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Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 22^ ■. I I iPUPLir; LIBRARY I I SPECIMENS OF PRESS NOTICES. (Hamilton Spectator, May 6, 1894.) "THE SCOTCH LEAD THE WORLD." "Rev. W. J. Mackenzie, Canon of Christ's Cburrh C.tU^A . ^ .b. worn I„ sp«„ „, a, ^„, „,, ,^, ••"""Of electricity to f.uman uses, the discovery of chWor ' !, ' " °' cradling machinery for cutting, ^rn.n T. "^'°;°'°™' ^''^ 'nvention of statesmen were mention;H \, ""*" °' ""'°''"' British o;.b.„w,„rj:;:rci:-;t;::r;:.' '': r-' PoetrytheScotchsZdnrr .'''"''''''"*•" ''•«««^^«'Jy"«' had With hiraar^ll'::::;"^''*.^'"^''^'^-^"^- o^the earth. He cause it was tllToZltZrlZ^r 7T .'"' ''' ''''' '^•^^^^^ «- X.eleeturewasnoto.y^:f^r;--r::;--^^ t«lnln« by « continuous play „f wit and many touchee of «Iy ,.„„,„„ Canon Mackenzio ma.Io out a ^roat cano for hi. country "lu convoying th„ tl.anks of,,,,, ,.„„ionco to tl.o rnvorond «ontloa,an Bi. hop H„n,.,ton ..„„.„rk.,d that to ju.,«„ from th„ lecture it wTo Zt that tho Scotch had done well by tho world, and Cauou Mack nzio had done well by the Scotch." Mackenzie had (Niagara Falls Record, April 10, 1896.) " An open meeting „f the 1.h,„1 camp of the Sons of Scotland was held on Fnday evening last for the purpose of listening to a l.cturb ^e Re .Canon Mackenzie, of Chippawa. on -Scotland und her nhare In enlighten.ng andcivilizing tho world.' Those who braved .he element n .at stormy evening were amply repaid for theirhardihoo.lin .sodoin^for the reverend ge.cleman's exhaustive lecture proved a treat indeed, and wL equally enjoyed by the Sons of Scotland and those friends who h d bZ Invited to bo present. " ''In his introductory remarks he reminded his hearers that he did not w. h to cla.m everything for Scotchmen, as in his lecture on England aTd Ireland he had done ample Justice to those nationalities, in fact Imd been almost accused of ' claiming everything in sight • for them. Thi Jl' Tu' '"';"'""" "' "" '""'"''"■'' "' Scotland-the Unicorn and Th,stle-and h.s apphcation of their peculiarities to the national character wasv b,,„,,„, Thelectnrer-sallusiontotheforemostplacotakeub; S ot h„e„ an scence, arts, literature, war, in fact in every walk of life, was ndomuable pluck, and hard=headed perseve^ence. The who.e lecture evinc d an immense amount of research; every statement was backed oy .ncontrovertableevidence. At the conclusion a hearty vote of thank wal proffered to Rev. Mr. Mackenzie for his very instructive lecture, and a tlutTirf "'"; ''' ''"'''''' ""^^^ '^ printed, as it was con idered that It would be a valuable addition to Scottish literature." ^ V SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD ■Y Rev. Canon Mackenzie I mind it weel in early date, When I was beardless, young, and blate, E'en then a wish — I mind its power A wish that to my latest hour Shall strongly heave my breast, That I, for pulr auld Scotland's sake, Some usefu' plan or book could make. Or sing a sang at least. —Burni. Chicago : New York : Toronto Fleming H. Revell Company 1899 PREFACE. This lecture was not ori^innlly intended for the press, much less for n book. It m-os intended merely for an ephemeral "rough and r. y" story of Scot- land's contributions to the world's welfare, and to be told at a Scottish society's evening entertainment. As years have passed since it was first told, the story has been gradually lengthening by adding new events up to date, yet retaining its original simple and una- domed style. It has been told to several Scottish Societies— Caledonian, St. Andrew's, Sons of Scot- land, and Gaelic— without charge; and numerous re- quests have been made to have it printed for the honour of Scotland. It is a wonderful story, but its sensationalism or eloquence consists only in stubborn facts, supported by authorities considered to be reli- able. It was first delivered before the St. Andrew's Society, Cobourg, Ontario; and lest, from its some- what ambitious title and corresponding facts, it might seem that I was claiming too much for Scotland, I endeavored to do justice to both Ireland and England, by delineating in the same lecture, their respective national characteristics, and showing the share which each of these nations has had in advancing the world's moral and physical welfare. Being accustomed, as a preacher, to having a text from which to speak, I selected as my text the British 7 *' PREFACE Coat of Arms-the Harp and Shamrock for Ireland tlieLjon and Rose for England, and the Unicorn and Thistle for Scotland; and I found to my surprise that these various national em])lems had a wonderful adaptation to express the character, the history, and Uie influence of the nations they severally represent. ±5ut as time passed the one lecture grew into three Ihe lecture on Ireland I have read both in public and in private to intelligent and patriotic Irishmen and have requested them to tell me critically and im' partially what they thought of it. Their reply in toTreknT"'^ ^'"°"''*' ^"^ *'"'~^ ^'^'''^ ^^"^ j""'*^^^ The lecture on England I have not yet read to Eng- ishmen ; but I am positive that a hearing of it might ^ad to he opinion that I was giving to the Lion of England far more of the good things than the Lion's fair share; or as some witty newspaper man said of my lecture on Scotland, " I claim for England everything m sight. I have given to England due credit for her achievements in the arts of peace and war I have noted with admiration her poets, and prose writers, her scientists, inventors, painters, architects, sculptors, and her vast industries in iron, steel, and clay; her world-wide commerce, her far=reacliing Uiristian missionary operations, and her innumerable benevolent r stitutions at home. But great and in- creasingly great though England's enlightening and civilizing influence be, there are some tuings which she claims, or seems to claim, which patriotic Scotch folk cannot grant her. What these things are can only be briefly mentioned. We cannot allow her to speak of and virtually claim everything great and I. PREFACE g . good pertaining to Britain, as if it were merely Eng- lish. Hence we protest with increasing indignation against her speaking of the English army, the English navy, the English Parliament, the English govern- ment, the English flag, the English crown, and of braid Scotland as if it were only a part of England. Who does not know that such talk is contrary to the Articles of l^nion of the two Kingdoms in 1707, in which it was expressly stipulated that thenceforth England and Scotland united should be known and named Great Britain; and therefore while the Union lasts there can be no such thing in existence as an English army, navy, parliament, crown, or flag. With equal propriety we might speak of the Scotch army, navy, parliament, crown, and flag; which kind of talk would of course be scouted as ridiculous. This lecture is intended to show, that many if not most of the great discoveries in science and inventions in art, resulting in modern civilization, are due to Scottish genius, industry, and perseverance. Such things ought to be called British instead of Scotch, and would be so called were it not so common for the English and other nations to ascribe them simply to England. Very few people know to what, extent the civilized world is indebted to Scotland for all that we include in the term civiliza- tion. A glance at the contents and press notices of this publi- cation may aflford some idea of Scotland's share in promoting the world's welfare; and that far more can be said to her credit than IS usually ascribed to her in Scottish literature, or men- tioned in speeches at the anniversary meetings of Scottish socie- ties. As the work was too large to be all given as a public lee ture, only about a third of it has been used for that purpose. CONTENTS. >rld is viliza- publi- loting credit men- socie- ic lee e. Pa OS Preface.— Jnsixce already done, by the author, to England's and Ireland's share in the world's enlighten- ment and civilization. Somethings which cannot be conceded to England jj jo CHAPTER I. Scotland's Character represented by the Unicorn. . . 15—20 CHAPTER II. Scotland's character represented by the Thistle. . . 21 26 CHAPTER III. Scotchmen apt to claim some great personages who cannot properly be called Scotch. Three exceptions- Gordon, Lord Kelvin, and Gladstone 27 33 CHAPTER IV. Scotch Inventions, Discoveries, and Improvements. In Agriculture. Drainage of arable land. First scientific plow. The cultivator. Double furrow plow. The grubber. The first steam plow. The odometer for Bowing. The cradle scythe. The first reaping ma- chine. The first thrashing machine. McAdamized and Telfordized roads. The first agricultural society. The first flax mill; and steam retting flax. The first suc- cessful milking machine. The first ice«making ma- chine; and a device for saving life when ice breaks in skating or curling. Invention vf the Life Saving Drill. Horticulture.—Tiie first great Scientific Works on the subject. Veterinary Schools and Colleges.— Scotland's share in them. The first horseshoe with screw cogs for icy roads. The nailless horseshoe. Medical Science.— First popular work on the subject. Great Physicians and Anatomists. The use of Chloro- form in surgery 34 ^g CIIAPTKR V. BluHt. Hh-an; Hain.n.-r. Tlu- HnMy |.\.un.I.y Im-IU-. >anous nM|.r.,v..i.„M,ts i.i SloaiuMhi,, Ma,.|,i,„.,v. Hcot- 1»... H sl.aiv u, HoHHinor-H ,,roors« i,! ,nal(i„K Jvv\. ('»^»„sln,. I,al,.nt. lloal. Ha.lia.H, Jloal. SpiTino oa N, ropM. (Jas. (M.l..ri f M,„,, MHn.o.h Moth. ( aH.oiiio AoHl Oas. Artilicial St..n... Cmni'' f'!',""''''''"!'-, ;^''""^< "II tl.<. Ki-.-nt in.ui,.n. ■ iial.s. ,n.i«,.H an.l .looks in (Jrrat Uritain .IrsiKn,.,! nul oonHtnu.....! I,,v S.-.-toh civil ....Kinr.Ms: Trir..r.l and I -nmo. Hlaokfriars- Hri.lK.- I.y Mil,,,-. Tl.o Ca.uu l'.UMlic 1 ailway. Tl... Saul. SI,.. Ma,-;., Ca.wrl, witi; locks IhM oporntid I.y rlooliicity. Tho (iivat KaHlor.i. . PAOK. 47-64 X'HAPTEH VI. ^''' f !•'"" ^'"f/^":.- Whaf J„,„cs Watt .11,1 1„ ,„nke u «imi It IS. \tuu»is iini.r,.v..nienls I.y Watt. Tlie , . ^ first and iiu..l.<|. (.no in d.!P CopyinK' l'r,.ss. rii..t..Ki(t|.liv, .V-( 77ic I.ocomodvc Knyiiii: Tlw and iiu..l.<|. M'''': ;^"M,'>K'lif. The Drumnu.nd. Lin,.., „r Cal- 66—68 CHAPTEU VII. r/ir «rrt».f.„a/.-Vnri,.u8 claimants. acoHnnd's Blmro Fulton a Set. Cly.lo^.uilt Ships. Th.> Fl> t- mff txrav.nK' Dock. The Screw rr,.p,.ll,',r. The Centre Board. The first Steamer to cr,L the Atlantic by Bt. am power alone. The owners of the ^reat Tran/. Atlantic Steamers. Scotch Enfrinoers. Steam Derrick and St(.am Crane. New York Elevated Kailroads 64—74 CHAPTER VIII. Baloons, and first ascension in one. The Kite in ocience. ^'«^ Ri^'^ «\"yf^® ""'' Tricycle, and Pneumatic Tire. Bicycle Skate. New Wheel. Oeology.-The Great Geolojfista of our day. Edin- ^ 76 — 84 CHAPTER IX. FAO«. Military Affnirs, Heotch bnivcry and nchiovo- inciitH ill war. 'I'lio Hiif^pipc. UiiririckH liilinirioM. rorcuHHidti Cu|)H. Hiifcty (Jiin (JiirriaKc llonry^Mur- tiui llilloH, JiOcKiiflcId and Jao=Moiford rilkw, and Btrnif^ht Tull. Jiord Dundoiiald 86—06 C'HAPTEU X. Stf-rootype. llaiHdd Typo for i\w Ulind. Arilhmet- icnl Hoard for tlio Ulind. J'oH(a> ^"et8 «"encc. of Sc(,tc 8(Z nn, ... ' "" """*?"• l*«'«'^'rf „1 i„- Hcotoh Hy,nn W i :"„*^St t r^'M ' \'*'r'^ CHAPTER XV. AruSrs'fr'""*"'''''*"'''"^^""-^ Northern. Scotch temperLnce, '-'-'''!' •''««°^*''-ie8. New I 'Hi generosity. ....'.. 161— 174 CHAPTER XVI. I'nited state; Savrn' = "n":,.^"«l""^' ^'•el«"J- "nd Q . . „ '*^- Savings Scotch Banking. Her Love of Liberty, BimkB, Banlc of England, 176—190 PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS. r'oo'itnTuoL'Ll^^^^^^^ Highlanders and Gen- Locomotive. The Royal Wii?„m's;ea,.^^""r' ^°''«' «f *h« Carnegie, .ohn Knor-Si.^rpL7er. ^i^iZ. Kitjlr^ CHAPTER I. Let lis now turn to donr nnld Scotlnnd, and find out how she coinparcH with In'huid niid E]nf,'lnnd, ns well ns with other nntionH, in enlifjfhteuing and civi- lizing the world. Scotlnud's enil)leni8 are the Uni- corn and the Thistle: in these we may read her character. THE UNICOBN. The Unicorn! A beautiful creature: but, as rep resented in our national arms, only a creature of 15 16 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZINO TflE WORLD heraldic inm^nnation. It looks like a beautiful blood horse; vyith three peeuliarities.-a spiral, sharps pointed horn on its forehead; deer's feet; and a nnile s tail. He must have been a Kenius who first designed and sketched this figure, as an emblem of our national character. Look at it! A horse fa mous for its sagacity, its patient industry, its versatil- ity in usefulnes, its strength, its terrible courage when roused to self-defence. The horse is naturally a kindly gentle animal, with a considerable spice of pride about him. He evidently thinks himself, and not without cause, quite superior to other animals of the field. He earns an honest livelihood in many de partments of life. He drags a cart or waggon ; carries an emperor on his back; rushes into the thickest of the battle in times of war; flies like the wind in a race- walks with the greatest gravity at a funeral; works round and round with patience and perseverance at a gin; and so forth. He has evidently a great capacity tor good, practical work. The world is muck indebted to liim for Its prosperity and comfort, and could scarcely get along without him. It must be evident also that the Unicorn, having so much the nature of the horse, must be decidedly fond ofoafs,~a taste which we can at once recognize as peculiarly Scotch. But further, the Unicorn has the deer's foot 1 his suggests an ardent love of liberty. It speaks of wild glens and mountains, where freedom is cher- ished and maintained, and revels unrestrained by the narrow and cruel bounds of human tyranny. The Unicorn derives its name from that single, spiral, sharp^pointedhorn, so prominent on its fore- SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 17 liend. Mark it well; thr hora in en Lis foreliend. for tins 18 a poc-uliarity of the Uniconi. N(nv, the Jioru 18 n wel known Scriptural emblem of power; and the forehead ,h generally tak.>n m the index of intellect. What then (hu-.s this part of our national emblem in- tend to reprenenty What else but that our national charaeter ,s distinguished by strength and acute- ness of intellect? The Unicorn, so far as we have yet seen him, is exceedingly pleasing. He has a kindly look- an open oountenanc.^; a simple, gentle, persuadable aspect; and you think that you could coax such an amiable creature to obey you in everything. Try i.im. Cajole him, if you can, to do what he thinks is not nght Impose on him a little: try gentleness: try threatening: try physical force. All fails' You are surprised that a creature so gentle, so amiable in aspect, should be so wilful, so obstinate, so stubborn! Yon do not perceive that under and behind all this openness, and transparency, and kindliness of nature, there haugs a ta,l,-a mules tail, which represents something in our national character. And what is It? The true, the genuine Scotch article, is a dog- ged dotiv, unbending will to maintain and to do what we consider to be morally right; and that moral ourness nothing can overcome but sound sense or biute force. But perhaps you prefer calling it a l.ons rather than a mule's tail. Be it so. Then it is much the same; for it represents a character-" bold ttil' ir;r'1 T^"'^^ '' ""' accustomed to "turn tai in lime of dangerous duty, or in defence of ngl^'t against might Remember that Scotland has on her golden shield, her re th.-." aad public lecturer, himself a Scot, shoui:] ;cc utiy be telln , his audiences, that, "Scot- land if: prov.-rbially a sad nation; " and, in effect that SCOTLAXD^S SHARK IN CIVILIZINO THE WOULD 19 when a Sc, t.-lunau li,.nrH „r hwIh a j..k.^ ho ki-hwIv tnke.s It int., 1„h Hwunm conHi(h.rnti(.iM„„l I.mh to vJ. .fate ^.ver it for ho,„o ti.no to undorHtand its umunuu: 1 protoHt a^r„„,st ,nch iniHn.pivH.'ntation of Scottish intellect ami intelliKcnc,.. There are Hon.(. jokes which no decent int..lligcnt Scotchn.an <.nn poHHil.ly laugh at -they are so silly, or profane, or morally nnpure, that he only treats them with deserved con- U'mp or imy an.l says of them, at least, « there's nao un there." But for a really go<,vas a child s reverence for a Father dear," ? WORLD SCOTLAND'S SSHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD 29 liro St'f)tcli; 1 oilier iin- 1 tlu'in; we iirpose, )iml)le tlmt 'Ii pai'i-iits, Scotcli, for lio Scotti.sli of all that Had the Hott(Mitot, l)(^ Scotch, at account y, GeTU>rnl vin, whom !, because red tliem- uned nud M\ tradi- 1 English Ion," was with tile fied, con- Ki'fiphers, ill he in- rt'hich lie qualities 1 ir AT GORDON'S MONUMENT. St. Paul's Catliedral, London. 80 SCOTLAND'S SIIAliE IN CIVILIZINO THE WOULD which have contributed to tho ninkinj^ of his Btrnngo and bnllinnt career. He coni(«s „f a race of warriors son of Lieut..General W. H. G.Mxlon, whose ^n-and- father, David Gordon, a Hi^rldander and soldi,>r, was taken prisoner wliilo serving' under Sir John Copo nt Preston Pans. His son was a solditT in the 72iid regiinent and otlier reKMinents, and was present with Wolfe on the plains of Abraham. His three sons were soldiers in tho British army; the third, William Henry, had five sons, three of whom entered tho ?uSf,; ^^'^ y"""ffP«t was 'Chinese Gordon,' born in l«dO. It IS related of him that when on his way in the Soudan to Massowa on a swift camel, lu seems to have made a pun of the word cmnrl, which is the Scotch pronunciation of the name Campbell, for on his sudden and unexpected arrival at a station he explained it by saying: "The Gordons and the Camels are of the same race; let them take an idea into their heads and nothing will take it out. If my ciimel feels inclined to go in any particular direction, there he will go, pull as much as you like." Well' whether Gordon intended or not to make a pun, one thing 18 certain, he ascribes to himself the true Gor- don nature and character, which was not that of his maternal ancestors; "for," say his biographers, his father was every inch a soldier: a man of hon- our and strict discipline." " The mother," say the the biographers, "came of English merchants who presented a marked contrast to the ' Gay Gordons.' " The accompanying illlustration, "At Gordon's Monument," and the lines are from the London Church Monthly," the lines being the first verse of a lengthy fervid elegy in memory of the hero. WOULD SCOTLAND'S SI I A HE 1\ CIVILIZING TIIK WORLD 31 lis strnnpe f warriors, )So ^'raud- jldicr, wns n Copo nt the 72iul 'si'ut witli lirco sons I, Willinm tercd the ,' born in lis wny in ■ seems to <-'h is the ^11, for on tation he and the 5 an idea . If my lirection, " Well, pun, one rue Gor- it of his jraphers, of hon- say the nts who rdons.' " Tordon's London verse of Lord Kelvin, better known as Sir William Thom- son, Professor of Natural Philosophy in Glas^cjw University, is the inventor of the electric apparatus of the Trans Atlantic Cable; for which he received the honour of knighthood. He is the invei 'or also LOBD KELVIN. of numerous other important scientific instruments including the compass and machine for deep sea sounding, which has done much for the safety of navigation. He has explored and made so many dis- coveries in various departments of science that his 82 SCOTLAND'S SI I AUK L\ CIVILIZING THE WOULD brother HciontiHtH ^cnorally ncc .ml to him n plnoe second only to that of Sir iHauc. Newton. Yet with nil hin ntlaiiimeiitH and honours ho is n man of unfeigned Imniility and childlik.' nimplieity. In my leetureon Ireland I conectU'd liiH nationality to that country; hut Scotch helicverH in heredity claim him (iH one of themselveH; becauHe IiIh imrentH were Scotch Irish, and ho whs bnui^ht to GlaH^ow Tniver- sity when oidy ei^ht years old, by his father, who was on<> of the ProfesHorH. Certainly if Gladstone, in acknowled^dnK receipt of n New York author's book, couhl with i)roi)riety, say of himself, althoutrh born in Liverpool and living' his life in En^^dand. " I nm a pure Scotchman:" and if "Chinese Gordon" nlthou^h born in En^rlnnd, and of an English mother, could with propriety y(>t claim not only the name but also the peculiar characteristics of the Scottish clan, Gordon; then with equal i)ropriety may we concede to Lord Kelvin the claim of Scottish nationality. As with personal excellencies of other nations, so also with respect to their inventions and discoveries, lot us be just, ^nvinj,' honour to whom honour is due, even when their inventions or discoveries resemble ours, anticipate ours, or are contemporaneous with them. Some years R^o we saw a patriotic catechism, which was not Scotch, but of another nation, which nation we may call Brobdin^nuiK. The catechism must have been, we think, intended not for public but for private tuition. It was wonderful for the brevity of its questions: but far more so for the brev- ity of its answers, for each answer consisted only of the same one or two words. Let us endeavour to C WORLD SCOTLAND'S SIlAlit: IS CIVILIZISU THE WOULD :ia im n plnco Yi>t with n nmn of ty. Ill my lity to tliat claim him rt'HtH VVtTO ■ovv Uiiivcr- 'athcr, who Glndstone, rii author's f, ahhou^'h iiKhmcl. " I B Grordon " ish mothor, 3 name but ottiHh chxn, we concede nality, nations, so liscoveries, our is due, 's resemble leous with imitate it m far ns poHsil)h'. Here ih a Hpecimoti from memory: " Wliich natic.ii haH tlie best formofj^ov- eminent in tlie world? AuHWer: Hrol)(liii«uaj,'. Which irt tin; freoHt nation in the world? Answer: RrolxliuKna^,'. Which is the best educated nation in the world? Answer: Brobdingnaj^. catechism, ion, which catechism for public ful for the r the brev- (hI only of ieavour to CHAPTER IV. AGRICULTURE. Let US begin with nj^riculture. Who, in modern times, has given to the ngricultu- ral world the idea and great advantage of under= ground draining; not of mere swamps or low lands, but of arable high lands? It was Mr. James Smith,' of Deanston, Scotland, in his papers of 1833 and 1836.' What nation has given to the world the greatest number and most useful of agricultural implements? Scotland. Let us prove it. FIRST SCIENTIFIC PLOW. James Small, a Scot, gave to farmers the first scientific plow by inventing the curved cast iron mouldd)oard, which was formerly straight, made of wood, and covered with a thin sheet of iron to keep it from wearing. He made other improvements which need not be mentioned. The Encyclopedia Britannica, last edition, sa>s, "Ever since the intro- duction of Small's improved swing plow, the univer- sal belief in Scotland, and to a considerable extent in England, has been that this is the best form of the implement." Some, however, prefer the wheel plow with of course the curved mould-board. " Mr. Smith, of Deanston, invents the implement 34 SCOTLAND'S SHARK IX CIVILIZING THE WORLD 35 e ngricultu- e of uiider= r low lands, mes Smith, 13 and 1836. lie greatest nplements? •s the first cast iron it, made of on to keep )rovement8 cyclopedia the intro- he univer- i extent in orm of the i^heel plow which he calls ' the horse or cultivator,' which, fol- lowing in the wake of tlic plow, l)reaks and stirs the subsoil without bringing it to tlie surface." "Mr. Pirie, an ingenious Aberdeen mechanic, has recently invented a 'double furrow plow,' on an en- tirely new principle, which has met witli general ap- provement, and has already been adopted by all plow= makers. Three horses and one man with this plow can perform as much work in a day as /on ?• horses and two men with ordinary jjlows." "Rev. William Fisken, a probationer of the Church of Scotland, invented thesteamplow, and the potato^ planter." {Scottish American Journal, February 14 1893.) ^ ' "Mr. Tennant, at Shields, near Ayr, invented the grnhhcr, a most important implement, and now of great notoriety." "Mr. Sheriff, of West Barns, has invented a ma- chine on the principle of the odometer, for sowing, which registers the space it travels over, and thus indicates the rate per acre at which it is distributing the seed." THE CRADLE SCYTHE. "The Cradle Scythe" has given place largely to the reaping machine, but is still used in new settle- ments and other places where the reaping machine is not available. It has been called the " Hainault Cra- dle Scythe." All honour to Hainault if he be the in- ventor. But perhaps Scotland has something to do with it ; for we find in tiie Edinhn rf/Ji Maiiazim; Vol. VI. for July 21st, and August 18th, 1702, a picture of the veritable cradle scythe, with each of its parts named; .^(i SVUTLAMJS SIlAliK /A' VIVILIZISG THE WOULD find (I li'litT from Vvivr Willifiinsou who clainia to lie its inviMilor. It is callcil " Willimnsou'H New Ma- cliiuc for ili(> K(>(ii)iii^M)f Corn." \\v nays dintiiictly: " It is my invruiioii . . . it docs moro and to bet- ter purpose, in oju- day, than six shearers, and can cut down nearly a slieaf at one sti'oke"; and he wishes to hv'ux^ it umler ih(> notice of the " PTononrable Society for tlie Encouraucmcut of Arts, Sciences, etc," and offers to teach its use. THE 'first KEAPINO MACHINE. Scotland gave the first reaping' machine to the workl. Here we must notice an episode in its his- tory. At the (Jreat Exhibition in Enghuid, McCor- mick and Hussey brout^ht their reaijin^ macliines from America, and on trial Hussey obtained the prize;. No Scotch machine was exhibited. But in 1752 Mr. Slight, Curator of the Hiti:hland and Agricultural Society, connnunicated the facts that Hussey 's ma- chine was purely a Scotch invention: the invention of the Rev Patrick Bell, parish minister of Carmylie, one of whose machines had been workinjjf on the farm of his brother, and doint,' p:ood work during the past twenty five years; and that four of these machines had been sent over to America. Of course, both McCormick and Hussey, whose machines were on the same principle as Bell's, were mum as to where they had gotten their idea. FANNERS. Rev. John Arkle, of Hawick invented fanners to separate the chaff from the grain. WORLD aCOTLAND-a SUA UK in CIVILIZINC, T/IE world 37 o claims to K New Ma- (li.slinctly: and to bi't- ml cau cut t> vvislies to bio Society , etc.," nnd ue to the in its his- id, McCor- niacliinos I the prize, t in 1752 li^riculturnl ssoy's nia- vention of Carmylie, ti the farm g the past machines arse, both ere on the rhere they 'anners to THE FIRST TlIHASIIINXl MACHINE. Scotland gave the first tlirashing machine to the world. Says (lie Encycilopcdia Brilaniiica: "It is now sixty five years since an ingeniws mechanic, An- drew Meickle, produced a thrashing machine, so per- fect that its esseidial features are retained uiudtered to the prest^nt day." Andrew, I believe, was n civil engineer, and belonged to Haddingtonshire; and he erected his first thrashing machine, for Mr. Stein at Kilbeggie, Clackmananshire. Haydn mentions th.it Michael Menzies, at Edinburgh, invented a machine f(U' the same i)urpose in 17ii2; but Meickle's of 1770 is that now in general use. MACADAMIZED nOADS. Scotland gave macadamized roads to the world. What a blessing to farnu'rs to get their produce to market, as well as to the general public who use horses. John Loudon McAdam was ])orn in Scotland in 175(5 (see Beeton and Chamber's Encyclopedia). The other great road maker was Tom Telford, a Dumfriesshire chieUI, who improved on McAdam's plan by placing large stones for the support of the "})roken metal." But we have more to notice of Tel- ford's genius. FIRST AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Scotland gave the first Agricultural Society to the world. Haydn says, " The first society for the pro- motion of agriculture in the British Isles, of whose history we have any account, was the Society of Im- provers of AqricuUure in Scotland, instituted in «8 SCOTLANDS SHARE IN CIVILIZWO THE WOULD 172;^' That was in fact, the ..riKnnator of nil Atrri. M",,. cnuMty and pnn-i.uv, throuo-hont the P.nlish *'""""ums, ,t n,.t alH„ for other cmntries bc-ot]a,ul^^ave th,. tirst llax n.ill to the world. Says T%dn.>T^,ef„.sl flaxseed. as phuUed in En. J^^ m A U, l.„M. lor many a-,>s the core was som |;nh. f.>nUhetlax.(tl.l.ar.^ ;• A n.allet was next v.sed; bnt the old n.elhods -' l>H.d<,n,. and scdehin,. the Hax yielded to n ..dv,- n.d .-hu-h w,. inventecl in Scotland about I'oO Kettn... that ,s rottin. flax by steam was - -clnccc by W Watt, of (|,as,ow, I ^^, 3 ^^ubsociuently .noddiod and in.proved by J. Buchanan. MILKING MACHINE. Farmers and dniryn^on who l.nc many cows find the n. Ik.n,. process tedious, tircson.e and in other respects 8 of our day. In the United States alonc! nearly $1(),(X)0,000 is now in- vested as capital in the manufacture, and the [jro- duct in 18U0 was valued at $1,900,000. Who has first had the honour of makin<^ a machine for produc- iufjf artificial ice? France claims the honour, because M. Carre, in 1857, brou^dit out a fairly workable machine, on the absorption system. Then the United States claim Mr. D. Livintjston Holden (now a man advanced in years) as the father of the compressicm system, by which the bulk of artificial ice is made in that country. But Scotland anticipated practically both of these systems loni^ before France and the United States adopted them, as the following may show : " Dr. Cullen, in 1755, discovered that the evapora- tion of water could be facilitated by the removal of the pressure of the atmosphere, and that by doing this water could be frozen. Nairn, in 1777, discov- ered that sulphuric acid would absorb the -^nor of water if placed in a second vessel separate from that containing the water, but connected with it. This discovery he put to use in 1810 by constructing an apparatus for absorbing the vapor of the water that it was desired to cool or freeze. This apparatus greatly facilitated the freezing operations of a vacuum freezing machine."— Crtss/er's Magazine. Mi If! 40 SCOTLAND'S SlfAh'K m ClVlUyJNO THK WORLD "TIuMi " snysn ivcci.f nunihcrof (he Hvollish \mcn m., "Mr. David Boyle, tl.o inventor ,.f a machino tor nmkin.tr uv, wl.o (li(>(l lately ni Mobile, Ala., was n naiivo of Johnstone, K,M,tV(.sv.sl,i,v; born in mi tlv nui(l,> n considenil.l,. sum of nion.a(l hini to devise a nwu-liine to makeiee, by extraetin- the hcmt from the water by moans of compressed ammonia." Scotcli folks are fond of sports on the ice-s^ atini; shinty and especially the "roa.-in Kam(> " oaUed rnri in. But the iee \^ not always to be trusted. The same journal tells us that "a life saving' board for ska nij, ponds" has just been desi.^M.ed and presented to the (xreenock Police Board by Mr. Robert Davie Its chums are simplicity, etficiency, and clu-apness It consists simply of a pine board Hfteen feet lon.r with n cross piece of elm six feet in Ien^4h. The board is furnished with rope handles, will support one or two persons who ^^o to the rescue, and the weight of the whole th.n.i. is about fifty pounds, so that any lad could run with it from one place to another. LIFE SAVING HONOUR TO A SCOT. "The Hon. Sidney Holland, actin- president, acted ns chairman at the annual meeting of the Royal Hu mane Society held in London on the 28th ult The society has maintained its collective ener^nes, and has jrreatly increased in strength, over 70 per cent, havin-. been added to the membership roll. The chief ain^ of the society is to teach the best means of savin.. hfe from drownin,ar. Over 3800 candidates from classes in the United Kingdom and the colonies have passed the proficiency tests, being awarded certifi- SCOTLAND'S SIlAh'K LW CIVILIZING Till: WOULD II cates nnd rnoddllioiiH. litis l>oiii^' nn iiicronso of 1200 (luriiiu: ilic you-. Many of Ui.'St" luivo hccii iiistru- inoiital ill .saving' life from di-owiiin^' and liavc^ rc- ci'ivi'd tlH> K. II. S. ccrliticalc and medal for hnivory. Six caiididntcH received the nwardH in 18U7. Mr. Wm. Nelson, of Glasgow, the itiventor of the life= saving' drill, was elected vice president as a reward for his ener<,'ies in the past, and he was also awarded the honorary certificate and medal of the society, these being acceded to unanimously.— iSW/Zy/t American, March IG, 1898. HORTICULTURE. Scotland has given to the world perhaps the larg- est share of light on the subject of horticulture, or gardening. Many writers on this subject might bo mentioned but let the following sufHce: Says Chamber's Encyclopedia of PJnglish Liiera- ture. Vol. II, 697, "John Claudius Loudon (17l*3- 1843) stands at the head of all the writers of I113 day upon subjects connected with horticulture, and of the whole class of industrious compilers. He was a native of Cambuslang, in Lanarskshire, and pursu- ing in youth the bent of his natural faculties, entered life as a landscape gardener, to which profession he subsecpiently added the duties of a farmer. Finally he settled in London as a writer on liis favourite sub- jects. His works were numerous and useful, and they form in their entire mass a wf)nderful monu- ment of human industry. His chief productions are an Encyclopedia of Gardening in 1822; the Greenhouse Companion; and Encycloi:)edia of Agri- culture, 1825; an Encyclopedia of plants, 1829; an 42 SCOTLANDS SIlAliE IN VIVIUZINQ THE WORLD Encyclopedia of Cottage Villa, and Farm Architec tnro, 18:^2; and Arboretum Brittanicum, eiL'ht vol- umes, 18;j8." VETERINARY COLLEGES. What nation had the honour of first ffiviuff to the world those scientific and humane institutions called veterinary schools and colleges? Not Scot- land, but France. Germany was the next to po.sses8 them; then London, England. London secured the services of M. St. Bell, a Frenchman, as Professor. He died in 1792. The Encyclopedia says, that on St. Bell's death, "John Hunter and Cline recommended Coleman and Moorcraft, neither of whom had much experience." " This is the parent of other schools in (rreat Britian." But who was John Hunter? Let the Encyclopedia Britannica answer. "John Hunter, 1728-1798, as a physiologist and surgeon combined, unrivaled in the annals of medicine. Born at Long Calderwood, in the parish of East Kilbride, Lanark- shire. He dissected over 500 different kinds of animals, some of them repeatedly. A man of public spirit,' and generous with his money for every good cause. Li his lectures, in London, about 1774, on the Theory and Practice of Medicine, he had in his class such distinguished names in the medical pro- fession, as Abernethy, Carlisle, Chevalier, Coleman, Astley Cooper, Home, Lynn, and Macartney." So valuable were his discoveries in pathology, and his improvements in surgery, such as the cutting through tendons for the relief of distorted and contracted joints, etc., that when he died he was honoured with burial in Westminster Abbey. He is thus referred to SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD 43 in Edward's Eucyclopedla of Religious Knowledge, under the ievm phij^ioUxju. "Mr. Hunter, of whom we hereprewntan engraving, was the first in England who investigated disease in n strictly philosophic method: bringing to bear on it the clear and steady lights of anatomy and physiology. He began by discarding all the doctrines of tin; schools, and re- sorted at once to nature. Instead of creeping timid- ly along the coast of truth, he Ixjldly, launched into the great oc(»an of discovery, steering by the polar star of observation, aiid trusting to the guidance of his own genius." Such a man must have occupied a high position, if not the highest, among those a.ssociated with him in connection with the London Veterinary College; and it is more than probable that he had nmch to do with establishing it, and in maintaining its efficiency while he lived. In 1819-20 a veterinary college was established in Edinburgh with Mr. Dick as Professor. He had been a student of Coleman's— the Coleman whom Hunter had taught and recommended in London. Dick was a man -of great ability and per.severance. He died in 1866. He gained the patronage of the High- land and Agricultural Society, of Scotland; and dur- ing his time the examining board of the college was composed of the most distinguished medical men in Scotland, such as Goodsir, Syme, Lizars, Ballingal, Simpson, and Knox. With such eminent men at the head of the institution it is not surprising that the Edinburgh Veterinary College rose to a high place in veterinary science and practice; students who have been licensed by it have carried that :i !j 44 SCOTLAND'S SIIAUE IN CIVlL.yjNO TUK WOULD soioneo a.ul pradi.o over Sc-o(Ia„,l, au.l l.uv. al,ol. slu'd h,. .^n.ornnt nostru.n. a.ui hnvhnvuuH pnu-- t.<-.js „t lu. ..Id farriers. Toronto V.-terinary Colh-.e iH. undcrHtMMd. an otfshoof fn.m that of Edinburgh, ;tH first prot.ssor lu-in^. from Anld Koiki.; and its K'noficent ndhuMu.e is Mi not only ovor Canada, I nt even m tlio United States, where some of its stu- dents are l)raetic•in^^ Who inv(Mited the horseshoe with screw eo-s for frosty weather'^ Let tlu> foil,, .-in^. item from a recent number of the Scoltis/i Amcvican tell: CARLYLE AS AN INVEXTOB. "Amonf? the relics sliown in Cnrlyle's house at Chelsea is one whidi proves that the ^n-eat writer was also a master farrier. The proof of this is found 'u a ease in the dininj^^room, which contains a horse- shoe with screw cogs for use in frosty weather nmrntedby Carlyle in 1834. It is said that th^ shoe, which was regularly used at Craigenputtock, 18 practically the same as the one now universali; used, and that the credit of the humane invention o he screw cogs about which veterinary authorities and backsmdhs have had many disputes, really be- longs to Carlyle." -f > y ^ THE NAILLESS HORSESHOE. And a further Scotch ])oon to the horse is the nail- bss Weshoe. Says the Seoltish American, August ;p f,'radients and on ^rranite- pnved streets. Notwithstandiii},' thi.s rou<,di work the shoes showed no Hi^r,iH of Khiftint,', and were not re- moved until worn out. The new shoe obviated all risk of pricking or laming' by nails, and a sli^dit rasp, ins of the hoof is all that is required in nttnching it to its bed. MEDICAL SCIENCE. Scotland has greatly benoHted the world by her contributions to medical and physiological science. In Burns' poem on "Death and Dr. Hornbook," mention is made of " Buchan an' ither chaps." Now, who was liuchan? He was a Roxburghshire chieldi born at Ancrum in 1729, and died in 1805. He wrote three medical works, two of which passed three edi- tions each; but his popular and famous book on Do- mcstic Medicine attained a circulation of 80,000 copies during his lifetime. In one edition of it pub- lished in Cincinnati, U. S., in 1848, and edited by J. C. Norwood, M. D., it is stated that the Domestic Medi- cine had by that time, been published in "upwards of twenty large editions in England; and had been trans- lated, by physicians of eminence, in every language of modern Europe; and that with a few alterations and additions it forms the substance of every work on popular medicine which has appeared since the au- thor wrote." fi) u «-»re,,.vnv, ,„,.„,,; ,,v ,.„■„.„„„ „„. ,,„„,„ liul ScoUmul l,„sKiv,.„ (|„. „„..|i„,, |,,„f„„„i„„ „,„, v-y I..W. I„,„, TI,„„,.,.„ ,„,„ ., ^y.„J » ^ ^ " l"«.M»l,., ,Ml,i,,|„j,,|,„U|,.. 10,,,,,.,, „,., „X ""•""'"•"'","«;'f "".VH. i„. w„„ „ "c..„ i,„,„, ,' ■ "l"K.«t a,Kl „l,j.„i,.i„„, ,„„, „„. „,.„j . ,„,,.■, """"'"'.V ". K"Ki„M,i," H,Mii,..ii„n«;i. I, : r nv,.r,,ty „,„1 ,t i„ h„„,„ „, ,|„. H„„i,„.,„„ M^JJ,^ D ..T„n„.»1„„„j,si„,,„„„ „„ t|,e ,Ii»c„v..,-,.r„f,.|" ■ iof...m«H„„„,„„„||,„,i,. „„„,„. '• F.„. tl,i« trf„n,,h „f «.•.,■„„. I,,. «.,» ,,.„.„r,i.,l will, „ pri.o „t axX) ™ , , fron, .1,0 P,,,.,„ A,,„ y „f ,s,i.„„., „, ^^ ni,mll„.™nt,m.„l„tE,„.„„o." Sii.,7„„„.» w,,;' ^I,^ P .y«,c,„„ ^, N.ol„.l„„ ,|,e I„,e C.„r of RuJ,. D Mnttlunv Ii,„|„, tl,o ,li.Hfi„K„isl„,| „„„t„,„i„ „ „ , cal subjects „,„| |,is „,,,n, „, „ ski|f„| ,|,1X - ..m,ecl for hi,„s,.,f tl,. title of ^^.ronX^'uZ suffice ■' °'"'' '"'*-''" ^" ""'"""""' l"" '«' "»»0 CHAPTER V. AGE OF IRON AND STEAM. The civiii,,,! ami a ^.vat part of tho nnriviliml world have been liviuK fur a ,.kh1 „,any yearn ti tlH. a^e of iron and Hteam:-iron nhip /iron c ,1s "•;>" iKMses, and iron roa.ls and bridge. Le u te FIRST r JLAST. Who invented f he fan blaKl, for the snu-ltin^^ of iron and o,.,nn^M,nrposesy K ^,„, Jan.es Carnn-ehael f ^rrrf"'- '"^«l«'-"'v-tedalsoa n proved plan for rev^rsir,,. the ^ear of marine engines — " a most splendid invention." FIRST HOT BLAST. Who invented the hot blast for smelting iron? James Beaumor Nelson. FIRST STEAM=HAMMER. ' Who invented the steamdmmmer, which can come down w, h a stroke of many hundred weight, or with one which can only crack an eggshell withoit crush mg the egg? It was James Naysmith, an Edinburgh fflliJ i« Ik 48 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD cine d. He was the inventor also of the pile=driver, tlie double=face wedge shiice valve, the safety foundry ladle, a steam-engine now almost universally employed valvr'''^ ^**^«»^«^"P«' and a spherical seated safety CHEMISTRY. Says the Bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Trade,^(18U0) "Bessemer, the Englishman, invented in I800 the process which bears his name and is the flower of all metallurgical achievements- a share in the honour of this invention, however, being fairly clue to the co^operating genius of Robert F. Mushet also an Englishman, but born of Scotch parentage "' But we must go back to a chemical discovery which led to Bessemer's. Professor Black of Edinburgh University, "discovered fixed air or carbonic acid gns in marble and other solids, together with a train ot important conseciuences. This is the foundation ot Bessemer's discovery of working iron." Black who was professor of chemistry, also dis- covered latent heat and specific keat. These discov- eries laid the foundation of James Watt's scientific investigations and discoveries in connexion with the steam engine. Black was born at Bordeaux, of Scotch parents, 1728, and died at Edinburgh 1799 He was a true Scot. Watt and Black were unco sib at Glasgow college; Watt was also indebted for much scientific light to professor Robison Sir John Leslie (1766-1832) professor of mathe- matics in Edinburgh University, and a writer on various branches of science, was the first to enlighten the scientific world on the subject of radiant heat r SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD ' iO Who first discovered nitrogen gas? Professor Rutherford, of Edinburgh, in 1772 "^^^tessor TeZZl'l'i^f"^'^"'''!' "^ ""^^- ^' ^^'^« Charles Tennan of Glasgow, thus revolutionizing the whole same'city'" '• ''''"'°^' ''''''' ^^^^ ^^^ '^^ A NEW ARTIFICIAL STONE. "A Scotch firm is manufacturing an artificial stone which IS said to stand every test and to be impervious to all vaganes of the weather. The process fs a sim! pie one, and the ingredients of the stone, chiefly linie and Band, are not expensive commodities, so that it is believed that the artificial product will be able to compete with the real. The lime and sand, having been thoroughly incorporated, are passed into mould- Water at high pressure and having a high temoer a ure is then pumped into the converter to cause'the neces^iry chemical union between the lime and sand! and the moulding, boxes are also submitted to a tern perature of about 400 degrees Fahrenheit by the action of superheated steam. In about thirty hours he surplus water is run off, but the heat is continued m order to remove moisture from the moulding boxes for another nineteen hours. The boxes are then re moved from the converter and the stone within them IS practically ready for use. "Experiments are now in progress from which it IS hoped that other products of nature's laboratory W ' r f r^\7^---ble, will presently be successfully imitated." .V. j. Advertm-r, October 12, 1898 60 SCOTLAXrrs SHARE ,x CIVIUZING TUK HORLD As r niMy n.,w have ocaiHum l„ vofov to Mr. Robert Mvlnrlnne -.s nn nntl.ority on matters sciontiHc, it is pn.luT lliat J should state who he was, for ho is now dvnd Bon.e years a,^.>. He was a j^enuine Scot, from l.mun-Ien,near(ihus,t,ow, and was for a eonsider- al.le number ot years Editor of th(, New York Srirn fO>c Ay-u-an. As became onc^ in his position he was an all-round scientist," anfer with conHdence. As we have yc-t to speak of steamboats which re- quire harbours and docks, and of locomotive eiunnes which require stron.^. brid^^es to support the ponderous weight ot engine and train, let us prepare the way for the accommodation of these marvels of mechanical ingenuity. This requires civil engineering. CIVIL ENGINEERING. Scotland has produced some of the greatest civil engineers which the modem world, at least, has ever known. We need only mention the names of three or tour, and barely mention their works. " William Fair iKurn," says Beeton, " was born at Kelso, about 1780 He was among the first, if not the very first, to con ' s i-uct seagoing vessels of iron. He was also con- stantly engaged in experimenting on the quality of iron, and did much to advance mechanical knowledge in the department of engineering." McFarlane Bays tha he (Fairbairn) was the real inventor of tubular bridges. "Stephenson conceived his idea (of his fa- mous Britannia Tubular Bridge) from Sir William SCOTLAXD-S SflAIiE IX CIVILIZING THE WOULD 51 Fairbairn's iv.nark, that an iron sl.ip en the civsts of two waves l,ec(,nie.s nn absoh.te tubular ^m\vv Un- tho nne ben.," (Peter Ma.-Queen, in the ('..s. o J / U;:;^^'^^'^-^ Fairbairn ha.l n.ueh to do lith Thonuus Telford (17,-^7-18:M) was l,orn in Eskdale, I^ mfne.ssh.re; went i. London, and after havin^: budt about forty brul<,e.s in ditl'erent places, ho nmd^ the canals to connect tin- Severn, the Dee, and the feoy. H.^ -ude the Caledonia Canal; the Glas- ^>w, Pa, .,. :,nd Androssan; the Macclestiel.l; the Bn-nun^ . and Liverpool Junction; and the . Weaver Navigation in Cheshire, were either entirely or partially constructed by him. The Gotha Canal in bweden was his work. He was commissioned to make roacis and brid^^es all ove. Scotland, and to build churches and manses in the Hiirhlands. The nuproved road from Holyhead to Lon.lon; the xAIenai Suspension bridge; the St. Catharine's Docks, Lon- dxm and the harbour works of Aberdeen an.l Dundee arehs. He also was a writer on architecture, civil architectui-e, and inlaml navi,i,mtion, and left lai-^e sums of money for the advancement of science The Encyclopedia Britannica (8th Ed. Diss, vi.", says, Telford, hou,,di not the ccmtriver of suspension biidf?es, yet deserves notice from the superior bold- ness and solidity of the noblest work of the kind Which has yet been executed-tlie Menai l,rid^.e " John Kennie was a farmer's son; studied und.^r bu, it Waterloo bnd.^eover tlu> Thames, and theSouth- wnrk iron bridj,^e over the same river. The Grand Western Canal, from the mouth of tho Exe to Taun. 52 SCOTL, -D'S SHAne m CVIUZWa THE WOULD ton; tlie Aterdeen Canal, „„d the Kenuet and Avon 0™l wcM-e „b work. He designed the Londo" docU the East and West India Docks in London and those of Greeuoek, Leith and Liverpool Tto .lemgns for London bridge were „,„de b/hi , {, t were carru.d to completion by his son, «i ,', JohnE n.e, after h,s death. He also f nrnished plans for the .mprove„,ent of the dock yar,ls of Portsmontl , Pj™ m,th Chatlmn, and Pembroke; erected the pie, at boms of Berwick, Newlmven, etc. He was bo-n at Phan,ass,e, Haddingtonshire, 1761, died '^ l^Xl 1821 and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral in 18oi r',' ^T', ™' ''°^'" '" "'^ ™1« of Clyde in 1808, and stnd.ed nwtheraaties and the physical scences at Edinburgh and Glasgow, where he I'rad ..ate, m 1824, Went to Lend™, i, ISHw le^ ho' vessels In 18d5 he bmlt a ship npon his newly dis. covered "wave principle" which, together with othe vessels subsequently constructcl upon tl e same model, was perfectly successful. His Latest achrevejneut, however, was the Great Easter, He taTy f' his' "r ''T' ^'^'^'^ "' London Secfe! ta y of the bociety ot Arts, and was one of the most acfve members of the commission of the grea eT b.t,on o( 1851. In 1837 he received from Te Eovai fotofvtiset ""'"'"" "»'^'— ts in the Bceton says, 'The first stone of Blaekfriars' Bmlge Lon.lon, was laid October 31, 1760, and Z completed by Milne, in 1770." This M Ine wasT SCOTLAND'S SHARE W CIVILIZING THE WORLD 63 Scot, and of an anoient family „f architects of that name. The ^ .o///.s/. A.nrrira,, Journal. February 3, 18J2 says: " A new book will be issued this year on the Master Masons to the Crown of Scotland '-a book of immense research. Special attention has been given to the remarkal,le career of Robert Milne the architect of Blackfriars' Brid,., and beautiful en- gravinp are to be j,dven of the medals which were presented to him by the two Popes, Clement XTir' and Clement XIV. These nunlals were piously de! posited by hnn in the foundation stone of Black- triars Brid^.e and were recently discovered, a cen- Uiry afterward, durinj. the repairing of the structure He was surveyor of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, during fifty years; and it was at his sug^.estion that the famous memorial inscription to Sir Christopher Wren->Si monnmenfnm rrquiris circ,nusp,■ce~^,a8 placed in that structure." Out of sixty=nine plans presented by candidates for building Blackfriars' Bridge his alone was adopted. He was honoured by burial in St Paul's, in 1811. England- has received quite recently another ben- etit trom Scottish engineering genius in the con.^truc- tion of the Manchester canal; for says the Scoff Ish American Journal of January 31st ult., " Rothesay is proud of the fact that the inception of the Manches- ter Canal was greatly due to a Rothesay man-xMr (reorge Hicks." To record the many triumphs of Scotc^ civil en- gineering throughout t)ie world is more than our space and time would permit. Take only one or two ad- ditional: the first of which is near home-the Canada Pacific Railway, which, considering its extreme ■ P rA SCOTLAm-S SHANE W CIVILIZING THE WOULD \^^ and tho f„r„mlal,lo ohstncles to be overcome one ot the ..vatest aelnoven.ents of the en^^ineer: nit the world has yet seen. Wl)o have been the moli IM-onnnent n.erx in ,t.s fonnation? Sir Joh„ Me DonalcUv;.s Us far-seein,. and indomitable projelr Sanford Flem>n,. its .hief en,nneer, assisted by ^e f^-emus, enerj^y, and ooura,,.e of Wilh" .,n Mackenz e and James Ross. The syndicate who, aided by ^^ ernment, shoulder.! the enormous financia In.pon " Dunuin Mclntyre, , Robert Anj.n,s, Sir John Rose and Donald SmUh. All Scots, ilka ane o' them. ' Then there ,.s the new Sault St. Marie Canal re • ntly opened having its five ,.ates all worked lit h nhnost increddMe speed by electrical power-the firs -.stance of this power bein,. thus uLl-th wl^ le cles^..ned by an Aberdeer. nunn, Mr James B. Spence of Ottawa, Cnef Drau.ditsman of the Departmen o Radways and Canals. ^ 'trnnent ot '^ the lar,gest masonry dam in the world- a stunen d..ns work of ...ineerin,, lately completed l^Z^ an Co. of Edinburgh. It supplies Bombay daily with one hundred million gallons of water. II II CHAPTER VI. THE STEAM ENGINE. Who frnxe the first steam^on^niie to the world? It IS hard t(, tell. Lon- l„n- a^o, 120 B. C, a philoso- pher of Alexandria iu E-ypt named Hero is said to have invented a maehine consisting of a hollow f,d<.be trom the sides of which projected bent open tubes' and that when steam was admitted into the f^lobe its action on the tubes caused tlie globe and tubes to re volve. At the beginning of the .seventeenth century a genius of the name of Ramsey (no doubt a Scot) at the Court of our James VI. and I. of En w/.Ha,nan„f^nvat i„;.j,.„uity. Of U IV is KiiHici,.|,f proof i„ j ilii",.,.! '^1^ . ■ IIH Hopliical TmiiHacf IIH of UdHfnun Coal to K 'Oils' for KSOH imper i/i iho 'Phil- ()- on VpplifatioM tll.> Royal Snv.U't oononiical l'Mrp..sr.s,' for wliid Kmnford jro|,l „„.,i„| y im'scntcd liini with the I H(> had 2)1' lar^'c ""inyyoars, ani..Htal)l,. and y.^n] vvicKisly proved, for my: out Mu. plfuiH „|- jyj the introduction of nft th t'SSIH. lioult oiiN ajrent in enrry >u and Watt, ii ot ™rdH, in the construction and '•'"• works at Soho. Watt ref, *'"• ^''.j,nnes into Cornwall; and i'lirryiufr forward vyorks, to several of Hurdocl tions, and also to h iiinnufacture of niacl ITS, m one of his Th very in^^enious inven- 's construction of tooln for the l>e made tin machinery. I,, tl 1080 oircunLstances five Hojloi now .vferred to, the first 1 n-or applied to the d >conio- scribed in the speciHcati(.n of W nnvm^r of carria,ires, as dt tend pl( 1" many cases, said that Htt's patent. 'I eminent man, ' to in- .'loy the expansive power ot stonn, f piston. In cases wlL if ^"^ ^''^''*' "» the i "^^^ ^"< re cold water ->iiiw,+ k i i • Pl«.ty, H,e engines may !« wro"ur ,t 1 v H ■ , '' '" "ir aft,,, it J,„s ,,„„e it« ,.fflc, - A f" , I'f "P"" M"iHu.a,l saw ,hi. n,™,.' 1,1 „ as,;" °' ^'■- ''■ ^■ M...1.I, Mr 1{„1,W„, ;, , * • y™"- very clever eveui,« w ,1, ' "■ '"' '™ ""l^"' ?"«"«' Frklay •I"- I hoped si' ,?,r T"' ™"^f"«'i°n- I told mventio,, • 11,™':"'/" " -^T* "■''"'■'"' "' >'"»■• --ei.e.„,:Lr'™--r;:-^^^^^^^^^^ SCOTLASOS SH.llU'J /A' CIVlUZtS'G TIIK W'OltfJ) r.i> wns with ^iviit coiumtu I learnt tli(> other dny tho Ueatliofiny worthy friend, Pn.lvHsor Ko])iHon. He wns a man of tlie clearest head and the most seienee of anyhody I have known, and his friendship for m.' only ended with his lite, after having' contiinied nearly half a eentury.' Mr. Muirhead stales that anion^' the persons who saw this ' working; model ' at Mr. Murdoch's was Mr. Hiduird Trevethick, who, in 1802, took out a i)ateiit for an eiini„e to !)(> applied to the driving,' of carriauvs, usinj,' the same principle with variations. "It is iiderestin^ to examine this model, in con- nexion with tho.se eomi)lex, and, in some instances, stupendous machines, of which the Exhibition sup- plies so many exanipl(>s. Fraiddin said of the first balloon: 'It is a babe; but it may l)ecome a ^'iant.' The balloon, however, is a ' babe ' still; while the lo- comotive i)resents to it a most striking' contrast; if, in this model we have 'the babe,' 'the ^dant' is at hand invitinj.,' our contemplation. But it appears that the idea of a rail never entered tln^ nund of Watt; all that he seems to have considered was the movement of. a carriajre by steam on ordinary roads." All honour to Trevethick and Stephenson who, al- though neither of them invented the locomotive, yet vastly improved it, and put it to practical use. James Watt was an inventor of other things besides those connected with the engine. He invented the copying press; a steam drying machine; a machine for copying sculpture; and wns an exj)erime}iter in photography. Two of his pictures of the old Soho house, on copper plates, by tho old process, are in the putonf iiiUHinitn. Ho ni^,, „„„.. . nuu.i<-a.,l f i m\ ' »,"l^''-vemoutB he com- OAS LicaiT AND OTHER LIGHTS "1.1 whaio : C ' *; ,"'hi ''r ', "'"■''"''"* "'" "f "i.nvM in,." ' , , , , f ","";" ''"*' '""' "'" I'""""'- t-"iviy ..> ^,„r:' ' 't :to:r '"*'■'■'' ''^- years IfioS 1 , n'j "' "' '"' "'"' '«'««• 'I'e •1"". TI,o E,.v D r)„ ,, ""t>^"J"l *'''f«y in Lon- it o,.cam„„allv i i li 1, , n T ^^'-''-I'maU used I"«l. But 1 waf '-' ;'", '^"'™^ ^''''"y 1" Soot. n nmu of many iisefnl i'.., ''"''"'" Murdodi, a Scot, edge of clK^mfs V a L r'; "^^^^^^^ ^"« 1^"°^^- -ei.aniea,s;;:::^:^i.^— -i-^^^^^^ tira roquiral for till. ,i;.i;ii-.„ ""' "PP»ra. and ils convej" nee 1.V ,:"*/"'' ""'"■"« "f ^oal gas, P«l„ots of l,i v'.nZ ™w ' '""' '°^ "«'" onght to U Lett k :„.f Ti ''^"""■" *^°"'''<'-'' fliereforo do not hesitatrt . ," ""'""'■ynen. I not ntiitate to insert liere the following SCOTLASD's SHANK m CIVIUZINO THE WOULD «1 pap'r to his ItM.Ktl.y oxtr.ct fn.in an A.norican honour: MURDOCH AM) THK INVENTION OF GAS LKHITING. "'Balloc-hm.vh.;iu \h^Lvr,h anniv.rHnr;; of the l.-st puhh-c UHo ot^^aH (.„al f„r h-^htiuK luirj oso (Ann' 251, 1H0'>) ;^-un,lH us th,.t soi..n<.o han its ron.,.,..^.. U fa^Ji! tn.hiH.8, tho joys and j^riofs, „f human life. It is 1 popular (Musior. that Willia.n M.u-doch was the 'in- ventor of j.as f(H- illun.inatinj,. purposes, but it would llbeeomo any one of his eountrymen, olansnu.i or descendants to try to nn-ninn-so the splendour of his ^^•nius and inventions by which the practical use (,f coal f.«s as an illun.iiumt was first made possible and triumphantly realized. "William Murdoch was born near Old Cumnock, his father combining the work of a n.illwright and flower mi ler-n very common form of ' trade union ' a hundred odd years ago, and not (p,ite extinct in the sou lowest of Scotland even yet. Murdoch Sw undoubtedly th, inventor of the iron-toothed syst^ ofgearing.andl have seen a wheel .f that Ln which he not only designed but made by his own hands m a neighbouring smithy -a rough but strong and thoroughly effective bit of mechanism. Until he was over 20 years of age William worked in the parental mill, or mills, and it wa. .y his father's ex! ample his mechanical genius was inspired and his eyes and hands trained to fashion the realized ideals of mechanical invention. For the remaining facts of his public career I must have recourse to the admir- [I ll v'n\'nf:;'S-;';''r';""'»7 "■•'''•'■ """™- ■•« voi,„„„ " T 17SI U- I u" ° f' """'"■■■■» K.K.yclupedi,,. ;7-u,:4r.f™r;;;'c:::;,:;;;rLr R«ln,tl, l,e c„,.,„.,K.te.l, i„ 1784. tlur L/rin,! 1 "ii\ei. ills Jahonrs m Cornwnll were „„luo„«, „ltl,„„f.l, ]„ |,„cl not more tl „,, I " "ere„so „ „„,„,., „ot being p,,„p„y „ee^fej 7^° miule 1,1, |„s ,„ind to chance Tl,e ,„i„i. l>«nie« „t l„.st ,.e,„i.in, the vab; ofhi'e L™T er«. h„n ^1000 ponn.ls „ year as eh ," . ,™; ^ ^■ne (178,,) of a pattei-n still in „se. He also i,^ .n.v«nv„tfse,„.ine; intro,l„ced a .neth^ of e "' mf.il,mi„t.s, „ rotary „„a compressed air encine- n e„„, ,„,„; cast.-ron cement; ,. method of Si',,! liy e„-e„l„t,„f, „.afer throURh pipes- „ ,1, ", ? «end,„g .nessages through a„"exlZ'd ai t2 „,°d m"ny,,,her,nve,,,i„,,s. His investigation ite'dL t.llation of ,oaI ga, i„,gan at Redruth in IW Ji 1.0 l.Khted hi., „ffic..s an,l cottages b t a. e, f; He pubhcly sho,ved ti.„ results in 1797 and 1798, the SCOILAND-S SIJARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD 63 premises at Soho beiiijjr lij^rjitod ^.jt]^ ^,_ did not reap due proHt from tliis u.s'eful 1 ,t,'as. But 1 Murd(jch rend Gas from Coal' before tl He died in 1839. invention, paper on the 'Economieal Use of le Royal Soeiety in 1808. 'Ther of the hydraul •eis no doubt that it was Murdoeh . , , ,. . H invention le Hydraulic mam, and wetdime purifier, and the water meter, that enabled him to apply 'distilled He htup Ins own house with gas at Redruth, when he resided in Cornwall (1792), in 1798 he lit up the Soho factory of Boulton & Watt at Birmingham, in U rJ; " ^'^""'""'^ ''"^"^"-'^ '^'>1''^^« "^ ^^^ cotton null of Messrs. Phillips & Lee at Salford; in 1801 Le Apiil of 1802 he had a portion of the public streets m I aris dluminated in the same way, and in 1810 was forming the first Chartered Gas Company, and for the hrst time (1813) Westmin^fpr R..,vi i- , f |5 ^^.^g,, ^ ' ^^^^™'"ster Bridge was lighted And who invented the Drummond light, known also as the lime or calcium light? It was Captain Thomas Henry Drummond, an Edinburgh genius- in ven or aisoof the heliostat, so useful to survey"^' Elecriticity is now taking the place largely of 'gas IZ r:T''- ^^"*-^>— come in our story'to speak of electricity we shall find that Scotchmen have been in he very forefront of the world's pioneers in hLtnl:^^^"^'^^ ^"' ''' ''-'^'^ '^^'^-^^^^ to ^t-" ''^^ CHAPTER VII. FIRST OCEAN STEAMER. Who had the merit of first giving the steamboat to the world ? Three uatioas claim the honour. Let us give honour to whom honour is due. France claims thai the Marquis de Jonffroy put a steamer on the Doubs in 177G, and more successfully nVVtry^ THE ROYAL WILLIAM. on he baone in 1783, but failed to carry out the in- vention into connnon use for w.-nt of means and sup. port. The Academy of Sciences acknowledged his claim to the discovery in 1840. 64 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD 65 Some Americans claim John Fitch, a native of Pennsy vania, as the real inventor of the steamboat; and that he had one in actual operation on the Dela- ware river in 1787, and more succe.s •ully in 1788 He also failed for want of means and support. Ihe Americans also claim Robert Fulton as a na- tive of the States and the inventor of the steamer who placed his invention on the Hudson river in n. <'V r ; '^'"^^"^^^ '' ^''^^^^^- They regard him as tlie father of steam navigation." All honour to Joutfroy and Fitch. If what be said of them be true they deserved better from their countrymen and the world. But we are not done with Fulton. It is very doubtful whether he were a native American. Here 18 what appeared in the Scottish American, Feb- ruary 1, 1877. A CURIOUS QUESTION. To the Editor of the Scottish American Journal- "Dear Sir:-I dip the following from a late num. ber of the Philadelphia Presbyterian:-' John Stevenson writes to the Glasgoiv Neros that his granduncle, Robert Fulton, instead of being born in Pennsylvania of Irish parents, as his American biog. raphers say, was Scotch, and was born in Beith in Ayrshire. Mr. Stevenson says that in consequence of having oflFered a torpedo invention to the Frer^eh J^ulton concealed the fact of his Scottish origin as much as possible, and when last in Scotland only visi ed his relatives by stealth, being afraid that pro- n 5! ■ 66 SCOTLAND'S SHAHE JN CIVILIZING THE WOULD Fitcli's friends maintain that Fulton saw Fitch's boat; and the Encyclope lia Britanniea says, "hi seen the rehcs, in Scotland, of Symington' last ex- pornnent," so that ],e could not justly be called the inventor ndeed I have not seen it stated that he Hauned to be such. His boat was supplied with a for sir ''^"'' '''''''■ ^^ ^^--^at^l-edU tor h s plu'.k, perseverance, and success in introduc- ing steam navigation into the States boat'att 'T^' ""T' "" ""'^""°" -' -'^ steam- boat, at least equally and independently of both France and the United States. "The idec'^ 'sZe Lncyclopedin Britanniea, "of the applieat on of tL team=eng„je to move ships was already a familiar one o he minds of many persons about the middle o^ as century." "The first experiment entitled to be called successful was made by Mr. Miller of Dal Bwinton, in Scotland conjointly with Y, James Tay- ject of moving vessels by means of paddle-wheels driven by a steam-engine, and realized it with the aid ot Symington, a practical engineer. Miller had been working at the matter before employing Symington Low ong before we know not. Thdr Lt w'was put in operation, on Dalswinton Loch, Dumfries Bhire, m October 1788. The subject was pursued by bymington and others. In 1789 a larger vessel was propelled on the Forth and Clyde canal. That is about eignieen years before Fulton But, says Haydn, "The first idea of steam naviga- Hu Is in 17.^6." This ,s the earliest claim of all- but we have never seen any proof that Jonathan's "idea'' SCOTLANns SHAHE AV CiyJLIZmo THE WOnLD 67 ever " roaterinlizecl " in the form of n stean,or Ono It ne^d 8ca,-cdy be noticed tlmt "Clyde -built .»r|e.ti.j,!^t^«fi^fr«r^^^^^^^^^^^^ at Thomson's yard, Clydebank." ^ "^ FLOATING GRAVING DOCKS the Ad„rirStvTn,l "h i^° '*'"''"'« ™n'™<=t™ for died on I e lOth T'\ **°™"™«" Departments, hewasborn f 8? i f """^ "f Glasgow, where « uorn in 1817, he became connected witli F,>v ItnH'l A^^""'^ '^"""^ ^'™"^« "^ the kingdom'' -^co«,sA ^meric««, September, 26th, '94. THE SCREW PROPELLER. Who was the inventor of the screw propeller tor In ii 68 SCOTLAXD-S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD Steamers? In The Leisure lionr, London, for 1856 p. 532, is an interesting arti( U7id ItsBet^iilh, in wliicli tl is an interesting articles entitled, J». Accident le inv. jition is .M.-dited, it seems, wholly to Mr. Francis Telht Smitii, a farmer of Middlesex, England, in 1830. Now the truth sh .own in the EncyloiJidia Brita IS, as nnica, that two Frenchmen- Bououer iu 174G, and Bernouill. n ve;-: ied i t. W!ien eTamen Watt sent dr 1751 had i in ■aw- ings of his engines to Soho in 1770 for Mr. Boulton to co.istruet one f,, e:d company, the Cunnrd. (Scotchnion they arc.) It was born before tlio days of steanishipH. It inau^'urated Hteanier lineB: it never has lost more than oi le veKHel: it lias never hmi n a pasHen^er'H life at all: its sliiijs an^ never insured: jj^reat mereantile firms do not insure their j^oods sent over in Cunard ships: it is rather safer to be in their vessels than on shore." Then Mark Twain tells us why all this safety is secured, and why the line is called the Cunard line. He says: " Before adopt- iufr n new thinj,', the chiefs co^ritate and cogi- tate and cogitate; then they lay it before their head purveyor, their head merchant, their head builder, their head engineer; and all the captains in the service, and they go off and cogitate about a year; then if the new wrinkle is approved, it is adopted, and put into the regulations." "It takes them about ten or fifteen years to manu- facture a captain." " The noted Cunard Company is composed simply of two or three grandchildren who have stepped into the shoes of two or three chil- dren who stepped into the shoes of a couple of old Scotch fathers; for Burns and Mac Ivor were the company when it was born ... it is Burns and Mac Ivor still in the third generation. Burns was a Glasgow merchant, Mac Ivor was an old sea-dog who sailed a ship for him in early times. Burns and Mac Ivor and Judge Haliburton ("Sam Slick") fell to considering a scheme of getting a job to carry the mails. They needed faster vessels. Haliburton had a relative who was not a shining success in practical life, but had an inventi.n head, named Sam Cunard; he took an old jaciaiife and a shingle and whittled f '1 u 72 SCOTLAm'S SHA„S: W CVWUmo THE WOHLD II the Cuimrdom n great navy it is-duiug busim« ev;.,.y ocean; ow,n„« fo,.„.Hve .tean,.!.' "■"; '•In it. ""■"""" •'^^ '"""'■■"''■' ■" "'""snn.Is." it kee,„ 4'™; """"" ;-""''l-'"-i' ". Liverpool Amuum ot Oetober 8, IsiiO. "TI.e life of Sir Oeorge Bu, ,., one ot tl.e fonnderx of tl e C nard »to ,Bl,l,,„, London, and will 1„. read with interest bv Si ""^L"; "" ""'■'" "' "'- »""■"'• «-'i™ "- tl-e author devotes a emisiderable am,„.„t of atten M itil^v Tr'""""""''*''" '"■" ' '-"'able wo 1; I" 1.8 yon 1, h, was a frien,! and co-worker with Dr Tlie Homjkomi Dalhi Prrai tolls ^f „ 1 ^z z^'r"" '- -p«- oi St. ie°s r int, .n that port; ono wm ■, Scolel,„,an, ,. other an Mt™Schan" '"1,"" '-"^^flve doM„r:'td : jeatedsi. ste.„.e., and the .^reapr.; TZ SCOTCH ENGINEERS. Before leavinpr steam let us inquire. The S'.'rT"]"^ *''' "'■"^^^^'^'^ ^*^«^ ^^^^"iek crane? 1 he ^r..^^,sj ^ wnvcr,» of June 21 , 1883, says • " D T Dudap & Co., ship builders and engineers.'port Sas ' I SVOTLANDS S/lAriE m CIVIUZINU TIIK WOULD 73 ROW, ure about to take a ' new departniv' in connexion with the niechunieal ai)pliance.s forfacilitatinsrthc work of lifting,' hr.ivy LoiltTM, eM^MncH, etc., on board of vch. Rels whic-h they Iwive oecasion fo fit out brf,„v leaving thelneh Works, wlier.- they liave Ixh'u built. They were tirnt invented by Mr. David He.,.h>rHon, wIk.h,- brother was one of the contractors for the Crystal Palac,., in which the Hyde Park L.J.ibition of Lsr,l was held, and where they were first used in liftinjr fhp iron girders, etc., required for that b.iildin^r.'' ft should also be noted that what is called '"the steam crane' was invented l)y R. W. Thomson, of E.linburKh; also traction engine wheels-for common roads-of vulenn- ized India ruliber. He was the inventor of "the Steam r omnibus," which has not, however, been a popular success. But althouj^di some Scotchmen may fail, ns c-er {reniuses do, in their projects, they are for th. m«;st iiart successful. As McFarlane says, "The Scotch ontions have mostly been of a real practical charac, v, and have been universally adopted by all nations." NEW YORK ELEVATED RAILROADS. As another instance of Scotch en^dneering skill we may briefly notice ihat of Mr. John Baird, a na- tive of Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire, wjio died in New York in 1891. He was superintending engineer of the Cromwell line of steamers rnnning between New York and X(>w Orleans. He spent twenty years in that service, and acciuired a wide reputation both as a marine architect and as the designer of all kinds of engi leering undertakings. It was from his plans n iid under his personal superintendeiie that the Second d ih i:» 74 SCOTLANn^s SffAfiE W ClVru;itXO TIIK WOULD Avonuo nnd Sixth Avonu, Elevak.l RailromlH of Now \ovk w,.n. (...MHtruetod. lu- iH-in^,' at tl.o timo vie-,. ,»,.«. •ra. t.onH ot St. Andn-w'H day." (WZ/sA lunnura^ ot Ay. 1808, who wroto extensively on tlie subject of e.vd enjr.neer.n^, correetin^^ certain errors in it; and was K-eneral superintendent of the Crystal Palace of Sydenham, England, CHAPTER VIM. Tho thistlo IxMii^,' n very loromotivo plant we have already notiml itn hMulrufy to travel i)y Htcanier and radway; let us now see how it gets over the world by other means. BALLOONS. Who invented the l)aIloon? Surely sober-minded Scotchmen would never think of such n thing! But th«y did. They made the first balloon, and made the first ascension in a balloon, in Britain. Frederick Whymper, in Good Words says, that "Dr. Black of i:dinburgh taught his .students in 176(5 that hydrogen in a thin bag would rise to the ceiling He provided the bladder of a calf f(,r the purpose," and his experiment failed; he did not repeat it, and may therefore be said to have missed a great discov- ery." Now Dr. Whymper is mistaken or telling what is not true, as the following may show. It is taken from a book entitled, Up in the Clouds or Balloon Voyagcsj being Vol. XII. of Ballantyne's Miscel- lany. London, James Nesbit & Compuny, 1864. " The germ of the invention of the balloon lies in the discovery of Mr. Cavendeth, made in 1766, that hydrogen gas, called inflammable air, is at least seven times lighter than atmospheric air." Founding on 76 76 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD «ns fac Dr. Black, of Edinbur,.!, proved by experi- ments that a very thin bag tilled with gas /on Id rise o the ce,hn,. o the room. In Dr. Tl^mson's His! toiy of Chonnstry an anecdote related l)y Mr Ben mnn Bell, refers to this, as follows : " Soon after the appearance of Cavendeth's paper on hydro" n^ as n -J-1; I- ".ade an approximation to the spee'ific pnity of friends to supper informing them that he had a cur,osUy to show them. Dr. Hutton. Mr. Clerk of l^khn, and S,r Geor.,e Clerk, of Pennycuick, wet; o ot a alf hi ed with hydrogen gas; and upon setting it c i inf ' Tlrr'"'''^ "^"'^^"' '^"^^ -"--d to the black thread had been attached to the allantois- that he h. a passed through the ceiling; and that'sl vntedit 7" T^* '^^°'' ^^P""^"^ '^^' thread ele- vated It o the ceding and kept it in its position. This explana ion was so plausible that it was agreed to by e'sttrrr"^^ ^^'^ ''^' ""''^'^ plausible the'! res t turned out wholly fallacious, for when the allan ois was brought down, no thread whate'e was found attached cc it. Dr. Black explained the ause of the ascent, to his admiring friends; but s", was his carelessness of his own reputation that he never gave the least account of this curious expe men ^o his class; and several years elapsX- SCOTLAND'S SHARE IX CIVILIZING THE WORLD 77 THE FIRST AERIAL VOYAGES MADE IN GREAT BRITAIN. The credit of the first aerial voyage made in Great Britain has usually been given to Vincenzo Lunardi, an Italian. There is ground for believing, however, that the first balloon voyage was performed by a Scotchman, as the following extract from Chambers's Book of Days will show. " It is generally supposed that Lunardi was the first pe-son who ascended by means of a balloon in Great Britain; but he certainly was not. A very poor man named James Tytler, who then lived in Edin- burgh, supporting himself and family in the humblest style of garret or cottage life by the exercise of his pen, had this honour. He had effected an ascent on the 27th of August, 1784, just nineteen days previous to Lunardi's." THE KITE. The Kite (or draigon, as it is called in Scotland) has in various forms become a useful instrument in sciei iific research in the departments of meteorology and aerial navigation. Who first used the kite for such a purpose? The American is apt to reply that it was Benjamin Franklin, who, in 1752, used the kite to demonstrate that lightning was electricity: and now, in May 27, 1897, the papers tell us that, I* By the use of kites the Weather Bureau at Wash- ington expects to be soon able to forecast the weather with greater accuracy and for a longer period." But Scotland long ago practically anticipated all such experiments, and even that of Franklin, by three or four years. For Lt. Hugh D. Wise, U. S. A., in the U (' 78 SCOTLANns SHAHE m CIVJLIZINo THE WORLD THE BICYCLE. of this and of the old cJ/m, I „ ,1'"!, rW^s inventor of the bicvcle T 1 ' ™'' "'" (iRhtincfor. ''"^'''^' 1'"- ''»'■""■■ -sreally worth timt t!iere is no iloul.t he was i lik« W„tt T , ^ of the world-s other ^^^^^T^^ M""y years before that little Fr nehnmn tre "' «;;M..eUey.e had been tir:a^^^^^^ honour of the nivention as due to the late iWr p! Dal^el .„..eha„t Les„,al,„«ow. uitlte'-: ;; :"«en^::f:t[r;oT'ttrt'rr"^''^ mcyole of h,s own invention in almost daily use and „rT ^'" "" °™' *""''"- °' "'"'y pool and also to a statement made in a paragraph pub.' SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 79 HBhed in a newspaper widely circulated in the Upper Ward of Lanarkshire, and which was not contra- dicted his bicycle Imd l,een constructed several years be ore 1840.' And that 'prior to his inven tion of the bicycle he had invented a tricycle, the propulsion of which was effected by its rider in a way both ingenious and unique.' " Th.re is, however, another Scottish claimant for the invention. Let antiquarians decide between them An iMtere.st,ng exhibition r>f horseless carriages," says iheScotUsk A>nerican, May 27, 1896, 'ntion was M:iven to the invention. After the interest first awakened had died out, we heard nothing more of the bicycle skate, till now the Americans have taken it up In the bust number of the Chicai/o Trihinc that has reached us there is a long description of n trial given o the skates in New York by Mr. Earl Reynolds of Uucago, anuiteur champion skater of the United t>tat(>s, "The skates are the logical outcome of applying the l>.ey,.le u ea to the old roller skate. They consist of a curved p.ate of thin metal ending in a fork at each end. In ead, of these forks is fitted a small bicycle ^vlleel. The foot rests in the depression of the metal curve about two inches above the ground, and the wheels winch are six inches in diameter, project in front of and behind the foot. This arrangement affords great stability, and one can walk with ease on them. ;' At the close of his exhibition Mr. Reynolds said: Ihe rival and perhaps supplanter of the bicycle is here at las I am an expert on the wheel and I love 1 , but I tell you this road skating is far better. In the first place there is little danger of a fall (,r acci- den of any kind. You can go over the roughest roads with ease at a remarkable rate of speed. If you want to go across country to some point of interest wade across a brook, or even climb a cliff, you can do It and take your skates M'ith you.' " A NEW WHEEL— 1898. "Of all recent inventions having reference to loco- SCOTLAXD-8 SIUHK W CTm/«,vo T,m wouw «3 motion llmt „t ,|„. j„,c.,n„,.tic. tire is p,.,l,„i« tl„. „,o8t n,^;i-tant a,„ i„ tho very few y™,.; Bin ,, iJi " m..y l«»«,l,ly ,c. ,. „,.,.i„„s rival to it i„ it, „,^|i,. tb fcow. M, . Fyf,. s ,.x,x,,,„„,„(„ wH-e with a view to re- .s a pneumatic sicev,., which is made i, o « p,oce and drawn tightly over the axle box The wheel m pushed on to this rul,ber sleeve and then se <->.re, by stee bands. The sleeve, which is e llulm. in s .■„,.ture, ,s the,, p„,npe.| f„n „f „,-, jo „ ,„,™ ' " »l«ut tlnrty tivo pounds to the s„„are in These lsa,-e, as at present ,lo«i,-ned, four in number ad tl . .,'i T'"-;,""" ""■ ™'''' ™« ™" bo isolated fr„™ he other by the turnins of some su,all screws Z mm do no toueh the nave of the wheel. Crtrefn tests show hat .seventy seven percent, of theslk air and then dissipated. Tl„-ee vehicles of .lifferent whe:is"::d c::'ef ;i "'" """"■"""■'■ ^'^"-^ "'^ wnecis, and careful diaKrams taken by means of at ached „pp t„,, (,^ ^^^,_,,^ bein^-coLide,.!,;:; perts as highly satisfactory. By fitting the ™,eu matic cushion to the mi.ldle of the wheel instead ,f to la periphery ,t will at once be seen that pun c ti,,- L" in the ordinarv partnient. Such as Hugh Miller, Hutton. Lyell, Murchison, Sir Archibald Geikie, Di- rector General of the Geological Survey in Britain, nnd others of less note. In 18H2, when Sir Archibald was president of the British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, he, in the course of his open- ing address claimed for Edinburgh tlH> honour of be- ing the birthplace of geology as n science properly 6o=callod, IB. CHAPTER IX. k MILITARY AFFAIRS. If wnr, ftiul l)rav(>ry, nnd victory in wnr nro infln- entml lu pronmtin^r tiu. w„rl,rH i'nliKhtenmont, nnd civilization, llHMi S<-otlHn(l has contribntcd Iut fair Bhnr(3. As ^'ood illustrations of that fact I cannot do bettor then (juoto : ''Th.> follovvin^r ..xtrart from nn amusins Hnoeoh cU-hveml r(.(.(>nlly by Mr. A. Mc-K.-nzie in the Now Brunswick Loj^islature which contains many capital points, and will bo rolishod by our Hif,diland readers. Reforrinfr to a proposition that the A^'ricul- tural roiK^rt would bo printed in the French lan^rnnf.e, Mr. McKonzio said that members of the House would do well to ask if there is no other lanf,niafre that de- serves attention, since lecturers show, or attempt to show, that without the shadow of a doubt the Hirdi- landers of Scotland are descended from the house of Israel, and it cannot be denied that the Celtic people save Its present lustre to Britain's glory Who I would ask, save the prophesied colonies to Britain? V\ ho wrested our country from the i^rasp of the J^ronch and vested it in the British Crown? Who scaled the heij^hts of Quebec; and what music tirst proclaimed to Wolfe that victory perched on the British banner? It was the sweet music that was never tuned to a retreat. Who drove the French 85 ■i; 11 80 SCOTLAXD'S StlAllE LV CIVILIZING THE WORLD from the EKyptinn trotiches? 'Twrh llu-y who un. d, and that his c.juutry was no lon^'er for him. Who drove the myriads of Sepoys Ix^fore them? 'Twas Campbell's undaunted bri-adc- and though the seventy=eighth Highlanders, perhaps, under Haveloek saved India they being of the MeKeirzie elan I therefore withhold what might be their proper meed of praise for obvious reasons! Who scale.; Alma's Heights? Was it not the Highland brig. ' -' Who are they who scorned to receive the CoRsr.civi,, square? That thin red line sir; the Highland ilr'^Me. Who entered the fort at bebastopol when their allies were repulsed, and who prevented the Russians from retaking the Balaklava? It was the Highland Brigade! Still later in the Ashantee and other wars, we have the Highlanders mlding lustre to Britain's arms. But, wanting the Highlanders, we find in wars where they drew not the sabre and charged not with the bayonet, that Brit- ain's martial glory was dimmed; and looking back oyer the vista of the years, we remember when Brit- nin was of small account and that she became ' Great ' only when Scotland joined her. Wherever the English tongue prevails a Scotch name is found to honour the head of theadministration. Thus a Grant ruled in the neighbouring Republic and has given way only to a Hayes-' the Douglas and the Hay.' An- SCOTLAND'S SIlAtiK IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD 87 Other instnnco is found iu our own dominion, but my modesty u^min forbids tlintl should dwell ,m. that nnrt of the subjtrt. Tiie mnnif(.st destiny of the English 18 thnt they shall predominate, because of their asso- ciation with th.. Seotch. and if any laiiKua^e is * . particularly fostered it is that of those who ^lx^ ui preserved these colonies to the British Crown. We as Scotsmen, however, do not ask for le^nHlutive on- aetmentH, nor do we l,o^r for subsidies to maintain our language, for it is a gem to be displayed only on great occasions, and it is fitting only for the expression of great things. The English language is d(>stined to be the language of the world-the language of the com- merce-aiul where there is a Frenchman who as- pires to honour and enlightenment, though he may not attain to Gaelic, he will learn English. I was surprised awhile ago to hear an honourable member say the Scotch was no language. It was a language before the French or English was ever thought of and that gentleman, himself a Celt, should feel no pride in arguing against the language of his remote forefathers in favour of another and an alien tongue To the victors belong the spoils. The British were the victors in this country, and those who accepted the conqueror's protection, and the free citizenship they now enjoy under the British flag, should also ac cept the English lantruage." " The sweet musir " of the bagpipe, "which was never tuned to a retreat," is evidently now coming prominently to the front wher.; some folk will be as- tonished to find it; for thus, we read, in the Toronto Mml and Empire, of October 12, 1896. " Bagpipes are becoming a fashionable instrument I n IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t 1.0 I.I M IIIII2.0 HT I, IL25 nil 1.4 IIIIIM 1.6 V <^ ^1 z Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716) 872-4503 s 4»^ V iV >^ <^ ^^^ ^ // I/. M f/- ? as SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVlLtZtNQ THE WORLD for ladies m Bntish drawing-rooms. Lady Elspeth Campbell the Duke of Ar^^ylo's granddaughter, who IS a slalled performer, having introduced the fashion Ihe pipes for parlour use are richly decorated and specially toned." Then in the same paper, of the following month, November 28, comes the following item- " Orders have recently been received from the colonel of a French regiment for Scotch bagpipes, the in- tention being to introduce pipe bands into the French army." Some people, however, cannot appreciate the t^cotch bagpipes; in facit they are accustomed to u ter some very disparaging remarks anent them Iheir dislike, however, may arise from a defect in their musical taste or cultivation; or from their not having those memorable historical associations with the pipes which are awakened in the minds of Highlanders especially by pibroch music. Moreover they may never have heard a full band of pipers such as Highland regiments have, and therefore have had no opportunity of comparing good pipe music with that of the brass band. As illustrative of how much the ' music of the pipes may be depreciated by some listeners and how highly appreciated bv others, the following episode may here be related, with the needed explanation for some readers, that, in the J^™^J«nguage, a common name for the bagpipe is BAGPIPES ARE MUSICAL. Vieivs of 31 r. John Johnson. "A decision by a Milwaukee jury some time ago i SCOTLAND'S SHARE LV CIVILIZINO THE WORLD 89 in which it was decided that the Scotoli bagpipe is a doodle- sack which 'emitted an unearthly noise,' and upon which a verdict of §150 dan.a^.es was rendered the owner of a horse that became frightened at doodle= sack music, ran away, and was killed, has attracted attention all over the country. Newspapers from Maine to Mexico have taken the matter up and com- mented thereon, in both a H.^^ht and serious vein and m some instanccvs advantage has been taken' of Milwaukee's lar^^e German populaticm to precipi- tate a war l)etween Scotia and the Vaterland. Mr John Johnston was asked by a local newspaper ts had become friends; after havin,^. gained and lost and a,t,min gained distincti<,ns as a reward of his ability, disease dragged him down to a mature death, and he was accorded, with the ap- plause of his entire generation, the distinguished honour of interment iu Westminster Abbey, to repose in that sepuh-hre as an evidence of the gratit.de with which England remembers the men who made her great." To the foregoing may be mhled, that the Whig ad- ministration under Earl Grey, ls:n, believing him to be the victim of a cruel and unjust persecution, has- tened to restore him to his naval rank. In 1847 C,)ueen Victoria conferred on him the Grand Cross of the Bath On his retirement from active service he devoted himself to scientific inventions-poop and signal hghts, and naval projectih^s. He declared Himself in possession of a means of annihilating an ' enemy s fleet; and during the Russian war, offered to destroy Sebastopol in a few hours with perfect safety to the assailants; his plans, however, were rejected He died October 81, I860, while holding the rank of Kear Admiral of the United Kingdom I I, m ! 11 Ri|i CHAPTER X. But let us return to the Arts of Pence. Who invented the nioukls from which tlie raised type for the blind is cast? It was Thomas Mitehel, a native of Edinburi,di, who died in Brooklyn, N. Y., July, 1892, a^ed 54. (Scottish American, July 6, 1892.) But the blind, throughout the world, have been further benefitted, we might say enlightened, by an- other Scot, as is shown by the following clipping from a Glasgow paper of 1861, and copied the same year in the Montvcal Witness: DEATH OF AN INGENIOUS BLIND MAN. " We readily insert the following from a correspond- ent: " On Friday, 22nd February, William Laingdied at No. 62 Weaver Street. He was born in Bothwell, in the year 1805, and was an outmate of the Glasgow Asylum for the Blind for upwards of 80 years. About twenty^five years ago he made an improve- ment on the arithmetical board for the blind, which enables them to perform, with great accuracy and facility, calculations in any department of arithmetic;, and so excellent is the method of teaching by this board that it has been adopted by all the institutions for the blind in this country, and even in those of 96 SCOTLAND'S SHARK IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD »7 Amoricn. Yet, althon^^l. his improvement was of such importance in enablir.« the blind to obtain the nclvantaKo of thiH branch of education, thanks was he only reward he ever received. His death is much nmented by a 1 his friends and associates, who knew the worth of the pure and rational pleasure they en- add that Wd mm Laing must have been a genius of no ordinary character, for his friends in Canada in- form me^ that he also contrived and constructed "an orrery of considerable dimensions "-an astronomical machme for exhibiting and illustrating (to the blind, 1 P^^^^ume) the various movements of the planetary STEREOTYPE. The world's enlightenment is greatly indebted to the cheapness of books and magazines, and the cheap, ness IS indebted to stereotype; for when the types of L P \r °"'' ^''" '"* "P' «"^ «" impression taken of them in type metal, no further setting up of type 18 required for future editions. Who invented stereotype? William Ged of Edin- burgh, a jeweller, in 1735. Who invented postage=stamps which we stick on letters and papers? Let the following tell: INVENTION OP POSTAGE STAMPS. The po8tage=stamp will celebrate its fiftieth anni- versary this year. The invention is due to printer James Chalmers, of Dundee, who died in 1858, and who finally, with his system, the adhesive post- age=stamp, conquered the whole civilized world ;a-' 'J m 11: m ;| !■ ■'"?' iSBH 1 S 98 SCOTLASD'S SlIAUK IS CIVILI/.ISU TIIK WOULD Kii^'lniul, fifty years n\iu, introduci'd the posta^t'^ Ktami), "'"1 iK'f'onliiif,' to a dccrco of Dcccmhor 21, 18){1), isHiU'd the firnt HtampH for public uso on May (J, 1840. A year later they wore introduced in the United States of Nortli America and Switzerland, and aj^rain a few years later, in Bavaria, Bel^duni and Franco. One of the most, important and valual)le colJectioiiH of i)ostaf: library in London was estab= lishod about 1740. The Edinburj^dx circulatinf^ library, founded in 1725, by the celebrated Allan Ramsay, is the oldest institution of the kind in Britain." mechanics' institutes. Who gave Mechanics' Institutes to the world? It was the Andersonian University of Glasgow. Here was estal)lished what was called an " anti toga class "; that is, a class which did not wear the college " toga " or gown. It was intended chiefly for manufacturers and the higher class of mechanics. But the fee of one guinea and the hour for meeting proved at last a hindrance to its success. The fee was then abolished, a suitable hour for meeting was appointed on Satur- day evenings, and all mechanics who desired instruc- tion were invited to attend. Dr. Birkbeck, a York- shire man, educated in Edinburgh was entrusted with scoTLANirs Slum: m civiuzwa the noniD 99 the class. TI.0 firnt ovenin^ fho nttondanco wns «rUxcM«o„r fluvo y,arH afterwards. 18(M, w,.„t to Lo u b„ and in 1821. nnd.r Lord Bron^d, , '1 «d,u^ooao,,,H.esta.,li.,K.daHi„dlarinstH::: but tadcd IL> wrote a littlo work illustrated with a fnn 1 ;,"'"'' ^"•'^^'t"t««- His reason lor select- ing so humble n birthplace was sin.ply this, that Un^iUrr'T'''^ ^"^" there andlnstructlo hnsmith how to make or mend philosophical instru ments for the Institute. Birkbeck's biogrnph r sa" that Glasgow was unquestionably the «r t p"ce where a genuine and enduring M.rlnuncs' InstU f was established." ^^tuianits Institute eso^ecLlTv "sT.^"^''"""^ ^" ^^'"''^'"^ "len, and Here s wh^r,^ "" ""^'^^* *° *^^""- ''- -- ory, nereis what Beeton says of him- " Tnl... a 1 one o, the earliest prolte. o^eienS ,t :t:,To':; among the working el„^ „„d .fe fo„„<,„ ™;' ™ Glasgovv- Anderso,™,, Institution. Bon, „t Eolr "™"> Dumbarton, 1721, dieundee as an energetic worker and a forcible speaker bhe was seventy=four years of age." n\. Ilil J! 102 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD THE Y. M. C. A. Where and ],y whom did Young Men's Christian Assoc., .ons ongumto? England claims something of the ]und „, 1844, but Scotland chums the true origin twenty years before that date, namely, in 1823 Here are the facts of the case The Encychpcdia <^ Missions, published by Funk ^ ^\agnals, New York, says that young men's mutual inu.rove.,ent societies have existed in almost vty native f T "■ 'u'""*' "'"" ^^^-'^^ Nasmyth, a latne of Glasgow, between 1823 and 1838, formed irr nit' ]";•'' T^' ""'^^'^^ '" ^^ --^ "t'-es of Astheod :T ""' ""^ "^ France, and An.erica. As the oldest, the present Glasgow association, traces B ongn. to a Nasmyth soci .ty, formed in 1824; so also may be raced the associations elsewhere eitLe^ directly or indirectly to the same source. The honour o the development of the associations, as we now see them, ,s due, however, to George Williams of London, who in June Uh, 1844, formed them into a union of woi-ld^wide extent. David Nasmyth was nevertheless the pioneer of this influential union fo; the tempora and spiritual welfare of young men throughout the world. ^ CITY MISSIONS. , Arid who originated CUi, Missions, in modern mus, those wulespread and efficient means of reaclung and rescuing the morally depraved noor and outcast ,>f our large cities' It "^was DavU Nasmyth. After he had established the city mission SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILlZINO THE WORLD 103 DAVID NASMYTH. ^1l 10. scoTLAm-s sHAi,E m cmLmso tuk .vobld JL*^rTTV,°"^.""' »"<' o"'" IH«h towns, „„d in the C ty of New Yoik, he w„s onconra„ecl by a few I.-.sh laches to «o to England a,„l begin the JZ work -u the shuns of London. The magazi e calW Good T( „„/,,, f„,, 1891, tells how the young Scotch nmn, „ stranger in the great city, in the yea^lsS t" first called „po„ the Bisho,, of L„„d„„ „,,„ il^.^'^' nppeahng to then, to co-operate with him and with each oho, ,„ his grand design. Bnt his „p,^a were without success. He was toI4 he entered the police force in Edinburgh and organ- ized a regular fire brigade. In 1882 he published a pamphlet on " the causes and n.eans of extinguishing hres whu-h gave h.m more than local celebrity, and cd to Ins removal to London, where he did good duty " "^^l«"choly death in discharge of his It is a mark of good intellect to attend to small as well as great things. Scotland has done so in her inventions. Fe^::;2rS7r'^'^^''^^^*'^^'"''^'^'-«^'^' "The invention of watches had preceded by a few years, that of small cloc-ks. Our ideas of a primitive watch are ahvays associated with a turnip; but it was not untd th,> seventeenth century, when Graham, the Scotchman, invented the cylindrical escapement, that watche ■ assumed this respectable but inconvenient shape.. P(,pular tradition ascribes the invention of watches to Peter Hele, of Nurenberg, in the year SCOTLAXD-S SHARE IN CIVILIZINO THE WOULD 107 eit,of bcolaiKl, pos.vssvd one, 8o far back as the year 1.U0. .. .., 180 years earlier. The only way in ^uch we can account for this discrepancy, says the Hrrul-/c,,.rs.. I strike the wire % so r, a in the sJime way; and my correspondent almost in the same instant observes those several characters rise in order to the electrified balls at his end of the wires. Thus I spell away as long as I think fit and my correspondent, for the sake of memory, write; the ehara t ,, ^hey rise, and may Join and read them afterwards as often as he inclines. Upon a signal given or from choice I stop the machin^. and taking "P the pen in my turn. I write down at the other end whatever my friend strikes out. "If anybody should think this way tiresome let him, instead of the balls, suspend a range of belL 11 lu scoTLANrrs shaiw /.v civiuzino the world from tho fxx^f equal in nu.nlu.r tc, tl.o lo(trr« „f the "IplmlK- ,«,.,|,,Uydecren8inK in si^o from .'he bell A fo lu.ll Z, nncl fn..., tin. h,.riz„ntal win> i.-t there be another net reaching, to the Keven.l bells, one viz from the honzontal wire A to the bell A. anothe^ tiom the horizontal wire B to the bell IJ, ete. Then It't urn who beKb.H the diseonrse brin^. the wire in contaet w.th the barrel as before, and' the c-h^ctrieal «pnrk working, on bells of ,litf,.,,nt sizes, will infonn he corresjxmc lent by the sound what wires have been tonched, and thus by some prnetiee they „.ny come to undersan.l the lan^nm^e of the ehimes in whole words, withont beii.g pnt to the trouble of noting, down every letter. ^ - The same thin^. may be otherwise effected. Let tl.< halls be suspended over the characters as before, but instead of brin^in^ the ends of the horizontal wires m contac-t with the barrel, let n sec-oud set reach from the electrified cask (barrel) so as to be in contact with the horizontal ones; and let it be so contrived at the same time, that any of them may be remove, from its corresponding horizontal by the sughtest touch, and may bring itself again in contact ^^^um le at liberty. Tins may be done by the help o a small .spring and slider, or twenty other methods v^lnch tlie least .ngenuity will discover. In this wav! the characters will always adhere to the balls except- mg when any one of the secondaries is removed from contact with Its horizontal, and then the letter at the other end o the horizontal will immediately drop from Its ball. But I mention this only by Ly of "Some may perl, -.s think that, although the elec SCOTLAND; .«M,„; ,.v cn■,a„^■o rin: ,yo„,o us i'f ii!'",,,'"'" '"" ,';'■'" "''"•■"■'•'' '" '''""■■-'' -..MMy "I'ly ll,„„U,.,UHl ,„„| l,r„l,„|,|y „„„|,| , , j'«- »•, will eff..c,„„ii . V ;,;.;,;; ir„f"';,: '■'■'■ " from „>ixi„g will, tlu, „l,u,.»„l..,7 ^ ""■" llio nigon.ous Renfrew „,„„ i„, , „j , the true inventor of the eleef.i,. r , , ' Morse and House e lr„ , 1 i- 7™'''' ."'"' "'" jn^ely i„,pr„v™en,s t^'^Z^ C^:^::^;^,^ to the commercial and social re,i„ir..„,ents of fte 1. A telegraph, constructed in precipe confonni ,1 ^U h C. M. e instructions, would l,e f„„nd to convey inle geuce certainly andexpedi,i„„s,,.„HHo„;fo:;t; iiilJi cm merits. iJut one almost nx^rets flmf fr,. i\ h:dir,,t^*''"° °' "T"'- "'■"•»>•"■ '"-"'- the distant corresi»udent, descriLed by C M in hi' rsi„7riri ^'r ctri-r "- — ■ c». vocal ut.erance:':^^;-';;,,-^^^^^ Rrl^''' '"'f . ""'■"'"'"' "'•> ""•■""■"•■ "f Sir Da°;id 'p il I!!l pi iili Hi SCOTLAXD^ SIJAh'E IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD was (Uncovered. From this it appears that the writer ot the letter was Charles Morrison, a native of Green- ock, wlio had heen bred a surgeon, but was understood to be connected with the tobacco trade in Glasgow He was known to be able to transmit messages along wires by means of electricity, and his neighbours at Kentrew ri^garded him as a sort of a wizard Mr Morrison, it is a.lded, was obliged, or found it con^ venient, to leave Renfrew, and settle in Virginia where he died. ' It is a matt(>r of surprise to some who know the history of the telegraph that Morse should be re- garded as its inventor, and that a monument ascrib- ing that honour to hinr should be proposed to be erected to him at Washington. A strong protest by some American writer appeared in the public prints sometime ago, against that proposal; and seemingly with justice, not only from what has now been adduced concerning the Renfrew man, but also from other considerations. For instance, the Popular Science Mo„fhl>,, for June, 1880, says: "The name of Profes- sor Henry of Pri:icet(jn, N. J. is not among those who are associated in the popular mind with the electric telegraph, and yet without his discoveries the electron magneto telegraph could not exist." " Professor Taylor, who was for many years connected with the Patent office, states ' that the work for which Morse gets the credit is, in all its more important features, the work of another man, Alfred Vail, who, with Dr Gale, was associat?"d with Morse in perfecting the in- vention. Tli(> Morsealphabet and the instrument that was f mi Wilt^^^^^^^^^^^ possibilities at Halislnny, in \\ntshnv, by lH,ld„,j. c-onversatiou b,>tween wo :i;;ri.™'fTr"'"''''"''''*^'-"^^ ana brook the resti-iij.f ,vP ,. • l . ""s l^"i'i, Tl,«,, , I [ r(snaint ot no iiitervejiinL' obstacles iiom leaving tlie transmitter until read.in.r fl, opm,a„ „, experts, M„„.o„i I,„« ..ffe „ ..-J" "'" But Scotland was able to f],. fl,n „ ^i • already „,e.uioae..,te,7^,„X;.^;m;° '■■'"'" "In the same article i., lI,o A-„,.« ft,,v,-,,,, is „„ ill,,. i 116 SCOTLANDS SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD sion to an interesting telegraphic project, whicli has another ingenious Scotchman for its author. '"A new principle of telegraphic communication if it shall prove of practical value, may render such an enterprise [an Anierico^European Telegraph] within the reach even of the western states of Europe. The idea of what may provisionally be called a transmarine telegraph has been recently brought forward by Mr. Lind.say of Dundee. This plan is to send the electric current through great distances of water by means of long lines of wire, stretching along the opposite shores. These lines communicate with a powerful battery, and their four terminations dip into the sea, so that the electric currents flow in two different directions across the ocean. Mr. Lindsay has made experiment on a small scale in Scot- land, which so far confirmed his views; but he re- peated them on a larger scale last summer at Portsmouth, where he sent messages through a mile of water, though there were many ships in the inter- vening space, and many of them with coppered bot- toms. In this experiment the length of the lateral wires were less than half a mile. We understand that a patent has been secured by a Company who in- tend in the spring to make experiments on a great scale.' " The idea of a irans marine telegraph suggested itself to Mr. Lindsay a number of years ago. I had the pleasure of spending an evening with him in the autumn of 1845, when a large portion of the con- veisation turned on this very scheme. Only a day or two before he had made his first successful experi- ment, in transmitting electricity across a sheet of water in the neighborhood of Dundee, without the SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVIUZINO THE WORLD 117 use of a connecting wire, and l,e was tl.en very san guine as to the practicability of a transmarine tele graph aeross the English channel-the idea of tele graphic coninmnication not having been mooted at n'/^r V :f^ o'^^^ ''" V^vn^vaiA. quoted above from the Aorth British Rrrirw came under my notice, I had supposed that in the multiplicity oi other avocations, Mr. Lindsay had discontinued his elegraphic experiments. The hours he could spare trom his fatiguing duties as teacher in the Dundee Gaol. V ,re devoted to the Herculean task of prepar- ing a polyglot dictionary of ffty languages, with all of which he had made himself more or less ac- quainted. I beHeve he is the only individual in wor\ ?P ? who possesses a copy of the whole works of Confucius in the original Chinese, and more the Bntish Museum, but not, it is said, in any pri- vate library. He was at the same time engaged in an interes ing experiment, having for its object to ascertain the degree of instruction of which convicts who had grown up in vice and ignorance were capa- ble. Some of these while serving their term of im in initiating in o he mysteries of the Integral and Differentia Calculus, and qualified them for working out some of the most difficult calculations embodied yearly in the Nautical Almanac. He was occupied also with a controversy, in which he claime.l that he was the first discoverer of Electric Light, having had hs house lighted up with it for years, and of tlds he brought forward such cogent proofs as finally silenced the rival claimants of the distinction, With so much Jl'fl 1 ■■ 118 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZINO TBE WORLD on his hands, it is not f,nri)i-isins, although it may be a matter of regret, that he has not found time to prosecute Ins scheme of a transmarine telegraph with the energy which its importance demands if 'it is really practicable as the experiments so far seem to indicate that it is. If you or any of your correspon- dents can supply any information as to what became of the projected company, who were ' to make experi- ments on a great scale,' it would l)e in a hiah decree interesting." Yours, etc., T i T ^ 80OTUS. Toronto, January 22, 1857. CHAPTER XII. U WHO WAS THE CABLE KING? SIR JOHN PENDER. " Sir John Pender, whose death at the age of 80 years we recently announced, was widely known as 119 if! ' the Cable KiiiL' ' Wh*>r, fi. • < „ the faitl. l.P l,n I • n ^ ""'y "" earnest of Ane. the -'^i.i...- o/;,,e'«:t:: lAl^'Sl^S Company LomtokHl about the nmkini, „f „ ,? without a very suUtantial Kuarautet It T" as has been said, then 8ir Jo'^P udeV-s 1 "' "''="' to heroism. ' What amount f - *^ "'"^ ™'' qnire?' he askrf an! l *-"";™"'^'' '^° J"™ f"" amilh-on ste it^ " " win '"'1 ^ ""'" °^ sonaJ«ua»ntee\;th:^'.I,r.rt."'f^^:n- lished Sir .fohlr^ts:" li^: f, z^ rt organization and development of cables In t^,eM, . erranean and to India, China, A„* ia"so„th it We i. now but a -gmenl B ^n 1 tl^Tar", cation: bVse;vi'rirtr'''r" "f""'' '"''^^ «•"- woricsther: T"L"e ;e!tt "^r °' "'« P™'' ua..yde.,o^di„rat:e1lro?X^^^^^^^^^ retirement before the cnl)le P,.fo, '^^'"^ '"^" t<^ entered on TT i V enterprises were ever SCOTLAND-S SHARE IN ClVtUZlNG THE WOULD 121 THE EARTH CIRCUIT. Who first discovered nnd demonstrated llw carih ctrcuit in connection with the electric telegraph 9 It was Alexander Bain, a Scot. The Encyclopedia says that "Mr, Stemheil, in 1888, more than snspected snch a circnit," but from some cause or other it ob tinned little publicity. A most ingenius artist, Mr Bain, estahlislu'dfor himself the principle, nnd pro- claimed its appUcation somewhat later. And what was the result of its application? It reduced the double wire of the telegraph to one, the earth answer- ing for the other. The following obituary notice of Mr. Bain ap peared in the Scotiish American Journal, February 1, 1877: "Mr. Alex. Bain, the electrician, has died in the new Home for Incurables, at Broomhill, Kirkintil- loch. Mr. Bain was a native of Thurso, and was sixty-six years of age. He was the inventor of the electro^chemical printing telegraph, the electro^mag- netic clock, and of perforated paper for antomati^ transmission of messages, and was author of a num ber of books and pamphlets relating to these sub jects." Who is acknowledged to be the prime projector and chief promoter of the telegraphic commnnica- tion between Canada and the Australian Colonies, through the Pacific Ocean; and which, in con- nexion with the new fast Atlantic steamers, the Atlantic Cable between Ireland and Nova Scotia, and the Canadian Pacific Railway, is destined to revolutionize and vastly improve, in the near fu- 1 f'l I 122 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLt> ture, the style and volume of intercolonial ])„si. HOBS, and at the same time atford a speedier and safer n.eans of .on.nnnication between Britaiz. and her eastern and western dependencies in times of both peace and war? It is Mr. Sanford Flemin.. ::^^J^^:^.t:^''' ^^^---^^^^^^^^ " Mr^ Sanford Flemin,i,, fonnerly engineer in=chief to the Canadian Pacific Railway, mnst be credited w tl he pinncpal share in the work of forming opinion upon th,s question. At the Colonial Conf^reL o 1887 he advocated what was then a novel and rather starthns ulea. He has since that time been in e- fatigable in marshaling facts and arguments in sup- port of schemes for bringing Canada and the Aus- tralian cooniesinto closer connection; and it was a memorandum drawn up by him that Mr. Mackenzie Bowell, in his tour last year through the Australian CO onies submitted to the different Governments as a definite basis of discussion." THE TELEPHONE. Who invented the electric telephone-that un speakably useful instrument by which we can speak to our distant friends even many miles away, and'lldch saves commercial and other people so much writing time and tramping through our cities and towns? It was Alexander G. Bell, a Scot The following is his own description of the process OctlrX^' " ^^"^'^' '^ ^^^^^'^^-^ ^^--' DISCOVERY OF THE TELEPHONE. "Was the invention of the telephone the result of SCOTLAND'S SHAtiE IX CIVlLIZtNO THE WORLD 123 n deliberate research ami experiment for that pur- pose, or was it a discovery rather than a creation? " It was the result of lonjr and patient study of two distinct lines of thought which finally blended in one, prcxluciuff the telephone. I had for a long time studied the subject of speech and the organs l)y which it is produced, as had my father before me, and in doing so conceived the idea of producing arti- ficial sounds by a certain system. I canie to Canada for my health, I am a native of Scotland, you know, and while studying electricity in the woods there, and on regaining my lost health I was called by the officials of the Boston schools to introduce a new system of teaching them to speak. I had long be- lieved it possible to teach the deaf the use of the mouth and organs of speech, and had demouutrated it in some degree, and gladly accepted the opportunity of putting the system into practical operation. I undertook the work, keeping up, however, my study of electricity and its application to sound production, working late at night after other people were at rest. In the course of my efforts to demonstrate to the deaf how the sound waves affect the hearing ear I made use of a little instrument with a membranous diaphragm which, responded to the sound waves. I conceived the idea of writing those sound waves on smoked glass so they might be read. Continuing the experiment still further, I obtained a human ear, and found by speaking into it I could produce simi- lar but more satisfactory results, a little bone in the ear being moved by the vibration of the ear drum and writing the sound waves on the glass. All this time I was continuing my experiments with sound 12. SCOTLAms SHARE JN cmuzWO Tim WOULD ".hUI.,. n,,„li..„,K,„ of ,.I„,„.i,i,j, ,„ it, p,„,„^.,i„„ ini I. til,, inslrumont l,y wl.id, tl„. „„„„d8 were Dro on y „ „,„ t..r of detail. The two lines of tho„r,M and n,ve. ,,.„t,„„ w,„cl, I l,„d f„,i„„,d ,„ ,„ ,"^, ^' P«l,,.,,tly blended there, „nd the result was the tell And who invented visible speech-thai universal all-lmbe by wh ch not o.dy people who can see Td ™r, bnteven the deaf „„d dnnd,,can prononnce „ y lanKua,.. „„d „„y dialect of the world? It was A, , the most successful exiMMiment being that of Siemens and Halske of Berbn in 1879. But about forty years l,e- fore that date we Hnd the following facts given in Pepper s Cyclopedia of Science Himplifi,,!. He says- Davidson in ]8:}7 placed an electromagnetic loco" motive on the Edinburgh and Gla.sgow Railway The carnage was fifteen feet long, six feet broad, and weighed about five tons, with all the arrangements aim apparatus on board for producing ehn-tricity, but waenput in motion a speed of only four miles an hour could be obtained.' No wonder so heavy a carriage went so slowly as compared with the motor elec ric cars. It had no powerful primary dynamo , on the roadside to supply and feed it with the electric motive power. It supplied it.s own electricity. The wonder is it went at all. But it did go, and was ■ doubtless the forerunner of all the electric cars and carriages of the present day, and of the future ages while such vehicles continue to run. "N. B.— The foregoing statements are of course subject to correction. Any earlier valid claim to the invention will be cheerfully acknowledged. Honour to whom honour is due." COMPRESSED AIR MOTOR. _ Who is the inventor of the air motor? The answer 18^ given by the Scottish American, of September 16, " Mr. Robert Hardie, inventor of the air motor which has been adopted on some of the road car lines in this city, and which is expected to bring about a revolution in the motive power for operating urban 126 SCOTLAXD'S SIlAJiJC m cn-ILI^mo TlIK uoia.n "n.l suhurlmn rnihvnys. Ih n nnfivo of Edinburgh. Fe Other Scofcli invoi.ti.u.s nuKlit 1... not..!, but h-t hoHo n r..mly numtionod Huffic. to hI.ow tl.at Scotlan.l 1 "H hml a lar^.' nlmro in tho mechanical and electrical A s,.nn,l ,ni„(l in a sound body" nrc undoul.t,.dIy miuisitcs for nucha clmractcr. Without a Hound body, inchidiuK a well, nourished brain and nuiscle, M'e cannot expect either physical or nuMifal ,.n,T^ry. Oats have had much to do with Scotch character. Many a bright Scotch ^'eniu.s has " cultivated literature on a little oatmeal " notwitliHtandin^r .'he disparaginf^ joke of the Rev Sydney Smith; and .omc of the j^reatest athletes iu the world owe their m-iscular strength under God, to havinjr Wen fed wry much on tlu> same simple, sensi- ble, and most nutritious diet oatmeal and milk ^T> t^^^f^^'''-^'^* American Jonrmil of October 11," 1H8.}: " There is what is termed the Anthropometric Committee of the British Association." From that committee's report we learn that the avera^^e hei^bt of Scotchmen is fJH.Ol inches, or nearly five feet, nine mches; of Irishmen 07.90 inches; of En^dishmen 07..)0 inches and of Welshmen mm inches There are ninety men in the Scots Guards "a verag. inf,'six feet two and a half in<-lies in hei-dit Not one IS under six feet, and twelve are six\et four mches. Toronto Empire, February 21, 1894. 127 128 SCOTLANDS H II A HE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD Then the avempe wei-ht of fulI=grown Scotchmen 18 l()o.,i pounds; of E.iy:lishmen 155 pounds; of Irish- men 154.1 pounds. " Beef.eating Englishmen " says the Scotch editor, "had better turn to the halesome parritch wale of Scotia's food." Yes, oatmeal and lively, pleasant, out-door games have had much to do in forming Scotch character. From whence have we the roarin', general winter game of curling and the most popular summer game of golf? Both from auld Scotia where they have been played during hun- dreds of years past. During the last twenty years Scotland has had reason to be proud of her record in foot=ball matches against England, Wales.Jreland and Canada. Games played, forty.five; won, thirty^five. And in the recent great international game of " Tug o' war," between Americans, Irish, Danes, Germans, Italians and Canadians, "the Scotch were awarded the first prize, with six successive victories and no defeats " The oatmeal did it. ' ' Well, that was the animal strength; but physiolc gists and chemists tell us that our brains require phosphorus, and that there is more of that substance m oatmeal than in any other kind of grain in com- mon use. " The average weight of a Scotchman's brain is sixty ounces, and Englishman's forty=nine, a Frenchman's a little over forty^five." Scottish American Journal . June 29, 1891. It is not a matter of surprise, therefore, that Scotchmen should resemble their unicorn in having superior brain power, or rather a good organ for the exercise of mentality. But this mentality or intel- SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD 129 lectuality must be properly instructed and influenced by Chnstmn truth and the grace of God to produce he genuine Scottish character. All who kLw "he history and character of the nation know that its MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL CHARACTER IS DUE TO THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. n is said .that Christianity was introduced A. D Zl %'^V"--" .1 ^""'^^^ ^- ^^^ ^'-- f-- -rtain that bt. Nnnan laboured as a Missionary in Gallo- way m the fourth century, and built the famous stone church called Candida Casa. In one 0^2 windows of the venerable cathedral of Glasgow is a pchn-e of St. Mun,o bidding welcome to the fLous Ir^sh Missionary, St. Coluniba, who made lona the headquarters of his missionary operations in the s xth century. But this mission of Columba was he result o St Patrick havin. carried the Christian aith from Scotland to Ireland about a hundred years before Columba was born. Provided that St. Patrick was a Scot, we find that the Scottish people were eady under the influence of the Christian religion and ever since showed their zeal in building expensive places o woi.hip. Wo find the Scottish army at Bannockburn in 1314, down on their knees in pra;er before the l)attle. i^^^yt-i, And when John Knox, that good, honest, fearless man, arrived in Scotland (himself a Scot), iie found the people in religious zeal and intelligence, ready to cpperate with him in the reformation of religL" of which there was great need at the time. By the establishment of parish schools, he greatly i„! ^i|;^* m m iff '' 180 SCOTLAND'S SHARE LY CIVILIZING THE WORLD creased the secular and religious knowledge of the kingdom. If his wise and patriotic; plan of dividing the vast wealth of the church had been carried into effect, namely, one third for the support of colleges JOHN KNOX. and schools, one4hird for the support of the poor and the remniniiig third for the support of the Chris- tian ministry, h.jth the schools and colleges of Scot- land would have been richly endowed, her ministers WOULD ge of the I dividing irried into )f colleges le poor, e Chris- of Scot- linisters SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 131 in rural dis nets, more in accordance with Christian nd culed, hwarted, and almost nullified by the land gmbbmg, tythe and rent grabbing nobility ad ge^ try o the tune. Knox himself sa^ of them ''Some were licentious, some had greedily r^rinn^l" fl,. "^-^^VT^' ai/otherl^lt:S^tt: r^y' would not lack their part of Christ's eoaf " /Q pp. 47, 60, 53.) Yet despite this wholesale plunder of church property by the avaricious reC fn J ar^tocracy aud lairds, Knox's p„ish schoc^Ts anf half.sfa,Ted domm.es, and pitifully e„do>ve '-npraise^rhy m the national character may be traced to the bless Z °f- °" T' '™""»« ■•» "- Parisl schoo " the exposition of the Scriptures by lectures inZ a'"::i.or'"^"^^™' '-'■'"« °^""'^^'^""' "While learning the art of readinR, by the Book BtofedTith tl^'r^- ?""'™' "-^^0 our mwt stored with the highest moral truths, and by eaue advices applicable to all the ages and departments! life, the branch, while it was supple received a be^ ma direction highly favourable t„ future w^il doing and success in lite. The patience, prudence ore 8.ght and economy which used to ch ra'^.teri.TscotX lilj 132 SCOTLAXD'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING TIfE WORLD men— giving occasion to the saying, 'A canny Scot,' and by which they were so often able to rise in the world and distance all competitors in the race of life — was, to a large extent, due to their being thus in- grained in youth and childhood with the practica wisdom expressed in the Book of Proverbs." Each of the leading religious bodies in Scotland — the Established, the Free, and the United Presby- terian, and the Episcopal— has its missionaries in foreign parts, altogether forming "n grand army" of woricers for the world's evangelization. Then there is the National Bible Society of Scotland, which in 1891. disseminated outside of the empire, and in the colonies, 172,709 Bibles, 189,222 New Testaments, and 311,020 portions of the Scriptures. EDUCATION. Who introduced into England, Ireland, Scotland, and elsewhere, what is known as the Lancasterian system of instruction in public or national schools — known also as the monitorial, the Madras, and the Bell system? It was not Joseph Lancaster, good man, though he did a great work in propagating schools on this economic plan of mutual instruction; of which schools there have been at one time, " some hundreds of them in England, and in London more than forty." The honour of introducing them be- longs to the Rev. Dr. Andrew Bell, a Scot, born at St. Andrews, in 1758. He was a clergyman of the Eng- lish church, was in 1789 chaplain of Fort St. George, and minister of St. Mary's at Madras, and there in superintending the Military Orphan school he adopted from the native schools the monitorial system. Bee- SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 13i '"of ton says, " Josepli Lancaster is often said to be the in- troducer of this system into i:ngland;but the merit is, we believe, due to Dr. Bell. He was rewarded for his exertions with a prebend's stall in Westminster Abbey, and the mastership of Sherburn Hospital, Durham'. He amassed a large fortune, 100,000 pounds oi which he left for the establishment of schools to be taught on the Madras system, and for other charitable purposes. He died at Cheltenham, June 27, 181^2, his remains being brought to London, and interred in Westmin- ster Abbey, with all the marks of distinction which his worth so well merited." Who originated the London University, now Uni- versity College? Let Beeton answer. Speaking of Thomas Camp})ell the poet he says, " He was twice elect- ed to the rectorship of Glasgow University ; and took an active part in forming the London University, now University College, which he indeed claimed the merit of originating." (See Leisure Hour for 1861. p. 500.) Concerning Normal Schools Chambers's Encyclo- pedia says, "One of the earliest, if not the earliest Normal School in Great Britain was the Sessional School of Edinburgh (1880); afterwards developed into the General As.sembly's National Institution; England followed with the Battersea Training College instituted by Eev. J. P. Kay Shuttleworth and Mr. Tuffnal, resulting in 86 Colleges for the training of teachers. Glasgow, however, lays claim to have had the first real Normal School in Britain. As to the Edinburgh Sessional School it was merely monitorial or Lancasterian; and as to when it developed into the Normal character is not stated. In favour of G lasgow's ill i 134 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZINQ THE WORLD claim we may well accept the testimony of so good and intelligent a man as David Stow, Esq., Honourarv .Secretary of the Glasgow Normal Seminary, and author of "Moral Training," "The Training System " etc In his work entitled " Bible Training for Sabbath Schools and Week^day Schools" he says distinctly that the Glasgow Normal Seminary was the first established in Groat Britain." (Page 106, 7th Edi tion, Blackie & Son.) WHAT SHARE HAS SCOTLAND IN THE MODERN NEWSPAPER? The newspaper is now a great educator, both in truth and error; and is n]ore read by the busy world than books. It is a mighty power in forming public opinion- shedding light and darkness; civilizing or demoralizing the world of readers. It is pleasing therefore to know that the newspaper is so much under the control of Scotch common sense and moral influence. Every large city of Canada, and almost every large town has, or has had, its Scotch editor or editors And as for the United States a well-known Journal ot New York, speaking of pioneer journalists, says- Nevvspaper men hailing from Scotland are to be found m nearly every city on this continent, and are everywhere regarded as among the most valuable among those workers who give to American journal-' ism whatever literary ability it possesses to-day In tact if the theme were traced to its sources, as it migat be, it would be found that Scotchmen have given to the Press of the United States even all the distinctive features on which it now prides itself SCOTLAND'S SIlAliE IN CIVILIZINO THE WORLD 135 Even such a charnc-teristicnlly American device as display heads over important articles was introduced by a Scotchman in Philadelphia, and we are sorry to say it, another Scotchman, in Richmond, was the first to make a feature of that personal and sensational style of newspaper writing on which so many modern papers rely for their circulation and other patronaj^'e. If we wanted to show the services which our country- men have rendered to American journalism we could point to hundreds of men who have adorned the hif,di- est walks of newspaper life." Among the illustrious journalistic pioneers of the United States mentioned are George Dawson, Lorn at Fa'kirk in 1818, editor of the Rochester Democrat and Albany Evening Journal, James Tytler, a Forfarshire man, editor of the Salem, Massachusets, Register, from 179-4 till his death 1804. He wrote the bulk of the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. And still earlier John Campbell postmaster and stationer, editor of the Boston News Letter, issued in 1704, and which retained its vitality against all opposition until 1775. But we shall see more of Scottish Journalism when we come to speak of the Scot in India. THE ROYAL 80CIETY. Who was the prime mover in the formation of the famous Royal Society for the cultivation of science? It was Sir Robert Murray, (1600-1673) son of Sir Robert Murray of Crai,-ie, Ayrshire. "He took a prominent part in the deliberations of the club in London, for the discussion of natural science, called ' The New Philosophy.' " He obtained a charter for the newly organized society: was its first President for 136 SCOTLAND'S SHARK IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD three years in siu-cession; and during his life exerted Rrent zeal m exlendlnj,^ its influence. (Ency Brit ) In Hannlton-s Outlines of the History of England, v.. AA\1, IS the followiiifr record: "Charles II was a grevd patron of learnin,^., nml at the suggestion of hn- Robert Moray, instituted the Royal Society for Search "' ""*" "'"^''''"'^^^^'^^ «"^ P'^y^ioal re- BEITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. And Who was it who originated the more modern and be ter known British Association for the advance- ment of Science? Let Vol. XIV., p. 277 of the last edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica tell. It savs In an article in the QuaHerlu Review, Sir David Brewster threw out a suggestion for an 'Association of our nolnhty, clergy, gentry, and philosophers,' m the British Association for the advancement of fee ence. Its fir. t meeting was held in York in 1831. and Brewster, along with Babbage and Herschel, had t^ie chief part in shaping its constitution. Besides his discoveries in optical science he was ihein-' V entor of the lenticular stereoscope now in use, instead ot the cumbrous mirror instrument of WheatstonP fhe kaleidoscope, and dioptric lighthouses, vvhicirpi-e- ceded those of Freshnel; so that his succe.«sor, the head of Edinburgh University, paid a just tribuie to his memory after his death - 'Every lighthouse that burns round the shores of the British Empire is a shining witness to the usefulnessof Brewster's life '" A nation's character which is represented emblemat- i] IR SCOTLAND'S SHARE IX CIVILIZING THE WORLD 187 ically, in j^art, by the unicorn, and by the thistle with leaves and «<.«•(>!• surrounded with prickles, may well be supposed to have somewhat of a logical and metaphysical style of thinkinj^^-to be observant, in fact, of very fine jx.ints, principles, and distinctions in abstract truth. And so it is with the cultivated Scotch character. Who have been the most noted metaphysic ians, in our day- the men who have explored the faculties and illustrated the operations of the human mind? Reid, Abercomby, Du^ald Stewart, Brown, Sir William Hamilton, and Geor-e Paxtou Younj,--all of them Scots, and whose fame as mental philoso- phers has spread far beyond braid Scotland. In such a country we miKht expect some distin- guished mathematicians. Scotland has produced a fair share of them: but as it is a .science which, like others, does not show itself except in its results, we need only refer to the Scottish civil en^rineering, ship-'building, and mechanical inventions, already mentioned, all of which required more or less the practical application of mathematical science, and which go to prove that Scotland is not behind 'other nations in that department of useful knowledge Mathematics is of supreme importance in making astronomical calculations: and no nation has given more ease and comfort to calculating astronomers than Scotland. Who invented Logarithms? It was Sir John Napier, baron of Merchiston, near Edinburgh, about the close of the sixteenth century. And what are logarithms? Laplace, the great French philosopher tells us, they are tables of figures, which, says he s:«. -4 138 SCOTLAND'S SHARE LV CIVILIZINO THE WOULD "by reducinj,^ to a few days tli,> iMbour of many niontliH, doubles, as it were, (l,o life oi an astrono- nier, besides freeiii^^ liim from tlio errors and disgust inseparable from long calculations." ASTRONOMY. Scotland has not only given to astronomy the ben- efit of logarithms but has dou1)tless made good use of them m that sublime science; and has added to it otli.M- dise<)v,.ries and inventions in promoting it Thomas Di<-k, LL. D., "The Christian Phih.sopher " has studied and written largely on "The Solar System," and on astronomical instruments Dr Patrick Wilson, of Glasgow, a practical astronomer.' was the first to discovtn- that the sun is a dark body with a luminous atmosphere; and that what we call spots on the sun are merely openings in its photo- sphere. His discovery was published in an admira- ble paper m the Phihsophical Transactions for 1774 It IS to be regretted that Herschel, more than twenty years after, when writing on the same subject did not more pointedly acknowledge his indebtedness to Wilson for the discovery. Dr. Gregory, another prac tical astronomer of Scotland, is celebrated as the in- ventor of the reflecting telescope-a most important invention. Dr. Gregory's reflecting telescopes are famous all over the astronomical world. But says Hayden, " The reflecting telescope was invented by Sir Isaac Newton in 1668." Others say, in 1671 or lb 7 J. let the same Hayden is telling the honest truth when he states, " that Gregory invented the reflecting telescope in 1663; and, that, in that year he published his invention in a work entitled Optica SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVIUZINO THE WOTiLD 189 Promofa, whifli sprond his nnme nil over Europe " The discivpnncy is explained in this way,-Grejjrory nlthoiish the real inventor, ncknowlod^n-.s that he lind not the ability to eonstruct the inBtrnnient, nor could he finil an optician who und(>rst(K)(I how to do it- whereas Sir Isaac Newf.n, who was a practical niech' anician, on Grej,M,ry'H principle "made one with his own hands." (See PJncydopedia Britannica.) Then we have Jani.^s Ferguson. " The Peasant Boy Plnlosopher," who rose from beinj^r „ shepherd boy to be a mechanician, a painter, and a high class as- tronomer, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and hon- oured by reading lectures on astronomy to Kin.' George III. We have also as an honour to our natio.i Professor Nichol of Glasgow, a most emineiit nstromoner who wrote largely on the science and " who was the first to make known to the public the nebular theory " of the formation of worlds. Other Scotch astronomers might be mentioned but let these suffice. The unicorn's horn and the prickles of the thistle are seen cropping up also, mathematically, in more sublunary and humbler achievements than in tho..e of astronomy. There, for example, is James Wyllie, the Herd Laddie" who is the champion draught^ Player of the world; and there is Captain George Henry MacKenzie, an Aberdeenshire man, who is known as " the American Chess Champion » CHAPTER XIV. FINE ARTS. If we knew notliinK of S.-ck'hmen except what we hnve notic.'d concerniii- their scientific discoveries their niechanieal invenlions, and their military and athletic exploits, we nii-rht wi>ll snppose tliat they were a v(M-y niatter=(,f fact set of fellows who cared little or nothin^r about the tine arts, mnsic, poetry, paintin thisth. has a rough exterior it has a warm, soft heart. The truth is the Scotch are naturally and even enthusiastically musical and poet- ical, and also artistic in other matters: but ever since the sixteenth century until about sixty years ago they have conscientiously, as a nation, believed, that it was unwarrantable and dangerous to employ the fine arts (except very simple music) in aid of religion But in secular life the case has been different. Where can we find music that so thrills the heart of all nations as does that of Scotia? Let the follow- ing testimonies from outside sources tell: "THE POLK SONGS OF SCOTLAND." "This was the subject of an interesting lecture, illus- trated with vocal and instrumemtal music, which was delivered in Providence. R. I., last Friday by Mr Louis C. Elson. The lecturer is an enthusiastic uo SCOTLAND'S SllAUE IX CIVIUZISO TIIK WOULD HI ndmirer of Scotdi niUHic, in wliicli lu> Hays every unto in the ^'nmut of tlie einotioiiH is Hounded. In tluH re- Hpect he contends the music of Scotland stfinds fnr nbove the music of every other country, and has in- spired the composers of all nations. As reasons why Scottish music should be the subject of special study the speaker mentiontnl these: (1) Because of its great antiquity; (2) because the construction of its scales is so peculiar; (H) because it endxMlies the works of the great poets; (4) because of the history represented in it; and (5) because its influence on modern composers has been so great. Scottish Amer- ican, October 28, 18W1. The following extract from some forgotten source shows how the "great composers" appreciate our na- tional music: SCOTCH MUSIC. " In a collection arranged by Beethoven the Welsh tune 'Of a Nol)le Race was Shenkin,' the English ' Sally in our Alley,' and the Irish ' Last Rose of Summer,' are all included among Scotch music. This, if it be really the case, may perhaps be ac- counted for by the fact that Scotland had a civilized court of her own down to n late period; and that thus ' the products of the north country were naturally more largely interchanged with those of other Euro- pean countries than could be the products of exclu- sive Wales, or of careless, Imrrassed Ireland.' Boile- dieu has incorporated a few Scotch melodies in his opera, 'La Dame Blanche'— not unreasonably, see- ing that the plot of the opera is mostly based on Sir Walter Scott's ' Monastery.' Similarly, 'Auld Lang • S at:rfi r 'hS:;: r ' *fr ■-•'-- Journal. A„"„3t 27, 1897 °™P°^"--f" i?"- The music of Scollaiid comes from ■«„„*? i, poetic I.earl, a heart „l,ol 7™ P'=<'"»"<1'8 "arm warmed «ud refl Irby e Chrisn'"'" !■"■' "'"» ti.ereby trained .o apprjcij te a^a^ve " ::^ r"' °'" •« t^aced^o m r^s ru^t^' THdi-Lr™'" source we may trace ^nti to the same THE SCOTTISH VOICE dence that-like mJ^lr "'"'""' " ">« ™- flnish, as i were on r^^"''',™ melodies-does not "nd then ir rpX''"w, '."".T "'""'' ™^ charm is the little tone of 1 ' "''''' '" "" "'« ««>. voice poss:ss:st„nri:''°" ""'°" ""^ ^^°°'- POETS AND SONGS. Scotland abounds in poets If a. u v. IJoeis. It, as has been said, SCOTLAMD-S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD H3 every seventh man in Paisley is a poet, it would evi- dently be an absurd task to take the whole country into account, and attempt to do more than merelv notice some of their most popular songs and other productions without mentioning the authors' names ROBERT BURNS. Here is a mere swatch o' their sangs. " Were'na my heart licht I wad die, There's naeluck aboot the hoose Mary weep no more for me, Flowers o' the Forest, And ye sal walk in silk attire. McGregor's prathering O'er the Muir among the Heather, My am Fireside Auld Robin Gray, The Boatie rows Wha'll be King but Charlie, The Laird o' Cockpen Caller Herrin, Teribus and Teri Odin, Will ve no come back again? Cheer Boys, Cheer, Alister Mc 'IIP ill ; 144 SCOTLAND'S SHAUE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD Allister, Leezie Lyndsny, Tlio Four Maries, The Braes o' Yarrow, Bird of tlie Wilderness, Annie Lau- rie, The Braes o' Balquidder, Tarn Glen, The Maple Leaf Forever, Lo^an Braes, The Flower o' Dunblane Jennies Bawbee, Auld Guidman ye're a Drucken Carle, Keen blaws the Win' o'er the Braes o'Gleniffer Gloomy Winters noo awa'. Let us ^o. Lassie, ^o, Bonnie Dundee, Oor Guidman cam hame at e'en Scenes of Woe and Scenes of Pleasure, Jenny Dang tlie Weaver, Kelvin Grove, The Lass o' Gowrie Bonny Kilmeny, Down the Burn Davie, Castles in tlie Air, When the Kye comes Hame, Scotland yet Our Bugles Sang Truce, Wandering Willie John Anderson my Jo, Afton \yater, The Braes o' Balloch- myle, Comin through the Rye, Scots wha hae, O why left I my hame? My Love is but a Lassie yet, Auld Lang Syne, Maggie Lauder, This is no my ain hoose Lochaber no more, The Blue Bells of Scotland, Fare ' well to Bonny Tiviotdale, Duncan Gray came here to woo, Rule Britannia, Ye Mariners of England A Wet Sheet and a Flowing Sea, Ye Banks and Braes of Bonny Doon, The Land o' the Leal, My Nannie's awa, Of a' the airts the win can Blaw, Farewell to Fiunery,Tullochgorum, The Birks of Aberfeldy, The wee, wee German Lairdie, A wee Bird Cam to our ha' Door, Came ye by Athol, The Standard on the Braes o' Mar, Get up and Bar the Door, Mary of Arygle, Within a mile o' Edinburgh toun. Whistle o'er the lave o^t." To this list of Scottish lyrics more conld easily be added; but let these suffice to show vvhat a rich medley of poetry, patriotism, pathos, and drollery lurks under the usually staid and grave ex- terior of the Scottish character. Many of these SCOTLAND'S SHARE IM CIVILIZING THE WORLD 145 songs are sung witli hij^h appreciation the wide wor d over wherever there is any knowledge of the Dcottish language. The powerful influence of Scotch song among different nat.ormlities n.iglit here be illustrated bv various incidents; but let tlie following, from the To- lonto Mdil, August 14, 187.*}, suffice: "A touching incident is related of the Rev. Richard b. btorrs, tie father of the Ke v. Dr. Storrs, of Brooklyn Recently the sixty first anniversary of his settlement over the Congregational church of l?raintree, Massa- chuse ts was celebrated. 'As the venerable pastor moved with feeble^steps .. Hie aisle, he was greeted with Auld Lange Syne ^.> organ. Overcome by the touching reception, .ao old man threw himself on the sofa and wept lik(^ a child.' Of all that were present at his settlement in 1811 no one remained to see the present anniversary." Then we have many droll poems such as Wait,, and Meg hy Sandy Wilson, the celebrated ornithologist- and Tamo^S/undcrhyBuvm; and his Cofter^s Safnr. day Nichf, in which he describes truly one o' thae scenes of hame religion. "From which auld Scotia's grandeur springs; Which makes her loved at home, revered abroad." WnrNiT^'^'^'z,'"''^''^' '"'''' ^JJ^-itch poems as Will Nicholson's Brow.ie o' BlcdnocI,, ca'd Aiken Drumm; and sic heart-sair anes as Willie Laidlaw's Lucy sFhffm, and Willie Motherwell's Jeauio Aforri. son. Many an audience has been fairly melted to tears when a real Scotch elocutionist has recited to them Jeanie Morrison. But then he gave the true 146 SCOTLANDS SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD pronunciation jind intdiations of the languaf,^e. What a burning' shame it is to our country and to o^ur mither tongue, that, when sons ordauf,4iters of Scotch parents have acquired a smatterin^r of German, French, or Italian, they will i)ique themselves on a correct pronunciation of these foreign languages; but when they come to sing a Scotch song or give a Scotch reading they cannot pronounce the braid Scotch because forsooth they think it is vulgar to do so! Our noble Queen does not think or do so. She delights in the sturdy, couthie language of auld Scotland. It is only the snobs, the shabby-genteel, the unpatriotic, or at least the uneducated Scotch folks who do not follow the Queen's example, but gen- erally abandon their mother tongue for some of the worst pronunciations of what is usually called Eul'- lish. ^ We lately hoard Amiie Laurie sung in public, by a quartette, three of whom were of Scotch parentage; and how did they pronounce the refrain " I will lay me down and die," which ought, of course, to be pro- nounced Lowric, I will lay me (hon an' dee? They pronounced it as though it were all English— " down" rhyming with clown, and " die " rhyming with stye. Oh! it was enough to make a Scotchman hiss like a serpent at the traitorous murderers of their mother tongue, or to lay himsel'doon and dee in utter disgust. We have heard a highly educated clergyman, born in this country, of south or west of Ireland parentage, ana who had never been in Scotland, recite Walfy and Mo(j as correctly as if he were a native of Pais- ley. and had never been out of it. It was an honour to hnn, and a rebuke to any silly, snobbish, recreant SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD U7 Scotch folks who M-ere present. Scotchmen and bcotchvv;omen! Keep „p your mither tongue ai ^me. I ,s a noble language. Profes.sor BlSo o udge of languages, well says of Scotch, that " It is the i^sn what the Done was to Greece, and Homer k. Greek literature; and the greatest vulgarity h knows of 18 the affectation of gentility " ^ ^ '^ ^"^^^« (April 1895 w"nT'"'* '"" '^S^-v7>;...'. ^/,,,,,.,,, (Apnl 189o) tells how an iniell'gent outsider can an preciate our mother tongue: ^" " The Charm in Scotch Words.-I wonder if persons who can wnte Scotch are sufficiently aware o the great literary advantage they have over wr tels^^^o are not born to that ability. It is no credit t'tl^m te rtf "l" ''^ ''' , '' 'f " ^''' '' -*-- dropped ^ artific nf ''7'' ^^'"'^ °^ ""y ""^' ^1^« learned by a t ncial means to write Scotch. Scotch writers do it propoition of good writers to the whole Scotch popu- ation was exceedingly large, but I do not remember a So /'' ''T ^r" ^"^"*"^ ^"^ '-^^ "--l^ easier fo can e omI' • " 'f ' ^""' ^^•"^^^- *^-" --"-^ be- cause of his innate command of the Scotch ton..ue There are such delightful words in flu.f i word. «,„t «i„«„„ /;.„,H,X;" :: 'fu,S other 1 Itv ? "-T" '" ""■ ''"'•''' " «°«' «'■«- of otner poetry besides soriijs. For examnlH- TO by CampMI; K. OaUlo Ske„kcn,, by Ramfeyfr,; I- I 148 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD Course of Time, by Pollock; The Sahbath, by Gra- ham; Mdrmlon, by Scott; and The Grave, by Blair, But as for popular hynms; Scotland, as compared with England has not produced many. HYMN WRITERS. Horatius Bonar wrote. Hymns of Faith and Hope, including the following: A Few More Years shall Koll; I heard the Voice of Jesus say; I was a Wander- ing Sheep; I lay my Sizis on Jesus; Thy way not Mine, O Lord. James Montgomery wrote, Hai) to the Lord's An- nointed. Forever with the Lord. Go to dark Geth- semane; Lord teach us ]iow to pray aright; and several others in common use. William Knox, born 1789, and died at Edinburgh 1825, wrote two collections of sacred lyrics, named respectively "Songs of Israel," and " Harp of Zion." Two of his best productions are: "Acquaint Thee, O mortal! Acquaint Thee with God," and "Oh why should the Spirit of Mortal be proud V" The latter we are told, was a special favourite of Abraham Lin- coln, president of the United States. Mary Lundy Duncan, wrote, Jesus tender Shep- herd. " Where high the heavenly Temple stands," was written by Michael Bruce; and that favourite hymn, among children. There is a Happy Land, was written by Andrew Young an Edinburgh man. But besides the hymns in English, Scotland has pro- duced not a few, both ancient and modern, in the Gaelic language. The modern authors being such as Dougall Buchanan; Dr. MacGregor, Nova Scotia; was SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CtVILlZINO THE WORLD 149 Dr. MacDonald, Ferintosh; Rev. Peter Grant of Strathspey; D. MacDougall of Barra. and John Mor- rison of Harris. PBOSE WRITERS. ^ The prose literature of Scotland has had much to do in enhghtennig and civilizing the world. We have already noticed some of its writers on science, but we must now, omitting a host of novelists and historians confine our attention simply to some of those works intended for the enlightenment of the general pub- lic Dick, " the Christian Philosopher," wrote in popular style on Astronomy, The Future State, and The Improvement of Society. Dr. Chalmers wrote eloquently on the same subjects-sermons on astron- omy,and the moral improve.. -ent of the masses in our cties Rev. Dr. Henry Duncan wrote the Philos- "T^m ^i^li'!^^^"^' «"d Dr. Adam Smith, in his Wealih of Nations, gave the first sensible ideas on political economy. Chambers's Journal, and Infor- mation for the People, and Black's Encyclopedia Bri- tanica have led the general reading public into new and numerous fields of knowledge unknown to them before. Walter Besant says of Chambers's Journal, It has now -a circulation of 250,000; and if each copy represents a household, one=sixth of the in habitants of England and Scotland read it Then Hugli Blair's lectures on rhetoric and belles= lettres, the Edinburgh Bevieio, Blackwood's 3faaa. zvne, and the intensely interesting Nodes Ambro- .mnmoi Christopher North, if they did not originate, they at least greatly contributed to a higher style of literary criticism than had before existed in Britain- tt I 150 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZINO THE WORLD and then what helps to Bible and theological students have been Cruden's Concordance, Brown's Diction- ary of the Bible, Edie's Ecclesiastical Cyclopedia, and the Tables of ancient coins, weights and meas- ures, by the learned, witty, and humane Dr. Arbuth- not, physician in ordinary to Queen Anne! These authors are considered as having done pioneer worV in modern Biblical literature. Scotland has given to the world not only a fair share of religious books in the form of sermons, but also some valuable works on what is called natural theology, or the testimony of nature to the truth of Christianity. In this department we have such emi- DUKE OP AEGYLE. nent writers as the Duke of Argyle, the Rev. Dr. Mc- Cosh, Sir William Dawson, Hugh Miller, the honour- able William Gladstone, Rev. Dr. Wardlaw, Professor Drummond, and others of less note. The novel, like the newspapers, is now a powerful educator in good and evil. Some wi ks of fiction are strongly tainted with skepticism, religious error and ill SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 151 licentiousness. Sccttish novels are Imppily free from such pollutions From the magnificent productions of feir \\a ter Scott down to the humbler efforts of the Scottish novelists of the present day, their tend- ency is to moral purity and goodness, and even their SIR WALTER SCOTT. failings lean to virtue's side. It is therefore pleasing to reflect that such healthful literature is at present so popular. But how shall we classify that much Germanize J voluminous and powerful writer, Thomas Carlyle' the sage of Craigenputtock, or as the English gener- ally call him Jsage of Chelsea "? As a brilliant his- torian and biographer he is unsurpassed. Warm hearted and sympathetic, with a keen sense of the Ml 152 SCOTLAND'S SIIAliE AV CIVILIZING THE WOULD ludicrous, yet the fierce pamphleteer denouncing in furious lan^unnre popular shams and hunibnus. His writings lack the Christian element, else he had been a greater power for good in this dark world. Cham- THOMAS CARLYLE. ber's Encyclopedia says of him, "What position Car. lyle will ultimately occupy in the literature of his country it is not easy to determine, . . . future ages may possibly wonder at their fiery splendors, ! SCOTLAXD'S SHAliE IN ClVlt.IZlXG THE WOULD ir..1 and fail to fiympatliizo with their prophetic enth usi- asms.' ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. Such writers as R. L. Stevenson, Bnrrie, Crockett McDonald, Black, " Ian McLaren," Miss Muloch and Mrs. Oliphant, are benefactors to the novel reading public. ^ But Sir Walter Scott, above other literary men, deserves here more than a passing notice, not only on account of the great number and variety of his M'orks, so rich in history and descriptive of natural scenery and human character; but also on account of the dis- tracting circumstances in which his voluminous wri- tings were produced. Literary men generally require quietness, leisure, and time for research, and for pol- ishing their periods for the press- but no such Hi ! i III !i ir.4 SCOTLAXD'S SlLUtK IN CIVILIZINQ THE WOULD fnvoral)!.' cinMun.stHnccH ssvvo ntfonled Sir Waltor, (•veil ch.nn^ his y.-ars „f fi„n.„.ial proHperity, ami wluo yet .,.. cloiul of financial .lisastor was seen on lu- honzon to overHhad-.w his life, and urge his pen o ^M-eater prduction for retrievin^^ his losses. In the tull tuh- of his prosperity, and in the midst of innu- n.erable official, social, and domestic distractions. »H no other literary man. perhaps, experienced, his pen continued to be " the pen of a ready writer." and he th(« greatest wonth-r among ready writers of the ponod This iH well illustrated by the following extract from the Ghisf/ow IlcniUh ''There is no hous^ in all Great Britain, save the bir hplnces of Burns and Shakespeare, which rivals Abbotsford as a goal of literary pilgrimage, and there 18 none with which so much of literary history is associated. True, it was but for a little while that its glory lasted, since no more than a score of years elapsed between Scott's removal to it from Ashiestiel and Ins death under its roof. Yet in that short time the brand new mansion was the scene of more intel lectual activity and more social brilliance and enjoy, ment than has been witnessed by all the feudal for tresses of Scotland put together. From 1812 to 1826, at anv rate, the literary life of Scotland may be said to have centered in Abbotsford, and it was thither, as to the intellectual headquarters of the country that every stranger of note, and many of no note at all but of great curiosity, came to pay court. Everybody know.s how in those days of prosperity Sir Walter literally kept open house in his castle on the Border, receiving and tolerating visitors and invaders of all kinds,, sometimes to the extent of sixteen parties in a day.' What a varied proces. SCOTLAND'S SHAltK IN CIVILIZIXu TllK WOULD 166 sion of figures, obscure n.^d diHtiii^niislu'd, \V(>lcorao nnd obtruHivf, must linvo pnHHcd tliruujj:li tin* door- way of AbbotHfoi'd during": tlioH(> busy and crowded years! Wordswortli and Miss Ed^jjeworth, Tom Moore and Henry Hallain, Wasliinfirton Irvin^r ii\^ Sir Humphrey Davy, Wilkie and Turner, the oxiled French nobles and the wandering,' I'rinco of ^ wcdeu — fiKuresliko these alternate with tin; typical iiiqiisi- tive Yankee tourist, and also, be it added, with 'w commonplace lairds and plain farmers of Teviot- dale and the Forest. In the j,'olden months of autumn, and, indeed, whenever the Court of Session will let 'the Shirra' be oil' to his sheritt'dom, there is a constant succession of breakfast parties and dinner parties, walking' and riding,' and shooting excursions— what Carlyle in one of his atrabiliar moods not quite unpardonably called an 'inane racket' — culmiiuiting in that fjflorious day and yet more glorious night of the Abbotsford Hunt, which, as the Selkirkshire farmer declared, was "the ae thing in the warld worth living for." And all the while the kindly host, whose days seemed fully taken up with entertaining and hunting and planting and gardening, has his brains full of the adventures of Dan- die Dinmont and Jeannie Deans, and Roland Grwme and Rebecca the Jewess, and every morning in the early quiet of the study, sheet after sheet is filled with words which will fill the whole world for gener- ations to come with laughter and tears." THE FIRST PUBLISHER. In the literary world, a publisher, that is, a pub- lisher on a large scale and on his own aGcount, is li 156 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD really a title of a modern functionary; and Scotland seems to have some claim to the first of that now numerous class who do so much to enlighten the world: for thus speaks the ScoiUsh American of January 5, 1898. "The First Scottish Publisher.-Scotland-which has given to the publishing world its Constable, its Murray, its Blackwood, its MacMillan, et multos alios— seems to us to afford the best example of a mod.-rn publisher in the person of an unduly for- gotten pioneer. The story of the Edinburgh Review has been so often told, and Lord Cockburn's elo- quent testimony to Archibald Constable's princely methods and their effects is so well known, that it is only natural that earlier efforts should be forgotten But there seems every reason to believe that an Edin-' burgh bookseller, Charles Elliot, was the founder of modern publishing, and that only premature death arrested an illustrious career. Constable's testimony IS alone sufficient. At a time when it was still com. mon to find thirty booksellers' names on a title-page and when Johnson declared of remuneration at the rate of six guineas a sheet that 'it might be obtained tor a particular sheet, but not commimilms sheetibus, Charles Lllioi had already begun the -rand style of publishing, and had the courage to oppose the oli- garchy of the London trade by planf ig a branch in its midst." PAINTERS. Scotland has produced ^o many painters, that we can scarcely afford space for their names. None of : WORLD I Scotland : that now ighten the lerican of id— which istable, its et mult OS tiple of a iduly for- gh Review urn's elo- 3 princely , that it is forgotten. an Edin- Guilder of me death testimony still com- itle=page, )n at the obtained heetibus, nd style e the oli- )ranch in that we None of SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 157 them have attained perhaps to such excellency as a few of the continental artists, but take the artists generally of the old world, and Scotland, in com- parison, is not behind them. Here is a list of which Scotchmen may not be ashamed: George Jameson the Vandyke of Scotland; Sir Francis Grant, R A ' called the "good society " artist; Sir Henry Raeburn' Sir John Watson Gordon; William Aikman, David Allan, the Scottish Hogarth; Sir William Allan, the historical painter; the learned Allan Ramsay, chief painter to George III.; Alexander Nasmyth, who gave us the true portrait of Robert Burns; Sir David Wilkie; Thomas Faed; Horatio McCulloch; my cousin James Howe, "the panoramic and animal painter;" Sir Daniel McNee; David Roberts, the architectural painter; Noel Paton; Thomson of Dud- dington; Crawford; Brodie; Bonnar; Sir William F Douglas; William Leighton Leitch, who taught water coloring to the Queen and all the royal family and in photography we may well mention the late William Notman, a native of Paisley, whose fame as a photographic artist is unexcelled, and who has had studios simultaneously in Montreal, Halifax, Boston. Albany, and New York. The fine arts may be employed for moral or immor- al purposes: but Scotch art, whether pictorial or sculp- tural has invariably " leaned to virtue's side"; so that Its tendency has been to elevate and refine the public taste. Those horrid caricatures of the kings of Scot- land in the Picture Gallery of Holy Rood Palace are not Scotch but th e daubs of one De Witt, a Dutch man. I: i 168 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD SCULPTORS. Of sculptors we have not so long a list as that of the painters, but it includes some who compare fa- vourably with those of any other civilized country such as Steel, Thom. Mossman, Rhind, Lawson' Drummond, McBeth, Douglas, Mrs. D. O Hill sis ter of Sir Noel Paton, Alex. M. Calder, of Philadel- phia U. S., John Munro, of Baltimore, U. S distin guished for works of solid merit in Britain and America-of these and a score of others Scotland has reason to be proud. ARCHITECTS. Of Scotch architects we need only mention two or three out of many. Robert Adam, a native of Kir- kaldy, was made architect to George III. Says Bee- ton, " Adam gave a new turn to the architecture of his country, and procured great fame by the number and elegance of his designs. He and his brother were the first to make use of stucco in imitation of stone He was buried in Westminster Abbey." James Fer- ^nison, a native of Ayr, wrote largely on architecture in such works as. Ancient Architecture of Hindustan- Ancient Topography of Jerusalem; True Principles of Beauty in Architecture; The Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis Restored:" aiu: which last he illus- trated by the "Assyrian Court," which he planned and erected in the crystal palace. He was appoint- ed superintendent of the great Sydenham palace, Lon- doT». Among the living architects of Scotland we cannot but mention our genial friend William Hay ' WORLD as that of nipfire fa. I country, Lawson, Hill, sis. Philadel. S., distin. itain and )tland has »n two or 5 of Kir- lays Bee- lire of his Tiber and her were of stone, mes Fer- hitecture ndustan ; rinciijles Nineveh he illus- planned appoint- ice, Lon- land we am Hay SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 159 who has lately restored St. Giles's Cathedral, Edin- burgh, and made it " look as weel as new." BOTANY. Akin to the fine arts is the delightful science of Botany. Scotland has done mucli for botany; and indeed has been the means of making' it worHiy of being called a science. Thus the learned Engli.sh journal called the Athenenm of 1858, in an extended obituary notice of Robert Brown, D. C. L.; F. R. S. says, "He was the foremost scientific man of the cen- tury. Till his time l)otany can scarcely be said to have had a scientific foundation." Humboldt called him Botanicorum facile prhwcps. He was born at Montrose, Dec. 21, 1773; died at London, June 10, 18o8 Then we have had other illustrious botanists, who both taught and wrote extensively on the science such as Pn>fessor Balfour of Edinliurgh, Rev. Colin Milne who wrote a Botanical Dictionary. ZOOLOGY. In advancing and illustrating the nearly related subject of zoology, or history of birds and beasts, Scotland has giv^n her fair share. Alexander Wil- son of Paisley had nearly finished the eighth volume of his splendidly illustrated v^ovk-The Ornitholoay of America, when he died. Then another Paisley man James Wilson, F. R. S. E. younger brother to the celebrated Professor John Wilson, of Edinburgh (Christopher North) must be considered one of the greatest naturalists of modern times, for he has cov ered 900 pages of the Encyclopedia Britannica in illustration of his favourite subject. It is pleasing to IGO SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD know t.lint he was a most devout Christian, as his Bi- osnipliy shows, written by the fluent and graceful pen of the late Rev. Dr. Hamilton of London, him- self a native of the " guid auld toun." Then last, but not least, we have had Professor William Macgil- livray, of Marsehal College, Aberdeen, whose princi- pal and larger works were History of British Birds, History of British Quadrupeds, and Natural History of Dee-side. WORLD m IS his Bi- . graceful Ion, him- ^hen last, II Macgil- ie princi- sli Birds, I History CHAPTER XV. TEXTILE MAl.UFACTURES. As already noticed the mither Thistle," before sendin' her bairns out into tlio world has them a' de- cently clad. Wha has'na heard o' Paisley threid, 1 nisley shawls, Kihnarnoch bonnets, Scotch tweeds carpets, cottons, and tartans? Scotland has had nae sma share in supplyin the wide worl, wi' dacent com- tortable claes, besides cleiding her ain bairns. Our scientific frien' McFarlane sent me the following tacts, that, speak for theirsels: "Thomas Morton of Kilmarnoch, invented the barrel carpet loom, and three:-ply carpets,— great inventions. "Richard Whytock of Edinburgh, invented the method of weaving Brussels carpets on a plain loom -one of the most scientific and beautiful inventions on record. "In a lecture delivered before the society of Arts in London, April 30th, 1856 by Joseph Burch, he says, Grlasgow Calico printers are ahead of all com- pehtors. If there be any new machine or process en- quire first in Glasgow: you will not find it in Man- chester. Glasgow seeks and encourages every novel- ty. The delaine trade, the handkerchief trade, the shawl trade, and the muslin trade, are now principally m Glasgow hands, and they do them well.' " 161 11 162 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD " Scotland introduced the muslin trndc into Ireland, and taught tJie peasantry the method of embroid.' ery of fine linen cambric: it has been a great blessinc to that country." A NEW ARTIFICIAL SILK. Scottish Ameriaoi, J SOS. A PUOSPECTLVE GLASGOW INDUSTRY. "Processes for the produciion .t aititicini silk have engaged the attention of inventors for many years Search amongst the numerous v>H.efcabio fibers, more especially tiiose of tropwal elurmtes, has been made oy one set of inventors in the hope of finding fila- ments of a sufficiently fine substance, with the glossy surface necessary to present the characteristic appear- ance of the silk obtained from the cocoon of the 3ilk. worm; and another set have been working with solu- tions of gun=cotton so as to obtain fine fila 3nts hav- ing a lustrous surface. "But a new process invented by Mr. Adam Millar manufacturer, Montrose street, Glasgow, produces an artificial silk from gelatine by a process of remark- able simplicity, so that the fine yarn can be sold at a very low price, and still give a handsome profit to the maker. Now, gelatine is the very material from which the silkworm produces its filament of silk The silkworm produces gelatine, which it ejects as a fine stream from a small gland in its head. As it leaves the gland the gelatine is quite liquid, but it be- comes an insoluble filament when it is formed into the cocoon. How it becomes insoluble is some what diffi. TBAVELLEBS AND EXPLOBEB8. tl^.-/i to Joave thoirnnf 1 "" ^'^^ ^'^'"^ ^^^ -arch of adven "/es . r "" ' ""^ ^""^ '"^*^^ "^ aaventures, they nse, and whirl, and soar, 'Ina'theairtsthewin'canblaw, And o'er the hills an' far awa." So, we see James ■Rnmo ^e r^- through Arabia FeTx and on to .^""".^^ P«-"g of the source of the nZ T /° ^^^««'"'« ^n search kirkshircawavinAf^^ '. /^""^"^P"'-'^' «f Sel- "VVhere in the desert he loved to ride ^^'^'^ *»>««*'«="* Bushboy by his side." There are Livingstone and Mnffo* i • missionary work in tl,« . , , ^* "^""'"^ P^^n^er lowed by sulh CO 1 ^^'^ continent; and fol- ston,and'ZtprTir: Ltr T f^^*'^' '^^^"- the gold medal of the 2^^^^^^ al- the gold medafof ElburT U""' ""TI"' geology and zoology And thpr "'^l ^^T'^'^^ ^^^' 23,000 miles chiefly oL'L^'T ""!" '"'° '^"'""^ ill I 111 II wH KM SCOTLAND'S SHAKE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD while liviiif; like the Esquimnux in snow huts and without fiiv; Sir John Ridmrdson, f(.llow explorer wir. l.nt vvl.on onc(. ho is your friond ho iH your frioiid foivvor. Tl Kinew of the BritiKh \\ K' Scotcli \v('r(> (1 lo ^'i-cnt lamlafiouO'Roll iiipin'." But, after all th IH 'can read, write, and Koi'H on to say, that the Scotehnian tH reckon -(>Hi)e('ially reckon. WH never f,M.t a footiiii,' in Scotland. () Al)(>rd When n.sked if he left 1 Iccn once, Imt left n(>xt day with 1 H lie went to li.H traps. ,, , ,. 'vnwsv no other Jews were there he replwd, 'No, they were nil Jews ' " Now, we happen to be much better acquainted with S<.otland and the Scotch than Monsieur O'Rell , can possibly b,s and we repudiate and r.-p.-l as utterly unwarranted and without foundation in truth this charge of avarice, penuri.nisness, ni^^irnrdline.sH, or by whatever other name this alleged national selfishness IS called. As to Jews in Scotland, we have no stn- tiH hcs at hand to inform us as to their numl)ers there- but this we know for a fact, that about the year 1833 there must have been some Jews thriving in the city of (t asgow, for they were the first to purchase a nirml p ace in the aristocratic Necropolis, at that ime and adorn it at great expense; and we have not heard of them since leaving the city "with their traps. As to Aberdonians, we have been acquainted with some individuals and families of them in differ ent parts of this wide country, and have found them no less generous than their neiglibours of other nati.malities; and we know somewhat intimately a considerable congregation which consists almost exclusively of them, whose minister, after serving tliem for about a dozen years, told us that they were a peope so kind and generous to him, that "he believed they could not feel comfortable in their beds SCOTLANDS ,„A,m /.V CVIUZmo TIW WOULD m if tl,,.y «„,,„„»ea t_l„.i,- „,i„i„t,.r w,.n, „„t ,.o,„f„rt„. ™n, t„ |„„k more eorr,..,ly „,„! j„„,lv ,.f „,.. S,-" S »re of c,,,,™. so„,o .■l,«.. fi„t,.,| 8..„t,.|, f„ik ^-„„„„. bona,,, ,,„„„,„ „ , ,„,^„^,„,„,^ ^.,^^,^_, ^1^^^ ^^^_ m »w imoo H,.„r,.e „„a ,„„„„ therofore be weel l,«i„,.,l ben K «,.„,.,„,«-_„„.«. „..„f i„„.„f» „, „,,;,„ „/„""' crentn.ea are f„„n,l every wliere. Tl„.y are, however «e excep„o„ i„ Seo.la,,,,, „, „,,„,, ,J„„ ^J^^ » .tl. tl e country ,.„„ terlity. Hiyhlaml l,o«pitaIily i" Ku ' "'"' r"",""""' .i-' "i«>.t we' speak: heotland » literahty on „ f,,-eat scale. When a fan, .ne occurs, or destitution „n,on„ ,na,ses of wo"kh'" n^e„,fro„,wa„t of e„,ployn,ent- events which l^v^ ami-then whence come, according to ability the ^rgest contribntfons for relief o^ the d L J ishedK.rk of Scotland in 1843 occurred, and some bundreds of ministers, for the sake of pri .cipleTf their comfortable manses, glebes, and legally a 'ere stipends trusting for future support to the vob n r ccntrd„,t,ons from .such of the people as m^ ffj low them-what a magnificent example ensued in bmldmg manses and churches, and in mis n" uais which has .lot y^t eZla^ ^7 ^I' ^?'^^' '^"^' people of O'Reil « vlT '"^ *''^ "^^''^'y ""^ bodies in Scotland show a sfmiir ' '"''^'^^"^ supporting, religions and T f "f '°"' '^'''^ ^" When tl.p « r ? ^ benevolent institutions Of tl,c scores o ™ ' ™, '''t ""'""' °' <""'"'y- trustees of the pl .t? ' i * '°°'"''' «"™ '' «"> Ifal-ed at Lake Forr^^ f'"" .^'"""^"y '° ^ <^^''b. of the city tt ^^Z ' 7 7",""'^'"' ""■'<'» """> John Eos^ T! 1 ^ '""''■''''' """""and dollars. ^■'•^mrhasetteT'ar"'" °' , «« ^"'""^ residence on t^Ir ! ''''' """"""dions summer tl.e poor;WMr«: Jn""* T'^f'"' ^"™"°- '° "ford from the lake wn "^ ''" """""" "' ''''^' "^ '-"sand pounds St : T' ^'^ ^^ '''^™'«' '™^ .-e in pris^etJo" „ hfo'r t'heCZf "" T" men Tl.c> ^'^ii • . „ oeneht ot workintr- limn, ine tol owi\>r is fmm fi.^ o jj- i . » ^"«™a; of October 2lth 1891 ^"'"'™" MCOILL UKIVERSITt, MONTREAL. " ^'- ^'"^'- K«'I»'"'. «» Chief partner in the larg. scoTLAm-s s„A,E „ avruzmo the «-onLD ,„ est m,R„r refinery business in Canada, now resident m E Kland has announced his intention of pre elt museumvaluedr^20(S) -"^T ''' «"« fi,„+ .1 A^U,UUO having been g ven to it hv noTt r'u:-'"' r" "*-'"• TLeoriSnalfoulda! trnon' JarrSllrmf 0-7 '-aueathed by women with ^24,000, and Mr. W 0^0^"/ IP donation of £100,000 for the e ecTion ofThf 1 and technical buildi-itrs and fll T ^''^'''^ law faculty." ^^ *^'^ endowment of the Says the Toronto Empire of October 10, 1891: ANOTHER ACT OF MUNIFICENCE. «ld T' "f, *^^ ^I'l"*'^^ ^'''P^*'^^' t'^^ result Of Sir Don ti%mm " '"^^^^ ^ountstephen's princely ,m from T^etr r"i"1'*1' '"' ^'^'^ ^^ ^^^'^^ irom Ml reter R.dpath, there comes another fine donation to one of our most useful institutLns Ih! learned that the win of the late George C Hamilton t^mu " 'r"^^'^ «^^ '^ Colorado, shows ttt 1100,000 has been left to the Montreal Cenerll Hos S th ^'J f °'^'"^*"' ^^^^^*- T'- deceased w"s a son pounds towards the extension of thf Mar^schd Co] '1 ^ 172 SCOTLAND'S SHAKE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD lege, Aberdeen." I see he has just given $1,000 for the famine in India. It is so like him. And here is more about W. C. McDonald of Montreal: " He has given $85,000," says the Scottish' American of March 2:ird, 1892, "to MeGill University, to be applied as endowment for the maintenance of the Experimental and Engineering buildings which were founded by him." ANDREW CARNEGIE. And what shall we say of that more than princei giver, Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who has lavished his wealth on his native country more than we wot of? The New York Snn says of him: "He is reported to be the richest Scotchman in tho WORLD 51,000 for id here ia American ty, to be ?e of the lich were princei hed his wot of? ti in the SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 173 world, with a larger income than any of his aristocratic countrymen, who while enjoying the domains and palaces that come to them by inheritance, are apt to be hard up for cash at times. Mr. Carnegie talks freely of the days of his poverty in Scank Peniten- tmry had met and determined to try Scotch broth for the prisoners; and for this purpose they despatched an official to the female prisoners to find a Scotch woman to prepare a specimen, as they, being H^nghshmen, were not acquainted with the article They then went on with their business, meanwhile supposing that the Scotch woman was in the kitchen preparing the specimen. After long waiting the messenger appeared and reported, saying, "I have searched all the penitentiary and a Scotch woman cannot be found in it." But it would be far from the truth to insinuate that Scotch folks are not found as inmates of our penitentiaries. Yet their number as compared with the number of inmates of other nationalities on this side or the other side of the Atlantic, is a testi- mony m favour of the comparative morality of Scot- land, so far at least as indictable crimes are concerned. Ihe following, from a recent number of the Toronto 175 176 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD Mail and Empire, speaks for the Scot in Canada during the ijast year: " The birthplaces of persons convicted for indict- able offences in the Dominion during 1897, are as follows: England and Wales, 382; Ireland, 283- Scotland. 91; Canada, 3,949; United States, 246;' other foieign countries, 223; other British posses- sions, 10; not given, 587. The proportion of con- victions by birthplaces to the total number for the years 1884 to ].897 is as follows : England and Wales, 8.44; Ireland, 6.21; Scotland, 1.99; Canada, 68.33J United States, 5.32; other foreign countries and British possessions, 3.51 ; not given, 6.20. For the year 1897 the proportion is: England and Wales, 6.68; Ireland. 4.07; Scotland, 1.59; Canada, 69.03;' United States, 4.30; other foreign countries and Brit- ish possessions, 4.07; not given, 10.26. SCOTTISH BANKING. Which system of banking is considered by business men to be the safest for the depositers and bilb holders, and at the same time convenient for bor- rowers? Let the following testimony answer. An article appeared in the Hamilton Spectator, of the 20th of October, copied from the Chicago Inter Ocean, and dated Halifax, October 9, 1896; in which reference is made to the then existing unrest in the United States occasioned by their possible adoption of the free coinage of silver. The writer of the article, in an interview with Sir William Van Home, the President of the Canadian Pacific Railway, aske»i him, ''Does the unsettled condition of things affect the Canadian markets? " Sir William replied: " It certainly does E WORLD in Canada for indict. ^97, are as 'land, 283: itates, 246; ish posses- on of con- ber for the and Wales, Ida, 08.33; ntries and . For the nd Wales, Ida, 69.03; 3 and Brit- y business and bill= t for bor- 3wer. An of the 20th decern, and ?ference is ited States f the free ele, in an President m, "Does Canadian [linly does SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 177 affect them; but the utilization of the Scottish bank- ing system here greatly reassures Canadian finances." This testimony to the merits of the system, coming from such a man means much. For Sir William is one of the most intelligent, practical, energetic, and successful of the business men in Canada, as is proven by his accumulation of wealth, and his admirable management of the magnificent railway of which he is President. Scotland should be revered in England for what she has done there. Scotch missionaries evangelized nearly the whole of England after the pagan Saxon conquest of the country; and Scotland gave it mac- adamized roads, locomotive and stationary steam= engines, steamboats, bicycles, electric telegraphs, electric lights, telephones, and almost all the great modern improvements in agriculture and agricultural implements. And who founded the Bank of England —the greatest bank in the world? It was Willie Paterson, a Scot; and it has been admitted by the highest authorities that it was Rev. Dr. Henry Duncan, another Scot, who first gave Savings Banks to England and to the world at large. And whence are drawn those rich and numerous donations for religious and ben-evolent purposes in England, dis- pensed by Miss Burdett Coutts? They come from the wealth of Thomas Coutts, an Edinburgh Scot. Sensible Englishmen do now=a=days revere Scotia in a way that would have astonished Dr. Johnson and Rev. Sidney Smith, as may be seen by such recent appointments in the English Church as the Rev. Dr. Tait to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Rev. Dr. Thomson, and the Rev. Dr. McLagan, in kuc- 178 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WOULD cession, as Archbishops of York— their offices being next in social tliginity to that of royalty itself; and we need scarcely mention, that, Scotchmen not infre- quently hold the very highest offices in the civil gov- ernment, the army, and the navy. If Scotland gave St. Patrick to Ireland— the founder xinder God, of the Irish Church; and gave also the linen trade, and the thrifty, industrious folks called the Scotch^Irish, then Ireland may well revere Scotia as we know she does. THE SCOT IN RUSSIA AND TURKEY. Russia, like other nations has been benefited by Scotch inventions, but has had long ago some special reasons for revering Scotia. The Diary of General Patrick Gordon, a cadet of Lord Aberdeen's family, shows that he was the familiar friend and adviser of Czar Peter the Great, that he was the leader of the ideas of the young Czar, and suggested and planned his policy towards Turkey— a policy which Peter's successors have pursued to this present day. It is believed that it was Lord Cathcart, who happened to be in Russia at the time of the French invasion, who suggested the burning of Moscow, an expedient, that saved Russia, and sent Napoleon Bonaparte home with the miserable remnant of 12,000 men of the 500,000 with which he had left France on his Rus- sian expedition. Some Scots in various walks of life have been honoured in Russia, and some even in Tur- key, as the following anecdotes may show: " James Ferguson, the Scotsman, who entered the Russian service in the first part of the eighteenth century, was deputed at the end of the war with the SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 179 Tm-ks to treat of peace with the Turkish Grand "The tvTO officials met, witli two interpreters, Rus sian and Turkish, between then. Their bu ines was satisfactorially coneh.ded, and they arcs to separate General Fer^^uson, hat in handf nmde his bo.v. and the vizier his salaam. Then the latter, 1 e officia part of the interview bein^ at an end turned suddenly, approached, and taking. Ferguson warm y by the hand declared with a broad s'Xh acc^ent that ,t made him «unco happy, noo that th y were sae far frae hame to meet wi' a countryman in his exalted station. ' ^ "Ferguson stared with astonishment and the tur. baned vizier went on to explain— '' 'My father was the bellman of Kirkcaldy in Fife and I remember to have seen you and your brothel occassionally passing.' "^ouier "Another similar surprise, which was due to other causes be ell a Scotchman named Wallace, who while travelling on the great plain that lies between tl^ Sea of Azov and the Caspian, was astonished to hndonhis map a place marked 'Scottish Colony' On making inquiries about it at Stavropol he was re- ferred to a venerable man with tine features, coal= black eyes, and long beard that would have done honour to a patriarch, who, in turn, asked him why he wished to know about it. - ^ "'Because,' said Wallace, 'I mvself am a Scotch man and hope to find a fellow countryman tW.' His astonishment was extreme when the Circas- SclT- '""^ "^''"'^"'^ ^"^"^^ "^ ^"""^^^ broad 180 SCOTLAND-S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD "'0, man, I'm a Scotsman, tae; my name is John Abercombie,' "Tlie explanation of this incongruous name and per- sonality was a simple one. In the first part of our cen- tury a band of Scotch missionaries went to Russia to convert the Circassian tribes, and received from the Emperor a grant of land on the frontier. Here they lived, and finding the older Circassians obdurate under their teachings, bought from them Circassian children that they might bring them up to the Christian faith." The Aberdeen Pasha. — There was, three years ago, in Kensington infirmary, says a correspondent of a contemporary, an old man of 90 years of age. For all the writer knows he may be there still, but he told him the following story. He is -rr. engineer by trade and belongs to Glasgow. In t;. T^usso^Turkish war he was chief engineer on a / urkish ironclad in the Danube. One day some! hi -f had gone wrong with the machinery, and Hobart i asha came on board. The engineer was busy with the repairs when he heard the voice of the admiral up on deck. The next minute he felt a slap on his shoulder, with an exclamation in guid braid Scotch. "Ye're makin' a fine job, my lad; it'll dae rale weel." "Guid preserve's a'," says the engineer, " whaur dae you como frae?" "Dod, man," says Hobart Pasha, "did you no' ken I belang to Aberdeen? Hobart's my surname, and after I cam' here they stuck on Pasha to mak' folk think I was a Turk." Toronto Empire, September 15, '93. Can the Chinese government cease to remember and respect the country of the late General Gordon who, simply with a baton in his hand, led on the gov- SCOTLAXDS SUA HE m CIVIUZINO THE WORLD 181 ernment nrtr.y to victory after victory until a power, ful armed rebdUon was crnslied? The question was recently answered by Chirm's greatest statesman. Li Hung ChaufT, placing a wreatli on Gordon's monu- ment, in St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Nor should China cease to revere the country of John Kenneth Mackenzie, who founded the first government Medical school in the Empire. THE SCOT IN rNDIA. ^ India greatly reveres auld Scotia, as the following item from a not very old paper proves: "Atameetingheld in Bombay to commemorate the anniversary of St. Audio ws's Day, Dr. Buist, who was one of the speakers showed how much India was in- debted to Scotchmen, stating that the 'Bombay Quarterly Review is chiedy written by Scotchmen, 18 printed by a Scotchman; and published by a Scotchman. The Bombay Gazette is conducted by a Scotchman; the Telegraph and Courier has, with one exception, always been conducted by Scotchmen, and 18 so still. He who does the Times is a Scotch- man— (laughter)— the Bombay Guardian and Orien- tal Christian Spectator were founded or conducted by Scotchmen. The Asiatic and Medical Societies are presided over by Scotchmen. The principals of both our colleges are Scotch, and some of the pro- fessors are Scotch: and those w'lo have not been so favoured in their birth have wisely endeavoured to remedy the deficiency by marrying Scotch wives. (Laughter.) The Director of Public instruction is a Scotchman and so is the senior inspector of schools. Our Governor is a Scotchman, three of his personal IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // S. y m {./ ^ .% ^\% /. <. •«? % % c* (A 1.0 I.I 1^ lis lis 11:25 ill 1.4 1£ 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 873-4503 V P> ^ \ :\ ^v <^A. "^^ 182 SCOTLAND-S SllAIiE W CIVILIZINO THE WORLD Staff are Scotch. Of the last ten governors who have presided over us, five have been Scotch, and for thirty years out of sixty , Bombay has been blessed by a Scotch administration. We have a Scotchman at the head of the Commissariat, and another for his deputy. Our QuartermasterGeneral is a Scotchman, and so IS the Surgeon=General; while our Garrison Engl- neer, Civil Architect and Dockyard Engineer are all Scotch. It IS quite clear that our noble army could neither be fed, physicked, or clothed, taken to the held nor made comfortable in cantonments, except for Scotchmen." THE SCOT IN CANADA. Canada, even French " Lower Canada » as we used to call it, reveres Scotia, as may be seen by the promi- nent places in public life to which Scotchmen have been raised by their fellow citizens throughout the dominion. Thus the Toronto World speaking of the elevation of George Stephen to the peerage of Great Britain under the title of Lord Mountstephen says, He IS the best representative of a class of men who have come to Canada and prospered. We mean those young Scotchmen who left their home in boyhood without other means than their native energy and in- trepidity, and who settled in Canada, engaging in commerdal pursuits,and amassing, as a rule, large for- unes. These are the kind of men wh omade Mon- ti-enl, who made the bank of Montreal, who built the Canadian Pacific Railroad, who have succeeded all over Canada, and in India for that matter, in much the sanie way. Any one who knows Montreal, who Knows Canada, can name these men by scores " SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 183 SCOTCH EDUCATIONISTS IN CANADA. Passing over the names of the many Scots in Can- adn who are wealthy merchants, popular clergymen, clever lawyers, and distinguished judges; and passing over also a list " as lang 's my arm" of the parliamentary Scots who have attained to the high political position of being honourables or sena- tors of the Dominion; let us just glance at the chief educationists,— the college professors and others throughout the Dominion, and we shall find that some of the most important colleges and universities have Scots at their head. Among the earliest of Canada's eminent educationists— the men who taught our clergy, lawyers, and judges in the higher branches of learning were Rev. Dr. Wilkie of Quebec, and Rev. Dr. Strachan of Toronto, afterwards Bishop of the Toronto Diocese. Sir Daniel Wilson is President of the Toronto University. Rev. Dr. George Munro Grant is Principal and Vice-chancellor of Queen's University, Kingston. Sir William Dawson is Prin- cipal of McGill University, Montreal. Rev. Dr. James Ross is Principal of Dalhousie College, Hali- fax. And Rev. Dr. Alexander McKnight is Principal of the Presbyterian College in the same city. Rev. Dr. Willian Oaven is Principal of Knox Presbyterian College, Toronto, and successor to the late Principal, Rev. Dr. Michael Willis. Rev. Dr. D. H, McVicar is Principal of the Presbyterian College, Montreal. Rev. Dr. George Douglas is President of the Metho- dist College, Montreal. The late Rev. Dr. Robert Alexander Fyfe was Principal of the Baptist Cana- 184 SCOTLAND'S SffAliS iN CIVILIZWO THE WORLD dian Literary Institute. Woodstock. The Eight Reverend Dr. John Cameron, Roman Catholic Bishop, 18 President of Arichat College. The Most Reverend Dr. Robert Machray, of the English Church. 18 Chancdior. Warden, and Professor of St. John'^ College, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and now Primate of all Canada: and the Rev. Dr. George Bryce is Head and Professor of Manitoba College. Then in the universities and colleges represented by these presi- dents and principals, and in other colleges of the Dominion, are many eminent Scotch professors, in various branches of science, too numerous to men ion by name. THE SCOT IN THE UNITED STATES. And in the United States wherever Scotch men retain their true national character they are re spected. and are generally successful in social life. f« !"";?,'• ^"^"""^^ ^^° ^°««ts of having a drop of Scotch blood in him, and who may be regarded as an authority in expressing the. true American senti- ment on this subject, gave his testimony some years ago in he News of the Churches. Comparing and contrasting the different kinds of immigrants that land in the States, he says: " The Scotch come here with their honesty, their industry, their religion, their handicrafts, their Bibles, their love for the primer, the schoolmaster, the catechism, the Sabbath the sanctuary, the ministry, to bless us. With rare exceptions they do well for themselves and for us » Mr. Andrew Carnegie may well be regarded as an- other authority in testifying to the respect in which Scotchmen are generally held in the States; for at a SCOTLAND'S SHARE W ClVlLIZINO THE WORLD 185 banquet held at Delmonico's, New York an St Andrew's Day last year (1891). after ^^in" tt Scotchman credit for having "a head that is p^ractT cal. shrewd, and calculating, but a heart that If ul of poetry and sentiment; and a strong love for civil and rehg,ous iberty:" Mr. Carnegie then quoted from a standard American author,-Bancroft V< hTs tory of the United States," that " The first voice for mdependence of the United States came not from the Puritans of New England, not from the Dutch of New York, not from the families of Virginia but from the Scotch Presbyterians of North Ca^olLa Another service of a Scotch-American was found when after Independence had been declared and won in the field, a Constitution had to be drawn up Zh?Z "'T'- ^^^"* Constitution, the grandest pohtica work ever conceived, was the production of Alexander Hamilton, a Scotch^American, and one o ^stoTy" "''"^' '^'* '"'^ ^^'^^^^ '- ^•"--^n woHhl^'r" T "T °*^'' S^otch.American names worthy of notice who signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence, such as Philip Livingston, who took an active part in the Congressional business of the period, was one of the founders of the New York Society Library, and aided materially in establishing descen^f T- .^f-'' ^^ ^^--^^^on, of nobl! descent from Lord Linlithgow and the Earl of Wigton and who was Chancellor of the State of New York, although not a signer of the Declaration admim3tered the oath of office to President Geo'ge' Washington was appointed Minister to the Court of France, and greatly aided Fulton with his counsel 186 SCOTLAND'S SHARE /AT CIVILIZING THE WORLD and money in building the first stenmer that plied on the Hudson River. Mr. James Wilson, a native Scot, was a signer of the Declaration: and was an active member of the Committee that framed the Federal Constitution. He was appointed by Presi- dent Washington one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Rev. Dr. Wither- spoon, a descendant of John Knox, was a native Scot, born at Yester, near Edinburgh. He signed the Declaration; and indeed, it is said, that he led the others, by his eloquence, to do so, when they were " switherin aboot it." He was called from his office as minister of the Kirk in Paisley, Scotland, to be President of Princeton College, New Jersey; and the war having dispersed the college, he was for seven years a leading spirit in the United States Congress. In confirmation of what has been already said on this subject we may accept the testimony of that skeptical Frenchman, Max O'Rell, who has given far more study to national characteristics than he has given to the Bible and the Christian religion. In his book, "A Frenchman in America," he says: "The railway king in Wisconsin is a Scotchman. I was not surprised to hear it. The iron king in Pennsyl- vania is a Scotchman, Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The . oil king of Ohio is a Scotchman, Mr. Alexander Mac Donald. The dry=goods=store king of New York —he is dead now— was a Scotchman, Mr. Stewart. It is just the same in Canada, just the same in Aus- tralia, and all over the English-speaking world. The Scotch are successful everywhere, and the new coun- tries offer them fields for their industry, their perse- verence, and their shrewdness. There you see them SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD 187 landowners, directors of companies, at the head of all great enterprises. In the lower stations of life, thanks to their frugality and saving habits, you find them thriving everywhere. You go to the manufac tory, you are told 'that the foremen are Scotch.' » LOVE OP LIBERTY. Scots, like other nations have an innate love of liberty; but this has been intensified and inherited by the national history of Scotland which is a record ot many long and victorious struggles against both ecclesiastical and civil tyranny. This fervid love of iberty is apt to degenerate into rudeness, unmanner- lines=,and lawlessness if not controlled and guided by the reverential and refining influence of the Christian religion. But happily for Scotland that religion is cr was, influential and has saved her people from being numbered among the anarchists. Wher.n-er Scotch men go they carry with them ihe national ideal of Christian liberty, and intelligent notions of what constitutes national prosperity. For instance in England let the following item from the Scottish American of October 31, 1888 tell its own tale- "Seven Clever Scots.-The seven Scotchmen who, along with a citizen of the town, met in an upper room in Manchester and formed themselves into the Anti=Corn=Law League, were W. A. Cunningham. Edward Baxter, Andrew Dalziel, James Howie, James Leslie, Philip Thomson, and Archibald Prentice (Edi tor of the Manchester Times, and author of the 'His tory of the League)-all of whom were Scotchmen. Mr. William Rawson, a Manchester man and an Eng- lishman, was invited, but was unable to reach the place 188 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZING THE WORLD until the meeting had broken up; but he was appointed treasurer of the league." As in England so in Canada, the United States, and wherever they are they are generally prominent as he reformers of public wrongs. See in Canada that plucky little man, William Lyon Mackenzie, who in fighting against the misgovernment of the country by a corrupt political clique, lost all, became a eader in rebellion and an outlaw, for whose head a large reward was offered; but whose political prin- ciples are now admired and acted upon by the most loyal and conservative of Canadian statesmen. See the Honourable George Brown, Editor of the triobe, for many long years the distinguished and almost worshipped leader of the reform party in the Dominion. As might be expected Scotchmen have done something on behalf of the enslaved negroes Thomas Pringle, a Scot, a true poet, and coura- geous philanthropist after having seen the horrors of slavery in Africa, returned to England and became secretary to the Antislavery Society until its object was accomplished. See that magnificent specimen of a Scot-Zacharv Macaulay, father of the degenerate Thomas Babbing- ton Macaulay the historian. Zachary grieved and disgusted with what he saw of slavery in Jamaica, resigns his lucrative office of manager of a large slave estate, and associates himself with such philan- thropic abolitionists as Granville, Sharpe, Wilber- force, and Thornton, in England, and finally be- comes the laborious governor, secretary, paymaster, judge correspondent, and clerical substitute for preaching and marrying in Sierra Leone, the colony SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZINO THE WORLD 189 of liberated slaves, where he faces death itself on their behalf. Another instance of this Scottish love of liberty and fair play, is that of John Hossach who died last year (1891) at Ottawa, Illinois. The Scot- tish American Journal says of him, he "Was a Scotchman of whom his fellow countrymen in America may well be proud. He was full of the manly independence and love of liberty which char- acterize the true=hearted Scot, and was a strong friend of the down-trodden slave during the progress of the abolition movement. He had the practical charge of the 'underground railroad' in this state and was a prominent figure in one of the most mem' orable trials which has taken place in the history of Illinois" He and Dr. Stout were tried for aiding the escape to Canada, of Jim Gray, a fugitive slave from Missouri; they were convicted, and fined one hundred dollars and costs, and sentenced to ten days m jail. We give here only the closing sentences of John Hossach's famous argumentative speech against slavery, addressed to Judge Drummond who sen- tenced him : — "My feelings are at my home," he said. "My wife and my children are dear to my heart, but, sir I have counted the cost. I am ready to die, if need be, for the oppressed of my race, but slavery must die, and when my country shall have passed through the terrible conflict which the destruction of slavery must cost, and when the history of the great struggle shall be candidly written, the rescuers of Jim Gray will be considered as having done honour to God, to humanity, and to themselves. I am told there is' no appeal from this court, yet I do appeal to the court 190 SCOTLAND'S SHARE IN CIVILIZINO THE WORLD of high heaven, where Judge Drummond and Judge ^.aton, the rescuer and the rescued, shall all have to stand at the judgment seat of the Most High." The speech produced a profound sensation, and North""* '" ^"" ^^ ^^^ *^'^ ^'^'^'''^' P^P^'' ^" *^^ Here ends our record of Scotland's character and her share in enlightening and civilizing the world Ihe record could be enlarged, but it need not be. Considering the smallness of the nation compared with others her population being only about a sixth of that of England, her influence for good among the nations has been far beyond what might have been expected. Her worldly prosperity has been due, doubtless, to her characteristics of intelligence industry, and perseverance, but not less to her gener ' osity rewarded according to the divine promise, Wive and it shall be given unto you."