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^3 0/^ 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA 
 
 AND NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 INFORMATION FOR INTENDING IMMIGRANTS. 
 
 (FIFTH EDITION.) 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 
 OP THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 
 
 OTTAWA. 
 
 18S1. 
 
H: 
 
 > 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 
 .1 
 
 JfORTH-WEST TERRITORY OF CANADA. 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 
 
 Ihe object of this pamphlet is to show as briefly and plainly as possi- 
 ble the advantages which the Province of Manitoba possesses, for the 
 settlement of Immigrants from Europe or the United States, or Migrants 
 from the older Provinces of Canada, especially the class of Farmers having 
 sufficent capital to make a start in life. All the descriptions it contains 
 will also apply, m greater or less degree to the adjoining territory' 
 
 Nothmg will be stated in this pamphlet which cannot be absolutely 
 rel.ed on, or for which there is not undoubted authority, official or other 
 
 the Contment of Amenca and the older settled parts of Canada ; and also 
 
 tionra Trr/'T'^ ''"^"""^'^ '^"^ P-luctions; Soil; Communica- 
 ^on. and Markets, General suitability for Immigrants from the United 
 Kmgdom; System of Surveys of Townships ; Practical Directions how to 
 EaiLay^ ''"''' "P°" ^"^'^^ '^^^ "^'"P« ' ^"'^ th« ^'anadian Pacific 
 
 I. MANITOBA AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE CONTINENT OF 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 The Province of Mar.itoba is situate in the very middle of the conti- 
 i.ent bemg neady equi-distant from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, East 
 
 Ziri: ? '"'^ ""^^'^^ "^' "^^ ^"'^ '''''^^^^' - ^'- ^^--th and 
 
 An J "• r ""' ''*''"'' " ^^^^^""' *"^ P-^« -f Prussia and 
 
 Austria. Manitoba and its connecting territories East of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains are in many senses, the equivalent of both Russia and Germany, on 
 the Contment of Europe. ' 
 
1 
 
 _4- 
 
 Man'toba is on llio route of the Canadian Pacific Railway connecting- 
 the Atlantic and Pacific (Jceans, not only by the shortest line, but also by 
 the line which possessCH the Gate of the IJocky Mountains ; the altitudes 
 to be traversed being actually much less than half those now scaled by the 
 Union and Central Pacific Railway, connecting San Francisco with Cliicago, 
 anil the Eastern liailway System of the Atlantic United States seaboard. 
 
 The Cana<lian Pacific Railway, unlike its longer Southern rival, has the 
 a<lvantage of passing through what is called the " Fertile Belt " of North 
 America, instead of the Great American Desert. 
 
 Manitoba is also the centre of River Navigation of the >Iorthern part 
 of Central America. The City of Winnipeg is built on the jioint of land 
 formin" the junction of the Assiniboine with the Red River of the North.. 
 The former has a navigation of over OtX) miles ; and the latter which takes 
 its I'ise in the state of Minnesota, has a navigation of about 440 miles fi'om 
 Moorehead, before it reaches Winnipeg ; whence it continues on its course 
 until it reaches Lake Winnipeg, which is a lake of ne'arly 300 miles in 
 len"th ; and receives the waters of the Saskatchewan, navigable from a 
 few miles above its mouth to the foot of the Rocky Mountains. The short 
 distance between the navigable waters of this great river and the lake, is, 
 for a present expedient, overcome by a tramway. This water system con- 
 stitutes one of the most marked physical features of the interior of the 
 Continent of North Amemca. The total length of the rivers is about ten 
 thousand miles, of which between three and four thousand miles are navi- 
 gable for steamboats. 
 
 The late Governor-General, Lord DufFerin, on the occasion of his visit 
 to Manitoba in 1877, in a speech delivered at Winnipeg, expressed his ap- 
 preciation of the great geographical facts which have been briefly sketched 
 in the preceding lines, in the following words :— " From geographical po- 
 " sition, and its peculiar characteristics, Manitoba may be regarded as the- 
 " keystone of that mighty arch of sister Provinces which spans the continent 
 " from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (Great applause.) It was here that 
 " Canada, emerging from her woods and forests, first gazed upon her rolling- 
 
 I 
 
1 
 
 I 
 
 — 5— 
 
 •" pniirios and un«xi)loi-ed North- West, and learnt as by an unexpected re- 
 •" velation, that her liistorical territories of the Canada.s, her eastern seaboaids 
 ■" of New-Brunswick, I^ibrudor and Nova Scotia ; her Laurentian lakes and 
 •" valleys, corn lands and pastures, though themselves more extensive than 
 ^' half a dozeix European kingdoms, were but the vestibules and antecham- 
 *' bers to that till then undreamtof Dominion, whoso illimitable dimensions 
 ^' alike confound the urilhmetic of the surveyor and the verification of the 
 " exi^lorer. 
 
 " It was hence that, counting her past achievements as but the preface 
 " and prelude to her future exertions and expanding destinies, she took a 
 " fresh departure, received the afflatus of a more imperial inspiration, and 
 •" felt herself no longer a mere settler along the banks of a single river, but 
 " the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her possession, in 
 ■*' the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer 
 ■" of any power on the earth. (Ix)ud applause.)" 
 
 fjord DufFerin, in using this language, indulged in no exaggeration. On 
 the contrary, he rather under than overstated the thoughts which naturally 
 •crowded on his mind. 
 
 ir. CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of Manitoba gives the conditions of decided warmth in 
 summer and decided cold, in winter. The summer mean is 67 « 70', which 
 Js about the same as that of the state of New York. !n winter the ther- 
 mometer sinks to 30 and 40 degrees below zero ; but the universal testi- 
 mony of settlers is, that this degree of cold, which is accompanied by a very 
 bright and dry atmosphere, is productive of much less unpleasant sensa- 
 tions, than the higher temperature of winter accompanied with humidity 
 ivhich is found on the eastern face of the continent. The wincer drawback 
 is the occurrence sometimes, but not very frequently, ot sudden storms of 
 -wind and snow, called by the inhabitants " blizzards." Many settlers from 
 the older parts of Canada who have gone to live in Manitoba have expressed 
 their preference for its climate. They find it more pleasant. 
 
HP 
 
 -6— 
 
 The climate of Manitoba i« boyond question, one of the most healthj' 
 under the sun. Diseases of the lungs especially, are not native ; and fever* 
 of all kinds are very little known. The exceptions have been found to arise- 
 from defective sanitary conditiona in the city of Winnipeg; but even these- 
 are now corrected. 
 
 Snow does not generally fall on the prairies to an average greater depth 
 than 18 inches, and buffiiloos and the horses of the country graze out of 
 doors all winter. They paw the snow off the prairie grass, and grow fat up- 
 on it. Horses which have been turned out of doors to winter, have been 
 known to return in the spring with increased numbers, from the mare* 
 having foaled. Instances are stated in which horned cattle have grazad out 
 all winter. 
 
 The sno>v goes away and ploughing begins from the, first to the end of 
 April ; from ten days to a fortnight earlier than in the Ottawa region ; and 
 the Red River is open from ten days to a fortnight earlier than the Ottawa 
 River. The crops are harvested in August, the long sunny days of summer 
 bringing vegetation of every kind to rapid maturity. The days are warm 
 and the nights cool. The summer months are part of May, June, July,. 
 August and part of September. Autumn begins about the 20th of Septem- 
 ber and lasts until November ; when the regular frosts set in ; and the win- 
 ter proper continues until the end of March. 
 
 The cluTiate, in short, is continental and tlry, instead of what may be 
 termed coast and humid ; and it gives the conditions of what would be 
 termed in Europe, '* Italian skios," with sufficient rams in spring and sum- 
 mer for the purposes of vegetation. 
 
 A climatic drawback is a liability to spring frosts, but this is a drawback 
 common to a large part of the Continent of North A merica, including the 
 whole of the older provinces of Canada, and the Northern States of the 
 American Union. It may be remarked, moreover, that the Continent of 
 Europe is not free from similar visitation. The wheat crop does not appear 
 to be at all injuriously affected by spring frosts in Manitoba. 
 
-7- 
 
 It has been previously herein stated tliat Manitoba lins tlie latitude of 
 Belgium, and it has the summer sims of that Kingdom. 
 
 III.—PKODrCTIONS. 
 
 Wheat may be said to l)e the product for which Manitoba is specially 
 adapted. The well known American writer, Blodgett, states that "the 
 '* basin of the Winnipeg is the seat of the greatest average wheat product 
 " of the American Continent and probably of the world." Tlie climate and 
 soil (of which special mention will be male hereafter) are both in an emin- 
 ent degree favourable to the growth of this great cereal. It commonly at- 
 tains a weight of from 6;^ to 00 lbs. per bushel; the average yield per acre 
 being about '2'i bushels an acre ; but very much larger yields per acre are 
 common. Yields of ovei- 40 bushels per acre are often reported. Wheat 
 grown in Manitoba is heaviei- tlian than that grown in other parts of the 
 Continent; and it commands a higher price, particularly from its hard and 
 flinty nature, being favourable to the new processes of milling. 
 
 Oats and Barley, in fact, all cereals grow in great luxuviance ; and are of 
 the best quality. There are varieties of Indian corn or Maize which will 
 ripen, but the countiy is not very well adapted for the growth of this grain. 
 There were, however, very fine specimens of Maize grown and ripened 
 in Manitoba shown at the Dominion Exhibition at Ottawa. 
 
 Potatoes and other root crops grow with very /u,reat jirofusion ; the 
 potato especially, attaining an almost incredible size. The quality also is 
 very suiterior, in fact, as markedly so as the size. 
 
 All the ordinary garden vegetables do well, and tomatoes and melons 
 ripen in the open ait. This may be noted as a climatic fact of special in- 
 terest, as marking the degree of summer heat, and as showing, for horticul- 
 tural purposes, superiority over the climate of England, where neither of 
 these fruits will ripen without the use of gloss. 
 
 Hops grow wild on the prairies in great profusion. And as respects 
 flax, the conditions are especially favorable to its growth ; and this, with 
 
— a— 
 
 its manufacture, will soon become a p-eat imlustry i.^ the North Wo.t. The 
 Monnonite,sh»veal.ea.ly be.un to grow it largely, and have commeucea 
 the exportation of the seed by the car load. 
 
 All the ordinary .mall truit«, such an currant.., strawberries, ranphorries 
 Ac, are found in abundance; hut apples have been very little grown and 
 the test, so far seem to be insutUcieut to establish whether they are adapt- 
 o,l to the cou.Urv. They are, however, grown in Minnesota, where grapes 
 also ripen, and the conditions of Ma.utoba would seen, to be as favourable 
 as those of that State. 
 
 Trees are found in belts along the borders of rivers and strean.s. They 
 would grow very rapidly on the prairies, but for prairie Hres. The prn.e.pal 
 varieties are oak, ash, white wood and poplar, elm, tamarac and spruce. 
 There is sufficient woo I for fuel for present use in Manitoba-, m astbe 
 population increases coal may be easily made available, and m fact at he 
 L-esent n.on.ent railways a., being rapidly pushed to the objective pouU ot 
 the Souris coal Helds. Peat also may be umle available. Straw also may 
 decompressed as in Lon.bardy and on the steppes of Russsia, and it .s 
 ,„ed now in Manitoba by the Mennonites. Wood also may be grown with 
 great rapidity. Young trees will as settlement progresses be protected trom 
 prairie tires. 
 
 Cattle are easily kept on the prairies and grow fat on the prairie grass. 
 Sheep do well in this dry climate ; and so far there are no diseases known 
 amor,g them. The meats from these animals are said to be much better 
 than those from animals fattened in stables in the east, or in mother 
 country. 
 
 An Eastern Townships farmer settled near Morris, about midway be- 
 tween Winnipeg and the United States frontier, writing on the 1 st July last 
 thus describes the appearance of the grasses: '' I wish you could see the 
 u n,eadows as they are now. There is a great variety of grasses. There .s 
 u a red top that looks like our red top, which grows where the land is very 
 
— a— 
 
 " wet, mid is very tail atxtl tiiio. It wouM miiki< first rate hay, l)ut tlio Inml 
 " where it grows is too wet to cure it on. The huii<lH()iu«*Ht sight, howovor, 
 " for hay, is a mixture ofwihl pea or vetch, and a Hue i<ind of wild grawx. 
 " It is between 2 and .{ feet high, aiid no thiek and even all over that I do 
 " not think a ball would fall to the ground through it. The pea is a dark 
 " green, and the grass a pale green. To look over such a field of thousands 
 " of acres, is a sight that cannot be s(^en any whore except on a prairie. ( h\ 
 *' the dry prairie, th(^ grass is short. There is a good ileal of vetch and rose 
 " bush short and fine, almost like clover, and weeds, with here and tliere. 
 " scattering spears of coarse wild grass, spots of wild flax, and many other 
 " kinds of plants. This is the best time to judge of the wetness or dryness 
 "of the land. The hay is a sure indication. If you see red top, you will 
 " find water or very moist land ; if it is a rush or rough head wild grass, the 
 " land is wetter ; and where it is white or pale-top tall grass, it i' is well 
 " to keep out.'' 
 
 The cultivated grasses, timothy, clover, Ac, will answer very well ) but 
 they are little grown, so great is the profusion of natural hay. 
 
 There is a great abundance of many kinds of game, especially the 
 feathered varieties. Prairie chickens are very numerous ; and ducks and 
 geese abound in countless multitudes. 
 
 Several kinds of excellent tish are found ni the lakes anil rivers. The 
 white fish is especially notable as a valuable product of the waters of the 
 North-West. The cat-fish grows to a large size ; and is much prized as food. 
 
 IV. .Ss)IL. 
 
 The great wealth of the rich de<jp black soil of Manitoba is its principal 
 attraction to the agriculturist, it appears to be an argillaceous mould or 
 alluvium resting on a very tenacious clay, which is called by some writers, 
 lacustrine. 
 
 The depth of this black earth varies from 1 2 inches to 4 feet ; and in 
 sections which have been cut through on the banks of some of the rivers, it 
 
—10— 
 
 has been found to the depth of 12 and 14 feet. Cliemical analyses of this 
 soil has keen made both in Germany and Scotland ; and the results of sci- 
 entific process have established what has been popularly known, that the 
 soil of Manitoba is among the richest in the world and the best adapted for 
 the growth cf Wheat. The analysis in Germany established the fact that it 
 is specially rich in nitrogen and lime ; and the same fact has been establish- 
 ed in Edinburgh. Manure is not used, and wheat has been grown for many 
 years in succession on the same land without any apparent exhaustion. It 
 is one of the questions of the, future, whether or not the use of manure will 
 be desirable or necessary ; but it certainly is not for some years after the 
 first breaking up of the prairie. 
 
 The present undoubted great richness of the Prairie Soil has clearly 
 arisen from the gathering of the droppings from birds and animals and the 
 ashes ofthe prairie fires which have accumulated for ages, together with 
 decayed vegetable matter ; the whole resting on a very retentive clay sub- 
 soil. It is to the abundance of this stored up wealth in the soil, that the 
 agriculturist from older countries is invite J, instead of painfully endeavour- 
 ing to restore worn out soils by expensive processes of manuring. An in- 
 telligent farmer from the Province of Quebec, thus writes his impression of 
 the soil of Manitoba : " As far as the quality of the land is concerned, it 
 " would be useless to look farther for better. It is hard to describe the 
 " soil. It is black and works more like clay than any thing else. When it 
 " is properly worked, it becomes fine as powder, but if worked when wet, it 
 '' becomes lumpy and hard. The mud holes as they dry up, form a crust 
 " like Indian rubber ; and if a rut is made before the mud gets hard enough 
 " to bear, it is exactly like unit in frozen ground. It is hard to tell how 
 " deep the soil is. The surface is a mixture of clay and vegetable mould, 
 " and as you go do.vn the clay becomes purer." The greatest drawback is 
 the occasional visitation of grass-hoppers. This is a serious, and perhaps the 
 only serious drawback of the North- West ; but on this point, the Hon. John 
 Sutherland, a Senator, oi the Dominion Parliament from Manitoba, who 
 was born in Winnipeg, and has been all his life a practical farmer, said 
 in his evidence before a committee of Parliament in 1876, "T think 
 
-11— 
 
 " that extensive settlement will preveat the ravage of the graiB-hoppdra, 
 " and we have good reason to believe that we will be exempt from them 
 " during the coming season, as there were no deposits of egge in the Prov- 
 " ince in 1875, and in all probability we will be relieved of that plague for 
 " many years to come. To my own knowledge the Province was not 
 " affected by grasshoppers previous to 1867, since which date we have 
 " had them off and on about every two years, or each alternate year."' 
 There have been no grass-hoppers in Manitoba since this evidence was 
 given to the date of the present pamphlet in 1881, and it is to be observed 
 that when they come in places where there is adequate population they 
 can be cop«d with. 
 
 V. C0MMUN1CAT10N3 AND MARKETS. 
 
 The water lystem of the middle portion of the continent of which 
 Manitoba is the centre, was described in general terms in the first, 
 chapter of this pamphlet, as was also its position on the route of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway. The water system of Manitoba may, by a series 
 of works, not of great magnitude, when compared with the vastn©«,s of 
 the results to be obtained, be connected with the Lake and St. I^wrence 
 system of water communication, which makes so marked a feature of the 
 continent. 
 
 The section of the Canadian Pacific Railway connecting the waters of 
 liake Superior with Manitoba is already under contract. It presents 
 engineering difficulties : but will be completed in 1882. 
 
 Another section of the Canadian Pacific Railway west of Winnipeg 
 lias been completed as far as Portage I^Prarie ; and the continuation of 
 this road 300 miles further west will be immediately constructed. It is, 
 certtiin that settlement will immediately and very rapidly fill up the- 
 country along the whol« length of its line. 
 
 There is at present railway communication with Manitoba which 
 connects it with the railway system of Canada, via the United States, and 
 with the United States railways. A train may now be started at Ilalifay 
 on the Atlantic seaboard or at Quebec on the St. I^wrence : and without 
 
—12- 
 
 any break or change be run continuously to St. Boniface, a suburb of 
 the city of Winnipeg. Other Raihvays have obtained charteivs. and it is 
 understood that the South Western from Winnipeg to the Souris Coal 
 Fields is to be immediately constructed. 
 
 The Ked River is navigated from Moorhead and Fargo, the point 
 at which the Northern Pacific Railway crosses, to Winnipeg. Numerous 
 steaml,oats ply on its waters. The navigation continues to Lake Winnipeg ; 
 thence along the lake to the .junction of the great River Saskatchewan, 
 where there is a short break surmounted by a tramway ; and thence the 
 navigation continues westward across the continent to the Rocky Mountains. 
 V/heat has not been liitherto nuich cultivated in Manitoba, because 
 there was no market; but with the present arrangoments, it has been 
 conveyed to Montreal for about .30 cents a bushel. It is however calculated 
 that when the branch of Railway now under contract to Thunder Bay is 
 <?omplete<l, wheat may be taken from Winnipeg to Montreal for 15 or 20 
 cents a bushel, and thence to Liverpool bv ocean steamer for 10 or ]•, cents 
 41 bushel more. If it is further calculated that it may be grown in Manitoba 
 and delivered by the farmer in Winnipeg at ;).! cents a bushel, we shall 
 thus have the fact of wheat from Manitoba on the wharves at Liverpool for 
 .SO or 90 cents a bushel, or about 26s. (3d., or 30s. sterling per quarter. 
 This is not only a possibility but a probability. There cannot be 
 a question that wheat may be profitably grown and delivere.l in 
 Manitoba for 55 cents a bushel ; while the figures of transport stated are 
 based on present prices. The works on the Canadian Pacific Railwav, and 
 the rapid entry of population into the North West, will largely stimulate 
 the production. 
 
 This opening up of markets has also led to considerable enterprise in 
 stock raising in Manitoba, and the portions of territory beyond its westerji 
 frontier. It has already been remarked that the meats from the cattle and 
 sheep fed on these western prairies, are of superior excellence ; and that 
 many of the cattle, which are taken by rail from Chicago, the great cattle 
 market of the American continent, to the Atlantic seaboard, and thence 
 shipped to the United Kingdom, are in the first place -ent to Chicago, 
 
 
from more distant i:)oints th; 
 (loubt that cattle wliich have 
 find their way by the St. Lawi 
 
 Kingdom. 
 
 -13— 
 
 Manitoba. There is, therefore, little 
 
 fat on the prairies of Manitoba, will 
 
 e route to the markets of the United 
 
 XL GENERAL SUITABILITY FOR EMKJRANTS FROM EUROPE. 
 
 An inhabitant from Europe going to Manitoba, exchanges the conditions, 
 of a very old and densely settled country for one that is entirely new ; just 
 emerging, in fact, from the wild, and very thinly settled. The settler must, 
 therefore, make up his mind to do the roughing of pioneer life. This,, 
 however, if rugged, is not unhealthy ; and the condition is sweetened by 
 the fact, that he is establishing his own homestead, and is the master of hi& 
 own broad acres, than wliich there are probably none under the sun con- 
 taining a more generous or richer soil. None who are unwilling to undergo 
 the hardships incident t© pioneer Iffe, should vuidertake to go and take up 
 wild land in Manitoba. But those who have this endurance, who make up 
 their minds to adai)t themselves to a new country, and who have sufficient 
 means to enable them to live over one year, may count upon success with 
 greater certainty than in almost any other walk of life. A settler of this 
 class, when he has fairly established himself, may, for the remainder of his. 
 life, count confidently upon the conditions of plenty and independence. 
 
 Manitoba, unlike the old country which the settler from Europe 
 will leave behind him, is to a great extent a treeless expanse. There are 
 however, groves of trees ; and some very fine woods along the rivers. For- 
 est trees also when planted and protected from the prairie fires, grow with 
 very great rapidity. In fact it is said that a settler on one hundred acres of 
 prairie land can get respectable trees about him in less time than he could 
 clear the same number of acres of forest land. It is seen also in Illinois 
 and others of the Western United States, that farms which were started 
 some years ago on the treeless prairie, have now a respectable growth of 
 wood around them. 
 
 The settler in Manitoba from the United Kingdom will find on the 
 whole a much brighter and drier climate, warmer in summer and colder in 
 
—14— 
 >.ve,„, and, „, h« been already stated, is one of the healthiest i„ tl,e 
 The condition, of farming with slight adaptation to circumstances are 
 
 n K ° '°*"""° ""'■"■"' - '" "« """«'< Kingdom, with, 
 
 cat the elaborate methods and expensive manures now necessary to m k 
 very old cropped soils give their increase. 
 
 Tl,e settler from the United Kingdom, in Manitoba, win also And his 
 
 ::::::•;:::;;::' "-" -- '- — --- -» - conTn!:;: 
 
 a „,!'m °k '1" "*"" *"'"''"■''■ *" '" *""■ """ M-'ni'^ba presents not only 
 
 r^crCor '"- ""* '^ "- ---" - -- - ■"» 
 
 vn. .svs™m ok s-vkv .^^^p^e™.a .:u.c.„o.,s b-o. 
 
 „,o,f'' TZ "'"'"""' "'• """y'"*""' "« land in Manitoba, is the 
 « ost stmple and easily understoo,. in the world, Every township is elal 
 ly ..X mdes square; and each township is divided into sections of 1 mUe 
 
 :«':: " ""'"• '"'"' -'-'-- »■•» "«^'" -^^^ided mto haife Lr 
 
 acres each. Ihese terms are legal or statutory definitions of the divisions 
 
 .a.;t::h:;;t:r^ 
 
 West of th,t ., .,■ u r ' "'' ^'"'^ " P"'"' " »"le to the 
 
 ar Ztd : ,r '^ ™". ""' ''°'"- "■' ''"■■-'" "' '"" ^■-™">ips which 
 Merdtan hne, and the numbers of the Township, .narked on the maps in 
 the common figure., run North from the Boundary or first Base Line 
 
 
— 15— 
 
 From this very simple but scientific method of arrangement, any 
 Township, or Section, or Subdivision of a Section, can be instantly and un- 
 erringly described. A transfer or conveyance of property may thtis be 
 made by deed in as few wm-ds as any ordinary Bill of Parcels, and that with 
 an accuracy and absoluteness of definition to which it is quite impos- 
 sible to attain by those multitudes and mazes of words written on skins of 
 parchment, still in use in the conveyancing of the mother country. In the 
 ordinary nomenclature of the country, the divisions start from the smaller 
 to the larger, thus : sea. 5, township 4, range 1, West. 
 
 The settler from the United Kingdom will at first find the nomencla- 
 ture ot this system of survey, a little new and strange ; but he will, on 
 slight acquaintance with it, become charmed with its simplicity and accu- 
 racy. 
 
 The Surveys are marked on the prairie itself by iron and other kinds 
 of monuments and posts at the corners of the divisions and subdivisions ; 
 and so soon as the settler makes himself acquainted with these, he will in- 
 stantly understand the position and extent of his own farm on the prairie, 
 or of any other in the country. 
 
 A settler may obtain a grant of 160 acres of land free, on the condition 
 of three years continued residence ; and he may purchase on reasonable 
 terms the adjoining land. 
 
 A settler in Manitoba may commence on comparatively small capital ; 
 that is enough to build one of the inexpensive houses of the country, to 
 buy a yoke of oxen and a plough, his seed grain, and sufficient provisions 
 to enable him to live for one year, or until his first crop comes in. With a 
 little endurance, at first, from this point the settler may attain to a position 
 of plenty and independence. 
 
 On the other hand, a settler may take with him to Manitoba, consider- 
 able capital, and invest it in large farming operations, either in wheat grow- 
 ing, or stock raising, both of which he will probably find very profitable. 
 
 The sum of £125 Stg., which is in round numbers about 600 dollars of 
 Canadian currency, would enable a furnier to begin on a moderate scale of 
 comfort. That sum would be divided, perhaps, in some cases, with a little 
 variation, as follows : 
 
M 
 
 —16— 
 
 One yoke of oxen $120.00 
 
 One wagon HO.OO 
 
 Plough and Harrow 25.00 
 
 Chains, Axes, Shovels, &c 'M).()0 
 
 Stoves, Bedsteads, «fec fiO.OO 
 
 House and Stable 1 50.00 
 
 Provisions 135.00 
 
 $600.00 
 of course a capital of £2(X) or |1,()W would enable a farmer to start in 
 a better style and with more comfort. Many have, however, started with 
 as small a capital as $400, (about £80 stg) ; the Re<l River Cart which 
 costs about ten dollars, and one ox, mig^t do all the teaming required on 
 a small form to begin with, and after the fiist " breaking " one ox could do 
 all the ploughing required for a family. 
 
 The German Mennonite settlers who came to Canada from South Rus- 
 sia a few years ago, that is the poorer families of them, starte^l with very 
 much less ; and they are to-day very prosperous, and raiee large crops of 
 grain, besides growing flax, of which they export the seed; and are well sup- 
 plied with live stock from the products of which they do a thriving trade in 
 Winnipeg Markets. The only question is whether families from the Unit- 
 ed Kingdom would stint themselves in the same way these thrifty settlers 
 did, and endure what they went through to arrive at their present success. 
 
 The Mennonite outfit of the poorer families averaging 5 personri, con- 
 sisted of one yoke of oxen, one cow, one plough,one wagon, and one cooking 
 stove ; the whole obtained at a cost of *270 or £56. This comprisetl the 
 outfit of one family, and in the case of the poorest, two tamilies clubbed 
 together to use one outfit. The cost of provisions for subsistence of one 
 family for a year was $93, £18.15, the provisions consisting almost wholly of 
 flour, pork and beans. No money was expended on the buildings in which 
 they first lived. These consisted for the first year of brush, laid sloping on 
 poles, covered with earth. This fact is stated to show from how small 
 a beginning a settler may successfully start and attain plenty ; but seeing 
 hat the log house of the country can be built at so moderate a rate, prob- 
 
{On]j few B«ttl«ri from the United Kingdom, would he willing to do as thoi 
 Mennonites did. Many a man will, however, make a hard struggle for in- 
 <lependence, and find both his labour and his hardships sweetened by he 
 consciousness of the daily steps he is taking towards that end. It may fui-- 
 ther be mentioned, that for some years to come, there will be railways and 
 other public works in progress, on which the poorer settler may work for a 
 part of th« time at good wages ; and so obtain meaiis to tide over the iir»t 
 difficultiei of a •ettler's life, with more comforts. 
 
 Lastly, but not l«ast, on the contrary, even greatest in importance, is 
 th« caution to be given to the settler from the United Kingdom, to be care- 
 ful to adapt himself to those methods which the experience of the country 
 has proved t« be wise, rather than to try to force in a new country those 
 practices to which he has been accustomed at home. 
 
 For instance, with respect to ploughing, or ae it is called, " breaking " 
 the prairie, the method in Manitoba is quite diffei-ent from that ir. an old 
 country. The prairie is covered with a rank vegetable growth, and the 
 question is how to subdue this, and so make the land available for farming 
 purposes. Experience has proved that the best way is to plough not deep- 
 er than two inches, and turn over a furrow from twelve to sixteen inches 
 wide. This ii well done during the months of June and .July. It is found 
 that the sod is effectually killed when turned over during these two months, 
 but if land is pbughed earlier than the middle of June it should be crop- 
 ped, (oats make a specially good first crop.) From 40 to i>0 bushels of oats 
 are raised on the first spring's breaking. A settler may get crops on land 
 ploughed and sown in May or June. When the sod is subdued, the land is 
 found to be mellow and friable. The frosts of winter appear to have a pul- 
 verising effect, and very largely supplement the labours of man. 
 
 It has happened that some farmers from older countries, in love at 
 home with deep ploughing, have despised the methods of the country and 
 tried deep ploughing in Manitoba. These men have come to leani 
 wisdom from practical disappointment, but this is an unnecessarily expen- 
 sive lesson. The settler may of course plant potatoes the first year for his 
 family use, and do other little things of thaf, kind. Potatoes may be put 
 in as bte a# Jwie the aOth, a.„d all that is required to turn over a fijrro^', 
 
^18- 
 
 piil tlio potatoes on tl.c iiroimd. find tliot* (urn iinoMier furmw (o covw 
 tlu'iii, tJie fiico of tlio grass being placed diroctly (in tlie seed. No lioein-' 
 
 oi' lint her e'lltivation is re'iniriM]. 
 
 •opt to cut otr any weeds tliat niav 
 
 glow. 
 
 \'eiT Iieavy i'iO[)t- ot line potatoes are ^'rown in tl 
 
 MS war 
 
 tl. 
 
 yeai 
 
 Flax is also a good croi) to put on the first oreaktng. 
 
 Before the prairie is broken, the sod i8 very tough iuid reijuires great 
 force to break H, but after it has onee bee)i turned, the subseciuent plough- 
 ings are very easy, from the friability of the soil, and gang i>loughs might 
 easily be used. 
 
 On account o^ the great force required to break the i)rairie in the tirst 
 instance, the settler would probably find oxen better than horses, esjieoial- 
 ly as there is a liability of horses becoming sick in Manitoba when first tak- 
 en there from the older parts of the continent, until they become accustom- 
 ed to the new feed and the country, especially if they are worked hard. A 
 correspondent gives the following result of his experience: "i have been 
 " watching the amount of work done by the different sized ploughs, iin<l 
 " give you the result after careful and repeated measurements. Fiist^ 
 " the 12 inch plough turns an average furrow of 1 1 ^ inches as nearly as can 
 '' be, JO furrows measuring 9 feet 6 to 9 feet S inches. The 14 inch plough 
 " turns a furrow averaging 1-3 inches, and the 10 inch plough a furrow aver- 
 " aging 1."^ inches. Our furrows being exactly two miles long, by my ealcu- 
 " lations, three 12 inch ploughs will in four lengths turn over .") acres. M7 
 " rods : or 2 acres for each jilough per day less 4.J rods ; 6 horses on two ! 1 
 " inch ploughs will turn over 4 acres 52 rods in a day. Two I (> inch plou<.'hs 
 " with three horses each would do 5 acres in a day, making a dirterence in 
 " favour of the 1 2 inch plough of | ths of an acre. Another man is requiretl 
 " for the three 12 incli ploughs, but g ths of an acre a day will more than 
 " pay his wages." It is to be observed, however, that horses when fii-st tak- 
 en tc Mrnitoba are not in a condition to endure steadily for two months 
 work so hard as that indicated by the correspondent whose letter is quoted. 
 lib for this reason, that oxen which are not liable to the same casualties as 
 hoi se.«s,are better for breaking the prairie. The same correspondent states 
 
 f 
 
 it 
 
-19- 
 
 I 
 
 it 
 
 
 tluita ])uii' of oxen will hirak iui uf-rc aii<l a iialt'a clay, ami ever^ day, with 
 vory little or no ('X{)ense at all for food. 'I'lie wagos of oiio man, to th-ive 
 tlicni, would cost about 'M) doliais a month, without board. The expense ol 
 breaking in this way is vciy small. 
 
 Vlll. K'OI'THIS, AND lloW To RE.UJII MANITOBA. 
 
 Tlic information on this head is exceedingly sim])le. J'he emigrant 
 from the United Kingdom should consult the nearest steamship agent with 
 whom he should hook. And he can take, according to his means, either 
 the cabin, th<^ intenuediate or the »t(^erage ]iassage, on one of th<Mnii"iWH- 
 (•••nt Stenmers that now come lo the St. Lawrence by taking this route 
 he will cross the oc(>an at its narrowest [loiiiL, and in f) or 6 days after leav 
 ing the coast of Jivlaiid, will enter the still waters and magnificent scenery 
 of the great St. Lawrence Hiver makiny the entire mssa^'e to Quebec, in 
 about S days, on the faster vessels : or in b) or 1_' .lays on tliuse which are 
 not so fast. IVir the steamer's sailing and the rates o. fare, he should con- 
 sult the advertisements or th handbills. 
 
 The booking agent will place him in a position to be directly conveyed 
 with the greatest expedition and comfort ; and least expense, to Manitoba. 
 
 When he arrives at Quebec, he can go i-m Chicago and St. Paul, in 
 the United States, all the way to Manitoba by rail ; or he can take the 
 b'.iilway from Quebec to the ports ot either Sarniaor Collingwood, whence 
 he has the choice of two steamboat lines, to the i)ort of Duluth, at the 
 head of Lake Superior, where he will find a Canadian agent, (Mr. Gra- 
 hame) who will assist in bonding his luggage to pass through a portion of 
 the United States, and otherwise give him every information to guide and 
 assist Jiim. From the point of Duluth, he will be conveyed by Railway, all 
 the way to Manitolia. 
 
 The eiuigiaut or second class fare in iSSO from Quebec to Winnipeg 
 via Duluth was $25,:.(i, and by the all rail route w/a Chicago and St. Paul $30. 
 50. First class tickets are from !foL'.(.)U to !j!.V,l.25. Children under thirteen 
 are taken at half i)rice, and one hundred and fifty lbs. of luggage is allowed 
 to each adtdt. There will probably be veiy little, if any, ditt'erence, in the 
 above rates in JSSl. In the case of a colony going together, the settlers 
 
-20— 
 
 miglit hire a raUway cur for tho carriage of their etfeots, otiiar tlutn their 
 liiggago, to the point of the steuuibout port, or oontinuoiisly, and bv this 
 nu'ans, get a cheaper rate of freight. Many of the iettierH fiow th«' older 
 parts of Canada do thia. 
 
 It is not reoouimended to the settler who is travelling to Manitoba to 
 burden himselfwith heavy furniture and luggage, as the freight of thoao 
 would probably cost him as much as tbey are worth. At a rule, the emi- 
 grantM should be advised not to take with them eitlier furniture or agricul- 
 tural implements. The latter particularly, specially adapte<i to the coun- 
 try, can be cheaply purchased at Emerson or Winnipeg; bi.ta plentiful 
 supply of clothing and bedding ghoulu betaken, together wiUi luch arti- 
 clvM of general us* as can be conveniently and easily packed. Of course 
 artizans who go will take their own special tools with them ; but they must 
 remember that this may be expensive if they are heavy. 
 
 The emigrants will be met at Winnipeg by Mr. Ilespeler, th. Govern- 
 ment agent, who will give them every possible information and assistance' 
 and give them directions how to proceed to tlieir lands ; or if they Uike 
 Emerson, as the point in the Province from which they start, tber will 
 tind a shed at the Railway Station, and buildings at Duflerin, at which they 
 can rest, while Mr. T<»tu, the ( fovernment agent, will give th«m information. 
 
 XX. WHEN Til ao TO MANITOBA. 
 The settler was formerly advised not to go to Manitol* to searcli for 
 land until the roads became dry after the spring raJna, but such advico is 
 no longer given, as with the railway already constructed, he will no IoT,<ror 
 experience difficulty in getting over the wet places west of Winnipeg "at 
 any season. 
 
 It is in fact almost a misnomer, to speak of roads at all, in the sense 
 of roads found in older countries. It must be remembered that Manitoba 
 IS very newly settled ; and that there has been no time yet to make roads 
 Those which liave been hitherto used are simply, with verv little exception" 
 trads across the prairie, which has been nowhei-e drained. The surface is 
 Miore or less rolling, and in some places the surface water does not dry be 
 fore the summer is far advanced. ' Last spring was unusually wet, ^d emi- 
 
 J 
 
 • II I 
 
J 
 
 » 11 1 
 
 -21— 
 
 grunt, ^lio attonipto.1 to travel J(K) milas .vest of Wi.n.ii.og «ufTero<l the 
 greatest hardships. Mm.y persoveml arul success orowno.l thoir oflbrts • 
 but many left the country disappointed. But these, difficultios will bo 
 i^ longer enoountero<l by tho.o who desire to go west of Winnipeg 
 
 Ifa settlor haM.roviouH!y«olocte<l land, or i. going to some definite 
 point, ho may with advantage avail himself of the snow roads, before the 
 breakups up of the winter ; or he .nay go in the early spring months if the 
 locat.or. selected is in a part of the country which is at the tin.e easily ac- 
 cess.ble; butifhegoe«u,„,, ,,„,,;„.,., ^^ .^ .^ ^^,,^^j^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 about the country in the months of .July, August and September. 
 
 A settler commencing in the early spring may raise a crop on the first 
 brealong." that is, on the first prairie sod that he turns, as late as the be 
 ginmngofJune. Wheat will grow on the first breaking, but oats or flax 
 8ee< are better a.lapte.1 to it. Large crops of oats are raised on the first 
 bre.kn,g. After the rotting of the prairie sod, the soil becomes mellow and 
 friable. It is an advantage iu Manitoba t^ sow grain the moment the snow 
 goes away, as soon as the trost Is two or throe inches out of the groun.i 
 
 Settlers entering the Province in .July, August or September, have ,1,.. 
 most ploa.,ant weather in which to go about, and pick out land for their 
 farm.. They will have time also to build their house, nun p.-epare tor the 
 Winter; also to prepare for the spring by doing a little fall ploughing 
 Tl.« mode of settling ha^ greater oomforte, but requires a little more means 
 to live until the first crop oomes. 
 
 The settler can obtain information at either the Cun ernment Immi.M'a- 
 tion offica,, or at the land oHices in Manitoba, respecting lands available 
 for settlement, and pains will be taken to affonl him the best possible guid- 
 ance and furnish him with the Government Land Regulations. 
 
 WrrAT TENANT FARMERS- DELEGATES SAY. 
 
 Mr. BiaoAR, The Grange, Dalbeattie. 
 
 "As A field for wheat raising, I would much prefer Manitoba to Dakota 
 
 The first cost of the land is le.ss 5 the soil is deeper and will stan.l more 
 
 cropping; the sample of who^it is better, and the produce 5 to 10 bushels 
 
 per acre more, all of whioh is profit." 
 
—22— 
 
 Atri. (inouoK Cowan, Annan, 
 
 iSpoaking of Mj'. .^^<■Konzio■« farm at I'.niiiHido, says :— " I was (u-rtainly 
 
 urprinotl ut tlio womloH'ul fertility nl" ilir soil, wliioli I> a ridi l-lack loam, 
 
 avftniginj; about IS indi-s of sui'(iu'i> ^nil, on fnaliit- day siiI>s<m1, .") and 6 
 
 foot in (loptli, hcn.'ath wirK^li is a thin liiycr of sand, lyin.u; en a still ••lay. 
 
 Tilt' la.id is Miiitc dry. and is well water. -d hy ;i Hik' stream wliidi tIo\v« 
 
 through it." 
 
 » • * • 
 
 "The land l.etwoen Rapid ''ity and the .\ssinil)oino, which lies to thr 
 Sontliwaid, L"') miles distant, is a nice loam with day siihsfiil on toi. d 
 gmv<d. I was very highly imi>re<-;ed with tln^ fertility of the soil, soiro f.' 
 it heing without oxcei)tion the iidi(>st 1 have (>vt'r seen, and I have* littlo 
 douht d will continm^ for many y<'ars to produce excellent crops of grain 
 without any manure, and with very little expense in euUivation." 
 
 Hii. -loHv l.(ii;\.v. /vo/.s/"/;, /)''''""/c'A', says : — 
 " All th<' laud round this (UstrK't. (Assinil.oine). is very good, heing four 
 fed deep of black loam, as we saw IVom a sand pit." 
 
 Mi;. ,1(iun Snow, Mi<ll"/Jiiaii. 
 
 " Along the Hod Kiv.'r and al»<)ul Wiimip.ig the soil is very strong black 
 vegetable^ moidd, and 1 iia\e no doubt luosL of it would carry p/iving croj-b 
 of wdieat for thirty years ; bu! it is very il it. and I must say that 1 like the 
 comitry better West of Winnipeg, an<l the furthcl point we readied, I.W 
 miles West of Wiimipeg, best of all. Y>m have Ikhv the Little Saskatche- 
 wan lUver, and line sloping grouutl on each side; the soil and what it pr(»- 
 (luce<l w;is good, as you will see from the sami-les of each 1 now show you. t 
 also show you samples from other parts : and, a-^ 1 will show you further 
 on, the Americans themselves admit that we have ground bdtei' adapted 
 for growing wheat antl raising cattle than they have." 
 
 "We saw that a blatn \ v '-i^'lt* niould covered the surllu c from l?< 
 inches to two, three, cr t"...!- 'v . t (b ' p." 
 
—23— 
 
 Mi;. TJdiiKKT Vv.w, SI//0//1, CinDhirfinnl 
 
 "Soil ('oiiifMiv til iiiv ('\iMTt,i!ion ;i)-ti>ii(l of (intliii^.' ;t wet swiimp, ii^ 
 
 l»i(!liii<'(l Id my miii'l, I loiiiiil ii .1, .•)! hhick luiiiiiv soil, viirviii;? in <l«'|ith 
 
 I'loni '2\ It'et to :'>}, fcft ; ami in s<»m(> places wIkmc it hus h(M'ii cut throin»l> 
 
 >>ii till' liauks of siiinc riv' . >, it has li.i'n louinl t(» tlu' cleptli of 10 to 12 
 
 ♦V'ct, ai.il is spiH'ially aila|»ti!'l loi' tin- '.'r.iwitiu' ol' wheat, hcinj: iii'(>r(>iTt><l hy 
 
 iht* luilh'i's to almost any otlicr on a • ount of it hcini; so diy ainl thin 
 
 nkinned. It Ins ln-cn kn'iwn to urow wheat many years in succosHion, 
 
 vithoiit manni'i'. It' the report was eorrect, the soil I have s(Mit ilown to 
 
 'Dii ha,s grown wheat tor ^iO ycai's, and the last croj) yiidded 3.) bushols per 
 
 M're." 
 
 ^fu. .loiiv ;>rA\wi:i,f., Carlisle. 
 " The soil throughout the oomitiy is 11 rich black loam, t) inches to 6 
 U-{\t deei), almost ontirely frue from stones, and varying in quality in differ- 
 ent <li«tricts, on a suhsoil of strong or iViiihle clay or sanil.'' 
 
 ?.rr.. Jamios BifKMft, "/ (/in Cirnnjr, lhtlbenftie,HiiyH: — 
 "We hear very 'litlerent slatementsof the yield of wheat, varying trom 
 2:'. to lO bushels. M(d,e!ui, a fai'mer iieai' Portiige, hail l,2.'10 bushels of Fife 
 wheat olf 40 acres. .Vnother man, a native of Uoss-shire, who vrm ploughing 
 liis own land, told us he had cropjied it for 17 years in stiecession, his last 
 crop yieldin-r M') hnshels per acre. >Tr. Ilyan, M. P., a good authority, .'•aid 
 the average <>r wheat might safely tn- taken at 2') to ;50 bushels, and of oat.s 
 IM) bushel-;. . . Xe.ift day we drove over >ressr.s, Ri(ldles' farm ; their 
 wlieat has avensgetl fully .SO bushels jier acre."" 
 
 \rr{. (ji:oK(;i: <^'cwav, GleuJurr, Wi;/fiHm, says: — 
 Mr. Mackenzie's farm is at liiu'uside, about '.) miles from Portage la 
 I'rairic. . . He favoured me with his average foi" the .seasons of \S~~ and 
 IH7S, and his estimate lor the present year. Wheat crop, IS77, II bushels ; 
 iS7S, ;•!() Jiushels, this y(\'n' (IS7',I) lie expects it to be close on Id bushels, 
 average weight. I'lO to t'rJt 11)-!. ; but he has grown it as high as C)4 Ihs, por 
 bushel. Oats last year (IS7S) lie h.ad ayiel<l of SS bushels iVom two bushels 
 of seed sown on one aeie, this year (|s7'.') his estimate is from 7.') to 80 
 bushels per acre. Mr. >r. .also grows excellent root crops, liis .'^wede turnip.s 
 
—24— 
 
 Jiveiiigin^ 30 to 35 tons ; and potatoes, witb«ut amy car* ht •ultivation, 
 .sometimes even not being moulded up, yield between 3(K) and 400 bu»li«l« 
 of 50 lbs. Onions when cultivated are also very prolific, yieliling as much 
 as 300 bushels per acre. Mangold also grows very heavy crops, but I did 
 not see any on the ground." , , 
 
 • * • • [ 
 
 " We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McBeth, and walk»ii <oir.kr 
 a field which I was informed had been continuously under crop for54Mv!0;ua 
 ... 1 was told it would average 28 or 30 bushels per acre. 
 
 Mr. R. W. (ioudon, Annan. 
 
 " Wheat may be safely estimated to yield with reasonable culMvati<;>n 
 30 bushels of 60 lbs., and oats 60 bushels of 32 lbs." 
 
 Mr. TxtGAN, Earlstown, 
 Speaking of the yield about High Bluff, says :— " The land here has 
 grown wheat for 40 years in succession, yielding from twenty five up to 40 
 bushels per acre. There are not many oats sown here, but the general 
 produce is 70 bushels per acre. 
 
 1^ I 
 
 " We arrived at Portage on Saturday afternoon. . . lie told us he 
 had grown good crops at an average of 32 bushels per acre of 60 pounds 
 weight." 
 
 Mr. Snow, Fountain Hall, Midlothian. 
 " I consider I keep safely within the mark, when I say that taking a 
 good piece of land it will produce 40 bushels the first year, and an average 
 of 30 bushels for 30 years, without manure. 
 
 Mij. ,loHN Maxwell, Carlisle. 
 
 " 1 gave an estimate of the cost of the wlieat crop in Dakota. The 
 same system may be adopted in the Canadian North- West to advantage, as 
 vae average yield, so far as can be learn he learned on present information, 
 will be 8 to 10 bushels per acre higher than the yield in Dakota, United 
 States Territory, and every extra bushel produced tends to reduce the fij-st 
 cost per busliol to the producer." ' 
 
 'HI the other delegates confirm these figur<vs. 
 
 • .Kh'mS.-4tM,l9l ' 
 
■ •ultivfttion, 
 d 400 bush9l8 
 xling as much 
 3p8, but I did 
 
 > for54My!©-ua 
 
 e culDlvad<^a 
 
 md here has 
 
 ive up to 40 
 
 the general 
 
 3 told us he 
 f 6() pounds 
 
 hat taking a 
 i an average 
 
 )akota. The 
 d vantage, as 
 information, 
 tota, United 
 uce the lii'st 
 
 ^\■ilA■^ ]':.MiNi:.\'r:\i!:.N saii'. 
 
 IIdkaci; ( i iin.i.KV ^aid : "tio AVoi. youii.u jiiaii, hihI grow with the 
 < oiintry." 
 
 ]]i.(U,(;i:tt said : ••'i'lic liaslii of the AViiiiiii't'ir is tiic <vnl o{' tlic ^'!falt\st 
 !n"ia,i:c \\ lu at i>iii((iii't <il' the Aiiu'i'ii'aii rontincm. and jTnlial/lv ol the 
 \v()f!il." 
 
 ■.<i;;i) i)ii-ii'::;i\ said : "This iiiidrraiiit nl' I 'on i in ion. wiiox' ill in li table 
 .'' ■iisions aliki' fonlosnid tiic arillnnrlic ot'tl.c suivcyor and \(i ilirat ion 
 ' (wploiT-r." 
 
 Uniti'd Stat<'> Consid T\"ii,oi: ^ai<l : ■•Tlircc ■fonrth-' oi'tln' u-jicat produ- 
 oinLT licit oi Xnilli AiUfi-ica. arc niii'tli ni' [Ik' Nation.uf I "nitcd Males; !',<iun- 
 ai y." 
 
 < 'aitaix ]'ai.i,Is1-:i; >aid : "It is a l'!iy>ical reality of the iii,i;;lu'.-t inijior- 
 tancr to tlic inli'iT-t- nj' lliili-li Nortii Aniei'ica thai lliis continuous belt 
 can li.' .-c!tic{l and c;ilti\atc(l iVom a lew niiics \vc<t of tin- Lake of the 
 W'ootis to tlic])asscs ol the llocky Monntains." 
 
 Aitciir.isnoi- T.\ciiK -aiil : "The (tival Autlioi' oi' tiic fnivcr.-c liiLs 
 bLV'U [)!casod to spi'ca 1 o;i; liy the side of the ( irand and Wihl beauties of 
 till. Kucky .Mountains, the caiitivatintr jilcasurc ,i.'iMinids of tiic plain-^ of the 
 Saskatclicwan." 
 
 ko!;ii -Mii.rox ^aid : "As an aLri'icnltnrai '-oiiiitry its advantages can 
 hardly be surpassed. The eliuiate is niil(K'r than tiiat of tli<' same jiortion 
 of T'anada. -wliirh lies witiiin the same latitude, (..'ere.'ds of almost every 
 description Hourish even under tlic rude cultivation of the iialf breeds." 
 
 Mr. W, B. CniOADi.K said : '-At Kdmonton. S(Hl miles distant i'rom I'ort 
 • Garry, near the We.'itern extremity. \vh<>at grows with ecpial luxuiianee, and 
 yields thirty to fifty bushels to the acre." « 
 
 litiv. (!. ]M. <; KANT said : "The soil is ahnosi (•verywhere a ix'.ity or 
 sandy loam resting in clay. Its oidy fault is that it is too rich, crop after 
 crop is raised without fallow or manure." 
 
; -" V i;:i"ft,-B E "j:^ ■* : I ^HWK, svTB n 
 
 J 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 ^ ' !:j- 
 
 Chaptkr. 
 
 Pagk 
 
 J. Aranitob.i uiul its relation to the Continent of America j 
 
 IT. Climate 
 
 .> 
 
 Iff. Proiluctions 
 
 4 
 
 IV. tSoil 
 
 y 
 
 V. Coannunications and Markets ,, 
 
 VI. General Suitabilty for Emigrants from the United Kingdom.. I.J 
 
 VII. System of Survey and practical directions for taking uji Farms U 
 
 VIII. Routes and how to reacli Manitoba 1,1 
 
 IX. When to go to Manitoba ,,^^ 
 
 X. What Tenant Farmers" Delegates say 2I 
 
 XI. What Eminent Men said .>- 
 
 ^ m 
 
 r 
 
lBtiJL.1* OF THE I>0]M:IIV] 
 
 H, 
 
s i>om:inioin^ of oa.t^.a.i>^. 
 
 40^^ LiTH 
 
 CT T ■ m. '.f* 
 
 r.". CO MONTREAL