V o^RflilriL Exeul^5l0^fs. 'X TJjfAwrica^fl lf|st!tal^ojMi(?ii?3Bigif|ffr5 HWi^ Society 0) Nova S^oli^. ields. Map of the Cape Coal Meafurea. [ (f 4 \ Carhonniraus L\jyt«tL)ntt> <^Jc, 1= 1 ,1 -1.1 >'» >■■ Breton Coal Fields. ■ionsi. fbnfi Cotii rrepi ■ J)' doubtfuJ. — — " Ji^aJs Coal,orfA IviiiidaTuj : ^ _\ •< - -^ — 1 — 4^ I FORTRiSS OF iOPISBl 1" ~ ■"""■"■""^ iiimmiimii| ScoZe- of Feel> Tsmm 800 1000 1. The Glacis. 2. Covert Way. 3. Traverses. - 4. Ditch. 5. Parapet. 6. Rampart. 7. Talus, vSlope or Heel of Rampart. 8. Casemate. 9. Fortified or Gun- Proof Vault. 10. Guard- Houses. 11. Governor's Apart- ments. 12. Chapel. 13. Barracks. Explanation of Plan. 14. Powder Magazine. 15. Engineer's Fortifi- cation House. 16. Arsenal, Bakehouse & Ordnance Store. 17. Lime Kiln. 18. Battery La Grave. 19. Ponds, Fresh Water. DN OF Plan. ?r Magazine. eer's Forlifi- n House. i\, Bakehouse rdnance Store. Kiln. y La Grave. , Fresh Water. 20. Cemetery Grounds. 21. The Key Curtain. 22. The Spur. 24. Beach and Shore. 25. Maurepas Bastion. 26. Frederic's Gate. 27. General Storehouse. 28. Place of Arms. A. Boom to Preserve the French Ships. Bridge -Way. Parade Ground. The Hospital. The Nunnery. New Battery. G.G. Queen's Bastion. H. Brouillan Bastion. B. C.C D. F. Profile Index. a. Glacis. b. Banquet. c. Covert Way. d. Counterscarp. e. Ditch. f. Parapet. g. Banquet, h. Kampart. i. Talus, or Heel. Q US ■f. O '-J « o <. ■— c^ - o c g^ CO as - o Q U u C/6 SOUVENIR PROGRAMME OF THE Meetings and Excursions TO BE HELD> During the Visit of The American Institute of Mining Engineers tu Canada in August, 1900 Conducted under the Auspices of THE CANADIAN MINING INSTITUTE AND THE MINING SOCIETY OF NOVA SCOTIA TOGETHER WITH SOME NOTES ON THE PROMINENT MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING INDUSTRIES OF NOVA SCOTIA Illustrated with Three Maps, Sundry Drawings and Numerous Illustrations of the Working Mines Edited and Published By the Sec retary t)P The Canadian Mining Institl'Tt By Order of the Council. CANADIAN EXECUTIVE. GENERAL SECRETARY. Mr. B. T. A. Bell, Ottawa, Ont., Sec. Canadian Mining Institute, Hon. Sec. Mining Society of Nova Scotia. GENERAL COMMITTEE. Mr. James F. Lewis, Sherbrooke, Que., Chairman. Mr. Eugene Coste, M. E., Toronto, Ont. Mr. A. Marshall Hay, Rat Portage, Ont. Mr. C. H. Carriere, Quebec, Que. Mr. Hiram Donkin, C. E., Sydney, Cape Breton. Mr. W. L. Lihhey, North Brookfield, N.S. Mr. Henry S. Poole, M. A., Assoc. R. S. M., Stellarton. Mr. Charles Ferciie, M, E., Westville, N.S. Mr. A. G. McNulty, Waverley, N.S. ^u V •s Ji ■*-• 01 u ^ tC s V c s ■*- c8 w It; 01 , ^ &, >; if 'X '—1 c a *^ ^ A 00 ^4 e5 g X "" 3' " 5£ f^ < fN t; t-* ■«-• ce 5 u ■J-. u ^ 'z^ &. ca Z ^^ •^ lU r*. 3> 01 > 2 /'. c tn > A t- 'X A ^1 >^ m' 2 OJ "^ )^ a> b ^* o ;-, CJ i -.-t 5 p^ '■i. 11 »— « ■*-* ^ IjC s'. i ^ Q 'v- H <* r^ •5 t_^ *-< U lO ^^ o en c- X. r^ ■»-* <« ^4 s < •s. « 01 c ^ M z o :^ »-• rt > ^ ^ h^ u rt <. 0; ^ 'y. ^ •< « H a: -C V. ^' u 5 -^ -- o j: "• ■— as >! — ■ "T Im li^ri .ji 8-^ "o M 10 u 3 50'5'>S RECEPTION COMMITTEES. SHERBROOKE. Mayor L. C. Belanger, Chairman. Mr. James F. Lewis Mr. John Blue, C. & M. E Mr. F. P. Buck Mr. Wm. Farwell Mr. John M. Jenckes Mr. H. D. Lawrence Mr. F. C. Thompson Mr. Jame.s S. Mitchell Mr. RuFus Pope, M.P. Col. C. King Mr. S. W. Jenckes Mr. Frank Grundy Mr. J. O. Camirand General P. Lang Mr. Jas. R. Woodward, Secretary. THETFORD MINES, QUE. Mr. George R. Smith, M.L.A., Chairman. Mr. A. Johnson Mr. B. Bennett Dr. James Reed Mr. T. H. Crabtree Mr. Hugh Leonard, Mr. R. T. Hopper QUEBEC COMMITTEE. Hon. A. Tourgeon, M.L.A., Quebec. Mr. C. H. Carriere, Levis. Mr. Frank Carrell. RECEPTION COMMITTEES— Continued. SYDNEY, C.B. Mayor Crowe. Mr. Hiram Donkin Mr. A. J. MoxHAM Mr. J. G. S. Hudson Mr. F. C. KiMBER Mr. R. H. Brown Mr. C. A. Meissner Mr. A. C. Ross Mr. J. T. BURCHELL PICTOU COUNTY. Mr. Graham Fraser Mr. Henry S. Poole Mr. Harvey Graham Mr. A. C. Bell, M.P. Mr. Chas. Fergie Mr. J. G. Rutherford Mr. T. Cantley Mr. MacDonald, M.L.A. HALIFAX. Mr. W. L. LiHDEV, President. Mr. Geo. W. Stuart Mr. B. F. Pearson Mr. M R. Morrow Mr. D. C. Hood Mr. Alex. McNeil Mr. C. C. Starr Mr. H. M. Wylde, Secretary. Mr. Geo. E. Francklyn Mr. Geofkrey Morrow Mr. A. A. Havward Mr. B. C. Wilson Mr. T. R. GuE Mr. G. L Burritt Dr. Gilpin "f c CJ 5! O is o 5c 3 HI Ui m — •— y. O C (LI - n §^ o - .if 5 " X .. ^ o •«- o 4)' ■- I ^ 01 S o o >o £7^ oo « > ^- u i; tfl o = ° s c ^ « ^' •«-* ^ -^ ST M 5 "^ '^ E cc .5 - CI -J — ^5^ as ■< 7, X ri o o 5 i! to n I o II if o T «) i . il 5 « = *) ^ 11 — o £ IC ^ o ^- . . •■ t-J «d t^ I ^ ^ d PROGRAMME OF EXCURSIONS ( Subject to Revision by Local Committees, i SATURDAY, 18th AUGUST, 1900. Members of the American and Canadian Institutes assemble at Sherbrooke. Breakfast from 7 to y o'clock will be provided at the Magog House. Official Drive, given by citizens, visiting various points of interest in and around the city, concluding at the mining machinery establishment of the Canadian Rand Drill Company, where luncheon will be served at i o'clock. At 3 p.m., by courtesy of the General Manager and officers, the members will be conveyed to Quebec by special train over the Quebec Central Railway. A .-.top will be made (about 5orlock)at Thetford Mines, where an opportunity will be afforded of inspecting the asbestos mines and works of the Bell's Asbestos Co., Limited. King Bros., the Johnsons' Company, and other large producers of this valuable mineral. (Quebec will be reached about 10 o'clock. SUNDAY, I9th AUGUST. Headquarters Chateau Frontenac ; rates, $3.50 to $4.50, accord- ing to rooms. Leaving the Chateau at 10 a.m., members will be driven to the Citadel, Heights of Abraham, and other points of in- terest in and around Quebec, returning to the Chateau by the new Dufferin Terrace Extension, commanding one of the finest views in the world. At 2 p.m., by courtesy of the Honorable the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, who has placed the Government steamer Druid at their disposal, members will be entertainetl to a sail in the harbour visiting the site of the new bridge being built across the St. Lawrence, Montmorenci Falls, Louise Basin, etc., returning about five o'clock. Special Train (comprising five Pullman Sleepers and Baggage car) will leave Levis via Intercolonial Railway for Sydney, Cape Breton, promptly at 8 o*clock Sunday evening. Train timed to arrive in Sydney early Tuesday morning. Programme of Excursions. TUESDAY, 2Ist AUGUST. By courtesy of the officers of the Dominion Iron and Steel Co., Limited, and the Dominion Coal Co., Limited, members will be conducted over the extensive new Iron and Steel Works, in course of construction at Sydney, and a visit will be paid to the shipping piers, coal handling plants, and other important works in the vicinity. In the evening a Reception will be tendered on behalf of the Mayor and Council of Sydney, and one or two papers describing the prominent mining industries of the Province may be read. WEDNESDAY, 22nd AUGUST. Leaving Sydney at 8.45 a.m. the Institute Special will be hauled over the Sydney and Louisburg Railway, making first stop at the Dominion No. I colliery of the Dominion Coal Co., Ltd. The fol- lowing is the itinerary for this date : — Leave Sydney 8.45 a.m Arrive Dominion No. I Colliery 9.10 Leave do do 10.00 Arrive Reserve Colliery 10.15 Leave do do 11 .00 Arrive International Colliery 11.15 Leave do do 1 1 .30 Arrive Dominion No. 2 ( new shaft ) 1 1 .40 Leave do do do 12.00 Arrive Caledonia Colliery 12.15 P-i". IvCave do do 12.30 Visit Dominion Nos. 3 and 4 and the new village in connection therewith where Lunch will be served at i p.m. Leave Dominion No. 4 for Louisburg at. . . 2.00 p.m. Leave Louisburg for Sydney at 5.30 THURSDAY, 23rd AUGUST. There will be an excursion by steamer through the beautiful Bras d'Or Lakes, rejoining the special train at Port Mulgrave ; thence on to New Glasgow. FRIDAY, 24th AUGUST. In the morning the visitors will visit the steel works of the Nova Scotia Steel Co., Limited, and thereafter be driven over Eraser's Mountain, where luncheon will be served. The afternoon will be o o y, o - o w H O as -j: O On ON C»3 '-^ s o W H a PrograuiDie of Excursions. spent in an inspection of the plants of the Intercolonial Coal Company, Limited, at Westville, and the Acadia Coal Company at Stellarton. Special train will go on to Halifax in evening. SATURDAY, 25th AUGUST. By courtesy of the officers and members of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, the party will be entertained to a drive, visiting various points of interest in and around the city of Halifax, and, if possible, an opportunity will also be g;ven of inspecting the warships in the harbour. MONDAY, 27th AUGUST. By courtesy of the Mining Society, the members will be enter- tained to an excursion in the harbour, visiting, by steamer, the Basin, North-West Arm, and other points, stopping, en roittr, at the works of the Peoples Light and Heat Company, Limited. In the evening a promenade concert in the Public Gardens will be given in honor of the visitor.. TUESDAY, 28th AUGUST. Drive to the gold mines at Waverley, where the party will be entertained to luncheon. WEDNESDAY, 29th AUGUST. Special train will return to L . v'ls. Programme of Excursions. NEWFOUNDLAND EXCURSION. Party for Newfoundland, which must not exceed twenty-five, will leave Halifax on Wednesday morning, 29th August, for Sydney, Cape Breton, either by the Institute's special train (as far as Truro) or by the Sydney Express At Sydney they will take the S.S. Bruce and on arrival at Port aux Basque will be provided with transportation over the Newfoundland Railway to St. Johns where .-arrangements are being made by Mr. H. M. Whitney and the officers of the Dominion Iron and Steel Company, Ltd., to take them to the famous Wabana iron mines. This party v,ill sail via S.S. Bonavhta from St. Johns early on Tuesday morning, September 4th, for North Sydney, C.B. Certifi- cates entitling members to transportation and meals on the Bonavista, and return travel over the Intercolonial from North Sydney to Levis, will be issued, on application at Halifax, by Mr. B. T, A. Bell, Secretary of The Canadian Mining Institute. MEETINGS. If possible, arrangements will be made for holding joint sessions for the reading and discussion of papers at Sydney and Halifax. P3 'J > 'X 'X X' OC *j' ■-r CO c i- ^ o <-• CO t. ^ X , (^ u* rt 00 ^ o 00 'X u ~ ;- ^ . ^ u ^ Pi 9 "in a c « m as •" T3 »-i •^ i ^ •a X oj "35 O TJ c3 >-? 5 .y 2 ^ >1 ^ "iJ; > ^ < w 2 s^ in O '72 •T- o CO H -a >- -4-' O W UQ "7^ g P c7: ^ TJ d ?; 3 d •< O ^ •^ ir •^ (S 'J.' fN " U -^ H P. u /^ ^ 7. O o ^ r"— H en ^ (« 'u^ C rt _^ o '< »— t -*-• r* »- z o 1 i DC •^ ■X X -4^ /. I> tj >■ ^ c« •- C < eg U < o MINERAL RESOURCES OF NOVA SCOTIA. Although the total area of Nova Scotia does not much exceed 20,000 square miles, it offers a remarkable diversity of geological conditions at, 1 mineral resources. The principal minerals now worked are coal, iron and gold, with gypsum and various materials of construc- tion. Besides these are copper and lead deposits which have not yet become the basis of continuous industries, as well as manganese, antimony and other minerals which have been worked irregularly or of which the existence is known. Nov'a Scotia was known from very early days to possess important mineral deposits, but these only began to attract attention in the first part of this century, and their exploitation on any considerable scale practically dates from 1 830, when the first deep shaft of the General Mining Association was >unk on a coal seam. Since then the devel- opment and working of some of the mineral deposits have been pushed actively, while others, although apparently promising, yet remain undeveloped. The following summary shows the mineral production of the province for the year ending September 30th, compared with that for the year ending September 30th, 1898 : — MlNKKAl.. Vear en i-« •rt ,*s u OJ •r tS ii ^ .«_» a. p. o .S* > t: IS HH Vm X . o r"* ■^ u •^ _4J ^ « 2 -1* CS /->' ^ -4-i o o >^ <5 ^ ^ •—1 ^ ^> « t-H • - i~ 4>^ n '■!.* ^-) a, " o O H -^ '^ *J a; ^ [m ^ y oi c 05 X u »*^ ■•-1 »— » "v a: o > 2i ^ Ov -7 N o «j 5 „- •o «*5 c ^ cc 1* tjC r^ K u , 13 p 1; v> ■5. Coal Fields of Nova Scotia. II or upwards in thickness, and the total average thickness of coal may be stated at 46 feet. The similarity and persistency of the seams over great areas is very remarkable, although local variations are frequent. There is, therefore, no great uncertainty in regard to the equivalency of the various seams at different points. They generally dip at a very low angle and are little affected by faults and dis- turbances. The coal is of the soft, or bituminous variety, with comparatively little diversity in the quality of the different seams, all of which yield a coal exceedingly v/ell adapted for steam and domestic purposes, while that of .some of them is especially applicable to the manufacture of gas. Much of it will compare very favorably with the best English coal. As compared with the Pictou coal it is characterized by a greater proportion of combustible matter and a smaller proportion of asli ; but on the other hand it usually contains a greater amount of sulphur ; although experiments made on a small scale at Ferrona seem to prove that some of the coals will yield a coke as suitable for iron smelting as that made from a mixture of Acadia, Drummond and Springhill coals. Underclays, charged with roots and innumerable rootlets, occur beneath every coal seam and bed of carbonaceous shale, and their roof shales are for the most part rich in fossil plants. The productive measures contain also beds of argillaceous and aranaceous .shale, usually grey; sandstone, limestone, red and green marl. They are underlaid in descending order by the millstone grit, carboniferous limestone and conglomerate. ANAI.VSRS OF Cape Breton Coai,s.* Mine. Volatile Matter. Fixed Carbon. Ash. Total Sulphur. Sulphur in Ash. Calorific Tower. ("nledonia (Phclan) [)i)minion (I'helan) (•1(1 Bridgeport (I'helan). K (Serve (I'lielan) Huh Sterling (Harbour) ^ ictoria (Ross) I '1.1 Sydney (Main) New Camphellton 28. 02 25 13 31-81 32.00 29.10 37-96 34-65 34-65 32 07 68 71 63 63 65 54 58 57 56 05 22 86 93 50 84 42 67 86 2. 19 2 73 3 09 2.95 4 50 5.60 4 93 6.63 7.46 I 72 1 . 10 I 33 I 33 3 29 4 03 3-4S 4 10 5.90 0.05 0. 10 12 0.12 0.14 7623 7403 7238 75'3 7458 7403 7513 7623 7073 * Hy Mr. F. H. Mason, F.CS., Trans. Fed. Canadian Mining Institute, Vol. I, 1896. H 7. D O u 7 o < u a < o u z [£. ir. < U X < c u 2 « c c ii o h 5h 888 O :e cio 1 VO ■* N "t 1 O 'O 0^ On t--. i~-. r^ •" 8 g; O C» O O ^0 C* "^ j M r*5 rovO t O^ N O n 1-1 iri vO On 3 §.E< u X D Tt O iO ao - r>. « LTi o ir^ Tf- Cn — >A rC co" o* o' o" ■«1- o iri P) O ''I O lO C-. O — lO T)-V3 to -t •* 'O o »0 N ■»1- Ov\0 lO -»• O as" t^vO N o_ S_ •* NO pT o NO > 2H O NO :» 00 - ON -f - cr. o_ o_ - (^ nno" ro — NO d d "o - NO \o - ^ t^ lO On O "OOC -f M >0 On "- r: i-i QQOOQOQ O f^ COOdOOQ O On "f -^ o' o' pr o" lO C/D t-». O — '•lOr^OI- t^ — NOXNOtor^— lo O >3 — pf tC — ro lO lO PJ PJ •* — O' O* C? Q^ O* -f On lO V5-1->oOCN-t-0 NO P<0'0"^0\OP) rC CjN'Or-^'^icD^pr ■* V3 "i»-0>10C<0'OPI vO »0 — ». -. — N On 88S888 T H "t t °. t O 00 O ^r pi CN r^ Tf- lo n — -« lO o »o PJ ro fo pO'OnO ro ^ lO "- to rONO ■O O O O O Tt t^ P) 't N -t PI t^ t^ N^ r^ O 10 ro pr PI o' pr l:^ 00 O "N 00 ON — PI — p« o PI ro ro O to to o t-. 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PI to r^ 2 ^ On r^oo •o N ro — PI Tt -t o\ rOOO 'too 00 -O ■■ ro - "J- Cn C J to — 00 "" ro roO Tf PI r^ to ON PI w ,;; t-» l-O 2 5 Ji ;ik^ <«k^ tr.^r.'tKr^ *.i|et.^i^tt «'T -t?i i-t?» ^Jen-r.'^ „_ - GO PJ 't to ro Tf N On ro to — o — t^ to c ro r>« ro ^r>x O •T- o =•■:: rr « N t^ — — N PI ro ro "i- ON - - rr. ^ ^ U-, O PI ^x"- ■^ PI flj ^ k- S" —■ ?i O N O •* ro ►- N NO NO ro »*• — t^ r^OO On — - PI N N P» M O tOOO On O "O -« "« PI PI ro ro to rt "5 <« ■- ^. C u rt i « _5 3-- On >- PI NO r^ PJ On PI N 1^ "- ro "^ « - PI —CI — Ct Kl^ 00 PI ro to r* < ti! X ooo o =0 ■a- o o -r roO o c t^ NO ooo OnO o O o •* PI r; «> NO 1- to PO o •<1->D TtNONO to NO ON 00 to TTCO to ■* to on lO ■"^ oc H '^i ro ro in u z , SOU t X j.,^ O ^ S £ -J u S^. ! . . . c . . . r! . < ■ OS < : Z ; 5 ■ ^ randall OSS razer cCiillvray or Lin ullins < ■s < > < c— ^ z r: ^ N^ c • : — w ^ U. «5 *^ a - -P ^ ^ !/; — . t: i: o ii u; i- O < b: ^ C rt >, <:5 3 3 . Coo C u 25 ie5 i«5 X i 2 - ^ 1. ♦-» JS u 1 C u i X .3 ~ li 2 > 5 l" u X M 2 S 1-, u u O o 2 o > -c 1 Q p ^ s § ra S ■^ -*-• ^ _6e •-;' ^ •-* en •5 5 o O cd • jf u ■•-» o -2 X "^ CS «> ^ X u t4~t :sTi.i th, I V 1 -3 s 5 S 3 ^ u 5 s? « > 1^ .. tfi ;— • ^ J ?^ n tiC U W ^ •^ « •^ s O M o *— C8 Z C J^ — k. X, 2 ."S ^ 4J 41 S tn ^ *-- s ^r b ^ ^ — lo u 5 » ^ ll .5 •= X 'J s ■*-» ^ n — „t i "m s •X o -. o o ~ JZ "• en x n k, o (4-4 cd Nr. i CB -^ 5 o M •^■ 1 ° -- CB _x 2 "S; 2 M u Zj 1'! o ■" X ■*-t 41 i-^ ? C u p r^ jJ - "^ S w *-^ 8 rr t rt "i W! ,^^ 5 1 kK i = J c ?'2 01 ^ IS c 5 4; - « i« i£ X («-• a K " c 1; ^ lis > o •4-J o o Coal Fields oj Ntwa Scotia. 13 Comparative Analysis recently made by the People's Heat and Light Co., Halifax : — Volatile Fixed . . Matter. Carlxjn. Ordinary Cape Hrelon coal . 36^ 59% 5% Crushed coke from coal I 90 9 Analysis of washed coal slack, and coke made therefrom by the Nova Scotia Steel Co. : — IIUH: Ash. Sulphur. Washed coal 4 . 37 2 . 3.S Coke 1 1 . 20 I 34 Pmai.kn: Washed coal 7.05 2. 87 Coke 1 1 30 2.13 Harhouk: Washed cnnl 5 50 312 Coke 12. So 2 79 THE PICTOU COAL FIELD In its relation to the other two most important fields of the Province — Cape Breton and Springhill— is much nearer to the latter, and in its ;eneral character bears a striking resemblance to it. It lies inland bout 1 2 miles from Pictou harbor, in the county of the same name. The true or productive area is about 1 1 miles long, extending Imost from Sutherland's river in the east to some distance beyond :he Middle river in the west, and in its broadest part, from the town )f New Glasgow in the north to a point a mile south-east of the town )f Stellarton, is three miles wide, covering an area of about 22 square niles. In age of discovery the field ranks next to that of Cape Breton, ut is contemporary with it in so far as active development of the nines is concerned, for they both became the property of the same eat corporation, the General Mining Association of London, in the ear 1827; and from that year dates the inception of mining opera- ons on a larger scale than had hitherto obtained. According to the Rev. Dr. Patterson, historian of the county, oal was first found on a brook near the present town of Stellarton, rmerly known as the Albion mines, in 1798, but the main seam was ot discovered until some years later. Subsequently a second seam was opened up, and from those two seams — the Main and the Deep — 14 Coal Fields oj Nova Scotia. the output of the county was drawn down to the year 1858, when the G. M. A. surrendered, with certain reservations, the exclusive mineral rights of the Province, which had been held by them since 1827. The story of that monopoly has been so often re-told and recorded, that it needs no repetition here. Little time elapsed, however, before the change in affairs brought about the discovery of valuable seams of coal to the west of the Albion mines, and a few years later a seam was found at the Vale, or eastern end of the field, to be followed shortly afterwards with the finding of others. At odd intervals in several other parts of the field crops of limited extent, owing to the faulted character of the ground, have been traced and some exploratory work done upon them. Bands of oil shale, of which several are known to exist, were also exploited about the same time, but for many years nothing has been done upon them. (Geologically considered, the field is one of intricate structure, and presents to the student many features of interest and several knotty problems for solution. The remarkable thickness of many of the seams, ranging as high as 40 feet ; the great deposits of black and brown shale, and the marked changes that both undergo in compara- tively short distances ; the heavy and ever-changing dip at which the measures lie, and the faults of greater or less magnitude that traverse the field in many directions, are some of the notable features that afford food for reflection. ■, Over the larger portion of the field the measures are underlaid conformably by the millstone grit, which is not known to contain any seams of workable thickness, while at other points they come up against the lower carboniferous and rocks of much greater age. Skirt- ing the northern edge of the field is the great bed known as the New Glasgow Conglomerate, the true relation of which to the coal measures was for long a matter of dispute, but is now believed to be the base of a large expanse of Permian strata that stretched from Merigonish in the east to Amherst in the west, and extend many mile^ northwardly to the waters of the Gulf. There are three coal producing districts, the Albion or Central — also the oldest in point of discovery — flanked on the west and east by i 2 5 in On OO a: Coal Fields of Noia Scotia. 15 the Westville and Vale districts, respectively. The VVestville division is believed to be the equivalent of the Albion, separated from it by a down-throw fault to the west of some two or three thousand feet, wliile the Vale syncline appears to lie in an upper series of measures. Four seams have been worked at the Albion, the Main 38 feet thick, Deep 22 to 40 feet, Third 10 to 13 feet, and the McGregor, 13 to 20 feet thick, all occurring in some 500 feet of strata, and with over 1,000 feet of black and brown shales overlying the main or up- permost seam. Several bands of inferior coal and bituminous shale appear in the seams and undergo changes previously referred to. Other seams are known to exist, but the workable thickness has not been proved, except in the case of the Stellar oil-coal, which was worked about 36 years ago for the sake of its oil and gas-producing properties. The dip of the measures varies from 10 degrees in the eastern end of the syncline to 31 degrees in the western portion approaching the McCuUoch brook fault. I In the Westville division one seam only, the Acadia, 20 feet thick, and believed to be the equivalent of the Albion main seam, has been worked extensively, although at the Drummond colliery a second seam 12 feet thick has been exploited. The crops of the other two underlying seams, called the Third and Fourth, and having thicknesses given at six and eight feet respectively, have been proved. These seams all occur in about 380 feet of measures, which vary in dip and change in character in a similar manner to that prevailing in the Albion section. At the Vale, or eastern end of the field, the order of affairs is transposed, and the thicker and more valuable seams are on the southern outcrop, the lower. Here the MclJean, or eight feet, and the t)verlying six feet seams, with about 800 feet of shales and sandstones intervening, have been extensively worked In the latter seam the Hoor of the cyncline has been reached, and a peculiarity noticeable is the frequency with which masses of compact shale take the place of ' oal without any disturbance of roof or pavement. The coals from the different seams vary somewhat in character aiul composition, but are of the bituminous coking variety ; all are roniparatively high in ash and low in sulphur, and an excellent coke 1 6 Coal Fields of Nova Scotia. is made from some. They are chiefly in demand for steam raising and domestic purposes, and have been used in a raw state for iron smelting. Some have been used for gas making, yielding as much as 10,450 cubic feet of fifteen candle power per ton in tests made at the Gas Light and Coke Company's works, London, Eng. The slack coal from some of the seams is held in high repute for blacksmith's purposes. The system of working adopted at the inception of the General Mining Association's operations, and with one or two exceptions prac- tised at the present time, is that known as the bord and pillar. In the original work along the crops of the seams, the size of the pillars was so regulated as to be of only sufficient strength to sustain the weight of the overlying measures during the process of coal-getting in the bords, and in the course of time they collapsed and much coal was lost. Later, the size was increased with a view to subsecjuent robbing, and was in a measure successful. In recent years, however, modern methods, despite the physical difficulties of increased depth, higher angle of dip and tenderness of roof metals, have reduced the loss to practically nothing. At two collieries long-wall working has been successfully pursued for some years. With one exception all the seams are fiery, and require the closest attentic'i in directing the ventilation. Underground furnaces have long since disappeared, and fans of large capacity and modern con- struction, driven by engines of the most approved type, have taken their place. Safety lamps of the Mueseler, Marsaut, and other pat terns, have been in use for many years. And, where the coal is got by blasting, explosives of a flameless character are employed and fired by electricity under the direction of a person appointed for the purpose. The use of compressed air for haulage and pumping underground i is employed at the Westville collieries, and an endless-rope haulage ha^ | been installed at Stellarton. The surface eijuipment of the collieries is up-to-date in all res- pects — powerful hoisting engines, water-tube boilers, (!v:c., and the screening appliances of such a character as enable all grades am; ' classes of coals to be properly prepared for market. c '-J y. y. y. c y. 03 Coal Fields of Nova Scotia. 17 THE CUMBERLAND COAL FIELD, \^ hich is the most westerly ui the coal districts of the province, lies, for the most part, adjacent to Chignecto Bay, the more northerly and Westerly of the two arms into which the upper part of the Bay of \ luuly is divided. The coal measures outcrop on the shores of Cumberland basin, run eastward into the land for about eighteen miles, and outcrop again before they enter upon the return outcrop, running westward to the St ashore. The northern outcrop has been systematically worked on the shore at tlie Joggins mines with a present annual output of about 8i .000 tons on a seam yielding about six feet of coal. The remain- der of this side of the basin has not yet received much attention, but will, as the demand for coal increases, become more fully worked. The principal operations in this district are at the apex of the basin; as at Springhill, where the Cumberland Railway iS: Coal Co. is en- gai^ed in mining three valuable seams. The seams dipping at angles of from 10 to ,53 degrees, are entered by slopes to a depth of 4,000 feet, and worked by shoots and '"balances," and, in the case of thin- ner parts of the seams, by long-wall. The extraction of pillars has been carried on systematically and with unusual success. As a cer- tain amount of gas is evolved in these mines, no explosive is used in getting the coal. The ventilation is provided for by blow-down fans with numerous outlets. The general composition of the coals of this district is about as follows : — Moisture I 46 Vulatile coinbuslihle matter 33-^9 I-'ixed carl)on 59-35 Ash 5.50 They are very extensensively used as a locomotive fuel and for coke and domestic purposes. f i8 Cod I Ficlih of Xin'd Scotia. 00 S O a: < u. o < a: H < o u < o H C-. 'x; :r N , CN in -o •o V3 -i- ao a. ■" c -t ^ o \o <^ •T. ri ON o <* iri ri vO c^ M so iri tn <*5 0> vO N ro OO fi t^ ro 00 00 o t^ "S- "^ U-, r^ t>. >5 O U „ ri '1 rO x; , QC "^ zr. r*^ ri — ro ro 3-' J^ «r c ■* M ■* M Crt CO in M ") 'X. T3 «^ o 3n 1^ V "r c O >c Rai ■* '■o •* - p < «> »» a> •■n 00 ir\ 'n IV. •u O o 00 vO c BM r^ M o C^ ■s. o o o «v ■* o -fr- CO o :n •c o 00 "^ u o Tj- r- MM 05 VO" o m o '■o u-1 rr f»' ro in \r\ — H m ri ■* tv 00 o: , 00 'O r>. in •t o -3 CI "i- rv m c» C in in r\ 'O c> ■■ X O Vi O « o <: 3 — — rf fc— O f- L. c «.> — • ■■ hM T o O C/3 ^.H -D kM HM W c^ "1 U "1 r^ »■ o ri < tv tn t-v (N O O ~ o " N o Z •a- N "1 o- CO . fv 1- nC Ch IV '^ — ■o (-) — N z O •* c*^ "^ in o r. o o CO o < M ■^ M OS td ^ . VO f^ in r^ b4 S T! ■«■ rv •^ >JD N U> S "■ ■O "^ "* U H t rt O I-v ts 00 'O •t k* • ; \ u « ■• ■• * HM 3 n ~J ^ c „ J= H en o IH 3 u. X u. Cb Intkrcoi.omai. Com, Co., Limited, Wkstvii.i.k, N. S. Tipple and ISIoutli of Slopes, Druniinond Colliery. JMiffflwnn 1r B^^^^^HHBM^7^'!iliA(i^'lMliffl r^ta'M^ ^^■'47 l^^^;*^M ■V " - ■'•^hi^W!^^ ^^^^ Kj^ 1. "■ "^. , "^-'XsgSi -::^, Intercolonial Coal Co., Limited, Wkstvillk, N. S. Shipping Pier, (iranton, from the Railway, Drunnnond Colliery. Coal FceUs of Nova Scotia. i t^ o r. 1- \r- , cS3 t-» r^ O u* M >o t in 1^ < sS* "^ 30 ~ I f I z < Bi o a: < a: H A n ri o^ MM r>. k« •^ \rs vo r^ ^ 1- r^ ^\ "I o t^ !?. t^ QO _^ o\ O o w-i 1/-1 ri 'O r^ lO :<£ \0 Ov o 1- >o -f ri t^ ■■ M -r u-i o ri O -n On "5 "*v *- ! \r\ ^ ^ < u "5 "1 t P4 -r iC . O r>. "O i^ "^ O O 1- "*■ ^ t^ ao o »M vO u-1 o QO ^ X, o t> M O O o 8^ "~ o -f rf\ T •r 30 X ■■ M Tf c 00 c« fit N o fl ON o On N •- M PI 00 kH t^ ^ M u^ NO M o "i- r. o H > u i ^•i^ i^ ^ rt ■— ■I 'u class of deposits. In Mount Uniacke, a successful working of one c: these deposits has been commenced, and the more promising distric: of Goldenville has witnessed a revival during 1896. In the working of these extensive deposits mining departs fron the speculative phase and assumes that of a legitimate business, a- witness the continuous and successful workings of the " Great Belt in the Black Hills of South Dakota, more familiarly known as tlu " Homestake " mines, which for many years have been steady dividtiii. paying properties. The large bodies of auriferous rock in this Province, like the " Palmerston ' at Goldenville, are very suriilar in character to the Black Hills deposits, and offer equal inducements for successfu, working. The regular lodes vary, as a rule, from 2 in. to 30 in. in width instances occurring where the lodes thin down to a fraction of an inc h. or swell to 26 feet wide, as notably in the DufFerin lode on Salmor, river. The average width of the quartz may be taken as from 6 to i; in. in the narrow veins, and the width of the milling stone in the low grade deposits at from 4 to 10 ft. The richness of these lodes varies as much as their width doo running from $3 to $16 per ton.* Upon lodes of such variable width and nature the cost of prod tic tion will, of course, also vary widely ; but as a general guide it may bf * The year i-^';*! was remiirkalilc for hish yitlds. .So\ilh Iniacke returned trany I 't- of to ounces to jo ounces to tlie ton, and Oldham surpassed its p evimis recjrds wil '. yield of (14^ ounces from ei^lit tons of ipiartz 'A O a: Ji w Gohl Minin^^ in Xoia Sioiia. 25 D Staled that a lode 12 in. wide, yielding $10 ti) the ton, pays well to During iSy4, 1S95 and 1896 several mines, wo '-ing veins from I ft. to 7 ft. wide, produced and milled their ([uartz for prices varying fr iin $2.27 to $,5.58 per ton.t 1 n Stormont district one mine, having a lode varying from 2 ft. !<■ 2-' ft. in thickness, but averaging from 7 to 10 ft., is meeting all its e.\[if'nses and paying a dividend on three dollar rock. In Waverley di>tiict another mine, whose vein averages only 12 in. in width, pays all fvpenses with rock that yields $4 per ton. Both of these properties arc obliged to burn coal for fuel, which is a heavy itetn in the cost a< founts. There are at the present time over thirty-five localities in the Pr. iviiice in which workable deposits of gold have been found, and from three thousand to four thousand persons are dependent to a great extent, or entirely, upon the industry. The area of gold measures in N')va .Scotia has l)een estimated I)y various authorities to be from 5, .CO to 7,000 .square miles, or from one- fifth to one-third the area of the Province, yet the actual area from which the gold thus far olitained has been won is less than 40 square miles The mining laws of Nova Scotia are. in the main, gooil, and are yearly being amended for the ijetter. Their e.ssential features are : I. All mines of gold and silver are the property of the Crown, from which titles or leases are ot)tained for working the same : all gold obtained is subject to a royalty of two per centum, or thirty-eight cents for each ounce of smelted gold. J. Lands containing gold or silver are laid off in areas measuring 150 ft. by 250 ft , the lesser length l)eing along the course of the lodes, and a lease can be obtained for any number of areas in any such one lease up to one hundred. .3. Such a lease runs for forty years, and costs the applicant .f 2 for each and every area contained therein. L'pon each such lease in eacli year there must be performed a certain number of days' work, or as an e ,uivalenl, the les>ce is given the option of paying annually 5,0 cents tor each area therein contained ; such labor being performed or ^ f Sci^ Tratis.ictioii". Mining Suciely "I Nova Scoli.n, Vulinne III 26 Gold Mining in Nova Scotia. such annual payment being made, the lease is non-forfeitable. At time prior to the expiration of said forty years the holder of the it. can surrender it and obtain a new lease for a second period of fi years. Such a lease is deemed personal property and is transferati 4. Where such areas are situate upon private lands the requires that an agreement must be made with the owner of the > for leave to enter, and if such an agreement cannot be made, a metr of arbitration is provided whereby damages may be assessed, paid and leave to enter given to the owner of the lease. Examination into the history of any mineral industry will s: that such industry has only reached its full development and hig: point through a complete knowledge of the methods and proct- peculiar to that industry, and applying this standard to the gold niii industry of Nova Scotia, one is warranted in saying that its out! was never more promising There is to-day a greater amount of ; fessional knowledge and technical skill engaged in gold mining : than ever before. The lodes are being worked with ability, with ; wise economy which avails itself of every known device to save la and cost, and also with the introduction into everyday matters of business methods. It must not be forgotten that a gold mine manufactory of gold which must be conducted, even to its minu: details, with the most jealous regard to economy in all department: The easy means of access to the Province, and consequent c venier.ces of personal examination, the low cost of working, the chc ness of labor, fuel and supplies, the probable permanent nature of deposits, as inferred from their geological structure, are all good ; sufficient reasons why capital should seek investment in the \. mines of this Province. 55 s c » a o en o I d o o Q >< '^ Geld .\finiui:; hi Xoi'ti Su-fui. 27 GOI.I) I'KODiel ION BV DiSIKIl IS IkOM IS(j2 IT. 1899 DiSIRlCI Tons Crushed. Cat "u and Moose Kiver 116,152 Moi.t.Ti^iie 25,504 Okiiuim 46,724 Rei (itw 4^,142 Sheilir.M.ke 208,458 StOMionl •47'9j2 Tardier 46,39*! Uni.icke 54.325 VVaurley 122. 52S Sail iiti River 108,350 Kro' Ltifld 34,684 Whi:;el)iitn 6,343 LalsL- Cntcha ' 22,267 Kau.lon 12,178 Wii c Marhor 45.379 Fift' i-n Mile Stream 32,893 Mai.ii;a 20,243 Otht r Di^lricls 66,290 Tiital J 1,164,790 Total \ ield Averajje Yield i ofCiold. per ton. I Value ui $19 Oz. 40, 1 80 40,125 51,002 33.S69 133.643 58.799 22,534 3^.447 61,427 40,459 18.372 9.535 23.832 9,594 24.783 16,226 18,496 46,149 5!l 19 '9 7 7 4 4 s: 2 iS' 3 12 10 16 7 2 I II 20 I 9 15 18 1423 15 10 II 2 '5 5 o 8 17 16 687,481 15:20 622 I 1 1 1 1 ri8 4 2 2 19 722 9 <7 4 3 o| . . • 7i>J ■ '0,14 I lO I; i5;i8; 10 22^ 9 22 18; 6 13 22 «4 2 12 >9 7 22 9 17 '4 3 10 per Uz. $763,438 81 762,381 93 969,041 96 643.5 1 8 68 2,539,220 80 1,117,198 22 428,157 80 730,508 48 1,167,114 94 768,732 25 349,069 31 181,179 97 452,822 22 182,300 65 470,887 53 308,308 45 351.424 32 876,847 79 $13,062,154 II NOVA SCOTIA LEAD ORES. By Dr. E. Gilpin, Inspector of Mines. As yet little has been effected in the devtlopment of the > this metal in Nova Scotia. They occur principally in two ge'/ horizons, the lower carboniferous or mountain limestone, and ti Cambrian or laurentian. As the former horizon in other count; yielded productive deposits of galena, some attention has bt i: to it here in this respect. ( )bservation has shown that at manv ities lead ore is more or less distributed through the limesi Among the {'laces showing it may be mentioned the East and Rivers of Pictou County; (lays River and Musquodobt it, Hi County ; Smithfield and I'embroke, Colchester County; Milford H^ Caledonia, and Salmon River, in Ciuy.>boro County; and nuiii: points in Cape Breton Island. At Gay's River it occurs over a tract of country, in limestone, disseminated in small crystals, in nodules and occasionally in thin veins. The average percenta. any place is small, and carries, I believe, up to i 5 ounces of silv the ton of lead. At Smithfield and Pembroke it occurs in gri ([uantity, and a considerable amount of exploratory work h;is done. Here it is found in limestone also, apparently replacing part, and as a residual concentration from the removal of the roi • very considerable amount of lead ore has been shown here . point, but as the silver contents of the ore were not high, the 1"W prices discouraged prosi)ecting. It is, however, evident that ire district there are wide-spread and promising galena ores, \vhi( 11 much more attention than has yet been paid to them. In Musi boit, near the Crawfonl Settlement, pockets of ore in the granite yielded lead carrying large amounts of silver. At Caledonia, small veins of lead ore have received oc( v attention. The ore is essentially galena, carrying from 15 to iS ■ of silver to the ton. Calena also occurs in consitlerablc amount near Aricha'. mond County, and on the head waters of the Gold and L.; No'iix Scotia Lead Ores. 29 Hvsfi 'I the west of Halifax. The latter ores carried in some cases s nil" ii as 100 ounces of silver to the ton of lead, hut, as far as I am wart-, li" attention has been directed to them. These ores are pre- um*l»lv in the precarboniferous rocks. On the Salmon River, and cap ^vilntrv. in the county of Cape Breton, galena also occurs in ineft'iiie, at the former place in considerable amount. Near Burnt nd|l''i>ulacet Harbors, on the Bras d"( )r Lake, are (juartz veins carrying aleii ' npper pyrites, etc. Samples have shown 18 '_. ounces of gold nd ^. iUiices of silver to the ton. The adjoining rocks are in places eavi mineralized. < )n the North and Barasois Rivers of .St. Ann's, 1 tht unty of \'ictoria, and several other places in this locality, in re-c> iri;un rocks, are veins of (juartz and zones of rock showing alen ■ th copper pyrites, blende, etc. A sample of 900 lbs. of ore "om I Donahl's farm, one mile north of the l)ridge over the North tiver . iMed 155 lbs. of lead and 3 oz. of silver. 'I ; r niDst promising deposit of silver lead ore yet found is being evel 1 at I.'Ahime Brook, Cheticamp, Inverness County, by S. M. IrooV 1. of Halifax, and his associates. The ore occurs as a vein 1 the H-cambrian felsites, etc., and has l)een traced for several hun- red t. and where opened shows twenty feet of very high grade alen arrying a little copper pyrites. >! .Mason, of Halifax, states that, from assays made l)y him and y ot: r--. the ore carries an average of one ounce of silver to each nit f ad. (lold also occurs in some assays as high as 14 dwis. per )n, I It does not appear to be a regular constituent. ] im his examination of the openings he considers that 50 tons f OF' iiilain 5 tons of galena, and 1,500 lbs. of coitjier pyrites. 'his \ iild yield, allowing for loss in dressing and .smelting 3 tons, ,200 -. of lead, and j'lo ounces of silver, in addition to the coj)per. 'hest j,ures, coupled with the acce.ssibilitv of the mine, etc., etc., and le di on lead, would indicate very promising results. Other de- osits ! galena are reported in the same district, but as yet little work as b( 1 done on them, (lalena ores occur northerly froiu the Cheti imp ;iver, to beyond the McKenzie River, and native silver and irbo; e of silver occur in the valley of the latter river and its tribu- iries. It is [iroliable that the opening of the Clieticamp mine will 30 Nova Scotia Lead Ores. lead to a careful prospecting of this district, and it is, I feel sure, fr information that I have gathered for some years, one of the n promising localities in the province. From these remarks it will be seen that the lead ores of the ; vince are widely scattered, and have hitherto received little attent It is very probable that the lower carboniferous limestones, which • a great extent of country, may reasonably be expected to at workable deposits at favorable points; for instance, in proximit intrusive rocks of later date, or wherever they appear to have bet a position favorable to the concentration, aggregation, or deposits such ores by aqueous agency. < - NOVA SCOTIA COPPER ORES. By Dr. E. Gilpin, Inspector of Mines. Tiie remarks I have made about the lead ores of this province api'lv in a general manner to those of copper. The metal occurs freiut-ntly, in the metallic form, in veins and joints in the Triassic trap rai ,;i- running along the south shore of the Bay of Fundy, and in the isol.itiil masses of the same mineral on the opposite side of the bay. It dl^n occurs in a similar manner in the consolidated ash accompany- ing tlie trap, and has been observed in the sandstones of the district, wh i li are referred to the same geological horizon. As yet none of the deiiiisits have, from the superficial tests hitherto made, appeared to be of permanent value. In some localities it is observed disseminated in the roi k, and all such occurrences should be carefully tested. It is we 1 known that in the Lake Superior district very small percentages of < ipptr have yielded rich returns to the sy.stematic and economical sysicm> of mining and milling. It is true that the two districts differ wMclv from a geological point of view, but as both yiekl metallic coppi-r in masses, etc., it does not appear unreasonable to e.xpect, that here as at Lake Superior, it may be found in .some localities, scattered in tiuf i^rains in the trap, in quantity sufficient to allow of its profitable extiiction. Copper also occurs native in the Lochaber district, m AntiL^onish County, and at Cheticamp, Inverness County. The carlioniferous strata of Cumberland, I'ictou, Colchester, Anti.iionish. and other counties, frequently show outcrops of ne.sts and layers of vitreous sulphuret and green carbonate of copper, sometimes assMc i.^ted with coaly matter. Prospecting has shown these outcrops at .Maccan, Wallace River, Pugwash, Tatamagouche. Ath"l, Oxford, Rivfi i(,hn, Salmon River. Caribou, Durham, and Waugh's River, in the ' Dunties of Cumberland, Colchester and Pictuu. A few attempts have been made to work these deposits, but the ore although rich is vari ''lie and irregular in its occurrence, and work has been abandoned aft( le e.vtraction of a few tons. A good deal of work has been done dur the past two years on some defined beds of sandstone and t i 32 A^o7'(T Scotia Copper Ores. shale, more or less uniformly impregnated with tliese and other ores of copper. Among these localities so tested may be named Doherty Creek, River Philip, Malagash Point, Fox Harbor, ("lulf Shore, N v. Annan, Wentworth, and Henderson's Settlement in Cumberhi;; County. The ores are also present at some points in ])eds of c\ ,v resting on cupriferous sandstones, etc. Working samples are reporti to have yielded as high as 18 per cent of copper, with in some ca-i. small amounts of gold and silver. It is understood that the work • testing these deposits will be continued, as the parties interested h;i >■ so far been much encouraged by the results. The numerous outcnj- of the ores over so wide a tract of country warrant much more attt i tion than has hitherto been paid to them. At l'',ast Dalhousie, in King's County, there are numerous shfv- of copper ore, which have hitheito been almos' unnoticed. Cop; pyrites occurs at Blandford, Lunenburg County, and at several poir!- in Queens and Yarmouth Counties, and is commonly present, in sii. amounts, in the auriferous (piartz veins of oi'.r gold fields. The district extending from the head waters of the i'.ast River Pictou, along the county line, to Poison's Lake, in Antigonish Coui !\ has yielded numerous indications of the presence of cojiper ores. At the head waters of the East River specimens of copper iv occur with a gangue of carbonate of iron, but no attempt has h. c: mule to search for their source. In the vicinity of the Garden • Kden, theie are veins of .spathic iron ore, up to several feet in thi- k ne.ss, holding crystals of copper pyrites. At Lochaber there are a number of veins carrying copper pyii:)- and associated with diorite dykes. These veins have been prospet 1 a little, and are apparently valuable, a> tlie copper contents in the < ot of the largest vei'- about six feet tliick, were returned from la .c average samples at 19 per cent. From this poiiit the cupriferous 1 c!: has been traced about four miles to Poison's Lake. Here the presen ; of large, rich boulders instigated desultory pro.specting for a num: i; of years. Finally a vein of spathic ore, holding copper pyrites, v.a? found in the year 1S75, and traced several hundred feet. Its wi'.l'h as proved by several shallow jtits, varied from b to 1 1 feet. La,' average samples yielded from 5(1 to 11.7 per cent, of copper. 'I i;' o z s "J? ■f. A _ CO = 'J. o c ir >. ^ a> '■ > ^* ^ f ~* V 5. U w 0/ - > ^ > i <\i ^ ^- ^. v. "^ •— • — - ^ « C. o X u — o o i /. -■ 'Z y. 01 C S i' / •X is ^' X Xora Scotiii Copper Orrs. 33 t;;-!.ii)ce of this district from a railroad and a shipping point, has ijMrently postponed indefinitely its development, although it is u;)al)iy well worth the cost of a railroad. On the Salmon River, in ;,iiv>l;()ro County, some veins were tested a number of years ago, mtaining copper pyrites and erubescite, and yielding as high as 39 KX < t-nt. of copper. The age of the rocks holding these deposits in 'i( tou. Antigonish and Guysboro Counties, is, I believe, determined Devonian, and is in favor of their richness and permanence. .•\t Ohio, St. Joseph, Brierly Brook, and other points in Antigoni.sh |[;(iunty. ileposits of copper ore occur at the junction of carboniferous ritli older rocks A little pro.specting has shown .small veins of rich jrf, but as yet enough work has not been done to enable a correct jea to be formed 'if their extent. The reports )f Mr. Fletcher, of the Canadian Geological Survey, bii the Island of C/ipe lireton, contain fretjuent references to copper ^ri's. The following places may be mentioned : Benacadie, White Iraiiite Hills, Gillis Brook, Spruce Brook, Irish Cove, East Bay, a.shal)ack, Middle and North Rivers, French road, Gillis Lake road, jklira, Cape North, etc. .\t Washaback, the ores yielded, in addition to the copper, gold kp to about one ounce to the ton. At Eagle Head, in Gabarus Bay, 'ape Breton County, several shafts have been sunk showing (juite irge beds, carrying mixtures of copper pyrites with other ores. Those quainted with the operations consider that the deposits are well rorth further examination At Cheticamp, Inverness County, there are numerous signs of c< 'per deposits, and occasionally attempts have been made on a small S( If to determine their value. This district shows copper ores over S( arge an extent of grouud, that it is probable that this metal will be £0 ;nd present in workable amounts, as well as the lead already referred to. At George's River, near North Sydney, a little prospecting has bt II (lone on a very promising outcrop. On the Coxheath Mountains, a -w miles to the south, a quite extensive development has shown the pr ^ence of several leads carrying copper pyrites, with .some silver, fri a :; to 12 feet thick. The copper contents of these beds vary from 3 1 ro per cent, from extraction of large lots. The shafts and levels ha t- yielded several thousands of tons of good ore. Several causes. 34 Ntn'ii Siotia Copper Ores, including financial ones as well as the low prices of copper, have retarded the development of this property ; but as the outlook is now encouraging, arrangements are being made for working it. In the Island of Cape Breton the copper ores occur in the pre- Cambrian felsites, etc , at Gabarus, Coxheath, (leorge's River, Chet;- camp, etc., and are found also in carboniferous strata. These brief remarks on the occurrence of copper ores in Nova Scotia will show that they are very widespread. They have as ye: received almost no systematic examination, and local capital has pre ferred to venture in better known channels. It may, however, be justly claimed that the province presents, in .several districts, unusually promising deposits, and that in better known and richer communities, they would before this have supported at least several profitable mines. OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES. In compliance with your instructions I will not in this repor proceed to consider the coal, iron ore, gypsum and other mineral- found and worked in Nova Scotia. It may, however, be appropriately remarked that an extensive development has been reached in tht various coal fields, assuring the miner and metallurgist ample suppl of coal and coke for their operations. The iron ores are being workc; smelted, and converted into steel. The gypsum deoosits are extensive- worked. The (juarries yield supplies of the best varieties of buildir.; stones, of limestone, marble, freestone, etc. There aie in addition mines of barytes, manganese, etc. In she the province, in proportion to its size, ha^ been furnished by nati;: with an unusual and abundant variety of useful minerals ; which it \ regretted, have in many cases been allowed to remain undeveUipc Lumbering, fishing, and, until a few years ago, ship building ar. freighting, have absorbed the energies of local capitalists, and litt-ij attempt has been made to interest outside capital in any of our mine except those of gold and coal. The field, however, for mineral invt? ment in the province is being recognized as in many respects super; to that of other countries which have hitherto received so much atte: tion from foreign investors, and the indications are that a short tm will see the enquiries and investments of the past few years la-ge exceeded. o y ■r. CS > o '/■, o o 1-. o d 4/ o o o o I/l THE GOLD MEASURES OF NOVA SCOTIA AND DEEP MINING. From a Paper read by Mr- E. R. Faribault, B.A.Sc., before the Canadian Mining Institute. I'he gold measures of Nova Scotia became known about the year iMjo. Tlie earliest discovery was followed by so many others, that it wa^ believed that the whole of the province was auriferous, (iradu all\ . however, it became evident that the workable deposits of free gold wtre confined to the metamorphic rocks of the Atlantic coast, along whicli they form a continuous belt, from one end of the province to thf other, a distance of some 200 miles, varying in width from 10 to 7 :; miles. They cover about half the superficies of the province, e.xclusive of Ca[ie Hreton Island, and their e.xtent may be roughly estimated at 8,500 scjuare miles. ( )f this area, probably 3,500 scjuare miles are occupied by granitic masses, barren of gold, leaving an area of about 5,f square miles of gold measures. The granite intersects the stratified gold-bearing rocks, in many places, in large masses or dykes, but for the most pait it forms a [)r()minent ridge, almost unbroken, from one end of the province to ether. Its intrusion took place at the close of the Silurian period, hably about Oriskany, and was accompanied and followed by dis- tances, faults anil much local metamorphism of the stratified rocks. ' occurred after the folding of the gold measures and the deposition tlie i|iiart/ veins; for granite dykes ami veins have been observed ■ hvay.i cut the interstratified ijuartz veins wherever they come in itat t with them. The granite has thus no relation to the auriferous iiai ter of the veins, and need not again be referred to. Although no well defined fossils have so far been found in the imentary rocks cou.stituting the gold measures, most geologists t'f to classify them, provisionally, as Lower Cambrian. I'hey certainly, in many respects, resemble the auriferous Cambrian he Eastern Townships of Quebec, and knowledge gained in the 11 v< 36 Gold Measures of Nova Scotia and Deep Mining. Nova Scotia gold-fields may prove of the greatest practical importance in prospecting for veins below the alluvial deposits of Quebec. The gold-measures of Nova Scotia fall naturally into two well deffned and distinct groups, viz., a lower or "quartzite group " and an upper or " slate group." The mapping of the eastern part of the province by the Geologi cal Survey, places the thickness of the quartzite group, as far as denu- dation has exposed these rocks to view, at about three miles, and the thickness of the upper or .slate group at about two miles, giving a total known thickness of strata of over five miles The lower division or quartzite group is mostly composed (if thick-bedded, bluish and greenish grey felspathic quartzite, locally named by miners " whin,'' a term used in Scotland for an igneous rock or greenstone. Interstratified with the quartzite are numerous bands of slates, of different varieties and colors, from a fraction of a foot to several feet in thickness. The upper division or slate group is mostly composed, east of Halifax, of bluish-black slate, often graphitic and pyritous, rusty-weathering, with occasional layers of flinty c^uartzo.se rock. The lower part of this group is characterized by greenish, argillaceous and chloritic, soft slate, of but little thickness at the ea-t end of the province, but increasing to a great thickness at the west end. A few layers of magnesian, siliceous limestone have also been noticed. at different places, at the base of the group, overlying conformably the (juartzite of the lower division. The (ine of division between the two groups is thus well defined by characteristic bands, which form valuable data to work out the secjuence and structure of these rocks, at any point, with certainty. The beds of ([uartzite and slate, forming the gold- measures, were originally deposited in the sea, and therefore horizontally. TheNe horizontal beds were then subjected, during a long period of time, to for( es that have {iroduced prodigious results. A close study of the present structure of these rocks shows that they have been slow v moved by a powerful and uniform pressure, which has folded thtm into a series of huge, sharp undulations, roughly parallel with the S' a coast. They have indeed been buckled, bent and folded to sucli a degree that they occupy only one-half of their former width, measurt 1 at right angles to the strike. o o i-i O U o o o o u IT, > 1) Golii Measures (if Xma Seoiia and J)eep Mining;:;. 37 Since these rooks were deposited and folded they have been under the unceasing influences that tend to level the hills and fill up the valleys, and, at more recent date, the greater part of the surface was subject to glacial erosion. Extensive denudation has worn away ti;e folded measures to the present level. Some of the sharpest and hi\;hest folds have been truncated to a depth, as far as we know, of over eight miles, exposing at the surface a section of gold measures of over five miles in thickness. I'he map (Fig. 2) is a reduction of map sheets published by the (.eological Survey on the scale of one mile to one inch. It represents a portion of the gold-measures, thirty-five miles' wide and sixty miles Idiig, east of Halifax, between Musquodoboit Harbor and Sherbrooke. The black lines show the anticlinal axes of eleven folds, into which the measures have been plicated; the narrow, dark shaded bands indicate remnants of the upper slate group, left undenuded along the deepest troughs or synclinal axes of the folds; the other areas indicate the ;.,'ranite masses. A diagram (Fig. 3), gives a section of thirty-five miles in length, drawn across the whole belt of the gold-measures, along the line of .>e(tion A B in the plan (Fig. 2). Below ( Fig. 3 ) is given, for comparison, a diagrammatic section of the Bendigo gold fields of Australia, on a scale ten times as large as the one above. The heavy black lines indicate gold mines on four different anticlinals, worked on the line of section. The amplitude of the folds, or the distance between the different main anticlinal axes in these two gold fields res{)ectively, varies con- siderably. The Nova Scotia section of thirty-five miles gives eleven anticlines, or an average distance of three miles between each anticline, and a maximum distance of nearly five miles; while in Bendigo gold district, it ranges from 300 to 1,300 feet. So that in Nova Scotia the amplitude of the folds is nearly twenty times greater than in Bendigo. The mapping of the gold-measures by the Geological Survey (luring the last fifteen years, has been extended, under my charge, as far west as Funenburg. The study of the structure of these rocks, ver that region, has afforded an opportunity of acijuiring many im- rtant facts and data by means of which gold mining may be carried 1 1 38 Gold Measures oj Nova Scotia and Deep Mining. on with more confidence, under more exact conditions and with greater economy. The most important feature disclosed, is that all the rich veins and the large bodies of low-grade quartz worked in Nova Scotia, with few exceptions, follow the lines of stratification, and occur at well defined points along the anticlinal axes of the folds. It was during the progress of the slow folding of the measures, that the rich quartz veins and large saddle-lodes of quartz were formed, at favorable places, along the planes of bedding on the anticlinal domes of the folds. Thus a thorough knowledge of the structure of the anticlinal folds becomes necessary, to locate the auriferous quartz deposits on the surface, and to develop them in depth. In tracing the axes of the folds at the surface, the dip of the rocks is the chief guide. If the strata are found to dip towards each other, it is clear they form a synclinal axis or trough ; while, if they dip in opposite directions they form an anticlinal axis or ridge. The rocks, on opposite sides of anticlinal axes, generally dip a: angles varying between forty-five and ninety degrees from the horizon, seldom lower than forty-five degrees, and overturned dips are frequently noted. The deviation of any bed from the horizontal, along the axial line, is its " pitch." A longitudinal section, made east and west along the axis of an anticlinal fold, will show the strata and the fold to pitch either to the east or west, at low angles, seldom over thirty degrees from the horizon. Owing to the pitch, the outcrop-edges of the beds, on each side of an anticline, are not parallel to the axial line ; if they converge towards the east, the anticlinal fold dips east, and if to the west, it dips to the west. When the pitch inclines both ways from a central point, that point is the centre of an elliptical " dome,' and marks the position of one of ths most favorable points on the main anticlines for the occurrence of quartz veins. The average distance between one dome and the next, along the same anticlinal axis, varies fi-vjiu ten to twenty-five miles. o u X o U4 o o V. J! •r. "3 a c o Gold Measures oj Ahva Scotia atid Deep Mining. 39 It has been thought by some, that these domes were caused by gentle north aid south undulations, crossir 5 the sharp east and west foli!>. Such does not, however, appear to ^e the case, generally, as it can clearly be seen by looking over the geological maps of the region, thai the pitch at corresponding points on the various main anticlines is often (juite different. It will be seen that most, if not all, of the gold mining centres operated are situated on these domes. Moreover, it has been observed tliat most of the anticlinal domes, upon which mines are not in operation, show indications of gold, and many will eventually prove to be important auriferous centres, only a tew of them being without the structure necessary for the formation of (juartz veins. Of the twenty-one domes, in the region covered by this map (Fig. 2), fourteen have been worked more or less, bix have shown auriferous (juartz in situ or in float, and the remaining one has not yet been [noved. I'he.gold districts operated to the east of Halifax are here given, together with their horizon or the distance of their strata below (and in one case above) the base of the upper slate group. Moose River aljout ;, '4 miles. Tangier " 2 '4 " Fifteen-mile Stream and Beaver Dam 2 '^ " I.awrencttowii 2 " Coldeiiville, Ilarrii^fan Cove, (iold I.ake and I'orest Hill : i'2 " Waverley and Renfrew i '4 Mooseland, Killag. I.iscomb Mill, Richardson, Lower Isaac's Harbonr, Wine Harbour and Montague i " Ecum Secum, Middle Isaac's Ilarbou, Cochran Hill, Lake Catcha and Oldham i^ Salmon River '2 " Caribou at the base of the Slate ^roup. Stewiacke about ^{ mile above the base of the Slate group. There is no doubt that certain kinds of slate are more favourable to the segregation of gold than others, antl that the prevalence or absence of the former, at certain horizons, will necessarily give zones of different richness. The fact that importan. mines have already been worked at t'.itlerent horizons, from the top of the series to the Ixjttom, is siuVRient 40 Gold Measures of Noihi Scotia and Deep Mining. proof that strata favourable to the foriration of auriferous vein.- are met with throughout the whole thickness of the lower quartzite group, and perhaps also in the upper slate group, though apparently Ie.-,> frecjuently. This is an important fact with regard to deep mining on the domes of anticlines. The manner in which the strata are bent over the axial lines is worthy of note. The strata in folding do not bend round a centre, to form circular curves, but their curves are more like parabolas, sujier- imposed upon one another. This is due to the immense lateral pres- sure which has compressed these beds, especially the slate bands, on either side of the fold, producing a thickening of the strata and open- ings between them on the apex of the folds. In a certain thickness of sheets of paper or cloth, bent into an anticlinal fold, a " slipping "' of the several layers on each other will take place ; the sides of the fold will be tightly compressed, while, on top, openings will be formed. In the same manner, in the folding of this great thickness of strata, the beds separated along the planes of stratification, and moved along these planes, the upper bed sliding upward on the lower inclined bed This slipping is clearly proved by the striations and slickensides that are to be seen in most mines on opposite bedding planes, and by a certain thickness of crushed black slates or gouge between the walls. Such movements naturally took place between strata, where the cohesion was slightest, and thus, we find quartz veins following layers of slate, especially when the slate is intercalated between thick be o 7^ a ^3 o o u n 0) y c o III 01 o c O Gold Measures of Nova Scotia and Deep Mining. 43 limited zone of strata, A B varying between 200 and 1,000 feet. That is to say, quartz veins were formed on a part C D of the fold, where the combined forces of the lateral and of the downward pressure have determined the greatest strain and have produced most sliding and fissures. The outer limit of the zone A, corresponds generally to a point at which the strata begin to dip at an angle which remains con- stant for some distance. Likewise, in depth, quartz veins were formed on that part of the fold which was subjected to the same conditions, and is similarly situated. As the structure of a fold will not ch.mge much for some distance in depth, the extreme limits C D of the zone of (juarz veins will be found at about the same distances from the anticlinal axis of the fold, that is to say, parallel with the axial line E F. If the fold gets sharper in depth, the zone of quartz veins will approach the axial lines E F downward, and if it gets broader, the zone will recede from the axial line. The distance B E of the zone of quartz veins varies considerably in the different districts according to the flatness of the fold. The axial line E F may also coincide with B I), in a sharper fold, and in a still sharper fold it may come half way between A and B, and we have then the typical saddle-reef fold. Again, at the surface, in the same district, as at Goldenville, the fokl may be sharper at one end and broader towards the other end, and in that case the zone of quartz veins will recede from the anticlinal axis, towards the broader end. The (juartz veins are sometimes very numerous on both sides of the anticlinal domes. On the Goldenville anticlinal dome, where developments have, perhaps, been more extensive than in any other districts in the province, some fifty-five diflerent veins have been worked or uncovered, in a width of strata of 1,300 feet on the north side of the anticline, dipping north at forty-three degrees, and some fifty veins in a width of 500 feet on the south vertical dip of the anticline. They extend in many cases on the surface for thousands of feet and they have been mined to depths of 700 feet in their vertical extension. The thickness of the veins varies considerably. The saddle-reef deposits are by far the heaviest bodies ; those worked at Salmon River. 44 Gold Measures of Nova Scotia and Deep Mining. Richardson and Mooseland mines attaining fifteen to twenty five feet in thickness, and others not operated, at Fifteen-mile Stream, Cameron dam, &c., are probably larger. The veins along the legs of the folds are much smaller, averaging from four inches to one foot, but often larger. Many quartz veins are also found cutting the stratification at various angles ; some are of great thickness, many are auriferous, and a few have been operated with notable profits. They are of later origin generally, than the interstratified veins, and some of them may be roughly contemporaneous with the intrusion of granite. Their richness is generally influenced by the nature of the adjacent strata. In the interstratified veins the gold is sometimes distributed uni- formly over considerable areas ; usually, however, it is more or less concentrated within certain limits, leaving spaces on each side, com- paratively barren. These enrichments are known as pay-streaks, and have hitherto been the principal source of the gold production. Most pay-streaks are well defined enrichments of twenty to si.xty feet in breadth, often accompanied by enlargement in the size of the vein. They dip at low, constant angles, parallel generally with the well defined lines of schistosity of the rocks, and often with striations and corrugations on the walls, giving the veins a crumpled structure. locally called " barrel-quartz." These corrugations and crumplings are more pronounced in the slate and (juartz, and owe their origin to the sliding of thick beds of quartzite over one another, between which the softer bands curve and buckle in a wonderful manner. The pay-streaks lie at right angles to the sliding movement, that is to say, approximately parallel to the anticlinal axis. Many of the pay-streaks have been proved very rich and some have been traced from the surface along a gentle incline for as much as 1, 800 feet, with extraordinary uniformity. In many instances, two or three pay-streaks have been determined in the same vein lying par- allel under one another for some distance. This mode of occurrence is necessarily limited to the portion of that vein situated in the pay- zone. The laws governing the position and extent of the pay-ground or o u ■I. o '4. o y. 6 iC o o u be Gold Measures oj Xen'a Scotia and Deep Mining. 45 pay-si reaks are intimately connected with the structure of the anticlinal folds and are similar to those already laid down for the position and extent of the zones of quartz veins. The data necessary to explain their many peculiarities in the different gold districts are ditlicult to obtain with any degree of precision, as few plans or records have been kept or are obtainable. As a general rule, the best pay pround, in mo.>>t districts, is situated at about the middle of the zone of quartz veins A B, where fissures with angular veins are most numerous. These small angular veins or *' angulars " which run into the walls at different angles, and sometimes connect one vein with the next, play an important part in the concentration or segregation of gold from the adjacent auriferous rocks, and, causing an enrichment or impoverish- ment of the main veins, they are well called locally " feeders "' or •' robbers." In depth also, the zone of pay-ground (i G, should be situated at about the middle of the zone of quartz veins G, parallel with the axial h'ne K F. It will then be readily understood, that one individual vein, if it cannot hold gold in paying quantity to a great depth, may neverthe- less, be sufficiently rich to be worked with profit for a great length along certain lines parallel with the anticlinal axis ; that a vein barren at the surface B may be rich in depth in the pay-zone, and that a vein which does not come to the surface B, may also be found payable on that pay zone G'. The problem then consists of developing a zone of pay-ground or portions of veins included within certain limits, along a plane G G, parallel with the axis E F, and that to depths practically unlimited. This problem will, I am sure, prove interesting to mining engi- neers, and it only awaits their skill and knowledge to be put in practical operation and place the Nova Scotia gold-fieids among the most productive in the world. .J T G C O o r o o o o o c CD c p. H C y. c r. c I X cr. (/I I V. P c S3 It t r* Ol I '-• n n n ►1 o o K sn 2. Cu n o O r, » o n a- O o 3 5' K r. o il / The Gold Measures of Nova S< PLATE I. va Scotia and Deep Mining. VTE I. I I ! I (! \ m * II IHIIllllll The Gold Measures of Nova PLATE Scotia and Deep Mining. 11. NOVA SCOTIA GOLD-BEARING BELT s —Aedueed/rom the Geoldgityil-Sitne// map-sftfeis — EI.FAEIBACLT . B.A.Sc. Carkmilerous Slate Croup Quart yte Group) Granite Jntidinal . ^icis Smlt t^ SlofiiteJfilef k... ■'. ■ ■'. :^^% Dome o/'j/ntidme O Gold Districts Gold Measures of Surfaced.. Section of Scale ^ ^ ^ Section of Nova Seotia and Deep Minings PLATE III. Nortt f Gold Measures in Nova Scotia. 3ca/e VWin« Mine Mine Mine Surface ^MilejL Bendigo Golo-Field, Australia. Section on Broad i FOLtf Section on Sh/jrp Fold DlAOMMS III tn h» ')(MRT1 Zone of Quartz The Gold Measures of i Nova Scotia and Deep Mining^. PLATE VI, •■/'*5-.?,v*.*'i-' THE MORTIMER CO OTTAWA.