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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est fiimA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nteessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 f ■ f V HISTORY OF The WORLD'S Fair BEING A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION FROM ITS INCEPTION BY Major Ben C. Truman OF THR DEPARTMENT OF FLORICULTURE Author of " Semi -Tropical California," " Campaigning in Tennessee," " Occidental Sketches," " The Field of Honor," Etc. WITH SPECIAL ARTICLES BY Thos. W. PALMER, Pres't; Hon. Geo. R. Davis, Director General; D. H. BuRNHAM, Director of Works; Maior Moses P. Handy, Bureau of Publicity and Promotion-; John Thorpe, Floriculture; Thomas B. Bryan, Commissioner at Large; and many others prominently connected with the WORLD'S Columbian Exposition. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS MADE FROM PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS OF EXHIBITS IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS. V I JI II Pl 'i^WIWf— ^ ; \'^ " I r\ -.' .f iNT Hov '>?,■■ V, '■'l- ■! ' entered according to Act of ConKress In the year 1893, by Ben C. Truman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Com The App, Com CONTENTS. Introductory PAOB. . 19 PART I. Origin of the Exposition. CHAPTER I. HOW CHICAGO SBCDRBD THE CEI of Tc w< CONTENTS. XX PAOS. ti St ration used for y section I holiday l1— Work . Rogers' 187 I Wood" he walls lilding- 193 197 199 equal — iiid pale usemble s Watts 203 rty-four :>f nails t'signs iinients ibcister ring it of the play ot by the "abrics, Gliders oncen- sketch 209 emen- every ay by jte to ody — 239 CHAPTER IV. DEPARTMICNT OI' KTHN01,0GY. 1'a6«. Anthropology-: " Man and His Works "—What uiiiy be seen at the Ethnological Building— The Mound Builders of Ohio— Splentlid collection from Mexico, Ccjsta Rica and New South Wales— Views of plans and models of prehistoric men— Prehistoric architectural monuments and habitations— Natural and artificial cave dwellings -Lacustrine dwellings— Sweat houses, totem poles cliff dwellings and skin lodges— Implements of war and the chase— Furniture and clothing of alwriginal, uncivilized and partly civilized races— Obiects of spiritual significance and veneration — Representation of dieties— Appliances of worship— Historic nrchaology— Objects illustrating the progress of nations— M(Klels and representations of ancient vessels — Clothing and adornment— Apparatus for making clothing and ornaments— Articles used in ctxjking and eating— Mo«'t PAOB. of Iowa — r\ e for their ka . . 493 Centennial oDakotas CONTENTS. «7 497 of Padua, 66 exhib- l laurel — —Orange, Masses of 50 feet in ! State of -A great CHAPTER V. THB ATTRACTIVB CEYU)N BUII,DING. V mixed architecture of many native woods— iJesigns from ancient buildings— Figures of sacred birds and animals— Ornamental facades and pillars— Fancy designs in ceilings and walls -Carvings that take one back 543 years B. C— The sacred tooth of Buddha— Sun and moon symbols 533 CHAPTER VI. THE OTTOMAN PAVILION. iThe resources of Turkey shown in twelve sections— Textile fabrics— Gold and silver and other minerals- Munitions of war, electrical appliances and many antiquities —Agricultural products— Silks and dye stuffs — Au imitation of the Hunkhar Casque -Damascian carved woods— The Ottoman coat of arms— Damascus rugs and other oriental manufactures 533 CHAPTER VII. THE TWO CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLICS. iThe pavilion of Costa Rica— A modest but pretty building— Diminutive monkeys with lots of hair— Silks and fibres that fairly dazzle the eye— Coffee and waffles— A glance at Guatemala— Gardens that represent coffee plantations . . . , 539 CHAPTER VIII. BRAZIL AND VENEZUELA. the beautiful buildings of the two South American republics — Brazil has one of the most attractive pavilions on the grounds— CoflFee served to thousands daily —Venezuelans do their ?evel best with coffee and beans — They show many swords and other trophies of General Simon Bolivar 543 503 illion ex- ection of uary and ■pets and irs ago — it Mianu- Exquis- ."iOQ rca,ses — d Queen Irooades .■iig \v;is Tv- ns from 523 IliKhly howii S29 PART XI. The Midv^ay Plaisance. CHAPTER I. CAIRO STREET AND TURKISH VILLAGE. I A general combination of the a-chitectural features of the city of Cairo — Mosques, minarets, dancing girls, shopkeepers, umsicians, camels, donkeys and dogs — The temple of Luxor reproduced — Tomb of the .sacred bull — Nubians and Soudanese — Reproduction of temples four thou.sand years old — A room full of mummies— Egyptian shops and shopkeeper^.— No such sight ever seen before in Europe or America — Lap- landers and their reindeers— Wonders of the Turkish village — Counterparts of objects in Constantinople — Turki.sh theatres and bazaars— The five million dollar tent of the Shah of Persia, which took one hun- dred years to make — Marvels of oriental tape.stry and embroidery — Sword and handkerchief dances . 549 CHAPTER II. THE TWO IRISH VILLAGES. Lady Aberdeen's work — Blarney Castle and the village of Irish industries — A piece of the genuine Blarney stone — Carter Harrison's speech to the girls of Belfast and Cork — Lace-makers and weavers and butter and cheese makers from the land of no snakes — Mrs. Peter White — Mrs. Ernest Hart and her village — A re- production of Donegal Castle — Eighteen Celtic lasses — Good Irish buttennilk — Irish airs on Irish pipes . 561 CHAPTER III. THE JAVANESE AND SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS. The ([uaint buildings of the Javanese a great resort — Everything as neat as a pin — More than one hundred people —And such tea and coffee — Personal appearance of the Javanese — Their bamboo dwellings— The Javanese theatre and orchestra — Ten attractive dancing girls from Solo — "Klass" and his peculiarities — The South Sea Islanders — A. great exhibit — Cannibal and war dances 565 CH.\PTER IV. THE GERMANS AND AUSTRIANS. Cottages from the Black Forest — The Town Hall of Hesse — Westphalia and the banks of the Rhine — Glimpses of Berlin and Bavaria — A reproduction of one of the streets of Old Vienna — Forty-eight stores — The Em- peror's own band — The cost of the village nearly $130,000 — It opened with a banquet .... 575 CHAPTER V. AMONG OTHER NATIONS. I The village of the almond-eyed Mongolian — The electric theater — The Libbey Glass Works — The Ferris Wheel the greatest piece of machinery in the world — Pretty imitation of La Tour Eiffel — Carl Hagenback's menagerie — The big, black Dahomeyans 579 f I I I'f k I m ' ■-■ ■*'.»^'' • HON. THOMAS W. F'ALMER, PRESIDENT world's COLUMHIAN COMMISSION. INTRODUCTORY PRESIDENT THOS. W. PALMER. OU want me to express my opinion in regard to the Fair. I cannot talk to you about it from an artistic standpoint, for I know very little about art. I can only tell its effect upon me and, inferentially, what it will be upon 10,000,000 of I^eople. 1 think it will astound every one who visits it, both on account of its magnitude and what they will consider its artistic merits. It would be fairy-like if it were not so co- lossal. It is a vision snatched from dreams whose lines have been brought out and well defuied by the iodine of art. As an educational force and inspiration 1 believe the build- ings, their grouping, and laying out of the grounds will in themselves do more good in a general way than the exhibits themselves, by the exaltation that it will inspire in every Iman, woman, and child who may have any emotions, and who has none, that may jcome to view it. I think that the prospect from Lake Michigan will impress every lone who approaches it from that side by the tout ensemble which will be pre- isented. I never looked at it without thinking of Claude Melnotte's description to [Pauline of his palace by the Lakt: of Como. I was at Nice some years ago, and one morning in November I looked from jmy balcony up the distant mountain side and saw the cataract going over the dam, {the Alps in the background, with the olive groves and the blue Mediterranean far ibove ground, and I said to my wife: "Every one who can should come to Nice to Iput in a stock of material for dreams." I think the Exposition furnishes a maga- nne for dreams equally as grand and more attractive. I have no doubt that, notwithstanding the vast amount of literature and llustrations which has been issueul describing the Fair, the expectations of our )eople and those from abroad will be more than realized. I never go down to it )ut what I am lifted up to a higher plane, and feel more enthusiasm in regard to |ts real magnitude and merit. If it was within the range of constitutional legisla- tion it would pay the Government of the United States io bring free of expense ten lillions of our people who will not have the money to come. You have seen Kiralfy's "Around the World in Eighty Days" and read Jules ^erne's "Around the World," wherein Mr. Fogg gained a day and saved his fortune by going to the west, so will all people and races here gain more than a day 20 INTRODUCrORY. and more than a fortune in jB^ettinff a more thorough idea of the habitable glob(! by coming west to Chicago. I regard the street of all nations on the Midway Plaisance, although thought by some to be beneath the aim of the great Exposition, as one of its most valuable adjuncts. To the specialist, the scientist, and the artist the Exposition furnishes all , that may be desired, but to the vast mass of humanity the attractions of the Mid- way Plaisance will give the first impulse to inquiry, and the statuary outside of buildings constructed on harmonious lines will remain a vital force to the majority of people long after details are forgotten. The Art Building is a classic and the Fisheries Building a study. In looking at the first a man can feel that he is in Athens during the age of Pericles. The whole thing if viewed by that worthy would make llaroun al Raschid go wild with despair and Scheherezade go mad with envy because Aladdin and his lamp, her greatest achievement, was surpassed from the shores of an inland lake on the margin of the prairie. (y^Uct/?'l.rJl^^ I itable globe? ugh thought lost valuable furnishes all \ of the Mid- y outside of the majority In looking; •icles. The go wild with lis lamp, her lake on the viX'-y^^ PART I. ORIGIN OF THE EXPOSITION. CHAPTER I. HOW CHICAGO SECURED THE CELEBRATION. pw and When the Columbian Exposition was Conceived — The Idea of a Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus Originated with T. W. Zaremba — His First Desire was to Have it in Mexico — How this Indefatigable Gentleman Pursued the Object of His Thought— How Chicago Took Hold of the Enterprise— Other Metropolitan Cities Take a Hand—Splendid Work of Leading Chicago Men in Washington — Persistency of all Parties Interested — The Real Contest Between Chicago and New York — Chicago Successful — Congress Votes in its Favor — Preliminary Action— Subscription of Stock— Board of Directors and Other Officers Elected— Lyman J. Gage the First President of the Chicago Directory — Congressional Provisions for Commissioners — Raising of Money — Appointment of Commis- sioners — Zaremba's Active Life — Appointment of Hon. Thomas B. Bryan Commissioner-at-Large —Mr. Bryan's Splendid Work in Europe— A Gentleman and a Scholar — Few Men Living With Such Rare Attainments. T IS admitted that, during the past twelve or fifteen jears, there has not been an insignificant number who have pro- posed and even agitated a World's Columbian Exposition— that is, a world's celel)rationof the four hiuidredth anniversary of the discovery of America bj' Christopher Columbus. But it seems to be concedetl that Dr. T. W. Zaremba, a well-known German-American, is the person to whom the distinguished honor most properly belongs, as abundant proofs are accessible that this gentleman, impressed with the grandeur and benefits of the Centennial, in a few years afterward imparted to Gen. John C. I'Vemont, Peter Cooper and Charles A. Lamont, om he met in New York at the Cooper Institute! in 18S2, his views regarding new scheme. It was not until June 11, 1 884, however, that Dr. Zaremba made any pro- [Unced movement, upon which day he sent to the diplomatic representatives of eign powers at Washington an invitation to a conference to consider the celebra- n ot the fourth centenary of America's discovery by Columbus by a World's ir in Mexico. Sixteen days thereafter he confided his plan to George R. Davis ton, WELCOME. All iiittrior vitw of llic parlor iif a resiikiil uf CliicaKo as it ajiptars after Iiu lias CDiiiplctii'. ariMtUfciiicnts for lliu rui'iitinii cil' frifiuls whu have sif;Hili<-il their intention of visiting hiiii during the W urlil s I'air. HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 23 •• V irptiuii of frifiitls aiul P. y. Duestcr, at that time members of Congress, and a clay or two later to .William F. Poole of Chicaj^^o. whom he met 011 Broadway in New York. July 11, 1S84, he wrote concerninjf it to Benson Lossing, the historian. In the summer of 1.SS5 Dr. Zaremba was in Chica^nj. Still (enthusiastic over his plan for the celebration ht; conferred with Levi Leiter. John V. Reynolds, Edwin Lee Brown and John B.Drake on the subject. In Wisconsin, in the fall of the same year, he chanced to see an article in a Chicago newspaper suggesting that a World's Fair be held to celebrate Columbus' discovery, and that Chicago be the 'site. Dr. Zaremba immediately returned to Chicag(. and began to work on his own •.proposition with not altogether encouraging results. November 24, 1S85, he re- \ceived from Secretary of State Dement license to organize "The Chicago Columbian ^XJentenary World's Fair and Exposition Company." He immediately called a -meeting, which was held in club room 4 of the Cirand Pacific Hotel, Chicago. Among the men who respondetl to his invitation were A. C. and Washington lesing, A. B. Pullman, John A. Sexton, W. K. Sullivan, and several newspaper reporters. The meeting resulted only in a general talk, but the lukewarm interest evinced by the public in his pet project did not check the ardor of Dr. Zaremba. In 1886, while the American Historical Society was in session in Washing- ton, Dr. Zaremba brought his Columbus monument and attendant propositions to the notice of that body. A committee to confer with the President of the United )tates was apjiointed by the Historical Society with the hope that the chief magis- trate would call the attention of Congress to the question and thereby obtain an expression of opinion as to the best manner of celebrating the fourth centenary of imerica's discovery. Philadelphia, which had kept its eye on the movement, imme- liately sent a committee to Washington for the purpose of obtaining an appro- )riation for such a celebration to be held in that city. Thus for the first time the lim possibility of a World's Fair in this country to celebrate Columbus' feat took on m aspect of probability. In February, 1882, the year that the indefatigable Dr. Zaremba was impressing the advisability of his scheme on the minds of Peter Cooper md other New York men, there was printed in a Chicago newspaper a letter from )r. Harlan, a Chicago dentist, in which he suggested Chicago as the proper place )r a World's Fair. In 1885 Dr. Harlan's suggestion was revived, and a joint com- littee was appointed from the Chicago, Commercial, Union League and Iroquois flubs to take action on the matter and report. Early in 1886 a Board of Promotion was organized in New England to jlecure congressional action in the direction of a centenary celebration. Ex-(iovernor llatlin, of Massachusetts, acted as president of this board. P^oUowing closely upon Its organization, July 31st, a resolution was introtluced by Senator Hoar, of Mas- pchusetts, for the appointment of a joint congressional committee of fourteen to con- sider the advisability of holding a P'air. Senator Hoar's proposition was to have temporary and permanent buildings for such .1 P\iir erected in Washington, I). C. As soon as it became evident that the World's P^air would be a coveted lonor and that the rivalry among the leading cities of America for the distinction of loldiug it would be keen, Chicago prepared to get it. The City Council passed a 24 [IISTORY OF Till- WORLD'S FAIR. I !1 resolution July 22, iS.S(), instrurtin^f the mayor to appoint a committet' of one hun- dred to induce Con^rrcss to locate the hair in Chica■ ',. turn, .' , .1 ,iOth. elected Lyman j.Ciage, president; Thomas B. Br\-a ' " I'uitcr I'alnicr, vice- presidents; Anthony 1'. Seeberger. treasurer; Benjamin Butterworth, sccrdary, and William K. Ackcrman, auditor. The first meeting of the new tlirectory was held April 12th. President Harrison sigiu-d the measure, locating the l!xi)osition in Chicago. T' provided for the creation of th(; World's Columbian Exposition Board, to c Mis. > 'f tv.o "-ommissioners apijointed by the President for each state and territoi;,', v-i" v "u-h: commissioners-at-large, and two from the District of Col- umbia, each uitli alternates. The question of funds was met promptly by the Illinois Legislature, which, in a special s(;ssion held June 12, 1S90, authorize(l the city of Chicago to increase its bonded indebtedness i?5,ooo,ooo in aid of the Exposition. The name was changed i of one luin- atcr riiuinas I favoring the M lu'lil in the n of the suli- :e(l a license Anthony I' :<) open ill ■IxpOsIti.M. (if m or W'oilJ ., its ) •• hun- es Senate i)y L)e Witt C. ery appeared 1 the same in 1 experienced N'ork dt'lega- press of the 11 the world It undone, rohlem was istency and tlie Iiastern Chicairo. ort for the ml so niag- f the civil- K'd March r.atrcry !>. ■ ' . . .1 ,iOth. incr, \'ice- ■rctar\-, and \ was ludd l)osition in Exposition (■aril state ict of Col- lin-, which, increase its as changed DIREGTOUiJ W'OKLD'ii COLUMBIAN KXPOSITION. 1. IjVM.W J. (i Vl.l . 4. Fi;ui>iN\M) W. I'M K, 7. Thomas H. 11i:\ \n. 10. Wll.l.IAM T. 11 ,Kh;i!. 13. Hollllil A. Wvc.LEK. '.'. II MII.OW N. llKilNllOIII AM. '). (il.OUUI-. 1!. I) W IS. s, Kdwaui) 1!. llrri i;i;. II. (li;oi:(ii.; ScMM:n>i;ii. II. Ai.KXANDiiii H. Hi;vi;i,i,. 3. l''i;i;i)i;iii< i; S. Winston. (1. CllAKI.IlS II. W\gard tlu; discovery of America as of a very reinotc; period in the past, yet, in fact, why should four centuries be considered more than a mere break of old bather Time, but four links in his end- l('>s chain, a single arch in the bridgt; of historx' and tradition? Science and re- --I'.u-ch arc now spanning that arch to bring all r.iankind into the immediate imsence of the great event that we are now celebratip.g. Ten thousand times ten thousand benefits of a practical nature must assuredly result from the exhibits in all departments of human industry and skill. 1 he ingenuity of man, already exercised to its uimost capacity for impressive dis- ) ? " '-IH »sH ■ ^M ' '■ '' jil *l||jl 'ill in ill 1 Hi .J 11 30 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. play at the Fair, will be stimulated in numberless directions by observation at tlie Exposition and by the suggestions to which it may give birth. This expansion ar.ci improvement or beneficial development of the inventive faculties and of skill will extend in some measure to the tine arts, here comparatively in their infancy. From the fact of that infancy America may at least derive one consolation — that it is not included in the sad lament that "the names of great painters are like passing' bells; in the name of Valesquez you hear sounded the fall of Spain; in the name of Titian that of Venice; in the name of Leonardo that of Milan; in the name of Raphael that of Rome." Of the general educational advantages to Mow from our grand Ex- position it is impracticable here to treat further than in the most casual mention. Then the great Krupp gun, to transport which special derricks, a special ship, and special cars were provided, can give an instructive idea of the formidable energy of modern warfare as compared with the jirimitive cannon introduced but shortly before the birth of Columbus. But it is to be hoped that peace congresses may ad- vance the cause they champion, teaching the world to speed the time when "nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." In America, above all lands, should be heard and heeded the lessons from the mouth of the schoolmaster rather than those from the mouth of cannon. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 31 CHAPTER II. THE PILLARS OF THE EXPOSITION. 1 he Men to Whose Charge the Construction of the Great Work Has Been hitrusted From Us Conception — Ofhcials of the Directory— Standing Committees— Council of Administration and Board of Control— Forty-Five Big Earnest Men of Chicago. X THE 2 1st of Uecember iSgo, the President of the United States issued a proclamation extending an invitation to the nations of the earth to participate in the Columbian Ex- position to be held in Chicago. On the 14th of April, i8qi, f William T. Baker was elected President of the Local Board to succeed Lyman J. Gage, \/ho had declined re- election and refused his salary of $6,000, which was to his credit on the books. Mr. Baker was re-elected one year afterward, but soon after resigned on account of ill health, and Mr. I hirlow N. Higinbothom was unanimously elected to serve the unexpired term of Mr. Baker. At the annua' Imeeting of directors in April, 1893, Mr. II iginbotham was again unanimously chosen jPresident, and the following is the roster of the Board at the present time: President — Harlow X.-I liginbotliam. \'ice- President — ^ist, l''erdinand W. I'eck; 2d. Robert A. Waller. Secretary — Howard O. Edmonds; Assistant Secretary, Samuel A. Crawford. Treasurer — Anthony ¥. Seeberger. Auditor — William K. Ackerman; Assistant Auditor, Charles V. Barrington. Solicitor (leneral — Edwin Walker' y\ssistant Attorneys, George Packar, [Chark:s 11. Baldwin, Joseph Cummins. 'Hu; following is the Board of Directors: — William T. Baker, The Temple. IC. K. Ci. Billings, 2 Madison St. Thomas B. Bryan, 401 Rand-McNally Building, jljlward B. Butler, bVanklin and Congress Streets. Isaac N. Camp, State and iJiukson Streets. William J. Chalmeis, I'ulton and Union Streets. Charles II. "happell, Chicago (S: Alton R. R. Robert C. Clowry, 150 Washington Street. [Mark L.Crawford, I louse of Correction. George R. Davis, Jackson Park. Arthur IDixon, 29() Fifth Avenue. James W. Ellsworth, Phenix Building. Lyman J. Gage, llMrst National Bank. Charles Henrotin, 169 Dearborn Street. H.N. Higinbotham, J441 Rand-McNally Building. Charles L. Hutchinson, Corn Exchange Bank. IKldridge G. Keith, Metropolitan National Bank. William 1). Kerfopt, 85 Wash- linjrton Street. William P. Ketcham, Iloyne and Blue Island Avenues. Milton VV. JKirk, Care James S. Kirk & Co. Hon, Carter H. Harrison, Mayor, City Hall. if ! 'Skill '''»3 I ; HARLOW N. HICIXHOIHAM, PRESIDKNT WOULU'S COLUMBIAN tXl'OSlTION. If HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33 juiwartl F. Lawrence, First National Bank. Victor F avvson, Daily News. Pri.ics J. Lefens, Room i, 8q LaSalle Street. Andrew Nii,Nally, Rand-McNally kiiUling. Adolph Nathan, I'^ranklin and Jackson Streets. John J. P. Odell, Union S* itioiial Bank. T'erdinand W. Peck, i loAuditorium Buildinj^. Erskine M. Phelps, I'llth Avenue and Adams Street. Washington Porter, Room 7, loS Dearborn Sneet. Alexander H. Revell, Wabash Avenue and Adams Street. Edward P. |]\ipley, 207 Rand-McNally Building. A. M. Rothschild, 203 Monroe Street, (ieorge Schneider, 115 Dearborn Street. Charles H. Schwab, Foreman Bros., 128 W^ash- liivton Street, fames W. Scott, llerald. Henry B. Stone, 203 Washington Street. harles H. Wacker, 171 North Desplaines Street. Edwin Walker, 616 Rookery iBuilding. Robert A. Waller, 164 La Salle Street. John C. Welling, 78 Michigan ivenue. G. 1 1. Wheeler, 2020 State Street. P>ederick S.Winston, Monadnock kiilding. Charles T. Ycrki-s, 444 North Clark Street. Otto Young, the Fair. Tin; president of the World's Columbian Exjjosition is Mr. Harlow N. Hig- [nbotham, one of the members of the firm of Marshall iMeld & Co. He is the ;xecutive ofticer of the corporation and the active agent for the accomplishment of the purposes for which it was formed. All contracts binding upon the corporation ind upon which money is exi)en(k;d from the treasury are executed by him. He is tx-offuio a member of all committees of the Board and is chairman of its Executive "oniinittee, which exercises all the functions of the Board when the latter is not in Session. Mr. 1 liginbotham is also chairman of the Council of Administration, a body composed of two members of the Board of Directors and two members of the World's ^ilunibian Commission organized for the pur[)Ose of concentrating th(; jurisdiction )f both liodies in order to more effectively administer the affairs of the enterprise. Harlow Niles Higinbotham was born in Joliet, 111., Oct 10, 183S. He attended Btliool in a little log cabin until he began business for himself at the age of twenty, |ii the crockery line. He came to Chicago in i860, and entered the employ of ^)oley, Farwell ^v: Co., where he remained for a short time. He enlisted in the dorgan (iuards at the beginning of the late war, and went through the campaigns In \ irginia and Tennessee. Returning after the chjse of the war he again entered [he fn-ni of Cooley & Leiter, which was afterward P'ield, Leiter & Co., and ' now darsliall ImcUI c\: Co., where he has been ever sinci', having been admitted to the inn in iS8o. Mr. Higinbotham, from the inception of the enterprise has been a )rking member of the two most important committees of the corporation, those )ii iMnance, and Ways and Means. He contributed without stint his time and Services when the fortunes of the Exposition were so critical that the committees kere required to be in almost continuous session. Mr, Higinbotham's unanimous election as president was followed by his appointment to membership ami the [hairmanship of the Council of Administration, a body created to be representative )f the supreme power vested in both the national commission and the directory of Ihe corporation. The duties of these comljined stations demand the constant Attention of their incumbent, and tha'. Mr. Higinbotham should give this is a contri- bution whose value can not be overestimated. His characteristics are clearness of [lerception, directness of method, steadiness of application, and promptitude in %""'' I,' DIRECTORS WORMTS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 1. IsAAr N. Camp. fi. Ki.imiixiK (i. Kkitii. 7. \Vm. I). Keufoot. 12. WASllINdTOS I'oltTEH. IS. EDWAUD p. Kli'LEV. 2. W.M. .J. CnAi.MF.ns. T). .ABTIH K 1)IXI)N. K. W M. V. Kktciiam. n. Auoi.i'ii Nathan. 14. A. M. KOTHSCIIILUH. 3. IJ. ('. f't.oXVKV. 4. (' II. (HAITI;!. I.. II. Mii.Ti>s W. KiiiK. 10. KdWAHI) F. l;A\VI(ENrE. K). ClIAIiLEH 11. SCHWAU. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3f ;■'<$<}<■ ,i :cision. These form an equipment which constitute a model man of artasrs, and s u h is Mr. Higinbotham. His success in life has been the outcome of work and t Ml )U^ht, not speculative fortune. The destinies of the Exposition could not be ■ :itrusted to a more capable and trustworthy guardian. The following is the stantling committees of the Directory: — [The President ,imi Director General are ex-officio members of all standing committees]. Executive Committee — Harlow N. Higinbotham, Ferdinand W. Peck, Ivobert A. Waller, (jeorge R. Davis, Henry B. Stone, James W. Ellsworth, Edwin Walker, Robert C. Clowry, Wm. D. Kerfoot, John J. P. Odell, Chas. H. Schwab, Edward B. Butler, Alexander H. Revell, Thies J. Lefens, Edward P. Ripley, Lyman I J. (iage, Charles L. Hutchinson, Wm. T. Baker. (Regular meeting of the Executive Committee Wednesday of each week at I3 clock p. m. Office, 507 Rand-McNally Building, Adams street.) iMnance — I'erdinand W. Peck, Chairman; Elbriilge G. Keith, John J. P. Odell, [Lyman J. (kige, James W. Plllsworth. Cirounds and Buildings— Henry B. Stone, Chairman; Lyman J. Gage, VV^illiam IP. Ketcham, Charles H. Schwab. Robert C. Clowry, Edward !•". Lawrence, F!rskine |M. Phelps. Legislation — Edwin Walker, Chairman; bred. .S. Winston, Fred. W. Peck, Arthur Dixon. Agriculture — William 1^. Kerfoot, Chairman; Thies J. Lt^fens, Isaac X.Camp, Lii'orge Schneider, Wa::hington Porter. Mines, Mining and P'ish — Charles 11. Schwab, Chairman; Williani J. Chal- iiers. Mark L. Crawford, Jolm C. Welling, George 1 1. Wheeler. Press and Printing— Alexander H. Revell, Chairman; James W. Scott. X'ictor \ Lawson, Milton W. Kirk, George Schneider. R. J. Murphy, Secretary. Transportation — P^dward P. Riple)-, Chairman; Henry B. Stone, Charles H. Hiappell, John C. Welling, Arthur Dixon. iMne Arts — Charles L. Hutchinson, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, P^lbritlge Keith, Charles T. N'erkes, Thomas B. Bryan. Liberal Arts— James W. Plllsworth. Chairman; Roi)ert A. Wallt;r, Isaac X. .amp, Alexander 11. Revell, V7illiam T. Baker. l^iectricity. lUectrical and Pneumatical .\ppliances — Robert C. Clowry, Ihairinan; Charles H. W;u:ker, C. K. G. Billings, Mark L. Crawford, Charles L. lutrhinson. Manufactures and Machinery — John J. P. Odeli. Chairman; .\dolph Xathan, . M. Rothschild, Andrew McXally, Erskine M. Phelps. Ways and Means— Edward B. Butler, Chairman; Adolph Xathan, Cieorge :hneider, Edward I". Lawrence, Edward P. Ripley, Charles 11. Wacker, Milton y. Kirk, Wm. J. Chalmers, Washington Porter, R(ji)ert A. Waller, Wm. D. Kerfoot, hto Young, Andrew McXally. Samuel A. Crawford, Secretary. Foreign Exhibits — Thies J. Lefens, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Charles [. Wacker, Wm. T. Baker, Charles Henrotin, Thomas B. Bryan. Special Committee on Ceremonies — Edward F. Lawrence, Chairman; James ■ti i .: '■ i i3 Ill >• 0FFICP:RS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. I. Anthony F. Scebcrder, Treasurer. Ferdinand W. Peck, /st yice-President. 3. Robert A. Waller, 2J Vice-President. 4. Harlow N. Higinbothani, President. Howard (). Kdmonds, .Secretary. 6. Samuel A. Crawford, Assistant Secretary. 7. William K. Ackcrman, Auditor. 8. Charles V. Harrington, Assistant Auditor. HISTORY OF THE VVORLU'S FAIR. 37 \. Ellsworth, Chas. T. Yerkes. William D. Kerfoot, James W. Scott, Charles Hen- |i tin, Alexander H. Revell, William 1' Ketcham, Thomas B. Bryan. Col. E. C. |( iilp. Secretary. The Cii kinson, Sirrilari/, 3. M. II. DKYoiNii, (1. Ai.KX. H. Ani)Hi;\\w, .^ith I'irr I'n.i. 0. (iKonciK If. Davis, liiretlnr-Ueneral. Appdiiitmenf Hon. Hotel ClKiir T. Dii These [friccr, c.iU ('KN"n,K:\ fcetiii^; toon |(1 am sure t This w;i liirris, of \' < )n mot )nnocticiit i"|'p ; * . li 1: li' COMMISSIONERS WORl-D'-S GOl-UMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Patrick H. I^asnan, (!. CllAHI.KS 11. DkI.IIK, lllilKIIS. 7. .Ani.Af 1'. KwiMi, ChirntJO. Vi. Lyman U. (ion , h'liii'li' /.Wioirf, 18. Gaudinku ( . Sims, lilifxli: Island. 2. J.T. W. TiT.i,i;n. Ark'iiixiK. f). Ai.iiKHi- .\. Wri.suN, Pistrifl Cttlitnihiu, H. TllOS. K, (iAHVIN, luth'itiiit. 11. ("iiAM. I). McDi II i;i:, j\iif ll'iiiii'shire. 14. PiiiLi.ir Ar lis. .In., H'lMdiisin, :i. ,). 11. ("l.KMlKXINti, .1 rk'ttnsitK. I. .\. T. UlillKiN, liistriit CoUimliid, II. I'.I.M Ml H. Mahtindai.e, 1(1. \Vai.ii;u Aiki;x, Xfir lldiiiliKliirr. 15. John N. CoiitmN. UiscoiiKi ■ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 41 , ■ iisccl in connection with the presidency of the Commission, as he was about to .! -; and on taking his place U the secretary's desk, made the following remarks: Gentlemen oe the World's Coi.umhian Commission: — Permit me to express to you Biy sincere gratitude for the high compliment you have paid me, and through me the State of r m \''^'-m I ft s»/ It. n ri * '1 «r 42 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS rAlR. h :! I Texas, which I have the honor, in part, to represent in this Commission, by electing me as y jur | secretary. I fully realize the magnitude of the enterprise which we are about to inaugurate, and if I did not coTiscientiouslj' believe that I could successfully j)erform the duties of secretary of ' the World's Columbian Commission, with credit to myself and to my vState, and ultimately, , I ^ trust, to the satisfaction of this Commission, I would not have been a candidate for the honor. Having had considerable practical experience as secretary and general manager ot fairs and expositions, I shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of this important office, feeling always I the responsibilitj' of the position, and with the assurance of your confidence and support, I will endeavor to bring all the fidelity, intelligence, zeal and industry I may possess toward the satis- factory performance of the varied and exacting duties that belong, both directly and indirectly, to the office of the secretary of the World's Columbian Commission. Again thanking you for the honor conferred unoii m.', I will now jirocesd to enter unf)n the discharge of the duties of the office. Oil motion ot Mr. W'iclcncr the loUowin^ resolution was adopted: Resolved, That a connuittee of seven be appointed to comnuinicate with the local directors of the World's Columbian Exposition of Chicago, and notify them that this Commission is now permanently organized and prepared to receive any communications they may have to submit. The no.xtdaj', June jSili, tlie oTLcanization was fiu-ther perfected !)}• election of the followiiiL:;- vice-presidents, from lu-st to lifth, in the order in which they are ■» named: Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut; M. 11. De Voun<^, California; Davidson i H. Penn, Louisiana; Ci.W. .Mien, New York; .\l(;x. 1?. Andrews, Xorth CaroUiia. | The next step taken was to appoint a committ(;c;, consistin<^ of Commissioners SmalUy, Kerens, Bromberg, Thatcher, Widener and Sewell, instructed by r(!solu- tion to iiu'estiirate and report upon the followin«f lines of incjtiiry: Whether the World s Columbian ICxposition had securtMl the legally prescribed amount of sub- scriptions to the capital stock; whether, in fact the tenth part, or 10 /vv icii/iiii/ of such subscription had l)een paid in Ij}- the shareholders; and whether the cori)ora- tion liad instituted proper measures to obtain subscriptions to an additional amounr of live millions as contemplated \)y thti Act of Con^iess. After this the Commission met daily and was en^a,ued in mappinj^- out the details of a complete lesj^islatixc; and e.x(!cutive oru^anization. DuriuLT these sittin,f been amoiii^ the early settlers of tne con- tinent which Columbus opened up to civilization. His mother's people were Rhode Islanders, in direct descent from Roger Williams; and her lather, a nativ(; of Mas- sachusetts, and one of those who fought with W^arren at i?unker 1 (ill, was after the ; me as your ' iigurate, uid secretary of j ultimately, I ir the honor. ot fairs and :eliug alw.iys ! pport, I will rd the salis- id indirectly, g you for the the duties (if 3cal directors ission is now to submit. • election of :h the}' are i; Davidson li Carolina, iimissioners I ])y resolii- 'hethcr the lint of suh- ' cciilnin of le cori)ora- nal amount n^- out I he 'se sittings ixposiliou of II secure th» dollars has illion dollars rosecutiou of ess sooner Wll.l.i.XM T. 1!AK1;K, ^liiiiM) riil.snUiNT I'l- Till WdHlh's ( IM.IMIIIAN !■ XI'clSI lUlN. "v ff ' \ w\ s f1 f \3 A f . \ iliS 44 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ! ii > Revolution appointed by President Jefferson to a Federal judgeship in the Terri tory of Michigan, and held court in the wilderness while yetTecumseh was a living terror to the land. Thomas, the father of President Palmer, had birth in the Statt of Connecticut, but was a pioneer in the settlement of the Northwest, and the year 1809 found him already on the frontier line, conducting a lucrative trade with the Indians at the post of Detroit, where, twenty-one years later, June 25, 1S30, th( subject of our sketch was born. The younger Palmer literally grew with the coun- try, and by the time that his manhood approached. Territories had become States, forests had given way to cities, society had taken root in the land of the savage, and the spire of the church and belfry of the school were rising from the bosom of the prairies. He enjoyed the benefit of an execellent scholastic education, was assiduous in his studies, passed through the course at St. Clair College, and took his degree of graduation at the University of Michigan. Some months were then passed in foreign travel, and while abroad he made a pedestrian tour of Spain and acquired such familiarity with the language and the people of the country as was afterward to serve a valuable purpose to his own government. Returning to this country, Mr. Palmer entered upon mercantile pursuits, was for some time engaged in business in Wisconsin, and subsequently conducted large enterprises in Detroit, where he now resides. His success as a merchant was the result of diligence and probity, which also secured the esteem of his fellow citizens. Later on in life Mr. Palmer became an active participant in politics, acquiring large influence, and filling many positions of trust with honor to himself, and to the satisfaction of his constit- uents. He was a member of the Board of Estimates of the State of Michigan, and later served in the Legislature for several terms as a member of the Upper House. Bringing to each and every station an enlightened intelligence and strong sense of duty, he was now chosen as one of Michigan's representatives in the Senate of the United States, occupying this high position for the full term of six years. In 1887 Senator Palmer was chosen President of the Water-ways Convention, hekl in Sault Saint Marie under the auspices of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce, and in that relation rendered valuable assistance to the cause of inter-lake navigation. In i88q he was appointed by President Harrison minister plenipotentiary and envoy extra- ordinary to the court of Spain. Mr. Palmer has fulfilled all that was expected of him. He early made known that he would accept no salary, and in many noble and elegant ways he has given proofs of his high honor, superior administrative abdity and excellent parliament- ary tactics, graciousness of personality and l^\ceeding liberality. His entertain- ments of Eulalia, the Duke of Veragua and other distinguished personages as well as his unostentatious dinner to officers of the Commission will live long in many memories. John Thilman Dickinson, Secretary of the Commission, was born in Hous- ton, Texas, June 18, 1858, descended from a sturdy line of ancestors, who, on many a hard fought field poured out their lives amid the fires of martyrdom. Scotch his- tory is permeated with the name of Dickinson, and alwavs in connection with deeds of valor and honor. Early an orphan. Col. Dickinson was educated liberally at HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 45 hi line antl abroad, and graduating in several of the Academic schools of the Uni- VI rsity of Virginia, in June, 1879, received the diploma of Bachelor-of-Law from tluit venerable institution. Returning to Texas he became one of the owners and the editor of the Houston Telegraph, and entered at once and actively upon public life. In January, 1881, while on a visit to Austin, the capital of the State, he was elected secretary of the House of Representatives of the Texas Legislature, and ill May, 1882, was elected secretary of the Texas State Capital Board for supervis- ing the construction of the largest State House in the Union and probably the largest red granite building in the world. During this time he was also elected secretary of the State Penitentiary Board, and several other State boards, and filled tliese positions under three governors, Hon. O. M. Roberts, Hon. John Ireland and Hon. L. S. Ross, and also served on the staff of Governor Ireland with the rank of colonel. In 1888 Col. Dickinson was elected general manager of the International I'\iir Association of San Antonio, and conducted the organization and preparation of the Texas-Mexican Exposition, which was successfully held in that city in No- vember of the same year. This was regarded by the people as the best arranged and most attractive exposition of the products and resources of Texas and Mexico that had ever been held in the State. He remained at San Antonio as secretary and general manager of this Exposition Association until he visited Chicago at the time that city entered the contest for the location of the World's Fair. His services were immediately engaged and he was sent to interview members of Congress in several States in behalf of Chicago; he met the Chicago committee in Washington in December, iS8q, and remained with theifi until Chicago was victorious in the contest. When the bill had passed, creating the World's Columbian Exposition, and providing for two commissioners from each State, Colonel Dickinson was ap- pointed by General L. vS. Ross, Governor ot Texas, as the Democratic commissioner to represent tnat State- Mr. Dickinson has been with the Commission from beginning to end; and for his painstaking methods and remarkable urbanity, he has earned for himself a degree of admiration and popularity that will encompass him so long as he lives. "I have never met a man so agreeable and so prompt in an official way," has been said of Secretary Dickinson not hundreds, but thousands of times. 1 I sii i m^ it 111 1 i \ 1 I f i ; i COMMISSlONtiKS WORUD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISi^lON. 1. KitEDERICK <). BllOMUEHO, Atflhuv^'l. (i. lilCIIABU TrilNDll.L, Kloi'idd. 7. (lEonoE A. Manmno, liliihn. I'J. Jas. A. McKknzie, K'lilucku. 13. Davidson U. I'enn, Louisiana. 2. OSCAK H. HUNDI.EV, Aliihama. 5. C. F. A. BlBMlY, h'Uindii, 8. John E. Hteaknh, Idctliu, 11. Jno. Hennktt, Kt'iifiii'kf/. 14. Thus. .1. Wdodwako, ?. MiCHAEI, H. DK YOLNU, Ciilifoniia, 4. Wm. Korhvtii. Cdlifornia. 0. Jo.SEl'II KlIlOKCK, Iowa. 10. Wm. K. KiN2r^i*, <• Board of Reference and Control. I'rcsident 1 ION. THOMAS VV.PALMER,of Michigan. First Vice-President I Ion. Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut. Second Vice-President M. 1 1. Dk Young ,of California. Third Vice-President Davidson H. Pknn, of Louisiana. Fourth Vice-President (ioinoN W. Allkn, of New York. Fifth V^ice-President Alkxandkr B. .Andrkws, of North Carolina. Srcretary 1 Ion. John T. Dickinson, of Texas. \'iceChairman Eycutivc Committee TIarvf.v P. Pi.att, Toledo, Ohio. commissi()Ni;ks-ai"-lar<;k. CoMMissioNKRS. — Augustus ("i. Bullock, Worcester, Mass.; Ciorton W. Allen, .Auburn, N. Y.; Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia. Pa.; Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich.; R. W. P\irnas, Brown ville. Neb.; Patrick P. Walsh. Augusta, Ga.; Henry Exi 11, Dallas, Tex.; Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. Alternaiks. — Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me.; Louis I'itzgerald, New York, X.Y.; John VV. Chalfant, Pittsburg, Pa.; James Oliver. South Bend, Ind.; Hale G. Parker, St. Louis, Mo.; John B. Castlemnn, Louisville, Ky.; H. C. King, San Antonio, Tex.; Thomas Burke, .Seattle, Was' . commissioners ok district of COl.UMIUA. Commissioners. -Alexander T. Britton, Washington; Albert A. Wilson, Washington. Alternates. — E. Kurtz Johnson, Washington; Dorsey Clagett, Washington 1 iKli ^' ft I m i Itt if I i i i 48 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATES. Alabama. — Commissioners — Fred'k G. Biomberg, Mobile; Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsviile. Alternates — GotthoUl L. Werth, Montgomery; William S. Hull, Sheffield. Arkansas. — Commissioners — J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock; J. IL Clendeniiig, Fort Smith. Alternates — James T. Mitchell, Little Rock; Thomas H. Leslie. Stuttgart. California- — Commissioners — Michel H. De Young, San Francisco; William Forsyth, Fresno. Alternates — George Hazleton, San Francisco; Russ D.Stephens. Sacramento. Colorado. — Commissioners — Roswcll E. Goodell, Leadville; Joseph H. Smith, Denver. Alternates — Henry B. Gillespie, Aspen; O. C. French, New Windsor. Connecticut. — Commissioners — Leverett Brainard, Hartford; Thomas M. Waller, New London. Alternates — Charles F. Brooker, Torrington; Charles R. Baldwin, Waterbury. Delaware. — Commissioners — George V. Massey, Dover; Willard Hall Porter. Wilmington. Alternates — Charles F. Richards, Georgetown; William Salisbury, Dover. Florida. — Commissioners — C. F. A. Bielly, De Land; Richard TurnbuU, Monticello. — Alternates — Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine; Jesse T. Bernard, Talla- hassee. Georgia. — Commissioners — Lafayette McLaws, Savannah; Charlton H. Way, Savannah. Alternates — James Longstreet, Gainesville; John W. Clark, Augusta. Idaho. — Commissioners — George A. Manning, Post Flails; John E. Stearns, Nampa. Alternates — A. J. Crook, Hailey; John M. Burke, Wardner. Illinois. — Commissioners — Charles H. Deere, Moline; Adlai T. Ewing, 38 Montauk Block, Chicago. Alternates — La Fayette Funk, Shirley; De Witt Smith, Springfield. Indiana. — Commissioners — Thomas E.Garvin, Evansville; Elijah B. Martin- dale, Indianapolis. Alternates — William E. McLean. Terre Haute; Charles M. Travis, Crawfordsville. Iowa. — Commissioners — Jof=°.h Eiboeck, Des Moines; William F. King, Mount Vernon. Alternates — Charles E. Whiting, Whiting; John Hayes, Red Oak. Kansas. — Commissioners — Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka; J. R. Burton. Abilene. Alternates — M. D. Henry, Independence; S. H. Lanyon, Pittsburg. Kentucky. — Commissioners — John Bennett, Richmond; James A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. Alternates — David H. Commingore, Covington ; John S. Morris. Louisville. Louisiana. — Commissioners — Davidson B. Penn, Newellton ; Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. Alternates — Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans; P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa. Maine. — Commissioners — Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan; William G. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 49 I) vis, Portland. Alternates — James A. Boardman, Bangor; Clark S. Edwards, Maryland. — Commissioners — James Hodges, Baltimore; Lloyd Lowndes; Ciiiuberland. Alternates — Cieorge M. Upshur, Snow Hill; Daniel E. Conkling, B litiinore. Massachusetts. — Commissioners — Francis W. Breed, Lynn; Thomas E. I'lictor, Boston. Alternates — George P. Ladd, Spencer; Charles E. Adams, Lduell. Michigan. — Commissioners — M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo; George H. Bar- l)(iur, Detroit. Alternates — Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids; Lyman D. Norris, Ciiand Rapids. Minnesota. — Commissioners — H. B. More, Duluth; Orson V.Tousley, Minne- apolis. Alternates — Thomas C- Kurtz, Moorehead; Muret N. Leland, Wells. Mississippi. — Commissioners — Joseph M. Bynum, Rienzi; Robert L. Saun- ders, Jackson. Alternates — Fred W. Collins, Summit; Joseph H. Brinker, West I'oint. Missouri. — Commissioners — Thomas B. BuUene, Kansas City; Charles H. Jones, St. Louis. Alternates — O. H. Richer, Joplin; R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. Montana. — Commissioners — Lewis H. Hershfield. Helena; Armistead H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. Alternates — Benjamin F. White, Dillon; Timothy E. Collins, Great F'alls. Nebraska. — Commissioners — Euclid Martin, Omaha; Albert G. Scott, Kear- ney. Alternates — William L. May, Omaha; John Lauterbach, Fairbury. Nevada. — Commissioners — James W. Haines, (ienoa; George Russell, Elko. Alternates — Enoch Strother, V'irginia City. Richard Ryland, Reno. New Hampshire. — Commissioners — Walter Aiken, Franklin; Charles D. McDuffie, Manchester. Alternates — Cieorge Van Dyke, Lancaster; P>ank E. Kaley, Milford. New Jersey. — Commissioners — William J. Sewell, Camden; Thomas Smith X(>wark. Alternates — Frederick S. Fish, Newark; Edwin A. Stevens, Hoboken. New York, — Commissioners — Chauncey M. Depew, New York; John Boyd Thatcher, Albany. Alternates — lames H. Breslin, New York; lames Roosevelt, Hyde Park. North Carolina. — Commissioners — Alex. B. Andrews, Raleigh; Thomas B. Kcogh, Greensboro. Alternates — H. C.Carter, P'airfield; G. A. Bingham, Salisbury North Dakota. — Commissioners — H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks; Martin Ryan, Fargo. y\lternates — Charles H. Stanley, Steele; Peter Cameron, Tyner, Ohio. — Commissioners — Harvey P. Piatt, Toledo; William Ritchie, Hamil- ton. yMternates — Lucius C. Cron, Piqua; Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. Oregon. — Commissioners — Henry Klippel, Jacksonville; Martin Wilkins, Eugene City. Alternates — J. L. Morrow, Heppner; W. T. Wright, Union. Pennsylvania. — Commissioners— R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkes Barre; John W. W'oodside, Philadelphia. Alternates George A. Macbeth, Pittsburg; John K. Hallock, Erie. -::1ii I ,-.M 1 41} :;f ■t 50 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS I AIR. i iii Rhodi: Island. — Commissioners — Lyman I', (iotf, Pawtucket; Gardiner 'J. Sims, Providence. Alternates — Jeffrey Ilaicard, Providence: Lorillard S|)enc« r, Ne\vi)ort. South Carolina. ^Commissioners — ^A. P. Hutler. Columbia; John R. Cochran, Walhalla. Alternates — E. L. Roche, Charleston: J. M. Tindal, Sumter. South Dakota.— Commissioners — Merritt H.Day, Rapid City; William Mi- Intyre, Watertown. Alternates — S. A.Ramsey, Woonsocket; L. S. Bullard, Pierre Tennessee.— Commissioners — Lewis T. Maxter, Nashville; Thomas i,. Williams, Knoxville. Alternates-Rush Strong, Knoxville; A. B. Hurt, Chatta- nooga. Texas. — Commissioners — Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas; John T. Dickinson, Austin. Alternates — Lock McDaniel, Anderson; Henry H.Andrews, San Antonio. Vermont. — Commissioners — Henry H. Mclntyre, West Randolijh; Bradh y B. Smalley, Burlington. Alternates — Aldace F. Walker, Rutland; A. .S. Sible\, Montpelier. Virginia. — Commissioners — V'irginius I), (ironer, Norfolk; John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. Alternates — Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg; Alexander Mc- Donald. Lynchburg. Washington. — Commissioners — Henry Drum. Tacoma; Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane I-'alls. Alternates — George F. Cummin, Cheney; Clarence B. Bagle\. Seattle. West Virginia. -Commissioners — James D. Butte, Harper's Ferry; J. W. St. Clair, I-'ayettiiville. Alternates — Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg; John Cor- coran, Wh(!eling. Wisconsin. — Commissioners — Phil Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; John M. di- burn. West Salem. Alternates — David W. Curtis, l*\)rt Atkinson; Myron Reed, Superior. Wyoming. — Commissioners — Asahel C. Beckwith, I'.vanston; Flenry G. Ha\ Cheyenne. Alternates — Asa .S. Mercer, Cheyenne; John J. McCormick, Sheritlan. •iKRKrioKii;s. Alaska — Commissioni;rs— Etlward de ( iroff,. Sitka; Louis L, Williams, Juneau. Alternates— Carl Situim, Killisiio; N. .\. I'"u!ler. Jiu'ieau. Arizona. — Commissioners — George F'. Coats, Phcrni.x; W. K. Meade, Tomb- stone. Alternates — W. L. Van* I lorn, Magstaff; Herbert 11. Logan, Phcenix. New M('.\ico.- -Commissioners Thomas C- (iutierres, Albuquerque; Richard M. White, Hermosa. Alternates— L. C. Tetard, T'ast Las \'egas; Charles B. F2dd\, Eddy. Oklahoma. — Commissioners ()thni(l Beeson, F^l Reno; Irank R. Gammon, Guthrie. Alternates— John Wallace, Oklahoma City; Josejjh W. McNc-al, Guthrir. L'tah — Commissioners — I'rccUtrick J. Kiesel, Ogden; Patrick H. Lannan, Salt Lake City. Alternates— William M. Terry, Park City; Charles Crane, Kanosh. i;xi-:('urivK coMMrrrKi:. President T. W. Palmer, Michigan, Chairman; Harvey \\ Piatt, Toledo, Ohio, Vice-Chairman; John T. Dickinson, Tc^xas, Secretary; M. L. McDonald, LYMAN 1. CAGE, FIKST I'KKSlliENT. WOKl.U S lAiIlMlilAN EXl'l>sm(>N. ■a 1 if) ij (' .unisiii ( inmissi \ '<_nnia; ,1 :.'. Indi 1 ,K lid U W illiam ] 'I 'Tinesse Montana Me; Ohio; Ge (le Young of Indian tary. Al Saunders O. V. Toi HIS'IORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR 51 (' ,umssioner-at-Large; R. W. Furnas, Commissioiier-at-Large; Henry Fxall, ( ininissioner-at-Large; P. A. B. Widener, Commissioner-at-Large; John T. Harris, \ '<4inia; William J. Sewell, New Jersey; B. B. Smalley, Vermont; E. B. Martin- ,1 ji", Indiana; John Boyd Thacher, New York; Francis W. Breed, Massachusetts; 1 ,Klid Martin, Nebraska; James D. Butt, West Virginia; Adlai T. Ewing, Illinois; W illiani F. King, Iowa; H. P. Piatt, Ohio; L. McI aws, Georgia; T. L. Williams, 1( imessee; C. F. A. Bielby, Florida; R. L. Saunders, Mississippi; L. H. Hershfield, Montana; R. E. Goodell, Colorado; A. T. Britton, I Hstrict of Columbia. BOARD OK REFERENCE AND CONTROL. Members. — Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, President; Harvey P. Piatt, of Ohio; George V. Massey, of Delaware; William Lindsay, of Kentucky; Michael H. (ic Young, of California; Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut; Elijah B. Martindale, of Indiana; J. W. St. Clair, of West Virginia; John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secre- tary. Alternates — M. H. Lane, of Michigan; W. I). Groner, of Virginia; R. L. .Saunders, of Mississippi; P. H. Lannan, of Utah; Thomas Smith, of New Jersey; O. V. Tousley, of Minnesota; Euclid Martin, of Nebraska. , ,1-. 0.W *n I' if I f %' -iSW^^ J'i' ' «k ^4 — X.'Sx^ !r5^^r^.-^> f^-'lte:-^ HHIIhhii^ ' w *i"p=S. 1 j i^jj|P ■^^^» j^^^^S m 2|SgK i \' • 'Wh-WT , I M^--^ 3 iH:i. •' WW,tt > ) H fajJJ | J|i lsB' " "■■ w' *! i kiittf ii a f* * ^ 3 3 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 53 iV CHAPTER III. GEORGE R. DAVIS ELECTED DIRECTOR-GENERAL Some of the Remarks Made Upon the Occasion — Davis Has a Majority on the First Ballot — His Address to the Commission— Interesting Sketch of the Life and Service of Colonel Davis — A Brave Soldier, a Man of Honor and a Renowned Party Leader— He is Endowed With Splendid Qualities of Mind and Heart — The Standing; Committees — Creation of the Great Departments— The Com- missioners Wrestle With the Sunday Opening Question and Finally Vote for Open Sunday Gates. HE second session of the Commission convened September 15, iSgo, in answer to the call of President Palmer. Reports were received from the various committees appointed at the July session, and were ordered to be printed for future consid- eration, In the discussion of a site for the Exposition, the Lake Front figured prominently as one of the projects, and for a while its acceptance seemed probable, but July 2, iSgo, the Commission formally accepted Jackson Park and Midway Plaisance as the site, the Committee on Titles and Facilities of Transportation having given the matter careful attention. That committee reported that " so far as the title to Jackson Park and the Midway Plaisance (embracing 633 acres) is concerned, they believe it is vested in the World's Columbian Exposition, by the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois passed at its recent session, and by ordinance of the South Park Commis- sioners, and is such a title as confers the right to use these parks as a site for the World's Columbian Exposition during the period required." Early in the first session the Commission had decided to elect the director- general upon nomination of the directors of the Exposition, and during successive meetings up to September 19th, the duties aud powers of that of^ce were the sub- ject of legislation. On that day President Palmer, as chairman of the Executive Committee, presented the recommendation by the latter body, fot the selection of Colonel George R. Davis; and therewith forwarded communications from the Executive Committee of the directory: Chicago, September 18, 1S90, lli)\. Twos. W. Palmer, Chairman Executive Committee, World's Columbian Commission: Dear Sir: Acting under the courteous invitation extended by your committee to this board to express its pefcrcnce in favor of one of the several candidates whose names are before you for appointment as director-general of your commission, the subject-matter of your invitation was submitted to our Hoard of Directors at a meeting held this evening. 'tWH i^ r f i(-, ' >»■• li^ H,, f. 54 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. After some discussion a vote was taken, r^si:!ting in a majority of the board in favor of Colonel George R. Davis. This may therefore be received as an expression of the preference of this board upon the question. Thanlcing you and your committee for their courtesy in this matter, I am, very respectfully yours, Lyman J. Gage, President of the World'' s Colnmbiaii Exposition. And Mr. Sewell, of New Jersey, submitted the following form of minority of the same committee; The undersigned members of the Executive Committee respectfully dissent from the above report, and present for the position of director-general, the name of General Daniel H. Hastings, of Pennsylvania. We believe that he possesses every qualification for this responsible position, and most earnestly urge that his election will meet the best thoughts of the land, that the Colum- bian Exposition is in no sense local, and in every sense national. W. J. Sewell, E. KoNTZ Johnson, A. T. EwiNG, L. H. Hershfield, E. W. Breed. The discussion that followed was animated and interesting. Hon. Adlai T. Ewing, the Illinois commissioner, arose to say that he was a dissenter merely because he was not inclined to favor a specitk recommendation. " I do not wish to be understood as indorsing General Hastings," he declared. President Palmer beat the sounding board with his gavel. "We are now ready to ballot for direc- tor-general." The house and galleries hummed and trembled with the moment's sensation. Mr. Hershfield expressed similar sentiments to those enunciated by Mr. Ewing, and both reports "veve tabled for the time. The long communication from the local board was read at this juncture, stating the preference of that body for Colonel Davis, and then the speeches began. Seator Sewell, of New Jersey, was the first to speak. To select a director-general from precincts outside Chicago was the declaration of Senator Sewell. " We must secure a m.\n of national repu- tation," he said. "This fair must be nationalized. Colonel Davis is an able man, but he is connected with the local board and as such will naturally have his mind biased toward local affairs. He is concerned too luch in local affairs and local institutions. He will not be under our control, but under that of the local board. Therefore, I beg to present for your consideration the name of a Pennsylvanian, a man who in a great calamity demonstrated the greatest degree of executive ability ever displayed in his state." Senator Sewell was talking for General D. H. Hast- ings and he was applauded. President Palmer, indeed, was busy all day protestiiit^ against applause. Colonel James A. McKenzie, the distinguished Kentucky con- 'Tressman, whose tongue is hung on threads of silver, said: "I rise to nominate a ;ivis, and won the votes and inlUience of many commissioners. " Nominate him in the interest of fairness and prevent friction," said the tall Kentuckian, "We want no differences at this time. He has received the indorsement of the local l)0(iy of the Chicago press, and I take it that is a fair reflex of the best judgment of ill!. He is young in years, big in development. Without the hearty support of the local board and the Chicago press we can hope for no success. I once more pre- sent the name of Colonel George R. Davis." Mark L. McDonald, of California, seconded Colonel Davis' nomination. "I bespeak the approval of the magnificent state of California," said he. P. A. B. W idencr also favored Colonel Davis, but at the same time complimenteci (general Hastings. E. Kurtz Johnson, of W^ashington, was the first to disagree. He wanted the East recognized, he wanted the fair internationalized, he wanted General Hast- ings. "For the Empire State," said G. W. Allen, of New York, "I want to second the nomination of Colonel Davis, I feel proud of Chicago. We indorse her and Colonel Davis. Any city that can put up $13,250,000 is beyond reproach. Chicago has (lone this, and I am tired of hearing commissioners speak of this fair as a 'local' one." Richard Mansfield White, of New Mexico, seconded the nomination of Gen- eral Hastings, and Mr. Holliday, of Kansas, that of Colonel Davis. Gencal Gro- ncr, of Virginia, congratulated in advance the commission on the choice it would make, but he favored General Hastings. "Those who know me," said Judge Har- ris, of Virginia," know that I am under my colleague's control and do as he directs. But I want to second the nomination of Colonel Davis." "The gentleman from Connecticut," said President Palmer, pointing his gavel at Governor Waller. " Mr. President," said the classical Mr. Waller, "early in our first session I introduced a resolution that the executive committee of this body and that of the local board should confer together and then report a man for director general, foreseeing such diclfuilties as these. I regret that these distin- guished gentlemen of Chicago were not able to come to some unanimous coi- clusion. If sucli wisdom luul guided them as I think this commission has displayed, no nomination would have been made except the one indicated by the Chi^^ago hoard. Two nominations have been made, one from the eridan was then in commanil. He servetl in the West with General Sheridan iix the Indian campaign of 1868 and 1869, of which the en- gagement at the headquarters of the Washita was the most decisive, resulting in the defeat and routing of the famous chief " Black Kettle " and his band. Col. Davis was on duty at the headquarters of General Sheridan when that commander was stationed in Chicago in 1869, and continued his connection with the army until May i, 1881, when he resigned and took up his residence in Chicago, where he has made his home ever since. Col. Davis has always been a staunch Republican, and since his residence in Chicago has held a conspicuous place in the councils of his party as a recognized leader. He was elected to the United States Congress from the Second District of Illinois in 1878, and re-elect(>d for the two succeeding terms. As a congressman Col. Davis naturally took a prominent and leading place, and was one of the few of Chicago's representatives to that body whose efforts in behalf of their constituents were crowned with success. Among the important acts of legislation in which he took a prominent part, it is but just to say that securing a large appropriation for improving the Chicago harbor was chietly due to his efficient and faithful work. In 1886 he was elected county treasurer of Cook County, Illinois, for a term of four years. When it was decided by Congress to celebrate the four ■"•undredth anniversary of the landing of Colunibus on American soil by a Workl's Exposition Col. Davis was one of the foremost in the promotion of the enterp* ise. A man of fixed opinions, iron will, unfaltering perseverance and unusual executive a,bility, he at the same time possesses a tireless energy, and whatever he attempts stops at nothing short of its attainment. He is a man of great personal magnetism, courteous yet dignified in manners, generous, kind-hearted and genial, and has always attracted tu himself many warm friends. With his splendid qualities of mind and heart he combines a fmely proportioned physique, being strong in structure and of robust constitution. He is a handsome man in both form and feature, and a ma'-^- of iron-gray hair gi\-es a distinguished air to an otherwise striking personality. C'ol. Davis was married in 1867, to Miss Gertrude Schulin, of New Orleans, Louisiana, by whom he has two sons and four daughters. When the new Director-General had concluded his speech, and the hilarity of the occasion had become subduetl. President Palmer announced the standing committees as follows, in which there have becni no material changes: Committee on Jutliciary, Rules and By-Laws — William Lindsay, Commis- sioner-at-large. Chairman; G. \'. Massey, Delaware; J.W.St. Clair, West Virginia; William J. Sewell, Xew ji;rsey; B. B. .Smalley, X'ermont; L. Gregg, Arkansas; O. R. Hundley, Alabama; P. Alhm, jr., Wisconsin. Committee on Tariffs and Transportation — V. D. Cironer, X'^lrginia, Chair- man; W. Aiken, New Hampshire; C. M, Depew, Xew York; V/. McClelland 'oluntficr 2 war in the civil the Mis- he West 1 the »Mi- iulting in hen that ion with Chica;jfo, , staunch ice in till ed Stall > the tun nent aivl hat body Amoii>: )ut just to rboi" was id county s decided lolunihus iniost in 'altering tireles- He is a fcnerous, friends. )ortione(l andsome n^uished to Miss ind four hihirit) 'f standing ^ommis- 'irjj^inia; rkansas; :, Chair- :iellaiid :*>:--K m %U0m HISTORY OF THI-: worlds I-AIR. 59 ^^f. S \ I'l 'iiisylvania; M. H. Lane, Michigan; J. I). Ailanis, Arkansas: L. Brainard, Con- n'itiiut; A. 13. Andrews, North Carolina; L. Lowndes, Maryland; O. R. Hundley, .\!.il)ania; j. W. Haines, Nevada; (i. C. Sims. Rhode Island; IL H. Mclntyre, \'er- inoiit; T. C. (iutierres. New Mexico; 11. 1'. Rucker, North Dakota; 1^. Martin, Nebraska. Committee on foreign Affairs— C. M. Depew, New York, Chairman; riiomas M. Waller, Connecticut; (i. \. Massey, Delaware; A. A. Wilson, District of ((ihunl)ia; R. C. Kerens, Commissioner-at-larM i'RlM Mia [j |w| Imil t W* SIKSJ ] i H II B , • M Mffl ^1 1 ^1 H Hi 1 11 ,' 1' piffi ll ' i ' 'f! 1 j ! i \ 11 'i red. He has had from the beginning general charge of the construction of I buiiilin;,s and supervision of the business thereof, the preparation of the grounds la'.iii «;ngin(.;ering incident to a proper prosecution of the entire work. Hr has had the supervision of the buildings erected by outside parties and the maintenance of iall Imildings belonging to the Exposition. He has been required to examine all il)itls ;uul propositions for work under his control, and to organize bureaus of archi- itecture, engineering, landscai)e gardening, sanitation; to hire and dismiss all em- ployes in his deinirtment, and fix, subject to approval, the compensation for their ! services. He has the employment (subject to the approval or confirmaiion of the ICDUiicil of A('ministration) and general charge of all the working forces within the I grounds of the Exposition necessary to the maintenance of order, the protection of proi^Tty from fire or other destructive elements, to supply heat, power, light, water and (lis|)osal of sewerage, the care of the grounds and all service necessary to the I practical administration of the Exposition inside the grounds. Mr. Burnham was born in Henderson, N.Y., 1854. In 1S55 his parents j moved to Chicago, where Mr. Burnham, has sinced lived, with the exception of two years spent in study in the East, and ont year which, as a young man, he spent in the activity of camp and mining life in Nevada. Upon his return to Chicago, he at once resumed his architectural studies, forming a partnership with the late John W. I Root in 1873, since which time he has been continuously engaged in the practice of his profession. Mr. Burnham's connection with the Exposition commenced shortly after Chicago had been selected as its site, he and Mr. Root working u]) numerous [preliminary plans in the early summer of 1890. The following are the names of the efficient gentiemen who compose the [staff of Director of Works Burnham and the designation of their positions: E. R. jGraham, Assistant Director of Works: M. B. Pickett, Secretary of Works; I*". L. Olmsted & Co., Landscape Architects; R. Ulrich, Superintendent of Landscape; Charles B. Atwood, Designer-in-chief; ¥. I). Millet, Director of Decoration; C. Y. Turner, Assistant Director of Decoration; E. 1). Allen, Superintendent of j Painting; W. H. Hcjlcomb, General ^Llnager of Transportaticjn; K, G. Nourse, Assistant General Manager Transportation; E. Shankland, Chief Enginecn-; iWilliam S. McHarg, Engineer of Water Supply and Sewerage; C. M. Wilkes, [Assistant Engineer Water Dejjartment; John 1"'. Owens, M.I)., Medical Director; IR. 11. Pierce, Electrical Enginecn"; W. E. Brown, B. B. Cheeseman, J. K. l""reitag, IH. S. Hlbbard, C. A, Jordan, I ■ L Murphy, A. C. Speed, 1'. W. Watts, M. Young. iBuilding Superintendents; C. 1). Arnold, Chi- f Department of Photography; CI". JFoster, Mechanical Engineer; J. W. Alvord, ivngineer. Grades 1 • Surveys; G. H. jBinkley, Assistant Engineer, Grades and Surveys; Edward W. Aliirphy, I^ire Mar- shal, 14th Batt. Chicago Fire Department; ¥• J. Mulcahy, Purchasipi; Agent; I*". 10. Cloyes, Chief Draftsman; W. D. Richardson, General Superintend ;il. of Build- Engs; D. A.Collins. Superintendent of Interior Docking; E. R. Loring, Sui^erinten- jdent of i)luml)ing; A. A. Clark, Sai)erintendent of Midway Plaisance; J. Worcester, Jiiperintcndcnt (>f EUv-ted Railway, s "fV-: O I '- liJl >:ii Jiihn Ihi-rp Milli iiitict Willi '.ar * must lie ( lloricultur I instructed i pr<- veil to i 't V f been turiK propa^futic ojjeninjr of luirsiriM^ lui rOtUIl^l •!! ornainv s^ Isfac • xiiibit \va million pet piilnis and from owMK 'iiid adniir; Nvilh the ^"¥ -■. ,i.H HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR, 69 CHAPTER II. EARLY PREPARATION OF FLOWERS. Jdlni 1 liiipf Sent to the Front — The Erection of Greenhouses and other Floriciiltiiral Structures— Loans nt Pahns and Ferns By Wealthy Owners of Conservatories in Philadelphia and New York — Millions of Plants Under Way — A Mountain of Palms and Ferns— A Winter Exhibition — Mag- iiilicent Tribute Paid the Great Rorist by the Brilliant John McGovern — Press and People Filled With Admiration and Praise — A Flowery Article from "Uncle John." »Sl|jj^pSt-*-Mk HERE are four men connectetl with the World's Columbian ^!^— ^^^raL Exposition whose names will live long after many others of prominence ami worth have been partly or wholly forgotten. These are Davis. Burnham. Handy and Thorpe, whose ident- ification with the commencement, progress and completion of the great Fair has been brilliant, impressive and eminently satisfactory. It is underrating none of the other earnest and competent chiefs (jf departments and hundreds of others who by their energy, wisdom and ability contributed vastly toward the sublime creation to make especial mention of this quar- tette of masters, luirly in the day of construction it was apparent that the work in floriculture I must be commenced as soon as possible; and John Thorpe, the most eminent [floriculturist of any age, who had already been appointed chief of floriculture, was in;itructc(l to proceed at once to Jackson Park and make preparations for what has I proven to !,e tiie greatest assemblage of plants that has ever been seen. It was not many months, therefore, after the first spadeful of earth had [been turned, before long rows of greenhouses and a system of heating for the propagation of various plants had been erectt^l; — and more than a year before the [opening of the Exposition " Uncle John," as Mr. Thorpe is best known, was patiently inursinL; hundreds of thousands of plants that to-tiay bewilder the observer in the jrotund nil' easteri. curtains of the Horticultural Building and which have at times ornuh" ' rx\ a.:-' enlivened every structure at Jackson Park. So intelligently and |s' isfactorily dv.; :he groat florist proceed with his work that a fall and winter xiiibit was .^iven prior to th< spring opening which .done attracted nearly half a j million people and earned ov<;r a hundred thousand, dollars. A mountain of choice [palms and ferns and cactreceous plants which " Ihicle John " had secured as loans I from owners of conservatories in New York and Phihulelphia excited praise ItiiuI admiration from all beholders and Mr. Thorpe became a favorite not only |\vith the ijress and the public, but with all the officers interested in the administra- III iH ■ I 70 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i I tion of affairs. Mr. John McGovern, the brilliant and distinguished editor of the Illustrated World's Fair, has truly said of him: "In the huge volume of his kno\vl« edge, each page is a flower, the tenderest, sweetest, lovliest thing that man touches with his five rude senses. By common fame, no other man known to the western hemisphere has come upon such a height of experience, instinct and devotion, John Thorpe was born in England. Three generations before him worked in the gardens along the Thames and elsewhere in England. He commenced at the age of seven, and has been among plants and flowers for nearly fifty years, laboring at Stratford-on-Avon fourteen years. His patrons and admirers are innumerable, conspicuous among whom are the Goulds, Vanderbilts, Lorillards, Childs, Drexol, and others. He has been in this country about eighteen years, owns extensive gardens and greenhouses in New York, and was for several years president of the Society of American F"lorists. He is probably the best known floriculturist in America, and is the presiding spirit over the floral exhibit at Jackson Park." The author has been permitted by the editor of the Illustrated World's Fair to publish the following special article by Mr. Thorpe: Ever since God commanded " Let there be light!" all human kind has lived among plants and flowers, and from the earliest period down to the present day a love and respect for these beautiful gifts of nature has been manifested in every hab- itable part of the globe. The Bible contains many allusions to others than the Rose of Sharon and the lilies of the field, while Solomon, according to the book of Ecclesiastes, gave much of his time and wisdom to the care and collection of the many varieties within his reach, and tradition transmits the delightful legendary information that the Arum Sanctum was taken from Egypt to Jerusalem to adorn the gardens of the voluptuous king. The monarch up(m his throne rejoices in the possession of rare and beautiful flowers, while the untutored savage betrays a reverence for his native plants; and all ancient and modern languages are full of eloquent pas- sages where flowers are used as a figure of speech to express a sense of beauty and loveliness. The bards of all times have dedicated stanzas to these silent inhabitants of hillside and dale, and given sentiment and tongue to blossom, bud and leaf. There is no land and no clime where flowers are not found in greater or lesser varietiesand abundance. " I'^rom Greenland's icy mountains to India's coral strand," and from the Azoresto antipodal isles, the earth is promiscuously strewn with millions upon millions of varieties of plant life, many of the blossoms of which exhale distilla- tions of delicious scent. Europe, Asia, and Africa are the homes of innumerable varieties, and America is even richer in the abundance and diversityjof her floricult- ural treasures. Mexico is bespangled with brMliant specimens, and so also is Cuba, Florida and Arizona. China, Japan and the I lawaiian islands may be called lands of flowers. The Pacific Coast, from the Cascade mountains to the Cordilleras, is carpeted with wild flowers of amazing variety, beauty and od: r for a number of months during the year, from December to May, while the un^ lj. ..'■ed porti. >., the great valleys of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, from Mount Shasta to Tehachepi, abound in vast sweeps of named and unnamed flowe.s, reveling in all HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 71 1^^ thf .olors of an axminster and perfuminf? the air with intermingled spices and sw'i t ;s. The Alps, the Appenines, the Ancles, the Sierra Nevada and the Moun- tain-> of the Moon are the habitats of flowers only surpassed in gorgeousness and circumference by the enchantresses of the Amazon and the Nile. 1 lie symbolism of flowers is probably as old as the utterances of the first poet, but the first recorded traces of it are found in the land where poetry had its birth. It was the graceful fancy of the Greek which, uniting flowers v.ith the events of every-dav lite, blended sentiment with the beauty of the flower world. The Romans also used flower symbols, though in a less degree. The red and white roses mark a bloody era in the history of England, as do the lily of the Bourbons and the violet of the greatest military genius of modern times. XJOvWi f -'h m m i j i 1 tr I iM 1 '1 MOSKS AN.'V, CHIEF Dcl'AUrMENT OH PI BLICITV ANU I'KOMOTION. HlSrUK ()!• rilE WORLD'S FAIR. 73 CHAPTER III. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICITY AND PROMOTION. The Object of Its Organization— A Unique and Highly Advantageous System of Free Advertising- How the World Has Been Informed of All the Details of the Commencement, Progress and Com- pletion of the Gigantic Work— A Perfect System of Distribution of Information of Daily Happenings Conceived and Matchlessly Executed— Quarter of a Million Documents Mailed in a Single Week— Thirty Thousand Electrotypes of Buildings Sent Out— Ninety Thousand Litho- graphs Judiciously given Away—More than a Hundred Thousand Dollars Worth of Postage Stamps Used— Stupendous Advantages Derived Therefrom— Graphic Sketch of the Distinguished Department Commander. S HAS been conceded by the management and all others — and particularly during the early days and leading up to the opening of the I-'air — no work connected with the Exposition has been more thoroughly done than the work assigned to tlie Department of Publicity and Promotion, and no effort made by any other tlepartmcnt of the Fair is now bringing to the E.xposition such great results. The name of the de- partment indicates the object of its organization. It was to advertise the I'air and Maj. Moses P. I landy, the department chief, has done his work so thoroughly that there is not a civilized section of organized society in the world that has not learned of the Exposition and its purposes. 01 Since the organization of the department in December, iSqo, there has been a constant and systematic effort to disseminate information concerning; the I-'air, and every avenue for spreading knowledge that presented itself has been utilized. Realizing the importance of havmg it thoroughly understood by the people of this country as well as the other natiok; of the globe just what the I'air was to accomi)lish, Director-General Davis was quick in seeing that some educa- tional steps must be taken, and he suggested the Organization of the Department of Publicity and IVomotion, and aked that a practical newspaper man be placed ii\ command. This idea received the approval of both the National Commission and the Chicago directors, and Maj. Handy was selected as the man to assume the re- sponsible position. One thing tha*^ pt-obably led Director-General Davis to pro- pose the organization of this department was the unfriendly attitutle of a portion of the foreign press, and another no doubt that the portion of the press that was friendly might be supplied with accurate information regarding the progress of the work. This department is located on the second floor of the northwest pavilion (^f the Administration building. It is organized and managed on much the same pria- t!i 74 iiisroRV oi" riii". W'OKLDS lAii: ii ciple as a large daily paper — Maj. Handy's position corrcspondiiitr to that of an editor-in-chief. He has a general supervision of the department and molds the policy to be followed. The next man in authority is J. 1'. Holland, the chief clerk in the ilepartmcnt. He is also chief of the Bureau of Information. This bureau supplies the demand for printed information and has received as many as 1,000 letters daily. The editorial division is in charge of William M. Knox, an experienced news- paper man. He has the supervision of the preparation of all editorial matter sent out. He has two assistants, Col. Louis Ayme, who looks after the preparation of the matter for the French, Spanish, and Portugese publications, while Victor Sarner takes care of the German press. Mrs. Nancy H. Banks, who is a member of the Board of Lady Managers, has charge of the correspondence and prepares the special letters concerning the I^xposition that are sent out by the department and also prepares the editorial news notes that have been largely used by the country press. The letters of Mrs. Banks has proven of great advantage in advertising the Fair. The mailing division, which is in charge of I'rank Rigler, is one of the mosi important features of the department. The division is practically the same as the mailing department of a newspaper anil has an exceedingly large list. The list con. tains, aside from a vast number of periodicals and newspapers, all the foreign Ministers and Commissioners, and a great number of persons who are even con- stantly writing for information about the Exposition now. In addition to this Mr. Rigler has furnished the press of the world with electrotype cuts of the principal buildings of the Fair. The advantage derived from this branch of the work has been great, as it enabled many newspapers to present to their readers pictures of the artistic and imposing structures that would not otherwise have been able to do so. It is estimated that of the matter prepared by the department for the news- papers an average of 2,500 columns a month has been printed. The marked copits of publications received would indicate this. About as much again was used in the preparation of original matter. The greatest number of documents mailed any one week was 249,000, while the average number was 60,000. The number of electrotypes of buildings sent out each month was about 1,000, and they were ac- companied with descriptions of the structures. There were also 85,000 lithographs giving bird's-eye views of Machinery and Horticultural Halls sent out, and $20,000 was spent for a lithographed bird's-eye view of the grounds and b jildinj,'s, The postage alone on these reviews at times amounted to $1,000 a day. How Major Handy arranged for ac( ommodations for the press during the Fair is best told by himself, as follows: Another work engaging the attention of the department of publicity and promotion at this time is the perfecting of arrangements for the accommoilation 1 and courteous treatment of repri;seiitaiives of the press during the exposition period. Our success in handling during the dedication week 2,500 newspaper mm, the largest number ever assembled at one time, without any complaint from any HISTORY OF TIIK WORLD'S FAIR. 7i quiiricr, encourages us to believe that with the indorsement by the managemcit of the ilcpartment's policy, the great problem now before us will be solved with equal sati 'l.iction alike to the exposition authorities and t>) the press. Newspaper head- quarters will be in the administration building, at the very nerve center of the ex- position. Three floors of the northwest pavilion have been reserved for this pur- pose. One for the department ofifice, one for the local press, and one for press associations, foreign newspapers, and tile rooms. It will be impossible to give separate rooms even to the leading newspapers of the country, but desk room will be abundant, typewriting machines will be at hand, and there will be separate rooms for those great newspapers of Chicago and other cities which have regular staffs on duty throughout the period of the. exposition. In regard to the extension of courtesies to newspaper men, the department has recommended that a most liberal policy be adopted. This contemplates the issue of three kinds of tickets of free admission on account of the press; first a complimentary engraved invitation for journalists of distinction, and the editors of the great newspapers of the world; second, season or term tickets for men who come here to work; and third, single admissions for transient visitors. It is as much to the interest of the press as of the exposition that these privileges shall not be abused, and care therefore will be taken not to extend such courtesies to any persons not fully accredited and identified. Applications are now coming in in great quantities by every mail, and it is no small work to classify and arrange, them, and decide upon the merits of each individual application. CO C> ^ ta»mm =^ [Moses Purnell Handy was born in the State of Missouri, but is vhr.idly a Virginian, his father, a Presbyterian minister, naving removed to the ol ' Doaiinion while the son was vet an infant; and it was in the traditions of th.t Sta.c liiat he latter was reared and educated, and to her service that he gave I s : !\:'ji:!ii' - ir^ :n the contest between the sections culminated in an a;)peal to arms, 'i h< h->rrjrs of conflict fell first upon the border states, particularly uoon that portion ot irginia contiguous to the Potomac, in which the Handys v/ere living; the father although a minister of the gospel and a man of peace, was an early victim to the ardor of his convictions and the ill-considered severity of an inexoerienced Federal officer. He was arrested, thrown into a military prison; the home was wrecked; the family scattered; and at an early age young Moses was cast upon his own resources. At the age of seventeen he entered the Confederate army, was assigned to the staff of General Stevens with the rank of lieutenant, and served un^^il the surrender of Lee put an end to the struggle. Out of the adventures which befell the vouthful soldier during those years of exciting experience grew the first achievement in that line whi( h was to become his profession. His first literary venture, consisting of a series of articles descriptive; of incidents of foray and battle, appeared in the IVaichman, then conducted by Dr. Deems. Having thus "seen himself in print," the path of future effort was irrevocably deiermined. The journalistic instinct was in full pulse .'a i i .^ i>^- 76 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 't and vigor, only seeking a channel in which to vent itself. The boy now called on Dr. Converse, editor of the Christian Observer, then published at Richmond, and said he must have work. The field was not promising, but with characteristic p< r- severance he held on until at last (as to such resolute spirits it always does) the opportunity came, in the summer of 1867 Mr. Wilson, candidate for vice-president, made a canvass in Virginia and was announced to speak near Richmond. Young Handy went to the Richmond Dispatch with an offer to report the meeting "for five dollars and a railroad ticket." The offer was accepted, and the result was a report so superior to the usual work in that line as at once to fix the status of the writer. He was tendered and accepted a permanent situation on the Dispatch, h.'arning the detail of the craft while engaged in the "all roimd" work which is the best educa- tion for a journalist, and was not long in mounting the higher rungs of the ladder, A little later Mr. Handy in connection with the exciting and tragic affair of the 'Virginius," which so nearly led to a war between this country and Spain, displayed an enterprise in obtaining intelligence and a brilliancy of mt^thod in transmitting it which elicited flattering comments. This episode led directly to his establishment with the then brillian* staff of the New York Tribune, and his career since has been one of unbroken success. He was subsequently, for a time, editor-in-chief of the once famous Richmond Enquirer, and imparted to that staid journal a vigor and spice which astonished the natives. In 1S76 he was commissioner hom. Virginia to the Centennial Commission, and becoming attached to tht; "Quaker City" remained there during several years in which he managed the 7'i/nes, and aftc;rward htdd a prominent position on the Press, engaging at the same time in other and successful literary un|dertakings. As chi(;f (jf Dep:<.rtment of Publicity and Promotion, Maj;)r Handy has been urbanely acc(!ssible to all, and is to-day quite as energetic in attend- ing to the wants of newspaper people and supplying them al)undantly with passes as during the past thirty months Ik; has been tireless in imposing upon them hi'- millions of "reading matter," advertisements and pictures of the great b'air. Tin- name of Moses F. Handy will long be known as that oi the most distinguishec! promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition. i:l --'•t.' HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 17 CHAPTER IV. DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. The M-lectioii of Hon. Walter Fearn as Chief — A iJifiiciilt 'I'ask at First — Mr. Fearn's Own Conceptions lit' the Duties Imposed Upon Him — None Doubted 'l"h:it tiie Gallant Diplomatist Was Equal to the Task— His Brilliair Achievements are Reflected in Every Portion of Jackson Park — Sketch of Walter Fearn— Soldier, Scholar, Traveler and Gentleman— One of the Most Elegant and Fas- rinating Americans at Home and Abroad. ERHAPS the most unpromising affiliation at first was from distant countries, especially from a number whose govern- ments have experienced occasional strained relations not long before. It was, therefore, and for other reascms, that Hon. Walter Fearn was selected as chiei of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and much of the success that has resulted from the assemblage of more than half a hundred nations and exhibits of the mechanism and other handiwork must be at- tributed to the diplomatic knowledge and statesmanship of (^b^' J& . .'- "' Walker Fearn. There is no more polished gentleman in the ^■7-.- swiiiTl United States and few men of more rare attainments. Mr. Fearn's own conception of the demands upon him is best reflected in the following contribution: The purpose of the Department of Foreign affairs of the Columbian Expo- Isition has been, and is, to encourage? and stimulate by the best and most effective incthods the partici|jation of foreign rations in thi; great international episode [which is to mark the close; of the ni.neti'cnth cr-iturx . To acc(Mnplish this a regular and systematic correspondence has been estab- llishcd, which now extends throughout the habitable globe, and embraces names |distinguished in science, literature, art and commerce. h'rom the very lirst it was felt that tin; most dit'ficult task was the removal lof the strong and universal prejudice, often amounting to positive; resentment, [caused by our own exclusvc; fiscal policy. Howev(;r, opinions may honestly differ as Ito the practical wisdom of protection or free trade;, there can be l)ut one touching Ithr ffft'ct e)f a preihibitive jjolicy upon a great inti,'rnational assemblage of artists [and haiuliciafismen, whose leigical coneiition is an ai)peal, consciously e)r uncon- Isciously, to what has been termed the inalienable right of every human be'ing to buy janel sell in the best market. (le)vv far this cause; has eiperateel unfavorably it is of course impossible; te)say, [but w; m;!V contielently pr(;elict, e;ve;n now, a me)re e;eMiiple;te, brilliant and in^tnui ), IS Ti ' ! :■ H • ' 1' 1 _j!U 7« HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ive display of the world's work than has ever before been gathered together— a display which may teach us how much we have to learn from the highly culti- vated nations of the Old World, notwithstanding our own unrivaled progress in the acquisition of wealth and power. While it has been our duty to lighten the labors of the Director General and assist our co-workers of the various departments in everything connected with the representation of foreign countries, it has also been our pleasing task to minister to the wants of the foreign ministers themselves, furnishing them with all requisite information and welcoming them with the cordiality shared by our whole commu- nity. Walkkr Fearn. Walker Fearn was born in Huntsville, Ala., descending from a long line of Virgianian ancestors. His grandfather, John W. Walker, for whom he was named, was president of the convention which framed the constitution preceding Ala- bama's admission as a State of the Union. Walker Fearn entered Yale College in 184Q and graduated with honor three years later. Having read law with the late Justice Campbell, he was admitted to the bar on his twenty-fifth birthday and soon entered into active practice, but in 1S53 began his varied experience in foreign lands by accepting a post of secretary of legation at Brussels, subsequently occupy- ing the same position in Mexico. In 186 r he was one of the Confederate commis- sioners to the European powers, and returned to Charleston under the fire of the blockading fleet. ntering the Southern army, Mr. Fearn was at first assigned to the staff of General Josepli E. Johnson, then commanding in Virginia. In 1S63 he was again employed in the diplomatic service, first in Europe with Colonel L. O. C. Lamar, afterward Justice of the .Supreme Court of the United States, and then, to Mexico with General William Preston. His final military service was as Adjutant General of the trans-Mississippi department under General Kirby Smith, and here the close of hostilities found him. After his marriage with Miss I lewitt, of Kentucky, in 1S66, Mr. Fearn devoted himself to the practice of law in New Orleans, and held the professorship of modern languages in the University of Louisiana until 1SS4, when he visited luirope as Commissioner of the New Orleans exposition. He was ap- pointed by President ('U^veland Minister to Grecxe, Roumania and Servia and dis- charged the duti(!S of his office with marked ability. Py his ('xperience and ac- quaintance al)r<)a(l he was pre-eminently titt-d for the nianageuK'nt of the department which the Director (ien(!ral invited him, and his administration of the ot'iice has added to his already high ri'putation as a scholar and dii)lomat. All th(; other chiefs at times during th(! progress of the work wvvv. more or less engaged in planning — to the best of their knowledge^ and ability for those sue- cess(!s that crowni'd their efforts, descriptions of which will appear in other chap- ters. HISTORY OF THE WORDL'S F/\IR. 79 CHAPTER V. THE PRESS AND THE COLUMBIAN GUARD. [splendid Service of tlie Columbian Guard— Cursed, Reviled and Knocked Down and Otherwise Abused, riiey Faithfully Perform Their Multiform Duties of Firemen a nd Police— They Extinguish 284 Fires and Save Machinery Building from Total Destruction— The Thanks of the Exposition are Due to Colonel Edmund Rice and the Columbian Guard— Also lo John Bonfield and His Secret Service Police— The Fair Indebted to the Chicago Press More Than to All Other Ihings Com- bined. NE day in December, iSq2, a small explosion took place somewhere on the j^rounds, and many ciied, "What's that?" And the response came, "The Columbian Guard is makinniman{ler may (;xult, generally, over the character of their work. To ))e sure these guards have been abused and caricatured for the severe performance of their I duty, rhey have been sworn at, re\iled, and knocked down. They have not only arrested disrei)utal)le and suspicitMis persons, but they have even place ded- partincnt chiefs, dirt.-cfors and commissioners under T^ arrest and trotted off their own commandant to head- quarters for attempting to do what he, himself, had forbidden. The Columbian Ciuard is a military organization, under the control and direction of the Exposition company, having no connection with the Chicago police department. The (iuard is under commantl of Col. Kclnumd Rice, U. S. Army, whose title in the Guard is coinniaiulant. The guards perform police and assist at tire-patrol duty insidi; the grounds, and, up to May i, 1893, at the gates, and at one time numbered 2,500 coi.. edm'Nd \v.c.\}.. »ii! ;i ^r m u sr ''!'' 8o HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. men. The secret service part of the comniand is under charge of John Bonficld, Colonel Rices started out with the idea of i.iaking the Columbian Guard a model organization of select(;d men, physically, m(!ntally andmorally qualified for the work required of them. The following officers of the regular army were de- tailed to assist Colonel Rice in his duties, and were assigned as follows: Cap- tain Fred A. Smith, Twelfth United States Infantry, as adjutant of the' guard and commanding Company E and patrol system; f'^irst Lieutenant C. B. Hop- pin, Second United States Cavalry, as quartermaster, and, "'irst L'eutenant R, J. C. IrvMne, Plievcntii United States Infantry, commanding Company B. Each member of the Guard performs his eight hours of duty during the twenty-four. TI,p two reliefs which do the work during the day have four hours on, then four hout? off. The night relief has a continuous tour of eight hours. It ii; all so arranged that no two companies or reliefs are changing at the same hour, day or night. The uni- form con;;ists of alightblue cloth sackcoat, ornamented with five rows of black biai(' across the front, each row terminating in a clover-leaf knot; black braid on the cuiu of the sleeves, with three small bj-ass buttons on each cuff and five large ones do- the front of the coat. The trousers are of a lighter blue than the coat and trimmec v;ith two rows of flat black braid down each outside seam witha narrow red stripe be- tween. The fatigue cap is made high for the addition of a black pompon on occa- sions of ceremony, which, together with the black braid shoulder knots and aiguilet- tes with belt and short sword, constitutes the full dress. The ornaments are a blazing sun, from the centre of which an eagle's head appears, worn on the left breast; a whistle for the purposes of signal and alarm; on the right breast a cross- bow after the pattern of 1492, on which is the Guard's number, and on the cap a crossed gun and sword in the center of which is a miniature morion, or leather helmet, such : ', was in vogue diUMng the time of Columbus. Up to the opening day the Columbian Guard had extinguished or helped to extinguish 284 fires, and on one occasion saved Machinery Building from complett destruction — while the splendid conduct of the guards on the day of the destruc- tion of the Cold Storage Building elicited general commendation. It is not improbable thru the Guards performed ineir duties in a too severely civil way ti suit many not at all acquainted with or used to military discipline, and forced in- sensibility oT discriminating powers. But, all the same they have been faithful and vigilant from first to last, and the Exposition Co. has been greatly the gainer by their effective patrol ambulance and fire department work. And last, but really first in importance, has been the general attitude of the Chicago press toward the Exposition. And, while, at times, the home papers have deemed it not improper to censure as well as to praise, they have never permitted an outsider to scorn or misrepresent without reprimand or rebuke. The Chicago press could have killed the Fair had it so determined. On the contrary, the Chicago papers, to a great extent, have made it. It is this press that has portrayed regularly by picture and text the commencement, progress and completion of the wonderful undertaking, and itis this press that all the historians of the Fair dep( nd HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 8i u ', just as all the historians of the civil war depended upon the accounts of the IT paper correspondents sent from the seat of war. Therefore, the author de- cli'; s himself indebted to the Tribune, Herald, Intrr -Ocean, Times, Record, News, fiv.yiial, Post, Mail, and other dailies, and to the illustrated papers, for much that is bcs! in this book. COLUMBIAN COIHS. V ' i; V \ Si it ii- !! 11 ! I h; f 1 .i if' J 1 ^ 1 !'■ r jl 1 i i if HKMAMIX HARRISON', I x-l'r^l;^rlJl.^■ r ni- iiiRiNrna) siaies. bI: !(il '<■ 'j Jtj. 5*1 ■•■m m i PART IV. THE DEDICATORY EXERCISES. CHAPTER I. ARRIVAL OF DISTINGUISHED PEOPLE. I Vice-President Morton Acts for President Harrison— General S:hotield and His Stat!, the Cabinet Ministers, Justices of the Supreme Conn, and Many Foreign Ambassadors come to Chicago — The City Filled with Soldiers, Senators and Congressmen — Nearly All the Governors of the States and Territories Arrive Accompanied by Their Miiita.y Staffs— Texas Sends Thirteen Handsome ^ oiing Women as Representatives of the Original Thirteen States— Bishop Fowler and Cardinal Gibbons Received by Other Church Dignitaries— Grand Dedication Ball at the Auditorium — Brilliant Appearance of State Street— Hotels and Boulevards Jammed with Strangers— Gorgeous Uniforms Everywhere. (JL ^^ • . /V EDXESDAY, Thursday and Friday, OctoFjer 19, 20 '^^■^.'f^;^? jM and 21, i8q2, constituted a gala pci-iod for the inhabit- ^/m ^IHr j0^\. '^'^^^ o^ Chicaj^o and the strangers withui her gates. \f^m A- >^ikS The latter liad come to participatie in the Uedicatory Exercises, which was to take place on the 21st, and not a small number had commenced to arrive even sonie days before the 19th. By the latter day great crowds of men in military uniform filled all the lead- ing hotels, the admired of all admirers to anextent that evt:n caused jealousy in the souls of groujis of (jOv- ernors who stood aboutand chatted among themselves on subjects political and otherwise. There was a military feeling in the air, |)articularly along xMichigan Houlevard. which, in the vicinity of the hotels, was be- sprinkled with Majors and Colonels, foot privates, troopers, color-bearers, and Uncle Sam's marines and sailors. The boulevanl was crowded with passing throngs all day. Fully half of the pedestrians were lugging gripsacks. s('(!king in vain for rooms in the hotels. It was the same way in every locality that boasted a hotel. Hundreds of trains were run MiU) the city, groaning "nder the weight of thousands of men and women who were : hound to be in at the dedication, to see the great parades, and to take part in the I apjjroaching festivities. The rush at the principal hotels was something awful. Men stood four to itivc deep at the counters waiting an opportunity to inscribe their names on the M ;m Fin ■■»+- -1 um « "♦ I f ■ 1 1 i ^•i: ?t 84 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. registers. The distinguished, parties that arrived were numerous. They were attractive, too, for they contained men whose names are known throughout all the broad land. The arrival of Gov. Boies was a great feature of the day, and Iowa was credited with putting on more airs than any other State until Gov. Bulkeley came in with his magnificent retinue from Connecticut. Among other prominent people who came in were Senators F. B. Stockbridge, John Sherman, and Calvin S. Brice. Then there were the diplomats and Cabinet officers and members of the | Supreme Court of the United States, and the Governor of nearly every State and Territory in the Union. Late in the afternoon Maj.-Gen. Schofield, Commander of the United States army, accompanied by Gen. John R. Brooke, Gen. Frank Wheaton, and Capt. A, G. C. Quay, came in and registered at the Leland, after a delay of seven hours on i the train. Gov. Pattison came in with a big following early in the morning and wentj to the Victoria. Representatives of the Interior Parliament of Ontario were Nicli olis Avery, John Dryden, G. H. Bigelow, and H. R. O'Connor. M. Camille Krantz, the French Commissioner-General arrived early in the! morning and went to the Palmer House, where he was shortly followed by Fred- erick Douglass, United States Judge W. A. Woods of Indianapolis, Senator Cullom, and Green B. Raum. Then there were great parties of leading society people and business men from Detroit, Duluth, the Twin Cities, St- Louis, New Orleans, Balti-| more, New York, Boston, and great cities from all over the country. Mrs. Adlai E, Stevenson and daughter arrived at the Palmer House in the afternoon, and Con- gressmen and Senators pulled into town all day. Texas sent thirteen handsome young women to represent the original States. They were accompanied by four married couples in the capacity of chaperons, and] were given excellent quarters at the Palmer. Th'^y were selected by ballot by citizens of Texas at the instance of the Fort Worth Gazette, which offered to send the thirteen most popular daughters of the State to the dedicatory exercises. It was a newspaper balloting enterprise, and naturally enough the majority of the] thirteen fairest daughters of Texas were selected from the belles of Fort Worth, Vice-President Morton, who attended in piace of President Harrison (thel latter having been summoned to the bed-side of his invalid wife), was the observed! of all observers, and was the recipient of marked courtesies from many sources. Bishop Fowler, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and one of the mosti delightful men in the country, was met at the depot by a host of friends. Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, Archbishop SatolH, of Rome, the Papal] Envoy to the Columbian Exposition; Mgr. O'Connell, the President of the Ameri' can College at Rome; Bishop John J. Kean, Archbishop Ireland, Bishop Kaiiil and a number of other high churchmen were met at South Chicago by representa-| tives of the World's Fair and Columbus Club. Not every one had an invitation to attend the grand Dedication Ball ai thej Auditorium that night, but no one needed an invitation to witness the splendors of State street. The concourse of people that turned out on the great thoroughfarej was unprecedented. I- bey were at all the ind Iowa Bulkeley irominent id Calvin »rs of the State and ;ed States Capt. A. j hours on ; and went ere Nich- rly in the] by Fred- )r Cullom, j sople and I ans, Haiti- i. Adlai E. and Con- al States, rons, and! ballot by d to send -cises. It ty of the] Worth, ison (the] observed] purees, the most] HISTORY Oi THE WORLD'S FAIR. 85 To say that State street was thronged does not convey an idea of the situa- tion On State and Madison streets, on all four corners, there was such a mass of peoile standing that ; person could scarcely get through. From South Water to Polk street it was oiv dense throng oi people. L^ooring men with their wives and iitlK; children availed ,i.omselves of the evening time to see the decorations. Young women who could not find escorts did not stay at home on that account. They came in trios and quartets, and every young man who had any puLic spirit took W\^ Itrst girl for a walk down State street. All classes of Chicagoans were represented. One could hear expressions of admiration for the decorations in aii ti.» languages of Europe and the Orient, from Norwegian to Chinese. The cosmopolitian aspect of the city was as prominent as the Stars and Stripes in the decorations. There were soldier bov i in .he streets representing dozens of regiments and varioi' ' military organizations. The'r uniforms galore lent a picturesqueness to the crowv';. "Regulars," Cleveland days, Continental National Guardsmen, from Hartford, Conn.; cadets in gray; New York cavalrymen; marines and guardsmen from nearly every state were as thick as hucksters at a county fair. Fhe street had all the brilliancy of a scene from the Arabian Nights. Elec- tric lights of every color lent a rainbow line to the fronts of the business buildings. The decorations in the glare of the lights were almost bewildering in their gayety. Little children in large numbers clapped their hands and cried out in delight. "O! myl" No one minded the density of the crowd or failed to enjoy the sights, for there was something to see on every hand. Every shop window had its attrac- tions and every shopkeeper vied with his neighbor in a lavish display of incandes- cent electric lights. ■41 ! , Sir 4(. + ¥ ;he Pap;., le Ameri' lOp Kaiiij ipres<'nta iall ai the; end(;rsi)i] roughfard «'i : '■!-' i. It I s i M i I '4 i i )]| ■t I'Pi '; a ■ i it 1 ' 1' '■ ' M3| i ■■ i I.KVl V. MORTON, tX-VICL-lKLhlM-Nr l>l- IHi: LNllhl) STATKS. HISTORY Ul- Tllli WORIJVS FAIR. 87 CHAPTER II. GREAT PARA'^E OF TRADESMEN. hKi tv-riioiisatid Men in Line — More than Witness the Grandest Civic Parade F:\ tiie Moving Masses— Great Gathci Habiliments of War — Flasiiini): unili ;ii Trades Represented— Fifteen Hundred A indred Bands of Music — Half a Million P SlI' n any Country — Vice-President Morton [■•*<•.'/> )istinguished People— Men of Peace resplendent in iquent Medals of Honor — All Professions and Al ^a Banners Borne Proudly by Naturalized Citizens of All Nationalities— Generals Miles and bchoiield Consider the Parade a Wonderful Success — Masses of School Children Attired in the National Colors Portray a Beautiful Design — Great Deference Paid to the Representative of the Nation. VERY ONE hoped for a pleasant day for the great civic parade on Thursday, the 20th, and none were disappointed. Immense preparations had been made by the 80,000 marchers and the 500,000 other participants. The city of Chicago had been decked out as never before, as scarcely a house could be seen that had not been elaborately or other- wise decorated. Flags, bunting and transparencies were to be seen by the hundreds of thousands. A platform had been erected over the northern steps of the post-ofifice, and hf.'re V^ice- President Morton, in the presence of more than a thousand dignitaries, including cabinet ministers. Justices of the Supreme Court, Senators and Members of Congress, Gov- ernors of States, Foreign Ambassadors and other distinguished persons, reviewed the great parade. On the eastern and western steps more than two thousand little girls reprc:sented the States, and so arranged themselves as to look at either place like a great American tlag, which was novel, beautiful, artistic and insjdriting. The procession will always be remembered by those who saw it as the jxreatcst of its kind ever seen, and all will remember that It passed off in perfect and satisfactory order. 'I'here were 1 16 bands in line by actual count, and every trade and calling in the lanil was represented. As some one has written: "Great and cosmopolitan Chicago accomplished its greatest feat in the way of celebration when an army of So.ooo men passed a given point in two hours and forty-five minutes whiih was tlu; exact time taken by the civic parade in passing in review before the \'ice-lVcsidcnt of the United States. Half a million of people witnessed this grand, record-breaking event, and every one of the number seemed ambitious to view it troin some point on Adams Street close to the reviewing stand at the north end of t'K' ("lovt'rnment Building until they were scatt(.'red by the well-organized efforts uiM i4 " ■ ^'M\. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I If: ilM M 2.2 t li^ 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 -^ 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 %P MP I I 88 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. of the city police all along the line over which the great procession marched.'* The people ventured out in the cold, frosty morning early as the milkmen and wended their way down-town to points of vantage, and most of them sought posi- tions near the reviewing stand, which by nine o'clock was already half filled with the fortunate holders of tickets of admission thereto. The several school children who, attired in red, white, and blue, formed a living picture of " Old Glory," were escorted to their positions on the grand stand at the east and west sides of the Government Building, where, as living stars and stripes, they sang the Nation's song in sweet, young voices. There was music in the air from bands leading par- ticipants in the parade to the places of formation. There were exciting incidents enough in the great crowd that blockaded Adams, Dearborn and Clark Streets, to relieve the waiting reviewers of any impatience. They had a long wait, indeed. Vice-President Morton was the first of the official party to arrive. He was immediately escorted to the middle of the reviewing stand. He was recognized at once, and the people on the reviewing stand arose and paid him deference heartily, while the crowd on the streets for the only time during the day got beyond the restraint of the police, and made a rush to pay obeisance and respect to the second man of the land, appearing as the chief official representative of the government on account of the affliction which detained President Harrison in Washington. In the great procession, which was soon afterward in motion, were Teutons and Sclavs and Frenchmen, and their hearts and their feet beat time to the same music — that of " The Star-Spangled Banner." Orangemen walked in that proces- sion, and for th^ first time in the history of 300 years che Irish Celts walked with them in a common cause. Hereditary foes were brothers, and for once the de- scendants of warring European clans marched under the same flag. All were Americans, all were freemen, and in the pride of sovereignty as freemen the old hatreds of the old days were cast out of their hearts. It was not strange that many eyes that saw the light under different heavens were suffused in watching the bright flag which multiplied itself in a million forms around and above them. Few colors were displayed to remind that host of natural- ized citizens — who, it is fair to presume, were in the majority — of the countries they had left to find a refuge and a home in the prairie of the West. All the participants in the parade marched proudly and cheerfully. Not all by any means had flashing uniforms; not all wore medals eloquent of their valor; nor did the habiliments of all betoken the possession of luxury in a material sense; but all looked happy in being permitted to profess in the most public manner their American citizenship. There were societies, the professed object of which is to oppose other organizations of alien connections, but they did not rail on one another. The municipal colors were displayed next to the national ones, for next to the Union the object dearest to that great army of marchers was the city of their residence. All professions, all trades, all occupations were represented in an American parade. After the parade had passed the populace immediately took possession of HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 89 Adams street, crowding, in fact almost fighting, to get near the Vice-President and otlit r National officials. On the occasion of the unveiling of the Grant Monument at Lincoln Park a year before. Gen. Horace Porter, of New York, who was on Gen. Grant's staff, said that the crowd that was gathered in Lincoln Park that day was the largest he had ever seen. But the Columbian parade and the crowd on Adams street was a mass-meeting compared with the crowd of a year before. Adams street from the bridge to the lake was absolutely packed with humanity. It was a congested sea of faces, and the crowding was as heavy on the side streets leading from Adams, but after the reviewing party left the stand the crowd dispersed in good order, considering all things. The parade meant a great deal to the intelligent people who witnessed it from the reviewing stand and other points. It was a union of men adverse in opin- ion, in politics, religion and all other sentiments, or opinions other than those of patriotism. Citizens of foreign birth contributed greatly to its success. They car- ried more red, white and blue flags, and their bands played only the songs of loyalty. The greatest deference received by the man representing the Nation was paid by these men. They dipped their colors lowest and observed the Vice-President most attentively. Indeed, the members of the best disciplined of their societies forgot their drilling and turned their heads and kept their eyes on the Vice-President until they were able to see him no longer. Altogether they gave a marvelous exhi- bition of their loyalty to the country which they had sought for their own better- ment. That was one of the lessons of the day. Another thing wonderful about the parade was the rapidity with which it moved. Gen. Miles said it broke all records, and Maj.-Gen. Schofield, command- ing the United States forces, said that the passage of an army of 80,000 men in re- view was a wonder when it was considered that it was all done in less than three hours and in the face of some unavoidable delays. The bearing of every man in line was soldierly, although all moved in columns of twenty. Nothing was lacking. Everyone of the more than 150 musical organizations in line played good music. Every one of the 1,500 banners was borne proudly and in point of numbers the parade exceeded any parade intended to be of a civic nature ever held in America. »i U ifl »^ 1 !| ^ 'A 't !-^ '$'- %, L 1 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 91 CHAPTER III. GRAND MILITARY PROCESSION AND REVIEW. The 2 1st of October, I892, a Day Long to be Remembered — Grand Review at Washington Park in the Presence of Two Hundred Thousand People — The Marine Band of Washington and the Mexican Band of the City of Mexico Malce Music — Thirty-eight other Bands and Fifteen Thousand Sol- diers in the Procession — Vice-President Morton, Director-General Davis, Presidents Palmer and Higinbotham, Ex-President Hayes, the Justices of the United States Supreme Court. General Schofield and Staff and Governors of Thirty-one States in Carriages — Carriages also Contained Henry Watterson, Chauncey M. Depew, Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Fowler, National Commis- sioners, Lady Managers, Foreign Commissioners, Director, Chiefs of Departments — Members of City Council and Others— Tremendous Enthusiasm all along the Line from Washington Park to the Manufactures Building— All the Governors and All the Soldier Boys Cheered— Flower, Russell, Boies and McKinley Vociferously Saluted— The Jolly Author of Peck's Bad Boy an Especiaj Favorite. RIDAY, the 21st October, 1892, the day upon which the grand miHtary procession and review took place, and also the dedi- v-atory exercises at Jackson Park, will never be forgotten by any participant. The weather was simply superb. It was sunshiny and cripsy and brought out hundreds of thousands of people. There were 15,000 soldiers in line and dis- tinguished men and women from all parts of the Union. Perhaps the stands overlooking the Midway Plaisance were the best points of observation. The grand review had been carried out according to program, and at 11:15 '^ cavalry troop turned from the green of Washington Park to the gray of Midway Plaisance. It was the advance guard for the great procession toward the Manufactures Building. On both sides of the Midway Plaisance there was a wall of humanity so deep that many who stood at the outer edge could see nothing but the banners and the flags waving above the marching men, antl get an occasional glimpse of the baton of a drum major as it whirled through the air glistening under the rays of a noonday sun. Double lines of soldiers kept the spectators back. The advance column passed on without hindrance, and crossing the viaduct thrown across the tracks of the Illinois Central railroad coming down the incline at an easy canter, crossed the dividing line and entered the grounds to be dedicated to the World's CoKinibian Exposition. As the horses' hoofs beat a tattoo on the wooden pavement at the entrance of the park a shout went up that echoed from the Woman's Building to the Manu- '<> ! 92 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. factures, and the waiting multitude inside the latter building knew the parade was entering the grounds. Every step to the Woman's Building was filled with crowds waiting to see the procession pass. The line of march inside the grounds was lined with a good natured crowd, kept in easy check by the Columbian Guards. From the top of the Woman's Building many friends of lady managers viewed the procession and waved handkerchiefs to those who passed in review. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, in the brilliant uniform of his rank, rode by on a big black charger, followed by his full staff; then a detachment of cavalry, then one of infantry, and from that time on until the carriages of the Joint Committee on Cere- monies came in sight there passed company after company of state troops, punctuated by regimental bands playing lively airs. An exceptionally well drilled company of militia or a drum major in bearskin was enough to set the crowd cheering. The 5th Regiment Missouri National Guard, from Kansas City, received liberal applause, and the members of the bicycle corps, No. 21, mounted on new pneumatic safeties, were received with noisy approbation. Jerry Rusk's Own, the Rusk Guards, were vociferously cheered. Director-General Davis was the recipient of a tremendous round of applause, but when Vice-President Morton's carriage reached the top of the viaduct and started on the descent a cheer when up that grew and broadened to a storm as he entered the gates of the Exposition grounds. His hat was in his hand all the time, and as the carriage turned the corner of the Woman's Building the cheering fol- lowed him in an unbroken line. Chief Justice Fuller, dignified and gray, met with a warm reception from his fellow-townsmen. Carter Harrison, looking pale from the confinement of the sick- room, with his broken arm in a red, white and blue sling, was driven through the grounds by his daughter sitting in the high front seat of a dog cart. Mrs. Palmer was received like a princess, and smiled and bowed to right and left as her carriage passed. Chauncey M. Depew, Harry Wattersonand the other orators were recognized at the top of the viaduct, and were cheered continuously as they passed. The first of the procession passed inside the grounds at 11:15 o'clock; when the last carriage and last soldier had passed by it was 2:35 o'clock. It was 3 o'clock when the last carriage had discharged its load at the east door of the Manufact- ures Building. Gov. Fifer, with the twenty-one members of his state, was greeted with up- roarious applause. Gov. McKinley was received by cheers and the crowed called out "Buckeyes." As Gen. Bulkley rode past, the boys recognizing the Connectidit derivation, shouted "Nutmegs, nutmegs." The Wisconsins were called "Bad- gers," and the old-time names for the various states were applied in a laughable manner. Gov. Russell, of Massachusetts, mounted on a pracing charger, his smoothly shaven face looking unusually young to be traveling with such an illustri- ous company of eminent men, was greeted by thunders of applause, a tribute alike to his youth and his ability. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 95 W'hitelaw Reid, who rode in a carriage with Gov. Fifer, as his guest, was riven a pleasant informal reception all along the line, and during a brief stoppage jn tlu march Congressman Durborow, who was in charge of the party of Congres- sional visitors, brought the Congressmen together in a sort of chatty exchange of Tossip. Among those who were under his chaperonage were Congressmen Houk )f Ohio. Greenleaf of New York, Neal of Ohio, Outhwaite of Ohio, Haynes of )hio, Mayes of Iowa, Wilson of Missouri, O'Neil of Missouri, Huff of Pennsylvania, iRirfe ol Pennsylvania, Lane of Illinois, Scott of Illinois, Hitt of Illinois, Hopkins of Illinois, Dingley of Maine, McClennan of Indiana, Stewart of Illinois, andPaysonof llllinois. There were also Senators Sherman, Brice, Washburne, CuUom and jSawycr. Delegations from the Southern States were uproariously cheered and they Iresponded to tributes by dipping flags and doffing hats. When California's beauti- Iful banner moved between the crowded lines it was hailed with loud acclaim. The ICalifornians, appreciating the honor, responded with waving flags. Govs. Flower of INew York and Pattison of Pennsylvania were roundly applauded. This applause Iwas not by Illinoisans; it was an outburst of national enthusiasm, for the crowd was la national one. The cheers came from the lungs of Californians, Texans, Louis- lianians, and visitors from all other states. At this point there blossomed into view a pretty little episode. Thirty little [eight-year-old girls, dressed in white, had in some manner fallen into the line of jmarch and came stepping proudly down between the great banks of the populace, (carrying at their head a huge pansy, six feet across, on whieh was inscribed: "The jChicago Pansy society, Union, Culture and Peace." They carried American flags- IThey were cheered on all sides and had kisses thrown them from appreciative lips^ [They were quickly, however, led out of the line of march. As the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Fair came in sight handker- [chiefs fluttered and hats were swung and a continuous roll of cheers greeted them* [Gov. Boies, of Iowa, was heartily cheered, and as the Iowa Governor's guard came [swinging along with measured tread the crowd started "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the [Boys are Marching," and the grand old melody rang out from a hundred thousand Jvoices. Gov. Peck, of Wisconsin, was a great favorite with the crowd. The boys [cheered him for the funny things he has written, the Democrats because they liked Jhim, and everybody else because he was a sunshinemaker. The thirteen women Iwho represented the thirteen original states were vociferously cheered. The Connecticut Footguards, with their gorgeous continental uniforms of red coats, jyellow trousers and black buskins, were applauded till the trees shook. There were I four regiments from Indiana, three from Illinois, two from Ohio, one from Missouri* joneeach from Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The United States Marine band of Washington, was a favorite with the mu'.ti- jtmle. The Mexican band was gieeted by repeated cheers. The beautiful marching by Troop K of the Fifth Cavalry was loudly applauded. The Ninth Colored jCavalry, which passed on a gallop, was also loudly cheered. The hrst and second jRegiments of the Illinois guardsmen were tumultuously greeted. As the Indian;* 1 m 94 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 8 t '8 is I ' n>' I'll ii i HA and Wisconsin soldiers swept along the wake of the Illinois boys their marching was much admired. An officer of the reviewing party said: "The earth resounds to the measured tread of our citizen soldiery; the country has reason to be proud ol them; they are the bulwark of the nation." The martial bearing of the Minne- sota troops was such that Adj. -Gen. Reece of Illinois, said as they passed the re- viewing stand: "They are a magnificent body of soldiers. Minnesota can well be proud of them." On the whole, it was a grand affair throughout. !l ': HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 95 CHAPTER IV. COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXERCISES. OiH Hundred Thousand People in Attendance— Grand Orchestra of Two Hundred Pieces and a Chorus of Five Thousand Voices under Theodore Thomas— Bishop Fowler's Prayer and the Opening Address of the Director-General — Hempstead Washburne's Brilliant Remarks— Reading and Singing the Dedicatory Ode. X the afternoon of the 21st of October, 1892, where only a few years before a solitary Indian was monarch of all he surveyed, there transpired an event which will forever perpetuate the name and fame of Columbus. This event will always be known as the Dedicatory Exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition, and took place in the un- finished Manufactures Building in the presence of one hundred thousand people. There were exercises, or there had been for a week or more before, in various portions of the globe, all in honor of the man who discov- ered America, conspicuously in Italy and Spain, and at va- rious points throughout our own country. When Vice-President Morton, representing the dignity of the United States, supported on his right and left, respectively, by Pre^,; .' nt Palmer and Director General Davis, marched down the center aisle, between the long columns of dis- tinguished men on the speakers' stand, to take his position facing that immense audience, the great iron girders supporting the roof of the Manufactures building were made to tremble by the cheer that met him. Instantly 100,000 handkerchiefs were in the air, waving such a salute as no man ever received before. After the Vice-President had bowed his acknowledgements of the demon- stration the Director General, at exactly 1 130 o'clock, touched the electric signal. Professor Thomas waved his baton, and with one burst of melody the orchestra sounded the opening strain of the " Columbian March." The effect was instanta- neous and wonderful. A hush fell upon the multitude, and all through the great auditorium penetrated the harmony of Professor Paine's composition. Then 5,000 voices in one tremendous chorus swelled the volume of the music. For five minutes the audience sat as though entranced. And many seconds had elapsed after the baton had been given its final wave before the burst of applause came. It had been useless to attempt to quiet that throng until it had worked off UW:iV » J w ^ ' V. i .;■ <^ HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. « 1 il ^ il the enthusiasm acquired while the " Columbian March" was being produced. But| there is an end to all things, and so when Bishop Charles H. Fowler stood forth and waved his hands in an appeal for peace the hush that fell was as impressive as had been the applause. And then the eloquent divine with head bowed, his voice wonderfully loud and clear, uttered a fervent prayer. Upon the conclusion of Bishop Prowler's nrayer, Director-General Davis read the opening address as follows: Ladies and Gkntlemen: By virtue of my ofificial position it is my pleasurable duty to present the noted personages who, at this hour, in their several functions. are to contribute to the exercises with which we here dedicate the grounds and buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition In a presence so vast, on an occasion so pre-eminent in the progress of uni- versal affairs, I am moved by emotions I that can sweep a human heart but once I in life. Awe overmasters inspiration, and both are lost in gratitude that I am per- mitted to inaugurate these ceremonies, The citizens of our common country may be pardoned the pride and satisfaction with which we study the historic steps by which our people have been led to their present exalted position. Of the great nations of the world, the United States is the youngest; our resources are equal to those of any other nation. Our sixty mill- ions of people are among the most intel- ligent, cultured, happy and prosperous o( mankind. But what we are and what we possess as a nation is not ours by pur- chase nor by conquest, but by virtue of ] the rich heritage that was spread out be- neath the sun and stars, beneath the storms and rains and dews, beneath the frosts and snows, ages before a David, a Homer, or a Virgil sang, or before Italy's humble and immortal son had dreamed his dream of discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not by our own might, not even by our own discovery, but ours by the gift of the Infinite. It is fitting that, on the threshold of another century, we reverently pause in the presence of the world, and with confession and supplication, with thanksgiving and devotedness, with praise and adoration acknowledge our dependence on the Creator of the uni- verse, the God of nations, the Father of mankind. [ Nature has given us a virgin soil of incomparable richness and variety. Our climate is so diversified that all the fruits of tree and vine ripen under our autumnal ^''^^////^/^//^>y///^. M^ INVITATION TO THE DEDICATORY CEREMONIES !''■■ f HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 97 Iskic: The great seas that form our boundaries, and with their ebb and flow bathe lour ores, are rich with all the treasures of the deep. The granite vaults of our moil iiMin chains are stored with untold mineral wealth. In the prodigality of natun , bountiful provision has been made for our multiplying people, and in times of tincrgency, from our great abundance we may succor and comfort the distressed and attlicted of other lands. A single century has placed this people side by side with ihe oldest and most advanced nations of the world — nations with a history of a ] thousand years. But in the midst of our rejoicing no American citizen should forget our national starting point, and the quality of the manhood on which was laid the very foundation of our government. Our fathers were born under foreign flags. The very best brain and nerve, and muscle, and conscience of the older governments found their way to this western continent. Our ancestors had the map of the world [before them; what wonder that they chose this land for their descendants! Over the very cradle of our national infancy stood the spirit and form of the completed I civilization of other lands, and the birth-cries of the Republic rang out over the world with a voice as strong as a giant of a thousand years. From the morning of our history the subjects of all nations have flocked to our shores and have entered into our national life and joined in the upbuilding of our institutions. They have [spaded and planted, they have sown and gathered, they have wrought and builded, and to-day, everywhere over all this land, may be seen the products and results of this toil, constituting our national prosperity, promoting our national growth. To all such the doors of the nation are ever open. The World's Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this nation's place in history. Our continent, discovered by Christopher Columbus, whose spirits were revived as his cause was espoused by the generous-hearted Queen of Spain, has throughout all the years from that time to this, been a haven to all who saw here the promise of requited toil, of libertv and of peace. The ceaseless, resistless march of civilization, westward, ever westward, has reached and passed the grent lakes of North America, and has founded on their farthest shore the greatest city of modern times. Chicago, the peerless, has been selected for the great celebration which to-day gives new fire to progress, and sheds its light upon ages yet to come. Established in the heart of this continent, her pulse throbs with the quickening current of our national life. And that this city was selected as the scene of this great commemorative festival was the natural out- growth of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in peaceful, laudable emulation on the fields of art, science and industry, on the fields of research, inven- tion, and scholarship, and to learn the universal value of the discovery we com- memorate; to learn, as could be learned in no other way, the nearness of man to man, the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of the human race. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the exalted purpose of the World's Columbian Exposition. May it be fruitful of its aim, and of peace forever to all the nations of the earth. I; '' ■•M tmemt" « !, Ii^ I 98 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. At the conclusion of the address of the Director-General Hempstead WashJ burne, then Mayor of Chicago, made the following brilliant remarks: Mr. President, Representatives of P'oreign Governments, Ladies anbI Gentlemen: This day is dedicated by the American people to one whose name is indissolubly linked with that of our continent. This day shall add new glorifistol him whose prophetic vision beheld in the stars which guided his audacious voyage a new world and a new hope for the peoples of the earth. The four centuries passing in review have witnessed the settlement ofai newly-discovered continent, the founding of many nations, and the establishment in this country of more than sixty millios of people whose wonderful material pros! perity, high intelligence, political institutions and glorious history have excited the| interest and compelled the admiration of the civilized world. These centuries have evolved the liberty loving American people who are| gathered here to-day. We have with us the pioneer bearing in his person the free- dom of his western home — the aging veteran, whom all nations honor, without! whose valor government, liberty and patriotism would be but idle words. We have I with us builders of cities, founders of states, dwellers in the forests, tillers of the soil, the mechanic and the artisan, and noble women, daughters of the republic, not] less in patriotism and deserved esteem than those who seem to play the larger part ' in building up a state. There are gathered here our President and stately Senate, our grave and learned Judges, our Congress and our States, that all mankind may know this is a nation's holiday and a people's tribute to him whose dauntless courage and un. wavering faith impelled him to traverse undismayed the unsailed waste of waterx and whose first prayer upon a waiting continent was saluted on its course by that banner which knows no creed, no faith, no nation — that ensign which has repre- sented peace, progress and humanity for nineteen hundred years — the holy banner of the cross. Those foreign nations which have contributed so much to our growth will here learn wherein our strength lies — that it is not in standing armies — not in heredity or birth — not even in our fertile valleys — not in our commerce nor our wealth— but that we have built and are building upon the everlasting rock of individual character and intelligence, seeking to secure an educatiori for every man, woman and child over whom floats the stars and stripes, that emblem which signifies our government and our people. That flag guards to-day 21,500,000 school children of a country not yet four centuries old and who outnumber nearly four times the population of Spain in 149:. This is our hope in the future — the anchor of the Republic — and a rainbow of promise for the centuries yet to come. As a mark of public gratitude it was decided to carry down into history through this celebration the appreciation of this people for him before whose name we all bow to-day. You, sirs, who are the chosen representatives of our people — you into whose keeping we entrust our property and our rights — you whose every act becomes a !fi m HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 99 link that long chain of history which spans four hundred years without a break land V liose every link signifies a struggle and victory for man — you who present that last.Linl most perfect experiment of human government have by your official acts Ihoiioi'd this young city with your choice as the most fitting place to mark this I country's dawn. She accepts the sacred trust with rivalry toward none and fellowship for all. jShc >Miuls ready to fulfill the pledges she has made. She needs no orator to speak her merits, no poet to sing her glories. She typifies the civilization of this continent and ihis age; she has no hoary locks, no crumbling ruins; the gray-haired sire who saw licr birth to-day holds on high his prattling grandchild to see the nations of the [earth within her gates. Over the very spot whereon we stand, within the memory of men still young, I the wiKl fowl winged their migratory tlight. Less than a century ago the site of this young city was unknown; to-day a J million and a half people support her honor, enterprise and thrift. Her annual commerce of one billion and a half tells the eloquent story of her material great- ness. Her liberty to all nations and all creeds is boundless, broad as humanity and I high as the dome of heaven. "Rule Britannia," the "Marseillaise," "Die Wacht am Rhein," and every folksong of the older world has drifted over the Atlantic's stormy waves, and as each echo, growing fainter with advancing leagues, has reached this spot it has been merged into that one grand chorus, "My Country, 'tis of Thee, I Sweet Land of Liberty, of Thee I Sing." This, sirs, is the American city of your choice ; her gates are open, her people at [your service. To you and those you represent we offer greeting, hospitality and Ipve. To the Old World, whose representatives grace this occasion, whose govern- Iments are in full accord with this enterprise so full of meaning to them and to us, to that old world whose children braved unruly seas and treacherous storms to found a new state in an unknown land, we greeting, too, as children greet a parent I in some new home. We are proud of its ancestry, for it is our own. We glory in its history, for lit was our ancestral blood which inscribed its rolls of honor; and if to-day these dis- tinguished men of more distinguished lands behold any spirit, thing or ambition pvhich excites their praise, it is but the outcropping of the Roman courage on anew jcontinent, in a later age. Welcome to you men of older civilizations to this young city whose most [ancient landmark was built within the span of a present life. Our hospitalities and jour welcome we now extend without reserve, without regard to nationality, creed |or race. Then was read and sung the dedicatory ode, written at the order of the Ex- Iposition managers by Miss Harriet Stone Monroe, of Chicago. '■!*it*1a ? : • \'i S^:?:^;:p:m^^::rrr^^mm^j!^^ K,~- , '*3Ki»,. ■_' _';w*#-~4^^^^^ ^ 8- .. ■^ : I* r^5'?'ii -1;' "^i^^iii'' FLOOR OF MANUFACTUKKS AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. lOI CHAPTER V. DEDICATION OF THE BUILDINGS. President Higinbotham Bestows the Commemoratory Medals— The President of the Commission Receives the Buildings from the President of the Exposition and the Latter Presents Them to the Vice- President of the United States for Dedication— Mr. Morton Dedicates Them to the World's Progress in Art, Science, Agriculture and Manufactures — "God Save the United States of America." l^ '^ T the sixth number in the Dedicatory Programme, Pres- ident Higinbotham, calling the Director of Works and the artists of the Exposition into a conspicuous position, made to them the following address, at the same time bestowing the commemoratory medals: Mr. Burnham and Gentle- men: It becomes my agreeable duty on behalf of the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, to receive from you these buildings, which represent your thought, and labor as master artists of construction. It is dit^cult to command language fully adequate to express our satisfaction with ^our achievements. We have observed with admiration the rapid devel- opment of your plans, until there stand before us today structures that represent the ripest wisdom of the ages. Never before have men brought to their task greater knowledge, higher aims or more resolute purpose. Never before have such magnificent fruits been the result of thought and toil. The earth and all it contains have been subservient to your will. You have pursued your work loyally, heroically and with an unselfish devotion that commands the applause of the world. Your country and the nations of the earth will join us in congratulating you upon the splendid issue of your plans and undertakings. We accept these buildings from you, exulting in the belief that these beau- ful structures furnish proof to the world that, with all our material growth and prosperity since the Columbian discovery of America, we have not neglected those civilizing arts which minister to a people's refinement, and become the chief glory of a nation. " Peace hath her victories, No less renowned than war." In this Exposition, one of the adorning victories of our age of peace, you take 41 I02 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. . \-- I ,f 'dim conspicuous part, and the work accomplished reflects, and will continue to reflect, honor alike upon yourselves and upon your country. In recognition of your faithful and efficient services, and in order to more substantially than by mere words the successful termination of your great work as master artists of construction, the Board of Directors have issued this medal, which I have the honor to present to you. A simple token it is, which finds its real and abiding value, not in its intrinsic worth, but rather in the high merit which receives and the grateful appreciation which bestows it. Turning from the Director of Works and the artists, with President Palmer rising, the President of the Exposition continued as follows: But yesterday these surrounding acres composed a dismal morass — a resting place for the wild fowls in their migratory flight. Today they stand transformed by art and science into a beauty and grandeur unrivaled by any other spot on earth. Herein we behold a miniature representation of that marvelous development and that unprecedented growth of national greatness, which, since the day of Columbus, have characterized the history of this New World. The idle boy, strolling along the shore of this inland sea, carelessly threw a pebble into the blue waters. From that center of agitation there spread the circling wave, which fainter and still fainter grew, until lost at last in the far distant calm. Not so did the great thought come and vanish which has culminated in these preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition. It was not the suggestive im- pulse of any single brain or locality that originated this noble enterprise. From many minds and many localities there seemed to come, spontaneously and in unison, the suggestions for a Columbian celebration. Those individual and local senti- ments did not die out like the waves, but in an inverse ratio grew more and more powerful, until they m.ingled and culminated in the grand and universal resolve of the American people, " It shall be done." Today, sir, on behalf of the Board of Directors, representing the citizens of Chicago, to me has been assigned the pleasant duty of presenting to the World's Columbian Commission these buildings, for dedication to the uses of the World's Columbiam Exposition, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. In viewing the work thus far accomplished, we gladly acknowledge our- selves debtors to thf patriotic pride of our fellow citizens throughout the land; to the kindly interest manifested by the President of the United States; to the genorosity of the Congress; to the hearty sympaty of the civilized nations of the earth and to the efficient co-operation of the honorable commission which you represent. The citizens of Chicago have cherished the ambition to furnish the facilities for the Exposition, which, in character, should assume a national and international importance. They entertain the pleasing hope that they have not come short of the nation's demand and of the world's expectation. Permit us, sir, to believe that it was not a narrow ambition, born of local pride and selfishness, that asked for the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Rather h t it justly be said that it was in view of the fact that 25,000,000 of people live within a HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 103 ra! - of 500 miics of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the center of popu- laii 1. Chicago would be accessible to a larger number of American people, who ai( I ic creators of our wealth and prosperity, than would any other city on the coi ;inent. The citizens of Chicago have been actuated by the most patriotic sen- tiiiv nts in asking for the location of the Exposition at thisp^ace. Animated by the me : iiublic spirited motives they have made such preparations for the Exposition as \vu trust you cannot but look upon with satisfaction. The fidelity and remarkable skill of the master artists of construction must be 1 justification for the pride with which we point to the structures which rise about us in such graceful and magnificent proportions. In furnishing grounds and buildings which should meet the modern demand for utility and scientific adapta- tion, we have not done violence, let us hope, to that growing love for the beautiful wliich gratifies the eye and educates the taste. Nature, science and art have been called upon to contribute their richest gifts to make these grounds and buildings worthy of your acceptance. The Board of Directors now beg leave to tender to the World's Columbian Commission and to the nation these buildings, in fulfillment of Chicago's pledge and in honor of the great event we celebrate." The President of the Columbian Commission, on receiving the Exposition from the Board of Directors, thus presented it to the Vice-President of the United States, Levi P. Morton, for dedication: When a structure designed for a beneficient purpose has reached completion and is about to be devoted to its object, it is deemed fitting, in accordance with a custom which sprang from the aspirations of man, and which has received the sanction of successive generations, that its intent and aim shall be declared amid imposing ceremonies, and the good will of the present and the blessing of the future invoked upon it. If this occasion shall have as one of its results the inauguration of another festal day to enlarge the too meager calendar of our people, the world will be richer thereby, and a name which has been hitherto held in vague and careless remembrance will be made a vital and elevating force to mankind. Anniversaries are the punctuations of history. They are the emphasis given to events, not by the song of the poet, or the pen of the rhetorician, but by the common acclaim of mankind. They are the monuments of the heroes and the saviors of the race. They are the Memnons which fill the heart with promise, the eye with gladness and the ear with song. The teacher of Socrates, when dying was asked what he wished for a monu- ment. Me answered: "Give the boys a holiday" It was a happy thought to have linked with the achievements of Columbus and I'inzon, which doubled the area of the habitable globe, an untlertaking whereby we hope to illustrate the fact that they also made possible more than a duplication of blessings to mankind. As these great men died ignorant of the magnitude of their work, may we not hope that this Exposition will accomplish greater good than will be revealed to m.^ 104 HISTORY OF THE VVORLD'^ FAIR. J' us of today, be its outcome never so brilliant? May we not hope that lessons hi^re learned, transmitted to the future, will be potent forces long after the multituiles that throng these aisles shall have measured their span and faded away? Four hundred years ago today, Rodrigo de Triana, from the prow of the " Pinta " cried, " Land." That cry marked the commencement of an era wherein has been condensed more of good import to the race than in any other. Today, at the floodtime of that era we are reminded of what that cry involved, and of how much there is yet to do to give it its fullest significance. There are no more continents to discover, but there is much to do to make both hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent happiness. To that end no one material thing can contribute than expositions to which are invited, in a fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes and peoples, where each shall give and receive according to their respective capacities. The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlightment, now acknowledged as the safe substructure of every state, receives an added impulse from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization of races such as are ushered in by the pageant of today. Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition Com- pany has been on different but convergent lines; today the roads unite, and it may not be amiss at this time to speak of the work already done. Two years ago the ground on which we stand was a dreary waste of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home for wild fowl and aquatic plants. Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelli- gence, force, industry and money, this waste has been changed by the magic hand of labor to its present attractive proportions. I do not speak of this work as an artist, but as one of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art to uplift. To me it seems that, if these buildings should never be occupied, if the exhibits should never come to attract and educate, if our people could only look upon these walls, towers, avenues and lagoons, a result would be accomplished by the influence diffused well worth all the cost. It was an act of high intelligence which, in the beginning, called a congress of the most eminent of our architects for consultation and concerted action. No one brain could have conceived the dream of beauty, or lured from fancy and crystallized in form these habitations where art will love to linger and science, Cornelia-like, shall expose here children to those who ask to see her jewels. Of the Commission and its agencies, its Director General and the heads of its departments, its agents and envoys, I, although a part of that national organiz- ation, may be permitted to speak. Called together by the President two years a>,^o its organic law difficult of construction, with room for honest and yet contradic- tory opinions, it has striven honestly, patriotically and dilligently to do its whole duty. Through its agencies it has reached to the uttermost parts of the earth to gather in all that could contribute to make this not only the museum of the savant and the well read but the kindergarten of the child and sage. The National Commission will, in due time, take appropriate action touching the formal acceptance of the buildings provided under their direction by the World's HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 105 ^olui uian Exposition Company for this National and International Fair, and to you, ■'■'• President, as the highest representative of the Nation, is assigned the lonci of dedicating them to the purposes determined and declared by the Congress )f the United States. in behalf of the men and wom-in who have devoted themselves to this great [work, '»[ the rich who have given of their abundance and the poor who have given iof th< ir necessities; in behalf of the architects who have given to their ideals a local Ihabiiation and a name, and the artists who have brought hither the three graces of ImocK'ni life, form, color, and melody, to decorate and inspire; of the workmen who Ihavc prepared the grounds and reared the walls; in behalf of the chiefs who have lorganlzcd the work of the exhibitors; in behalf of the city of Chicago, which has Imunilicently voted aid, of the Congress which has generously given of the National Imoncys: in behalf of the World's Columbian Commission, the World's Columbian llLxposition Company, and the Board of Lady Managers, I ask you to dedicate these Ibuiidin^s and grounds to humanity, to the end that all men and women of every Iclimate may feel that the evidence of material progress which may here meet the leye is good only so far as it may promote that higher life which is the true aim of Icivilization — that the evidences of wealth here exhibited and the stimulus herein jjriven to industry are good only so far as they may extend the area of human Ihappiness." At 4 o'clock, in the presence of a vast audience which rose at the moment, Ibut could, as a rule, hear no word of the speaker, the Vice-President of the United [states, acting by courtesy for the President of the United States, and addressing President Palmer, of the National Commission, read the following oration: Mr. President: Deep, indeed, must be the sorrow which prohibits the Presi- Idcnt of the United States from being the central figure in these ceremonials. jRealizing from these sumptuous surroundings, the extent of design, the adequacy Iof execution, and the vastness of results, we may well imagine how ardently he has [aspired to be officially and personally connected with this great work, so linked to [the past and to the present of America. With what eloquent words he would have jspoken of the heroic achievements and radiant future of his beloved country. While Iprofountlly anguished in his most tender earthly affection, he would not have us (iclay or falter in these dedicatory services, and we can only offer to support his I courage by a profound and universal sympathy. The attention of our whole country, and of all the people elsewhere con- Icerned in industrial progress, is to-day fixed upon the city of Chicago. The name of Chicago has become familiar with the speech of all civilized communities; bureaus are established at many po.'nts in Europe for the purpose of providing transportation hither; and during the coming year the first place suggested to the inind, when men talk of America, will be the city of Chicago. This is due not only to the Columbian Exposition which marks an epoch, but to the marvelous growth I and energy of the second commercial city of the Union. I am not here to recount the wonderful story of this city's rise and advance- [ment, of the matchless courage of her people, of her second birth out of the ashes I.. ^■n ' 1 g H 1 Hi mB 1^ '"tjj tf t T*" 'M ' ^ '^l J f^ f 'I 1) I i Ji •1 6- ' I m ii, 8f -{i, io6 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. of the most notable conflagration of modern times, nor of the eminent position she| has conquered in commerce, in manufactures, in science and in the arts. These are icnown of all men who keep pace with the world's progress. I am here in behalf of the government of the United States, in behalf of all| the people, to bid all hail to Chicago, all hail to the Columbian Exposition. From the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, and from the peerless cosmopolitan cap- ital by the sea to the Golden Gate of California, there is no longer a rival city to | Chicago, except to emulate her in promoting the success of this work. New York has signalized the opening of the new era by a commemorative | function, instructive to the student, encouraging to the philanthropist, and admoni- tory to the forces arrayed against liberty. Her houses of worship, without distinction of creed, have voiced their thanks | to Almighty God for religious freedom; her children to the amount of five and twenty thousand have marched under the inspiration of a light far broader than I Columbus, with all his thirst for knowledge, enjoyed at the University of Pavia; ] and for three successive days and nights processional progresses on land and water, aided by Spain, and Italy, and France, saluted the memory of the great pilot with the fruits of the great discovery in a pageant more brilliant than that at Barcelona, when upon a throne of Persian fabrics, Ferdinand and Isabella disregarded the etiquette of Castile and Aragon, received him standing, attended by the most splendid court of Christendom. And what a spectacle is presented to us here. As we gaze upon these mun- ificent erections, with their columns and arches, their entablatures and adornments, when we consider their beauty and rapidity of realization, they would seem to be evoked at a wizard's touch of Aladdin's lamp. Praise for the organization and accomplishment, for the architect and builder, for the artist and artisan, may not now detain me, for in the year to come, in the mouths of all men it will be unstinted. These are worthy shrines to record the achievements of the two Americas and to place them side by side with the arts and industries of the elder world, to the end that we may be stimulated and encouraged to new endeavors. Columbus is not in chains, nor are Columljian ideas in fetters. I see him, as in the great picture under the dome of the Capitol with kneeling figures about him, betokening no longer the contrition of his followers, but the homage of mankind, with erect form and lofty mien animating these children of a new world to higher facts and bolder theories. We may not now anticipate the character and value of our national exhibit, Rather may we modestly anticipate that a conservative award will be made by the world's criticism to a young nation eagerly listening to the beckoning future, within whose limits the lightning was first plucked from heaven at the will of man, where the expansive power of steam was first compelled to transport mankind and merchandise over the water-ways of the world, where the implements of agriculture and handicraft have been so perfected as to lighten the burdens of toil, and where the subtle forces of nature, acting through the telegraph and telephone, are daily HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 107 staitiing the world by victories over matter, which in the days of Columbus might have been reckoned among the miracles. We can safely predict, however, those who will come from the near and dis- tant regions of our country, and who will themselves make part of the National exhibit. We shall see the descendants of the loyal cavalieis of Virginia, of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England, of the sturdy Hollanders who in 1624 bought the twciity-two thousand acres of the Island of Manhattan for the sum of $24, of the adherents of the old Christian faith who found a resting-place in Baltimore, of the Ouakers and Palatine Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, of the Huguenots who fled from the revocation of the edict of Nantes to the banks of the Hutlson in the North and those of the Cooper and Ashley rivers in the South, of the refugees from Salzburg in Georgia, and of Charles Edward's Highlanders in North Carolina. With them also we shall have in person, or in their sons, the the thousands of others from many climes who, with moderate fortunes, have joined their future to that of the great Republic, or who with sinewy arms have opened our waterways and builded our ironways. We trust that from the lands beyond the seas many will come to engage in fraternal competition, or lo point us to more excellent standards. If they shall find little in our product to excite their admiration, we shall welcome them to the atmosphere of the new world, where some of the best efforts have been made in the cause of freedom and progress by Washington and Franklin and Lafayette; by Agassiz and Lincoln and Grant; by Bolivar and Juarez and Toussaint L'Ouverture; by Fulton and Morse and Edison. Columbus lived in the age of great events. When he was a child in 1440 printing was first done by movable types; seven years later, the Vatican library, the great fountain of learning, was founded by Nicholas the Fifth; and 1455 is given as the probable date of the Mazarine Bible, the earliest printed book known. It was not until a hundred years after the discovery, that Galileo, pointing his little telescope to the sky, found the satelites of Jupiter, and was hailed as the Columbus of the heavens. His character was complex, as was that of many of the men of his time who made their mark in history. But his character and attainments are to be estimated by those of his contemporaries, and not by other standards. Deeply read in mathematical science, he was certainly the best geographer of his time. I believe, with Castelar, that he was sincerely religious, but his sincerity did not prevent his indulging in dreams. He projected, as the eloquent Spanish orator says, the pur- chase of the holy places of Jerusalem, in the event of his finding seas of pearls, cities of gold, streets paved with sapphires, mountains of emeralds, and rivers of diamonds. How remote, and yet how marvelous, has been the realization! Two products of the southern continent which he touched and brought into the world's economy have proved of inestimable value to the race, far beyond what the im- agined wealth of the Indies could buy. The potato, brought by the Spaniards from what is now the Republic of *i .I'H 1 ' • i f*t \1 io8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1 1 I IV Ecuador, in the beginning of the century following the discovery, has proved, next to the principal cereals, to be the most valuable of all plants for human food. It has sensibly increased the wealth of nations and added immeasurably to the welfare of the people. More certain than other crops, and having little to fear from storm or drouth, it is hailed as an effectual barrier against the recurrence of famines. Nor was the other product of less importance to mankind. Peruvian bark comes from a tree of spontaneous growth in Peru, and many other parts of South America. It received its botanical name from the wife of a Spanish viceroy, liber- ated from an intermittent fever by its use. Its most important base, quinine, has come to be regarded, as nearly as may be, as a specific for that disease and also for the preservation of health in certain latitudes, so that no vessel would dare to ap- proach the east or west coast of Africa without a supply, and parts of our own kind would be made partially desolate by its disappearance. No words that I could use could magnify the blessings brought to mankind by these two individuals of the vegetable kingdom from the shores of the New World. Limited time for preparation does not permit me to speak authoritatively of the progress and proud position of our sister republics and of the Dominion of Canada to demonstrate the moral and material fruits of t»he great discovery. Con- cerning ourselves the statistics are familiar and constitute a marvel. One of the states recently admitted, the state of Montana, is larger than the empire of Turkey. We are near the beginning of another century, and if no serious change occurs in our present growth, in the year 1935, in the lifetime of many now in man- hood, the English-speaking republicans of America will number more than 180,000,000. And for them, John Bright in a burst of impassioned eloquence pre- dicts one people, one language, one law, and one faith; and all over the wide con- tinent, the home of freedom and a refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime. The transcendent feature in the character of Columbus was his faith. That sustained him in days of trial and darkness, and linally gave him the great dis- covery. Like him, let us have faith in our future. To insure that future, the fountains must be kept pure, public integrity must be preserved. While we rever- ence what Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel fought for, the union of peoples, we must secure above all else what Steuben and Kosciusko aiiled our fathers to establish — liberty regulated by law. If the time should ever come wnen men trifle with the public conscience, let me predict the patriotic action of the Republic in the language of Milton: " Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks; methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the full mid-day beam; purging and unsealing her long abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while the whole noise of timorous and flocking birds, with those also that love the twilight flutter about, amazed at what she means." HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 109 Ir. President, in the name of the; Government of the United States, I hereby these buildings and their appurtenances, intended by the Congress of the States for the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, to the world's pro- 1 art, in science, in agriculture and in manufactures. I dedicate them to humanity. God save the United States of America. :l s f^i' GROUP DIRRCTOKS WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. I. VicroK I-A\vs()N. 2. AsDitEW McNallv. ». Onii Y(H Nii. 4. C. L. HcTniiNsoN. 5. J. W. Scott. (1. Ceias. T. Ykheks. 7. G. H. WiiKKi.ER. 8. John C. Wem.ino. ii. Mark L. Crawfobix 10. ('. H. G. Billings. U. J. W. Ellswokth. HISTORY OV IHE WORLD'S FAIR. Ill CHAPTER VI. r R •i. 1 411 lU MRS. POTTER PALMER'S BRILLIANT ADDRESS. rhe Lil^r.ition of Women— They Now Have Time to Think, to be Educated, to Plan and Pursue Careers III llieir Own Choosing— The Application of Machinery to the Performance of Many Heretofore l.iborious Occupations of Women Relieves Them of Much Oppression— Public Sentiment will \c\ Favor Woman's Industrial Equality and Just Compensation for Services Rendered — She Now L)iinics Deeply of the Long-Denied Fountain of Knowledge— Is the World Ready to Give Her Industrial and Intellectual Independence, and to Open All Doors Before Her ? IRECTOR GENERAL UAVIS announced that Haydn's chorus, "The Heavens Are Telling," which nas No. 7 on the program, would be omitted, and then he introducetl Mrs. Potter Pahner, President of the Board of Lady Managers. Mrs. Palmer's appearance called forth enthusiastic applause. Handkerchiefs waved from all parts of the building, and from the chorus stand came the shrill voices of hundreds of school children, joining in the sound of greeting. Mrs. Palmer read the following address: Official representation for women, upon so important an occasion as the present, is unprecedented. It seems peculiarly appropriate that this honor should have been accorded our sex when celebrating the great deeds of Columbus, who, inspired though his vis- Ions may have been, yet required the aid of an Isabella to transform them into Ircalities. The visible evidences of the progress made since the discovery of this great tontinent will be collected si.x months hence in these stately buildings now to be ledicated. The magnificent material exhibit, the import of which will presently be eloquently described by our orators, will not, however, so vividly represent the rrcat advance of modern thought as does the fact that man's "silent partner" has Deen invited by the Government to leave her retirement to assist in conducting a ?reat national enterprise. The provision of the Act of Congress that the Board )f Lady Managers appoint a jury of her peers to pass judgment upon woman's jivork, adds to the significance of the innovation, for never before was it thought lecessary to apply this fundamental principle of justice to our sex. Realizing the seriousness of the responsibilities devolving upon it, and in- spired by a sense of the nol)ility of its mission, the Board has, from the time of its )rganization. attempted most thoroughly and most conscientiously to carry out the Intentions of Congress. I Si. li,* Ki i i.i 113 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S lAlR. It has been able to broaden the scope of its work and extend its infl lence through the co-operation and assistance so generously furnished by the Coktml)ian Commission and the Boartl of Directors of the Ivxposition. The latter took the I initiative in making an api)ropriation for the Woman's Building, ard in allowingl the Hoard to call attention to the recent work of women in new fields by seh ctinJ from their own sex the architect, decorators, sculptors anil painters to create botli| the building and its adornments. Rivaling the generosity of the Directors, the National Commission has I honored the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all of the intiirestJ of women in connection with the Exposition, as well as the entire control of the' Woman's Building. In order the more efficiently to perform the important functions assig!>ed it, the Board hastened to secure necessary co-operation. At its request vomen wnrel made members of the World's Fair Boards of almost every state and tcritwiynl the Union. Inspired by this success at home, it had the courage to ivtempt to ex| tend the benetits it had received to the women of other countries. It officially in- vited all foreign governments, which had decided to participate in the Exposition, to appoint committees of women, to co-operate with it. The active help given bj I the Department of State was invaluable in promoting this plan, the success of which has been notable, for we now have under the patronage of royalty, or the heads of government, committees comjiosed of the most influential, intellectual an(j| practical women in France, England, Germany, Austria, Russia, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Portugal, JaD.n, Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, Cuba, Mexico and Nicaragua, and although com- mittees have not yet been announced, favorable responses have been received froml Spain, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama and the Sandwich Islands. No organization comparable to this has ever before existed among women. I It is official, acting under government authority and sustained by government funds,] It is so far-reaching that it encircles the globe. Without touching upon politics, suffrage, or other irrelevant issues, this unique organization of women for women will devote itself to the promotion ol| their industrial interests. It will address itself to the formation of a public senti- ment which will favor woman's industrial equality, and he' ' ivi.g just compiin- sation for services rentlered. It will try insecure for he»* v.x«r' ' consit' .lioni and respect which it deserves, and establish her importai. .. a., an economic factor. To this end it will endeavor to obtain and install in these buildings exhibits sho\v-| ing the value of her contributions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well as statistics giving the proportionate amount of her work in every country. Of all the hanges that have resulted from the great ingenuity and inventive- ness of the ra:e,i.i >■ is none that equals in importance to woman the application oil machinery to the pt^i 'orriance of the never-ending tasks that have previously been hers. The removal irorn the household to the various factories where such work is now done of spinning, carding, dyeing, knitting, the weaving of textile fabrics, sew-l ing, the cutting and making of garments and many other laborious occupations has enai tori' to tl sitlti ■ II' the ii'to inniiiiH-r; have 'm'c uerc In SI 1 irvi>t. It i knowli'dg she was o mtMital sti of her l)r;i conv()luti( to coiiclus nated as u smiling fn ing us to a useful. Wh tion and h sue her se her indust human rai afford to a or unprod The forced to ( factitious, result of a We of detectii impercept reach the wiilen bef< doubt tha vibrate wi of that ha! imaginati^ As :-0 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. "3 eiia tori her to lift her eyes from the clrutlgery that has oppressed her since prchis- ,ivs. the 1 [he result is that women as a s( x' have been liberat»nl. They now have time to tl .'k, to be educated, to plan and pursue careers of their own < hoosiny;. Con- In value to the race of one-luitf of its members !/''inj{ enabled to throw aside tolerable bonda^'e of ij,Miorance that has always weighed them down! See the innuiinrable technical, professional, and art schools, academies and collejfes that liav< 'xen suddenly called into existence by th- unwonted de nand! It is only abou. I i, h ndred years since «irls were first pern\itted to attend the free schools of H . M They wen; then allowed to take the places of boys for whom the schools wen' instituted, during the season when the latter wen; helping to gather in tiie ; irvt. >t. It is not strange that woman is drinking deeply of the long-denied fou tain c knowledge. She had been told, until she almost believed it, \)y her physicK.n, that she w.is of too delicate and nervous an organization to endure the aijplication ai;4 mental strain of the schoolroom— by the scientist that the duality of the gray matter of her brain would not enable her to grasp the exact sciences, and that its peculiar convolutions made it impossible for her to follow a logical | roposition from premise to conclusion— by her anxious parents that there was nothii 4 that a man so abomi- nated as a learned woman, nothing so unlovely as a blue stocking, and yet she comes, smiling from her curriculum with her honors fresh upon her. nealthy and wise, forc- ing us to acknowledge that she is more than ever attractive, companionable, and useful. What is to be done with this strong, self-poised creature of glowing imagina- tion and high ideals, who evidently intends, as a natural and in lerent right, to pur- sue her self-development in her chosen line of work? Is the Aorld ready to give her industrial and intellectual independence, and to open all doors before her? The human race is not so rich in talent, genius and useful creativ* energy that it can afford to allow any considerable proportion of these valuable attributes to be wasted or uni)roductive, even though they be possessed by women. The sex which numbers more than one-half the populat! )n of the world is forced to enter .he keen competition of life with many disadvantaj. s, both real and factitious. Are the legitimate compensation and honors that sh uld come as the result of ability and merit to be denied on the untenable ground of sex aristocracy? We are told by scientists that the educated eye and ear of today are capable of detecting subtle harmonies and delicate gradations of sound and color that were imperceptible to our ancestors; that artists and musicians will cons-quently never reach the last possible combination of tones, or of tints, because heir fields will widen before them, disclosing, constantly, new beauties and attractions. W^e cannot doubt that human intelligence will gain as much by development; that it will vibrate wit,' new power because of the uplifting of one-half of its members — and of that half, which is. pc'rhaps, conceded to be the more moral, sympathetic, and imaginative — from darkness into light. As a result of the freedom and training now granted them, we may confi- t! i :;;li w, ] 114 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. (lently await, not a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect flower of woman- hood. After centuries of careful pruning into convential shapes, to meet the re- quirements of an artificial standard, the shears and props have been thrown away. We shall learn by watching the beauty and the vigor of the natural growth in the open air and sunshine, how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously cherished. Our efforts to frustrate nature will seem grotesque, for she may always be trusted to preserve her types. Our utmost hope is, that woman may become a more congenial companion and fit partner for her illustrious mate, whose destiny she has shared during the centuries. We are proud that the statesmen of our own great country have been the first to see beneath the surface and to understand that the old order of things has passed away, and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to express our thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made this great step forward, and also for having subsequently approved and indorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifestetl by their liberal appropriation fur carrying them out. We most heartily appreciate the assistance given us by the President of the United States, the Department of State, and our foreign ministers. We hope tc have occasion to thank all of the other great departments of the government before we finish our work. Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered together to celebrate, is the fact that the general government has just discovered woman. It has sent out a flash-light from its heights, so inaccessible to us, which we shall answer by a return signal when the Exposition is opened. What will be its next message to us? f f wonian- et the re- wn away. /th in the ireviously ay always Decome a ;e (lestinv been the hings has o express this frrcat e plans of riation fur ent of the e hope to ent before e gathered [iiscovered us, which at will he m. i 11 r 11 i "' - I i 3S ■):: f! Pll ■■ n ^^- 3"^ ■•■■ ^1*1^ tiy iy ^i # Bi Il!^,fl LURD SALSBURY'S BANQUET HALL, HATFIELD HOUSE, ENGLAND. MANUFACTURES BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. "5 CHAPTER VII. THE DEDICATORY ORATION. yaeniticent Effort of Henry Watterson— Grand and Patriotic Throughout— The Earnest Kentuckian Touches BrillianUy Upon Many of the Salient Points from 1492 to the Present Day— From the Hillside of Santa Rabida to the Present Hour of Celebration— No Geography in American Manhood— No Sections to American Fraternity— The Rise of the Young Republic— The Drum Taps of the Revolution— The Tramp of the Minute Men— The Curse of Slavery Gone— The Mirage of Separation Vanished— A Great and Undivided Country. ITH darkness settling fast, the dedication service had only reached its main event, the Dedicatory Oration^ by Henry Watterson. This effort had been prepared at almost a moment's call, on the declination of Mr. Breckinridge. In its delivery, too, the great journal- ist exhibited that strong good sense which, together with his genius, has ensconsed him so securely in the hearts of Americans. No orator was ever given a more hearty reception than was accorded Henry Wat- terson when he was introduced by Director-General Davis. And Mr. Watterson entered into the spirit of the occasion, delivering his address in his own: peculiarly effective style. Just before he concluded, a ray of sunlight entered one of the western windows^ and falling upon his gray locks seemed to crown him. The great Kentuckian accepted the gift, and throwing his face into the [strong light delivered his final sentiment so as to impress each individual of that i throng. His speech was as follows: Among the wonders of creative and constructive genius in the course of pre- Iparation for this festival of the nations, whose formal and official inauguration has brought us together, will presently be witnessed upon the margin of the inter- ocean which gives to this noble and beautiful city the character and rank of a mari- time metropolis, a spectatorium, wherein the Columbian epic will be told with realistic effects surpassing the most splendid and impressive achievements of the modern stage. No one who has had the good fortune to see the models of this extra- ordinary work of art can have failed to be moved by the union which it embodies, j of the antique in history and the current in life and thought, as, beginning with the I weird mendicant fainting upon the hillside of Santa Rabida it traces the strange [adventures of the Genoese seer from the royal camp of Santa Fe to the sunny [coasts of the Isles of Inde; through the weary watches of the endless night, whose 8 % »! ! f %\m » t ii6 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. h sentinel stars seemed set to mock but not to guide; through the tracklessand shore- less wastes of the mystic sea. spread day by day to bear upon every rise and fall of its heaving bosom the death of fair, fond hopes, the birth of fantastic fears; the peerless and thrilling revelation, and all that has followed to the very moment that beholds us here; citizens, freemen, equal shareholders in the miracle of American civilization and development. Is there one among us who does not thank his Maker that he has lived to join in this universal celebration, this jubilee of mankind? I am appalled when I reflect upon the portent and meaning of the proclama- tion which has been delivered in our presence. The painter employed by the kings command to render to the eye some particular exploit of the people, or the throne, knows in advance precisely what he has to do; there is a limit set upon his purpose; his canvas is measured; his colors are blended, and, with the steady and sure hand of the master, he proceeds, touch upon touch, to body forth the forms of things known and visible. Who shall measure the canvas or blend the colors that are to the mind's eye of the present the scenes of the past in American glory? Who shall dare attempt to summon the dead to life, and out of the tomb of the ages recall the tones of the martyrs and heroes whose voices, though silent forever, still speak to us in all that we are as a nation, in all that we do as men and women? We look before and after, and we see through the half-drawn folds of Time as through the solemn archways of some grand cathedral the long procession pass, as silent and as real as a dream; the caravels, tossing upon Atlantic billows, have their sails refilled from the east and bear away to the west; the land is reached, and fulfilled is the vision whose actualities are to be gathered by other hands than his who planned the voyage and steered the bark of discovery; the long sought, golden day has come to Spain at last, and Castilian conquests tread one upon another fast enough to pile up perpetual power and riches. But even as simple justice was denied ('olumbus was lasting tenture denied the Spaniard. We look again and we see in the far northeast the Old World struggle be- tween the French and English transferred to the New, ending in the tragedy upon the heights above Quebec; we see the sturdy Puritans in bell-crowned hats and sable garments assail in unequal battle the savage and the elements, overcoming both to rise against a mightier foe; we see the gay but dauntless cavaliers, to the southward, join hands with the Roundheatls in holy rebellion. And, lo, down from the green-walled hills of New England, out of the swamps of the Carolinas, came faintly to the ear like far-away forest leaves stirred to music by autumn winds, the drum-taps of the Revolution; the tramp of the minute-men, Israel Putnam riding before; the hoof-beats of Sumter's horse galloping to the front; the thunder of Stark's guns in spirit-battle; the gleam of Marion's watch-fires in ghostly bivouac; and there, there in serried, saint-like ranks on fame's eternal camping-ground stand — " The old Continentals, In their ragged regimentals, Yielding not," HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. "7 as amid the singing of angels in heaven, the scene is shut out from our mortal vision by pr.uul and happy tears. We see the rise of the young republic; and the gentlemen in knee-breeches and ! ')\vdered wigs who signed the Declaration and the gentlemen in knee-breeches ami powdered wigs who made the Constitution. We see the little Nation menaced from without. We see the riflemen in hunting-shirt and buckskin swarm from the cabiii ill the wilderness to the rescue of country and home; and our hearts swell to asctoiid and final decree of independence won by the powers and valor of Ameri- can .inns upon the land and sea. And then, and then — since there is no life of nations or of men without its shadow and its sorrow — there comes a day when the spirits of the fathers no longer walk upon the battlements of freedom; and all is dark; and all seems lost save libcrt\- and honor, and, praise God, our blessed Union. With these surviving, who shall nuirvel at what we see to-day; this land filled with the treasures of earth; this city, snatched from the ashes, to rise in splendor and renown passing the mind to preconceive. Truly, out of trial comes the strength of man, out of disaster comes the glory of the State! We are met this day to honor the memory of Christopher Columbus, to cele- brate the four-hundredth annual return of the year of his transcendent achievement, and with fitting rites, to dedicate to America and the universe a concrete exposition of the world's progress between 1492 and 1S92. No twenty centuries can be com- pared with those four centuries, either in importance or in interest, as no previous ceremonial can be compared with this in its wide significance and reach; because, since the advent of the Son of God, no event has had so great an influence upon human affairs as the discovery of the western hemisphere. E-^ch of the centuries that have intervened marks many revolutions. The merest catalogue would crowd a thousand pages. The story of the least of the nations would fill a volume. In what I have to say upon this occasion, therefore, I shall confine myself to our own; and, in speaking of the United States of America, I propose rather to dwell upon our character as a people, and our reciprocal obligations and duties as an aggrega- tion of communities, held together by a fixed constitution, and charged with the custody of a union upon whose preservation ?nd perpetuation in its original spirit and purpose the future of free popular government depends, than to enter into a dissertation upon abstract principles, or to undertake an historic essay. We are a plain, practical people. We are a race of inventors and workers, not of poets and artists. We have led the world's movement, not its thought. Our deeds are to be found not upon frescoed walls, or in ample libraries, but in the machine shop, where the spindles sing and the looms thunder; on the open plain, where the steam plow, the reaper and the mower contend with one another in friendly war against the obduracies of nature; in the magic of electricity as it penetrates the darkest caverns with its irresistible power and light. Let us consider ourselves and our conditions, i as far as we are able, with a candor untinged by cynicism and a confidence having no air of assurance. .(■a* i:l! Ii8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Itfp >: 1 11 nl A better oportunity could not be desired for a study of our peculiarities than is furnished by the present moment. We are in the midst of the quadrennial period established for the selection of a Chief Magistrate. Each citizen has his right of choice, each has his right to vote and to have his vote freely cast and fairly counted. Whenever this right is assailed for any cause wrong is done and evil must follow, first to the whole country, which has an interest in all its parts, but most to the community immediately in- volved, which must actually drink of the cup that has contained the poison and can- not escape its infection. The abridgement of the right of suffrage, however, is very nearly propor- tioned to the ignorance or indifference of the parties concerned in it, and there is good reason to hope that with the expanding intelligence of the masses and the growing enlightenment of the times, this particular form of corruption in elections will be reduced below the danger line. To that end, as to all other good ends, the moderation of public sentiment must ever be our chief reliance, for when men are forced by the general desire for truth, and the light which our modern vehicles of information thrown upon truth, to discuss public questions for truth's sake, when it becomes the plain interest of public men, as it is their plain duty, to do this, and when, above all, friends and neighbors cease to love one another less because of individual differences of opinion about public affairs, the struggle for unfair advantage will be relegated to those who have either no character to lose or none to seek. It is admitted on all sides that the current Presidential campaign is freer from excitement and t miult than was ever known before, and it is argued from this circumstance that we are traversing the epoch of the commonplace. If this be so, thank God for it! We have had full enough of the dramatic and sensational and need a season of mediocrity and repose. But may we not ascribe the rational way in which the people are going about their business to larger knowledge and experi- ence, and a fairer spirit than have hitherto marked our party contentions? Parties are as essential to free government as oxygen to the atmosphere, or sunshine to vegetation. And party spirit is inseparable from party organism. To the extent that it is tempered by good sense and good feeling, by love of country and integrity of purpose, it is a supreme virtue; and there should be no gag short of a decent regard for the sensibilities of others put upon its freedom and plainness of utterance. Otherwise the limpid pool of democracy would stagnate, and we would have a republic only in name. But we should never cease to be admonished by the warning words of the Father of his Country against the excess of party spirit, reenforced as they are by the experience of half a century of party warfare; happily culminating in the complete triumph of American principles, but brought many times dangerously near to the annihilation of all that was great and noble in the national life. Sursum Corda. We have in our own time seen the Republic survive an irre- pressible conflict sown in the blood and marrow of the social order. We have seen the Federal Union, not too strongly put together in the first place, come out of a HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 119 jric.it war of sections stronger than when it went into it, its faith renewed, its credit rehabilitated, and its flag saluted with love and homage by 60,000,000 of God-fearing nun and women, thoroughly reconciled and homogeneous. We have seen the Itdtral Constitution outlast the strain, not merely of a reconstructory ordeal and a presidential impeachment, but a disputed count of the electoral vote, a congres- sicinal deadlock, and an extra constitutional tribunal, yet standing firm against the assaults of its enemies, whilst yielding itself with admirable flexibility to the needs of the country and the time. And finally we saw the gigantic fabric of the Federal Government transferred from hands that had held it a quarter of a century to other hands without a protest, although so close was the poll in the final count that a sin^de blanket might have covered both contestants for the chief magisterial office. With such a record behind us, who shall be afraid of the future? The young manhood of the country may take this lesson from those of us who lived through times that did indeed try men's souls — when, pressed down from day to day by awful responsibilities and suspense, each night brought a terror with every thought of the morrow, and, when look where we would, there were light and hope nowhere — that God reigns and wills, and that this fair land is and has always been in his own keeping. The curse of slavery is gone. It was a joint heritage of woe to be wiped out and expiated in blood and flame. The mirage of the Confederacy has vanished. It was essentially bucolic, a vision of Arcadia, the dream of a most attractive econ- omic fallacy. The Constitution is no longer a rope of sand. The exact relations of the states to the F"ederal Government, left open to doul)le construction by the au- thors of our organic being because they could not agree among themselves and union was the paramount object, has been clearly antl definitely fixed by the last three amendments to the original chart, which constitute the real treaty of peace between the North and South, and seal our bonds as a nation forever. Fhe Republic representsat last the letter and the spirit of the sulilime declara- tion. The fetters that bound her to the earth are burst asunder. The rags that (ie^n'aded her beauty are cast aside. Like the encS.anted princess in the legend, clad in spotless raiment and wearing a crown of living light, she steps in the perfec- tion of her maturity upon the scene of this, the latest ami proudest of her victories, to bid a w^elcome to the world! N(!ed I pursue the theme? This vast assemblage speaks with a resonance and meaning which words can never reach. It speaks from the fields that are l)lessed by the never-failing waters of the Kennebec and from the farms that sprinkle the \'alleyofthe Connecticut with mimic principalities more potent and lasting than the real; it speaks in the whirr of the mills of Penns\lvania and in the ring of the wood-cutter's axe from the forests of the lake peninsulas; it speaks from the great plantations of the South and West, teeming with staples that insure us wealth and p(t\v(tr and stability; yea, and from th(^ mines, forests and quarries of Michigan and Wisconsin, of Alabama and Georgia, of Tennessci; and Kentucky, far away to the rc^nons of silver and gold, that have linked the Colorado and Rio Grande in close embrace, and annihilated time and space between the Atlantic and Pacific; it speaks >M t m-i ''M\ -^1 V->>' ,, 120 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. in one word from the hearthstone in Iowa and Illinois, from the home in Mississippi and Arkansas, from the hearts of 70,000,000 of fearless, free-born men and women, and that one word is " Union!" There is no geography in American manhood. There are no sections to American fraternity. It needs but six weeks to change a Vermonter into a Texan, and there has been a time when upon the battlefield, or the frontier, Puritan and Cavalier were not convertible terms, having in the beginning a common origin, and so diffused and diluted on American soil as no longer to possess a local habitation. or a nativity, except in the national unit. The men who planted the signals of American civilization upon that sacred rock by Plymouth Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men who struck the coast a little lower down, calling their haven of rest after the great republican commoner, and founding by Hampton Roads a race of heroes and statesmen, the mention of whose names brings a thrill to every heart, The South claims Lincoln, the immor- tal, for its own; the North has no right to reject Stonewall Jackson, the one typical Puritan soldier of the war, for its own! Nor will it! The time is coming, is almost here, when hanging above many a mantel-board in fair New England^^glorifying many a cottage in the Sunny South — shall be seen bound together, in everlasting love and honor, two cross-swords carried to battle respectively by the grandfather who wore the blue and the granfather who wore the gray. I cannot trust myself to proceed. We have come here not so much to recall bygone sorrows and glories as to bask in the sunshine of present prosperity and happiness, to interchange patriotic greetings and indulge good auguries, and, above all, to meet upon the threshold the stranger within our gate, not as a foreigner, but as a guest and friend, for whom nothing that we have is too good. From wheresoever he cometh we welcome him with all our hearts; the son of the Rhone and the Garonne, our godmother, France, to whom we owe so much, he shall be our Lafayette; the son of the Rhine and the Mozelle, he shall be our Goethe and Wagner; the son of the Campagna and the Vesuvian Bay, he shall be our Michael Angelo and our Garibaldi; the son of Arragon and the Indies, he shall be our Christopher Columbus, fitly honored at last throughout the world. Our good cousin of England needs no words of special civility and courtesy from us. For him the latchstring is ever on the outer side; though, whether It be or not, we are sure that he will enter and make himself at home. A common lan- guage enables us to do full justice to one another at the festive board or in the arena of debate, warning both of us in equal tones against further parley on the field of arms. All nations and all creeds be welcome here; from the Bosphorous and the Black sea, the Viennese woods and the Danubian plains; from Holland dike to Alpine crag; from Belgrade and Calcutta and round to China seas and the busy marts of Japan, the isles of the Pacific and the far-away capes of Africa — Armenian. Christian, and Jew — the American, loving no country except his own, but lovin;,' all mankind as his brother, bids you partake with us of these fruits of 400 years of Ani' '!'^( Anv ic; up t!i 1; \ lo^f -' Ik may )e arm> ot elvc- sc; enou .^h embl cm See HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 121 Ani' i'an civilization and development and behold these trophies of icxd years of Ami ican independence and freedom! At this moment in every part of the American Union the children are taking up t'l; wondrous tale of the discovery, and from Boston to Galveston, from the little loif -I hoolhouse in the wilderness to the towering academy in the city and the town, nia\ '>e witnessed the unprecedented spectacle of a powerful nation captured by an army of Lilliputians, of embryo men and women, of topling boys and girls, and tiny ehc:- scarce big enough to lisp the numbers of the national anthem; scarce strong en(ui;,'h to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and autumn wood an emblematic garden to gladden the sight and to glorify the red, white and blue. See " Our young barbarians all at play," for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They, indeed, are our crown jewels: the truest, though the inevitable, offspring of our civilzation and develop- ment; the representatives of a manhood vitalized and invigorated by toil and care, of a womanhood elevated and inspired by liberty and education. God bless the children and their mothers! God bless our country's flag! And God be with us now and ever, God in the roof-tree's shade and God on the highway, God in the winds and waves, and God in all our hearts! 'Ji;'^ ''i.M\ I ii ( CHAlJNCIiV .M. DEPfW. I All Or:i'ioii I he the Fiiriii Magi( Whei and I the E I He said: This lit coniiiicini CflL'l)ratc t countless cc ^ary was he first, Cohmi no |)lacc foi lAnrit'iit hisi |<'f material Roman rm\ {and intellec apse which [factor in the M\ HISTORY OV THE WORLUii I-AIR. CHAPTER VIII. THE GLOWING TRIBUTE OF CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. Iaii Oiii'iiHiSoBrillant As To Hold Every Listener Spell-Bound — Columbus, the Discoverer, Washington, ilu' Founder, Lincoln, the Savior — God Always Has in Training Some Commanding Genius for the Control of Great Crises in the Artairs of Nations and People — Neither Realism nor Romance Furnishes a More Striking and Picturesque Picture than that of Christopher Columbus— The Magician of the Compass Belonged to that High Order of " Cranks " who Contidently Walk Where "Angels Fear to Tread "—Continents Are His Monuments— Prayer by Cardinal Gibbons and Benediction by Rev. H. C. McCosh, of Philadelphia— Grand Display of Fireworks Closed the Dedication Festivities. FTER Mr. Watterson had concluded and the applause had died away, Director-General Davis stepped forward and said: "The chorus will now sing 'The Star Spangled Ban- ner,' and everybody is invited to join in the chorus." The audience rose and as the strains of the grand old anthem floated out over the immense assemblage they lent the in- spiration and the music of their voices to the great volume of harmony. Chauncey Depew had been on his feet during the singing of the anthem, and at its conclusion stepped quickly to the front and launched into his address. He was forced to halt, however, as his voice was drowned by the cheers of the ( / audience. For nearly hve minutes the gifted orator stood awaiting the /vf applause to die out. Finally he was allowed to proceed, but was inter- rupted at frequent intervals by bursts of enthusiasm from his hearers. '■■ \ 1 -aid This clay belongs not to America, but to the world. The results of the event ^luoninicinurates are the heritage of the peoples of every race and clime. We lick'hrate the emancipation of man. The preparation was the work of almost uountlcss centuries, the realization was the revelation of one. The Cross on Cal- vary was hope; the cross raised on San SaKador was opportunity. But for the irst. Columbus woi.ld never have sailed; but for the second, there would have been [no place for the planting, the nurture and the expansion of civil and religious liberty. Ancient history is a dreary record of unstable civilizations. Each reached its zenith lot material splendor and ]K'rishe(l. The Assyrian, Persian, Egyptian, Grecian and KtMuan emp'res were jiroofs of the possibilities and limitations of man for conquest land intellectual development. Their destruction involved a sum of misery and re- Ilapse which made their creation rather a curse than a blessing. Force was the Ifactor in the government of the world when Christ v.as born, and force was the i 1 1 124 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. sole source ami exercise of authority, botli by church and state when Cohunbujl sailed from I'alos. The wise men traveled from the ICast toward the West unilwl the jjuidance of the Star of liethlehem. The spirit of the equality of all men liefore God and the law moved westward from Calvary with its revolutionary inlluencc upon old institutions, to the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus carrit'd it westward across the seas. The immiji[rants from I'lii'^land, Ireland, .Scotland and Wales, from Ger- many- and Holland, from Sweden and Deiunark, from b" ranee and Italy, have, under its jruidance and inspiration, moved west and a^ain west, building states and found! in^ cities until the Pacific limited their march. The exhibition of arts and sciences of industries and in\ entions, of education and civilization, which the Republic oil the United States will here ])resent, and to which, tbrcniyh its Chief Magistrate, it invites all nations, condenses and disi)lays the flower and fruitajjfe of this trans-[ cendent miracle. The anarchy and chaos which followed the breaking up of the Roman emi pire necessarily produced the feudal system. The people jjreferrin^ slavery tol annihilation by robber chiefs, became the vassals of territorial lords. The reiynotj physical force is one of perpetual stru^^le for the mastery. Power which rests uponl the sword neither shares nor limits its authority. The king destroyed the lords, and the monarchy succeeded feudalism. Neither of these institutions considtreJ or consulted the people. They had no part, but to suffer or die in this niijrht)! strife of masters for the mastery. Hut the throne, by its broader view and greatfrl resources, made possible the construction of the highways of freedom. Under its! banner race, could unite, and petty principalities be merged, law substituted fori brute force, and right for might. It founded and endowed universities, and encoiir[ aged commerce. It conceded no political privileges, but unconsciously prepared its| subjects to demand them. Absolutism in the state, and bigoted intolerance in the church, shacklcdl popular unrest, anti imprisoned thought and enterprise in the fifteenth centur)J The divine right of kings stamped out the faintest glimmer of revolt againsti tyranny; and the problems of science, whether of the skies or of the earth, whetherj of astronomy or geography, were solved or submerged by ecclesiastical d(;crees.[ The dungeon was ready for the philosopher who i)roclaimed the truths of the solar| system, or the navigator who would prove the sphericity of the earth. An Fngiisli Gladstone, or a b'rench Gambetta, or a (ierman Bismarck, or an Italian Ciaribaldi.1 or a Spanish Castelar, would have been thought monsters, and their deaths at the! stake, or on the scaffold, and under the anathemas of the Church, would have re-[ ceived the praise and apijroval of kings and nobles, of priests and peoples. Reason! had no seat in spiritual or temi)oral realms. Punishment was the incentive to) patriotism, and piety was held possible by torture. Confessions of faith ex{ torted from the writhing victim on the rack, were believed efficacious in savingl his soul from fires eternal beyond the grave. For all that humanity to-day cherishes! as its best heritage and choicest gifts, there was neither thought nor hope. Fifty years before Columbus sailed from Palos, Gutenberg and Fau^t hadl forged the hammer which was to break the bonds of superstition, and open tkl ^i HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 125 pri>i : loors of the mind. They hiul invt'iitcd the printin;j; press and movable types. '1 lu , ii)r adoption of a cheap [)rocess for the manufacture of paper, at once utdized the I 'I ■>''■ Its first service, like all its succeeding efforts, was for the people. The uiiiv ' '•i*^'*' •i'''^' ' '"^' *''^"'^<'^*l'i^''"' t'l'- l"''^''l*'K<'d and learned few of that aj^e. were loni.-;:i- for the revelation and preservation of the classic treasures of antiquity, hidih ■:. and yet insecurt; in monastic cells and libraries. Hut the lirstborn of the niar\iii'iis creation of these primitive printers of Mayence was the i)rinted Bible. The I'll' '1^'^^ contributions of Greece and Rome to the intellectual training and idcv( Icpmenr of the modern world came afterward, through the same wondrous niacliim:. The force, however, which made possible Anu-rica, and its retlex intlu- ieiu'c upon luirojje, was the open Hible by the family fireside. And yet neither the lenliiiliiiument of the new learning, nor the dynamic power of the spiritual awaken- in^f, could break through the crust of caste which had been forming for centuries. [Chunh and state had so lirmly and dexterously interwoven the bars of i)rivilege I and authority that liberty was impossible from within. Its piercing light and fervent [heat must penetrate from without. Civil and religious freedom are founded upon the individual and his inde- Ipendcnce, his worth, his rights and his equal status and opportunity. F'or his [planting and developement. a new land must be fountl, where, with limitlessareas for expansion, the avenues of progress would have no bars of custom or heredity, of social orders, or i)rivileged classes. The time had come for the emancipation of the mind and soul of humanity. The factors wanting for its fulfillment were the new I world and its discoverer. (iod always has in training some commanding genius for the control of great [crises in the affairs of nations and peojiles. The number of these leaders are less than the centuries, but their lives are the history of human progress. Though Ca'sar and Charlemagne, and Hildebrand, and Luther, and William the Conqueror, and Oliver Cromwell, and all the epoch makers prepared luirope for the event, and contriinitcd to the result, the lights which illumine our firmament to-day are Colum- jbusthe discoverer, Washington the founder, and Lincoln the savior. Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and picturesque Ifigiire than that of Christopher Columbus. The mystery about his origin heightens the charm of his story. That he came from among the toilers of his time is in har- imony with the struggles of our period, b'orty-four authentic portraits of him have descended to us, and no two of them are the counterfeits of the same person. Each represents a character as distinct as its canvas. Strength and weakness, intel- Iectualit\an(l stupidity, high moral puri)ose and brutal ferocity, purity and licentious- ness, the dreamer and the miser, the pirate and the puritan, are the tyi)es from which we may select our hero. We dismiss the painter, and jMcrcing with the clari- fied vision of the dawn of the twentieth century the veil of four hundred years, we Iconstruct our Columbus. llic i)erils of the sea in his youth upon the rich argosies of Genoa, or in the [service of the licensed rovers who made them their prey, had developed a skillful [navigator and intrepid mariner. They had given him a glimpse of the possibilities rS' i\.^i' 'S i4i *■:] m :H i i BISHOP FOWLER. SECRETARY OF CEREMONIES CULP. EX-MAYOR WASHBURNE. HENRY WATTEKSON. I MISS HARRIET MONROE. (U-.N. MILE";. of the i.nk thirst l'>>r c plorers. an 'ward the f tixed a fa words, "ill voluiiK' of ilhistratfd fultillnicnt : known dre rhurch. who was s( Unaided ai ilividing th for you ne\ the Adniir the New W years of dis of the enli^t^ he stood bf in his rags, (irenada, tl the admiral his grasp ti- the iMosleir hind indicai suppliant al , and the sco was CO mini carry "Chri above the d was proof a of the cierg upon that u with demon possibility c of theCid : of Cranks v henefactors it wa iliat the on invincible q aliella alone i M HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 127 II of the iiiiknown, beyond the highways of travel, which roused an unquenchable thirst i'l- adventure and research. The study of the narratives of previous ex- plorers, and diligent questionings of the daring spirits who have ventured far to- ward the fabled West, gradually evolved a theo^-y, which became in his mind so tixed a fact, that he could inspire others with his own passionate beliefs. The words, "that is a lie," wTitten by him on the margin of nearly every page of a vohime of the travels of Marco Polo, which is still to be found in a Genoese library, ilhistratt'd the scepticism of his beginning, and the first vision of the new world the tulhlliiieiit of his faith. To secure the means to test the truth of his speculations, this poor and un- known dreamer must win the support of kings and overcome the hostility of the I hurch. He never doubted his ability to do both, though he knew of no man living who was so great in power, or lineage, or learning that he could accomplish either. Unaided and alone he succeeded in arousing the jealousies of the sovereigns and dividing the councils of the ecclesiastics. "1 will command your fleet and discover for you new realms, but only on condition that you confer on me hereditary nobility, the Admiralty of the Ocean, and the vice-royalty and one-tenth the revenues of the New World," were his haughty terms to King John of Portugal. After ten years of disappointment and poverty, subsisting most of the time upon the charity of the enlightened monk of the Convent of Rabida, who was his unfaltering friend, he stood before the throne of Ferdinand and Isabella, and rising to imperial dignity in his rags, embodied the same royal conditions in his petition. The capture of Grenada, the expulsion of islam from Europe and the triumph of the Cross aroused the admiration and devotion of Christendom. But this proud beggar, holding in his grasp the potential promise and dominion of Eldorado and Cathay, divided with the Moslem surrender the attention of sovereigns and bishops. France and Eng- land indicated a desire to hear his theories and see his maps, while he was still a suppliant at the gates of the camp of Castile and Aragon, the sport of its courtiers and the scoff of its confessors. His unshakable faith that Christopher Columbus was commissioned from Heaven, both by his name and by Divine command, to carry "Christ across the sea" to new continents and pagan peoples, lifted him so far above the discouragements of an empty purse and a contemptuous court that he was proof against the rebuffs of fortune or of friends. To conquer the prejudices of the clergy, to win the apj^-oval and financial support of the state, to venture upon that unknown ocean, which, according to the beliefs of the age was peopled with demons and savage beasts of frightful shape, and from which there was no possibility of return, required the zeal of Peter the Hermit, the Chivalric courage of the Cid and the imagination of Dante. Columbus belonged to that high order of Cranks who confidently walk where "angels fear to tread," and often become the benefactors of their country, or their kind. It was a happy omen of the position which woman was to hold in America, that the only person who comprehended the majestic scope of his plans, and the inviiuihle qualities of his genius, was the able antl gracious Queen of Castile. Is- abella alone of all the dignitaries of that age, shares with Columbus the honors of 'li'A ^^ ky I'-V' V,<: i'!.' V « *t t l« I i 128 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. his great achievement. She arrayed her kingdom and her private fortune behind I the enthusiasm of this mystic mariner, and posterity pays homage to her wisdom I and faith. The overthrow of the Mahommedan power in Spain would have been a for. gotten scene, in one of the innumerable acts in the grand drama of history, had I not Isabella conferred immortality upon herself, her husband and her dual crown] by her recognition of Columbus. The devout spirit of the Queen, and the hicfh purpose of the explorer inspired the voyage, subdued the mutinous crew, and pre- 1 vailed over the raging storms. They covered with the divine radiance of reliirjon and humanity, the degrading search for gold and the horrors of its quest, which filled the first century of conquest with every form of lust and greed. The mighty soul of the great Admiral was undaunted by the ingratitutle o[ | Princes, and the hostility of the people, by imprisonment and neglect. He died as he was securing the means, and preparing a campaign for the rescue of the Holv Sepulchre at Jerusalem from the infidel. He did not know what time has revealed, that while the misson of the crusades, of Godfrey of Bouillon and Richard of the I Lion Heart, was a bloody and fruitless romance, the discovery of America was the | salvation of the world. The one was the symbol, the other the spirit; the one death, the other life. Tne tomb of the Savior was a narrow and empty vault, precious I only for its memories of the supreme tragedy of the centuries, but the new conti- 1 nent was to be the home and temple of the living God. The rulers of the Old World began with partitioning the new. To them the discovery was expansion of empire and grandeur to the throne. Vast territories, whose properties and possibilities were little understood, and whose extent was greater than the kingdoms of the sovereigns, were the gifts to court favorites, and the prizes of royal approval. But individual intelligence and independent con- science found here haven and refuge. They were the passengers upon the cara- vels of Columbus, and he was unconsciously making for the port of civil and reliirjous liberty. Thinkers, who believed men capable of higher destinies and larger respon- sibilities, and pious people who preferred the Bible to that union of church and state where each serves the other for the temporal benefit of both, ficd to these distant and hospitable lands from intolerable and hopeless oppression at home. It required three hundred years, for the people thus happily situated, to understand their own powers and resources, and to break bonds which were still reverenced, or loved no matter how deeply they wounded, or how hard they galled. The nations of Europe were so completely absorbed in dynastic difficulties, and devastating wars, with diplomacy and ambitions, that they neither heeded nor heard of the growing democratic spirit, and intelligence in their American colonies. To them, these colonies were sources of revenue, and they never dreamed that they were also schools of liberty. That it exhausted three centuries under the mo>t favorable conditions for the evolution of freedom on this continent, demonstrates the tremendous strength of custom and heredity when sanctioned and sanctilled by religion. The very chains which fettered became inextricably interwovi'ii with the habits of life, the associations of childhood, the tenderest ties of the famih , ;ind HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 129 Ug sat (1 offices of the Church from the cradle to the grave. It clearly proves hat it ''• people of the Old World and their descendants had not possessed the wortii lies afforded by the New for their emancipation, and mankind had never xpciii iced and learned the American example, instead of living in the light and orv I i nineteenth century conditions, they would still be struggling with mediaeval ! iie northern continent was divided between England, France and Spain, iiKi tilt southern between Spain and Portugal. France wanting the capacity for colonization, which still characterizes her, gave up her western possessions and left the EiiLili^h, who have the genius of universal empire, masters of North America. ^he (Ifvclopment of the experiment in the English makes this day memorable. It lis due 10 the wisdom and courage, the faith and virtue of the inhabitants of this territory that government of the people, for the people and by the people was in- 3U<^urated, and has become a triumphant success. The Puritan settled in New [Englant.! and the Cavalier in the South. They represent the opposites of spiritual land temporal life and opinions. The process of liberty liberalized the one and ele- Ivated the other. Washington and Adanis were the new types. There union in a Icommon cause gave the world a Republic both stable and free. It possessed con- Iservatisin without bigotry, and liberty without license. It founded institutions [strong enough to resist revolution, and elastic enough for indefinite extension to jmect the requirements in government of ever enlarging areas of population, and [the needs of progress and growth. The Mayfiower with the Pilgrims, and a Dutch ship laden with African [slaves, were on the ocean at the same time, the one sailing for Massachusetts, and [the other for Virginia. This company of saints, and first cargo of slaves, repre- isented the forces which were to peril and rescue free government. The slaver was [the product of commercial spirit of Great Britain, and the greed of the times to [stimulate production in the colonies. The men who wrote in the cabin of the May- [ilower the first charter of freedom, a government of just and equal laws, were a [little band of protestants against every form of injustice and tyranny. The leaven lof their principles matle possible the Declaration of Independence, liberated the [slaves, and founded the free commonwealths which form the Republic ot the jUnited States. Platforms of principles, by petition, or protest, or statement, have been as [frequent as revolts against established authority. They are part of the political [literature of all nations. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed at Phila- [delphia, July 4, 1776, is the only one of them which arrested the attention of the 'world when it was publishetl, and has held its undivided interest ever since. The [vocabulary of the equality of man had been in familiar use by philosophers and jstatesinen for ages. It expressed noble sentiments, but their application was lim- lited to classes or conditions. The masses care little for them nor remembered them jlong. Jefferson's superb crystallization of the popular opinion, " all men are created joqual, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that lamong these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," had its force and effect 7 ?!! IJi '1 1 m i;o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. of being the deliberate utterance of the people. It swept away in a single sentence kings and nobles, poets and prelates. It was Magna Charta, and the Petition of Rights planted in the virgin soil of the American wilderness, and bearing richer and riper fruit. Under its vitalizing influence upon the individual, the farmer left his plow in the furrow, the lawyer his bench, to enlist in the patriotic army. They were fighting for themselves and their children. They embodied the idea in their | constitution, in the imniortal words with which that great instrument of liberty and order began: " We, the people of the United States, do ordain." The scope and limitations of this idea of freedom have neither been misin- terpreted nor misunderstood. The laws of nature in their application to the rise and recognition of men according to their mental, moral, spiritual and physical en- dowments are left undisturbed. But the accident of birth gives no rank and con- fers no privilege. Equal rights and common opportunity for all have been the spurs of ambition, and the motors of progress. They have established the common schools, and built the public libraries. A sovereign people have learned and -en- forced the lesson of free education. The practice of government is itself a liberal education. People who make their own laws need no law-givers. After a century of successful trial, the system has passed the period of experiment, and its dem- onstrated permanency and power are revolutionizing the governments of the world, It has raised the largest armies of modern times for self preservation, and at the | successful termination of the war returned the soldiers to the pursuits of peace. It has so adjusted itself to the pride and patriotism of the defeated, that they vie with the victors in their support and enthusiasm for the old flag and our common coun- try. Imported anarchists have preached their baleful doctrines, but have made no converts. They have tried to inaugurate a reign of terror under the banner of the violent seizure and distribution of property, only to be defeated, imprisoned anil exe- cuted by the law made by the people and enforced by juries selected from the people, and judges and prosecuting officers elected by the people. Socialism finds disciples only among those who were its votaries before they were forced to fly from their native land, but it does not take root upon American soil. The State neither I supports nor permits taxation to maintam the Church. The citizen can worship | God according to his belief and conscience, or he may neither reverence nor rec- ognize the Almighty. And yet religion has flourished, churches abound, the min- istry is sustained, and millions of dollars are contributed annually for the evan- gelization of the world. The United States is a Christian country a living and practical Christianity is the characteristic of the people. Benjamin Franklin, philosopher and patriot, amused the jaded courtiers of Louis XIV. by his talks about liberty, and entertained the scientists of France by bringing lightning from the clouds. In the reckoning of time, the period from Franklin to Morse, and from Morse to Edison, is but a span, and yet it makes a material development as marvelous as it has been beneficient. The world has been brought into contact and sympathy. The electric current thrills and unifies the I people of the globe. Power and production, highways and transports have been so | multiplied and improved by inventive genius, that within the century of our inde- i^iii 3 senleno 2 Petition ing riclii.r inner lei; ly. They :a in their iberty an ! ;en niisin- the rise iiysical en- and con- 1 been the le common d and en- 1 f a liberal I a century 1 its dem- : the world. I md at the peace, h ey vie with non coun- made no ner of the andexe- "roni the ism finds to fly from te neither n worship nor rec- the min- the evan- iving and urtiers o( "ranee by riod from makes a I has been iiies the k been so I CAKUINAL GIBlk'NS IH '|i» V i-S'*' V I *' I' )ur inde- i|ji.'. 132 HISTORY OF TH1<: WORLD'S FAIR. pendence sixty-four millions of people have happy homes and improved conditions within our borders. We have accumulatetl wealth far beyond the visions of the Cathay of Columbus, or the El Dorada of I)e Sota. Hut the farmers and free- holders, the savings banks and shops illustrate its universal distribution. The ma- jority are its possessors and administrators. In housing and living, in the elements which make the toiler a self-respecting and respected citizen in avenues of hope and ambition for children, in all that gives broader scope and keener pleasure to existence, the people of this republic enjoy advantages far beyond those of other lands. The unequaled and phenomenal progress of the country has opened won- derful opportunities for making fortunes, and stimulatetl to madness the desire and rush for the accumulation of money. Material prosperity has not debased litera- ture nor debauched the press; it has neither paralyzed nor repressed intellectual activity. American science and letters have received rank and recognition in the older centers of learning. The demand for higher education has so taxed the re- sources of the ancient universities, as to compel the foundation and liberal endow- ment of colleges all over the union. Journals remarkable for their ability, inde- pendence and power, find their strength, not in the patronage of government, or the subsides of wealth, but in the support of a nation of newspaper readers. The humblest and poorest ])erson, has in periodicals whose price is counted in pennies, a library larger, fuller and more varied, than was within reach of the rich in the time of Columbus. The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by the millions from the Old World who have improved their conditions in the New, and the returning tide of lesson and experience has incalculably enriched the I'^atherlands, The divine right of kings has taken its place with the instruments of mediaeval tor- ture among the curiosities of the antiquary. Only the shadow of kingly authority stands between the government of themselves by themselves and the people of Norway and Sweden. The union in one empire of states of (Germany is the symbol of Teutonic power, and the hope of German liberalism. The petty despotisms of Italy have been merged into a nationality which has centralized its authority in its ancient capitol on the hills of Rome. FVance was rudely roused from the sullen submission of centuries to intolerable tyranny by her sohliers returning from service in the American Revolution. The wild orgies of the reign of terror were the reven- ges and excesses of a people who had discovered their power but were not pre- pared for its beneficient use. She fled from herself into the arms of Napoleon. He, too, was a product of the American experiment. He playetl with kings as with toys, and educated France for liberty. In the j)rocess of her evolution from dark- ness to light she tried Bourbon, and Orleanist and the third Napoleon, and cast them aside. Now in the fullness of time, and through th(i training in the school of hardest experience, the F r(;nch people have reared and enjoy a permanent republic. England of the Mayflower and of James the Second, England of Gcof}.'!' the Third and of Lord North, has enlargetl suffrage and is to-day animated anJ governed by the democratic spirit. She has her throne, admirably occupicul 1)\- one of the wisest of sovereigns and best of women, but it wo; ild not survive one dissolute send ,i,TC( its traditi ; upon the • on many : tied than with the I I'renchni, and the V ,i,rress of tl the legenc Edi "A great 1 injjf of pov a new spe relations i would in t cessful rev children. ledire thai lathers trii and an est Enj,dish li lands, and 'I'ithet, so with r(!spo Hritain. The peace and the ancient of Deity. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 133 and will worthy successor. She has her hereditary peers, but the House of Lords brushed aside the moment it resists the will of the people. Ihe time has arrived for both a closer union, and greater distance between the ' 'ill World and the New. The former indiscriminate welcome to our prairies^ anil t!i<' ijresent invitation to these palaces of art and industry, mark the passing i)erHiil. Unwatched and unhealthy immigration can no longer be permitted to our sl.orc:-. We must have a national quarantine against disease, pauperism and crime. We do not want candiilates for our hospitals, our poorhouses or our jails. We can- not admit those who come to undermine our institutions and subvert our laws. Hut \\<; will gladly throw wide our gate for, and receive with open arms, those who liv inudligence and virtue, by thrift and loyalty, are worthy of receiving the equal advantages of the priceless gift of American citizenshiij. The spirit and object of this (!.\hil)ition are peace and kinship. Ihree millions of Germans, who are among the best citizens of the Republic, send Ljreeting to the Fatherland their pride in its glorious history, its ripe literature its traditions and associations. Irish, equal in number to those who still remain upon the Emerald Isle, who have illustrated their devotion to their adopted country on many a battlefield fighting for the Union and its perpetuity, have »-ather intensi- fied than diminished their love for the land of the shamrock, and their sympathy with the aspirations of their brethren at home. The Italian, the Spaniard, and the Frenchman, the Norwegian, the Swede, and the Dane, the English, the Scotch, and the Welsh, are none the less loyal and devoted Americans, because in this con- gress of their kin, the tendrils of affection draw them closer to the hills and valleys, the legends and the loves associated with their youth. Edmund Burke, speaking in the British Parliment with prophetic voice, said: "A great revolution has happened — a revolution made, not by chopping and chang- ing of power in any of the existing States, but by the appearance of a new State, of a new species, in a new part of the globe. It has made as great a change in all the relations and balances and gravitations of power as the appearance of a new planet would in the system of the solar world." Thus was the humiliation of our suc- cessful revolt tempered to the motherland by pride in the State created by her children. If we claim heritage in Bacon, Shakespeare and Milton, we also acknow- ledge that it was for liberties guaranteed Englishmen by sacred charters our fathers triu.nphantly fought. While wisely rejecting throne and caste and privilege and an established church in their new-born state, they adopted the substance of English liberty and the body of English law. Closer relations than with other lands, and a common language rendering easy interchanges of criticisms and epithet, sometimes irritate and offend, but the heart of Republican America beats with responsive pulsations to the hopes and asjMrations of the people of Great Britain. The grandeur and beauty of this spectacle are the eloquent witnesses of peace and progress. The Parthenon and the cathedral exhausted the genius of the ancient, and the skill of the mediaeval architects, in housing the statue or spirit of l)(Mty. In their ruins or their antiquity they are mute protests against the im ■"n\l\ i :... 134 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS l-AIR. merciless enmity of nations, which forced art to flee to the altar for protei Lion The United States welcomes the sister republics of the southern and northern con- tinents, and the nations and peoples of Europe and Asia, of Africa and Austr.ilja, with the products of their lands, of their skill and of their indusfy to this city of yesterday, yet clothed with loyal splendor as the Queen of the Great Lakes. Die artists and architects of the country have been bidden to desi^m and erect thi; buildings which shall fitly illustrate the heij^ht of our civilization and the breadth of our hospitality. The peace of the worltl permits and protects their efforts in util- izing their powers ior man's t(Mnporal welfare- The result is this Park of Palaces The originality and boldness of their conceptions and the magnitude and haniionv of their creations are the contributions of America to the oldest of the arts and the cordial bidtling of America to the peoples of the earth to come and bring the fruitage of their age to the boundless opportunities of this unparalled exhibition. If interest in the affairs of this world are vouchsafed to those who have gone before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only by celestial intelligence can it grasp the full significance of this spectacle and ceremonial. From the first century .0 the fifteenth counts for little in the history of pro- gress, but in the period between the fifteenth and twentieth is crowded the romana and reality of human development. Life has been prolonged and its enjoyment intensified. The powers of the air and water, the resistless forces of the elements which in the time of the discoverer were the visible terrors of the wrath of God have been subdued to the service of man. Art and luxuries which could be pos- sessed and enjoyed only by the rich and noble, the works of genius which were read. and understood by^.he learned few, domestic comforts and surroundings beyond the reach of lord or bishop now adorn and illumine the homes of our citizens. Serfs are sovereigns and the people are kings. The trophies and splendors of their reign are commonwealths, rich in every attribute of great states, and united in a repiihlic whose power ard prosperity, and liberty and enlightenment are the wonder and admiration of the world. All hail Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We, here, of e:vfcry race and country, recognize the horizon which bounded his vision and the intipite scope of his genius. The voice of gratitude and praise for all the blessings which liave showered upon mankind by his adventure is limited to no language, but is uttered in every tongue. Neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents are his monuments, and unnumbered millions, past, present and to come, who en joy in their liberty and their happiness the fruits of his faith, will reverently guare a.nd preserve from century to century his name and fame. Great applause followed the sul)lime effort, at the cessation of which Car- dinal Gibbons invoked the divine blessing. Then Rev. II. C. McCook, of Phila- delphia, delivered the benediction, and a national salute closed the dedicatory cer- emonies. That night there were three sets of fireworks on the north, south and west sides, which were seen and enjoyed by half a million or more people. Chicaifo !»: HISTORY C)I" THl' WORLDS 1 AIR. 135 III ' sra licfoi'c witnessed such pyrotechnical displays. The upward rays of the ii-liifhts at Jackson Par'- were also visible all over the city. On the night of Octooer 25th, President Palmer's banquet at Chicago prac- lic lily closed the festivities of Dedication. The guests included national commis- sion' rs. local directors, officers of the Fair, military men, foreign commissioners and pri)i ^^ional entertainers, whose presence lent enjoyment to the occasion. iHtti' COLUMBIAN ARCH, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, OCTOBER 22, 1S92. PART V. OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. CHAPTER I. THE GREAT REVIEW ON THE HUDSON RIVER. ReiklLVMHis of War Vessels of Many Nations at Fortress Moiiioe — I'he Caravels and the Infanta l>abella — The Fleet at Sandy Hook— Review n the Hudson River — The Most Spectacular and Impressive Marine Event of Any Age — A Mi lion f Reopl Present — Mrs. Cleveland on the 1 jnlphin— bescription of the Caravels — The trength of the United States Navy Never Shown to Better Advantage- -The British Cruisers Represented the Best Attainments in Marine Conslaiction —How France and Germany Engaged in Friendly Salutations — Vessels from the Baltic, the Mediterranean and South American Waters. ■<'f'^ .. ^ REFACINC) the olTicial opcninjr of the E.xposition, and loa(Iin«rstrai^dit up to that auspicious occasion, was the ar- rival off Fortress Monroe, durin^r the month of Ai>ril, iSq^, of the crack warsiiips of many nations (alon<^ with the caravels in the wake of the Si)anish warship "Infanta Isabella"), and the subsequent review on the Hudson River, which took place on Thursday, the 28th, and which will long rank as the grandest and most imi)osing marine event of any day, delining, as it did, an epoch in the wondrous stoiy of humanity, and which was speedily followed by a marvelous succession of gigantic pictures at Jackson Park — themselves no insignificant tribute to the memory that called forth the Exposition. The fleet left Fortress Monroe on Monday, the 24th, and arrived in the lower bay of New York on the Tuesday following. The United States steamship Dollihin, with the Secretary of the Navy on board, was the first of the revic-wing tlcrt to arrive. In an hour afterward fortress and vessel thuntlered out the an- nouncement of the arrival of the peaceful fleet that a million Americans were awaiting, and in a short time the great naval procession passed Sandy Hook in the presence of a vast multitude, the flagship of Admiral Ciherardi in the lead and fol- lowed by the Atlanta, Bancroft, Bennington, Baltimore, Chicago, Yorktown, Charleston, X'esuvius and Concord; the Dutch ship X'anspey K.; the Cierman Kaiserin Augusta and See Adler; the English flagship Blake, with the Magicienne, Tartar and Australia; the Russian cruiser Ceneral Atlmiral and Rynda; the French Arcthuse, Jean Bart and Hussard; and the Italian Etna and Ciio\anna Baukin. isr f;'^;.'?l , • I 1 1 i^ I I3« iiis'ioRV oi '11 ii-: 'v\':kli)s i air Tlu; tk't't ^vh('l1 lirst sijj;luc(l was inoviiijjf alonj^ at tlu' rati- of fully ton knots an hour in douhk; column and i)i'ruTt aii.Lrnini.nt. Tin- distances were inark( J, 30; yards bc'luc'cn cacji ship, with her") yards l)C't\vcc'n each squadron. Tlu' hi^ white na.uship A(hniral (dicrardi, the I'hihidclphia, itcadiMl the port column; the Iuil;!: hlack liritish c:ruis(;r HhdN.c, Admiral 1 loi)kins' llae I lenry light- house was some distance astern, and tluMi the Philadelphia tlew (ombinatioiis ot signals. "Prepare to change your course," said the silent flags, and a few miiuiti^ later the bows of the Philadelphia and the Blake, instead of being lieaded straiirhi across the Atlantic, were turnc-d nort hwesterl\- in the direction of New \'ork harhur Like sheef) in a pasture all the other v( -^els, as soon as the>- reached the plar where the leaders had turned, also swung around. The starboard ccjhmin became denioialized soon after the long, low -.an : hills of Cape 1 lenry had disai)peared from sight. The Brazilians werespeediU' iclt in the rear. The Italians were also mere specks u])on the: hori/on, but a thick iu,>? of smoke above their dark hulls told how gallantly the}- wer'; stri\ing to ke-]) in the long procession. Shortly afl>'r 2 o'clock in the; atternoon the Jeaii iSart. e\-idently wear\ of feiilowint, the ilussard at a snail's p;ice. sh<-ered off to the 1 i<;ht »fi'" rf:' ten knots irk( .1, 30; l>i^^ white] thf lui;,'e I •oluiiin.ii)' ;hc Sand) series ct :ic sileiin- »(1 ten and ■tl wilhoi:: tlown ainl Make anil itilallL.; ll llOOIlldi f the tlm I otiv r \(v ;l sc;l(xtc(l, ialulcs bv ic Diinitr; 'air. Tht one ^ni:i r x'cssfK, u\ hcfiia )n Roaik and wit:: t quarter tatfs v(.'s- ipliiin-ntj 11 ry li.^ht- atioiis ot iniiuito I straiiHit low >an>: •dilvld: IllClvIlLSS ill Hart, he liuht 1l m 140 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. and then ran ahead of the little j^unboat, taking a position directly astern of the Arethuse. All this time the Blake kept abreast of the Philadelphia anil the Australia; the Magicienne and Tartar followed so evenly and steadily that an iron bar con- necting tneiii could not have secured greater precision of movement. The fleet sailed in double column during the afternoon and until evening quarters were sounded. Signals were then made for each column to double. The Chicago, with the ships astern, moved up abreast of the Philadelphia. The Rus- sian, French and Italian ships went around to the right of the English squadron until they were parallel with it, and then, four columns abreast, the ships settled down for an all-night run. There was a premonition of rain when morning dawned, the sky was over- cast with dull clouds, and there .was a thickness along the horizon which sailors would call a streak of dirty weather. The ships of the United States were well in line, the Kaiserin Augusta and the See Adler were close up, and the Dutchman was on the extreme left. On the right the Englishmen were trailing along one after the other, as precise and regular as ever. The two Russians were far on the outside, as if they were starting on a cruise for the missing admiral. The Italians were a squadron to themselves, and the French were bunched together close by. The Hussard had used sail during the night and had fallen in behind the Jean Bart, At 10 o'clock Tuesday morning the American and foreign vessels were signaled from the Philadelphia to fall into line similar to that which they presented on leaving Hampton Roads. This evolution was accomplished most creditably not only by the United States vessels, which might have been expected to act well to- gether, but also by the foreign men-of-war. The Italians did not fall in behind the Frenchmen, but remained off to one side. In this formation the procession of ships headed for Sandy Hook. Just outside the lightship and when Admiral Gherardi was discussing his noonday breakfast the Argentine cruiser Nueve de Julio ap- peared in sight and made its presence known by a salute of fifteen gims to the admiral's flag. As soon as the salute had been returned the fleet was signaled to push into the bay in single column. The flagsh'n and Admiral Benham's squadron steamed ahead, then the Englishmen fell in; viien followed Admiral Walker's squadron, the Russians, the Hollander, the Frenchmen, the Germansandthe Italians in the order named. The Brazilian fleet arrived in the bay at 5 o'clock and took iti place at the foot of the starboard column. Thursday was a thunderous day on the Hudson. A million of people, iiuiin!- ing the President of the United States, saw the most amazing collection of nKulern war vessels ever witnessed in any harbor. The day was less radiant than the imihi- tude. Fog and rain consi)ired to ])lay mischief with ship and sjiectator. Cirover Cleveland looketl out of his window at the Victoria and remarked to Lamont, his War Secretary, that there was no scarcity of water. This was interpreted as a ref- erence to the remarks of the two southern governors. Presently the fog lifted, hut no sunshine came to embellish the scene. But it was a grand sight, nevertheless. Stretching north and south was tlv.,' restless sheet of water reaching in frooi the irn of the Aust ralia; n bar con- til evening ible. Tht The Rus- 1 squatliMn ps settled • was over- ich sailors ere well ir. Dutchman alonjj; one far on the Mi Italians r close by, Jean Bart, ssels were presented itahlyiiDt well to- )ehin(l the n of shi|)s Gherardi Julio ap- ns to the yjnaled to squa'lron Walker's e Italians cl took its \c, includ- f modern flu: niiilti- (inner Iniont, his as a re I'- ll f ted, luit Tthclcss, Ifroin the :;t HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 141 Dcean. ' u)lcling the center of this great body were two lines of war vessels stand- ing as !■ -ular as soldiers. r the west of the lines a thousand boats of all descriptions jostled and jushed ■ ;uh other, and filled the air with discordant sounds. The shore lines, the lunibl' 'I liuildings, the uplifts of the Jersey coast were spotted and specked, and Drowni d with shifting masses of people. From boats and shore and ragged wharf- (ines, (didiision of colors rose and fell with the puffing winds. Mown the center of the mighty aisle made by the anchored warships moved three \( >sels, great because of their cargoes. On the first was the President of the L'nited States and Mrs. Cleveland, on the second were the diplomats representing ill the i)owf'rs of earth, and on the third were many of the senators and representa- tives of the United states. As the snow-white yacht floating at its fore the eagle lag of the president passed each warship, long arms of yellow fire reached out and leafening sounds went echoing and rumbling against the highlands to the west, ^he yard arms of the old-fashioned vessels were filled with sailors, who stood in ^ilent rows up in the dizzy heights like so many carved figures. As the i^moke puffs cere caught by the wind and lifted away, as the bellowing of the guns made the ihole picture tremble, a riot of steam whistling broke loose, and from every point 3n shore and in the scramble of boats to the west there could be seen waving hats md tossing handkerchiefs. Even in the noise and fury of it all the meaning was apparent. In these two fines were English, Russian, German, E>ench, Spanish, Italian, Brazilian, Hollander, Argentine and American warships gathered in friendly jubilee, and each carried [he American flag at its fore. Immediately after the review President Cleveland gave a reception, which vas largely attended and was a brilliant affair and lasted until 4:40 r. m. Then bis flag was hauled down on the Dolphin and he went ashore at Ninety-sixth street, and at a signal from the Philadelphia the guns of the entire fieet belched forth, Simultaneously. Each vessel fired twenty-one shots, and the roar that ensued was leafening. When it subsided smoke hung in heavy clouds over the river, and the Jersey ^Iiore was invisible for some minutes. The Admirals turned to their ships, the steamboats which still lingered with passengers desirous of seeing all of the jreat noval pageant went to their piers, and the ceremonies were over. The caravels which participated in the ])ageant shared evenly in the honor accorded the great thunderers. They are almost exact imitations of the craft com- posing the original fleet of discovery. The largest, the Santa Maria, commanded DV the great Columbus himself, is 75 fee*" long. She has a beam of 27 feet and a iepth of about 13 feet amidshi]), and is much smaller than a great many pleasure yachts to be found in our waters. Her hull is short, wide and very high as com- pared with the ships of to-day, very full below, with short runs, convex knees and lat bottom. The ends overhang considerably, being sufficiently broad to have jarge (lis])lacement, thus enabling them to bear the great weight of the castles. he castles in fact look as though they made up the greater part of the 127.57 tons. i"he sides of the boat have quite a bulge. The gunwale is high, broad and thick. kifrBii llli 1 ii !: i Ii Ulili^ KhAK Alj.WlKAL HANi;KmH GlIf.KAKUl, c:o.V\,\\AiMJl:K m|- iiii; ••PHILAUt.Ll'lllA." StriK "riili TIk-^ :' lar^t' ' ■■ passes 1 COIlsi^! . ■)! trimiiv. .,is i he of arcliitci ing niddrr is 52 i<'<'l 1 of beam. has iS ivv.X July, and took its pi; pie, and C\ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 143 jStiik (The ^^ la run' ' ipassi- trim 111: 111 from stem to stern, securinj^r the frame with the side bracers called {•"or the puri)ose of stren^thinifging )i three masts, main, fore and mizzen. She is painted black with white I lie Pinta and Xina are smaller than the Santa Maria, but of the same style of an iiitccture and altogether very ridiculous lookintain Anderssen was given an ovation. REAR ADMIRAL VVALKFR, COMMANDER OF THE "CHICAGO." i51i; i •I I 144 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1 ' if! DIRECTOR OF WORKS D. H. BURN HAM ON THE EARLY WORK. FTER the selection ot Chicago by the act of Congress, in April, 1890, as the place for holding the World's Columbian Exposition, one of the first steps taken was the selection of Messrs. F. L. Olmsted & Co., as consulting landscape archi- tects, in August, i8qo. In the following September, Messrs, Burnham & Root were appointed consulting architects and Mr. A. Gottlieb consulting engineer. Messrs. Burnham & Root resigned in November, Mr. Burnham being appointed Chief of Construction and Mr. Root Consulting Architect, The necessity for early determination as to the methotlsby which the great buildings should be designed immediately after the designation of Jackson Park as the site for the Exposition was apparent. The Chief of Construction then recommended th« direct appointment of architects rather than that the designs be secured by competition. This method was finally agreed upon and the following gentlemen were appointed by the Chief of Construction: Mr. Richard M. Hunt, of New York, as architect of the Administration Build- ing; Messrs Adler & Sulli^-an, of Chicago, Transportation Building; Messrs, McKim, Mead & White, of New York, Agricultural Building; Mr. W. L. V. Jenney, of Chicago, Horticultural Building; Mr. George B. I'ost, of New York, Manufact- ures and Liberal Arts Building; Mr. Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, Fisheries Build- 'ng; Messrs. Peabody is. Stearns, of Boston, Machinery Hall; Messrs. Burling & Whitehouse of Chicago, Venetian Village; Messrs. Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, Electrical Building; Messrs. Holabird & Roche, of Chicago, Stock Ring and Pavilion; Mr. S. S. Bcman, of Chicago, Mines and Mining Build'^.g. The Venetian Village was abandoned, and Mr. Whitehouse (whose partnership with Mr. Burling had been dissolved by death) was selected as the arrhitect of the Choral Building, Mr. Augustus St. (iaudens has acted in an advisory i ()acityon sculpture, fountains. etc. Mr. Charles B. y\twood was made Designer-in-Chief, and is the architect of the following buildings: Galleries of Fine Arts. Peristyle Music Hall and Casino, Railway Tei minal Station, guard stations, fire stations, balustrades, bridges, rostral columns, and many other important works. In addition to this his duties have included the examination of each of the plans submitted for foreign and Sta;e buildings. Pursuant to the call issued, the gentlemen first selected met at Chicago in January, 1891. Mr. Root was at that time absent from the city attending a meeting of the American Institute of Architects, of which he was secretary. He returned to Chicago upon Saturtlay, January 10, and was present for an hour or two at the HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 145 confer' hvith !■: Itlircsli' Archil' iiipou 1 1 jrepari ^'oluiiii e then in session. Upon the following Monday he was stricken down imonia and died upon the succeeding Thursday, while only upon the of the great work which he had undertaken. The duties of Consulting then fell upon the Chief of Construction, as did those of Chief Engineer, resignation of the latter in August, 1891. The sketches which had been by the various architects, being in due course accepted by the World's 111 Exposition and the Workl's Columbian Commission, in March, 1891. he iHMiiianent organization of the working forces was vigorously prosecuted. Mr. Ernest i\. Graham was appointed Assistant Chief of Construction; Mr. William iprettyiiini. Director of Color; Mr. Frederick Sargent, Electrical Engineer; ivlr. C. Slot um, Mechanical Engineer; Mr. E. G. Nourse, Engineer of Railroads; Mr. Villiaiii S. MacHarg, Engineer of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Fire Protection; i]\Ir. j. W. Alvord, Engineer of Grades and Surveys; and Mr. Dion Geraldine, icneral Superiniendent. IVIr. Slocum resigned as Mechanical Engineer in the arly sj)ring of i8qi, and Mr. Frederick Sargent then assumed charge of the ncchanical as well as the electrical plants. Mr. Prettyman resigned in May, 1891, nd was succeeded by Mr. Francis D. Millet as Director of Decoration. In com- etition restricted to women alone Miss Sophia G. Haydenwas chosen as the archi- ect of the Woman's Building and has executed the design and supervised the reparation of plans for this structure. Col. Edmund Rice, United States army, ,v;)s in the spring of 189.?, appointed Commandant, and has organized the olunibian Guard. Mrs. M. H. Holcomb is Master of Transportation, in charge of he important duties indicated by his title. At the time of this organization, Jackson Park was, with the exception of a mall portion which hcA been improved by the South Park Commission, covered iviih marshes and wild oak ritlges. It was necessary that this vast area be re- laimed, and in twenty months transformed from a desolate waste into a park iirhly improved and embellished with all that skilled designers could suggest; iici^ upon the stately terraces a dozen or more palaces of great extent be con- tracted, and that they be supplemented by over 200 other buildings, some of which re almost of the importance and size of the main structures; that great canals, asins, lagoons, and islands be formed; that extensive docks, bridges and towers e constructed. It was necessary that a standard of excellence be attained which •fwoukl pL'icc the work upon an equality with the monuments of other ages — it meant, ^n short, ihat an organization be quickly formed which would associate together h(j ablest architects, painters and sculptors of the world. Many of the great prob- tnis to be solved were new, no precedent having been established for the guidance f those assuming this great responsibility. For the preparation of the grounds alone it was necessary to handle about ,500,000 cubic yards of material. This was secured by the cutting of canals, agoons and other waterways, the earth taken therefrom being utilized in elevating he grounds and establishing the proper grades. The main buildings of the Fair over a ground area of 5,382,cxx) square feet, or over 123 acres; other buildings, ,155,000 square feet, or about 26 acres; the State buiklings, 420,000 square feet; ssasiKTs •,)tff \i- 146 HISTORY OF Tllii WORLDS lAIR. foreigi^, buildings, about 290,000 square feet; conct^ssion buildings, about 1,050,000 making a grand total area of the buildings of the Fair of about igo acres. To mention, even in the briefest manner, the principal details of operatioti, both in matters artistic and mechanical, would consume greater space and time I than I have at my command. 1 can only add that our work of construction, whicli | but two years ago had not been organized, is now completed. it ii AUTUMN TWILIGHT %i !»i 1 i\-: t HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. H7 CHAPTER II. ARRIVAL OF MR. CLEVELAND AND THE DUKE OF VERAGUA. The Pre.<'Kient of the LInited States and the Duke of Veragua Come to Chicago to be Present at the Opening of the Exposition — They Are Met at the Depot by Distinguished People and Escorted to their Hotels by Military — Great Turnouts All Along the Line — How Mr. Cleveland Spent Sunday in Chicago — He Attends Church in the Morning and Christens a Grandchild of Secretary Giesham in the Afternoon — The Duke Attends Mass and Receives Calls. . UN DAY, the 30th of April, 1893, the threshold of the Open- * ing Day of tlie Exposition, was itself a happy interlude between the International Naval Review and the premier exercises and attractions at Jackson Park on the Monday following. President Cleveland had arrived ai Chicago on the 29th and had been received in a manner befitting his high station, and escorted to the Lexington hotel and shown to luxurious apartments prepared with great care and artistic taste. Costly tapestries adorned the walls. Flowers were verywhere — fiirnished and arranged by "Uncle John Thorpe, except one jardinierre of La France roses, which had been sent by Mrs. Cleveland. There were other roses, and there were lilies of the valley, and hundreds of pan ■ sies, Mr. Cleveland's favorite flower. At 8 o'clock Sunday morning the President, in company with a number of his Cabinet ministers and a few other friends, breakfasted in a private dining rcom at Ills liotel. " I. feel very friendly with everybody," said Mr. Cleveland, after rising, " and I think I shall go to church, as I have had several invitations." It had commencetl to rain forty-eight hours before, and had never ceased long enmigh to force a smile from the face of a World's Fair director. It rained so violently and blew so furiousl}^ when the President started for the Second Pres- byterian church on 20th Street, in company with Secretaries Gresham and Hoke Smith, that it was with difficulty that the trio could avoid a drenching. On arriv- ing the distinguished party was ushered to a pew near the front of the audience- mom. The visit of the Presidential party had not been announced, and the church was sparsely filled. While the choir was singing the opening hymn all eyes were directed upon the President, who was attired in his usual black suit, with frock coat, and who maintained a dignified, reserved manner, scarcely looking at any one, L/ut paying close attention to the sermon and the services. The two members of the Cabinet occasionally exchanged a few whispered U m i Mi ■i ■I j^slMiil ■.t:J II hvort!.- w ' 'read ti ^ bill, !P, lian priiii- I woman II lintrodiici [with him (strations. In hlc.nt and wise nuul Tlu true manl resemblan " Tl safeguard, -might give it is a crcii iiiTian, and t Iconservati! [.assaults, tc the-wisp. " Th Itive cherisl lenergy of t Inieanest th hvord of Go [terious leac hand. Lot 3f the niixt ual charact( OnS Gresham, a The : accom panic "11 Saiunhi} ■ mission, anc in the morn a |irop(,'r tin -I achhx'ss ( Mrs. . "liiiltee of th ^ <'rairiia, \vl HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 149 won!- >ith each other, but schhTin spoke to the President, and, thouj^h they both Irc;ul ti^ response, he did not. W lien the plate was passed Mr. Cleveland quietly laid upon it a two-dollar [bill, iiinnbered A1Q40559, with a picture of Je^f'irson on the left — correct Jefferson- lian prill "iples surely, so the deacon thought. After the close of the service a jwomaii in the audience advanced to the President and shook hands with him, lintrodiK iny: her companion, probablvher husband. One or two others shook hands jwith liini as he left the vestibule. Aside from these there were no sp^;cial demon- (stratioiis. hi !iis prayer the pastor, the Rev. Dr. S. J. McPherson, alluded to the Presi- [(Icnt and others high in authority, invoking special blessings upon them, but other- twisc made no reference to the distinguished personage. The text was from Matthew xiii., ... The sermon was a clear a.ialysis of Itrue manhood as illustrated by a Christian citizen, the nearest perfection in its Iresemblance to the character of Christ while on earth. In brief it was as lollows: "The crown of civilization is true manhood. Character is the mi ker, and {safeguard, and measure of all civilization. Our Lord came down in order that he " might give to us qualities like his own. Character is an effect and a cause. In all, it is a creation of the past and a creator of the future. Every true citizen, nobie jman, and true Christian will cherish true conservatism and true progress. False [conservatism stifles energy and freezes nerve and heart. False radicalism recklessly lassaults, tears up the heart as well as the weeds, and rushes after every new will-o'- [thc-wisp. "The treasures of art and sculpture have been kept for us by the conserva- tive cherishing and embalming of history. No character is possible without the (tiiergy of the character builder himself. The deadliest thing in human life and the [meanest thing is a lie. The value of personal purity is through the force of the [word of God in Christ's ov/n. shadow. Following after skei)tics, cynics, and mys- terious leaders like Confucius is agnosticism. Hope and despair are ever ready at land. Lock up to the former and listen not to the latter. Christ is our ideal type )f the mixture of those tv/o forces. A life spent in the struggle to promote spirit- ual character is the only life worthy of man." On Sunday afternoon the President christened a grand-daughter of Secretary iresham, and afterward took dinner with Mr. Higinbotham. The Duke of Veragua, a grandee of Spain, and a descendant of Columbus, iacconipanicd by his family and other distinguished people, also arrived in Chicago ' i 1 1 ' 1 t 1 ■'"■■• '^^€^' It 1 ''^»"' i -ii l^B 1 •> m M ^#^-,. ^^^K'.I^H p P f;:- ■ v*-^- ■>;:"'■: Wn ^^\ ■ , ..,«.■ .^N 1^^' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■■^^bV-* ^^^^^^^^^^__ ) 1 ■ '■•■-• " .A If' 1 » ■ -.;-T- ' L 1 '■"<] -.v HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. '53 in Ii.i . 1753. it was hutifj iti the belfry of the State House in Philadelphia, with no thoi:.' ' of the liberty it would one clay proclaim. I, ct us look back over the hundred and seventeen years that have passed since liiis bell ran^ on that F'ourlh of July, 1776, and gaze upon the picture of the scent .0 vividly drawn by George Lippard in his " Annals of the American Revolu- tion." " Let me paint you a picture upon the canvas of the- i)ast. " It is a cloudless summer day, a clear sky arches and smiles above a quaint old edifice rising among the giant trees, in the center of a wide city. Plain red brick the walls; the windows partly framed in stone; the root eaves heavy with intricate carvings; the hall door ornamented with pillars of dark stone. Such is the State House, Philadelphia, in the year of oia Lord 1776." "Within the house was Congress assembled. During the session of Congress this summer Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved that the reunited colonies are, and ouiht to be,/ree and independent States' John Auams, c. Massachusetts, seconded the motion, and a committee of live was appointed to Axy.v up a declara- tion of independence. It was Thomas Jefferson that wrote this strong and forcible declaration. Antl now it was submitted to Congress for i^loption. "The people knew that their destiny was hanging n th.e balance. All day the streets were crowded with anxious men and women, impatiently waiting to hear the decision. They surged against the barred doors of the assembly rooms and stood upon one another's shouklers to peer in the windows. "In yonder wooden steeple which crowns the red brick State House stands an old man, with white hair and sunburnt face. He is clad in humble attire, yet his eyegleamsas itisfixedupon the ponderous outline of the bell suspended in thesteeple there. The old man tries to read the inscription on that bell, but cannot. * * * He is no scholar, he scarcely can spell one of those strange words carved on the surface of the bell. " By his side, gazing in his face in wonder, stands a flaxen-haired boy, with laughing eyes of summer blue. "Come here, my boy; you are a rich man's child, you can read. Sp^^ll me those words and I'll bless you, my good child!' 'The child raised himself on tiptoe and pressed his tiny hands against the bell, and read in lisping tones these mem.orable words: " ' Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof! "The old man ponders for a moment on those words; then gathering the boy in his arms he speaks: " ' Look here, my chikl! Wilt do the old man a kindness? Then haste you down stairs and wait in the hall by the big door until a man shall give you a mes- sage forme. A man with a velvet dress and a kind face will come out from the big door and give you a word for me. When he gives you that word, then run out yonder in the street and shout it up to me. Do you mind?' " It needed no second command. The boy sprang from the old bell-keeper's arms and threaded his way down the dark stairs. j I* I 1 '^r 154 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. " The old bell-keeper was alone. Many minutes passed. Leaning over the railing of the steeple, his face toward Chestnut street, he looked anxiously for that fair-haired boy. Moments passed — an hour — yet still he came not. Impatiently the old man shook his head and repeated : ' They will never doit; they will never do it!' " As the words were on his lips a merry, ringing laugh broke on the ear, There among the crowds on the pavement stood the blue-eyed boy, clapping his hands, while the breeze blew his flaxen hair all about his face, and, swelling his little chest, he raised himself on tiptoe and shouted a single word — "'Ring!' " Do you see that old man's eye fire? Do you see that withered hand grasp- ing the iron tongue of the bell? The old man is young again; his veins are lilled with new life. Backward and forward, with sturdy strokes, he swung the ton^^ue. The bell speaks out! The crowd in the street hears it, and bursts forth in one lon^r shout. Old Delaware hears it and gives it back in the hurrah of her thousand sailors. The city hears it, and starts up from desk and work bench, as though an earthquake had spoken. " Yet still, while the sweat pours from his brow, that old bell-keeper hurls the iron tongue, and still — boom — boom — boom — the bell speaks to the city and to the world. " Yes, as the old man swung the iron tongue the bell spoke to all the world, That sound crossed the Atlantic, pierced the dunqjeons of Europe, the workshops of England, the vassal fields of France. " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, and to all the inhabitants thereof! " That iron tongue spoke to the slave — bade him lock from his toil and know himself a man. " That iron tongue startled the kings upon their crumbling thrones. " That echo was the knell of kingcraft and priestcraft, and all other crafts born of the darkness of ages and baptized in seas of blood. " Yes, the voice of that littleboy, who, lifting himself on tiptoe, with his flaxen hair blowing in the breeze, shouted 'Ring!" had a deep and awful meaning in its infant tones." Yes, sturdy John Hancock, President of the Congress, had signed the declaration of American independence in that bold hand which " the King of Eng- land could read without spectacles," and the other signatures followed and our Nation was born. When the British forces approached Philadelphia in 1777 the bell was taken down and carried to AUentown to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. In 1 78 1 it was placed in the brick tower of the State House. For more thaniifty years the bell was rung on the anniversary of Independence Day, when it was cracked while ringing. For many years the old bell remained in silent dignity in the tower, when it was taken down and placed on a platform in Independence Hall, where it has ever since remained. The great bell was conveyed to New Orleans for the (;xposition held there in iS84,and now it rests in the Pennsylvania State buiidin^f in the "White City." Dver the for that sntly the er do it!' the ear, ping his lling his id grasp- ire tilled e ton\ver. where it for the lildiiigiii ■I > hi A. A «!,■ ■■:i;. I* l!i I- ' I ii i.jU 5 ! ii J Nearly a Qi 3 Nooi ;l Boor I \hc \ I Thoi I t-ive ; Won Clevf the winter': i severe, bee ' ments upoi & CHAPTER IV. THE FORMAL OPENING OF THE EXPOSITION. Nearly a Quarter of a Million People Present— President Cleveland Presses the Magic Electric Button at Noon, May 1, 1893, and the Monster Allis Engine in Machinery Hall is Set in Motion Amidst the Booming of Cannon, the Blowing of Trumpets, the Ringing of Bells, the Unfurling of Flags and Ilk' Vociferations of the Multitude — The White Palaces Abloom and Ablaze with Color — Twenty Thousand Flags are Unfurled— Half a Hundred Foreign Emblems Cheered by the People Who Live Under Them — The Orchestra Play the National Hymn and Thousands of Patriotic Men and Women Join in the Chorus — The Spectacle as Seen From the Administration Building — President Cleveland's Address. AY I, 1893, was the greatest and grandest day in the his- tory of Chicago — and an interesting and important one Nil'' V W to the world — for it was the day of the official opening \-.ifl5' W- 1 'K of the World's Columbian Exposition. As Columbus achieved success only after peril and disappointment, so the Exposition which was to honor the four hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of America by the noble navigator attained completeness only after many months of internecine conflicts and misunderstandings, and long-continued tempestuousness of weather never before experienced throughout the great city upon the waters of Lake Michigan. It was not expected that the Exposition would reach perfection of readiness at exactly the day set for the opening exercises, even if the winter's storms of winds and rains and snows had been less destructive and stnere, because no great exposition has been strictly complete in all its depart- ments upon its opening (hiy. As the fashionable party woman disdains to be- come the lirst arrival at the house of her entertainer, so the experienced exhib- itor at all great expositions hangs back until some less punctilious or more heed- less one opens the installation ball. Hut notwithstanding the "winter of their discontent," the Exposition authori- ties were so well aware of the proximity to completeness of their great show that Presiilcnt Cleveland was invited to come to Chicago and press the magic button which should make the enormous Allis engine throb, and say to the world that he had ollicially opened their Columbian Exposition. This the President of the United States did at 12 o'clock (Meridian) , on Monday, May 1, 1S93, in the presence of nearU a quarter of a million of peojjle, amidst the unfurling of thousands of flags, 'i i"l 1 i 'If m COMMISSIONERS WOKI-DS COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 1. Ai.Kx \M)ER n. Andrews, Xorlh Carolitia. 1 Wm. McIntykk, South Vdkola. 7. AUCIIKI.AUH M. CoillUAN, 'J't'Xrif, 12. UiciiAKi) Manskiei.d White, Nem Mejicu. 13. OrnsEri.. Bkksos, Oklnlioma. 2. Thos. H. Keooh. Sorih Cnrnlina. R. Mkhuiti' tl. I) Y, Soulti i>akota. ^. Jdiin T. Uk kixson, TlJIIH. U. TllOMVS ('. (iin IKHHKS, 14. I'liAMi U. (lAM.M 'N, Dkliilioma, 3. U. H. KiCKETTS, I'l'iiiinDlrania, 4. Jllll.N W, WOIID.HIDE, I'riiii^i/lvdiiia. ','. (iKOHOli F, CoAls, Ariz'iiKi. 10. Wm, K. Meaiii:, 15. rilEDEIMCK .). Kll NEIi, •■full. 'M I HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. fm 157 th( uncling of trumpets, the booming of cannon and the vociferations of the vast To be strictly correct, at precisely 12:08 o'clock President Cleveland stepped forw. I'd and placed his tinger on the golden key. The white-coated sailor stand- ing at the main mast before the Presidental box tugged madly at the rope which bouiul the mighty flag in place. Slowly it fell and the wind swept its silken folds out over the seething mass of people below. They hailed it with wild cheers, and at the sifrn (ither flags leaped and blossomed from the thousand masts. At the right the crimson and gold of Spain fluttered beneath the gorgeous caravel. At the left the tlag of the great Columbus fell from the folds which bound it. Down the long wh'tc roof line of Machinery Hall ran a sudden burst of crimson flame. From every tower and parapet fell and fluttered some brilliant ensign. The white palaces were a])lo()ni and ablaze with color. Citizens of half a hundred nations looked upward and cheered the flag of their devotion. At the instant the drapery fell from the golden figure of the "Republic," backed by the classic peristyle, she stood forth in radiant beauty welcoming the world. From the electric fountains jets of water shot a hundred feet into the air, the mist falling upon the upturned faces of the cheering crowd. But above their cheers came the deep thunder of the guns fired from the white and gold hull of the Michigan lying in the harbor. Steam whistles filied the air with a shrill din and the deep chiming of far-off bells added to the uproar. President Cleveland bowed and smiled and shook hands with Director-General Davis. The orchestra struck up the strain of the national hymn, and with one voice 10,000 human beings in the throng before the platform carried the swelling chorus. The Duke of Veragua stepped forward and congratulated the Director-Gen- eral and the people broke into a tremendous shout. Back from the post of honor the guests slowly passed, the thunder of the guns over the lake still coming to their ears. Gondolas and launches, laden with flags, shot and skimmed over the waters like things alive. In a hundred directions the great crowd surged at once. Like a torrent released from a dam which holds it, it beat jid broke. On every hand the White City was crowned with flags, running the gamut of color, but above the splendor of imperial I.ianners the starry folds of "Old Glory" rose and fell, dearer to every patriotic eye than all the rest. Men pressed about the IVesidential box and tore pieces of cloth from its sides as mementoes of the occasion. Ladies crushed into the jam were lifu < . over the rail and hurried to places of safety. The strain was over. The Columbian Expositior had been opened ^o .he world. When the President touched the golden key on the table .'• trontof him, that act opened an electric current, in a wire circuit 3,000 feet in length, which connected the key with the minute, temporary motors placed at the AUis en, e and the Worthington pump for the occasion. The subsequent process was a little different at these two places. At the Allis engine the wire i)assed through a beautiful-mounted box of polished oak a foot square, containing an electro-automatic engine-stop. As the key was touched the electric current energized a magnet within the box; the magnet Hi '\[ 158 HISTORY t^^F THE WORLD'S FAIR. attracted its armature; and the movement of the armature released a trigger, and set off a coiled spring inclosed in a brass drum. The recoil of the spring revolved the axis of the drum and a sprocket-wheel on the outsidt; of iho box. The sprocket-wheel was coiinected b> a brass drive-chain with the sorocket-whi (;] that opened the throttle, and in less th in a second after the Presider., touched th( hut- ton these sprocket-wheels had made a dozen revolutions, the thr.->tt:lr had ih jn thrown open, and the ponderous Hy-wheel of the engine slowly awoke to life and began to turn. So it was at the pumping-station. When the i^'e^^dent touched the koy a magnet connected with an electric valve was energized. The armature v.a^ it- tracted to the magnet and at the same time operated a miniature steura chest una miniature cylinder. This admitted steam throu;.rh a pipe no larger than a pipe- stem into one end of the miniature cylinder, and when the piston mc I it opf;ned the tViroMic of the g'Sf-M. machine. The steam rushed into the gicat cylinders, and the immense pump, V'iiy feet high, .fT-ave a sigh and began to heave its enormous burden of i5,ocx\ooo t^auon'- u'r water a day. The life and moU;!! oii ilie Allis engine and the Worthington pump were contagious. Jn Machinery Hall .'t least thirty great engines, as if they had heard the rin^-nng of l]>e gong on the electro-automatic engine-stop, started up into life with a rocir and thrashed the air with their immense fly-wh'jels like a cyclone. So in the pumping station, tlte Worthington vertical was joined instantlyby the Worth- ington horizontal and the Worthington triple expansion, the three together, puff- ing and groaning, forcing water into the great mains at the rate of 40,000,000 gallons a day. What President Cleveland really touched was a key similar to that seen on nearly al! telegraphic instruments. There is this difference, however, that the ordinary '.ey is made of brass and the push is made of hard rubber, while the key that played such an important part in the ceremonies of the opening day is made of gold and has a button of ivory. The reason for this is that it was manufactured for this express purpose by E. S. Greeley & Co., of New York, who only loaned it for one day, and who expect to treasure it as a souvenir of the occasion. The key is mounted on a three-tiered pedestal, which measures 24x18 iiches at the bottom of i6x:o inches at the top. The horizontal surfaces of the pedestal are covered with blue, in honor of the United States, and its vertical surfaces with golden yellow plush, in honor of vSpain. On the side of the lowest tier, in .silver figur. s, is seen "1492-1893." '.'he spectacle, as seen from the roof of the Admini. grand and enlivening. As early as 9 o'clock two thousand fore the circular platform on which the Presidental [jarty 'r, rain was falling and the strec; were heavy with yello rx. with ferns and palms were r hig their way through : long lines diagonally from either end of the great plao JT.^ion Building, was ,)Ie had crowded be- 'r, .0 sit. A driz/linj,' Wagons pileil high ')wd. Stretching thc'r n troops were drawn up at present arms. By 10 o'clock the Iowa State band o. > • ; form, plodded their way through the mud and disappeared \ pusicians m gay uni- :' he direction of the ■■fv^'v ! ■ it- 1 ■ i 1 ;■ ; ■ 1 1 ■■'nl ;ger, and revolved )x. The lioci that the hut- la^l 11 jr. life and he key a e \va^ 'it- hest on a n a pipe- it opened ders, and jnormous imp were lad heard t into life lone. So le Worth- her, puff- o gallons seen on that the the key is made "actured oaneil it [8 inches pedestal ^ces with in .-silver ing, was vded be- Iriz/lin^; led high |ng thc'r |ra\vn up i^ay nni- of the i m i nUKF OF VERAGUA. »:m i>'Ti-----.jfv, "■-,■ « I f \sh ri:!--*; ( ■ f i6o HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. State Building. The water had been let into the MacMonnies fountain, and the dolphins and sea horses were afloat once more in their native element. Against the gray, gloomy skies the white palaces stood out in burnished beauty. On every roof men, looking from the ground like ants, were climbing about, pulling uj) the thousand flags and banners in readiness for the touch of the President's fiiij^rer which would give them to the breeze. With every moment the crowd grew. Looking down upon it 250 feet above the earth, the hats and upturned faces, varied here and there by the bright bonnets of the women, seemed like the constantly changing facets of a kaleidoscope. Over the green waters of the white-walled basin electric launches pushed their way, About them the white-winged gulls soared and circled. Now and then a gaudy gondola shot by. Slowly the platform filled, and as the members of the diplo- matic corps, in their gaudy costumes, and the army officers, in all the glory of om the little jets in the basin of the MacMonnies foun- tain water spouted into the air. The sky began to clear and great sweeps of sap- phire stood ravishingly out against the prevailing clouds of gray; and on all the buildings, high upon pillar and parapet, human beings swarmed. The following is the address of the President upon opening the Fair: I am here to join my fellow-citizens in the congratulations which befit this occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enterprise and activity, and in view of magnificent evidence.-, of y\merican skill and intelligence, we need not fear that thc;se congratulations will Ix- exaggerated. We stand tcxLiy in the presence of the oldest nations of the world and point to the great achieve- ments we here exhibit, asking vn allowance on the score of yout'i The enthusiasm with wV ch we contemplate our work ini. >. *1ps the wa of the greeting we extend to those who have come from foreign i ;mi{s to illustrate with us the growth and progress of human endeavor in the dirnJion of a higher civilization. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i6i \\ ■ who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best im- 1 pulses 'i our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national destiny which dill- faith promises, gladly welcome the opportunity here affordetl us to see the I i(",ult> .11 c'omplished by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours in the lield c)l man's improvement, while in appreciative return we exhibit t'le unparalleled ladvanoiiient and wonderful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the i triumphs of a vigorous, self-reliant and independent people. We have built these |splcii(liil cilifices, but we have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular govern- ment, whose grand proportions are seen throughout the world. We have made and here i>athered together objects of use and beauty, the products of American [skill and invention. We have also made men who rule themselves. It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other lands are en- i (raged, and we co-operate in the inauguration of an enterprise devoted to human enlightenment; and in the undertaking we here enter upon we exemplify in the Inohlest sense the brotherhood of nations. Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and let us not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives lite to this vast Exposition is now set in motion, so at the same instant let our hopes .and aspirations awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, [the dignity, and the freedom of mankind. (The President then touched the !-py before him. J THE KEY WHICH i'KESlDENT CLEVELAND TOUCHED, m 0$ kv::i' . it ? ill i ■; 7^ :^ :! fl 111- ED. PINAUD'S PERFUMERY PAVILION, MANUFACTURES BUILDING. PART VI. THE WOMEN OF THE EXPOSITION AND WOMAN'S WORK CHAPTER I. THE WOMAN'S BUILDING AND ITS PURPOSES. New Methods of Usefulness Created — The Woman's Building an Additional Agency for the bxposition of Woman's Work — This Conception Concerning Woman's Skill and Inventiveness Cleared Away— Women the Originators of Most of the Industrial Arts — The Woman's Building an Inspiration of Woman's Genius — Some of the Exhibits— Mrs. Palmer's Curious Office Room— The Fish Women of New Jersey. N no previous exposition has woman essayed so important and conspicuous a part as she has been calletl upon to perform at the great Columbian Exposition of 1S93. At no time in her history has she been accorded such a place as she now occu# pies as an integral part of a mammcjth tlisplay of the achieve- ments of mankind. It seems fitting that contemporaneously with her advanced position as part of the world's force she should dis])lay the benefits which her emancipation has worked, and that side by side vith the products of man's brain and energy, woman's should be placed for compari- son. The Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and the Cotton Centennial in New Orleans were greatly aided by the particijjation of women, who created what they termed the woman's department, wherein was installed a collective exhibit of all the interesting and meritorious work by women that could be brought together. This woman's department proved so useful and attractive that the co-operation of women in exposition work was recognized as a valuable addition, and in consequence the original Act of Congress proviJiing for the celebration of the quadro-centennial created an official organiza- tion known as the Board of Lady Managers. When the board first assembled to organize its work for the Columbian Ex- position it was found that, though the previous work had been most effective, the impelling law of progress demanded a different plan of action for the Exposition of 1893. Establishetl precedent had to be thrown aside and new methods of useful- ness created. This proved to be necessary because of the strong sentiment among those most interested against taking the exhibits of women from the general budd- ies '\.i:': 0<-\n li '.rjHw m I I :1 'i f; i >!•'' w- I04 HISTORY OF THL: WORLDS FAIR. CUPID FROM BORDER OF MURAL DECORA TION OF WOMAN'S BUILDING. iiigs and placinjjf them apart in a "Woman's Department." Women who were doin^^ tlu; most creditable work in the arts and in(histritjs strenuously o|)posed such a separation, and insisted that their exhibits should be so placed as to compete with the best and most success- ful productions in all de|>artments of classiticd exhibits without regard to sex distinction. .As in some classes of work women are not cred- ited with havinjr arrived at a degree of excel- lence equal to that of men, a competition among women only would result in the award of prt-miums to articles which would not ner- essarily have been successful if entered in a general competition. In an international com- petitive exhibition the object is to honor the highest grade of work only, and thereby give it an international reputation and added com- mercial value. This intention might there- fore, be entirely defeated in case of a competition restricted to women only. Women, therefore, have exhibits in every department of the fair in every line of industrial, scientific and artistic work. One of the richerished ideals is to re- move the impression that women are doing little skilled labor, or little steady and valuable work, and that they consequently are not to be taken seriously into con- sideration when dealing with industrial problems; that they never learn to do any- thing thoroughly well, and that, therefore, the small compensation given them is a just and proper equivalent for tlu'ir services, because it has no abstract commercial value. An effort has, therefore, been made to demonstrate that their labor is a fixed and permanent element and an important factor in the industrial world, and must be carefully studied in its re- lations to the general whole. Upon a strong presentation of the facts, it is hopixl that a healthy public sentiment may be created which Avill condemn the disproportionate wages paid men and women for equal services. The Woman's Building is an adtlitional agency for the exposition of woman's work. It is the in- spiration of \\'()man's genius, ami provides all the comforts and conveniences for women dur- ing the Exposition. Tlu' design was selected from a number of competitive sketches sub- CUPID FROM BORDER OF MURAL htOW TION OF WOMAN'S BUILDINii HISTORY OF TIIH WORLDS FAIR. .65 mitti'i! l.y women architects. It is 400 feet lonj^ by 200 wide and cost $200,000. It lias i. I and water af)|)roaches and a big rotunda, around which runs a gallery whi( li (It-voted to an exhibition of the most distinguished works of women \ roof garden is supported by caryatides, which was modeled by a woman; thest.iiiiary above the roof line, relief compositions, mural decorations, structural decora' ions, carved wainscoting and balustrades lav the staircases, open carved screen- ornamental iron and brass work, decorative tapestries and panels are all the wink of women, and illustrate the rank which they hold as artisans and de- si^nuTs. I'hc building has social headquarters, parlors, reading, writing and committee rooms, and a great congress hall. The building has many rooms, which are vari- ously ()nu|)ied — as a library of books by women, records and statistics of employ- ments in which women are engaged, a kindergarden room, model kitchen, exhibits of lace, embroideries, fans, jewels, silver, and other women's work, and a hospital ami training school for nurses in ojjfration. In the exhibits there is not a single thing made by the hand of man. Every- thing is by women, and the hope is that they will clear away misconceptions as to the originality and inventiveness of women, and will demonstrate that while they r^ have been largely occupied as home makers and not trained or educated for indus- trial or artistic pursuits, their adaptability and talents have enabled them to sur- mount the barriers and limitations which have hemmed them in. Women, among all the primitive people, it is alleged, were the originators of most of the industrial arts. While man the protector fought or hunted, woman con- structed the home, ground the grain, dressed the skins and fashioned > ' •- ; into Siarments. She invented the needle, thread, and the shuttle, and was t:, rst l)otter. She originated basket making and ornamental work, and all -il li.,- is shown in the ethnological display. Portraits of Sappho and Hypatia and other women of the cla ?< aiil iH' wi.e- val times are to be seen, and what remains of the textile fabrics, drawn .1 k, rare tajjcsiries, and laces. The old Bayeux tapestry made by Matilda of Flandt, ,, re- productions of the statues made by Sabina von Steinbach for the Strasburg Cathe- dral; the book of Abbess Herrad, which contains a compendium of all the know- IcdjTeof her day, and a long list ^f similar products by women are shown. Naturally afield as extensive as this must bear much fruit, and the Woman's Building ranks very close to the more; pretentious expositions in the interest it will arouse. (ireat Britain, America, and Germany make the best exhibits. The former shows every kind of work in which the women of ["England, Scotland, Ireland, and \\ a'es arc,' engaged. Notable are embroideries by Princess Louise, the Royal School of XeedUnvork, of which Oueen Victoria is a patron, and the Coimtess of Tanker- ville; skt'tches by Kate Greenaway and Gertrude Bradley; table napkins made fromilax spun by Queen Victoria; a table cloth embroidered by Princess Helena, and a straw hat plaited by the Queen for Princess Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. The English lace display is very fine, and its paintings are numerous. ( )ne of the most interesting as well as one of the most unique rooms in the '■''T^'^^*?wsi:.w^T.r:' f- c •"' i lii^ II i 1 66 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Woman's Buiklinp is the private office of Mrs. Palmer. It is a room with a historv, and contains the exhibit of the New Jersey fish-women, arranged under the persona! supervision of Mrs. Charles W. Compton of Newark, one of the New jersey lady alternates. The work is one in which ?.Irs. Compton is greatly interested, audit was to obtain some recognition of it that she visiteti Chicago some months hefnn the opening. When she applied for space the committee could find none for lur, and she sought out Mrs. Palmer. To her she told the story of the sad lives of tlit women of the fishing ilistricts, ant! of the benefit it would be to them if they could in some way be recognized in the great Fair. Mrs, Palmer's heart was touched as she listened to tales of privation at all times and of actual suffering when winter lays his icy hand on sea ami shore. "Room shall be found for then." she s.iul, "even if I have to have the e.xhibit in my own i)rivate office." Many of the lady managers protested at the idea of having lishing nets and baskets put up in their president's room, bat the work went on. The decorations of the room are seines, fishing nets, and baskets, while dolls are used in practical demonstration. The seines are festooned from the ceilings, and a huge casting net is used as a dais over Mrs. Palmer's desk. The women of Salem county. New Jersey, sent the furniture, which is of the old colonial style. SEAT OF STOOL IN LEATHER WORK-PRINCESS VICTORIA OF WALES, ENGLAND. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 107 CHAPTER II. THE WOMEN WHO CONTROL. Generalh Known as the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition — A Large Number of Prominent Women Among the Members — Names and Residences and Official Positions. HE Board of Lady Managers was created by Act of Congress, approved April 25, 1890. It consists of 117 members, with alternates — eight at large, two each from the several states and territories and District of Columbia, and nine from the City of Chicago. Its members were selected by the World's Columbian Commission. The Board has general direction and supervision of the representation of women at the Ex- position. Officials (jf i iik Board. — President — Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago. Vice-Presidents — First, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York; Second, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine; Third, Mrs. Charles Price, of North Craolina; F'ourth, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Louisiana; Fifth, Mrs. P ikriah Wilkins, of the District of Columbia; Sixth, Mrs. M. I). Thatcher, of Colo- v| rado; Seventh, Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, of Wisconsin; Eighth, Mrs. Margaret Blaine || Salisbury, of I'tah; at large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Nebraska. Vice-Chair- .,^ man of I'^xecutive Committee— Mrs. Yirgiiiia C. Meredith, of Indiana. Secretary % —Mrs. Susan Ciale Cooke, of Tennesee. I Lady Maxagfrs ap Lar(h;. — Mrs. I). F. X^erdenal, NewYork; Mrs. Mary I ("ceil Cantrill, (leorgetown, Ky.; Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood, Washington, D. C; 12 Ahs. John J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich.; Miss \L\Vi\\ A. P'oid, NewYork; Mrs. Mary S. Harrison, Omaha, Neb.; Mrs. Id..i Elkins Taylor, Philadelphia, I'a.; Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Austin, Texas. Alternates- -Mrs. Benjamin C. Truman, Los Angeles, Cal.; Mrs, Naniy 1 luston Banks, Morgantield, K\ .; Mrs. James B. Stone, W^orcester, Mass.; Mrs. Schuyler Colfax, South Bend, Ind.; Miss Helen A. Peck, Kansas I City; Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y.; Mrs. ('leorge R. Yarrow, Philadel- I lihia, Pa,; Mrs. Caroline Willis Ladd, (ialveston, Texas. \ MKMiiKRS OF iiiK BoARD. — Lady Managers from States — Alabama — Miss r ll.iitic Toncy Hundley, Mooresville; Mrs. Anna M. P'osdick, Mobile, Alternates — |4 Mrs. Sallie 11. Bush, Birmingham; Mrs. Irene W. Sem|)le, Montgomery. %^i Arkansas— Mrs. JauH's P, F.agle, Little Rock; Mrs. Rollin A. lulgerton, |i.iulr Rork. Alternates— Margaret M. Ratcliff, Little Rock; Mrs. William B. I'.nipic, Newport. iM*- ■^^i; iMl'r • .i Its :Mi|i I-ADY MANAGERiS, WESIHENTS OF GHICACO. 1. MnS. PlITTEIl PAI.MKH. '2. Mhs. HoI.CIMDN TllATCHKll, .III. 8. Mils. .Iamks ,\. Mii.i.KiAN. 4. Kkancis Dickinhov, M. I). .5. Mhn. M. li. M. Wai.i.ac k. 6. Mus. Myiia Hhadwki.i.. 7. .Miis.,Iami:s U. t)o()i,iTTi,i:,.lu. m. Muf. Ma i ii.da I>. Caiisk. B. Mautiia II. Ten Kyck. 111. .Mus. Mahiiahkt I. .SANDKna. 11. Miis. Lkanhkii Stum;. li. MKH. (iKN. A. L. t'llETLAIN. 13. KhANCKS K. Wll.LAllL). ^f Frai.i- 1 ,- /;; J' ran :'^ i ^ t , racMo. 1 Denver C •J Hooker giiiia r. - 1 niiiiLflon ;! stroiif^, ; V Altcrnat Jacks(jn' (i Savanna Lamar, J Id an, Hois Miller, V 111 Chicago. Candc;c, In( Canihridj Krout, C Io\ Cedar R B.I lance Ka .\lternatc Scott. Kc ton. .\lt( l.ouis\ill( Lo; Xew ( )rlc < )rleans- Ma .\lri'riiate .Ma ^-•a-e. .^!y ■ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i6q> California — Mm. Parthenia P. Rue, Santa Rosa; Mrs. James R. Deane, San praii i 1 i? ■ : ■ r ■|ir H il I/O HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Massachusetts — Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, Chelsea; Mrs. Jonas H. French, IJay, \'ic\v. Alternates — Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Cambridy^e; Miss Mary Crease Sears, Boston. Michi^am— Mrs. hliza J. Pentlry Howes, Battle Creek; Mrs. /\.n<^ell, .\nn Arbor. Alternates— Mrs. Frances P. Burrows, Kalamazoo; Miss Anna M. Cutcheoii Detroit. Minnesota — Mrs. Frances B. Clarke, St Paul; Mrs. H. F. Brown, Minneajjolis, Alternates— Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis; Mrs. M. M. WilKims, Little Falls. Mississi|.>pi — Mrs. James W. Lee, AbercU^cn; Mrs. John M, Stone, Jackson, .Mternates — Mrs. George AL Buchanan, Holy Springs; Tsliss X'arina Davis, Beau- voir. Missouri — Miss Phoebe W. Couzins, LL.B., St Loui:;: Miss Lillian Masdn Broun, Kirkwood. Alternates — Mrs. Patti Moore, Kansas City; Mrs. Annie L. V, OrIT, St. Louis, care of Chafxrone Magazine. Montana — Mrs. Eliza Rickards, Butte; City; Mrs. Clara L. McAdow, Helen;i, Alternates — Mrs, Laura E. Howey, Helena; Mrs. Marian D. Cooper, Bozemaii Nebraska — Mrs. John .S. Briggs, ( )maha; Mrs. ]L C. Langworthy, Seward. Alternates — -Mrs. M. ,\. B. Martin, Beatrice; Mrs. Lana A. liates, ,\urora. Nevada — Miss Eliza IVL Russell, Elko; Mrs. M. I), b'oley, Reno, .\lteniatis — Miss Mary E. Davies, Genoa; Miss Jennie Torreyson, Carson City. New Hampshire — Mrs. Mira B. V. Ladd, Lancaster; Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover- Alternates — Mrs. I'rank H. Daniell, I'ranklin I'alls; Miss Ellen J. Coles, l.akt; village. New Jersey — Miss A hi ry E. Busselle, Newark; Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, Hobok(.n. Alternates^Mrs. Jas. W, Compton, Newark; .Mrs. Amanda M. Smith, Newark. New York— Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, New York City; .Mrs. William Kissam \'anderbilt, New York. .Alternates- — Mrs. John Pope, New \'ork City; Mrs. :\. .\l. Palmer, New York. North Carolina — .Mrs. Cieorge Wilscjn Kidder, Wilmington; Mrs. Charlie Price, .Salisbury, Alternates — Mrs. .Sallie •. Cotton, b'alkland; Miss \'irginia Siclli Dixine, Wilmington. North Dakota— Mrs. S. W. McLau.^hlin, (.rand i-orks; Mrs. W. II .McConnell, Fargo. Alternates — Mrs, .Mice \'ine\ard Brown, Lisl)on; Mr\ 1'" ranees C. I lolley. Bismarck. Ohio -Mrs. Mar\' .\. Hart, Glendale; .Mrs. Walter llartpence. Harrisun, Alternates — Mrs. Harriet TaNlor Upton, Warren; Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Sprinij- lield. Oregon— Mrs. E, W. .Mien, Portland; Mrs, .\I. i'a>ton, Salem. Alterllall^ — Mrs. Anna L. Ri.ggs, Portland; Mrs. Hatti( IC. Sladd(Mi, luigene. Pennsylvania Miss Mary E. McCandless, Hays, Pittsburg; Mrs. ILnrin Anne Lucas, Philadelijhia. Alternates — Mrs. Samuel IMumer, l'"ranklin; Mrs. W S. Elkins, Philadelphia. ch, Hay, y Crease ?ell, Ann Aitcheon nea])oli^, Falls. Jackson, •is, i'cai.- n Masdii nie L. V. , Helcn;i, email , Seward. Uteniatfs .llDovtr. les. Lake Stcvcib, J. Smith, 1 Kissam Irs. A.M. ll"H" Chi Ilia Sic! W, D, : Mi-N llarri^dii, SiJi'iiii;- MRS. I'OTTER I'ALMEK. PRESIDENT BOARD OF LAUY MANAGERS. U'l-nai'- 'a-," ,i|THi Mr^. W 0«wr m fi f J ^ m^ ! I i| :i fl * FicM .'M f Loraii;- f. >oi . I Colunii '' Walh:,!!.!. Barker, (jaston, I Tei villc. Alt Know iilc Dallas. ^ \'en Burlinarat(iLra. Ladv Mr-,. Aloiizt i.cna \'a!uk Ari/o • VlU'i-iial;;s— Xt-w ! l''.i-llett,.San I'alsiii (';ini| nklah ''Mthric, Okl •Mary McX,-, HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 171 vhotle Island — Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, Pawtucket; Miss Charlotte Field i '.liley, Providence. Alternates — Mrs. Geo. A. Mumford, Pawtucket; Miss Loraiiii' Pcarce Bucklin, Providence. ^outh Carolina — Miss ¥. CunninLjham, Charleston; Mrs. Ellery M. Brayton, Coluiniiia. Alternates — Mrs. Clark Warinj^, Columbia; Miss Carrie A. Perry, Walhalla. South Dakota — Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwood; Mrs. Helen Morton Harkrr, Huron. Alternates — Mrs. Minnie Daniels, Watertown; Mrs. Marie J. Ciaston, Deadwood. Tennessee — Mrs. Laura Gillespie, Nashville; Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, Knox- villc. Alternates — Mrs. Carrin^ton Mason. Memphis; Mrs Charles J. McClung, Know ille. Texas — Mrs. Ida Loving Turner, Forth Worth; Mrs. Mary A. Cochran, Dallas. Alternate — Mrs. Kate Cawthorn McDariel, Anderson. \'ermont— Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret; Mrs. PLlizabeth \'. Grinnell, Burlin^fton. Alternates — Mrs. Minna G. Hooker, Battleboro; Mrs. Theresa J. Cochrane, Groton. X'irtrinia — Mrs. John Sergent Wise, Richmond: Mrs. K. .S. G. Paul, Ilarrison- biir,ij;h- Alternates — Mrs. Mary H. Drewey, Westerner; Miss Mattie P. Harris Stanton. Washington — Mrs. Melissa D. Owings, Olympia; Mrs. Alice Houghton, Spokane Falls. Alternates — Mrs. Chauncey Wright Griggs, Tacoma; Miss Joseph- ine 11. .Stimson, Colfa.x. West Virginia--Mrs. W. Newton Linch, Martinsburg; Miss Lily Irene Jack- sun, Parkersburg. Alternates — Mrs. George W. Z. Black, Halltown; Miss Anna M. Mahan, Fayettville. Wisconsin— Mrs. Mora Beall Gint>', Chippewa P'alls; Mrs. William P. Lynde, U Milwaukee. Alternatc;s Mrs. .Samuel .S. iMt'ield, Ashland; Mrs. J. Montgomery I Smith. Mineral Point. Wyoming — Mrs. V. H. Harrison, Evanston; Mrs. I'rances IL Hale, Cheyenne. Alternates — Mrs. Elizabeth A.Stone, Evanston; Miss Gertrutie M.Huntington, Sarat()L,fa. I.ahv MANA(;r,RS krom 'Ti;KRrinsart of Weimar— Prayer by Miss Ida Hutton — Overture by Miss Frances Elliott, of ndon, England — Reading of a Poen; 'iy Miss Flora Wilkinson — Remarks by Lady Aberdeen, ' ■■ Duchess of Veragua, Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, Mrs. Kaselowsky and the Princess Schachoffsky. O EVENT of the Exposition except the ofificial opening- produced more transportthan the formal dedication of the Woman's Building, which took place on the after- noon of May I. That the opening ceremonies of this buildi"^, should be held in its own main hall was pecu- liarly appropriate. A long room, whose arches and columns were decorated delicately in white and gold» whose walls were hung with the praiseworthy pro- ducts of nineteenth century woman artists — this is what mi r he vision of those who entered for the first And this was P' " all. On the temporary platform erected the west entrance were y. hns and potted plants, gracefully groupetT while above it on either side were draped the commingled colors of Spain and America. Palms, too, filled in the spaces between the arches of the north and south ends of the gallery, from which rows of smiling faces looked on at the cere- monies. At the north end of the Hall of Honor was massed the great World's Fair chorur,. which on this occasion interpreted only the music of women composers. The remaining space, when Mrs. I'ottcr Palmer arose to open the exercises, was filled to overflowing with a gathering whose enthusiasm as it caught sight of the gracious President of the Board of Lac: Managers found vent in cheers, applause and a tiuttering of white handkerchiefs. When some thoughtful individual well versed in the art of delicate flattery took upon himself the task of removing from the platform the palms diu\ the big bunch of / merican beauty roses, behind which, when she was seated, she was half concealed, the demonstration broke out with re- newed vigor. Mrs. Palmer presided at t • nnsvlvania table, on which were placed a block of yew taken from the Washington St -^e Building, the golden nail, and Colorado's silver jewel box. On ^ sinall table of ^, exican onyx at her kt't reposed the haiik- 3,. I St!*:; ii! ■ H i . y I. i :i4f » I ' Mt-;MBEIktitliuii"i. •J. .Mils. Kkancks \Vi;m.ks SiiKi'APii), .'i. Mrs. Hn rs S, Kuost, H. Mhs. Wai.ikh Haiiti'Enci;, ( III ill. n. .Mhs. a. K. Dii.ankv, Ahiskd. II. IIks. (ii;M:vii,\ i; (irTiiKiE, OkttiUtiinii, H. Miss Wii.hki.mink Hi:1i,., hiflidiKi. 1. .Miis. ViiuaMA ('. Mei;[;i)ITM, hiiii'iiifl. ii. Mhs. (•'. II. llAiiHisDN-, l\'itffniiii>r. 10. Mhs. !• I! \N<'i;s K. Hall, ]\'f/i>ntinq. l."l. Mils. JnO. a. LlMlAN, lU.ilrict Columbia. r- HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i7fJ mf ! its leather case. Behind Mrs. Palmer was seated a group of distinpfuished won. n, both foreign and American, whose gay toilets lent a pleasing touch of color an(i lightness to the assembly. Among them were the Duchess of Veragua and tilt; ibm. Maria del Pilar Colon y Aguielera, Mme. Mariotti, Lady Aberdeen, Mrs. H( ! Old Fenwick, I'Vau Professor von Kasetowsky of Germany, Princess Mary A. Scliilx'vsky of Russia, Miss I lulda Lrinden of Russia, Mme. Zorn, Senora d'Oleiv- ria \usten of Brazil, Mrs. 1 ickens • Will' i I ye, Mrs. Robert Austen of 1 iMiiic Meaulleof Austria, Mrs. Lincl of Surden, Mrs. Romero of Mexi( Leila I lerbiTt, Mrs. (ieorgc T. \\'( i John P. Altgeld, Miss Ida C. Hultin, Duchess of Suth(;rlayd, Lady Wolf, M'- ' Lady Arnot, Miss Arnot, Miss Weui' c. r« iya of Siam. Baroness Thornburg I j ,. >.>■'■. John G. Carlisle, M''s. W. K. Carlisle, Miss w Jersey. Mrs. Adlai T. Stevenson, Mrs. . A'ilkinson, Mrs. John A. Logan, Miss Catherine Minor, Mrs. Walter O. Grcsham, Mrs. Eliza Rickards, Mrs. Candace Wliecler, Mrs. Ralph Trautman.lsirs. Sarah S. C. Angell and Mrs. V. C. Merideth. A grand march composed by Fran Ingeborg von Bronsart, of Weimar, Ger- many, and rendered by Theodore Thomas' men opened the exercises. Miss IdaHut- tonolfered the prayer, which was followed b\' a dramaticoverture composed by Miss Frances Ellicott, of London, England. The following ode was then read by Miss Flora Wilkinson, daughter of W. E. Wilkinson, of Chicago University: From the lovely land of Alhambra and out from the mists of the years. Let us summon a presence before us, as spirits are summoned by seers. Behold, a woman is standing, the glitter of gems in her hands, With far gazing eyes that are turned toward the river of invisible lands. Behold, royally bending to heed a stranger's appeal, With gift of grace and of godspeed, Isabella, the Queen of Castile. Let us Join to man's glory the woman's, the glory of faith and of deed, That cheered the brave mariner on in the day of his desperate need. He, sailing, and sailing, and sailing into the .sunset seas. Little dreamed of the land that he sailed to, the sage and the sad Genoese. She, dreaming, and dreaming, and dreaming apart in her palace of Spain Little dreamed of the future awaiting that land of the Western main. The future, a plant of God's garden, unfolding in beauty supreme To iilossom into the .splendor of this White City of dream. Not as Queen but as woman we hail Isabella, and crown her to-day In these l;alls that women have built and illumined with costly array. Here, gravely let us be grateful, as heirs of a generous past. For the pleasures and powers and duties fallen to woman at last. They have yielded to her their kingdoms, science, and letters, and art, And still she controls undisputed the realm of the home and the heart. Mrs. Palmer's rising for the purpose of delivering her address was the signal for another outburst of applause. She said: Mkmheks ok TiiH Board of Lady Managers, Ladies and Genpemkn: The moment of fruition has arrived. Hopes for more than two years have gradually tMm ■ , ^...-.Vi; '-.S^-^ ■ i ^%^ ^^A ^.^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Jf iil IIIIIM \^ I— ill 2.2 ti& 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 4 6" ► v] <^ /2 7 V -(^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7n) 872-4503 176 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ii \.n ■:■'■ t ( ! been gaining strength and definiteness have now become reahties. To-day the Expo- sition opens its gates. On this occasion of the formal opening of the Woman's Building the Board of Lady Managers is singularly fortunate in having the honor to welcome distinguished official representatives of many of the able foreign com- mittees and of the state boards which have so effectively co-operated with it in ac- complishing the results now to be disclosed to the world. We have traveled together a hitherto untrodden path, have been subjected to tedious delays and overshadowed by dark clouds, which threaten disaster to our enterprise. We have been obliged to march with peace offerings in our hands lest hostile motives be ascribed to us. Our burdens have been greatly lightened, how- ever, by the spontaneous sympathy and aid which have reached us from women in every part of thi; world, and which have proved and added incentive and inspira- tion. [Applause.] Experience has brought many surprises, not the least of which is an impressive realization of the unity of human interests, notwithstanding differ- ences of race, government, language, temperament and external conditions. The people of all civilized lands are studying the same problems. Each success and each failure in testing and developing new theories is valuable to the whole world. Social and industrial questions are paramount, and are receiving the thoughtful consideration of statesmen, students, political economists, humanitarians, employers and employed. The few forward steps which have been taken during our boasted nineteenth century — the so-called aid of invention — have promoted the general use of machin- ery and economic motive powers with the result of cheapened manufactured arti- cles, but have not afforded the relief to the masses which was expected. The struggle for bread is as fierce as of old. We find everywhere the same picture pre- sented — overcrowded industrial centers; factories surrounded by dense populations of operatives; keen competition; many individuals forced to use such strenuous efforts that vitality is drained in the effort to maintain life under conditions so un- inviting and discouraging that it scarcely seems worth living. It is a grave reproach tomodernenlightenmentthat we seem no nearer the solution of many of these prob- lems than during feudal days. it is not our province, however, to discuss these weighty questions except in so far as they affect the compensation paid to wage earners, and more especially that paid to women and children. Of all existing forms of injustice there is none so cruel and inconsistent as is the position in which women are placed with regard to self-maintenance — the calm ignoring of their rights and responsibilities which has gone on for centuries. If the economic conditions are hard for men to meet, sub- jected as they are to the constant weeding out of the less expert and steady hands, it is evident that women, thrown upon their own resources, have a frightful strug- gle to endure, especially as they have always to contend against a public sentiment which discountenances their seeking industrial employment as a means of live- lihood. The theory which exists among conservative people that the sphere of wo- man is her home — that it is unfeminine, even monstrous for her to wish to t;;kea HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 177 place 1.1 side or compete with men in the various lucrative industries — tells heavily againsi her, for manufacturers and producers take advantage of it to disparage her work and obtain her services for a nominal price, thus profiting largely by the ne- cessities and helplessness of their victim. That so many should cling to respectable occupations while starving in following them and should refuse to yield to discour- agement and despair shows a high quality of steadfastness and principle. [Ap- pla'jsc] These are the real heroines of life, whose handiwork we are proud to install in the Exposition, because it has been produced in factories, workshops and- studios under the most adverse conditions and with the most sublime patience and endurance. [Applause.] Men of the finest and most chivalric type, who have poetic theories about the sanctity of the home and the refining, elevating influence of woman in it, theo- ries inherited from the days of romance and chivalry, and which we wish might prevail forever — these men have asked many times whether the Board of Lady Managers thinks it well to promote a sentiment which may tend to destroy the home by encouraging occupations for women which take them out of it. We feel, therefore, obliged to state in our opinion every woman who is presiding over a happy home is fulfilling her highest and truest function, and could not be lured from it by temptations offered by factories or studios. Would that the eyes of th°se idealists could be thoroughly opened that they might see, not the fortunate few vi a favored class, with whom they possibly are in daily contact, but the gen- eral status of the labor market throughout the world and the relation to it of wo- men. They might be astonished to learn that the conditions under which the vast majority of the "gentler sex" are living are not so ideal as they assume; that each is not "dwelling in a home of which she is the queen, with a manly and a loving arm to shield her from rough contact with life." Because of the impossibility of reconciling their theories with the stern facts, they might possibly consent to for- give the offense of widows with dependent children and of wives of drunkards and criminals who so far forget the high standard established for them as to attempt to earn for themselves daily bread, lacking which they must perish. [Great Applause.] The necessity for their work under present conditions is too evident and too urgent to be questioned. They must work or they must starve. Women everywhere in large numbers are actively engaged in the lowest and most degrading industrial occupations, laboring mainly as underpaid drudges, to the great profit of manufact- urers and producers. We are forced, therefore, to turn from the realm of fancy to meet and deal with existing facts. The absence of a just and general appreciation of the truth concerning the position and status of women has caused us to call special attention to it, and to make a point of attempting to create, by means of the Exposition, a well-detined public sentiment in regard to their rights and duties, and the proprie- ty of their becoming not only self-supporting, but able to assist in maintaining their families when necessary. [Applause.] We hope that the statistics which the Board of Lady Managers has been so earnestly attempting to secure, may give a correct idea of the number of women — not only those without natural protectors, or those if f u X. '1: __ : •'(!E,*««J|!^<>-^if;^:«^-» ■.««:!«; ■. 178 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ■ ^ i ^ ; n ! , iii^l 3 Ml, " l»r^ ^ thrown suddenly upon their own resources, but the number of wives of mechanics, laborers, artists, artisans and workmen of every degree— who are forced to work shoulder to shoulder with their husbands in order to maintain the family. There are two classes of the community who wish to restrain women from actual participation in the business of the world, and each gives, apparentl\ , very strong reasons in support of its views. These are, first, the idealists, who hold the opinion already mentioned that woman should be tenderly guarded and chcrishtd within the sacred precincts of the home, which alone is her sphere of action; and, second, certain political economists, with whom may be ranged most of the men engaged in the profitable pursuit of the industries of the world, who object to the competition that would result from the participation of women, because they claim that it would reduce the general scale of wages paid and lessen the earniii,; power of men, who require their present income to maintain their families. Plaib- ible as these theories are we cannot accept them without pausing to inquire what then would become of all women but the very few who have independent f(jrtiine> or are the happy wives of men able and willing to support them? The interests (it probably three-fourths of the women in the world would be sacrificed. Are they to be allowed to starve, or to rush to self-destruction? If not permitted to work, what course is open to them? Our oriental neighbors have seen the logic of the situation far more clearh than we, and have been consistent enough to meet it without shrinking from heroic measures when necessary. The question is happily solved in some countries by the practice of polygamy, which allows every man to maintain as many wives as his means permits. In others, etiquette requires that a newly made widow be burned on the funeral pyre with her husband's body, while i"he Chinese take the precaution to drown surplus female children. [Murmurs of i nation.] It would seem that any of these methods is more logical and less ci..;. than the system we pursue of permitting the entire female population to live, but making it impossible for tho>e born to poverty to maintain themselves in comfort, because they are hamperedhy a caste feeling almost as strong as that ruling India, which will not permit thenitn work on equal terms with men. [App; ause.] These unhappy members of an infe- rior class must be content to remain in penury, living on the crumbs that fall from tables spread for those of another and higher caste. This relative position has been exacted on the one side, accepted on the other. It has been considered l\ each an inexorable law. We shrink with horror from the unjust treatment of child widow^s and other unfortunates on the opposite side of the globe, but our own follies and inconsisten- cies are too close to our eyes for us to see them in proper perspective. Sentimen- talists should have reduced their theories to set terms and applied them. Tluy have had ample time and opportunity to provide means by which helpless women could be cherished, protected and removed from the storm and stress of life Women could have asked nothing better. We have no respect for a theory which touches only the favored few who do not need its protection, and leave:- unaided the great mass it has assisted to push into the mire. [Applause.] Talk HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 179 mechanics, ced to work ly. /omen from rently, very ho hold the d cherished iction; and, : of the men o object to lecause they the earniii;;; lies. Plan- nquire what n\t fortunts interests ot I. Are they ed to work, Tiore clearly from heroic itries by the wives as his ,v be burned precaution ,d seem that e pursue ot le for those mpercd by nit them til of an infe- lat fall from osition has isidered hy and other Incoiisisteii- Sentimon- lem. They less women iss of life. jory which ind loavi- isc.\ Talk not I i it, therefore, until it can be uttered not only in polite drawing-rooms but also n factories and workshops without a blush of shame for its weakness and inetlKioncy. Hut the sentimentalist again exclaims: "Would you have woman step down from her pedestal in order to enter practical life? " Yes! A thousand times, yes! I Appl-iuse.] If we can really find, after a careful search, any women mounted upon pedestals, we should willingly ask them to step down — | laughter and applause |— in order that they may meet and help to uplift their sisters. F'reedom and justice for all are intinitely more to be desired than pedestals for a few. I beg leave to state that personally I am not a believer in the pedestal theory — [laughter | — never having seen an actual example of it, and that I always suspect the motives of any one advanc- ing it. It does not represent the natural and fine relation between husband and wife or between friends. They should stand side by side, the fine qualities of each sup- plementing and assisting those of the other. Men naturally cherish high ideas of womanhood, as women do of manliness and strength. These ideas will dwell with the human race forever without our striving to preserve and protect them. (Ap- plause- 1 If we now look at the question from the economic standpoint and decide for good and logical reasons that women should be kept out of industrial fields in order that they may leave the harvest for men, whose duty it is to maintain women and children, then by all the laws of justice and equity, these latter shoultl be pro- vided for by their natural protectors, and if deprived of them should become wards of the state ano be maintained in honor and comfort. The acceptance of even this doctrine of tardy justice would not, however, I feel sure, be welcomed by thv. women of to-day who, having had a taste of independence, will never willingly relinquish it. [xApplause ). They have no desire to be helpless and dependent. Having the full use of their faculties they rejoice in exercising them. TTiis is en- tirely in conformity with the trend of modern thought, which is in the tlirection of establishing proper respect for human individuality and the right of self-develop- ment. Our highest aim now is to train each to find happiness in the full and healthy exercise of the gifts bestowed by a generous nature. Ignorance is too ex- pensive and wasteful to be tolerated. We cannot affortl to lose the reserve power of any individual. [Great applause] . We advocate, therefore, the thorough education and training of women to tit her to meet whatever fate life may bring, not only to prepare her for the factory and workshop, for the professions and arts, but, more important than all else:, to prepare her for presiding over the home. [Applause]. It is for this, the highest field of woman's effort, that tin; broadi'st training and greatest preparation are required. The illogical, extravagant, whimsical, unthrifty mother and housekeeper heloni,fs to the dark ages. She has no place in our presi;nt era of enlightenment. Xo course of study is too elaborate, no amount of knowledge and culture too abundant to meet the actual requirements of the wife and mother in dealing with the interests committed to her hands. | Applause |. Realizing that women can never hope to receive the jjroper recompense for her services imtil her usefulness " t.f ■\*\ m ■ F- I I ! I \ i l« I So HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S I AIR. and success arc not only demonstrated but fully understood and ackno\vl(■.|ye^l we have taken advantage of the opportunity presented by the expositi(jn to briiir tog(;tlu;r such evidences of her skill in the; various industries, arts and professions as may convince the wc^rld that ability is not a matter oi sex. Ur<^ed by necessity, she has shown that her powers are the same as her brothers' and that like encour- agement and fostering care may develop her to an equal point of usefulness. The boartl does not wish to be understood as placing an extravagant ur sentimental value upon the work of any woman because of her sex. It willingly acknow'ledges that the industries, arts and commerce of the world have be(;a for centuries in the hands of men who have carefully trained themselves for the re- sponsibilities tlevolving upon them, and who have, consequently, without question, contributed vastly more than women to the valuable thought, research, invention, science, art and literature, which have become the rich heritage of the human race. Notwithstanding their disadvantages, however, a few gifted women have made their value felt antl have rendered exceptional service to the cause of humanity. The fact that the woman's building is so small that it can hold only a little of the beautiful objects offered has been a great disadvantage. The character uf the exhibits and the high standard attained by most of them serve, therefore, only as an index of the quality and range of the material from which we have drawn, When our invitation asking co-operation was sent to foreign lands the commis- sioners already appointed generally smiled doubtfully and explained that their women were doing nothing, that they would not feel inclined to help us, and, in many cases, stated that it was not the custom of their country for women to take part in any public effort; that they only attended to social duties. But as soon as these ladies received our message, sent in a brief and formal letter, the freemasonry am*ng women proved to be such that they needed no explanation; they understood at once the possibilities. Strong committees were immetliately formed of women having large hearts and brains, women who cannot selfishly enjoy the ease of their own lives without giving a thought to their helpless and wretched sisters. Our unbounded thanks are due to the exalteil and influential personages who became, in their respective countries, patronessess and leaders of the movement inaugurated by us to represent what women are doing. They entered with appre- ciation into our work for the Exposition because theysaw an opi)ortunity, which they gracefully and delicately veiled behind the magnificent laces forming the central objects in their superb collections to aid their women by opening new markits for their wares. This was the earnest purpose of their majesties, the Empress of Rus- sia and the Oueen of Italy, both so noted for the progressive spirit they have dis- played in promotinj^ the welfare of the women under their kindly rule. They have sent large collections of the work of peasant women through organizations which exist under their patronage for selling their handiwork. The collection of her per- sonal laces sent by Oueen Margherita is one of the most notable features of the Exposition. The committee cf Belgian ladies was kind enough to take special pains to comply with our request for statistics concerning the industries and condition ot M'm MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. I. Mits. 6. Mkh. -. Mrs. 11 Miis. II. Miis. Mary Kinder, helawari', Clara h. Mc.Vdow, ^Wl»l^l»l(l. 8. W. McLAldllMN, Nnrth Diiknldt Mary A. Cochran, r<-.niii. Jno. 8. WiMK, Virginia. 2. Mrs. J. Frank Ball, /)*»/(/ (rarf. S. Mrs. .1. Eliza Rickards, Mimtana. 8. Mrs. W. H. McCdnnkll, North Dukntii. II. Mrs. Ida Lovinci Tcrner, Tf.run. U. Mrs. K. S. (i. I'ai l. \'irginia. 3. Mrs, Eliza ,). P. Howks, 4. Mrs. Sarah S. C. .\noell, Miclii(i(>». !1. Mrs. .Ino. R. Wilson, Suuth Ddkotii. 10. Mrs. H. M. Barkkr, SDiith Pakntd. IS. Mrs, E. C. Lanowortht, A't'()riisfc(i. •-' '?.. • ■ (■ P^ ;s| \v- i l82 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ■i-- i :■::• women, notwithstanding the fact that the collection of statistics is not in Eurojje so popular as with us. It has sent complete reports, very attractively prepared, in the form of monographs and charts, giving details which have been secured only by great personal effort. These figures have never before been obtained in that coun- try, and the committee itself is surprised at the great amount of novel and valuable information it has succeeded in presenting. Her Majesty, the Queen of England, has kindly sent an exhibit of the work of her own hands, with the message that, while she usually feels no interest in ex- positions, she gives this special token of sympathy with the work of the Board of Lady Managers because of its efforts for women. [Applause.] That the English Committee has included in its exhibit and in its catalogue a plea for the higher edu- cation of women is in itself a significant fact. Her Majesty, the Queen Regent of Spain, has kindly sent some relics of a former ruler whose name is so closely associated with that of the discoverer of our continent. [Applause.] ^, The orient has not been behind in its efforts to co-operate with us, although it h^s succeeded in doing so only on a limited scale and in many cases unofficially, We have received the most pathetic letters from those countries, in which women are only beginning to learn that there is a fuller development and a higher liberty of action permitted their sex elsewhere. Japan, under the guidance of its liberal and intelligent Empress, has promptly and cordially promoted our plans. Her Majesty, the Queen of Siam, has sent a special delegate with directions that she put herself under our leadership and learn what industrial and educational advan- tages are open to women in other countries, so that Siam may adopt such measures as will elevate the condition of her women. [Great applause.] The Exposition will thus benefit women, not alone by means of the material objects brought together, but there will be a more lasting and permanent result through the interchange of thought and sympathy from influential and leading wo- men of all countries, now, for the first time, working together with a common pur- pose and an established means of communication. Government recognition and sanction give to these committees of women official character and dignity. Their work has been magnificently successful and the reports which will be made of the conditions found to exist will be placed on record, as public documents, among the archives of every country. Realizing the needs and responsibilities of the hour, and that this will be the first official utterance of women in behalf of women, we shall weigh well our words, words which should be so judicious and convincing that hereafter they may be treasured among the happy influences which made possible new and better conditions. We rejoice in the possession of this beautiful buildini;, in which we meet to-day, in its delicacy, symmetry and strength. [Applause.] We honor our architect — [Mrs. Palmer was here interrupted by a spontaneous outburst of api)lause, the lady managers and their friends vying with the men present to see who could applaud the loudest. Mis. Palmer smiled pleasantly and, dropping her manuscript, joined heartily in swelling the applause of the assemblage. She then continued:] measures HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 183 We honor our architects and the artists who have given not only their hands but their hearts and their genius to its decoration. For it women in every part of the world have been exerting their efforts and talents; for it looms have wrought their most delicate fabrics, the needle has flashed in the hands of maidens under tropical suns, the lace-maker has bent over her cushion weaving her mosfartful web, the brush and chisel have sought to give form and reality to the visions haunting the brain of the artist — all have wrought with the thought of making our building worthy to serve its great end. We thank all for their successful efforts. The eloquent president of the commission last October dedicated the great expo- sition buildings to humanity. We now dedicate the woman's building to an eleva- ted womanhood — [Applause] — knowing that by so doing we shall best serve the cause of humanity. At the conclusion of the address of Mrs. Palmer, the lady managers arose and expressed their appreciation of the magnificent address of the President of their Board by giving the " Chatauquan salute." Germany's representative, Mrs. Kaselowsky, gave a short description of the exhibit from her country under hercharge, which is one of the largest in the woman's building. Princess Schachoffsky, commissioner from Russia, then spoke as follows: Mrs, President and Ladies: — I begin by asking your indulgence. The slight knowledge I have of the English language, which I am obliged to use the very first time I address any audience, makes it still more difficult and intimidating when the audience is the one I have before me — so numerous and consisting of all the leading and representative women of America, which all over the world is known by her prominent women. I wish to tell you that, though so very f?.r away, we have many sympathisers in con^mon, and the women in Russia through me hoped to stretch and clasp hands with their Am' noan sisters. All those that I met offered me all the information they could give Cwi'oerning our women and their work in all departments, which, though not so numerous as yours, have a very wide extent. One of the widest is to find profitable employment for the peasant women, and in the last few years several industries have been started with much success, by many of the wives of our landed proprietors and lady landowners. Samples of these you will see in our section of the women's building, which, unfortunately is not yet ready, and I hope you will be pleased with them. . It is not the moment and I do not feel equal to the task of giving even a faint outline of all that is being done by our women, but some things and names I must mention. The high class education having been open to them since 1872, more than 700 women doctors are doing a lovely mission all through the country, and when you know that 15,000,000 Mohamedans form in the east part of our population, so that 7,500,000 women are entirely dependent on their own sex for medical help, not being allowed to see men, you will understand what a boon a woman doctor is in our country. 1 84 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. :{■' ^'^,i:-'l Princess Schachoffsky had to rise and bow aj:?ain and again in response to the applause that followed her address. Then came one of the most pleasant incivlcnis of the occasion. Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, the vice-president from New York, and chairman of the committee on federal legislation, suddenly advanced to where Mrs. Palmer was sitting. She addressed the president in praise of her work, and, refer- ring to her as the queen of fame, presented her with a silver laurel wreath. " This is our crowning day of glory," Mrs Trautmann said. " When wt- j,rro\v old may we look back to this occasion with a pride that can never diminish." The two women then arose and clasped hands, while every lady manager and everybody else stood up on their chairs in impressive silence. The effect was heightened by Mrs. Trautmann presenting Mrs. Candace Wheeler, director of the building, and Mrs. MacMonnies, the artist, to the audience. The final number of the programme had been reached, and Mrs. Rickards. of Montana, made her way to the stage to present the golden nail to Mrs. Palmer, Her address was read so distinctly as to reach all parts of the big hall. It was graceful and eloquent, fully meeting the demands of the occasion. As she handed the shining nail to Mrs. Palmer a cheer broke forth. It was a trying moment to Mrs. Palmer. She took the nail and looked at it rather doubtfully, while a smile came over her face. With a few words of acceptance, she referred laughinirly to the new role in which she was about to appear. Everybody was wondering wlu'ther Mrs. Palmer was going to hit her fingers with the glittering silver hammer, that she took from a plush covered case. Anxiety was pictured on the faces of hun- dreds of women who watched with absorbing interest. An oblong block of wood lay on the table in front of Mrs. Palmer that had been contributed by the women of Washington. Everybody knew without being told that that block was going to re- ceive the nail if Mrs Palmer succeeded in hitting it on the head every time, .\s she placed the point of the nail on the block, Mrs Palmer paused to look trium- phantly at the audience. She raised the hammer aloft, and with a smile let it fall on the yellow head of the nail. It sank to a suspicious depth in the block at the first blow. Then, while the lady managers waved their handkerchiefs and every- body else applauded after her own fashion, Mrs. Palmer dealt blow after blow un- til the nail had been driven its full length. Theodore Thomas waved his baton once more and the entire audience joined in singing " America." ^Vith the pronouncing of the benediction the cere- monies came to a close. Theodore Thomas waved his baton at his singers and players and thi- "Jubilate," by Mrs. H. II. A. Beach, of Boston, filled the building with waxes of melody that drowned the sound of clapping hands. The presentation of a llagof American silk which was carried at the head of the procession to Jackson Fark during the ceremonies of October, 1892, was then made by G. W. Knapp. W heii he concluded his speech he presented Mrs. Palmer with a piece of fringe cut from the flag with a pair of souvenir scissors. The scissors were presented to Mrs. Palmer by Mrs. Sol Thatcher, one of the lady managers of Chicago, with the fol- lowing address: nse to the t incidents York, and ,'herc Mrs. and, refer- th. n wf *fro\v ish." y manager effect was ctor of the . Rickards, rs. I'almer, ill. It was ;he handed moment to lile a smile jghinifjy to nj? \vlit,'ther mmer, that ,ces of hull- of wood lay women of roinif to n> time. .\s ok trium- :t it fall ock at the and every- i- blow uiv audience the cere- s and the waves ot f a tlagoi Kson Park )p. When \c cut from id to Mrs. tth the fol- HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. '«5 \Imk. 1'rk.sident: — I liave the honor to present to you the silver scissors with whici die' souvenir was cut from the woman's flag. These scissors, though of Ijcaiit id workmanship and purest silver, are most celebrated for their magical nualit IS. They came from the far east, from the lantl of the astrologer and the nccnuiiancer. It is said that the happy possessor of this talisman need never fear cntar.izU'nient. The addresses of the distinguished women from foreign lands were one of the must interesting features of the exercises. The Uuchess of V'eragua presented her compliments and excuses to the audience through Mrs. Palmer, not having a siitticK nt command of the English language to make herself understood. As she arose ami bowed she was greeted with great applause. Countess di Brazza, of Italy, was unable to appear because of sickness in her family and Mme. Mariotti acted as her representative. She spoke in tones easily understood and told of her ilistinj,niished kinswoman's efforts to elevate the condition of Italian women. Mme. Mariotti also related how it became possible for the women of Italy to make an exhibit for the first time at a foreign exposition. Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, commissioner from England, made an interesting address, largely descriptive of the social conditions prevailing among the women of her country and also gave an account of the character of the English exhibit in the woman's building. Lady Aberdeen had become so well know^n through her former visits to Chicago, and her great prominence in philanthropic work, that she was received liythe audience with a warmth almost as pronounced as that which marked Mrs- I'ahners reception. It was a compliment of the most graceful description, and the noted woman showed unmistakable signs of appreciation. " I feel it to be a great honor," Lady Aberdeen said. " to tak( part in these ceremonies, to which all the women of the civilized world have turned their eyes. We have heard from Mrs. Palmer what we hope to realize. I take it that one of the objects of this friendly emulation among women is to show how much they have served their countries. If I am right in this conclusion I am proud to stand here as the representative of the two countries in which! claim nationality — Scothuid and Ireland." Lady Aberdeen alluded in glowing terms to the laces contributed to the exhibit by the Irish peasant women, and said that much good was expected to come out of the opportunity afforded to display them to the world. r.m: V if '■ m} i I 1,) -H ;?" i< 1 iu -.1 t ^^ 11 %; '4 r ^1 if 1^11 |r!| lit ■•,( f;, -:j ?1 m L r ■ Ml !i m MEMBlil^S OF IHK BOARD OF I-AI)Y MANA(;F,R^. 1. Miss II. T. Ill NDi.r.v, AlllhlDHII. 4. Mks. Itdi.i.iN A. KixiKiiioN, /JrAiiHsu.s'. 7. Miss Fuancis S. Ivks, 10. Miss Oha lO. Mii.l.KU, 13. Mits. FuANcis I!. Ci.MiKi:, •-'. Mi:s, Anna M. Fipsimck, AUihinntt. :>. Mi:s, I!. ,T. ('(li.EMAN, f 'O/O/Vif/O. K. Mi:s. IsAllKI.I.A H. lloDKKH, Ctitturctirut. 11. .Mks. M. C. Hi ni.i;ii;ii, .Urrnic. 11. MuS. II. I". UliOWN. Miniii'sotii. 3. Mhs. James I'. Ka(ii.i:, .1 rkti iui,niaci() of the Southern Utes. carved from sandstone by Miss Nichols of Denver, is placed at the entrance of the booth. A pair of locked antlers hang just over the entrance. These were loaned by Mrs. E. B. Harper of Durango. The arrangement of the exhibit has been directed by Miss Laura B. Marsh of Denver, who has suc- ceeded in bringing into prominence the work of the Indians. The exhibit in the British section is very interesting, especially the loan col- lection of articles brought from India and of great value because much of the work can never be duplicated. The articles have been gathered by British representa- tives in that domain, and the loan is made to illustrate the art of needlework, cen- turies old, of the Indian women. i 'I' . ^ 1 hi; . 'i pn 1. Mrs. Edward L. Baetlett, Nviii Mi'xiro. 6. Mrs. a. V. Ja<'kson, Kcntwly. 7. Mus. Anna E. M. Farnim, Idaho. 12. Mrs. Mary E. MrCANDLijsH rfiiHtiiiiv. Miss CnAiii.oTTK I'ii:ld Dailkt, lihoile I.shiiKl. lOdkin^r.^rlas mm HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 191 Mr. Archibald Constable loans specimens of various kinds of eardrops made and worn by women in Peshawar. These are called phumni (silk and tinsel tas- sels) iiul are made out of waste silk which becomes entangled when preparing the floss silk for embroiilery. He also sends a bourkha, or wrapper, used by Moham- medan women of Peshawar when going through the streets to visit their friends; En^li'^h long-cloth embroidered with yellow Indian silk, the eyeholes in white cot- ten thread embroidery. This bourkha was made and embroidered by the wife of a iminber of an old Pathan family in Peshawar; a bodice embroidered and worn by Hindu women at Sukkur on the Indus; four specimens of the ornamentation of the inside of sole of women's slippers; four pieces of embroidered Peshawar leather work, intended for a bag. Lady Bayley loans a Suzanni silk embroidery on coarse cloth, worked by Punjabi women; a piece of red tartan cloth woven by the women of a Burmese tribe 1 Fakiahs) in Upper Assam, notable for the tartan pattern; red silk embroid- ered l)()rders woven expressly for the Manipur Durbar and given as presents on state occasions. There is a Toda cloth and bag matle by the Todas, a race of people who live on the Xilargiris Mountains. They have inhabited the hills of Southern India for centuries, are a pastoral race, and their women hold a position in the family quite unlike what is ordinarily the case in oriental nations. They are treated with re- spect and are permitted much freedom. Their number does not exceed 800. This was a loan by Mrs. David Carmichael, who also sends pocket handkerchiefs work- ed by two Mohammedan girls, 8 years of age, in the Hobart School at Madras; a wedding cloth worn by Jat and Baishnava women, woven and embroidered by them. The red ground is woven but all else is embroidered. Two years' time was required to make the cloth, and it is only worn on a wedding day. Then there is a piece of embroidery worked by the Princess of Wadwhan; a red cloth Phulkari called the Shishadar (looking-glass) embroidered in cream, yellow, and green silks worked l)ythe women in the Punjab — small, circular, slightly convex mirrors being sewn in the pattern. It was loaned by Lady Lyall. A scarf woven by a Tipperah woman, of the aboriginal tribe of the Hill of Tipperah, is sent by Mrs. Ganguli, and also an Assamese lady's dress woven by wo- men, a Nekhala skirt, a Rheiha wraj), and an Artria overshawl, a basket of bam- boo nuide by lower caste women of Calcutta, containing motlels of fruit made and colonxl by Bengalese women; four molds carved for the making of sweetmeats. two of clay and two in stone; a model of a pearl and precious stone necklace. In the collection are cut jjaper pictures done by a widow of Dacca and Bena- res Saree with silver embroidery done by women of Benares; a Parsee hoy's dress made by the sister of Sir Famsetjee P'eejeeboy and presented hy her to Mrs. Arthur Oliphant; a Mohammedan boy's dress made by the I'adshah Begum, wife of the first Sir Salur I'ung Bahadur; a tablecloth worked in ^fold embroidery by a lady of Bhera in Shahpure and the Indian Phulkari, or kK)kinj,f-glass worked by an attendant in the house of Rai Bahadur Bakshi Ram Singh, ()f Rawalpindi, Punjab. ^'■ M 1 1 IQ2 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. , rF? A whole day or an entire week may be spent entertainingly in the \Voi,ian's Building, and then one-huntlredth part only could be faithfully seen and stiKlied, In the grand halls are paintings of American, French, German, Italian, Sp;uiish and other nations, which would make a fine gallery in itself. And, there are tapes- tries, laces and embroideries, that would measure more miles than there are between Chicago and Milwaukee. A special feature for a long time were the lectures on, and examples in, cooking, by Mrs. S. T. Roger, of Philadelphia. It will be a lon|,r time before such an aggregation of woman's work, as may now be seen in the Wo- man's Building, can be gathered from all parts of the world again. a. i MARBLE STATUE "SPRING"— MME. I.. CONTAN, FRANCE. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. TQ^ 93 CHAPTER V. THE CHILDREN'S BUILDING. Pixitiest Playhouse and Nursery Ever Constructed— Panels Containing the "Sleeping Beauty in the Wood"— "Silverhair and the • Bears" — Rosy Cherubs and Opilescent Clouds — Sweet and Wise Sayings on the Walls— "Come, Let Us With Our Children Live"— What a Columbian Guard Found in the Manufactures Building— A Little Oirl Baby in the Corner — Mrs. Oliphant Chant's Plan for the Children and the Children's Building. N outgrowth of Woman's work was that structure known as the Children's Building — an afterthought, so to speak. "Oughtn't we to have a place where the children can be taken care of while their mothers may go their way and enjoy an hour or more without uneasiness?" asked Mr. Rue, of California, one day. "What an idea!" exclaimed Mrs. Palmer; "I'll see Mr. Burnham about this at once. The chil- dren shall have a pavilion, and it shall be the biggest play- house in the world They shall have panoramas of the Sleeping Beauty in the Wood, and dear little, curious, naughty Silver- hair tasting the porridge of the Three Bears; and we'll have a picture of the Prince putting the glass slipper on the foot of Cindrella." All this was carried out, and' more too; for the building then dreamed of was com- pleted in May, and from that time on it became a joy to tens of thousands of children of a tender age. These legends were placed in panels 10x4 feet wide, in pairs, inthreeof thefourcornersof the large assembly room, the space in the fourth corner being pretty well taken up by doors. Then along the south and east sides of the room, between the long windows, were medallions representing various occupations of children, alternating with others in which child figures represented the signs of the zodiac. For instance a dimpled little maid with a lion did duty for Leo, a baby teasing a crab for Cancer, and a very small archer with a big bow for Sagittarius. These medallions were not painted realistically like the pictures of fairy tales or of occupations, but were monochromos, paintings, or rather drawings in a single color, which in this instance was a dull pink. Both the circular and the long panels were framed in a conventional border of laurel leaves which had grayish-blue shadows, and the whole series was connected by a wide band of gold color. These ran all around the room as a species of frieze, witl^ a stenciled border on both sides connecting the various panels. Its yellow color, vith the pink of the zodiac medal- lions and the dull blue for the leaves, rei)resented 'na way, the three primary colors of which all other colors are modifications. ; W§ If s m 11 II 'f^i ■11 ]„*■ m 1» i « !•* 194 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. MEDALLION. DECORATION ON CHILDREN'S BUILDING. On the side of the room where there were no windows the places between the round panels were filled by imitation mar- ble tablets, inscribed with some of the sweet and wise things that have been said about little children, as: "Little children love one another," "The hope of the future lies in the children," "And babes shall rule over men," "Trailing clouds of glory do we come from God," "And a lit- tle child shall lead them," "Deep meaninjr often in the child's play lieth," "Come, let us with our children live." At the north end of the room two of the most charm- ing of all panels were "Dawn" and "Twi- light," as personified by rosy cherubs amid opalescent clouds. In the library a beau^iful ceiling was designed of cherub Pleiades, "like a swarm of tiretiies tangled in a silver braid." This was a circular panel ten feet in diameter, surrounded by a border of conventionalized ivy suggested possibly by "the casements' mild shade" from which the poet watched the stars. The building, like that of the Woman's, is a plain and substantial structure. It is 150 by 90 feet, two-storied, with a roof garden, which in reality is a playground for the little ones. It is inclosed with a strong wire netting to insure safety, and is made attractive by vines and flowers. Toys of all nations, from the rude bone playthings of the Eskimo children to the wonderful mechanical and instructive toys of modern times, are exhibited under cover in the garden, and all are used to entertain children. Trustworthy nurses are in charge of the garden, as well as of the department of public comfort in the building, and no hesitancy was ever felt in leaving children in their care. Of course a small fee was exacted, but the mother had the satisfaction of knowing that every want of her little one was being provided for. The educational exhibit is a perfect one, and begins with the earliest training of children. Miss Maria M. Love, of Buffalo, N. Y., a member of the Board of Lady Managers, carries on a modern BOTANY. DECORATION ON CHILDREN'S BUILIMNG 'jil HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 195 crci lie. to which a larjje, airy room is devoted. In this is demonstrated all that is rational and comfortable in caring for and dressing children. Lectures are de- livn (1 upon food, clothing and sleeping arrangements, and in the creche is also in- cjiuli il an exhibition of the clothing of infants and of cradles used in all times and by all nations. Succeeding the creche are the kindergarten and kinderkitchen. Everyone know s what the klntlergarden means. Not so many are acquainted with the kitchen- ijaniiii, of which Miss Emily Huntingdon, of New York, was the founder,.and which is designed to teach classes of little folks, especially the children of the poor, the artj uf housekeeping, all in so interesting a way that sweeping, cleaning, dusting, and cooking become a de- light and not a task. Phy- sical development is il- lustrated by the North America Turner Bund, with the hope of inspiring children with a desire to seek physical perfection. An assembly-room is pro- vided where rows of chairs and a platform, from which are delivered stere- opticon lectures on the subjects of foreign coun- tries, their languages, manners and customs, as well as the most import- ant facts in their history. There is also a children's library, under the charge of Mrs. Clara Doty Bates, chairman of the commit- tee of literature for chil- dren of the congress auxiliary. Generous responses were made to the request sent out by the Board of Lady Managers for contributions to the library from for- eign countries, as well as our own, and many autographic manuscripts of contrib- utors to SL Nicholas and other children's magazines are to be seen. Pennsylvania has a department showing the wonderful progress made in teaching the deaf and dumb. Miss Mary Garrett has charge of this department, and daily demonstrations are made. The government contributed the Ramona Indian school, the living testimonial which stands to the memory of Helen Hunt Jackson in Santa Fe, N. M. No appropriation was made by the Exposition authorities for the Children's "building. The Board of Lady Managers assumed the entire responsibility of lis 11 CHILDREN'S BUILDING. m (■t:j r^ \'- : \ . J.„ 'i l-4^M::iiiMll^iiiiiS^maiiimikmiit^mm^iid^ti^^ i it- i i iq6 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. raising the money for its erection, and Mrs. Potter Palmer and the Friday Club raised the necessary funds for its equipment and maintenance. The ruoney employed in its erection was contributed by the different States. And while on this subject of children, the author is reminded that at 8:30 o:clock on the evening of May 3rd there was born to the Exposition a baby — a girl. To be sure, she was a fountUing, but her welcome was as warm as though she had come clothed in purple instead of a coarse gray wrap. Thisbaby'scoming was hi<,rhly romantic. She was found in the northeast corner of the Manufactures Building by Guard John O' Herns while he was going his rounds. He said that while he was passing the exhibitof a firm of French perfumers he heard what he thought sounded strangely like thecryingof a child. He made a search with his lantern and discovered that he was correct. He found the baby wrapped in a gray blanket shawl. He called one of a number of scrub women who was at work near by and she took charge of the child. An attempt was made by the guard to call the ambulance, but Mrs. Martha Bauerman, the forewoman of thescrubbers, said the women would take care of the baby. After a whispered conversation the women gave the child to a Mrs. Reichster, who was working with them. They said she had just lost an infant child by death, and was willing to take charge of the foundling. Mrs. Reichster was allowed to go to her home at once by the forewoman. The guards detailed in the big building were jubilant over the discovery and raised a purse of several dollars for the baby on the spot. The babe was apparently about two months old. It is a girl with very light hair and brown eyes, dressed in coarse garments, and there was nothing to lead to identification. The author spent many a delightful hour in the Children's Building watching the babies, and the boys and girls who preferred the fun of the pavilion to the Court of Honor, Transportation Building, Palace of Fine Arts, or anything else. But the babies! He has seen two hundred at a time — fat, thin, crying, laughing, quiet, kick- ing, healthy, sickly, black, white and copper-colored ones. It was the prettiest, jolliest and noblest nursery in the world, and better than Barnum & Bailey's four ringed circus at its best. • ):' HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 197 MRS CHANTS PLEA FOR THE CHHDREN AND D REN'S BUHDING. THE CHIL- LEFT London witn all of its poverty and attendant misery and came to the progressive and most American of cities — Chicago. Here I found myself, where all visitors go, in a veritable earthly Paradise, as I visited your World's Fair. And yet, in all that grandest architectural display the world has ever known, was there anything that touched my heart as did the building dedicated to the Children, for that touches the "high water mark" of igth Century progress, for its effect is to be felt not only on our own generation, but upon succeeding ones. We are just becoming aware of the fact that this is the most glorious age that childhood has known, for while we have wasted our brain-fibre for generations in inventions by which to shorten the hours of labor and to lengthen those of pleasure for grown people, yet it has been reserved for this generation to make even a picture book for a child where the fox un-labeled would not be mistaken for the dog! And yet at the World's Fair may be found a happy home arranged entirely for children with every known means of diversion and entertainment that thoughtfulness can suggest, with motherly ma- trons and kind attendants in charge of it. Think of the mothers who are thus left free during the whole day to enjoy the beauty of that grand architectural display sur- rounding them on everyside, or to wander at pleasure among the rare works of art, and of the effect on the happy children who are refreshed b} the change from the over- fatigued mother to the care of restful attendants and charmed by the new and novel diversions on every side. Enough cannot be said in praise of your work, and we are behind the women of America in our work on the Eastern shores of the At- lantic in our means of benefiting humanity by making the world a happier place to live in. In my own philanthropical work I have discovered that I can always be sure of prompt and efficient material aid from benevolent women whenever I speak or write on the subject of Reform, be it what it may, but when I make a plea for the "Home" that we have instituted near London, simply for the purpose of making brighter and happier the lives of the miserable and poor, society at once takes alarm and I am met with repeated cries of dismay, and the fear is expressed that I may change the color of the social fabric by introducing an element hitherto un- known within its sacred precincts. When our "Home" was first opened, I took with me from London twenty- '^\'t ballet girls — be not shocked! — for an artificial life, lived out under the glare of f*!:f;;'.Ja«a^';:v-iv.«ii,- %^i^S;tif?.'£L:,:;X.M>&Ea^;i:, ahuhim iq8 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. h^i^\ 1 1 i I :,,::. 1 1 lime lij^hts, tinsel dresses and spangles, is not soul satisfying, even to a balh-i frjrl as three weeks of pure air and sunshine with wholesome home influences proved in its effect on these girls who returned to London sun-burnt and happier than they had ever been in their lives before. I wish that you all might have heard their ex- pressions of gratitude and their promises to help others who had not shared with them their luxurious holiday. Surely the noblest result of this age of progress has been the establishment of these institutions for making children happy, for even we, the "Children of a larger growth" are always good when we are happy, then life becomes a most in- teresting and enjoyable affair, yet we forget that a happy childhood is the grand- est foundation for future greatness in man or woman, so I make a further p\va for the furtherance of "Fresh-air Excursions" and Sanitariums for children. Do you realize that the tendency of city life is toward artificiality, that only in solitude is character deepened £.nil the soul developed? Take a child from some alley home, give it sunshine, birds, flowers and trees and study the effect, then 1 need not talk or write, for the Am^'rican only needs the suggestion. When 1 hear that the Children's Budding was made possible as the result of noble charitable enterprises on the part of your noble women, and see the successful result of your work in the number of children you have already made happy by your experiment, I look beyond and see a power for doing good among you that should not be con- tent with present results, but still further the movement already made by new insti- tutions that will give the highest reward possible to any life, that of making the world a happier place to live in after we have left it. ffTH. i.rfxitjmmmtii '» ir a: : » mj! ^'Xv. 200 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. !N the mantle of our national history — P" ranee has accepted our invitation, and ji, .aij. pointed on her commission such men as Herjrer, the distinguished Director-Ge leral of the Paris Exposition, and Proust, tiie government art director, and placrd ^t their disposal $^)^^(,ooo to properly participate in our Exposition, as request • I hv this government And by the side of France stands the great empire of Germany. Millions of ner mdustrious, scholarly and philanthropic sons are among the best and bravcM citizens of this nation. It is said that the emperor has interested himself regarding the place vvhich his jieople shall take in the great civic trial of advancement " progress to be witnessed at Jackson Park in iSq3. EvtTy foot of space tlui' c(aii be allotted to this powerful nation was accepted long ago by German (!xhii)itor';. Their commissioner, Herr VVermuth, has visited us; they have thi; plan of the l)u; 1 ing and of the site and the space they are to occupy and their prepare.,", s ai(;a(l- vancetl. To show the friendshi|j and interest of Germany, over $Sou,oi o have been appropriated by the Empire for the proper acceptance of Amei ica's invitation, Nor has .\ustria-Hungary failed in these civilities and comities of the Great Powers. The government at \'ienna has appointed a commission, consisting (([tlif emperor's brother, the minister of commerce, and other representatives and illus- trious leaders of that nation. Millions of her sons are totiay citizens of this country, and they are looking forward with a pardonable pride to the great preparations now being made in fatherland for the Fair. Austria-Hungary has placed 150,000 florins, as a preliminary appropriation, at the disposal of her commission. The government of Russi.i iias assumed the entire charge of the exhibit from that country. Her messengers hav(; been sent to all parts of that wonderful domain to gather the richest and finest of her products. The expense of the collection ami the transportation to the Fair and return, the care of the exhibits and all exi)ens(s are provided for under the direct charge of the officers of the government. This nation, with continents for her domain, with 1 10,000,000 of people to do her bidding;, with history and wealth and ambition and friendship to inspire her action, will pre- sent an exhibit which will not probably cost less than $1,000,000 to display. Recent debates in parliament have shown that the pride of Great Britain is at stake, and that her leaders, governors and statesmen are thoroughly alive to the situation. The approfjriation has been increased i^y mk < "(binet, and the chaises for space have been wholly or partly withdrawn. 1 :.'■ av ands of leading fellow-clansmen who lurm .1 lass so influential in . r body ]i()litit . brom all of the British colonies will they come; and, as prfdimin,'*ry to heir comill.L,^ the following appropriations hav(; been made: By Great Britain >;,oo, axj; (Jciiiaila, $ioo,ocxd; Honduras, $7,000; Cape Colony. v$25,ooo; Trinidad $25,000; Jamaica. $20,ooou; Ceylon, $4.0,000; and i^robably one million and iialf dollars will not exceed the amovnt this nation and its dejiendencies, as gu\ ernme/it**. \vi 1 expend in their preparation to comply with Am rica's invitation to particip.ite in this bair. rhe Royal Commissioner of Spain has >.lready presented his cred lals and has applied for the space his nation expects to recjuire to display theex, )its of the land whose generous queen gave aid to si cd the great discovery 1. his search for a continent. I listoric and classic Greece has appointed its ( ommissioner and appropria d Sbo.ooc:) for the suberb exhibit, to be displayed at Jackson Park. The commissioner from Portugal has already arrived in Washington, am s soon to be with us to arrange for an exhibit. The representatives of the governments of Bi Igium, Turke\-, Switzerla ant! I'^gypt have visited the grounds and made their \) climinary arrangements fi exhibits. Brazil, possessed of all the wealth of ])roducts incid-nt to her perfect clime, has set aside $600,000 with which to display the exhibits an 1 resources of that young anil growing republic. Costa Rica, with less than half a million of poi ulation, has appropriated $150,00), or in excess of 30 cents per capita, to comply with our invitation to be presei t and participate in the Fair. Little Ecuador h is overtopped her lofty ^ Chimliorazo and Cotopaxi with her appropriation of $i25,ijoo, and Guatemala, with one million of inhabitants, has ajjpropriated 20 cents per capita, or $200,000, to comply with the invitation of this country to participate. Mexico, our next-door neighbor at the south — the nation that nutured the enterprise of Columbus has appointed its leading governnental officers to take char.!^!' of the several de|)artments, antl will eclipse any former effort in the exhi- bition pfht r wonderful resources; and, as a preliminary, has appropriated $50,000. japan, the Great Britain of Asia, that with e\ery new day is making some new stride toward the western spirit of enterprise and civilization, almost staggers us with her appropriation of nearly Sjoo.oco, to conform w'ith the invitation of the United States of America to participate in the great Fair. ■ ' "1 .J ■> \'l ii ti i III ■'■^ M ii^'i i I ia ^f^ -^ WW •iatm -■^y.^-.-..»»,r,i.»J»;^tr.»..wt...|^.».«i-»-.^^ I ■:^T,. 202 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. I might go on, step by step, over the nations of the world. Suffice it to say, the civilized people of thisearth have in a hearty and substantial manner accepted our invitation in good faith and have already appropriated over $5,000,000 to carry out, in an appropriate manner, their part in this great international exposition which we have inaugurated. Theiracceptances of our invitation are on tile in the De- partment of State, at Washington. Therefore I said to Congress, and I repeat: Cannot this government, the richest on the face of the earth, in the zenith of its power and prosperity, with an unprecedented balance sheet in its favor in its deal- ing with foreign nations; this government of whom a distinguished English state- man recently said that the "center of the power of the world was in the United States"; can it not appropriate the value of a single cruiser in the celebration of the arts of peace? I believe it can and will. ''Peace hath her victories no less renorcnci than war!' Properly and economically administered, the people will cheerfully approve the appropriation. The constituents of our Congressmen — the states, territories and citizens — desire it; the nations of the earth — this government's constituency- desire it. And what is it all for? Civilization. Contemplate the glorious harvest of our Exposition; all creeds and tongues and peoples are invited and expected to be present at this universal banquet — a banquet of peace and brotherly love. Its natural effect will be the cementing of the bonds of national fraternity, the destruc- tion of national jealousy and the collecting together as one of the great family of mankind to unitedly celebrate the opening of a hemisphere for the benefit of humanity, for the progress of civilization and the advancement of the Christian religion. This was and is my plea. I beg the good will and aid of my fellow-Ameri- cans. The astonishing growth of the country, as reflected in the necessary triple enlargement of the World's Columbian Exposition, has placed the officers of the Fair in a position of responsibility not to be lightly assumed nor honorably aban- doned. I'^'S-s \i'\y ' it to say, accepted ) to carry xposition n the De- 1 repeat; nith of its n its deal- [lish state- ;he United tion of the s reiiOu'ited ly approve territories stituency— 3US harvest )ected to be love, its the destruc- at family of benefit of e Christian llow-Ameri- ;ssary triple icers of the trably aban- r if ; l! 1 ■■■'■'• I ft ■"'? 1, ■^•m0l. ' ,i»--. V' l''! ''''f^:. :jj*r ^^■&a'\ ^^ i T'li steppes of ^ car— and A hold the pn velous rcsoi there iuis b( [sun a majj^ni I moods the r jail over with hilvery higoc PART VII. THE MAIN BUILDINGS AND THEIR EXHIBITS. CHAPTER I. THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. A Marvel of Exquisite Architectural Handiwork— Were it Stone Instead of Imitation it Would Have no Equal— Irresistible Color Scheme and Effect— Beautiful Blending of Pale Blue, Terra Cotta, Bright Yellow and Pale Cream — Unsurpassed Decorative Delineations — Matchless Fusion of Harmonious Tints— Impressive Ensemble of Rotunda, Colonnade, Mezzanine and Dome— Dedi- catory Tablets to Gutenberg, Copernicus, James Watts and Morse— The Most Beautifully Lighted Structure in the World. HEN a person drops a ticket for which he has paid 50 cents into the box at any of the Exposition turnstiles and enters upon the spectacular grounds dedicated to the memory of the discoverer of America, he beholds what has taken ten thousand workmen more than two years and thirty-two millions of dollars to accomplish. He may ask himself whether all this expenditure was worth while — he may as well ask himself whether it was worth while for Columbus to have discovered America. If it is worth while to open wide the shores of a hospit- able country where liberty and equality are assured to everyone, then it is proper to show to the whole world what four centuries of freedom and brother- hood have accomplished. America extends a cordial hand to the inhabitants of every clime, from the steppes of Siberia and the wastes of Patagonia to the shelving shores of Madagas- j car— and Anglo-Saxon and Hottentot are equally welcome; and that all may be- hold the progress of the arts and sciences, and of education, and study the mar- velous resources of the world up to nearly the close of the nineteenth century, there has been provided for the reception of the people of all nations under the sun a magnificent park on the shores of an inland sea, which combines in its varied I moods the majesty of an ocean and the limpid beauty of a sun-kissed pool dotted all over with palaces and temples, gardens bespangled with flowers and winding Isilvery lagoons. There are also government buildings of many nations, from the 203 . i;.:4i.Jii;:! I f 1 mi I it' ] '' m ' < lit! i 204 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. §),,- ¥■ stately structure of the German empire clown to the cabin ot the pioneer on Uie wooded island and the huts of the savages on the Midway Plaisance. As is the case at all expositions, what are known as the main buildings and other main features command the earliest attention. This is particularly the cas(> at this the greatest- of all world's fairs, as there have been reared structures that liad never been dreamed of ten years before; and although much has been written and pictured in magazine and newspaper of the grandeur and magnificence of the White Chy, the first sight of it never proves disappointing — its buildings are more imposing and its gardens and lagoons more beauti- ful than any imagination had pictured them. "I had- no conception of the extent, variety, or splendor of these build- ings," is the exclamation, mental or verbal, of every visitor when he enters the park. The appearance of the magnificent group of main buildings around the lagoons is so different from anything in the Tnit- ed States, is so un-Amer- ican, that it startle the im- agination. Figures can give some idea of the size of these palaces, but the architecture in its infinite detail must truly beseen to be appreciated. When it is remembered that the area under roof is equal to that of Paris in 18S9, Philadelphia in 1S76, and Vienna in 1873 combined, thatthccost of the main buikiings is estimated roughly at over $6,700,000, some concci)tionof the thought, the care, and the labor w-hich they represent may be obtained. The Administration Building is considered the gem of the Exposition palaces. It is situated at the west of the great court in the southern part of the site, looking east- ward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities. The great gilded dome of this lofty building is one of the most striking architectural featureson the grounds, There is no dome in this country to which this one can be compared. It is finer in every respect than any other on the Western Hemisphere. Richard .V. Hunt is the architect. This imposing edifice cost $463,213. It covers an arcadf 260 feet square, and consists of four pavilions S4 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square and connected by a grand central dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height, leaving at the center of each facade a recess 82 fct t wide, STATUARY OPPOSITE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. igs and casi> at hat had :cn and e of the ire more gardens i beauti- ,gi nation in. nc-epiion iricty, or se build- lamation, , of every enters the ;aranceof group of iround the different |i the Unit- un-Amer- the im- ures can f the size IS, but the its infinite jly be seen equal to lat the cost cepiionof lied. The ices, h is ;inii east- h ddinc of c grounds, ired. It i^ it-hard M. n area (if ,f ihetmir li diameter CI I wide, HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 205 wi. iin which are the grand entrances to the building. The general design is in the st\' ■ of the French Renaissance. The first story is in the Doric order. It is of h(M)ic proportions, and is siirroundcul by a lofty balustrade. The great tiers of the aiv.'ie of each pavilion are crowned with sculpture. The Ionic style of architecture is 1. presentetl in the second story, with its lofty and spacious colonnade. The four entrances, one on each side of the building, are 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed and covered by semi-circular arched vaults. In the rear of these arches are the entrance doors, ami above them great screens of glass, giv- ing light to the central ro- tunda. Across the face of these screens, at the level of the otfice tloor, are gal- leries of communication between the different pa- vilions. The interior of this building exceeds in beauty and splendor even the exterior, imposing as that is. Between every two of the grand entrances and connecting the inter- vening pavilion with the rotunda is a hall 30 feet square, giving access to the offices, and provided with broad circular stair- ways and commodious elevators. From the top of the cornice in the second story rises the interiordome 200 feet from the floor. In the center is an opening, 50 feet in tliaineter, transmitting a flow of light from the exterior dome overhead. The under side of the dome is enriched with deep luuudings, richl>- molded, and these panelings are lilh'd with sculi)ture in low relief and immense paintings representing the arts and sciences. The sculptor of the Administration Building is Karl Bitter, of New York. He executed the groups on the small domes and, among otlu-r subjects, groups representing "Commerce," "Industry. " "justice," "Religion," "\\ ar," "Peace," "Science," and "Arts." There arc (h-dicatory tablets to Caitenberg, Copernicu'^, Watts and Morse. The decoration of tin; d(.)me was executed by William Leftwich Dodge, the youiiLiot painter commissioned by the F.vposition. The space covered by Mr. Dodiir's painting is 315 feet in circumft!rence, and 40 feet from apex to base. Tht; subject of th(; painting is "Th(> glorilication of the Arts." On the throne. .MACMONNIES AND ELECTRIC FOUNTAINS. iv j- VI •• '! 206 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1 ; ; t m^ ^ nil which is seen in the portion of the dome opposite the main entrance to the building, Apollo is seated crowning the Arts as they approach from either side. There are ninety-five important figures in the composition, and those in the foreground arc 25 feet in height. The general color scheme is a pale cream. Tints of terra cotta, bri^^ht yellows and pale blues, however, heighten the decorative effects. The Corinthian columns to the lower portion of the frieze beneath the mezzanine story have been painted a warm yellow. This, however, is but the body color, as the columns are finished in imitation onyx. In the spandrels gilded shields crossed by laurel wreaths typify foreign countries that have come to exhibit their products at the Columbian Exposition. In this building are the offices of the Director-General and his staff, and the headquarters of the newspapers from every quarter of the globe. Emerging from the east entrance of the building, the visitor may stand on the spot where the dedication ceremonies took place, and where President Cleve- land touched the button that started the machinery. Immediately in front of the building is a plaza 200 yards square, and in the distance lies the most enchantmg architectural and landscape scene in the Exposition or in the world! Its central feature is an immense basin of water, probably 3,000 by 1,000 feet in size, fringed with balustrades, symbolical pillars, terraces, grass plats, and flower beds. In the foreground is MacMonnies' wonderful fountain representing Columbia seated on the ship of state, which is steered by Father Time, and on the prow of which stands the figure of Fi.me. This vessel is driven through the water by eight girls stand- ing at the oars, four on either side. Around the circumference of the basin are young men on horses, and mer- maids and cherubs disport themselves in the waves in the wake of the boat. On either side of this fountain are two electric fountains. Rising from the water in the distance is French's colossal statue of the Republic, and beyond that, in dazzling white, Atwood's peristyle, between the columns of which are seen the deep-blue waters of the lake. At the space of a hundred yards from the water on every side stand in grandeur and beauty the great buildings of the exposition. It is when in the gorgeous glow of monster search and thousands of incandes- cent ligh'-s that the Administration Building takes on its most spectacular and most bewitching robes. There never was such a matchless fusion of harmonious colors and tints; and colonnades, mezzanine and dome are resplendent amidst a jubilee of light. There never has been such a brilliantly and beautifully illuminated structure, while all of its handsome surroundings are liberally caparisoned with harmonious lines of lights. Were the Administration Building stone instead of imitation it would have no equal in the world. !fr '• ii ildiiig, ire are arc 25 bri^^ht inthian rG. been nns are ■ laurel s at the and the itand on t Cleve- it of the :hant'ng i central , fringed In the eated on :h stands •Is stand- ind mer- »at. On ter in the [dazzling feep /ery si •blue de Inca ndes- ind most lus colors lubilce of Itructure, jmonious Itation it ntfefEUVLaMlCaa.,.kUu«M,«i: : vf 3 J > fi. ,.•*■- ■*%. •^^ t L: HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 2oq CHAPTER II. THE MAMMOTH MANUFACTURES BUILDING. * The Greatest Exposition Structure Ever Known— It Covers Nearly Forty Acres of Ground and Contains Forty-four Acres of Exhibits Valued at Fifty Millions of Dollars — Three Million Feet of Lumber and Five Carloads of Nails in the Main Floor— It is 1,687 Feet Long and 787 Feet Wide— Many of the Foreign Pavilions Built After Designs of Famous Palaces— Rare and Costly Wares, Fabrics, Watches, Jewelry, Musical and Mechanical Instruments and Professional Implements Amaze the Beholder on Every Hand— The Great Central Landmark an Alabaster Clock Tower, l35 Feet High, Erected by the American Clock Co. — A Chime of Nine Bells— When They Ring it Sounds Like the Music of Heaven Reverberating Through the Immense Space — The Pantheon-like Pavilion of the Meridian-Britannia Ware— TitTany's Costly Structure — A Dazzling Aggregation of Gems— Splendid Display of Watches and Jewelry— Elegant and Spacious Booth of the Waltham Watch Company — Stem-Winders by the Ton— Palaces and Temples Filled with Laces, Rich Chinaware, Porcelain, Statuary, Silverware, Textile Fabrics, etc.— Silver Statue of Columbus at the Gorham Pavilion — Dolls that Talk and Walk — Petrified Wonders from Arizona — Dazzling Displays by Forty Foreign Countries — Reproduction of Hartfield House — Concentrated Splendor of the Siam Exhibit — Magnificent Displays by all the Leading European Countries — Sketch of James Alliwn, Chief of Department of Manufactures. ERHAPS the object the most eagerly sought for by a ma- jority of sightseers is the mammoth structure known as the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building; — or, by a shorter term: — the INLmufactures Building. This is because it is the largest in the group of most extraordinarybuildings and also because of the extensive distributionof countries which make exhibits and the generally diversified and interesting nature of the exhibits — for within this immense structure are myriads of booths and pavilions where wares of every clime and country and of every description and value are to be seen. The Manufactures Building is the largest in the world and the largest under roof ever constructed. Its dimensions are 1687 by 787 feet and it has an exhibit area of 44 acres and covers JU72 acres. A central hall 3S0 feet wide runs its complete length and is spanned by single arches, without supports; 12,000,000 pounds of steel were used in these 22 trusses, each of which weighs 125 tons, and it required 600 flat cars to bring them from the iron works to Chicago. There were 17,000,000 feet of lumber used in construction and with this five car loads of nails were used; while there are over 2,000,000 pounds of iron in roof of nave. There are 11 acres of skylight and 40 car loads of glass in the roof. The building is 100 feet longer than the Brooklyn Itricku' and it is claimed that the iron and steel in the roof alone would construct M '-1 K ; 2IO HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. '' * ■'). two such suspension bridges. It will seat 300,000 people, and there would be room for the full standing army of Russia under its roof. It is three times as larj^a; as St. Peter's cathedral, and the largest church in Chicago could be placed within the vestibule of that great church at Rome. The building is rectangular in form, and is surrounded by a spacious colon- nade, which affords a splendid promenade on a warm day, getting the lake breeze and water view on all sides. It is in the Corinthian style of architecture, its classic outlines and stupendous length being broken by the four entrances 40 feet wide and 80 feet high and the eight domes. The exterior is covered with "staff" and in its columns, arches, sculptured bas-reliefs and panels, presents the appearance of a magnificent marble palace. The walls are 66 feet high, the four central pavilions 122, the corner pavilions 97 and the greatest height of roof 437.6 feet. The plans of this architectural wonder were drawn by George B. Post, of New York; tlieir execution cost the Exposition $1,800,000. When one enters the Manufactures Building, say by th:> south entrance, his impression will be that he is in fairyland, or at least that he u, visiting a city of palaces, temples, castles, arches, monuments, and hanging gardens. All that is graceful in outline and entrancing in color will salute his senses at the same time. But his eye will necessarily be drawn toward a beautiful structure in the center of the building, where the two main highways intersect, and where they have been enlarged into a circle for its accommodation. The best thing he can do, if he expects to make any progress in taking in such a wilderness of attractions, is to make for this c =■ .ter and then branch out from it at his leisure. The great central land- mark, looking like the spire of a cathe- dral in alabaster, is the clock tower, 135 feet high, of the American Self-Wind- ing Clock Company. It is arched on all four sides, of course, or it would block up the thoroughfare. In addition to a clock-dial on each side, it has a chime of nine bells. The largest, on which the hour is struck, weighs 3,700 pounds, and the whole chime 7,000 pounds. When they ring it sounds like the music of heaven reverberating through the immense spaces of the building, Clocks are scarce in Jackson CHIEF ALLISON. Park, but visitors to the Manufactures Building, no matter in what remote corner of it they may be hid, are reminded in notes of the sweetest music of the flight not only of the happy hours, but of the happy halves and quarters as well. The space on the ground floor of the building is alloted mainly on the basic of nationality, and apparently on the principle of placing the greatest nations m. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 211 nearest to this striking central feature. Standinjj at this point, where ihe building is exactly quartered, one will observe that he is surrounded by the great powers of th( earth. In the northeast quarter is the United States, in the northwest quarter Cit I iiumy. in the southeast quarter France, and in the southwest quarter Great Britain. If he will climb the clock-tower and look again, he will see that the United States takes the entire northeast corner of the dome-covered por- tion of the building. In the northwest corner, however, he will see, over the head of (rermany, the exhibits of Austria and then Japan. In like manner, looking to the southeast, he will see, away beyond F'rance, the exhibits of Belgium, Russia and Norway, with China away off to the east. Then, looking to the southwest, he will see, adjoining Great Britain on the south, Canada, and beyond that Denmark, Brazil, Italy and Spain, while off to the west are Jamaica, India, and New South Wales, and to the southwest Switzerland, Mexico, and Persia. The smaller na- tions he may locate gradually. Looking again to the northeast, the visitor will be struck with the fact that the United States exhibits, unlike those of other countries, are not nationalized by any kind of general inclosure. He will also be struck with the fact that it is not exactly on the same scale of expensiveness or grandeur as the neighboring national exhibits. In place of a national pavilion it has at the angle nearest the clock tower the booth of Tiffany, however, which entirely redeems it. This triple-arched entrance, with a saffron-colored doric column ux) feet high, surmounted with a globe and golden eagle, is certainly beautiful. To the north of it, and in striking contrast with it, is the pantheon-like booth of the Meriden Britanniaware Company, built of rosewood with curved plate glass windows. North of that again is the elegant and spacious mahogany booth of the VVakliam Watch Company. The rest of the space is cut up into comparatively small portions, but which contain many interesting and creditable exhibits, although th(;y may not make so great an impression amid such a wilderness of magnificence. The articles classed under manufactures ami displayed are so numerous as to bewilder the mind. They are divided into thirty-five groups, each group divided into ten or more classes, and each class into about twenty or more smaller departments; and even these smaller departments are so general as to convey but little idea of the almost infinite diversity of articles displayed. It may assist the imagination, however, to mention as included in the groups chemical and pharma- ceutical supplies, paints, colors, dyes, varnishes, paper, stationery, upholstery, artis- ticdecorations, ceramics, mosaics, stone, monuments, musical instruments, china, por- celain, glassware, furniture, stoves, bronzes, paintings, statuary, watches and jewelry, clothing, silks, satins, cassime/es, serges, velvets, laces, draperies, linens, cottons, woolens, firearms, dolls, iron, copper, brass, nickel and tin ware, and many tens of thousands of things that need not be enumerated, but which include nearly all kinds o[ machines and implements and other articles of handiwork not used in mining, agriculture and transportation. More than thirty foreign governments are reore- sented, among which are Algeria, Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guiana, British Honduras, Cape Colony, Canada, Ceylon, Chili, ■ iii ml i\i ■ - 312 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Denmark, Dutch Guiana, Dutch West Indies, luicaclor, France, French Guiana, Germany, Great Britain, Guatemala, Flawaiian Islands, Hayti, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Jamaica, Korea, Madajjascar, Mexico, New South Wales, Netherlantis, Nicaragua, Norway, Orange Free State, Paraguay. Persia, Peru, Porto Rico, Queensland, Russia, Salvador, San Domingo. Siam, Spain. Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zanzi- bar. Many of the foreign pavilions are built after the designs of famous palaces. Germany's pavilion is a wonderful piece of work, the F'rench section is magniticeiit, and the English hardly behind its neighbors. The value of the exhibits in the Manufactures Building is more than $50,000,000 and they include rare and costly articles of every kind that are the fruits of skilled labor as well as many more that are in constant demand and use. F'ar away India shows rich embroideries, brocades and silk textiles; quaint carvings in sandal and teak woods, ivory and bone; gold, silver and amber jewelry; art pottery and other curious workmanship Japan's bamboo and lacquer ware; porcelain, faience, cloissonne, and art metal wares; delicate ivories, gumma, tapestries, and so forth, are much admired. This country exceeds all others in number of ex- hibitors, there being 20S9 in all. Norway, Denmark and Sweden display about the same line of goods, jewelry, carvings, em- broideries, furniture, etc. Siam has 63 exhibits. Skins, inlaid pearl work, enameled articles, rattan n d bamboo woods, needle work, preserves, candied fruits, etc. The renowned Swiss watches and carvings are shown in this section. Chronom- eters for old and young, rich and poor, useful and ornamental, turn their shining faces up from row upon row of cases. The Italian section displays a world of marbles, mosaics and bronzes; Venetian glassware, laces, artistic furniture, Roman silks, Neapolitan corals and cameos; filigree work, tapestries, lamps and other exquisite goods cause much admiration and covetousness on the part of the visitor. Great Brit- iS? '^'•iffiB'aaiV • *!* mB^r --'^i ^^^f^- fifk i,fm . ri -!• rt-ftHH-. j*r'-^'-^^'.'-"~ WEST SIDE OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING. rm HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 313 ain occupies a large space in the center of the huge building and displays a great variety of manufactures, particularly Irish linens and laces, Scotch worsteds and woolens; china, glassware and pottery decorated in every imaginable style; per- fum\d)- (■(lallidii iiiasccn- Conicdy, scales of sees, and sword of ind ihc udpaint- ) ( icntlc- l(lin;4Sof I'jTors," B'inion of 1(1 li\ the Is S vOOO. n iSqi, h, are in- ni posing <■* I. 1- •« is t m y f" ^ ^^ Vi jift y. .,/ :.r a-i ' l1± ^ij •'' : '»■ 1 ' '^I^^^H u ¥ ' SI" h :i^'li' tl m: s ■ ; i .hi- 1 : i ^ i' ; ■Mljir^^-^^^^r^: \i A( '■' iffa- SI ^ iiii 228 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. To women who visit the exhibit nothing will so appeal, however, as a toilet service, including forty-seven pieces, all mounted in silver richly gilded. Who usts this, however, must have a substantial bank account at her disuosal, as $3,000 is its value. Plainly the pride of England, so far as its exhibit in the World's Fair is con- cerned, is the pottery and porcelain, arranged in attractive groups and lines of color along Columbia avenue. If one walks down that thoroughfare toward the British section from the north. Royal Worcester, in delicate tones of ivory and ^old, Pompeian green, and Rose du Barry greets the eye. Just what in the beautiful ex- hibit of this exquisite ware best deserves notice it is difficult to state. Most people are attracted, however, by the long tables spread with gorgeous banquet services. Rose carol and gold are used in the ornamentation of plates, vases, and fruit dishes, flower jars, menu cards, lamps, and candelabra, the total value of which is $5,300, a figure which will not encourage the average giver of dinners to purchase the set. Although the service, with its scrolls and lace-like edges and delicately painted figures, is one of the most elegant pieces of work in the collection, what is known as the rustic table is by no means without admirers. The sense of \)v.\ng out of doors, of hearing brooks murmur and birds sing, is what the designers of this service desired to indulge in those who used it. The centerpiece, filled in with ferns and grasses, is surrounded by a fence in gold and ivory and pink, in which impossible little shepherds are seatetl playing impossible little flutes. Rabbits, puppies, and a varied assortment of other small animals jump around in the grass, or would jump if the power of locomotion could be put into Worcester ware and the plates, vases, fruit dishes carry out as nearly, as possible the idea of rusticity and country delights. Whoever purchased this set, for it has been sold since placed on exhibition, paid the round, comfortable sum of $700 for it. Altogether the most beautiful vases in the collection are of pierced work, in ivory tints, ornamented with delicate Jiligree of gold work. This is remarkable, not only for its delicate beauty, but for the way in which it is produced. There is only one man in all the Royal Worcester factory that can make it. His name is Owens and he has been for j'ea. :;akingthe vase as it comes from the moulders unglazed and unfired, cutting out the delicate patterns with a kiiifr ami designing as he goes along. The elaborate pieces it takes sometimes years to make. It is not wonderfid, therefore, that the values placed upon them should be lartie. P^igurcs in soft, stained ivory are a specialty of this exhibit. 'Phey are ex- tremely graceful and effective in every instance, whether holding a lamp, ser\iii^ras the base of a great vase, posing on cantlelabra, or being purely and simply statuettes. The largest vase ever made at the Worcester works may be seen in Chicago. This fine specimen of porcelain is nearly five f(;et high and is Italian in style. It is ovi- form in shape, the neck, shoulders, and foot being richly embossed with stnij) and scroll work in high relief. 'Phe handles consist of vigorously modeled grifiins' heads a Bacchante cupid surmounts the cover, while the foot isof richly modeled dulphin heads and Italian panels, and carries on either side cupids in full relief, fornnng a HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 229 p.vverful and decorative base to the whole vase. The decorations consist of elabo- rate pilasters and scroll work in raised gold and festoons of painted flowers typify. iiiL; the seasons. The idea of summer and winter is still further emphasized in the cupid groups occupying centers of the pilasters that connect shoulder and base. The pila-iters and scroll work are also in modeled gold of the Italian style, a canthus foliage and scroll work being freely used to ad'l to the massiveness of the compo- sition. The general scheme of color is low in tone, the ware is ivory porcelain, the iiK 'deled mounts, handles, and foot are richly finished in Pompeian green and tortoise, relieved with bronzes and gold. The same low tones of green and rich bronze are relieved by the delicate colors of the natural flowers composing the festoons. Versatility is one of those things upon which those who have the display in charge congratulate themselves. Besides the many beautiful varieties of purely ornamental ware that is as remarkable for expense as for artistic quality there are plenty of useful cups, plates, tea services, and even dinner sets in Royal Worcester that are comparatively cheap. From 60 cents to $6,000 the scale of prices slides according to the article purchased. Doulton ware, because it shows what beautiful effects can brought from coarse material, is one of the most interesting of the English potter exhibits. It is given a conspicuous place on Columbia avenue and represents perhaps a greater monetary value than any other collection. Some remarkable vases are included in the ware which the Doulton people have brought to Chicago. The booth is divided into two arcaded pavilions tlraped with dark green plush curtains and painted in shades of light green. The architectural enrichments of caps, frieze, spandrels, cornice, and lantern with which it is made beautiful were all specially molded at Lambeth. As seen from the avenue the pavilion on the right is devoted to the Burslem exhibits and the central hall and left -^avilion to those of the Lambeth works. What most attract attention in the Lambeth exhibit are naturally the large pieces. Prominent amo:""g them is George Tinworths' "1 listory of PLngland" vase. This remarkable piece of pottery stands four ivvX four inches high. Around the widest part of the botly is a succession of niches twenty in number containing little groups representing leading incidents in English history, and around the neck is another series of twenty single figures that are faithful portraits of English nionarchs. This is quiet in coloring, the old Doulton blues and browns predomi- nating. Rather remarkable as being the work of a woman is a beautiful vase two feet in heigth, finished in the familiar glazes peculiar to Lambeth ware. The cen- tral part is left in uncolored brown stoneware to disi)la>' Miss Hannah B. Harlow's etchings of rustic life. Her sister, Miss Florence Barlow, exhibits numerous pieces decorated with charming slip-paintings of birds. Jugs, tankards and vases all decorated with quaint figures, masses of color, and occasionally flowers, all of them effective anil beautiful, are included in this portion of the display. ',Mi^ ! ' 230 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS I-AIR. '■ 1 ■, .: m In Lainbeth faience there are some uncommon things, among them two vases with model feet and tops finished in colored glazes. The bodies are paintec' one having a treatment of cactus on a background of turquois shading into oran^re, the other decorated with orchids on a shade of yellow ground. The most beautiful and most valuable vases, however, appear under the Crown Lambeth section. These are especially important as being in several in- stances the first appearance in public of this exquisite ware. Most striking among them is a pair of large vases designed by John Eyre. The body of one has an ex- quisite painting upon it, representing the legend of "Perseus and Andromeda." The scene represents a rocky coast. In the foreground stands the nude figure ot Andromeda. Through the clouds just discernible in the purple that veils the horizon may be seen the winged steed, Pegasus, bearing the hero. On the opposite of the vase Perseus, armed with sword and shield, does battle with the dragon. In the "Ariadne" vase the daughter of Minos is shown in gilded red drapery standing alone on the seashore. The feet and upper parts of the vase are treated with groups of mermaids and all manner of strange sea things. On the cover is a statuette of Neptune. A remarkable group of great vases consists of those known as the Colum- bus, Diana, Dante and Chicago vases. To the first of these the place of honor should be given. It is nearly six feet in height. Columbus stands on the submit of it, his feet resting on an emblematic arrangement of anchors, ropes and other ship's tackle. The condition of America at the time of its discovery and the present is contrasted. The vase is divided by a curtain of tapestry, and two pictures painted by M. Labarre represent Cupid on the one side asleep and on the otherside awake and full of jollity. The Diana vase follows in style the renaissance; the goddess of the chase is represented in a sitting posture on the summit, holding a spear in her right hand and shading her eyes with her left. Cupids and nymphs wait upon her in pictures painted upon either side of the vase, and her hounds crouched at her feet. On the pedestal of the Dante vase sit four finely modt:led figures of Dante and Beatrice, supported by poetry and fame. The vase is deco- rated in ivory and raised in chaste gilding. The figures are delicately painted a dark bronze and old ivory. The Chicago vase is also in the renaissance style. Fruit and llowers are painted upon it, and the model surfaces have been treated with much delicacy in pink, upon which a gold sheen has been added. Copeland, Minton, and Wedgewood ware are grouped in one pavilion under the general management of A. B. Daniel «S: Sons. It is easy to see what in the eyes of those who have; charge of it is of the greatest importance in the collection. It is the specimens of the Pate-sur-Pate process that are first pointed out. The process is of Chinest; origin, consisting of the application to the surface of the vase of thin layers of liquid white china clay, in which a subject is drawn. The whole of the v.'ork is coiupleLcid when the vase is in an unlired state. The effect is much the same as that of cameo work. y\ll of the vases c;.\hibitcd are the work of Mr. .S(>loii. The largest is a reproduction of the famous jubikn; vase presented to the Oueeii on the occasion, of h<'r jubilee in 1S87. Mr. Solon describes his own work thus: ^z % 1 1 1 t^ T i iii&l 1 i \ m ^: 'I t Ht '*- .1'! I:' 1-- [I . i' '\\i: 932 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. "Nymphs are bound to the rock of wisdom at the foot of Minerva's altar. Cupids approached from all sides, unfettering the captives and destroying the god- dess' emblems. The value of this artistic piece of porcelain is $5,500. Besides the Pate-sur- Pate ware there are some beautiiul reproductions in Copeland of Spode Swansea, anr' old Worcester dinner service. In Minton ware there are vases. plaques, and :ups and saucers in elegnt designs and beautiful colorings. The sculptured glass made by Webb of Stourbridge is one of the most unique features in this room. It also is cameo light in effect and costly in the extreme, slnjrle plaques being valued at $1,200." Wedgewood ware shows the usual dancing girls and cupids, Grecian maid- ens in white against delicate blue, green, brown, and pink backgrounds. An old piece of ware that has found a ready purchaser in this country is a head of George Washington outlined against a black back-ground. Longfellow's "Evangeline," pictured on twelve plates by A. Boullemier, is the glory of the Cauldon exhibit. The borders of the plates are treated in raised gold work and the scenes are exquisite in color. These are valued at $2,000. A Shakspeare vase fired in twenty-two pieces and beautiful in color is next in point of wonder. E. Sieffert, formerly at the Sevres manufactory, has some beautiful ware in old ivory coloring painted with delicate little French scenes. Landscapes by Ellis, game sets painted with great faitfulness by J. Birbeck, and dainty figures by T. J. Bott are included in this fragile art display. A striking vase has painteii upon it Columbus before Queen Isabella, after the original in the Metropolitan Museum. This was produced with an infinite amount of pains and faithful work, in view of which $2,000 ''oes not seem too much to ask for it. From a purely feminine and domestic point of view the gem of the collection is not, however, a vase, but a dejeuner service painted by Boullemier for the Duchess of Sutherland. The pieces are ivory-tinted and ornamented with gold. On each is a little scene that is essentially French and mischievous in character. The price of the service, it may be of interest to know, is $500. Russia makes a splendid exhibit of furs, lapis lazuli, malachite, onyx, and shows off handsomely in ornamental woods. The exhibit comprises a full repre- sentation of all the manufactures of the country. Most prominent among these, and probably most typical, is the fur exhibit. The Russian bear occupies a con- spicuous place in this department, and other fur-producing animals abound in HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 235 display of photographs of the Siamese royal family and of scenes in the Siamere capital. Stantling around on every side are enormous screens, used to produce the semi-privacy of a warm climate. They are four feet high and three feet vi^ide and arc embroidered in solid gold with a lavish richnessand beauty that have no equal in the Exposition. The embroidery represents grasses, vines, flowers, fruits, and birds, all raised in bas-reliefs. On one of them the coat-of-arms of Siam and on another the arms of the United States are embroidered in an inimitable manner by the King's sister. Embroidery seems to be the ruling passion of the Siamese, and in a large perpendicular show-case there is an assortment of pillows, cushions, foot-rests, sashes, girdles, smoking jackets, and tea cozies, ysed to clap over a tea-pot to keep it warm, all of which are dazzling object lessons in the Oriental passion for luxury and display. Most of these articles are of a size equal to two cubic feet, and all of them are constructed of the richest silks and satins and then embroidered with the divinest skill in pure gold, until they must be almost too heavy for practical use. Among the rest is a girdle of white satin six inches broad and several feet in length, which, in addition to being gold-embroidered, is thickly studded with rubies and garnets, and is held to be worth $300. The display of gold and silver articles is even richer still. Rice is regarded as a plain diet, but it costs a good deal to eat it out of such a rice-bowl asis on exhibition here. It stands two feet high, with its arched cover, is made of solid silver, elaborately chased, and sells for $3,000. There is a full line of table articles in solid gold, curiously inlaid with, blue enamel. B(;tcl trays, for the enjoyment of the betel nut, made of pure gold, and in one case studded with diamonds, stand around, waiting for customers at $2,400 each. It seems that cuspidors are necessary in Siam as well as in Chicago, though consider- ably smaller, and these als( o of solid gold, studded with diamonds. One can buy one of these nice spittoons for $240. Of course one finds here a wonderful display of ivory and ivory goods. One of the entrances is flanked by a display of elephant's tusks, and Mr. I licks, who is in charge, delights in pointing out a pair of tusks, one of which he affirms is the largest piece of ivory in America. It is 9 feet 6 inches in length, and is so long that it evitlentlv embarrassed the elephant that bore it. It dragged on the ground until at least a foot of it liiust ha\e been worn away, and the poor beast must have been compelled to elevate his head constantly in an unnatural and painful manner in order to walk at all. In a show- case near by is a collection of ivory carvings, some of which are useful, such as paper-knives, and some merely ornamental, such as decorated tusks. One of these tusks has been carved until there is only a shell of it left, and that in a form as airy and beautiful as a piece of lace. Although labor is pretty cheap in Siam the price of the tusk is $1,250. Around the pavilion is a sort of out-door exhibit. Here are some beautiful hatracks, made of antlers, and a set of alleged musical instru- ments, which includes gongs, drums, chimes of bells, and, a bona fide xylophone. The office of the pavilion, a small closet on the outside, is decorated with the skins of Siamese animals, such as the leopard, tiger, otter and minx. The Danish pavilion ranks well with Germany, France, and Austria. Even in the exhibit proper the two most interesting dispk.ys are those commemorative .•■^1 W? i;:idi. Cc.mxMsdi'Si^^im.tii'^tt^ms.vx-^i 236 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. \Wi of Thorvaldsen and Andersen. At the southeast corner there is a reproduction in miniature of the museum of Copenhagen built by Bertel Thorvaldsen and present('d to the city, containing miniature casts of all the works of art contained in it, whicli includes nearly all the original work of the great sculptor. In a case alongside of it are personal relics, including the hat worn by him at the triumphal entry into Copenhagen in 1838, the medal of the order of knighthood conferred upon him by the King, his favorite pipe, cigar cases, match boxes, autograph letters, and some of the tools used by him. There is a portrait of Thorvaldsen by Horace Vernet, the famous French artist, showing the sculptor standing before the bust which he had made of Vernet. Hans Christian Andersen, writer of fairy tales and equally popular in all civilized countries of the world, is brought to memory by the large collection of per- sonal relics. The full manuscript of his autobiography, along with several of his tales in the original occupy a case. There is a fire screen made by Andersen from clippings from pictorial papers containing views of Denmark and of contemporaries of his, including members of the royal family and brother artists and authors. All of the furniture in the space is from Andersen's home and was used by him. There are the desk on which he wrote, the last inkstand he used — an elaborate affair in silver enameled in a fanciful and artistic design — a sofa with pillows and embroidered covers, a big hall clock, chairs, pictures, a pair of spectacles, pens, and little articles of personal use, all from the royal museum in Copenhagen and loaned for the first time for this exhibit. " Picturesque America," presented to him by American citi- zens, is among the other articles shown. At the extreme w';st end of the exhibit and over the west entrance is a ceramic display designed by Prof. Lorenz Frolich and executed by Prof. Herman Kahler. The painting is on tile six inches square and the entire work occupies a space six feet wide and eighteen feet long. The title is " The Daughters of i\egir Drinking to Him." The king of the sea is represented standing on the sea coast with his mermaid daughters about him, and on either side of the painting proper there are two figures of mermaids, one playing a harp, the other blowing a sea shell. Just in front of this, inclosed in a glass case, is a model of the free port of Copenhagen, which is soon to be opened. This model is surmounted by a map of the world, showing the routes of the various lines of commerce, including those across the Atlantic Ocean. The summer residence of King Christian IX., known as Rosenborg Castle, built in 1604, is shown in a model made entirely of gold antl silver. There are 1,700 pieces used in its construction. Several cases are filled with gold and silver work from the larger jewelry manufacturers of Copenhagen, and there is an exten- sive exhibit made of wares from the royal porcelain works. King Christian IX. is represented in an equestrian statue of silver and j^old, the horse shown being his favorite animal. This stands three feet high. The [jot- tery exhibit is one of the interesting features. A number of black terra-cotta figures which look like iron or bronze are shown, the color of which is obtained entirely ce IS a ermaii pics a Aegir coast proper a sea jort of a map g those Castle, ;re are I silver t;\tcn- lil ^old, |hc pot- I tii^ures Mitirely HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 237 tiirough the burning. There is a special clay which is found nowhere else used in iir, making. There are two spaces tille:d with furniture exhibits and samples of work from the schools of Copenhagen which form another interesting feature. Aksel Mikkelsen has made a model of a Danish manual training school showing the work l/i:nches, the tools and machinery used, and with models of pupils at work. One of the most beautiful characteristic booths that adorn the Manufactures Building is the oriental building of the Persian section. Though begun much later than most of the buildings it was finished with American push and enterprise and is oi\c of the most beautifully equipped treasure houses of the great fair. Besides tiiri(jsities of ancient Persia and rare and costly gems of eastern ingenuity sent over b\' the Shah of Persia himself, the exhibit presents the fullest (Usplay of the antique art of the eastern loom. The Persian section is the fruit of tht* energy and enter- prise of a young Armenian, I i 1 1. Topakyan, who through the commission of the Shah was appointed imperial exhibitor for the whole Persian stction. Mr. Topak- yai) is a nati e of Turkey and came to this country five years ajfo from Constanti- nople. Besides the ordinary collection Mr. Topakyan has on exhibition six immense silk rugs belonging to the shah and valued at $50,000 each. At the close of the exposition one of the rugs will be given to the United States government. Mexico's exhibit is in the extreme southwest corner of the Manufactures Building and occupies 6,000 feet of floor space inclosed by a partition of mahogany and glass. There are twenty-one cases of bronze with glass sides which hold ex- hibits and about the walls are wood carvings, cabinets, bronzes, statuary and other articles of a similar nature. The balcony which overlooks the exhibit is covered by full length oil portraits of prominent officers in the Mexican army and Gen. Diaz is represented by a bronze bust, another carved from parafine and a third cut from a solid block of sterine. Along the west wall of the partition are some fine specimens of sixteenth century church carvings in wood, the work of the early mis- sionaries fruni Spain and the Indians, who were taught to do this class of work. The woolen and cotton mills of Mexico are represented by their varied products, which fill several cases at the southeast corner of the exhibit. The Com- missioners point to these exhibits with great pride as showing the material ad- vancement in manufactures which has been made in the last few years. Some of the prettiest patterns shown are those of the zerapes, worn by men, and the repozos, or scarfs, for women. Further along in the cases are samples of lace work, both of hand and machine make, embroideries, paintings on silk, and table scarfs, with raised flowers worked by hand in silk thread. One case is filled with sombreros, the huge hats worn by the peons of Mexico, embroidered in gold and silver thread and having bands and cords of the same material. There are also shown high hats of the latest fashion, which the Commissioner says are becoming popular in the City of Mexico. Canes carved by Indians fill another case, and opposite is the exhibit sent by President Diaz of cannon, swords, and cutb^-^es, all made in the government armory. *Jl *,»>-.,* 3 ri < ■mi •iii&^!miii^m 238 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i'i i Bronzes, all the work of native artists, fill another case. The exhibit of pottery, almost entirely the work of Indians, of bone cooking and eating utensils^ lacquer work on wood is an extensive one. The fiber of various Mexican trees ami plants is shown in the natural state and in manufactured articles. The cordaj^c exhibit includes rope, matting, hammocks, and the Indian mattresses, principally from the State of Yucatan. Copper and brass utensils for household use of all descriptions has a case, and next to it is one filled with perfumes, soaps, toik't preparations, and drugs. The stationery industry is shown, including the output of paper mills, blank book manufactures, writing paper, wrapping paper, inkstands, and ofifice furniture. James Allison, chief of the d'partment of manufactures, may rightly be called the Director General's first lieutenant. Mr Allison has command of the largc^st exposition building ever erected, and the manner in which he has handled the vast range of exhibits comprehended in his department demonstrates the wisdom of his appointment to the most important division of the P^air. His success as President General Manager of the Cincinnati Exposition of the Ohio Valley ^and Central States at Cincinnati, the largest and most comprehensive of its kind since the Phil- adelphia Centennial, also demonstrated his ability to fill the position to which he has been called. Mr. Allison was born at Frankfort, Pa., June 30, iS43,and isof Scotch descent. When 12 years of age he removed with his parents to Jefferson County, Indiana, and until he was 17 his life was that of an ordinary farm lad. At an early age he developed a taste for mechanics which drove him from the peaceful life of the farm to seek the natural outlet for hi;: energies in mechanical employment. This he found in Cincinnati, but the breaking out of the war of the rebellion inter- fered somewhat with his plans. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in theSixty-seventh regiment volunteer infantry and served with credit to himself until the close of the war. He participated in all the engagements of the regiment, receiving meritorious promotion and honorable discharge. Returning to Cincinnati he completed his trade, that of a plumber and sanitary engineer, and was soon made a partner in the leading house of the west. For the past fifteen years he has been a recognized authority on sanitary matters. For two years in succession he was elected Presi- dent of the National Association of Master Plumbers of the United States and a member of the American Health Association. For many years he has been a di- rector and the President of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, and Cincinnati House of Refuge. Having served as a member of the Board of Commissioners in former Cincinnati Industrial Expositions under appointment of the Ohio Mechanics' In- stitute, he was again reappointed and on organization of the board in 1888 was unanimously elected its president, and in his official capacity was untiring in hi^ efforts for its complete success. Early in the summer of i8gi he was api)ointe(l chief of the horticultural department of the fair, and subsequently organizetl ami became the chief of the department of manufactures. ibil I'f cnsils^ cs and Drda^M' cipally ; of all 5, toilet output .stands, e called largest the vast m of his resident Central he Phil- h he has if Scotch County, an early ■ I'itt !l .1 '--y mm li: l-^Jiii. HISTORY OF THli WORLD'S FAIR. 2,!,9 CHAPTER III. II 1'^ DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. Tlie Most Important Educational Feature of the Exposition — Wonderful and Complete in Every Detail — Tremendous Advantages to be Derived From this Matchless Exhibition— Every State in the Union and Nearly Every Country in the '• 'orld Represented— Splendid Exhibits from Montreal and Quebec— An Interesting Display by the American Bibie Society— The Lincoln Manuscripts — The Only Letter that Jefferson Davis Wrote to Abraham Lincoln— Tens of Thousands of Unique and Charming Features — Sketch of Professor Peabody— " Trip Around th ' World." HE same ^reat roof covers the Uep tment of Manufactures and that of Liberal Arts, chief oi .viich is Selim H. Peabody. This department is divif''^fl into 12 groi :>s, respectively of (i) physical developni' ttt, training and condition and hygiene and treats of the nursery and its accessories, athletic training, alimentation, sanitary construction, food inspection, immigration. (2) Instruments and apparatus of medicine. (3) Primary, secondary and superior education, which treats of elementary instruction, infant schools and kinder- gartens, models of schools, appliancesof teaching, specimens and diagrams and text boots of primary schools. Domestic and industiial training for girls — models and apparatus for the teaching of cookery, housework, washing and ironing, needle-work and embroi- dery, dress-making, artificial flower-making, painting on silk, crockery, etc. Speci- mens of school work. Handicraft tr "hing in school for boys — apparatus and fit- tings for elementary trade teaching ;, ;■ . liools. Specimens of school work. Science teaching — apparatus and models for elementary science instruction in schools. Api^aratus' for chemistry, physics, mechanics, etc.; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc.; specimensof the school work in thi subjects. Art teaching— apparatus,models and fit- tin,t;s for elementary art instruction in schools; diagrams, copies, text-books, etc., specimens of art work, modeling, etc., in schools. Technical and apprenticeship schools. — Apjjaratus and examples used in primary and secondary schools for teaching handicraft; models, plans and designs for the fitting up of workshop and industrial schools; results of industrial work done in such schools. .Special schools for the elementary instruction of Indians. Education of defective classes — schools for the deaf, dumb, blind and feeble-minded; adult schools for the illiterate. Public Schools — descriptions, illustrations, statistics, methods of instruction, etc. Higher education — academies and high schools. Descriptions and statistics. Colleges and universities. Descriptions, illustrations of the buildings, libraries, museums, collec- tions, courses of study, catalogues, statistics, etc. Professional schools — theology. U .•%i f;-^v3 240 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. law, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy; mining, engineering, agricultuit-, mechanic arts; art and design; military, naval, normal, commercial; music. Govcr- mentaid to education — national Bureau of Education — reportsjand statistics. (4) Liter- ature, books, libraries and journalism— divided into classes as follows: books and literature, with special examjiles of typography, paper and binding, philosophy, ro ligion, sociology, philology, natural sciences, useful arts, fine arts, literature, history and geography; cyclopedias, magazines and newspapers; bindings, specimens of typography. School books. Technical industrial journals. Illustrated papers. Newspapers and statistics of their multiplication, growth and circulation. Journal- ism; statistics of: with illustrations of methods, organization and results. Trade catalogues and price lists. Library apparatus; systems of cataloguing and appli- ances of placing and delivering books. Directories of cities and towns. Publica- tions by governments. Typo- graphical maps. Marine am! coast charts ; geological maps and sections; botanical, agronomical, and other maps, showing the ex- tent and distribution of men, ani- mals and terrestrial products; physical maps; meteorological maps and bulletins; telegraphic routes and stations; railway and route maps; terrestrial and celes- tial globes, relief maps and mod- els of portions of the earth's sur- face, profiles of ocean beds and routes of submarine cables. ( s) Civil government, public works, and constructive architecture! - treating of all kinds of land sur- veys, drainage, specifications for bridges, aqueducts, working phiiis of masons, carpenters and other mechanics. {(•>) Instruments of precision, e\p(;riment, research and lihotography. (7) (ioxcrn- ment and law. (S) Commerce, trade and banking, (g) Institu- tions and organizations for the increase and tliffusion of knowl- edge, do) Social, 'ndustrial, and co-operative associations, fti) Religiousorganiza- tionsand systems, statisticsand publications. (12) Music and musical instruments- presenting history ansl theory of music, music of primitive pe'ople. Crude and cu- rious instruments. Combinations of ins;ruments, bands and orchestras. M isic STATUE OF NEPTUNE. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 241 1 )oks and scores. Musical notation. Historj' of literature and music. Portraits of uiuat musicians. Self-vibrating instruments, drums and tambourines; cymbals, tri- .iuyfles, gongs, castanets, "bones." Bells, chimes and peals. Bell-ringers' instruments. Musical glasses. Glockenspiels, xylophones, marimbas. Music boxes. Stringed instruments played with the fingers or plectrum. Lutes, guitars, banjos and man- dolins. Harps and lyres. Zithers, dulcimers. Stringed instruments played with the Ihiw. The violin. The viol, viola, viola da gamba, viola diamore. The violoncello and the bass viol. Mechanical instruments, hurdy-gurdy and violin piano. Stringed instruments with key-board. The piano-forte square, upright and grand. Actions and parts of a piano. The predecessors of the piano. — Clavicytherium clavicymbal, clavichord manichord, virginal, spinet, harpsichord, and hammer harpsichord. In- struments and methods of manufacture. Street pianos. Wind instruments, with sim- ple aperture or plug mouthpiece. The flute, flute-a-bec. Syrinx. Organ-pipes. Mageolet. Wind instruments, with mouthpiece regulated bj' the lips. The clarionet, oboe and saxophone. W' ul instruments with b('ll mouthpiece, without keys. The trumpet (simple) and the bugle (oliphant.) Alpenhorn. Th(; trombone (with slide a n tl with ringer-holcs). The serpent, bassoon and bagpipe. Wind instru- ments with bell mouth- piece, with keys. Key bu- gles, cornets, French horns. Cornopeans, orphi- cleicles. Wind instruments with complicated systems. The pipe organ. Re(;d or- gans, melodeons and har- monicas. Accordions, con- certinas and mouth or- gans. Hand organs and organettes. Automatic or- gans, orchestrions, etc. Accessories of musical in- struments—strings, reeds, bridges. Conductors' ba- tons, drum-majors' staves. Mt'chanical (Un'ices for the orchestra- Tuning forks, pitch-pipes, metro- nomes, music stantls, etc. Creat piM-formcrs. Great WEST SIDH OF MANUFACTURliS AND I.IHKKA M us!c in relation to human lite -nuisical composers. siii<^(;rs. Portraits. Biographies. Concerts and tlu; concert staire. The opera. 1 hi' oratorio. Masses. Church music and sacred music of all periods. Hymnol- o^), ballads, folk-songs, ami folk-music of all lands. National airs. The theatre ;S ^ 4^: II ■■'/ II Hi I fit :! f M I I rl;-' ■1!! ^ ■ • . 1;? H'-M-' m •''11- . 'if u . .1* •I ^f 242 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. and the drama. The stage. Plans and models of stages and theatres. History of drama, so far as can be shown by literary record. Portraits of actors. Relics of actors. Playbills, etc. Costumes, masks, armor, Scenery. Appliances of illusion, etc. Plays of all ages and people. To the student and to the teacher alike is the department of liberal arts a mecca for the mind; and it must be regarded, on the whole, if not so winsome aa diamonds and pictures and flowers, nor so spectacular as fountains and fireworks and electrical displays, as the greatest and most serviceable educational feature of the Exposition. Indeed, no tongue can tell — no pen can faithfully describe — the tremendous advantages that are being derived from this matchless exhibition in the space allotted to liberal arts. Nearly every state in the union is largely repre- sented, as well as nearly every country in the world. As one among half a million unique and interesting exhibits that came from Quebec, under charge of Canon Bruchesi, D.D., appointed by the government, assisted by Brother Pelerinus, is entitled to special mention. The collection comes from 200 convents and academies, and the McGill University, Protestant, of Mont- real. The exhibit of the latter is not as extensive as the merit of the university warrants, but the space could not be obtained. The work represented shows the system of education of the convents and academies by grades, from the first step to the graduating course. There are compositions in English, French, German, and Spanish by pupils of the various schools, and some of these are illustrated with pen drawings by the student, the subject being treated of in a two-fold manner. Great albums contain samples of needlework from the simplest bit to the finest crochet and lacework. The name of each worker c\\<[ her age are appended to the article. The ages range from 8 to 16 years and some of the work is remarkable. In one exhibit work is shown in flax, from the preparatioa of it on through its sev- eral stages, the last being a woven article. This is done by the students of Ursaline Convent, Robertvue, Lake St. John. Ihe work of the blind in the asylum at Mont- real, under the direction of the Gray Nuns, is but another revelation of the ability of the blind. One example will illustrate: A blind girl 11 years old wrote a poem in French. The manuscript is shown. Then she cojjietl it from a ty|)e ma- chine and the typescript is perfect. The history of the Institute of the Congregation of Notre Dame (burnffl a few months ago) from its foundation in 1620, by Mar- guerite Bourgeoys, is sliownin a large frame, the priests, sisters superior, and others api^earing in pen sketches. Oil paintings and sketches by the deaf mutes of Mont- real are interesting. In a glass cage are 18,000 presseil flowers, each analyzed, all from the soil of Canada. The exhibit, as a whole, is varied and many things there are curious, and all are creditable to the system of education in the old province- Brother Maurelian als(» makes a wonderful exhibit, A curious and intt resting exhibit is the one |)rei)are(l by the yVmerican Bil)ic Society, In a general way the purpose of the IV'])\>^ Society is to show the work it has accomplished and the progress it has ina^i«; in 'ii"- sevent)-six yearsof its ex- istence. Copies of each of the annual rep')rt.-. ;ir,ii 1 iund files of the B//>/c' Society A\yw7/ occupy shelves in one of the eight cases ■ ". \W\<\\ the exhibit is contained. In the :s sev- saline Mont- ability /rote a \)C ma- sjfation o Mar- thers Mont- 1, all tec thi:rc fcvi nee- Bible ork it lits ex- . In \W' 4s i ,1 85 jt f: 'jUl lif mi 244 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i i the same case also appears specimens of the electrotype plates used in printing the Scriptures. Two of these plates are especially noteworthy, one of them havinir been employed in the set used in printing 980,000 copies of the 5-cent edition of the New Testament, a total edition numbering 3,300,000 having been issued since 187s'. The other plate is one of those used in supplying 876,000 copies of the 2,054,000 20- cent Bibles which have come from the society's presses in the same period. Many rare and valuable volumes from the library in the Bible House are placed on shelves for the inspection of the public at the Fair. Among them is a copy of the original King James' edition of the Bible, which was published in 161 1. There is also displayed a fac -simile of the first page of the first Bible ever printed, the famous Mazarin Bible of 1450, and a copy of the Biblia Pauperum,, represent- ing the style of printing from wooden blocks before the invention of movable types. The English Hexapla, showing six early versions of the Scriptures at a single open- ing, together with the Greek text, is also exhibited. In order to demonstrate the great advancement made in the publication of the Bible in other tongues, the Rev. Dr. E. W. Oilman, who has charge of the foreign department of the society's business, has selected a large number of works that are printed by the society in nearly all of the 30C1 languages in which the Script- ures have been published. One case is especially devoted to the Chinese language and its colloquials, to exemplify the stupendous difficulties that have been overcome in mastering the multitude of dialects which the Celestial tongue presents to the translator. Like many other volumes in the collection, the Chinese books lie with open pages, so that they maybe more readily seen; and copies of Marshman s, 'The Dele- gates," and Bridgman & Culbertson's and Dr. Schereschewsky's versions of the Scrip- tures in Chinese are included in the list of these works. Specimens of the Mandarin, Foochow colloquial, Ningpo colloquial, Amoy colloquial, Soochow colloquial, Swatow colloquial, and others are among those presented. Complete or detached portions of the Scriptures in the Turkish, Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Urdu, modern Greek, Siamese, Burmese, Pali, Tamil, Tulu, Marathi, Ponape, Tibetan, Npongwe, Sheet- siva, Azerbijan, Osmali-Turkish, Mende, and other languages form part of the ex- hibit. A separate case has been provided for the Scriptures in Hawaiian, Khon, Slavic and Bulgarian, together with bilingual specimens showing the two languages in parallel columns. Of these are the New Testament in German and English, in French and English, in Portuguese and English, in Welsh and English, in Danish and English, and Swedish and English. In one of the cases is a display of a quantity of curious objects which have been taken in barter in exchange for the Scriptures in far-off lands, and remain a lasting record of the travels of American missionaries. In this collection is a copper coin that is more than eighteen centuries old. It was coined in China in the year 25 A. D., and was given in exchange for one of the Gospels to an agent of the soc iety in iSSo. Several cowries, queer African shells, which are used as money 1>\' the natives, and a number of ancient copper coins, received by Dr. Jacob Chamb( rlain t HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 245 ' m inting of tin: XX) :20- ise are itn is a n 1611. dinted, iresent- e ty;)(;s. e open- ition of - of the f works iScript- ingiuige vercome :s to the th open he Uele- e Scrip- andarin, Swatow portions Greek, Sheet- the ex- 1, Ehon, lirl'.sh, in Danish :h have Miiain a licopijer yrar 25 society l.y tlie l-ilx rlain in icturn for Bibles during his famous tour through the interior of India, are shown. Otiier notable curiosities are a photograph of a Roman manuscript of the Penta- te ich that is over goo years old. This manuscript was found in China in a Hebrew synagogue, where it had been in use for centuries, it is supposed. PAINTED DOME IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING. The "Lincoln manuscripts," occupy a case by themselves. They are con- stantly surrounded by a throng of people who speak in low tones, and approach the case with a deference rising at times to reverence, as their eyes fall upon the hand- writiiij^r of the martyred President. The original draft of the proclamation, dated 11 11 I' i i •• m i,l! il! r;.sii w 246 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. April 15, 1861, calling out 75,000 men, scarcely looks like the power which made the North quiver to its center and wrought patriotism to fusiag^ heat. It lies near Lin- coln's letter accepting the nomination for President, A corrected prooi of Lincoln's inaugural address, with his own interpolations and addiuoiis, is one of the paj^ers, and a letter acceptinjj a challenge to a duel sent by State Auditor Shici h, in which Lincoln specified thu largest of cavalry saber; as w-japou?;, is a;,othtr The only letter that Jefferson Davis, as "president of ihe confederate states of America," ever wrote to Abraham Lincoln, as President oi the United States, is in the collec- tion. Twenty-five or thirty letters, orders and other communications from the col- iection are arranged around a life mask of Lincoln taken Hy Leoaad V. Ik of Chi- cago in i860. Casts of Lincoln's hands arc shown. A collection of ^aanuscripts of many pre: en' dpj' writer^ {fords a fine oppor- tunity for a comparative study of chirograpliy, especially by t. nose who affect to read charact :;r m the pen strokes of genius. Thomas Bailey Aldrich wrote 'The Chevalier de Resse; u;cr" la a precise backhand as plain as print. Henry James ac- cordinj> to the manuscript, handles his pen with vigor, a strong, dashing hand. W. D. Ho.veiJs in wrii'ing his story, "A Florentine Mosaic," used paper of the size and rjualily consumed by newspaper men, but his writing is very close to the angular, stiff style adopted by fashionable women. H. C. Banner's copy of "The Story of the Red Handkerchief" is plain and commonplace. Women gaze with considera- ble intv^est on the last sheet of manuscript in Frank R. Stockton's story of "The Lady of ilie Tiger?" and ask each other "Which?" Thomas Nelson Page is represented by some of his manuscript, and so are Joel Chandler Harris, the other southern writer, and Bret Harte, Mark Twain, R. li. Stoddard, and Edmund Clarence Stedman. In a frame by themselves are a J oem written just before his death by Dr. J. G. Holland, and James Russell Lo- well's letter to Joel Benton, in which he so emphatically declared his Americanism. In another frame is part of Frances Hodgson Burnett's tale of "Little Lord Fauntleroy." The various steps from the artist's original drawing to the printed illustra- tion are shown by the things themselves. In the wood -cut series, the drawing comes first; next the plain block of Turkish boxwood, then the boxwood .joated with siz- ing, the photograph on the wood and finally the engraved block. The half-tone process shows the glass negative, the print from the negative to copper, the plate bitten and etched by acid, the trial proof, the final and finished plate trimmed and blocked and the last proof, all arranged in sequence The methods of making elec- trotypes and reproducing pen and ink sketches ^ • olso shown, as arei'ii pro- cesses of printing half-tones. The making ^ a dictionary begins ^ '"-h ; printed. It was c , iled by John Bullock' • . The second dictionary, a copy of which is shcv\ 1 out in London in 1625; the third was called " .ti Thonuis Blount in London in 1670. The Sam join eighth of the series, and the Imperial, the basis ( f N:. py of the first dictionary ever I published in London in 1616.I vritten by Henry Cock .an, came -agraphia," and was published by dictionary, dated 175-, is the] l^entiirv d'rtionary, \\asi)iil> "■(. ,! I ! • lade the ear 1 .in- Lincoln's i papers, in which rhe only Linerica," :ie collec- L the col- kof Chi- ne oppof- » affect to rote "The James ac- hand. W. le size and e angular, e Story of considera- iry of "The and so are Twain, R. [elves are a .ussell Lo- ericanisni. ,ittle Lord ted illustra- |wing comes bd with siz- le half-tone f, the plate limmed ami Lakingelec- irei'.' pro- lionary ever jn in 1616. .,,:an,came lublishnlby 17;^, is the Iv, was put'- T- ■' • i-'iU*f ■ '■ ■i t^^^^ W^n ^A ■ ^ Ihm 7^' MM '' WMi ■ Hfe-ir rlj^H ■Ky ' ' l:l^H lili T, \^ p 3%. *^^siia2Ea" V - • ^!r;y*p^' ■=*i!!r'^>-i V EXHIBIT OF LYON & HEALY. ' Ml i f-i m m i m i]' V "■ ■i■ m iKJk* '.H,J .:;ir :"fH'; ^; HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Hshed in 1847 by James Ogilvie. The exhibit is daintily arranged and its artistic effect is heightened by so many original wash and pen and ink drawings hung on the walls that it looks like the black and white exhibition of a society of artists- One feature which evidently commends the educational exhibit to many visitors to the Fair is its simplicity. The display explains itself. No guide books or catalogues are necessary. Where the exhibit- does not speak for itself a few lines written or printed above tell the whole story. At the same time there is as much behind the exhibit, and more material ground for reflection in it, than in any collective exhibit in the big building. That is why visitors of all ages and class(;s stop in front of the walls and partitions upon which the educational exhibits are displayed and examine them with more care and attention than is generally given in the hurry of sight-seeing. It is not difficult to discover the points that interest visitors the most. Every- thing that indicates a new advance in methods of education is quickly detected by those who have been through the school and college mill themselves at a more or less recent date. "They didn't teach us that in my time — I wish they had!" is an expression that is heard many times in the course of the day. The older men say it with a tone of regret, which has, however, a ring of pleasure in it, doubtless prompted by the thought that their children are profiting by the latest device for imparting knowledge or quickening the intellect. There is a charm, too, in an exhibition of work by children and students which is difficult to define, but is easily understood. Many of the states and insti- tutions making individual exhibits in the educational section make thii a special feature, and numerous are the traces of incipient genius or talent which can be dis- covered thereby. There is as much pleasure to be derived from the discovery of a clever stroke of pen or pencil in the work of a student as in viewing the finisiied masterpiece of an older hantl. When the sections of the department are foiuid which have been given over to a display of the work done in charitable institutions, in schools for the deaf and dumb, the blind, or children of weak intellect, other considerations move visitors to give them closer attention. There is a great ileal that is actually pathetic in the sight of this work, and more that is genuinely surprising. Many will leave the southwest gallery of the Manufactures Building with a clearer idea of the work and merits of such institutions than it was possible for them tohave before they entered it; and it is not at all unlikely that the special schools of this kind will profit lar.i^cly by their exhibits, as indeed they should. Of course there are queer and odd things in the de|)artment that come in for a due share of curious notice. In the exhioit made by the State of West V^iryinia there hangs a map of the Unitetl States which is more amusing than topographi- cally correct. Every state < n the map is designated by so'v one of its prodints, and the more widely know.i the |)roduct the more effective, t, 'vhen ust-l i ; ihe map. Not a word appears on the sheet except the name of ■ iK; school — Webster School, Wheeling, West \'a. —hut who could fail to recogni/e Kentucky when a HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 249 In over lal" ;in(l ,'isiiors in the ive the rk iind jntcrcd |ar;4t'ly in for kr^inia raphi- ^(llHtS, ;hc l.'hster h( n a liule colored picture of a racehorse and another of a bottle labeled "Bourbon" are s( i;n together in one place; or Wisconsin with a beer bottle, Virginia with pipes and tobacco, a little raw cotton affixed to the more Southern States, Florida with oranges and pineapples, the State of Washington with a pile of lumber, and the liulian Territory with an Indian and a bear. JOINING THH GREAT ARCHES IN MANUFACTURES BUILDING. : nnsylvania deserves credit for making a big dis;jlay of work done by St" I '! - in her high schtjols and training colleges. "The manual training school is M iiiU'gral part of the public school system of Philadelphia," says a placard above one scries of exhibits. "The combined course of study covers three years," con- timu s the notice, "and th school tim'^ of the students is about equally ^I:\ ided r-c >>v(' . intellectual and nuuiual ex^ rcises. Two hours a day are given to shop wot-' , if Is II II If^ll ikS M-^ ;i i'i^-! li ih '.I, r'A 5 I ill aso HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. and one hour a day to the usual hij^h school studies." Beneath this appeai samples of work done under this rule, which vary from plain joinery to skilled mechanic s work and electric wiring. Photographs of ' ui ^'^ r\l drawings are the most interesting feature of Florida's exhibit, coniributtd i^y the Volusca County Normal School. It is diffi- cult to believe that many of these fanciful little sketches have been made with such unpromising material as a piece of chalk in the hands of a student. In the sann; case are samiples of wood carving and the original designs from which they were cut. Half a dozen specimens of artificial flower-making from the natural feathers of birds show both skill and taste. Ari'" .^ i.t.em r.re orange blossoms, made from the feathers of the white duck and the parroquet. No foreign country shows off better in liberal arts than Italy, as it? section contains 'J^ooo square feet and is located on the interior floor in the northwest gallery. '^^ le exhibit includes books, photographs, musical instruments and other articles that might be included in the category of liberal arts, but nothing of an educati :>nal nature, except what is contained in the books. Italy is jealous of her reputation in the art of bookmaking and printing, cuul has brought to the Fair some excellent s[)ecimens of work in this field. Ulrico Hoepli, a publisher of Milan, rep- resented by I. E. Carnini, issued a microscopic ^^dition of I)an*-e in 1878, limited to 300 copies. '1ie volumes are only about two in^ es long and an inch and a half wide, The book might be thought more- curious than useful, but the tyne is so clear, though minute, that it can be read with ease. The tyjj^' was destroyed when the edition was printed, so that duplication was impossible. The original price of the volume was $16, but the last copy was sold in Boston in 1883 for $50. The publisher is now offering $150 for second-hand copies to supply anxious customers. A copy is on exhibition Limited editions of other w( s, reaching the opposite extreme in size, have been published, and represent a ' rec oi excellence in typograpy and binding seldom seen in America. A "Life and Works of Uonatello," limited to 200 copies, solrl for $75 a copy. Dante appears in all sizes, styles and quahty of books, and one edition of his works is illustrated only by German artists, selling at $75 a volume. Holepli has done much to popularize science in Italy, having publislvd a series of science manuals, which are sold at a low price. Most of his scientific liooks are bound in vellum. Several American libraries are negotiating for the pun liase WINDSOR CASTLE iN SOAP. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. aSi fhi itire exhibit of 800 volumes as a nucleus for an Italian department. Two t)ther publishing houses, one from Milan and the other from Venice, are among the < \hibitors. All the college boys visit the Yale exhibit, which consists of a general repre- sentation of the university plant by means of ground plans on a large scale of the various buildings in groups, together with a comprehensive collection of enlarged ])hotographs. The photographs have been arranged under the following heads. 1. The grounds in general. The academic and "Sheff" campus are here ex- hibited on a large scale in separate views, and the old and new fence with the perennial group of college loungers in plain view on the familiar rails. The build- ings stand out in outline, only the gr()uping of the dormitories and laboratories be- ing the point aimed at. The old and new buildings are exhibited in separate groups, the old gymnasium, the old chemical laboratory, where Sill iman and Morse made the experiments which resulted in the invention of the telegraph, and many structures unknown entirely to the modern undergraduate being all portrayed. 2. The libraries of the university, their unique appliances, the library gen- eral, and the libraries of the various departments. 3. The general halls of the university, the lecture and recitation rooms, a magnificent view of Osborn Hall, the costliest recitation hall in America, being presented. Collateral views represent the apparatus used in connection with the lectures and recitations. 4. Selected views of the interiors of the various laboratories, physical, chemical, psychological, physiological, botanical, biological, anatomical and bacteriological. 5. The interior and contents of the museums, especially the Peabody Museum, its rooms and cases. 6. The art school, with its group of painting and statuary, especially the Jarves gallery of Italian art and the Trumbull collection of historical paintings; the class-rooms and the classes at work. 7. The social side of the university, representing students' rooms in all the different kinds of dormitories, the secret Gn-'-k letter and senior society buildings, the new gymnasium, recently dedicated, and the infirmary, the only college institu- tion of its kind in America. This exhibit, the committee believes, represents the educational facilities of Vale, and gives as accurate a picture of the general life of the college as any which could possibly be made. A replica of a very beautiful statue of Dr. Gallaudet, by D. C. French, marks the place where the National College and the Kendall School for the Deaf at Washington, D. C, makes its exhibit. The founder of the America system of teaching deaf mutes is shown with his arm thrown with fatherly care around a little girl, his first pupil. From the west are specimens of work by the deaf pupils of the Nebraska State School, in which the wood carving is quite remark- able. Sets of wooden dumb-bells are shown, each of which is composed of several colored woods put together, turned, and polished with great skill. Hammered I ;. 51 rXi 252 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FA:K brass occupies a similar position in the work of the hoys of the Minnesota Trainin^^ School for the Feeble-minded. One doubts the accuracy of the name of the in- stitution after seeing the brass paneled fireplace in its exhibit. Hrooms, brushes, mattresses, and raijc carpets are the staple exhibits of the Pennsylvania Working,' Home for Blind Men, and show verj conclusively that a man may be none the less a good workman for having had the misfortune to lose his eyesight. Selim II. Peabody has earned the title of professor, as he has been a teacher for forty years, and his varied experi- ences in educational matters was rec- ognized when he was appointed chief of the department of liberal arts, Sep- tember I, 189 1. He comes from \'er- f 1H^HK'^~ ^ZS^^^^^^^^^H mont, where he was born in icSp. After J sMH^^^ ^^^^^^^^B9 receiving a common iJ ^^^S^Bj^ j/^^BBPI^^-J '"^ Vermont, he entt-red the Boston CHIHF PKABODY. Latin School, and afterward graduated from the I'niversity of \'ermont in 1S51. In 1852 he taught high school in Vermont. In 1854 he went to Philadelphia as pro- fessor of mathematical engineering in the Polyteclinic College. He came west in 1S57, and in i860 became superintendent of schools in b'ond du Lac, Wis. In iS()5 Professor Peabody came to Chicago as professor of physics in the high schools. Hi; was appointed professor of engineering and physics in the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College in i87i,an(l in 1878 came to the University of Illinois at Champaign as professor of mechanical engineering. Two years lat(;r he was elected presidiMit of the university, in whicli position he remained until he took up his present duties in September, 1891. He organized the department of liberal arts, and has marked the lines upon which the educational exhil)its will be shown at the I'air. Professor Pea- body is a member of many American and P'uropean educational and scientific socie- ties. He has written many text books and works upon astronomy and enton\ology. He is one of the editors of the International Encyclopedia, and is now Prcjsident of the Chicago Academy of Science. On the afternoon of the 2\\\\ of June Chiefs Allison and Peabody '\rrange(l what they were pleased to term a "trip around the world." This trip had been so planned that a procession of invited ones should see bits of the handiwork and educational methods of all the civilized peoples of the world. There were se\eial hundred "excursionists" present at the otTicc-s of the two chiefs when it was time to start. Chief Peabody's jjarty moved around the gallery to join the rest at Ciiii t" Allison's headquarters, and then as the band played a lively march they all startrd out on the momentous tour. It took two hours to make this circle of the globe aiii it was time extremely well spent. Every section in the building did something to welcome the tourists and the great hall was decorated from one end to the other. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 253 The flags of all nations were swung out in front of the offices, and Columbia , I venue, the main thoroughfare of this new world, was decorated on both sides .vith evergreen trees, palms and dainty flowers. The clock tower, the center of ihe earth, was surrounded by a little forest of palm trees and other decorative j)lants. Hand concerts that attracted and held a great number of people were i,Mven there throughout the day. Chiefs Allison and Peabody received many com- |iliments from their delighted guests on the excellence of the exhibits and the fine arrangement of their great show. '* EXHIBIT OF BUSH. SIMMONS & CO., WHOLESALE HATTERS, CHICAGO. ft k II f 1* I?; -^-pWilM-^-.-ff. -'T— -- ■ . , ■ V.-W-. =:^ ^ .».-TTF.w~^--it^-.. I ^. 7 V T^,— r:nr«t.-.«.i F^-JnfT .■ „».V, :mm S i ' n' tffctf"^ J i E?' |.**;l!p< TOTEM POLES. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 25b CHAPTER IV. DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. Anthropology: "Man and His Works" — What May be Seen at the Ethnological Building — The Mound Builders of Ohio — Splendid Collection from Mexico, Costa Rica and New South Wales — Views of Plans and Models of Prehistoric Men — Prehistoric Architectural Monuments and Habitations- Natural and Artificial Cave Dwellings — Lacustrine Dwellings — Sweat Houses, Totem Posts, Cliff Dwellings and Skin Lodges— Implements of War and the Chase — Furniture and Clothing of Aboriginal, Uncivilized and Partly Civilized Races — Objects of Spiritual Significance and Vener- ation — Representation of Deities— Appliances of Worship— Historic Archaeology — Objects Illus- trating the Progress of Nations— Models and Representations of Ancient Vessels — Clothing and Adornment — Apparatus for Making Clothing and Ornaments— Articles Used in Cooking and Eating— Models and Representation of Ancient Buildings — Cities and Monuments of the Historic Period Anterior to the Discovery of America — Objects Illuriiating Generally the Progress of the Amelioration of the Conditions of Life and L abor — The Evolution of Labor-Saving Machines and Implements— Portraits, Busts and Statues of Great Inventors and Others who have Contributed Largely to the Progress of Civilization and the Well-being of Man — Eulalia Entertained by the Quackahl Indians — Sketch of Professor Putnam. HERE is a certain structure that is not so often visited as many of the others; and yet it is one whose contents chal- lenge the achniration of students of antiques and others of scholarly attainments. Over the portal of this building are the words "Anthropology — Man and his Works," which means that much which is ethnological end anthropological maj' be seen within. This building is 415 feet long and 225 feet wide, ani besides the general archaeological and ethno- logical exhibits contains the exhibits of the Bureau of Char- ities and Corrections and that of the Bureau of Hygiene and Sanitation. Professor Putnam is at the head of this depart- ment. He is professor of American archceology and ethnology at Harvard univer- sity, and is a famous scientist. The Ethnological Building is the result of an overcrowding of the Manu- factures and Liberal Arts Building. That mammoth structure, which many have pronounced too large, is exactly the one of all the others that was found too small. Consequently, at the eleventh hour it was decided that ethnology must go. A new building was plar.ned, but not for ethnology alone. The sections on charities and corrections and the section on hygiene and sanitation of the Department of Liberal Arts were sent along with it. But the uses of the new building were still further enlarged until there were housed in it archaeology, natural history and geology as well. ■ViW il ■I '[ '1 1 I'j m (T- ■• '""-rmnrri "" - 256 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. As one enters the building by the middle entrance at the north end he sees private collectionsof contemporaneous Indian implements, arms, dress and household articles, one collection being nearly like another, at least to casual observers. What strikes the attention first and excites the greatest interest is the model of the Indian village of Skedegats, on Queen Charlotte's Island, in British Columbia. This collec- tion was secured by Chief Putnam, and is in charge of James Deans, an aged Scotch- man, for thirty years a resident of the islands. The village consists of a row of cottages, standing on an exhibition platform three feet high and about fifty feet long, with a screen behind it, on which is painted a panoramic view of the country. These cottage models are about two feet square and high and decorated in front with the curiously and hideously carved and painted totem poles peculiar to the Heidah tribe. Mr. Deans, who, though an uneducated man, is an adept in this Indian lore, says that the Heidah habitations have been like this from prehistoric times. They appear to be built of plank, but are, in fact, constructed of river slabs. One peculiarity of the ornamentation is the frightful carvings of dragon heads pro- truding from the eaves; and as if to confound the anthropologist it is said that they are almost the counterpart of similar ornaments on some of the houses of the Jap- anese. Farther on, and to the right, the visitor steps into the inclosure of New South Wales exhibit, for which great praise is given Executive Commissioner Renwick. by whose exertions it was collected. It is necessary to see the collection, however, in order to fully enjoy or understand it. The exhibits relate not only to New South Wales, but to Australia, the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, New Britain and Marquis Island. They consist in part of an immense display of enlarged photographs, illustrating the appearance and manners and customs of the aborigines, and in part of an almost endless assortment of their weapons of war- fare and of the chase, the garments, rude manufactures and household implements. Among them are boomerangs, spears, bow and arrows, shields, nets, stone axes, costumes, fans and shell money. A person with the slighest interest in these races would be entertained here for hours. Farther down one comes to the space assigned to Prof. Culin for his folk- lore exhibit. Under this head comes primitive religions, customs and games, though in fact the display is confined to primitive games. These are shown in hor- izontal showcases stretching entirely across the building. To make the collection Prof. Culin has ransacked every country on the globe and every age of the world back to prehistoric times. Singular to relate, while he has dice that were used for gambling at least as early as 500 B. C. he has never been able to collect a set of tht; cards with whicii twenty-five years ago the people of this country played the game of Dr. Busby. One of the neatest stories in his showcase is the evolution of play- ing-cards from dice, and of dice from the knuckle-bones of a sheep. In the middle aisle, not far from Prof. Culin's section, one may see some in- tensely interesting material relating to the mound builders. This consists of four raised maps, about 6x8 feet in size each, illustrating the Indian mound region o{ Ohio. They are in fact minute copies, including not only topography, but trees, •>r HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 257 grass, roads and scenery. The first relates to the famous Serpent Mound in Adams County, purchased by the Peabody Museum; the second to the Hopewell group of mounds in Ross County; the third to the Turner group in Clermont County and the fourth to Fort Hill in Highland County. One look at these beau- tiful maps shows that no pictures have ever done this subject justice. Just east of these maps is appropriately displayed an immense collection of relics of the mound builders, secured under the direction of Chief Putnam, by W. K. Moorehead of Xenia, O., who is also now in charge of it. A small portion of this collection was taken from mounds and graves at Fort Ancient in Warren County, and the remainder from one of the twenty-three mounds in the Hopewell group in Ross County. This mound is the second largest in the State, and yielded an immense quantity of archaeological material, some of which resembles other relics from similar sources, and some of which possesses striking peculiarities. Among these are pecks of pearls perforated as if for necklaces. Some of these are in good condition and others are partly calcined by fire. The damaged specimens were found on hollow altars of burned clay that were possibly used as crematories for the dead. There were also found large quantities of sharks' teeth and sea shells. That these three articles should be found so far from the sea and in such large quantities is considered rather strange, especially as they are not old enough to be connected with geologic changes. There were also found in this mound and these clay altars bushels of copper implements and ornaments bearing evidence of being hammered out cold. The metal is greatly oxydized, and though a little hardened by the hammering, is devoid of temper. Most of the ornaments are stencil-like, and have been cut out of sheet copper. Some are in the form of easily recognized species of fish, and some, strange to say, in the form of the Swassticka cross, which is also found among ancient human relics in France and other parts of Europe. Mr. Moorhead exhumed 298 skeletons or parts of skeletons, but only two that were complete. One of these was found in a Warren County mound and one in a grave, and the skulls are so d-'fterent that they are believed to belong to two different races of men. The stone grave in which one was found was brought with it, and is a thrilling and unique relic of this mysterious people. As to the age of these relics Mr. Moorhead says that all that is certain is that they are over 400 years old. This much is proved by the remains of two separate forests found over th(!in, each of these forests, according to botanists, representing a period of 200 years. A little farther to the south is the inclosure of the Mexican exhibit. It would make a long chapter to bestow a passing word on every object of interest connected with ancient Mexico and its inhabitants here exhibited. But the chief among them are four " archaeological reconstructions of the city of Mexico," from five to ten feet square. The first and largest represents the Temple of Huitzilopochtli, which stood on a spot now fully identified and on which the ancient inhabitants offered human sacrifices. The principal stone on which the victims were laid is still pre- served in the Mexican National Museum. I ■'!> 1? i' 1 1* '1 || t a! m i li i . ''■'; !|| .|V .HS: ' 1 'S' |h t i 1 •3i iii 1 ,. f i n /*■ 258 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. The second reproduction represents with thrilling minuteness the triumphal entrance of Cortes into the city. Even the troops on each side and Cortes himself, as well as the buildings of the city, are distinctly seen. The third reproduction represents the captun; of Cuauhtemoc, at what is now called the Clergyman's Bridge, by which the deathblow was given to the Empire of the Tenochas. Tlu- fourth reproduction represents Cortes receiving his prisoner Cuauhtemoc, who in tears implored the conqueror to take his poniard and slay him. The Mexican Commissioner has prepared an interesting descriptive catalogue in Spanish and English of this part of the exhibit. The Costa Rica exhibit adjoins the Mexican inclosure on the east. Tlu; Commissioner, Anastasio Alfaro, says that Costa Rica sent 7,000 i)ieces to Madrid and sends only 3,000 to Chicago, lie thinks the display at Madrid was five times as large as this one. He had many large idols, altars, and ornamental stones wliic h he did not dare to bring to this city, but sent back to Costa Rica, simply because there was no room to display them. On the other hand, the 3,000 pieces in the present exhibit are all origin^, real, and there is not a reprotluctit)n among them. They consist almost ent' ;ly of pottery, but there are also some singular carved stones, presumably ornamc al. One is like a center table, 3 feet high, and tht)ugh made of (lint-like stone is hol- lowed and carved like a Chinese puzzle. What instruments wer<; us(h1 in siu h work is unknown, as tin; only metals found arc gold and copper. These are in the shape of jewelry. There are some photographs of the material sent back froiii Madrid to Costa Rica. With all of these treasures of science on the main floor of the building it will still be considered by many leat-ned visitors that the great(;st attractions are in tlu: gallery. The south gallery from wall to wall, is entirely taken up with the im- mense and indescribably fine exhibit of Ward's Natural Science establishment of Rochester, N. Y. This wonderful collection covers, and covers well, the entire fields of geology, paleontology, .-ind natural history. Here are all the fossils, from the ingneous rocks up; stuffed sijecimens of all animal life, from the l»acillus up to the great Elephas Primigenus, i6^'2 '^'■et high, and all skelet'ms from that of a humming bird up to that of a whale. The gallery looks like an epitome of the universe. Any student of paleontology, geology, or natural history w ho has anj- di'Ti- culties to solve, and who can make his way to Chicago, now enjoys the opportunities of a lifetime. It is safe to say that he will make greater progress in his studies with this immense museum before him in one week than he would in a lifetline deprived of such advantages. It will be a comfort to students, whether they d. e is hoi- in such re in the; :k froiii i^r it will •e in the the im- nient of entire Ills, from lus lip to lat of a of the |ny di'Ti- rtunities stinlies lifetime |he\ can It it ma^- le W ard exliihit )re par- hie'ican prehistoric Indian and Esquimau relics. In the east gallery are the fine natural history collection of the Albany, N. Y. Museum, Lattin"s unique exhibit of stuffed birds framed and covered with convex jjlass, and the singularly beautiful collection of the birds and mammals of Pennsylvania, stuffed and arranged in an arti- ficial forest. Returning to the lower floor the vis- itor may see many won- ders which do not belong to the department of Eth- nology nor any of its re- lated departments. The southwest corner of the floor is occui^ied with the noble exhibits of the sec- tion of Charities and Cor- rections of the Liberal Arts Department. Here are illustrated by a hun- dred of the penal and charitable institutions of the country the most ad- vanced and humane thought of the age con- cerning the; insane, the deai and dumb, the blind, and the criminal. F>om the W(.)n(lerful appliances of the John 1 loi^kins Hos- pital to the oaken chai of the Auburn Penitentiary, in whieli Kemmler was electrocuted, everybody speaks of a growing gen- tleness and goodness in human n.tture. ft was probably only accidental that these symbols of mercy and benevolence were i)laced so close to the Mexican altar on which luiman victin-.s were butchered with tlint knives 3Ck^j years ago. The following is the in- scription over the exhibit of the Battle Oeek Sanitarium: •'This institution was founded in the >ear iShO liy an association of philan- thropicai persons whose ])urpose was the establishment of a seP'-supporting chari- CHICF WANNOCK. !* »• -M t:t^ ,1 2t>0 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i. ' » I n. table institution at which l)oth rich and poor mi»jfht receive the benefit of all the curative resources afforded by the modern science of rational medicine. More than 50,000 patients have received treatment at this institution, nearly one-fourth of whom have been the recipients of its charity. The institution is under the supervision of a Medical Missionary and Benevolent Association, which operates and supports several lines of metlical missionary work in Chicago and elsewhere: the education and maintenance of missionary physicians in the United States and foreign countries; a large orphanage: a home for friendless aged persons; anti several branch sanitariums and hospitals organized on the same plan." In the southeast corner of the building is the hardly less advanced and humane exhibit of Hygiene and Sanitation, forming another section of the Liberal Arts Department. Here is Illustrated the latest thought of the world concerning filters, ventilation, bathing, disinfectants, furnaces, gymnastics, and vaccination. Ry far the greatest things in these lines are in the exhibits of the Paris exhibitors, wMch are of themselves wor^^h a journey to Chicago to see, study, and avlmire. It may seem singular, but the greatest thing in the building, and one of the greatest things on the grounds, is an exhibit which has been thrust into this quarter of th^ room without belonging to the building at all. This is a display of anatomical iiioJ^is by A. Luer of Paris. If the physicians of Chicago knew what was on exhibition here there would be thousands of them crowded around this exhibit every day. Every part of the human body is represented in its natural colors and so that it can be taken apart to the last filament. Moreover, everything is on an exaggerated scale. The model of the human band is two feet in length and the model of the human ear as large as a market basket. There are also models ol other kinds of life, for the study of comparative anatomy. There is a turkey 01 natural si/e, and a beetle as big as the turkey, and both can be dissected dow n to atoms. There is a hen's egg as large as a watermelon, showing the evolution of the chick, and a model of a horse which comes apart into 140 pieces, each of which comes apart into about fifty more, the price of the whole model being $5,030. Xotliing in all Jackson Park is more wonderful, beautiful, and profitable than this exhibit. Among the many objects that hold the studcMit are tiu; \'iews of plans and models of prehistoric men. Prehistoric architectural monuments and habitations, natural and artificial cave dwellings, lacustrincMiweliings, sweat houses, cliff dwell- ings and skin lodges, implements of war and the chase, furniture and clothing of aboriginal, uncivilized aiid partly ci\ilizc-d races. (Objects of spiritual signifi- cance and veneration, representations of deities, appliances of worship, historic archaeology, objects illustrating the progress of the nations. Models and represen- tations of ancient vessels, clothing and adornment, apparatus for making chnhing and ornaments, articles usetl in cooking and eating, models and representations of ancient buildings, cities and monuments of the historic period anterior the discovery of America, ol:i<)i, as chief of the DepartmtMit of luhnology of the World's Columbian i.xposition. Professor Putnam was born in Salem, Mass., and is a direct de- scendant from John Putnam, one of the earliest settlers of Salem, thus being ANTHROPC)LOliK;AL iU:iLlJlNG. :' 'Sf: \ 1 il; ii \\M 262 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. i' >'i^U > ;:,( ' M, r- : !'■!■■ »':>: connected with the best families of Old and New England. Although for many years he has been especially devoted to archaeology as a life work, and has conducted many explorations in various parts of South America, he has a wick- practical knowledge of all the natural sciences, having evinced an aptness for this line of study very early in life. At the age of i6 he entered the Lawrence Sci- entific School of Harvard University, anil for several years was the special student and assistant of the famous Louis Agassi/.. The same year he was electetl member of the Boston .Society of Natural History, and he has since held the i)osition of president of the society for three consecutive years. At the same time he was elected member of the American Association for the iXdvancement of Science, anil for twenty-one years he has tilled the position of permanent secretary of that asso- ciation. He has held many honorable positions; has been vice-president of the Es- sex Institute, in Salem, Mass., for many years. He was the first director of the Peabody Academy of .Science; has been president of the American b'olk-lorc Soci- ety, and is now president of the Boston Association of Folk-lorj. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Science and of all the principal scientific and historical societies of America, and ot the anthropological societies of Paris, London and Brus- sels. He has Lciven freely of his scientific knowledge to the world; has served his scientific knowledge to the world; has served his native State for seven years as State Commissioner of F"isheries; and has contributed over 300 papers to scientific literature. , To comprehend the scope of this department it is necessary to digest the statement that therein is shown the collections froni every famous museum of the world, and that no less than seventy expeditions have scoured the earth to obtain data for this exhibit. It is one of the most interesting features of the l-'air both as regards the curiosities and relics it contains and for the comparative object lesson it presents. All around it are the evidences of the huest steps taken in the world's advancement, while inside the building are the objects that show how the rude forefathers of a thousand tribes delved, dug, and builded. Brazil, Canada, England, France, Greece, Honduras, Mexico, Argentine Republic, New South Wales, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Borneo, Spain, Russia. Costa Rica, Patagonia, and many other foreign countries have largely conlribut'd, and many interesting tribes of living Indians are quartered near the buildinjj;. Egyptian antiquities are shown and nearly all of the States have sent collections. It is the greatest museum ever collected and is a si>ot of untiring interest. .! I ;o rid' rude ;entui(' '•lussia. l)Ut<-(l. Ictions. -^-v.!V.JVK%nk?rL' ,-:',•'. .!. <■" <^>: /^^ ixn" HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 265 The Great Resort of Farmers — A , Blandishments of Field ati ' Pavilions— All the Indus .. the Association of Anieii. .m Products Derived from A^riv CHAPTER V. RICULTURAL BUILDING. .1. 1 structure— The Spirit of Agriculture Gr? • ,ified — \— Bewildering Avcnuts of Hxtremely Uniqui. and w;namenta\ 'ir squely Shown— Nineteen Acres of Exhibits— Novel Exhibit of lental Stations and Agricultural Colleges— All the Essential ,. .re Attractively Shown in the Galleries — Grasses and Grains Varied in Colors and Beautifully Blended— The Exhibit of Ontario— The Monster Cheese Weighs Eleven Tons— It is the Largest Ever Made— Little Cheeses That Only Weigh One Thousand Pounds Each— Elaborate State Exhibits— Burdett-Coutts' Stable Exhibits— Many Things from Foreign Lands— Mowers, Harvesters, Thrashers and Plows by the Acre— Ski-tch of Chief Buchanan— Live Stock Exhibit— Dog Shows and Carrier Pigeon Flights— Bovine Blue Bloods. LL mankind is interested in the products of the field, not only tlie farmer, who produces, but the consumer, which is the world — and this accounts for the vast crowds that throng the beautiful A:M-icultural Building daily. The main build. in^f is 800 feet loiij,^ by 500 wiile, and cost $Soo,ooo. It covers 13 acres, including its 3 8-10 acres of annex, quite as large as some little farms "well tilled." There has never been and probably will not be again for twenty years in this country such an object lesson for the agriculturists and all other bread winners wlio live from the products of the husbandman. In style of architecture the Agricultural Building is notably bold and classic. It is located on the main basin of the lagoon, and as its north facade faces the administration court, the outlook from that point is mar- velously grand. As regards ornamentations the building has many nuu-al (leccirationsby celebrated painters depicting the spirit of agriculture, and the staff work and statuary of the structure is in k(;eping with its interior magnificence. Twenty-nine States and Territories have pavilions on the main floor, as have most of the ."oreign coiuitries wh(,'re agriculture is a feature. These pavilions all display in thcsir decorations devices pertainhig to iield products, many of which are extremely ornamental. Quite a number of the pavilions cost between $S,ooo and $::o,oooto erect. In nearly all of the State exhibits the disi)lays were collected by State agricultural agents, and are fully descriptive in character of the st)il products of all parts of the countrv. Pennsj-lvania, Ohio, Illinois, New York, Missouri, Iowa, \Vi^ ISCOilSUl. Michigan, the Dakotas, Xe])raska, California and Indiana make esi)ecially fine exhibits in this dei^artment. The scene upon the floor of the building is luirticularh- beautiful as the differ- ent colored grasses and grains that form the t)rnamentations are varied in color and lit' nm si fi;tvN , iVi..».4 3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) LO I.I 1.25 1.4 1.6 Va ^ /2 / «^' -"^ '^* 1/ '> >^ r ^# Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 266 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. _i 1 >V^i striking in tiieir contrasts. On the floors of the annexes are shown nearly every type of agricultural implement in existence. The apiary department, the exhibit of dairy products, and the exhibit of the wool industry are also complete and striking. A novel exhibit is that prepared by the Association of American Experimental Stations and Agricultural Colleges. This display occupies S.ooo square feet and rep- resents the entire work of agricultural ex|)erimental stations such as are supported by the National government and the different State governments. The tobacco in- dustry, the sugar, confectionery, canned goods, soap, oils, chocolate, and innumer- able other industries having their essential products derived from agriculture are shown in the galleries of this building. It is conceded by many that the Agricultural Building is one of the hand- somest — as well as one of the largest — of the many impoiiing structures on the grounds and is especially rich in its outlines and in its ornamentations. Its height of cornice is 65 feet and of its dome 130 feet. In its construction there were used 2,000,000 pounds of structual iron and 9,500,000 feet of lumber, including the 2,000,- 000 in its annexes. Its main entrance is 64 feet wide, adorned with Corinthian pil- lars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. The rotunda is 100 feet in diameter, and is surmounted by a ^ great glass dome. 1 1 is worthy of note in this connection that agriculture, and its kindred in- terests of forestry, dairy and live stock, has exhibi- tion space under roof of 69 acres, the buildings costing $1,218,000. The Agricultural Build- ing, the Live .Stock, Dairy and Fores- try buildings are all uniler tluiilirec- tion of Hon. W. I. Buchanan, of Iowa, the Chief of Agri- MUSic HALL. culture, who is well regarded as auK^ng the; foremost e.\ecuti\e minds of the I-^xposition chiefs. Ontario (Canadaj has an exhibit that is worthy the good name of our il- lustrious neighbor. It may be that the summers of Canada are somewhat shorts r than those of that secti(jn of tlie United Slalt-s adjoining it. If so, then the hard;, husbandman of the DomiuicMi "makes hay while the sun shines," and does a gre;i'. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 267 llowa, A«j;ri- isxvrll |)ur il- |ianl\ deal besides. Ontario seedsmen have acquired such a reputation that they are known the world over. Ontario peas, especially, are sold by all the big seedsmen of the United States. Ontario farmers do not contine themselves to peas, however. Their pavilion — a fine one, too — is tricked out with all manner of grains. Some people think Ontario cannot raise corn, but there is some as fine corn in its display as may be found even in the Iowa section. The grain show has a triple classification; there are jars of the threshed grain, wheat, barley, rye, oats, about 200 jars of each; there is a great variety of grain in the straw artistically arranged. Then there are sheaves bound to show how things grow up north, timothj' that is six feet high and wheat pretty nearly as tall. But the pride of the Ontario is not in the Ontario section at all. The big cheese, the biggest cheese of all, is right across the aisle to the west. It is an Ontario cheese, though made at the dominionexperimental station ia Perth, Lanark ' county. A good deal has been said about this cheese, how much it weighs, and how it broke the floor down while it was being put in place. Everybody ought to know by this time that it weighs over eleven tons, but it is not so easy to understand just how big a thing eleven tons of cheese all in one cake may be. Ten thousand cows collaborated on that cheese. Each gave one day's milking. The total weight of the milk used was 207,200 pounds. The cheese is 6 feet high and 28 feet in circum- ference. It is worth between $4,000 and $5,000. The man who made this cheese, J. A. Ruddick, of Perth, is exceedingly proud of it. It is his masterpiece. Mr. Rud- dick is a slender young man and exceedingly modest withal. He watches with great solicitude over this pride of Ontario. About once in ten days he carefully turns it over. Of course he does not do all this himself, for the cheese is a trifle bulky. It is incased in a vat of riveted steel boiler plate, and this boiler plate rides on a heavy wide-wheeled truck. There arc strong oak uprights, securely braced, on this truck, and between these the huge cheese box is suspended in wrought-iron stirrups. It may be revolved in these by a system of screws. The reason why it has to be turned is because it is a young cheese and is still "curing." Mr. Ruddick says twelve of the biggest cheese foundries in Ontario contrib- uted the curds to make the cheese. Each factory pressed its contribution slightly, loaded it into cloth-lined milk cans and rushed it by train to Perth. There the cans were dumpexl into the boiler plate vat, the curds broken u[j, and then the pressure of six giant jack screws was put on through heavy oak frame work. Everybody who goes into the Agricultural Building stops to look at this monu. mental cheese; on one side of it is a high pyramid of Canadian bottled beer, and n,)t; far away is an exhil)it of crackers — an highly enticing combination. On one occasion an aged person with gray-colored hair, an abundance of bi^aver hat, ami new store clothes stcjpped to take a look at this monster cheese. 1 le appeared as if hr might have come from Ko'koiuo or Ypsilanti, or some other such place. He walked carefully ail around the cheese, spelled out the placard on it, spat vigor- ously, and said: \ 11 *.^''iMl ! )'-. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 269 o 2 CO < Oi 1- < > % "Gosh! Ef the skippers ever get into that thar cheese they'll grow as big as rabbits." But this is not the only Canadian cheese in sight. It is tlanked all about by big and little cheeses. There are six of them that weigh 1,000 pounds each. There are cheeses from Quebec, Ontario, and the maritime provinces, Canada beats the world on cheese. "Cheese it" is not a slang expression in Canada. In the classification adopted by che Exposition, Agriculture, or rather the Agriculture Hall, is made to include food-products as well as the plain outgrowth of the soil. To distinguish between the two, the former have been relegated to the gallery and the latter occupy the floor. One of the handsomest show-cases in the Agricultural Building at present is that brought from England for Crosse & Blackwell, the well-known preserve and jam manufacturers. It is made of solid mahogany, without an inch of veneer, with plate-glass windows backed by mirrors. The cornice of the case is made of embossed leather, and is surmounted by an or- nate metal railing. Directly opposite, occupying another section of the center circle of the build- ing is Iowa's miniature corn palace. This pavilion is probably the prettiest on the main floor of the building. It is located almost in the center of the building on the main aisle running east and west and directly across from the Illinois pavilion* Its architectural design does not belong to any particular school, but its decorative features are purely lowan. Grasses and corn ears have been used profusely. Clas- sical figures have been worked outwiththcsematerialsby the commissioners and the tout ensemble of the work looks dainty as well as picturesque. The grasses used include oats, wheat, rye, blue grass, corn stalks, and leaves, etc. Each of the four pyramids at the corners is elaborately set off with jars containing seeds and grains, the agrticultural products of the state. The Illinois pavilion is striking in the originality displayed in the use of the materials of which it is composed. Corn cobs are used effectively in the entrance way, which are set off by tassels of millet. Witliin, cases, showing the cereals of the State, and plants in bloom are displayed, with other filatures of interest. In all 1:25 different varieties of grains and grasses are shown. A register is kept, which will be preserved, with its list of names of people of all countries. The Iowa exhibit differs fron\ all others in that the red color of corn cobs is employed to give a distinctive appearance to the pavilion. The decoration is ornate and elaborate. Grains are shown everywhere, and the soil that produced them is exhibited in long glass coliunns. The Minnesota and Wisconsin exhibits, like most of the others, display cereals in profusion. The Minnesota pavilion has a series of arches decorated with \\iu;at; while long spears of grain are exhibited in cases. In Wisconsin's booth grains in bottles are shown. I'ennsylvania's exhibit is beautifully displayed. A feature of interest is a chair wholly composed of corn fodder, there being 3,000 pieces in the chair. There is also a Liberty Bell made of products of the field, and a fire-place decorated with ■■i' . 1 , -1 ■•^1 % i 1 , - . V .; it iiil m \ IJI o z 5 < H -I y o < z o < 0. HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 271 corn-fodder. An interesting feature of this exhibit is that of the silk industry of the State. The Connecticut exhibit is largely of cereals, tastefully displayed in a booth of the old colonial type of architecture. An interesting feature is an old fashioned flax break, mortar and spinning wheel. In the center of the platform is a tent made of ears of corn. The tobacco exhibit of Connecticut is in the gallery of the building. Michigan has a splendid exhibit, figures dressed in grains being one of the prominent features. Nebraska's specialty is beet sugar, shown to splendid advant- age in great glass columns, which are also used to exhibit cereals. Kentucky's ex- hibit is noticeable for the display of tobacco, which is worked into the decorative schemes of the exterior and interior of the building. The long gray moss at the South gives a peculiar effect to the whole. Utah tastefully displays grains and bales of hay and straw. The State of Washington's exhibit is made prominent by the use of sacks of flour. North Dakota displays some, at least, of her forty-six kinds of spring wheat and 390 varieties of grasses. New Jersey's pavilion, beauti- ful in white and gold, contains corn, sweet potatoes and other things in profusion, A plow of 1790 is shown, and other old-time faming implements. A booth at the north end of the pavilion is hung with curtains of tree moss, and decorated with acorns, beans, etc. A figure of the farmer and minute man of 1776, flint-lock in hand, guards the entrance. The Ohio pa\ ilion is of simple lines but rare beauty. It is in the form of a (irecian temple, the columns being of glass filled with grains, etc In the center of the Missouri pavilion is a fantastic pyramid, capped by a ^lobe showing the continents in grains. A case of birds is placed in a booth. The tobacco exhibit is very fine. Colorado attractively displays her grains and grasses in frames, making in- vestigation easy. Landscapes in oils are also exhibited. Oregon's pavilion, fashioned like a Grecian temple, contains aiine collection of grains. Kansas makes a tiisplay in which corn predominates, although sheaves of wheat are to be seen. Cereals are shown in bottles. The Wyoming pavilion is reached through a beautiful arched entrance in white and gold. Within is to bt- Sf'L'n a r.plendid collection of the products of the soil. South Dakota makes a splendid exhibit. The large pavilion is reached through arches inclosing a porch of corn and wheat, resting on colunins formed from tree trunks. Some of these have sent forth fresh sprouts, the effect being very tine. In 1892 South Dakota produced 9,265,000 bushels of wheat, an average of 100 bushels for each man, woman and child in the State. New Mexico's exhibit is con- tained within a fine pavilion, decorated in white and gold. Native woods are shown, among other things, and grains. New York covers a large space with specimens of products of its soil. Grains, hops, and maple syrup are artistically displayed. The Louisiana pavilion is unique, being divided into three tlistinct depart- 1111 nts. One, of Japanese design, is devoted to the display of rice. As rice was introduced into this country from Japan, it was thought the form of the pavilion I' ; ! I- I. ■;(, t f m 4-f 5 tj m J >! I , ! I 'H 272 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. should correspond to the architectural type of that country. Cotton is displayed in the central division of the pavilion, while cane and molasses and sugar are shown in the third division, which is patterned after an Egyptian model. The West Virginia exhibit is chiefly of grains and grasses, corn being prom- inent. The Indiana exhibit is simple, but a fine showing of the resources of the State is made. California occupies a large space. Prominent in the exhibit are enormous beets, gourds, and potatoes and all the cereals. Oklahoma makes a splendid showing for the youngest and smallest of all the States and Territories. Opened for settlement but four years ago, practically all grains raised elsewhere are now grown, wheat running sixty-two bushels to the acre, oats 125, and corn 70. Sixty cotton gins are now in operation in the territory. The display shows the products named- and the tallest corn, broomcorn, sorghum and ■weeds grown anywhere. Milo-Maize from France and Kafifir-corn from South Africa are exhibited. The mistletoe is emblematic of Oklahoma, and, therefore it is exhibited. During the watermelon season of the Territory, Lymon Cone, who erected and has charge of the pavilion, cut melons free for the million. This limited survey of a large field no more than prepares the way for those who would derive benefit from its study. In many of the exhibits showings are made by the respective agricultural colleges. Statistics are to be had in abundance; and full explanations of methods. North Carolina has an attractive exhibit of cotton, tobacco, and peanuts, Maine shows some fine potatoes. The Massachusetts exhibit is largely cereals. Not much is claimed for the soil, excepting when artificial fertilizers are used. Then, it is claimed. Massachusetts produces the greatest number of bushels of corn per acre of any of the states. A case of birds is shown, of varieties fatal to the; gypsy moth, a pest on which the State spends $200,000 per year in efforts towards extermi- nation. In another part of the main floor New- South Wales men have built a court with arches of wool bales, which are neither small nor light, but very effective. A typical Aus- tralian wool-wagon stands near, half filled with bales. It is natural that the great wealth of the country should be thus well represented. In the French section are wonderfully real flowers made of candied blossoms, toothsoiiu; sugar plums, chocolate confections, and truffles, and mushrooms and pate de fois gras to tantal- STATUARY. ize the epicure. Up on the galleries, there arc exhibits of interest to all, be he farmer or not. The entire west gallery is occupied by the l)rewery exhibit, while the east one has case upon case of honey. A monu- ment of soap, a design of interest, is at the right, and an old mill and water win 1 1 belonging to a flour exhibit, is at the left of the main aisle. Farther along is Maillard's colossal statue of Columbus in pure chocolate. From the central aisle HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 273 the ornamentation of the entrance is best seen. Here art designs have been worked with colored corn over an immense space of the ceiling. Then come the extract booths, where great ten-foot bottles are the central feature. It is said that one could almost satisfy himself with the many samples of eata- bles and drink that are gratuitously furnished the visitors to this building. Canned, desiccated and compressed soups served in tiny bullion cups, snowy biscuit and loaves made with this or that excellent baking powder or yeast, prepared table jellies, assorted crackers, maple sugar and butterine rivaling the pure dairy pro- duce; breakfast oats served with cream and sugar by demure Quaker maids, spicy and piquant pickles, catsups, pressed beef, improved macaronis, and prepared pud- dings, cornstarch deserts and even chewing gum. Then of the liquids there are the condensed and evaporated milks and creams, beef extracts, cocoas and choco- lates, compressed coffees, foreign teas, root drinks, cordials and liqueurs and every mineral water on hotel menu or to be found anywhere. In all there are nearly 300 exhibits of good things to be seen [and perhaps tasted] in the gallery alone to say nothing of the displays made by the various big packing companies of bacon, hams, salt pork, corned-beef, pickled meats and the interiors of refrigerator cars lined with quartered beef, loins of pork, spring lamb, mutton and fine veal. Lovers of horses and anything pertaining to the saddle will find an interest- ing model in the center aisle- Mr. Burdett-Coutts, M. P., sent from England a model of his famous Brookfield stables, wherein he has bred more good horses than most men can remember. They have taken prizes in England and America, and placed their owner in the front rank of breeders. The stables, though formed by a natural process of accretion, one part being added to another as required, are as perfect as any to be found in England. On entering the gates into the front stable- yard, the stud groom's cottage can be seen, connected with which is the office where all the clerical work is done < "I the service registers, etc., are kept by the secretary. The buildings near this are levoted to the harness department, which is under the control of the "head breaksman." Passing through the gateway at the side of the office, the visitor arrives at the covered yard, loose boxes, main harness stables and messroonis for the employes. At the far end of the stables are the strawyard and stallion boxes. A little further on is the riding school. Beyond this ;ire the granary, large sheds and the show grounds. The buildings represent stabling for about seventy-five horses. One wing of the Agriculture Building has a display which will make all future county fairs seem dull and insigniticant, and which has received compliments from the farmers, such as the art palace never received. Thet^e are clover hullers and threshing machines which are as handsome as pianos. The plows are nickel- plated and all the self-binders and mowing machines are drawn by wooden horses wearing silver harness. In this department you will meet the old gentleman who I'tmembers the time when all grain had to be cradled and it took a good man to beat him. Many a day he swung a flail and thought his back would give out be- fore night. After that they had a "thrashing" machine that you had to drive around all the time because the gearing was attached to the wheel. One of the i k i.. M: hil m %i' :'"!' HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 275 visitors said one day that a certain self-binder tied a good knot, but he thought it threw the bundles too far. "AIJ I care for is a machine that won't get out of kelter," said the man with him. "On a hot day when the Hies are bad and the hosses get restless 1 don't want to get down in the middle of a round and crawl through the insides of the blamed thing." Then they passed on to an array of culti- vators with flowers painted on the double-trees. The first speaker said he liked a certain cultivator for straight rows, but he was afraid that it would cover up some of the second planting. Principally an agricultural country, Argentine has a splenditl exhibit in the Agricultural Huildrng, consisting of cereals, fibrous plants, medical woods, wools and other like i)roducts. It is certainly worth the while of every farmer to make a long visit to the implement annex to Agricultural Hall, where a greater part of the implement ex- hibit is made. We append a list of some of the more prominent firms making ex- hibits, together with the articles shown: The Sandwich (111.) Enterprise Co. — New Champion force pumps, Enter- prise pump standards, Aerating cistern pumps, New Champion spray pumps. En- terprising brass cylinders. Enterprise float valves. Enterprise pipe vises. Enter- prise ratchet die stocks, Climax four-shovel riding cultivator. Rose disk riding cultivator. Climax walking cultivator, Enterprise walking cultivator. Eagle Claw walking cultivator, the Winner cotton ijlanter, Dean ear corn slicer, Enterprise windmill with tanks and pumps in operation. Sandwich Perkins windmill and Air King steel windmills. Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. — Belt jiower bal- ing press, full circle steel horse baling press. New Departure horse baling press, Hercules hand power baling press, railway horse pow er, ten runner press grain drill. Magic feed mill. Monarch corn and cob mill. Young America corn and cob mill, St. Louis two-hole corn sheller, Derby two-hole corn sheller. Crown one-hole corn sheller, Tornado l)roadcast seetl sower, Cahoon broadcast seed sower, Amer- icus Senior cider mill, Americus Junior cider mill, horse power and drag saw com- plete. U. S. Wind Engine and Pump Co., Batavia, 111. — A thirty-foot geared mill on 100-foot steel tower> operating a feed mill, corn sheller, two large pumps, feed cutter and wood saw. Also Halliday Standard, U.S. solitl wheel, Vaneless and Gem steel windmills on short steel towers, and a complete exhibit of haying tools, pump stands, pump cylinders and accessories. Sattley Manufacturing Company, Spring- tield. 111. — Six Sattley walking plows of ilifferent kinds, two Hummer three-wheeled lilows, one regular cultivator, one Cyclone si)ring tooth cultivator, one Banner wood beam tongueless cultivator, one Victor combination beam cultivator, one Xt;w Imperial spring trip cultivator, one American parallel beam cultivator, one Sattley adjustable lever harrow, one Capital City automatic straw stacker. D. S. Morgan ^c Co., Brockport, N'.Y. — Triumph No. 4 moving machine. Triumph No. 3 SL'lf-raking reaper. Triumph No. 8 steel frame binder, Morgan self-dump hay rake, Morgan lock lever spring tooth harrow, Morgan spading harrow, style "A, " Mor- ^Mn spading harrow style "B," Morgan horse grape hoe, Morgan spading cultiva- tor. Skandia Plow Company, Rockford, 111 — .Farmers' choice corn planter, Dandj* f t !|< ''*■! MP fr, ' .'T' 276 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 'M: mi 0: sulky, Globe cultivator, Monarch U'l'iJ^- Royal cultivator, S. B. combined lister, four bar two section sixty-six teeili iron lever harrow, two section, live bar, steel frame lever harrow, six different kinds of hand walking plows, one Western Queen rod breaker. Hayes Pump and Planter Company, Galva, 111.— Hayes' check row planter, steel frame. Eclipse planter, steel frame, one-horse drill, Boss shoveling board and Daisy shoveling board, besitles a railing of pumps. The .S. I'reeman (S: .Sons Manu- facturing Company, Racine, Wis. — Hand cutter, hand and power cutter, ensilage cutter and carrier, farm fanning mill, warehouse fanning mill, pole saw, Freeman broadcast seeder. Elkhart Carriage and Harness Manufacturing Company, Elk- hart, Ind. — Wagonette with glass sides and ends, milk wagon, light Brewster wagon, end spring, leather top buggy, single seat phaeton and double seat, extension top phaeton, besides a line of harness and saddles. N. P. Bowsher, South Bend, Ind. — Six different styles and sizes of Bowsher's combination feed grinding mills. The Nordyke 6v: Marmon Company, Indianapolis, Ind. — Portable corn mills, hominy mills, portable wheat mill, portable grain mill, corn mill with cob crusher, and mills for minerals, drugs, etc. Eclipse Manufacturing Company, Middlebury, Ind.: Three Eclipse seed grading machines, operating on different kinds of grain. The Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Company, Mt. Gilead, Ohio — Hydraulic cider press complete, Ohio apple grater, hydraulic (double) belting press, hydraulic tank- age press. J, E. Porter, Ottawa, 111. — A full line of hay carriers consisting of both wood and steel track. The Joliet, 111., Strow- bridge Company — Champion wagons. Cham- pion endgate seeders; Champion, Peerless and Climax broadcast sowers; Peerless feeil grind- er. R. Lean r<>dutc in patciil cold storage. 278 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. THE McCORMJCK HARVESTING MACHINE COMPANY. T was while at Paris in 1878 that the late Cyrus Hall McCor- mick was elected a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences on the ground of "having done more for the cause of agriculture than any other living man." Since then Mr. McCormick has left these busy scenes of earth, but through the vast industry founded by him he continues and V. ill continue to exert an influence throughout the length and breadth of this and every land as long as grass grows green or grain is burnished into gold. In asserting that Mr. McCor- mick had excelled all others in contributing to the agricultural interests, the French Academy referred to the fact that in him they recognized the inventor of the reaper and that the value of the invention, in its particular sphere, was without a parallel. It will there- fore interest our readers to know something more specific relative to the man and the business established by him. In the manufacture and sale of harvesting machinery millions upon millions of dollars are annually expended by the various firms, but for the reason that Mr. McCormick was the inventor of the first successful machine in this line, and because of the position held by the McCormick 1 larvesting Machine Company to-day, we have selected this institution as a representative one and on page 286 will be found a view of their very attractive exhibit at the Exposition. We say attractive advisedly, for these McCormick machines are beautifully finished in gold and silver plate and in all other respects evidence the high degree of scientific and mechanical skill possessed by the artisans of the McCormick works. The standing of this com- pany and the high esteem in which their machines are everywhere held is another illustration of what may be accomplished by the concentration of energy to a single purpose. Pope puts it neatly when he says: "One .science only will one genius fit; So wide is art, so narrow human wit." The McCormick works are devoted to the manufacture of harvesting machinery exclusively and in their exhibit are seen machines that are well known and highly endorsed by the agriculturalists of two hemispheres. Among these wc may mention that celebrated grain harvester, the "Machine of Steel." Its peculiar vir- tues are in its matchlesssteel fiame and the McCormick "simple knotter," the former contributing to its well-known durability and the latter to its unfailing accuracy in grain-binding. Besides this, two other types of binders are shown, the "Open Elevator" — specially designed for handling long, heavy grain; and the "Bind- linulc HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 279 lochine" — a machine for low binding, or binding grain without elevating it over the main wheel as in the ordinary type of harvesters. Next comes the McCormick Rice Harvester, the Daisy reaper, and that king of grass cutters, the McCormick No. P'our Steel Mower, In addition to these machines there are shown the follow- ing models: Reaper of 1831 (the original); Reaper of 1851 (winner of the Grand Council Medal at the I'^irst World's F'air, London, 185 1) ; Reaper of 1867, which was awarded the Grand Prize at the Exposition Universalle, Paris, of that year; first twine binder; wire binder, winner of Grand Prize and Object of Art at Paris in 1878; No. 4 Steel Mower and the "Machine of Steel," both winners of the highest awards and medals all around the world. In this connection it should be remembered that McCormick machines have been awarded the grand prizes and highest honors at every World's Fair ever held. These trophies are a part of the company's exhibit. We refer to them in corroboration of this broad assertion. Should the W^orld's Col- umbian Exposition awarding committee find higher merit in some other line of grain anH grass cutters, and bestow the honors elsewhere, it will be the first break in this remarkable chain. There is not, however, even a remote possibility of this. Of the many manufacturers of harvesting machinery having exhibits at the Exposi- tion, the McCormick Company was the only one to accept the committee's invita- tion to participate in the competitive tests of grain binding, thus demonstrating their claims for superiority; and with one exception, the McCormick mower was also the only one to prove its worth by cutting grass in the field. I r t! hting lov/n |e we vir- rmer ■y in )pfii ind- HISTORY CF THE VVORLU'S FAIR. 281 CHAPTER VI. AMONG THE TREES OF THE WORLD. Big Trees and Little Trees from All Over the World— The Forestry Building One of the Most Unique j.nd Interesting of All — Nature Versus Stat? — Magnificent Specimens of Characteristic Timber Growths — Paraguay Alone Sends 321 Varieties — California Sends Redwoods and Sequoias— Medicinal Trees, Lichens and Mosses— Methods of Seed Testing, Transplanting and Measuring— The Protec- tion of Young Trees Against Insects— Logging and Lumbering — A Saw Mill in Operation — A Most Entertaining and Instructive Exhibit Throughout. LTHOUGH Forestry and Live vStock are separate depart- ments from Agriculture, Chief Buchanan has been practi- cally in charge of these from the first. The forestry building is sui generis. After seeing the magnificence of staff construction in the more pretentious buildings it is with relief that many visitors turn to the rustic simplicity of the forestry building. The quality of ornamentation also differs here. Instead of the intricate work of designers, molders or artists, the highest effects in the forestry building come from group- ings of natural woods. No other building on the grounds shows so clearly at first impression the uses for which it is designed. The scope of the world's fair forestry exhibit is of peculiar interest to Americans. When a separate tlepartment of forestry was created it was pointed out that the opportunity had arrived to make constructive forestry as important a science in this country as in Europe. On this idea the fair managers have worked with a will. Although constructive forestry and the restoration and preservation of forests are yet in their infancy in America, it is lielieved that th(; turning point has arrived and that the World's b'air e.xhibit will have a most potent influence in pre- venting the further wholesale destruction and waste of native forests. One of the remarkable features in arranging for the forestry exhibit was the absence of any reliable d;ita in this country as to the extent, variety or value of native forests. In appealing for exhibits from the various states and territories the l"'air officials have laid great stress on the i importance of securing this data for pur- l)oses of exact comparison and history. Vhc prodigal wastt; of timber in America has no parallel in the uses of any other natural product. Even at the present day white oak trees, one-fourth matured, are cut down to make railroad ties. Millions of acres of valuable timber in some of the Pacific states are burned for the sake of clearing the land. Only in some portions of the United States has the growing scarcity of timber called a halt to the destruction processes. T^orestry, as a science, tii-A' 282 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. is only beginning to be taught here as it is in Germany, where there are schools of forestry and thousands of graduates engaged in the actual business of forest pres- ervation. Besides the destructive waste in the timber states, there are millions of acres in the United States where not a single natural tree is found by the first settlers- The remarkable growth of timber in the west, following the institutions and observ- ance of Arbor Day, is one of the most interesting features of the exhibit. This is of peculiar value to all countries or states interested in emigration to the west. When it becomes known that the so-called prairie states may have as many artificial forests or timber growths as the owners of lands may choose, there is an end to many of the objections against taking up homes in the west. The World's Fair exhibit is also designed to show the effects upon climate and soil of tree planting, and also the economical value of the timber thus olanted, the expense of its culture and all other features of like interest. The forestry building itself is 200 by 500 feet in area. On all four sides is a veranda, with supports forming an imposing colonnade. This colonnade is one of the most unique affairs eVer designed and is peculiarly appropriate to a cosmopol- itan fair. It is built from woods con- tributed by for- eign countries and about thirty states and territories. It consists of a series of columns, each composed of three tree trunks twenty- five feet long. One of the trunks in each column is from sixteen and the other two are from nine to twelve inches. All the trunks have the natural bark of tin: tree. Each of tlu- states, territories and foreign coun- tries, furnishes specimens of the most characteristic timber growths within their Imrders. The sides of the foresty building are built of slabs with the bark removed. The rest of the building, including the window frames, has the same rustic treat- ment. The roof is thatched with tan and other barks. FORESTRY BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 283 The main entrances are finished in different kinds of wood and are very elab- orate. The one on the east side, facing the lake, deserves special mention. It is put in place and finished by the Southern Lumber Manufacturers' Association. The vestibule is of yellow pine and cypress. It is built in such a way as to show the sus- ceptibility to polish of the southern woods and their usefulness for panels and in- terior decorations. The cost of this main vestibule alone was between $5,000 and $10,000. Some of the states, Alabama, for instance, have sent tree trunks for the forestry colonnade, although prohibited from making an interior exhibit by lack of appropriations. The tree trunks in the columns taper toward the top and are joined by rustic work in longitudinal sections. Some of the latter are also furnished by the states contributing the columns. On each column there is a tablet, giving the common and scientific names of the trees and the statie or country contributing them, besides other valuable information concerning the resources of the locality. Above tht cornice of the veranda, on all four sides of the building, are flagstaffs. which bear the colors or coats of arms of the nations or states represented in the interior exhibits. The interior exhibits are in several main groups. Natural woods are shown exclusively by states, territories and foreign countries. The product of the various woods, finished, or partially finished, are shown by individual exhibitors or firms. The methods and processes of manipulating timber at every stage, from the tree trunk to the finished product, are shown by firms or corporation. The completely finished product is not shown in this building, as it belongs to the department of manufactures; neither is there any machinery in motion in the forestry building. It is a still exhibit, but the various ways of denuding forests for economic and commercial purposes are shown by medals, maps, drawings and other methods. The foreign countries which have obtained space inside the forestry building are Japan, Honduras, Peru, Hayti, Spain, Germany, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, New South Wales, Canada, Russia, Italy, France, Siam and India. Each of these countries has a separate space, and makes a showing of its most character- istic woods. Miniature structures are built, with arches and railings of natural wood and in rustic designs. Canada has the largest space of any foreign govern- ment, and the various provinces of the dominion make an interesting showing of their timber resources. The states and territories which have interior exhibits are Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Virginia, Arizona, Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Ohio, Washington, Michigan, West Vir- ginia, Missouri, North Carolina, Indiana, Maine. New York, California, Utah and Idaho. Of these West Virginia and Michigan have the largest space, and the ex- hibits from these states are on an elaborate scale. Other states show peculiarly unique specimens, and the grouping of woods in the various spaces forms a most artistic whole. Sections of tree trunks are built one on the top of the other, and each portion of the exhibit is accompanied by detailed information as to the locality producing the exhibit, the area still under growth and where located, and all other pertinent information. .Hi* ■H ,il ,^\ 284 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. It is one of the rules of the forestry department that there shall be no finishetl wood products in the building, and where it is necessary to show the special uses of certain kinds of woods it is shown byoieces of disjointed furniture or other partially finished product. The foreign exhibits include all the remarkable woods and wood products that are familiar in name only to Americans. The India exhibit includes sandal woods and a precious government collection of unique and valuable woods. Brazil shows the various grades of mahogany, California the red wood, Sequoia, and 65 others, Canada the various pines, birch and maole and a host of other trees of commercial value. Some of the state exhibits are peculiarly interesting. Nebraska shows the results of tree planting and the special results of the observance of Arbor Day in that state. This exhibit contains specimens of actual woods, with tabulated in- formation showing the age of each specimen, how and when planted. North Dakota makes a similar exhibit. Some of the exhibits are genuine surprises. For instance, Kentucky, which is not popularly considered a forest state, shows as elaborate an exhibit as most of its neighbors. From Kentucky there are specimens of white oak, four orfive feetin diam- eter, built in the form of a pyramid. Kentucky also shovv's a very fine relief map, point- ing out the prin- cipal forests in the state, with full sta- tistical information regarding them. Ohio, Wisconsin and North Caro- lina make exhibits of medicinal plants and herbs gatJieretl in those states. Ohio alone shows varieties of medici- nal herbs amount- ing to 400 or 500. This is a new feature in America exhibits. One of the remarkable foreign exhib- its is from Paraguay, which shows 321 varieties of wooils, each one meter nigh and from twelve inches to four feet in diameter. In this exhibit are beautiful specimens of barks, dye woods and other commercial products of that portion of South America. The Argentine Republic has an exhibit of remarkable woods. .) v.- -::;;. ---^: ■llii ^^^^^^^^^jJ^^^^jj-J^JJilJ^J^^MM^ LOGGING CAMP— WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 285 France and Germany make the best scientific exhibits, giving illustrations of con- structive forestry from the results of wide experience. Japan makes a most cred- itable showing, and the various wood specimens from the flowery kingdom are the first ever shown outside of that country. Among the spectacular exhibits is an immense trophy in the center of the building. This consists of a collection of large natural timbers from various states. Nor'ih Carolina sends a large walnut log. Kentucky a mammoth white oak, Kan- sas a walnut log seven feet in diameter and weighing 30,000 pounds. There are immense tree trunks from the State of Washington. Another spectacular exhibit is a long spar of ship timber from Washington. The individual commercial exhibits include specimens of wood pulp, cork, parts of furniture and woodenware. The pulp industry, which is rapidly growing in importance, is represented by several exhibitors from foreign countries. The exhibit contains the most complete display of the utilization of wood products that has ever been brought together. Among the prominent individual exhibitors is the Western Indurated Fiber Company, which shows a multitude of articles made from wood fiber, including household utensils. The R. W. Macready Cork Company make an elaborate ex- hibit of all the varieties of cork. Probably the greatest scientific collection in the forestry exhibit is the one sent by Morris K. Jessup, of New York. The Jessup exhibit is an exact counter- part of the famous collection of woods in the New York Museum of Natural His- tory, which Mr. Jessup contributetl to that institution at a personal expense of $100,000. There are 428 specimens of wood in the original collection, and these are practically duplicated in the World's T'air exhibit. Another valuable scientific exhibit is that placed in the Foresty Builtling by George W. Vanderbilt, the young New York millionaire. This is the principal American exhibit on the science of forestry. On Mr. V^mderbilt's country estate, a*^ Asheville, N. C, the science of forest preservation and cultivation has been in- troduced by skilled foresters from Europe. Young Mr. X'^anderbilt has collected a lot of valuable material pertaining to the care and culture of trees, including maps, models and working utensils. These are shown under the direction of the chief forester of the Vanderbilt ertate. Among other individual exhibits are all kinds of wood used in construction or manufactures, such as square timber, joists and scantling, ship timber, masts and spars, piles, fencing timber and mining timber. There are worketl timber or lumber, including shingles, flooring, casings, moldings and stair rails, and there are decorating woods, such as mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, ebony, birdseye maple and black walnut. In the treatment of timber to resist decay there are shown specimens of creosoted woods. The dyeing and tanning woods include logwood, Brazil wood, fustic and sumac, besides the various barks and mosses used in dyeing and coloring. One of the interesting class exhibits are lichens, mosses, ferns and other vegetable substances used for bediling and upholstering. Another class of exhibits i m mF' HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 287 include gums, resins, seeds, fruits, roots, berries and other forest products used in the arts and sciences, or for medicinal and household use. In the department of timber culture and cultivation there are shown trans- plants of various sizes, seed collections, and methods of seed testing. Implements ami machines for preparing the soil and planting trees are also shown. Seed nur- sPI . 3^ ■hijil ' "' ;; l M . '■ ) 'm .1 J 1 ^1 J^El! . ■JroWM ' ffil r ^^B^mul ^^^UJfl^^ 'iin^^i The f>i I 'Vf HISTORY OF rilli WORLDS FAIR. 291 Lii \pti:r \ II. HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. The Grandest and Completest Sir.iciuic; tvci ErectLd tor a Horticiiltur.i Fxhibit— It Contains 89,000 Square Feet of Space More thai) the (.omWned Are is it the Similar Purpose at Paris, tiie Centemiial and New Orleans— sketch Chief of tiie Department of Horticulture. 'iildm^s used for 1 1. A. Samuf 2S7 feet. The dome i^ eter and has an altitude of 113 feet on giviniit room for the largest palms, hanil j^iant cacti, etc. Vlw basso an(i alto reli' tion, in a frieze extendiiifr alo!i irclc inside the dome there is a broad ])roinena(lc sjfallery from which visitors look (Imwu ui)()n the plant and lloral decorations. This «rallery is sufficiently extensive for promenade and for man\' miscellaneous exhibits. Horticulture, technically and separately did not cut much of a lis^nire, and was re|)resented by the oran.Lje and lemon trees in the north court and bv about two N. ii. I- r>M hf^l 292 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. m acres of nursery trees in the Midway Plaisance. These were under the supervision of J. M. Samuels, Chief of the Departnunt, who was born February 26, 1845, at Berksvilk;, Cumberland County, Ky. lie was educated at Clinton Academy and at the Kentucky llniversity. 1 lis father owned the Mississippi Valley Nurseries, in which Mr. Samuels learned the business. He was appointed Chief of the Depart- ment of Horticulture, in Au.Lrust iSgi, which up to that time had been in charnas and some superb anthuriums in foliage and flower. The latter is a native of South America. Then there were a splendid collection of marantas, with their grtrat luxuriant, zebra-striped leaves. There were a gr(.;at many varieties of ferns that are seldom seen outside of a conservatory, among which was the gol(U;n fern, a native of I'eru. This is unlike anj- other, and from its leaves impression may be made upon a coat sleeve, or other cloths, such as cassimere and the like;, which would be mistaken for engrav- ings. There were many exquisite ferns unknown to but a few, one of the rarest being the crested-sword f'MMi, a native of South America; golden maiden-hair fern, tongue fern, and adianlum Farleyeuse, a variegatetl spurt of maitlen hair, very scarce. Among other rar(! plants in this collection were; llui heliconia aureo stuata. with broad sfircading leaves with golden stripes, an umbrageous i)laiu, sianding six feet; aspidiastia, vi\ id in grecm and vari(;gated colors; eiglUcHT. begonias rex, and sexeral varieties of selaginelled, or club moss, natives of tlu> Fast In(li<'s, collec- tions of bird's nests and stag horn ferns from Australia; more club moss, of a bronze ml \\| at| m. Al HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 2Q7 mJtallic color; Davalla IVTooreana, a native of the South Pacific Islands; Pteris \\ allichianu, a native of Japan, the largest fern in the collection, being eight feet across, and which was set out in three-inch pots three years ago; Pteris \Mctoria, named after the Queen of of England, a native of the East Indies and Southern Africa. The collection also included Davalla Fijensis, a native of the Fejee Islands; a superb fern known as Harefoot; pyramids of fern asparagus of many varieties; lowering anthuriums in gaudy blossom and rich foliage; a large collection of flow- ering genista; lOO azaleas in orange, red and crimson flowers, the same number of hydrangeas, abundant of blossom. There v.'ere also eighty-four varieties of pine- apple plants; 150 varieties of palms, thirty-two of Sago palms, or cycads, the largest of which was presented by Dom Pedro to Mr. Van Alen, of Newport, seventeen years ago, and which was secured by Mr. Manda for the E.xposition. Also thirty- two varieties of Norfolk pine and more than a hundred cocoanut palms nine feet in height, growing out of the nuts — quite a novelty. In the northeast curtain Australia divides the honors between Canada and lapan, Australia is represented by more than a score of tree ferns, hundreds of years old, and a large number of birds' nests ferns and stag horns, among which have been planted more than 2,000 plants, including eighteen varieties of tearoses, several hundreds of tuberous begonias and marantas and other enlivening flow- ering plants. The Ontario (Canada) exhibit, the first on the right as the northeast curtain is entered, is from public antl private conservatories of Toronto, and comprises some fine palms and fancy crotons, cacti, and eucalyptus. Next comes the Japan- ese garden, unique and interesting in all details. There IS sweetness and seeming simplicity in well, curb, streamlet, tree, bush and fiower. It was in complete order on the opening day, and has ever since at- tracted much attention. The narrow paths separate little trees and plants— parterres — which are not much bigger than table napkins and structures that might be taken for toys. Even the gardeners who made these were short and slender, but they gave a good account of themselves, nevertheless, and of the work that they were, sent here to accomplish. Most of the jftipanese plants came to Jackson Park all the way from N'okohama in rhalet-like boxes of salmon-col- ored cedar wood, which were pierced with wintlows and covered with wire net work. Some of these plants suffi-red much during ihe voyage, and (juite a num!)er of them were killed outright and man\' others had to go into the nursery, with a special note c^f recommendation to the doc- tor in charge; he, however, hesitated in view of the delicate state of their health and the ditficulty of hitting upon the best remedy, and therefore declined all STATUARY. ,:''i! M !! ' n i tic 5s m ■ n <|1t'4l is!;! n 'l! tjtja i re I niJ brj pri l"i Mm' ,1 ■' . ''1 i m ! 'm HISTORY OI" THE WORLD'S lAlK. 303 5 a -I J < chapti:r IX. THE FRENCH FLORICULTURAL EXHIBIT. Many New iiii.I Rare Flowcrinj; anj Foliage Plants— The Finest Azaleas and Kiiododendrons Ever Seen in America— IV\. Jules Lemoine, Principal Gardener of the City of Paris, Introduces Many Lovely and Bewitching Members of the Realm of Flora and Encircles the Woman's Buiklnig in Bloom- He Also Enlivens Other Stretches of Sward. Y REOUEST of the Erench Commissioner, Mr. Thorpe kindly consented that the Erench Eloricultural section, in charge of M. Jules Lemoine, principal gardener of the; City of Paris (Bois de Viceiines), should be represented elsewhere than in the Horticultural building, antl so the eminent i*a- risian floriculturist elected to make displays uponthe grounds adjacent to the Erench building, uponthe Midway IMaisance, the space north of the Horticultural building, adjacent to the Children's pavilion, the Puck and White Star Steamship Line pavilions and around the Woman's building. It is upon the latter space that M. Lemoine made his most elaborate and .^- beautiful exhibit and one that will be long remembered by all ^ who were so fortunate to see it in June and July. On the east side of the Woman's building are a tine lot of siver spruces, fifty varieties in all, between four and six feet in height, and set out with much tastg. There are also about forty azaleas, representing two varieties. A variegated Buxus and a new hardy plant known as acer negundo, folis aurea variegateil, attract ;.t- tention. Another plant that interests visitors is Ilex aquifolia argenta, which does very well in ihis section. It was in fine condition in July. Proceeding toward the eastern entrance from the south may be seen a ine display of of Evonymus — Uuc d'Anjou, marginata alba, marginata aurea, radicans, folvar, puchellus, etc., also three spt cimens of the new Allies picea pumila. Nt xt are a number of lauros of Portugal which stand up in pyramids seven feet hi^.h. Some clusters of silver spruce are next sec:n between the eastern entrance and '.he northern end. Then there are a number of genista Andreanain yellow and maroon ilower, and more buxus y\raucaria imbricata. Just north of the eastern entrance lauro cerasus rotundi folia stanvi up in pyramids attractively. On both sides of the northeastern corner of the building are sixty superb varieties of rhododendrons, all in tlower in June, making a most striking appearance. Among them are the " Lady l^leanor." " tl'velyn, " "Martin 1 1. Sutton," "John Waterer," the father of the rhododendrons; " Princess Mary of Cambridge," "Stella," "Joseph Whitworth," " Mrs. Eit/gerald," and many others. «t -liiii ii ;, 304 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 11 !l All of the above aie from Messrs. Croux & Son, the well known ilonsts and nur- serymen of the Val of Aulnay near Paris. These plants came in willow baskets and baj^j^ing and were put up in such excellent shape for shipping that they never suffered in the least from their long land and ocean trip, and never lost a leaf. Crossing the northern entrance to the; Woman's Ihiilding and going west the lover of rare and beautiful rhododendrons stands in the midst of fifty as tine ones, all in llower in June as were ever seen in France, which surpasses all other countries in the production of this aristocratic plant, and which wereconiributed by M. Moser of Versailles. Among them are the " General Cabrera," "The Ciem," "Michael Watcrer," " Nelly Moser," " Star of Ascot," " Marechal MacMahon." " Blandy- anum," " Caractacus," and "Imperatrice Eugenie. ' From I'rance, too, are some new azaleas — glauca stricta — a remarkably hardy plant, which flowers indoors in r'ebruary and out of doors in May and June. The I'ebruary flower is used largely for decoration in PVance, as it yields abundantly and makes a tine appearance as a cut flower. Among the other contributions from Paris is a new rare and beautiful foliage plant — Dimorphantus Manshuricus foliis argenteis variegatis and aureis, (obtained by Gouchaud), a native of the interior of Japan. There are two of these plants near the northeast corner of the northern entrance and two near the north- west corner of the plat, the only four in Chicago. Near these are a splendid collection of cedars Libani aurca, a favorite the world over, and clusters of Evonymus Japonica elegans, of most exquisite foliage. There are close by twenty varieties of silver spruces and twenty-five varieties of cedars. In the middle of this plat are loo new Hypericum Moserianum that the careless observer would take to be roses. They were in flower in July. These are sometimes called the Thousand-headed plant, on account of the interstices that may be seen through its petals with a microscope. Passing round to the west(,"rn side of the building and going toward the south may be seen among the gor- geous rhodoilendronsand azaleas a little bed of Japan- ese maples, as line as any in Japanese gardens. F\irther along are twenty-four Kalmia, which attract much attention; four superb specimensof azalea Pon- tica, rare and large; twenty azalea mollis, all in pink and white flowers in May and June. Some beautiful genista andreana in flower, fifty plants in all. Pass- ing the western entrance and proceeding in a south- erly direction one comes upon another beautiful ex- hibit from Georges Boucher, of Paris, consisting in part of 260 varieties of standard tea and hybrid roses, all rare or new. These were from five to six weeks on their voyage but not a plant was lost. Many of them are from three to four feet in height, anil were jjlanted six inches deep on account of the little root they had on arrival. Every- one is thrifty and were in flower all summer. Among these rare and new roses STATUARY. a I ari wt nu HISTORY OF Till- WORLD'S FAIR. 305 are " Mme. Carnot," " President Constant," " Duchesse d'Orleuns" " Lyonnais," " Uuchess of Connaught." " Mabel Morrison." " F:arl of Dufferin," " Beaute ance are shown at differ- ent places in the viticultural section, but the most of them are in the second story I allotted mong its i Riides- lade un- been a s on the rger and ve a big ture and ts Meo- by many n which ;here are of Bur- feet, and some of ber from Central n in this Albano, ilso red Island ermany. iz and opinion om the voisies. into d(! behind iro dis- whitt- Of the na, and er Eu- s. n and differ- 1 story HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 309 near the wines of Portugal and Italy. American wines are represented by the truest brands from New York, Ohio, Missouri, California and other noted wine- producing states. The formal opening ot the German wine exhibit took place in the south pa- vilion and wine cellar adjoining on the 21st day of June, Imperial Commissioner Wer- muth presiding. The exhibit in the pavilion ranks with that of France and Spain, while its feature of a wine cellar, which stands in the southern portion of the south- ern court, is an instructive part of the whole. Its interior is the reproduction of a German wine cellar with Gothic columns, and the samples of the liquid from the Fatherland are arranged on tables and stands in groups according to the different vintages and the districts in which they are produced. Entering the main door of the pavilion, in a half circle on the east side, a number of panoramic paintings of the districts represented in the exhibit attracts the attention of the visitor. These panoramas are the Rhine, as seen from the Niederwald; Trarbach on the Main; Neustadt on the Haardt, and Trier on the Moselle. These are the works of Artists Herwarth and Joseph Rumelspacher, of Berlin. Then there are panoramas of the Necker Valley, views from Esslingen to Constadt, Rappoltsweiler (Alsace), and MuUheim in Baden, painted by Freudemann and Richter-Lefensdorf, both of Berlin. These panoramas are works of art reproduced from nature. They were completed in Germany and mounted here. The arrangements for perspective, etc., are very clever. The paintings are hung in niches outside the building proper with full exposure to daylight, while the semi-circle inside of the pavilion is kept in twilight. The grooves in front of each panorama are decorated in plastic man- ner with vines growing on poles. These are, of course, artificial decorations, the grapes being of glass. The walls to the west of the building are decorated with two maps of the wine-producing districts of Germany. Visitors to the Horticultural Building may look upon the deadly Mexican aguardiente. There are many other kinds of Mexican wines and cognacs in the display, too, as well as licor de naranja, which is orange juice, and a good display of fruit pastes and jellies. There are agaves, cocoanuts, grape fruits, mosses and ferns also in the display. Some dried bananas are shown, just to prove that bananas can be dried. The Mexicans take much pride in the purity of their wines. Commissioner J. Miguel Carabay is in charge of the exhibit. The fruit exhibit which occui^ies the northwestern and southwestern curtains of the Horticultural Building is in charge of Charles Wright. Nearly all of the States and Territories and Canada and Australia are represented. Floritla and Southern California, notably the latter, make splendid tlisplays of oranges and lemons and other citrus fruits. The Southern Californian counties of San Diego, San Bernardino, Riverside. Orange, Santa Barbara and Los Angeles kept up their orange and lemon exhibits until September. The latter county had a tower of the golden fruit which contained nearly 14,000 oranges. It also had a monster Liberty Bell made of oranges and other designs. It also had at one time 1,200 plates and 600 jars of citrus and other semi-troi)ical productions — 32 toothsome kinds in all. Twenty-one states exhibited apples and other fruits and berries in their sea- I 1 ! 310 HISTORY ()!• THE WORLD'S FAIR. son. Sixteen stages (lis])layc(l canned, dried, prescr\cd or crystalized fruits. Can- ada and New South Wales surjjrised all visitors by their sj.'Ieiulid arrays of fruits. Then there were sui^erior exhibits of tlower and \e^etable seeds, notably by Peter Henderson & Co., of Xew York, and Pitcher &; Manda, of Short Hills, N. J. These were to be seen in the north pavilion, where there were also numerous exhibits of lawn mowers, sprinklers, fruit pickers, insect and other pest destroyers, fertilizers, garden fences, statuary, 'V^ .'■' '.: "'si asrt^*i#ii#[jovver, three Climax of 2,000 horse-power auvl two Stirling of Qoo horse-power. These boilers, while separated from the main boiler room by the south entrance to Machinery Hall, are connected with the main system the same as any of the ptiier batteries. The Jumbo of the boiler-house is a Climax of 1,000 horse-power. ihe Abendroth «S: Root boilers have 126 tubes, four inches in diameter, by 18 feet in length, arranged in courses 14 wide by 9 high. They have 7 drums 14 inches in diameter, by 20 feet length, ard one heailer 30 inches in diameter by 12 feet in length. The Cjill I)oilers have 360 tubes, 4 inches in diameter, 18 f(;et in length, 3 steam drums, 42 inches in diameter, by 21 feet long. The National boilers have 180 4-inch tubes, 18 feet long, and 3 steam drums 36 inches by 20 feet. I'he Camp- bell and Zell boilers have 236 4-inch tubes, 18 feet in length, 3 30-inch water drums 19 feet in length, and one steam drum 52 inches in diameter by 12 feet length. The Babcock (S: Wilcox boilers have 126 4-inch tubes 18 feet long, arranged in courses 14 wide and g high, a mud drum 12 inches in diameter and 8 feet 6 inches long, and two steam drums 36 inches by 18 feet. The Climax 500 horse-power boilers have a main shell 42 inches in diameter by 29 feet high. The main shell is ^ of an inch thick, with vertical seams welded. Each has 475 tubes 3 inches in diameter and 11 feet 6 inches long before bending. The monster 1,000 horse-power has a main shell seven-eighths of an inch thick. It is 56 inches in diameter and 35 feet three inches high. It has 864 3-inch tubes which were 12 feet 6 inches long, before bending. It is capable, it is saitl, of developing 1,800 horse-power. These boilers, with the exception of one Campbell & Zell and the three Cli- max, are arranged in batteries of two. Each pair of boilers feed steam into one common pipe which delivers into the 36-inch steam headers under the gallery floor. Of these headers there are seven; five in the main boiler plant and two in the annex, the longest being 150 feet in length. The headers are connected by pipes ten inches in diameter, except that between the main boiler plant and the annex, which is twelve inches in diameter. These connecting pipes are arranged with elbows and nipples to allow for expansion. The expansion in so large a system is considerable. If the header had been made in a single piece the exparision in the 800 feet in length would have been about twenty inches. Such an amount would have been utterly unmanageable. By means of the connecting pipes the same effect is produced as though there were but a single header. The main headers are securely fastened in the center to large masonry foundations. They are further supported every few feet by rollers jjlaced on foundations of masonry. These roller;^ permit the headers to expand freely in each direction. A four-inch drain pipe runs the whole length of the boiler plant and dis- charges into a large tank outside. The headers are connected with three two- inch drain pipes, so that in case of emergency, if a battery of boilers should get to foaming, for instance, they can be quickly emptied. The water of condensation is 1 i*\i 'Ui !■' M h\ !•: 3'« HISrORY OF THE WC^KLUS I- AIR. • n'||: ]J& carric'd back into the boilers by Westinghouse loops. The Westin^house loop is simply a pipe carried from the bottom of the lutadcr up some distance above the to|) of the bcMler, thenct; across to the rear of the boiler-house down below the \vati!r line, and tlu;n into the boiU^r throuj^h an ordinary check valve. The heij^ht of the vertical pipe is so calculated that the weight of one column of water in it added to tin; pressure in the header, which of course is somewhat less than the boiler pressure, shall be sufficient to overcome the excess of pressure in the boiler and so carry the water of condensation and entrained water through the; valve and into the boiUir. VV^atcT glasses are placed on the headers so that if water shoidd accumulate by any chance it can be readily discovered. The boilers are fed by pumps and injectors of various makes, all being listed as exhibits. The Abendroth ^x4^xio inches. The (iill boilers are fed by two Korting injector and two Harr pumps, one 10x6x12 inches, the other 10x6x10. The pumps supplying these boilers are regulated by a Thomas automatic feed water regulator which keeps the water at a constant level without the intervention of an attendant. The Heine boilers are supplied by eight Penberthy injectors, two Knowles pumps, 10x5x12. and two Blake pumps, 8x5x12. Four Hayden & Derby injectors and two Davidson compound pumps 12 and 2oxio,!<>x20 are required to supply the National boilers. The Zell boilers arc supplied by six Nathan injectors, one Cameron pumj), one Laidlaw & Dunn 7^x4>^xio, one Wilson Snyder 14x8x18, one Canton, one Worthington and one Boyts Porter pump. The Babcock & Wil- son boilers are supplied by Hancock inspirators and three by Snow pumps; one is compound 8 and 12x7x12, the others are 10x5x10 and 8x5x10 respectively. Two Buffalo pumps 10x6x10 and 7)^x5x8 and one Ciould pump run by an Ideal engine and Schaefer ^,^ --r'-ti^.^' i ■■■^^^, ^mte^irnint A\ ILION or SWITZERLAND— BUILDING OF MANUFACTURKS AND LIBERAL ARTS % M, [ill III I 320 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. plied through a separate pipe. The pressure as allowed by the underwriters, is six- pounds. Running along the tops of the boilers from one end of the boiler-house to the other is a two and a half inch steam pipe with valves between each make of boilers. A two-inch steam pipe feeds into this from each boiler. From this two and a half inch pipe steam is carried into the oil burners for atomizing the oil. As steam is necessary to burn, the oil pipe obviates the necessity of using wood to start up any battery of boilers after it has been allowed to cool down so long as any other battery has steam up. The Gill and Campbell & Zell boilers have indepen- dent steam connections with the burners in addition. The safety valves, which are the ordinary pop valves, are set at 125 pounds. The entire room is in charge of George Ross Green, who is known as the superintendent of the boiler house. His rank is that of second assistant engineer. Each exhibitor furnishes firemen and water tenders to care for its boilers. They work in watches of eight hours each, one or two men being required, according to the number of boilers in the exhibit. In addition the exposition furnishes a gang of thirty men under three foremen, who look^after cleaning, oil and oiling, repairs, alterations and so on. One man's duties consist of watching for smoke and promptly reporting any offenses in this particular. He sits in a little house back of the boiler-room where he has a clear view of all the chimneys. Electric com- munications with every furnace is provided, so that as soon as a chimney begins to smoke the fireman is warned by a bell to look after the matter. Another man looks after the valves, of which there are 108 on the headers alone, and a grand total of 1,200 in round numbers in theboiler house. Mr. Green has devised an ingenious yet simple scheme for keeping a record of the condition of the boilers and engine. On the north wall of the boiler-house near the east end of the gallery, hang two huge blue prints. On one is a diagram of the boiler-house and machinery hail, showing the location of every boiler and engine, each being numbered. The key to these numbers is given on the bottom of the blue print. A brass peg is screwed into each spot occupied by a boiler or engine. At one corner aie stacks of red, white and black tags about half an inch wide and two inches long. A white t; o- hung on a peg indicates that that particu- lar engine or boiler is working; a red tag shows that the boiler or engine is hot and ready to be put in operation at a moment's notice; black shows that the engine or boiler is not in use for some reason. Whenever an engine or boiler is started or stopped the foreman on duty goes to the diagram and hangs a suir'ably colored tag on the peg which stands for that engine or boiler. Thus the record is constantly kept up to date. On the second blue print is a diagram of the header and header valves with similar pegs and tags. Whenever a request is made for steam for an engine the foreman in charge sends the valve man to open the valve and hangs a white tag on the proper peg to show that it it open. In changing watches the fore- man coming on duty can see at a glance just how things stand. This saves a vast amount of labor in making out lengthy reports at the end of each watch. An elaborate record is kept in the boiler-room showing when each boiler is HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 321 as the record house lagram er and jottom er or inch articu- ot and ne or ed or d tag tantly eader r an gs a fore- vast ler is started up, when shut down, when valves are opened and when closed, the steam pressure, furnaces that smoke, repairs made and so on. All who are particularly interested in this chapter must understand that there are too many machines to mention — all kinds of printing presses, cotton thread mak- ing machines, pin and nail making machinery, looms of many descriptions, paper making machinery, planers, matchers and molders, jointers, shaping, mortis- ing, boring, and dovetailing machines, spinners, carders, more than 200 tool- making machines, and hundreds of others that cannot be mentioned. Towels, napkins, handkerchiefs, and many other articles are made while the visitor waits, such as gold bead necklaces, watch chains, and a variety of other articles to the number of two dozen in Sec. 32 on the north side of the Hall by Samuel Moore & Go's, gold bead machinery. Four sizes of beads can be made on the same machine by changing the dies. The machine is about four feet in height and about sixteen inches in width and breadth. A plated tube through which a small brass dumbbell wire to form the connecting links has been thrust is introduced into the shaft, which is hollow, until it is caught by the dies. These dies work on the end of L shaped levers, which are operated by a double cam on the main shaft. The dies are opened by brass springs. They work in pairs alternately, two being placed vertically and two horizontally. On the face of each die is a series of eleven gradu- ated hemispherical cavities. On reaching the first pair of cavities a section of tube large enough to form a bead is cut off and partly formed. When the shaft has made a half revolution the vertical dies open and the lateral dies come together, cutting off a section of the wire to form the connecting link of the next bead. These dies are moved outward by a cam just the length of the bead, thus drawing in another section of tube. The partly formed bead is thus passed along through the series of cavities by the lateral motion of the horizontal dies, each pair being smaller than the preceding until the last, when it passes out of the machine a per- fect bead. The beads are held firmly together by the dumbbell wire. The capacity of the machine is from six inches to one foot of beads a minute, according to size. The string of beads is now cut up into suitable lengths, tied up in stout cotton cloth and placed in a shaker containing a strong solution of soap-suds. It is shaken for about fifteen minutes and is taken out polished. After being dried in sawdust, the chain or necklace is ready for sale. An interesting relic of colonial days is shown in the north aisle of Machinery Hall by the Campbell Printing Press Company. It is nothing less than the first printing press ever used in New Hampshire. It was made by Thomas Draper in Boston, 1742. Danl'il Fowle purchased it Oct. 17, 1756, and it was afterwards owned by John Melcher, the first State Printer in New Hampshire. Later it passed into the possession of Frank W. Miller of Portsmouth and finally became the pro- perty of the company by which it is exhibited. Only a few portions of the original wood have had to be renewed. The plate is but half the size of the bed plate, so it was necessary to take two impressions to print the full size of the form. It forms a striking contrast with the huge perfecting presses exhibited on either side. In the west end of Machinery Hall is Grier's ingrain lumber machine that ! 322 HISTORY OF THE VVOKLU'S FAIR. was patented last October. Basswood board, worth $30 a thousand feet, passed in at one side comes out quarter-sawed oak, worth $60 a thousand feet, on ;he other £ide. That is, it looks like quarter-sawed oak. The essential feature of the machine is a drum thirty-six inches in diameter and thirty inches face. The design is first painted on the face of the drum, the champs being painted black on the pat- tern. The grain is left unpainted. The drum is then hung up on end and set with steel knives or type. These type are ij^ inches deep by 1-32 of an inch thick, made of high grade steel. They can be cut up in widths from }i inch to i inch. The operation of placing them on the cylinder is something similar to typesetting, the knives being held into position by a clarrip. When the drum is filled with type cement is poured into the interstices. This holds the knives firmly in place. The machine is capable of taking in lumber from J4 inch to 6 inches thick. It is drawn through by means of a feed roller ten inches in diameter. After passing over the drum the lumber next passes over a filler pan containing a specially prepared filler, which is pressed into the cavities made by the knives by two smooth, steel geared rollers. The board is held down against the filler rollers bj'^ another feed roiler placed directly above them three inches in diameter. .'^ d^' surplus or filler is removed by a scraper, a stee. blade thirty inches in width. " ■!> adjustment for various thicknesses of lumber is made by four screws open- 1 by bevel cog gear. The drum makes three revolutions a minute. It has a maxi- mum capacity of 60,000 feet a day of ten hours. Fifteen varieties of wood can be imitated on this machine, such as oak, ash, bird's-eye maple, mahogany, cherry, and Hungarian ash. No man ever leaves the Machinery Building a bit disappointed. If he sur- veys all that is to be seen carefully and intelligently he has obtained an amount of information concerning mechanic arts that he had never dreamed of. The Krupp exhibit in Machinery Hall represents samples of mining machin- ery, powerful ore crushers and grintlers, also improved assaying machinery. A very interesting exhibit is made by a Berlin firm which constructs machines for the manufacture of safety matches and match boxes. These are the matches which can only be ignited on the surface of the box they are packed in. Both box and match are prepared which a certain chemical substance. The manufacture of these matches and boxes is shown here in a practical manner. One person can work a single machine, and in Germany this is mostly done by girls. The process for the manufacture of the boxes is started by a machine which does the shaving of a block of wood (Cottonwood) into very thin sheets, then another machine does the cutting, folding and labeling of the 36,000 boxes per day. Two peeling machines can cut 24,000,000 matches out of prepared blocks of wood per day. The dipping process — placing the chemical preparation on one end of the match — is also done by a very ingenious contrivance, whereby 2,200 matches are dipped. To prevent the matches sticking together they are placed in a frame with a holder for each one. Thus the process is facilitated, and one operator can dip almost two million matches per day. Although poplar and cottonwood are chiefly used in Germany, the process at the exhibit is being demonstrated with willow. Another interesting kl bl passed in :he other e of the le design 1 the pat- l set with :h thick, » I inch. )esetting, kvith type n place. 6 inches r. After aining a nives by er rollers er. .'^ n-^' th. " ... operi' J 5 a maxi- )d can be 2rry, and he sur- amount machin- lery. A for the ;s which box and |of these work a for the |ng of a »es the lachines lipping »o done »revent |)r each million •many, •rsting HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 323 feature of the process of the manufacture of matches is the filling of the boxes. With the aid of automatic machines a girl can fill 1,800 boxes per hour. The agricultural part of the German machinery exhibit is represented by kneading and mixing machines; machinery for manufacture and working of paper by combined rolling and friction calenders with from ten to twelve rollers ninety inches on surface, and a downward pressure of fifty tons on each end of the jour- nals; these mammoth calenders being driven by two twin engines. The electrotyping process for rotating printing presses is demonstrated by an Augsburg firm. Prominent German illustrated papers, such as the Fliegende Blaetter and Leipziger Illustrirte Zeihmg, etc., use electrotypes for their rotating presses instead of stereotypes. The single and double page ruling machines ex- hibited by a firm from Leipsic is of interest to the representatives of the book- binding trade and to manufacturers of stationery goods. Printing Press Row in Machinery Hall is one of the greatest attractions. It stretches along the north aisle just west of the north entrance, and is one of the great centers of attraction. It contains two Hoe, three Goss, two P^ter and one Scott press, which are used to get off part of the last edition of 'five afterrioon papers. The sight of these marvels of mechanism biting into a continuous coll of paper and throwing off printed papers, folded and bunched faster than can be counted by the spectator, is a decided novelty to the majority of visitors. Readers of newspapers who do not know how they are printed can see the entire operation from the stereotype-room to the newsboy, for the stereotype plates made from papier-mache matrices are made in an isolated building just south of the west annex of Machinery Hall, and the presses are " dressed " in full view of every- body. Newspapers nowadays are not printed direct from type, but a papier-mache mold or matrix is made from the type and the stereotype plate is cast f»'om it. These matrices are generally made in the city and brought to the park by special messengers and taken to the electrotype-room. The matrix is made as follows: Several sheets of water-soaked paper, something like blotting paper, with waste between them, are laid over the form (as the type is called when it is arranged in columns and held together in a steel frame) . Two men with long-handled brushes of stiff bristle drive the paper down on the type and thus secure a deep, sharp im- pression. Some papers secure the same end by pressure in a press. A steam table quickly dries the paper and makes it hard but flexible, so that the matrix, as it is now called, may be curved so as to fit into the casting-box. The stereotype-room at the World's Fair probably contains more different kinds of stereotyping machinery than any similar room on earth. Its equipment comprises full sets of Hoe, Bullock, Scott, Goss, and Potter stereotyping machinery, all working at once. Lack of space and insurance precautions compelled the authorities to put the stereotype-room in an out-of-the-way building, so that this very interesting feature of a newspaper is not on general exhibit. When the matrix reaches the room it is placed in a casting box, a ladleful of molten type metal is dumped into the box, and the plate is cast, curved to fit the cylinders of 14 i/ i I )&. i3 I v'W II i foi cyl| pre pag sixl styj twe 24,' at 1 she HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 325 the press. Before it goes to press, however, the plate is trimmed and made of uni- form thickness. The next process is to dress the press; that is, place the plates on the cylinder in their proper order. When this is done the paper is run through the press, which is put to its full speed, and folded papers begin to dron out. One of the presses shown runs four, six, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, twenty-four or thirty-two paged papers. On four presses, running six and eight pages, 48,000 papers an hour are printed; 24,000 on the ten, twelve, fourteen or sixteen pages, and 12,000 on the twenty-four or thirty-two paged papers. Another style on exhibition runs 24,000 four, six or eight-paged papers an hour, and 12,000 twelve or sixteen-paged papers. The other runs 40,000 four-paged papers an hour, 24,000 six or eight-paged papers and 12,000 twelve or sixt ta-paged papers. Still another pattern shown only prints an eighteen-page paper, and does it at the rate of 16,000 an hour A little mathematical calculation will give figures to show the aggregate maximum number of papers that the presses can throw off in an hour. Old William Carson of Philadelphia is putting in his summer at the fair pounding away at a high wooden carpet loom in the palace of mechanic a s, gen- erally known as Machinery Hall. Mr. Carson is taking it very easy, though. He takes up one of his clumsy wooden bobbins, gazes at it in ccncemplative fashion, and gives it a flirt through the warp; then he jams the thread down with a heavy hand- bar, kicks a couple of levers, picks up another bobbin with another color of thread, and does it all over again, so the result is that the ingrain carpet which the vener- able weaver is working does not grow very fast. He does not seem to care, though; he has the whole summer before him, so he goes through his weaving with mechan- ical precision and slowness. The fact is William. Carson has come to the fair to show how not to weave carpets. Over against his queer old wooden loom there is a nervous and noisy machine that looks like a mass of steel painted green, a tangle of whizzing wheels, and a * great array of tightly stretched strings. This machine is grindinf, out the gayest sort of a carpet; it outspeeds William Carson and his hand loom about 100 to i. This machine is the latest model of a power carpet loom made by the Knowles company. It represents, perhaps, the least development in looia building, for power looms for carpet weaving are things of recent date. The process of >>'; work is something marvelous to look upon. This is not the only fine weaving machine in sight, though. The west end of Machinery Hall is full of them, and the way they buzz and rattle is something ter- rific. You can see pretty nearly any sort of a fabric being woven here if you will look around long enough. Some of the machines are wonderfully intricate. The folks in charge of them are willing enough to explain exactly how they all work, but after they have done you go away with a confused idea of a high framework full of wheels and levers and strings that behave in the most eccentric and unusual manner. Shuttles seem to chase around as crazily as an electric launch without a pilot. k\ fmm ■' Ii3^ 326 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. *\t' ft ^i Some of the looms weave dress goods, some silks, some cassimeres. But the most interesting of all are the ones that turn oiit souvenir ribbons and handker- chiefs. J. J. Mannion of Chicago has one that makes book marks. There are six colors of silk in these book marks. At the top of each ribbon are crossed American flags with the national shield between. Then there are two or three lines of letter- ing in blue and red with gold shading. Underneath this is a particularly tine view of Machinery Hall in delicate tints and beneath that a spirited view of a railway train. Every line of this is woven into the fabric, each speck of color in its proper place. The machine which does this is quite beyond the comprehension of an ordinary mortal. It is big enough to grind out a dozen ribbons all at once. This loom is of the Jaccard type, as indeed all figure-weaving looms must be. Jaccard was a Frenchman who lived about loo years ago. He invented a figure- •weaving apparatus that has never been much modified to this day. To the ordinary man the Jaccard attachment looks like a multitude of cords and copper rods. There is a large quantity of cardboard slabs too, all strung together and punched full of little round holes. It is on these slabs that the pattern to be woven is marked out. It is the pattern making that afflicts the weaver's purse. There are only a few good pattern makers in the country, and, as Mr. Mannion says, they have the pleasure of fixing their own salaries. The design for the little book mark with the picture of Machinery Hall upon it costs $350. A pattern designer first makes a large sketch in colors of the design he proposes to reproduce and then marks upon it a wilderness of little dots, which indicates exactly where the pattern cards are to have holes punched. Then he turns the matter over to a card puncher, who is not an artist at all, but just acoarse mechanic. If you want to see just what is the effect of the holes after they are punched you must go around to Machinery Hall and look for yourself — and after you have looked you will know less than ever before. There are Knowles looms in this same section that make portraits of Presi- dent Cleveland and Mrs. Cleveland, and others that turn out kerchiefs woven with large pictures of Machinery Hall. Then there is another, " the Empire skirting loom." which weaves an elaborately flowered fabric of silk in exceedingly dainty hues, The Crompton company has also a great array of looms. Seme of them weave rugs five feet wide and som? of them t'lrn out Columbian souvenir ribbons all full of eagles. Probably the fastest looms in the building are some Gingham weavers, oper- ated by this company. There is one machine that makes brocaded silk of so fine a design that the aisle in front is blockaded by women all the time. Off in another corner the Willamantic Thread company has ^. fine array of spool machines whirl- ing giddily, and the Star and Crescent company weaves all manner of towels. These looms are all in charge of pretty girls. They do not look a bit like the overworked and abused factory toilers we read about in the story papers; they do not seem to have anything to do but stand around, look handsome, and answer questions. Kel , ■ « HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 327" Chief L. W. Robinson is only 51 years old, but has had much experience. He joined the navy when a youngster from New England, and was witi. Farragut at Forts Jackson and St. Phillips, at the city of New Orleans, the passage of the forts at Vicksburg in 1862, and other minor engagements in the Mississippi, also ia the capture of nine blockade runners in the gulf. He was chief engineer of the Kennebec in the fight at Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864, resulting in the capture of Forts Morgan, Gaines, and Powell, and the Confederate fleet, and received special mention in the report of his commanding officer for conduct during the engagement. Cnief Robinson was promoted to the grade of second assistant engineer, rank of master, July 30, 1863, was present at the second surrender of Galveston, Texas, and was detached from the Kennebec at that place June 9, 1865, ^"^ was ordered north. From November, 1865, to December, 1869, he was attached to the U. S. S. Sham- okin on the east coast of South America. After two years duty at the Philadelphia navy yards he made another cruise to the east coast of South America from January 1871, to February, 1874, on the U. S. S. Ticonderoga. He was then placed on special duty until Aug. i, 1875, when, obtaining leave of ab- sence, he occupied the position of chief of machinery at the Centennial, and since then has occupied high grades of duty. CHIEF ROBINSON. li :!.. *,« » 1 it MB i-^ 'VM "i;|- HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. .529 1^ I i CHAPTER XII. TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. Wonders in the Way of Railway Trains — An Object Lesson for Railroad Operatives — The Mahogany Train of the Canadian Pacific Railway — The Most Q^stly and Magnificent in the World — Its Engine Can Haul Ten Full Passenger Cars Sixty Miles an Hour — A Tremendous Engine From the London & Northwestern Railway of England and a H.indsome Train. This Locomotive Can Haul Thirty of s Coaches, Each Containing Six Passer gers, Seventy-Five Miles an Hour — Its Average Time Including Stops Fifty-Three Miles an Hour —Stevenson's Rocket on Exhibit — Also the Albion and Sampson Built in 1838— Also the Two First Engines Run over the Old Colony Road in the Thirties- -An'-/!ier Old-Timer Built in England in 183 1 and Last in Service in Mississippi in 1890 — It Puffe'I and Whistled Sixty Years and Once Fell Overboard and Staid under Water from 1868 until 1870 — More Than Fifty Lov'omotives on Exhibition, Representing the Baldwin and Other Works — Three From England, Thiee From Germany and Four From France — The Baldwin Has rn Engine That Has Made a Mile in 39 1-4 Seconds, or 92 Miles an Hour — All of ;he Baldwin Locomotives are Jacked Up so That Their Engines May be Seen in Motion— Nicaragua Canal Relief Map— Graphic Illustration of That Enterprise — Not More Than $100,000,000 Required to Construct It— Excavation Already in Progress on the Atlantic End — Great Exhibit of Bicycles — Pneumatics of All Sizes, Degrees and Conditions — The Old-Time Bicycle Practically Unexhibited— Safeties All the Go— Pennsylvania and New York Central Exhi- bit — Coaches, Buggies and Baby Carriages — Sledges, Carretas and Volantes — Marine Architecture — Sedans, Palenquins and Cateches— The Transportation Building and the Department Chief. REAT crowds gather daily around the numerous objects of interest in the Transportation Building, from the thousand dollar baby carriages up to the enormous locomotives used upon many American and European roads of rail. Perhaps that which invites as much attention as any other of its kind is an engine which represents the highest type of locomotive used on the London and Northwestern railway of England. It dcesn'tlook anything like the American locomotive, but its record for speed is far ahead of the railroad time-killers in America. This locomotive is devoid of the trappings which render symmetrical the American engine, but it is built in a ^^ manner to split the air at the rate of seventy-five miles an hour. This English locomotive has four drive wheels, each 7 feet i >j inches in diameter. In front and behind these wheels are two-wheeled trucks. To the casual observer it would seem that the cylinders on either side of the locomotive are too small to per- form great service. It is only when the observer steps in front of the locomotive and sees under it a third and ponderous cylinder that he understands why the Eng- i i. 330 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i i ish locomotive can speed over the country at the rate of seventy-five miles an houi and haul a train of thirty coaches. The name of the English locomotive is " Queen Empress." Its big drivers and their location with regard to trucks is similar to the Lord of the Isles, the old locomotive which is being shown as a relic. The new t\ pe apparently sticks to the old form. On the Queen Empress there is no " cow catcher, " neither is there a cab to shelter the engine-driver from sunshine or storm. He must stand on an iron platform and direct his engine with the same lack of protection as character- ized the locomotives built in the time of Richard Trevethick. The big locomotives ENGLISH LOCOMOIIVE "SAMSON" MADE IN 1838. on the London and Northwestern make an average time of fifty-three miles an hour, including stops. 1 n some instances these stops are six minutes each. In ad- dition to the Queen Empress and two passenger coaches, five covered freight cars and an employe's caboose, which ran over the New York Central as a special fast train for the Fair, and which came into Jackson Park over the Baltimore and Ohio road, there are in the London and Northwestern's exhibit full sized models of early and famous locomotives. One is Stephenson's Rocket, which was constructed in 1829, and the other, Richard Trevethick's road locomotive, which was built in 1833. This latter was the first locomotive to which the principle of high pressure was applied. Sal Inl Tl in on(i old! 1 es an In ad- it cars 1 fast road, y and 1829, This plied. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 331 There are other old-timers that are never overlooked — the Albion and Sampson, which came from Nova Scotia on flat cars operated by the Canadian Intercolonial railroad. The Sampson was built near Darlington, England, in 1838. The buildf r was Timothy Hackworth, grandfather of T. Hackworth Young, who is in charge of the locomotive exhibit at Jackson Park. This engine was shipped at once to Nova Scotia, where it remained in service until a few years ago. Like all old-fashioned locomotives it is cabless and without a " cow catcher." Motive power is applied to the rear drive wheel by means of cylinders, placed upright at the rear end of the boiler and directly under the seat occupied by the driver. The origin of the Albion is a mystery. All that is known of her is that she is English built and that she was in service in Nova Scotia many years. Her record is now being looked up, to ascertain when and by whom she was built. The cylinders of the Albion are placed at an an- gle about midway of the boiler, connection being made by the piston on the center drive wheel. These locomotives are much older and outrival as curiosities the old Progress, the first engine that ever ran in Chicago. The passenger coaches of about the same date as these old locomotives are quite as primitive as anything of the kind in exist- ence. They were roughly built to accommodate four passengers, and are treasures in the eyes of experts interested in the development of railways. Two other engines which form a marked contrast to those of modern make came froii the Old Colony railroad of Massachusetts, and were the first to draw regular trains on that road. For years they have been in the shops at F"all River, and were sent out without even a new coat of paint. They closely resemble the old i)ioneer from the Peoria road, except that they are much more rickety and one of them is much smaller. The maximum speed of these engines was fourteen miles an hour. Standing alongside of one of those for which ninety-five miles an hour is claimed, it shows to advantage the marked im- provement made in the last few years. Another interesting relic of early railroading in this country is a locomotive of English build brought to the United States in 1S36. For several years it was operated on the Natchez and Hamburg road, now part of the Illinois Central system. In 1868 it was taken to Vicksburg, but shortly after ran into a river, where it was buried until 1870, when the superintendent of the road had it dug out and put in service again. Although largely out of date and at least a full generation behind the times it was kept in use on a small branch road down in Mississippi up THE BRAKEMAN ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDINC. ! 41 '^' II . «■ ' !' mi -•\- m i- I Si''" ■{■ un >t:l i . H 332 HISTORY OF THE VVURLUS FAIR. FARLY LOCOMOTIVE. to three years ago. 1 his engine is a curious look- ing machine and is an in- teresting attraction. When first put in service it ran on strips of iron bolted to wooden rails laid lengthwise. A sec- tion of the old track thirty feet long is also shown. There are fifty odd loco- motives in the Transpor- tation building and two outside. The two outside are wonders. The Brooks engine, which is on the north side, weighs ninety tons and is designed for freight. It has twelve wheels, each 52 inches in diameter, with all the latest improvements. The pedestal on which it stands is four feet high. At the south end of the building is a Baldwin en- gine. This engine weighs 100 tons and is the largest ever turned out by any works. It is a twelve-wheel, compound engine of the Van Clain type, with a 20 by 6-inch cylinder. The wheels are 52 inches in diameter and the boiler 72 inches in diameter. This engine was built for the Central railroad of New Jer- sey and will run on that road after the Exposition. Among these fifty odd lo- comotives in the building three are from England, four from France and three from Germany, and in addition Rogers, Pittsburg, Richmond, Porterand Schenec- tady works are represented. The larg- est exhibitors are the Baldwin people, who send fifteen engines. This company represent all of their machines in ac- tion. Each is jacked upon bases to al- low the wheels to turn clear of the rail about an inch and a half, and the wheels are turned by compressed air. The com- pany also have an engine for which a speed of ninety-five miles an hour is claimed. parlor par or today. M HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 333 ?o. Ihis :)us look- l is an in- raction. in service 5 of iron len rails A sec- ick thirty 3 shown. Dfld loco- Vanspor- and two o outside e Brooks s on the e wheels, lestal on It is of the compound type, with seven-foot drive- wheels. Certain improvements have been made on this engine over one of its type which stood a test of ninety-two miles an hour, the fastest mile being ^g]4 seconds. The costliest and most mag- nificent train throughout is the new mahogany train built for exhibition by the Canadian Pacific railway. At the request of Chief VVillard A. Smith, the company undertook to furnish a train to stand side by side with the one sent by the London ami Northwestern. The two together — one vestibuled and th«; other on the continental coach pattern — makr a most interesting comparison of the two methods. The train was built at the Montreal shops, is 400 ' et long, 10 feet 3J4 inches wide and 14 feet 8 in' ^\v -3 high. It consists of a locomotive, baggage car, second and first-class coaches, din- ing -a. and sleepei.all vestibuled, steam heated and electric lighted and equipped with automatic brakes, couplers rHiJ JAMES WATT ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. and signal devices. American railroad men are apt to gasp when they read the figures accompanying the exhibit's entry. The en- gine and tender weigh 213,000 pounds — 106 >^ tons loaded — are of the ten-wheel passenger type, with drivers 5 feet 9 inches in diameter; the locomotive and tender, coupled, meo^^ure 59 feet 8 inches in length. It is claimed th :; nonster locomotive is callable of hauling ten coaches sixty miles an h ur for its fuel and water distance. The baggage car is of standard typ' and weighs thirty tons; sec- ond-class car, upholstered in leather and used for a sleeper at night, weighs thirty-two tons, capac- ity sixty-four passengers; first-class car, same weight, capacity fifty-six passengers, interior deco- ration in early Italian renaissance style, upholstered in plush, woodwork in main room white mahogany, smoking room in old oak, upholstered with olive corduroy. The dining car and sleeping car are decorated and finished in a fashion to make plain citizens afraid to enter. The dining car is in Ital- ian renaissance, car[)et of old India rug patti tii. JOSEPH MICHEL MONTGOLFIER ON TRANSPORTATK^N BUILDING. m 334 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. If ' i old bronze metal, leather of yellow-brown. Its weight is 85,000 pounds, length 70 feet 10 inches, on six wheeled trucks. The general collection em- braces many precious railroad relics of Europe and America, and a.> a whole it is a remarkable combination of original drawings, old-time auto- graphic letters, daguerreotypes, and implements. There are the spade and pick used byCharles Car- roll of Carollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, in turning over the first shovelful of earth in the construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Baltimore, July 4, 1828 — the first event in the railroad history of the American Continent, and the first railroad, in the true sense of the term, in the world. All rail lines in England at this time were tramways, built solely for the carrying of coal. There is also the trowel used by Charles Carroll in laying the cornerstone of the Baltimore and Ohio station on the date mentioned, this same trowel being also used subse- quently to lay the cornerstone of the Washington Mon- ument at the na- tional capital. There is likewise the special badge worn by Charles Carroll at the laying of the cor- nerstone, another badge worn at the same time by the Grand Master of Masons, and a third, of dif- ferent design from either of the others, worn by Shipley Lester, Chairman of the Citizen's Com- mittee. In the collection of relics is the Masonic apron worn by the Grand Secretary; the first cer- tificate of stock of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road Company; way bills, which in the early days of the Baltimore and Ohio were made out for each car, with every passenger's name and destina- tion entered thereon; large pasteboard passenger tickets of different colors for each day in the week; the original letter of Ross W' inans, then an Assist- ant Master of Machinery, and afterwards the great railroad contractor in Russia, and many-times mil- lionaire, stating to the President of the Baltimore and Ohio that he found it impossible to support ^„^ „., „,. ^ , ^ . ^ , . , ., ^ L >v. 1 • 11 T^"E PILOT ON TRANSPORTATION his famuy on $75 a month. Old-time pay rolls muii.ding GEORGE STEPHENSON ON TRANSPOR TATION BUILDING. I ' - '■ i.lV-,:^Y. ! ; RV v.vj.iWi'J - -^ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 335 showing the small beginnings in the way of salary received by many of the subsequently best-known railroad managers in the country are exhibited, John King, President of the Erie; James Clark, President of the Illinois Central and various other roads; Albtrt F"ink, Trunk Line Commissioner; W. T. Blanchard, Trunk Line Commissioner, and numerous other distinguished men in railroad cir- cles, all commenced in a very small way on the Baltimore and Ohio, which has been the greatest railway school in America. The collection of old historical drawings is notable. There are fourteen of George Stephenson's earliest efforts, numbering among them the " Twin Sisters," the "Patentee,' the first locomotive with steam brakes; the "Belted Will," " Lancashire Witch," " Northumbrian," the engine that opened the Liverpool and Manchester, the first railway in England; the "Rocket," the "Planet," and other famous historical locomotives. One of the interesting foreign exhibits is a parlor car such as Ger- man railroads use, built by Yan Der Zypen & Charlier of Cologne. The body of the car is thirty feet long, ten feet wide, and is built mostlyof steel. Thelowerhalf of each side is a solid sheet of steel thirty feet long, three feet broad, and one-eighth of an inch thick. On the side-plates rest the window frames of wood, covered with sheet iron. The cross-bars of the running gear are made of pressed steel. The in- terior of the car is finished in solid brass of fanciful design, buff silk, and blue velvet. The top, made of sheet steel, is oval in shape and tastefully deco- rated. The platform at either end is surrounded by beautifully wrought railings of iron. The in- terior is similar to that of the day coaches found on American railroads. The seats are arranged along either side, with an aisle in the center. Alpha and Omega in railroading, represented by the De Witt Clinton and the empire state express trains, stand on the parallel and contiguous tracks. The „ , ,.., ^r,.K,<-r,^„....^,^»i ., X7 , ^ , , , , , •, • • ROBERT FULTON ON TRANSPORTATION New York Central als(j has anotiier exhibit in a building. DENNIS PAPIN ON TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. ;i I MS *'• ■ I'i'i" •It i i n ■m I : mi: ' (l It ■i . 33^ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. building near by. The Pennsylvania Railroad also has a separate exhibit located between the Hygeia Building and Cold Storage. The space assigned the Pennsylvania company is 400x150 feet, and the ex. hibit is partly outdoors and partly housed in the main hall, 100x40 feet in size, built of staff and of classical and beautiful architecture. The exhibits relate only to the transportation lines comprising the Pennsylvania railroad system, and its design is not only to perpetuate the early history of the lines merged into or associated in interest with the Pennsylvania company, but also to place permanently on record the results that have attended the efforts of the management's advanced methods* One of the outdoor exhibits is a section of a four-track standard railroad, 100 feet in length, laid with standard 100-pound rails, or 3,333 pounds to the rail, with frogs, switches, stone ballasts, ditches, signals, and overhead foot bridge. The rails are 100 feet in length. The track is ballasted with crushed stone and drained on each side by drains made of concrete. The signal tower is equipped with a special Westinghouse electro-pneumatic machine; which controls the two switches and six signals governing the track. Nothing like this in the way of a railroad track has ever been seen before in the West. On this splendid track and in strange contrast with it, is exhibited the original locomotive " John Bull," with pilot and tender complete, which was first put in service on the Camden and Amboy railroad Nov 12, 1831, and which is the oldest complete locomotive in America. It was still able to haul to the Exposition the two Camden and Amboy passenger coaches of the style of 1831, leaving New York April 17 and arriving in Chicago April 22. On the track are exhibited also the two special gun cars on which the two huge Krupp guns of ten inches and sixteen and one- half inches bore were brought here. The guns weighed 140,000 and 285,000 pounds respectively and the gun cars 113,300 and 175,000 pounds, making totals of 253,300 and 460,000 pounds. Reproductions of the guns are mounted on the gun cars. Still more interesting, if possible, is a collection of old railroad material sent in a special car from the Smithsonian Institution in charge of J. Eifreth Watkins. It consists of a number of specimens of articles in use as far back as 1830 or 1831. Old signals, wooden engine and car wheels, strap rails, and primitive switches and crossings are exhibited, but the most interesting article is a section of track laid in /831 on the Camden and Amboy railroad. The rails are about the size of those used in mines for small hand cars. The ties are blocks of granite about two feet wide, laid three tu each rail. The stone sleepers are provided each with two holes, or, when they come at the joint of two rails, with four holes. In these holes were driven locust wood plugs and the rails were fastened down by spikes driven into the locust plugs. When they fastened a rail in that way in 1831 it was expected to stay. The rails themselves were held together by single fish-plates at each joint, to which they were riveted with hot rivets. This was to make the track very rigid, the possibility of rails wearing out never occvar'ng to railroad men in 1831, since at that time none had ever given out. The first attempts at navigation art well iliu'Ttrated by canoes and rafts which bear many strange names and which have hoen g-ithered from the islands of the seaj fro2 the! M« HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 337 sea, the heart of the Dark Continent, the rivers and lakes of America, and the frozen regions of the far north. Innumerable models, accurate in every particular, illustrate the oddities of the marine construction of China, India, Ceylon, and the Malay Peninsula. The use of the various forms appears in pictures from original photographs made by the Ex- position's representative 'in various lands. A superb Turkish caique is one of many similar objects of interest. The growth and present perfection and variety of the mer- chant marine and the navies of the nations of to-day appear graphically in the shape of hundreds of models of the finest workman- ship. The big shipbuilders of the world, and especially of that country which has so long ruled the sea, have vied with each other in showing the miniatures of their tri- umphs. The great steamship lines of the world vary this by diagrams and other de- vices for illustrating life at sea. At one point in the building there arises before the visitor the side of a great transatlantic liner, or at least a section of it sixty feet in length. Entering on the lower deck, one may pass through the various rooms and ascend stair- case after staircase for five stories, the rooms, their fittings and furnishings, being identical with those of the real steamers. And then there are supe ib collections of sail and row boats, yachts and launches, of such graceful lines and such elegant finish that one lingers longingly over them and wishes that his purse was something fatter. The North German Lloyd Steamship company have a novel exhibit — a large map of the world on which is noted the daily positions of all the steamships of the North German Lloyd company. These positions are indicated on the various ocean lines of the company by means of miniature steamers that are moved from day to day to correspond with the movements of the company's vessels. Around this map are placed the models of the six newest steamships of the com- pany and on the walls of the pavilion are descriptions showing the tonnage and ocean passenger traffic of the world. The exhibit is in charge of one of the officers of the company detailed for that purpose. Thomas Cook & Son make a fine exhibit — and who has not traveled in some part of Europe, or Asia, or Africa — whc has traveled much — who has not been at some time or another a "Cookie." LOCOMOTIVE STATUARY ON BUILDING. TRANSPORTATION 111 fM rl* M Iff? e. 1 a!. : m m i: i. 1 J I I-JI w fac thi ke IS T ^^B^^^l HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 339 P?: i-i Rising aspiringly in the southern central court is a huge steam hammer — the fac simile of that of 125 tons, the largest in the world. It calls attention to the fact that not only the " fruits of peace " but the " peacemakers " have here a place. Because naval vessels group properly with merchant marine and pleasure craft they keep them company and they bring them naval armament and equipment. Recent improvements in armor plate and naval ordnance are fully shown and will bear careful scientific study. An important and fascinating portion of the marine exhibit is in the gallery floor, which is reached by free elevators at frequent intervals. These elevators are themselves exhibits of vertical transportation. Much has already been said about the luxurious and useful modern carriages and other wheeled vehicles which celebrated makers in the world are di:-playing. Here and there is an " old-timer" like the deacon's " one-horse-shay." There are some which belonged to celebrated men of an elder day. A Lord Mayor's state coach stands out in startling contrast contrast with a rutle carreta made without metal by the untutored hands of the Pueblo Indians. There is a startling outfit of cart and harness from Palermo, land sledges from Punchal, a caleche from Quebec, and a Cuban volante. The horse, the ox, and the ass appear in various burden- bearing capacities, and the harness and saddlery abound in most useful and econ- omical forms, as well as in the elegant and even fantastic. Almost side by side in the Carriage Department of the Transportation Build- ing stand types of the English and American styles in carriages. The former is a heavily built court coach, the coachman's seat draped with a heavy hammer-cloth, with a rumble behind and footboard for the footman. This, of course, is not intended for everyday use, but in its solid build and heavy wheels and tires, expresses the English idea that strength can only come from massiveness. The American ideal, on the other hand, is a light top wagon whose wheels look like spider-webs by the side of those of the massive English vehicle, yet of the two over the average roads of this country the latter would undoubtedly stand the strain much longer than the English production, as well as being far easier on tho horses drawing it. The human pack animal is not forgotten. The cargadores of South America and street carrier of the Orient lorm picturesque groups. Pa'anquins, traveling ha 'nniocks, and sedans from remote corners of the globe, and some from remote limes, illustrate how one class of mankintl drudges that another may riile in luxury. Oddly contiguous to these boxes and bags on poles rise many beautiful pr ■ vilions, whi'-l' idielter the pets of the. " wlu'elmcn." The bicycle exhibit *o be fouiul in the beautifully ligiited and readily accessible entresol. Scvt;ra: ,\Lions have contributed, but the /viuerican makers, '.'■■'. for the 'vmiber and the bc;awl;>- of their displays, are entitled to unstinted praise. There ar-j also choi-'< and rare marine e\hil)its on this gallery floor, some beautiful ''iiramas, and nvm. exceed- ingly important engineering models, drawings, .i.ui maps. Tli'- r.ssociated engineering societies of (lenuany occupy the southern gallery witli an exhibit which has cost a large amount of work and money -a very large amount when it is consid(M"ed that th<; commercial inducement plays only a slight part in it and that Ki 1 |if P^lii^ ;f*!H«ffl lilt* ti Vl^'ll I. 4 340 HISTORY OI- THE WORLDS FAIR. ■■'■ ":i Hi'' ■I ' it is intended almost solely as a contribution to the engineering advancement of the world. Models or relief in;ips of the Erie Canal systr-m, the Nicaragua Canal, and the Hudson river are of great interest. There t!r<> iive very el;J.orate models of Hell Gate as it looki-d before and after the daM^ert us Hoccl: Rock blown up in 1S85. The first show . the; gate prior to 1S09 on a s!-ale of an i, b to the mile. Ward's island, ; Iall(;tt s Point, Mood Rork, the M(.na'-.l L':.icki n •, Gridiron, and the Negroheads are plainly r°cogni/ev[ in tiie miniature r!iod(;l. The second exhibit is a model of I lallett's poiiir, one cf the rc( ks blown up by (ien. Newton in 1870. By turning a crauk the surf i-, '• is matle to rise, showing the f^alleries, shaft heading, and coffer dams ;is they w, le just before ihe rock w.^s v rn asunder by dynamite. There are also niodels of \\'a\'s rexi, Flood reef and of the drill scow used in making th(; borings ;.t Hell Gate. A very int^ resting and educating p-.icc is the Trai^ ' ortation Building, and no mistake. It overlooks the wooded island, forming one of the groujj of edifices composMi,;;- the northern architectural courts of the Exposition. It is refmed and simple ill iir/Ii; cirual treatment. The main entrance consists of an immense s:n>>le arcli ;M'rici,.'(! to an extraordinary (I'-:gree with carvings, bas-relief, and mu.-al pauitiiu/ , the '/ntire feature forming a tich and Ijeautiful yet quiet color cli- nu;:. f' be seen the more bulky exhibits. Along the central avenue or nave, facing each oth(M-, are scor(;s of locomotive engines, highly polished. The Transportation Building cost S4SS,iS3. Those who were loudi'st in their condemnation of the bright colors used in painting the Transportation Building are now the sorriest that they did not count u-n or delay in some other wa\' before thi-y spoke. As the colo; scheme developed the carpers grew few(;r and the ad\'ocates uf the plain grev.' more aggrer.ssive. One is at a loss to explain a, sky-blue statue of Stt'venson, an emerald green Watt or a terra cotta Edison, but each mergc'S its glaring colors into a congruous whole. Artist and layman acknowledge that the boldnes ■, of coloring does more than ai" thing else to bring out the daz/ling brightness el ■]^^ v/hite city. Except for the doorway of retreating i s, the architectural gem o.' the whole exposition, no particular attempt at ado-, .nt has been made on the Trans- portation Build' Every nook, navt', Cv ■ • and grand gallery is built for a purpose. It w.'i . jined and built, more . >r, h)' building in Jackso.i Park, for its use in properly displaying ancient and lao'' r > methods of transportation. Being in this highestsense useful it is, according to Sc".! - s, in the highest sense beautiful. icement of Janal, and models of 3\vn up in the mile, diron, and he second Newton in :ries, shaft sunder by I drill scow Iding, and of etlitices ifmed and 1 immense -elief, and t color cli- ior of the roati nave i«jfher than orj'. The above the sportation stward to s is only e central polished. s used in not count 'veloped i\('. One att or a Lis whole, :han an^ m '■>'. the Trans- ilt for a •k, for its Heiny )eautiful. ii'i ■ i ■lelail.i ■4 t ; "' "'■■■lip ¥ ■ ■ ■- ■ . ■ ■ i ; ■'^'^' ,'i '■■-I. .\ I *%'.^ .vi ir»:\ HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 341 It should be classed as a cardinal sin for any sightseer to merely walk through the Transportation Building, glancing at the exhibit with indifferent eye. Better not enter the portals of the building. It is a place for the student and not for the dilettante. The one sees the apotheosis of evolution in transportation. The other sees wheels going round or methods for making them do so. You may travel over the world seeking old and new methods with a fadist's zeal and a lifetime of search will not bring you to as many methods of progression as you v^ill find in the Trans- portation Building. The experts in transportation methods are the ones who are the most astonished. It convinces them more than any one else of the littleness of human knowledge. In their own field, where they have been accustomed to wear as a right the crown of the chieftain, they meet strangers with methods superior to their own in every respect. After a careful inspection of the cars and locomotives the general manager of one of the best roads in the United States said: " Our com- plete train service in the United States is perhaps better for our uses than that of any foreign country, but there is not one of them, apparently, who has not advanced further in particular directions. American roads can learn a lesson in improved methods from every foreign exhibit in the Transportation Building. It is rather humiliating to acknowledge this, and I, for one, have just ordered a smaller sized hat, but the thing to do is to acknowledge the truth and adapt for our own use the many improvements displayed." How Darwin wou'd gloat over th'* transportation exhibit! Logicians tell us it is a vain thing '^ attempt proof bj- aiiilogy. Perhaps not by a single illustration, but how is it when illustrations are heapeJ ) ;a on Pelion? Whether or not the doctrine of evolution applies t>.^ man, ther ; -. no question that it applies to the works of man. From the lifting of weight by contracted biceps to the steam crane which lifts a hundred tons as easy as the baby lifts its rattle is a lesson ir: 'olution. From the original " Rocket" and "Meteor" loconi')tives with their stove i rs and barrels of water on wh^'el-barrow ten lers to the 130-ton locomct'ves capable of a speed of icxD miles an hour is an object lesson seen here in a moment, but it com- passes the exp(;riences and best work of hundreds of thousands of men during their lifetime. Forty years ago an enterprising Frenchman joined two wheels with a frame, put a saddle on the frame, and with toes just touching the ground developed a speed which astonished the universe / foin this "dandy horse" to the modern pneumatic safety bycicle is a long step or rather a multitude of short steps, but each can be seen in the general scheme of evolution. One is fairly dazed at the develop- ment of man's genius, but his exaltation is shattered in a minute by the chattering of an impertinent sparrow which flits jerkily along just out of reach. How long before man will propel himself in similar wise? From the " dandy horse" to the pneunicitiC, from the "meteor" to the modern locomotive is but the beginning of thinf^s in comparison witli the airy flight of the British interloper. Ages may come and Langleys :nay go before the aeroplane principle is fitted to the uses of man. W^illord Adelbert Smith is chief of the department of the transportation exhibits. He was born at Kenosha, Wis., Sept. 20, 1849. His parents came west from Nc'v Hamnshir-^ in the '30s and were among the early s( ttl«rs in Wisconsin. 1' ' ' i If, I >s- •ll !'•' Nl 342 HISTORY OF THI-: WORLDS FAIR. His early education was in the public school of the villaj^'c, up to 1861, when the family removed to Rockford, 111., where he entered and graduated from the high school. In i(S65 he entered the freshman class of Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, and graduated wIlIi class honors in 1869. The same year he (Mitercd the law school of Washington i', . >• ' ^, St. Louis, AIo., and graduated with highest honors in 1871. In 18-0 iie waf a *wM ■ ^:Ifl| ii 'fl "^^a Vn'ii' i i!:!i i'l Ml 1. iU' ff if iM y i ■x«»i(i-,Vft.«'M«-«'.-* HISTORY OF THE VVORLU'S FAIK. 345 CHAPTER XIII. MINES AND MINING bUILDING. The Department of Mines Hxcels all Former Exhibits of its Kind— hK'liided in This Display is Every Kind of Mateiial from the Koiii;h State to the Finished Product — Artistic and Instructive Group- ing — Strikinji Exhibit from New South Wales — Michigan Makes a Fine Display of Copper in Various Shapes— Missouri Shows Zinc, Lead, Iron and Other Minerals— Canada Contributes Nickel, Silver and (jold — Montana's Pavilion a Centre of Attraction — The Silver Statue of Ada Rehan — Colorado Makes a Mai^niticent and Dazzling Display -California Shows (iold. Silver, Copper, Tin, Borax, Quicksilver, and Many Other Minerals— Its Marble and Onyx Exhibit Chal- lenges General Admiration— Ponderous Mining Machinery in Operation — Miniature Mining Plants With Devices for Boring, Lighting, Hoisting and Pulverizing— Methods of Separating Ores — Old Style Rockers and Long Toms — All the New Implements— Magnificent Exhibits of Coal and Iron by Ohio and Pennsylvania— The Wonderful German Exhibit— The Fine-t Ever Made Before in Any Country — Sketch of Chief SkitT. fllf^UCH an aj^^j^regation of the products of the mines of the world as is now represented in the Alines and Mininjr buihlinj^ has never been seen before. All the states and territories of the Uni mi; far-off Alaska, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, andSouthei"' > f "'caiGreat Britain, (ierniany, ■sented. ( )f the foreign lead; while the friendly Teat metal-producing ir has be(,'n producti\e .r l^\hibit in.ludes a dis- .1 r.i , .'■rn Canada and Greece — all m countries Germany and .v ■ , ^__, .,^- — yy but vigorous ri\alry lMt\u .^ J^-^*^ Miiiiiiii-^i{ States and the territ . .' ■ it of wonderful results. '1 . < play of iron antl steel girders in pyr:i.i. ..s arranged in either an ar- tistic or grotesque form, and a tree made up of wire and iron pipe of all manufactured sizes. This display, which cost '-.^0,000, is the finest iron and steel exhibit ever made at the world's exposition. Native workmen labored on this exhibit for four months. The exhibit of New South Wales attracts much attention, not only from the character, but the size as well, of the display. The entrance to the New .South Wales Pavilion is markcMl by columns t)f metal ingots, each containing six tons of copper, tin, antimony and silver ore. There are also pillars of bit.imir.ous coal twelve feet high, the blocks being four feet square, representing the average thick- ness of the vein from which they were taken. A column of canal coal is also shown. This coal, which is locally known as "petroleum shale, " yieltls 150 gallons of cr.ide petroleum to the ton. On raised platforms are shown sijecimens *" reef and placr gold, while samples of iron, copper, manganese, antimony and o''u,"- m ils are i.H ^ lIJ 346 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ;tl vanta^eously displayed. The coal columns are spanned by a triple arch, sprinkled with coal dust, on which are shown in silver letters the yearly output of coal and minerals. California, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, Missouri, and Wisconsin astonish the beholder even if he be familiar with the mineral resources of thes:e states. Amony^ the state exhibits Wisconsin stands in the very front rank and attracts admiration. Many of its most valuable specimens enter into the construc- tion of a majjfnificent pat^oda twenty-five feet hij^h and occupying a floor space on one of the best blocks in the building, forty-nine feet long by forty-tive feet wide. This pagoda consists of four monoliths resting on elaborately carved bases furnished by the Prentice Brown Stone comi:)any. There are two entrance of terra- cotta surmounted by the coat of arms of the state. The railing extending around the four sides is made of green jasper and fancy granites with wrought brass panels of clever design. The plans show that the pavilion in the center rests on four blocks of different colored granite, and the capitals of the columns which hold them are liberally stu '.ied with amethysts and other brilliant stones. The fountains in the center of th.; pagoda are also of amethyst, the whole forming one of the most attrac- tive features in Chief Skiff's department of the great show. The entire display rep- resents an outlay of $20,000. The pagotla is filled with handsome show-cases con- taining the best specimens of ores and mineral of all kinds that Wisconsin can pro- duce. For instance, there is one case holding $250,000 worth of pearls. It was designed by the Beatty Manufacturing company. This display rests on a plat- form made of white and black marble tiling, the whole being surmounted by a beautifully-gilded dome, richly ornamented, thus giving the display a showy effect both from the galleries and distant sections of the building. Kentucky's mineral exhibit is one of the chief i)oints of interest to all classes of visitors in the Mines and Mining building. In addition to the display of mineral products, tastefully arranged in a gallery nearly 150 feet long, under the building, is reproduced a section of the f;'nious Mammoth Cave. The wonders of the cave are displayed by means of |)aper and plaster work, stalactites being reproducetl in staff, and a collection of blind lish and other animal life jjeculiar to the big Kentucky hole are exhibited. The entrance to the Kentucky pavilion, which stands :iear the north end of the Mining building, is a mammoth arch of polished cannel coal. This arch is thirty feet high, twenty-thrt^e wide, and ov(;r the entrance in letters of gold the word "Kentucky" is emblazoned. Just inside the entrance is a relief map of the state, 5x10 feet, constructed on a scale of lour inches to the mile, and showing every river, town, \illag(.', city, mountain range;, and other geological features. The dis- play of iron ore from various sections of the state nmkes a splendid showing, while the specimens of coal, i)uil(ling stone, and tile clayare artistically arranged in groups representing the east and west sections of the state. Kentucky produces the linest tile clay known in the United States, and some splendid specimens of the binnt tih; are shown at the main entrance and on the tiers of steps on each side of the pavilion. I , 1 :lasses incral nj^, is \t.' art; staff. Uucky ;ir the This f ^--old if the cv(.:ry le dis- while roups finest: It til(! iiion. ■4 "STATl'i; i)K JUSTICU" IN .MONTANA liXlllHlT i )F MINKS lilllLDlNG. j "f I ! ' ' 'I i ■ it«L, . '» m i;:! fit u Jl 'iL. J 348 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. The various industries are shown by means of photographs, and maps serve to illus- trate the fTcographical distribution of the mineral products. Of the v$ioo,ooo appro- priated by Kentucky for World's Fair purposes, vS 10,000 was set apart for the mineral exhibit. 15ut so effectively has M. H. Crump, the director of the exhibit, manai^ed his resources that the exhibit only represents a total outlay of $25,000. Private contributors to the exhiljit have furnished splendid displays at their own cost, Ken- tucky i)ayin-. Rock- >.^M i 350 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. ' t f J land white granite from Placer county, Raymond granite from Fresno county, yellow sandstone from Santa Cla-a county, veined marble from Amador county, onyx from San Luis Obispo county, red satidstone from I'Magstaff county, marble, Sespe brown sandstone, and soapstone from the Catalina islands off Los Angeles, and other materials from other parts of the state. The capitals of the four col- umns at the entrance are of virgin gold and silver, while the bases are of composi- tion and copper finished. The pavilion is roomy and sub-tlivided to show to advan- tage the extensive mineral display that was sent Ly the state. Ohio makes a fine display of i':s stone, coal, and iron. Montana makes one of the best, its most attractive parly being the solid silver statue of Ada Rehan representing justice. Caiiaila also makes a rich displaj-. X^iewed from the galleries or the lloor the Mining building carries out to the letter its chief's account. Not only are its exliibits massive, natural productions, but they are massi'd together in a manner which suggests their nature ■'■ ' "lurpose. There are great obelisks of metal, solid i)iles of ore, substantial facade. >ne and cement, and small mountains of coal. One coimtry shines with a i-'llar of silver surmounted by Atlas bearing a silver globe, and another shows a .-.'*. of metal that looks as if it had been hewn out of a solid block, and the observer may see mining machinery in operation, methods of separating ores, and devices for boring, lighting, hoisting, and pulverizing. The Mining building is situated amidst the most beautiful of natural and architectural surroundings. It faces at the north the western and middle inlantl lakes and the Howers and lawns of the; Wooded Island. It reflects on the west the gilded light of the (jolden Door and the singularly handsome and unique high- color finish of the Moorish Palace for the transportation exhibits. It is flanked on the "ast by the turretcd pavilions of electricity. At the south looms the lofty and graceful donu- of Administration. The architect has seized the inspiration of the theme, the occasion and a f.ivorcd cnvironuKMit. Upon a great tloor 700 feet long by 350 feet wide and covering ()\cr live and a iialf acres, he has constructed a massivt. and solid structure, reliexcd and embellished with all the symmetrical and cla.isic forms and rich ornametu itions known to his prolession. An arcade consist- ing of a loggia on the main floor and a deepl>' recesse- and n of the •t. lon^' "iKtc'd a ical and coiisist- i,"all(_'ry r by an ("lids in ■oil creel urnact.;. I sjjirit, he ani- (l('sii;ii itiUncr r(;\vs ol 1 (if the )ted to ■t wide ■ri ! i '• ' I i '■.,ii I fit ml j Hi If I^H ill H ^^ l^H 'v: iJli : HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 351 and 25 feet above the main floor extends entirely around the building and is well lighted by clear-story windows above. The repeated series of large arched windows along the walls and the extensive glass roof covering furnish abundance of light, The cost of the building was $250,000. It was commenced in July, i8qi, and was the first building to lie finished. Missouri's pavilion, which is filled whith splendid specimens, is worthy that great state. The location is central, and the structural materials were contributed by enterprising local producers. The base of the superstructure is of granite and the screen wall rising above is composed of yellow Roman brick. The coping, pilasters, and frieze at the main entrance are of terra cotta, and the panels used in decorating the entrance are onyx. Wrought out in conspicuous designs are the Missouri coat of arms, with two life-size Cupiils surmounting the main entrance and festoons caught up at the top in the beak of an eagle. The general effect is very striking. Among the specimens in the pavilion are a typical specimen of dissemi- nated lead ore weighing 4,500 pounds, a chunk of pure galena ore weighing 6,500 pounds, and still another exhibit weighing 1,650 pounds, said to be the largest jack ever taken out of a mine. The iron and zinc ores are also well represented, while coal, kaolin, or china clay, brick clay, granite, limestone, sandstone, marble, in the rough and jjrepared states, form an interesting portion of the exhibit. One of the most interesting exhibits in the Mining building is the collection of safety appliances commonly used by miners in their daily toil. Aside from the danger incident to all excavations — that of caving in from crumbling roofs or poorly constructed tunnels — the most prolific source of injury to miners is from (ire damp, causingexplosions,or noxious gases which cause death from inhalation. The exhibit of apparatus used in ventilating mines, preventing explosions, and in detecting l)oisonous gases is very complete. Among tliese contrivances the most interesting, as well as the best known, is the safety lamp. The displa}' is historical and progres- sive, offering an opportunity for the study of the evolution of the safety lamp from the simple gauze lantern of Davy to tlie many compartmented beiizoline and electric lamps of today, which combine tin; double i)uri)ose of safe illumin.ition and the detection of gas in however small quantities. Of the scores of varieties which have at diffc^rent times sprung into favor, had their day, and dropped into oblivion to make room for improved appliances, six of each kind are shown. These are arranged in the order of their discovery and are in charge of an expert, who ex- plains all points as to jjrinciples of construction and rel.itive merits. The lamps are sectioned to show compartments, method of opeiation, direction of draughts, etc. The most primiti\e lamps sliown are Da\y's. Me was the inventor of the lirst lamp, a (lame isolated from tlie dangerous tire damp, llis lamp had a tine gauze around and above the (lame, which, under ordinary circuuistances, i)revented the (lame coming in contact with the exterior air. The clanny lamp followed, the inventor adding a glass tube, in which the (lame? was incased. Then, iii rapid succession, fcjllowed Oeordie, Mu''ssler, and Thomas with modiliiations of the glass and draught. It was then fovmd that the gas given off by the burning wicks was injurious in itself, and recourse was had to various spirit lamps, one fed with air 35- HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. i> ' k )i saturated with hydrocarbon vapors, and another using benzoline from a sponge reservoir. When it was found that the gas in coal mines in which fine dust was flying became very tlangerous. even when present in but small {}uantitics, inventors hit upon the plan of attaching gas ventilators to the lamps. When it was found that the miners using safety lanijis injured their eyes from straining to see by the poor light of the lamps, caused by the use of the gauze, it rcnnained for the promi- nent electricians, such as Edison, Pollack, Breguct, ami Stella, to come forward with a safety light. Portable electric lamps were made, dispensing with the fumes of the old-style lamps, and answering all the requirements of brilliant lighi, sim- plicity of mechanism, and hghtness of weight. These lamps are shown with all the intermediate steps in the progress of their development. Swedish manufacturers are especially rich in the tlcpartment of iron and steel. Probably the most attractive single-piece isa mammoth polished steel shield, eight feet high, on which are displayed, around a central medallion, twenty scenes, illustrating the I'rithiof's saga. It was made in (jothenbcrg and is valued ar $1,500. Another showy product of .Swx'dish mines and factories is a giant band saw, 220 feet long and 12 inches wide, said to be the largest ever made. It was rolled at Sandwick. Fine edge tools and specimens of Uannemora steel, the hardest in the world, make the bulk of the iron exhibit. Fine pottery, carved woods, art furniture, and safety matches, in the manufacture of which Sweden has ne\er let the rest of the world overtake her, are also shown. The decorations of the building are largely devoted to wa.\ groups illustrating the peasant life of the country, and the national pastimes, skating, |,-.. ^^iP'^^B^ "^ '■ snow shoeing, sail skating, and other wintry - ■ ^ " ^^^^ sports. Ui)on the walls are portraits of Swe- den's great ones, such as Tegner, Linneaus, Oxenstii^rn. and Oueen Christina. PVederick J. \'. Skiff, chief of the mines and mining tlc- partment, was born at Chic<)pee, Mass., Nov. 5, 1S51. He came west before attaining his majority and settled in Lawrence;, Kan., where he entered the newspaper business. He li\ed in Lawrence for eight years and owned and edited \.\\(i Jiveiiiiii;^ S/aiidard \\\ iSSj.when he left Lawrence and went to Denver to become city editor of \\\i\ Roiky Mo/ni/aiii A\-:cs. He subsequently went to the Denver y^ribiinc, of which paper he was general manager and ]jart owner in 188", when he left the newsini]H'r field to organize a land and loan company. In 1887 Mr. .Skiff was appointed superin- tendent of the Colorado bureau of immigration and statistics, and in tb.at capacity made several collections of the min(;ral resources of the State, which were exhib- ited in the St. Louis and Chicago expositions, and now are on permanent exhi- i ■i'^'»j<.S''^:f 1^: v-t CHIEF SKIFF. bit tioj m i| n. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 353 bitions in the Pueblo Mineral Palaci;. He was appointed a member of the Na- tional Commission for Colorado in i Sep and was chairman of the committee on min"sand minins for that body. In June, iSqi, Mr. Skiff was made chief of the u.. t; = and mining departnient o the Exposition, where he remained until the close. CULUKADl' hXHIlMT. ''f^ ! "I ' tl li ' the li H^ HISTORY or THE WORLDS FAIR. 355 CHAPTER XIV. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS BUILDING. Wonders of Electricity — Franklin and Hi Electric Coinp;i''' descents— Minji ii. Theatre— Cascades Menlo Park— Startli ''Iding Devoted to this Science— Undreamed of !'■., . .; .'ons and Effects 'lie Man V/ho First Harnessed Lightning !t .v,;-!c ,,f the Western >.iiandeiir and Brilliancy of the Exhibit— Thu sanJ. i Concealed Incan- ''■ibow Tones — Prismatic Colors that Awe the Spectator — An Electric istic Lights — Majjniticent Exhibit of Thomas A. Edison, the Wizard of uiu Beautiful EtTects— Obelisks of Light and Color— Spirals of Radiance and Fountains of Incandescents— Corinthian Columns Ablaze With Imitation Sunbeams— Five Thousand Witching Lamps Glitter in Pillars of Glass — Eighteen Thousand Lights in the Edison Tower, Chief Barrett. ^' sinj^lc science challenges such general attention and ad- miration as the mysteries and wonders and the bene- fits and capabilities of electricity; and there is no place where the crowds go so early and so often and linger so long as at the palace devoted to the dissemination of kn. uledge upon this subject. Upon approaching the Electricity Building from the south the visitor beholds on a pedestal in the hemicycle the towering statue of Benjamin Franklin, the first one to attempt to harness lightning to thought. There he stands, and there is no mistaking him, in his long-tailed coat and old Knickerbocker habiliments throughout. Nor is there any mistaking of the ex- act moment of the philosopher's life, for the artist has so conscientiously and dra- matically reproduced these that nothing is wanting in the conception. The up- lifted face; and eyes, the half-oulstretched hantls, the look of eager anticipation are all faithfully delineated. Every American school child that gazes upon it knows that it is old Ben Franklin and his kite and that he has wrested from the clouds ihe secret of their lightnings — that he has discovered electricity-. This statue is by Car' Rohl Smith, and it has ai^lace of honor, deservedly. The first structure put up in the Electricity Building was for the display of tile Western Electric Company. It is a rectangular Egyptian temple, with sloping ;;ides and scalloped cornice. Without losing its thoroughly Egyptian character the tcMiiple is sufficiently conventionalized to meet the requirements of an exhibit-room. The four sides bear friezes and panels filled with the peculiar flat and angular fig- ures of fellahin at work. The figures are exactly similar to those on obelisks and temple walls in the country of the Nile. Their occupations, however, are not plow- ing with a bent stick or making mud houses. They are manufacturing electrical. • IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I «-IIIM IIM ■^ 1^ 1112.2 '^ lis iio 1.8 1-25 |.4_ 1 1.6 ■• 6" ► Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4^ \# W i ml :" il ,^1 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 357 machines and appliances. The conception of the designer is a bold one and serves to contrast most strongly nineteenth century results of discovery with ancient crudity of scientific investigation — the latter, however, more by implication than portrayal. The whole is done in staff. No pen can adequately describe the grandeur and brilliancy of this temple when flooded with light from 2,000 concealed incandescents. The main display- room is ornamented with six massive columns, composed of prismatic glass. In the center of each column is placed a revolving chandelier of electric lights. The general effect is to cause a rare vibration and mingling of rainbow tones through- out the room, which thrills the novice with a sort of indescribable awe. It is as though the surrounding air quivered with a surcharge of electrical fluid which seems to communicate its mystic motion to the spectator. From the main room to the passage connecting with the two lesser rooms the transition is to a soothing, soft glow which drops from the ceiling. The space is roofed with ground glass and the light originates from several hundred lights be- tween the ceiling and the floor above. In the smaller display rooms the prismatic columns are repeated. The exhibits consist of annunciators, telephone and telegraph apparatus, multiple drill presses, wire-insulating machines, cable-laying devices and every other article of electrical manufacture. Over the cases containing display's the walls are in purple and red stones, relieved by gold. A short distance from the temple the same company have built and daily operate a theatre — not a grand, stupenduous assembly room like that of the Audi- torium — just a sweet little place, modeled after the most pretentious, though, and seated and upholstered in the most approved way. Upon the stage of this theater a skilful manager presents a series of set scenes and a few puppets. It is no child's show or Punch and Judy again, though the children are greatly delighted with it. The practical purpose of this theater is to illustrate some of the things that may be done by an ingenious electrician when he is given an unlimited treasury and full control of the stage. The lighting of the theater by tiny incandescent drops is arranged so as to give the best decorative effect, but it i<. on the stage that the ingenuity of the electrician displays itself. There more tints and shades than the serpentine dancer has yet dreamed of, moonlight effects to please the most roman- tic stage lovers, lightning to which the darkest deeds and direst disasters that the melo-dramatist has yet conceived may fitly be played, and cascades of light for the most fantastic ballets. A conspicuous attraction is Elisha Gray's " Telautogram " or long distance writing telegraph machine. This is one of the latest and most wonderful pieces of mechanism connected with electricity. Simply a San Francisco man may write to his friend in New York by telegraph and the communication is whirled over the wires instead of by the fast mail. Up in the gallery and upon the main floor may be seen thousands of new devices of electrical use. There are light houses, ship and house lights, and more styles of buttons than a man could touch in a week. There are revolving, running, fit ... 'K 358 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. COMBINATION SWITCH BOARD. jumping, shooting and rico- cheting lights and cascades of fantastic incandescents. There are Corinthian col- umns ablaze with imitation sunbeams, obelisks of light and color, spirals of radiance, fountains of brilliant shades, and thousands of witching lamps that glitter in pillars of crystals. There are also hun- dreds of phonographs that re-sing the music of the world. The formal opening of the Electricity Building did not take place until the completion and unveiling of Edison's Tower of Light. This tower is located in the center of the building and represents the achievements of the electricians who have made the incandescent lamp a life study. From the center of the building this graceful luminous shaft extends into the groined arch formed by the intersec- tion of the nave and transept, displaying over eighty feet of solid brilliancy. The methods of construction have re- sulted in showing a perfect whole, as if from base to top the entire shaft was hewn from one solid mass of light. The colors are ^■b^^^^h ^^^^^^^^IHHHHR^^^^iv arranged by mechanical methods ^HhI^^^H ; ^^^^^^IHIIIHH^9^K<^ capable of being flashed in har- mony with the strains of music. The column is crowned with a well proportioned replica of an Edison incandescentlamp formed from a multitude of pieces of prismatic crystals. Upward of 30,000 of these beautiful jewels are strung on a frame and are all lighted from the interior by a large number of incandescent lamps. The effect produced is marvelous and can be appro- model of farmers railway motor ii SCENIC THEATER IN ELECTRICITY BUILDING. THE RHEOSTATS IN SCENIC THEATER, ELECTRICITY BUILDING. :^T« m k - il 56o HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Ml M< ciated only when seen. The colonnade around the base is the exhibit of the Phccnix f^lass works of Pittsburg and the distribution of the electric conductors to attain the various effects and changes necessitates careful study, and the combina- tion of kaleidoscopic beauties are almost infinite. Upon the opening night alluded to the chief of the electrical department walked to the railing and gazed down the long vista of the building. On all sides, above and below, electric lamps were burning. Some with the soft glow of opals, some with the fierceness of welding heat. Whirling wheels of rainbow hues spun with ever-changing colors, and mysterious pens wrote inscriptions on the wall in letters of fire. In the center of all this brilliant scene rose a gigantic shrouded tigure, lifting its impressive height almost to the beams above. Around it was massed a throng of expectant people. Suddenly the shroud fell, and a beautiful Corinthian pillar, starting from a graceful colonnaded pavilion, stood revealed. For a second it stood in all its cold beauty, and then came a burst of electric light from the search lights in the gallery. The radiating shafts focused on the tower, making it shimmer and sparkle with their radiance. Above the capital was poised a huge lamp, built up of 30,cxx) pieces of crystal. When the white rays glanced on its thousands of facets myriad lances of sparkle glinted all around. Then the soft sweet melody of Strauss' familiar " Blue Danube " came from Sousav's orchestra and Electra sought music for a partner in the dance. The crystal bulb suddenly burst into a million diamonds. High in the air the jewels Hashed as if imbued with life, and the open-eyed thousands below sought relief in long-drawn sigh of wonder which achieved the volume of a strong wind's voice. The waltz grew merrier and to the dancing measures lines of purple light shot the length of the pillar. As daintily as a maiden the incandescent lire tripped up and down, flashing first on one side then another. When the purple dancers had made the circuit, golden-hued lights took their places, and then suddenly, as if the figure of the dance were finished, all the purple lights shot out and the column was fluted with lustrous bulbs. The wizard wanci moved and the gold appeared. Another wave and every one of the 5,000 purple, white and gold lamps sprung into being, and the tower of light became an indescribably beautiful specimen of pyro- technical still life. It was the glorification of Edison. Some man called the name aloud, another took it up, and a thousand voices shouted in honor of the man whose brain wrought out the marvels sparkling before them. The tower of light was a pillar of fire, and cheer succeeded cheer as the glorious spectacle illuminated the space. In the pavilion beautiful electroliers were suspended, transforming the classic dome into a crystal cave with stalactites of pearl, amber, rubies and sapphires. All this was in the center of the building. Up in the north end revolving lighthouse lenses sent their strong rays into the eyes of the people, while above them the twinkling notes of electric pianos fought against the united blares of Sousa's horns. CHAKLES C. BONNEY, President of the World's Congress Auxiliary. ■I 1$ it :|i 362 HISTORY' OF THE WORLD'S I'AIR. The Electricity Building carries out the Spanish renaissance idea, modified by a Corinthian treatment. It is 345 feet wide anil 700 feet long. The general scheme of the plan is based upon a longitudinal nave 1 15 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The ex- terior walls are composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature and resting upon a stylobate cS feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. At each of the four corners of the building is a pavilion, above which rises an open tower 150 feet high. The building has an open portico along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order forming an open screen in front of it. The various subordinate pavilions are treated with windows and balconies. The details of the exterior orders are richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, panels and spandrels have received a decoration of figures in relief, with architectural motifs, the general tendency of which is to illustrate the purposes of the building. In the hemicycle on the south front stands the fine statue of Franklin, by Rohl-Smith. The appearance of the exterior is that of marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticoes and loggias are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decorated with scagliola, and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze. The building with its large window spaces and high central and corner towers is especially designed for electrical illumination by night, and considered as part of this display are the beautiful electric fountains which show their magic splendors at the head of the basin to the south of the building. Chief John P. Barrett w^as born in Auburn, N. Y., in 1S37, and went to sea at 1 1 years of age, which pursuit he followed until he was injured at the age of 22. Me then came to Chicago and was appointed a watchman in the; F'ire Department anti was at once assigned to duty in the telegraphic branch of that department, and advanced so rapidly that in 1876 he was appointed city elec- trician, which position he still holds. In February, 1891, the Director-Cieneral appointed Mr. Barrett Chief of Electricity of the World's bair. lie is one of the most approachable and one of the most unostentatious officers at Jackson Park, and his department is one of the most superb and brilliant in every way. CHIEF BARRETT |liaEi**:^MB».iii;i--»ito*.< IS If fm l]^;l': 1 ■• '! *., f ^ -I )«1 ■»( Sil -■•'■■"'■.- , .,v^f*-*»*i»^>^^»,-.'v*^i HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. .^6; CHAPTER XV. FISH AND FISHERIES BUILDING. One of the Greatest of All the Resorts— Magnificent Display of Many Kinds of Fresh and Salt Water Fish— Minnows and Alij^ators Under the Same Roof— Some of the Best Known Denizens of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico are in the Swim— Speckled Trout from New Enj^land Rivers and Dolly Vardens from the Streams of California— Carp and Suckers Move Lazily About— Perch, Pike and Pickerel in the Same Tank— Bass, Flounders, and Salmon Turn Up Their Aristocratic Smellers— Gold Fish and Other Gaudy Species Splash Merrily Around —The Sturgeon and Showbill are Spaciously Quartered— Sketch of Chief Collins. EN, women and children are alike inevitably drawn to- ward the Fish and Fisheries Building. The acquaria, which is the largest but one in the world — that at Brighton, near London — occupies the (mtire eastern an- nex to the main fisheries building. In the center of the building is an open basin four feet deep with a di- ameter of twenty-five feet. The tank decorations con- sist of stalagmites grouped in artistic designs around the borders of the circumference and in the center, where a fountain is kept constantly dri])ping freshwater into the basin and among the flora at various points. Surrounding the basin glass tanks complete another circle equi-distant between the circumference of the basin and the circular row of tanks along the walls of the building. A six- foot passyj.;::' way with cemented floor affords ample walking space for sight-seers in front of the outer row of tanks and on both sides of the in- ner circle. The average depth of the tanks when filled with water is five feet. In length they vary from six feet to sixty feet. Two-thirds of the space is reserved for fresh-water fish; the remaining space is given up to denizens of the sea. All of these tanks are decorated in much the same way that the center basin has been decorated. Calcareous tufa, a limestone formation found in certain springs in To- ledo, O., has been used profusely in making the decorations which represent minia- ture submerged mountains, etc. Various bits of vegetable matter coated with lime- stone form rough, fantastic designs. These have likewise been used for decorative purposes, and in building the tiny grottoes and reef a dark cement has been used to unite the tiny stones. In the holes and crannies black earth was deposited, and it is in this soil that aquatic plants were planted. The inmates of these tanks swim about as freely as if no glass sides stood ^(^ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ill m between them and freedom- Minnows of all sizes and classes; trout speckled with dedicate brownish black circles, iridescent stripes, and whitefish specked in dazzlinj^ kaleidoscopes of color; goldfishes and llounders, jierch, bass, and half a score of other kinds may always be seen. The water supplied to them is filtered, and, though of the purest quality, as seen through the glass looks a dull, muddy, sea green. In these salt-water tanks all the known fish specimens of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans may be seen. The central basin contains the showy fishes. To minimize the danger of failure in transportation and transference of these live specimens, the government spared no expense. Underneath the floor of the build- ing a great tank, holding 40,cxx) gallons of water, was constructed. I'^rom the various aquaria the water trickles into this tank, and from it is forced by a pump back into the aquaria. This is used, however, only in the case of the salt-water tanks. In the fresh-water basins pure filtered water is always used. In- side the glass walls and four feet above the water line is a two-inch pipe, with %;,f^ small stopcocks about ten inches apart. Water is fed through these pipes, with the flow regulated accortl- ing to the drain pipes which lead to the sewer. This water is kept at all times at a temperature as near 60 degrees Fahren- heit as possible. The aquaria is the only place in the Fisheries building where live fishes are exhibited. The main building is given up mostly to exhibits of the prod- ucts of the seas and rivers, and the west annex is used for the anglers' display. En- tering the main building from the north, the first display offered the sightseers is that of Mexico. Fish propagation is a feature of this exhibit. Passing from there to the side aisle comes the Russian collection, unique in many ways, with a wealth of caviare perfectly bewildering. Next to it is Norway's space. Dried cod of the Lofo- ten Isles and spiced anchovies of Bergen, are displayed. Many full-sized fishing boats are also shown, among them old Xorse and \'iking ships. Cireat Britain is at the extreme western end of the building. Its display is not large, but very interest- ing. France, Australia and Canada next follow in line, while theexhibitsof Japan and the Netherlands are located in the northeastern quarter of the building. All of the odd shaped boats used in the Japanese fisheries, together with the apparatus, im- plements, and products are displayed with much taste and decorative effect. Can- ada has a large and exhaustive exhibit. Brazil makes a feature of its fishing-boat disl p4 'wy/' SEAL SWALLOWING A FISH. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 367 display; and of the States, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania display prominently the pro- pa^^ation and culture of lish. Rhode Island shows its menhaden fisheries in full, fine models showinj^ purse, mate and strike boats beinjjf a feature of the exhibit, Al- to^^ether the fisheries de- partment is an interesting buildinj^ to visit and affords a rarely attractive display even to people whose lives have been spent away from the association of rod and reel. In April last the au- thor, who met and had a lonj^ conversation with Mar- shall McDonald, United States Fish Commissioner, was informed by that offi- cial that the exhibit, which would be nearly complete by the middle of May, would be as fine as any in the world, and he kept hisword. This is what the F'ish Commis- sioner said: "This display will be one of the most interesting on the {^rounds, and when it is complete w ill contain speci- mens of all the fish found in the waters of the American coast and lakes and rivers. Salt water specimens will include sharks, swordfish, dolphins and porpoises, but our plan to brinj^ a baby whale was found to be im- practicable. We will show also how these fish are caught and by statistics demonstrate the value of the American fishing industry. "The exhibit will come from all our collecting stations throughout the country. The different sections of the aquaria will be finished to represent the bottoms of the sea, the lakes and rivers in which the fish are found. STURGEON OF NEW YORK. w .IP m •V'f Mi III 368 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. GRAND BANKER OF 1741. The salt water fish will be placed in salt water, seven car loads of which are now on the way to Chicago. Thirty thousand gallons more will be made from lake water and the sea salt water sent herelast winter from Massachusetts and added to what comes in these cars. The water for fresh water specimens will be filtered, so that it may be transparent. Fish will come here first from the nearest distributing points, and when they have been put in the aquaria we will send our cars to the more remote sta- tions. It is probable that the car will not be sent to Oregon for the exhibit of salmon be- fore May. "The most beautiful feature of the exhibit will be an anemone grotto. The anemone looks like a plant when opened up. (Shapeless and colorless when closed, it is, v.hen it exjjands its arms that look like tend- rils and are of the most delicate color- ing, that they are beautiful.) The grot- to will be paved with bitsof coral and shells and sea grasses will lend their beauty to the picture. This and more that is marvel- ous from the bottom of the sea we intend showing. If we can get a school of por- poises we may put them in the lagoon, as they will not live in the aquaria. The exhibit is to be made geographically, so as '^ to show in sections r: together all the fish peculiar to the differ- ent parts of the coun- try. The great di- visions are the New a CLippiiR of today. El fis fo HISTORY or THE WORLD'S FAIR. 369 England coast, middle Atlantic, gulf district and Pacific coast for the salt water fish, and the New England states, lake region, Mississippi valley, and the west for fresh water fish." All that the Commissioner said, and more, has been faithfully carried out. And so attractive has been the Fish and Fisheries Building, that the dullest day has always found it crowded. Ten of the individual States of the Union show collective exhibits of the fisheries of their waters. Another interesting feature is the weatner-worn fishing boat used by the famous Ida Lewis — the American Grace Uirling — in her heroic life- saving deeds. Approaching the Fisheries Building from either front, one is impressed with its beauty and general grace of construction. The taU dome towers high above the gables of the main struct- ure, while the small turrets that adorn the dome and main entrances appear in pleasing contrast with the red-tiled roof, columns and arches. Manked on both the cast and west l>y small pavilions and c>)nne'.tingar- cades, the whole presents an architectual view that is sur- passingly unique and beautiful. The infinite detail of fishes and other acquatic animals with which the columns, arches, and friezes are decorated in bas relief is gratifying to the eye, and the skill and ingenuity displayed by the ornamentation are as remarkable for originality as for fitness. The extreme length of the build- ing is 1,100 feet and its ct)st was $200,000. All things considered the Japanese exhibit at the Exposition is the most re- markable of all. It is remarkable in its comprehensiveness, in its beauty, and in its peculiarities. The Government of the Mikado was not stingy in preparing for the C rt UJ *-* X. '-- H u- O C rt _J lU '^ Q 1* O 'IK V ^^in ' '! i^B' 24 37; HISTORY OF THE VVORLUS FAIR. WWi the surrounding branches and twigs with bird-Hme. One birtl thus caught becomes the decoy for more. These cormorants are so vahiable that their owners are said to provide them with mosquito nets during the summer. Cormorant fishing is always done at night l)y torch-hght. A skillful lisher can handle as many as twelve cormor- ants at once, and many catch 155 good-sized fish an hour by each cormorant. Every bird in a flock has and knows its number, and one of the funniest things about them is the quick-witted jealously with which they invariably insist, by all that cormorant lan- guage and pantomime protest can do, on due observance of the recognized rights belonging to individual numbers. The birds are numbered and named. No. i, or Ichi, is the senior in years, as well as rank. It is the last to be put into thewater and the first to be taken out, the first to be fed and the last to enter the baskets, in which when work is over, the birds are carried from the boats to their domicile. If, hap- ily, the lawful order of precedence be at any time violated, the rumpus that forth- with arises in that family is a sight to see and a sound to hear. The method of getting shellfish called shijimi, a staple article of diet in some parts, is also novel. The occupants of a boat are usually man and wife, though some- times only one person manages the whole affair. The boat is tied to a long bam- boo pole, secured at some distance in the river. The woman manages a wheel, by which she gradually pulls the boat nearer the pole, while the man, with a basket attached to another long bamboo pole, scoops up the shells as the boat moves. There are also in the exhibit in the Fisheries building models representing the apparatus and furnaces for curing bonito,a sardine press, and the boats used in catching bonito and cod. The latter, directly in front of the entrance, are one-tenth of the actual size. The bonito, called "katsuo," is of solid flesh, and is a great favorite with both natives and foreigners. Especially common in use is kat-suo- bushi, dried and smoked bonito, cut into thin slices and employed to add flavor to vegetable dishes. Sardines, "washi," also are common diet, and are sold at the cheap rate of half a dozen for a cent. Fried, they make as good eating as when put up in oil. On the walk of Japan's space are pictures of various scenes connected with the fishing industry, also a group of gold fishes. On the outside at the left of the entrance are drawings of many kinds of fish and of oyster-culture grounds. The occupation of a fisherman, though arduous, is not entirely prosaic. It is attended, of course, with dangers sufificient to make it exciting, and it brings with it in success incomparable exultation. One of the most exhilarating sights in Japan is the return home of the fishing smacks in the afternoon. The beautiful sight of the sea dotted with white sails has appealed so strongly to the esthetic sense of the Japanese that it is included along with "the autumn moon," "the evening snow,'' "the night rain," "the temple bell," "the evening glow," in the "eight beauties" of a province. The boats as they approach the shore take in sail and are propelled by sturdy rowers much in th( fashion of old Roman galleys. As there is no wharf, they are beached stern foremost, so that they are all ready the next morning at 3 or 4 o'clock to be pushed off easily. lecomes : said to , always cormor- Every t them is •antlan- 1 rights •^o. I, or ater and in which If, hap- at forth- in some ^h some- ig bam- dieel, by L basket I'es. esenting 5 used in ne-tenth a great kat-suo- lavor to 1 at the as when ted with t of the saic. It ngs with n Japan sight of e of the snow," es" of a elled by rf, they t 3or 4 -i! or de hi al tei lie he po: or sea to ma olo Ye( diff pur wh( fare Yar an i shri mer Coil ah ma( otht Indd thi stric coni in i| At f tl <) cau£ heeJ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 373 A dozen or so fishermen consider 800 fish a good catch for a day, and if each one realizes, besides fish for his own household, 20 or 25 cents for his labor, he deems himself fortunate. That sum is ample to keep up a bare existence in wretched huts. But the Japanese fisherman can be made satisfied and contented with only a little, and never murmurs or complains at his hard luck, and never envies the bet- ter fortune of others. The fishermen of Japan, as a class, are ignorant and superstitious. They be- lieve that if a man while going to fish, meets a bonze (Buddhist priest) on the road, he will catch no fish, as the bonzes eat no fish. Worship at a Shinto temple is sup- posed to aid in securing a large catch; and thanksgiving offerings of old anchors or parts of the vessels or of fish will naturally serve to propitiate the anger of the sea god. Shipwrecked mariners, rescued from impending death, are accustomed to hang up votive tablets in temples, and to offer to the gods any relic which also may have escaped the sea. When the great Japanese hero, Yamato-Dake, who probably is only a myth- ological personage, was waging war against the enemies of his country, he reached Yedo Bay, and, looking across the comparatively narrow passage, thought it no difiicult matter to get to the other side. But after he embarked, th(; sea god, to punish his insulting arrogance, aroused a great storm which threatened to over- whelm the boat. Then Tachibona Hime, the wife of the hero, bidding her lord farewell, leaped into the waters as a victim to appease the sea god's wrath. Later Yamato-Dake chanced to find on the shore his wife's wooden comb, and, erecting an altar, he dedicated the relic to the gods. On the same spot still stands a Shinto shrine, where the spirits of the hero and the heroine are yet worshiped by fisher- men and sailors. "Fish are prolific," said an official connected with the United States Fish Commissioner's exhibit to the author one day. "Huxley has said that if all the eggs of one mackerel were hatched and if all the eggs of the next two generations also were hatched the space now occupied by the ocean would be filled solidly with mackerel." "Where is the need, then, for a Fish Commissioner?" "The Fish Commission is needed on account of one kind of fish eating an- other kind. Some kinds of fish feed on young fish, and so do many kinds of birds. Indeed' the spawn of some fish is the regular food of other fish. Perhaps it is a good thing, on the whole, that the breeding of fish is restricted in this way; but the re- striction has been overdone so far as the fish that are most useful to mankind are concerned." "What was the origin of the Fish Commissioner?" "It originated wifh the appointment of Prof. Spencer F. Baird by Congress in 1872, to investigate the cause of the decline in the fisheries of the United States. At that time there was an alarming disappearance of the best food fish from some of the waters of the country. They had simply been destroyed by other fish and caught by the fishermen. What would have been our condition now if nothing had been done it is hard to tell. However, the result of Prof. Baird's investigations |,'^'.\i":fv> ^~: : Tvy^Tif-;; ■:>'•■/•' ;:r>^ >Wi? ^f. ^.'^ 'i^ '*» i "^ r .' v»_^^. /j "l©* i'*'' ^.>'' :i;$- ^. ■:^ ?"^v' ,: ' ^. .Va.' ?. ' ■ ■ ■ ' >A* V'.■''••t^• •.■5>;;v-. -] < . H K - 2 < s < S OS t/) oo UJ H 2 o u u X oa a lu (- 2 o u X (- > CO X >■ en £ 2 O " a. U 2 = ^ X LU Z. > 5 Q a- lyi 2 LU 2 3 UJ a > 2 U < 2 O HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 375 < i: Z ui 3 H O Z CD X X ID Of H Z O LU Z O < z o and recommendations was that in the same year the United States Fish Commis- sion was instituted, with him as the first Commissioner." "What has been accompHshed since then?" "In brief, hatching and rearing stations have been established at Grand Lalce Stream, Green Lake, and Craigs' Brook, Me.; Gloucester and Wood's Holl, Mass.; Havre de Grace and Bryan's Point, Md.; Central Station and Fish Pond, Washington, D. D.; Wytheville, Va.; Duluth, Minn.; Alpena and Northville, Mich.; Put-in-Bay, Quincy, 111.; Neosha, Mo.; Leadville, Colorado.; Blackamas, Ore., and Fort Gaston and Baird Station, Cal. Appropriations have been made for stations in Vermont, Montana, and Texas. The result is that an immense quantity of use- ful fish have been hatched and the waters of the country stocked with them. Since iS~2 the commission has hatched and distributed 1,500,287, 409 whitefish, 968,643,350 shad, 332,046,700 yellow perch, 178,241,500 cod, 98,101,446 salmon, 3,005,054 rainbow trout, 2,027,028 brook trout, and other kinds of fish by the millions." "W^hat has been the effect on the fish supply?" "Beneficial, of course. The catch of shad has been doubled, and the disap- pearance of the whitefish has been arrested. Numberless rivers and lakes from which fish had disappeared have been stocked, and certain kinds of fish have been made to thrive where they were never known before. The Pacific slope has probably been benefited more than any other part of the country." "What was the origin of the artificial propagation of fish?" "That is a long story. The first man who accomplished it was J. L. Jacoby, of Westphalia. This was in 1872, though two Frenchmen, named Remy and Ghazin, discovered the art independently in 1840. The first person who hatched fish artificially in this country was Theodosius Garlick, of Cleveland, O., in 1853. The process is simple, but it has improved materially since first discovered. These exhibits that you see scattered around in this part of the building are intended as an object-lesson in the history and progress of pisciculture. Fish could be hatched artificially for a long time before it was understood how to do it without having them attacked and killed at once by fungi." "What is the process, in brief?" "The first operation is illustrated in that boat that you see there with two fisher- men in it. The man standing is catching shad in a net, and passing them to the man sitting behind him, who is pressing the eggs out of the fish into a large pan. The milky fluid from the male fish is pressed out into the same pan, in the same way. The fish are not only not injured but are sold and eaten. The eggs, which are by the process fertilized, are carried to the hatchery to be hatched out. One cod fish will yield 250,000 eggs and one shad from 30,000 to 120,000. "What is done next?" "Fish eggs are hatched by the movement of water over them, and con- sequently they are divided into three classes. The first class is the buoyant, such as perch eggs; the second is semi-buoyant, such as shad and whitefish eggs; and the third class is heavy, such as salmon and trout eggs. Buoyant eggs are hatched by an imitation of a tide. They are put into a box in which the water is made to !■ 'i i^ -'4 •» -If 3/6 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. alternately rise and subside. The semi-buoyant ejfgs are hatched by passing water up between them from below. You see them in those glass jars, where water is let in at the bottom and runs over at the top. The heavy eggs must be hatched by depositing them in trays and having the water pass over them, as you see done in the long narrow boxes. If you will scrutinize the eggs in the glass jars you will see the fish in the eggs, and as soon as they are hatched they pass off with the water and are put into tanks to be ted and reared. All this is illustrated in the ap- paratus of the exhibit. Great, isn't it?" Captain Joseph W. Collins, chief of the fish and fisheries department, was ap- pointed to that position Feb. 18,1891. He was born at Ilesboro, Waldo County, Maine, Aug. 8. 1839. His boyhood was spent as a fisher lad, and in the winter months he attendetl the county school of his native village, where he received his pri- mary education. His latter education was obtained on ship-board, where he perfected himself in mathematics and navigation. Cap- tain Collins began his career in 1862, when he was appointed captain of a fishing vessel runningout of Gloucester, Mass. In i879he became connected with the United States Fish Commission. His first work was a sta- tistical inquiry into the fisheries of New Eng- land, for the Tenth Census. In 1880 he was appointed on the staff of the United States Commissioner to the International Fischerei Austelling at Berlin. In 1880 he went to London to represent this country and to as- sist in arranging the United States exhibit at the Great International Fisheries Exposi- tion. In 1886 he invented a new type of fishing vessel, which was adopted by Profes- sor Spencer F. Baird, then United States Fish Commissioner. In the winter of 1887-88 he was called to Washington for consultation by the International Fish Commission, which was then negotiating the fishery treaty with Canada. In 1888 he was appointed in charge of the division of fisheries of the United States Fish Commission, and has since had charge of that work. In the same year he was also appointed as representative of the Fish Commission to prepare its work at the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, held at Cincinnati. In 1889, at the solicitation of the Hon. Robt. P. Porter, Superintendent of the Census, he accepted the position of special agent of the Eleventh Census, in charge of the section of fisheries; and in 1890 he was nominated by the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the Hon. Marshall McDonald, to rep- resent that bureau on the government board of management and control at the CHIEF COLLINS. \ HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. in World's Columbian Exposition. Captain Collins not only prepared the fish com- mission's exhibit at the Fair, but he has contributed largely to the fish and fish- culture literature of the country, and is a member of many scientific societies at home and abroad. **B:^- HISTORY or Till: WORLDS FAIR. 379 rHAPTl.k XVI. THE PALACt OF FINE ARTS. A Magnificent Building rhrougliout— Paintings and Statuary From All Pans f^i the World— Private (.iollti tion of Painting From Many Homes— Pictures of Hvcry Phase oi Life and Nature — Ani- mil ." .' Portrait Paintings Fmni All Lands— Hundreds of Beautiful Marine and Landscape Skeltliess-Allegory and Mytiinlogy From Imperial Galleries— Sell; lidler's "Market Scene in Cairo"— Canon's "Hunting Master"— The American Loan Association— Joe .Iet1'ers()n"TheM>uive" —Hovendin's 'Breaking Home Ties" — The Emperor Francis Joseph's Loan— England Surprises With Her Beautiful Paintings and France Maintains Her Fame as an Art Center— Sketi i of Chief Ives. HE Fine Arts Building of C. B. Atwood, ith its two annexes, is already famous for its architecture. It has even been called "the greatest thing since Athens." It is th' largest art gallery C'\er constructed. There are in the bu iding seventy-four galleries of varying size, ranging from 3c feet square to 36 by 120 feet. It contains many picked pictures and statuary and selections from nearly all the galleries ( f the world. The construction is necessarily lire proof, the main walk.-> are soliederick and Prince Bismarck are made the life-size and prominent figures of the group. Bismarck's portrait is there by various masters. Thus the salon could be termed "The Bismarck," for in a certain measure the days of glory of ("lermany's first Imperial Chancellor are vivitUy recalled thereby. A. von Werner's historic group, "The Berlin Congress," is a masterwork of portrait painting; here also the ex-Chancellor figures as the most prominent per" sonage of his time; the participants of the "Congress," all European celebrities, are grouped around the Prince ami listen to his explanations, his words, dictating peace to Europe. This magnificent i)ainting is valued at $25,000, and will likely be purchased by the Germania club of this city. In this division there is also a strik- ing portrait of Emperor William II. by Max Kroner. mm , 'I ii..»|jfi I it 3S4 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Ilii! II \i -t-'-'^-v':-. !,L^. r ASSYRIANS SALUTING THE SUN. Another collection in an adjoining room places the spectator in a solemn frame of mind; there are the religious and dramatic scenes, works of art of great value. The third division, containing sev- eral apartments, shelters Stilleben. German land- scapes, portraits, groups and marine scenes by masters of international repute, such as A. von Werner, Molly Cramer, Gabril Max, F"ranz Simm, Fritz Uhde, Eugen Duck- er. Max Bredt, Edmund Harburger, Menzel, Len- bach, Schnars-Alquist, Liebermann, Schuch and others. Among the works v^ of sculpture Boths' mar- ble statue, "Eve," causes as much sensation as the various pictures of Co- lumbus are causing doubt relative to their genuine- HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 385 roups by onal von imer, mm, )uck- nund Len- quist, and orks mar- auses s the Co- loubt uine- ness. On the galleries of the German section one will find drawings, portraits by Menzel only a few inches id circumference, which vary in price from $1,000 to $5,000. The majority of visitors — laymen, of course — pass these works of art, and if they were probably offered at 50 cents each the average visitor would still hesi- tate buying; nevertheless they are works of art of high standing, for which connois- seurs abroad are paying the mentioned prices. Germany has 580 paintings and 120 sculptures of bronzes and marble. A.mong the oil paintings are Professor Oswald Achenbach's "Near Naples." T. Alberts' "Alone," Paul Andorff's "Village in the Spessart," Albert Arnz' "Still Life on the Game Preserve," Hans Bachmann's "The Morning of the Wedding Day," Professor A. Baur's "The Martyr's Daughter," Theodore von der Beeck's "Cigarette Manufactory" and "On the Heights," Carl Becker's "Vidette," Professor E. Bracht's "Sinai," Professor J. von Brandt's "The Surprise, "Professor Hugo Crola's "Industrious Sisters," H. Deiter's "On the Brook," Professor Eugen Duecker's "Summer Eventide," Albert Flammi's "Italian Women at the Fountain." The collection of Holland includes some 400 canvases by about 50 artists, 13 of whom are women, and only two of the 50 are catalogued as portrait painters. The pictures are none of the large variety and are mostly humble, modest subjects with nothing of the dramatic style. Mme. Henrietta a Ronner who has been called the "only painter of cats" has a large collection of felines, the most natural kittens and tabbies ever seen. H. W. Mesdag and Josef Israels are the greatest of the Dutch school and send many marine and domestic pictures. The whole collection rivals that of France, France being looked upon as the leader in modern art. As well as her splendid paintings and sculpture from the Louvre and other well known galleries, France displays in her department six of the marvelous Gobelin tapestries, figures in ivory adorned with gold, jeweled cases with reliefs of Brateau and en- ameled cups by Thesmar. One canvas seems as beautiful as anotl"=;r and it is dif- ficult to specify. Sweden has over two hundred subjects and has three pictures by His Royal Highness, Prince Eugene, of Norway and Sweden. Among the artists are names well known in art circles outside of Sweden and Paris. Japan, Spain, and Italy exhibit paintings and statuary equal to if not excelling all these. The Viennese paintings are 200 in number and would have been fewer had not the Emperor Francis Joseph sent a number of his own and induced others to contribute. The walls in the Austrian section are painted a Nile green, the same color as used in the imperial gallery in Vienna. This is a marked departure, as in nearly all cases the tone used in decoration is dark. There are five allegorical paintings by the celebrated Hans Makart, loaned from the Emperor's private collection. Austria's most famous woman painter is Mme. Weisingn, who sends three, all of which have been awarded medals at the exhibitions in Vienna. They are "Morning at the Seashore," "Breakfast in the country" and "The Laundress of the Mountains." Prominent among the landscapes are Schitidler's "Cemetery in Daimatia" and the "Hunting Master" by Canon, which is loaned by Count Hans .,H| HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 387 Wilczek, of Vienna. The celebrated "Market Scene in Cairo," by Leopold C. Muller, is one of the best pieces of figure paintinj^ in the collection. Then there are pictures by Brozik, Tilgner, Schanger, Thoren, Pansenger, Mott and others equally prominent. The exhibit by France maintains the dignity and credit of the rew Republic as the heart of tine arts. There are more than a thousand choice contributions from worthy brushes, many of which represent the great national manufactories of FVance collected at the Palais d' Industrie. Sevres sends 200 exhibits, objects in clay and plaster, as well as more elaborate works. Among them may be mentioned "La Republique," a bust l)y d'Lnjalberts, the portrait of M. Carnot, by Chapu; "La Paix," by Michael; "La Leda," by Suchetet; "La Catherine de Russie," by Deloye; "La Judith," by d'Aizelin; and the charming "Mozart Enfant" of Barrias. P'inely decorated vases, amphoras, chalices, urns, etc., by Doat, Sandoz, Belet, Fournier, Bienvil, X'ignol. and others will be displayed. Beauvais sends tapi^stries. l^special mention may be made of the six marvelous Gobelin tapestries, the largest of these being "The Goddaughter of the Prairies." Graceful figures in ivory, adorned with gold, and on pedestals of worked tiligree, jewel cases, decorated with reliefs of Brat(;au, and enameled cups by Thesmar are exhibited. Many of these works will remain in America. Two famous canvases among others are sent from Belgium. They are "The Avenue of Oaks" and "Winter," works of the great landscape painter, P>anz Lamoriniere. These were shown at the International Plxhibition in Berlin, where "The Avenue of Oaks" received the great diploma of honor. In Paris the same picture and "Winter" brought about the artist's promotion to officer of the Legion of 1 lonor and obtained besides a gold medal. There are 300 paintings from Belgium in all. The spac(; alloted to Denmark comprises Rooms 73, 74, and 75, in the south, west corner of the west pavilion and a small portion of the gallery of the east side of the south court. There are twenty works of sculpture in this section, the most notable being "The Captive Mother" by .Stephan Sinding, which shows a woman with her arms bountl behind her kneeling over to suckle her child; numerous por- traits busts by P. S. Kroyer, wlio also exhibits as a painter; johannc; Dan's "Snake Charmer," and an excellent figure of ".Susanne Before the holders," by A. X. Saa- bye. Among the works of merit in this section are two portraits by Bertha \'eg- man, who is also represcnt(.'d by a small landscape with the figure of a little girl. In all of her work there is a strength and directness which makes it appear to be the wcrk of a man. l^y P. S. Kroyer there is a small garden scene which is full of light and fresh brilliant color, with the figures of two women sewing in the shade. This artist is also represented by an excellent portrait of a young girl in pink. Julius Paulsen is represented by a large picture showing three half-nude girl models in the corner of a studio awaiting the hour to pose. The interior of a "Children's Mome," with a crowd of youngsters in a long room lighted at one end, crowding about two nurses who are feeding them, .s by Kund P'rick Larsen. The execution of this work is 25 - i I ji'-^ =1i :i ^1 388 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. :; P • excellent and the subject is one which must make it popular. Otto Haslund shows the interior of a stable with three well-drawn heads of cows. A large work by Oscar Matthiesen shows a team of cart-horses on a quay of the Seine in Paris. A grewsome subject painted by J. E. Carl Rasmussen depicts a part)' of shipwrecked sailors at sea in an open boat surrounded by sharks. Carl Lacher shows a fine marine with an effect of moonlight on a rough sea, through which a steamer is ploughing its way, antl there are many others that might be iiKtntioned. Where all is acceptable and beautiful it is difficult to select. Everyone knows that Italy, I'Vance, Germany, England, and America would show off well. The German section alone includes 580 paintings and 120 sculj^tures. These works were selected by two juries — one making the rounds of the art centers of (Germany collecting the works and a jury of revision passing finally upon them at Bremen. Among the names of the painters and sculptors are P. Barsch, Menzel. Dcsseman, Kallworgh, Kaulbach, Kelk;r, T'riese. Knauss, Koner, Lenbach, Normann, Seiter, Seitz, Karbina, \'. Uhde, Dieters, Oberlaentler, and Koepping, Bruett, Klein, Kruse, Wenck, Hurdneser, Unger, Begas. and X'alcker. The German government paid the cost of transportation and the insurance of the exhibit, and such articles as are not disposed of at private sale will be returned to Germany. The work which has been given the place of honor is the "Eve" by A. Brutt. It is an admirable work t(;chnically, and the conception of Eve as a mother carry- ing the infants Cain antl Abel is one of marked originality. Two busts by Rheinhold Begas are fine examples of dignified and evideiuly successful portrait- ure. One of them is of Menzel, the artist, and the other is of Von Moltke. Two examples of polychrome sculpture are included in the exhibit in this room. They are bas reliefs by C. Hilgers and represent "Christ Healing tlie Sick" antl "Christ rais- ing the tlaughter of Jarius from the Dead." There is an excellent figure of a youth seatetl on an antique vase antl pulling a thorn from his foot by Eberlein. The artist has taken an oft-treatetl subject and producetl something original antl pleas- ing. The figure has a fine "swing" in its movement, anti composes well from all points of view. By Carl Begas there are two finely executetl groups of nude figures light and pleasing in subject but by no means trivial. One of a young girl holding a baby boy, who is pulling her hair, is perhaps the stronger work, and one which might easily have become insipid and characterless in the hands of a sculptor of less ability. Another of the wcM-ks particularly worthy of study in the German section is the two l)usts of young boys on a single pedestal by Max Kruse, whose beautiful figure; of the "Soldier of Marathon" is one of the strong works of those shown in the north court of the Art Palace. The sides nl the room and the pedestals on which the statuary stantls have been ])ainted in imitation of marble of various colors, antl rich tlraperies and rugs decorated the doors and fioor. There seems to be considerable good portrait painting in Denmark. One ex- ample "Morten," by G. Achen, is a healthy, pleasant-faced coachman with livery, have d ru^s 'lie ex- livery, *-"^. m m A' 1' m • m m I 1 :; i ' t^ ' '\M i .'f ■ 1 ! ';i'i 1 1 iJM ii ii, II 390 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. It ■j! ! m\ m 1 . m 1 1 1 m 1 -^^i- ; •^ti I ! • whip, and cockailcd hat. "Mi)rton," it appears, is in Denmark tlie j^eneric name of the coachman, as we should say Jehu in America. The one portrayed, however, is quite individual, being the man who has for years driven the horses of the painter's friend j'etersen. Two women make a ver>' ^ood showinLr amonry bold and fine in color, besides many smaller works which keep the; standard as high as the galleries downstairs in the annex. By the way, there is apparentl\- another 1 lans Dahl, or else the same man spells his name differentl)', and paints in two distinct maniu'rs. Coming down from the gallery, where the large acadcMnic "Storm" is one of the i)rincii)al features, one stumbles upon a quite diff(-M-ent "lC\ening Picture," signed Hans Dahl. Perhaps Danish artists have the trick of \arying st\les. Julius Paulsen shows three paintings which looks like the wt)rk of three separate men. "The Models are waiting" is a rath(-r ordinary painting of three \-ery ordinary women, partly disrobed and look- ing bored. "P(jrtraits of Prof. l'"roii(h" is a careful and hoiK^st i)orrra\'al of oik? of Denmark's artists, and "\'iew of a Plain" is one of those small, (|uiet piitures which one overlooks at tirst. but whos(^ \alue appears on study. It is just a stretch of llat country, o\er which the eye apjiarently travels for miles, \arietl only by a line of trees and tlu; shadows of the lloating clouds. Vlui breadth, th»; atmosplu're, the simplicity of the whole constitute its merit. As for the Prof, brolich, whose; por- trait was just mentioned, his own contributions are not of a high order. There is Cain, shrinking from the e)-e of the Lord, and a C(jupie of small pictures of legeiuL of Satyrs that do not (U'ei)ly imi)ress one. .\. A. JeiidorlT one imagines to be also a painter of the old school from his semicircular panel of "The Deluge,' comeiuion- ally filled with writhing, nude; liguri's. all of the same brownish complexion, and the offended Deity appc^aring in the clouds in a majestic blue; mantle. HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 39 I ; In the same roof there is a large paintinp; by H. J. Braendekilde vvhict breathes the spirit of modern thought. "Worn Out" it is called, and it represents a wide ex|)anse of plowed land, a quiet sky. and a low line of farm houses in the dis- tance. An old, old man has fallen helpless, unable to go any farther. The few things he was carrying have slipped from his hold; a young peasant girl, his daughter, presumably, kneels beside him and shouts for help. It is bitterly tragic, the venerable figure whose life time of work has brought him only this, but it does not strike the disagreeable, inartistic note touched by two other painters. Rassmussen. in his ".Shipwrecked .Sailors" in a raft on a skilfully paintetl sea which is alive with sharks; and still more Zartman, with a "Job" most liberally bespotted with boils. Aucher, noted for his fishermen pictures, has a big "Fisherman Returning Home" and a grouj) of heads called "Three (^Id Fellows/' A great deal of space is taken up in one room unworthily by a portrait group of the Danish royal family. The king and queen occupy the sofa in the center; on their right hand stand the prince and princess of Wales (their daughter), with the late duke of Clarence; on their left side is the czar and the czarina of Russia, who was also a Danish princess. Those interested in royalty will further fmd the king and queen of (ireece, the crown prince of Denmark and his wife, antl a variety of little grand ilukes and duchesses. Those merely interested in art will have had enough by this time. Swedish painters and sculptors have a noteworthy exhibit at the Exposition. It includes a large number of groups and works in paintings, sculpture, architect- ure, and decorative art, numbering 200 subjects. Among those who contribute to the collection of sculpture are the following: Christian r>ikson, Ida Matton, Paris; Alfred Mystrom, A. Soderman, Stockholm; W. Kennan, Paris; T. Lundberg, Stock- holm; John Rorjesson, Professor of Royal Academy, Stockholm. In the section of oil paintings are found subjects from: (i. Albert, Paris; J. (j. Andersen, O. Ox- l)orelius, A. Beer, Stockholm; Wilhelm Behm, Gnesta; R. Berg, O. Bjorck, Eva Hondier, Mina Bredburg, Baron Cederstrom, P. Ekstron. Stockholm; his Royal Highness, Prince Eugene, of Sweden and Norway, who contributes three subjects: "The Forest," "Autumn Day," and "The Temple"; H, I'eychting. Stockholm; A. (ienberg, Stockholm; Baron Hermlin, Stockholm; Augustus Hagborg, Paris; Eu- gene lanssen, Stockholm; Prof. J. Kronberg, vStockholm; Carl Larsson. Ciothen- l)crg; A. Lindman, Stockholm; Carl Nortlstom, Stockholm; G. Pauli, Stockholm; Count von Rosen, Professor Royal Academy. Stockholm; Ida von Schutzenheim, baroness I'^mma Sparrt;, Stockholm; Carl Tradgardh, Antoinette \'allgren, Paris; Alfred Wahll)erg, Professor Royal AcaiUnny, Paris; Charlotte Wahlstrom, Alfred Wallender, Stockholm; A. L. Zorn. Allan Osterlind, Paris. In :he water color groups there are found subjects from: Ai.na Boberg, .Stockholm; Anna Ericsson, Ciothcnberg; A. T. Gellerstedt, Professor lim; Arts Academy-; Baron T. ll(>rmelin, Stockholm; Carl Larsson, Gothenberg; Z. Tiren, Stockholm. In the division al- loted to engravings, etchings, and prints are found contributions from: F. Boberg, architect, Stockholm; R. Ilaglund, Stockholm; A. II. Ilaig; Count G. von Rosen, and Andrew L. Zorn. i'fl I, ' 1 ■ ! ] i HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 393 In conclusion the author would say; A better representation from a (greater number of ilifferent nations is seen than has ever been brought together at any pre- vious exposition. The responses from foreign governments and the enthusiasm of foreign artists when the art exhibit was thrown open to them has far exceeded the most sanguine pred ictions of two years ago. Visitors, therefore, see not only an epochal exhibit of American art, but the choicest productions of llu- world's great masters from across the sea. Space is assigned to I'Vance, (iermany, Austria, Holland, Great Britain, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Russia, Italy, Spain, Japan, Canada and Mexico- There is also a gallery devoted to modern I'^uropean master-pieces ownetl in private collections in America. Lovers of the finesse in the I'rench school may see masterpieces by acknowledged leaders. The famous Dutch school, the Russian, the less known but powerful Scandinavian, the impressionist, and many others are represented by a selection of the choicest productions from the leaders of each school. When it comes to a critical study of American art, the patriotic American discovers therein not only certain characteristics of each of the foreign schools, but a distinct inilividuality, just as the American character is composite and a reflex of its varied sources. The international fine arts expositions of the past may be said to have begun with Paris in 1867. Then followed X'ienna in 1S73. Philadelphia in 1S76, Paris in 187S, and special exhibitions of tine arts in Berlin and Munich some years later. Then came the Melbourne Exposition, preceding the last great international ex- position in Paris in 18189. An idea of the scope of the present fine arts exposition may be gathered from the fact that the tine arts exhibit contains between 1,500 and 2,000 pieces in the American section alone. In round figures I-'rance contributes 800 pieces, (iermany cjoo. Dutch artists 300, Lngland 600, Austria 300, Denmark 250, Sweden 200, Italy 600, Norway iSo and Belgium 400. The largest space is given to the United States artists. Next comes France with 19,201 square feet, next Germany, (ireat Britain, Italy, Belgium and .Austria in order, and so on rang- ing down to Mexico, which has 1,500 scjuare feet. In securing a good representa- tion of American art, advisory committees were appointed in the leading art cen- ters of the United States and in European centers where American art colonies flourished. By an interchangt; of service these atlvisory committees became juries of selection. The work of these juries and of the national jury have been entirely satisfactor)'. The east and west pavilions connect with tlie central pavilion by means of corridors, which are also used as galleries. The east pavilion contains the I""rench government exhibit and also the I'rtiuh masterpieces owned by Americans. The west pavilion C(jntains the Italian exhibit and the exhil)its of several other foreign countries whose space is limited. The central pavilion has two floors for the exhibit of ])aintings. Tht- northeast section, or one-fourth of the space for paint- ings, is de\c)ted to the works of United Stales artists. The southeast section is given up to Great Britain and Canada. The southwest section contains the works of art sent by Holland, Spain, Russia and Japan. The northwest section contains all the German paintings. In general terms the oil paintings are all hung on the ii^'lPi :'-j I' :; t i ..i: •4H !'i'»: ■ i, ! 1., J i: .•T--I im HiiiiiiiiMiiiii 1 1 fit i i i ( I- STATim OF TIKJKWALUSHN, PAVILH)N OF ULNMAKK, MANUFACTURES BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 395 ground floor in the central pavilion, while water colors are on the second floor. There is an overflow exhibit of oil paintings upstairs in the American section. Between these four quadrangles are four courts and the central rotunda. The north and south courts contain the groupings of statuary. The east and west courts contain the architectural exhibit. Here are seen structures and casts illus- trating ancient, mediaival and modern architecture. Cases of antique and modern carvings, and architectural drawings are hung on the walls. In the north and south courts is the installation of statuary. There are figures and groups in marble, casts from original works by modern artists, models, monumental decorations, figures and groups in bronze and bas-reliefs in marble and bronze. The central rotunda contains a heroic figure of Washington by Thomas Ball, On the sides of the rotunda are twelve spaces for figure groupings furnished by different foreign countries. There are also rotundas in each of the smaller pavil- ions, where statuary and architectural specimens are grouped. There are eighty galleries in all including the east and west pavilions. These range from 30 feet square to 36 by 120 feet for the exhibition of paintings. There are also 108 alcoves, fronting on the court of the central pavilion. Twenty-eight of these are on the first floor and eighty on the second floor, and much additional wall space is gained by their use. Engravings, etchings and black-and-whites are mainly upstairs with the water colors, and pastels are down stairs with the oils. The lighting arrangements are as faultless as can be devised. All the pavil- ions, including rotundas, courts and galleries, are lighted from above. The modu- lation of natural light in the daytime is simple and effective. The system of artifi- cial lighting at night is in itself a work of art. Myriads of incandescent lamps shed a mellow radiance over courts and galler- ies. The electric lamps are arranged in clusters above each court, and also in con- tinuous rows around the galleries. The at- tractiveness of the art galleries at night is admitted as one of the features of the Expo- sition. Halsey E. Ives was born in Havana, N. Y., 45 years ago. In 1S62 he began work as a draiightsman and in 1864 he was found serving the Union in the army in Tennessee. In 1866 he began the study of art, ami in 1874 he entered the Polytechnic school in St. Louis. Subsequently he studied fine arts in France and England, and upon his return to the United States he was niiide a member of the faculty of Washington University as an instructor in the fine arts. He is an artist himself and his appointment is consid- ered as one of the best, as he is thoroughly a leader and a teacher. He is also .^:' V,,: ^ ,^. ■:,.," '•^^^^^^1 ^tm \>^ - ' '^^^^1 . -i.^^^^^^^^^^^^H ^B^^^^^L ^^^H^P*^^^ \^^'-i'„Mhi-'.'i^:,^^Kt.i,.'' ■. -■ 'V . ■ . ' . . CHIEF IVES. • ; i. i f j , il 1 •(;'"■ ■•■ i I I ■ I] i I 1 I HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 397 CHAPTER XVII. THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. Marvelous Collection of Exhibits made by "Uncle Sam"— Three Thousand Models from the Patent Office — Progress of American Invention Elaborately Presented— The Smithsonian Display Alone a Won- derful Educator— Bird and Beast Mounted Amid the Same Surroundings as in Life— Each Specimen so Labeled that no Observer can make a Mistake — A First-Class Postoftlce in Operation — Dead Letter Curiosities — Tarantulas, Horned Toads, Human Skulls, Axes, Dolls, Molasses Candy, Stuffed Owls, Alligators, Ostrich Eggs, and Thousands of Other. Things that never Reached their Des- tination—War Department Novelties— Great Guns and Luile Ones — Cannons and Torpedoes- Historic Documents from the Department of Justice — Documents Connected with the Dred Scott Decision— Great Exhibit by the Agricultural Department— Horticulture, Pomology and Forestry — Special Alaskan Exhibit— Quaint, Curious and Interesting Objects of Ethnological Research — Peculiarities of Many Birds and Beasts. OUR Uncle Sam's place— the Government Building— is al- ways crowded; and the intelligent variety of its exhibit and its usefulness as an educator h best illustrated by the many thousands who visit it daily. There are some artists and criti:sand others who are or who pretend to be highly dis- pleased at the architectural qualities of the Government Building, and some of the more fastidious among them have condemned it as unsightly and unworthy of the har- monious beauty of the Exposition. But not one of them has found fault with it from a utilitarian point of view. It is admiral)ly adapted to the department exhibits. That is a great deal. It is situated directly north of the big Man- ufactures Building, and cost the government $400,000. Ex-Supervising Architect Windrim drew the original plans for the structure, and Supervising Architect Ed- Ijrooke finished it. In the original World's Fair legislation a board of management for this ex- hibit was created, consisting of a representative from each of the eight executive departments, one from the Smithsonian Institution, and one from the Unitetl States Fish Commission. That board is as follows: Edwin Willits, Department of Agriculture, chairman; Wm. b:. Curtis, De- partment of State; I'rcd A. Stocks, Treasury Department; Maj. Clifton Comly, United States Army. War i)ei)artment; Commodore R.W.Meade, Xavy Depart- ment; A. I). Ilazen. Postoftice Dei)artment; Horace A. Taylor, Department of the Interior; Elijah C. Foster, Department of Justice; G. Brown Goode. Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; Tarleton H. Bean, Uni.cd States b'ish Commis- 39« HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ( I sion; F. T. Bickford, Secretary and Executive Officer. The superintendent of the exhibit is Capt. Aytoun, who takes pride in the fact that the Government build- ing was actually complete and all the exhibits ready in advance of the opening of the Fair. His department was the first to receive and the first toDinstal an exhibit. The exhibits in the building occupy a floor space of more than loo.ooo square feet, to which the various annexes and the battleship, where the naval display is made, add about as much more space. In the center of the Government building stands a thirty-foot section of one of the giant trees from Mariposa Big Tree grove, near the Yosemite Valley. It is called the " John W. Noble." Four wide corridors connect the main entrances with the rotunda. Eight alcoves around the cen- tral space are filled with collections of Co- lonial relics made by the Board of Lady Managers. Perhaps a great majority of the visitors to the Government building enter it at the southern portal. When a sight-seer walks into the building at that door, which looks toward the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building, he sees upon his left the dual exhibit of the Postoffice and Treasury Departments — a full working postoffice in active operation, receiving and depositing mail, delivering letters, issuing and paying money-orders, registering letters, and trans- acting all the business that comes within the scope of an office of the first class. This model postoffice has been constructed with a glass front to enable visitors to watch all the processes. Near at hand is a complete model of a mail car, in ivory and gold deco- rations, and in the same section are models of all the curious old-time methods of carrying the mail — by sleds with dogs, runners, and men on horseback. The Dead Letter Office has made an exhibit of curious mail matterand wonderfully addressed envelopes in this section; and everybody who goes sight-seeing through the building stops to look at it, and it seems sometimes as if everybody who went through the building stopped here at precisely the same time. They stand around the case from three to ten deep and gaze, first in silent wonder, then with a gradually broadening grin of comprehension, which in not a few cases deepens into the sheepish, half- guilty look assumed by a person whose conscience has received a sudden and un- expected jolt. For this department wherein the unclaimed packages from the dead-letter office are exhibited is almost as bad as a visil)le conscience to many of the visitors to the Government building. A man may stand in front of it and merrily jt;st on JOHN W. NOBLE, BIG TREE FROM CALIFORNIA. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 399 ^LIFORNIA. the folly ot anyone sending snakes or chewing tobacco through the mails, and underneath all his blithesome manner may lie the consciousness that it was only last week that he himself sent molasses candy or cologne. Never was there such a varied collection of odds and ends in so small a space before. It ranges from alligators to layer raisins, and includes everything on earth, in air, or sea. There are snakes and centipedes and tarantulas, and a skull or two thrown in to add to the gilded horror of the thing. There are pistols of every quaint antl bygone pattern known to man, and daggers and knives sufficient for an army of assassins. There are axes and hatchets and sleigh bells jumbled in side by side with stuffed birds and rag babies. An owl perches serenely upon a human skull, while in another case an Indian scalp is jostled by a china doll. In one case is the evidence of a fruitless attempt to send a string of battered Chinese coins by Uncle Sam's carriers. Perhaps it was a case of filial devotion on the part of some almond-eyed washerman — who knows? In another case somebody's pounds of tobacco wait unclaimed side by side with somebody else's bronze medals, and all day long crowds gather and part, and their uneasy consciences ever bring them back for just one more fascinated stare at the heterogenous collection. In the Treasury Department exhibit are collections and views illustrative of the work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, of the Bureau of Engraving and Print- ing, and of the Philadelphia Mint, which shows a stamping press in operation and makes a display of its noted numismatic collection. Across the broad aisle to the east is the elaborate exhibit made by the War Department. In its ordnance section are all kinds of cannon, from the fifty-two ton gun down to the smallest known howitzer, and a full line of gun-working machinery in operation. The quartermaster's section occupies considerable space in tht; war exhibit. Figures showing uniforms and methods for transportation and sustenance of troops in vogue in the army are full of interest t( the student of military affairs. Tliere is a full collection of the Civil War battle i igs, and the Signal Service t;xhibits a vivid reproduction of Arctic scenery. Two years have been consumed by the United States Engineering Corps in preparing for the exhibit of models of all the great American engineering works, including dams, jetties and levees. These models are in the War Department exhibit. The east entrance to the building leads to the exhibits of the State Depart- ment and tht; Dejjartment of Justice. The former shows all the great original his- toric documents appertaining to the formation of the republic, portraits of distin- guished .American statesmen, including all the Presidents, and interesting originals of treaties. On the right hantl the Department of justice has displayed large oil Ijortraits of the seven Chief Justices antl of all the .Vttorney-Generals. Glass cases contain soukj of the great legal documents that have made the country's history. The documents in the Dred Scott d(!cision are there. Around at the north end of the building Uncle Jerry Rusk has shown what the Agricultural Department has done for ct^reals, for cotton, silk and tobacco cul- ture, and for the promotion of a knowlerge of entomology, jjomology, and forestry. h.-' m ^ m HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 401 The fish exhibit shows the method of taking fish, fish boats now in use and those of more primitive forms, and a collection of uncommon fish from the deep sea. A wonderful group of casts of fish made by a rare process forms a part of the exhibit. The Interior Department exhibit includes displays from the Land Office, Patent Ofiice, and Geological Survey. The Land Office has furnished in its special Alaskan exhibit one of tlie greatest ethnological collections on the grounds. Orig- inal models of all the important Auierican inventions are shown in the Patent Office section, which adjoins the geological collection. The great Navy Department exhibit is made in the United States coast- line battleship, and other annexes provide room for the model army hospital, the Indian school, a weather bureau in full operation, a life-saving station, manned and equipped, a lighthouse 1 10 feet high, in which burns a i6,ckx) candle power lamp, and a naval observatory. It is gratifying to the superin- tendent that the present government exhibit is more extensive than ever before attempted at any of the expositions. At the Centennial the floor space occupied was not more than half of that taken up by the present exhibits. For comprehensiveness and perfection the Smithsonian's display comes pretty nearly beating anything at the Fair. There is a stuffed raccoon eating persimmons, and there is a fine spec- imen of the earliest form of cornstalk fiddle. There is a special exhibit from Alaska, and there is a line walrus brought from Seal island especially for the Fair by Capt. Healey of the revenue marine. It was the finest and biggest walrus the captain could find. There are scores and scores of other animals as carefully se- lected as these. Birds too -lots of them — arrangcul on the same plans as the mammals. There is an especially fine display of humming birds — the best in the world. Some fine birds of paradise. The birds are shown at home, just like the beasts. There is a hornbill family. Mrs. llornbill sits on her nest in a hollow tree and the hole she went in by h.as been walled up with clay by the crafty Mr. Hornbill, just a little hole left for the old lady to feed through. The Smithsonian does not know whether Mr. Hornbill does this to keep his wife from gadding about too much or whether he does it to keep enemies from stealing her eggs. But they do know that he does it; and they show him that way. POLAR BEAR STATUARY ON BRIDGES. :1-»i , 1 ! ;i 402 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAHi. Then there is a fine display of that provident bird the California woodpecker. In the summer, when other birds are loafinjir about trilling merry roundelays, this wise bird puts in his time drilling holes in dead trees. In the fall, when the other birds are still trilling and having a good time, the woodpecker gathers acorns, drives them into his supply of holes, and plugs them up. And in the winter, when the other birds are shivering and wishing they had more tailfeathers, this foxy woodpecker is just rolling in luxury and getting fat off his stores. Then there is an extermination series shown. This is a classified array of birds and beasts of species which are fast being exterminated. There is a easeful of graceful wild pigeons prettily grouped. Not so very many years ago, says Mr. Earll, men used to go out along the shores of Lake ^llchigan within the present limits of Chicago and kill a bushel of these pigeons before breakfast. Now the Smithsonian hati a hard and long hunt to get ten of the pretty birds for the World's Fair. Then there arc the red and green Carolina paroquets. There were lots of them in Illinois once, and only a few years ago they were a nuisance in Indian territory. Now the institution has to send hunters clear down into the wilderness of the everglades to get Carolina paroquets. A group of these birds is shown feed- ing in the snow. People to whom a parrot is a parrot and always a tropical bird will rail at this, but it is true to nature. The paroquet's habitat was once almost as far north as the latitude of Chicago. And there is a protective mimicry series of birds and beasts which chang(; color and appearance to be in accordance with their surroundings. The ptarmigan of the north is a fair sample — white as the snow about him in winter, brown in summer. Here is another novelty in this department — an exhibit of useful animal products. The object is to illustrate the uses of the different parts of animals and to show that exceedingly few parts fail to be used by man. It is all done in that relentlessly classified way that allows no one to get muddled. First the appendage on the skins of animals. There is hair of all sorts for l)rushes, wool, feathers for decorative purpose and feather pictures, even feather fiys for lish hooks — a long array of most interesting specimens of articles made from hair, feathers, and wool. The number wiU surprise you when you look. But that is not all. Fish scale jewelry and all sorts of things made of tortoise shell come within this class. Then the skins of animals with the outer appendages — furs in a bewildering variety. Then skins of animals without appendages — leather. All imaginable sorts of leather, 250 distinct kinds of it, from a pair of boots made from human skin to pouches made of snake hide. There is the back of an Indian chief's neck neatly tanned and some bits of well cured skin from a young girl's breast. Claws next, and horns and hoof jewelry, and trophies of rlaws, roiubs, and all manner of trinkets from horns; gelatine and glue, and fertilizers from horns and hoofs. Teeth — Here comes the ivories, an exhibition of themselves. There is the largest elephant tusk in America. It is nearly 8 feet long and weighs 137 pounds. Elephant ivory, narwhal ivory, alligator ivory. Bones — Agricultural im- plements, weapons, household utensils, fashioned by folks who are savage, poker chips fashioned by folks who are not savage. I*"lesh— An infinite variety of meats, oodpecker. delays, this n the other lers acorns, inter, when s, this foxy ed array of is a easeful ;o, says Mr. the present i. Now the the World's were lots of e in Indian e wilderness shown feed- ropical bird ce almost as rhich chan<)[(; le ptarmigan r, brown in setul animal animals and done in that e appendaj^^e feathers for oks — a lon.^ rs, and wool. Fish scale class. Thni rin>j; variety, hie sorts of man skin to neck neatly ;, combs, and from horns ies. There is weighs 137 icultural im- ivage, poker ty of meats, '^ jiff i if.- 404 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. from Armour's extract of beef to dried shark's flesh. Viscera— Eskimo waterproof suits made from the intestines of the walrus, catj^ut made from the interior economy of sheep. Animal Fluids— Dried blood fertilizers, galls, and pepsins, artists' pig- ments. Now for ethnology. The Smithsonian illustrates the different linguistic stocks, forty in number, of the American Indian. Its agents have within the last two years taken photographs and sketches of the chiefs of the characteristic tribes of each of these stocks. They have bought from each chief his best war toggery. They have, when possible, taken plaster casts from life. They have reproduced these chiefs exact in stature, features, complexion, dress. It is a work of the utmost value, the last true reco- Is ot a dying race of men. There are groups, too, illus- trating primitive Indian industries. There is an exhibition of representative fishes, insects, and, invertebrates, an exhibit of physical geology, showing cave formations in repliea, volcanic for- mations, and the glacial period. A small but striking array oif gems and ornamental stones of America is shown. To get back to ethnology again there is a display showing the origin and growth of music — 300 instruments of all ages of the world, another department illustrating the primitive religions, and one showing the development of the potter's art among the Japanese When you visit the northwest corner of the Government building you will think you are looking at the interior of Machinery Hall through the big end of a spy glass. On every hand are multitudes of glistening machines that look as if they had been built for liliputians. These are the models sent from the Patent Office. You have heard of the Patent Office; perhaps you have read a Patent Office report. The exhibit is interesting, very. Chief Special Agent Ewing, who is at the head of the Interior Department's show, says he thinks the Patent Office Bureau, is the best of all. What an array of queer little machines! Some of them are built rudely of wood and in ill proportions. These are few. Some of them are of burnished steel and brass, bright, in perfect proportions. Som » of them are duplications in mina- ture of appliances that everybody in the world knows about; some of them are con- trivances nobody outside the Patent Office ever heard of. Every one of them is the embodiment of an inspiration; every one shows something that was new and original; every one of them has helped the world along a step. Remember that your beneficent Uncle Samuel, whose display this is, never goes to a world's fair just to amuse people. He always aims at instruction when he exhibits. This display of the Patent Office is aimed to be instructive. The aim has been carried out right well by three special agents, to whom the work was com- mitted. The plan of the exhibit was to show the development of the arts and sciences in America, and the influence of the Patent Office in promoting that devel- opment. To this end the exhibit has been rigidly classified, and there is not one of HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 405 iterproof economy ists' pig- linguistic the last tic tribes toggery, produced le utmost too, illus- rtebrates, :anic for- namental rigin and apartment le potter's g you will y end of a look as if ard of the o is at the Bureau, is riidely of shed steel s in mina- n are con- f them is Is new and Is is, never In when he The aim was com- le arts and |hat devel- lot one of the 2,500 models in the long array of glass cases that was not placed there with a definite purpose. And the 2,500 models include about everything, from a rude Gallic reaping machine, pushed by a bullock— date A. I). 70 — to a life-sized Hotchkiss revolving cannon — date A. U. 1S93. The Hotchki:is gun stands beside the desk of Principal Examiner A. P. Greeley, v.ho is in charge of the exhibit. He can whirl around and set the thing going whenever he pleases. This exhibit illustrates admirably the progress of America and of the world in the chief arts and industries. Uncle Sam might have picked from his 225,000 specimen inventions a lot of wonderful contrivances that would have shown how far the Yankee inventive genius can go after it gets into crankiness. That would have made a com- ical show, but Uncle Sam kept those at home. He kept three of his best ex- amine'-s busy for nearly two years j^icking out his best patent models, and he spent $15,000 cleaning and fitting up these mod- els. Result: Object lessons in progress to be had no- where else on earth — not even at the United States Patent Office. There is the matter of printing presses. First, a model, accurately constructed, of the original printing press that Guttenberg built. Then, models of several of the later types of hand presses, then cylinder presses, and on into the ramifications of stop cylinders, two-revolu- tion presses, and color presses. Finally, the Web perfecting press appears, a fine series of models of every step in its development. Last and most modern, a full working model, exquisitely finished, of Hoe's latest press, that prints 70,000 news- papers an hour. Go into other arts, for instance into the manufacture of textile fabrics, card- ing and combing machines, spinning contrivances, looms, taken up at the very dawn of civlization and brought right down to this day. Incidental to this department is a full object history of the sewing machine. There is the original model of the very first Howe machine of 1846. It seems to consist largely of an abnormal fiy wheel and a steel plate set with long teeth, upon which the cloth was hung. Then, in succeeding machines, this toothed plate dis- appears, and there are various devices for a continuous feed introduced. Every STATUARY ON BRIDGES-BUFFALO. V I I m; lip " I ^1 IM 406 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. year shows n. bij? or littU* improvement. There is a procession of sewinj? machines from the days of your ^^raiulmother down to the time when you can ^ct one as a gift for subscribing to a story i)aper. The very hxtest of them all is a queer-looi the church in Carthagena, in Colombo, in 1516, and was tht; lirst bell heart! on the main land. On either si(K; of the .dtar are two anchors used by Cohunbus. They are bailly ruslealeii. One of them was lost from the tlagshij) .Santa Maria ;it La Xatix'idad, and Wasliingtoii lr\ing, in his life of (\)luinbiis, mentions in a foot note that he had heard that it had been found. Kesearch was made by Mr. Curtis, and the anchor was found in possession of the Indians who held it with re\-erential care. It is (> feet o inches high and lias lost its two tlukes ihroiigh the action of the water in whicli it la\" nearl\- three hundred years. ( )ni' of the four camions which wcTe on the Santa Maria art; also shown. It is a queer little thing, CONVENT OF LA RABIDA. I 1 l:-tii '' t . ...li. 1 I 1 i i ■iiii '!;{r! i r ;; . : f i li 11 lit I 412 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. only about four feet long roughly made of iron and very rusty. If it were melted down and made into a solid shot there would not be enough of it to fill the breech of one of the smallest siege guns of to-day. In the main part of the monastery the several rooms are turned into art galleries. Here are nearly a thousand pic^^vires, includ- ing portraits in many styles v . Ferdinand and Isabella, Lief Erickson, Marco Polo, and an oil painting of Americus Vespucci, which is said to be painted from life. One of these rooms is known as the Columbus room. Here are the seventy-four pictures of the discoverer, by as many different artists, which have created so much com- ment, a'; no two bear the slightest resem- blance, and by a rather singular coincidence there are seventy-four different statues of him erected in different parks in the world and a model of each placed under each picture. The curio-room contains a model of the Norse ship said to have been used by Lief Erickson and a chart of his course; the old mill in the park at Newport, the origin of which no one knows, truly, and tht; in- scriptions on the Dighton rock, near Tav n- ton, Mass., which are said to have been made by Norsemen in the tenth century. In another room are a-number of relics from Columbus' home at Funchal, Madeira, which was built for him by his t;ither-in-law, Bartholomew Perestrcllo. These include the double doors of the house, the shutters from a window, a small scantling, a piece of barbosana wood and a cane made from one of the joists which was sent to the late James G. Blaine and which has been loaned. In a glass case is a copy of Marco Polo's book, "De Regionibus Orientalibus," which Col- umbus carried on his first voyage to the west. Another book of interest is one written by Americus X'espucci in the monas- tery of Saint Die, France, the book that gave America its name. It was written while he was uniler the patronage of King Rene II., of Lorraine. In this are also shown the breviary carried by Columbus on his voyages of discovery. In what is known as the " sepulcher room" are many pictures and articKs LIGHT HOUSE. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 413 relating" to the last days and death of Columbus. Three paintings by Ortego, Baron Wappers and Robert Fleury are on the same subject, " The Death of Columbus."^ There are also views of the City of Seville and the house in which Columbus died, which is still standing at V'alladolid, Spain. At one end of the sepulcher room is a little inclosure within which are placed photographs of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, cathedral at Havana, showing the places where the bones of Columbus are said to be deposited. The fac-simile of the box in which the remains of Columbus were found is also shown, together with a fac-simile of the casket in which his dust now rests. A replica of the doors that guard the cell in which are held the alleged remains of Columbus at Santo Domingo, a piece of altar rail, and the fac-simile o' the urn inclosing the casket of Columbus, complete the list of relics connected with his burial. This monastery is called the " shrine of the White City" and here many vis- itors go on a pilgrimage before viewing the other features of the Fair. There are many hundreds of objects that cannot be mentioned, as it would take a small vol- ume to briefly enumerate all that may be seen at La Rabida. The author calls to mind no more delightful place, or one that created a more lasting and profound impression. Not far from the English building is the battleship Illinois. It is a counter- feit man-of-war, but it looks for all the world like one of the great white liners. It appears as if made of iron, but it is only brick, it might seem as if it had tossed on Sicilian and Indian seas, but it has never sailed an incli. It has real guns, but the concussion of the discharge of any one of them would knock the vessel into a heap. It is one of the most magnificent and interesting object lessons of the Fair, nevertheless, and has be'=;n visited by four million of people. It is erected on piling by the Navy Department. The structure is, to all outward appearances, a full- sized model of one of the new coast-line battleships. It is surrounded by water and appears as if moored to a wharf. It has all the fittings that belong to the actual sliip, such as guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors, chains, cables, davits, awnings and deck apparatus, together with all the appliances for '.vorking the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics and marines are detailed by the Navy Department tiuring the Fair, and the discipline and mode ;^f life on naval vessels are completely shown, although possibly the detail of men is not quite so great as the complement of the actual ship. The dimensions of the boat are those oi the actual battleship: length, 384 feet; width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches, and from the water-line to the top of the main ilcck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on the main deck is a superstructure 8 feet high, with a hammock birthing on the same 7 feet high. Above these are the bridge, chart-house and the boats. At the for- ward end of the superstructure is a cone-shaped tower called the " military mast," near the lop of which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshooters. Rapid-firing gims are also mounted in each of these tops. The height from the water line to the summit of this military mast is 76 feet, and above is placed a flag- ship for signaling. The battery comprises four i3-inch breech-loading rifle cannon .ir -1:1 ' ' I ! ii! hi i 1 ' { i 1 1 PEN AND INK SKETCH— LANDSCAPE. BY THE PRINCESS IMIRETINSKY, '^'ISSIA. ! I i HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 415 four 6-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon, eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle-cannon, six i-pound rapid-firing guns, twenty 6-pound rapid-firing guns, two Catling guns and six torpedo tubes. All these are placed and mounted as in a genuine battleship. On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms and all the outward appearances of a real ship of war arc imitated. Frank W. Grogan was the designer and the cost was '^.bout $100,000. Near by the Unitea States Government exhibits a lighthouse and service, a naval observatory, a life-saving station and apparatus, and other appurtenances that are of benefit to young and old. The lighthouse is an exact reproduction of an American government lighthouse, with powerful search lights and all the belc -agings of such an exhibit. In the life-saving station the launching and handling of surf-boats are shown, with all sorts of wrecking appliances. This station will probably remain as a permanent one. The military hospital shovvrs the latest approved methods of caring for the sick and wounded boys in the employ of Uncle Sam on land or water. This hospital is on the large parade ground in front of the Government building, where exhibition drills are given daily by the regulars and by visiting militia. The naval observatory attracts thousands daily. \i i kit Mf n 1 : If i-; ,' M 1 : 1 ' ! ! 1 ■ wL 1 ■! ■■' i 1 s - . ^ 1 ■ ■ ■'t J 1 i < • pi. HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 417 CHAPTER II. THE WHITE HORSE INN AND KRUPP'S GUNS. Reproduction of a Famous English Hostelry— Coffee and Cakes a la Francaise— Great G>ins as Peace- makers—A C-nn Weighing 121 Tons That Will Send a Shell Fifteen Miles —Opinions of Major-Ger.^ral Schofield— Shoe and Leather Building— Merchant I ailor's Building— Cioral Hall— The Terminal Station— Intramural Railroad— Service Building— Bureau of Admissions— Puck Building— White Star Line Pavilion— Windmills, Hospitals, Restaurants and New England Clam Bakes. HITE HORSE INN stands in the south end oV Jack- son Park, close to Agricultural Hall. This is an exact reproduction of the En>rlish hostelry made famous by Dickens in the "Pickwick Papers." Over the main entrance is the old siench l)read and cakes are made in great ovens, bigger than any in France, in the pres- ence of the patron. These cakes and bread, and coffee at live cents per cup, are served by French maids. f* 5 IE f. 418 HISTORY OV THE WUKLU'S FAIR. j^' SHOE AND LEATHER BUILDING. One of the most attractive and impressive exhibits at the south end is that of the Krupps. who show, anionj^ many others, the largest Jte ves- ces and a tower in lie panels ; are dec- b coat-of- phaliaand nd on the erinany. : lake, and ', 17 feet in ded-wed^e ling. The -closure, is 35 pounds. 5 \yith full y can per- kness at a II 15 miles. LDING. kson Park diibit cost yed at tht; at Essen. .If |i 420 HISTORY OV THE WORLDS TAIR. The cast steel works at Hssen consists o\. more than 100 departments. Some of them, for example the hydraulic presses and armor plate mill and many other works, were built recently. y\t the cast steel works at Essen are about 1,500 fur- naces, twenty-two trains of rolls, 1 1 1 steam hammers, and four hydraulic presses of enormous power, and about 3,000 machine tools. The total length of driving-shafts amounts to five and one-half miles; the total length of driving belts to thirty miles. There is a brai h steel work at Annen. The iron ore is blasted at four iron works situated along the shore of the Rhine, and 547 ore mines in (Germany, as well as several mines at Bilbao in the north of Spain, fur- nish ore for these works. The quantity of coal used in the works is 1,200 tons a day, and the coal mines be- longing to the iirm supply the works with the greater part of thisquantity, the out- put of the firm's own collier- ies average 3,300 tons per working day. The analyses, as well as a great number of assays, are matle in test houses and in chemical lab- oratories, while the war ma- terial is tested on the large practice groundsat Meppen. One day in June Maj. Gen. John M. Scofield, command- ing the armies of the United States, looked into the yawn- ing mouths of what he calls "the greatest peacemakers in the world." These peace- makers are the huge guns which are housed in the pavilion of Herr Krupp. " The cannon of Herr Krupp," says Gen. Schofield, " makes a fit addition to an exhibition of the arts of peace. People who look at them can realize, to some degree at least, the horrors of war, and they teach a lesson more forcible than almost any other advocate of the universal brotherhood of men. The people of the United States are a peace-lov- ing people, and as such they should learn that the only way to preserve peace is to prepare for war. If other people see that we are ready and able to protect our- selves and that they cannot attack us without danger of severe consequences they will be apt to let us alone." , . - OLD WINDMILI HOLLAND EXHIBIT. HISTORY OF THK WORLD'S FAIR. 421 " But the government has none of the Krupp guns in use nor does it need any. Our own manufacturers can supply us. At the armory in Troy, N. Y., the machinery is now being l)uilt for a 16-inch gun which will be practically the same as the largest of the Knipp kind. Possibly next year, and certainly the year after, a type of these immense weapons will be built and testeil. I'^or one thing, no nation needs any of these enormous cannon. They are useful only where there is room for but few guns. The experience of the Fnglish and Italian navies has already shown that they are too large for service on board ship. The difficulty is to float such an immense mass of metal and at the same time to carry sutficient ar- UKir to protect the vessel from the attacks of land batteries. On land, however, no such difficulty is encountered, and consequent!;- the advantage is all with the defense. In this way, also, the invention and construction of larger cannon con- stantly tends to promote peace, " But while in the interest of peace we should h--vn ready a supply of the most improved weapons of modern warfare, it does not follow mat a 1 Mge standing army should be main- tained. In this i)atriotic country it is easy to raise an army, but great cannon and other aj)- paratus cannot be man- ufactured in a month. Men who are able to handle the delicate ma- chinery by which they are sighted and fired must also be kept in ser- vice." (Juite an interesting place is the Leather antl Shoe Trades building, situated on the shore of the lake, south of the great central basin, southeast of the Agricul- tural building, and between the Krupp gun exhiri-' and the Forestry building. It is 575 feet long and 150 wide; its greatest length being from north to south. In the center of the building is a hall, 64 feet wide by 4arberries. These form the basis of the group.-., but to give variety and test their adaptability to the climate many rare shrul)s were adde; The inner, higher part of the wooded island, reserved for the ust i the lloricultural Department, was laid out in lawns, flower beds and a rose garden, while the extreme north {;nd space was set apart for the Japanese temple and uarden, which are to remain as a premanent reminder of the patience, ingenuity, ,U<'ntleness, good \»ill and love of beauty of that nation of artists. The flower ex- hibits on the island form a long and charming procession. The Wooded Island is i^ r-f: ! :.i i li^ ■i^l ■ t 1 i m ^ -1 If 428 notably on the grounds Wolfe, consisting of az s h f a b s great clumps of i'lies in many varieties are to be seen. The bulbs and shrub bloom at different seasons, and thus the arrangement affords double pleasure. Oi-erthe lawns north from this fine exhibit is seen a green and flowery wall, the first hint of t'e rose garden — the glory of the island. Tliis is a plot of o n e a n d o n e- quarter acres, ob- long in shape, and inclosetj by a wire fence supported by HISTORY OF THE WORLDS VA\U about sixteen acres in extent, ten of which are devoted to the piinta'ions of trees, siwiibs and nacribeu. Through the .liddle is the long sweep of lawns and flower garder. about six acre-, in all. At thf sovith end of this sp.ice is shown i, the first tinn- in the west, it is believed, a combination of plants and srv'le of grouping that is seen on large places in the east, of the Newport home of the late Miss Catharine Lorillard aleas and rhododendrons, and in the partial shade of these LOG CABIN JAPANESE BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 42(> posts nine feet high set at intervals of eight feet. Between the posts the wire netting droops in curves, the lowest point of each curve l)eing six feet above the ground. The fence is lined with climbing roses and draped on tht; outside with many kinds of light-growing creepers, and the whole incloseil by a row of 22 varieties of sweet peas, contributed by Timothy Hopkins, of San Francisco. This grctcefully-shaped, vine-covered, flower-starred wall is in itself a thing of beauty. .\ccess to the interior is at four points only — in the middle of each side and at the middle of each end — so the garden possesses the first requisite of a garden — seclu- lion. It also possesses the second — flowers. Fifty thousand roses were in flower in June and July. Thirty thousand of them belonged to the taller-growing hardy class; then there were twenty thou- sand tea and other tender roses of the low-growing kinds. North of the garden may be seen a great nursery exhibit, where the foremost growers of nursery stock show ornamental trees and shrubs such as home makers should know and use. West of the nursery exhibit a number of florists and planters have a great show of hardy herbaceous plants, one firm alone sending 10,000 plants. Still west of these, England justifies her- self for clinging to fine old herbaceous perennials, such as peonies, phloxes, etc., a class of plants grcwn to perfection by the English. Just south of the approaches to the Japanese gartlen Germany displays her formal favorities, such as stocks, asters, zinnias and dahlias. Thus the whole sweep of the hiwns from end to end is utilized by the best known plantsmen of Europe and iAmerica for their large and attractive exhibits. rher.- "■; ;:; specin.tns of sunflowers. 32 that are natives of America; two of japan and or., ^the o:/ sunflower) whose nativity is known to no botanist. T', rhododendn/.i -xhibit on the Wooded Island during June was one of the moM gorgeous and luxuriant eve; seen anywhere, as there were special selec- tions of this famous flowering plant sent from Gerinan>-, Belgium and France, and from a number of American florists. Conspicuous over all other exhibits was that of I'rederick W. Kelsey, of New York, who had at the south end of the island and jwst off from the broad path that leads along the eastern water front, erected a large wliite tent. On both sides of the entrance stood a couple of immense rhododen- drons. Tht -vere fully ten feet high and, when sc^t in the ground ten day OLD Vll-NN A.— MIDWAY PLAlSANCc. i^'^l: 430 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. .- i 1 ;ti L ■ i- f 'f '> I '- f. 1 :s| S! ii ! ill ■!! !•. iL before, a hundred delicate blossoms had given evidence of their being in full bloom. Through the wide opening were revealed glimpses of a perfect mass of bright colored blossoms that tempted alike, with irresistible impartiality, the soft zephyrs, the warm sunlight and the eager gaze of every lover of flowers who passed the tent. Several hundred plants were arranged in a solid mound that rose from a low height at the sides of the tent nearly to the top of the pole in the middle. The dark green color of the glossy, smooth leaves formed a striking contrast to the brilliant colors of the flowers. Each flower is composed of twenty or thirty separate and smaller flowerets. Each of these tiny flowerets is as big as a pink and perfectly formed. The effect of one of these many-flowered clusters is very pretty. Each flov/eret is striped with a different color — the pink flowerets with deep red, the white ones with purple, yellow and every imaginable hue. Each cluster, though only a single rhododendron flower, looks like a whole bouquet. ELECTRIC LAUNCH. Imagine about 500 of these clusters, of varying shades and colors, all grouped in an oval mound, against a background of deep green — truly this mound of floral beauty surpassed in quiet elegance the more startling but less beautiful tower of light in the electricity building near by. Over a hundred different varieties were mingled in this enormous mass of rhododendrons. Only florists would appreciate the album grandiflorum, the bandyanium.the delicatissimum.the everestianum and the coriaceum; it is a peculiar coincidence that almost without exception the names of the different varieties of the rhododendron are almost as voluminous and unpro- nounceable as the title of the flower Itself. But all can easily imagine the beauti- ful sight of crimson, pink, red, silver, lilac and rich purplish crimson flowers, tinted with variegated hues and indiscriminately heaped together in a wonderful profusion of floral color and beauty. Outside the tent there were several choice specimens of conifers, Japanese Maples, and other stra ^e and rare shrubs, plants and vr < The Wooded Island is reached b}' three bridges. At the soutliern id is seen the Hunter's Cabin, a novelty to many. At the northern end is the ; ioodo, or Japanese building, which consists of three pavilions, connected by corridor-^, HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 431 each representative of the decorative and architectural features of three prominent epochs in the history of Japanese art. The general ground plan follows the arrange- ment of the Hoodo Temple (hence its name), an interesting monument of Fuju- wara art, erected by Yorimichi when at the height of his power, but is modified for the benefit of the main architectural unity and to suit the want of the present ex- hibition. The left wing is intended to represent the F"ujuwara style, ranging from the tenth to the thirteenth century, when the pure Yamato school broke through the traditions of the Konin era. The interior decoration shows a room in the palace of the court nobles, who spent their refined leisure amid poetry and music. The right wing shows the building in the Ashikaga period, just about the Columbian epoch, when Japan, emerging from the war of the two dynasties, started into a new art-life under the influence of Zen-Buddhism and Lung- philosophy. Purity and Simplicity was the motto, and v)st of the rich colored decoration of feu- dal palaces w? given up for plain hik landscapes, in the style of Sesshin and Soami. The interior is reproduced from the Gin- kakuji, a villa of an Ashi- kaga Shogun. The cen- tral pavilion is in the style ofTokugawas in the eight- eenth -Tt'iry, a part of a daimio's palace. It represents a sitting-room of a feudal lord. \ .„ central wall is covered with a huge pine emblem of strength and endless glory, with phoenixes. The adjoining chamber is deroratcil with fans of different designs. The ceiling consists of nearly 270 phctnixes in gold and color, encased between frames of gold lacquer and gilt metal work. E ch of the rooms is furnished exactly in the styles of the periods. Wooded 'ind was so crowtied with bloom and fragrance during the warm months that i;; ::r svarms of lionf ybees invaded the fairyland and made each Hash Mig poppy or si.vviet-tipped columbine nod under the weight of its nectar-sipping urden. So varied were the colors that a hundred prisms seemed to have been hung in the clouds to reflect the glories of a hundred rainbows. So luxuriant was the foliagr Li '^ even the maples nd el(h'*s Mid oaks seemed to have forgotten GONDOLAS. 'ill ? b ■ I 1 432 HISTCJRY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. HI ;l' !if ii! :?!rlj their rules and built their leaves on special lines, bending their boughs to the very earth. Nursed and petted for twelve months, the bog and sand and swamp blossomed like a royal garden and it is no wonder that the shaded nook about the hunter's cabin and the jungle of the trr)«ic ', 1 ul and all the other bovvers of the island were daily and nightly throntre' i viti. t>^' pie. Well, John Thorpe made th(; most of it. And when the gates are closed and great piles carted out to the bonlii-' and melting pots and the history of the great event shall be more voluminously written, your Tncle John will have a golden page in the record which will tell of him grandiUxiuently as a tlorist, a botanist, a genius, a man whose whole heart shines in an honest face and n ' rouuh dress covers a disposition as tender and sympathetic as a mai- where cool silence waits, and when white roses faint against the rich brown earth or bleeding heart droops in scarlet thirst, plaintive as a hopeless sigh. Then the young trees scatter a maze of lace-work about the gardens, the prettiest blossoms grow almost visibly and fragile things too delicate to bear the touch of sunbeams die in a wave of pi.-rfumc There is a stillness that is enchaining and that poetry of loneliness which weds the soul to flowers and the melody of birds. The dripf)ing grasses are so wondrous fresh and the leave.i so restless. Where the sun blazes hungril)' tcmdrils curl and petals fade as purity beneath the unkind tortur( of passion or hardily gather strength like the martyr's halo rising out of fire. That very few can know the lovely island in this early glory is one of the selfish delights of the Fair. "Myself and misery" and the man who works a fiendish ganh-n-hose in relentless sjjurts of mi icy to the flowers seem to about constitute the visiting list of the morning. At night it is not safe for sympathetic ardor to be adrift within gunshot of the hallowed spot. There is more undiluted adoraticm afloat in the secluded atmosphere than ever a lover's lane discovered to the rude eyes of bachelors and earthy scoffers. There is a teeming simoon of endearments on tap from 8 p. m. till the guards are called in antl the lovers anil lights put out. The swift splash of a night-bird's wing in the l)lack lagoon startles more timid embraces out of plumb than can ever be braved igain and the mhuman search-light is a distressing tattler, dreaded as a kodak. ^ut of the tangled meshes of malaria and amorous glances it is difficult for a rank outsider to gleam much ev(.>ning consolation in the island, but in the beautiful morn- in^^ tliere is ;i glimpse of heaven for tired eyes and a touch of gold to aching hearts and weary lives. ! i II 1 1 : i i!^ : ill ( I ' I! n. id vi i :l I I I -<,,* %F' Iffllilte C(JLUMBIAN STAMPS AND COINS. Maria and Bn Bu all (lay lo (;aten ste; pieted ini To the japar tion. V\' steps in o mosphere It always SI) lovin\ cr there k^ardener i I'lade of gi li' art that til I ut it in HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 435 CHAPTER IV. FIFTY CENTS FOR A CUP OF TEA. Waria and Her Mother on a Stroll— Tea trom Ten Cents to Fifty Cents a Cup— And Tea for Nothing- Bread Known as the Light of Asia— Where One May Feel at Home— That Which Stimulates But Does Not Intoxicate— None Should Miss These Tea Gardens. I'T in a northcastly direction, beyond the Fish and iMsh- eries building, is a Japanese tea garden. "I-'ifty cents for a cup of tea?" said a scandalized old lady who was hesitatinjr before the gate of this Japanese tea garden. "My sakes alive, I don't spend that much in a month to home, but 1 reckon we'd ought to see what it's like now we're here. Come on, Maria!" And they went in. The tea drinkers at the l^'air are having such a chance to revel in their favorite beverage as has never come to them before, and very likely will never come again. This tiny Japanese tea garden, that is like a bit out of another world, is thronged all day long with curious i)eople who have drunk tea all their lives just as the ', ive (•aten steak and pie, and have regarded it perhaps as a necessary tilling for their si- pleted interiors, but certainly as nothing more. To them the dainty ceremony and grave, decorous formalities '."i*.'i \ hi' li the Japanese invest the operation come with something of the force .1 i i\v Li tion. When the visitor walks through the bamboo gate of the little tea garden ■ steps in one stride from dirty, dun colored Chicago, with its sorditl mercantile it- mosphere, to Yeddo, basking in the shimmering sunlight of a perfect afternoon. It always is afternoon in that little tea garden, nestling down by the water's edge so lovingly, and the sun always shines there. t may be raining torr(;nts on the rest ot the Fair, but the v'isitor feels con- fident that it never does hen;. Nature wouldn't have the heart to. The skies are always blue and the sunny light is ever gleaming on porcelain dragons and antique bronzes, and the little rippling waves are always lapping the sedges along the shore with a hapi)y sound, suggesting distant merrymaking, and ()\er there on the hillside, dappled and tlecked with the \ellow sunshine, the little K^rdener is always at work with his e.xaggerated shears, apparently clipping one blade of grass at a time and ni;ver in the least hurrying, for he knows deep in his h( art that there is plenty of grass to cut and an endless succession of sunny days ti) cut it in. i^ r*-. ; 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 . \i 436 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. Over on the porch of the ceremonial tea house they are always making tea, and such strong, rich, fragrant tea it is, too. It goes to the head of the visitor, who sits on a gay fat cushion and sips and sips and nibbles the while on the sugar cakes which accompany it, and afterward goes peering around in the tiny rooms of the doll house that the tea people call home, and finally his ideas get perverted, and everything seems perfectly natural and worthy of imitation. He begins to see the folly of chairs and tables and longs to go hopping around on the matted floors. And stockings with thumbs on them like mittens look sensible and cool, and as he looks down on his own hot patent leathers he no longer takes any joy or comfort in them. There are two tea houses in the little garden, a big, cool, shady retreat, where the common herd who just drink tea may resort, and the ceremonial tea house, where those to whom tea is a religious conviction may observe their rites. The floor of this latter house is raised some two feet from the ground, and visitors sit along the edge of the open porch and put their teacups on its shining cedar boards and watch the UttW tea-makers hopping about like a bevy of amiable and highly intelligent hoptoads. First, the soft-spoken att<;ndant hops down with a dish of candy. There are two of them, looking like bricks of ice cream for a doll's party. They rest on a transparent square of some shining material that might be a very delicate kind cf paper, but it is not; it's a shaving. Following the candy comes a rough-looking cup filled an inch deep with liquid so startling green that the visitor is almost afraid of it. This is the ieucha, powdered tea — the very best leaf grown carefully ground in a little bronze mill and steeped in the cup, and stirred with a hamboo-whisk broom. The rough yellow cup which the visitor looks at so slightingly is antique satsuma, more costly than the finest egg-shell china. The attendant brings the cup on a silken mat, from vvh.ch the drinker lifts it. This being disposed of, a rather more decorative cup follows, containing tea made from the natural leaves and steeped in a pot. This is called sees-cha, and is pale yellow. A sample package of the tea and a little fan accompany the second CUP a.-, a souvenir, and usually cause consternation to the visitor, who does not know how to transport them from the grounds. In the ceremonial tea house is a tiny, paneled room, a fac-simile of the room where State teas are held in a Japanese house. There are some beautiful bronzes here and m iron raven to be used as an incense burner. t>y the door is a bronze lavatory, where guests wash before entering. The tin^ jm is so spotlessly clean and sweet with its cedar and bamboo and mattin>^ that a lady visitor suggested the feasibility of a Turkish bath before allowing the guest to enter. After the tea drinker has exhausted the possibilities of the Japanese garden if he or she still feels a craving for the seductive stimulant a few paces further nii beyond the intramural is the temple-like structure of the India Tea Association of Calcutta. 'II HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 437 There is no charge for the tea here. The weary guest may bring his lunch and drink the companies' tea to his heart's content. If the guest is male he sits out in the big galleried room, hung with rich rugs and resplendant with gleaming weapons, and under the beneficent eyes of some fat gilt god he drinks of the "Star of India." The feminine guest is treated to more seclusion and is fed a brand known as the Light of Asia. The attendants are suggestive of anything but tea drinking — great swarthy fellows clad in crimson and gold. Their uniform is adapted from that of the viceroyal bodyguard. Most of them are fiercely bewhiskered, and it gives the feminine tea drinker rather a shock to receive the soothing draught from such piratical parties. At the door sits a pirate in white, with enough silverware in the shape of weapons on to furnish the service for a State dinner. The Indian tea is a rich amber color and smells like a hay field in July. The repiesentatives of the company are very hospitable. "We like," said one of them, "to have people come and try our tea, and we like to have them bring their lunches and feel at home." U 'i fl ' I r , ?• ^ I; I If • " ( \l I !/;l «<- ,; . i'!:; ^ Hi i rl STATUE (IF "KEPUBI.ir," FAST FND OF GREAT BASIN. HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 439 CHAPTER V. THE PERISTYLE AND COURT OF HONOR. Columned Splendor Indeed — The Impressive Beauties of the Greek Peristyle— Nothing Like It Has Ever Been Seen or Attempted— Music Hall and Casino — The Pier and Moveable Sidewalk — The Court of Honor by Day and by Night — Statue of the Republic and MacMonnies Shio of State — The Illuminated Fountains. OLUMNED splendor indeed. The portals of the World's Co- lumbian Exposition look out on the blue waters of Lake Michigan. A Greek peristyle, white and colossal, faces the waves which less than a century ago bore the canoe of the Inilian, the boat of the adventurous trader. What if this stately i)ortico had flashed on the vision of Marquette or La Salle •"•h-.ii liiey sailed along these shores in the seventeenth century, each the Columbus of our inland seas? Either would have thought that solitude had made him mad. W' hat if this columned splendor hail broken on the dying gaze of those first settlers of Chicago who only fourscore years ago were massacred on these very sands by savages? Those mar- •■^ tyrs of civilization would have accepted such a glimpse as the threshold of the mystical City of the Soul. On a ruder and a wider sea than this tossed the caravels of the Genoan sailor 400 years ago. In the dreams that mocked this W(;rld-tinder in his hours of sleep, was there not a forecast of the great \u.i':e temple of humanity which the dis- tant future would erect to the glory of his name? Surely this vision of the future was given to encourage him in thi; dark hours of his voyage, or at least to solace liiin in chains. Let us look at this peristyle and its surrountlings. Nothing like it has ever been seiMi or atte!npted. It is grr.nil and impressive, commanding and beautiful. The Pc;ristyle is 600 feet long, Oo feet wide and 60 feet high. At its center is a grand archwav, forming a portal from Lake Michigan to the Grand Central Court. This portal is (Unlicated to Columbus, and is inscribed with the names of the world's iirviit explorers. Crowning it is a group of statuary, emblematic of the progress oi the world. The I'tM-istyle bears forty-eight columns, representing the states and territories. Each state's column bi-ars its coat of arms. The cost of the Peristyle, with the Casino and Music Hall was S^oo.ooo. 'I he latter, which is U)cated at the northerly end of the great Peristyle, is 140 feet wide by 24b feet long, and about 65 feet high. The main audience room is in y I m t : 440 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. I 1 S' ■) IS 1» ■ r i the center of the building, and is 126 feet long by the iuli width of the same, and occupies the full height of the structure. The space for the orchestra and chorus is at the east end, and it is in the form of a great hemicycle or recess, which opens into the main hall by an arch 66 feet wide and 54 feet high. The recess is semi- circular in plan at the rear and 50 feet deep irom the front of the arch to the back of the circle. The ceiling of this recess or hemicycle is shaped like a quarter section of a sphere, so that the sound of the music is projected forward into the audience room. Just outside of the arch on the main floor is the platform for the orchestra with the chorus rising behind on a series of wide steps. To the west of the orchestra is the par(iuette, which seats from 800 to 1,000 persons. These seats are also arrang' (I on wide steps or platforms which rise gradually to the rear am], thus giving an uninter- rupted view of the stage and conductor to every person. All around this par- quette, except on the side occupied by the stage, is a loggia or passage about 20 feet wide, connecting with the m;i.in hall by many wide doorways, thus giving ample space for the entrance and exit of the au- dience with comfort and celerity. Above this loggia, which is about 20 feet high at the exterior wall and 14. feet high at the inner wall next the parquette, is the great balcony, which seats about 1,200 persons. The seats here are also arranged on risinj^ steps, so that every one has a perfect view of the stage and of the audience in the parquette below. The seats of the balcony sweep round in a semi-circle at the west end opposite the stage, thus giving the audience room and the stage combined the form of a great oval. Around the front of the balcony are Corinthian columns which support the roof, anil overthe inner space isa large skylight which gives ami:)le liglii by day. Around the rear of the balcony are alsoaseries of large windows command- ing a view of the great court on the south and the lake on the north. The main e;;- trance is at the west end through three wide archways into a great vestibule 6oxSo feet, and thence through three great openings irto the loggia about the parquette. EAST SIDE OF PERISTYLE, LOOKING NORTH. liiii ill >f ^ 442 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 1 : ♦ I' n 1 h li I I ' MOVING SmEWALK. On each side of this vesti- bule are wide and easy stair- ways, giving access to the balcony and second story of the building, and over the vestibule is a smaller hall6ox8ofeet in size, which is for a recital hall, etc. Opening off this hall are several rooms, suitable for offices or dressing rooms about 25x40 feet each. Openingupon thevestibule, loggia and the balcony above are large aisd nu- merous dressing and cloak rooms of abou': the same size as above. At the other end and opening from each end of the orchestral plat- form are rooms for the ac- commodation of the Di- rector of Music and the principal singers and per- formers, with ample toilet rooms connected therewith. At the rear of the hem- icycle are large rooms for the chorus, and reached by private entrance directly from the seats. Above these rooms are others of the same size which are used for meetings and as offices for the liureau of Music. There isathirdHoor which also contains several large rooms for general purposes. On this Hoor and over the balcony is a large standing place of the same size as the balcony below, which opens upon the main hall through a series of arched openings in the coved ceil his vesti- ^asystair- ss to the )nd story and over I smaller ize, which hall, etc. hall are i table for ig rooms et each. vestibule, balcony avid nu- and cloak the same the other rom each stral plat- or the ac- the Ui- and the and per- ple toilet herewith. le hem- ooms for ached by directly ove these of the are usee IS offices Music. or whicli ral large Durposes. over thi' stantlin^ size as which lain hall f archeii )ved ceil If fv ^.s 444 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ' 1 t:"i i U || Ji "fifl 1 1 i ' I Ina I djHj ; ^^BBi' ■ ^^H 1 f. ;v 1 fll' n Ji ll II '1 '■■} ! i ing of the audience room, which will hold a. great many people in case of an extra occasion, and is reached by ample stairways. The interior of the hall is richly decorated in color, with emblematic paintings on the face of the east wall above the great arch, and in the panels of the ceiling. It has been speciallj- planned for acoustic effect. The great arch of the hemicycle is richly ornamented with architectural detail, and the whole can be brilliantly lighted by electricity in the most novel effects. The architecture of the exterior is like that of the Casino and Peristyle — Roman Corinthian — and richi ornamented in detail. Around the entablature above the columns are inscribed the names of the greatest com- posers and on the pedestals of the balustrade surmounting the cornice are placed many statues, 12 feet high, emblematic of the art of music. The Casino, one of the most jjopular structures on the grounds, is located at the south end of the Peristyle, and its dimensions are the same as the Music Hall at the north end, 140x260 feet. It contains restaurants and resting rooms as a part of the Bureau of Public Comfort, and is a favorite resort for visitors. Reaching out into the lake is an immense pier, half a mile in length, contain- ing the movable sidewalk. Immediately west of the noble Peristyle and connected with it is the famous Cour d'Honneur, the most attractive and spectacular part of the grounds. There is not a prettier stretch of landscape at Jackson Park than this, and to fully appre- ciate its grandeur, one must take a somber boilied and brilliantly canopied Vene- tian gondola and gently traverse the grand basin — which is the central star in the terrestrial Pleiades. Lining the water's edge appear the tall, straight rostral columns sui)porting the figure of Neptune, who stands grasping his trident, with disheveled hair falling about his shoulders, and eyes fixed seaward, while Tritons sport all around. To the west is the Columbus niemorial. whose grand conception has already made Sculptor MacMonnies famous. The iilea of the mountain is that of an apotheosis of modern liberty — Columbia — and takes the shape of a triumphal barge, guided by Time, heralded by Fame, and rowed by eight young female stand- ing figures, representing the arts and industries. Between these two groups of rowers rises a massive pedestal with E Pluribus Unum enscrolled across the forward panel. On this pedestal rests a smaller, sup- ported by four kneeling children, while seated aloft is Columbia, the principal figure of the fountain. Dignified of bearing, her right arm placed lightly on the back ol her chair, her left supporting a flaming torch, her feet upon the globe, she fittingly personifies the proud young naiion she represents. Erect, alert, with head held high, she seems to go serenely where time and fame conduct. Around the basin in which the fountain plays are columns 50 feet high, surmounted with eagles, ami about the edge are groups of fantastical marine monsters, half horse, half fish, rear- ing as though about to plunge, and spouting heavy streams of water from their nos- trils. The smallest figures are over 12 feet, while the highest are over 20, and it '^ the largest and most beautiful fountain thus far ever produced. By a deft movement of his single oar the gondolier has turned his slend* r craft about and the shimmering waters of the lake are seen through the gracct i HISTORY OF TiiE WORLD'S FAIR. 445 an extra 11 is richly -all above y planned namented electricity he Casino Around atest coni- are placed located at ,Iusic Hall s as a part h, contain- he tamous Is. There Lilly appre- Vwd Vene- tar in the fht rostral lent, with le Tritons :onception lin is that triumphal lale stand- IMuribus aller, sup- ipal figure e back ol le fittingh lead held e basin in agles, anil fish, rear- their nos- and it ' ^ IS slender J «? %^ i/.x \ 448 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. •tl lilt 1 ' But fancy one's self on the scene, gondola included, after dark, the cooling breezes from the lake ruffling the water and fanning the cheek and the gorgeous fete de nuit in full progress! All the surrounding buildings are ablaze with opales- cent light. The basin is necklaced with a double string of brilliants, and the domes, the arches, the pinnacles, the turrets, the pavilion roofs and angles stand out against the sable mantel of night in golden chains of luminous glory. The gilded dome of the Administration building at first seems a floating crown of a myriad of diamonds, then rests upon an iridescent pillow fringed with strung jewels and beads of fire. The MacMonnies ship of state sails majestically in a sea of flame. The magical effect of the prismatic rays cast from the concealed heights upon each arching jet is most enchanting, and every change of the color scheme proves more f charming. One is carried back to the Paris of 1889, and again sits in the Champs de Mars in wrapt admiration of the electri- cal fountain of that day, and wonders if all the new revelations can be more enjoyed, or if the cup of pleasure was full at that time. That was the first thing of the kind attempt- ed, and this far eclipses it! All the while the search lights have been traversing the heavens; now shooting far across the lake and picking out a tiny sailboat; nowlight- ing upon the airy Diana; emblazoning the statue of the Republic and adding glory to the fountain. Bits of daylight pluck the gems of the court out of the grasp of night and bathe them in midday splendor. A writer in the Los Angeles Herald vs, in ecstacy over the Court of Honor, the Peristyle, and the Lagoons, as follows: Perhaps the most attractive part of the World's Fair grounds is that section known as the Cour d 'Honneur or Grand Plaza. In the center lies the ba ;in, while all about, above the velvety and terraced lawns, are ranged the greatest structures of Jackson Park. Agricultural Hall and the Palace of Mechanic Arts to the south, the Manufactures, Mining and Electrical to the north, the stately golden domed Administration building to the west, while the Music Hall, Casino and Peristyle en- close the square. Broad brick and concrete walks run all around the water's edge, which is protected by heavy balustrades surmounted with urns over-running with PUBLIC COMFORT BUlLUiNG. HISTORY OF 1 HE WORLD'S FAIR. 449 trailing vines and brilliant blossoms. At the end of the Grand Basin in front of the Administration building is the MacMonnies "Barge of State," the largest fount- ain in the world. Heralded by Fame, guided by Time and rowed by eight young female figures in allegory, with Columbia representing this proud young nation, seated far aloft, the whole idea is meant as an apotheosis to modern liberty. Rising from the lagoon at the other extreme end is the golden statue of the Republic. Though 75 feet high and the large^ effigy in the world, Sculptor French has em- bodied it with such ease of pose, digniiy and commanding presence, that, gigantic as it is, it seems perfectly in unison w^Cfeats noble surroundings. Just back are seen the graceful columns of the Peristyle. This colonnade connects the Music Hall and Casino, uniting in the center in the Columbus Memorial Arch surmounted with the masterful Quadriga^ while way below is one of the water entrances to the lake, under-spanning bridges and the arch. Each Corinthian column represents one of the states of the Union, while the whole is capped with a hundred statues of heroic size. The lagoon system at the Exposition is ? grand success. There is nothing so delightful and romantic as to take one of the many electric or steam launches or better still a gondola, and traverse its many miles of canals, past marble palaces and magnificent flower gardens, under arching bridges, skirting landscape, forests and stately villas. The musical dip, dip, of the quill like oars, the plash of crystal fountains, the squawking and bleating of many water fowls, and the moving panorama of international scenes makes this ride one of the features of the Fair. More than a dozen of these slender craft have been brought from Venice with their sturdy gondoliers. Those who have seen the beautiful "Bride of the Sea" will hardly recognize in these swift flying flashes of the rainbow and rowers in fantastic garb, the black bodied gondola of the native canals and their propellers in blue jeans, white blouse and scarlet sash, which the Chicago boats are supposed to represent. But be their hue correct or no, the traveling in one is none the less enchanting. They are about thirty-five feet long, the improved style having fierce dragons rampant upon the prow, the blue, yellow, green and purple bodies orna- mented with silver and gold scrolls and strange looking fishes, serpents and sea monsters. The awnings are of a corresponding color and decoration. A few are more sombre in tone, having the genuine steel prow curving comb-like high to fore and aft, and shining in the sunlight like a burnished blade of a sword. On the oc- casion of the fete de nuit, there is no better way of enjoying its splendor than to charter one of these and gently glide from place to piace. Many of the gondoliers have fine voices, and the mellow cavlence of their dulcet love songs, accompanied by the melodious twang of the guitar or mandolin fill the air with sweet melody. On a moonlight night or in the luminious glow of electric illumination, one seems to be gliding on to an enchanted land on the rhythmical flow of song. !.:H1 ."m m \: H THE FOUR RACES. STATUARY ON AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 451 i CHAPTER VI. THE EXPOSITION STATUARY. AH is Not Gold that Glitters — Venice in the Zenith of Her Achievements was Never so Slatuesque— Neither Rome nor Athens Could Point to So Many Inspiring Btligies — A Wonderful Thing is "Staff"— "Distance Lends Enchantment to the View "—Massive Statues that Resemble Marble Made from Scantling and Plaster. N the zenith of its achievements Venice was never so statuesque as Jackson Park, Nor Rome, nor Athens in their haughtiest epochs, could point to so many inspiring effigies. The author has taken some pains to group them rather than to intersperse them in his general descriptions o^ the buildings thus: Ad- ministration Building — Groip around the Dome: Commerce, Industry, justice, Religion, War, Peace, Science, Art. Groups on the corner pavilions: Charity, Truth, Strength, Abundance, Tradition, Liberty, Joy, Diligence, Education, Unity, Patriot- ism, Theology. Single figures: Fisher Maid, Bather, Air, Diana, Harvesting, Electricity, Blacksmith, Chemistry, Groups at sides of the four entrances: Water Uncontrolled; Water, Controlled; Fire, Uncontrolled; Vive, Controlled; Air, Uncontrolled; Air, Con- trolled; Earth, No. i; Earth No. 2. Interior figures: "Victory," Karl Bitter, sculptor. Agricultural Building — Bronze statue of Diana. August St. Gaudens, sculp- tor. Two "Ceres" groups. Flight "Four Seasons" groups. Four Horoscope groups. Four Cattle groups. Four Horse groups. Four "Pilia," for the corner pediments. Twenty figures of "Zodiac," Sixty-eight figures "Abundance," Philip IMartiny, sculptor. The "Glorification of Ceres" in the main pediment. Larkin G, Mead, Florence, Italy, sculptor. Machinery Hall — Ten figures of "Sciences." The east pediment. Figure of "Yictory," of which thirteen casts were made in copper, by W, H, Mullins. of Sa- lem, Ohio. M. A. Waagen, sculptor. Six figures of Inventors, F^igure of "Victory," of which four casts were made in copper, by W. FI. Mullins, Salem, Ohio. Robert Kraus. sculptor. Colonnade — One Cattle group. One Horse group. Four large Lions, at the base of the obelisk. M. A. Waagen, sculptor. Music Ilall, Casino and Colonnade— "Quadriga," Bull and Horse, French f it, on the toard, which, llowed them able nature, on is known noulded and iilk, a richly ^red in gold, ive canvases , embroider- id an inter- es which all Experiment :rsity of Illi- e character " ^ bject which llective de- 50urces, to- ;e, through he work of 5, so far as HioTORV OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 459 CHAPTER II. AWAY DOWN EAST. The Good Old State of Maine— Its Latchstring Always Out— The Granite State Modestly On Top— Old John Hutchinson Still Sings— The Commonwealth that Gave Us the Hero of Ticonderoga— Massachusetts and Its Colonial Structure— Many Historic Treasures— Relics Innumerable— Little Rhody to the Front— Clams, Spindles, Prints and Corliss Engines Represented— The Connecticut State Building— Dutch Mantels, Colonial Architecture and Dormer Windows— An Abundance of Pretty Girls But No Wooden Nutmegs. -IXE spent $20,000 on its building, and there was no cime during the Fair that the latchstring of the sturdy old woodchoppet-s and shipbuilders did not hang out. The Maine State Building is octagonal in form, with a ground area of 65 feet square. It is two stories in height, the roof surmounted by a lantern in the center rntl four corner towers. The first story is of granite. The exterior finish of the rest of the building is in wood and staff. The roof is of slate. The central tower or lan- tern is 86 feet to its highest point. While the first story is octagonal in form, the seconti story presents but four sides, each with a loggia opening to the rooms with- in. The second-story floor overhangs the first story one foot. The main entrance of these arched doorways faces the southeast. Over it projects a boat's bow, in staff. Within the entrance is an octagonal rotunda open to the roof line, its ceiling being an ornamental colored skylight. On the first floor entrance is had to the fine parlors and recep- tion rooms, designed for men and women, toilet rooms and two commissioners' rooms. A railed gallery extends entirelj' around the rotunda, which gives a com- l)lete view of the building to the visitors. The interior finishing is very handsome, being done in hardwood. The granite and roof slate used in construction, the sky- light in the rotunda, and the mantels over the fireplaces are all the products of the State of Maine, and are donated by manufacturers. New Hampshire, the birtiiplace of Webster, Cass, Pierce and a host of other great men, has an imitation Swiss cottage, which only cost $9,000. Its dimensions were 53x84 feet and was two-stories in height. The pitched, shingle roof is broken by five gables. The exterior is weatherboarded in stained Georgia pine above a line seven feet from the ground. This first seven-foot course is in New Hamp- shire granite. Each of the two stories is surrounded on all sides by a wide piazza. The rooms on the second floor open to the piazza through hinged windows open- i,i,i- 460 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. ing to the floor. The entrance is on the east, facing the drive on Lake Michigan* On the first floor is a reception hall, 22x36 feet. It has two unique fireplaces in pressed granite brick. To the rear of the hall is a wing of the main building, two stories high, the second story being a wide balcony or gallery to the main floor. The roof is a glass skylight. A State ex- hibit, a picture collection, and a large State map are shown here. Beside the reception hall on the first floor there are parlors for men and women. These rooms are ceiled, while the reception hall opens to the roof and is covered with a skylight. The second floor has a reception room and six board and committee rooms. At the ded- ication of its building on June 26 Governor Smith, by virtue of the transfer of a key all tied up with white and yellow ribbons, was given control of the building, and by giv- MAINE BUILDING. ing the key back again to the State Commissioners he put them in charge until the Fair is over. The dedication cere- monies began at 2 o'clock. The chief retainers were the Amoskeag veterans, 100 strong. They were gay in continental uniforms of blue and white with gold epau- lets, white-topped boots and swords. „ . -^ They were under command of Major Henry E. Burnham. These, along with the other invited guests, crowded into the assembly room of the build- ing. The inevitable Iowa State Band, on the green outside, made music and entertained the thousand or more people who could not get in. The Rev. Franklin M. Fiske opened the dedicatoryexercises with prayer, after which Captain E. M. Shaw, Execu- tive Commissioner, introduced (i. F. Page, the Commission's Vice-Presi- dent, who read the address of wel- come of P'esident Amsden, that official having been unable to be present. Then Commissioner Rollins presented tlie building to the Governor. Old John Huuh- inson then sang "The Old Granite .Stale," and Chief Justice Wallace respoiul' d to the atldress of welcome. Other speeches were made by John McLane, Presichiit of the State Senate; Robert Chamberlain, Speaker of the House* Congressman !!• NEW HAMPSHIRE. ? Michigan, sin pressed two stories , The roof . State ex- ;ion, and a hown here, hall on the ors for men rooms are eption hall I is covered second floor nd six board At the ded- on June 26 rtue of the ;ied up with IS, was given , and by giv- tothe State ication cere- leterans, 100 h gold epau- -o^, H, HISTORY OF rHE WORLD'S FAIR. 461 Si*- kont. Then lohn Huuh- rcsponil' il le, President rressman M- VERMONT BUILDING. W. Blair, Co, Frank Noyes, of the New Hampshire Columbian League; John VV. Ela, Frederick Douglas and Isabella Beecher Hooker. The picturesque State that gave us the hero of Ticonderoga, and that pro- duces the best maple syrup and sugar in the world, spent $8,000 on one of the most unique and original buildings on the grounds. On the right and left of the steps on the facade rise two shafts, on which are allegorical fig- ures representing the industries of agriculture and quarrying — the two principal industrial activities of the State. One enters through a col- umned portico into a courtyard, on the right and left of which are covered porches with broad seats. Just off of these are the reception rooms in front and committee rooms, postofifice, etc., in the rear. In the center of the court is a hand- some marble fountain. Marble from the quarries of the State is used all through the interior of the building. Facing the end of the court is a porch, supported by four carytids, over which is a semi-circular Greek window with bas-relief around it representing "Freedom and Unity." The coat-of-arms is in the center. The reception hall, which is located in the rear, is circular in form, with a colonnade around, anil a wooden dome surmounts the structure. All is colored accordingto a Pompeiian scheme. The building is Pom- peiian in style and of classic detail, and furnishes a most unique con- trast to the other buildings. The commonwealth of Massachusetts, at an expense of $50,000, has copied fur its State building the old John Ih'.ncock residence of Boston. This, historical structure is really tlie only one on the grounds which can be called strictly Colonial in all its aspects. The building is three st(M-it;s high, with gable roof, surmounted in the center by a cupola. The exterior is of staff, in imitation of cut granite, and it follows the lines of the old house suffi- ciently faithfully to recall the original to the mimls of those who have seen it. Like the original, it is surrounded by a terrace, raised above the street, and MASSACHUSETTS BUILDING. M •viai***-" 462 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. I. li CONNECTICUT BUILDING. has in front and on one side a fore-court, filled with old-fashioned flowers and foliage, in keeping with the character of the building. It is approached by two flights of steps — one leading from the street to the terrace, the other from the court to the house The main entrance opens to a spacious, well-studded hallway with a tiled floor. Facing the entrance is abroad Colonial staircase, leading to the second floor. An old-fash- ioned, bull's-eye window gives light to the stairway, which is guarded by a grandfather's clock. On the right of the hall is a large room, constituting a registration room, postoffice and general reception room. The fittings and furnishings of this room are unique. Its mar- ble floor, its tiled walls, its uncov- ered beams, its encircling wooden seats and its high mantel recall the old Dutch rooms found in western Massachusetts, as well as in New York and Pennsylvania. On the left of the front door or main entrance are two large parlors, which, when thrown together, form a room 80x25 feet in size. The front parlor is furnished by the Essex Institute of Salem, an old historical society. The back par- SssBSF^rr-'"'^- -vr,r*--r.?. — -~ ,-—:r^^-^<.~~^ lor is more especially a reading room for men. The second floor is given over almost entirely to the use of women. There is a large and a smaller parlor, and two bed- rooms for the use of the Woman's Board. The entire floor is fur- nished in old-fashioned furniture, and in the bedrooms are four-post bedsteads. On the third floor are rooms for servants. A liberty pole 85 feet high stands in the fore- court and a gilded cod fish serves as a vane on the top of the cupola. Many relics are to be found in the Massasschiisetts building which possess great historical interest. Among the nost valuable of these relics is a fragment of the original "Liberty" tree flag, loopr'! in the center by General Brooks' revolutionary hat, with crossed guns below, quiint RHODE ISLAND BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 4(^3 liing-stocked old weapons, one the gun that shot May Pitcairn, and beneath, a pontoon that was used in the battle of Bunker Hill. Among the historic treasures is the Governor Wolcott tankard loanea by Lieutenant Governor Wolcott • also portraits of ancestors of the Wolcotts; a paint- ing by Copley of members of Governor Gore's family, loaned by the Misses Robins, of Boston; an old mirror with beautifuUy carved frame; a quaint little book pub- lished and sold in 1740 in Philad(;lphia by "B. Frankl:"n;" a sword WDrn by Judge 1 latton, of Salem; a bed-quilt made of pieces of Lady Washington's dresses, and many quaint articles of dress, big Ijonnets, high-heeled shoes, shawls and broidered ^owns. Then there is a cradle in which has been rocked five generations of the Adams family, which furnished the secontl and sixth Presidents of the United Slates; an okl piano and rare china; a mirror in which Governor Hutchinson sur- veyed himself more than i_^o years ago; a desk used by George Washington when he made his headquarters at Cambridge, and the portraits of sixty men and women who aided in making Massachusetts famous in its earliest days. Everything goes to tell the history of the old bay State. Noted for its spindles and prints, and for its clams and fish dinners, and for its educational facilities and two capitals (on account of its size) little Rhode Island came early to the front with a $7,000 building. The State that gave us Roger Williams, Tristam Burgess, Senator Anthony, the Corliss engine, the Arcade, and the Queen of American Watering Places, saw to it that it should be embosomed among other pretentious commonwealths. It may be possible to walk around the State before breakfast, but it is always to the front in peace or war. There is (Ireek manner, Ionic columns and entablature, and American breeziness in the Rhode Island building. It has ground area of 32x59 feet; it is two stories high, in wood and staff, in imitation of granite. Entrance is had to the building from all sides through French windows opening to the floor. The main hall is 18x25 feet, and is open in the roof. The parlor for women and the secretary's ofifice are on the first floor. On the second floor are two committee rooms and a gal- lery around the main hall. The Governor's room occupies what may be called the second story of the porch on the west front. All the floors are hard wood, and the interior is furnished in cypress. The Connecticut State building, which cost $12,500, is in the Colonial style, being a type of the Connecticut residence, with the addition of circular windows on the north and south, and a circular piazza on the rear. It has a ground area of 72x73 feet, including the piazza, and is two stories high. The exterior is weather- hoarded and painted white. The roof contains five dormer windows and is decked on top. The deck is surrounded by a balustrade, and from its center rises a flag- stuff. The main entrance is off a square porch, covered by the projecting pedi- ment, which is supported by heavy columns. The interior is finished in Colonial style, with tiled floors, paneled walls and Dutch mantels. The plumbing and car- penter's hardware in the building are in special designs, and are donated as ex- hil)its by Connecticut manufacturers. On the first floor is a reception hall, 21x48 \^' 464 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. feet, with a light-well in the center. In the rear of the hall is a stairway with a landing half-way up. Flanking the hall are parlors for men and women. The second floor is divided up into living rooms, and is occupied by the Executive World's Fair officer of Connecticut, and his family during the Fair. There are many fine paintings and revolutionary relics on exhibit, and pretty girls were abundant during the whole Fair. There seemed to be everything but wooc^pn nutmegs. ,! .,'■ THE OLD FARM HOUSE. I i HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 465 CHAPTER III. A GALAXY OF STATES. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware— Stateliness of the Building of the Empire State- Money Liberally Expended on Wall, Ceiling, Floor, Vestibule, Arch, Column and Balustrade— The Pennsylvania Building— Many Prefer It To Any in the Group— A Very Beautiful Structure Throughout— New Jersey Reproduces the Washington Headquarters at Morristown— A Revo- lutionary Flavor and No Mistake— Delaware, Which Raised the First Money for the Exposition, Has a Picturesque Building. EW York is fully justified in the pride she takes in her bulding. Not only is it the third in size — ranking next to Cahfornia — but the Knickerbockers claim it occupies the finest location in the group, being on two main boulevards and just north of the Art Palace. The architectural idea in this building is that of a huge sum- mer house, or villa in character, rectangular in form and in the style of the Italian renaissance. It is three stories high, beii'g fifty-seven feet from the ground to the cor- nice. The general dimensions are 160 feet front by 105 deep. The exterior is in staff, in imitation of marble, and in keeping with the style of the main exposition buildings. Its decked roof is surmounted and confined by a heavy balustrade. Each pedestal of the balus- trade supports a large Italian vase, in which grows a bay tree, giving the building, together with its blue and white awnings and other characteristics, the air of a Pompeiian house. The flat-decked roof furnishes a promenade and summer garden. From its center rises a clerestory over the banquet hall, and above the clerestory are two beivideres from which a magnificient view of the lake and surroundings is obtained, On the east and west are semi-circular porticos having a diameter of fifty feet; here twin fountains add their music to the band within. A broad flight of steps, on the south, guarded by Barbarini, which were cast in Rome, leads to the main entrance. About this entrance is concentrated all the exterior ornamentation of the building. In the circular niches, on either side of thf arch of the entrance, are busts of Hudson and Columbus. Above the keystone of the arch is the American eagle, and dependent from a staff, projecting above the bird, is a flag bearing the State's arms. The barreled arched vestibule, forming the entrance to the building, opens to a columned hall, 56x80 feet in size, with a domed ceiling 45 feet from the floor. '.' 41 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 467 NEW JERSEY BUILDING. From this reception room entrance is had to all the rooms on the floor. In the rear a grand ten-foot staircase leads to the second floor. Along the walls are pictures in Pompeiian colorings and stately mimic jonquils rise from each step. Here is the banquet hall 46x80 feet, highly ornamented in staff, its groined ceiling 45 feet from the floor. It is most sumptuous in style, far surpassing many of the famous banqueting rooms famous in history. Depending from the ceiling are two crystal elec- troliers, 18 feet long, forming great clusters of incandescent lights. The electric lighting throughout the build- ing is such as to cause much com- ment; the seal of the State is even shown in electric splendor. Three balconied boxes extend along the southern length of the hall, for the use of the governor or any other distinguished guest who might prefer to look on rather than participate. It is upholstered, draped and furnished in a rich red tone, harmonizing exquisitely with the soft cream and gold of the splendid salon. On the first floor are parlors and toilet rooms for men and women, post-office, information and baggage rooms. On either end of the banquet hall, on the second floor, are the committee, re- ception and tea rooms. The third floor is devoted to bedroom^, kitchens,, and servants' rooms. Fn this temple, builded by the Empire State, which cost $150,000, her loyal citizens re- cei\e and entertain tlistinguished foreign guests in lavish style and dis- pense hospitality after the principles nuiintained as being" royally correct." A plain little house painted white, with vines trailing down the front of it and a patch of ground broken here ;;n(l there by picturesque flower beds in front of it, may be seen at the southern part of the grounds. The house, which was erected under the auspices of the New York State Board of Commissioners, is intended to illustrate a model aluule for the average workingman. It was first piojected by Professor Lucy Salmon, of Wissar College, whose ideas have been carried out by Miss Katherine B. Davis, of Rochester. Miss Davis is a graduate of Vassar, and has taken a DELAWARE BUILDING. M 1 -i I li m I HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 469 great deal of interest in the welfare of the vvorkinpfman. The model house is a frame building on piles, with an elevation of a story and a half and covt^ring a lot 26 hy 2S feet. On the first floor is a kitchen, a living?- room and a bath room. The second floor has two larpfe rooms and one small one. The in- terior walls are all painted and the ceilings can be washed with cold water. Wall papers are eschewed as possibly dangerous to h(!alth. The house cost v$ 1,000, and the furnishings $300. Pennsylvania has erected a building which takes the mind back to the times when Phil- adelphia was the center of American struggle for liberty. Barring the two balconies which run completely around the building, it is an exact re- production of old Indepen- dence hall, having its entrances, bell tower and spire. The building is rectangular in form, two stories high, with a ground area of 1 10 by 166 feet. The corners of the front are quarter-circled in. Piazzas twenty feet wide surround the building, and over them are verandas with protecting bal- ustrade. Outside stair-cases right antl left to the rear, lead to the garden on the roof. This roof is covered with American made tin produced in Philadelphia. The outer walls to the roof-line, are of Philadelphia pressed brick. Above the main entrance is the coat-of-arms of the State, in bas-relief, the horses on <;ithcr side of it being life-size; and to right and left heroic statues of Penn and I'ranklin. The front is further ornamented with two allegorical groups of statuary, one emblematic of the; arts and sciences, the other of mines and manufacture. The rotunda is finished in tile and slate, like the old hall, and runs through the building and far up into the clock tower, where it ends in a dome, richly fres- coed and brilliantly lighted by electric lamps sunk in the ceiling. Under this dome the famous Liberty bell may be seen, on a platform on wheels, so that in case of tire the valuable relic can be run out of harm's way at once. STATUARY ON DOME OF PENNSYLVANIA BUILDING. 470 HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. f i I "•' About the rotunda on the first floor are post office, package rooms, bureau of information, exhibit rooms and reception rooms for both men and women; the men's sanctuary is finished in maple, while the woman's is in oak, the others being of native marble and hardwoods from the Keystone State with wainscoted walls, heavy cornices and handsome frescoes. The woman's parlor is covered with a cloth of gold carpet made in I'aris especially for this trian^fular-shaped room. The frescoes are of pale Nile green and the walls are covered with large paintinj^s of a character in keeping with the purpose of the room. Someof the paintings have taken honors in com- petition, and all save one have been painted by Penn- sylvania women. The ex- ception is a rare curio. It is a portrait in oil of William Penn, painted by Joshua Richardson some time dur- ing the period from 16S4 to 1699, while the famous ■ Quaker was on a visit to England. On the second floor are rooms for the governor, the press corres- pondents, the treasurer of the commission and the board of commissioners. The apartment designed for Governor Pattison's use is very plainly but richly fur- nished, the prevailing color being a dec]) maroon. It is triangular in shape and the walls are unadorned except for the bright red fri(!ze which gives it color. There are also three bedrooms in the toufr. In a glass case in the rotunda are shown some very interesting relics. Besides maii\ revolutionary lelics, there is the original charter granted to Penn and his treaty with the Indians, x 'mcIi is signed by the aborigines in their peculiar sign manuals. The signatures aro lade by dipping the thumi) in some highly coloretl fluid and spreading the ii i,v.-e?Eion on the treaty. The building is supplied with Sec electric lights; the staircases are of quartered oak, ail the ceilings of stamix-d metal, and the whole structure cost the Pennsylvania Legislature $t)o,oco. STATU A' ON DOME OF PENN-',-L> ■ILDING, HISTORY or THE WORLD'S FAIR. 471 is, bureau men; the lers being Led Willis, th a cloth im. The paintinjifii ^DING, In a glass Ides many I his treaty li manuals. lored tluid with So(; stamped The p!'jneral style of the New Jersey building is colonial, and it cost $19,000. The building is principally of frame construction, covered with clapboards and with some of the ornaiiii ital portitii, in staff. The roof is shingled. The ach wing is 16 feet front, Ji feet deep and 30 ft'et high. The piazzas, in front and rear, are each 68 feet long by 16 feet wide (at the widest part). The an a covered, including piazzas, is 3,949 square feet. The site of the building is centraih 'ocatcd among those of tht; States of New York, Massachiis.;tts, Rhode Island au^ Con- n(^cticut. It is not intended for exhibition purposes, but is more in the naturt '>f a '"lb-house for the use and convenience of all Jersey people. There are large ml inviting piazzas on the front and rear. The main entrance opens into lar^e gtmeral assembly hall, two stories high with a circular balcony looking (h 11 from the second story. This hall contains the ptjstoftice and the hat and loak i mters a large open fire-place, nearly ten f(!et across, and the main staircase, this latter l)eing made a feature of the design. On the righ hand side of the building ire located the rooms set apart especially for the ladi's; these consist of the g( 1 \\ meeting room of the Ladies' Board of Managers, wo parlors on the second >r. with lavatories and bath-rooms. On the left haU' ! side of the buiUliug a' e nxjms set apart for gentlemen, the secretary's office, board room, president's k. n, committee rooms and lavatories. In the third story;. re the care-takers' apartme:t. and store-rooms for documents, etc. Those familiar with the appearance of the Xv'ashington headquarters ir Morristown, N. J., will recognize in New Jersey's buildii.g the nucleusoi the genera lines and details of that historic structure. The interest of the Morristown built, ing is no doubt somewhat shared in by the New Jersey niilding, and it seems tha- the State has done well in selecting the old ht!adquarter:^ as a starting point for the design, when it is remembered that under the roof of ihe old Morristown house more of the noted characters of the Revolution have gath -red than under any roof in America. General Washington made the building his headquarters during the winter of 1779 and '80, and Alexander Hamilton lived tht -e during the same long winter, and there " he met and courted the lady he afttTwa; 1 married, the daughter of Gen', ral Schuyler." Celebrated men, including Gr-^en, Knox, Lafayette. Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, " Light Horse" HarryLee, o 1 Israel Putnam, "Mad Anthony" Wayne, and "that brave soldier but rank traitor, Benedict Arnold," have all been beneath its roof. This building is used as the headquarters of New JtTsey commissioners, and is a place where every New Jersey man and his family is made to feel at home, where he can meet his friends, can re<.nster his address and receive his letters. It is, in fact, a part of his own State trans oorted to the Expos- ition grounds. It may not be generally known that the little Southern State of Deleware, beyond being the producer of many distinguished statesmen and the best preacher and the best war vessels in the world, sent more Union soldiers to the field than any other state acconling to its population. It was the first state to raise money for the Exposition, and it spent $7,500 on its building, which is constructed wholly .Mn\ i M 1 i' » i I I i '. . i- ■; I, Ml 472 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. of native woods and materials from the State, is 58x60 feet, extremely picturesque and elaborately furnished. One room in the building is finished in Colonial style, with hangings and furnitute representing the Colonial days. It is very interesting, there being figures in clay of the old Swedes' Church at Wilmington, Barratt's Chapel, and Christ Church. Christ Church was built more than 100 years ago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint and has the high backed pews, the chancel at one end, the servants' gallery at the opposite end, midway on the east side the lofty pulpit, and immediately below the reading desk ard the clerk's desk. Vr*;! ON THE JERSEY SHORE. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 473 CHAPTER lY. VIRGINIA. THE MOTHER OF PRESIDENTS. Mount Vernon Reproauced— One of the Most Interesting Collections of Choice Relics on the Grounds- West Virginia and Maryland Near By— Much That Is Colonial Seen in These Buildings— Old Portraits, Flint Guns, Cockades and Continentals — West Virginia. HE State of Virginia is the mother of Presidents — so every school-child is taught. To be sure, Massachusetts has given the country two, the Adamses; Tennessee three, the hero of New Orleans being among them; New York four. Van Buren, P'illmore, Arthur and Cleveland; Ohio has given us two good soldiers and statesmen, Garfield and Hayes; Indi- ana two, the hero of Tippecanoe and his grandson, ? noble soldier of the civil war, and one of the most eloquent orators that has ever lived; Illinois two — mention their names pro- foundly — Lincoln and Grant — great in peace and great in war; Louisiana and New Hampshire one each. But Virginia has given us five — Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Tyler, i'his State is not only the mother of Presidents — Randolph, Scott, Preston, the Lees, Custis, Thomas, Stonewall Jackson and a hundred other illustrious Americans were Virginians. At a cost of about $iq,ooo this grand old State reproduced Mount Vernon as its building. It covers an area of 175x185 feet, and lies near the lake and opposite the Marylantl building. The structure is an exact representation of the Mount X'ernon mansion in Fairfax county, Virginia, near Washington city, the building in which George Washington lived and died. It got into his hands from his brother, Lawrence Washington, and was built in the early part of the last century by his father. The main building is 94x32 feet, two stories and an attic and a two-story portico, with large columns extending along the whole front, being 94 feet long, 13 feet high and 14 feet wide. The portico ex- tends up to the cornice of the roof, has an ornamental railing around the top and is furnished with settees along the whole length next the wall. There are two colonnades running back from each wing of the building to the rear about 20 feet long, 9>j feet wide and 1 1 feet high, connected each with a one-and-a-half story structure, 40x20 feet. These are called the dependencies. Altogether there are twenty-five rooms in the structure. On the first and second floors of the main building there are eleven rooms, in the attic six, and in each of the dependencies four rooms. The largest rooms in the house are the banquet hall, 31x23 feet, and the library 16x19 feet, the main entrance hall. Washington's chamber, in which he died, upon the second tloor, and Mrs. Washington's chamber in the attic, to Hi If I i If ■^1 It f 474 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. VIRGINIA BUILDING. which she removed after her husband's death, and which she occupied during the remaintler of her life on account of its being the only room in the house which looked out upon his tomb. The apartments average upon the first floor 17x17 feet, upon the second 17x13 feet. The height of the first story is 10 feet g inches; of the second, 7 feet 11 inches; of the attic, 6 feet g inches. The distance from the ground to the top of the cupola is 50 feet. In the main hall is a large stair- way four feet wide, ascending by platforms to the tloors above. On the first platform of the stairway there is an old Wash- ington family clock, a very in- teresting historical relic. This hall is furnished with antique sofas and pictures of the last century. The rooms upon the first Hoor are ornamented by heavy carved and molded wood trimmings and handsome man- tels, very antique. This Virginia building is not only an exact representation in every particular of the old Mount Vernon structure, but everything within it is also of the same character. Nothing modern is seen in the building, except the people ami the library of books by exclusively Virginia authors. As far as could be done the building was furnished with articles which were collected from all over the State, the heir- looms of old Virginia families, and with portraits of the same character. Whatever may be lacking in furnish- ing the building with articles of this character is supplied with furniture made after the same old fashion. The building is presided over by the Lady Assistant of the Virginia Hoard, Mrs. Lucy Preston Beale, a daughter of Hon. Ballard Preston and a grand- daughter to General Preston, a form- er Governor of Virginia. She has for the attendants in the building old Virginia negroes, and undertakes to represent in every particular an old V^irgini.i home of the Colonial period. There is a very rare collection of relics of Colonial times and of the Revolutionary War, and everything which is antique, among which WEST VIRGINIA BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 475 is exhibited a copy of the original will of George Washington. The library is fur- nished entirely with books written by Virginians or relating to Virginia, quite a large collection of which has been made, and ornamented with old Virginia por- traits, views and other relics of the Colonial period and the last century. Alto- _fether the building with its furnishings is unequaled in its character and appoint- ments, and nothing like it will be found elsewhere except at Mount Vernon itself. West Virginia, which many old V^irginians still claim as part of the old State, RliLlCS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. lid Virgini.i )f Coioni.il iiongwhii ii and which slid away from the more southern element in 1862, has an attractive Imilding in a strictly Colonial style, which cost $20,000. It is two stories high, with a pitched roof, the outer walls being weatherboarded and painted. The roof is shingled. The interior is finished in hard wood, the walls are plastered, and the ceilings arc of ornamental iron work from Wheeling. All of the exposed material ill the building is the product of the .State. The main entrance is on the west, on a platform porch. Above the entrance is the coat-of-arms of the State in bas-relief. Within the entrance is a vestibule, with rooms for the boards of commissioners on either side. Beyond the vestibule is a large reception hall flanked by parlors i\ I 476 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. for women and men. Back of these parlors are toilet and retiring rooms. On the second floor front are two committee rooms, and the balance of the floor consti- tutes an assembly room and reception hall 34x76 feet in size. There are four larg(; fireplaces in the building, two on each floor, with very handsome carved wood mantels. The building has a ground area of 58x123 feet. West Virginia ♦^o the schoolboy is a pale blue triangle lying on the eastern portion of the map of the United States, and often causing him extraordinary and acute anguish to define its boundaries. To the average man, "grown and bearded," it is a place that coal comes from, or a winter health resort, or sometimes a bit of rough country which the cars whirl him through. But to the West Virgianian it is the noblest work of nature. Some hundreds of West Virginians got together at their beautiful State building on the 20th of June and explained this to each other at some length. In- cidentally they dedicated the building, but the bulk of the time was spent in the enjoyment of wood pictures descriptive of their Virginian elisium, and an occasional friendly lament that Chicago, with all its other glories, could not have had the added advantage of being located in West Virginia. The felicitations — exercises seems too cold a word — were held in the large assembly room on the second floor, a spacious, cool apartment with big winciows opening to the floor, with splendid hardwood wainscoting running about its walls and a magnificent carved mantel at one end. It was handsomely decorated with bannerettes and palms, and presented a most attractive appearance. As one of the speakers said, the West Virginia building is typical of the State, and all the wood and metal work used so profusely in decorating the interior are its own products, and nowhere outside the Forestry building is there such a superb and comprehensive display of American hard woods. State Commissioner Chan- cellor made the opening address welcoming the guests and presenting the regrets of the Governor of West Virginia that he was unable to be present. Commissioner Chancellor read a telegram from the Governor requesting him to call upon some typical West Virginian to act as substitute for him. In obedience to which request Mr. Chancellor summoned United States Commissioner St. Clair to take the place of the absent Governor. General St. Clair arose and in his easy, self-possessed manner announced that it was with deep embarrassment that he responded to such a call. I lis re- marks were cris]) and pointed, and often almost startling — as for instance, when he said that the people of West Virginia and the people of the United States were in- debted largely to West Virginia for the success of the Fair, which he explained Ky stating that it was the second coal-producing State and the seventh hardwood State in the Union. He dwelt long on the various natural resources of his native State, andyaNf numerous figures showing the remarkable i)rogress it had made since the war. In conclusion he pointed to the fact that the State building was not intended ;i a place for exhibits, but as a resting place and home not only for West Virginiiuis HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 477 m the eastern lordinary and ind bearded," itimes a bit of irgianian it is hut for everybody who cared to accept its hospitality. And to the use and benefit of everybody he, therefore, dedicated it. The Maryland building, which cost about $12,000, is near the lake and very properly opposite the Virginia building. It is a handsome structure and is divided into reception hall, ladies' toilet, ladies' parlor, exhibition hall, woman's depart- ment, bureau of information and main exhibition hall, beside spacious porches on the first floor- Gentlemen's toilet, office, smoking room, reading room and three parlors which communicate, constitute the second floor, and a gallery overlook- ing the main exhibition hall, is entered from this floor. The flat deck roofs of porches and buildings offer fine points of vantage for overlooking the grounds of the World's Fair. d in the large big winciows )Out its walls scorated with 1 of the State, e interior are such a superb sioner Chan- g the regrets ommissioner 1 upon some diich request ke the place itended a ■ a t Virginiiins MARVLAND BUILDING. uM te, and ,l;;i\ 1; i "i i m\ 'H m i'iii w 1. La Fayette Fi'nk, Illinois. 4. J. B. Smith. nelaware. 7. H. B. Andrews, 10. W. W. Peadody. Ohio. 13. n. ». Smalley, I'ermont. Gfi W^mt^^BS^Cjtu^ Carolina Legislature voted adversely on the question of making an appropriation, therefore that State has no building nor State Board of Commissioners. The same may be said of Georgia. Alabama has no State Board of Commissioners nor a building, the Legislature hav- ing failed to make an appropriation. Some funds were raised in the State, however, pending the action of the Legisla- ture on the World's Fair Bill, but it was not a sufficient amount with which to erect a erf ditable building and the movement was abandoned. The Mississippi Legislature refused to pass an appropriation bill, hence that State has no building nor State Board of Commissioners. The Tennessee Legislature failed to make an approj^riation, hence there is no State Board of Commissioners nor State building. The mining town of Harri- man makes an exhibit in the Mines building, but otherwise there is no collective exhibit shown. At a cost of $20,000, Florida reproduces Fort Marion, St. Augustine, which has been a great attraction. The original fort covers an area of one acre, and is, per haps, theoldeststructurein North America, the most interesting specimen of Spanish sui)rcmacy in this country, and th(- only exampU; of mediaeval fortification on the continent, its erection was l)egun in 1620, and continued for 100 years. To equip it as;i garrison, required 100 guns and 1,000 men. It was never taken by a besieg- inu force. The State building occupies one-tifth of the space of Fort Marion. !t is in the form of a four-bastioncd fortress. Including the moat, the site is 155 feet square. The building proper is 137 f-et squan>. The frame is of pine, covered with plasture and coquina shells, in imitation of the original. The interior is di- vided into parlors for men and women, committee and exhibit rooms, and is furn- ished in Florida's native; woods. Tlu: inlerior court is planted in bamboo, orange, lemon and other tropical treses. The ramparts furnish space for promenades and \l II i C h HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 481 M H •< H in < a * o LOUISIANA BUILDING. hanging gardens. In the moat is a sunken garden, \v.iere are produced minature fields of cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, etc.; showing the natural resources of the state. In visiting this building one feels that he is in St. Augustine, or Palatka, or Magno- lia, among oranges and cocoanuts and alligators and pelicans, and among trees and mosses many hundreds of years old. The Louisiana structure is an exact counterpart of the well- to-do Creole buildings that may be seen anywhere from Baton Rouge down. It is built with an eye to crevasses and high tem- peratures, is two stories high, with piazzas, and has a decidedly Southern air. It is truly Southern, and there are latchstrings on every door. Pictures of all the governors for a hundred years are on all the walls, and there are plants without and within that suggest the prodigality of the soil. An hour in the Louisiana building gives one a lasting idea of Andrew Jackson and Louis Phillipe, and he learns much of one of the most celebrated chess players, one of the most eminent pianists, and one of the most enjoyable novelists of modern times. The building cost less than $18,000 and shows off well for the amount ex- pended. It has a frontage of 66 feet and a depth of 56 feet. The first story is 14 feet in the clear, second story 13 feet. The building is finished in natural woods — jjrinci- pally cypress and white pine. The interior contains on the ground tloor a large hall, off which is ranged rccci)tion rooms, dining room and smoking room. The second story contains a large exhibition room which communicates with smaller exhibition rooms and ladies' parlor. Retiring rooms and lavatories have been provided on both floors. In connection with the State building is a Creole kitchen where the famous palatable cookery pre- pared in Creole fashion is served. The loth of August was a famous day for Louisianians — the Director-General was present of course, as he married one of the belles of New Orleans. TEXAS BUILDING. r ■!! ■w m 490 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. building. Five hundred incandescent lamps are used in and about the building. Many of these shine in clusters along the balcony rails. The most of the important rooms in the building were furnished by the women of the various cities of the state. The men's reading and reception rooms were furnished at a cost of $4,500 by the citizens of Muskegon. The women's rooms were fitted up by the women of Grand Rapids. The walls of these rooms are done in ivory and gold, with plastic dado, and the curtains hanging in harmonious tints, are of the heaviest and finest materials. The wo- men's toilet rooms are fin- ished entirely in bamboo. Probably the finest apart- ment in the building is the Saginaw room. The con- tractor left this room un- floored, unceiled, and with bare studding, and the lum- bermen of Saginaw stepped in and finished it up, floor, walls, and ceiling, with the best pick of all the different kinds of hard wood that come into the Saginaw mar- ket. A life like bust of Gen. Cass is placed upon the half-way landingof the main staircase, while throughout the buikling are pictures of noted Michigan men, "Badg- er State " scenery, etc. On the west front is a handsome stone parapet from the quar- ries at Bay Port, and sur- rounding the tower is a bal- cony capable of holding 200 Wolverines, should they care to afford themselves of the splendid view of the Ex- position, to be obtained from this point. Wisconsin's building, which cost $30,000, starts out with brown stone from the shores of Lake Superior, follows that up with pressed brick from Menonu'uee, and finishes with shingles that grew in the states northern forests. It is a repro- duction of a Wisconsin home and designed in no special style, yet unlike many other structures, not being built of evanescent stuff, it looks like it was constrmted for a family residence to be passed from father to son. It is enclosed on all sides SOLDIERS' MONUMENT IN FRONT OF OHIO BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 491 hy spacious varandas, while the upper stories are all provided with cosy porches of I heir own, giving the building a particularly home-like appearance. The structure is 118x92 feet in area, with high hipped roof, stained to an olive tint. The walls of the first story are of red brick; above are stained shingles. The main entrance faces the lake and is ig feet wide, the columns and walls of the l)road veranda which covers the portal are of brownstone and polished granite. Within the lobby — which runs the full depth of the building — opens the adjacent rooms by arches finished in red oak panel work, and carved with the Wisconsin coat-of-arms. The lobby itself is in white oak. There is a broad oaken stairway leading to the second floor, and midway up, set in front of the building, the good ])eople of Superior have put a big stained-glass window. This window shows two views of Superior, one when it was a solitary Indian wigwam, the other the Superior of to-day. Pine boughs, skillfully wrought in glass, encircle these pictures. There is a view, too, of a whaleback steamer under full headway. The legend underneath informs him who looks that Superior is "the home of the whaleback." The first floor of the Wisconsin building is divided in about the same fashion as has been followed in all of the state buildings. The southwest corner of the main floor is reserved for women's headquarters. This part of the building is done in curly maple, birch, butternut, and oak, all the woods coming from Chippewa county. There is a parquetry floor which was made in Racine. The men's rooms are across the hallway and are similar in size and appointments to those reserved for women. The rest of the main floor is taken up by the information bureau, package rooms and post office, which occupy the northwest corner. On the second floor are rooms and exhibit hall* for the state historical society, a large assembly room, the office of the board, and the l)oard's secretary, and reading and smoking rooms. The rooms of this floor are finis ed in birch and ash. They all open upon broad balconies in the east and west fron i of the building. On the third floor are chambers and bath rooms for commissionc s and employes. Hf WW Is* ( m' I. Gen. John \V. Co'ccran, Aln^sachusctis. 4. Gov. R. E. Pattison, 7. Stephen J. Meeker, A'^w Jersey, 10. W. H. Dulaney, Kentucky. •3. W. N. Chancellor. H'est Vheiitia GROUP OF PRESIDENTS OF STATE BOARDS, world's fair m.\nagers. 2 Hall C. BurlelKh, X/atne, 5. Gov. Frank Brown, Maryland. 8. Capt. A. A. Woods. Louisiana. II. N. G. Blalock. M. I).. WashingtOK. 4. James Mitchell, Arkansas. 3. Clem. Studebaker, Indiana. 6. August L. Smith, Wisconsin. , 9. A. S. Buford. Virginia. «. James M. wells, Idaho. .t,. W.T.Thornton, Nrw Mexico- HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 493 '';f*i m CHAPTER VIII. WHEAT AND CORN PRODUCING STATES. Four Great States— How They Were Represented in Congress Thirty Years Ago — Unsurpassed Display of Iowa— Grandeur of Minnesota— Minnehaha and Hiawatha— What the Women of Minnesota Have Done for Their State— Bleeding Kansas and Its Inviting Display— The Twenty Thousand Dollar Building of Nebraska. HEN the Civil War broke out more than thirty years ago Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska each had only one representative in Congress. Iowa now has twelve and the others are catching up. All are great States of the Union, and each is particularly repre- sented at the Exposition. In the extreme north-east corner of the park, rising almost abruptly from the lake, stands the Iowa building. At first sight it seems to be mostly high roof and rounding towers, very 4%*^ • 1^^- ' T,- , pleasing to the eye. The total frontage is about 250 ^^^kLt^Si^SS^ >iA^ feet while the depth is 92 feet. The main entrance, which is from the south, is between two round towers, the space being spanned by a triple arch. Iowa is written all over this front. One of the towers, the western one, is belted with the names of all the chief cities of the state. The other bears medallions illustrating the state's history and growth. On the dormer windows of the towers are bas reliefs illustrative of agriculture and mining. Perched beside the finial of the highest peak on the roof is the figure of a farmer who looks as prosperous as if he really lived in Iowa. There is a broad reception hall with a hard wood stairway leading to the second floor. Opposite the landing of this stairway is a huge fireplace. On the mantel of this fireplace are these wordsr low va. The affections of her people, like the rivers oj her borders, flow to an inseparable union. There aie two of Well-appointed From the main hall to the left the women's parlors open. them — one is circular and gives fine views west, south, and east retiring and check rooms are connected with these parlors. At the rear of the main hall are big lounging and smoking rooms for the men. All of these apart- ments have big open fireplaces. There are rooms, too, on the first floor — the post office, check stands, information bureau, headquarters of the state board, and super- 11' ! limi f 494 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIk. IOWA BUILDING. intendent's office. The whole of the eastern wing of the building is occupied l)y the exhibit hall. The stairway from the main hall leads to the assei.ibly room which occupies most of the second floor. This room is about 40x60 feet in area, but it is hard to tell about that, for it is about as irregular in outline as the rest of the building. It is an altogether pleasant place though, to assemble. Here is the state's art exhibit and the exhii)it of women's work. Connecting with the assembly room is the large apartment of the state historical society, and in the north-east corner of the second floor are the rooms for newspaper men, and, by the way, these Iowa newspaper men are pretty well treated, for they have two fine rooms overlooking the lake, one for loitering, the other for working purposes. The lounging room has a newspaper man's mantlepiece in it. The cen- tral figures on either side are news- boys in full chase. Then there are bas reliefs of pastepots, and shears, " shooting-sticks " and composing sticks, and whatever spaces are left the designer has filled up with pleasant representations of that important personage, the printer's devil. This room is further bedecked with a frieze of newspaper headings. Perhaps the most interesting part of the building is the exhibit hall, and people who think corn is nothing but horse feed have here a fine chance to study its effects as a decorative material. Corn ears, some cf them split lengthwise and some of them sawed up into circles, are worked into all sorts of fancy designs. There are festoons of corn and corn pictures. The capitals of the columns are trimmed with small grains, and there are festoons of grasses here and there, but mostly it is just corn. About the walls are series cf big pictures, done in corn, illustrating Iowa's resources, her mines, her clay beds, dairying, stock-raising and grain-growing industries and the work of her schools. There have been used in decorating this room 1,200 bushels of corn and three and one-half car-loads of cereals. The work is a new phase of the polychrome house decorative art, except that the raised colors are given by different cereals and corns. The capitals of the columns are worked out in corn shucks and millet heads. From the roof-tree to the walls the ceiling is divided into three sections, the top one being general in design and made of all the field products of the state. The next section has fourteen panels, those on the side ceiling containing figures illustrating the different industries of the state. These panels, in an interesting way, demonstr ite the worth of grains as a decorative auxiliary. At each end of the ceilings are i).in- els containing the American eagle and shields worked out in grains, and in the lour corners of the ceiling are shields with the device, " Iowa, 1846-1893," worked out on HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 495 MINNESOTA BUILDING. itblue field in white corn and shucks. Where the pillars join the roof is a frieze, an elaborate scroll-work 't le of festoons of corn and wheat and millet seeds. The spandrels between the windows are done in tessallated panels of many coloreil corns. In one corner is a round band stand reached by a short stairway and decor- ated in much the same manner as the main hall except that the frieze represents a grape vine, the leaves being made of corn shucks and the fruit of purple-colored popcorn. There is not a piece of wood shown in the entire hall, which cost $12,000 to decorate. Throughout it is one blaze of color and nothing but the natural products of Iowa were used and not a kernel was dipped in paint or dyed. In the center of the hall is a model of the state capital made entirely of glass and filled with grain. It is 21 feet high, 23 feet long and 13 feet wide. Facing the eastern entrance is a heroic group, the center figure being a woman. It represents Iowa fostering her industries. Grouped around by the pil- lars are small pavilions and pagodas, on which are displayed the different prod- ucts of the farm and mine. The State spent $35,000 on this building. The peo- ple of Iowa have won conquests before. Their corn palaces have attracted the country's attention, and their coal palaces have been a revelation. In the Iowa building these ideas have produced some marvelous effects. To the farmer visitor nothing has been more in- teresting and striking. To every- one the Iowa building is worth an extended visit. Minnesota is the greatest flour producing State in the Union, and when the civil war commenced it had only one rep- resentative in the lower hall of Congress. Its building, which cost $30,000, is designed in the Italian renaissance style, two stories high, with a mez- /anin story in the rear. The frame is of wood, covered with staff. The roof is of Spanish tile. The ground dimensions are 78x91 feet. The main entrance is on the south. In the recess within the entrance is a sculptural group, symbolizing the KANSAS BUILDING. Ilttl « ) •'■[li; 496 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR legend of Minnehaha and Hiawatha. On the first floor is the exhibition hall, 52x78 fe(^t, apostofifice, baggage and ticket rooms, and superintendent's room. The main stairway is in the rear, opposite the entrance, and on the landing, half-way up, is a semi-circular bay alcove, lighted with large glass windows. On the second floor is a reception hall, 30x33 feet, parlors and retiring rooms for men and women, and a committee room. In the mezzanin story are four bed rooms and two bath rooms. The interior walls are plastered, decorated in fresco, in plain tints, and finished in pine. The woman's rooms have color decorations done by women of the State. Bleeding Kansas spent $25,000 on its building. Its ground plan is irregular. It approaches a square, one side being straight, and the other three forming irreg- ular angles. It has a ground area of 135x138 *^eet. It is two stories «s "■,^.1. - -^--^ - „i — high, built ot frame and staff, and is surmounted by an elliptical glass dome. The main exhibi- tion hall occupies nearly all of the first floor, and extends through to the glass dome. A balcony, from the second story, overhangs the main entrance on the south, and a second balcony extends around the base of the dome. The north end of the main floor is occupied by a natural history collection. There are also offices for the boards of commissioners on the first floor. Four flights of stairs lead to the second floor, where are rooms for the women's exhibits, a school exhibit, and parlors for men and women. Nebraska spent $20,000. Its style of architecture is classical and of the Cor- inthian order. The building has a ground area of 60x100 feet, and is two stories high. The exterior is of staff. On the east and west fronts are wide porticos, approached by flights of steps. Over the porticos are projecting gables, supported by six columns, twenty-five feet ' ijh, the full distance from the cornice to the floor. In each pediment is the State seal, in bas-relief, five feet in diameter. F"rom each portico three large double doors of oak give entrance to the exhibit hall. The room is 60x70 feet and in it an agricultural display is made. On the first floor, also, are a reception room, commissioners' office, baggage room and postoffice. A double stairway, nine feet wide, leads from the center of the exhibit hall to the second floor. Here is an exhibit room, 60x70 feet, used for an art exhibit. On this flour are a women's parlor, reading room, smoking room and toilet rooms. NEBRASKA BUILDING. HISTORY OV THE WORLD'S FAIR. 497 Dii hall, 52x78 11. The main f-way up, is a econd floor is ivomcn, and a o bath rooms. nd finished in the State, n is irregular. 'orming irrc^ rj^ characteristics above referred t<\ to exemplify in a measure some of the chief products of the State, and to suggest some of its interesting features. All of the materials used in the construction of the building are products of Idaho, and nearly all of the decorations were there ob- tained. The general style of archi- tecture is Swiss, modified in so far as was necessary to adapt it to the materials to be used in the construc- tion and to illustrate local conditions and cost $40,000. The headquarters for North Dakota visitors is a pretty, hospitable-looking building adjacent to that of Kansas and cost $18,000. The building is 70x50 f<'it. A space 46x21 feet in front of the main assembly hall, between the two committfe rooms, is used as a court-yard. From this court-yard the main assembly room is en- tered through a large stone arch, above which on the exterior is an elaborately car' cd SOUTH DAKOTA BUILDING. w HISTORY OI- THE WORLD'S FAIR. 5or It panel containing the coat-of-arms of North Dakota. The main feature of the in- terior is the assembly hall, which includes a space 24x56 feet. The room is spanned by four broad arched beams between each of which is a wide window reaching from near the floor to the roof. At either end of the room is a broad fire-place. Com- mittee and toilet rooms are provided throughout the building. The structure is two J^tories high, and on the exterior the walls of the main gable ends are built of brick. The remainder of the walls are of timber, filled in between with plaster panels. North Dakota pays great attention to the exhibit of her principal product, wheat, but also making a good showing in several other departments. The educational advantages of the State are fully presented, and her exhibit is among the best. The South Dakota State building has a ground area of 70x126 feet, and is two stories high and cost $15,000. The structure is frame, the exterior being covered with Yankton cement, in imitation of stone work. The roof is corrugated iron and the cor- nice and brackets are pressed zinc. The main entrance is on the east, along which front extends a wide porch with heavy columns support- ing a balcony from the second story. On the left of the main entrance is a women's parlor, on the right a men's reception room. In the main body of the building is the exhibition hall, 44x58 feet. Six feet above the main floor is an entresol, having committee rooms for the boards of commissioners. In the northwest corner of the main floor is a room for press correspondents. The rotunda in the center of the building extends through to the roof and is covered with a skylight. The second floor is devoted to rooms for the women's exhibit and special State exhibits. Among the great interior states is the Territory of Utah, which has a building that cost $10,000 to erect. It is two stories high, and has an area of 46x82 feet. In style the facade is modern renaissance. The foundation, columns, pilasters, cornice and other ornamental parts are made in imitation of the different kinds of stone in Utah. The walls are lined off in trnitation of adobes. On the first floor is an ex- hibit hall, 41x45 feet, open to the roof and covered with a skylight. In the rear of this hall is a circular bay, and in this is the main stairway. This building has chaste and simple outlines, and is an ornament to the grounds, standing as it does among the other state edifices, and lending its handsome exterior to the group. It is a worthy illustration of the taste of the people of that territory, and will attract the visitor by its novelty. Its interior is planned with a special view to the comfort of those who make it their headquarters. The two stories are laid out in nearly the UTAH BUILDING. \iM I 1 r i i ■ i ii 502 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. same fashion, comprising on the first floor several rooms for the use of the commis- sioners. A lA^ception room is placed here, as also the secretary's office, and women's parlor. The second floor is similar in arrangement to the first, there being an ex- hibition room. 41x45 feet, and various office rooms. SERVING COFFEE IN THE KIOSK OF THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT BUILDING. HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 503 eing an ex- CHAPTER X. A PEEP AT THE PACIFIC SLOPE. California's Reproduction of Some of its Old Mission Churches — A Unique Blending of San Antonio of Padua, San Juan, Capistrano, San Diego and Santa Barbara — 100,000 Square Feet of Space Occupied by 266 Exhibitors from the Golden State— Great Columns and Pyramids of Fruits — Pavilion of Redwood and Laurel— Samples « if Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Quicksilver, Iron, Coal Borax and Many Other Minerals— >-Gi ange, Lemon, Pomegranate, Fig, Lime and Apricot Trees In Bearing — Towers of Walnuts and Almonds— Masses of Dried, Preserved and Crystalized Fruits — A Live Palm Tree From San Diego County 127 Years Old, 50 Feet in Height, and Weighing 47,000 Pounds — Beautiful Display of Spanish Silk and Silver Work — The State of Washington— A Wonderful Exhibit— Woods, Metals, Cereals, and Fruits in Amazing Abund- ance—A Great Display of Taxidermy — The Biggest Flagstaff in the World. ALIFORNIA, glorious state of the Golden Gate, Yosemite, and semi-tropical climate, has given to Jackson Park tun second largest state building in its combination of old Spanish mission architecture. It is situated on the west side of the grounds, north of the Woman's building, and just at the entrance, and is, perhaps, more picturesque than any, save the Fisheries. It is 144x500 feet; the main cornice line is fifty feet from the ground, while the top of the central dome is some eighty feet. The exterior is of plain plaster, artificially seamed and cracked, giving it the appearance of the old mission buildings, while recessed entrances give the walls that appearance of depth and solidity characteristic of those old structures. The south front of the building is formed of an Ionic colonnade with three arched openings, which with the south towers, is reproduced from Mission Santa Barbara. The northwest belfry is taken from Mission San Luis Rey, and the east towers and the towers around the dome from Carmel Mission. The entire east front of the building is a reproduction of Mission San Antonio of Padua and the north front, of Mission San Juan Capistrano. Some of these have old Spanish bells brought over by the Franciscan friars, more than a hundred years ago. The roof is finished with red earthenware tiles, while surrounding the central dome is a roof garden of tropical vines, plants and palms. Two elevators run up to the garden; these elevators are placed as exhibits, being a California product; the i)ower being a combination of steam and water. This building is not of the clubhouse character of m.ost of the other state buildings. The entire lirst floor is open, and is devoted to California state displays, 1?^ HISTORY OF THF WORLDS FAIR. 505 principally of fruits and canned goods. There arc three fountains on the ground floor, one in the center, and one on either end. The central hall is surrounded by a 'vide gallery, and on the gallery Hoor in the north end of the building is the ban- quet hall, a kitchen and an assembly room. In the south end are four servant's rooms, and there is a cafe on the roof. In the north end of the gallery there is also a council chamber. On the east side are the offices of the commissioners and their secretaries. The whole of the interior is devoted to California products, most of them exhibited by individuals. The 100,000 square feet of space is occupied by 266 individual exhibitors. Southern California takes the south half of the bidding and the northern section the north half. A grea': many exhibits are made by counties. San Mateo county has erected a pavilion built of redwood. It is circular in form with large Corinthian pillars, the roof of which is covered with brilliant-colored pebbles. In it are shovvn the wines and grapes and other products of this particular county. In the center of the building is a huge relief map of San F'rancisco. It is twenty- five feet in diameter and four feet high, showing the topography of the site and the architectu-ie of the city from the seal rocks at the Cliff house, and from the (jolden (iate to the hills of Alameda. So complete is the model that each visitr m from San r'rancisco can pick out his home. Of all the states, California is the only one where the celebrated pampas grass thrives, and as this is something of a curiosity, there has been erected a pampas palace by Mrs. Harriet Strong, of Los Angeles countv at an expense of $4,500. It is Moorish or Arabic in design, and is made entirely of the plumes and stalks. Another remarkable exhibit is the obelisk of sweec oil made by Mr- Lloyd, of Santa Barbara county. Visitors trom Boston have a chance to gaze on and admire a bean pagoda forty feet high. California raises more beans than any other state in the Union. In the rotunda of the building is a palace of plenty. It is erected by the six southern counties of the state. They are all semi-tropical in nature and contrioute rare plants and ferns for the palace. It is covered with flowers and made e'^ti'-ely of products from the southern sections. In it are shown the various fruits grown in the South, and just beside it, stands a tower made of walnuts. Fresn'' county ih. represented by a pyramid of raisin and wine exhibits. A model of the great irri- gation system that has reclaimed the desert is shown in the center. Obelisk ex- hibits of olive oil, pyramids of marmalade, towers of dried fruit and many other things are shown in abundance. lust under the big dome stands a palm tree, 127 years old. The tree is fifty feet high, and has been one of the attractions for tourists a;^- they drove up the bay of San Diego to the ruins of the old mission, which is up San Diego river, several miles from the bay. The removal of the huge plant was something of a problem. A box was sunk around its roots in an excavation made for the purpose, and the tree thus inclosed was lifted by a derrick with the heart about the roots bound to the tree by the protecting box. California women occupy three large rooms decorated by their women artists. The scheme of interior decoration for the rooms is an illustration of the i'' \t U''i I 506 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. iil wonderful wild flowers that cover the mesas and valleys of the golden state. Travelers in che region about San Diego, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara are im- pressed by the unusual beauty of the state flower — the garden poppy, or, as it is called there, the eschscholtzia. In every valley and on the mesas where there is suitable soil and moisture it grows in bewildering profusion, sometimes so abundant as to predominate the landscape with its rich hues of gold and orange. This is used altogether in the decoration of the main room in the gallery. The center of the ceiling contains an allegorical panel, the picture of a young girl scattering poppies. Below the central panel, encircling the sloping sides of the ceiling, are wreaths of wild flowers, the poppy conspicuous among them. In the center of each wreath is the name of a county of the state. Great credit is due Frank Wiggins for what he has done for Southern California, and also to the great lemon producer, Mr. Garcelon, of Riverside. On opposite sides of the room are two white woven grilles carrying out the general design in conventional form. Between the poppy-room and the one next to it, which contains the wild-flower collection of the state, are portieres of sixteenth century cloth, bordered with poppies and gold fringe. Women throughout the state have joined in the effort to make their apartments at the Exposition a striking feature of the state's display. Monterey has sent portieres of yellow silk, emblaz- oned with eschscholtzias in Spanish drawn work, valued at $500. The jewelers and other firms of San Francisco have had special silverware, furniture, lamps and wood carvings made with the same flower as the principal designs. A white and gold carpet to complete the furnishing, and the effect of the assembled decorations is extraordinarily rich. The visitor will be struck by the splendid exhibits of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, X'^entura and San Bernardino counties, which have been particularly mentioned, and the exhibit made by Frank Kimball. Oregon and Nevada have no state buiklings, although the latter spent $10,000 in the Mines and Mining building, and the former makes one of the finest of all the pomological displays to be seen in the Horticultural building, although the state made no appropriation. The newly made State of Washington decided to erect a building entirely unlike anything else at Jackson I'ark. With its quaint towers it reminds one some- what of a Holland residence and wind-mill. The first floor, to a height of ei<^rht feet, is of rough hewn Puget Sound logs, and from this height, for twenty-two feet more, upright timbers form the superstructure. It is further distinguished by a tall flag-pole, which raises its lofty crown, sentinel like, 208 feet from the mound. In architectural design it is sui generis, but it is likewise picturesque. Brietly de- scribed the building is composed of a main structure, flanked on either side by two wings, and for sole exterior adornments has just four towers, each 96 feet high, at the east and west fronts of the main building. The building, with the two winj^s, covers a space 204 feet frontage by 126 feet deep. The wings are connected by passages. The main entrance is an important decorative feature, of grinite mar- ble and ore from the State, forming a broad vestibule built of native stone, 23 feet HISTORY. OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 507 liigh and 18x21 feet in area. All of this stone was donated to the commissioners, and came from the Chuckanutt, Tanino and Pittsburg quarries. The interior arrangement is as roomy as it is elaborately finished. The entire space of the main building is a grand hall, 70x126 feet. At each end, east and west, is a balcony. The east space is fitted up for the commission- '^rs' rooms, and elaboratelydecorated and frescoed. The interior roof ar- rangement is suggestive of church ceilings. Immense Swiss trusses ex- tend clear through the seventy feet of space. Roman arches span the aisles and passage-ways leading to the wings on either side. The ceiling here shows also the beams in the rough, and the space between has been arranged as panels, with fres- coes painted by Washington artists; each panel reproduces a landscape of Washington. The interior arrange- ments of the wings are exactly the same. Throughout the entire building Wash- ington's natural products are displayed. For this purpo;:e lofty shelves and cases are erected against the walls and in the center of the halls. In the very center of the main hall a minature Washington farm is exhibited. The west end is devoted to fisheries and taxidermy. In thi^ iter branch every wild beast found in the Wash- ington forests and on its mountains is shown true to life. These include elk, moose, bears, mountain lions, cayotes, foxes, deer, mountain sheep, and others of the smaller animals. In the passageways the horticultural and agricultural products of the State are carefully displayed as well as at the east end. The right wing is given up wholly to the woman's exhibit, and the left wing ♦^o forestry, botany, min- erals, coal, stone and iron. The building and exhibit is estimated to have cost about $100,000. WASHINGTON BUILDING. II ■(■■ I ''lis i>ni C(JMMI-S!6IONEKS FROM FOKHKiN COUNTRIES. 1. Sir Henry Woot), (Irent lin'lnui. 4. H. E. Impkriai, Chamderlain P. DE (iL()lKUOV!b Olivehia, Briizil. 9. Hon. Anton von PALirst uek- Pai.mkor.st, VI. Hon. Ur. Artiur Kenwuk, .\i'i(' Sdii'h It'ud'.'i. 15. Hon. Frederick Uotioi.As, Ifiiyli. I k X ■ Si m \llliVIII. Isii 8imi:a South Ifud'S- Inioi-As, llityti. PA?,T X. AMONG THE FOREIGN BUILDINGS. CHAPTER I. The German Building — A Combination of Numerous Styles of Architecture — N.^arly a Quarter of a Million Expended — A Home of Many Gables, balconies and Towers — Repi eduction of a Rural Chapel— Collection of Bismarck i uvenirs — Historical Documents and Copies of Treaties — Tapestry, Furniture, Bronze, Statuary and Paintings from German Factories ind Studios — Some Beautiful Work in Carved Oak— Handsome Carpets and Rugs — The Pavilion of the Norwegians — A Type of Architecture which Originated Eight !^undred Years Ago— Timbers from Christiana — The Swedish Building — Modern Brick and Terra Cotta from Prominent Manufacturers ot Sweden — The " Venice of the North " — Many of the Products of Sweden Repi "sented— Exquisite Embroideries and Needle Work— Panorama of Swedish Landscape. ESIDES being the largest of all foreign buildings, the German Government building is the most substantial and much the handsomest on the lake shore. Next to the Spanish build- ing and near the British, its variegated roof, airy bell tower, minarets, pinnacles and solid brick walls contrasting strangely with its neighbors, it is yet the richest, largest and most pre- tentious building in the group. Occupying a frontage of 150 feet and a depth of 175 its main height is 78 feet, while the overtopping tower is 150 feet from the ground. The building is a combination of several styles of architecture, being a transition from the renaissance to the Columbian period, embodying in the wliole a composite of the Gothic, Nurem- berg and German school of to-day. The outer walls are deco- rated after the manner of the old Cierman houses with the imperial eagles and allegorical figures. At three dii'ferent corners of the structure are three lesser towers, in which are hung three bells which were presented to the commission by the ten-year-old Crown Prince of (jcrmany. After the Exposition these bells are to be sent back to Plurope, and i)laced in a church which is to be erected as a memorial to the oltl Emperor William, and called the Church of Peace. The rather steep roof is covered with shining glazed tiles. The roof corners, water spouts, etc., down to the large lantern in front of the tower, are of shining brass or mellow-hued bronze. The center is in the form of a chapel, rich in decorations. Bay windows, projecting balconies, turrets, etc., lend the structure a most pict- uresque appearance, one closely resembling that of an old German "Rathhaus" or fllfff ■ m HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 5" ( ity hall, such as may be seen even at this day in Nuremberg; or some other ancient town. The massive walls are decorated and frescoed in South German style. Over the main entrance, in Gothic lettering?, the following characteristic Ger- man mo:to in ancient rhyme appears: Nahrhaft und wehrhaft, Voll Korn and vol! Wein, Voll Kraft und Eisen. Klanpreich, gedankenreich- Ich will dich preisen, Vaterland mein. Which in English would be: Fruitful and powerful. And full of firain and wine, Full of strength and iron, Tuneful and thoughtful, I will praise thee, Fatherland mine. But the interior is even more impressive and finer than the exterior. After passing through the magnificently decorated rotunda, a second hall is reached. This, in fact, is a separate wing, some forty feet high and divided by an arched passage of considerable width and height. This inner wing, with the exceptions noted, extends over the entire space in the building, covering an area of about 2,000 square feet. The pillars everywhere are heavy, short and solids throughout, and tile arches are semicircular, the style being early German renaissance. Balconies rise in tiers on all four sides of this vast interior space, and heavy timber and cast- ings used in their construction being richly painted and decorated. Subdued color effects, such as dull reds and blues and yellows, are every where visible, and the niches and corners show poetic lintings made by Max Seliger, a talented artist sent by the German government. Thechapel is a reproduction of a private chapel in one of the German castles. It is on the west side ot the building, the nave being a large bow-window of stained f^lass. It is eighteen feet wide by thrty feet long and around the sides are placed images carved in wood and stone illustrative of church decorations. The walls are painted a subdued tint and many texts are illuminated and placed around. Here a large collective exhibit is placed, some fifty firms in Munich, Berlin, Heidelberg, Crefeld, Carlsruhc, Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Wuerzburg, etc., being represented in it. Appropriately enough this exhibit is one of modern church art — or rather art api)lied to churches. Some very fine stained and painted windows and oriels; magnificent church vestments of silks, velvets, linens, brocailes, etc., embroidered or embossed; costly and artistic vessels for sacred use, fashioned of gold or silver; handsomely illuminated missals and prayer books and Bibles; and. lastly, plastic church art, such as statues and statuettes of saints, etc., crucifixes, etc., all form part of this highly interesting exhibit. On the altar is placed the silver communion service. It is very massive and hand carved. This service is destined for the same church as the bells donated by the young crown prince. Si; 512 HISTORY OI- rilF. WORLDS lAIR. Ill M; The German publishers h;iv<; arranj^n-d a (oinprcheiisive K<""t^>';il <-'xhil)i! of their wares — the art of printinjj; l)cinjr above all well illustrated by a lar^e assorr ment of maj^nificeiitly bound volumes of every kinti — rare scientific works especially But in cartojrraphy, lithoj^rai)hy, photojrrai)hy, chromo>^raphy, en^ravin^jf, etc., and all their cof^nate branches, the art is thoroujjrhly represented in thousands of beauti- ful specimens. And this tine collection — which ultimately is destined to enrich some Amerir.-i I institution, i)erhaps a public library or a university — is i)laced on the upper galleries or balconies of the building, arranged so as to easily afford instruc- tion and an intcdligcnt ap- preciation of its treasures. A reading room for the public is also provided, in which students may in- dulge the privilege of feasting their minds on some particular tome that has engrossed their fancy. yXdjoining the library is a large room decorated in imitation of an*old, castle hall. It is used as an ex- hibit room for the pres- ents which have been given to the different members of the royal house. The collection of Bismarck souvenirs is very large. It consists of addresses paid him by dif- ferent localities, many ar- tistic silver and gold cases holding the freedom of various cities, a drinking cup from the residents of Frankfort and the spurs he had when at the head of the German army. The Von Moltke heirs have also sent many relics of the stern old warrior, includ- ing his baton, decorations and various addresses. The exhibits made by the royal house are much the same in character, embracing many historical documents ai)cl copies of treaties which have figured prominently in changing the geography of Europe. The front part of the building is devoted to offices and Commissioncr Wermuth's reception room, which is quite as artistic as any in the palaces of lu-^ king. It is twenty feet square, with three broad plate glass windows looking out on Lake Michigan and the broad shore promenade. The ceiling is covered with NORWEGIAN BUILDING. ;il t'xhihit of kirj^e nssorf :s especially ig, etc., and lis of hcaiiti- enrich some hiced on the fcrd instruc- itelli}^(Mit ap- its treasuns. joni for the proviiled, in nts may in- l)rivile^e of ir minds on lartome that :1 their fancy, e library is a decorated in an.oUlicastle sed as an ex- or the prrs- havt! been 1 e different f the royal collection of uvenirs is t consists of |d him by dif- es, many ar- d ^old cases freedom of , a drinkin^r residents of army. Tlu; rior, incliul- |by the royal ments and ^ography of lip ^^pBB ■ smi^'^M is&sn^^^n ■ lirtiiilli^iifiril i= ; I \m-: 514 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. carved oak made in two-feet squares, and from each corner of each square depends an ornament which is gilded to relieve the dark color of the wood. In the center is a painting representing a sunrise which was done in Germany for thisspecial room bya member of the Royal Academy, who denoted it on the con- dition that the painter's name should be kept a secret. Around the walls runs a wainscoting of carved oak, seven feet high. It is surmounied by a hand-carvoxl panel, with figures representing the history of the empire. From the wainscoting to the ceiling the walls are frescoed in floral designs in bright colors, which offset the dark color of the oak. On the north side of the room is a porcelain fireplace which runs to the ceiling. The color is dark blue, and over the grate is a single tile four feet long by one broad, representing a wedding party in winter in the olden times. The furnishing of the room is old style. The carpet is made in keeping with the woodwork by one of the famous German factories, and the upholstered furni- ture is of the style now long out of vogue. Scattered about are several desks made to correspond with the same period as the furniture. Between the windows is a gilt hall clock, ten feet high. It is one of the most artistic bits of furnishing in the room. Four feet above the base rams' heads are set in each corner, and from that point to the top, the design is after one of the spires of the Strasburg cathedral. The dial is unique, in that each of the numerals is painted on an oval piece of ivory cut in a triangular shape, the point at the center. Right here it may be mentioned that a portion of the material used in the construction and in the inner decoration of the German building itself has been fur- nished by German firms for purposes of exhibition. Thus, the tiles on the roof — quite new of their kind in this country — of which there were used fifteen car loads alone, are an exhibit in themselves. So are the beautiful windows, the antique furniture and the ornate wooden ceilings in the reception-room of the commissioner and in the anti-chamber. So, too, are the handsome carpets and rugs that are spread on every floor and staircase in the huge structure — all contributed by large manufacturers in Wurzen, Saxony, in Schriiedeberg and Dueren, Prussia. The top floor is cut up into a score of small rooms of all sorts of shapes by the many gabled roof. They are all utilized though as living rooms by members of the commissioner's staff, royal guards care takers and others whose constant presence is required about the building. Costly as is the building — $150,000 — it is by no means out of proportion to the appropriation, as the German Government has furnished the munificent sum of $750,000 for her display at the Columbian Exposition. The land of the fiord and the Norsemen erected a curious structure, dis- tinctly Norwegian in its idiosyncrasies. The pavilion is what is known as the Stav- kirke style and is copied after the church houses they have been building in ihat country ever since the twelfth century. ' There is a high lower story and a low upper story ana, over all, a ii'u'li gabled roof picturesquely irregular in design. A fine flagstaff tops the whole. Hut HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 515 what most gives a Norse aspect to this little building, which is but 26x40 feet in size, are the decorative figures projecting over the gables, heavy beams that curve upward and which are graven in grotesque shapes like the heads of dragons or serpents. These resemble more than anything else, the ancient prows of battle ships. That is exactly what they are intended to be like. When the "Stav-kirke" type of architecture was originated, the Norse were the boldest navigators in the world. Their high penned galleys, with hideous figure-heads, ventured where none others dared to go. Those were the days of the vikings. So the Norsemen, being more at home in ships than in houses, patterned their houses after their ships. In effect the edifice portrays a quaint old church, a maze of gables, on which decora- tive figures represent the defiant ornamentations of the bows of viking ships. The whole composition is most romantic in its conception. The material used in the Norwegian pine wood, and the < ost in the neighborhood of $10,000. The timbers were all prepared at Christiana and brought to Chicago in framed cases. The building is chiefly used for the offices of the commissioners and as a rendezvous for Norwegian folks. All of the exhibits are in the main buildings and if it had not been that they were stirred up by all this Columbus hubbub to the re- membrance that America was discovered by their own Leif Ericksen more than 800 years ago, they would probably have had no headquarters at the F"air at all. The Swedish Government building is located to the northeast of the Fisheries not far from the Brizilian structure and between the lake and the lagoon. The space alloted to Sweden was triangular in shape and the building was made to conform to the space in order to utilize it to the utmost. A hexagon was inscribed at the center of the space and there the main hall was located. The design of the building is partly the product of the architect's personal taste and fancy, but in working out the drawings he has to a great extent allowed himself to be guided by the style of Swedish churches and gentlemen's houses of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As far as possible the characteristics of old Swedish architecture have been retained. The building was constructed in Sweden, where it was temporarily put to- gether. Afterwards it was taken apart and brought to Chi .-ago, making twenty-one carloads of material. It cost $40,000 of the $100,000 appropriated by the Govern- ment. In the three corners are rooms of considerable size. Galleries run around the building. The main hall is sixty-five feet across, and the pitch of the cupola, which rises above it, is se\'enty feet, and above the cupola is tiie spire. The Swedish flag flies from the flagstaff above the spire, 150 feet from the ground. The entire area of the floor is 11,000 square feet. The lower part of the front wall of the building forms an exhibit of its own, consisting of modern brick, terra-cotta, and cement work from the most prominent manufacturers of Sweden. Exhibits of steel, iron, clay, cement, wood pulp, porcelain and wick are shown in the building also. The remainder of the building is entirely of wood, all the work being done by the Eskclstuna Iraforadlingsaktiebolag in Sweden. Following the old Swedish fashion, * yi} .j£- iiir 516 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. the whole of the roof and tl>e walls are covered with shingles. The outside of the woodwork is impregnated with a preserving liquid to prevent decay. The inside of the pavilion is painted in light colors and richly decorated with bunting, coat-of-arms and crests. A fine exhibit of the world-famed Swedish iron ore is made. A display of the manufactured products of iron, china goods, and glass products are well represented in the pavilion. There is also a liberal space for gold and silverware and wood pulp products. A further attraction is the excellent representation of a genuine Swedish home with beautiful suites of fur- niture and highly artistic drapery. Exactly opposite the main entrance of the building is a large picture of the capital of Sweden, "The Venice of the North," with its famous royal castle. Wax figures stand in front of this picture dressed in the picturesque garb of the Swedes, and to one side is a panorama of Swedish landscapes, while the other side is oc- cupied by a Swedish peasant's cottage. The outdoor sports-exhibits are skates, snowshoes, sleighs, canoes and yachts. A carefully executed bust of Gustavus Adolphus II. has also been placed in this room. In the galleries are gathered exhibits illustrative of the school system, which are admittedly of the first rank. Embroideries and needle work displays attract lady visitors, who also have seen the Swedish women's work in the Woman's building under the patronage of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden and Norv/ay. The Swedish cafe people have brought with them a pleasant old-world cus- tom of setting tables for their guests around under the trees on the green turf, where the cool winds of heaven may fan their feverc-! 1 ^-ows and frappe their soup before the waiter gets around with a spoon to eat :' with — for of all leisurely creatures under the sun the Swedish waiter takes the lead. A couple sat down at one of these out-of-door tables one day, and after due deliberation a waiter ap- peared and took their order; then he disappeared. Just as the two were giving up all hope he came back with part of the order and set it down. After an inter- minable wait his nature prompted him to bring bread. The knives and forks ap- peared next, the order of procession impressing his charges with the idea that eat- ing a Swedish meal was like reading Hebrew, and it was necessary to begin at the end and work forward. When everything was on the table, and in response to re- peated tearful entreaties he had even brought beer, he made another disappear- ance that threatened to be final. The couple finished their meal, chatted pleasantly for awhile, had a quarrel and made it up, talked in a desultory fashion about the F'air and the weather, and looked for the waiter high and low. Finally the man caught another waiter and tried to send him after the first. After the man had minutely explained what he wanted the waiter said he didn't speak English. Then the woman came to the r< scue. "Let's just get up and walk off, then they'll chase us, and you can pay," she suggested. "All right," saM tiu- man, who was becoming desperate. They walked off a few hundred feei and ri.it a soul moved. Then the man came back, and as he was returning caugh .si>.;h(.o' his waiter around a ct>rner of the cafe. "Ah," said the waiter with a beam "v; sn ale, after the man ha'I in- iide of the ^iiitiji itt HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR, 517 formed him in a vindictive manner that he wished to pay his bill. "Ah, I thought you had gone; I thought you would come back to-morrow, eh?" "Wen, you've got a heap of confidence in human nature." said the man as he fished around his pockets for an extra dime. "I want to give you that," he said, "and I want to im- press it on your mind what it's for; it's for your inattention." LEARNING— BY IDA J. BURGESS. Decoration of Reception Room of Illinois Building. I if im s.. - 1 I I fl: It .■ ill* VICTORIA HOUSE. i''*!;. r HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 5^* CHAPTER II. GREAT BRITAIN'S VICTORIA HOUSE. The More You See It the More You Like 11— A Majestic but Not Gaudy Interior— Double Sweeps ot Staircase— A Fine but Subdued Collection of Furniture— Carved Oak that Reminds One of the Times of Good Queen Bess— Associations that are Halos— The East Indian Building— Tantalizing- Shawls and Carpets— Brocades from Madras and Benares — A Great Collection of Tapestries and Embroideries. i,]l REAT BRITAIN has put $125,030 into an insignificant-look- ing structure, which is located on a little peninsula quite isolated from the other "courts." The big guns of Uncle Sam's war ship point directly towards John Bull's bandbox* yet the Englishmen seem content with their headquarters^ The building is called Victoria House, and at a distance looks, inferior to the other foreign buildings. But as soon as one enters and inspects it he finds that» it is quite English in its quiet but splendid elegance and comfort. From the outside one would wonder where all those golden guineas were put; and so he might from the inside, if he were a superficial observer. But a careful inspection will easily account for the expenditure of that liberal sum. Victoria House is said to be a good sample of an ordinary half-timber country house in England of the Elizabethan period. The entire interior, including woodwork, ceilings, wall-paper, and carpets, was brought from England, and , is different parts are copied after a number of famou i English country seats. Thu iiall and staircase are from Haddon Hall, the residence of Lord Hardwicke, in Cheshire; the ceilings are from Queen Elizabeth's palace at Plas Mawe, in Vv'ales; the reception-room is from Crewe HalL in Staffordshire; the library is from Eton Hail, near Chester; and the dining-room is from Campden House, ivcnsington, the residence of the Duke of Argyll. It would be useless to describe its grand fi place and its $2 ^ /j sideboard, for these and all of its superb appointments must be seen to be apprtc; uted. Probably never was so perfect a collection of furniture ''.closed within four walls as forms the embellishment of Victoria House. Histt ::s and associa- tions float around the carvings like a halo. In almost every case the furniture is a a reproduction of the contents of a mansion with a tale to tell. The gargoylelike heads that peer from the corners of tables, the friezes of carved oak leaf, the quaint, fantastic figures with their wooden smiles and frowns recall each and all a bygone time before men were too busy to find comfort in the art of their everyday life. i-i! ii ; !l s 11! . , {:■ I' i5i : Ilii m l:MV'' [:, -.1 .' '.. . 520 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'.S FAIR. The grand hall, with its ilouble sweep of staircase, has almost reached its maturity. Three centuries ago good Queen Bess, with her ron'-tlers choked in their ruffs and her dames in the stern discomfort of the Elizabethan corset, :;wepf up just such a stairca'5e as that at Plas iMawe in north Wales. All around are chairs and tables with a pedigree. In the ;enter of the hall is a table lv-' be '^eneiated, for Queen Victoria possesses just such an article of fur'?iture in her '/istle ;»f NVj'iusor. Her majesty, like one of her predecessors on the ti rone, i:as a penchant fur round tables. By a novel device the table is as t^vpansiv" as a } iece of chewing-gum. Her niajesty can entertain a fev/ relatives ,Tt her tf.iditional mutton and rice pudding, or she can preside over a court batuuit:t at the same table. And jjiill it will retain its sociable rotundity Everywhere through the buildin,f the monogram V. R, indicates ihe rever- ence shown the monarch. Wherever Queen Bess is not recognizee '. i the pattern of the ',:hair=, Ouceii Vic- toria's m.onojrram :s writ ten large. On either sidf; of the h.all V. R. ir. :'(t upon the tv.\?' 1)ig fend- ers. The .'Mai.tcls ;.ire of dark oak eluboraicly carved. Victoria House is designed m.unly for tlve headquarters; of Sir 1 1 e n ry ' F r u e m a a Wood, thi- Secretary of the Royal British Commission, and Edmu!> \ H. Lloyd, its Assistant Secretary and General Superintendent. B'lt, incidenialiy, it dispenses hospitality to distinguished subjects of Queen Vic- toria who visit the Exposition, though Mr. Lloyd is authority for the statement that no dignitaries are expected. The East Indian building is situated just north of the Fisheries buildinj^, near Sweden's brick-front building and the Haytian exhibit. While it is called tlic Indian Court, it was really erected through the public spirit of a few wealihy tea me; chants of Calcutta, who were unwilling to see Hindoi>stan unrepresented this way. ' c is a one story pavilion of staff, of generous dimensio'c-', and in the character- istic East Indian style of architecture, and is easily recogn. by the gold-canopied entrance and its quaint beauty. It will be observed thr. . buildings of Great Britain and her colonies ar- ppropriately placed nc. '• nd in line with one an- other. The building is litf y packed with beauti i i ;. ubits, and every foot ' . available space holds sometning rare and interesting. '; is also claimed that every exhibit there was made by hand. The exquisite wooJ ..i> ! i-ory carvings and ai tistic repousst brass and copper ware show in themseves t! :; 10 machine had evn EAST INDIA BUILDING. ■'#^ HISTORY OF THE WORLDS FAIR. 521 Queen Vic- e statement les buildiiij;, lis called the wealihy tea psented this le character- |ld-canopi('(l fs of Great ith one an- 'ery foot i- that every |ngs and ai le had ever touched thern, but it is difficult to believe that the heavy carpets, woven in the most intricate designs, are from hand looms instead of Jacquards. An astonishing vari- ety of fabrics are shown in silk and cottons, as well as mixed silk and cotton, both printed and embroidered. Wax-printed cloths of Peshawur and Delsa, and tinsel .md glass decorated stuffs of Poona and Satara, are exhibited for the first time in this country. The wax-printed cloths are made by applying a mixture of melted lac and beeswax with a wooden stick. The designing is done free-hand, and after the mixture has been applied, finely powdered mica is sifted over the design and left to dry. Many Cashmir shawls which are not embroidered, but made on the loom, are piled in cases with silk sarees from Surat and Madras, with silk' and brocade edg- ings, worn by Hindoo women of the upper classes as dresses. Phulkarie^ or silk embroideries made in the Punjab and on the Hazara frontier, Rampore chodders or ring shawls, so fine and soft that one measuring two yards wide can be passed through an ordinary finger ring, and brocades or kinkabs are other fabrics which are heaped up as though they were job lots in a country store instead of the costly productions of artists. On the floor is a breech loading cannon which is 400 years old, and there is leaning against the wall a matchlock fifteen feet long, made a couple of centuries ago. Beside the general exhibits there are native state exhibits made at the per- sonal request of the nizamof Hyderabad, the maharajah of Mysore, the maharajah of Jeypore, the maharajah of Patiola, the maharajah of Kapurthala, the maharajah of Karauli, the rajah of Jhina, the maharajah of Travancore, the Sawantwadi chief and the rao of Kutch. It is not used as the headquarters of government officials, but rather as an exhibit of teas and a sort of tea exchange. The whole floor is filled with dainty little tea tables, with two or three chairs around each. There any one who has a tired feeling can sit down and order a cup of tea, with cream and loaf sugar to boot, without a cent to pay as has been mentioned heretofore. These tea men themselves are an attraction, as they are natives of India, of the servant or lowest caste, and are dressed in brilliant scarlet robes, with gold em- broidery. Still more interesting, however, are the bazaar assistants, who occupy the upper floor of the building with a most wonderful exhibit of the art manufac- tures of India. Beginning at the bottom, socially, one of these is a Hindoostanee, of the servant class, who is a convert to Christianity and bears the Christian name ot ir. One oi them is a Mohammedan from Bombay. Then there is a hand- ■^ vuii fellow, cf the writing caste, from Benares, the Rome of India, whose name is xvameshvvar Di.!.! Coming higher up ti. ^re is a rajpoot of the warrior caste from Rajpootana, who is wrapped from head to foot in variegated silks, and nurses all the while an old rifle, ten feet long, that would probably burst the first time it was fired. Then the) : are two others of the warrior cast called Kahatrees from the Punjaub or Five Rivers. Finally, there has been brought nothing less than a live Brahmin I 52: HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. and Pundit from Delhi, said to be the only Brahmin that ever came to America. His name is Gobindpurshad Shookul. The building was dedicated with the peculiar rites of the land of Brahma and Buddha, performed by the turbaned natives, who came with silks, rugs, burn- ing incense, carved woods and other marvelous things that are crowded in the building, and with the hideous Hindoo Gods and grotesque images of minor deities leering down upon them, the jovial crowd of Americans who participated in the ceremonies experienced a new sensation. INDUSTRY— BY FAULINE A. DOHN. Reception Room Illinois Building. to America. of Brahma rugs, burn- wded in the linor deities ated in the W^ ^§fi .:m wi n- < HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 52"^ CHAPTER III. PAVILIONS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN. The Sword of Lafayette— A Ra^oduction of the Room in the Palace at Versailles in which Franklin was Received— A Large Number of Contributions from the Duke of Veragua— Letters Patent to Columbus from Isabella— Commission from the King and Queen— Many Interesting State Papers. HE pavilion of France, at the north end of Jackson Park, is one of the most interesting of the many foreign buildings in the group. It is not so stately nor so pretentious as some of its neighbors, but it is never passed by by sightseers. All around it are floral beauties placed there in May by one of the young republic's most eminent florists — M. Jules Lemoine. Upon the opening of the French pavilion, Camille Kranz.the Commissioner-General of France, Consul Edmund Bruweart, Morris Monthiers, the Assistant Commissioner-General, and August Masur. attache, received the guests in the room which is used as the museum for souvenirs of the American War of Inoependence now owned in France. The room itself is one of the attrac- tions of the French pavilion. It is an exact reproduction of the famous salon in the palace of Versailles where Louis XVI. received" Ben Franklin, the special ambassador from the American colonies, and with him signed the treaty which secured for the United States the active aid and cooperation of France. Director- General Davis, President Higinbotham, the various chiefs of departments, nearly all of the foreign commissioners, the World's P'air directors and National Commis- sioners who had remained in the city, members of the Commercial club, and many society people of Chicago were included in the guests present. Chief among the treasures in the room is the sword presented by the Colonial Congress to Lafayette in 1778. It has a hilt of solid gold, beautifully engraved, and a scabbard of the same with medallions, each one representing some scene of the Revolutionary War in which Lafayette had been engaged. The Damascene blade, which was in the sword at the time it was given Lafayette, was ruined by rust while the sword was buried during the reign of terror in 1793, and the blade which took its place is made from steel taken from the old Bastile, inlaid with gold, a present from the City of Paris to Lafayette in recognition of his services during that time. Another sword, equally handsome, a present from the City of New York to Lafayette on the occa- sion of his visit to the United States in 1824, occupies a place beside the other. 1 n,i t. 524 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR a> 'k bill Two crystal urns, the first cut glass made in ihc United States; a large vase, pre sented to Lafayette by the midshipmen of the Kearsarjje; two rin^js. each of whicli contains locks of hair from the heads of Gen. Washington and Martha Washing ton; two pistols left to Lafayette by Washington in his will, epaulets worn by Lafayette during the war, and the decoration of the order of Cincinnatus given Lafayette by Washington, are among the other interesting objects in the center case. There are books, original autograph letters from Washington, Jefferson, Madison, John Adams and John Quincy Adams, and many other articles of price- less value. The Spanish Buildifig which is modeled after the Casa Lonja of Valencia, shows only parts of the original building, the column hall and the tower having been reduced in pro- portion to three- fourths of the origin- al, which was erected before the ilateof the discovery of America. The structure has a frontage of 84 feet 6 inches. There are three floors, two of which are occupied by the Royal Com- mission. The space isdistributed in three naves longitudinally and five naves trans- versely, correspond- ing to eight pillars in the center, with quarters and halves in the lateral walls and corners, forming in all fifteen vaults. The ornaments represent the church, magistracy, military, and the arts; also the agricultural, commercial and industrial pursuits of the kingdom. The material is wood and staff. The Spanish building was formally opened by Eulalia in June. The Duko of Veragua contributed the following, most of which may be seen in the Spanish Building: I. The commission of Columbus. The original commission given to Col- umbus by Ferdinand and Isabella upon his departure for the first voyage, dated Granada, April 30, 1492, appointing him Grand Admiral of the ocean seas, Vite- King and Governor-General of all the lands that he should discover. .«r FRENCH BUILDING. • ■! HISTORY (JV THE WORLDS FAIR. M5 2. Rcyal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain granting licenses to the persons accompanying Columbus on his first voyage. Dated Grenada, April .?0, I4Q2. 3. Royal letters patent from the sovereign of Spain commanding the inhab- itants of Palos to furnish Christopher Columbus with two caravels for his first voyage. Dated Granada, April 30, 14Q2. 4. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding the inhab. itants of Palos to furnish Christopher Columbus everything necessary to equip the caravels for his first voyage. Dated Granada, April 30, 1492. 5. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain exempting from taxes supplies needed for the fleet of Columbus on his first voyage. Dated April 30, I4Q2' 6. Royal letters pat- ent from the sovereigns of Spain ordering that Christopher Columbus may take without charge anything needed for his first voyage. Dated May 15, 1492. 7. Royal letters pat- ent from the sovereigns of Spain granting power to Christopher Columb.' ^ deliver si >; ions lit ihv D;i:,e(l "M.'v ent fr». n seal and ' f provis- names. '• '•; }2. lUr pat- >e s.;\,ereigns SPANISH PUILDING. of Spain l< .imanding that Christopher Col- umbus be allowed to pass freely through ports, cities, towns and villages. Dated Barce ona. May 20, 1492. 9. Certificate of Roderigo Perez, notary public in the City of Isabella, Santo Domingo, Dec. 16, 1495, concerning the contract made by the sovereigns of Spain with Christopher Columbus in the Town of Santa Fe de las Vegas de Granada, April 17, 1492. 10. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain authorizing 300 persons to be taken by Columbus on his second voyage. Dated Burgos, April 23, 1493. 1 1 . Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding Columbus to prepare a fleet for his second vovage. Dated May 23, 1493. 12. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain commanding captair^^ and masters of vessels to recognize Admiral Christopher Columbus as Captaii'-.- General, and to obey him in every particular. Dated Barcelona, May 28, 1493. ?nt1'! t:,.X. rlj; tf^ 526 HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 13. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain authorizing Chris- topner Columbus to appoint three persons for the offices of government in the lands he should discover. Dated Barcelona, May 28, 1493. 14. Instructions for his second voyage given to Columbus by Ferdinand and Isabella, May 29, 1493. 15. Original memoranda written by Christopher Columbus to the sovereigns of Spain concerning the money required for the compensation and subsistence for six months of the 300 people who were to accompany him on his second voyage. 16. Bull of Pope Alexander VI granting to the sovereigns of Spain all lands discovered by Christopher Columbus. Dated at Rome, May 4, 1493. 17. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Columbus assuring him of the peaceful intentions of the King of Portugal. Dated June 12, 1493. 18. Letter from Queen Isabella to Columbus recommending Juan Aguado to a good position in his fleet. Dated June 30, 1493. 19. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus recom- mending the appoir .ment of Sebastian de Olano as Collector in Indies. Dated August 4, 1493. 20. Letter from the sovereigns to Christopher Columbus urging him to hasten his departure to the Indies, Aug 18, 1493. 21. Letter from Queen Isabella to Columbus inclosing a copy of a book he nad left with her, asking him to send her a certain sailing chart, and urging him not to delay his departure. Dated Sept. 5, 1493. 22. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus asking his opinion in regard to a certain document which had been prepared in reply to the King of Portugal. Dated Barcelona, Sept. 5, 1493. 23. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus concern- ing certain expeditions of the King of Portugal and informing him that the book which he had left with them would be forwdrded to him by Don Juan de Fonseca, June I. 1493- 24. Royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain directing Christopiicr Columbus to return to the Indies. Dated Modina del Campo, June 22, 1493. 25. Decree of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella granting to Columbus an annuity of 10,000 maradevis, to be paid from the tax upon the butcher shops of Cordova during his lifetime. Dated at Valladolid, Nov. 18, 1493. 26. Books which contain certified copies of royal letters patent from the sovereigns of Spain granting to Christopher Columbus all the rights, titles, dignities and regalias enjoyed by the Admirals of Castile. Copies of royal letters patent in towns established in Santo Domingo. Contracts of Columbus with the sovereigns of Spain. 27. Instructions from the sovereigns of Spain to Columbus concerning Ins second voyage, dated Barcelona, March 30 and September 15, 1493; Medina del Campo, April 19, 1494; and Sergovia, Aug. 16, 1494. 28. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus acknowl- edging with great gratification the receipt of letters by the hands of Antonio Ac HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 527 irdinand and rging him to Torres, and requesting him to send Bernal Diaz de Pisa, accountant of the expedi- tion, to Spain. Dated Medina del Campo, April 13, 1494. 29. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus, dated Sergovia, August 15, 1494, asking certain information and informing him of an agreement with the Kingdom of Portugal. 30. Decree of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella granting a coat of arms to Columbus. Dated June, 1494. 31. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus congratu- lating him upon his return from his second voyage and requesting him to report to the court at once. Dated July 12, 1496. 32. Commission as Adelantado Mayor granted to Christopher Columbus by the sovereigns of Spain. Dated at Medina del Campo, July 22, 1497. . ^;i. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus about gold, pearls and other treasure obtained in the Indies. Dated March 30, 1497. 34. Will of Christopher Columbus conferring the right of succession upon his son, Diego. Dated Feb. 22, 1498. 35. Memorandum submitted by Christopher Coiuuibus to the Council of the Indies concerning his arrest and imprisonment, and declaring his innocence of the charges made against him. 36. Letter from the sovereigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus containing instructions concernin of the will of Diego Hernandes, who accompanied Christopher Columbus on several voyages. Dated 1536. Thiswill was important evi- dence to sustain the claims made by the family of Columbus upon the crown of Spain- 43. Commission as Admiral of the Indies. Granted to Don Luis, the grand- son of Christopher Columbus. Dated May 24, 1536. 44. Letter from the King of Portugal to Christopher Columbus. Dated Avis, May 29. 1488. 45. Ordinances issued by soveieigns of Spain to Christopher Columbus and the Court of .Santo Domingo for the clearance of certain materials, 1497. All of these documents are either written by Columbus himself or signed by Ferdinand and Isabella. % jl ■lil I B* 11: K'! TT r i ■' i GOMMISS^IONEF^^ FROM FOREIGN 60UNTRIRS. 1. Prof. Vllks I. Bi'opofp. Hulqaria, 4. Dr. Fbancisco ntisT.XMANTi;, Venezuela, 7. Wm. E. Rdtiiehy, Liberia. 10. T. Paredeh, Cntumhia. 13. J. S. Larkic. (Janadii. 2. L. WlilNER, Cnpp Colony. 5. E. Si'ENCEH Pratt, I'ersin, H. ('ill,. .M. N. Abizaga, hJcuailnr. 11. Su. D. Mamei, M. i)e Plralta, (^ftata Hif'a, U. Arnold Hollinuek, Sn'itzerland. 3. PlIKA. Sl.RIYA Nl'VATS, Siam, 6. Okorc.e Hirkoff, Netherlands. 9. Mil. TON O. HllKilNH, Curacao, 12. Dr. Em'i, Hahsi.kk, I'aragicai/, 15. .SlONOR V. Zeouio, HISTORY OF THE WORLD'S FAIR. 529 if-il CHAPTER IV. CANADA AND NEW SOUTH WALES. The Provinces of Ontario and Quebec Handsomely Represented — Native Canadian Shrubbery Abundant — Highly Polished Canadian Woods — Various Commercial, Scientific, Agricultural and Educational Articles Shown — The Classical Pavilion of New South Wales— A Credit to that Far-Off Country. jTANDING upon a site of nearly 6,000 square feet is the Candian Pavilion, only a short distance from the United States Battleship, opposite Victoria House. The view from the " look-out" on the tower of the pavilion is perfect. It e.xtends on one side to where the restless waters of the great lake seem to kiss the distant horizon; and on the other side takes in the magnificent pier, the architecturally beautiful Peristyle antl Music Hall, -with glinipses of the historic Convent of La Rabida, the great Manufactures Building, the United States Government Building, the Fisheries Buiitling, and many of the fine and expensive edifices erected by foreign nations. The pavilion has three entrances: a main or from entrance, facing the southeast, and two end entrances on the east and west, respectively. The front entrance is through the tower, and has three doorways. Opposite this main entrance is the grand stairway, beneath and in the rear of which are numerous lavatories.. In the entrance hall are located the; postoltice, the '.e'k'phone office and an intelligence office. In the latter are kept registers giving all possible information to visiting Canadians as to loufewigs, board, the whereabouts of friends in Chicago, and other information that may be useful to Canadian visitors. Off the entrance hall is the reception room. Over five hundred Canadian newspapers are on file here. To the left of the main entrance are two hands