
 AVild cattle •••••; 
 
 Brewer, 11. 8., consulfieneral at Berlin : 
 
 B«iiort : cattle in Prussia •■•■■..■. VJ 
 
 " Seattle census of Oermany, and c.ttlo in i^an.crn 
 
 ' cattle in SchleawiB-DoLteln. 410; cattle 
 
 Tarlous breeds i PruMlan prito cfttti?, 41. 
 
 Pago. 
 391,447 
 
 ^ 2*.!^ 
 
 ""....... ".48,278,720 
 
 "",.... (K 14, 100,739 
 
 726 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ^*» 
 
 3a» 
 
 . ...•••■■■• •••••■ ••••••••-•• »w J 
 
 '.'.'.'.'.' 464,468,473,474 
 
 '/'"" 031 
 
 687 
 
 '*" 303 
 
 '.'..'.'. 072 
 
 *" 303,405,440 
 
 "W 307,320,728 
 
 '[\[[ • 300 
 
 ".'.' 010 
 
 WW. 301, 447, 471, 473, 474 
 
 "... 243,2'?2,724 
 
 '.'. 171 
 
 .415, 418, 410, 420, 436, 480, 524 
 
 ". 320 
 
 247,727 
 
 320 
 
 325,320 
 
 ['. 303,478 
 
 .' 838,354,305 
 
 *. 525,520 
 
 ' ' 62, 104, 103, 209, 540, 543, 551, 557,047 
 
 326, 340, 3,')2 
 
 " 257,720 
 
 631 
 
 ...01,70,71,86,162,100 
 
 ."V 405 
 
 . 510.523 
 
 "." 726 
 
 '" 250,727 
 
 .'.'.'.'. 478 
 
 392 
 
 201,208,304,806,304,405 
 
 ""'. 143 
 
 538, 547, 555, 504, 570, 577, 046, 070, 728, 735-738 
 
 ....... 287-201, 304, 305, 301, 404, 442, 444, 478 
 
 " OoO 
 
 ™ 
 
 '''."'.'."' 61,114,160,197,730 
 
 326.332,344,347,349 
 
 WW^^'^"'''. '28 
 
 303,410,411 
 
 ■""""'" 30! 
 
 031 
 
 ! '. 3.17 
 
 !....".... 720 
 
 [WW 485 
 
 !.!.!!..!.!!.. 305,442,4-8 
 
 . ..65,15.3,186,198,742 
 
 ;;; 48? 
 
 '" 023 
 
 579,601 
 
 408-411 
 
 j,..,jji 4og. cattlo In Oldcnburc, 400; 
 of UntcU descent, 411 ■, sIStiHllcBflf 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 I'»Kc. 
 
 301,447 
 
 m 
 
 .'•4«, 278, 720 
 H. H, 100, 730 
 
 720 
 
 i!40 
 
 320 
 
 332 
 
 4,408,473,474 
 031 
 
 687 
 
 303 
 
 U72 
 
 ...303,405,446 
 ...307,320,728 
 
 300 
 
 010 
 
 147,471,473,474 
 ...243,2?2,724 
 
 171 
 
 120, 430, 480, 524 
 
 320 
 
 247,727 
 
 320 
 
 325,320 
 
 303,478 
 
 . . . .838, 354, 395 
 
 525,520 
 
 ,543,551,557,047 
 
 320, 340, 3,'>2 
 
 257,720 
 
 031 
 
 70,71,80,162,190 
 
 405 
 
 510.523 
 
 726 
 
 250,727 
 
 , 478 
 
 392 
 
 i, 304, 800, 304, 4O5 
 
 143 
 
 5, 070, 728, 735-738 
 1,404, 442, 444, <T8 
 OoO 
 
 m 
 
 1,114,160,197,730 
 0,332,344,347,349 
 
 728 
 
 393,410,411 
 
 302 
 
 031 
 
 3.17 
 
 720 
 
 485 
 
 305,442,478 
 
 05, 15.1, 160, i98, 742 
 
 487 
 
 528 
 
 579,601 
 
 iburc 409 ; 
 itOtiHllcsflf 
 
 408-411 
 
 Britlnh : 
 
 Cattli! »u(| cottio iniportH 
 
 bunt lirn<'<|i« for export ' 
 
 ninrkKU 
 
 Hpeclol i,x<;cII«nco of ouoli "broeU 
 
 wliiTti to imrcbnuo 
 
 Ti Izo brpodtirii, oattlo 
 
 Urittnii.v cattio: 
 
 Caru of 
 
 Oriain 
 Brown 
 
 K 
 
 On 
 Iti'iiiiHwIrk : 
 
 > cattle.. 
 
 ChnrnctorlgllcH 
 
 Habitat 
 
 l.pro2^b,cr„„.„-^H-D^ 
 
 OHsin 
 
 Evi,l,.„co n.«ur,nu« tb„ valuable ..uaurj^',^'''"'" ^ 
 
 )ii P(.ll...l An-.i» cat tio I"""tl«» of the native Canadian c 
 
 [iHwIrk : 
 
 JIroo,Uofc«ttloin(H.r.,Uollaml,Undvlcbra«,e n.H . 
 
 Cmreusofcnttle """"'^Me, OldenburR, 480 ; imported, 481) 
 
 CbaractorlHlicdof cattld...., ' '" 
 
 Craitwts 
 
 I'riccaand weight of cattle 
 
 TopoRrapby, hoII, chninte, &o........'. 
 
 Uivdon, Mr, "toward of tbc MnninU of Iiii,^'„'.!'i .' 
 
 ll„.ki„.ban.Hbiro,Reol„..c,..for„;2:'„t';trcS,?;^ 
 
 B.ick», England, cattle and 8bcep In ' »"" """'"•"•oeding in 
 
 Buffalo cattle : * 
 
 CD.yloneao, characteriatica 
 
 Hungarian ; 
 
 (^haractoriaticR 
 
 Milk .yield 
 
 Price 
 
 Weight !!!!!!!!!!! ^^"!!"!! 
 
 Italian (Terra dlI,aroro):Characteri»Ucsandu8o« ■■■..'.. 
 
 Jrtvane80:CharacterlHtiogand uaes 
 
 Malaysian nnd SiamcHO 
 
 .Southern China: Humped buffalo 
 
 YanRtsoKlans Valley; Chanwterigtici,' work 'wi^m.;';". ■-.'..!!!! 
 
 UoflinKton, U. C, commercial aRent at Chatham • ' ^^""'' '""''?'«'''. &o 
 
 Ke|)ort: Cattle and cattle product* in SouthwB«t.>rni. . . 
 
 ,Cattle.breedin«ln the Chatham dSct S ,T •; 
 
 cen.as of cattle in district, relative ^X„7c.ut''^'?t"/''«■'-•^''''' •»"«<>•. 
 beef export* of the Chatham digtrlct So" , "7'"'«''«"'. Ml ; cost of cattle, 
 gpecial gtatigtica of cattle (broe,!, yield" we W f "?"'"' ^ *'"' ^'"'^'^ S**'*". 
 ucU),9«3, topoKraphy, goil. grag^eg houll r ^^"""*"''"°''' »''«'«. Prod- 
 564.) ^™'^'"'' "•"'•'"S, leedlng, and handling products. 
 
 Bull keeping at Kircheim-under-Teck 
 
 racing in Landes .'.'.'.'.'...'. •-... 
 
 Bullock, George S., congul at Annaberg : 
 
 lU'port: Voightland cattle 
 
 (VoighUand, and cattle of; origin roha'racteVi.UcgV 
 
 Bulu: '' 
 
 Al.b..y Farm herd: Sir Anthony, StalTord, Sir Simeon, SIrBenedut 
 Anilalugian, flurconegg of ". oir ueneuu t, 
 
 Angeln, in Denmark, cengug and keeping...". 
 
 Ayrshire, Baron O'liucklyre 7. ' " 
 
 Camargue, used for bull-fighting onlv . . 
 
 Census of, in.Sjxony, for bree<ling. .. 
 
 t'hianina, degcription of 
 
 Devon, Sweet William 
 
 Galloway, Black Prince, 152 ; Harden, 224. 
 
 Guernney, S<iuire of Vanbeleta 
 
 flfreford, FiHherman, 101, Komeo,174, sir OlVver',' MaVcoVm' 
 t<>rj, Colmorc, liro- kwoo.1, la?. Ttionchtlnl 71/,' 
 Highland: Portrati.oflwopri«ewinDerg 21- 3r! 'Jt .. 
 
 H. Ex. 61 51 '""""' ^'-' P"^'"*" of Duke of Atholeg prize bull, 224. 
 
 801 
 
 ^^ 
 7» 
 ■ 80,204 
 8M 
 2>Ki 
 170 
 712 
 
 240 
 
 248,728 
 
 243 
 
 Lilt 
 
 • 240,72' 
 
 • 245,728 
 
 S3S 
 Ml 
 
 . 480,481 
 481 
 483 
 482 
 482 
 482 
 142 
 73 
 711 
 
 658 
 
 S30,63S 
 S3S 
 S31 
 535 
 320 
 001 
 000 
 008 
 660 
 
 550,504 
 
 , Felix 
 
 lipoid. WelHngtOD, Vic" 
 
 450 
 256 
 
 442, 443 
 
 73 
 3R4 
 493 
 221 
 271 
 427 
 ■".12 
 7)0 
 
 741 
 
 
 
 /'^^H 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 a '^^^1 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 'i 
 
 
 J 
 
«02 '''''''''' 
 
 no 
 
 Uulli»-CoiiUliur.l. 
 
 8»n.»on, VI«oi.nt •■•••• ♦'•• 
 
 «"«■"• 1.. 
 
 Bum.. th« (tt»»), InMoxlcA. r ^^ _^- 
 
 „„tchcr..nr2JM.o.-,Vn.„.-U...AmorU..„ 
 
 ButtM' 18 
 
 ^"bSL in export.. u„.u«moayth.,ro.v.r i;;::::::::::::::"* ■■ >« 
 
 Export. of. i874-i8«4 :;;:;; j;;; i" 
 
 InlloUonil . 
 
 ,., Danl«l> I" «t- '1''""""" •••; ,„','', 
 
 "'"•"'•'■ t«;rm"i -">>'- ;::v.:;:;:;:::.:; S 
 
 sr:;i:r:S^':^.-="-:E;;E::;::::::;:::::^^ 
 
 In tli« KnKli.li mmk.-t ■■ • «'. 
 
 La,,.*.,, --..-- 
 
 in Snlnl Thonm. 498-501 
 
 Union .lalry r.. oUl imabotl '.'.'.".!'.'.*.".'..• '"" 
 
 „..rn.«l.hlre,a»iryln«m ;;.;;;V;.''V.'''^-'''' '^^Mim.m 
 
 Export, Anioriian ^^^ 
 
 I>»nl«U ■■ ^^ 
 
 8wl»« '^ 
 
 Kr.««h rf.MUcd it. Franco ' ;^ 
 
 im,K.rt»intoMK»u'" ;' ;,; 
 
 Frnnop ■• °" 
 
 Saint Tl.onmH •)!•; 
 
 8wlU«rhvml '"■ 
 
 llnitwl KiuRdom '"J 
 
 T., Arfit-nlino Uei»>Wlo ^^'..^^ 
 
 UiBny,e.W.rnt.«l French •• ^ 
 
 M»kinKinH«i»K'"'y 344^8, 
 
 '^"''""^ ;;; 'Z'.ii<i,'Mm 
 
 ^fy, ;n4„in 
 
 Mexico „^ 
 
 SwiUertanil • 
 
 • ' •" 
 
 TJormaniiy * ' i* i; 
 
 Price, in cork, mi-lH81. '\^ 
 
 England, importeti ^ 
 
 Mcxii'o ^^^ 
 
 <^l\o>!nn , , 231 
 
 Tliuringian ** 
 
 Trade of Cork 
 
 Unknown in Southern Clnna 
 
 -U 
 
INDEX. 
 
 lit 
 
 ;iM> 
 
 Wil- 
 ton, 
 
 rley. 
 
 forcut 
 
 415 
 
 lAU 
 3U 
 
 4.M 
 
 r>ui 
 
 Wi 
 
 200, :'0t 
 
 18 
 
 :iu 
 
 610 
 Ml 
 
 i\" 
 
 .. !B,4UC 
 
 m 
 
 400 
 . 4!Hl-49tl 
 
 «" 
 
 ... \r,,m 
 
 041 
 
 ... 498-501 
 
 ITC 
 
 40l,4«r.,4»H 
 315 
 
 368 
 
 610 
 
 315 
 
 iio;i 
 
 2».'.'r. 
 
 ■.".'9, Ml 
 
 M 
 
 531 
 
 235 
 
 344, «S1 
 
 ..078,588,51(1 
 
 314,315 
 
 283 
 
 :3t 
 
 Iftli 
 
 m 
 
 431 
 
 441 
 
 Uutter— CoutlniKMl. 
 
 Ylelil. (Stt alio SiKiclol nUlUllcn.) 
 
 AtKUItmlKn row* 
 
 ISrixllliiii I'liwit 
 
 llrltlili row*: 
 
 Ayriililrii 
 
 I'nvon '"' 
 
 <i»ll(iwiiy 
 
 Giicrniey 
 
 Ilerefon' 
 
 Hljfhlttiid 
 
 lri»h cowm 
 
 Jertey 
 
 Kerry ..' 
 
 I/onKluirn 
 
 l'<illt'4l Adkus 
 
 Il<HlI>ono<l '/" 
 
 Shortborn [ 
 
 RiiRsex 
 
 W«Uh 
 
 UanUb cowii 
 
 Dutch cnwa 
 
 Frrnch cows 
 
 (ipniinn cow* 
 
 Hiiiiitariau cows 
 
 Moorish eowH 
 
 Now iCealand cowi 
 
 Ontario row* 
 
 I'rinco Kdwttnl Inland cowh . . . . 
 
 (JuelH>c COWH 
 
 Kiisalan cows 
 
 Syrian rows . . 
 
 803 
 
 aw 
 
 033 
 
 ..7S,1M,17I,200,2I2, 
 
 73, 
 
 75, 
 
 ....75. 
 
 ••118,120-123,107,171, 
 1.11, 
 
 75,105,171, 
 
 00, 
 
 ••73,103,158.100 
 
 .75,100,171 
 
 244, 
 
 •302,aaU04,410,412.42M35;4;.7;;30; 
 
 .553,558,581,103,500,507, 
 
 o.vriiiu I'liwB 
 
 IluyinK loroltin cattle, best manner, tlmirpkcV" Ac' ('?^J n ' " ' I" ' '. -.. 
 
 l!y..r», S. It. M., cononl at Zurlcb: ' l'"rcha«in(,' cattle.) 
 
 i!ii)ortou Brown Scbwltzer cattle 
 
 (Ad nillkrn., 20S-301 ; cbaractcilVticH VkV«lin,i nnV'"'. 
 
 .1.0 mitcd 8,..,ca; market va,!'V.twS' '"j ''''""' ''^'''^''-» '" 
 irovincoof "'"-■""'' to export, ;i03.) 
 
 cen.„.„r cattle, ^^T/tlpograpb;. ^oli. cilinatiiuia'g^ai 
 
 CailiJ, province of 
 
 (Area of pasture Und«. 3fo 
 383.) 
 Calves, reariDK, ^c, ; 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Jersey, on the island of Jersey 
 
 In France 
 
 Switzerland 271 
 
 Welch ■^^■.. .[[]].. 
 
 l'»lw, price of cattle in 
 
 (,'»niariiiie cattle, used for bullfl^jb ting only 
 
 Campliell, Kobcrt C, consul at Monterey: 
 
 Fiisl report : Cattle iu the State of \uevo Leon ... 
 
 (loiiography and cattle of XiievoLeon o&7 ■\',atiZ\.',",""', 
 
 butter, and chees.. . e,u..o c.ponf J ' t.^ rn d Su^ rirt^^''^ '"""• 
 ,.„ _. . i .- "^^" '"^'"*''' •«'o; census of cattln- 
 
 210, 210 
 100, 102 
 105, 210 
 123-127 
 101,171 
 107,210 
 235 
 201.200 
 13;i. 134 
 75,100 
 105, 210 
 103, 171 
 210, 227 
 75. 108 
 108.061 
 401 
 437 
 232, 203 
 40-1, 472 
 535 
 072 
 018 
 500, 570 
 575 
 573 
 520,525 
 034 
 
 208-303 
 
 385-38; 
 
 butter, and cheese 
 
 an cuerjjetic dairyman wanted, Si'O ) 
 Second report: StoclcraisinK in the Stale .if N„ov„ Le„n 
 
 (Sheep^nnins, «oa, and ho« n.i.in,, 590; horse, mul^'and b«;ro';aish;,:^,;i- 
 
 187 
 116 
 
 273, 275 
 290 
 
 154,155 
 454 
 271 
 
 5«7-5<<a 
 
 Canaila. {See Dominion of Canada ) 
 Cukdiau cattle, native : 
 
 Bre<l oat in Ontario 
 
 Characteristics 
 
 Good qualities of 
 
 r^. Jersey 
 
 Uloo<led breeds superior to British ... 
 
 Cattle companies in the United States 
 
 C«at»l Muuutttin.H, dairy inj; on 
 
 5!ia-5a2 
 
 .'.40 
 530 
 .'71 
 i"t72 
 556 
 537 
 
 I! 
 
is^ — 
 
 804 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page- 
 
 cbivrmteiiBtlca of: 
 
 Cttjio 'Colons: 
 
 }<rceil» of <;»"'" '° 
 
 Africander •■•-", ■TiJ.R^vHKonVB, Mixwl, Sl.orU.orns... 
 
 CuUlO, CODHUHOf -•■ 
 
 cJ:?::X^'£^:"--''»"^"'"-::::;::;:::::.::::: 
 
 (TopoBr»pl.y i LouBinc , ro<!Q"'R 
 
 to the llnltoa Stfttfs. ) 
 
 • . „ AV Kinc Mills, on Gmmsoy cnttlo 
 
 • "iirrinulon, " M '^'"h "^ 
 
 ^=s^s^"x=r'--- :::i 
 
 * l.«,.«or ami Nockar br.o.U. ^^J- 2, „ 448 -, «tablin«, fo-UnR, ''n'^;"";'^ "« ' 
 
 tUo nri'-""""'! "^'^""^ f VrTru 4:.o' cattlc-brcclingnt Kottwel 4ol ; 
 buUkecins at Kir.-l.Uoin. "naor Ic.kJ -0 i ,„ttl.brc«dln« ntUei.lou- 
 
 e' l! br'cediBS atKi>chber« and ^";- "^^^^^^ ,,3 , cattle trado at Calw ; 
 beim; cnttlo transport via thob.OotUar ii„„ „f „rca, and meat 
 
 Ue fairs, climate of ^r^';^^'^'^''::'^u.U,.vt . dairy aseocla.ion at 
 supply of WurtomberB, -^^^ ^ ' " " '"" ,^,, ^.^ , .lairy nHsoeiationatlleldeu. 
 
 noidcnbeim ' 
 
 Kircbberi: 
 
 lluvensburfi '' 
 
 Kottweil ■ 
 
 Kxperlmenlal I^aroUH^- — ■•-•;^_^,,,,^ ■■■■■■■■■■ 
 
 ,.>om inuH.rtcd stock >nSw.m^^_^.^^^^^^ ••;-- 
 
 ,.,,.,,,nnrorn,atio„.byanEn«UM..M.ort....-^ ;:;;::;;::::: 
 
 111 I'.ra/il 
 
 t'ape Colony 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Denmark "" 
 
 Kciiidor 
 
 S^.;du;;vnu;;isu;;e.';o;;t^ 
 
 ( lalicia 
 
 Ccrmany 
 
 IJaar "_ 
 
 Baden 
 
 If avaria 
 
 llary. Mimntains 
 
 M urshes 
 
 Oldenburn ■■"'" 
 
 Hilesia '' 
 
 Tburinjiitt ■'■' 
 
 Holland ' " 
 
 Honduras 
 
 lluDitary '" j,^ 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Ontario ., 
 
 Kiissi* " 
 
 Scotland 
 
 SwitzorUnd 
 
 fiQO 
 C70 
 070 
 070 
 42,4:1 
 568,500 
 
 1188 
 
 ir. 
 r.79 
 387 
 
 444-464 
 
 ... 44JWW 
 4:^1 
 4M 
 iU 
 4J1 
 02 
 321 
 411 
 
 . . . . SI-JO 
 Ul 
 
 C(J3 
 
 6oJ 
 
 wi-m 
 
 o:n 
 
 .. .. 41-54 
 
 M 
 
 397,™ 
 
 472 
 
 491 
 
 4TI' 
 
 ^3 
 
 41J 
 
 K\ 
 
 433 
 
 W 
 
 Ml 
 
 :* 
 
 ,V.'V.m1 
 
 ... 0:8,5fJ,M4 
 549, 550, Ml, 559 
 
 5.M 
 
 2Gt*, :.": 
 
 ,287, 304, 3(18, 323 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 Syria 
 Yang 
 
 UeKianB Valley 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page- 
 neo 
 
 070 
 
 070 
 
 070 
 
 42,43 
 
 568,500 
 
 \i(» 
 
 ixport 
 
 ri70 
 
 387 
 
 444-464 
 
 I; Llm- 
 Klio); at 
 
 ?il 451 ; 
 Ueitloii- 
 t Calw ; 
 ud meat 
 atiun :<t 
 llelilou- 
 lactcris- 
 ilairy as- 
 •75-'.) 
 
 44Mr)0 
 
 i:a 
 
 ... 4M 
 
 4W 
 
 4J1 
 
 321 
 
 , 411 
 
 ei-fG 
 
 C32 
 
 n 
 
 6.W 
 
 wi-m 
 
 m 
 
 41-M 
 
 3llj 
 
 397,3M 
 
 472 
 
 40(1 
 
 a 
 
 4>'3 
 
 4IJ 
 
 1:1 
 
 433 
 
 440 
 
 M4 
 
 , 'M 
 
 M,."l 
 
 578, jf 3, M4 
 
 .. M7, 549, 550, Ml, 559 
 5:t 
 
 W, ;.-j 
 
 287,304,3(I8,3'.'3 
 
 Ki 
 
 68; 
 
 Cattle-breeders 
 
 American fajrincrs at fanlt 
 
 Ayihire, experience of .' 
 
 Britisli prize ' 
 
 Devon '_" 
 
 Ualloway, caution to ' 
 
 Guemsoy 
 
 Uorefonl 
 
 Highland '--!!!.!!!!!! 
 
 Jorgoy 
 
 Kerry 
 
 LonKhom 
 
 Polled Angus 
 
 Ited Poll 
 
 Sliortliorn 
 
 Sii88ex 
 
 Welsh !!!'"..!!.. 
 
 Cattle fairs (»«« also Cattle shows) : 
 
 lu England and Scotland 
 
 Uormany, Messkirch ' 
 
 Silesia 
 
 Wurtomborg " 
 
 Cattle improved by transference to foreign coantries ' 
 
 Insurance companies in Germany 
 
 I.AW8of Mexico 
 
 Wurtombcrg 
 
 Market, British ■-.!"....!!!!. 
 
 Xeags 
 
 Products from Dutcli cows in Silesia 
 
 Handlin.q; iu Tlmringia 
 
 Imports of American, into Mexico .....". 
 
 Sliorthoiii dairy, sale of 
 
 Suiijdy of IJanucn 
 
 t^attli' t.aU», aud prices realized I lierciit: 
 
 Auld's, K. C (PoIIimI An;;us) 
 
 Ajlmir's, SirIIu};li, West Diirhuiii 
 
 liaiuaby Manor, Hereford 
 
 I'ustle Hill, Ceruo / 
 
 (.'oopcr's, Connecticut 
 
 Duuuiore's, Earl of, Hi<{hland8 
 
 llullord's, Mr. T. (Shoitliom), Sheiboiio 
 
 lla\kvT (Shorthorn) 
 
 Jonjcy cattle 
 
 KellogCombioation, Ni;w York 
 
 Knight's, Thomas (Sussex) 
 
 ICiiightlcy's (Shorthorn) 
 
 Lovatt's Uenry (Shortlioni), Wolverhampton 
 
 New York Mills, New York 
 
 I'itt'B (llerefiird) 
 
 riait's (Hereford), Nrwark 
 
 Turuer's (Hereford) 
 
 Cattle HhowH (jfcc altii Cattlu fairs) : 
 
 Iu England 
 
 Dairy, London 
 
 Knuico 
 
 liermauy 
 
 Uiitario.(Toronto) 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Cittlo trade of Ireland 
 
 United States, ex]iorls 
 
 Cattle r», Nlicep iu the .Vrgontine Uepiililic 
 
 CeosuH, latth' : 
 
 Aii I iiantries : European 
 
 NuD-Europeiui 
 
 805 
 
 Page. 
 
 "•*•'•"•• 01 
 
 " 138,2ia 
 
 712,710 
 
 109,1,0,103 
 
 100,110 
 
 120, 12« 
 
 183-188 
 
 145-147 
 
 117,123 
 
 121>-13,'l 
 
 05,109 
 
 139-142, 103, 1114, 200, 210 
 
 8ft-0:) 
 
 ...09,72-74,00,105-107,180,040 
 
 ii4-nc 
 
 153-150 
 
 170,182 
 
 408 
 
 434 
 
 454 
 
 605 
 
 402 
 
 685 
 
 742-752 
 
 090-009 
 
 488 
 
 437 
 
 440 
 
 581 
 
 103 
 
 .103 
 
 7J 
 
 7ii 
 
 7(i 
 
 LW 
 
 015 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 7C 
 
 70 
 
 015 
 
 70 
 
 101 
 
 IJtJ 
 
 177 
 
 70 
 
 ITn 
 
 ''O.M, 170,1 Ki),19.-. 
 
 720 
 
 200,720 
 
 41(;,4,V) 
 
 ,'.55 
 
 170 
 
 3n7,,^o8 
 
 225 
 
 4,25 
 
 UI2 
 
 10,400 
 
 la 
 
 i 
 
 .IV « 
 
806 INDEX. 
 
 Census, ooltlo— rontlnHeil. "Bo. 
 
 Argoutiuo ilt>l>ui>"<' 
 
 AnstrivlaHiii ' ' 
 
 Now Zt'ftlanil 
 
 050 
 
 , IT - 10.4U0 
 
 ^"''''•''' 10,232,M7,400 
 
 "'8'"" ". ri,c;io 
 
 Jinizil 
 
 Ciiiiatltt, Dominionof - 
 
 ... , Kw.nrifl 
 
 Ontnrio ' 
 
 AvHliirrs ' ,,„ ' 
 
 Jiloddwl Rtock H.,,..>i, 
 
 Chatlinm district ^' 
 
 r-in 
 
 Dovoim " 
 
 llastlngH County 'f^ 
 
 IIorolorilH • '''*^ 
 
 fji'i 
 
 .Torscys ;"' 
 
 I'olica AiiBus '.'*;' 
 
 SliortlinniH •^^■' 
 
 Simcoo district "l^^ 
 
 ^'-'p^^'^'^'y :\:::::::::::zy^^^^^zz:::::::::Ao,AooX 
 
 DoninorU 
 
 Kcuailor 
 
 Kuropo. (S..nUo«ntrles.) 10, 232, 206, 208,400, 7:4 
 
 Fraiioo 
 
 uordeaux aistrirt :'"::::"::;:;.;::;::::::::::io:2i?: 390, 400,^8 
 
 Germany 
 
 Uaar district ]•" 
 
 ,, , ...1, ■ 4il 
 
 y^ri 481 
 
 Uruiiiwick 
 
 IlosscDarniMfadt -^1' 
 
 IIoBseNassiiu " 
 
 MarsliuH 
 
 Nockur futtlo '' 
 
 '"'••"^re ;;;;;;"■;.■■"■"■■""■■■■■;"!!;!;;;:; 300,399 
 
 ''•"'"'''' .... 400 
 
 lihine ITovlncii • • "" 
 
 429 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Sili;sia, and dislillmtion ^f' 
 
 Tlinrhi^iia, and distribution "■" 
 
 West phalia 
 
 '144 
 
 WnrtomU..rK' -; ,,„ 
 
 (Jveat IJriUilu 10,232,400,50«,J17 
 
 IIoUUDtl P,,., 
 
 , W- 
 
 ""•"i"''"" ;";•■■.■.!"."...; w-^o,-*.' 
 
 lluu^jary 10,80,225,227,2:12,4(10 
 
 '"■''""' 10,4(» 
 
 i"''>' ra 
 
 riedniont , ,. 
 
 Terra dl Lavoi-o (bufl'alo) '-'^ 
 
 Nrw Zealand [[''.'.'..Z...... 10,4ik) 
 
 >•■«"■«">• 10,400 
 
 ••">■'"«»' .■■■■■ 10, 400, 521, ,w; 
 
 KuBsia go 214 2:3 
 
 «<"'l"n'l !'.".'."..'.!!.!.'.... loijlH) 
 
 Simin 3^; 
 
 rrovii'co of Cadiz ^^ ^^ 
 
 i^*"*!''" 10,32l!400 
 
 Switzerland ' ,(, j,,, 
 
 I'nited Kin;;doMi ',2 
 
 T'nited Stales oog 
 
 Color.idod'oU-d AnRUS) ' ' ,._,^. 
 
 I'lUKuay ...!!..!... ...!^ ?0 
 
 Wales (jo; 
 
 YangtBeKlang Valley 
 
...r.',(ior.,(ii7 
 
 12 
 
 Mi 
 
 CM 
 
 10,400 
 
 10, 232, .107, 400 
 
 12,0110 
 
 12 
 
 r>:i8,r.ri0 
 
 r.4a 
 
 542,550 
 
 Sfll 
 
 541 
 
 500 
 
 543 
 
 5411 
 
 ■ 54;t 
 
 54;i 
 
 570 
 
 070 
 
 10,400,491 
 
 (;:i:i 
 
 206, 268, 400, 7:4 
 
 281 
 
 212, 399, 400, 4C8 
 
 470 
 
 471 
 
 481 
 
 48(i 
 
 :;89 
 
 414 
 
 473 
 
 414 
 
 390,399 
 
 400 
 
 429 
 
 437 
 
 in 
 
 4iJ0 
 
 444 
 
 10, .lOO 
 
 , 232, 400, 508, 517 
 
 CO'.' 
 
 10,400,:*.' 
 
 1,225,227,232,4(10 
 
 10,41K) 
 
 330 
 
 35 
 
 (M2 
 
 10,4lH) 
 
 10,400 
 
 .. 10, 400, 521, 5:'-: 
 
 60,214,2:3 
 
 10,400 
 
 3>7 
 
 10,400 
 
 10,321,400 
 
 10,fcO 
 
 IS 
 
 208 
 
 ...,..,.. 12,C2J 
 
 80 
 
 007 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cenang, cattlo— Contlnncd. 
 
 UomeBlic nnimaU in Buviiria 
 
 Cntllr, "■"■ 
 
 Iloracs in Saxony ' 
 
 Mvo stock in llav,'»iin 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Sheep in Argontino Kopublic........ 
 
 XowZeniond / 
 
 Unigimy 
 
 Control Cliuiuboi of AKricuUnro, Englima 
 
 (;outrifu-nl Imtlei-.nmkiii;; in Switzcrlaua 
 
 ('eyiun : 
 
 American v». VanhU and Frcnoli butter in 
 
 Unftalo cattlo of '""rin 
 
 (^atllo-brcedin;; in 
 
 Imported cattlo in , 
 
 OrlKin and liistoiy of Sin^rhnleso nittlo 
 
 Cbaractoristifs of cattle (color, form, „„iu,8''n"; ■,■"."■■ •",•; 
 
 llelKi.im : ' ■ ""'' «'""^''»' 'Inscription) 
 
 Klcmir''^''.'^^^^^^^^^^ l--..rnos.Aa,bacbt 
 
 llolandiila (l)utcli) 
 
 Ilra^ilian 
 
 Hrit isb : 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 Devon • 
 
 (ralloway 
 
 (iuernsey .'/"' 03,148 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Hi){hland 
 
 .Icrsey 
 
 Kerry 
 
 l,ou);horu 
 
 I'olled Angus 
 
 Ued Polled ^ ...!.!!.. 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Wekb 
 
 t'nnadian native breed " " "* 
 
 IthHKled ''"' 
 
 Triuoe Kdward Island 
 
 Cliiuese, VuL'gtse Kiang Valley 
 
 Dullish 
 
 Dull li ...v. 
 
 I'l elieli : 
 
 Algerian 
 
 Aubrac 
 
 lla/adaia 
 
 Itonlelais 
 
 Ilritlany 
 
 ( 'aiiiart;ue 
 
 ( 'hartiUiae 
 
 Comt4il»e 
 
 yemelinu 
 
 Fh'iuiHh 
 
 (laruunais 
 
 ( iasoou 
 
 Landaine 
 
 Uinou»in 
 
 Munrello 
 
 Normandy 
 
 I'artbenaiiMi 
 
 I'yreueiui 
 
 Saiors """' ■ ■- 
 
 Page. 
 
 753, 754 
 387 
 431 
 700 
 480 
 02D 
 C42 
 0-.'fl 
 722 
 315 
 
 677 
 058 
 057 
 057 
 050 
 
 301,308 
 36m 
 3(i7 
 
 030, 031 
 
 03, 
 150, 
 
 135, 
 
 i;>3, 
 
 ..62,8' 
 
 168,200,211,212,220,740 
 
 57, 108, 157, 159, 101, 7S9 
 
 1^195,209,210,218,219 
 
 64,128 
 
 '^8.110.101,174,198 
 
 63,143,190.212,218 
 
 - M, no, 167, 200, 205, 200 
 
 05,129-133 
 
 00,35,00,199 
 
 '.130-142,103,105,193,210 
 
 61. 71, 87, 102, 163, 196 
 
 59.98,90,157 
 
 01,72,114-110 
 
 •05,153,155,106,198,742 
 
 • 039,640,503 
 
 558,563,5Ct 
 
 575 
 
 006 
 
 490,492 
 
 307,392,404,411,503,515 
 
 257 
 
 258 
 
 555,274 
 
 270 
 
 245 
 
 271 
 
 248 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 241 
 
 254,272 
 
 257 
 
 277 
 
 248,278 
 
 249 
 
 243,282 
 
 247 
 
 2S7 
 
 261 
 
 m 
 
808 ""'®^- 
 
 UharacterlsllcH of cattlo, &c.-ConUnuod. •«•• 
 
 Uenumi: 3a.j 
 
 ^^^ 804,401 
 
 AllKOUor jg,^ 
 
 ■^"««'" .■.■.".*.".'" 408,472 
 
 l**"'' • ■.;■.■..■. 475 
 
 »*^»''»"-, •.. 487,480 
 
 lUrkeiifoia ^^,, 
 
 liriiiiHwick !!!!!!!*...".'!' •m> 
 
 ^*»''"' !!!;!!!!!"!"""!!!""""""""' 488,480 
 
 «''"' ;: 41.9 
 
 '1''"' 4«0 
 
 """ 4:iu 
 
 llellbrouner ••■■ ; 4«6. 472, 473, 474 
 
 MvHsktrch 
 
 "'"'*^'"'' ■ ::;:;;;;;:!;!"!!!!!!"!i;";;^";:ii^;"ao3,405,4« 
 
 Mimtafonur j,, ,„. 
 
 ., , 447,473 
 
 Nookar 
 
 (Monwald . 
 
 l'Ui««»uor • 
 
 Schwab Hall ^ 
 
 SohwlUer -""'"J 
 
 SUeilaa "■ ,„ *^^ 
 
 81mm.u.tl.al 391.«5,404 
 
 Triowlorf {mi»\mncA h'rie*dor/} 3»2 
 
 Vol«htW »»5,44:. 
 
 \v.vHt«rwaia ;;„;!,';!'"' 
 
 , 520, 530, Mj 
 
 Iluugarlan. 
 
 lulluu : 
 
 Unffalo of Saploa • ■• •'-' 
 
 Vouollan '*'^ 
 
 Java biilfalo 
 
 Maluysiaii butfalo '^' 
 
 UooriHli ^'" 
 
 KuHtlHIl ''' 
 
 8.>.vclu«lle« "'■' 
 
 Sierra L«h>iio 
 
 SlDKhalc*. ^ •"; 
 
 SouUi AlricHii (C«iK) Colony) ""' 
 
 8wi«n: 
 
 niiick SiioUwl Fnitburg ->" 
 
 Schwitzor ^'-^^ 
 
 Simuifuthal ^,, ,. 
 
 052,0,4 
 
 Syr""" ^ 
 
 Vouoxiiolan 
 
 (Uiarlorol caltlo 
 
 CharulalH) catUe: „^ 
 
 Charncterioticii ' ' ' 
 
 CroasluB with Ueroforda • ;^ 
 
 MllkiuK qiialillKH ^• 
 
 Work uml moat (|ualitioM 
 
 CliHtbaiii, Ontario tliHtrict; 
 
 ........■> 50'' 
 
 lW«f oxportfrom 
 
 I'atllc raUiuK in '" 
 
 rrl«'i'» of oati U> In 
 
 AniirUan, exports of ' 
 
 In Holland • '^^ 
 
 A r sen ti ui> ,,j 
 
 fuuiidiau, In the l'nlt«-d Statci, ^^ 
 
 lluvariun ,j, 
 
 ( ' iinUil Moun taiu ^ 
 
 l>-!rv!!!i; !n Ha«tiug» C'onnty. Ontario 
 
 KxiMirtH fruni Franco ■"' " ' 
 
 ' , , 31 1 
 
 •S w i tzorland „^.^^ 
 
 L'ultod SUUa ' 
 
Page. 
 
 3(CJ 
 
 804, Mi 
 
 30S 
 
 408,472 
 
 . ... 475 
 
 ...... 487,480 
 
 48'i 
 
 :i02 
 
 4K8,4H0 
 
 4:io 
 
 4M 
 
 4:i9 
 
 88,472,473,474 
 
 '.m 
 
 ...383,40S,44C 
 
 447,473 
 
 471 
 
 393 
 
 3^ 
 
 304,405 
 
 435 
 
 ...391,445,404 
 
 ■ 392 
 
 305,443 
 
 487,489 
 
 ....52O,530,rKl5 
 
 3'J7 
 
 35« 
 
 662 
 
 Ml 
 
 UT:' 
 
 5a 
 
 073 
 
 071 
 
 Ui7 
 
 291 
 202, 301 
 289 
 . 052,fl:>4 
 U38 
 301 
 
 . 248,724 
 248 
 725 
 248 
 
 502 
 M9 
 
 5t2 
 
 . 20, 34 
 
 510 
 
 m 
 
 573 
 480 
 
 500 
 
 'xi 
 
 317 
 
 .. 20,34 
 
 ChocM— Continued. 
 
 Imports into Franco _. 
 
 Saint Thoniaa ' "<»• 
 
 United KluKdom " ^ 
 
 LatiUnI, ftom niiU of buffalo cattia „ "*" 
 
 Manufitoturo: -"'^ 
 
 InHunffivry ^-' 
 
 jnit'iy ".■.■::: „ 
 
 turn, 081.) ^•cciocavttUo, Iia«co, 080; Slcillun Prora 
 
 In Ontario ' 
 
 In Hwitterlund 
 
 Mexican.. '•' ''"""'''""' ^»"^' 'f«""»«'. WocS.^^j''"'™''' *^'-"'"'"'»'. ««>'e- 
 
 ^:;?j:riSui!s5:'':J"'^^^ ""• «««■«« 
 
 Svriur ' 20 
 
 rhurinKian "« 
 
 Vloeumin ' '^ 
 
 VU,ld from milk of (,«a/,o Special VtaUsUcV)".' -•■."!.'.'."!!.7' m\ 
 
 liritiah cows : ■ <n% 
 
 Ayrehiro 
 
 SSZd ;:::::::::: :::::::::;;: ''•'f,-\T'' 
 
 , . 75,195,210 
 
 ^,'!«^°™ 75.197^2,0 
 
 PolIedAnRua 75,97,190,99 
 
 ^,'^,^""'^» 75,194 210 
 
 ^'•""'•"'•n ,8, 
 
 Sussex , '•" 
 
 Welsh ^ff" 
 
 ,, . 75,198 
 
 (rcnehcowa ., ,„„ 
 
 75,198 
 
 (loniiau COW8 „.^ 
 
 , ,. 252 
 
 Ital.ani^ws «4, 435, 404, 472, 483 489 
 
 lliiuparian cows K8. 229, 333,' :bj 
 
 New /ttolund 1-OW8 ' 'ror 
 
 Outnriorowg .... 
 
 I'riDco Edward Island cowg "**• '**• 5C3, 500, 507, seo, 57o 
 
 Qupliec rows ' ... 
 
 ,, , 5.J 
 
 KuHsian cowg ^70 
 
 Swiss oow» f,^ 
 
 Choucy. KM., ronsul at Zanzibar: 322 
 
 I!i>IKirl : Cattle In Zanzibar 
 
 Chi'SDt'.v, P.. on Kerry caltlo _ (q., 
 
 Chianiua cattle of Tus<-«ny jaj 
 
 (Chara.terUtirs. weigUt, value, fo<^infe^ houaing.t'raneiMirVuVinn V>'r';;' . ^ ^30,334 
 
 Chibualina. {Ste Mexico.) •*' "*"*P°"'»"o'> to I uite.1 Sutea, 4c.) 
 
 China : 
 
 Southern Cbina, rattle in 
 
 Vangtsi' Kiane Valley : 008 
 
 ltr(>ed» of rutlle in 
 
 I'atllebretHiiugin; census of c*ltle 005 
 
 Kiportof oaltlo to the United Stat«a 0*7 
 
 Housing and feeding dttle In '^ W7 
 
 To|H>(jr«phy. climate, Ac COO 
 
 Wster Ituffalo of fOI 
 
 riiiilmogorian cattle : ggg 
 
 t'liiniolensties, feeding, milk yield 
 
 tl«a<h.v, J J. report on the butter trade of Cork 520, 52< 
 
 (■Ia.v Jolui, jr . on careless Canadian cattle f»nuinit Wl-ISO 
 
 CliastSQf: * -jg 
 
 llraiil 
 
 Ceylon 02 
 
 «S« 
 
gjQ lNt)EX. 
 
 . , P»K« 
 
 Cllnmlo of~Coiiliniio(l. n(^ ^. 
 
 (;hlnft,Y.inK-t(«vKlniiB Valley •■■■" \^^.^ 
 
 Colombia, Unltod Staton of 
 
 Dominion of Uiinmla : 648. BM, 6D8, 506, 5(18, ,170 
 
 Ontario r^^jr^ 
 
 I'llnco Eilwanl iHlaml !!!!!!!!!!!!!! 571 
 
 Qiiobco *.!.....!.. Kit 
 
 nt'iiador ' 200-271 
 
 KriHico _r,j)7 
 
 Honduvns .|,;.| 
 
 Italy, clloclrt ol", on Impoitotl onttlo -piR 
 
 'I't'iTadl Lavoro ' '^jj^ 
 
 'I'nHcany .j.g 
 
 Vcnotirt 
 
 Mexico •■ _r,g(j 
 
 Clilliuahii.i "^ J.JI4 
 
 Northorn Moxlfo '^^^ 
 
 'riiinaulipas ^^ 
 
 Sii n Donii ngo ' "_'. O" 1 
 
 Sierra Leono 
 
 SP"'"- m 
 
 Andalusia ^^ 
 
 Syria 
 
 Uniti'd Kin«d(>ni : 
 
 KnRlniHl: \1im 
 
 OovouBliiro ,|,.,' ■ 
 
 Ht<r<>l'ord»lilro '.*.............--.."."-.'' luii 171 
 
 •T^rx'-y • ^^""""/^"'^!! !"!!.. .!.!"''"!! m.\l\ 
 
 Norfolk „.y J,,., 
 
 North DevonHhiro ,ri' ,-', 
 
 , „ „ IM.lil 
 
 ^"ff"l»' 101, 171, IDS 
 
 BiiMex ITiK ri 
 
 YorkHlilrc '_ ',„^ 
 
 Iri'land .j|- .,.,j 
 
 Scotland - ' jUg 
 
 Abonlccnsbiro ■!^"''."!!!!!!"!!!!'''l«fl, ITI.iOO 
 
 AyrHbiro „|. 
 
 West Hif!bland» m 
 
 Wales j,.|Q 
 
 Anglosea f^i 
 
 rruRuay c;,S 
 
 cioI;t;riI":--t;;m";f\;r;;;;;;nKm;;u;;^^^ 
 
 Conbiiila, catHoof • •• ^.^ 
 
 '''';S;^>!<^;i2n:::!a':::ii;;Vo:u.op;Ht„nd;;pbier;-c^ 
 
 Color of cattle. (.sVeChiiracterialieH.) ^.^^ 
 
 Conitoise cattle, cliaractoristica of ," 
 
 CoiidciiBt'd milk: 31._> 
 
 Kxportof Swi9« 312 
 
 Maimfacturo in Switzerland ^j., 
 
 United States Lj,, 
 
 rooperative factory Hyntem of dairying in England 
 
 (.S>r«Uo Asuociatlona.) 5(12 
 
 CcioUincinoat in lIondura.<! '"" <.;;i 
 
 ( '.irk , Imt tor t radi> of "07 
 
 (•oiiiwiill,Kn;;land, cattloin 
 
 (ToiMismiiliy, 8oil, feeding, liousini;, ic). 
 
 (•list of; m 
 
 l-attenluR catllo in Franco and tlio Un>»oil State* ,,^l 
 
 Introdncins: and keepins cattle in MoriloMix ■•■•■■ ,„, 
 
 K. 1 pin" cows let out to laborers in Kngl»nd ^.^ 
 
 8tat«a). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 nn4, Bfl,-, 
 
 n:i:i 
 
 , &68, S06, Dfl8, r<TO 
 
 r)7r> 
 
 571 
 
 ait 
 
 200-271 
 
 r)n7 
 
 SKI 
 
 :kh 
 
 xu 
 
 ;m 
 
 r>84 
 
 (VtU 
 871 
 
 118,1 
 CM 
 
 171,193 
 
 IK, 171 
 
 lUH.lTl 
 
 104,171 
 
 1(;0,1»2 
 
 KM, 171 
 
 nil, 171, UW 
 
 . ir,«,i7i 
 
 228 
 
 217,221 
 
 ICO 
 
 100,171,200 
 
 217 
 
 I!18 
 
 100 
 
 c:-j 
 
 n:t8 
 
 ;)70, om 
 
 m 
 
 0311 
 
 liy, &f.) ... 
 2ri« 
 
 312 
 
 312 
 3i:i 
 710 
 
 002 
 221 
 207 
 
 2M 
 
 281 
 107 
 43 I 
 
 tbo Unitisd 
 
 CotawoUl cattle (Sboi tiiorns) 
 
 Sheep iiiEnRlaml. (SeeWioop" ) 
 
 Cow" "* ^"""'''"" I'-o'I'-ctHinllelsiuu, 
 
 Abbey rami Sliortliorn 
 
 Aymbire. " Uright Smile" ..."". 
 
 Bolglan, milking qualities...... '".''."■ ........'. 
 
 Dairy, feeding at Munater Dairy sjt'liooi 
 
 Devon. Myrtle (milker) 7,". , I'retty Faeo ' Un ' "xV W " " 
 
 Draft. InTbnrlngia ^ ' ""' ^^tle. 102; Phlox. 739. 
 
 Dutcb, Wentje nn.l SHH(,tte. niiVk rccoV.l 
 
 KxercUofor 
 
 (rallowiiy. LallaRookh.....!l.i.."" 
 
 Oiieraspy. VoBta», I, a, ami 3 . .!!!" 
 
 CoIebrateUhcrdHlMSiiHsox !.. 
 
 Herefonl, Clautes.s, CO; Dolly ViVr,l,"nnn,Vo' 
 
 Jen..y. Mary Ann oiS. Lanfber „ ./oakiall"' ""' ' 
 
 Signs of purify of breed "" """lands Cora 
 
 L.tdng out, to laborers in Kngland 
 
 Mexican, breeding, for the L'ulted Slates 
 
 Milrh. Kelgion 
 
 Milk. (*'c* Milk yield.) 
 
 Nonnan sutitaWe for export to the l-nited St..tes 
 
 rolled Angus, Juno and Sybil 'I'w . ■iMiir „ 
 
 I'rognant. feeding ^ ' ' ^'""^""'■' ^ '''•lo. 5th. 194 
 
 Ked l-olled. Doll,^ Sllont"udy;D:;V;;^h.'88V DaV;"oi;,- v ■•••••••■••■---■■;: 
 
 press, Sultana, I'rimrose. Wild Rose of Km -^"'' ^""O" 3rd. Pet. Tuiip. £„, 
 
 Shorthorn, rn.ty a„d her deoendants, Lu^;;:;, :'';'■"'■ «'^,^"t Lass, M 
 
 P.inu.l„ 2nd, Ghul Tidings, I'^aclv Carew 9 'gS ^' "'*' ^•'"'y ^'--K L^dy 
 
 . ilatchless ..„,' Generor ^.f^frV^P^i "r^^"^ ^'''''-- 
 *. ^"^'^'^y' '3' i Innocence 2nd nr 
 
 I.auru, 105 
 Oxford 3rd 
 NeseU.v, 7:i,>*. 
 Swiss: 
 
 llortl of t;harles Kuhne 
 
 Mr. Page .' '*" 
 
 Monastery of Eiusedein ,][[ 
 
 Cmin, Dunham J., consul at Milan : 
 
 First l{ei>ort: Cattie and dairying in Lon.bardy 
 
 Page. 
 
 74 
 
 'iC9 
 
 73 
 
 224 
 
 374 
 
 48 
 
 439 
 511 
 49 
 224 
 122 
 127 
 
 557,550 
 110 
 107 
 580 
 
 371-374 
 
 285 
 48 
 
 . .. — •-""',>'iiKiu uonuiardv 
 
 (^wiss cattle in Lombardv 3''4 .utti.. i,.-," i'"",.\, 
 
 iauca.tlo, 320.) " ' ' """'>'•--''">' ^'-r. hem Italy, 325; portrai,;;flVaV. 
 
 S,-cond Report ; fhc^se and buttormakiug in Italy 
 
 (Chee8e.making,C77-C81; butter-making, C81 ^^' I 
 
 Cream: i"°-; 
 
 IVroonlage of yield, Shorthorn dairy 
 
 ■rerm'y tows 
 
 Sopiiniting niachiuea 
 
 Yii'ld in iTersey 
 
 Crosby, .1 . S,'huyler, consul at Klorence : 
 
 Ui'IMirt: White cattle of Tuscany 
 
 Cross linHxIs : " 
 
 liiitisb cattle: 
 
 Devtm 
 
 tialloway 
 
 Herefonl 
 
 Kerry 
 
 1-onghorn 
 
 Tolled Angus 
 
 Kecelpts from a Wiltshire dairy of.... !!i 
 
 .'<honliorn 
 
 Ill lii'lsinni 
 
 liraz.l '"".!."!!.. 
 
 Colombia 
 
 Fnuue 
 
 Germany 
 
 Hangwy, for dairy 
 
 319,320 
 299 
 300 
 
 324 -.320 
 C77-C?2 
 
 103 
 
 JOO 
 
 688-691 
 120-123 
 
 • 331.3,1 
 
 .244. 245, 246, 248, 249. 2:>0, 252. 2.-4, 257, 
 
 159 
 
 152.211 
 
 211 
 
 l.%1 
 
 96 
 
 141,201 
 C91 
 
 , 100, 72S 
 301 
 Kll 
 C13 
 
 274. 72« 
 
 418-4^1 
 527 
 
 Wl 
 
 t 
 
 f* (I 
 
 I. u 
 
 i.f* 
 
gl2 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 CroM«.br<HHli»— Continued. 51^ 
 
 In Mexico ..!!!.....!!!!!."!'. o^-i 
 
 Morocco (MH 
 
 NewZvaland 524 
 
 iiu""!" !.!!!!!!!!!!!! 07i 
 
 SlerrttLoono 201 
 
 Swlt/.orlBiitl 
 
 Dairy AHHoolatlonH; _ 450 
 
 AlchHU^ttlu. Oormnny "' 457 
 
 AlKan, Oimmuy ."."."!.." Ml 
 
 Ih'Uiino, Italy _'[ 49g 
 
 Di'iimark, 'union" *"'" 719 
 
 KnglamI, " «o operntlvo " '.""."*.". HOO 
 
 II.«l«lontlnson '"'" 433 
 
 SlloHia '/.'. 450 
 
 WurtomberK 
 
 DolrycowH: 48 
 
 FwtUuK, at the MnnstovDolry School ■ ••• ^^^ 
 
 Improvement of BritinU 570 
 
 In Quebec, Jorney i'«. Native ....,..,"..'.. MS 
 
 Treatment of, lu Ontario 
 
 Dairy farm Inn : 710-720 
 
 PoHltlon of Knullsh -15 
 
 In Ireland W9 
 
 NowZealand 433 
 
 Slle«la 101 
 
 Dairy herils, how to farm anil lianUlo •' 
 
 Dairy InstmmentH : ^ GSk-tOl 
 
 Cream Heparators n»,V088 
 
 Solentlttc ■."■■.■■■ir"ivAV„' '.' ^'1 
 
 Dttkv machine- exhiblteU at Ghent ABHcultuTallfito ..- ,^,^ 
 
 Diiirymiin ■wanted In Nuevo Leou 
 
 Dairy pro(lucf»: 0,11 
 
 (;or.BUniptlonof, In Kio <le Janeiro H-21 
 
 In Kurope KO 
 
 Iniportsof, intoCapo (Colony ^.v, 
 
 llnmliiirn and Hrenien ' Wi 
 
 Dairy reeonl, wonderful Shorthorn 601 
 
 Doiry, retuni» "f a Wilt»hlre... ■"' ^.,3 
 
 Dairy sehool, (lovernment, in Siloaia <« 
 
 Dairy sehiMil, Miinstcr, Ireland 1q._, 
 
 Dairy Sliorthonis. value of, as dairy cattle .'!....... 7L'0 
 
 Dairy gliow, London, milking triaU at y ,^j 
 
 Dairy «to(k, treatment of, In Ontario ."..'....!!!!! -'«- 
 
 Dairy toHtH, London 
 
 Jtairying: 2il 
 
 In Aveyron 480 
 
 lUivarin, rheeHo 34I 
 
 llcllnno '" 
 
 Enslond, CO operative '" ;,'.>7 
 
 lluniiary, (TOHH-lireed 324 
 
 Lonibardy ^ 
 
 Malay aia X"i 
 
 radna '.'.'.' ^21 
 
 Terra dlLavorno, buffalo cattle ;;;17 
 
 rrtlne .........■■•-.. 34.1-M6 
 
 VIccn/.a -Jl 
 
 OnCantoI Mountains ■" '" 311 
 
 Darwin: ,„ ^ 
 
 DroUK'ht^ "' '"'■ ArK'-?"-'"- I- !— '•— ... W. 
 
 CountiuK cattle In the ArBentineUepubUe 6,0 
 
 CuriouH breed ofcattle on the •i-pi>«'"'-"K"'»y ""'*'■ '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ""* 
 
 OtasneBoftbo AfBentine Uepublle 
 
 !»avy, CoI.J. 
 
 Dcoreoao of «i 
 
 DeReueration 
 
 Do la I'erello, 
 
 Denohfleld, K 
 
 Denmark : 
 
 liroods of 
 
 lilaok 
 
 Redt 
 
 Cenana of 
 
 Danish oa 
 
 Exports o 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Union dali 
 
 Description ol 
 
 Devon cattle : 
 
 Character 
 
 Cow, Phlo 
 
 In Canada 
 
 Cape C( 
 
 Now Ze 
 
 Milk yield 
 
 North Dev 
 
 Origin and 
 
 Price of . . 
 
 Somerset I 
 
 Varieties 
 
 WeiRht of. 
 
 Devonshire, to 
 
 Deieyk, A. J., 
 
 Kcport, C« 
 
 (Oreedi 
 
 Disease, cattle 
 
 Knot and ni 
 
 In Mexico 
 
 On thoplaii 
 
 I'laRiie in J 
 
 Distillery fed c 
 
 Dithrasr, Henr 
 
 Report, Slh 
 
 (lutrod 
 
 Diviilon of liim 
 Dockery, A. V. 
 
 Domluion of C« 
 
 Ontario ; 
 
 Beef ex 
 
 Breeds 
 
 Ayi 
 
 Dev 
 
 Ual 
 
 Her 
 
 llol 
 
 Jev 
 
 Nat 
 
 Poll 
 
 Sho 
 
 British 
 Crnin? 
 
mp^r^ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 813 
 
 Davy, Col. J. J., nn DnvooH as milkers V»ae 
 
 llcoreaao of Mtmik In Hcotlitnil \ IgJ, 
 
 DeReuoration of oattlo ' ,,., 
 
 Denmark: •■< niotK .^ 
 
 liroods of cattle iu : 
 
 lilook spotted Jutland 
 
 Red Danish (Angeln) ^p,, 
 
 Census of cattlo ;;—;; 490.492-105 
 
 Danish cattle for tho United Ststog 10,400,491 19.1 
 
 Exports of butter from ' \,jy 
 
 Cattle from ' '■ ' ■■ ^os-m 
 
 Union dairies in .«, 
 
 • •••-.■,, ,.,^^_^_^ ■*'"•-•••»•.•• 4m 
 
 DoDoriptlon of cattle. (Sm Characteristics.) 408-601 
 
 Devon cattlo: 
 
 Cbarnct eristics 
 
 Cfl^-rWoi •..'.'.'"■■■.■.■.■.■;.■; 07,108.157,159,191.739 
 
 In Canada 
 
 Cape Colony 539.650,653,556 558 
 
 NewZ.«land ' g-„ 
 
 Milk.vield Oil 
 
 NorthDevons ''5.159,100,101.171,192,202 
 
 Origin and history 72 
 
 Price of '['" 57,107,158 
 
 Somerset Dovons •> 75,8C,208 
 
 Varieties of •-»- ^^ 
 
 ^^'"'K''*"^ ".".'.*.'.".'.■.■. 72'7VVnoV;^"; 1«8 
 
 Devonshire, topography, soil, olimato, cotUeralslnB &o "'" ' ^"' *"' ^^' "*2, 2ol, 203 
 Dcieyk, A. J., vice-consul at Turin: ' lOO.ioi 
 
 Kcport, Cattle in Piedmont 
 
 (Breeds: Milk, cheese, and butter vield • wn'<Th» «!.„ i — 329 2ou 
 
 F(iot and mouth, in Ireland, ravages of 
 
 InMcxIco 22i 
 
 On the plains of Bogota 583 
 
 riagiie in Javo and Sumatra 633 
 
 Dijtlllcryfed rbtUo in Canada fur export ,, 662 
 
 Uithraar, Henry, consul at Breelau : 565 
 
 Kpporl, SilrHinn cattle 
 
 (lntro<lnctory . 431 ; area, climate, •o"li.\opoe«ph v.'catlio.fei^'in;' VVo ■■,■"■■•■"■; ''^^"^ 
 
 iuB, .„d dairy farming, 433 : cattlo fairs in, an catUo iLortl a"?""-'' '"'"'• 
 Silesia, 434: •■«nsn. and sUtistics of cattle n S lesia .r '^ "1 oxporUof 
 
 ite breeds in Silosl.. 438 : products from Dntcl ml i ""'^'*'^* '"'* ^"^•"• 
 tion of cattle in Silesia, 437.7 ' ""'' '""'""' "^^ <"«t'>bu. 
 
 Division of land in France 
 
 Bakery, A. ^•;;;:'^-;,-i^-^-;;;;n.tti;^^ eoe 
 
 Dflmiuion of Canada: 181 
 
 Ontario ; 
 
 Beef exports from Chatham 
 
 Brocdsin: 5C2 
 
 Ayrshire* 
 
 DcTOns 539. M9, 556, 563, 570 
 
 Galloways '"M. 550, 553, 556, 558. 561 
 
 Ilerefonls ,[ 539,557 
 
 nol8t«ins "!....!!."!.! 539.549,564 
 
 Jerseys 538,552,550 
 
 Native cattle 538,551,557.558,504 
 
 PoIIm! Angus 539, MO. 556, 504 
 
 Shorthorns .V.V wo'iuVVj:";;:":; 538,540,543.557,561 
 
 Pr.«l!nz !n the Ch-thr- aistrict ...■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■■.■.■." ' ' "*' ^' ^ *•"' ^- "» 
 
 British breeds, relative value of ,[\\ 559 
 
 CrDiQiofblooded cattle in Ontario 538.539 
 
 842 
 
 vU 
 
 0(' 
 
814 INDEX. 
 
 UuniliiUiii (if (;iiu:ulii-Coiitluucil. '*•• 
 
 Oiiliuio— Coiitimicil. . 
 
 (.;..iiHim..liill.'iittli.l.i()ntivrl.i '*"•'*" 
 
 (•(.iiHUHofciitll" in Cliiilliiuii «ll»tri<t ' 
 
 nuMKCnaU m, in Hant !..«« Couuty ." i;;::; i.'.'.'.'.MS.'oM.MH. 504, 578 
 
 ClimiitoolDiitinlo 
 
 UiHllllory-fetMlcnttlo lor oxpoit to EiisIbb<1 ^» 
 
 KiiHtoru Ouliirli), ciitlln In j*" 
 
 KxiM.rtJtolciittlornmiriTscoft tothoUnltoaStntua -^J 
 
 I'ViMl, ctittlo. loliUlvo vftliicof ■ • 
 
 Imports of.iiUlo from tliotJnitoaSlulu not. probabl.- se.J 
 
 Import of fuUbloo.leiUiitllo into Il8»tln8» County •^^> 
 
 iw. of .anio in Chatham :::::.:::::i,!^f.i^:m:^m,m:m 
 
 Spo.lttl<'atllHHt«liHtk8 554, 558, 504. 500, 568, MJ 
 
 Toiiouraphy , hoiI, Ac 
 
 Transportation of -attjo to tl^ United States -[[-[[[^-^^m:^}^, 507, m 
 
 Yiehl of (litroruMtlircoiUof rnttlo ■""" 
 
 Qnebct : 
 
 EautiMuTonuahipH: 
 
 Bri'oiU most Huitablu (or Quobeo ^'•' 
 
 Climato „. 
 
 Puiry laltlc, best ' ,. 
 
 Disposition of cttttlo and proiUiclB •'•^ 
 
 _, ,..........-•••■•--•••••"'•■■••"■""•■• Oil 
 
 KodJor jji 
 
 Nativo or Fruncb cattlo )._^ 
 
 Jerseys m. native cattlo 573 
 
 Special cattle statistics j^, 
 
 TopoKraphv, liousing, fcediuR, &.<', '' 
 
 r.nBpO Husin, district cattle and products .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.".'.".'!.'.' 574 
 
 Prince ICdwaid Island cattle > ' ^^^ 
 
 Kxport of prodnct to Boston . " R-'i 
 
 Special cattle statistics jr! 
 
 Topography, housing, feeding, <tc 
 
 Donner, Herman, vice consul at llelsinRfors; ^__^ 
 
 ^^^CX:^-::H:;i:wei.M;p;oii;a:topogn^d;y:s;;u:hous:„g^^ ■ 
 
 Donnersberg cattle j.^ 
 
 J )orMet shire butter 
 
 Drivin;; cattle: gyj 
 
 In Artjenline Uopnblic .....!.....!... 581,588 
 
 Mexico . . jg.! 
 
 Drought, eflects of, on cattle raising in Mexico • ^.^ ^_- 
 
 DucUhain, Mr., on Hereford eatllc - ^^ 
 
 Pntrryn herd of Shortborns, history, yield, &c •,;•••■•;•■; ,- 
 
 Dumirns, Courier (Scot laud), ■Caution to Ualloway Hree<le,B 
 
 Duncan, James, Ilenmoio, on Highland cattle 
 
 Dutch cattle <«fc old" Holland cattle) : ^^ 
 
 In llelgiuni ••""■ SO:;, 39a, 390,411 
 
 liormauy ^yJ 
 
 Silesia, products of ^^ 
 
 Misnamed in the Tniled States []'''['']]'l][[^^[[[[['.[[["Z'.m,!Mi,:,W 
 
 rriee.sof 505 
 
 Snitableueas of, for export ,^.^ 
 
 And I'lemish cows, milk yield of 
 
 Dulio.'*, catlle: 5i).i 
 
 In Honduras ■■■" Ow),582 
 
 Mexico 155 
 
 Karl of Cawdor, on Welsh cattle " ^^^ 
 
 Kail of Coventry ou Horefoid cattle .!...........!!.. 140 
 
 KarlofSeaflcldon Highland cattle 
 
 Kast I'ricsland. 413 
 
 Climate ■■■_■_' 40.^420,421,423,430 
 
 Kast Frisian cattle 409 
 
 Feeding cattle in; grasses "■■■ 43- 
 
 Housiug cull loin ^n^ 
 
 Special cattle nUUistica: WoiKUt, yield, &C 
 
Ki»,:M 
 
 r*i 
 
 087 
 
 M, 558, 504, 578 
 
 605 
 
 550 
 
 505 
 
 501 
 
 5fi;i 
 
 560 
 
 502 
 
 m, 567, 509, 570 
 >fl4, 500, 508, MJ 
 
 54,1 
 
 J02, 568, 507, W» 
 
 572 
 571 
 571 
 573 
 571 
 5T1 
 572 
 573 
 574 
 574 
 574 
 574 
 575 
 575 
 
 485 
 
 170 
 
 009 
 
 581,588 
 
 iK 
 
 173,174 
 
 09 
 
 45 
 
 H6 
 
 367 
 
 .39^,393,390,411 
 
 437 
 
 501 
 
 390,505,510 
 
 505 
 
 378 
 
 J!)!' 
 
 580,582 
 
 155 
 
 ini 
 
 140 
 
 413 
 
 8,420,421,423,430 
 
 409 
 
 43:1 
 424 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Kck.t-.ln, !»., c„„Hul at Am.tordam- 
 l{oiM»rt : Diitcli cattln 
 
 Dutch catti; ror^~V",7:; D>;^-""';--» '" ^"'"'«" """""' ^-t 
 United 8tat^,,.W;,,aUl^..fnl"l;■,^''1' ';""';'• '""' '■•'""•l'"''»l'''" t» tho 
 
 Kcua,ior : '" ' """""'"'"' """"»«■ f-ainrbreeCour™' ' """ """ "'■ """""''• 
 
 Ce.,HM8 of cattle, milk yiel.l, .oaaoi.. In 
 
 rrofU8ofc»tHornlMnsln,Krani.e» unil »„,i'iV"". 
 
 Special .tatUicsofcattlo.. ■""•*""""'"' .:..; 
 
 lOi I'nl cattle : 
 
 ChnraetiTUtlcs.wciBUt, y|«ld, 4o 
 
 Price of 
 
 Kiuscilcln cuttle, chiiracterUtic«,ylel,l'&o •".... 
 
 Kllicrfcld abattoir, utatUticH of '.. 
 
 Elwcii, II. T., onCotawold sheep...."".! 
 
 liuconrngouient, Oovornnient: 
 
 orcnttlo-hreoding: 
 
 In Euro|>o 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Uutario 
 
 Uf fresh moat exportH from Urucuav 
 
 tiiKlund: 
 
 Americnn r». English fresh boof in 
 
 Uroeds of cattle in: 
 
 Ay fMro 
 
 1)0' jn j3j 
 
 Gallowny ...!!!!.!!!.". 57,72,74,107,158! 
 
 (luemsey Ijo 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Jersey ...'.'..... ''^i 72, 110,101, 172, 182, 
 
 Kerry !!...... 110,100,' 
 
 Loughorn 
 
 Polled Angus 60,04-07, 
 
 it'd Poll 02 
 
 Shorthorn 61,70,71,80, 
 
 .'.'.".'.".". 59,60,70,72,73,157,' 
 
 816 
 
 QU2.fiU 
 
 634 
 6:15 
 63S 
 
 480 
 488 
 300, 307 
 401 
 762 
 
 53 
 
 528 
 504 
 626 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Welsh Kunts ......!!!.... ' 
 
 West Highland ..!!.".!!!.. 
 
 Of pigs (n " 
 
 Of Hheep 
 
 lirecding cattlu lu 
 
 British cattle and c;itllo products ..". 
 
 Cattle markets 
 
 Priiecattle. (Acs Prize cattle.) 
 
 Cattle shows ia 
 
 Central Chamber of Agriculture 
 
 Cent of producing lino cattle in ..._\ 
 
 CotHWold slioop in 
 
 Dairy funning in, condition of 
 
 l)ut<h cattlu imported into in 1040 
 
 Milliiiig trials at dairy shows in 
 
 Milk record of 60 English cows 
 
 Prize breeders of British cattle 
 
 Sheep and mutton ',u, IS93 
 
 fwuthdowiiH and Cambridgeshire farming 
 
 .Southdown sheep, history, brt«cdiug, and munagement !!! 
 
 .Sux'k feeding in 
 
 Wrights of Knglish sheep .....! 
 
 •01-72,111,160, 
 • ■-.65,153,160, 
 03, 
 
 199,740 
 
 101,739 
 
 147, 194 
 
 124-129 
 
 100, 739 
 
 200,741 
 
 1211 
 
 199, 730 
 
 l-', 193 
 
 1«-'. 190 
 
 188, 735 
 
 730 
 
 197, 740 
 
 108, 742 
 
 , 14:1, 196 
 
 760-762 
 
 755-760 
 
 81-83 
 
 79-81 
 
 096-600 
 
 -50,51,170, 
 
 180, 105 
 
 43 
 
 702 
 
 710-720 
 
 !W, 306 
 7:'0-722 
 7 1 .".,710 
 71^-715 
 782-788 
 773-777 
 763-772 
 
 83-85 
 778-782 
 
g(g INDEX. 
 
 Pago. 
 .. ,,, 000, oii,nia,«i» 
 
 .rk.nryo..u« u»l.n.l.. ....1 r—i".K «"«-•. •'-' ■■ «*P"-' """"•^ "• '•"' •" 
 
 eNtanolii, tlO.) 
 
 KuroiNti 4-i 
 
 C«re«fc«Hloln»#. th«rnU«Hl Sulci •••••• j^^^^^ 
 
 Oniia* of cbUIo In "" 14 .ji 
 
 l)»lry prmlmu In ' j,3,r.2H 
 
 tJovernnM<iit Bill to "'»ttlt' lir«H'«l«'™ '" ,_, 
 
 Incr.MlD(t a.niBml lor frf ih btwfln i!]..!!!!. .!.!".....!.. 3Uo 
 
 Origin of (uttl* of •••• •■•••••" !."!!".'.!!!! lU.ll 
 
 l>rn<luot Ion «nil ooniuniptUm of cattle in 
 
 Kihlblllon of : Vat-TM 
 
 French live iito«:k at I'ttrU ^ ^ly 
 
 ThiirlnRlnn tattlo »t llollWronn ' ' ' ' ,^^ 
 
 Kipfrlraimtol onttlofewUnR In Kramo ; 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Kiport*— 
 
 Beef; m 
 
 Ararrlcanlollplnlum 13 28 37 
 
 Kriuli to nil countrlPi '' 
 
 SalUHl.canmMl, &o., towi'countrlea !.'.". !.\!] '.".." ]'".l.' .'.'." joj 
 
 From Chathnni, Ontario i.iii!! !!!!!!!...... ...... ea 
 
 Uriifcuay 
 
 llutter: 30 
 
 Anii-rloan ■■■■" «l, 495, 498 
 
 l>«nl»»> ■ 315 
 
 »wl»a 
 
 Choeao: _^ ; 34 
 
 American 317 
 
 Swlaa 
 
 Cattle: 
 
 American : 4, 2.', SS 
 
 To all countrlea .!.[!!!!.....!!.. ...... 304 
 
 To llelRlum ...........!!....!..'.!.!. 271) 
 
 To Wonlraux ' ".!!".'.'.'.!.'!!'... *;; 
 
 llrltUli ■••• ". rL 
 
 Canadian, .ll.tmerjr.Ml, to KnglanU • 
 
 Fancy Jora.-.v» to the Unite.l8Ul«i "-'-^ 
 
 rrmlnota from Arftentlne Kcpubllo .......!..! Mti 
 
 Lowci California ^.^ 
 
 Quebec to the VnltcdStaiea ' 
 
 Sierra Leone to the Unltetl Slates ' 
 
 I ....• -I^i 
 
 SwUai-rlana 4,22,28,30,34,37,30 
 
 rnlted State* 
 
 Dutlea nn.l taxation, cattle: ,^^ 
 
 Hon.liira* wj 
 
 rJ^u.n:v^^-^^'^^^^«^Tr""''^^^^^ i 
 
 Hidea: Frow Lower California to tl..' Unltcl SUtea • • ^^ 
 
 Sierra Leone to tho Caltnl Statea .!....!...!!!!!!!... M7 
 
 YanRtacKlang Valley ,j 3„ 
 
 Olfonurgorine from the Unlteil States :i,33 
 
 Tallow from the United Stateii '^^ 
 
 Kxtract ..I beef. Liobls a factory In nruKuay 
 
 Fairs. (Sw Cattle falra.) 4j^5 
 
 Farmara' J..arnal (Lomlon), ' CatUe Statlatlca ■..■.■.*.■.::.■.■.■.;■."."."'.".".'.".'.!!!; 70!k7(» 
 
 Farming: In Belgiom - ;ij 
 
 England, .lalry, position of ^j 
 
 Sonthdownn and Cambrldgeabire r,""','",\ '. ',1 ' u* 
 
 Farr1n«.on nirry. an American. ...Ubllahe- factory cheeae-maklng In O^.... ........... ^ 
 
 Fat stock In France, prlw, cattle alMiw ^g 
 
 Ff.tenlng American .»lUe in England 1!.^.!!!. .."••••••• "" 
 
 Calvea In Jersey .".... ** 
 
 Cattle In Franc* 
 
mm 
 
 I'sgn. 
 
 [)U, Oil, fli':, «ll» 
 
 lltU nil 
 
 n|i nil I 
 tiirt iiii 
 
 4ii 
 
 1U.4UU 
 14, -Jl 
 
 &3, ran 
 la 
 
 300 
 10,11 
 
 7;'o-7a4 
 45a 
 
 1!77 
 47 
 
 ao4 
 . . . . la, 'jB, a? 
 
 37 
 
 Mi 
 
 ea 
 
 r.o 
 
 401, 405, 408 
 315 
 
 34 
 317 
 
 4, 2.', S6 
 
 304 
 
 270 
 
 77 
 
 505 
 
 5.'>7-530 
 
 000 
 
 50i; 
 
 573 
 
 671 
 
 IW 
 
 22, 28, 30, 34, 37, 30 
 
 500 
 WJ 
 O'JO 
 500 
 871 
 
 m 
 
 10,39 
 
 ^1,39 
 
 IS2( 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 IK' 
 
 4345 
 706-708 
 71« 
 773 
 544 
 7» 
 40 
 119 
 
 FulUiulBK nattlit in Oorrowiy 
 
 Ox.,n In Ontario, ,„p„rin,enU 
 Kmilknor, J»,«ph Uy. v«U,rin.ry V„;„;;";- 
 
 (Shorthornii, 188, Il8refo„u'Joi!'n„". ■■■■■, 
 
 ^ (He* also Speol»I .UtUOo..) "^ '"'* ""Jlk-ylolu of BrltUJ, c»ttle, U.l 
 
 817 
 
 406 
 407 
 4/ 
 
 1N8-205 
 
 Kooitiiitt iiattle 
 In Ayrehlro 
 
 Diulen 
 
 „ , • 
 
 ilitvarla 
 
 H«l«liim 
 
 UrMll '.'...... 
 
 Cornwall, Euuland ........'." ■ 
 
 I)«iiniark 
 
 Kiutt Friaia 
 
 EnKlttn.1, o,.«t of'f.',e,li,',;j'fl„e*;;VtIo ' 
 
 Improved method, dairy .... 
 
 liYan ce • 
 
 Uurinaiiy 
 
 llnra Mountains ......' 
 
 llohouhoim Agricultural SohMl 
 
 Holland 
 
 IIiiDKary 
 
 Itttlv 
 
 "*'y 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Calvoa .'.'*.' 
 
 Mi'xloo 
 
 Morocco 
 
 NewZiialand '"' 
 
 Normandy 
 
 Pii>dmont 
 
 (ililinbiirjj 
 
 Ouiaiio, experimental . 
 
 Uonoral 
 
 I'rjoco K<lwiird Island .... 
 
 Qooboo 
 
 Kbiiie province 
 
 Kusnia 
 
 SiliIpswiB.HoUteIn 
 
 Srotland 
 
 _ " • 
 
 ^lel'^i) Lt>one 
 
 SiU'nia 
 
 S]min (Galicia) 
 
 Svria "^ ''!"!! 
 
 Switzcrlaml 
 
 IVrni (li Lavoro, Italy ... 
 
 ThuriiiRia 
 
 Tuman.v 
 
 I'uUjmI Kingdom 
 
 YaoKtM^-KianK Valley 
 
 (In ll»- siiilln); nvstem * 
 
 turuips 
 
 renifline rattle 
 
 (ChuracteriMics, mUkin- qualities.'we'ieh.'Drif* L'l 
 
 On Fn'ut h cattle 
 
 S„„,h.iown «he,.p and CamWdpeshin, fan„|„g " " " " 
 tinlind, .\yn)hir<' rattle in 
 
 Tit J. K.. I.sl,. of \\ ight, on .TenM»y cattle 
 
 TtnLLitl i4tUle, liri^iiini 
 
 4m 
 
 ".' 477 
 
 • 103 
 
 633 
 
 W7 
 
 493 
 
 409 
 
 4iMiO 
 
 •• 717 
 
 254.283,277 283 
 
 **«>*<".«*-44a,4<l«,4«7 
 
 483 
 
 4M 
 
 614 
 
 631 
 
 ; 329.331 
 
 207 
 
 119 
 
 6n 
 
 ; «72 
 
 ._"■■ 6E0 
 
 283 
 
 329 
 
 ■ 410,421,425 
 
 575 
 
 571.574 
 
 488 
 
 520,624 
 
 411 
 
 216,221 
 
 «71 
 
 432,434 
 
 388 
 
 654 
 
 29«,3UI,323 
 
 329 
 
 440 
 
 331 
 
 83,irj 
 
 666 
 
 701-703 
 
 48 
 
 250. 72S 
 
 (ff»sge», Ac.) 
 
 H. Ex. 51. 
 
 -52 
 
 729-734 
 
 773-777 
 525 
 
 123 
 
 •f. 
 
818 ^^°^^- 
 
 PftRe. 
 
 iri«otret,Fr»..V"i«. St. J"'"' 8»'« ■*"""'• ^'•''"'"^ ^«^™ 
 
 Keport: PanuluK In Belgium 
 
 ^'•"S!;:':S^i"n ..f :::::::-;:;;:::::::^..'3e«.«i4,.i5,7S 
 
 <;harttCteilHUc» 3UK,;I7H 
 
 In Belgium and Fninco 242,724 
 
 Milking nuallti"* ■" 2^« 
 
 Origin ;;; -"--^^ 
 
 BubFlftmandos 
 
 ^'^S!^andeompan»tlvev»lue.o^J.y..«..------;;;;^ 
 
 AnalynlH .".rtcomparatlvo values ot.ln Italy ,i;,2 
 
 Co»tof,lnTii«-»ny %, 
 
 DUtillery, lnCana<la Jl" 
 
 In Jersey '"' 
 
 Quebe.. • ™1,70( 
 
 MUed. relative cost ami value v.". 
 
 Of Lonl Brayl.rcH.k'H berd of Jerseys • •■ • 4S 
 
 Pregnant animals -•••■ 101 
 
 Shorthorn dairy cows in England J^";'^^. ''^ 
 
 Young stock • W-no 
 
 Prices of. in England ■.;!;'..'.'.'.'.' *6,M.Mi 
 
 Relative values of 48 
 
 Foo<l,huma ^^ p^„^^, „„,, whence hu,>p1UmI 
 
 Form of cattle. (S« Ch«r».teri»tlc«.) ,U 
 
 Forster,Mr..Kent..m8.u,«excatUe ^^.■^^■_-— ^^ ,07 
 
 Fowler, E.V., Southampton, »»' "''i^ f '7' ''",.,1^,,,, England: 
 
 Fowler John Kersley, Prebendal Fam., A > 1. h1.u. > , I- ,,,_,^ , 
 
 Koport: Uerefordshm.aml^|n|^.r.Ua, U.^^^ 
 
 ^'^"''Ccat"o:";<t ue!^^^^^^^^ -'^"'- '««^ """"'""^ '" '""""" '■ 
 
 187.) 
 Fox, Howard, consul at nvmouth: ..,,7 
 
 lleport on cattle in Cornwall 
 
 V.I William C, consul at BrunHwick: 4m>^,i.> 
 
 First report : cattle '» ♦'-^"^^.ll^f rZ^.^n^iamrsi^.h.l s.a.lstics of ca.t.e, 48,. 
 '''""';:;LtlBUt -;d ei- «. ca,Me; topography, so.., «n.«., .0., 
 
 -TS^h:^--"--— -^^^^ '^'' 
 
 France : ^ 
 
 Breeds of cattle in: -J7 
 
 Algerian _'_'""" OT,"':; 
 
 Auhrnc '-" 
 
 Hantone Da,/n,i.» 
 
 llaxadaise '-•' 
 
 H«,arnai»e !."..!!. '■''^•^'if 
 
 Brittany ■^'*'?,i* 
 
 Charolai'"^ •'* j 
 
 ..........••••■"""■" ''"lit T'i 
 
 ComtJiix- -^'' '■' 
 
 Kemellne 1""""^ "^"^*'!!:! ' 
 
 Flemish '"" '-^^j'-'' 
 
 Cianmnaise ■■"' •^^'•'-J I 
 
 (■,a«c<m ■*''^' 
 
 Landalse ..Z^^^ mW,.^6 
 
 Limousine -*'j 
 
 Mamelle *^-*' ;\^"'l 
 
 NormftiMiy I A 
 
 Parlhenalse _ ...1 
 
 Salers [^^^^^^^^^^■•■■- "°' 
 
 Tarentliio 
 
705-708 
 
 •J42 
 
 30H, r>04, 51,'-., 724 
 
 3U«,;i7H 
 
 242,724 
 
 240 
 
 24a, 244 
 
 444-41(1 
 
 3,)(l 
 
 xa 
 
 J*!-. 
 
 , ll« 
 
 r>7i 
 
 7o;i,704 
 
 122 
 
 48 
 
 104 
 
 S3 
 
 43-,W 
 
 , 4B,84,,Wil 
 
 48 
 
 i(i; (luHoit 
 2(12 
 
 lU 
 
 1G7 
 
 181-188 
 
 y i(f HtMT. 
 roiiutiies, 
 
 2117 
 
 48(M83 
 
 vnttle, 481; 
 
 11MW8, &t'., 
 
 482,483 
 
 i.) 
 
 255,274,- 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 245-247, 
 
 .'8 
 
 248, 
 
 •24 
 
 
 .'.-pO 
 
 250, 
 
 ■24 
 
 240-242. 
 
 "24 
 
 2.M, 
 
 272 
 
 257. 
 
 7'.4 
 
 2.1«. 
 
 277 
 
 248,278, 
 
 726 
 
 
 249 
 
 243-245,282. 
 
 724 
 
 247. 
 
 7:'7 
 
 230, 
 
 727 
 
 
 72S 
 
 '^o yielJ, ic 
 ;t'ij 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 France— Contiiiiiud. 
 
 BioedB ufcattlo iu— (;<Mitiuued 
 Mixed : 
 
 Aubiat! 
 
 lionleliiiH " 
 
 Brittany ' 
 
 CljuroloiHe 
 
 KluriiiHli 
 
 (-Jaromiuiso 
 
 Alnuculle 
 
 MiHut'llaiioflus 
 
 NoriuHiidy 
 
 I'urtlieimiiju 
 
 SiUcrs 
 
 Cattle I'eodiiij^ lu 
 
 CeUHim of taltlo iu 
 
 C08t of f.Utonii.K cattle i„, audi.'aheuV.Ued si;; 
 
 Divisiouof land iu ^""uu states 
 
 Fat stock in (I'aris show, 1873) ../_[ 
 
 Fu..teuiuK cattln in, 
 
 Food couHuiuption, and tl<'Hcit« ot' andwh"".''» ' 
 
 How to i.urclia.se cattio in ""* "''P'rtod . 
 
 Imports au.l ....ports of .•attlo'an.i;,a"alo"pVoducis 
 
 Octroi duties in *^ ■■"ui.is 
 
 I'rici'sof meat in 
 
 I'hysical features of, by districts 
 
 Sheep iu 
 
 Special statistics of cattle, woisbt ; "milk h,',',!'' " "," 
 Suitability of Freucb cattle foi export to thr'.'"" '"" ' 
 Fivibui-jtcattlo, black-spotted .. ^"'"«'l State, 
 
 I'reuch i». Auiericaii butchers and butchor.»i,op,.i 
 
 butter 
 
 Krit'slaml cattle 
 
 I'risbi... Juhn t,., consul at Kheiuis. KcDort • (nIh I 
 
 lushu, cattle ..;. ''"'""'''''^'-'■^ '''« '•'strict of tl,; liar. 
 
 Kro'i'uiiicat trade of the riatte 
 
 FulU'i. Valancey P., llaniiltuu, Ontario oiiT..r«l!. '".!.' 
 
 — .^« : ■!::":!::::^^"'''*■''■'^•••'•""'■>'-.-l.ort^;ib;:u„iu;,'''^^^^ 
 
 Fiirue»i>-.\iiibaclit ciiltle ... ^ 
 
 Cilimu cattle .".V"''^^." '.'.'.'..['. ''''*''!'"* 
 
 ,W.id.t, characteristics, l"mHinBVfee,Vins;b,:,;edlnL'"'l,',n ir ^'" 
 
 export to the I'uited States, Ac.) *- ''■'uUlinu, 
 
 I'mlloway cattle: 
 
 BrwMlers, caution to 
 
 Characteristics 
 
 Cross bivediuj? qualities "''■ "^ '"^MSa, 11)4, 105 •.in "is .,]l 
 
 Herdbook " "'■ ^^" 
 
 • 15' ".li 
 
 lu Canada -. -n 
 
 211 
 
 Ml at of, in London market vm rt-, .. 
 
 ,. , ... ''•'•'1 Ml, bo6 
 
 I'lmluct ot ,., 
 
 ., „ .,, 1.'1,1M 
 
 Milk J eld 
 
 ■' J4g 
 
 Oii;:m and history of 75,148,210 211, 
 
 Piici'sof ij,,',' 
 
 , , I4!»,21U 
 
 Ki'co(imiei)ilations to Aiuericau breeders '"'.150,195,205 214 "•>•' 
 
 W.'i(;hlof '" "u- 
 
 G*ri8, J tic. UonvetA, on (iuerusey cattle 140, l.'.i, ],j.) ^n 
 
 GwHiiiiaise cattle ; .„ 
 
 Cliiira( teiistics '•' 
 
 CnissbritdM 254, 272 725 
 
 ClIlillB of o-^ ,„, 
 
 KiTiliug .,., 
 
 (imdiig niuiitry of .,.j 
 
 MilkiiiiriHialities of jrt, 
 
 M 
 
 819 
 
 Tagu. 
 
 263 
 
 272,27t» 
 
 246 
 
 248 
 
 243 
 
 254,274 
 
 24tt 
 
 Ii57, 258, 72(J-728 
 
 243,245 
 
 727 
 
 252 
 
 ■■■■■ '^03 
 
 ■• -10,2^2, 200,208, 400, 724 
 
 264 
 
 200-268 
 
 720-7;j4 
 
 ^04 
 
 262 
 
 264 
 
 -^«.',271 
 
 200 
 
 202 
 
 200 
 
 777 
 
 20.) 
 
 205 
 
 201,304 
 
 284 
 
 •••• 16,677 
 
 503, ,115, 670 
 
 irno ... 285 
 
 108,417,420,421 4;)(i 
 
 Hint?, products, priced iiow'ui 
 
 388 
 
 45 
 
 Oxeu . 
 
 I pltnluLt . 
 
 274 
 264 
 
820 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 i.f 
 
 Onronnalse cattle-Continned. 
 
 ItnUlnit calve* 
 
 Welglit 
 
 WoiklDR 
 
 GuBcuii cattle : 
 
 Habitat and characteristlos 
 
 Milklnt? (luallties 
 
 Siilibiofda 
 
 GoUlriau cattle, charactori8llo» .-- 
 
 Gem»va diatrict - -;■•.-• "•■i;-;;^;",;^: iinportaof moat cattlo,32l ; cl.unicterst.es 
 
 <«-*^'"« 'Z :£':l£t.S- hlln^, l.^i..«. l,re.d..«. «oU. ^U.-o, et... ..3.) _ ^^^ 
 
 OcH,,rapl.icalfeaturcaofl.Wo---^^^^^^^ 
 (Northeastern, Eaatorn, Norll o.n, " 
 
 Southorn, and Soiitl.oaBtor.i ir^uce, .7U.» 
 
 Ooolosicalcliaraotorof: 
 
 UntiHli iNlanda ■' 
 
 Bi.ckii.K'in""''*'"' 
 
 (iloi.ci'slorHhlro • 
 
 G ....loKlcal formation of Vcnotla 
 
 Germany: 
 
 Paije. 
 
 27;i 
 
 ... 257,725 
 725 
 257 
 
 ... 504,515 
 . a21-323 
 
 -271 
 
 (;7 
 
 7a 
 74 
 335 
 
 1 lUUllJ • 
 
 Hrouds of cattle in : 
 
 Alb 
 
 AUgaucr 
 
 Anjieln I 
 
 Anabacl.er 
 
 Baar 
 
 BirkonfeW 
 
 Black Koreat 
 
 Uounorebort; 
 
 Dutch 
 
 East Fricaland 
 
 Bitel •■■■ 
 
 Kbngcr 
 
 Olan 
 
 Har« 
 
 HcUbroncr ' 
 
 Hinttrwaldor 
 
 UoUtein 
 
 Kclhcimor 
 
 LaudvichniBHO 
 
 Limbourg 
 
 McuHkivch 
 
 Micubackcr 
 
 Montafouer 
 
 MuuHtorluud 
 
 Murxthaler 
 
 Neok»r 
 
 Oden wald 
 
 OUlciiburg 
 
 PintKauor 
 
 PodoUiu. 
 
 l>olU«d Angua 
 
 Silmi i.f fldor 
 
 Sell w ab 1 1 all 
 
 Schwit^t-r 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Kin.n.«nl l.al • " "Vv" 
 
 'lri..a.l..rf (miH8,..ll.-d Frieadorf) 
 
 VoRpl»bi-rg 
 
 Voigtla.id 
 
 \v..-ti•^^^'iild 
 
 ConH.iHof caltlein. 
 
 Cattli' in-t.iranci* coiiipan 
 
 ilea In . 
 
 302 
 
 ' ' 391 394, 390, 3U8, 405, 400, 410, 438, 430, 440, 478 
 
 __' 3lt5,410 
 
 '.'..''. 478 
 
 ' "' 468, 470, 472 
 
 ."...!.". 487 
 
 470 
 
 '".... 485 
 
 "" 392, 398, 404, 411, 4;i«, ISO 
 
 .".'.'..'.' 308, 408, 417, 420, 421, m 
 
 488 
 
 478 
 
 i'i9,i:i 
 
 !.!.!!! <^M!i2 
 
 V...... «9 
 
 473,474 
 
 398,436 
 
 " 
 
 4i8 
 
 ..!..!. <*) 
 
 '"[[ 391,447 
 
 '[["] 464,'«fi8,'»'3,4T4 
 
 ' '_"/'/_ 303,396 
 
 ' " 403,405,440 
 
 •* 
 
 ' 396 
 
 .'.!!... 391,447,471,473.474 
 
 ■ 415,418,419,420,4;tfi,48U,,V.'4 
 
 '"''_ 393,47.'i 
 
 4.'0 
 
 .^ 
 
 m 
 
 ^'"".^^ili 3W,405 
 
 • 4IJ 
 
 391, 404, 444, 47» 
 
 39^: 
 
 '.'','.'.... <« 
 
 395,44J,478 
 
 ' 4t7 
 
 '_''___ 10,232,3«9.400,4i.i» 
 
 m 
 
 Catll<> »lai.«litci)nK in 
 
 ExiPiiilM<>l'<at"' 
 FattuuiDg cattle in . 
 
 tli.« UniU'il SUiti* 406,407 
 
■■■■ 
 
 mmm^^^immm 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Oorniany— Continiiod. 
 
 JUml hnokn in 
 
 rn.porUtionofA.MruJinoaUIo"into 
 
 Iinproveinontof ciittloin.... 
 
 I'ricofl of cattle in ... 
 
 C il>b«, Sir B. T. Brandretli, on pH/io h.'..'„',i ; 
 
 oa.e,p.,Kov.M..„„WK.ai;rrdt;r;'r,r^-- 
 
 ...ncattioinT ,j^r>u^^^^^'>^^y^ ^r:!::;:;: 
 
 Clover, John ]{.. consul ftt Ilavro: 
 
 Report on Nornmnily oat( lo . . . 
 
 (Normandy, «ituation, BouViii,,',',,',"'" V) 
 
 l)util,e,„, importation j A *''*'"" "'»! value of botf- F,<. k' °« *'"^ 
 
 821 
 
 Page. 
 307 
 403 
 3»} 
 
 390,407 
 712 
 149 
 210 
 439 
 
 282-285 
 
 hntilioi^sj importation of A '*""""i"l value of botf- v,.^ ,. 
 
 t. o to .be uniiod'^s: ^^--" -" ^- "avJ::^.: istiiutiTr 
 
 tie to the United States 28'i > 
 (.l.vnn, Kov. W. A., on Guernsey cattle ' 
 (ioats: ' 
 
 In Nuevo Leon . 
 
 •"" 
 
 Saxony 
 
 (^".dJMchartl, on the best cauie to export iromrV"'. ■■•■••-■"'.'! 
 
 (lovonu.ont aid to cattle-breeders: """■"' *° "»« United States 
 
 In llungary . 
 
 Ontario 
 
 (!ov,Mnm..nt aid to moat exporters Vn'urueuav "■•"-"".!."."; 
 
 Govcrnnumt encouragement to stock-breeders in F,;',v; 
 
 r,n..lin« meat* In LiUo, London, and Paris ^° -. 
 
 GnuHes cultivated in— 
 
 Andalusia 
 
 Havaria 
 
 Ooi-nwall, £n;(lAnd 
 
 iiCUBdor 
 
 126 
 
 990 
 431 
 226 
 
 528 
 
 560 
 
 C26 
 
 53 
 
 260,261 
 
 Hungary 
 
 I'"''«>'1 
 
 NcwZcaland 
 
 Ontario ■_■■_'■_"_■ 
 
 Qi'olx^ ....'.'..'. 
 
 Kliinc Province 
 
 San Doniinco 
 
 Snitland 
 
 Switzerland "" 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Grasses, natural, in— 
 
 Bemmda _ _ 
 
 Japan (slieop will not live on) 
 
 Mtxico 
 
 Vi'nt'ziu>la 
 
 V:iiij;tnc-Kiang Valley 
 
 Gr:i7.iiis; and pasture lands In— 
 
 Friuue 
 
 Ildiiilimis ' 
 
 Si'w Zealand 
 
 Oldeiiliurg 
 
 Suiiera (lange) ""'_' 
 
 Syria 
 
 Taiiiaulipas (range) 
 
 Vinezuola 
 
 Wist<Tn.\udalu!(ia 
 
 Oni,'lnj:(;iii|,. on the Alps 
 
 (irilfin. C. \V., consul at AuokhiLd : 
 
 H.'porf : Cat 11,. „f x..^ z,.;,i,mj 
 
 385 
 
 477 
 
 207 
 
 635 
 
 536 
 
 2-J8 
 
 650 
 
 -554,558,564,566,570 
 
 574 
 
 489 
 
 640 
 
 217 
 
 323 
 
 172 
 
 639 
 
 663 
 
 S77,.586.593 
 
 618 
 
 ■•■ 665 
 
 ■263,274.276,277,278 
 
 597 
 
 642 
 
 414,421 
 
 595 
 
 652 
 
 592 
 
 638 
 
 (I'liHtiiri' lands : 
 
 Zealaijil lattir snth!; I 
 646; PoII.hI AngiHaml I), 
 
 04!l: 
 
 iHnofslicep and cattle 642 
 
 I'llci States; NcvZcal 
 
 attic II narant! 
 
 price u( cattle; nuiulioruf 
 
 ■"■■••«■*. *•►«:; AvrsI; 
 
 i>l"nd llcnleid 
 
 ■'•ri'Sliiai-unrt.W.-JiXe 
 
 310 
 ftl2,650 
 
 States, tt4ii ; HiMclal 
 
 ilinll 
 
 "il-t, AM, 
 
 licf I 
 
 >rec<l 
 
 c»ltle, soil, cliuiato, gnmseii, &,;, km. 
 
 MtatiHll,„, milk.vicl,!, weight 
 
 >". 645; Shorthorns 
 ",cvs. a„,| ,„i„,, „r,,,j,; 
 
 I"k. ..'"''."""""■""""■ Unite,! 
 origin of 
 
 <liar».t4>riHtics and 
 
g22 TNDEX. 
 
 Tacp 
 
 ^.r'l"' 
 
 Oronlnfft'n cftUlo ■' ii'."" 
 
 ;;;;r:rr;;rr;::t»Cra=r.,;u;."^^ =; 
 
 Guornst'.v '■"•'''f = '■*' 
 
 Bull, SquiroofVuuxbiaot* ' 04,1'JH 
 
 CliftTOdtoiinticsof 'f" 
 
 Cow, Kloniiiilo '-• 
 
 Exi>oilPi>i«' "'' l>'««''l'>r« ■■■"_ !'•!« 
 
 In tholslf"' Witflil I'Ji 
 
 Milklilodurtol'uSusrtiix hold. '" V>a 
 
 MilkrofonlofiHiufiiiHoy <ow ]!!.".'.'.!'.!!'. '-"'•■' 
 
 Milk yiolil '-" 
 
 NoU'Hl>y "•'■"'"■""''.Vf'inni'v 124 
 
 Orlslni""! l>w"n« .....'.".. *'"'''"^ 
 
 IMco " " '-'' 
 
 \V<ii«lit 
 
 OutTiisfy: ''^■'24 
 
 IJiToddf <iittloln VJH 
 
 (iwymiV, Shorllioni, lictil ol r.41,M2 
 
 Hall Mi.,oiiI'i>ll<''l AiiKUH i'attln 
 
 •'''t:i^r'-"n.i...Hw..a,ti..i h«nni..asu,.. ::;;::;:;;;;:;;;:;:;::;: ;; 
 
 ,„a„Kurat-.l M.i. AM,mican.iock.>> '■'"'';•■■;;■•■;■, 
 
 llanailn« .'attl.. product., iu. (Se, «J«« N'-'Lvl ^♦•''>«' '_'"■) 47« 
 
 Havaria ' ' ■'•* 
 
 (ialioia ; •'" 
 
 JovHoy ■■ ^-^ 
 
 Oldonliurn """ M4 
 
 OnUrlo ''i'> 
 
 rrlm-o Edward Inland " aiC,?^! 
 
 Scotland » 
 
 Toira di Liivon>, Italy 
 
 ]liin'M..r"»oi'l»W.,.Mmmil at Munich: 47,1_4^0 
 
 Kirnt n'poil: navarian cnltlo ;';\;,''i' Vomiipraluro of Bavaria, 47r, ; noil ami sul.- 
 
 ,„„.arian --^■'-^^^^Z'Z^:, ^Z^. iV-di.., l-r liu, .477 ; ...-,« 
 
 ::r;:t:s-:u--"n>.-Ha„nat.o.47.,...oo..4.M _^^^ 
 
 Second roport : l,iv.. stock n. Bavar.a 
 
 (Nuuil.or, valuo, and woi;:lil.) Kk) 
 
 Ilarvov. Mr., -dilorol ll.rd.l.ook.on N\ .IhI. .attlo 
 
 llarzcnttlo; « 
 
 Kortlio I'uiti'd StatoH 4liO 
 
 CharacloriHlu'H 483 
 
 Costof Inn.MMorl totlu^ I'nitfd SlatoH ■••• ^^., 
 
 u;lu,,r,.,.din,,i.r....din«, and handling product. ••;;;;;;;;;;; ,;, 
 
 Mill<, iiulirr, rtudcluioHO pniduct l>-j 
 
 I'ri.ixol *^^ 
 
 liar/. Mountainn, < iitl lo on 
 
 lliu<liU|{«<"""'''.v, Ontario: Ml 
 
 (VuHUHaud clasBof caltl' "' ,W 
 
 Chi'CKr niakinc iu ■ '*'' 
 
 Special . lit lloNlatislic« of 
 
 llitll.ld, OHcar, coTiHulat llalavia: pfil.ftV.'l 
 
 '""n;;.:::;;;;;;;';;;:.;:''';: ..,., u,;..;. .;:u;n-;^r;u;xtin;ti.;„. .c 
 
 HmiKl.wont, Knuik ii, cou^nl at NaplcH: 32«9| 
 
 K..port: "•'"•'l'''^^'''''" ■''■'''■'■ V'''T'!'Iltlo'&c''';i2.W^H; export to the mild St«t..«; 
 T..rradi I-:ivoro, t„ponra|.l,y, noil, cattlo, &.., .•-.>- 
 
 H,„rl,ilHtaliMii«.ir.,.ltlcin, -.yir, ■'-•>■) >4| 
 
 Havre, importation of American caiilc into 
 
INDEX. 
 
 823 
 
 iiilcil StiiUt"; 
 
 Hazoltoii, J. F., consul at Hamilton, Ontario- 
 
 Report: Cattle of KaHt.«rn Ontario ' Paee 
 
 (CoDHUH of cattle and favorite hr-^>^\]'l'!il':;;"''t''J'f ; 656,559 
 
 Staten; mUcellaneonH information 557 T, .""^ •^"""^^y *<» ^^^ United 
 
 charaoterUtlcB, origin, topoRrapl,; "honlT"] "'l'"''"'"'' ^"">^- weiffbt, yield, 
 
 by Importation, 558). "^ ^' """"'"e' fading, Ac., Jerseys Improved 
 
 Heap, G. H., consul-sonorul at ConHtautlnople ou Tn,n i 
 
 Heldonhelm : """ '""*"• ""' """ "" """••»'"'" »»>« "ami I.^.".'!!"!" ."/. !!! """^ "' ^■"- 
 
 Cattle-broedlni; at 
 
 Iloilbninner cattle : 
 
 Exportation 
 
 lu Thurinxia _"" 
 
 neldenfinRon dairy association 
 
 Herd-books: 
 
 ^y^"'"''* ••• 
 
 2"*T? 
 
 Hereford, when founded 
 
 InOorniany 
 
 Marsh cattle "*" 
 
 Polled Aneus 
 
 K.H1 Polled •-•""!!!""""1!" ■■■■■ 
 
 Sbortboru 
 
 Welsh "."!!!.... 
 
 ITordors and ranKors in Hondnros „ „^ ^^ 
 
 lleniinKaml nmnagluK «attlo in ArgentineKepubUo .'-'".".".?" ""'sM 
 
 IlmdiiiK cattle on estancias in ArKcntlno Kepublic 607 
 
 Herds, celebrated : «,. 
 
 Abbey Fanns, Shorthorn 
 
 Chatlnor (^ourt and I.een, Hereford 72 
 
 ('olnian, Ked Poll ... 
 
 ColoneKinnther's, Shorthorn gO 
 
 DidlinKt^m, Kod Poll • joi 
 
 Duke of Devonshlnt, Shorthorn gg 
 
 DiillVyn, Shorthorn gg 
 
 Earl of Dncie's, Shorthorn C9 
 
 Kiiisiedeln Monastery, SwImi 204 
 
 Fuller's, Ontario, Jersey 30g 
 
 CiHeniHey _" jjg 
 
 l!iKhland, Lonl Kinnaird's, K<>nmore,'"liredaWan.V and DnvVnf'lV., V. 125-127 
 
 lliitfhinson. Shorlhopi, ""' • anu Unkeof Athol's 144 145 
 
 ..'.'..' 105 
 
 '"'"] 130-132 
 
 loi 
 
 653 
 
 453 
 
 453 
 439 
 460 
 
 66 
 136 
 183 
 397 
 415 
 165.193 
 66,81 
 66 
 -■65,81,153 
 
 Hutchinson, Shorthorn 
 
 Kerry 
 
 Lottt-Suffolk, H(h1 Poll ........^ 
 
 Lord Hray brooko's Jorgey 
 
 NspoUwn III, Shorthorn 
 
 Ncoton Hall, Ked Poll 
 
 Vi\in\ Swiss 
 
 \IM Poll ....".'.......... 
 
 Snndriu^ham 
 
 Sliiirl bom 
 
 Swaninfiton, U<>d Poll 
 
 Whittinnton, Koil Poll 
 
 Windsor. Herefords (the Queen's) 
 
 Henls, incr«>ttse, annual, in Hondnras 
 
 Hi'mt'ord cuttle: 
 
 Bull, Thouuhtfnl 
 
 Chadnor Court and Leen henls 
 
 Charai'teristlcs of 
 
 Cow. I,n)nnr« 
 
 l>ii not di'u<'nerat« in foreipi rountiies 
 
 EiiH)rte<l to the Unit«d Sutos, number of .. 
 
 Fair, HiTefoni (Mty 
 
 For (■ros.tinic, valnable qualities ........ 
 
 For liairy iuj! 
 
 How to export 
 
 ,122 
 
 204 
 
 90 
 
 299 
 
 71,88,90,91,92 
 
 68,710 
 
 101,102,105 
 
 91 
 
 91 
 
 161 
 
 600 
 
 739 
 
 177 
 
 ■-•58.11C,16i,l74,igo 
 
 739 
 
 176 
 178 
 1K> 
 112 
 186 
 178 
 
 B 
 
i.^ 
 
 g24 INDEX. 
 
 Horoford cattlo-Continnod, ^^ ^^^ 55^ 553 
 
 In Canada, * '__'_ 070 
 
 Cape Colony _'' 033 
 
 Colombia 187 
 
 Foreign ooiintrloH _ j72 
 
 Herd, an iniprosslve siRht 161 
 
 Ireland (j4r, 
 
 New Zpalnnd Ijj 
 
 United StatcH "..75,101,102,171,187,101 
 
 Milk and Imttor yiold j,^ 
 
 MilkhiB qualities of ....!!!! !!!... 68, 111, 173, 182 
 
 Origin and history of j,jg 
 
 Present habitat "!.... 75, 76, 80, 162, 177,178,184.186 
 
 PricoHof "" ' jji 
 
 Valuable qnalitios of gj 777TnVi6lVi8'V"i.i73ri8M84,llH), 101 
 
 Weight ' 
 
 Herefordshire: 173,181 
 
 Drscriptlon of Ig2 
 
 Great cattle fair in 162.173, 181 
 
 Topogrnpliy, soil, cliiiiat«, &c 
 
 Hovrinn, P. W., consul lit TcRucifialpa : pg^ ^,, 
 
 ''^XSSoi:;'- "^i^i^'b-din^ luidd;^ 
 
 ' c Ule spid.;. stock ra^Kors and herders. cuUlo taxation "^'^^';^'^ 
 
 cattlo increase, f.OO; .-xports of cattl.. 000; cattle ;^<-;^"«. '""'•"^ .f "^ '"^"'''• 
 butchcrinK and c.«)kU.B ; oullcHik for cattle ruisins m H.....luras, CO..) 
 
 H0BBe-Darra8ta<lt: 483,484 
 
 Area, soil, cultivation, topography, &c !!!..!.."."!... 485 
 
 Cattle in ^ 
 
 tatistlcsof ^g^ 
 
 Climate 4g7 
 
 Milk yield of cows in 487 
 
 Population and proil nets ,on ,,„, 
 
 Heaso-Nassan 
 
 (Temperature, area, population, cattle census, &c.) 
 
 Jlides, export of: jgj 
 
 From Lower California ffn 
 
 Sierra Leone • ^. 
 
 YangtooKiaug Valley 
 
 Highland cattle : g3^ j43 jQg 212, 218 
 
 Characteristics of ^^^ 
 
 Meat pnMlncors ami park animals '."."...'.....75, 107,^10, 2ia 
 
 Milk, butter, ami cliccse yield ■■"■ ' 'i44..i4- 
 
 Notcd herds of -q gy 90 214,222 
 
 Prices • ]4j oij 
 
 Soil, climate, housing, &c.,West«.mUiKhlamls 74'io7'i45'i40,'il<0,21o'2"l7 
 
 Weight 
 
 History of cattle. (See Origin.) 
 Hugs: 
 
 Kritish breeds and characteristics- 1 ..... 7«n tbi 700. Tmnrnvml 
 
 (Uerkshires, 700, 78!., Dorset, 701 ; Suffolk, 701,789, Yorkshire, 760.761,788, Improved 
 
 Essex, 701 , Taniworth, 702 ; Irish. 702.) ^^ 
 
 In Nuevo Leon. Mexico ^^j 
 
 Saxony ^^^ 
 
 Hohenheim Agricultural School, and cattle bret^dlng at 
 
 Holland: 
 
 Hreeds in — 004 .M.'i 
 
 Drenthish 504,515 
 
 Dutch-Euglisn 504.515 
 
 Flemish 5^ ■;i5 
 
 FlemisL Geldrian Holland ■■'■ jj., ,,,. 
 
 Friesland 504 M. 
 
 FiiesliiudDreiithlshdeldrlan m.^ir, 
 
 Gcldrian .10:1,515 
 
 C, I oiiinger M.iVt 
 
 (ironinger Friesland-Geldrian '' ' OOJ.SIJ 
 
 HolUud (Dutch) 
 
"MIMaiiMIHM 
 
 Paf(o. 
 IB, B43, BM), 558 
 
 670 
 
 633 
 
 187 
 
 172 
 
 161 
 
 64.1 
 
 161 
 
 02, 171, 187, 101 
 
 114 
 
 58,111,173,182 
 
 175 
 
 177, 178, 184, 185 
 
 Ill 
 
 180, 1H4, 100, 191 
 
 173,181 
 
 182 
 
 ....162; 173, 181 
 
 S97-602 
 
 08; tlio 
 duties, 
 onttle. 
 
 483,484 
 
 485 
 4M 
 484 
 487 
 487 
 
 . 389,300 
 
 596 
 
 077 
 
 861 
 
 3,143,106,212,218 
 
 H.I 
 
 ...75, 107,21«,21U 
 
 144-14T 
 
 .76,80,06,214,222 
 
 146,216 
 
 5,148,180,210,217 
 
 IniproviMl 
 
 
 590 
 
 
 431 
 
 
 44S 
 
 
 .... 504, .'.1.1 
 
 
 .... 504,515 
 
 
 .... 504.51.'i 
 
 
 .... 5m,,115 
 
 
 .... 5o;i,.ui 
 
 
 5«4,5I;, 
 
 
 .... m-^1.-. 
 
 
 .... m.'^Vi 
 
 
 ;m.:<Vi 
 
 
 6«a,515 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 nolliiiul— Conlinned. 
 
 Consns of cattle In 
 
 Crosa-biseilMiii 
 
 Uocroaso nt'Htork In 
 
 Uutch cattl., for tbc- United aVatos heat 
 
 Imports mid nxpoitH of live stock 
 
 Imports of Amoii.an cattle products'l'niV. 
 
 MUk yield of Dutch cows...... 
 
 MisnaiuInK I),u,.|, cattle In the United StViinI 
 
 Percentage of ,liffcr,.nt breeds of cattle in 
 
 I'riccsot Dutch cattle 
 
 Koutes and cost of tianHoortat ion to iL' rr' ",■ ". 
 
 Special statistics of I),.,',,. ,^X'" ''"' f^"'"'' States... 
 
 Sto«:k rocuponitiou in Holland ... 
 
 Holland cattle. (See aluo Dntch cattle.) ' " 
 
 (Jharacteristies 
 
 Iiitro<luotion of, into (Jcriuanv 
 
 Milk yield ; 
 
 Products of milk, butter, and cheese 
 
 Weight 
 
 Ilolstein cattle. (See aJ*,, pngo 504') 
 
 In Canada 
 
 Sileaia ]' 
 
 Meat yield 
 
 Milk yield 
 
 Weight ..^.\..\" 
 
 Holl,(ieorgon.,con8u. it Gaspfi Basin: 
 
 Reiwrt : (;alile in ti. e Gu«p6 Basin distrioi 
 Honduras: 
 
 Butchering and cooking In 
 
 Cattle bleeding In 
 
 Cattle spider, dtwtniction of cattle by ' ". 
 
 Census of cattle in ■ 
 
 Dcstnictionof cattloby wildbeasta...... 
 
 Kxports of cattle 
 
 Herders and rangers in ■ 
 
 Incrt>a«e of cattle in 
 
 Maturity of Cattle in 
 
 Outlook for cattle-raising In 
 
 Pasture lands of 
 
 Horses: 
 
 American, for Belgium 
 
 In Nuevo Leon (breeding) 
 
 Saxony, census 
 
 Ueusiiig cat Ue In ((m alto Special statistics) ■ 
 
 Aciicnltural school at Uolunheim 
 
 A iidalnsia 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 Baar 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Denmaik 
 
 Pranoe 
 
 Galieia ...'-......'.". 
 
 Hari Mountains 
 
 Holland 
 
 Hungary ' 
 
 Jprxey 
 
 Nonnandy 
 
 Olilonbnrg 
 
 O'jiurio 
 
 Pailiia 
 
 i'liui.. Edwani Island ' 
 
 Quebec 
 
 825 
 
 Pago. 
 
 10,232,400,508,(517 
 
 504 
 
 609 
 
 .'105 
 
 aio 
 
 510 
 
 511 
 
 504 
 
 515 
 
 50,5,510 
 
 50(J,.510 
 
 .511,512 
 
 509 
 
 .367, 392, 404, 41], ,50,1, 515 
 
 411 
 
 3»3, 404, 41 1, 430, 511 
 
 437 
 
 303,437 
 
 538, 652, ,5.-.0 
 
 430 
 
 398 
 
 4n,.5r,8 
 
 411,558 
 
 
 .544, 
 
 574 
 
 602 
 
 598 
 
 599 
 
 602 
 
 598 
 
 000 
 
 599 
 
 599 
 
 602 
 
 602 
 
 597 
 
 382 
 
 691 
 
 431 
 
 450 
 
 387 
 
 136,108 
 
 409 
 
 475 
 
 477 
 
 632 
 
 207 
 
 492 
 
 • 246,277,283 
 
 388 
 
 483 
 
 514 
 
 531 
 
 207 
 
 283 
 
 421 
 
 545, 558, .504, 566, .W, 570 
 
 3.51 
 
 .575 
 
 574 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
826 TST>F.Ti. 
 
 lI.m«lnKialtlolii— (;oiitlnue4l. ^^^ 
 
 Klilim Pn>vino« "_'_'_ r,.,^ 
 
 KiihhIh 4M 
 
 SchlpuwlK-HoUtoln 21(i, '.".'() 
 
 Si-otlHDil " "_ 071 
 
 Slerml.oono '»:i:i 
 
 SUeHla 2l»;i, IIOH, ;ra 
 
 Swltmrluml (j,-,2 
 
 Syii» :i29 
 
 Torruai Liworo ■" 44,, 
 
 ThiirliiKlit ][ ;il!0 
 
 Tiimimiy 172 
 
 UnittMl KliiKdom n«4 
 
 Yantt-lsi' Klnntt Viillov 
 
 Ilowaril, Wiillrr K., <on«nl ut 'Crouto ; ^.^^ ^^ 
 
 ' tn hn Av.Hlir..« .u.-l H.-Hor.U, MS; (;«na.ll«n l>.no..H. r.r.O: (;a..u.l.a„ 
 
 •Z A..«..«amlJ..,K...v«,r,r.l ; Cana-lian llnl.tolnH; p-..;-! .cnw.vkH. 5r. , .„... 
 
 mLZ «v«hh..h, r.M ; .•.>.-. »n.l l.a.ulli..« Sl.nr. .,.,„. fat, H.o.,k, .W., ....uhuh ... 
 (jriMlo tttiil native oattlo, fifiO.) 
 
 HnnRary: r,31 
 
 Hioedlntjoatlloln ..!.!! fiM 
 
 Bntlaloialth'of " "!.. Ml 
 
 Biittfir lui'l oli<'t'«<' MinUiiiK in " f^,^ 
 
 Cattle raiHinn In • lO.Mo.Mi 
 
 CoBt an.l roMt .« of IraMH,.... Ut Ion to tim H nltc.l Stat«H ••--•• - ■ • • ■ ■-;;;-• '^^ 
 
 CrosB-liwclH for (lalryinti In ' m 
 
 Ex|)ort«ofcattloauamoat from !.!!!...„!!.....!.!!!.... wit 
 
 Hoalthini>H»of<'ttltlo ^.m 
 
 HoiiHinR ami focdinir cattio In '. 
 
 I,„p»rtHof.anno.nHM.|fromll.oUnlU.rtSt«t«H ".''''''.^.'^..Z.'^^'^'..Z M2 
 
 IniportK of cattle into .127 
 
 MiMitand work ealllo of '■ '" j.",^ 
 
 Ontlook for oatlle vaiHlnn In .„!!!.."....!!!..... kl4 
 
 PrU-.mof IIuuKailanrattli- ,.!.!!!....!!.!. M5,r)38 
 
 S|>wlBloattlo»tatl»tl(i8 'r^og 
 
 «Ute<«n.'ouia(jon t of oaltle UrcodlnK ...........!!!!.......... 528 
 
 White cattle of I45 
 
 'C:^i::::"x:'u:::nn;;.r^^^^^^ „, 
 
 Imported .alUMeHnltM of iMcdlnK Iron. 
 
 Imports: .TO 
 
 Am.'ri.an canned iH'.'finto llnn«ary • ,^,, 
 
 Animal««natl..lrpro.lnctHlnU.Kranoe, forf.Kul 
 
 ImiiortH, latlle: 
 
 Amrrii'aii, Into: 40^ 
 
 (lemiaiiy ■• 279 
 
 Bordcai.x ■jH4 
 
 IK-yre 577, Ml 
 
 Mexico 5.7,20 
 
 rnit.d Kln«<lom 3liO 
 
 HelKinm 2(12,271 
 
 France .MB 
 
 Holland ''^- 
 
 llnnijary ""•• 
 
 MauritiuH (Hit 
 
 Saint TlioniBH "" 21l> 
 
 Scotland .!!!!!!!!!.."."... '-87''''-' 
 
 SwItr.'Hand '_"_'" r>,26,7»,W) 
 
 United Kingdom ' '" 51 
 
 Unilcil SlJitoH. rir»i i>U«ni«Hl '" 
 
tmammiasacm 
 
 4HH 
 r.J4 
 411 
 .... 'iU\,-2-M 
 (171 
 
 4;i;i 
 .2u:i,:iuh,:i'j:i 
 
 6.VJ 
 
 440 
 
 II'JU 
 
 172 
 
 (1(14 
 
 M?-!!,^ 
 
 IH, M7; 
 iiiiiilian 
 v.!; Hjic- 
 il, mill 
 
 IIHIIH III' 
 
 Ml 
 
 rao 
 •Ml 
 
 10, 4(MI, 5:12 
 .M4 
 ri27 
 
 r«» 
 
 ,133 
 Ml 
 M3 
 M2 
 
 Mi 
 M4 
 ... M5,53« 
 528 
 528 
 148 
 
 441 
 
 M3 
 2(12 
 
 403 
 
 , 279 
 
 2«4 
 
 577, .Wl 
 
 5-7,'JI) 
 
 Illil) 
 
 2(12,271 
 
 ril« 
 
 M2 
 
 873 
 
 84il 
 
 Sl.'t 
 
 ... 287,321 
 
 r),26,7«,H« 
 
 51 
 
 INDEX. g2« 
 Importu, beef; 
 
 Iilt..Miinritin. p 
 
 RlodoJnnolro ^3 
 
 PnltoU KiuKdom (freMi) ■■"■■■ 630 
 
 . ^ (other) ,'■_ 7 20 
 
 ImportM, butter and ohecio : j2 
 
 Into nel);liiin 
 
 SttltitTlioniM.. ".".'.!".'.".' »^ 
 
 Swltz(.,!«,„l ^ 
 
 tlMit.Ml KhiKilom ,,, 
 
 lm,,or«,,„lr.v,„.o.|„..,„,,,„„ Cap,, Colony... 15.20.;12.30 
 
 InijiortH, llvoHtock, liiioHoiinml... ^70 
 
 IiiipurtH, iiiimt: 
 
 Into H(il);iuin 
 
 Kninoo „,„ 
 
 „ ,, , 369 
 
 Scollnml . 2-2 
 
 SalntThomiw 21* 
 
 ^T.l!!lC°V'T'''''''"*''*''*^°''^'">K^^^^^^^ •■••••• "40 
 
 I'rodnots, Am«ric»n, Into Moxtoo ]■> 
 
 Improvement of : '"" ' 
 
 Argentine uAttle 
 
 Breod«bvtranHforencot.,fo;;i^';;;;„Vri^^^ 816 
 
 EiiKlish dairy cattle 505 
 
 Uennan cattle ''"' _.. 
 
 Inoreaso in cattle In Hondaraa . 398 
 
 In<nM,m. In wel«ht, daily. „f various ■br;;d8;foattro -•• 500 
 
 Insurance companies, catUe, in Germany 47,723 
 
 IntrtMluotiou of: '^^ 
 
 Cattle into the River Plate 
 
 Blooded cattle into : g(^ 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Ontario '.'.'.'.'".'.'. m.m- 
 
 tJnite<l St(iU-8 547 
 
 Out4)b cattle intoUermany " 51 
 
 Inland: ^jj . 
 
 liret'da of cattle in : 
 
 Devon 
 
 Dexter j5g 
 
 LonKhoni (old Irish cow) 2^ 228 
 
 Ki-rry '■"";;;; ' m 
 
 Limerick Dairy 65,129,227,228 
 
 Short horn 227 228 
 
 Bntter: 60,226,227,228 
 
 Industry of 
 
 In hermetically sealwlpackatjos.... !."!!' 229-239 
 
 Tnxlii of 229-231 
 
 Cattle trade of 231-235 
 
 census of 225 
 
 Foot and mouth disejise In 10.80,225,227,232,400 
 
 General information concrning cattlein... -4 
 
 Grasses, soil, temperHturo, 4c 226 
 
 Laud, ntilizatlou of 228 
 
 Prices »(• butter in Cork, 1841-1881. !!!li 228,232 
 
 Islgny (Xorniiuidy) butter, celebrated 234 
 
 IsliMif Wicht: 244 
 
 (lUorniW'y cattle in 
 
 Jersey cattlein _ 126 
 
 IMy: 123 
 
 Broini.s of cattle in— 
 
 l!t>lhun'se 
 
 Hriltiiny 340,353 
 
 lliid'.tlo 326 
 
 Chianina [[ 327,328 
 
 Khihnr:; I>uil;iuo ... 32«,:t46,352 
 
 ll"llsn<I : Mantua 
 MAri'iiimaiio 
 
 M 
 
 •iiiiljiiu 
 
 .326 
 320 
 332 
 329 
 
 \ 
 
 f('^ 
 
828 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Italy— Continu«d. 
 
 Breadg of .'.attle In— j,j,g 
 
 PkrmeDte ' j.jjj 
 
 Plamora .j^g ^^ 
 
 pjedmoiite«» !!."'.!!!!!!.!.!.!!..'- xmiaw 
 
 PwJoUan '.v.','..!.*.... 320,3lO,:ir.2 
 
 ^"B"*»« ..".."y^.'....y.".'. 326,832,344,347,340 
 
 337 
 
 344,081 
 
 .82«,320,333,;)55 
 
 C77-88I 
 
 3.^3 
 
 Swisa. 
 
 Udine ■ 
 
 Butter m^iUti. J? <u 
 
 CbeeiAU makiiiil lu __^ 
 
 Cllmato, effects of, on Imported cattle •'■ ^^^ \^^^ 
 
 UouHiutf, feeding, and oarliiK of cattle 328 liVi 334' ;iV) 
 
 Milk, butter, and rbeeao yiolil of cattle •••• ' J. ,' .,3^' ;,r^r, 
 
 Prices of oattle in • ,,„o .,.,,,' n-r'.,-.o 
 
 Special BtatiBtiCB of Italian cattlo ,^^ 
 
 Suitability of cattle for tlio United States • wh Vi)", !- 
 
 Transportation of cattle tot he Ui..t.«. Staus, routes, cost ...«,....., ,i,iu 
 
 Wei^btiif cattle 
 
 James, Henry M., conimereial apent at Simcoe, Ontario: 
 
 llenort : Cattle In tbe Slmcoe district ; ■ ■ ■ • " " ' " " " 
 
 TatUe, uses, prices, bm^dlu^', yleUI, wci^bt, breeds, topo«rapl,v, bousing, ban.ilmK, 
 
 &o.) 
 James, James, a Guernsey farmer, on OucruHey cattle 
 
 Janiefi, Mr., of Blamlford, Dorset, on Hereford cattle 
 
 ■^"^("a ttle and ca.Ue pitKlucts in , price of beef in Nagasaki , sbeop will not live on Rrasses in. 
 
 Java; 
 
 Buffalo cattle, habits, uses, &o ■""' 
 
 Cattle plague in 
 
 Jersey cattle : 
 
 Calves: feeding, fattenlnR, and treatment 
 
 Census of 
 
 (Jbaractorlstics 
 
 Cream yield from milk 
 
 Dairy record of Lord Braybrook's herd 
 
 Decrease of stock ... 
 
 Export of (fancy) from Ontario to tbe United States '/"^.'.'..'""^^'.'.. m 
 
 Foo«l of (cows, 122) !!.!!!!....."...! (;70 
 
 InCapeColouy []["[y///^"[[[yZ'.'.i^',m':4^^^^^ 
 
 On^no 120_12;i, 1(57, 171, 1H7. 11)1, 2(11, rMi),,')<!l,ri(iO 
 
 Milk and butter yield '•'•* . • • 
 
 Origin and history of -^ 
 
 Point* of, tme typo, cow and bull •*- " 
 
 Prices, fancy ...".....!."!.! inn, 
 
 general 
 
 32H, .TiB, all, 333, ;n4, 3!>5 
 
 r.7o 
 
 128 
 170 
 
 «fi3 
 
 (lltl 
 
 «fi2 
 
 UlP 
 l(i6 
 206 
 
 12--! 
 121 
 108 
 .".,'.8 
 122 
 
 .04, 11(1, 107, 2(K), 20.', 
 
 . 1 r; 
 
 :u5 
 lie 
 
 .70,108,201 
 
 201,. '■.:•:, ,Vi9 
 122 
 
 12,'i, 121 
 
 Rlcbnoss of milk 
 
 Statistics of. In tbo Isle of Wight ' 
 
 Ontario t«. native cattle .........1i, 107 201 200 
 
 Weight 
 
 Jersey, island of: _ 118-121 
 
 Cattle breeding and dairying In ■■ j^ 
 
 Census of cattle in " C4, 110,167,205,206 
 
 Characteristics of cattle in ^ 
 
 Food requirements of cattle • ^^^^ 
 
 Housing, feeding, and bamlling products in 200, 2U« 
 
 Milk yield of cattle in ^....... 117 
 
 Origin and impnivement of breed ^^^ ,^ 
 
 Topography, soil, &c 
 
 Jeveland: 4jj 
 
 Description of district ^25 
 
 Housing, feeding, breeding, and handling prwlncts ••••••• ^^^ 
 
 Soil and climati' 
 
 Spwiiil caltl 
 Jockey Club, 
 
 isticH 
 American 
 
 of 
 
 first of its kind 
 
 424 
 41 
 
INDEX. 
 
 JoiioM, Alexiindor (,'., vnimiil iit NuKUMHkl— 
 
 itviMirt: (.'itttlii ill Jiipun 
 
 (llcrf, iiiilK, liiitti'i. uiiil .iKiciriiiiliii i!*l!"r 
 
 JuthtiMl ciUl.,, olimu. l..rl«ilo«, .Milk .vl.lil I„ " ^"«'"""«'. *»■) 
 
 KuinMjuckHoii, It., ou KiuupIi ottttlc...,..^ 
 
 Kt>ut, cattlulu the weahl (if "_'_ 
 
 Kvrrv uattlu: 
 
 Cliaraotoristlus 
 
 Cvtmiu^n 
 
 Kxptiiiuiico of brdc.lors iiiiil furmorH 
 
 Milkyloia ' 
 
 Origin ■ 
 
 I'rloo 
 
 Weight 
 
 Klugitot. , Col. NlKol, M. P., on'cVoV«woia cttttle''' 
 
 Kirohborg, cattlobrevdin); at 
 
 Kii«khelmun<lerTeek, Imllkoepingat "... 
 
 Kiii>{ht, A. J.. onKoiiy uattlo 
 
 Laniiuig catUii and (lUtrict : 
 
 (:b.irB<!t«riHtlc», RrazinB lands, ,,v1,m.h, weight 
 
 Habitat, uses, bull races, meat cattle 
 
 Soil and climate of Landaiso 
 
 Liilid, iltviHiou of, in France 
 
 LanilH and stock of Uruguay, vlaue of 
 
 „ ... „. u^t4,^_^ .viitueoi •'■"-••-••--..... 
 
 J.aue, Will''"" J: Evidence befor.) committee of Hoi...'7p 
 
 Ireland __ "°"'^' • 'f CommoM on the butter Industry of 
 
 Lipolnt, Alfred, vlcocongul atChlclayo; 
 
 Bepiii Cattle in Peru 
 
 l.rtthrop, Ltirin AndrewM. codbuI at Bristol s 
 
 Beport: IIiTi.ford catHo 
 
 (Hen lor.l cattle in tlie herd, 172: orlirin liiil VLV ',' 
 
 theid.«l Hereford, J llTnlv^! "'^tory , .l.m^te of norofordshi™, 173, 
 
 port Ilerefords to the Unitld'sute ' "n """•?'"'"'"• I'^l'" ■ "ow t^, ex- 
 
 weights of British cattle exhlb ^ at Sn.if hrn"'"" '" "'" ^'•"'"' «"»'«'•■ "»i 
 
 La Vil.tto ' Paris abattoir), statistics of .!!._. ;^;""'"'"" "» 18«3. m.) 
 
 Laws: 
 
 Association dairy, of Wurteu'wrg 
 
 ('attic, of Wurtomberg 
 
 Ciilllc, quaiantiDe 
 
 Lidimnl, .). A., consul <M Lf ith: 
 
 Ucjiort ot. Scoti'h ..reeding .little for the Unite<l States 
 
 (Edit iai from North British Agriculturist, 217; spcdai'stiHsVi;."." ". 
 
 br..c.lH, ^18: characteristics of a typicaK^a u\va' 2 f '^'•'""■^"'"f? Sooteh 
 
 A.vrshires. •.••0 ,..Uu«U of hou,inr2^0 i2 n/'h, , T"""''"" P"'"** "^ 
 and lopo-rapbs .1 Scotland C c;^;;!!f,"*'\''' '■"'''"«■''""'"'"« P'^'lucts, 
 cattl,. in .Scotluud, 2L-2 1 In,; ZZ P^'r ""=''"''^ .listributioaof 
 
 Scotland: import, of l-atUe il Z^L .ri"t '""'T:. "T"" "'' ^"'"« '" 
 Scotch cattle, -3.) " "' P"'^^ »' representrtive 
 
 LcwiH, (irillith, on W( 1..I1 cattle 
 
 Lewis, iliidm)HiI., consul at Sierra Lihiih' 
 
 Ki|port: Cattle in Sierra I. lonn 
 
 ,IIouHi,.«, feeling, and,,,,., s of; •xport"oVhldV.s to"theUnii^8UiiJ.V 
 
 I.i I xtract of beef factory in Uruguay "'wwBwtes.) 
 
 Liiiii C4ittle! ■"" -.. . 
 
 C'l. lilCt< : isticf 
 
 Milkyieldaii .dght 
 
 ■' "* - 
 
 I'rii'nof 
 
 LiiniTidi dairy cattle, ihiiracterlstics of 
 
 "LiiUfiiiHino cattle: "" 
 
 t'hiirik;t<'ri8tics of 
 
 , , 
 
 ( roHsbre»«ls 
 
 829 
 
 Pane. 
 
 (!C3 
 
 ... 4ni,4Da 
 
 ... 729-/34 
 711 
 
 ■ 86, 120, 228 
 i;)3 
 
 ... 128-133 
 138 
 
 i-iy 133,227 
 
 ■■• 05,228 
 
 80 
 
 ••- 13:., J 27 
 
 74 
 
 452 
 
 450 
 
 130 
 
 277 
 
 250 
 278 
 266 
 022 
 
 235.239 
 
 636 
 
 172-180 
 
 258 
 
 691-604 
 
 743-762 
 
 643 
 
 217-324 
 
 155 
 
 971 
 
 824 
 
 3U,, 447 
 
 392,447 
 
 896 
 
 227,228 
 
 lirsuingluii < of . 
 M. 
 
 248.278,726 
 
 ~ ' ,. 
 
 240 
 
 ' ' " 
 
 Milking .|iialitio8 of •■.'."''.!!".""."....'* '-'^S 
 
 rracaiid woightof ,[[, " 7^7 
 
 - 278 
 
 I 
 
 vie!-' 
 
 ^tf . 1 
 
// 
 
 830 INDEX. 
 
 Uv„..K,V.«.dpop«UUo..: «<,.«. Krauce.Oera.»uy.Uon.na,Uu.U«,KiuKa„u. «« 
 
 Llvo Btook lu : '«1" 
 
 Hiivurln, t*uiiu« of 72»-7;i4 
 
 Kraiico, Hwrln KxlilblUoii, IHKJ Bai.W'J 
 
 ltUHHUi,o.miin»mwiai«trlliutloDof............ ■••••••• •■■•' •j^.^.-ni^ 
 
 Mv« SUKk Journal (llritUh) "" »1'«»P »"'» '»»''"" '" "*'" 
 
 I,otn, Mr, Suffolk : 71 
 
 ()u i^.trisuifoik u.«i I'oiu.. .....■•■ W 
 
 Kil>..riiiiouUn.ro«Uu)( ot lt4Ml I'olU •••• 334 
 
 Lombimly, Swi»» cnUlo lu 
 
 Lomlon Dairy Show : 7B0 
 
 MilkluK triulH at l!Oa 
 
 T.nlH, inllkiiimly»eH,&" ''V,""l"v ^2^-^l^ 
 
 Lonaon l'.mm«r»' lIuua.».H,k ou French live nUH^k 
 
 Lounhonn'ttttlo: 60,95,0«, lltO 
 
 ClmruclurUtifii ■"" " 7B,1)7,1U« 
 
 MilU.liultflr, iimlihewHO yloia " (»4-0ll, MO 
 
 oriBtii Hiia iiittory "»' !!!.'.'..'.*....".'..."-•••• 80,iuo,ii»o,a)5 
 
 I'riciiH of ,••••••••■••••"■••*""■*"'**''* ...■••■ 07 
 
 rro.luotiv6n«8Hof,.ompar.MlwUl.SUortUoru« ""i.';.".'!!"!!";.'"."." 74,84.l«.m 
 
 Wil«Ut 
 
 LoDK, James, Hotcliiii,Kii«lnml: „ u 1 K-in„,»..m ''^^^ 
 
 KirHtn-iMnt: Ou .atllo bro«a« in tho IlnltM Kingdom ^^^ 
 
 8i..ouar."i)ort: S.'.ionlittc <lulty iu»truu.<>nU ^,^5^, 
 
 Fourtb report : Sovou yenrH re. old of the rocoipiH .u » ^^^^^^ 
 
 Fl^^.lMeport:Tra«Hport of cuttlo from Liverpool to tho United State*...... _^^^__^^ 
 
 Sixth report: FeediuK <»ttleon the noilmi: nyHtem ■•■■- ^^^.^.^^ 
 
 S.,vi.iith reiiort: Mlxea foml for eiittio 5,3 
 
 LorfAirlt Scotland, on M.ilky.,uaUtie» of rolled An«u. 
 
 LoHsei, cattle: 599 
 
 From Hpider in Uonduriw 004 
 
 dibCiUie in Ireland, foot and mouth ■'.'".'.'..". 583 
 
 Mexico 0X1 
 
 PlaiuH of Bogota *"" ^y 
 
 From drivlnc in Mexico ■■'■■ 577, 59.' 
 
 drounhtHlu Mexico ■"■■■,■,■, 809 
 
 «nowamlralnHtorm«iuArKenlineKepubllo •■•-•• ^^ 
 
 wild l>ca«t«in JIond\ira« •■- 72« 
 
 I^urdeHcat,lle,ehftrait«ri»tic«andmilklng<lual.ti.«.......yyy--------- ^^ 
 
 Lower California - - • • ■ • ■ ■ V ■■■■[,"„■ "in,.' " .-xporU of iKKif. tallow, ond hides.) 
 
 (tMdSpaniHh cattle of; in.port« of Amonoan catU. , > xpo ^^ 
 
 McAdain, Dr., Edinburgh, on fo««ling»tufIit ..!!....!!!". 371,685-691 
 
 Machinery, dairy :'tI"'i ''^ 
 
 Ma< kinder, John W, on Longwo<dLinc,olD».... •■•• • ^ 
 
 Mly.i.l Water Uuiralo of ;Imbit*,clmracU.ri»tic«,u.eH,&^ ^,,3 
 
 Malta, cattle in •*" 
 
 ■MaucoUo, cattle • ' ' ' " 
 
 (Clmra<;teri«ticH , ManccUoDurham, &c.) ^ 
 
 Maracaibo. cattle and cattle products in ' 332 
 
 Mareinmana cattle, charaeUMsticH of 488 
 
 Market, Ncu»H cattle ■■"■■■ B9«-«99 
 
 Markets, llritlHh <^t.tlo ,■,■■■;■,• '. "'- 
 
 Marking (braudiuK) cattle in ArBentmeKopubl.c 65, 
 
 Ceylon 578 
 
 Mexico 778-782 
 
 Mark Lane Express on weigbU of sheep at Islington '^^'"^^^'. 2M 
 
 Mun.e, cattle product of the district of the 
 
 Marshes. Germany : <'^ 
 
 CatUe breeding in '"" 418 
 
 ExiM>rt of Murhh cattle "" «il 
 
 Housing, feeding, &c., in thu "......".... -^ *'** 
 
 rnvU""-** of Marsh cattle 
 
INDEX. 
 
 lIiMoii, Kr«nk 11., connul at Riwln: 
 
 831 
 
 U>i|H)i't on HwIhh <«ttli« I' 
 
 (i'bti two |iiiiiiii|ml riuwii mitl tlmlr mil 
 
 I'ttttio, 'ilflj ; 
 
 mhliury hret'iU , Hwl»« In 
 
 u|{n. 
 2W-J(t7 
 
 l«,'^M7; |>rii.(i(un.l..xiM.it«.,f..i,. i' "iT'' """"" ""'""'" '"'<1 'sporlH of 
 B«..wlt.«r .Utl.s5;, ';\, ; ::'« 7"''"' '>«.".h..1.u,1.„.u. 2»,, ,„„.., 
 
 MAMon. J<w«|ili T., •oiiHllI »t DremliMi ; '"' '"'' 
 
 I{«*I)ort: (.'uttlnlii Hitxnny 
 
 (Cattle In 8»xori.v,426; nKrlmilturir„„Vr«ttV., .VaVu.ilJ':;:.;""; ♦^^-^^l 
 
 MatliHWH, Kollx A., ooiihiiI ut TiuikUh': 
 
 lieport : Ciittlii in MoroiTo 
 
 Maurltlim, Import* of Ixifriuiil lnioliu(t|„ |,n„ _ 
 
 MdComblo : Fe.!<UnK I'olloil An%'UH nittlii "73 
 
 MoDoualcl, «xlltor of Noilli IliiiiHli Auricultiiruii K^ 
 
 On llurul'uiil c!iittl« 
 
 ()n 8cot4!h (ttttlo inoHt iiultublo for tlio UnVtoil 8t,>U>g "* 
 
 Mi«ut, Anii>rioan: 217 
 
 Kx|«.rUof 
 
 In Ilolluml '" ■ 4,21,Ki,a7 
 
 United KiDgdum ••• OJO 
 
 Moiit cattle ! 7. 8, 0, 'JO 
 
 Britiali : 
 
 Ayrnlilre 
 
 lievon ISO 
 
 Oallowny !JH,8(), KW, lfl(l,aii|,203 
 
 Hereford .,['," 80, 147, 14«, 1,11, l.V.', lor,, ;;I4,2|h 
 
 JIlKliland "^0. HI. 177, l«H,ioo,'J01 
 
 I.,«n({hom ".......... >H 145, 180, ai;(, 214, -'IH 
 
 I'olltMl AnKM t>0, 100 
 
 lle<ll*oUeil *"''l!il'.MI.lU3,201,-Jl4,'J18 
 
 Shorthorn O.'l, 100 
 
 Sussex HO, 100,1.^7,100 
 
 Welsh 80,115,100 
 
 ,J..n„»n "•-"•2<».a5'. 255, 2rK),:i74, 27.1, 284, 71.'H.7L.U-7;.4 
 
 II unKarlan .'.'."■."■."■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■,■.■.■.'.■ '. '"'' ^^'' ""'• ''"^' **'• *'-• '"^' *''■> 
 
 Italian 027,120 
 
 SpaniHh 333,350 
 
 Swiss .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'" •'** 
 
 Meat, exports from : 200 
 
 Kraucn 
 
 IIunKary 282 
 
 United 8ut«» "...!!!!!!...!!!!! v ^^ 
 
 Uniffnay 4, 2 ., .2, 28, 37 
 
 Menl, frozen, tnnle of the Plate ""'' 
 
 .Mual LiradinK at Lille, Loudon, and Paris , *"' 
 
 Meat iMiiMH-ts into— 280,261 
 
 llelKiiim 
 
 vimico "..!!."!..'.!!!..!!!!! ^? 
 
 (ipnnany, from the ArKentino Ropubliu 
 
 United KinKdoin '■' 
 
 M™i, pre»orv.Hl frish, Uelgian process '. 7-0,11,12,14,20 
 
 Meat, prireof: 370,699-701 
 
 lu France 
 
 , 202 
 
 Japan 
 
 StiittKart "^^ 
 
 uniu-d KiuKdom !!!!!'.'.!!".."'.'.!!'.;;;""' , o„*?? 
 
 Meat, Bupply of Wurtemberji '..: 
 
 ■ •■■■■■■•■as • ••••••••••••■,,,,,, ■■... . 400 
 
 ;-in /I 
 
882 INDKX. 
 
 Pagn. 
 
 M«»l yloW I «6 
 
 lly ini>ttniii<"im>iit of "uttl" ""_"_ ^1)6 
 
 (IfAiinliiimoiailo 
 
 HitiiHiiciiiUni s:a 
 
 AyiKlitro ".......'...... 100 
 
 l>'>v<in 211, UIO 
 
 (lallowny 1(12 
 
 1 1 (Mi'fiinl " " ' "_ 210, U 1 U 
 
 lU|tlil»iu\ "'" 1(17 
 
 .ItMwy 10fi,ai(l,'2HI 
 
 riiUml AiiUtti *_'_ I(i;i 
 
 l^^.^^'o^l«<»l i.>h 
 
 Slioilhom '.'..'.'.'............ 274,2U0,7:m 
 
 KiwuhnilMo ..*"'.'.'.... 407, 18!) 
 
 »irniunMM»ilU< '['_] Uir, 
 
 llHiiKrtrlimi'rtttlo ' o^j 
 
 ItttlliUM'iitllo : " 5H7 
 
 Moxlotm oftlllo KO 
 
 UiihkIiui cwMlo '.iJHj 
 
 Swlnn oHtUo *_ (Vji 
 
 UnnJiiKyiHi <-»lU<> 
 
 M«-Tl(l, K. A.', .■..iiwilKriii-riiliit. Lomlmi: ^„..^ 
 
 ^•nu> n ..H. n7, ti,.; n....o..K t.:..'!;::.!:!;''^!::;:::' .... .;nu.,>v..v!:,o.. t..., umu. 
 
 :; r ;.;:i ;. t.^ ::,., „; ...h ... v... .0.. 1.. 7^ , .,«..,.... ..,...« unit.. 
 
 """*""', .■ .1,, li..ii..,l Klm:.l«mi .viioiIh ol Uiltmli Ottlllo; 
 
 wSriK:r ;;•....';;:>::;. ...o... ... .....u. v„ > ...... .........0...... nn,i»u 
 
 M - ' 71'. ....ll>.v.-.nl... .iOimuM. .■„«.,7ir.; ,...^-i„u..l KukU^Ii .U>.y 
 S n^ 0. ^ « T.o : n.,.Kin. ......H ... ..... ,al,yH....w, 7:^.-7... 
 
 ^! U.'", u....;.r..i..>.nw..«.l 7.«.^7...; (•....«....! -..,..-,.. 7.«:....« wo... 
 
 ,..-......, -.U , S........I..-.U. ,. . l.iM.MN, 1.1 .u... ...»..a«.M...... . K -n_.. 
 
 --'•-; ^ '•:;::;s;;;;i;:'":'::;::;r;.;i\;:.;.;.;.T;;;?:*;^i;;:; 
 
 :;r;:;,:;;:';^: ii:^i;:":« ;:...\ ..;u....i ,.i«. 7-. .-- s>..>...w ,..«. 
 
 7lW. ) 
 Moi>i«lsi"'ln'i»Ul.«: . 4,1^ 
 
 Um-atiiK". "«.'. fiMMiiijj '"■■■ 405,47A*:;u:« 
 
 »littiii.'t<'ii«li>^-'>"<' 44; 
 
 M.Ik iui.lni«v»t iinxlui't* W 
 
 ttrljjlii 4W 
 
 l>ri»« « iiincm, Jirli«< of 4t«,4?ir» 
 
 \Vt>ltfllU«i»A*>'' ■ 4M 
 
 M.«W.nl.,dl»lrlotor.cU...«»*. i->ll. *« .!!!'.".'.".'.".!".".".'.'. ''•«-''•* 
 
 Mpxtro 
 
 Lu«r«r C»liforol« . ;^ 
 
 Cikt.lt> «n.> '•*<«.1<^*<"'«^1'"« " "'"] .M« 
 
 KxiH)rt«i«.f tnt.lm>n"...<l* 
 
 Uolih^rn Mi<iilc» . ^:^- - 
 
 Br,HMii..^ mou..«i» ... •. ;-;y:::';'^::r:^i\Z'\:^u^^^^^ ..i .-.f. i-r..-.- ... 
 
 (Hulls, 0x011. <-«>»«, >'i'».>.i">:"""' ^''"*''"' 
 
 """"I^Sinl;:" ..-.;. ..:.»«: ......or. .U....S 570.\nH«Uo...on.r..Uoioi;.n««. 
 
 mil otliii ..""1. »"<•"'""'"'• •'^*"* vs: 
 
 C''nwt»» . • • ■ ..-'-■■ -^^ 
 
 CUm»t* 
 
pAgn, 
 
 H8 
 ■JU6 
 
 218 
 
 100 
 
 211, UIO 
 
 lO'.' 
 
 aio/Jiu 
 
 !«7 
 
 ..10fi,Ul(l,'2HI 
 
 i(i;i 
 
 i:>H 
 
 ..274,2U0,7:m 
 407, •18!) 
 
 , m;, 
 
 UlHl 
 
 ....>• 5H7 
 
 520 
 
 2)H) 
 
 (iJI 
 
 , do i \iw 
 h» Ui»li- 
 
 11(1 KlMl'V 
 
 bllciitiDim 
 iiikUoii III' 
 I of Slunl 
 .lot' Short 
 lirci'tlH, 71 ; 
 IhoUiiltvil 
 nil calllo; 
 (llo in llio 
 lit' llritiNh 
 hUnIi iliiiiy 
 V, TM~~22i 
 iiiH llritiHh 
 ,1, 72U-7;i4i 
 
 ;», 7.''>r>-';iw ; 
 
 ; loll); wool 
 lit,7('hl-77'^i 
 nlii>i'|i, 777 i 
 
 >;!, 7H'.'-7S«i 
 iitlolk piKH, 
 
 M6 
 
 .■4tWi,47'J,47:!,r« 
 
 46; 
 
 4h5 
 
 «w 
 
 4r*.4r:,4T4 
 
 4M 
 
 .'iTft^'i.* 
 
 mmmmjmm^wm 
 
 M<«<r, \iriw of 
 
 s:,s-;>Ki 
 
 STCfr 
 
 iloio, i;ra»i« ». 
 
 MoxiuiH-Coiillmicl. " 
 Noilhirii Mo\.io.^-C„uiiuutHl. 
 
 DiHOIKH-ft "•SO- 
 
 DlltloH , 
 
 J:i.-vatiii.,.sof,.riiui,ml,',oiuu'.'."'" !..'."."."'.".' r^, ^, 
 
 Kxi.ort,,oroattlototi,or„i,.«<lS,«Uv8" '.'.'.'. t', 
 
 IiniioitNot I'Htlloi.nHliuisl'n.ni ih.> iCii'V^ '" T 
 
 "-^i ;-'-"•• '^"•■^^"i..-..su;::2:i^r'^ ••":::::::::: S 
 
 (ItUHXtuiKlOWH, luMfl'llltl.. l.,> • 
 
 WoiKl\t,sai,'. mwisuroeofcattlo ,^ 
 
 St*l«>ol' t'liiliinilmn ^** 
 
 - , ••-.... "'*'■•"••"•••■•••..,. Sid 
 
 (Cultlo iirtriiig, hiwa roirulutiiiLT rvi^ •, , 
 
 Staloiil NuivoL^m: *"''''*"'• '*«''e1«« ulfrossmg, 586., ^^ 
 15ivrtl.H, mitivo profornMl t« ti.reiuu 
 Caltlo " 
 
 (HrtMHl, uuM«,587; work^xporiss') -•!!!!!".! s^ ^ 
 
 »iiin> irtiw), usol'iilmv<.s ..f. "■■ ■"'"*» 
 
 roiisnM. oattlo 
 
 l)air\ iiiiin wKiittst in ^' 
 
 lAl.ort.sot.«nU.|othoruit„isi,t\w,'...' -^i'-l!.'!!.'." ^ 
 
 lioal niismj; " 
 
 Uo}j nxisiiij; **'* 
 
 Uor!««riiixiiiij 
 
 " \u(i 
 
 Milk, loillor. iui(lih(Wi»o in ^ 
 
 Mull' i.ii.Hiiii; 
 
 ^ ••..•.. rot 
 
 Toiiosrapli.v 
 
 Stat<> ol Smora 
 
 , » j^ 
 
 (HtWHl: l>rnvi«: oxiHittslotlii' rniti<,l >Jta. . 
 
 Stat,.; so'.tor-^AUu:';^^*;'"'"^ '"'"""* "^-•<'*P-«i"c,.r,.u,u,;-r.u;a ^ 
 
 Slwto ol" Tan I »ul I pits 
 
 l'iHlU>o\i>ort» ^o, ,^.. 
 
 (. iittJc nuiiTO 
 
 l>n>ii):lil.H, ifftvtsof ' 
 
 (;ni!»i<i'« " 
 
 Milk. l>atl<'r, cliiHvto ... ,„ 
 
 •• "* ijJQ 
 
 Mi»>-vll.mivu» statist ici« j^_ 
 
 Mmi'IK- i-attliN hatiital aii<l cliMri)ct(Tiatir« igj 
 
 Mh'.'-KiiIk'' lalllo .^ 
 
 MiMiiowN nuinlHTof. in VnUe,\ KinKdonj t#«ofe«iCow«) »9.»i 
 
 Mia jj, 
 
 Coniii>n»«l : 
 
 Kxport of Swl«<« 
 
 Manutikturoin Iho rniStni Suu«« jy 
 
 huhistrv of Switi^rUml .. an 
 
 I'liix- i>stjiWi»lii>ii-nl» in SwiUoriaiMl ;ij2 
 
 In Ai-SfoUue lU'puWic jj^ 
 
 Mexico 0yj 
 
 Sil«»>« " 57*. 5*.. MO 
 
 S.vri« 4JJ 
 
 Xo .Uiwui(»o or ChiDMe *-t!rd fvtr CSS 
 
 l>urit.\ of Si, G«il '" gQ 
 
 l{(xxini i>i l>ut4' li i\>w» Slj 
 
 KjsxiM of (luerone.v oows 51 J 
 
 KrooM of Shonhomd ;3I 
 
 "ix-ord of SwiM (Viir» )ej 
 
 R«««>nl o! Wiltshire dmirr JU 
 
 Ti'flx. Ml A-CTK ulluTkl ^bocU. Onttrio •! 
 
 Tivst*. IaW.od linn SC] 
 
 Ti«t*. milk «n<l cj«ani. ia ]^t|;UDd 3**, 731 
 
 FruJuin; O 
 
 KnsUnii. T«r>niu hmod* 
 
 lloUtcin. Mod. J FuTn .. IM 
 
 S.v,m. Vn.«.« Scl,l«,,ig, Md&U*u«"eioV/,"fi\'e"voi^-'ut^ *^ 
 
 U. Kx. al 53 ' *^ 
 
 t< ' 
 
834 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Milking qn'U*'**' 
 
 3elgUiicows 
 
 British cows: 
 
 Devon "" 
 
 anernaey 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Highland 
 
 Jersey 
 
 LonRhom "; 
 
 Polled Angus "■■ 
 
 ahorthom 
 
 French cowB : 
 
 Flemish 
 
 Normal. 
 
 ...--•••---•••"■•■■' 
 Bnssian cows 
 
 SwiMCOWS: 
 
 Schwiwer ■■■■ 
 
 BimnientUttl ••■•■■ 
 
 Milk yiol.1 Cee aUo Special "♦""""cs) : 
 
 And value, dairy fan..inK in England.-..-.- 
 
 Of American cows '"^ 
 
 Eclgian cows .....". 
 
 Bermudancows 
 
 Urazili'*" cows 
 
 British cows: 
 
 Ayrshire ■" 
 
 Devon 
 
 Galloway "' 
 
 Goemsey 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Highland ■■ 
 
 Irish cows 
 
 Jersey "" 
 
 Kerry 
 
 Limerick dairy 
 
 Longhom 
 
 PoUeil Angus 
 
 Ked Tolled 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Various breeds : 
 
 Sixty cows for a year 
 
 Munster dairy school 
 
 WilUhire dairy 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Danish rows, Augeln 
 
 DuUsUuiul Kliuiish 
 
 Ecuadorian cow 8 
 
 Page, 
 374 
 
 .78, 
 
 10'2 
 
 ;.... 1^6 
 
 ■ 113,114 
 
 """ m 
 
 '/'//.. 200 
 
 '/_['. 9!>-l)7,199 
 
 165,218,543 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 242 
 
 244,283 
 
 '.'.'.".".'.'.""'.'. 524 
 
 :■;.:;;:;;:::: S 
 
 718 
 
 ' 299 
 
 '.'''' 863,378-381 
 
 6^9 
 
 '_'" 031,632 
 
 75 137. 168, 171. 200, 202. 212, 216, 217, 21U, 525, 648 
 
 ' 75,159,100,164,171, 1U2, 201! 
 
 7£), 148,210,219 
 
 1 25- 1 27, 203 
 
 "\[\ 75,161,162,171,187,191 
 
 ■''""'. 75, 197, '210,219 
 
 236 
 
 118 ■l2i^i'i3,'i61,'i62, 167. 171. 187, 191, 201, 202, 205 
 _ 130-134, 227, JJii 
 
 ■*""'"* 'M»^ 
 
 '/_'."'' 75,07,199 
 
 "\\ 75,171,lM,210,.:i9 
 
 '_" 88-90, 1(«, 171 
 
 .'75,103, 107, 157, IIK), 202, 210, 227, -8 
 
 75,114,100,198 
 
 French cows ... 
 German cows..- 
 
 410-412. 424. 435-437, 4: 
 
 Holland cows 
 
 Hungarian iuwh 
 
 Italian tows 
 
 Mexican i'X)WB 
 
 Moorish cows 
 
 MuusUT dairy school 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Ontario cows " ' ' 
 
 iano cows, various. Model Farm 
 
 Prlnc«' Kdward iMland cows 
 
 QuelMtc cow H 
 
 Russian cows 
 
 San l>oraingo cowB 
 
 Slnghahwe cows 
 
 ;i75 
 
 "'.. « 
 
 \\.... 091 
 
 _'_*_'"'.' 75, 154,155, IOC, 171, IM 
 
 4iK)-H:] 
 
 .....!. I'* 
 
 Klo 
 
 242, 246-248, 2.V2, 258, 2«j, ■.Tti.'JW 
 
 3'.il -:i!l4, 40Mi»l 
 
 39 442, 445-447. 404, 467, 469, 4-. 2, 471, 178. IS., 4i-7, M 
 
 ' ' .Ml.'ili 
 
 .'illT) 
 
 [[,.... 328.320,333,312,:it4,:W 
 
 " 67; 
 
 ""' _ « 
 
 64*, fioil 
 
 '553'558,550,5<U,563,508,.W7,5t;i),J70 
 
 Ml 
 
 " 5't 
 
 573 
 
 520,524,.ffi 
 
 m 
 
 656 
 
836 
 
 Page. 
 374 
 
 192 
 
 126 
 
 ... 113,114 
 
 107 
 
 200 
 
 ...9!>-07, 199 
 
 .165,218,543 
 
 70 
 
 242 
 
 244,283 
 
 524 
 
 292 
 
 , 2«9 
 
 718 
 
 290 
 
 863,378-381 
 
 639 
 
 031,032 
 
 16, 217, 219, 525, 848 
 S0,164, 171, 1U2,20J 
 ....7t), 148,21(1,219 
 
 125-127,203 
 
 61, 162, 171, 187, 191 
 ....75,197,216,219 
 
 236 
 
 187,101,291,202,205 
 ....130-134, 227, 2.'ii 
 
 75,07,199 
 
 .75, 171, IM, 210, 219 
 
 88-90, lO:), 171 
 
 190,202, 210, •227, 3 
 75,114,160,198 
 
 375 
 
 « 
 
 091 
 
 ,1M, 15,5, IfiC, 171, ion 
 
 49(M9."j 
 
 Tii 
 
 K)o 
 
 *,252,2o8,2«5,'.'76.'JW 
 
 301-394, 40M'« 
 
 2, 474, 478, 483, 41*7, M 
 
 .Ml, 512 
 
 .'iliT) 
 
 «,329,333,3i2,:iH,:i;i» 
 
 ac 
 
 6;: 
 
 « 
 
 64»,«ii 
 
 U, 563,508,507,5t;9,.'.;i) 
 
 061 
 
 5') 
 
 573 
 
 520,5'.M,'ia 
 
 ' M 
 
 656 
 
 Page. 
 
 674 
 
 670 
 
 . 297-301, .%6, 310, 322 
 
 654 
 
 e6« 
 
 561 
 
 561 
 
 105 
 
 393,405,446 
 
 393,446 
 
 396 
 
 145 
 
 665-«6S 
 
 72, 711 
 672 
 
 438-442 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Milk yield-Cont iiiuod. 
 
 SeychoUos 'jdwh 
 
 South Al'rk'iin (Ciipe Colony) uows 
 
 Swiss COW8 
 
 Syrian coW8 
 
 Yung-tae-Kiang Valltiy cowij 
 
 Model Furins : 
 
 Ontario, relulivu yields of cattle at 
 
 reportou value of locdiuf; stuffs . 
 
 AVood Farm, Uull, treatment of Shorthorns at. ! 
 
 Montafourr cattlu : 
 
 Characteristics; niilk-yield ; weight 
 
 Habitat " 
 
 Price 
 
 Moray, Brunimoud, Stirling, ou Hi gldand cattle 
 
 Morey, W., consul at Colombo: 
 
 Koport : Cattle of Ceylon 
 
 (Uifliculti».8 attending cattle-breeding inCeWon" 6 V."" «,1' 'i;' '. 
 
 Buffalo cattle in Ceylon, C57 , cattle, sltaiv S "* "**""' "°*' "^"^'"^^ 
 
 Morland, W. C, on Morlan.l Sussex cattle - Buamary, 658.) 
 
 Morocco, cattle statistics, topograpliy, climate, &o 
 
 Moslier, Georae V , consul at Sonnuberg: 
 
 Report: Cattloiii Xhuringia 
 
 (Description of Tburingia and 'J huringian' "cattle 418" li'- 
 
 draught cattle in Tburingia, 439 housinlf ,■ T^ """"''• """^ '^^^ a* 
 pr04lnct8inSilocia, 440; Thurniean bnfw , , "*^' l>'-o«<ling, and handling 
 
 imported stock; ^^0^^^^^:^::^^^^::^''^.'' •'-•!'''« - 
 
 Mouutiiin catUe ' ' *P°'="" «»"!« statistics, 442.) 
 
 Mulo-raisiflg in Mexico ''"" 307,329,728 
 
 MuDstcr, Ireland : 591 
 
 Acreage and crops 
 
 Cattle statistics, ceosas, breeds, &o 228 
 
 l)airy School, feeding cows at 227 
 
 Topography, grasses, soil, temperature 48 
 
 Murray, Gilbert, on t !io positi.,;; of English dairy fanning 1^ 1883 ^28 
 
 Miirzthaler cattle, cbaractoristics, price, ice 710-720 
 
 jlussiy, Evelyn F., consul at Mah6: 396 
 
 litport : Cattle in the Seychelles Islands 
 
 (The African humpbacked cattle; importaUon of meat c*«uV" : ®'*'^^^ 
 
 milk yield, weight, feeding.) *"* ' ^^POP^P^J ; breed, 
 
 Xwkar cattle : 
 
 Characterlstica 
 
 nabitat ' 447,473 
 
 Milkylo'd ' 471 
 
 Prices '.'.""_■■ 301,448 
 
 Weight 396,471 
 
 Neiiss cattle market ."!..!.!."!" 391,448,471 
 
 Xoi loll, cattle. (S(f» Red Polled cattle.) 488 
 
 Norfolk: Toiiography, Boil, temperature, &.o 
 
 Xormandy : 
 
 Ikof oattleol 
 
 lintter (ceK'biiit«d "Isigny") ' " 
 
 I'eeding and liousing cattle i& 
 
 Price of beef and beef cattle in " 
 
 Sitaalion, soil, climate, &o 
 
 Komianily cattle : 
 
 BeefcalUiof „ 
 
 Characteristics 
 
 Durham Switz-Nonnand 
 
 Feeding and bousing 
 
 High quality of meat ^ 
 
 Milking qualitiiw of , _^ 
 
 w. Jerseys and .Mderaoys ,.._ 
 
 WelKhtof meatoaltio 283 
 
 244 
 
 164 
 
 284 
 283 
 283 
 284 
 282 
 
 284 
 .243,282,724 
 245 
 283 
 245 
 .... 244,2,13 
 
 l*t' 
 
836 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 'JBO 
 ... 471,485 
 
 423 
 
 415 
 
 ... 400, 410 
 
 410 
 
 ... 4-Jl,4'i.'; 
 
 42S 
 
 423 
 
 ..•-. 418 
 
 413 
 
 424 
 
 418 
 
 414 
 
 415 
 
 Page 
 Noyo8,MoVValter 11., consul at Vtmico: 33&-357 
 
 Beport: Cattlo in Vt-.M«ti.» ....-■■- — •■ -•••■";;;^^^^^^^^^^^ ,„■ xidino and im«U.re laudn in. 336 , 
 
 \GeoU.Kicalf...n.ation o. Vonot.v 3^, ^^ ' " ,^., 37 , iu.provin^ Udinccattlo 338; 
 
 bovdin« and dairying w. "''""N «>"''" " ,„„, .,;,„ . aaiv.vinK i" Wt-Uuno, 
 
 oatUoiu Trevi-so, ;!3.; nxU. n, h. ^ ^^ ,.,, „aiv.vin« U., 343 ; butter 
 
 ^41 : vrovinco of Vic.u.a, and "-'■'^; ! ' ^ f ",,,, ,.„,,„„a« of Viconza. 345 ; 
 
 fn,n, ■Mounlain to lowland f"'='f ',"'••';;;;•, •,„,,•„;..«, ar.O -, housing and dairying 
 a47; fattening •■a.tle in Tadua, 34h food m 1>» ^^^^^^^^ ,„ ,lu, diHlru't of 
 
 Veuico ; e«o.tof Uu, ''''1'"" '''""',■,'",,, ,„,',, ,,attl. 'for the Unit.d States, 
 o.ofthecount.ya.odolian ; «mt«^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,^^,,^^ ,,,,^ ,i,,,. 
 
 354 ; prices ..f Italia.i cattle ; t ""^'* " ™ ^Ll^ of cattle in Venet.a, and 
 weight, ^ .1 produet, of cattle -^^^'^^^ 356, substratum and cultiva- 
 their product ; climate and topograph^ ot 
 ted grasses, 358.) 
 NuevoLeon. (*Ve under Mexico.) 
 
 O'.troi ta.<e» in Franco • ■ •■■■■.■,:"''j„„" 
 
 Odenwald cattle, characteristics, sl^e, m.lk, puce 
 
 Oldenburg: 
 
 American cattle and '"'B^'"V-\V ■;••■,:,■«■■■" 
 
 Best cattle for export to the Un.tedhtates 
 
 Cattle and eattle breeding in the Marshes. ....■■----■ 
 
 S." breeds, weight, height, milk, iVe.U.^^^^---- •■■■■■; 
 
 Kxport of cattle to the United States, routes and cost.... 
 
 Housing, breeding, feeding, Jte. ..'--•-■ 
 
 Imports of meat.s and dairy products mto 
 
 Percentage of the dilferent breeds m " 
 
 Product and export of Marsh cattle "■"■.■■;.' 
 
 Soil aiKl climate of ......•■•--■-■-— 
 
 Special cattle stalisties-Mcld, size, wcim'v, 
 
 Superiority of Oldenburg cattle for expo, t • 
 
 Tillage and grazing lands ol 
 
 Value of cattle of the duchy 
 
 Oldenburg cattle: 409. 4U., 418, 420 
 
 Characteristics «» 
 
 Milk yield ''' ' ^"^ 
 
 Weight of cattle 
 
 Oleomargarine : 
 
 Kxports from the I'nited States - 
 
 ( m INdlcd Au;;us cattle ," V ' 
 
 (Scr Dominion ot ( aniula.) 
 Oppenluim.Krnest.l. consul at t'aa./.: M-3«? 
 
 :i:;s;.\;r;;':r: ;r:;r;:..r ';»..,.". -»« «* -■»— 
 
 census of domestic ammals. 387.) 
 Origin and history of cattle: 
 
 BriUsh: 63.134,19!t,2r: 
 
 Ayrshire .)(,!«., loti 
 
 Devon i"!!'!!!!!" ''•"''l"-!" 
 
 Uulloway '-^■'•* 
 
 Guernsey ;;; 58,111,173,182 
 
 H«reford ■■■■" '■^I'i'-'^ 
 
 Biahland "' 
 
 - 228 
 
 .Ijfl-ney 
 
 lt«Ty "'•'" 
 
 U>»abi>ta ["[[.".. H(i,13'.U!);i2Ui,2l!l 
 
 p,.IWl Angii- iil,7l,8i;,lC- 
 
 K«* rolled '1^'''''^'^^'. ., ,, * 
 
 ™ \t^^i i!!!!!!!!!^^^. •■-■••■• >^''* 
 
 W^teh 
 
Page 
 335-357 
 
 iiUa iu, 336 ; 
 o cattle, '•138 ; 
 fv in Uelluno, 
 , 343 ; butter 
 Viconmi, 345 ; 
 cc (if rsuUia, 
 ami (liiiryini; 
 lui (lint rid of 
 till', 353; the 
 luiti'd States, 
 ,HH, 355; »i/.0, 
 Veivetitt, aud 
 11 aud cultivu- 
 
 260 
 
 471,485 
 
 423 
 
 K3 
 
 415 
 
 400,110 
 
 419 
 
 4J1,420 
 
 42S 
 
 423 
 
 .•-. 418 
 
 , 413 
 
 424 
 
 418 
 
 414 
 
 415 
 
 409,415,418,420 
 
 103 
 
 40'J 
 
 510 
 
 15,2:iU 
 
 19 
 
 538, 539 
 
 Ml.MJ 
 
 384-387 
 
 iz; jia.Htma[;<> >'' 
 
 I'adi/. ; HlatiMtiiH 
 ug, biuetUu;;, anil 
 
 ...63,134,199,21'^ 
 
 f)7,Ul7,li8 
 
 149,210,210 
 
 124,!^ 
 
 ....58,111,173,182 
 
 218,219 
 
 117 
 
 228 
 
 Ol.M 
 
 8(i, 13«.19;i2Mi,2l'.l 
 lil,7l,wUii-' 
 
 jll.'A.'lli 
 
 ij.i,;wi 
 
 INDEX, 6QW 
 
 Origin and history of cattle-Continued 
 
 «'•'"'■"''«> Page. 
 
 l^'^'sl' 630 
 
 Kcnadorlan 402 
 
 ^•"■"Pean ..".'.'."." m 
 
 ^"•enoh ■■ P^ 
 
 ^*"°»° 244,245,255,265,272 
 
 ^^^ic^ 391,392,393,394,442,443,46.5,480 
 
 Mi>oriBh - g,yg 
 
 River Plate -,„„ 
 
 SinRhalose gO^ 
 
 ^'''f"' ••-■^i;""!!;; ' ose 
 
 "^'''"'" 287.297 
 
 Venezuelan „,„ 
 
 Outlook for cattle raimnir : ait 
 
 ,. „ " D.i7 
 
 In ArKOUtine Republic 
 
 IlonduraH „„„ 
 
 r, b-0 
 
 Hungary jq, 
 
 I'aee, Samuel 1)., consnl at Port Sarnia':" 5.'14 
 
 Report : (;attlo and (lairj farminf; in (Ontario 
 
 (Native cattle oredont; Canadian Polle,iV«i-„rUo"'n"n" ■■■;;■, •'^»-M« 
 
 tario, ,'-,42, milking ..ualitieB of th , Po,w ' T '''°™'"'^ cattle In On- 
 
 United StMeH, 543 ; f.,e,U„(.. a„„ l,,,,. ioV at 1 *-'•",' ^^-^I'^'^^t"'" *^> tl.o 
 
 544;t,eatn.outofaairycattlei„arSrlfo'' :^'""'r""'*'''"« '" «"*^' -• 
 r.,portH to farmer:,, ,546.) '" °' ^"'*'*°' 545 ; value of wentlior 
 
 Packard, Stephen B., consul at Livoi-pool; 
 keport : Select lirrods of Hrltinh cattle... 
 
 (Short ImmM. 57; Devon.s, 158, 1G4 ; SusseT"if,nVn""VV"'; 156,172 
 
 . Angus, 164 ; WelHh, ,60 ; ' j!^^ f "^^efords, 1«, ; Re,, p^n, 162 ; Polled 
 
 i«h .attle to ,l,e ll„i,.,., State.; ^6 wWe hr,? 'T' "r^*"""" "^ «"'• 
 
 Special Htati«tic«: ]i,.,.,.,,., yield, habits we 1 '""'■'""«. ""'"I' cattle, 170. 
 
 climateand soil, 171; mU.Ktrat.tn , k~ Zl -^ ""'''.'it^'^"^''- »'>.l product; 
 
 Padua : ' *'""'"''' """""'«■ ''ft'Hllins, '^..d breeding, 172.; 
 
 (Jattloin, descriptions, census, ice 
 
 Climate of 347,348 
 
 Dairying iu 35(. 
 
 Kood analyses; cattle ,ir,j 
 
 (ira.fsesof 350 
 
 How cattle are fatt<>ned in * 358 
 
 Soil and subsoil of 348-,'l,50 
 
 I'apc, Mr., on Sussex cattle .-jsg 
 
 I'arker, Henjdiniu S., consul at Sherbrooke ' 115 
 
 ..'irst ...port: Opet^Ulons of Ca„,.lian cattle companies iu the tTnite,! States 
 
 Second report : Catt le raising in Quol>ec " u uiwmi ntates r,37^ r,3g 
 
 (lutrodtJotory, native cattle, best dairy cattle <'atVi„V'ir""V-V ". 571-574 
 
 breo-lsforQuebec.Terseysvs.nati"" cli, 1, " '"'''"'^"'^ "'« ""•«* ""-^I'lo 
 pro<lnct«. Special statistics T^CriX^J^^r'T"':''''''''"' •=""'" 
 *c C73; typography, grasses, housing; tJ:;!^^:^,,^'™''''^'-^*'''^- "^'«'"' 
 IVrry, Mr., of Ledown, North Devon, on Devon cattle 
 
 I'iatI, .fehii J., cousnl at (?ork: 109 
 
 I'Mrst report : Cattle In Ireland 
 
 (Ravages of tho fimt and mouth disease, 224 • cattio trVrlV< an )";".;.'i' 224-229 
 
 22.5; general infor.nation c.nce n ng cltUo t r , "^ " '•"°«»'""- Maud, 
 of cattleof I..„h.„d, .27; t.,pograp,;^ ^S^^'I^^'Z:'^ ^^""^*'- 
 
 Second report: Batter indnstry of Ireland ■"»««, 4-c., -!«.) 
 
 I'liiinacher, K. II., consul at ^faracai^)o; 229-239 
 
 lli^port : Cattle and moat supply of Mnracalbo 
 
 I'lillid Angus cattle- C18 
 
 l!ri>edlng am' • itaring In Scotland 
 
 Oharact. I tics 208-210 
 
 Eipwieiiceof ,>f<*dersof ".'/. ", 139-142, 16,5, 193, 219 
 
 Habitat .^][][". 130-142 
 
 Honsing "" '^ 
 
 In New Zealand IB-i 
 
 Ontaiii. ; W" 
 
 Mllklasqualitlea .'. .'.'.'. -•». MO, ,'•,42.551, .5,'-.0,5W, .551 
 
 105,218,543 
 
 II 
 
 fm 
 
r^Og INDEX. 
 
 PivRe. 
 PoILmI AnmiH o»ttl&-Continued. 78,88-82,171,194,210,210 
 
 Milk-yield — ••■■ ',".'...'. *"■' 
 
 Nunibor registered in herd book 86, 139, 193, 21fi, 219 
 
 OriRin and history of Vfi 80 166 193, 194, 201, 205, 209, 210, 214, 222. 538, 551 
 
 Prices of ' .; 61,74,92,165,108,180,194,218 
 
 Weight 1« 
 
 Polled cattle in Iceland Md Norway 
 
 Popnlfttion »nd live stock : 232 
 
 In Belgium ' 232 
 
 i'rance " 232 
 
 Germany 232 
 
 Groat Britain '"' 2,12 
 
 Holland ". 232 
 
 Ireland ...!....!! ^^^ 
 
 Bnsria 441 
 
 Tharlnijritt .....!!!!. ^'^ 
 
 "Venezi n: la 444 
 
 Portrai::':?::^::';^^^^^-^^"^-^"-^^^^^^^^ 4a 
 
 Pregnant eattli-, food ol - - - • 
 
 PrentiH, Thomas V. , consul at Port Louis : 87j 
 
 Kcport: Cattle iu MiinriUus 
 
 Preacott, Ontario, district of: 564 
 
 Breeds and broe-ling in, character of ^ 
 
 IMstiUeryfoil cattle for export from •-•••■ r^^ 
 
 I'rices of cattle lu 666 
 
 Special cattle statistics of 568 
 
 Touographv, soil, housing, fKe<linK,&.c...... ■■ — 37,993 
 
 Pvoi vation of ,uoats and vegetables fresh, lielg.an tnethod 
 
 Prices, l.tM^, fresh, imported : 7,8 
 
 InKo^'nnd '^I 284 
 
 Normandy 632 
 
 Kio di .Timeiro 
 
 Preserve<l other than by salting : 12 
 
 In England 
 
 Prices, iiulter : 15-17 
 
 Imported into tho Unitod Kingdom „ 034 
 
 In Cork, 1H41-1881 
 
 Prices of cattle ; 618 
 
 Argentine ■• 383-385 
 
 Belgian 
 
 British: . 84,169,205,214 
 
 Ayrshire ' 75, 80, JOS 
 
 Devon ][_.. 80, 150. 195, 205, 214, 22'J 
 
 Calloway ''"' 81), 127 
 
 Cuernsey "" 76,80, 162, 177-179, 1S4, 1R1 
 
 Hereford "_'_ 70, 80, 90, 2H, rJ 
 
 Higliland .'...".",!.. '.'.-'•' 75.70,80,168,201,20,5 
 
 Jersey SO 
 
 Kerry ". 80,190,109,205 
 
 Longhom V5 Vfi'Vo" IM. iVs.YiM.Ml, 20.^ 209, 210, 214, 222, 5.18, .Wl 
 
 Polled Angns '• ' ' 7r>,8n, lf>4,205 
 
 RedPoUed '. 80 
 
 Shetland '"."'.'.'.'.'. 73,75,76,80,158,205,214 
 
 Shorthorn 190 
 
 In 1810 77 75,76,80,160,205 
 
 SuMex '.'......'.'. 80,168,205 
 
 Welsh '/. (iW 
 
 Cape Colony ..."!!^... •'*"'°'* 
 
 PuK-h "^ 
 
 E<Miaaori»n 250, 273, 27.\ 276, 277, 278, 284, 286 
 
 l-^"""" 39^'402,' 407; 434; 442. 448, 4.'a. 408. 470, 471. 478, 480, 482,487.488 
 
 ( iennan "*" 
 
 llondMriiniiin ^ 
 
 lmp'>ru-d, in the British market* ■•■■" 530 
 
 HtiSffsriftu .--.•-• 
 
Pftge. 
 «-92, 171, 194,210,210 
 
 lO!) 
 
 !..88, 130, 193,210,219 
 »,210,214,222,6;i8,551 
 i, 165, 106,180,104,218 
 140 
 
 232 
 
 232 
 
 232 
 
 232 
 
 2,T2 
 
 232 
 
 521 
 
 441 
 
 657 
 
 444 
 
 673 
 
 564 
 
 565 
 
 fA'i 
 
 666 
 
 568 
 
 370,699 
 
 7,8 
 
 284 
 
 632 
 
 12 
 
 15-17 
 
 , 17,234 
 
 618 
 
 383-365 
 
 84,169,205,214 
 
 75, 80, JOS 
 
 ...80, 150, 195, 205, 214, 22'J 
 
 8l),127 
 
 70,80,162,177-179,184,18.1 
 
 , 70, 80, 90, 214, 'r2 
 
 75,76,80,168,201, 
 
 80,190,109, 
 
 ),-., 209, 210, 214, 222, ,538, 
 75,80,164, 
 
 ...73, 7!>, 76, 80, 158, 205, 
 
 " 75,76,80,160, 
 
 80,166, 
 
 505, 
 
 !73,27.\276,277,278,284 
 470,471,478,480,482,487 
 
 205 
 80 
 205 
 ,W1 
 205 
 80 
 214 
 190 
 20.'-| 
 205 
 070 
 516 
 035 
 286 
 488 
 600 
 5 
 530 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Prioeii of cattle— Continued. 
 
 lUlUn 
 
 Mexican 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Ontario _' 
 
 Sierra Leonese 
 
 „ , , , 
 
 Spanish 
 
 SwiM "_ 
 
 United SUtea .""_" 
 
 Venezaelau 
 
 YanK-tse-KianK 
 
 Prlcoa, clioese, imported in the Unit«^ BanBdom 
 
 Cheeae, Swisa * 
 
 Pricea, food, cattle: ' 
 
 In Kngland 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 PricoB, meats, imported: 
 
 In England 
 
 France ^......... 
 
 Mexico "' " 
 
 Stuttgart ' ' 
 
 Prices, milk in Now Zealand 
 
 TrUlgen, B. J., vice-consul at Piedraa Negras: 
 
 Report: Breeding cattle of Northern Mexico. 
 
 Prince Edward Island : 
 
 (Cattle in; Jersey »«. native cattle : weleht nf «o».i i .. 
 
 of cattle, topography. h;u:i.lg!';e:;,rnn; '^^^y'^''' ''*■• "Pecial statistics 
 Prince, Fre<lerickW., consul at Belleville: "•. o/o.j 
 
 Report: Cheese dairying in llaHtings County, Ontario 
 
 (Cattle and Uioir import and exoort iwi. ,.i,»» i', 
 
 weight, and characteristic^ o^ c^H:r7Z"V '"?'*" "'*"''"'=« ^ y^'^l- 
 568.) "'*■ ^^- ««P»K'-»Pl>y, housing, feeding, &c.. 
 
 Priujjle, R. O., on Kerry cattle 
 
 Prize breeders, British 
 
 Pri/.e «'.attle 
 
 839 
 
 Page. 
 325, 328, 329, 331, 334. 356, ;ifl4, J65 
 
 680,695,652 
 
 646,847,649 
 
 ' 589.562.570 
 
 671 
 
 888 
 
 288. 290, 292. 299, 300, 302. 303. 305 
 
 045 
 
 638 
 
 686 
 
 20 
 
 ■ 686 
 
 43-52 
 
 830 
 
 8,12,14 
 
 262 
 
 679 
 
 466 
 
 674.575 
 
 594 
 
 566.588 
 
 131 
 
 712 
 
 iintish 58. 59. 60-^2. 8!-.. 88, 00, 105 m no u, ,.. ,„, ,„„ . 
 
 British V,. ordinary stock ...;... . _ ' *' "^' "'• ^^' ^^- "9. 198. 199, 712-715. 735-742 
 
 French 67 
 
 Oermiui '_ 249.729-734 
 
 New Zealand 412.420.468 
 
 Proiluct of cattle. <£m Special statistics.) 847 
 
 PriiHsia : 
 
 Cattle in 
 
 (Uinsua of cattle 
 
 Vriie cattle of 
 
 PutilicatiiinH concerning cattle 
 
 riirchaHing cattle, when, where, and ho «r : 
 
 British 
 
 French _ ^ 
 
 (iennan 
 
 Italian 
 
 Swiss ""..]."" 
 
 Py ronnean cattle 
 
 (Jimrantine, cattle, regnlatlona . „ 
 
 Qnihsno cattle 
 
 Quelxjc, I'rovi»<»: 
 
 liest dairy cfcUle for ; climate; native cattle; fodder 
 
 llr«e<l» most suitable for 
 
 floQsingabJ feeding In , ' 
 
 .I-jrm-ys b». native eattle, oximparison 
 
 Spfloittl cattl»- statistics of 
 
 Topography, soil, grasses, Jkc 
 
 RangPH. (.s«« Gnt/.ing J 
 
 BiTfDBhurjr, (}t»rmauy. cutlli' lireiMling at 
 
 Kawii'i, ,Ios<'pb, r^iumil at Warsaw : 
 
 Beport : Polish <»ttl« 
 
 408 
 
 390.399 
 
 412 
 
 80.67.88,120 
 
 170,182,205,214 
 
 284 
 
 454,482 
 
 333,335 
 
 288,290,302 
 
 257 
 
 643 
 
 631 
 
 571 
 572 
 574 
 572 
 573 
 574 
 
 452 
 
 >.526 
 
840 ^^^^^^- 
 
 ■Pnpr'. 
 
 K«,l Polled cattle, CI. 71, H7.m. Ifi3 m 
 
 Cb8r«)teri8tlOR 71.92 
 
 Breeding and handllUK " Jl 
 
 ^A • ISw.tflrv . 7r.,80,164,2«r. 
 
 Oriitin ana nlBtory i.',--. . 
 
 Prices ;;;;;;;;;;::;;::.. 81, 71. 74. 67.92. 130. 104, 171. 180. l«fl, '..HI 
 
 WelRht ■•••• 
 
 Yield, milk, butter, and cream 
 
 Benonf.ihomas, consular agent at Jemey. 205,207 
 
 Beport on Jersey cattle ^^_ ^^ 
 
 ^'"'^^?::uie in ,BHr.enf..d. weatcrwaid, and K,i.i, •■;;;;;;;::::::::;:;:;:;;;::::: " ^ 
 
 Cattle market of Nen«« ' ^W 
 
 CensuB of cattle '^™ 
 
 CharacteriHtics of cattle W 
 
 Housing and feeding '*< 
 
 Shipment to the United States • 489 
 
 Specialstatistlcsofcattle of; typography ■■■■■ ,5 
 
 Richards, John, on Welsh cattle f.U.a.i 
 
 "'"?^"S:ia;;;p.;a;u;;~:«nnVn;u;;icipa,catt,eu.;pH^ ,„ 
 
 Risdon, T. H. on 8on..>r»ot Pevons 
 
 irTu vn roTiimcrciiil»«ent at Ottawa: 5;;h, r,40 
 
 Bobbins, K.B., coiiiincui.ii.n „„,„„ f„r Panndian farmers 
 
 -%=;.rr,trrr:f ■— .-^^^ ».. 
 
 "orip.i.andprmlurtsofrattlo, .-iffl).) , ,„ 
 
 Robertson, James, on Kerry cattle 
 
 Robeson, John T.. consul at Beirut: (,r,.M,r,l 
 
 oml raring; lopocraphy. dimato, OM.) 
 ■D^o„^„U r.oorae W., couhuI at Honleanx : 272-2S1 
 
 ^ori«i...fi.""'"/-'''- ■''■":^*'■"^■"^.^^^.x™...u.."•■-'•■■■l"''^'- 
 S;::=t;;;rs:;f"::."':;';.rj;;,, I,,. ......... ..... '.■-- * '- 
 
 Bord.vaux; cattle cnsus »f district, '.iHl.^ ^.^ 
 
 Kottweil. caUlol.r.-edin!: at 
 
 Rovlgn, province of: ;- 
 
 Cattloaml<atth..'.re«*l'"K'" ''^ 
 
 Butter and clioeso making in U 
 
 Description of province '........... '^'^^ 
 
 Climato ■■■ .. 
 
 Grasses '^1 
 
 Soil and substratum -"' 
 
 Row,,, Joel, on c«ttl.. in Cornwall 
 
 Russia: 
 
 Aroaanil |>opnlation 
 
 Brwdsof cattle in: ' 
 
 Angein "".V.. M'n^4 
 
 Ayrshire ' ; 
 
 ciiolmogorian ■'■ 
 
 '>"»:?'"« ;::::.:;:::::"■■-;■ S ;? 
 
 »•""«'' ; y.,'.'- 
 
 Kiissian (commos) •>-' j- 
 
 Onmisof liv^stmk "" '- 
 
 Meat pro.)oct frmii cattle »'» 
 
 MllkinB<iuiaitle» of cattle 
 
Index. 
 
 841 
 
 , 71, 87,1(«, 1(13, IOC 
 71,92 
 
 yi 
 
 01,71 
 
 18, 89, 90, 91, 16;t, 171 
 
 61,71, BO, 102 
 
 75, 80, 104,2«r> 
 
 , 104, 171, 180, It*, '-W 
 ' IHl 
 
 205,207 
 
 487,488 
 
 488 
 
 487 
 
 489 
 
 488 
 
 488 
 
 489 
 155 
 
 , fi:!i,«;i2 
 
 kc.) 
 
 To 
 
 ,5;;h,mo 
 
 M». m 
 
 yicltl, woiclit, 
 
 1.(1 
 
 (iri.'-fif.i 
 
 )rt of cftttio t<) 
 
 ,rt, ft"):! ; spi'i'ial 
 ciittU' ; ri'tnliiij; 
 
 272-281 
 
 2711 ; llnjtmlttlno 
 
 lyt- l,llll(lili« (lit- 
 |,.a SlUtl'H, 278; 
 (ft lit' AiniTicaii 
 Hiding <'iittl<' in 
 
 i'A 
 
 ;)K 
 
 , sri! 
 
 r.i 
 
 r* 
 
 :i.w 
 
 :i.iT 
 
 207 
 
 :C'I 
 
 M 
 
 _] ri|9,V.'4 
 
 :Va 
 
 "_'_' ri2,'i, r,» 
 
 "_'_ r.iD.M 
 
 ''_'_'".'. Ml,.V.'j 
 
 519 
 
 ttnHMa — ContlntiM. 
 
 l'n)vlnoltt) (amraot<^rUtloa of Russia... . P*K6. 
 
 WelKhts of < uttle '/['' 521-628 
 
 Ryder, Henry U., (lonsul at Copenhagen: 
 
 Flint report ; DaniHli cattle 
 
 623 
 
 '^^ ''t^LZltnr^ll^TTl''' '"'■■ -"'«"''«n«uVofDJnmari;;';'xpo;ts";f 
 Sr.a«i? 49. ^,'""'"';.a tie for the United States; npeci.l statistics of Dan 
 
 8e«o„d ™poH = 's:^AZL:^:r:r's:zr''^' ^""-^-""^ -^ ^^""■■""•''- -^•> 
 
 490-402 
 
 492-49,'; 
 
 (Grazing grounds, 402 ; orlain of hronfl ao') i._'"'i" .""V 
 
 milk yield, &,,, 494, 495.7 ''^««<l'nK Angoln cattlo, 49:1,494, weight, 
 
 Third report: Bntter export of Uonmark... 
 
 Fourth report : Union dairies in Denmark 495-498 
 
 Fifth report: BritlHh cattle markets '.[ 408-.5ni 
 
 Saint Gothard Tunnel, tattle transported via. «9«-699 
 
 SaiutThomas, island of '"'•'' 
 
 SaladoroH (slaughter houses) in Uruguay 
 
 Snlora cattle: 023 
 
 CharacteriHticB and weight of 
 
 CroHS-broeds 2.')0, 727 
 
 Milk and work ......"!!!!."! * ^''^ 
 
 Sales. (««<! Cattlo sales.) ''27 
 
 .San Domingo 
 
 (Cattlo products, housing, feeding, temperature, &c.) 039,040 
 
 Sandrlughani herd 
 
 ,SarnuentoH,Ex.ProHident,de«CTiptionofVh;;Gauch;;iVerd;;oV;,h;;^ ""'^JJ 
 
 Sniinders, Joseph, on itorkshirc pigs *' "" r^ni'uoiio iiu 
 
 Saunders, U. K., Yorkshire, on Highland cattle ™ 
 
 Saxony: 
 
 Area under cultivation 
 
 Heehivosin 
 
 Bulls, breeds ami number of, kept for breeding purposes !....!! 
 
 CenHiiH (if live animals 
 
 S<lit'ucli, KredeHck It., consul at Barcelona : 
 
 Itcpoit : Otile in Catalonia 
 
 Si'ldeswigllolstein : 
 
 Cattle and dairy jiroducts 
 
 Milk yield and weight of cattlo 
 
 Soil, rlimate, fi eding, housing, &c 
 
 S<lii«'nli', Wolfgang, consul at Hiirmen: 
 
 Report : Cattle iu Germany 
 
 (II.,rd.bo<.ks m. eatlIe.bre,Mllng, 397; <'attle.breeding ami' the sevoral'lVreeds'ln GeV 
 
 many, 398; cattle cen.sus of (ieim:my, ;isi9; ,,ut| „,.,«„,• «„,.„,,„, elimateof 
 
 Barmen, and cattle slau^l.trring in ( icrmany, 400 ; Klherfeld abattoir. 401 ; prices 
 of cattle, and cattle iMsuranco companies, 402; importation of American beef, 
 cattlo into (irrmany, 4(1.1.) 
 
 SchofTer Oeoonon.ierath, president of the Kirchberg Ackerbauschule, on cattle-breeding at 
 
 Kirchlierg 
 
 Schools, agriculture: 
 
 At Iloticnliein 
 
 Ontario 
 
 School, Munsterdalry 
 
 Schwab Hall cattle; " 
 
 Ch»ra<:t«jristicH, weight, butcher, and draft 
 
 Price of 
 
 Schwitzer cattlo : 
 
 Characteristics 262.801,395 
 
 Kccding and management „(,, 
 
 In Kuropean countries ,,q^ 
 
 IT n i t ed S tatixi 
 
 Milk yield .'........"..'".'.'."...'-'.'... 
 
 OilHlHHltH of 
 
 Origi': 
 
 I'ric escif 
 
 Weight, »lie, fto , ^ 
 
 146 
 
 427 
 
 431 
 
 427 
 
 428-431 
 
 387,388 
 
 410 
 
 411,412 
 
 411 
 
 397-103 
 
 453 
 
 448-460 
 
 48 
 
 392 
 396 
 
 302 
 
 291, 292, 298, 300 
 
 305 
 
 287, :194 
 
 , 209, 300, ;i02, 396 
 306,399 
 
 ' ' 
 
842 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SootUnd : 
 
 AlUtade 
 
 Beat oattlo for «xporl 
 
 BreeditiK ScUoh citUle 2Wi 
 
 Brnedi of cattle in : 
 
 Aynhlro. 88, 76, 134, X68, 191,211, 
 
 0.11ow»y (K!.147,1H2I0, 
 
 nighUnd (CI, Ufl,infl, 
 
 Polled Aii«u. 62,78. 130. 184. IW, 
 
 ShetUuid 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Butter and cheene yield In '^''-. 
 
 CeusoH of cattle **• 
 
 Characterliitica ) typicjil Aynhire 
 
 Charavteristioa; typiciU Galloway 
 
 Climate 
 
 Diatribation of cattle la 
 
 Foedinx cattle In 
 
 Oraaaea cnltlvated in 
 
 ilandlinKcattle-prodnota in 
 
 Houaing cattle in 211, 
 
 Imports and exports of cattle yid tiieata 
 
 Land rent* in 
 
 MUk yield of cattle In '2V>,2\:i. 
 
 Origin of cattle 83,88, 1»4, i:iO, 149, 10a,'Jll', 
 
 Prlcea of cattle In 210. 
 
 Sou of . 
 
 217, 
 
 Special statia tics of cattle of 
 
 Temperature of 
 
 Topography 
 
 Tranaportation to the United StAtes 
 
 Yield (money) from cattle fanuiujj in 
 
 Weight of cattle in :.'0(),'Jio,l!ii 
 
 Scott, Loais U.. consul at Chihnahiut : 
 
 Report: Cuttle brei»dlng in Chihanhiia 
 
 Seychelles Islands, cattle atutiHtics. top«t;raphy, &o 
 
 Seymour, Charles, consul at Canton : 
 
 Report: Cattle In Southern China 
 
 Shaw, Albert D., consul at Manchester 
 
 (Transmitting a series of reports written by .lamoH Long, of Hut<^biu, Kugliuid.) 
 
 Sheep and mutton in the Unitu<l Kingilum 
 
 Sheep, breeds of, in the Uuited Kingdom, and Hpe<!iul statistics of: 
 
 Blaoltface<l Suffolk 
 
 Cbeviota 
 
 Cotawolds .' 
 
 Devon Longwools 
 
 Dorset Homa 
 
 Exmoor 
 
 Hampton Downs 
 
 Hardwiok 
 
 Kentish or Komney Marsh 
 
 Page. 
 
 •.'17 
 214, 217 
 221, '.'Ja 
 
 217, U.'0 
 21H, ilO 
 212, 21H 
 209, 218 
 
 142 
 
 21,1 
 
 218, 2IU 
 
 214, 22:1 
 
 220 
 
 21U 
 
 107,"^ 
 
 210, 2Ji 
 217 
 
 210. 221 
 
 218, 2'.'0 
 
 ■jr. 
 
 209 
 
 .;io,ji9 
 
 216,219 
 
 214. 222 
 217, 222 
 21«,21» 
 217, 221 
 221 222 
 21:1, 214 
 
 209 
 21(1, -lit 
 
 Lanka 
 
 Leioesters 
 
 Linoolna "5fl, 
 
 Mountain 
 
 Oxfordahire 
 
 Roaoommon 
 
 Southdown 758, 
 
 Saflblk Downs 
 
 Wioklow and Kerry 
 
 WUUhlre T57 
 
 Torkabire IM 
 
 Sheep census of New Zealand 042 
 
 Sheep census of Nuevo lieon .ISM) 
 
 Sheep fanning in Nnevo I,«on .W 
 
 OTII 
 
 1108 
 78 
 
 782-788 
 
 787 
 
 7,18. 787 
 
 7.V., 784 
 
 78S 
 
 758, 785 
 
 750 
 
 78ti 
 
 759 
 
 7,'ifl, 785 
 
 T.W 
 
 7.'>«, 7h;i 
 
 7fi;t, 784 
 
 m 
 
 75;, 7Sfi 
 757 
 
 701, 785 
 "58 
 7J9 
 
JB 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 iM 
 
 aH,2l7 
 
 2ie. 221, •-'•^3 
 
 , 1(UJ, 10I,21I,217,UJ0 
 ,147, 194,210,218, -JIO 
 ..(CI, Ufl, UM, 212, JlH 
 1, 130, 1H4, lB:i,20g,JlH 
 
 142 
 
 21,1 
 
 , 2l2,21fl,2l!» 
 
 80 214 'i'M 
 
 ,^_^^ 0|)() 
 
 211) 
 
 1117,"^ 
 
 210,2Ji 
 
 217 
 
 2in,'J21 
 
 2U,21B,2'.'0 
 
 'M 
 
 209 
 
 212,21:1, Jlfl/Jio 
 
 (, 149, lOa, 212, 216,219 
 
 210.214.222 
 
 217,222 
 
 21«,219 
 
 217, '221 
 
 217,221,222 
 
 2i;i,214 
 
 2(«l 
 
 ..200,210,211,21(1,-19 
 
 r^v.w 
 
 0711 
 
 (UW 
 
 7K 
 
 1.) 
 
 782-7Wi 
 
 7«7 
 
 7.18, 7H7 
 
 T.V.,?)^ 
 
 78S 
 
 1M.-K, 
 
 759 
 
 7«i 
 
 759 
 
 7,'ifl.78ri 
 
 7,'i9 
 
 7.W, 7KI 
 
 "Ml, 7ti;t. 7KI 
 
 75!l 
 
 7.''i:, 7Wi 
 
 7,')7 
 
 ■ • ■ 75M, 7M, 78."( 
 
 7.W 
 
 "ill 
 
 ............. |.)| 
 
 7S4 
 
 012 
 
 :><M 
 
 »>" irmlngl, .({Un.I <Southdo ,) 
 
 loryof. ,i,d„» Hi„,.,p7u3,„ ■■;••••■ 
 
 *"K. pr.. .-tM.rt«n,767 ;i:' "'^ " - to forma flock': bre.;;.. 
 
 843 
 
 703-777 
 
 'liRoiiwIon on 
 
 ■ iitf, 773-777 ) 
 
 777 
 711 
 
 •TUS, 786 
 flfi 
 
 (I! 
 
 778-7 
 
 Sbeep, Vthi\i 
 
 Shei^jj ill iiuri, ,^. RDgUutd ... 
 
 Sho. ■ portraita of BrltUh 
 
 8h»«,.. Hyriw, «„,t,ble for the UnVtedsuto; '•• 
 
 8heepe,.o.ttIelnthoAr««„t|u„l{ep,a.llo 
 
 8bwp, weiRht ol, HtUi .,n 
 
 8li«p«nl, l»tt,ioK,coMuUt Uaukow' 
 
 (Topograph. -„ " »»« Valley • 
 
 t"" r • ""''""•«''"". «ru«H«H, u„,i i,r.;o,i:":,f':" ;;; ■ • „ "**-*** 
 
 I^escrlpUon of, and liubiUt 
 
 Shortlior - oattlo. (*.« „{,„ Hulls and CowH ) 
 
 A farm hord, d.wcriptlou, &o 
 
 Lra:;:?;:^!!'''"""''"-'''^"'''"'^^^^^^^^^ ^2 
 
 Dairy '*^ 
 
 no'rdsrii'owtofan,,'.".' .■;.;;;; -•-.."'.!'.■.■■.'. '"■'"" 
 
 Woodorlul record '"^ 
 
 101 
 
 ua 
 
 DeucliUeid stock 
 
 D.illri a hurd, hintoi i HtatiVtlcg'of . . " 
 I u Colombia 
 
 Ireland 
 
 New Zealand ' 
 
 Ontario 
 
 ,, ., , 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Lotting out CO WH to laborers .."[ 
 
 Milking qiiiilitiea 
 
 Milk and butter yield 
 
 Origin and history 
 
 Prices 
 
 Keiuarkable lierd of, in Yorkshire... 
 
 Treatment of, on a mwlol farm ..[ 
 
 Valuable properties of 
 
 Weight and size. 
 
 108 
 
 73 
 
 09 
 
 0.33 
 
 220,228 
 
 • ^^- "2. M7. 553,',5.^3,"56«, S,"*, m 
 
 " 213 
 
 "" 107 
 
 ••■•••.... •-•....,, 70 1 Mi 
 
 ■ -78, 103, 107, 167. 171. 100, 202, 210, 22?! 228 
 
 59,9H,21(1,J80 
 
 ",75,70,80, 15«, 190,205,214 
 
 105 
 
 105 
 
 tiolJiu products, general ^' '*''''*> •"^' ••'''**. '71, ISO, 190, 202, 205 •>10 
 
 Shows. (*V<'Ciittl(i shows.) '..."'" 104 
 
 Siaiii wator bufl'ulo, habits and uses of 
 
 SieiraLeouo, cattle sUtisticg of []\[ CgO 
 
 Silt<r, Jami's W, ronnnl at Caiio Town: 071 
 
 K(«porf ; (Jatllo In (;»po (,'oiouy 
 
 (The Africander cattle, ih»m:t7<ri'HVicsruH^"'weiJhr".;.Vil"' •■■,•, "OS-S^O 
 
 ported cattle, cattle census valu < of^l.Tl ' •^"''''' ^'- "«»• «""• '"'• 
 
 Silesia : ■ '^'""" "^ «»"'". ""ports of dairy producti,, 070. ) 
 
 Area, dimuK-. soil, topojjraph.v, Krassea .... 
 
 Cattle fairs, iniporte and exports of cattle 
 
 (JbaraotttristicM of catt lo 
 
 Koeding, housiiif;, .Uiiiy farminu ■-..... 
 
 Imported and favorite bi-ot'ds in 
 
 I'nslu.'ts of DiiU'li cows in, census of'^ttlo 
 
 433 
 434 
 435 
 433 
 430 
 
 — ""•"■ "-"^""iis 01 cattle ^^" 
 
 .Sim. m< district, Ontario, cattle sutistlcs of [ 437 
 
 KttllKll.Ktlllll i.'kttlM. ""'**■"•"•••■••.••....- >».. 
 
 Siiiiiiii'iitlial cattle 
 
 Itiif cattle 
 
 Cliaracleristics 
 
 Cross with Shorthorn 
 
 Milkers 
 
 OSibooU 
 
 570 
 
 290 
 
 289,391,445 
 
 ■-.. 291 
 
 289,440 
 
 306 
 
 ^'1 
 
I 
 
^n. 
 
 •^u 
 
 ^V„ '' "^' 
 
 o.A^ 
 
 > 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 LO 
 
 I.I 
 
 ^ ^ 112.2 
 ^ 1^ 
 
 I 
 
 2£ 
 1.8 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 >^/ /^^ 
 
 
 io 
 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 ^ 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 i/.A 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
844 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Simmenthnl oattle— Contlnned. -n 
 
 ?1«*" •• - 287,301,444 
 
 ?^°V--; •• 290,396 
 
 Snltehle for export to CnltedStatea 291 
 
 Weight ™"™.V.V.V//ZmI,'Jm,391.445 
 
 Bimpson, Thomas, oonanl at Paerto Plata : 
 
 Report : Cattlo in San Domingo 639(140 
 
 .(Origii of cattle, deterioration of Imported cattle, draft c/ "tie, 4c., 639; milV yield, 
 weight of cattle, and ^ield of meat, climate, &o., 640.) 
 Singhalese cattle ggg gg_ 
 
 (Origin, height, weight, milk yield, draft oattle, characteristics, branding for siokness, &o ) 
 
 Size of catth. (See Weight. ) 
 
 Sizing cattle in Thnringia ^^ 
 
 Slaght, Harry L., oonsnl at Frescott : 
 
 Report: Cattle in P/escott, Ontarin 664-568 
 
 (ChariMJteristics of the various breeds, 564 ; distillery-fed cattle for export to Kngland • 
 
 transportation to the TTnitpd States, 565; general statistics, yield, weight, 
 
 chartctoristics, origin, product, topography, housing, breeding, -■ic.) 
 
 Slanghterhonses. (Set alto Abattoir.) 
 
 In Argentine Republic 
 
 Uruguay (Saiaderos) " 
 
 SlaugliteringcatUe: 
 
 In Argentine Republic , ... .,, 
 
 r, ••... 014,615 
 
 . ^«T"^ 400 
 
 Honduras 
 
 Switzerland '" "^"^ 
 
 Uruguay »4 
 
 SmithfleldCttttleShow: 
 
 Weightofcattle at, 1883, various 
 
 Weight of Polled Angus at .'....^. .".'."".".'.".".".'.........'.....'.".".' m 
 
 Smith, C. &Son, on Guernsey cattle i 
 
 Smith, Edward M., consil at Mannheim : 
 
 Report: Cattle products in Baden 473-47'- 
 
 (Breeds and characteristics, 473; statistics regarding tho cattle of Baden, 474.) 
 
 Smith, J. A., on black Sulfolk pigs ... .j,^ 
 
 Smith, James Henry, commercial agent at Mayer^oe : 
 
 Report: Cattle in the Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt 483-487 
 
 (Description of dnchy, 483; climate, ^84; catUe in duchy, 485; oattle statistics of 
 duchy, 480 ; milk, butter, and cheese yield, 487.) 
 
 Smith, Jonathan, Jersey, on origin and Improvement of Jersey cattle , . , 
 
 Smith, Stephen H., consul at New Laredo: 
 
 Report: Cattle-raising iu the state of Tamanlipas 590.594 
 
 (Tamaulipas cattle rapge, effects of drought on cattle-raising, 592; milk, bnttcr, and 
 cheese, grasses, <«ttle exports, &ti., 693.) 
 Smith, V. v.. consul at Saint Thomas, West Ind'es : 
 
 Report: Cattle and cattle product* in Saint Thomas g^O ^^^j 
 
 (Imports of catUe ; meat imports from tho United States ; butter and cheese imports, 
 640; Danish vt, American butter in, 641.) 
 Soil and substratum : 
 
 Brazil 
 
 I>enmark 
 
 France „,„ '"f 
 
 „ 269,271 
 
 Germany: 
 
 Baden 
 
 „ " 404,468 
 
 Bavaria ' 
 
 Bmnawiok ,^ 
 
 Kaotyrisia J^^ 
 
 Odenwald 
 
 Oldenburg 413 
 
 8chleswig-Holat«iii .,'. 
 
 8Ues!a [".^[['^^^[[[[".['.l] 432 
 
 Wnrtemberg 4^5 
 
 HolUnd ; ^,'3 
 
 Eonduras ^ 
 
 Hungary ";; ^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 845 
 
 829 
 
 328 
 
 • bU 
 
 357 
 
 883,502 
 
 673 
 
 650 
 
 •.■■664,668,664,566,668,570 
 
 576 
 
 674 
 
 821,622,524 
 
 674 
 
 671 
 
 323 
 
 654 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 Terra dlLavoTO 
 
 Tuscany ,V •"•• 
 
 Vonotia ,,\\ 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Morocco ■' 
 
 New Zealand.... 
 
 Ontario _" 
 
 Prince Edward'&iMd 
 
 Quebec 
 
 Knsaia 
 
 MeyohoUes.'...'.' 
 
 Sierra Leone... 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Syria 
 
 United Kingdom":" 
 
 England : 
 
 Devonghire 
 
 Herefordsliire 
 
 Jersey.... 
 
 Norfolk.... 
 
 sn«>ik :;::::;:: 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Torkghire.... 
 
 GreatBritain.. 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Wales ...v." ' 
 
 Yang-t»e-Kiang viuley 
 
 Soiling system of feeding cattle 
 
 Sonora. (««« Mexicc.) 
 
 Spaokman, Samuel, consul atCoJogne- 
 
 Bepm: Cattle in ,1.0 Rhine pl^vince.. 
 
 (t^aiueoonsnsof: Birkenfuld an l w ' 
 
 orall,reed8in,489.) ** ^^ °^ l*'""''""*. oharacte-^stioR nf n ' 
 
 Spain. iSe4 alto Andalasia, Catalonia, and a.l, ■ . """tceUcs of the sov. 
 
 CatUe oonsns of [ . """*• »"•» OaUcia.) 
 
 Special statistics of oatUe" 
 
 Brazil ;;;•; 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Ecuador .';" 
 
 iVanoe 
 
 OeraiaEy: 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Brunswick '.'.'."'.'..'. 
 
 nansHountaliu.. 
 
 Marshes .' 
 
 Oldeubura ^....."..! 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Rhine Province..' 
 
 Sohleswig-HUsteln !!.'.".".■ 
 
 Silesia 
 
 Thuringia... ::::;;:;;•;; 
 
 Wurteruberg ... ' 
 
 Holland 
 
 ti '"'""•■■■■•■"•"-•... 
 llungury 
 
 160,171 
 
 • 162,171,191 
 
 171 
 
 171,106 
 
 164,171 
 
 161,171,198 
 
 158,171 
 
 171 
 
 22>' 235 
 
 166,171,195,217,222 
 
 166,171,198 
 
 666 
 
 701,703 
 
 487,483 
 
 14,400 
 
 368 
 
 
 M 
 
 632 
 
 s 
 
 • 401,402 
 
 H 
 
 635 
 
 jH 
 
 266 
 
 :' .fl 
 
 • 473,474 
 
 'fl 
 
 • 478-480 
 
 .' H 
 
 482 
 
 1^1 
 
 483 
 
 ^^1 
 
 424 
 
 ^1 
 
 409 
 
 '^^1 
 
 412 
 
 ' ^^1 
 
 480 
 
 
 411 
 
 4S6-437 
 
 ^^1 
 
 442 
 
 ^1 
 
 463, 4fi4 
 
 ' '^^^m 
 
 535-536 
 
 ■■ MM 
 
 , 
 
 ft 
 
 fl 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 h 
 
 ■1 
 
I 
 
 846 ^^^- 
 
 F»Re. 
 Speolrf »Utl»tio. of ctUfr-Oontlnned. 
 
 Piedmont ; • ^^ 
 
 Terra dlL.yoro{bufl1oo»ttle) 883 
 
 TuMHiy »&-*» 
 
 Veneto °1^ 
 
 Ito K)oo •«» 
 
 KewZeriand 663-665, 568, 663, 686. 6«fl. 667. S69. 670 
 
 Ontario • 
 
 Prince Kdvrardl«land ■• 67.5 
 
 S«beo ''^''•^ 
 
 ^ .. 640 
 
 SanDomlngo ■ "' 
 
 SeycheUea - ^'^ 
 
 Spate (Western Andian.1.) 297,322 
 
 8wt«,riand ::::::::3 .71S 
 
 Syria ■ ,,_- 
 
 TJnWedKtagdom ■.;■.■.■.■.■.■." ^'^Z 
 
 Ireland 216,210 
 
 Scotland ;".V""'"'J'"' 
 
 Spenoev.O.M..con8ul.Keneral at Melbourne: 651 
 
 •^ieport: Cattle in Victoria ;•; 789.790 
 
 Rnenoer 8andorB,onYorl(»hlrepig8 •- 
 
 Eteu:Krgar.oonBnl-generalatSt.Petersburg: .51,^524 
 
 S;:ic:^'=at.S';rnr::orKu.iancatt..633., 
 
 Stote aid and enoonragement to t , 
 
 Cattle breeding I ^ 
 
 BoHfiuni "":::::z ^i 
 
 England *"■» 
 
 Hungary ^^ 
 
 Ontario ^^ 
 
 Switzerland ''■8 
 
 Freeh-meat export: tJrngnay -• "" 
 
 Stepheneon. Clement, on PoUed Angna cattle 
 
 Sterne, Henry, con.nl at Bttda-Peatb: 627-5;.6 
 
 Report: Meat and dairy cattle to HMgary-^^^j^---^ — croB.-b««de for dairying, r.27, 
 (CatUe-raUtag to ^^^^^ \"Tl'^lZXl the White cattle of Hungary 528, 
 State encouragement »' ""^"^^^'^.Y*^^^ h„„gi„g, fee.Ung and breeding m 
 price of White cattle, Buffelo «'*"''• •^=^'~^i , eattio codbub and im- 
 Lngary, b«t*«' - V^f^l o" c^nJb^e Vn,m the United Sta.oB, «- 
 portBof Hungary. 532, imports "^ 5»°°^" „f Hungarian cattle. 533, 
 
 ^rt, of Hungarian "^^^^J^'^^StrTatlle breTing in Hungary, 
 
 raphy, weight*, &c., 636.) 
 
 Steuart JohnH-.cunsul at Antwerp: 359.36O 
 
 Report: Cattle in Belgium "■"'^/B'^n'^ittlV, 869, transportaUon to the United 
 
 (General Information concerning Belgian caw , 
 
 States, 3M.) 1" 
 
 Stewart, Bobert, Stirling, on HightandcatUe......."--.- •• 558 
 
 i;:reI^erickW..Gnelph,Ontario.onHerefordc.tae........ ^ 
 
 Stock raising in Mexico - '- M9 
 
 Ranges and herders to Hondura. 6» 
 
 8tratten,B.,onDn«fryn Shorthorns 
 
 Rtmler A. G., consul at Singapore: 660,(161 
 
 Itepertiihe water buffalo of Slam and M.Uyd«...y.-..-------- ^^ 
 
 Stuttgart, prices of meat In 
 
 Suffolk: ;;• 
 
 Cattle, milk yield • >«" 
 
 Topography, soil, climate. AC tti 
 
 Sumatra, (iattleplagne in.... "« 
 
 Surridge. Mr., on Devon cattle 
 
320 
 
 328 
 
 333 
 
 366-358 
 
 672 
 
 650 
 8,667,569,670 
 576 
 
 673 
 
 524,525 
 
 640 
 
 674 
 
 386,387 
 
 297,322 
 
 054 
 
 171.172 
 
 227,228 
 
 210,219 
 
 651 
 
 789,790 
 
 519-524 
 
 duct of 
 cUarac- 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 5,>8 
 
 
 560 
 
 
 333 
 
 
 628 
 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 j27-5:i6 
 
 UK, f27i 
 
 
 iry, 528; 
 
 
 edliiK in 
 
 
 and im- 
 
 
 latoB, ex- 
 
 
 tlo, 633 J 
 
 
 lungary, 
 
 
 il, topog- 
 
 
 
 359,360 
 
 10 United 
 
 
 
 147 
 
 
 554 
 
 
 989 
 
 • 
 
 5011 
 
 
 tt 
 
 
 660, «ei 
 
 
 45« 
 
 
 739 
 
 
 . 164,171 
 
 
 m 
 
 IW 
 
 INDEX. g4Y 
 
 SuHaex cattle : 
 
 Charaot«riHtioB Page. 
 
 UoosiuK and feeding ....'.'.'.'..... 61,72,114-116 
 
 Milt, butter, and olieese yield US 
 
 Origin of 72,114,160,108 
 
 Price of " - 72 
 
 Value, as nicat cattle 76,76,80,160,206 
 
 Weight of ;■_■■■■■ 116 
 
 "Working, manner of "!.!'.!" «2, 74, 116, 160, 180, 198 
 
 Busaex: ' HA 
 
 Ouomgoy cattle in : Report of breeder 
 
 Topography, soil, climate, 4,0 126 
 
 SnMon, Warner P., oonsnl-generaUtMatamorM; 180,161,108 
 
 Keport : Cattle breeding in Northern Ri.iioo 
 
 (Oilgin, breeds, U8ee,millt, bnttor.and che," ^!7iI!V.irt"V;"'"lV 676-886 
 
 and other food, water and wat^r tin k« 5 7 ttl'"?.'^»''='''°'^ «''-*» 
 method,, of breeding 578 • yairnf m^I ' ^^"^ °^ Improved stock. 677 , 
 exportsof cattle to, .nTiin^rtsof S^" ^ » /"' **"' ^°**«^ »»»*«•■ ^' 
 Mexican duties, cattle IC^IS^^wlr ''h" ^°'*^'' '•"*^^' ' 
 soil of Northern Mexico. 683, ollnLrte^«t7„!,''* '^f, "»««"« <•' «»ttte! 
 acknowledgments. 685.) ' '''•'^•"»'«' *«•. 684 , illustrations and 
 
 Swinburne, John, on Highland cattle 
 
 Swine. (See Hogs.) 14g 
 
 Swiss cattle : 
 
 In Italy 
 
 United SUtes ■" 824 
 
 System of slanghtering cattle .'.'.'.'.'.. 288,318 
 
 Switzerland: 206 
 
 Amertoau butter, cheese, aiidmeata in 
 
 Breeds of cattle in: •••• 821 
 
 AppenwU 
 
 Black-spotted Freiburg 807 
 
 Brown Schwitzer _"' 201 
 
 Crossbreeds ..'.'.'.'.'..'.'...'. 287,201,208,306 
 
 £insedeln !!!!!'."! ^^ 
 
 Miscellaneous _"*_" 807 
 
 Mountain .'.'."'.... 305 
 
 Simraenthal 307 
 
 Butter making in ..............' 287,289,298,297,304 
 
 Cantonal prine shows 314,315 
 
 Census of cattle ..'.'...'.".... 3*7 
 
 Characteristics of catUe .'".". 10,400,321 
 
 Cht^semaking in ".".'.'!!!! 307,322 
 
 Cheese,an»ly8ig, prices, and quality of. .!!!."'"""!'' 315,682,684 
 
 Condensed milk, manufacture in 884 
 
 Dairyingon the High Alps 3i3 
 
 Kxi)ort«of: 311 
 
 Butter 
 
 Cattle .'.". 315 
 
 Cheese "" 287,288 
 
 Condensetl milk --..............!!. 817,684 
 
 Feeding cattle in 312 
 
 Grasses, cultivated ".""-"!"".".".!!"."*.'. 296.299.300,301,323 
 
 Government assistance to cattle-breeders ." ''^ 
 
 Grazing cattle on the Alps 307 
 
 Housing and oaring for nttle 310 
 
 Importsof: 293,308,300,310,323 
 
 Butter 
 
 Cattle • 316 
 
 Cheese "!.""!.".".'"!; ^•^' 
 
 Moat product of cattle *** 
 
 Mllkcare esUblishments .........'. ^^ 
 
 MUklng qualities of cows ''^ 
 
 Milk yield of cows ...v .'." ■" 292,298 
 
 Percentage of cut lie- breeds in .".'.'.".'......'.'... 297, 299, 306, 319, 322 
 
 Prieesof cattlein 'Ji^'^"^ ^'* 
 
 Purity of milk 288,290,292.299,300,302,303,306 
 
 312 
 
 tli 
 
 . i, i 
 
848 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 es2 
 
 652 
 663 
 653 
 654 
 653 
 
 SwitEeriand—Contlnned. I'»Be. 
 
 ReHultsuf brvtHliDK ft-oiii importud stook ...y 821 
 
 Special statistics of cattle 207,3'J3 
 
 Soilaiid substratum '*23 
 
 System of slau^hturiufi cattle in 205 
 
 Transpcrtntiou of cattlo to the TTulted State* 288, 208, ;i«:i 
 
 Weight and measurement of cattle 203, 297. 804, ao«, 322 
 
 Working qualities of oattlo 297 
 
 Syria: 
 
 BnMHiingand raisin^ cattle in 
 
 Breeds of cattle iu (Joulany, Bolady, and Haysy) 
 
 Heat, milk, and cheese in 
 
 8ho»>i>of, suitable for th« United States 
 
 Special statistics of cattle, to|)ograpliy, soli, climatt), &o 
 
 Transportation of cattle to the United States 
 
 Tallow exports ftom the United States 21,30 
 
 Tamaulipas. (See Mexico.) 
 
 Tanner, George C, consul at Verviors and Liege: 
 
 First report: Cattle-breeding in Europe and in the United States 41-58 
 
 (General Infonootion, 41 ; care of cattlo in Europe and in tlio United States, 42 ; cost of 
 producirg fine cattle iu England, 43 ; caution to (ialloway broedom, 45; foediug 
 stuffs, 48; experiments In fattening steers, 47; feeding cattle on turnips, food 
 of pregnant auiu' als, feeding dairy cows at the Munster Daiiy School, 48 ; fatten- 
 ing American cattle in England, exiroise for cows, 40 ; cattle shows iu England, 
 50, 54-56 i how cattle dcgeaeratii, early imports of blooded cattle into the Uni ted 
 States, American farmers at fault, 61; American craze for English cattle, 52; 
 Government encouragemt!nt of European cattle-breeding, 53.) 
 
 Second report: Cattlo and cattle bree<ling in IJolgiura 380-370 
 
 (Belgian cattle breeds, assirmed origin of the Shorthorn, 360 ; cattle census of Belgium ; 
 favorite breeds; the lloUandais, 307 ; the Klimilsh cow ; the Fluchet breed ; im- 
 ports of butter into Belgium, 368; impoA* of moat and meat cattle into Bel- 
 gium, counterfeiting American pro<luots, 309 ; American products for Belgium, 
 370 ; preservation of meats and vegetables ficsh, 370, 609-701.) 
 
 Tarentaise cattle (mountain cattle) 
 
 Taylor, Alfred, Norfolk, on Ked Polls 
 
 Taxation and export duties, cattle 
 
 Taxes, octroi, in France (cattle) 
 
 Tax or cAttleiu Rio de Janeiro 
 
 Tests («ee aUo Trials) : 
 
 At the Agricultural Colle-e and Model Farm, OnUrio (milk yields of several breeds.) 
 
 London dairy 
 
 Milk and cream in England 
 
 Tethering cattle in Jersey 
 
 The Times, London, on "American tfraze for English Cattlo " 
 
 Thomas, Richard, on Welsh cattle 
 
 Thompson, A. J., shipper of Canadian cattlo to England 
 
 Thuringia and its people 
 
 Butter and chJtese; breeding from Imported cattle ; distribution of cattle; population 4)1 
 
 Characteristics of cattle (Allgauer, lleilbronncr, Glan) 438,439,442 
 
 Housing, feeding, breeding, &c 440,442 
 
 Sizing cattli! In ; cows as draught animals. 
 
 Spaoial statistic*: milk yield, weight, price 
 
 Topograihy, climate, soil, &c 
 
 Tillage lands of Oldenburg 
 
 Tondern cattle : 
 
 Cbaraotcristioa 
 
 Milk yield 
 
 Weight - 
 
 Topography of: 
 
 BrazU 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 Deamork 
 
 Franco 
 
 Germany 
 
 Baden 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 728 
 
 70 
 
 58(1,599 
 
 26U 
 
 632 
 
 561 
 
 202,720 
 
 89 
 
 117 
 
 52 
 
 155 
 
 6 
 
 438 
 
 430 
 442 
 442 
 414 
 
 395 
 
 410 
 
 410,411 
 
 632 
 
 659 
 
 492 
 
 269,271 
 
 425 
 474 
 
 475 
 
Vage. 
 321 
 
 .... 2m,aTi 
 
 823 
 205 
 
 288, 206, :iu:i 
 
 , 804, UWI, 322 
 207 
 
 652 
 652 
 6.53 
 663 
 654 
 653 
 21,30 
 
 41-58 
 
 728 
 
 70 
 
 .. 581 1,500 
 
 20U 
 
 632 
 
 2U2, 
 
 561 
 720 
 
 89 
 
 117 
 
 62 
 
 155 
 
 8 
 
 438 
 
 1 4)! 
 
 ..438, 430, «2 
 
 440,442 
 
 430 
 
 442 
 
 442 
 
 414 
 
 395 
 
 410 
 
 410,411 
 
 632 
 
 659 
 
 492 
 
 269,271 
 
 425 
 
 474 
 
 475 
 
 INDEX, 
 topography of— Contluned. 
 Germany— Continued. 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Rhin'> province.. 
 
 s"''!* :::::::: 
 
 Thuringla 
 
 Hondnra. 
 
 Holland ■■ 
 
 Hungary .'■"■ 
 
 Italy: 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 Terra dlLavoro..."" 
 
 Tuscany '[ 
 
 Venetia ['["' - 
 
 Mexico _" .' 
 
 Morocco ........'. 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Prince Edward Island.......!"" 
 
 Quebec, province of ."" 
 
 Bassia: Baltic provlncea and Ptaiind ■ 
 
 Seychelles 
 
 Sierra Lvone 
 
 Spain, Cadiz [ 
 
 Syria ; 
 
 United Kingdom! 
 
 England: 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Devoushire """ 
 
 Herefordshire ,[" 
 
 Jersey 
 
 Norfolk •••• 
 
 Sussex. 
 
 SooUand 
 
 Wales, Angleaea...... 
 
 Tang.tse-Kiang Valley 
 
 Transportation of cattle to the UnitiA aii^*!! , 
 
 From Belgium ...!.. '"*'* *"'"*«''' """t- feed, 
 
 Denmark ... "" 
 
 Franco, from Bordeaux 
 
 Germany: 
 
 Bast Friesland and Oldenburg 
 
 rrankfort..m.tbe.Maln and Ueuti^H^' 
 
 Harz Mountains "Nassau 
 
 Ebino Province... 
 
 Silesia ['/' 
 
 Holland 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Italy: 
 
 Genoa to New York 
 
 Leghorn to New Yo)k. ..."..".". 
 
 Naples to New York ......."" 
 
 Venice to New York .." 
 
 Mexico (driving) ." 
 
 New Zealand ..[\ 
 
 Ontario... ■ 
 
 Buasia 
 
 Spain ,[',] 
 
 Swltierland 
 
 Syria 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 England: 
 
 Bristol (Hereford!)... 
 
 LiveriKH)! 
 
 London ".■.".;;. 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Scotland ..........". 
 
 Yang-l«.vKl8ng Valley.... 
 
 ■,-, ,, _. 
 
 II. Ex. 51 — 54 
 
 attendance, &c.): 
 
 849 
 
 Past. 
 
 483 
 
 480 
 433 
 443 
 697 
 613 
 036 
 
 820 
 
 828 
 
 833 
 
 356 
 
 684, 686, 687,692 
 
 672 
 
 •6M. 668, 664, 666, 568, 670 
 
 576 
 
 674 
 
 624, 525 
 
 674 
 
 672 
 
 885 
 
 664 
 
 307 
 160 
 162 
 168, 206 
 164 
 160 
 , 217, 221 
 186 
 664 
 
 . 360, 382 
 401 
 278 
 
 419 
 396 
 483 
 488 
 434 
 . 606, 510 
 634 
 
 325 
 
 832,335 
 
 328 
 
 >•••• 355 
 
 681,588 
 
 645.649 
 
 ••643.657,665,670 
 
 .'■>24 
 
 388 
 
 •■288.296,803,310 
 
 653 
 
 169, ( 
 
 178 
 
 189,205,894 
 
 77 
 
 227 
 
 ■ •..218, 314,223 
 .■...>•• 087 
 
850 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Treadwfll, John, ByleMbnry, on Bhoep iind o»t«e In Baokl 
 
 TroBtnient : 
 
 Of Ayrshire cuttle ... 
 
 Jersey calves, In Jetsey 
 
 Shorthorns on amoilol farm ' 
 
 Trevl»o, province of, cattle In 
 
 Trials (»«« also Tosts) : 
 Milk: 
 
 In England, lied Polled cows 
 
 varlons breeds 
 
 HoUtein, inmlel farm 
 
 Ontario acrloiiUnral school 
 
 Saxony, Frisian, Schleswig, and Sdestan cows, five years' trial. 
 Triesdorf cattlo ((rrouconsly spelled Friesdorf on page 392) i 
 
 Origin, characteristics, milk yield, Ac 
 
 P'lce 
 
 ^"^Chianina breed = weight, price, feeding and housing, 831 , characterlsti.s, 832, 884. 
 
 Mareiumann cattlo in 
 
 Milk, butter, nud cheese yield of cows 
 
 Svizzein eattie in 
 
 Topography, temperature, soil, &o 
 
 Transportation to t ho United States, cost 
 
 Weight of Chianina cuttli' 
 
 Tyssen, Amherst, Mr,, M. P., weights and measures of Red Polls. 
 ITdine, provincoof: 
 
 Cattle of 
 
 Clinwte of ; 
 
 Page. 
 
 nt 
 
 168 
 IID 
 105 
 
 338 
 
 89 
 104 
 412 
 661 
 412 
 
 893 
 396 
 
 ;!32 
 833 
 332 
 
 334 
 
 3:i3 
 
 334 
 
 92 
 
 333, 
 332, 
 
 Qrasses . 
 
 Herding and dairying In 
 
 Improving cattlo in 
 
 Mountain and pasture lands 
 
 Soil and sntistratum 
 
 Union dairies iu Denmark 
 
 United Kingdom: 
 
 Breeds of cattle in: 
 
 Ay rshiro 
 
 Devon 
 
 Dexter 
 
 Galloway 
 
 (luerusey 
 
 Hero lord n 
 
 lllgblaud 
 
 Jersey .- 
 
 Kerry 
 
 Limerick dairy 
 
 Loughom 
 
 Polled Angus 
 
 Ke.1 Polled 
 
 Shetland 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 Sutfcdk. 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Breeders of prize cattle In 
 
 British cattle anil ciittlo Imports 
 
 British cuttle markets . .. 
 
 Cattle shows in 
 
 Census of calth' in 
 
 Central <'h«ml)er of Agriculture 
 Cost ipf prfHlucing fine cattle In. . 
 Aerds, noted in : 
 
 337 
 356 
 368 
 337 
 
 338 
 
 :m 
 
 357 
 493 
 
 .68,184,188,190,211,220,740 
 
 87, 107, 188, 191,730 
 
 2'J8 
 
 .62, 147, 149, 194, 21U, 'J18, ::9 
 
 , M I2i 
 
 ,.68,U0,161,172,ll5l,l!HI,7;il» 
 
 03,143, l»6,2IJ,2ia 
 
 64.116, 100, 'JOO, 20.-., 741 
 
 o.'i, i2!i, :;-.>i> 
 
 1'28 
 
 60, 04, 11K), 7,19 
 
 82, 139, 'M, 1U3,-.'0U,IM8 
 
 0i,«6, ItlJ, 106 
 
 143 
 
 89,98,187,188,21:1,7:).'; 
 
 Tno 
 
 61,114,160,197,710 
 
 65,153,lti6,l»K,7JJ 
 
 71,; 
 
 7IU.1 
 
 m 
 
 50,54 
 
 1U,80 
 
 722 
 
 43-48 
 
 72 
 
 Vbliey Farm Shorthorn ^^ 
 
 Cotswold Shorthorn 
 Dcuchfleld .Shorthorn 
 Dufltyn Shorthorn. .. 
 
 73 
 
I 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 tJnlted KlnR'lotn— Contlnncd. 
 Herds, noted iu— Contiuuod. 
 
 Hutuhioitou ShonliDiu 
 
 Lollt-SuUolk Ui»[ I'olW.*..'"" 
 
 Lord Bi»y brook's Jersey !!.."." 
 
 Morlnud iSusaux 
 
 Sandr'ngliam (vnrious). 
 
 Short aoru-Uwyn 
 
 Soniorsui iJuvou ' 
 
 Sunset (iunruHo.v ." 
 
 Taylor's ited t'oUud 
 
 FatteniunAmoricuu cattle In.... 
 
 Geological clmrncter of .' 
 
 Hogs, breeds and breeding In 
 
 Imports into: 
 
 Butter uud Imtterlne 
 
 Canned beef, American!!!! !... 
 
 Cheese 
 
 yresh beef !!'""' -• 
 
 Live cattle 
 
 UleoDiargarine 
 
 Preserved meats 
 
 Position of dai»y farming in!!!!!! 
 
 Publications oonoernlug cattle in!!! 
 
 Sheep, breeds and oaro of (»M sheeii) 
 
 United States: ^' 
 
 Best cattle for import into : 
 
 Belgian 
 
 Brazilian 
 
 British ." 
 
 Dutch ! ■ 
 
 French 
 
 „ 
 
 Oermau 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 ItaUan !!!"/, 
 
 Mexican ,,[" 
 
 NewZealaud 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Bnssian 
 
 Swiss : !!!!!!!!!! 
 
 SyritUk -....,. * ' 
 
 Canadian catUe companies Jn, operations of 
 
 Care of cattle in, and iu Europe, compared 
 
 Cattle bruodiag iu, and iu Emope 
 
 Census of cattle in 
 
 Condeniwid-milk factories in 
 
 Exhibition of Irish hormeticalVy "seaied buitor in" 
 
 Exports from: 
 
 Beef, carined 
 
 fresh 
 
 8alt«d '" 
 
 tallow 
 
 Butter !!!!!!!!! 
 
 Cattle 
 
 ,,, 
 
 Cheese 
 
 Cou<lensod uiillc 
 
 Meats, how to increase the 
 
 Oluomar^arluo 
 
 First Imports of blooded catile into...!!! 
 
 Hereford cattle in, number exported to!!!! 
 
 Milkjiild of oows in, as compared with Swissoows ' 
 
 Purchasing foreign cattle for, best place, time, and wav'-' 
 
 British cattlo ' " 
 
 French cattle 
 
 (iermiui cattle 
 
 Italian cattle 
 
 Swisscatlle 
 
 .05,80, 
 
 851 
 
 105 
 
 71 
 
 121 
 
 72 
 
 68,710 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 120 
 
 71 
 
 4» 
 
 07 
 
 700 
 
 18,82 
 
 21 
 
 20,80 
 
 7,29 
 
 •6-7, 11, 26, 223 
 
 16 
 
 12-U 
 
 710 
 
 66 
 
 702-788 
 
 304 
 
 ■■■■ - 031 
 
 157, 168, 172, 18«, 203, a04, 214 
 
 505,516 
 
 205,279,283,1185 
 
 *18, 423, 434, 482, 487 
 
 628 
 
 3ii5,33I,834,354 
 
 680 
 
 645 
 
 541,548,505 
 
 523,524 
 
 201,293,322 
 
 053 
 
 637 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 • 12 
 
 818 
 
 220,233 
 
 4,21,22,37 
 
 •■♦,8,11,13,22.28,37 
 
 ■♦, 22,37 
 
 4,21,22,39 
 
 ■••4. 10.18, 22, 30, 39 
 
 4,22,25,37 
 
 4,20,22,34,39 
 
 4,22 
 
 215 
 
 10, 19, 22. 3J 
 
 51 
 
 179 
 
 299 
 
 ■-••170.182.205,214 
 
 204 
 
 4.'i4,482 
 
 333,335 
 
 288,260,302 
 
852 INDEX. 
 
 , rage. 
 
 tTnlted Sf«te»— Continued. . . , , , w 
 
 T,«,.H„..r,.tlou «r cattle to the United 8t.t... rout... oct. fee.J. att.n.lance, to. (^ 
 
 TiuuBporttttiou.) «^ 
 
 TrcBHU. y oatllo comml..!.... on the healthlnew of American cattle w 
 
 tJrioaltle, chttrootBriaticn, milking qualltiuH, to 
 
 Uruguay: j2 
 
 Ceu.u. of cattle 623 
 
 Climate jjj 
 
 Export of beef '• !..'!!!... 625-(i2» 
 
 Kroien-roeat trado • ." .. on 
 
 Liobejs'it extract of bcof factory In • ' 
 
 Slaughter of cattle, etatlHtlca of ■"■ ^'^^ 
 
 Value of lanils and .took ■'■■■■ 
 
 Veal, Krt'Ui'h »,„ „y„ 
 
 Vegetable. and meat, preserved froih, Belgian proce.8 «".»«» 
 
 ^"""'"(For particular, relating to each province in Venetla, n, Bellnno. Padua, Eovigo, 
 TievlHo, U.llue, Venice, Verona, and VlconiB.) 
 
 Breeds of cattle in, and cbaractietlo.of 
 
 Climate ami topography of ' ■■■■ ^,^^ 
 
 Qoologlcul foruiutlou of '. 
 
 Milk, butter, and chevHe yield of cuttlo In ,.''';* 
 
 Special BtatlHtica ol 
 
 Substtatiiui and graiise. 
 
 Weight and aize of cattle ^ 
 
 ^""rirelTand population, Interior communication, number of per.on. engaged in tho rattle 
 industry, churacler of .ultlo in. Oa7i rouudiug up cattle, pu.tu.age, pn.e of 
 tattle, 038 i Maracalbo cattle supply and demand, 088.) 
 
 Venice, district of: 
 
 Cattloin, and dlaeriptiou of district i *»» 
 
 Cllmalo and topography ^ 
 
 Substratum and cultivated grasses oiul1=! 
 
 Veroua: Climate, soil, substratum, grasM. 30O-i58 
 
 Vial, A., vice-couBul at Nice : 
 
 Beport on cattle in tho district of Nice "'> 
 
 "^'*=*''^*- ,. . . 3U 
 
 Butter and cheese making in ^ 
 
 Climate of 
 
 Dairying in tho lowlands *"' 
 
 Grasses, cultivated _^ 
 
 Mountain herding and dairying In ^^ 
 
 MounUin to lowland stock-raising 340 
 
 Soil and substratum _ 
 
 Topography and climate 34J,JoO 
 
 VloHca, .lames, consul at La Par: 
 
 Keport ; Cattle in Lower California ^ 
 
 Vogelcr, Ferdinand, consul-general at Frankfort-onthe-Main : 
 
 lieport: Breeds of tatllo in Uormimy 389-887 
 
 (CatUe in Uesso-Nassau au.l Prussia, 388 1 origin of European cattle, 390 j tho Neckar, 
 Simmenthalor, aud Llmbourg breeds, 31)1 ; tho Xriosdorf. Alb, S<;hwab Uall, und 
 Dutch breeils, 'Mi ; the M'.ntafoner, Mlusbacher. aud Pluigauer breeds, 393 ; 
 tho AUgauer and Schwitzer breeds, 394; tho VoighUaud. Augeler, uud Podo- 
 lisch breeds, 395; tho Murzthaler breed, prices of German cattle, cattle ex- 
 iiorts to tho United Stttt«8, and Improvement of oatUe hi Germany, 390.) 
 
 Vogelsberg cattlo 
 
 Volght. Julius G., commercial agent at Manila : 
 
 Report: C:Mtlo in the Philippine Island. »'* 
 
 Voightland cattle: 
 
 Charaoteriatic. ""*•*** 
 
 ortg'" ;:::::::::::::::;:::::::: Z 
 
 Price 2 
 
 Weight and size ',""'y'"'i'V"'V "V'-kr"' 
 
 VoMler, Profe.Mr, Uohenheini Agricultural School, on catUe and cattle-breeding in Wnr- 
 
 temberg 
 
Page. 
 
 044 
 
 726 
 
 la 
 82a 
 
 02&-(i21> 
 
 asi 
 
 022 
 8T0,ttui> 
 
 a:i.> 
 355-ariii 
 
 3S3 
 35« 
 
 358 
 3fiO-3&8 
 
 286 
 
 314 
 35(i 
 345 
 368 
 343 
 346 
 357 
 . 343, 3o«) 
 
 69« 
 
 38»-387 
 
 485 
 
 073 
 
 395,443 
 443 
 
 390 
 443 
 
 448 
 
 ^^^^^- 858 
 
 WkRea of liui'dxrit III Krnncii. —^ 
 
 "<.;«i...»-:::::;::;:::::::;;;; m 
 
 8wlt««rUnd ^ 
 
 WWMt <*" 
 
 Cattle cm>H,„„f »W 
 
 WeUhcattlodlunt.. nU.kC«ttl,'.&o;i M 
 
 Docility of -. ,,, ... 
 
 FattenluK ;•• .J "^ '"^ '"• ^W. 188. 743 
 
 Milk, bMtfor. ami ohoco yield !2 
 
 oH«4^an.n.^^„, '■■■■•":::::::::::—- 'M«:i»^i«^in.!!; 
 
 R..ari„K calve... ■;;;.■;: ;:::: - j^^^ 
 
 To»t imony of noted breed;«. .■.■;:::::: '•?;!? 
 
 WelRhtof ■■■ »«♦ 
 
 Yield of, a8 .Ulry (mttle ""uii^'iiiK",,. .„ "^ 
 
 Walker, Mr,, on milk p.. Im ter yield oVV ", IM. 166. 166, 198. 743 
 
 W^er.WllUa,„u.,co„.™...e.a7C^^^^^^^^ JJJ 
 
 Keport : Cattlo broods In O.-rmany 
 
 <Dutoh and SennnenUmn)reed8,4Mi"swiM ■«;:;■; 404-4oa 
 
 "*"le, 4U7.) '"•" "' »« fattening and price, of German 
 
 "Water bntTalo of Siani and Malaysia 
 
 Watersupply for cattle In Moiieo... „-o 
 
 Weald of Kiiit, cattle and shi-ep In... j~ 
 
 Weather report*, vuliie of, to farmerB,.. 711 
 
 Webster, A. G., consul at Ilobart: "" J^ 
 
 Report : Cattle In Tasmania 
 
 ''is:;r!:'.'::"!":r^!"'"»^«'^'-^»'8^^^^ «« 
 
 t"":^f' ■•"^i^''!!:;:::: 670 
 
 Austrian ^^ 
 
 ««'«*'« ." oaa 
 
 "^'»^'"'»° ; 805,373 
 
 Ayrshire 
 
 Oo^'on !!1 ;■ 74,138,168,171,200,210 210 525 
 
 aaiioway ;;; ^^^♦•""-"".leo.m.ni.iso.m^ouos 
 
 GucrnBoy 149.161-153,105,211 210 ''10 
 
 Hereford ."•.<=">. ..lu 
 
 jit.irium ■• ^ 225 
 
 nishiand ;;;;; ''''^2, 74, 114,161,162,171,173, 184.101,203 
 
 Jer'«y 74,145,146,189,107,210,219 
 
 Kerry 74,107,171,201,206 
 
 Limerick dairy 133. ^27 
 
 Lon(,'hom '" 227,228 
 
 Polled An|;ns «,"'„'."™ 04 07' IM 
 
 Bod Polled. .......;;;:::: ";-;,;'^':^''««-"'.i«mh2oi,203,2i!2S^ 
 
 Shorthorn "' "' ^*' •"• <^^ 139. 163. "1, 180, IO6, 203, 204 -'IB 219 
 
 Sussex "."."".".!'. ^•^°'^*-1"3.158,171,180,190,20?,203!2«5[l'16 
 
 Various breeds, daily increase *'^> H 115. 160. 171, 180, 138, 203 
 
 Welsh ■*■ 47,723 
 
 Danish H154, 155,160,171, 10(1,742 
 
 Dutch " 81,491.402.404,405,624 
 
 Eoua<lorl8n 81,303,437,512 
 
 French ■■• 635 
 
 German •••""•^pH 248. 250, 255. 257, 205, 274, 270, 296 
 
 nnngarian ■■.■.■.■;.■.■;.".■.■ "•^"■^'"•*'«'*««-'"'0-<12,424,435,437,439,442 
 
 Italian •••• 535, 538 
 
 Japanese ".'.".V.V.V.V.V 296.827-529,331,333,334,355,356,365,373 
 
 Malaysian (buffalo) *** 
 
 Mexican 661 
 
 New Zealand 6^ 
 
 Ontario ■•",■ 650 
 
 Portuguese .'." 81.553,554,558,561,564,566,567,569,570 
 
 81 
 
854 INDKX 
 
 W«l«ht. •lio. RiuJ mn»iinremontofo»ttl»-Contl|iu«d. ^^'^ 
 
 Prince K«lw»r<l UUnd .'.!"'.!!!!!!!!!!! B7« 
 
 Qaobeo ''."!!""'.*.*.!!!!'.'.'.'.'.. 820, (124, 686 
 
 BnMlan ' '^ 040 
 
 Ban Doiiiliigo 6M 
 
 RlnKlialfito 070 
 
 Sdiith Afilcftn (Cup© Colony) '".'.*.*!!!!'..'... M,8ie 
 
 gpaiiiili * ''^ II 
 
 BweUUli and Norwoglan y*\\*"J9!V20fl '207,304, 808. 807. 822, MS 
 
 Bwi«# oes 
 
 YanKUt'KliinK Valley 
 
 Well*, Wlllanl H., couaul ut Dnndoei 208-817 
 
 I. 2. , lllKhlan.1 onttle, 212, Shorthorn- lu 8.n,laml, off-prlng of Impo.tM 
 •a tic, 1 «.t mcthoa of ciportaUon to th« Unltcl SUt.-. 213 , h.,.l Scot.!, cuttto 
 to .xiorl. prloo .1, »..d cattle MatUtl.a of HrotlHn.l, 214 , In.portH ..ud oxportt 
 , n,..«t Ji .a. n , nature of Import .uppU. «, In.port. Iron, th- 1""- ^''-'^.h and 
 b.." u..unH „l .nl,.r«ln,, 21S, .peclul cuttle atatl.tlcH for S.otlan.l, 218, t<.,H,g. 
 riiphy.ilimate, •oil, iiC, 217.) 
 Welsh cattle. («<» Walin.) 
 WeUh, WiUlaui I,., coubuI at Klorenoo i 880-m 
 
 lluited State*; Maroinmaua catth- , Svlzz.ra cHttl..,a32, pnrchaalug Italian 
 cattle, »pocial cattle Matlstlca, 333, topography, tlliuato. soil, ic., 334.> 
 
 Westerwald catties ^ 
 
 CharacUrUtica, milk yield, weight ',.'.'.*...!................... 4n 
 
 rrii'iH of 
 
 White cttttlo of Hungary : i 829,538 
 
 CharactcriMt ic8 ^ 
 
 latteulnrf qualitloa ".",."!!!!!!...!."... 629,635 
 
 Meat und liiliDrijualltlea '..'"... ".. 535 
 
 Milk yield i"..!!!.".!!!..".^.. ...... 829 
 
 Origin ..!]!.!!...!!.!.!.!!..! m 
 
 rrioo... 635 
 
 Weight and slie •••; 
 
 White cattle of Tu«cauy. (Se< Chlanlua cattle.) ^^ 
 
 White. Mr., Wiltshire, on Henfurd cattle - 
 
 White, MiB., RoUBBulUerle Kami, on Guernsey catUe '" 
 
 WUdcattle: 5.,^ 
 
 Of Mexico jj^ 
 
 the Pampan, Argentine Kepuhllc ^ 
 
 WUken, C, on Tolled Angus cattle 
 
 WUlard, A., consul at Guaj-roas : ^ 
 
 tts a cattle range.) 
 WUson, John, consul at lirusaels : ^ 
 
 Kenort: Breeds of cattle In Ikdgium ••■■ • ■ ,■"■■■;,■■■ 
 
 (The i^ruos-Ambacht. ArdennaUo, Charlerol, and foreign and cross bree<l. ,n Bel- 
 ginm 381 , tattle.fe..<linK, yield of milk of lkl«iun cows , njlscellaneons sUlls- 
 tics, and imports ..f cattl.- into Belgium, 363, pr,ccs of Bel;..ian calUe , Belgian, 
 cattle for the Unit.^ Staus, and export of American beef and cattle to Belgium, 
 3<>4 ; weight and m.u«urement of cattle and price of dressed heel, 365.) 
 
 ''"'Sll «: im^Vn tniage and grazing lands, 414 ; cattle and .a.tle b..eding in the 
 Marshe.. 415 ; superiority of Oldenburg cattle for export ; pttnluc and export 
 of Marsh .attic, 41H ; export of cattle U, the United States , portraits of Olden- 
 l,„nr and E.u-t Frisian cattle. 410; housing, feeding, and bre8<ling, 421 ; Au.eri- 
 can cattle and hogs lu Oldenburg, lmiH,rt« of m>^.ts and dairy in_«.U.ct» , per- 
 ceutago of breeds iu the district, best cattle for export to the United .states. 
 423, special Bt.ati«tics of Marsh cattle, 424, topography, soil, subHtratum. 
 grasses, housing, feeding, &c., 425.) 
 
W5 
 W4 
 
 BSO, A24, R3S 
 OtO 
 <86 
 
 «0 
 
 ... Bt,3M 
 
 81 
 
 307, 3'J3, ;i23 
 
 085 
 
 .... 208-317 
 
 88(M34 
 
 488 
 487 
 
 BC9,53S 
 530 
 
 620, 63S 
 &3& 
 530 
 630 
 535 
 
 177 
 125 
 
 570 
 604 
 141 
 
 505 
 . 360-S65 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 8or> 
 
 Wllioii, Thoninn, ron^nl at Ghent' 
 
 Report : ll..l«!«„ „,„l .>,H,h „,„„h ^^^ 
 
 ( Dairy imuhlmny, IMulan n,il„ _.. •• •. ,7„.,«. 
 
 
 '''"""'' ""'Bht or BelBian'c«UI.,",';i73", 
 
 370-383 
 
 •'•"•y '•••""■■.I .":"'"• •"'' ' •'"'•orttlc. w,l .ouro- of Inform,, lo„ 3^1 
 
 ollll v., eoiiHllUt. UoUnrilam. 
 
 WilUhlro 
 
 winter, John K., couhiiI nt. I!ot»«nlaini 
 Kepoit: Caltl.iof llolluuil 
 
 (Different linied. In llollnnd Sill i "i 
 
 Hollnn.!, .,x„„« „, Vm.H llZV^'VT^'r """'" "Port.n.i "import „, 
 cattle, r.l7,8i«,, """'" '" "'" ^^Xe'l SUt... BW, oen.n. of Dnto' 
 
 ITonrv, on Sonthilmvn .!..,.._ .l , . . 
 
 0»1 
 
 51».4i| 
 
 , ITonry, on Soutliilown iiliwp, their hUtnru i .. 
 
 .n, W. A . oonnnl „t Cha,l..ttet„w,l ^" "~""«' *« 
 
 Wood 
 Woril«i 
 
 Heport : Cuttle In I'riuce KdwanI Ul^^A 
 
 (Cattle breeding, 574: br»-eil« v(.,i.i ."!"". 
 
 InK, J:»:,.; ''"''' ^"""■.ua welghtof oatt... topograpb^.-honain,:-^^. 
 Worklngoaftlelni »■"»», leea. 
 
 Argi-ntlno Uopnbllo 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 _ •. •• 
 
 j"£r'' «""""' ":::::::: •••■•■ 
 
 Franco •••-•• 
 
 OertMoy 
 
 ITonBary 
 
 Duly .........' 
 
 "'•PM 
 
 J«'» ,],',',, 
 
 Mnloyala 
 
 Mexico * 
 
 Morocco 
 
 New Zfiiliind 
 
 Phillppiiio Inlands 
 
 South Alrl<:o (Cape Colony) 
 
 Switaerlnnd 
 
 Hyritt ... 
 
 Wortliinjilon, .lolin, consnl at Malta:" 
 
 lii'piiit on cattlfin Malta 
 
 Wiirt ember);; 
 
 Cuttlebrci'din„' In 
 
 7M 
 
 574, 575 
 
 ■•• QOf 
 
 6S8 
 
 116 
 
 273,:'8a 
 
 8B2,303,4aO 
 
 527 
 
 • 827, 828, 881-834, 840, asS, :;,-,4 
 
 (WI3 
 
 . tjrJl 
 
 801, (lu3 
 
 ,'88 
 
 U72 
 
 ma 
 
 im 
 
 070 
 
 2»0,297 
 
 G52 
 
 328 
 
 (Cuttle «'"''«''«"f. HininH^nthulorbrJwi welL'i.Vnn!r/''r'. 414-J-H 
 
 -ttl... 445 ., Mon.ufon,. and A-S . r^^^^^^^^^^^^ "f Slm^.^/S 
 
 at ilol,c.nb..h„,448, HtHblinu, f..edin.':;„f .!!.".''.""" '""«''.' '^r°»tUe, oaltle.br....dlnK 
 
 418-425 
 
 at ilol,i.nb..|,„,448, HtHl.ling, f.ediL ^'1? "'f" "''"'*"'" '^"'tle.br....^..., 
 450; .•aMh..b,ve,lin,atl^.,,,t in r';,;",, ,'■''''"*•' '"l^ """ke.'ping utKirchheun: 
 
 452, c„ttie.bn.edi„« at H..i.,..,,i;J ;;,:'';• ;'';;;;«/;jKi^ 
 
 port vt,, the St.JOothard t„„„el, 4,-,;. .^U o ti^o It » " "' ^'"'^'■"°" ' "»'"» "•"•»■ 
 4M; »..lh diH„ihution .„• «roa. 4... 4«;i e .U^ "\ :"'^' cattle fairs la ^m-. ca,.,at.. 
 450, dairy aHHOciatlons: nt Aich»t..tten (456)T An. :^i."''''* P''"'" "' S'""""''. 
 oharaotcrUtlcsof WurtemlHTj; cattle 4.!4r '' ' ''' "' "e^'-nflngen (JOO), 
 
 Wyatt, Nevlll, on Susgex nonmey g 
 
 Tdrkuhlre, topography, soil, and climate. . 
 Touutt 1 
 
 On'Pcvnn cattle 
 
 Lon^'horu cattle 
 
 Kerry cattle ] 
 
 Zanzibar, eattleln 
 
 126 
 158 
 
 67 
 
 B4 
 
 l.'tO 
 
 «7a