\^ 
 
 \V 
 
 CANADA 
 
 NATIONAL LIBRARY 
 
 BIBLIOTHEOUE NATIONALE 
 
Arthur S. Bourinot | 
 
vv-^y/ 
 
 leCi.^ , 
 
JJoiuil J^octctij of C^:t^aa^l Scries. 
 
 iVo. 1. 
 
 OUK i:^TELLi:CTUAL 
 
 STREXGTR AND WEAKNESS 
 
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 Parlianiciiiary Praerir'O and Pr.H.c.lure, v.itii a i«'vi>-\\ 
 of th(> ori.L^m, growth, and ojKTaiion nf [inriLiin'Mifary 
 iii'^tifni 'lp- ill Canada. And ati Vi.p-'.IiN ••■!'■. 'liug 
 th" nii'!-;i \ort!i America Act ;' !-'■■ .n I , . ■ ■ .:'ig 
 ac-t.s, (iijv<;rnoi'( ■; -.t -. n 'm ■• ■■ m; in-i'i,. ^uiis, 
 fnriws of prncefiii;.j: i:. i:,i >■ ,! iti' •^■, ' li. I -■ .'I I'lHii- 
 iii 'tis. .'t". : ilml ('(1. r.'s i-'-d aihi ■ ui. i-,;''i:, >•> . • i.Ji. '!70, 
 elotb and calf. Montreal : Daw.sun liro.-., iSiC'. ss. 
 
 A Manual of the Constitutio: ii [fi-ttrv of Canada, 
 from the earliest period to t)u' yiar !>:"-- m-'luding the 
 B. X. A. Act of lHi)7, ;siid a dii-C'st of . judicial (.i"t'i-'i(:'n.s on 
 jjuosriorit; Mj' k'jj;i-:lfU!v.' jurisdictioii. l:imo. pp. 21^. 
 M-n) v(-o': l),i^\>.n- Mr(,v. Cloth, :^!. 25. 
 
 v.'aiiM.iiaii .^tndi;." : ' .■. .Mfiitivo Politic-- : I. Canada 
 HTi'l I'li-LTlisIt IiiNi.i! v.ioii- : 11. ' ';iii,-vdi: atid the I'nited 
 StaLes ; Iff. Caria ia and .-i\v it/rrLinii. Large 4to. pp. 
 100. Montreal: Da WW)!! Bro-. Cli')..-!. 
 
 Local Govcrn'sif'nt ijj Canada. Hvo. pp. 72. Balti- 
 more: Johns Hopkins University Studies. Paper, 50c. 
 
 Federal Government in Canada. 8vo. pp. 172. Balti- 
 more: Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1889. Paper, 
 oOi: 
 
 Parliamentary Government in Canada . an historical 
 and con.stitutional study. Annals of American Histori 
 eal Associat ion. 8vo. pp. 9R Washingi on : Govcrtiment 
 Printing; Oltice, 1S93. Paper, ijjl 
 
 Descriptive and Historical Acr-.u,.-; ot th ■ i-'and of 
 Cape P^reton. and of it-i Memoriai^ of i\n- Ffwi, i, Prcime, 
 with hibliog-rapiiical. fii--torical avi'l t'fi(i.:al J!'.'ti.-s, and 
 old n\aps, i'llans and dlu-trations ■j'" Loui-.'rair'L'^ Largf 
 4to, jip. 180. Montreal : Foster P.iowu & Co.. L-.J-^. Faney 
 elot}., $3. 
 
/,o 
 
 iiToyal *"Ocictij of ^an;r(tri *cvics. 
 
 / ^ I/' 
 ST^RENGTll 
 
 LLECTUAL 
 
 AND WEAKNESS 
 
 A SHORT HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL REViFW OF TITllRATURE, 
 ART AND LDUCATION LN CANADA, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. G. BOLRINOT, C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L. (LAVAL). 
 
 AUTHOR OF "CAPE BRETON AND !TS ME.MORrALS OF TilE FPENCH REGIME. ' and Of 
 
 SEVERAL WORKS ON FEDERAL AND PAkLIAMfMARV GOVEPN.VIENT 
 
 IN THE Dominion oe Casai. a 
 
 MONTREAL 
 FOSTER E^ P O W N & C O . 
 
 L<>XDON : 
 BERNAFiD QUARITCH 
 
 1803 
 
c 2 
 
 e 
 
 O O fi }N<^ 
 
 -f 
 
 P^nlcnd .uTordinff to Act of P:irli;iniciit of Cjuiada by.l. 'i. BoritiNor. in the Officu 
 of the Minister of Agiicnlrure, in tlie year LStKi. 
 
 GAZETTE PKINTINC COMPANT, MONTKEAl. 
 
Sir J. VV. DAWSON, (C.M.G., F.R.S.C., ll.d.) 
 
 ANfi 
 
 MONSIGNOR HAMEL. (M.A., F.F^.s.C), 
 
 WH(» UEPRKSENT THE CXTLTURK AND LEAKNINC. Of THE KNGLISII AND FRl.NcU 
 ELEMENTS OF THE I ANABIAN PEOPLE, 
 
 % xlcdicatr. 
 
 THIS SHORT KEA'IEW OF THE rNTEI.LErTTTAL DEVELOPMENT 
 OF THE NEW DOMINION. 
 
■•'■'''■'' I'mmimmM 
 
PREFATOEY NOTE. 
 
 This monograph on the intellectual development of the Do- 
 minion was delivered in substance as the presidential address to 
 the Royal Society of Canada at its May meetin^,^ of 1893, in 
 Ottawa. Since then the author has given the whole subject a 
 careful revision, and added a number of >)ibliographical and other 
 literary notes which could not conveniently appear in the text 
 of the address, but are likely to interest those who wish to follow^ 
 more closely the progress of culture in a country still struggling 
 with the difficulties of the material development of half a conti- 
 nent. This little volume, as the title page show^s, is intended as 
 the commencement of a series of historical and other essavs 
 w' tch will be periodically reproduced, in this more convenient 
 form for the general reader, from the large quarto volumes of the 
 Royal Society of Canada, where they first appear. 
 
 Ottawa, 1st October, 1893. 
 
a:s"alysis of contein'ts. 
 
 i.~p. 1. 
 
 Introdactory remarks on the overestimate of material success in America; citation 
 from an oration on the suiyert by James Russell Lowell; application of his 
 remarks to Cauadians. 
 
 II.-P. 4. 
 Three well defined eras of development in Canada ; the French regime and its heroic 
 aspect; the works of Champlain. Lescarbot, Potherie, Le Clercq, Charlevoix and 
 others ; evidences of some cnlturo in Quebec and Montreal ; the foundation of 
 the Jesuit College and th. Seminaries; Peter Kaim on the st.idv of science; 
 the mental apathy of the colony generally in the days of French supK^macy. 
 
 III. - P. 9. 
 
 The period of political development from 1760 1«40. under English government ; low 
 state of popuhir education ; growth of the press ; influence of the clergy • intel- 
 lectual contests in legislative halls ; publication of " Sam Slick " ; development 
 of a historical literature. 
 
 IV. -P. 14. 
 
 An era of intellectual as well as material activity commences in 1840, after the con 
 cession of responsible government ; political life still claims best intellects ; 
 names of prominent politicians and statesmen from 1840-]867; performance in 
 literature and science; gross partisanship of the press; poenis of ("remazie 
 Howe, Sangster and others; histories of Christie, Bibaud, Garneau and 
 Ferland. 
 
 V. -P. 19. 
 
 Historical writers from 1867-18!^3-I)ent, Turcotte. Casgruin, Sxilte. Kingsford etc • 
 
 Canadian poets-LeMay., Reade, Mair, Roberts, Carman and others: critical 
 
 remarks on the character of French and English Canadian poet^^- : comparison 
 
 between Canadian and Au.stralian writeis ; patriotic spirit of Canadian poems. 
 
 VI. -P. 27. 
 Essay writing in Canada ; weakness of attempts at fiction ; Richardson's " Wa- 
 cousta'-; De Gaspe's " Anciens Ganadiens' ; Kirby's " Goldeji Dog"; Marmette's 
 "F. de Bienville,' among best works of this class ; Professor De Mille an<i his 
 works ; successful efforts of Canadians abroad -Gilbert Parker, Sara Jeannette 
 Duncan and L. Dougall ; general remarks on literary progress during hali a 
 century , the literature of science in Canada eminently successful. 
 Z 
 
I ANALYSIS OF CONTiiNTS. 
 
 VII. -P: 33. 
 
 A short review of tho oris;in and history of the Royal Society of Canada ; its aim, '.he- 
 eucourapieinent of liie literature of loiirningand seienre, and of oiiginal ethno- 
 graphical, arelm'ological, historic and .scientific investigation ; desirous jf 
 .stimulating broad literary criticism ; a.Si<ociated with all other Canadian socie- 
 ties enj^aged in the same work ; tlie wide circulaliou of it.- Transactions througJi- 
 out the wurhi : the need of a magazine of a high class in Canada. 
 
 VIII.- P. t2. 
 
 f 
 
 The intellectual sta idard of our legislative bodies; the liter.aure of biography, law 
 and thei/'ogy ; summary of general results o^ intellectual develojiment ; ditli- 
 culties in the way of successful literary purstiits in Canada ; good work sure of 
 ai)})reciative criticism by 1 hi best ela.><s of English jieriodicals like the " Contem 
 porary," " Athena-uin." "'English Historical Magazine," "Academy," etc.; 
 SainLe-Beuve's advice to cultivate a good style cited : some colonial conditions 
 antagonistic to literary growth; the necessity of cultivating a higher ideal of 
 literature in these modern limes. 
 
 IX. -P. 4it. 
 
 The condition of education in Canaila ; speed and superficiality among the defects 
 of an otherwise admirable system ; tendency to make all studies subordinate 
 to a purely utilitarian s[)irit ; the need of cultivating the " humnnities." espe- 
 cially Crreek ; remarks on this jioint by Matthew Arnold and (loldwin Smith ; 
 the stale of the press of Canada ; the Canadian Pythia and Olympia. 
 
 X.-P. 53. 
 
 « 
 Libraries in Canada ; development of art ; absence of an galleries in the cities, and 
 
 of large private collections of paintings ; meritorious work of O'Brien. Reed, 
 Peel, Pinhey, Forster and others ; establishment of the Canadian Academy by 
 the l^'rincess Louise and the Maniuessof Lurne ; necessity for greater encour- 
 agement of native artists; success of Canadian artists at the World's lair; 
 architecture in Canada imitative and not creative ; the White City at Chicago 
 an illustration of the triumj)]! t.f intellectual and artistic eilbrt over t]u> spirit 
 of mi're materialism; its etlect i>rol)abl} the development of a higher culture 
 and creati\e artistic genius on the continent. 
 
 XL--P. 58. " -^':'- 
 
 Conclusion : The Frf nch langtiage .'in(i its jirobable dtiration in Canada; the advan- 
 t.ages of a friendly rivalry among French and Englisli Canadians, which will 
 best .stimulate the genius of their peoples in art and letters ; necessity for sym- 
 pathetic encouragement of the two languages ,^'.nd of the ment;>l efforts of each 
 other; less provimialism or luirrowness of mental vi.\ion likely to gain larger 
 audiences in other countries; conditioiis of higher intellectual development 
 largely flepen lent on a widening of our mental horizon, th(> creation of wider 
 sympathy for native talent, the disappearance of a tendency to self-deprecia- 
 tion, and greater self-reliance and confluence in our own intellectual resources. 
 
 - .,,a««»*^^»*fri«S(*T*.~'S^;>''^fcs.-H^ ■ 
 
BIBLIOCRAPHICAL, ART AiND GENERAL NOTES. 
 
 (1) P. 61.— Lowell's remarks on the study of the Liberal Arts. 
 
 (2) v. 6L— Jamestown, Va. 
 
 (.<) P. r)L-Champl,iin s Works ; hia character compared with that of Captain John 
 
 Smith. 
 <4) P. 62.— Lescarlx)fs " Ilistoire de la Xouvelle France." 
 
 !? ,^' f:--£^^i'l«^oixs " Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France." 
 m F. bd.— Hutchinson's " History of Massachusetts." 
 <7) P. «)8. Sagard's " Le Grand Voyage," etc. 
 
 (8) P. fKJ.-P. Boucher's " Mteurs et Productions de la Xouvelle France " 
 
 (9) P. fti- Jesuit Relations. 
 
 (10) P. 63.— Fere du Creux, " Historia Canadensis." 
 
 ai) P. 63. -La Potherie's " Ilistoire de i'Amerique Septentrionale." 
 (11a) P. fJ3.-The Jesuit Lafitau and his work on Indian customs. 
 
 (12) P. 64.-C. le Clercq, " Etablissement de la Toy." 
 
 (13) P. 64.-Cotton Mather's " Magnalia." 
 atio) P. (U.— Dr. Michel Sarrazin." 
 
 (13/^) P. 64.— Peter Kalm and tiie English colonies, 
 
 (14) P. 65.— Education in Canada. 1792-1893. 
 
 (15) P. 6o.-I'pper Canada, 1792-1840. 
 
 (16) P. 0(1.— Canadian Journalism. 
 
 (17) P. (3(^.— Howe's Speeches. 
 
 (18) P. 60. -"Sam Slick." 
 
 (19) P. 6(5.— Judge Haliburtnn's History of Nova Rcotla. 
 
 (20) P. (i6.-W. Smith's History of Canada. 
 
 <21) P. (>7. -Joseph Bouchetle's Topoj^raphical Works on Canada. 
 
 (22) P. 67.— M. Bibatid's Histories of Canada. 
 
 (23) P. 67.— Thompson's Book on the War of 1812-14. 
 
 (24) P. 67.— Belknap's History of New Hampshire. 
 (2.5) P. 67.— The poet Cremazie. 
 
 (26) P. 68.— Chauveau as a poet. 
 
 (27) P. 69.— Howe's Poems. 
 
 (28) P. 69.— The poets Sangster and McLachlan. 
 
 (29) P. 69. -Charles Ileavysege's Works. 
 
 (30) P. 69.— Todd's ParMamentary (rorernment. 
 
 (31) P. 6y.-Christies History of Lov\er Canada. 
 
 (32) P. 70.— Garneau's History of Canada. 
 
 t;«) P. 70. -Ferland and Faiilon as Canadian Historians. 
 (34) P. 70.— Dent's Histories of Canada. 
 
Xll 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART AND GENERAL NOTES. 
 
 (35) P. 71.— Turcottes History since L'aion of 1841. 
 
 (36) P. 71.— B. Suite, " ilistoire de.s Cauadieiis Fraucais," etc. 
 
 (37) P. 71.-Abbe (^asgrain's Works. 
 
 (38) P. 71.-KiiiK8ford. Dionne, Gosselin. Tasse, Tanguay. and other Canadian 
 
 historians. 
 
 (39) P. 72.— A Canadian Bibliography. 
 
 (40) P. 72. -Later Canadian Poets. 1867 1«« : Frechette, LeMay, W. Campbell 
 
 Robert.s, Lampman, Mair, O'Brien, McColi, Suite, Lockhart, Murray, 
 Edgar, O'Hagan, Davin, etc. Collections of Canadian poems. Cita- 
 tions from Canadian poems. 
 
 (41) P. 77.-" In My Heart." By .John Readc. 
 
 (41a) P. 78.-" Laura Secords Warning," fxom Mr.s. Edgar's "Ridout Letters." 
 
 (42) P. 79.— Au.st,ralian poets and novelists. 
 
 (43) P. 80.— Howes " Flag of Old England." 
 
 (44) P. 81.— Canadian essayists : Stewart, Grant, GrifTin and others. 
 
 (45) P. 81. ~W. Kirby's " Golden Dog " and other works. 
 (45ff) P. 82. -Major Richardson's " Wacousta," etc. 
 
 (46) P. 82. -Marinette's " Frangois de Bienville, ' and other romances. 
 
 (47) P. 82.— De Gaspe's " Anoiens Canadiens." 
 
 (48) I'. f<2. -Mrs. Catherwood's works of fiction. 
 
 (49) I*. S3. -Gilbert Parker's writings. 
 
 (50) P. 83.-DeMille's fiction. 
 
 (.51) P. 8;i.— Sara Jeaiinettc Duncan's " A Social Departure," etc. 
 
 (52) P. 83.— Matthew Arnold on Literature and Science. 
 
 (53) P. 8;]. I'rincipal Gr.int'.s Aihiress to Royal Society. 
 (.54) 1'. 84'.— Sir J. W. Dawson's scientific labours. 
 
 (.55) P, 84.— Elkanah Billings as scientist. 
 
 (56) P. S-t.— Origin of Royal Society of Canada. 
 
 (57) P. 84.— Sir D. Wilson, T. S. Hunt and Mr. Chauveau. 
 (.58) P. 84.— Canadian Literary and Scientific Societies. 
 
 (58a) P. 85. -The Ear! of Derby's farewell address to the Royal Society. His opinion 
 of its work and usefulness. 
 
 (59) P. 86.— S. E. Dawson on Tennvson. 
 
 (60) P. 86. -The old " Canadian Monthly." 
 
 (61) P. 86. -Form of Royal Society Transactions. 
 
 (62) P. 86.— Goldwin Smith on the study of the Classics. 
 (6;i) p. 37.— Canadian I^ibraries. 
 
 (61) R ^. -List of artists in Canada. Native born and adopted. Art societies. In 
 fluence of French school. Canadian artists at the World's Fair. 
 J. W. L. Forster on Canadian art. 
 
 (64a) p. 89. -Architectural art in Canada. List of prominent public buildings noted 
 for beauty and symmetry of form. 
 
 (65) p. 91.-" Fideiis." 
 
OUR rNTKJ.LECTrAL 
 
 STRJ-:NGT1[ ANl; WEAKNESS. 
 
 A SHORT REVIEW OF 
 
 LiTf:R.ATURF, Education and Art in Canada 
 
 I. 
 
 I cannot more appropriately commence this address tlian by 
 a reference to an oration delivt^red seven years ao-o in the great 
 hall of a famous university which stands ben^-ath the stately 
 elms of (Cambridge, in the old "Bay State " of Massachusetts : a 
 noble seat of learning- in which Canadians take a deep interest, 
 not only because some of their sons have complett.-d thuir educa- 
 tion within its walls, bui bi-«>anse it ropresents that culture and 
 scholarship whi.h know no national lines of separation, but 
 belong to the world's great Federation of L.nirniug The orator 
 was a man who, by his deep philosopliy, jiis poetic geuius. his 
 broad patriotism, his love for Euglancl her great literature and 
 history, had won for himself a reputation not' equalled in some 
 respects by any other citizen of the United .^tates of these later 
 times. In the course of n brilliant oration in honour'* of the two 
 hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Harvard. 
 James Russell Lowell took occasion to warn his audience against 
 the lenden<-y of aprospeious democracy ' towards an overweening 
 confidence in itself and it8 home-made methods, an overestimate 
 '* In all cases the references are to the Notes ia the Apjjendix. 
 
2 revif:\v of Canada's 
 
 of material success and a correspoudin;^ iudiffeifuce to the things 
 of the mind." He did uot deny I hat wealth is a great fertilizer of 
 civilization and of the arts that beautitj it; that wealth is an 
 excellent thing- since it means power, leisure and liberty ; •' V>ut 
 these," he went on to say, ''divorced from culture, that is, from 
 intelliirent purpof*e. beconn^ the very mockery of their own essence, 
 not goods, but e^■ils fatal to their possessor, aiul bring with them, 
 like the Nibelungen Hoard, a doom instead of a ])!esfcing." " 1 
 am saddened,'' he continued, "w^hen I see our success as a nation 
 measured by the number of acres under tillage, or of busht;ls of 
 wheat ex])orted ; for the real value of a country must bo weighed 
 in scales more delicate than the balance of trade. The garners of 
 Sicily are empty now, but the bees Irom all climes still fetch 
 honey from the tiny garden-plot of Theocritus. On a map of the 
 world you may cover Judea with 3''our thumb, Athens with a 
 finger-tip, andneilh^'r of them figures in the Prices Current ; but 
 they still lord it in the thought and action of every civilized man. 
 Did not Dante cover with his hood all that was Italy six hundred 
 years ago? And if we go back a century, where was Germany 
 outside of Weimar ? Material success is goc>d, but only as fhe 
 necessary preliminary of better things. The measure of a nation's 
 true success is the amount it has contributed to the thought, the 
 moral energy, the intellectual happiness, the spiritual hope and 
 consolation of mankind." 
 
 These eloquently suggestive words, it must be remembered, 
 were addressed by a great American author to an audience, made 
 up of eminent scholars and writers, in the principal academic 
 seat of that New England which has given birth to Emerson, 
 Longfellow, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, Hawthorne, Holmes, 
 Parknian, and many others, representing the brightest thought 
 and intellect of this continent. These w'riters v^'ere the product 
 of the intellectual development of the many years that had 
 passed since the pilgrims landed on the historic rock of Plymouth. 
 Yet, while Lowell could point to such a brilliant ari-ay of his- 
 torians, essayists, poets and novelists, as 1 have just named, as 
 the latest results of New England 'i-ulture, he felt compelled to 
 utter a word of remonstrance against that spirit of materialism 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 3 
 
 that was then as now abroad in the land, tendinjr to stifle those 
 generous intellectual aspiratious- which are best calculated to 
 make a people truly happy and gn-at. 
 
 Let us now apply these remarks of the emin.-nt American 
 poet and thinker to Canada—to ourseh'es, whose history is even 
 older than that of New England ; contemporaneous rather with 
 that of Virginia, since Charaplain landed on the heights of Que-- 
 bee and laid the foundations of the ancient capital only a year 
 after the English adventurers of the days of King James set tht-ir 
 feet on the banks of the river named afrer that sovereign and 
 commenced the old town which has long since disappeared 
 Defore the tides of the ocean that stretches away beyond the 
 shores of the Old Dominion. - If we in Canada rire open to the 
 same charge of attaching too much importance to material things, 
 are we able at the same time to point to as notable achievc^ments 
 in literature as results of the three centuries that have nearly 
 passed since the foundation of New France ? I do not suppose 
 that the most patriotic Canadian, however ready to eulogize his 
 own country, will make an elibrt to claim an equality with New 
 England in this respect ; but, if indeed we feel it necessary to 
 offer any comparison that would do us justice, it would be with 
 that Virginia whose history is contemporaneous with that of 
 French Canada. Statesmanship rather than Letters has been the 
 pride and ambition of the Old Dominion, its brightest and highest 
 achievement. Virginia has been the mother of great orators and 
 great presidents, and her men of letters sink into insignirnjauce 
 alongside of those of New England. It may be said, too, of 
 Canada, that her history in the days of the French regime, duriiio- 
 the struggle for responsible government, as well as at the birth 
 of confederation, gives us the names of men of statesmanlike 
 designs and of patriotic purpose. From the days of Champlain 
 to the establishment of the confederation, Canada has had the 
 services of men as eminent in their respective spheres, and as 
 successful in the attainment of popular rights, in moulding the 
 educational and political institutions of the country, and in lay- 
 ing broad and deep the foundations of a new nationality across 
 half a continent, as those great Virginians to whom the w^orld is 
 
4 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 ever rcifly to pay its nu'ed of respect. These Virginian statesmen 
 won th*'ir fame in th l;ir;:ic tiit^atro oi' national achievement — 
 in laying the basis 'A' t [,,. vDost riMiiitrkablc t'ed*'ral republic the 
 world has evt-r seen ; whilst <'aiia;liai. public men have laboured 
 with equal earnesttiHs< nnd ability »n iliat far less conspicuous 
 and brilliant arena ol' colonial development, the eulogy oi" which 
 has, l'» ])c written in the histories of the future. 
 
 '■ n 
 
 Let me now ask vou to follow me for a shon time whilst 1 
 review some of the most salient features of our intelici.'tual 
 progress since the days (yanada entered on its career of cora- 
 ])ctition in tlie civilization of thi^ coiuineut. So far there have 
 be3u three well defined eras of devtdopment in the country now 
 known as the Dominion oi' Canada. First, there was the era of 
 French Canadian occupation which in many respects had its 
 heroic and picturesque features. Thm, al'rer the cession of Canada 
 to Eug'land, <ame ijjat era of political and cor.stitutional struggle 
 lor a larger measure of public liberty which ended in the e.stablish- 
 raent of responsible g-'Vprnment about half a century ago. Then 
 we come to that era v\ hich dates from the confederation of the 
 provinces — an era of which the first quarter of a century only has 
 passed, of which the signs are still full of promise, despite the 
 prediction of gloomy thinkers, if Canadians remain true to them- 
 selves and face the future with the same courage and conlidence 
 that have distinguished the past. 
 
 As I have just said, the days ot the French regime were m 
 a sense days of htm)ic endeavour., since we see in the vista of the 
 past a small colony w^hose total jiopulation at no period exceeded 
 eighty thousand sotils, chieJly living on (he banks of the St. 
 Lawrence, between Quebec and Montreal, and contending against 
 great odds for the supremacy on the continent of America. The 
 pen of Francis Parkman has given a vivid picture of those days 
 when bold adventurers unlocked the secrets of this Canadian 
 Dominion, ]}^tshed into the western wilderness, foUow^ed unknown 
 rivers, and at last found a way to the waters of that southern 
 gulf w^here Spain had long before, in the days of G-rijalva, Cortez 
 
IXTET.LRCTI'AL STRE,\(}TH AND WFAK.VKSS 5 
 
 and Pinedn, planted her flay and won troaMircs of gold and silver 
 fnatiau uiih.ippy p»opl*' who soon l.'arn»'d tocvirsic the d:iy when 
 the white men came to the lair islands (.{'the south and the rieh 
 country of Mexi.-o. In these days the world, with nniversul ac- 
 claim has paid its tribute of admiration to the memory ol' a i;reiit 
 Discoverer who hnd the couraue oi his oonvi-tions and led the 
 way to the unknown lauds beyond the Azores and the Cannrjes. 
 This present jjreneration has forijriven him mu<h in view of his 
 heroism in facing the dangers of unknown seas and piercing 
 their mysteries. His purpose was so great, and his success so 
 conspicuous, that i)oth have obscured his human weakness. In 
 some respects he was wnser than the age in whieh he lived ; in 
 others he was the product of the greed and the superstition of 
 that age; but we who owe him so mueh forget the frailly of 
 the man in the sagacity of the Discoverer. As Canadians, iiow- 
 ever, now review the character of the great (J-enoese, and of his 
 compeers and successors in the opening up of this continent, 
 they must, with pride, come to the conclusion thiit none ol these 
 men can compare in no))ilitv of purpose, in sincere devotion to 
 (jrod, King and Country, with Champlain, the sailor of Brouage, 
 who became the founder of Quebec and the father of New 
 France. 
 
 In the daring ventvires of Marquette, .Tolliet, La Salle and 
 Touty, in the stern purpose of Frontenac, in the far-reachiiig 
 plans of La Galissoniere, in the military genius of Montcalm, the 
 historian of the present time has at his command the most attrac- 
 tive materials for his pen. But w^e cannot expect to find the 
 signs of intellectual development among a people where tliere 
 was not a single printing press, where freedom of thought and 
 action w^as repressed by a paternal absolutism, where the strug- 
 gle for life was very bitter up to the last hours of French 
 supremacy in a country constantly expos<»d to the jnisfortunes of 
 war, and too often neglected by a king who thought more of his 
 mistresses than of his harassed and patient subjects across the 
 sea. Yet that memorable period — days of struggle in many w^ays 
 — was the origin of a large amount of literature which we, in 
 these times, find of the deepest interest and value from a historic 
 
9 REVIEW OF CANADA S 
 
 point of view. The Enj^Iish colonies of America rannot prejsent 
 us with any books \vhi<'h, for fjiithful narrative and simpli<'ity 
 of style, bear coniparit>on with the admirable works of Cham- 
 plain, explorer and historian,' or with those of the jrenial and 
 witty advoeat»\ Marc Lescarbot,' names that caji never be for- 
 gotten on the pi<;turesqne heights of Quebec, or on the banks of 
 the beautiful basin of Annapolis. Is there a Canadian or Ameri- 
 can writer who is not under a deep debt of obligation to the 
 clear-headi'd an<l industrious Jesuit traveller, Charlevoix,' the 
 Nestor of French Caiiodian history ? The only historical writer 
 that can at all surpass him in NfW Eni^land was the loyalist 
 Governor Hutchinson, and he published his books at a later 
 time when the French dominion had disappeared with the fall 
 of Quebec.^ To the works just mentioned we may add the books 
 of Clabriel Saq'ard," and of l^oucher, the governor oi'Three Kivers 
 and founder of a still eminent French Canadian family;"* that 
 remarkable collection of authentic historic narrative, known as 
 the Jesuit Relations ; ^ even that tedious Latin compilation by 
 Pere du Creux,'" th«' useful narrative by La Potherie," the admir- 
 able account of Lidiau life and customs by the Jesuit Latitau,"' 
 and that now very rare historit.-al account of the French colony, 
 the " Etablist^ement de la F'oy dans la Nouvelle France," writ- 
 ten bv the Recollet le Clercq,^- nrobablv aided bv Frontenac. In 
 these and other works, despite their ditluseness in some cases, 
 we have a library of historical literature, which, when supple- 
 mented by the great stores of official documents still preserved 
 in the F>ench archives, is of priceless value as a true and 
 minute record of the times in which the authors lived, or which 
 they described from the materials to which they alone had 
 access. It may be said with truth that none of these w^riters 
 were Canadians in the sense that they were born or educated in 
 Canada, but still they w^ere the product of the life, the hardships 
 and the realities of New France — it was from this country they 
 drew the inspiration that gave vigour and colour to their 
 writings. New^ England, as I have already said, never origin- 
 ated a class of writers who produced work of equal value, or 
 indeed of equal literary merit. Religious and polemic contro- 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS^. 7 
 
 versy had the chiff attraction for thi- i-loorny, disputatious puri- 
 tan native nf Massachusetts and the adjoining cok>nies. ( •otton 
 Mather was essentially a New Knt^land .r'^ation, and if quantity 
 were the criterion of literary merit then he was the most distin- 
 guished author of his century : for it i.s said that indefatiirahle 
 ai\tiquari:ins have counted up the titles nf nearly four hundred 
 h<»oks and pamphlets by this industrious writer. His principal 
 work, however, was the " Maunalia Christi Americana, or Eccle- 
 siastical History of New England from lt;20 to lt>98,"''' a hirge 
 folio, remarkable as a curious collection of strange conceits, forced 
 witticisms, and prolixity of narrative, in which the venturesome 
 reader soon linds himself so irretrievably mystitied .and lost that 
 he rises from the perusal with wonderuKnit that so much learn- 
 ing, as was evidently possessed by the author, could be so used 
 to bewilder the world of letters. The historical knov.'ledge is 
 literally choked up with verbiage und mannerisms. Even prosy 
 du Creux becomes tolerable at times compared with the garrulous 
 Puritan author. 
 
 Though books were rarely seen, and secular education was 
 extremely defective as a rule throughout the French colony, yet 
 at a very early period in its history remarkable opportunities 
 were afforded for the education of a priesthood and the (^ult of 
 the principles of the Roman Catholic religion among those 
 classes who were able to avail themselves of the facilities offered 
 by the Jesuit College, which was founded at Quebec before even 
 Harvard at Cambridge, or by the famous Great and Lesser Semin- 
 aries in the same place, in connection with which, in later times, 
 rose the University with whi<h is directly associated the name 
 of the most famous Bishop of the French regime. The influence 
 of such institutions was not simply in making Canada a most 
 devoted daughter of that great Church, which has ever exercised 
 a paternal and even absolute care of its people, but also in dis- 
 couraging a purely materialistic spirit and probably keeping 
 alive a taste for letters among a very small class, especially the 
 priests, who, in politics as in society, have been always a con- 
 trolling element in the French province. Evidences of some 
 culture and intellectual aspirations in the social circles of the 
 
8 REVIEW OF Canada's 
 
 aucient capital attracted the surprise of travellers who visited 
 the country before the close of the French dominion. " Science 
 and the fine arts," wrote Charlevoix, " have their turn, and con- 
 versation does not fail. The Canadians brtathe from their birth 
 an air of liberty, which makes them very pleasant in the inter- 
 course of life, and our lan<Tuage is nowhere more purely spoken." 
 La Galissoniere, who was an associate member of the French 
 Academy of Science, and the mo.st highly cultured go^'eruor 
 ever sent out by Franco, spared no eti'urt to encourage a systt'^m- 
 atic study of scientific pursuits in Canada. Dr. Michel Sarrazin,''^" 
 who was a practising physician in Quebec for nearly half a cen- 
 tury, devoted himself most assiduously to the natural history 
 of the colony, and made some valuable contributions to the 
 French Academy, of w^hich he was a correspondent. The 
 Swedish botanist, Peter Kalm, who visited America in the middle 
 of the last century, was impressed with the liking for scientific 
 study which he observed in the French <'olony. '" I have 
 found," he wrote, " that eminent persons, generally speaking, in 
 this country, have much more taste for natural history and liter- 
 ature than in the English colonies, where the majority of people 
 are entirely enirrossed in making their fortune, whilst science is 
 as a rule held in very light esteem." Strange to say, he ignores 
 in this passage the scienlific labours of Franklin, Bartram and 
 others he had met in Pennsylvania."'' As a fact such evidences 
 of intellectual enlightenment as Kalm and Charlevoix mentioned 
 were entirely exceptional in the colony, and never showed them- 
 selves beyond the walls of Quebec or Montreal. The province, as 
 a whole, was in a state of mental sluggishness. The germs of 
 intellectual life were necessarily dormant among the mass of the 
 people, for they never could produce any rich fruition until they 
 were freed from the spirit of absolutism which distinguished 
 French supremacy, and were able to give full expression to the 
 natural genius of their race under the inspiration of the liberal 
 government of England in these later times. 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AXD WEAKNEvSS. 9 
 
 III. 
 
 Passing from tho heroic days of Canada, whioh. if it could 
 hardly in the nature of things originate a native lih^rature, at 
 least inspir*'d a brilliant succession of historians, essayis+s and 
 poets in much later times, we come now to that period of consti- 
 tutional and political development which commenced with the 
 rule of England. It does not fall within the scope of this address 
 to dwell on the political struggles which showed their intensity 
 in the rebellion of 1837-8, and reached their fruition in the con- 
 cession of parliamentary government, in the large sense of the 
 term, some years later. These struggles were carried on during 
 times when there was only a sparse population chiefly centred 
 in the few towns of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and 
 Lower Canada, on the shores of the Atlantic, on thv. banks of 
 the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, and not extending beyond 
 the peninsula of the jnesent province of Ontario. The cities, or 
 towns rather, of Halifax, St. John, Quebec, Montreal, Kingston 
 and York, were then necessarily the only centres of intelle* tual 
 life. Education was chieliy under the control of religious bodies 
 or in the hands of private teachers. In the rural districts it was 
 at the lowest point possible, ^^ and the great system oi free schools 
 whi>;h has of late years extended through th'- Dominion — and is 
 the chief honour of Ontario — was never dreamed of in those 
 times of slttggish growth and local apathy, when communication 
 between the distant parts of the country was slow and wretched, 
 w^hen the conditions of life were generally very hard and rude, 
 when the forest still covered the greater portion of the most 
 fertile districts of Ontario,'" though here and there the jjioneer's 
 axe could bo heard from morn to eve hewing out little patches 
 of sunlight, so many glimpses of civilization and better times 
 amid the wildness of a new 1 und even then lull of promise. 
 
 The newspapers of those days were very few and came only 
 at uncertain times to the home of the farmer by the side of some 
 stream or amid the dense forest, or to the little hamlets that 
 were springing up in favoured spots, and represented so many 
 radiating influences of intelligence on the borders of the great 
 
10 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 lakes and their tributary streame. on the Atlantic seaboard, or on 
 the numerous rivers that form so many natural highways to the 
 peoi)le of the maritime provinces. These newspapers were for 
 years mostly small quarto or folio sheets, in which the scissors 
 played necessarily the all-important part ; but there v/as, never- 
 theless, before 1840 in the more pretentious journals of the large 
 towns, some good writing done by thoughtful men who studied 
 their (juestions, and helped to atone for thr- very bitter vindictive 
 partisan attacks on opponents that too frequently sullied the 
 press in those times of fierce conflict."' Books were onh'' found 
 in the homi.'S of the clergy or of the ofiicial classes, and these were 
 generally old editions and rarely the latest publications of the 
 time. Montreal and Quebec, for many years, were the only 
 places where bookstores and libraries of more than a thousand 
 volumes could be seen. It was not until 1813 that a successlul 
 effort was raade to establish a "social library" at Kingston, 
 Bath, and some other places in the Midbind district, Toronto 
 had no library worth mentioning until 1886. "What culture ex- 
 isted in those rude days was to be hauted up among the clergy, 
 especially of the Church of England, the lloman Catholic priests 
 of Lower Canada, and the official classes of the large towns. 
 Some sermons that have come down to us, in i)amphlets of very 
 common paper — and very few were printed in those days when 
 postage was dear and bookselling was not profitable — have no 
 pretensions to originality' of thought or literary style : sermons 
 in remarkable contrast with the brilliant and suggestive utter- 
 ances of such modern pulpit orators as Professor Clarke, of Trinity. 
 The exhaustive and, generally, closely reasoned sermons of the 
 Presbyterian divine hud a special flavour of the Westminster con- 
 fession and little of the versarility of preachers like Principal 
 Grant in these later times when men are attempting to make 
 even doama more genial, and to understand the meaning of the 
 sermon in the Mount. Then, as always in Canada, there were 
 found among the clergy of all denominations hardworking, self- 
 denying priests and mis.sionaries who brought from time to time 
 to some remote settlement of the provinces spiritual consolation 
 and to many a household, long deprived of the intellectual uour- 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 11 
 
 ishrnent of other days, an opportanity of conversing on su]>jects 
 which in the stern daily routine of their lives in a new country 
 were seldom or ever talked of. It was in the legislative halls of 
 the provinces that the brightest intellec t naturally fourd scope for 
 its display, and at no subsequent period of the political history 
 of Canada were th<»re more fervid, earnest orators than apjieared 
 in the days when the battle for responsible government was at 
 its height. The narat'S of Nelson, Papineau, Howe, Baldwin, 
 Wilmot, Johnstone, Young, Robinson, Rolph and Mackenzie 
 recall the era when questions of political controversy and politi- 
 cal freedom stimulated mental development among that class 
 which sought and found the best popular opportunities for the 
 display of their intellectual gifts in the legislative hails in the 
 absence of a great printing press and a uati\'e literature. Joseph 
 Howe's speeches " displayed a wide culture, an original elo- 
 quence, and a piatriotic aspiration beyond those of any other man 
 of his time and generation, and would have done credit to the 
 Senate of the United i:?tates, then in the zenith of its reputation 
 as a body of orators and statesmen. It is an interesting fact that 
 Howe, then printer and publisher, should have printed the first 
 work of the only great humorist that Canada has yet produced. 
 I mean of course "The Clockraaker," '"^ in which Judge Hali- 
 burtou created " Sam Slick," a type of a Down-east Yankee pedlar 
 who sold his wares by a judicious use of that quality which is 
 sure to be appreciated the world over, " Soft sawder and human 
 natur'.'' In this work, which has run through ever so many 
 editions, and is still found on the shelves of every w^ell-equipped 
 library and bookstore, Sam Slick told some home truths to his 
 somewhat self-satisfied countrymen who could not fielp laugh- 
 ing even if the humour touched them very keenly at times- 
 Nova Scotia has changed much for the better since those dull 
 times whevi the house of assembly was expeited to be a sort of 
 political providence, to make all the roads and bridges, and give 
 good times and harvests ; but even now there are some people 
 cruel enough, after a visit to Halifax, to hint that there still is a 
 grain of truth in the following reflection on the eriterprise of that 
 beautiful port : '• How the folks to Halifax tak" it all out in 
 
12 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 talkiii' — thoy talk of steam-boats, whalers and railroads — but 
 they all end where they beg-in — in talk. I don't think I'd be 
 out in my latitude it' I was to say they beat the womankind at 
 that. One jeller says, I talk of <roin' to Engdand — another says, 
 I talk of goin' to the <onntry — while another says, I talk oi 
 goin' to sleep. If we Yankees happen to speak of such thing-s 
 we say, ' I'm right otfdown East ; ' or ' I'm away off South," and 
 away we go jist like a streak of lightnin'." This clever humour- 
 ist also wrote the best history ''' — one of his own pioviuce — that 
 had be«>n written i)i British North America up to rliai time — 
 indeed it is still most readable, and worthy of a place iu every 
 library. In later days the Judge wrote many other books and 
 became a member of the English House of Commons: but "Sam 
 Slick " still remains the most signal illustration of his original 
 genius. 
 
 During this period, however, apart from the two works to 
 which I have referred, we look in vain for any original literature 
 w^orthy of >i'e(.iai mention. A history of Canada written by 
 William Smith,-" a son of an eminent chief justice of New York, 
 and subsequently of Canada, was published in excellent style 
 for those days as early as 1^15 at Quebec, but it has no special 
 value except to the collector of old and rare books. Bouchette's 
 topographical and geographicj^l account of Canada-' illustrated 
 the ability and zeal of an eminent French Canadian, who de- 
 served the thanks of his country, but these w^ell printed books 
 were, after all, mere oomfnlations and came from the English 
 press, Pamphl ts were numerous enougli, and some of them 
 had literary skill, but they had, in the majority of <^ases, no per- 
 manent value except to the historian or antiquarian of the present 
 day who must sift out all sorts of material and study every 
 phase and incident of the times he has chosen for his theme. 
 Mich(d Bibaud wrote a history of French Canada,'- which no one 
 reads in these days, and the most of the other works that ema- 
 nated from the Canadian i)ress, like Thompson's " War of 1812,'" "' 
 are chieily valued by the historical collector. It was not to be 
 expected that in a relatively poor country, still in the inffincy of 
 its development, severely tried by political - ontroversies, with a 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 13 
 
 small popnlatioii sfittt'red over ;i loii!>- stretch of territory, from 
 Sycbiry to Niajram, there rould be any iutcllectnal stimulus or 
 literary etlbrt e:vce|»t what was represented in newspapers like 
 the Gazelle of Montreal— whieh has always maintained a certain 
 dignity of style in its lonn- journalistic rareer — the Gaztitt- -^^ml 
 the Canadien of (,>iu-bec, the .Vo?v/ ^(vfinn of Halifax, or displayed 
 itself in k^eii coiiti'sts in the leaislature.s or court-houses of a 
 people deliahting- always in sii -h di^^jdays as ih*re were made of 
 mental power and natural eloquence. From a literary point of 
 view^ our American neighbours had, during this period, left us 
 away behind, in fact no com])arison can be made between the 
 two countries, laying aside th(^ orignuil creation of Sam tSlick. 
 Tow^ards the close of the eio-hteeiith v.entury Px Iknap published 
 his admirable history <:-i New^ Hampshire,-' while the third 
 Tolume of Hutchinson's history of ]\rassachusetis appeared in 
 1828, to close a work of rare merit alike for careful research, 
 philosophic acuteness and liierary charm. That admirable col- 
 lection of political and constitutional essays known as the " Fed- 
 eralist " had attained a w^ide circulation and largely influenced 
 the destinies of the union under the constitution of 1783. Chief 
 Justice Marshall illumined the bench by his great Judicial deci- 
 sions which have w^oii a remarkable place in legal lit.'rature, on 
 account of th'»ir close, acute nnisoning, breadth of knowledii'e, 
 insight into great eonstitutionai principles, and their immediate 
 influeure ou th-^ jjolitical development <.f the fe<lera.l republic. 
 Washington Irving published, as far buck as ISl'.t, his -Sketch 
 Book," in \\hi(di appeared she original creation of Rip Yan 
 Winkle, and folhnved it up with other works which recall Addi- 
 son's delightful style, and gave him a fanie abroad tliat no later 
 American writ-rT has ever sur^iassed ('(^oj)i'r's romances bv>gan 
 to ajipear in 1821, and Ikunroft published in 18;>4 the iirst volume 
 ol what is a great history despite its somewhat rhetorical and 
 ambitious style. Hawthorne\s "Twice Told Tales" appeared in 
 1835, but his fame was to be w^on iii later years when he wrote 
 the "Scarlet Letter '' and the ''House of Seven Gables," the most 
 original and quaint productions that New England genius has 
 yet produced. If I linger for a moment among these men it is 
 
14 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 because they were not merely American by the influence of their 
 writings ; but wherever the English tongue is spoken and Eng- 
 lish literature is road these writers of a past generation, as it 
 may be said of others of later times, claim the gratitude of the 
 untold thousands whom they have instructed and helped in 
 many a weary and sad, as well as idle hour. They were not 
 Canadians, but they illustrated the genius of this continent of 
 ours. 
 
 lY. 
 
 It was in the years that followed the concession of respon- 
 sible government that a new era dawned on Canada — an era of 
 intellectual as well as material activity. Then common schools 
 followed the establishment of municipal institutions in Ontario. 
 Even the province of Quebec awoke from its sullen lethargy and 
 assumed greater confidence in the future, as its statesmen grad- 
 ually recognized the fact that the union of 1841 could be turned 
 to the advantage of French Canada despite it having been largely 
 based on the hope of limiting the development of French Cana- 
 dian institutions, and gradually leading the way to the assimi- 
 lation of the two races. Political life still claimed the best talent 
 and energy, as it has always. done in this country ; and, while 
 Papineau soon disappeared from the arena where he had been, 
 under a diflerent condition of things, a powerful disturbing influ- 
 ence among his compatriots, men of greater discretion and wider 
 statesmanship like Laibniaine, Morin and Cartier. took his place 
 to the decided benefit of French Canada, Robert Baldwin, a tried 
 and conservative reformer, yielded to the antagonistic influences 
 that eventually arrayed themselves in his own party against him 
 and retired to a priva^^y from which he never ventured until his 
 death. William Lyon Mackenzie came back from exile and took 
 a place once more in legislative halls only to find there was no 
 longer scope for mere querulous agitators and restless politicians. 
 Joseph Howe still devoted himself with untiring zeal to his coun- 
 trymen in his native province, while Judge Wilmot, afterwards 
 governor like the former in confederation days, delighted the 
 people of New Brunswick with his rapid, fervid, scholarly elo- 
 
INTELLFX'TUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 15 
 
 queiice. James "VV. Johnstone, lonir the leader of the Conserva- 
 tive party in Nova Scotia, remarkable for his great tlov^' of lan- 
 guage and argument ; William Young, an astute politician ; 
 James Boyle LTuiacke, with all the genius of an Irish orattn- ; 
 Laurence O'Connor Doyle, wit and Irishman; Samuel J. W. 
 Archibald with his silver tongue, afterwards master of the rolls ; 
 Adams G. Archibald, polish(?d gentleman ; Leonard Tilb'y with 
 his suavity of demeanour and skill n.-- a politioian ; Charles Tupper 
 with his great command of language, earnestness of expression 
 and courage of conviction, were the leading exponents of the 
 political opinions and of the culture and oratory of Nova Scoria 
 and New Brunswi* k. In the upp^r provinces Wt» had in addi- 
 tion tu the names of the distinguished French Canadians I have 
 already mentioned, those of John A. Ma'donald, at iiU times a 
 ready and incisive debater, a great party tactician, and a states- 
 man of generous aspirations, who was destined to die very many 
 years Inter with the knowledge that he had realized his concep- 
 tion of a federation uniting all the territory of British North 
 America, from Sydney to Victoria, under one government. The 
 names of Allan McNah, Francis Hincks, George Brown, George 
 Etienne Cartier, Alexander Gait. D'Arcy McGee, Louis Sicotte, 
 John Hillyard Cameron, Alexander Mackenzie, Seth Huntington, 
 William McDougall, Antoine Dorion, Alexander Campbell, and of 
 other men, eminent for their knowledge of finance, their powers 
 as debaters, their graceful oratory, their legal acumen, their poli- 
 tical skill and their intellectual achievements in their respective 
 spheres, will be recalled by many of those who hear me, since 
 the most eminent among them have but recently disappeared 
 from the stage of active life. 
 
 As long as party government lasts in this country men will 
 be divided into political divisions, and objection will be of course 
 time and again taken to the methods by which these and other 
 political leaders have achieved their party ends, and none of us 
 will be always satisfied with the conclusions to which their at 
 times overweening ambition has led them ; but, taking them all 
 in all, I believe for one who has lived all my life among politicians 
 and statesmen that, despite their failings and weaknesses, the 
 
16 REVIEW OF Canada's 
 
 public men of our country in those days laboured on the whole 
 conscieiition:>]y from their own ])oint^ of vievT to make Canada 
 hapi)i.'r and >:rreater. Indeed, wheii I look around me and see 
 what lias biicn dont' in the face of great obstacles during a half 
 century and less, I am bound to pay this tribute to those who 
 laboured earnestly in the dililiult and trying inteile.tiuil Held of 
 public life. 
 
 But this period ■v.hieh brougiit so many bright intellects into 
 the activities of political life was distinguished also, not merely for 
 the material advance in industry, but notably for some perform- 
 ance in the less hazardous walk of literature. The newspaper 
 press with the progress of population, the increase of wealth, 
 the ditfusion of education, the i/onstruction of railways and tele- 
 graph lines, and the development of politi-al liberty, found itself 
 stimulated to new energy and enterprise. A daily press now 
 commenced to meet the necessities of the larger and wealthier 
 cities and towns. It must be admitted, however, that from a 
 strictly intellectual point of view there was not in some respects 
 a marked advance in the tone and. style of the leading public 
 journals. Political partisanship ran extremely high in those 
 days — higher than it has ever since — and grosser personalities 
 than have ever characterized newspapers in this country sullied 
 the editorial columns of leading exponents of public opinion. No 
 doubt there was much brilliant and forcible writing, despite the 
 acrimuiiy and abuse that were too otten considered more neces- 
 sary than incisive argument and logical reasoning when a poli- 
 tical oj>ponent had to be met. It was rarely that one could get 
 at the whole truth of a question by reading only one newspaper; 
 it was necessary to take two or three or more on different sides 
 of politics in order to obtain even an accurate idea of the debates 
 in the legislative halls. A Libera] or Conservative journal would 
 consider it beneath its legitimate functions even as a newspaper 
 to report with any fulness the speeches of its political adversa- 
 ries. Of course this is not newspaper editing in the proper sense 
 of the phrase. It is not the English method assuredly, since the 
 London Times, the hest example of a well-equipped and well-con- 
 ducted newspaper, has always considered it necessary to give 
 
INTELLEHTUVL STRENGTH A\D WEAKNESS. It 
 
 equal proraiaence to the speeches of IVel, Russell, Palmerston, 
 Derby, Disraeli, Gladstone—of all the leaders irrespective of 
 party. Even in these days of heated routroversy on the Irish 
 question one can always find in the columns of the London press 
 fair and accurate reports of the speeches of CTladstone, Balfour, 
 McCarthy, Chamberlain, Morley and iJlake This is the sound 
 basis on which true and honest journalism must always rest if it 
 is to find its legitimate reward, not in the fickle smiles of the 
 mere party follower, but in the support of that great public which 
 can best repay the enterprise and honesty of a true newspaper. 
 Still, despite this violent partisanship lo which bright intellects 
 lowered themselves, and the absence of that responsibility to 
 public opinion expected from its active teachers, the press of 
 Canada, during the days of which I am speaking, kept pace 
 in some essential respects with the material progress of the 
 country, and represented too well the tone and spirit of the mass 
 in the country where the rudiments of culture were still rough 
 and raw. Public intelligence, however, was being gradually 
 diffused, and a<;cording as the population increased, and the 
 material conditions of the country improved, a literature of some 
 merit commenced to show itself The poems of Cremazie,-' of 
 Chauveau,"' of Howe,^" of Sangster -» and others, were imbued 
 with a truly Canadian spirit— with a love for Canada, its scenery, 
 its history and its traditions, w^hch entitled them to a larger 
 audience than they probably ever had in this or other countries. 
 None of those were great poets, but all of them were more or less 
 gifted with a measure of true poetic genius, the more noteworthy 
 because it shovv-ed itself in the rawness and newness of a colonial 
 life. Amid the activities of a very busy period the poetic instinct 
 of Canadians constantly found some expression. One almost 
 now forgotten poet who was engaged in journalism in Montreal 
 wrote an ambitious drama, "Saul," which was described at the 
 time by a Biilish critic as " a drama treated with great pcetic 
 power and depth of psychological knowledge which are often 
 quite startling ; " and the author followed it up with other poems, 
 displaying also much imagination and feeling, but at no time 
 reaching the ears of a large and appreciative audience. We can- 
 
 B 
 
18 REVIEW OF Canada'? 
 
 not, howover, cljiim Charles Heiivysc'^e-'^' as a product of Canadian 
 soil and <;ducatioii, tor h(^ was a man of mature ago whtm ho 
 made his home in this country, and his works were in no wise 
 inspired by Canadian sentiiaeut, 8(^enery or asfuration. In his- 
 torv Canadians have always hhowa some strength, and perhaps 
 this was to be expected in vi»Hv of the fact that political and his- 
 torical literature — such works as Hamilton's 'Federalist" or 
 Todd's "Parliamentary Government"'" — naturally engages the 
 attention of active intellects in a new country at a time when 
 its institutions have to be moulded, and it is necessary to collect 
 precedents and principles from the storehouse of the past for the 
 assistance of the i^resent. A most useful narrative of the politi- 
 cal occurr'-nce*^ »• Lower Canada, from the establishment of legis- 
 lative insiitntions until the rebellion of 18B7-38 and the union 
 of 1841, was written by Mr. Robert Christie, long a publicist of 
 note and a member of the assembly of the province. While it 
 has no claim to literary style it has the great merit of stating the 
 events of the day with fairness and of citing at length numerous 
 original documents bearing on the text.^^ In French Canada the 
 names of Garneau^' and Ferland ''^ have undoubtedly received 
 their full meed of praise for their clearness of style, industry of 
 research, and scholarly management of their subject. Now that 
 the political passion that so long convulsed the public mind in 
 this country has disappeared with the causes that gave it birth, 
 one is hardly prepared to make as much a hero of Papineau as 
 Garneau attempted in his assuredly great book, while the foun- 
 dation of a new Dominion and the dawn of an era of larger poli- 
 tical life, has probably given a somewhat sectional character to 
 such historical work. Still, despite its intense French Canadian 
 spirit, Garneau's v( lumes notably illustrate the literary instinct 
 and intt'licctual strength which have always beeu distinguishing 
 features of the be.^t productions of the able and even brilliant 
 men who have devoted therasches to literature with marked 
 success amono- their French Canadian couutrymen, who are wont 
 to pay a far deeper homage to such literary efforts than the colder, 
 less impulsive English Canadian character has ever shown itself 
 disposed to give to those who have been equally worthy of recog- 
 nition in the English-speaking provinces. 
 
INTELLECTUAL STKENOTH AND WEAKNESS. 19 
 
 As I g-laiice over my library shelves I Ihid indeed thit liis- 
 torital literature has continued sine*; the d;iy.« of Garueau and 
 Ferland, to enlist the eanie.st and industrious study ol Canadians 
 with more or less success. In English Canada, John Charles 
 Dent i->roduced a work on the political development of Canada 
 fron. tbe union of 1841 until the confederition of 1867, which 
 was written with fairness and ability, but ln' was an En<j^lish- 
 mau by birth and education, thouu'h r.'sideiit for many years in 
 the city of Toronto. ' And here let me observe that though such 
 rnen as Dent, Heavysege, Failion, Daniel Wilson, Hunt, D'Arcy 
 McGee and Groldwin k^niith w<'re not born or educated in Canada 
 like Haliburton, Logan, J. W. Dawson, Joseph Howe, Wilmot, 
 Cartier, (xorneau, or Frechette, but only >^-uiUi to this country in 
 the maturity of their mental powers, yd to men of their class 
 the Dominion owes a heavy debt of gratitude for the ability and 
 earnestness with which they have elevated the intellectual stand- 
 ard of the community where they have laboured. Althou2h all 
 of us may not be prepared to accept the conclusions of the his- 
 torian, or approve the judgment of the political critic; although 
 we may regret that a man of such deep scholarship and wide 
 culture as Goldwin Smith has never yet been able to appreciate 
 the Canadian or growing national sentiment of this dependency, 
 yet who can dovibt, laying aside all x><^>litical or personal preju- 
 dice, that he, like the others 1 have named, has stimulated intel- 
 lectual development in his adopted home, and so far has given 
 us compensation for some utterances which, so many Canadians 
 hoiiestlv believe, mar an otherwise useful and brilliant career. 
 Such literary men have undoubtedly their uses, since they seem 
 specially intended by a wise dispensation of afiairs to cure us 
 of too much self-complacency, and to prevent us from falling 
 into a condition of mental stagnation by giving us from time to 
 time abundant material for reflection. So much, by way of 
 parenthesis, is due to the able men who have adopted Canada 
 as their home and have been labouring in various vocations to 
 stimulate the intellectual sf-rowth of this Dominion. A most 
 
20 REVIEW OK CANADA'S 
 
 aocurato histori<;il r«.'cord of the samo period of our history as 
 that re /icwed by Dcnit was made iu French about, thf J^ame 
 time by I-<oais Turcottc ot'(^aebeo.'" Mr. Benjamin Suite, a mem- 
 ber of this soiiety, has also niven us the results of many years of 
 conscientious research iu his " lli^toire des Canadiens," which 
 is not so well known as it ou^ht to be, probably on account of 
 its cumbrous size and modfof j)ublication.*'' The Abbe Casirrain, 
 also a member of the society and a most industrious author, has 
 recently devoted himself with true French Canadian fervour to 
 the days of Montcalm and Levis, and by the aid of a large mass 
 of original documents has thrown much light on a very interest- 
 ing and important epoch of the history of America.*' J)r. Kings- 
 ford with patience and industry has continued his history of 
 Canada, which is distinguished by accuracy and research/" It 
 is not my intention to enumerate all those nami-s which merit 
 remark in this connection, lor this is not a collection of biblio- 
 graphi. al notes,''^ but simi>ly a review of the more salient features 
 of our intellectual development in the well-marked periods of our 
 history. Indeed it is gratifying to us to know that the Royal 
 Society comprises within its ranks nearly all tae historical writers 
 in Canada, and it would seem too m"ch likj pure egotism were I 
 to dilate on their respective performa*ices. Of poets since the 
 days of Cremazie we have had our full proportion, and it is 
 encouraging to know that the poems of Frechette, — whose best 
 w^ork has been crowned by the French Academy, — LeMay. Reade, 
 Mair, Roberts, Bliss Carman, Wilfred Campbell and Laraxnnan 
 have li'ained recojriiition from tim • to time in the world of letters 
 outside of Canada.'" * We have yet to produce in English Canada 
 a book of poems w^hich can touch the sympathies and live on the 
 lips of the w^orld like those of Whittier and Longfellow, but we 
 need not despair since even in the country w^hich gave these 
 birth they have not their compeers. ISome even declare that the 
 only bard of promise who appears in these days to touch that 
 chord of nature which makes the whole world kin is James 
 Whitcomb Riley, the Iloosier poet, despite his tendency to ex- 
 
 ■"' *A list of Canadian poems which have been printed in books (^from 1807- 
 1893) appears in the Bibliograpliical Notes (4(J). 
 
INTELLECTUA.L STRENOTH AND WEA KNEE'S. 21 
 
 ai^i^erato provincial diulect and make his true poetic g^^niiis too 
 siihordinatH to what b»'Comes at last an aftectatiou and a mt>r« 
 mannerism which wearies by its very repetition. Even in Kng"- 
 land there is hesiiaiioii in choosing a poet laureate; there are 
 Swinhurne, Morris and other poets, but not another Tennyson, 
 and it lias been fveu sujifgested that the honour miyht pass to a 
 master of poetic prose, John Ruskiu, whose brilliant genius has 
 been ever devoted to a lofty idealism which would make the 
 world much happier and better. At the present time Canadian 
 poets obtain a pla*;e with regularity in the best class of American 
 maga/jues, and not infrequently their verse roaches a hi«rher level 
 than the majority of i>oetic aspirants who appear in the same 
 field of poetry ; but for one 1 am not an ardent admirer of Amcri- 
 <'an magazine poems which appear tooofien mere macliine work 
 and not the results of that *rue poetic inspiration which alone 
 can achieve permanent fame. 
 
 The poems of the well known American authors, Aldrich, 
 Gilder and .Stedraun, hive certainly an easy rhythmical ilow and 
 an artibiic finish which the majority of Canadian poeti*- aspirants 
 should study with far more closeness. At the same time it may 
 be said that even these artists do not often surpass in poetic 
 thought the best prodixctions of the Canadians to whom 1 have 
 referrt?d as probably illustrating most x)errectly the highest devel- 
 opment so far among us of this department of hellesleftres. It is 
 not often that one comes across more exquisitely conceived poems 
 than some of those written by Mr. John Reade, whom the labor- 
 ious occupation of journalism and probably the past indifference 
 of a Canadian public to Caiiadian poetry have for a long while 
 diverted from a literary field where it would seem he should 
 have won a wnder fame. Among the verses which one can read 
 time and again are tho.se of Avhich the first lines are 
 
 "In my heart are many chambers through which I wander free, 
 Some are furnished, somo are empty, .some are sombre, &oiue are light ; 
 Some are open to all comers, and of some I keep the key, 
 And I enter in the stillness of tho ni^'ht.' "* 
 
 *i « 
 
 Given in full in Appendix. 
 
22 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 It would be interesting as well as instructive if some com- 
 petent critic, with the analytical faculty and the 7»oetic instinct 
 of Matthew Arnold or Sainte-Beuvo, were to study the English 
 and French Canadian points and sr-how whether they are mere 
 imitators of the best models of French and Eiiglisli literature, 
 or whether their work contains within itself those germs which 
 give promise of original fruition in the future. It will be remem- 
 bered that the French critic, though a poet of merit himself, has 
 spoken of what he calls "the radical inadequacy of French 
 poetry." In his opinion, whatever talent the French poets have 
 for strophe and line, their work, as a rule is " too slight, too soon 
 read, too poor in ideas, to influence a seiious mind for any length 
 of time." No doubt many others think that, in comparison with 
 the best conceptions of Wordsworth. Sh-'lley, Keats, Emerson, 
 Browning and Tennyson, French poetry is, generally speaking, 
 inadequate for the expression of the most sublime thoughts, of 
 the strono-est passion, or of the most powerful imagination, and 
 though it must always please us by its easy rhythm and lucidity 
 of style, it fails to make that vivid impression on the mind and 
 senses which is the best test of that true poetic genius which 
 influences generations and ever lives in the hearts of the people. 
 It represents in some respects the lightness and vivacity of the 
 French intellectual temperament under ordinary conditions, and 
 not the strength of the national character, whose depths are only 
 revealed at some crisis which; evokes ci deep sentiment of patriot- 
 ism " Partant pour ia Syrie," so often heard in the days of the 
 last Bonaparte regime, probably illustrated this lighter tendency 
 of the French mind just as the " Marseillaise," the noblest and 
 most impressive of popular poetic outbursts, illustrated national 
 passion evoked by abnormal condi'ions. French Canadian poetry 
 has been often purely imitative of French models, like Musset 
 and Gauthier. both in style and sentiment, and consequently 
 lacked strength and originality. It might be thought that in 
 this new country poets would be inspired by original conceptions 
 — that the intellectual fruition would be i'r.'sh and vigorous like 
 some natural products that grow so luxuriantly on the virginal 
 soil of the new Dominion, and not like those which grow on land 
 which is renewed aad enriched by artiiiciai means after centu- 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 23 
 
 TWB of i^rowth. Perhaps the literature of a colonial d-'pendenry, 
 or a relatively new country, mu?t necessarily in its first stages 
 be imitative, and it is only now and then an origriual raiud bursts 
 the fetters of iutellectnul subordination. In the United States 
 Emerson and Hawthorne probably best represent the oriirinal 
 thought and imagination of that comparatively new country, 
 just as A Id rich and Howells represent in the first case English 
 culture in poetry, and in the other the sublimated essence of 
 reportorial realism. The two former are original thinkers, the 
 two others pure imitators. Walt Whitman's poems certainly 
 show at times mu- h power and originality of conception, but 
 after all they are simply the creations of an eccentric genius 
 and illustrate a phase of that Realism towards which fiction 
 even in America has been tending of late, and which has been 
 already degraded in France to a Naturalism which is positively 
 offensive. He has not influenced to any perceptible extent the 
 intellect of his generation or elevated the thoughts of his coun- 
 trymen like the two great minds I have just named. Yet even 
 Whitman's success, relatively small as it was in his own coun- 
 try, arose chieiiy from the fact that he attempted to be an Ameri- 
 can poet, representing the pristine vigour and natural freedom 
 of a new land. It is when French Canadian poets become thor- 
 oughly Canadian by thti very force of the inspiration of some 
 Canadian subject they have chosen, that we can s^e ihem at their 
 best. Frechette has all the finish of the French poets, and while 
 it cannot be said that he has y't originated great thoughts which 
 are likely to live among even th*> people whom he has so often 
 instructed and delighted, yet he has given us poems like that on 
 the discover/ of the Mississippi,* which proves that he is capa- 
 ble of even better things if he would always seek inspiration 
 from the sources of the deeply interesting history of his own coun- 
 try, or enter into the inner mysteries and social relations of his 
 own people, rather than dwell on the lighter shades and inci- 
 dents of their lives. Perhaps in some res{>e( ts C]*''mazie had 
 greater capabilities for the poems of deep passion or vi\'id imagi- 
 nation than any of his sucrcs^or' iu literature; the few national 
 
 * See Appendix to this work, note 40, for an extract from thi.s fine poem 
 
24 i REVTEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 poems he left behind are a promise of what he could have pro- 
 duced had the circumsiances of his later life been happier.* 
 After all, the poetry that lives is the poetry of human life and 
 human sympathy, of joy and sorrow, rather than verses on moun- 
 tains, rivers and lakes, or sweetly worded sonnets to Madame B, 
 or Mademoiselle G. When we compare the English with the 
 French Canadian poets we can see what an influence the more 
 picturesque and interesting history of French Canada exert.'ises 
 on the imagination of its writers. The poets that claim Ontario 
 for their home give us rhythmical and pleasing descriptions of 
 the lake and river scenery of which the varied aspects and moods 
 might well captivate the eye of the poet as well as of the painter. 
 It is very much painting in both cases ; the poet should be an 
 artist by temperament equally with the painter who puts his 
 thoughts on canvas and not in words. Descriptions of our mea- 
 dows, prairies and forests, with their wealth of herbage and 
 foliage, or artistic sketches of pretty bits of lake scenery '-^ve 
 their limitations as respects their iulhience on a peoplf\ Great 
 thoughts or deeds are not })red by scenery. The American poem 
 that has captured the world is not any one of Bryant's delightful 
 sketches of the varied landscape of his native land, but Long- 
 fellow's Evangeline, which is a story of the " aifection that 
 hopes, and endures and is patient." Dollard, and the Lady of 
 Fort La Tour are themes which we do not find in prosa.'c On- 
 tario, whose history is only a century old — a history of stern 
 materialism as a rule, rarely picturesque or romantic, and hardly 
 ever heroic except in some episodes of the war of 1812-lo, in 
 which Canadians, women as well as men, did their duty faith- 
 fully to king and country, though their deeds have never yet been 
 adequately told in poem or prose. The story of Laura Secord's 
 toilsome journey on a June day eighty years ago *'' seems as sus- 
 ceptible of strong poiitii* treatment as Paul Revere's Ride, told 
 in matchless verse by Longfellow. 
 
 I think if we compare the best Canadian poems with the 
 same class of literature in Australia the former do not at all lose 
 
 * See Appendix to this work, uote 40, for an extract from one of Itis national 
 poems. 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 25 
 
 by the comparison. Thanks to the thoughtfulness of a friend in 
 South Australia I have had many opportunities of late of study- 
 irqj the best work of Australian writers, chieliy poets and novel- 
 la" .''^ and have come to the conclusion that at least the poets of 
 both hemispheres — for to fiction w^e cannot make even a pretense 
 — reflect credit on each country. In one respect indeed Cana- 
 dians can claim a superiority over their fellow-citizens of the 
 British Empire in that far ofi Australian laud, and that is, in the 
 fact that we have poets, and historians, and essayists, who write 
 the languages of France and England with purity and even ele- 
 gance ; that the grace and precision of the French tongue have 
 their place in this country alongside tlie vigorous and copious 
 expression of the English language. More than that, the Cana- 
 dians have behind them a history which is w^ell calculated to 
 stimulate writers to give utterance to national sentiment. I 
 mean national in the sense of being thoroughly imbued with a 
 love for the country, its scenery, its history and its aspirations. 
 The pt'O})!'' of that great island continent possess great natural 
 beauties and riches — flowers and fruits of every kind flourish 
 there in rare profusion, and gold and gems are among the trea- 
 sures of the soil, but its scenery i.'^ far less varied and f)icturesque 
 than ours and its history is but of yesterday compared with that 
 of Canada, Australians cannot point to such historic ground as 
 is found from Louisbourg to Quebec, or from Moatreal to Cham- 
 plain, the battle ground of nations whose descendants now live 
 under one flag, animaied by feelings of a common interest and a 
 common aspiration for the future ! 
 
 Perhaps if I were at any time inclined to be depressed as to 
 the future of Canada, T should find some relief in those poems by 
 Canadian authors which take frequently an elevated and patri- 
 otic range of thought and vision, and give expression to aspira- 
 tions worthy of men born and living in this country. When 
 some men doubt the future and would, see us march into the 
 ranks of other states, with heads bowed down in confession of our 
 ftr'lure to hold our own on this continent and build up a new 
 nation always in the closest conn^'ction with England, J ask them 
 to turn to the poems of Joseph IJowe and read that inspiring 
 
26 REVIEW OF CANADAS 
 
 poetic tribute to th>' mother country, " All hail to the day when 
 the Britons came over " — 
 
 " Every flasli of her genius oar pathway .-uliL'htens, 
 JIvery fit'ld ■'he explores we are borkoned to tread, 
 Each laiirol she gathers, our fu'ure day brightens-- 
 We joy with iior liviug and mourn with iier dead."*'' 
 
 Or read that tribute which the Frenc^h Canadion laureate, 
 Frechette, has been fain to pay to the Knglish flag under whose 
 folds his country has enjoyed so much freedom and protection for 
 its institutions : 
 
 " Regarde me disait men ptre 
 Ce drapeau vaillainmeiit porte ; 
 ^l 11 fait t'Hi pays prospere 
 Et respecte ta liberie. 
 
 " ("'est le drapoau de I'Angleterre ; 
 San« tat he, sur le firmament, 
 Presque t\ tois ies points de la terre 
 11 liotte gloriensement." 
 
 Or take up a volume by Eobens and read that frequently 
 quoted poem of which these are the closing lines : 
 
 "Sliail net oar love this rough sweet land make sure? 
 
 Her bounds preserve inviolate, t)iong]\ we die, 
 
 O string hearts of the North. 
 
 Lot flame V'/'.r loyalty forth, 
 
 And put the onwen and base to an open shame, 
 
 Till eartii shall kn-w the Child of Nations by her name." 
 
 Even Mr, Edsrar has t\)rgotten the astute la'vyer and the 
 
 politician in his national song, "This Canada of Ours," and has 
 
 given expression to the deep sentiment that lies as I have said 
 
 in the heart of every true Canadian and forces him at times to 
 
 words like these : 
 
 " Strong arms shail j.niard our cherished homes 
 When dar; a-^t d:n,a:er lowers, 
 Anti with our life-bluod we'll defend 
 This Canada of ours, 
 Fair Can.uia, 
 Dear Canada, 
 This Canada of ours." 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS, 2*7 
 
 Such poems are worth a good many political speeches even 
 in parliament so tar as their effect upon the Jiearts and sympa- 
 thies is conct-rned. We all remember a famous man once said, 
 "Let me make all the ballads, and T care not who makes the 
 laws of a people." 
 
 VI. 
 
 But if Canada can point to some creditable achieTement of 
 recent years in history, poetry and essay-writmg — lor I think if 
 one looks from time to time at the leading magazines and reviews 
 of the two continents he will find that Canada is l.tirly well 
 represented in their pages" — there is one respect in which Cana- 
 dians have never won any marked success, and that is in the novel 
 or romance. '' Wacousta, or the Prophecy ; a Tale of the Cana- 
 das," was written sixty years ago by Major John Richardson,^'" 
 a native Canadian, but it was at the best a spirited imitation 
 of Cooper, and has not retained the interest it attracted at a time 
 when the American novelist had created a taste for exaggerated 
 pictures of Indian life and forest scenery. Of course attempts 
 have been made time and again by other English Canadians to 
 describe episodes of our history, and portray some of our national 
 and social characteristics, but with the single exception of "The 
 Golden Dog," ^^^ written a few years ago ]>y Mr. William Kirby, 
 of Niagara, T cannot point to one which shows much imaginative 
 or literary skill. If we except the historical romance by Mr. Mar- 
 mette, '" Francois de Bienville," *" which has had f,everal editions, 
 French Canada is even weak in this particular, and this is the 
 more surprising because there is abundance of material for the 
 novelist or writer of romance in her peculiar society and institu- 
 tions, and in her historic annalh and traditions. But as yet neither 
 a Cooper, nor an Irving, nor a Hawthorne has appeared to d»'light 
 Canadians in the fruitful field of fiction that their country offers 
 to the pen of imaginative genius. It is true we have a work by 
 De Gaspe, " Les Anciens Canadiens,'" '' which has been translated 
 by Roberts and one or two others, but it has rather the value of 
 historical annals than the spirit and form of true romance. It 
 
23 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 is the very poverty of our production in what oug"hf to be a rich 
 source of literary iiispirariou. French Cantidian life and history, 
 that has given currency to a work whose signal merit is its sim- 
 plicity of style and adherens; to historical fact. As Parkraau 
 many years ago first (commenced to illumine the too often dull 
 pages of Canadian history, so othtn- American writers have also 
 ventured m the still Iresh field of literary effort that romance 
 offers to the industrious, inventive brain. In the " Ilomance of 
 Bollard," " Tonty," and the >' Lady of Fort St. John," Mrs. Mary 
 Hartwell Gatherwood has recalb-d most interesting episodes of 
 our past annals with admirable literary taste and a deep enthu- 
 siasm for Canadian history in its romantic and picturesque as- 
 pects.^"^ When we road Conan Doyle's "■Eefugees'' — the best 
 historical novel that has appeared from the Plnglish Press for 
 years — we may well regret that it is not Canadian genius which 
 has created so fascinating a romance out of the materials that 
 exist in the history of the ancien regime. Dr. Doyle's knowledge 
 of Canadian life and history is obviously rery superficial ; but 
 slight as it is he has used it with a masterly skill to give Canada 
 a part in his story — to show how closely associated were the for- 
 tunes of the colony with the French Court, — with the plans and 
 intrigues of the king and his mistresses, and of the wily ecclesi- 
 astics who made all subservient to their deep purpose. It w^ould 
 seem from our failure to cultivate successfully the same popular 
 branch of letters that Canadians are w^anting in the inventive and 
 imaginative faculty, and that the spirit of materialism and practi- 
 cal habits, which has so long necessarily cramx>ed literary effort in 
 this country, still prevents happy ventures in this direction. It is 
 a pity that no success has been won in this country, — as in Austra- 
 lia by Mrs. Campbell Praed, " Tasma," and many others, — in the 
 way of depicting those characteristics of Canadian life, in the 
 past and present, which, when touched by tl/p imaginative and 
 cultured intellect, will reach the sympathies and earn the plau- 
 dits of all classes of readers at home and abroad. Perhaps. Mr. 
 Gilbert Parker,'' now a resident of London, }«ut a Canadian by 
 birth, education and sympathies, will yet succeed in his laudable 
 ambition of giving forra and vitality to the abundant materials 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 29 
 
 that exist in the Dominion, among the habitants on the old seig- 
 neuries of the French province, in that historic j^ast of which the 
 ruins still remain in Montreal and Quebec, in the Northwest with 
 its quarrels of adventurers in the fur trade, and in the many other 
 sources of inspiration that exist in this country for the true story- 
 teller who can invent a plot and give his creations a touch of 
 reality, and not that doll-like, savv-dust appearance that the vapid 
 characters of some Canadian stories assume from the very poverty 
 of the imagination that has originated them. 
 
 That imagination ;ind humour have some existence in the 
 Canadian mind — though one sees little of those qualities in the 
 press or in public speeches, or in parliamentary debates— we can 
 well believe when we read "The Dodge Club Abroad," by Pro- 
 fessor De Mille,'^' who was cut oil' in the primc^ of his intellectual 
 strength, or "A Social Departure," by Sara Jeannette Duncan,"' 
 who, as a sequence of a trip around the world, has given us not 
 a dry book of travels but a story with touches of genial humour 
 and bright descrix)tions of life and nature, and who is now Ibllow- 
 ing up that excellent literar}'- elTort by promising sketches of East 
 Indian life. A story which attracted some attention not long 
 since for originality of conception and ran through several edi- 
 tions, "Beggars All."' is written by a Miss L. Dougali, who is said 
 to be a memher of a Montreal family, and though this book does 
 not deal with incidents of Canadian life it illustrates that fertility 
 of invention which is latent among our people and only requires 
 a favourable o})portunity to develop itself The best literature 
 of this kind is like that of France, which has the most intimate 
 correspondence with the social life aiid development of the people 
 of the country. '" The excellence of a romance," writes Chevalier 
 Bunsen in his critical preface to Gustav Freytag's "Debit and 
 Credit," " like that of an epic or a drama, lies in the apprehension 
 
 and truthful exhibition of the course of human things 
 
 The most vehement longing of our tiuies is manifestly aittr a 
 faithful mirror of th^" present." With us, all etlbrts in this 
 direction have beeii most common place — hardly above the 
 average of "Social Notes" in the columns of Ottawa news- 
 papers. 
 
30 KEVIEW OK CANaDA.'S 
 
 I do not for one depreciaie the influence of good fiction on 
 the minds of a reading community likf ours ; it is inevitable that 
 a busy people, and espooially women distracted with household 
 cares, should always find that relief iji this branch of literature 
 which no other reading can give them ; and if the novel has 
 then become a ne<;essity of the times in which, we live, at all 
 events t hope Canadians, who may soon venture into the field, 
 will stiuly the better models, endeavour to infuse some originality 
 into their creations and plots, and not bring the Canadian fiction 
 of the future to that low level to which the school of realism in 
 France, and in a minor degrt i> in England and the United States, 
 w^ould degrade the novel and story of every-day life. To my 
 miud it goes without saying that a history written with that 
 fidelity to original authorities, that picturesqueness of narration, 
 that philosophic insight into the motives and plans of statesmen, 
 that study and comprehension of the character and life of a 
 people, which should constitute the features of a great work of 
 this class, — that such a history has assuredly a much deeper and 
 more useful purpose in th-} culture a)id education of the world 
 than any work ol fiction can possibly have even when animated 
 by a lofty genius. Still as the novel and romance will be written 
 as long as a large proportion of the world amid the cares and 
 activities of life seeks amusement rather than knowledge, it is 
 for the Canadian Scott, or Hawthorne, or " George Eliot," or 
 Dickens of the future, to have a higher and purer aim than the 
 majority of novel writers of the present day, who, with a iVw 
 notable exceptions like Blac-k, Besant. Barrie, Stephenson or Oli- 
 phaut, weary us by their dulaess and la 'k of the imaginative 
 and inventive faculty, and represent rather the demands of the 
 publishers to meet the requirements of a public which must 
 have its new novel as regularly as the Scotchman must have his 
 porridge, the Englishman his egg and toast, and the American 
 his ice- water. 
 
 If it were possible within the comp»ass oi'this address to give 
 a list of the many histories, poems, essays and pamphlets that 
 have appeared from the Canadian press during the first quarter of 
 a century since the Dominion of Canada has been in existence, 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH ANT) WEAKNESS. 31 
 
 the number would astonish mauy pt^rsous who have not Ibllowed 
 our literary activity. Of courso the greater part of this work is 
 ephemeral in its character and has no special value ; much of the 
 historical work is a dreary collection of facts and date^ which 
 shows the enterprise of school publishers and school teachers and 
 is generally wanting in that pieturosqueness a>id breadth of view 
 which give interest to history and leave a vivid impression on 
 the mind of the student. Most of these pamphlets have been 
 w^ritten on religious, political or legal questions of the day. 
 Many of the poems illustrate rather the aspirations of the school 
 boy or maiden whose etlnsions generally appeared in the poet's 
 corner of the village newspaper. Still there are even among these 
 more literary "transients" evidences of power of incisive argu- 
 ment and of some literary style. In fact., all the scientihc, histor- 
 ical and poetical contributions of the period in question, make 
 up quite a library of Canadian literature. And here let me ob- 
 serve in passing, some persons still suppose that ht/les-leifres, works 
 of iiction, poetry and criticism, alone constitute literature. The 
 word can take in its complete sense a very wide range, for item- 
 braces the pamphlet or monograph on the most abstruse scientific, 
 or mathematical or g»'Ographical or physical subject, as well as 
 the political essay, the brilliant history, or the purely im.iginativ^e 
 poem or novel. It is not so ranch the subject as the form and 
 style which make them worthy of a phue in iiterature. One of 
 the most remarkable books ever written, the " Esprit dcs Lois " 
 by Montesqui'.u, has won the highest place in literature by its 
 admirable style, and in the science of polities by the importance 
 of its matter. The works ( f Lyell, Huxley, Hunt, Dawson, Tyu- 
 d-all and Darwin owe their great value not entirely to the scien- 
 tifii- ideas and principles and proldems there discui=^S( d, but also 
 to the lucidity of style in which the whoh' subj' ct is presented 
 to the reader, wheih<-r v«>rsetl ir not in science. " Literature is 
 a large word,'" say.s Matthew Arnold, ' discussing with Tyndall 
 this very subject; "it may mean everything written with letters 
 or printed in a book, Euclid's Elements and Newton's Principia 
 are thus literature. All knowledge that reaches us through 
 books is literature. Eut as I do not mean, by knowing ancient 
 
32 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 Roin.\ kiiowinff merely mort' or less of Latin beJ/es- lei ires, and 
 takiiiff no account of Rome's military, and political, and legal, 
 and administrative work in the world ; and as, by knowing 
 ancient G-reece, I understand knowing her as the giver of Greek 
 art, and the guide to a free and right nse of reason and to scien- 
 tific methods, and the founder of our mathematics, and phys.ic8, 
 and astronomy, and biology, I understand knowing her as all 
 this, and not merely knowing certain Greek poems, and histories, 
 and treatises and spee('hes, so as to the knowledge of modern 
 nations also. By knowing modern nations, 1 mean not merely 
 knowing their hellea-ltUres, but knowing also what has been done 
 by such men as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Darwin." I sub- 
 mit this definition of literature by a great English critic and 
 poet who certainly knew what he was writing about, to the stu- 
 dious consideration of Principal Grant who, in an address to the 
 Royal Society two years ago,^^ appeared to have some doubt that 
 much of its work could be called literature ; a doubi that he 
 forgot for the moment aciually (.-onsigned to a questionable level 
 also his many devious utterances and addresses on political, re- 
 ligious and other questions of the day, and left him entirely out 
 of the ranks of litterateurs and in a sort of limbo which is a world 
 of neither divinity, nor politics, nor letters. Taking this defini- 
 tion of the bright apostle oi English culture, I think Canadians 
 can fairly claim to have some position as a literary people even 
 if it be a relatively humble one, on account of the work done in 
 history, belles-lettres, political science and the sciences generally 
 Science alone has had in Canada for nearly half a century many 
 votaries who have won for themselves hisrh distinction, as the 
 eminent names on the list of membership of the Royal Society 
 since its foundation can conclusively show. The literature of 
 science, as studied and written by Canadians, is remarkably com- 
 prehen-sive, and finds a place in every well furnished library of 
 the world. 
 
 The doyen of science in Canada, Sir William Dawson,''^ we 
 are all glad to know, is still at work after a long and severe ill- 
 ness, which was. no doubt, largely due to the arduous devotion 
 of years to education and science. It is not my intention to 
 
INTEr.I,K<TUAL STHENdTIT AM) WEAKNKSM. 88 
 
 roioT hero to oth^n- well-known iiain<.,s in .scientific literature, but 
 J may I'.iu.^.- A.r nii instant to mention tlx- ihct that one of the 
 .earliest scientific-, writers of emint^ne.', who was u Caiiadian by 
 birth and educati m. ivas :Mr Kikannh Billini:s. ptilaNaitologist 
 and g-eolonrist, who contributed hi> hrst pij^M-s to the Citizen oi 
 Ottawa, then Bytown, altervvardr< to liav.- j:reatness thrown upon 
 it and made the political capital of Canada. 
 
 VII, 
 
 Here I come natiirally to answer the questions tha-t may be 
 put by some that have not followed the history atid the work of 
 the Royal ^Dciety of Canada,— What measur.> of success h.i,' it 
 w<m ? has it been of value to the Canadian people in whose in- 
 terests it was established, and with whose money it is mainly 
 supported ? Twelve years have nearly passed away since a few 
 gentlemen, enmvjrod in literary, scientific and educational pur- 
 suits, assembled at M( aili College on the invitation of the Mar- 
 quess of Lome, thoi governor-general of Canada, to consider the 
 practicability of esiablishing a society which would bring toge- 
 ther both the P'rench and English Canadian elements of our popu- 
 lation for purposes of common study and the discussion of such 
 subjecis as might be profitable to the Dominion, and at the same 
 time develop the literature of learning and science as far as prac- 
 ticable." This so.-itty was to have a Dominion character— to 
 form a union of leading representatives of all those engaged in 
 literature and science in the several provinces, with the principh' 
 of federation observed in so far as it a.sked every society of note 
 in ev^ery section to send delegates to make reports on the work of 
 the year within its particular sphere. Of the gentlemen who 
 assembled at this interesting meeiing beneath the roof of the 
 learned principal of Montreal's well-known university, the ma- 
 jority still continue active friends of the society they aided Lord 
 Lome to found ; but 1 must also add with deep regret that, within 
 a little more than a year, two of the most distinguished pro- 
 moters of the society, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt and Sir Daniel 
 Wilson, have been ca lied from their active and successful labours 
 o 
 
34 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 in •education, scierne and letttrs. As I know perhaps better than 
 any one else, on a( vount of an otiicial ronue< tion with the society 
 i'rora the very hour it was suffg'ested by Lord Lome, no two mem- 
 bers ever comprehended more th()ront!;hly the useful purpose 
 wliich it could serve amid the all-surrouudinjrj materialism of this 
 country, or laboured more conscientiously until the very hour of 
 their death by their writings and their influence to make the 
 society a (.Canadian institution, broad in its scope, liberal in its 
 culture, and elevated in its aspirations. Withortt dvvellinpr on the 
 qualificafions of two men ' whose names are imperishably con- 
 nected with th»- work of their lifetime — ar<h;i>olop:y, education 
 and chemistry — I may go on to say that the result of the Montreal 
 meetiu«i"was the establishment of a society which met for the first 
 time at Ottawa in the May of 1H82, with a membership of eig'hty 
 Fellows under the presidency of Dr. (afterwards Sir) William 
 Dawson, and the vice-presidency of the Honourable P. .1.0. C'hau- 
 veau, a distinguished French Canadian who had won a high 
 name, not only in literature, but also in the political world where 
 he was for years a conspicuous figure ; noted for his eloquence, 
 his culture and his courtesy of manner. The society was estab- 
 lished in no spirit of isolation from other literary and scientific 
 men because its membership was confined at the outset to eighty 
 Fellows who had written " memoirs of merit or rendered emi- 
 nent servi<'es to literature or science " — a uumb<r siibsequ«'ntly 
 increased to a hundred under certain limitations On the con- 
 trary it asks for, and has constantly published, contributions 
 from all workers in the same fields of efiort with the simple pro- 
 viso that such contributions are presented wath the endorsation 
 of an actual member, though they may be read before any one of 
 the four sections by the author himself. Every association, whe- 
 ther purely literature or historical, or scientific, as 1 have already 
 intimated, has been asked to assist in the work of the society,'^* 
 and its delegates given every advantage at the meetings possessed 
 by the Fellows themselves, except voting and discussing the 
 purely internal affairs of the Eoyal Society. Some misapprehen- 
 sion appears to have existed at first in the public mind that, 
 because the society was named "The Eoyal Society of Canada," 
 
INTELLECTUAL STBENTPH AX!) WEAKNESS. 85 
 
 an exclusive and fveu aristocratic institution was in coutompla- 
 tion. It seems a little perplexing lo understand why an objec- 
 tion could Im taken to such a desiguation when the Queen is 
 at the head of our system of governm''tit, and her name appears 
 in the very hr.st clauses of the act of union, and in every act re- 
 quiiiiig the exercise of the royal preroirative in this loyal depen- 
 dency of the crown. As a fact, in using the title, the desire was 
 to follow the example of similar soiieties in Australia, and recall 
 that famou.s Royal Society in England, who.se fellowshij) is a title 
 of nobility in the world of science Certain features were copied 
 from the Institute of France, inasmuch as there is a division into 
 sections with the idea of bringing together into each for the pur- 
 poses of common study and discussion those men wlio have de- 
 voted themselves to special branches of the literature of learning 
 and science. In this country and, indeed, in America generally, 
 a notable tendency is what may he called the levelling principle 
 — to deprecate the idea that any man should be in any way 
 better than another ; and in order to prevent that result it is 
 necessary to assail him as soon as he shows any political or in- 
 tellectual merit, and to stop him, if possible, from .itiaining that 
 mental superiority above his fellows that his industry and his 
 ability may enable him to nacb. The Eoyal Society suffered a 
 little at first from this spirit of depreciation which is often carried 
 to an extent that one at times could almost believe that this is a 
 couutrv without political virtues or intellectual development of 
 any kmd. The claims of some of its members were disputed by 
 literary aspirants who did not happen for a moment to be en- 
 rolled in its ranks, and the society was charged with exclusive- 
 ness when, as a fact, it simi)ly limited its membership, and 
 demanded certain qualifications, vrith the desire to make that 
 membership a test of some intellectual effort, and consequently 
 more prized by those who were allowed sooner or later to enter. 
 It would have been quite possible for the society to make itself 
 a sort of literary or scientific picnic by allowing every man or 
 woman who had, or believed tbey had, some cleraentary sci-m- 
 tific or other knowledge to enter its ranks, and have the eonse- 
 quent advantages of cheap railway fares and other subsidiary 
 
36 * REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 advantages on certain occasions, but its promoters did not think 
 that would best subserve the special objects they had in view 
 At all events, nono of them could have been prompted by any 
 desire to create a sort of literary aristocracy. Indeed, one would 
 like to knov/ how any one in his senses could believe for a mo- 
 ment that any institution of learning could be founded with 
 exclusive tendencies m these times, in this or any other country I 
 If there is an intelligent democracy anywhere it is the Republic 
 of Letters. li may be aristocratic in the sense that there are cer- 
 tain men and women who have won fame and stand on a pedes- 
 tal above their fellows, but it is the world, not of a class, but of 
 all ranks and conditions, that has agreed to place them on that 
 pedestal as a tribute to their genius which has made people hap- 
 pier, wiser and better, has delighted and instructed the artisan 
 as well as the noble. 
 
 For twelve years then the Royal Society has continued to 
 persevere in its work ; and thanks to the encouragement given 
 it by the government of Canada it has been able, year by year, to 
 publish a large and handsome volume of the proceedings and 
 transactions of it;^ xueetings. No other country in the world can 
 exhibit volumes more creditable on the whole in point of work- 
 manship than those of this society. The papers and monographs 
 that have appeared embrace a wide field of literature — the whole 
 range of archaeological, ethnological, historical, geographical, bio- 
 logical, mathemati<:al and physical studies. The volumes now 
 are largely distributed throughout Canada — among the edui;ated 
 and thinking classes — and are sent to every library, society, uni- 
 A^ersity and learned institution of note in the world, with the 
 hope of making the Dominion better known. Tlie countries 
 where they are plac^ed for purposes of referene^e are these : 
 
 The United States: every Costa Rica, India, 
 
 State of the Union and [I ruguay, Japan, 
 
 District of Columbia, Guatemala, Australia, 
 
 Newfoundland, Venezuela, New Zealand, 
 
 Mexico, Chile, Great Britain and 
 
 Brazil, Peru, Ireland, 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENCITII AND WEAKNESS. 37 
 
 Ecuador. South Africa, France, 
 
 Itiiiy, Germany, Russia, 
 
 Crreece, Roumania, AusiTia-IImigaiy, 
 
 Norway and Sweden, Argentine Re- Mauritius, 
 
 Spain, public, Denmark. 
 
 So well known are these ' Transactions ' now in every coun- 
 try that, when it happens some library or institution has not re- 
 ceived it from the beginning or has been forgotten m the distri- 
 bution, the oilicers of the society have very soon received an 
 intimation of the fact. This is gratifving. since it shows tliat 
 the workl of higher literature and of special research — the world 
 of scholars and scientists engaged in important observation and 
 investigation — is interested in the work that is being done in 
 the same branches in this relalively new <ouutry. It would be 
 impossible for me within the limits of this address to imo you 
 anything like an accurate and compreh tensive idea of the numer- 
 ous papers the subject and treatment of which, even irom a 
 largely i)ractical and utilitarian point of view, hav.^ been of 
 decided value to Canada, and T can only say here that the iru^m- 
 bers of the society have endeavoured to bring to the considera- 
 tion of the subjects they have discussed a spirit of < onscientious 
 study and research, and that, too, without any fee or reward 
 except that stimulating pleasure which work of tm intellectual 
 character always brings to the mind. 
 
 In these days of critical comparative science, when the study 
 of the aboriginal or native lans-uages of th:s < oniinent has ab- 
 .sorbed the attention of close students, the Royal Society hos en- 
 deavoured to give encouragement and currency to those stiuii. > 
 by publishing graiiimars. vocabularies aiid other inonogianhs 
 relating to Indian tongues niid atiliquities. The Ai»be (,'Moq, 
 one of the most eruuit- scholars of this ■■ontineut in this special 
 branch of knowledge, has marly compiet- d in the 'Tiausactions ' 
 what will be a monuin"!i';'! work of learning on ^hc Alu<>nquitt 
 language. A Haida grammar and dictionary are alsn nov, tiv\ lit- 
 ing the completion of the Abbe (Juoq's work to be published in 
 the same way. A great deal of light has been thrown on Car- 
 
38 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 tier's and Cliamplain's voyages in the gulf, and consequently on 
 its cartography, by the labours of the Abbe Verreau, Prof. Ganoug 
 and others. The exct'leut work of the Geological Survey has 
 been «ui>plemented by important contributions from its statt', and 
 consecjueutly there is to be found in the ' Transactions ' a large 
 amount of information, both abstract and practical, on the econo- 
 mic and other minerals of the Dominion. Ohieliy owing to the 
 efforts of the society, the government of Canada some time ago 
 commenced to take tidal observations on the Atlantic coasts of 
 Canada — an enterprise of great value to the shipping and com- 
 mercial interests of the country — and has also co-operated in the 
 determination of the true longitude of Montreal which is now 
 being prosecuted under the able superintendence of Professor 
 McLeod. It is in the same practical spirit of investigation and 
 action that the society has published a treatise by that veteran 
 scholar. Dr. Moses Harvey, of St. John's, Newfoundland, on "The 
 Artificial Propagation of Marint? Food fishes and Edible Crusta- 
 ceans"; and it is satisfactory to understand from a statement 
 made in the House of Commons last sei-sion that a question of 
 such deep interest to our great fishing industry in the maritime 
 provinces is likely to result in some ^Tactical measure in the 
 direction sug"gested. The contributions of Sir Daniel Wilson ou 
 the "Artistic Faculty in the Aboriginal Kaces,"' "The Pre-Ar^v'an 
 American Man," "The Trade and Commerce of the Stone Age," 
 and "The Huron-Iroquois Race in Canada," that typical race of 
 American Indians, were all intended to supplement in a measure 
 that scholarly work, " Prehistoric Man," which had brought him 
 fame many years before. Dr. Patterson of Nova Scotia, a most 
 careful student of the past, hps made vahuible contributions to 
 the history of Portuguese exploration in North American waters, 
 and of that remarkable lost tribe known as Beothikir or Red In- 
 dians of Newfoundland. Sir William Dawson has contributed to 
 almost every volume of the ' Transa< tions ' from his stores of 
 geological learning, while his distinguished son has followed 
 closely in his footsteps, and has made valuable additions to our 
 knowledge, not only of the geology of the Northwest, but also of 
 the antiquities, languages and customs of the Indian tribes of 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 39 
 
 British Oolun.«bia and the adjacent ishmds. Thi opinions and 
 t]ieori.\s of Dr. Thomas Storry Hunt on tht! " Taconic Question in 
 G-eology,"' and the " Relations of the Taconic Series to the later 
 Crystalline and the Cambrian Rocks," were giv<'n at h'nirth in 
 the earlier volumes. Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John, Niuv Bruns- 
 wi* k, w^ho is a verv industrious student, has elaborated a work on 
 the '• Fauna of the St. John Group. ' Not only have our geologi- 
 cal conditions been more fully explained, but our flora, ferns, and 
 botany generally have been clearly set forth by Proft-ssors Law- 
 s(»u, Macoun and Penballow. All thef;e and many other papers 
 of value have been illustrated l,y expensive plates, generally exe- 
 cuted by Canadian artists. The majority of the names 1 have just 
 given happen to be English Canadian, but tlie French language 
 has been represented in science by such eminent m<Mi as Hamel, 
 Laflammeand Ueville— the two first illustrating the learning and 
 culture of Laval, so long associated with the best scholarship of 
 the province of Quebec. Without pursuing the subject further, 
 let ine say, as one who has always endeavoured to keep the inter- 
 ests of the society in view, that such monographs as I have men- 
 tioned represent the practical value of its work, and show what 
 an important sphere of usefulness is invariably open to it. The 
 object is not to publish ephemeral newspaper or magazine articles 
 — tliat is to say, articles intended for merely i>opular information 
 or purely literary practice — but always those essays and works 
 of Tiioderate compass whii.h illustrate original research, experi- 
 ment and investigation in ail branch. ^s oi hi^lorical, arch-eoloa'i- 
 cal, ethnological ond scieiitilic studies, and which will form a 
 nermanent and instructive refereiK'e library for scholars and stu- 
 dents in the same branches of thought and study all over the 
 world. In fact, the essays must necessarily be such a.-- cannot be 
 well published except through the assistance graiited y)v a gov- 
 ernment, as in our case, or by the liberality of private individuals. 
 The society, in fact, is in its way attempting just such work as 
 is done by the Smithsonian Institute, on a large scale, at Wash- 
 ington, so fr;r as the puhli«';diou of important transacti :>ns is con- 
 cerned. I admit that sometimes essays ha^e appeared, but many 
 more are offered from time to time, better suited to the periodi- 
 
40 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 cals of the day than to the pages of a work of which the object is 
 to perpetuate the labours of students and scholars, and not the 
 efforts of the mere literary amateur or trifler in helles-fellres. But 
 while there must be necessarily such limitations to the scope of 
 the ' Transactions,' which are largely scientific in their treatment, 
 room will be always made for papers on any economic, so> ial or 
 ethical subject which, by their acute reasoning, sound philosophy 
 and originality of thought, demand the attention of students 
 everywhere. Such littrary criticism as finds place now and 
 then in the dignified old ' Quarterly lieA'iew ' or in the ' (Contem- 
 porary ' will be printed whenever it is written by any Canadian 
 author with the same power of keen analysis and judicious ap- 
 preciation of the thoughts and motives of an author that we iind 
 notably in that charming study of Tennyson's " Princess,'' by 
 S- E. Dawson," who is a Canadian by birth, education and feel- 
 ing. No doubt there is room in the Dominion for a mairaziue 
 combining the features of ' Blackwood,' the ' Contemporary ' and 
 the 'Quarterly Review '; that is to say, poetry, fiction, criticism, 
 reviews of topics of the day, and, in fact, original literary effort 
 of the higher order, which, though mostly ephemeral in its char- 
 acter, must have much influence for the time being on the cul- 
 ture and the educatiou of the public mind Since the days of 
 the old ' Canadian Monthly,* which, with all its iniporfe<::tions, 
 contained much excellent work, all efforts in the same direction 
 have been deserving of little encourageiaent ; and, in fact, if such 
 a venture is to succeed hereafter it must have behind it sufficient 
 capital to engage the assistance of the best Canadian writers, who 
 now send their work to American and English periodicals. Such 
 a magazine must be carefully edited, and not made the dumping- 
 ground for the crude efforts of literary dabblers or for roma-itic 
 gush and twaddle, but must be such a judicious selection of the 
 best Canadian talent as will evoke comparison with the higher 
 class of periodicals I have mentioned. We have only one liter- 
 ary paper of merit in this country, and that is ' The Week.' which, 
 despite all the indifference that is too apt to meet a journal not 
 influenced by party motives, has kept its literary aim always 
 before it, and endeavoured to do such a work as ' The New York 
 
INTELLECTUAL ftTEENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 41 
 
 Nation ' has been doing for years under far greater advantages 
 in the neighbouring country wiih marked success and ability. 
 In the meantime, until a magazine of the eharacter I advocate is 
 establi.-hed. the ' Transactions of the Koyal Society ' cannot be 
 expected to ocfupy the same ground unless it is prepared to give 
 up that important held which it and the societies with which it 
 is associated alone can fill in this country. In one respect, indeed, 
 the Royal Society, in my opinion — and I have endeavoured to 
 impress it on my fellow -members — can reach a much larger class 
 of readers than it is now possible by means of its somewhat for- 
 midable though handsomely printed and well illustrated volumes, 
 which necessarily are confined, for the most part, to libraries and 
 institutions, where they can be best consulted by students who 
 find it necessary to iiiform themselves on such Canadian subjects 
 as the society necessarily treats. It is quite possible that by select- 
 ing a more convenient form, say royal octavo, and publishing the 
 purely scientific sections in one volume and the purely literary 
 department in another, a larger inducement will be given to the 
 public to purchase its ' Transactions ' at a moderate cost and in a 
 more convenient shape for reading, whenever they contain mono- 
 graphs or large works in which Canadians generally are interested 
 or on which they wish special information. Of course, in making 
 this change care must be taken to maintain the typographical 
 appearance and the character of the scientific illustrations and 
 the usefulness of the cartography. Not only may the Royal So- 
 ciety in this way reach a larger reading public, but it may stimu- 
 late the eiForts of historic and other writers by gi\iiig them 
 greater facilities for obtaining special editions of their w^orks for 
 general sale. As it is now, each author obtains a hundred copies 
 of his paper m })amphiets, sometimes more; and if the form is 
 now made smaller and moiv handy, to use a common word, he 
 will be induced to orJer a larger edition at his own cost. Even 
 as it is now, some four or live thousand copies of essays and 
 monographs — in special cases many more — are annually distrib- 
 uted by authors in addition to those circulated in the bound vol- 
 umes of the ' Transaction."' ' ; and in this way any value these 
 works may have is considerably enhanced. If it should be de- 
 
42 REVIEW OF CANADA^S 
 
 cided to continue the large form, at all evnts it v/ill be in the 
 interest oi' the society, and of the author of any monograph or 
 history of more than ordinary value, to print it not only in the 
 'Transactions' but also in a smaller \.lnme for gtneral circula- 
 tion. Traotically this would meet the object in view— th*- larger 
 distril>ution of the })est work of the section devoted to hit^toricnl 
 and general literature. But whether this change is adopted or 
 not'' I think the Royal Society, by showing even still greater 
 zeal and earnestness in the work for which it was iVnuub-d, by 
 co-operatinu- with scholars and students throughout the Domin- 
 ion, by showing every possible sympathy with all those engaged 
 in the work of art, culture and education, « an look forward hope- 
 fully to the future ; and all it asks from the Canadian public at 
 large is confidence in its work and objects, which are in no sense 
 selfish or exclusive, but are influenced by a sincere desire to do 
 what it can to promote historic truth and scientific research, and 
 give a stimulus in this way to the intellectual development of 
 this young Dominion, yet in the infancy of its literary lile."' * 
 
 VIIL 
 
 This necessarily brief review of the work of the Royal So- 
 ciety could not well be left out of an address like this ; and T can 
 now pass on to some reflections that occur to me on the general 
 
 stibject. 
 
 ' In the literature of biography, so susceptible of a treatment 
 full of human interests and sympathies —as chatty Boswell's 
 " Life of Johnson," and Lockharfs - Life of Scott," notably illus- 
 trate— w^e have little to show, except it be the enterprise of pub- 
 lishers and the zeal of too enthusiastic friends. Nor is it necessary 
 to dw^ell on the literature of the law, which is becoming in a mea- 
 
 • " * In the ooi:rse of a speech by the Earl of 1 'erby, in answer to a farewell ad- 
 dress from tho Royal Society, he t<iok ocei!,>iou to make some reniariis with refer- 
 ence to its work and u.sefulness, which liave be«n given in full in the Appendix 
 (Note 5So) as the impartial opinion of a governor general who always took a deep 
 interest in all matters afleciuig ihe intellertual aa well as materia! development of 
 the Dominion. 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 48 
 
 sure more of a technical and less of a learned profession in the 
 larger sense, unless, indeed, our university schools of politi<'al 
 science evimtually elevate it to a wider range of thought. Sev- 
 eral excellent books of a purely technical character have been 
 compiled i'rom year to year, but no Kent, or Story, or Cooley has 
 yet appeared to instruct us by a luminous exposition of principle, 
 or breadth of knowledge. Those who know anything of Dr. Ed- 
 ward Blake's great intellectual power, of his wealth of legal 
 learning, of his insight into the operations of political constitu- 
 tions, cannot deny that he at least could produce a work which 
 might equal in many respects those of the great American.-* here 
 named ; but it looks very much at present as if he, and others 
 1 could mention, will give up their best years to the absorbing 
 and uncertain struggles of politics, rather than to the literature 
 of that profession to which they might, under dilferent conditions, 
 raise imperishable memorials. From the pulpit many of us hear 
 from time to time eloquent and well reasoned elibrts which tell 
 us how much even the clas.s, necessarily most conservative in its 
 traditions, and confined in its teachings, has been iorced by mod- 
 ern tendencies to enlarge its human sympathies and widen its 
 intellectual horizon ; ])ut the published sermons are relatively 
 few in number ; and while, now and then, at intervals, after a 
 public celebration, an important anniversary or ceremonial, or as 
 a sequence of a controversy on the merits or demerits of creed or 
 dogma, we see a pile of pamphlets on the counter of a bookstore, 
 we do not hear of any printed book of sermons that appears to 
 have entered of recent years into the domain of human ihought 
 and discussion in the great world beyond our territorial limits. 
 
 1 shall not attempt to dwell at any length on the intellectual 
 standard of our legislative bodies, but shall confine myseli to a 
 few general observations that naturally suggest themselves to an 
 observer of our political conditions. Now, as in all times of our 
 history, political life claims many strong, keen and cultured in- 
 tellects, although it is doubtful whether the tendency of our 
 democratic institutions is to encourage the most highly educated 
 organizations to venture, or remain, should once they venture, in 
 the agitated and unsafe sea of political passion and controversy. 
 
44 REVIEW OF Canada's 
 
 The first parliament of the Dominion, and the first legislatures 
 of the provinces, which met after the federal union of 1867, 
 when tht' system of dual representation was pennissible — a s3's- 
 tem whose advantasc^*'"^ art> more obvious now— hrouu'ht into 
 public life the most brilliant and astute inteJlccts of Canada, and 
 it will probably be a lonjr time before we shall again see assfra- 
 blages so ilistinguished for oratory, humour and intellectual 
 power. A. federal system was, doubtless, the only one feasible 
 under the racial and natural cojiditions tliat met the Quebec 
 Conference of 18t)4 ; but, while admit ting its political necessity, 
 we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact -hat the great drain 
 its numerous Ifgislative bodi"S aud -jcv 'rnraents make upon the 
 mental resources of a limited population — a drain increased by 
 the abolition of dual representation — is calculated to weaken our 
 intellectual strength in our legislative halls, when a legislative 
 union would in the nature c: things concentrate that strength in 
 one powerful current of activity and thought. A pojmlation of 
 five millions of people has to provide not only between six and 
 seven hundred representatives, who must devote a lar^e amount 
 of time to the public service for inadequate compensation, but 
 also lieutenant-governors, judges and high officials, holding posi- 
 tions requiring intellectual qualifications as well as business 
 capacity if they are properly filled Apart from these consider- 
 ations, it must be remem})ered that the opportunities of acquir- 
 ing w^eaith and success in business or professional vocations 
 have naturally increased with the material development of the 
 Dominion, and that men of brains have consequently even lesB 
 inducement than formerly to enter on the uncertain and too 
 often ungrateful pursuit of politics. We have also the danger 
 before us that it will be with ru-:, as it is in the United States 
 and even in England under the new conditions that are rapidly 
 developing there . the professional politician, who is too often 
 the creation of factions and cliques, and the low'er iiilluences of 
 political intrigue and party management, will be found, as time 
 passes, more common in our legislative halls, to the detriment of 
 those higher ideals that should be the animating prin<;iples of 
 public life in this young country, whose future happiness and 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKVESS. 45 
 
 grt-atiie-s depend so niiuh on the r>r'S<Mit iruMhod.s ol" [>artv ffov- 
 ernment. lie all this us it may be, ojie may 8till tairly chiim 
 lor our k'gishitive Iwdieb that thrir inteUeetual standard can 
 compare lavonrablv with that of thf Tonur. ss at WaKhiufton or 
 the ,^tate legish^tures of Massachusetts and New Eoghiud a'enin-- 
 aliy After all, it is not for brilliant int.llectual pyrotechnics 
 we should no-.v so mucit look to the legislatirf bodies of Canada, 
 but rather for honesty of purpose, keen coiuprehensiou oi the 
 public interests, and a business capacity which can grasp the 
 actual material wants and utM-essities of a country which has to 
 face the competition, and ev^n opposition, of a great people full 
 of industrial as well as intellcruuil energy. 
 
 Nowhere in this review have I cliimed for this country any 
 very striking results in the ( ourseof the half century since which 
 we have shown so much political and material activity, I can- 
 not boast that we have produced a great poem or a great history 
 which has attracted the attention of the w^orld beyond us, and 
 assuredly we tind no noteworthy attempt in the direction of a 
 novel of our modern life ; but what J do claim is, looking at the 
 results generally, the work we have done has been sometimes 
 above the average in those fields of literature — and here I in- 
 clude, necessarily, science — in which (Jauadiaus have worked. 
 Tliev have shown in many productions a t ou.scientious spirit of 
 research, patient industry, and not a little literary skill in the 
 management of their material. J tliiuk. on the whole, there have 
 been enough good poems, histories and essays written and pub- 
 lished in Canada for the last four or live decad' s to prove that 
 there has been a steady intellectual growth on the part of our 
 people, and that it has kept pace at all events with the mental 
 growth in the pul])it. or in the legislative halls, where, of late 
 years, a keen practical debating style has tak»m the place of the 
 more rhetorical and studied oratory of old times. I believe ihe 
 intellectual faculties of Caniidians only leciuire larger opijortuni- 
 ties for their exercise to bring forth a rich fruition. I believe the 
 progress in the years to come will be far greater than that we 
 have yet shown, and that necessarily so, with the wider distri- 
 bution of wealth the dissemination of a higher culture, and a 
 
46 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 greater confidence in our own mental strength, and in the re- 
 sor'-ces that this country otiVrs topen and p«;Ucil. The time will 
 come when that great river, associated with meraorios ot Oartier, 
 Champhiin, La Salle, Frontenac, Wolfe and Montcalm, — that river 
 already immortalized in history by the pen of Purkman — will be 
 as noted in song and story as the l?hine. and will have its Irvmg 
 to make it as famous as the lovely Hiidsou. 
 
 01' course ihere are many obstacles in the way of successful 
 literary pursuits in Canada. Our population is still small, and 
 separated into two distinct nationalities, who for the most part 
 necessarily read books printed in their own tongue. A book 
 published in Canada then has a relatively limited dientf'le in the 
 country itself nud cannot meet much encouragement from pub- 
 lishers in England or in the lTnit«:'d States who have advantages 
 for placing their own puldications which no Canadian can have 
 under existing conditions. Conseqaontly an author of ambition 
 and merit should perforce look for publishers outside his own 
 country if he is to expect anything like just appreciation, or to 
 have a fair chance of reaching that literary world which alone 
 gives fame in the true sense. It must be admitted too that so 
 much inferior work has at times found its way from Canada to 
 other countries that publishers are apt to look askance at a book 
 when it is offered 10 them from the colonies. Still, while this 
 may at times operate against making what is a fairly good bar- 
 gain with the publisher — and many authors, of course, believe 
 with reason that a publisher, as a rule, never makes a good bar- 
 gain vi'ith an autlior. and certainly not with a new one — a good 
 book will sooner or later assert itself whenever Canadians write 
 such a book. Let Canadians th"n persevere conscientiously and 
 confidently in their efforts to break through the indifference which 
 at present tends to cramp their efforrs and dampen their energy. 
 It is a fashion with some colonial writers to believe thai there 
 is a settled determination on the part of English critics to ignore 
 their best work, when, perhaps, in the majority of cases it is the 
 lack of good work that is at fault. Such a conclusion sometimes 
 finds an argument in the fact that, w-hen so able a Canadian as 
 Edward Blake enters the legislative halls of England, some ill- 
 
INTELLECTl \L STHE.N'dTH AND MEAKXESS. 47 
 
 naturod critic, wlio represents a spirit of ii.>nlar Emrlish snob- 
 bery, has only t sm-or ior " thi< Caiiadiuii lawyer' who had 
 l)etter ''stay at home," and not [)r.'^iiiae if, ihiuk that, he, a mere 
 colonist, eould have auythimi' to sny in inaiters alle. ting ihe^ood 
 government of the British Illmpire. Ihit: tlie time has loiiu »ince 
 passed for sneers at colonial selt-government or eolonial iiitellect, 
 and we are more likely hereafter to have a < anadian llonse of 
 Commons held up as a modtil of decorum lor so-eailed l*]nglish 
 gentlemen. Such able and impartial critical journals as Tlie 
 Athena nm ar" more ready to \ve!r(ejie than ignore a good book in 
 th.se days of second-rate literatiir.- in England itseli' If we pro- 
 duce such a good book as Mrs. Campbell Praed's "Australian 
 Life," or Tasma's " Uncle Piper of Pipers Hill" we muv be sure 
 the English papers will do us justiee Let me frankly insist that 
 we have far too much hasty and slovenly literarv \\ ork done in 
 Canada. The literary canon which every ambitious writer should 
 have ever m his mind has been stated by )io L-ss ;»ji authority 
 than Sainte-Beuve : -'Devoted to my profession as a criii. , I have 
 tried to be more and more a good and if possible an able work- 
 man." A good style means artistic workmanship. Ii is too soon 
 ior us in this country to look for a Matthew Arnold or a Sainte- 
 Beuve — such <jreat critics ar<' ijenerallv the results, and not the 
 forerunners, of a great lit<n-aliir- ; but at least if we couhl have 
 in the present stat-.' of our int-lle.'tu:il development, a criticism in 
 the press which would be truthful and just, the ( ><-. iitial charac- 
 teristics of the two authors I have named, the eii'^H t would be 
 probably in the dirv'ction of encouraging [tromising writers, and 
 weeding out some literary dabblers. " What I have wished," 
 said the French critic, " is to sav not a word more than I thoujiht. 
 to stop even a little short of \vhat I believed in certain cases, in 
 order that my words might acquire more weit>lii as historical Ics- 
 timony." Truth tempered by consideration for iittirary genius is 
 the essence of sound criticism. 
 
 We all know that the literary temperament is naturally sen- 
 sitive to anything like inditTcrenr.. and is too apt, perhajis, to 
 exaggerate the importance of its calling in the prosaic world m 
 which it is exercised. The pecuniary rewards are so few, rela- 
 
48 REVIEW OK CANADA'S 
 
 lively, ill this country, that the man of imagiiialive mind — the 
 purely literary worker — naturally thinks that he can, at least, ask 
 for generous appreciation. No <louht ho thinks, to quote a pas- 
 sage from a clever Australian novel — "The Australian (xirl " — 
 "Genius has never been truly acclimatized by the world. The 
 Philistines always long to put out the eyes of poets and make 
 them grind corn in Oaza." P>ut it is well sKvays to rt-raember 
 that a great deal ot rough work h'ls to be done in a country like 
 Canada before its Augustan age can come. No doubt litrrary 
 stimulus inufit be more or less wanting in a colony where there 
 is lattmt at times in some quarters a want of self-ooniidence in 
 ourselves and in our institutions, arising from that sense of de- 
 pendency and habit of imitation and borrowing from others that 
 is a liccessity of a colonial condition. The tendency of the absence 
 of suffi<ieut self-assertion is to cramp intellectual exertion, and 
 make us believe that success in literature cau only be achieved 
 in the old countries of Europe. That spirit of all-surrounding 
 materialism to which Lowell has referred must also always exer- 
 cise a certain sinister iniluence in this way — au influen-'e largely 
 exerted in Ontario — but despite all this we see that even among 
 our neighbours it has not prevented the growth of a literary class 
 famous for its intellec tual successes in varied fields of literature. 
 It is for Canadian writers to have always before them a high ideal, 
 and remember that literature does best its duty — to quote the 
 eloquent words of Raskin — '' in ToisiugouT fancy to the height of 
 what may be noble, honest and felicitous in actual life ; in giving 
 us, though we may be ourselves poor and unknown, the compan- 
 ionship of the wisest sp)irits of every age and country, and in 
 aiding the (communication jf clear thoughts and faithful purposes 
 among distant nations, which will at last breathe calm upon the 
 sea of lawless passion and change into such halcyon days the 
 winter of the world, that the birds of the air may have their nests 
 in peace and the Son of Man where to lay his head." 
 
INTELLECTUAL 3TRENUTH AND WEAKNESS. 40 
 
 IX. 
 
 Largely, if not entirely, ovfinq to the expansion of onr<ora- 
 mon school system— admirable in Ontario and N'ova tScotia, but 
 defective in Quebec— and the induence of our tmiversities and 
 colleger, the average intelligence of the people of this country is 
 much higher than it was a very few years ago; hut no d(mbt it 
 is with us as with our n«ighbours — to quote the words of an emi- 
 nent [)ubli(> speaker whose brilliamy sometiraet. leads one to forget 
 his higher criti ism — I refer lo Dr. Chauncoy Depew — " Speed is 
 the virtue and vice of our generation "We demand that morniu^'- 
 glories and <*entury plants shall submit to the same conditions 
 and llower with equal frecjuency." Even some of our universities 
 from which we naturally expect so much seem disposed from 
 time to time to lower their standard and yield too readily to the 
 demand for purely practical education when, after all, the great 
 reason of all education is to draw forth the best qualities of the 
 young man, elevate his intelligence, and stimulate his highest 
 intellectual forces. The animating pj-inciple with the majority of 
 people is to make a young man a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, 
 or teach him some other vocation as soon as pos.sible, and the ten- 
 dency is to consider any education that does not immediately 
 effect that result as superfluous. Whilst every institution of 
 learning must necessarily yield something to this p<*rvading 
 spirit of immediate utility, it would be a mistake to sacrifice all 
 the methods and traditions of the past when sound scholars at 
 least were made, and the world had so many men famous in 
 learning, in poetry, in romance, and in history. For one I range 
 my self among those who, like James Kusseli Lowell and Matthew 
 Arnold, still consider the conscientious and inteiliffent study cf 
 the ancient classics — the humanities as they are called — as best 
 adapted to create cultured men and women, and as the noblest 
 basis on which to btiild up even a practical education with which 
 to earn bread and capture the world. Goldv/in iSmith very truly 
 says, " A romantic age stands in need of science, a scientific and 
 utilitarian age stands in need of the humanities." "- The study of 
 
 Greek, above all others of the humanities, is calculated to stimti- 
 D 
 
60 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 late the hiijfher qualities of our nature. As Matthew Aruold adds 
 in the same discourse irora which I have quoted, " The instinct 
 for beauty is set in human nature, as surely as the instinct for 
 knowltdge is set there, or the instinct for conduct. If the instinct 
 Uy beauty is served by Greek literature and art as it is served by 
 no other literatur*^ or art, we may trust to the instinct of self- 
 preservatiou in humanity for keeping Greek as part of our cul- 
 ture '" With the same great critic and thinker, I hop^ that in 
 Canada " Greek will be increabing-Iy studied as men feel the need 
 in them for beauty, and how powerfully Greek art and Greek 
 literature <an serve this need.'' We are as respects the higher 
 education of this country in that very i ' riod which Arnold saw 
 ahead for America — "a period of uns.'ttlement and < on fusion and 
 false tendency " — a tendency to crowd into education too many 
 matters ; and it is for this reason I venture to hope that letters 
 will not be allowed to yield entirely to the necessity for practical 
 science, the importance of which 1 fully admit, w^hile deprecating 
 it being made the dominant principle in our universities. If we 
 are to come down to the lower grades of our educational system 
 I might also doubt whether despite all its decided advantages 
 for the masses — its admirable machinery and apparatus, its com- 
 fortable school-houses, its varied systematic studies from form to 
 form and year to year, its well managed normal and model schools, 
 its excellent teachers — there are not also sig'ns of superliciality. 
 The tendency of the age is to become rich fast, to get as much 
 knowledge as possible within a short time, and the consequence 
 of this is to spnuid far too much knowledge over a limited ground 
 — to gire a child too many subjects, and to teach him a little of 
 everything. These are days of many cyclopa?dias, historical sum- 
 maries, scientific digests, reviews of reviews, French in a few les- 
 sons, and interest tables. All is digested and made easy to the 
 St udent. Consequently not a little of the production of our schools 
 and of some of our colleges may be compared to a veneer of know- 
 ledge, which i^asily wears o(f in the activities of life, and leaves 
 the roughness of the original and cheaper material very percept- 
 ible. One may well believe that the largely mechanical system 
 and materialistic tendency of our education has some effect in 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 51 
 
 checking the development of a really original and iniadnative 
 literature among ns. Much of our daily literal iin'-indeed the 
 chief literary aliment of larjre classes of our busy populatioji is 
 the newspap-r press, which illustrates in many wavs the haste 
 and pressure of this life of ours iu a couni ry .>r practical not-ds like 
 Canada. When we consider the despatch with which a large 
 newspaper has to be made up, how reports are cauL^ht on the 
 wing and published without .sulticienr verification, how editorials 
 hare tobe w^ritten currenle calamo, and often alter midnight when 
 important despatches con-e in, we may well wonder that the daily 
 issue of u. ne ws])aper is so well done. With the development of 
 confederation the L,:viding CauLi'iif!)) ]>ipers h;ive taken, through 
 the influence of the new condition of things, a larger range of 
 thought and expression, and the gross personalities which so fre- 
 quently discredited the press before 1867 have now become the 
 exception. If I might refer to an old and enterprising paper as 
 an example of the new order of things, I should point to the 
 Toronto Globe under its present editorial management and com- 
 pare it with two or three dv('ades ago. It will be seen there is a 
 deeper deference to an intelligent public opinion by an acknow- 
 ledgment of the right of a community to hear argument and 
 rea.son even on matters of party politics, and to have fair reports 
 of speeches on both sides of a question. In point of appearance, 
 make-up, and varied literary matter— especially in its literary 
 department, its cri+ic'sms of new bo ,ks in all branches of litera- 
 ture — the Australasian press is d. cidedly superior to that of 
 Canada as a rule. The Melbouriie /irg,'/.v^ and the Sydnev He.ahl 
 compare with the best London journals, and the r. ason is mainly 
 because there is no country press in Australia to limit the e)!l-cr- 
 prise and energy of a ne\vs|)aper publisher. Perhaps it is ;is w ell 
 for the p.'Heral insiiuction of ;i coinmiinity like ours that there 
 should l>e a iaia" tiMc,. acir^': .o-iuirv rc-c-s, jiud the people not 
 too much under the guidance of a ic\\ .■ , , : i-mr,. ils in important 
 centres ot pt li{i( al t'loughi and action. For one I have more jniih 
 in the good sense and reason of the community a.s a whole than 
 in the motives and disinterestedness of a few leaders in one or 
 more cities or towns. But 1 must also add that when we <'onsider 
 
■\9 REVIEW OF Canada's 
 
 the influence a widely dir^seminated press like that of Canada 
 must exer.-ise on the opinions and sentiments of the large body 
 of persons of whom it is the principal or only literature, one 
 must wish that there was more independence of thought and 
 honnstv of criticism as well as a greater willingness, or capacity 
 rath.r/to study a hi-h ideal on the part of the press generally 
 However improved ihe tone of the Canadian press may have be- 
 come of late years, however useful it may be as a daily re.ord 
 of passing events -of ourse, outside of party politics-Lowever 
 ably it mav diseuss in its editorial <-olumns the topics ol the aay, 
 it i^ not yet an iniluence always caleulated to strengthen the 
 mind and bring out the best intellectual fatuities of a reader like 
 a book which is the result of calm reilection, sound philosophic 
 thouo-ht, originality of idea, or the elevated sentiment of the great 
 poet OT theliistorian. As a matter of fact a newspaper is too 
 otten in Canada a r-llex of the average rather than ot the higher 
 irit^dlic^en..; of the country, and on no other ground can we ex- 
 plain ^W space devoted to a football match, or a prize light, or a 
 murd.'r trial, or degrading incidents in the criminal hie of inen 
 and women. For one, I am an admirer of athletic and other 
 sports calculated to develop health and muscle, as long as they 
 are not pursued to extremes, do not become the end and aim ot 
 youth or al]o^^ ed to degenerate into brutality. All of us do not 
 forget the great iniluence of the Olympian, the Pythian and other 
 publir rrames on the Greek character when the land was " living 
 Greece •' indeed ; but we must also remember that art and song 
 had a part in those contests of athletes, that they even inspired 
 the Ivric odes of Pindar, that the poet there recited his drama or 
 epi<' 'the painter exhibited his picture, and the intellectual was 
 mad. a part of the physical struggle in those palmy days ol Greek 
 culture. I have not yet heard that any Canadian poet or painter 
 or hiscorian has ever been so honoured, or asked to take part in 
 those ail.h'tic -ames and sports to which our public journals de- 
 vote a numbei^ of pages which have not yet been set apart for 
 Canadian or any literature. The newspaper reporter is nowadays 
 the only representative of literature in our Pythia or Olympia, 
 and h(> assuredly cannot be said to be a Pindaric singer when he 
 
INTELLEi'TUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 53 
 
 exalts the triumphs of lacrossp or tlh- p.'ni.nemeiils of the basi- 
 bail champion. 
 
 X. 
 
 In drawinn- to a conclusion I -.'ome now to r«'f<T to a subject 
 which is naturally embraced in an address intended to rt vit'W 
 the progTcss of culture in this count" v aad that is what snould 
 ha\>\ perhaps, been spoke 'i of beior. , the condition of Art in the 
 Dominion. As our public libraries ''' aiv- small comi>ared with 
 those in the neighbouring uniou, aiul csnlined to thrcf o- four 
 citit's — Montreal being- in some res[>f'! i- i>. hind Toronto — .so our 
 publi. and privai • -rt galleries are ver^- lew in number and insig- 
 nilicant as respectis the value and the eiv, ri;- s~ o; iii • piiiniins's. 
 Even in ihe House of Commons, not louo: since, regn't wl.s 
 expressed at thi smallness of tho Dotninion contribution, one 
 thousand dollar^ f'»iy, tor the supx>ori of a socaihjd Nidional Art 
 Grallery at Otiinva, and tin- greater par! of this paltry sum, it 
 appeared, went to pay, not the addition ..f uoot' ]>aintiue's, but 
 actually the current expenses of keepino- it up, Hopes were 
 thrown out by more than one member oi ; he government, in the 
 course of the discussion on the subject, that ere long a much 
 larger amount would be annually voted to make the gallery 
 more representative of the best Canadian art, and it w^as very 
 properly suggested that it should be the rule to purchase a num- 
 ber of Canadian pictures regularly every year, and in this way 
 stimulate the talent of our artist.s. Montreal at preN.-nt has one 
 fairly good museum of art, thanks to the libera].'' tc two or thr» e 
 of her rich men, but so public spirited o .-itv >> Toronto, which 
 numln'r.s among its citi/'ms a uam].>er of artists of undoubted 
 merit, is ronspicuous for its d<.'arth of good pictures ev -n in pri- 
 vate collections, and for the entire absence of any piibli ■ ^-^slh^r}. 
 In Montreal there are also some V'-ry valuable .ind repre- .ni -'ive 
 painting.s of foreign artists in the residences of her Wfairliy iaen 
 of business ; but whilst it is necessary that we should have 
 brought to this country from time to time such examples of art- 
 istic genius to educate our ov.'n people for better things, i( is still 
 desirable that Canadian millionaires and men of means iiud taste 
 
54 REVIEW OF CANADA'S 
 
 should encourage the best efforts of our own artists. It is said 
 sometimes — and there is some truth in the remark — that Cana- 
 dian art hitherto has been imitative rather than creative ; but 
 while we have pictures like those of L. R. O'Brien, W. Brymner, 
 F. A. Verner, O. R. Jaeobi, Geor^^e Reid, F. M. Btll-Smith, Homer 
 Watson, W. Kaphael, Robert Harris, C. M Manly, J. W. L. Forster, 
 A, D. Patterson, Miss Bell, Miss Muntz, ,T. Pitihey, J. C. Forbes, 
 Paul Peel — a 3'^ouug man of great promise too soon cut off — and of 
 other excellent painters,'"* native born or adopted Canadians, 
 illustrating in many cases, as do those of Mr. O'Brien notably, the 
 charm and picturesqueness of Cai adian scenery, it would seem 
 that only sufficient encouragemeiit is needed to develop a higher 
 order of artistic performance among us. The Marquess of Lorne 
 and the Princeys Louise, during their too short residence in the 
 Dominion, did something to stimulate a larger and better taste 
 for art by the establishment of a Canadian Academy and the hold- 
 ing of several exhibitions; but such things can be of little prac- 
 tical utility if Canadians do not encourage the artists who are to 
 contribute. It is to be hoped that the same spirit of generosity 
 which is yearly building commodious science halls, and other- 
 wise giving our universities additional op})ortunities tor useful- 
 ness, will also ere long establish at least one fine art gallery in 
 each of the older provinces, to illustrate not simply English and 
 Foreign art, but the most original and higlJy executed work of 
 Canadians themselves. Such galleries are so many object les- 
 sons — like that wondrous " White City " which has arisen by a 
 western lake as suddenly as the palaces of eastern story — to edu- 
 cate the eye, form the taste and develop the higher faculties of 
 our nature amid the material surroundings of our daily life No 
 doubt the creative and imaginative facttlties of our people have 
 not yet been developed to any noteworthy extent ; the poems and 
 painting's of native Canadians too frequently lack, and the little 
 fietion so far written is entirely destitute of the essential elements 
 of successful and permanent work in art and literature. Eui the 
 deficiency in this respect has arisen not from the poverty of Cana- 
 
 ''* * Some extended notes on the artists of Cunada and their uork appear in 
 the Appendix, note (14. 
 
INTELLECTUAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNES?<. 55 
 
 diaii intelL.H^f, but rnth.^r from the absejice ( f that general distri- 
 bution of wealth on which art can alone ihnve, ilie con.>^equent 
 want of galleries to onitivute m taste among the people for the 
 best artistic productions, and above ail from the existeiiee of that 
 spirit of inteljectual self-depreciatioii which i< essentially colonial, 
 and k-ads not a few to belime that no good work of this kind can 
 be done in mere dependeuvdes. 
 
 The exhibition of American art ai the world's fair is remark- 
 able on the whole for individual expression, exreih-uT euhnir and 
 ettecti^e composition. It proves to a demonstration that the 
 tendency is progrej^sive, and that it is not too mu<-h to expect 
 that a few decades hence this continent will produce a Corot, a 
 r3aubigny, a Bonnat, a Bouguereau or a Millai-^. Not ih.« hast 
 gratifying feature of the exhibition has been the revelation to the 
 foreign world— and probably to many Canadians as w^ell— ihat 
 there is already some artistic perlbrinanee of a much hi^-her order 
 than was believed to exist in Canada, and that it has been 
 adjudged w^orthy of special mention among the masterpieces that 
 surround the paintings of our artists This success, \ ery mod- 
 erate as it is, must stimulate Canadian painters to still greater 
 efforts in the future, and should help to create a wider interest 
 in their work among our own people, heretofore too indifferent 
 to the labours of men and w'omen, w^hose rewarde have been 
 small in comparison with the conscientiousness and earnestness 
 they have given to the prosecution of their art. 
 
 The opportunities which Canadian artists have had of com- 
 paring their own work with that of the most artistic examples at 
 the exhibition should be beneficial if they have made of them 
 the best possible use. American and French art was particularly 
 well represented at the exhibition, and w^as i^robably most inter- 
 esting from a Canadian point of view% si^ice our artists w^ould 
 naturally inake comparisons with their fellow^-workers on this 
 continent, and at the same time closely study the illustrations of 
 those French schools which now^ attract the greater number of 
 students from this country, and have largely inilueu<;ed.- -perhaps 
 too much so at times— the later efforts of some well-known paint- 
 ers among us. A wriier in the New York Nation has made some 
 
56 REVIEW OF CANADA 8 
 
 oompari^^ons between the best worlds of the artists of France and 
 th.- United States, which are supported by ihet. stinony of critics 
 who in-e able to speak with aiithonty on the babicct. Thrlrpnch 
 notably excel " in s.'iion.ue^^s of pu- p -- ^i^^l iroiuT:.l ex,-ellen(M^ 
 of work from atechnual point of view, ■ ^p.^ially m the thorou-h 
 knowl"d<ve of construction iu both the iigiire and landscapr pic- 
 tures.' On the other hand, the artists of the Ijuitcd States 
 ' show more diversitv of aim :ind individualiiy of -xprcssion. as 
 well as colour feelinir. ' Some two or three Canadian arnsts g.vc 
 examples of those very qualities-especially m their landscapes 
 -which, according to the New York critic, distinguish tlu- illus- 
 trations of the art of the United States. As a rule however, there 
 is a want of individuality of expression, antl of pertection ol 
 finish, in the work of Canadian artists, as even their relatively 
 imperfect representation at Chicago has shown. The tendency 
 to be imitative rather than creative is too obvious. Canadian 
 painters show even a readiness to leave their own beauiitul and 
 varied scenery that they may portray that of other countries, and 
 in doing so thev have ceased in many cases to be original. But 
 despitelhese defects, there is much hope in the general perform- 
 an.-e of Canadians even without that encouragement and sym- 
 pathy which the artists of the United States have in a larger 
 meaJure been able to receive in a country of greater wealth, pop- 
 ulation and intellectual culture. ^ 
 
 Not only does the exhibition of paintings in the w^orld's fair 
 make one very hopeful of the future artistic development of this 
 continent, but the beauty of the architectural desi-u of t h- noble 
 buildinixs which contain the treasur.^^ of art and indusrrv, und 
 of the decorative figures and groups of statuary that eiaheihsh 
 these buildings and the surrounding grounds, is a reiaarkable 
 illustration of the artistic genius that has produced so .xquisite 
 an effect in general, whatever delects there may be in minor 
 details, A critic in the July number of the ' Quarterly Review,' 
 while writing " in the presence of these lovely temples, domes, 
 and colonnacles under tne burning American sky wduch adds a 
 light and a transparency to all it rests upon," cannot help echo- 
 iircr the reoret that this vision of beauty is but for a season, and 
 
INTELLECTDAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS. 5t 
 
 expressiiif,^ the hope that some one of the American monev kiii"-s 
 "may perpetuate his name on marM' , (>y restoriiio, on the edge 
 of thivS immense capita], airiid parks and waters, that great ce itral 
 square whi>h, vv -re it only built of enduring materials, would 
 stand without a rival in modern architecture." Perhaps the fine 
 arts in the Dcnunion — where sculpture would be hardly heard 
 of were it not for the French Canadian llebert — may ihemselves 
 even gain some stimulus from the examples of a hiixher conception 
 of artistic achievement that is shown by this exhibition to exist 
 in a country where a spirit of materialism has obtained th^ mas- 
 tery so long. Canadian av. hilecuire hith-rto has not been dis- 
 tinguished ibr originality of design— much more than art it has 
 been imitative. In Montreal and Quebec the old buildings which 
 represent the past have no architectural beauty, however inter- 
 esting tbey may be to the antiquarian or the historian, and how- 
 ever well many of them harmonize with the heights of pi<>tur- 
 esque Quebec. Montreal is as.sUTe<lly the most interesting city 
 from an architectural point of view in Canada, simply for the 
 reason that its OTchitecis have, as a rule, studied that effect of 
 solidity and simplicity of design most in keeping with the grand 
 mountain and the natural scenery that give such picturesqueness 
 to an excei:)tioually noble site. While we see all over Canada — 
 from Yictoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the Atlantic '"*— the 
 evidences of greater comfort, taste and wealth in our private and 
 public buildings, while we see many elaborate specimens of eccle- 
 siastical art. stately piles of legislative halls, excellent specimens 
 of Gothic and Tudor art in our colleges, expensive commercial 
 and financial strictures, and even civic palaces, yet they are 
 often illustrative of certain well defined and prevalent types of 
 architecture in the eastern and western, cities of the United 
 States. It cannot be said that Canada has produced an architect 
 of original genius like Henry Hobson Richardson, who was cut 
 off in the commencement of his career, but not before he had given 
 the continent some admirable specimens of architectural art, in 
 which his study of the Komanesque was specially conspicuous, 
 and probably led the way to a higher ideal which has reached some 
 * See in Aj.ipendix ')4a rtferences to our notable public editices. 
 
58 REVIEW Of CANADA'S 
 
 reali/iitioii in the city which must too i^voM di^^appoar like the 
 fabri.;. ol a vision, though oue *'au wcil heli<'V>' that, unlike a 
 droani, ir wili 1« av(» a j>ermanonl impref^s on the mtelli'ctual 
 devoloi)Uii'Ht ot the peoph' \\'iio h;T.- .•on';.'i\ » u an ^'xhibitiou t<o 
 creditabl':^ irom a pundy arti:siiv \)0\n\ "i \ ic -v 
 
 XI. 
 
 The Dominion cM: da pf>';,s*-sses a noble heritage which 
 has descended to ns as the r-Milt of the achu'\em<>nt of French- 
 men, Englishmen, ricotchm.'o. una Irishmen, who through ':en- 
 turieH of trial and privation, showed an indomitable c-ourage, 
 patience and industry which it is our duly to imitate with the 
 far greater opportunities \vc now en joy of developing the latent 
 material and intelletdual r.-sourees of ihi.s fair land. Possessing 
 a country rich in natural treasurer and a population inheriting 
 the institutions, the traditions and qualities of their ancestors, 
 having a remarkable capacity for 8ea-governmeut, enjoying ex- 
 ceptional facilities for the acquisition of knowledge, having 
 before us always the record of ditlicullies overcome against great 
 odds in endeavouring to establish ourselves on this continent, 
 we may well in the present be animated by the spirit of hope, 
 rather than by that feeling of despair which some despondent 
 thinkers and writers have too frequently on their lips whi-. it is 
 a question of the destinv in store for Canada, In the ( nrse of 
 the coming decades— perhaps in four or live, or ^ess-- Canada 
 will probably have determined her destiny— her position among 
 the communities of the world ; and, for one, I have no doubt the 
 results will be far more grantyiug to our national pride than the 
 results of even the past thirty years, when we hav. been laying 
 broad and deep the foundations of our present svstem of govern- 
 ment. We have reason to believe that the material success of this 
 confederation will be fully equalled by the intellectual efforts of 
 a people who have s])rung from nations who^e not least endur-^ 
 injr fame has been the fact that they have given to the world of 
 letters a Shakespeare, a Moliere, a Montesquieu, a Balzac, a 
 Dickens, a Dudevant, a Tennyson, a Victor Hugo, a Longfellow, 
 
INTELLECTUAL STKENGTH AND WEAKXKS.s. 59 
 
 a Hawthorne, a Th-'ophile Ganfin'. r, and ini'iy othiT names that 
 rep^es^nlt tlie best lirt-rary gt-uius ;,i tlv KwAinh and Fti'iuh racs. 
 All the t'videnco betor«^ us n nv : h > lo prove that the Frencfi 
 language will coutiuue into aji uidcnnit-' future to he the lan- 
 guage of a large and inilueiinal so.tiuii of th.^ pojuilation ot 
 Canada, and that it must coiis^-u. ntly exen i,>- a decided iiiilii- 
 euce on the culture and i]*: i of the Dominion. It has b^t-n 
 
 within the last four decades that the best intellectual work— both 
 in literature and stat.'smausbij) — has been produced in French 
 and English Canada, and thr vjous of intellectual activity in the 
 same direction do not lessen with the expaii^sion of the Dominion. 
 The history of England from the di-y the Norm ui ■: .mie into the 
 island until he Vv-as absorbed in the ori-inil Sitson element, is 
 not likely to be soon rep;NUed in Canada, but in all probability 
 the two nationalities will rerainn side by side for an unknown 
 period to illustrate on the northern half of the continent of Amer- 
 ica the culture and genius of the two -strongest and bris^htest 
 powers of civilization. As botli of th"se nationalities have vied 
 with each other in the past to build up this confederation on a 
 large and generous basis of national strength and arreatness, and 
 have risen time and again superior to those racial antagonisms 
 created by differences of opinion at great crises of our history — 
 antagonisms happily dispelled by the common sojise. reason and 
 patriotism of men of both races— so we should in the future hope 
 for that friendly rivalry on the part of the best raiiids among 
 French and English Canadians whi* h w411 best stimulate the 
 genitis of their people in art, history, poetry and romance In 
 the meantime, while this confederation is lighting its way out of 
 its political difficulties, ai,d resolving wealth and refinement 
 from the original and rugged elements of a new country, it is for 
 the respective nationalities not to stand aloof from one another, 
 but to unite in every way possible for common intellecitial im- 
 provement, and give sympathetic encouragement to the study of 
 the two languages and to the mental efforts of each other. It 
 was on this enlightened principle of sympathetic interest that 
 the Royal Society was founded and on which alone it can expect 
 to obtain any permanent measure of success. If the English and 
 
60 REYIEW OP rANAPiri 
 
 Frent h always endeavour to meet oarh other on this IVieiully 
 ba.Ms in iill th.-, .omiri unities ^vher.' they live side by side ns well 
 as on all o<ousionN thai demand roiiunon thought and ;i( tion and 
 cultivate that social and iiit. '!.^ I n d mier.ourse whi-di may at 
 all events \v<dd them hotli a-- oiw m spirit and a.s;nrar.iou, Ikav- 
 ev<T dillerent tlen ro-iy coiUuiue in lanLuage and t.'mperament, 
 many i)Tejadice^. nin;st b. riinoved. social Hie must gain in charm, 
 and intellect must be d.'v.-]o])ed by tiuding strength where it is 
 weak, and grac*- where it i-^ ntM»dt d in the menial effort^ of the 
 two races li'in addiiion u> this Vv^deuing of the sympathies of 
 our two national el-meuts, we can see in the Dominion generally 
 less oi" that provincialism which means a narrowness of menial 
 Tision on th<' part of our literary aspirants, and prevents Cana- 
 dian authors nnichinci' a u^nj'V audience in other countries, then 
 we shall rise superior to those weaknesses of our intelleetuid 
 chava«tter which now impede our mental development, and shall 
 be able to give larger scope to what original and. irar.ginativc 
 genius may exist aniong our people. So with the expansion of 
 our mental horizon, with lue growth of '^xperiimce and know- 
 ledge, with the creation of a wider symiiaihy for native talent, 
 with the disappearance of tliat tendency to self-depreciation 
 which is so essentially colonial, and with the encouragement of 
 more self-reliance and coniidence in our own intellectual re- 
 sources, we may look forward with some degree of hopefulness 
 to coiiditiuns of higher development, and to the iniluence on our 
 national character of what can best edevate Conadiaas and make 
 them even happier and wiser, 
 
 " The love of coantry. soaring far above all party slrile ; 
 The love .)1" learning, art and song,— tlie crowuint-' f.'rai» of "iifp.''<^' 
 
BIBLIOaiUPHlCAL. ART AND (lENErvAJ. NOTES. 
 
 LOWKI.LS ADUUEriSES. 
 
 (ii P-aco 1.- Sec "T'tetn.irrncv, and Other A.I.lres.so.s," l.v .1,,i.i.s liM.-scU T.(.%m-I1 
 (Ii(,Mi.ti and .N.'U \<n-k. I»7 1 m|.. i;:i.". :J:;7. 'J'lic aildiv.ss at thr !l,,i\;.rd \iiiii\crs,iry, 
 fr id! wliich 1 qnotu in the tonimem-eimnt of tht> text, .should be cartfullx i. ,i i ;ii,<I 
 stiKii.-d l.y all those who are inr tr-.rr!l in ffliuMri,ri :\'ul (nlunv it. the l).,niiiii..ii, 
 Hiwl do ir,l wish to see the clus,,. .. .vuperscd.d l.\ jHirfiv •^<i rntltic and utilitarian 
 "u-riis. "Ijeavc," he said, for instance, " in their tradil ioiia! pi.- tuiuu i-c.. (hose 
 ai ! - <!iat were riulitly called liberal ; those studis's rh.d iund;,- i ii,. ima^xination, ajid 
 thruiii^h i! irradiate the reason : those studies thai niacii-iii, i .■,! tlia iiiodorii niiml ; 
 tli'«s,. ill which flu- htviiiis of t!'e ti'i.-.st l.-inpcr have Sound alikr tiadr Munid'.s and 
 their rei!.)M>. tMuu'lii hy theia that the p.:)wer of int.i|,.,-i ;,, hciuh;."U(l ii. pmixirtjou 
 as it is III i i,. ;j:ra,iou.s by measure aia! -xmiurtiv. (;i\i- u- -,( ii-nce. iim>, hnt iri^e, 
 first i)f all and last of ail, th( ,rii.|a-.. t i,a. .'h 'a ^ , - 'ii',- an.| mala < ,1 ;., mm . >iis. 
 - . Manv-siiic{iiM'ss <.f cuitirr iiia.i-ci s ymu- vi.,;,iii , Ir.-uvr aiil kcaiift in jiat I iculars. 
 Fnr,af!i-r all. 'i aiiali-^t delitiitioii of Science is tha! iiraadUi aiui inipaii ia'ii \ of 
 \ it \v Aiiah !;!■. i-iU's the Kiiiid ri-uih -licci:,;! II -, aiid i.|al.lc.-, it t * (a:_:aii!/. ,';;atfvtr 
 <vc l.'ari!. .(i ih.iii ii hecuuies real KuowlcdHt.^ i.'V ijciajj; hroughL iuio iruc aati htdjiful 
 relation \v ith the r(\st." 
 
 JAMESTOWN, VA. 
 
 <-) Piige :i— "Nothing remains of tais famous settlement but the mins of a 
 church tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling 
 year l)y year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, makintc gi-eat rifts across 
 the names of the old Armigers and JJonourables. The place is desolate with its 
 washing waxes aiid Hitting sea-i"owi, but possesses a singular attraction. It is one 
 of the few locali! ies which recall the fir.- 1 years of American history ; but it will not 
 recall them much longer. Every distinctive feature of the spot is slowly disap- 
 peiring. T' .. W -r encroaches year l)y year, and the ground occupied by tiie ori- 
 ginal huts i: a |. :_ !y submerged."' Cooke's " Vir^ ' a" (' American Coinnionw'ealtiis,' 
 1884>. p. 10. 
 
 CHAMPLATxV. 
 
 (3) Page ft.—Editions of Ohamplains works appeare<l at Paris in ItjOH.lfiLS, l<il!>, 
 
 Idi^o. ir,-.'7. UV\2 and I(>40 ; at Quebec in IK^O and 1870. An Ihiiilish t lansLil m, , ix.-..., 
 piil.lishfd by the Prince Society of Boston in lfi7.S-8(). The Abbe Lavenlicre- e-.i: ■ iii, 
 in six volun)es, -tto., (Quebec, bSTO), is the most perfect modern puhli. aa i-a. .,' i hi- 
 works.' It: printed for the lii-st time the te.xt of tlie voyage of biDO ItKtl. For hililiu- 
 graphical notes of (.'ham plain's works see Bourinot'.s " Cape Breton," 'Traits, iiov. 
 Soc. (."an.,' vol. ix., Sec. II. , App. VIII. talso in sepamte form, Montreal, 1^2}; 
 Winsor's ^Var. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., l30-i:.54; Harri.sse's "Notes sur la biblio- 
 graphic de la Nouvelle France." 
 
 French Canadian writers like Garneau and Ferland have exhau.sted the language 
 of eulogy in describing the character and life of Samuel Chaniplain. but no one who 
 follows his career can doubt the truth of this latest tribute to the Frenc's colonizer 
 
62 BIBLIOORAPIIICAL, AI?T 
 
 of Canada by Dr. N. E. Diotiiu' in '■.Siiniucl ('h.uiiiilaiii. fond!it«Mir de Qnohec rt pen? 
 dc la Xouvi-lle Fruru'i; : ilisttiirt' dc su vii- tt dc .-.os voyiiKes,'* Queboi-, IM)1 : " II posse 
 dait a iin haut d»>ji;r« \e ftmie colon Lsateur, et c'est dans ro role*, .si difficile de tout 
 temps, <(n'il tit prcuvf d«' sajresse <^t do clairvoyance, et dans le dioix des colons, et 
 dans la direction iju'il .sut iniprinier a Icur>< premiers efforts. liiatelliKencc de 
 Cliamplain se revele dann de notnhreux ecrits, oil Tobsei vateur judicioux et pene 
 trant cou<loie le savant et le Tuarin anssi hfirdi qu"exp»Miiiit'iif e. Coiniiie cosino- 
 graphe il a en rininiense nuritedavoir surpasse tmis ses dcvanciei-s, par lahondance 
 des descriptions et I'apcenceinent henreux des donnees j^eographifines. C'est ni) 
 tiouvenu litre de ^loire <|ue Ton doii ajonter a sa conronue resplcnfiis.saule de 'ant 
 de rayons lumincux. Plusit'urs liistoriens, menu- de ceux i|ui necotnptcnt i>as pamni 
 Its adniiratetirsdes leuvre^ t'nincaises, hii ont rendu le teiiioignage d'a voir fait entn^r 
 la science carrutrraplii^iiie dans nne nouveile ere de i)ro!j;res. N'aturaliste, p'oi^raplie, 
 niarin, eosiiio^iraplit- ; Ohainplain etail t"nt cela a la (ois, el dans une mesure hante- 
 
 nient reinarquablc pour lepoque ou il vivait Pas un gouverneur smis 
 
 Tancien rc^rinie n'a donne d'aussi brands i-xeniples de foi, de piete. et de droiture 
 d'intention." 
 
 It is (Captain .John Smith of Vir-jinia who, among the colonizers of Vmerica, can 
 best compare with the founder of Quebec. The follouinj? estimate of his character, 
 Riven by the historian (Jeorjie Bancroft (i., l.'li^-USt), e<l. of WAu. eould be applied in 
 abnost every particular to the Frenchman ; all we need do is to read " New France" 
 for "Virginia," "French" for "Saxon," "France" for " Fiugland," etc. : "He was 
 the father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted thb Saxon race within the 
 borders of the L'nited States. His judgment had ever been clear in the midst of 
 general desponderu-y. He united the highest spirit of adventure with consummate 
 powers of action. His courage and self-possession accomplished what others esteemed 
 desperate. I-'ruitful in expedients, he was prompt in execution. Though he had 
 been harassed by the persecutions of malignant envy, he never revived the memory 
 of the faults of his enemies. He was accustomed to lead, not to send his men to 
 danger ; would sutler want rather than borrow, and starve sooner than not pay. He 
 tiad nothing counterfeit in his nature, but wa-s open, honest and sincere. He clearly 
 discei-ned that it was the true interest of B'ngland not to seek in Virginia for gold 
 and hidden weailh, ttut to enforce regular industry. 'Nothing." said lie, ' is to be 
 expected thence Imi by labour.' " 
 
 LfJSCARBOT. 
 
 (4) Fage 0.~- Editions of Lescarhofs "Histoirede la Nouveile France" appeared 
 at Paris in irKHi, ItHl, l(il7 an<l 1018; but the most conipleu- aufl available modern 
 copy is that printeil by Tross in three volumes <I'aris, IM]). For bil)liographical 
 notes of Lcscurbot's works see 'Nar. and Crit. Hist. An).,' iv., 149- 1. "SI ; Harrisse's 
 "Notes." 
 
 chai;t,evotx. 
 
 (5) F'age 6.— Editions of t'harlevoix's •' Histoire et description generale de la Nou- 
 veile I-'ranee," etc., appeared at Paris in 1744, three \ohimes, 4to., and six volumes in 
 12mo., with maps. Dr. Siiea's udmirabie English version ami annotations were 
 printed at New York in six handsome volumes, 1860-1872. For bibliographical notes 
 see ' Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv.. 154, lioS. 
 
AND GENERAL NOTES. gg 
 
 HUTCHINSUN'S HISTOKY. 
 
 (fi) Pasjp fi. For hihiio-i' i- h, of Tliornas Hutrhinson's fswlknt "History of 
 Mass.ichii.sftt.s Bay " (Boston, IT l'<, iTliT, 17!».j; Lotuloti, 17.10. ITtVS, IH2H. thiw volumes) 
 M'e 'Xar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iii„ Mi. lU was roya! governor of the provincts 
 1770-72. and died near I^ondon in 178t). 
 
 SAGABl). 
 
 (7>Pag»'.«. Edition.H of Sagard's work.s, " Le Grand Vvyagv," ptc, apjM-urfd il 
 Paris in lf«2 and UK^H, hut Tross printed adinimUl.- c.>i)i.\s at Paris in imiM. Char- 
 itnoi.x ha.«s not a favourable judgrn.-nt of .^agard ; hut no douht, wbii.' h.> is diHuw, 
 he gives an exwllcnt insifrht into fndian liiV and eu.stom-. For hiljljogmphical 
 notes stH' -Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 2!tO 2!J1 ; Harrisse's "Notes." 
 
 i'. BDICHER. 
 
 {8> Page ti. - Pierre Bouclier's ''M(CTirs et productions ,1c la .\ouv»'llc I'rance" ap 
 peared at Paris in IfifM (sm.l2mo.), and is deserilied hy Cbarievoix as a faithful, if 
 superdcial, account of Tanacia. For l>H.liographieai notes, see ' Nar. find Crit. Hist. 
 Am.,' iv., 2!>8 ; Uanis.se'.s "Notes." 
 
 JE.SU1T RELATfONS. 
 
 (8) Page 6.— Tiie Canadian Covenuuentpnl>lished at tjiioliec in ISTiS, in three large 
 8vo. volumes, a .series of the "Relations,' fron, Hill- l(i72, and supplemental or com- 
 plemental issues of allied and later " Relations " were printed through the efforts of 
 Mr. Lenox, Br. O'Callughan and Dr. .Sliea, of \ev\- York. For bibliugraphiea! notes 
 on these invaluable collections, see ' Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' 290 et n^y. : Hurrisse's» 
 "Notes." 
 
 I^RIIE DU CREUX. 
 
 UOiPage (i.-Pere ciu Crenx «.»• Crenxins pui>lished his prolix work. " lli.storia 
 Canadensis," with map and ilkistratiuus. in Latin, at I'aris in MH. For bibliograph- 
 ical notes, .see ' N'ar. and Crit. Hist. Am..* iv., 2i)0 ; flarrisse's "Notes." Dopite its 
 (liiruslveness, it has value for the historical students of his times. 
 
 LA POTHKHTE. 
 
 (II) Paire 0.- Baequeville de la Polherie's •' Histoire de I'AmfiriqueSept.eiitriouak', 
 deimis 1.5;« juKiiii'a ITtir" was pnblisiu-d lirst at Pari.s in 1722. four volumes. 12mo. ; 
 but :>. later edition appeared in ]7.=5:j. Charlevoix's opiiuon. that it i.s an undigested 
 and ii! -writ ten ua,rrative, i.s prejudiced, asthew.irk is on the svhoie a useful and exaci 
 account of the French estahUshn\en1.v a( Queljee, Montreal and Three Rivers, and 
 cspecialiy <4 the condition of the Indians of the time. For bibUographicai notes see 
 'Nar. and Citt. Jiisl. Am.,' iv., 2lM>, 3,57 -:r)8. 
 
 LAFITAU. 
 
 illo') Page t).- The followiag note with respect to this aliie priest's writing is 
 taken from • Nar. ;ind Crit. Hist. Am.,' iv., 2sJH, 29i) : ■' Tlie .Jesuiv Laiitau published 
 at Paris in 1721 iiis ' Mamrs des Sauvages Ameriquains' iu tvvu volumes, with 
 
64 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART 
 
 various plates, which in the nijiin is contined to the natives of Canada, where he had 
 lived long with the Iroquois. Charlevoix said of his liook, twenty years later, ' We 
 have nothing so exact on the subject ; ' and Lafltau continues to hold high rank as 
 an original authority, thougii his book is o\erlaid witli a theoiy of Tartaric origin of 
 the red race. Mr. Parknian calls him ' the most satisfactory of the elder writers.' " 
 Garneau, ii., 154, mentions that lie iliscovii-ed in 1716 a plant in t.'ie Canadian forests 
 which is of the nature of fjinseng, wliich for awhile was a valuable article of export 
 to Canton. Eventually it became; valueless in China on a<"»'0unt of its being prepared 
 improperly. 
 
 C. LE CLEHCQ. 
 
 (12) Page fi. -I'erc Ch e^tien Lc Clercq's " Etablissemenl de la Foy'' appean-d in 
 two volumes, 12m >., at I'aris in IHOl, and an t'xcellent translation by Shea at New 
 York in ISsl. He also wrote a, work, "Nouveilc Relation de la Gaspesie," which 
 was also printed at !\iris in IGUI. For t)ibliographical notes see ' Nar and Crit. iJist. 
 Am.," iv., 2in ; Han isse's " Notes." 
 
 COTTON MATHKR'S "MAGNALIA." 
 
 <l;i; Page 7. -For bil>liographical notes on thi.> curious lAla j-odruhi of religion 
 and history sec * Nar. and Crit. His*^. Am.' iii., Mo; Steven.s's " Historical Nuggets," 
 ii., i*.)5. 
 
 Dr. AIICHf:L SARHAZIN. 
 
 (13af Page 8.— An interesting account of the life and labours of the eminent 
 pioneer of science in Canada, who came to tjuebec in IGS'> and died there in 17:Vi, wUl 
 be found in the fifth V(}lunie of the ' Trans. Roy. Soc. Can." (section IV.), by the Abba 
 Lallamme. See also Parkman's "Old Regime in Canada," p. SMi, n. Also, pp. -iW- 
 393 for citatioi<.s from Kalm and Ch.irlevoi.x as to social condition of the French 
 colony. Also, pp. UK) Ittt and notes, for an account and references to authorities on 
 subject of the Seminary. 
 
 PETER KALM. 
 
 (1361 Page 8. — He was professor of F.cnuomy in the University of Aol>o, in Swedish 
 FinlantI, and a member of (lie Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. His Travels in 
 Nortli America (" In Kis.a tel Nord Americ.i"), 1748-51, first appeared in Swedish 
 (Stovkholm, 1753 (jl). and sabsequently in a translation, wiMi the original somcwha; 
 abridged, 1)} Jojin Rciuhoid I'orstei (Warrington and Lor.don, 177!l: 2nd ed., 1772). 
 A translation in FrencU by L. W. Marchand has also been published, and it is 
 from that 1 quote in the text (For German and Dutch versions see • Nar. and Crit. 
 Hist. Am.,' v., 214.) I have since found that Foister, in a note (ii., 185, 2nd ed. ion 
 the remarks of the Swedish .-ax ant with respect to the .study of science in the Kng 
 lish colonies, calls attention to i he fact that '" Mr. Kalm has forgottcri his own a.^ser- 
 tions in the former pan of this work. " Dr. ("olden. Dr. Franklm and Mr. Barirain, 
 he continues, "have been tin; great promoters and investigators of nature m this 
 country, and how would the inhabitants have gotten the tine collections of N'octh 
 American trees, shrubs and plants, which grow at pres(ud almost in every garden, 
 and are as if they were naturalized in old England, had they not been assisted by 
 their frienils and by the curious in North .\merica." Forster iUso refers to the 
 schools, colleges and libraries .-ilready existing in the English colonics as evidence 
 that Kalm hardly did justice to the men of culture in those countries. No doubt 
 La Galissoniero, Sarrazin, Gauthier, and others created, for a time certainly, much 
 
AND GENERAL NOTEt!. 66 
 
 interest in fcho, practical pxirMiit of s.Mcnr,- i,! Cmiarta. Tl:,,: iniorfst, I (nv,.v..r nin.st 
 have been l)e«^^^;.^i]y._•ont^ned to a vrry .^M::.ii ri.tss u, ih,.,sv., ..r i bive town, and 
 KiLrnson^. I., u ;,;,•!, [.a ( ;a!-M;„;, , .V ■ ^'iu.'ii.'ev fn.i.r. S.i.u. of t h,. .i,..„;i p,,..sts 
 ■ ike L.tiu..,.i .:-.,■ iu,,.. :1'/Hu..l a i.a:.- f,.t K.Mnr !ij. ,,!•., a:hl hav,- l-ft sis n.ii-'li !i,- 
 formatiou oa the sul)irct. Hut Laiitan, i,a (,,.l.,, v,:,-,- , (,,,.: i:.t, S,;!-;i/h' uui 
 others wt-re not nath- Cana.iia-i-.. th ,ngli. I'k,. ( ;,ai l^v,,:v and hi-, laru. •! s.^.rs -vhu 
 wr<,t,. of iheiouniT,, rhcy liav,. i.-ft impensha!>ie mviuurials connect i,, ;ni.i. i-arnrs 
 with the literary an.; ii'iific history of New France. On theorheiiuuui IVuikii.. 
 Bartrani, Stith, the aathpr. and Beverl-v . .^ hose names will be uiwavn associated 
 With the early euhure c! s( ..lue ami la.THture in the old Enpcli>h eoloiiies. w.-c 
 Americiui by hiuh ;■, rl ,_du.aiion. Stii! these men represented a vpvv iasi-iii,, a r 
 infiueiice m the jM-aclical, iiiom-y uiakiri^' I- -pulafion of \.-.v Tii-laud and the 
 iniddh;coIoiiie> uf wi.j.-h Kidm ehieily sp.jke. Their link;, .,.■.., w >uld be relatively 
 tritliMK co!,i|,,:iv..l witJi that v.'hich xvus neces.sariiy exercised by a governor like 
 La'iaiisscnp.T in X. \v Fr<;nce. wii h it> syn.path^^t ie olliciah; and ;.; !eM-. and whi.Ji 
 was nere-i,r:y rwnt.-i-^t.ed bv Kahi, wiih ch.' -.dillcnTicc of tl',' In-lish (■,.ln,.i>,s, 
 Kalm failed, howi-x.-. ;.. .-,, ..^aice iju- piibli.. ^ii;, otv, .■oMuniT-iai en^;.-rpris> and 
 secular educuii. -11 uLi.i. ia New l-Jngiand au.i oti;or <-o!on:a! .■•Munuinino travo the 
 people thH advaiita-.' over the liabium- and French (Jai.adia.n> -a-rirrallv. hisiead, 
 tlie -pirit of ma -v.. osm that '.vas a di-.t;n.ru:^hiii;^ feaMin- of th(^ aJtue, ent.-r! 
 prising i:;iigUsh .•oi.,ai.>ih. must ua,\e gra!o-d on th. -u -eejr.ibilit i.-s ..f .; -.-n..^ ut like 
 Kalm, and prevented him from doing impart ii^, Ju'itiee to liie s; ron^' <iaiiiiieh of a 
 rising nation. 
 
 SCHOOLS, 1702-1840. 
 
 <11) Paget).— For aeconnts of the deplorable eonilitinu of fi-" ■ ;!.'• • •' ..."i-, in the 
 rural districts of Upper Canada from 179) to the imion of is-! - ('.ai' , ■; - His- 
 tory of the Province of Ontario'^ (Toronto, 1«;2). Cannift' llai.u'hfs "Country Life in 
 Canada Fifty Years Ago " (Toronto, 18.S.^), and Bourinot's '• Ii.' • li. . ■ .>: :\-^'.;, ,.,,.,.:it 
 of the Canadian People "' (12mo., Toronto, and ' Canadiiui >;■ i. , i,s-.li. \-, rla- 
 present time there are 11 universities and 29 colleges in u-hici; a classical education 
 is given ; b ladies" colleges, ami -i agricultural colleges and schook, of scieiu-.e. The 
 value of their building?!, endowments, etc., is upwards of ?12,O()0.iH30, and the attend 
 anee is about O.OlKi students. The classical colleges of Quebec— which make up the 
 greater number of the colleges in Canada— are a combination of school and college 
 attended by both boys and young men. They confer certain degrees and are gener- 
 ally atliUatcd with Laval University. The effect of the classical studies encouraged 
 in these colleges is very perceptible in the culture of the well educated French Cana- 
 dian. At pre-sent there are in Canada upwards of l7,fW) public, high, normal, and 
 model schools, attended by about 1,U!):).<HW {uipiis, asid costing a total annual e.vpen- 
 ditiire of between si.x: and seven nullions of dollars. In Ontario (once CpperCanada) 
 there are 16 universities and colleges, including ladies' and agricultural colleges ; 
 alto'Jt. (),fKK> schools oi all kinds, attended by uver .iO't.CKii) pupils, and costing annua'Iy 
 over §l,(KK).O00. See " The Statrstieal Year-Book of Can;ida," Ottawa, !Sl»a. 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 1793-1840. 
 
 (1.5) Page a - .Some interesting details of the early settlement of Ontario will be 
 fouml ui Dr. (vanniirs ' History of Ontario'" (Toronto, 1872), As a lot-al record or 
 annals it i.s the most valuable yet given to the public by a descendant of the pioneers 
 and I', i-:. Loyalists. Caunitr Haight'- "Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago" 
 ii a readal>le and sketchy account of old times. 
 E 
 
66 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART 
 
 CAN'ADLVN JOrRXALISM. 
 
 (10> Pu^e 10.— A brief hist.orie.-il skoieh of Canadian Journalism will be found in 
 Bourinot's " Intillcctua! Devt'lopnienl of tlu- Canadian People " (Tu\onto, IH81> ; alt-o 
 in Dr. Canniir's '' H i.storv of the Province of Ontario " (Toronto, 1872), and in " Sketch 
 of Canadian Journalism." by E. B. Biggar, " Canadian Xe\v.spaper Directory " (Mont- 
 real, lHil2). Some of the statements in this art ii.'le api)ear to require verification. I 
 have row in my possession a copy of the ' York Gazette ' printed in July, 1815, though 
 Mr. Biggar states that no paper was published in York after tlie capture of the town 
 by the American troops and the destrnct ion i>f the prc^s and type, in ISKl, until 1H17. 
 The ' York tiazette " was originally the ' Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle," 
 tir.-t printed in 17!i;$ at Niagara (\ewark>, when if as the political ca]<ital of Upper 
 Canada after the passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was removed to York 
 (Toronto) in 18lX), and became the " York Gazette' a few years later. At th<' present 
 time tliere are in Ontario alone, of daily papers, 17; weekly, :J8f). In the Dominion 
 ther«' are 9S daily papers. l,(Ki5 weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, etc. In IKiS there were 
 in all Biitish North America nol more than 70 pjipers. of which ;W were in Upper 
 C^anada. In 18(i! the total was alK)nt ;• (juarter of tlie present number. 
 
 HOWirS SPEECHES. 
 
 (17) Page 11.- Joseph Howe's speeches were printed at Boston in IHo^, two vol- 
 umes, Hvo. For bibliographical notes see ' Am. Hist. Ass, Papers, 1SV)2,' p. liOt), at end 
 of Bourinot's "' Parliamentary t_iovernment in Canada." 
 
 "SAM SLICK." 
 
 (18) l^age 11. -.Judge Haliburtons famous work has the till(% "The Clockmaker ; 
 or, Sayings and Doiugs of Sam Slick of SlickviUe.'" London a:id Halifax, 1st ser. 
 1S;}7, "ind ser. 1.-%iS, 3rd ser. 184(). Bepriuted 18;{H-!848, three volumes. New edition 
 1S45. Several later cheap English and American editii-us have appeareti from time 
 to time. A Inbliogniphy and sketcij of the judge's life, written proViably by his son, 
 Roliert (ji., appears in the " Bibliotheca Canadensis" (Ottawa, 1872). Tb huuiorous 
 sketcliea, to wliich he chiefiy owes Ids fame, were contributed aiion^ - sly to the 
 'Nova Scotian,' tlien edited by Joseph Howe. The i)aper is stilJ in eAio.ence as a 
 weekly edition of tiie 'Morning (T'hronicle ' of Halifax. The judge was educat<'d in 
 oil! King's College, \Nindsor. See infra, note :il. 
 
 JUDGE HALinUKTON'S IIIS•ro^n^ 
 
 (19) Page 12. -"An Historical and Statistical .Vccount of Nova Scot ia," with maps 
 and engravings. Halifax, two volumes, large 8vo. For l>ibliographical note see 
 Bourinot's '•Cai)e Hretcm," .\pp. X. A complete copy, with maps and illustrations, 
 is now becomi;ig rari\ 
 
 W. SMITH'S HISTORY. 
 
 ('2(!) Page I'i. ■• The History of Canada, from its First Discoveiy to the T'eacc" of 
 17().'); and from tlu- Es!ai)lishnu ut i>f the Civil Government in 17(■^J to the Ejstablish- 
 ment of the Constitution in 17!K). " Bv William Smith. E.sc|uire, Clei-k of the Parlia 
 nient and Master in Chanci'ry of the Province of Lower Canadi. " Xe quid falsi 
 di(;ere audeat, ne (juid veri non uudeat." In two volumes, large 8vo. (Quebec, l^l.!.) 
 He was a son of the historian of the pi-ovince of New York, who after the war of the 
 revolution became chief justice of Canada. 
 
AND GENERAL NOTES. 67 
 
 JOSEPH BOUCHETTE. 
 
 fJ!) Page IL'.- The works of tlii.'* eminent Canadian survt-vor ;<nfi hydro.uTapher 
 appearefi under the following titles: 
 
 1. ' A Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada, with remarks 
 upon Upper Canada and on tlui relative connection of hoth Provinces with the United 
 States of America." London, 181.5, royal 8vo.. with plate.s. Also an edition in French. 
 
 2. " The British Dominions in North America, or a Topographical and Statistical 
 Description of the Provinces of Upfjcr and Lower Canada, New Bjunswick, Nova 
 Scotia, the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward a^d Cape Breton, including 
 considerations on land-granting ari en.igi-ation. and a topographical dictionary nf 
 Lower Canada ; to which is annex<'d the statistical tables and tables of distances, 
 published with the author's maps of Lower Canada, in consequence of a vote of the 
 Provincial Legislatun . ^'mhellished with vignctte.s, views, landscapes, plans of 
 towns, harbours, etc.: -ontaining also a copious appendix." London, IJn^L three 
 volumes, 4tr>., generally hound in two. 
 
 MICHEL BIBA CDS HISTOPtlCAL WORKS. 
 
 (22) Page 1"2. — " Hist oire du Canada sous la Domination Fran^ai.se." Montreal, 
 1837, 8vo. Do., 1J=43, 12mo. 
 
 " Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Angiaise." Do., 1844. The third vol- 
 ume of the series appeareil after the author's death, and was publishetl by his son, 
 J, 0. Bibaud, at Montreal, l,-<78, l2mo. 
 
 THOMPSON S ROOK ON THE WAR OF 1^12. 
 
 {2S\ Page 12. - '" History of the Late War between Great Britain and the United 
 States of America, w ith a retro- pective view of the causes frotn whicli ii originated, 
 collected from the most authentic suurces; to wdiich is added an appendix, contain- 
 ing public documents, etc., relating to the subject." By David Thompson, late ot 
 thi' Royal Scots. Niagara, U. t.\ Printed liy T. Sewell, printer, booklnnder and sta- 
 tioner. Market Square, 185^2, 12mo., pp. oW. This was lor sosjie time believed to be 
 the first book printed in Upper Canada, imt Dr. Kingsford, F.R.S.C, in " The Early 
 BiViliognphy of the Province of Ontario" (Toronto am! Motitn-al, 18;'2>, enumerates 
 a list of some thirty three pubiicati'ms that antedatcfl it, and Mr. Charles Lindsey, 
 a bibliophilist and liUeraftur of T ironto. adds a number of others. See Toronto 
 • Week,' Dec. U. 18*12. Dr. Kingsford's rejoinder, ih., Dec. ;J0, and another article on 
 same sutiject by Mr. Lindsey, /?>., Jan. 1.'!, 18!)8. All Ihese bibliographical notes are 
 interesting, and show liow iusignitic.ini in point of intellectual and original ability 
 was the literature of Ontario for fifty years previous to 1841. 
 
 BELKNAP'S HISTORY. 
 
 (21) Page Ki.- Mr. Jeremy Belknap's "History of New Hampshire " was published 
 ir. I'hiladeiphia and Bo'-ton in lT?^li)2, three volumes. See Bourinofs " Cape Breton." 
 in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can ,' vol. ix., p. 315, and p. 147 in the separate volume (A'ont 
 real, lsi)2). 
 
 THE I'OET CREMAZIE. 
 
 (2.5) Page 17. Octave Ciemazie was one of the vroi strng <>f French Canada, and 
 a btKikseller without the least aptitude for business. He left (jueViec after his faihire, 
 and lived under an assumed name in France, where he died in poverty. His life 
 was most unfortunate, and iu the gloomy days of his later French career he ne%'er 
 
68 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ABT 
 
 realized the expeetatious which bis iitt'rary ctforts in Canada raii-od among his ar- 
 dent friends. His poems appeared at fir*:t in the ' Soirees Canadiennes' and French 
 Canadian Journals, hut his \v.;)rks were puhlishcd in FtiH at Montreal, in l!SM:2, under 
 the patronage of the Institut Cana<iien of Quehec, of which he was on'- of the 
 founders. The Abbe Ca.sgrain has given the introdnction for this edition, and added 
 some of liie letters written to him Iiy Creniazie frr>m Paris. Cremazie, and indeed 
 many (if his friends, considered the " Trois .Morts " as the liest ithirt of liis poetic 
 genius; but the .Vbbe trnly .says : "Cremazie lias nc\er rcaiiy been oriLrinal except 
 in his patriotic poems; in them must be sought tlie secret of his pojiularity ;ind his 
 strongest c!a.iui to fame." And he goes on to say; " 'J"he ol<l tnotlicr-couu! ry has 
 so far given a warm wclcoine to only one of our poets. She has at.:kiiowiedged Fre- 
 chette as the uios<t emphaticaliy i''rench of our jxietic ^ispirauts ; Imt the time i.-> not 
 far distant when slie will rceogni^e in Creinazie tlie most thoroughly Canadian of 
 tliem .ill. His vt-rses have uoi the extpiisite workmanship that is so much admired 
 in Frechette, Init it is full of a patriotic inspiration that is not so often found in 
 the authiir of ' Fleiirs l{oc(ale>-.' Di-spite his inequalit ies and iuiperfections, Cre- 
 mazie must live atnong us ,)s the father of our national jioetry." The patriotic 
 poem whicit has touched w.'t.-t deeply the lieurts of his countrymen is '" Le Drapeau 
 de Carillon," in which he recalls tlie militajy acliMnements of the days of Levis ami 
 Montcalm — 
 
 "' Les .jours de Carillon, 
 Oil, sur le drapeau blanc attacliant la victt)ire, 
 \os pere-; se couvraient d'uu immortel renoni 
 ¥a ti"H airiit di' k'ur glaive, une heroique histoire. 
 
 " O radienx debris dune grandc epopee 1 
 Heroupie baimiere au naufrage echappee I 
 Tn rest<»s sur nos bords cc>mme nn temoin vivant 
 Des glorieux exploits d "une race gnerriere : 
 F^t, sur les jours passes, repandant ta lumiere, 
 Tu viims rendre a son nom un hommage eclatant. 
 
 " Ah ! bientot puissions-nous, o drajican de nos peres ! 
 Voir tons )':s Canadiens, nnis comme 'les freres, 
 Comine au jour du combat se ^errer pres de toi I 
 Puisse des souvenirs la traditioi\ saiiite, 
 f'Jn regnant dan.-- leur cicur, gat-derde touie atteinte, 
 lit leur langue et lour foi." 
 
 \V iicn w I' hear asp i rat ions whispered iiowa,days tlMt there ni.iy be on!;.' one language 
 in Canada, ii; is well to consider the intluence of such nervi.ins jioetic French >)n the 
 national feelings of the large population in the province of Quebec. Tlie French 
 language is likely to t«e deeply seated fur some generations yet while there are F'rench 
 Canaiiian p'lets. 
 
 CHAUVEAU Ah A POET. 
 
 (20) F^ige 17. -Hon. Mr. Chauveau's poems appearcil at dillcrent times in the 
 'Cauaiuen' of l^uebec, ' Le Kepertoire National,' 'Les Soirees Canadiennes' 'La 
 Revue Catiadic'iine," and in other papers and publications frixn 18;^ until the year of 
 his death. l.'*H). One of his latest poems, " Le Sucre Ct.eur." vva.s printed in the 
 second volume of the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can..' Sec. I. A vuluable paper by the same 
 
AND GENZKAL xXOTES. 69 
 
 lUfrroffur, " Etude sur U>.s c.MuniftK'ernents do la p.wsie francaise an Canada " ..r> 
 pear.! ,n th. n^t volu.ne of the ' Trans. ' Se.. I., p. !». In '■ Sou^ oil^^n.^-- 
 
 by citing "Donnacona'jit length. ' 
 
 HOWE'S POEMS. 
 
 little ^ Glome with the Mt!e 'Poem^ and Essays." Montreal, 1874, 1-Jmo. 
 
 THE POETS SANGSTER AXD M* LACHLAN. 
 
 (28) Page 17. -Charles Sani,^ster wa.s a native of Kins^ston, and eonse,.nent!v a 
 native Canadian like the others mentioned ifa the text. Hin principal poen.skppe.r.d 
 in the following lK>oks : "The St. Laurence and the Sa...,r.-n. and Other Poems" 
 KingHton and New York. 1^50, .svo. -Hesperus and OtS.er Poems and Lvries:" 
 Montreal 1,^ hvo. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Bayard Tavlor and Jean In^delMW 
 wrote of his verse in terms of eulogy. See " Bil.liothecii Canadensis." p. Ml 
 
 Alexander McLachlan was a poet contempm-ary with Sangster, and imbued with 
 much poetic fervour and Canadian sentiment, but he was born and educated in 
 Scutiand, and came to Cana-la when a young mrtn. His " Kmigrant and Other 
 Poems (loronto, 1861) merited the praise it received, thouu-h this, like his other 
 poetic efforts, are now rarelv cit.>d, and no new edition of his works has appeared of 
 recent years. 
 
 CHARLES HEAVYSEIGE'S WORKS. 
 
 _ (29) I'age Is.--' Saul: a Drama in Tliree Parts." Montreal, 1857, 8vo. 2nd ed.. 
 1859. 
 
 "Count Filippo; or. The Unequal Marriage; a Drama in Five Acts." Montreal 
 18(30. 
 
 "Jephthah's Daughter." London and Montreal, 18()5. 12mo. 
 
 " The Advo. ate: a No\ei." Montreal, 18(w, 8vo. Thi> was a decided failure. 
 
 TODD'S WORKS. 
 
 (••30) Page 18.-Tlie first edition of Todd's '•Parliamentary t'.ovenmu-TU in Eng 
 land" appearetl at London in 18{)7-(5H, two volumes. 8vo., and the second after his 
 death in lRs7. An abridged edition, by Spencer Walpole, an English v.riter, was 
 printed in 189:^, two vol.unes, 12mo. For bibliograjihical no^es of this and other 
 Canadian con.stitntiona! works see the .Appendix to Bourinot's "Parliamentary 
 Government in Canada : an Historical and Constitutional Studv," ' Am. Hist. Ass. 
 Papers,' Washington, 18(n. 
 
 CHRISTIE'S HISTORY. 
 
 (31)Pagel8.-ATr. Christie's "History of Louer Canada" embraced the period 
 from the commencement of its political history as a British dependency until it 
 Avas reunited with Upper Canada in 18K) by act of the imperial parliament. It ap- 
 peared i? Quebec and Montreal from 1840 to 18.n.>, when the si.vth volume, a collection 
 of valuable documents. comi)leted the work. Previously the author had published 
 several memoirs and reviews of poutical events and administrations, which were 
 all tinally embraced hi the hist oiy. For bibliographical notes see 'Am. Hist. Ass. 
 Papers,' 1891, p. ffei ; '•Bibliotheca Canadensis," art. "Christie." If is noteworthy 
 
70 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART 
 
 that Mr. Christie was, like Judge Flaliburton, lioin and educated in Windsor, Nova 
 Scotia, where old Kin,!i;"a College still pursues its eaini academic stuilies amid its 
 sheltcrintr and ancestral elms. In 1H!M) this vencra'nlc and interesting institution 
 celelirated the centenary of its foundation. See Hind's '" University of King's Col- 
 lege, Windsor, X.S.. I79t» 1890,'" New Yi>rk, "Tlie Church lleview Co.," 18!J0. But 
 Robert Christie could no! in those times be educated in King's, as he was not a mem- 
 ber of the Church of England like the Judge. 
 
 GAKXEAU. 
 
 (32) Page IS. -The finst volume of Fran9oi3 Xavier Garneau's " Ilistoire du Cana.la 
 depuis sa deeouverte jusqu'.a nos jours " appeared at Quebec in 184,") ; the second in 
 Ij*4fi ; and the third, bringingthe hist,ory down to the establishment of constitutional 
 government in 1791, was printed in In'tS. A second edition completed tiie work to 
 the union of the Canadas in 1841, and was published hi 18.52 at Montreal by Mr. 
 Lovell, the wellknovMi publisher A third edition ajjpcared at Quebec in IS.'iO, and a 
 somewhat slovenly translation was made l»y Mr. Andrew Bell and printed at Mont- 
 real in 1800. The fourth edition appeared in four volumes after the histoiian's 
 death. It is the third edition, as originally written by .Mr. Garneau. The fourth 
 volume of this edition contains an eulogistic review of the author's life by Mr. Chau- 
 veau, a poem by Mr. Louis F'^rechetle on ''Xotre Ili-stoire" also printed in " Traiis. 
 Roy. Soc. ('an.,' vol. i.. Sec. I., -and an analytical table by Mr. B. Suite. A portrait 
 of Mr. Garneau is the frontispiece to the same s'olurae. The " Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' 
 vol. i.. Sec. I., has a paper by Abl>e Casgrain on Garneau and Ferlaitd, 'Notre I'asse 
 Litteraire, et nos dcu.'c Jiistoriens." In the .same volume appears a paper by Mr, 
 J. M. LeMoine on "Kos quatre historiens modernes. Bibaud. Crarneati, Feriand, 
 Failion," which, like tl'e preceding e.'-say, certainly does not fail in the way of eulogy. 
 French Canada assuredly is protid and not often too critical of her eminent writers. 
 
 FERLAND AND FAILLON. 
 
 (XJ) Page 18.— "Cours d'liistoiro du C^anada. Preinic^re j)artie, l.'iiU-ieSS." Par 
 J. B. A. Feriand, pretre. professeur d'hlstoire a ^Cni^■e^site La\ al. Quebec, 1861, 8vo. 
 Secoude partie, Wc^ 1759 ; do., 1S<>.5, 8vo. The second volume "as going through the 
 press at the time of the author's death, and subse<piently appeared under the careful 
 supervision of his friend the Abbe Laverdiere, to whose historical labours C'anada 
 is deeply indebted. Indeed French Canada owes much to Laval, with its able teach- 
 ers, historians and scientists. 
 
 The Abbe Jr'aillon, a Sulpioian, who wrote a "Ilistoire de ia Colonie Francaise 
 en l^anada" ^T'aris, lbtj.5) in four ito. volumes, was not a Canadian bv birth and edu- 
 cation like Feriand and iTarneau, but came to Canada in 18.>1, and, after residing 
 there for over ten years, returned to his native country, where he publislied his 
 well known and valuable work. 
 
 DENT'S W ORKS. 
 
 CM) Page IS'.— John Charles Dent was an Sugiish journaMst. who .subsequently 
 became conne<'ted with the Toronto press. He w rote the two following works : " The 
 Last Forty Years: Canada since the Cnion of 'sil." Toronto, 1881. two volumes, 
 sni.4to. ; " The Story of the Upper (.'anada Kc-bellion," Toronto, 188.5-.%, two \olumes, 
 sm.4to. He ahso edited the " Caticidiau Portrait Gallery,'' Toronto, 1880 81. Although 
 not a Canadif.n oy birth or education, he identilled liimself thoroughly with Cana 
 dian thought and .-eutiment, and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada 
 
AND GENERAL NOTES. 71 
 
 before liis too suddon death. A criticism of liis work on "Canada sinco the rnion" 
 by tlie Abbe Casgraiu C Trans. Ro}. Sue. Gnu.,' vol. iii.. Sec. I.) indicated that his 
 opinions did not always meet with the warm approval of tlie French Canadians of a 
 very i)ronoxinced type. 
 
 LOl'TS TURCOTTE'S HISTORY, 
 
 (35) Pajje 2(1 -This work appeared at Quebec in two 12mo. volumes in IHTl. Mr. 
 Turt'otte \vii> a I'rench Canailian by birth and education, and connected with the 
 le.i^islative library at Quebec when lie ilied. See a fnvouralile review of his literarj 
 woric by Mr. Faucher de Saint-Maurice, F.R.S.C, in ■Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. i.. 
 Sec. I. " 
 
 B. SULTE. 
 
 (30) Page 20. -"Hi&toire de.s Canadiens-Fran^ais. It^tH l.s.'^i. Origine. Hi.stoire, 
 Religion, Guerres, Dccouvertes, Colonisation, C'outuraes, Viedoniestiqueot politique, 
 I)<^Vf'loppenient. Avenir. Par Renjamin .Suite. Ouvraj^e orne de portraits et de 
 plans." Kigbt volumes, Ito., .Montreal, IKSi-lM^-L Mr. Suite is al.so the author of 
 several poems, (.See Note kb and numerous e.ssays and monographs of much literary 
 merit and historic value. He is one of the most industrious members of the Royal 
 Society of Canada. 
 
 ' ABBE CASGRAIN. 
 
 (37) Page 2(J. -The Abbe H. R. Casgraiu's best known works are the following ; 
 
 " Legenfles Caiiadi?nnes." Quebec, li^tjl, 12mo. New ed., Montreal, 18.H4. 
 
 '* Histoire de la Mt^re Marie de riiicarnation, premiere superieure des Ursulines 
 de la Nouvelle Prance. Precedet; d'une e.'»4uisse sur I'histoire religieuse des premiers 
 temps de eette colonie." Quebec, 18<)4, H\o. New ed., Moutreal, ]-s8(J. 
 
 "Guerre du Canada. 17.5t;17tib. Montcalm ct Levi.s."' Quebec, ISUl, t^vo vol- 
 umes, 8vo. 
 
 The Abl>e has been a mo.st indiistrious historical student, and to enumerate all 
 his literary eti'oris \i'ould be to occupy much space. He lia.s been a principal con 
 tributor lo the 'Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.' His monographs, " Un pel erinage au pays 
 d'Evangeline" (vol. iv.) and " I,es Acadiens apre.s leur dispersion" (vol. v.). are partic- 
 ularly interesting, and the former has been crow ned by the Frencls Academy, and 
 appeared in book form at Quebec. He is very njuch imlAied witli the national spirit 
 and fervour of his countrymer.. 
 
 KIXGSFORDS AND OTFD-IR HISTORICAL WORKS. 
 
 (:iS> Page 20. -Six volumes of Dr. Kingsford's ' History of Canada" have appeared 
 since 1887. Volume i. embraces the period f:om ItiO-S to 1(582: vol. it., 1()7!M72.') ; vol. 
 iii., 1726-175(5 : vol. iv.. ]~r>t]-lHhi\ vol. v., 17t>M77o ; ■> ol. vi.. 177t)-177!t. Toronto and 
 Loudon, 8vo. For bibliographical notes on various works relating to the political and 
 genera! history of Canada see Bourinot's "Parliamentary Ctovermnent in Canada," 
 ' Am. Hist. -A-s. Papers,' L'^Ol, .\pp. Reference'* are there made to McMvillen. With- 
 row, Murdoch, Campbell, Hi)icks, etc. Also ' Nar. and Crit. Hist. Am.,' viii., 171 189. 
 As usual, the learned editor. Dr. Winsor, supplies by his notes many deficiencies in 
 the text. Also, Edraond Lareau's " Histoin- de la Litterature Caiuidienne" (Mont- 
 real), c. 4, and Mr. .1. C. Dents "Last Forty Years; or, Canada since the Union of 
 1841," c. 42. on 'Literature and Journalism.'' Among the later P'rench Canadian 
 writers who are doing excellent historical work is Dr. N. K. Dionne, F.R.S.C, 
 author of sever.al bdoks on Cartier and his sincessors and Champlain. Mr. Haunay 
 
72 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL, ART 
 
 of St. John has written a ''History of Acadia," which has been well received 'St. 
 John, N.B.. 187!>, 8vo.) Tlic Abbe Au^uste Gosselin is another industrious French 
 Cauiidian writer. Mr. .Jostjph Tasse, whose " Canadiens de I'OuiNst " (Motitreal, 187>', 
 two volumes) was distni;?uisheil by tdikIi research and literary skill, has ot late years 
 devoted himseif mainly to politics and journalism, though he ha.s fonnd time to write 
 several essays for tiic 'Trans, lluy. ,Soc. C.ui.,' and a small volume. "Wi" Fauteiiil, 
 ou Souvenirs I'arlenientaires '' (Montreal, Ibttl*. a series of political sketches, written 
 in excellent French. A monumental work i.s the " Dictionnaire Genealogique des 
 families canadiennes " l)y Mgr. Tang\iay, F.R.S.C., invaluable to students of French 
 Canadian history and ethnography. 
 
 CANADIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 (39) Page 20. — A bii)liogi-aphy of the menil»ersof the Royal Society, on the pl.ui of 
 
 one given in the sixth volume (18!»2) of the ' Papers of the American Historical As.so- 
 
 ciation,' is now being prepared for the eleventh volnrne of the ' Transactions.' It 
 
 will be much fuller nece.';.sarily than the bibliographical notes that appear in tiii.s 
 
 monograph. 
 
 LATP]U CANADIAN POETS, 18G7 18[};i 
 
 (40) Page 20.— Dr. l^ouis Frechette's pocTus are adniitted to be the most thiished 
 illustrations of French poetic art yet prodiu*(ul in the Dominion ; and one who reads 
 them can easily understand that "'Les Fleiirs Boreales" and "Les Oiseaux de 
 Neige " (now in the third edition, Montreal) should have been crowned by the French 
 Academy in l.S8i), and that he should h.ive bee>. accorded the Monthyon prize is a 
 mutter of course. His otlier volumes of poems are these: "JMes Loisirs," yuebee, 
 1803; "La Voix dnn Exile," Quebec, IHti!) ; " Pele-Mele," Montreal, 1877; "Les 
 Oublies" and " Voix d'Outre-.Mer," Mnnrrea!, 18-^; ; and " Feuilles Volantes," Mont- 
 real, 18G.t. His poem on the discovery of rhe Mississippi is probably his best sustained 
 etfort on the whole. .\ number of his poems have a]>peared ia the ' Trans. Roy. See. 
 Can.,' vols, i., ii. . iii., iv. He has publisheil some dramas and comerlies (see 'Am. 
 Cyclopiedia of Biography,' vol. ii., p. H'S'S), which havt- not lieen rs successful as his 
 purely poetic essays. He has also written several essays of merit in ' Harper's 
 Monthly' and other periodicals of the day, as well as in the ' Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 
 
 The following is an extract from his poent on "La Decouverte du Mississippi ": 
 
 " Tantot je croyais voir, sous les vei-tes arcaJes, 
 Du fatal De Soto passer les cavalcades 
 En .ietanfc an de.-ert un defi solennel , 
 T.iiuot c'etait Marquelle errant dans la prii.rie, 
 Impatient d olfrir vin monde a sa patrie, 
 Et des ames .i I'Eternel. 
 
 " Parfois, .sous les taillis, mu prunelle trompee, 
 Croyait voir de I^a Salle etmccler I'epee, 
 Et parfois, groupe informe allant je ne sats ou, 
 Devant une humble croix— 6 puissiiue magi(iue ! — 
 De farouches guerriera a Tu-il sombre et tragique 
 Passer en pliant le genou ! 
 
 " Et puis, ber9ant inon ame aux reves des poetes, 
 J'entrevoyais aussi de blancliea silhouettes, 
 Doux faiitomes flottant dans le va^uc des nuirs : 
 Atala, Ciabricl, Chactas, Evangeline, 
 Et ronibre de Rene, debout sur la colhne, 
 Pleuraut ses imniortels ennuis. 
 
AND GENERAL NOTES. 73 
 
 " Et j'endormaisainai mes souvoiii-s iiioroses 
 Mais de ces visious poetiques •■: iols 
 Ct'lle (jui plus Houvent venait frapper mon Q?i], 
 C'efait, jjiio-saiit au loin dans un ictlei tie gloire, 
 Ce hardi pionnier dont notre jeune hi.stoire 
 Redit Je nom avee orgueil. 
 " .lolliet ! Jolliet ! deux sierles de conquetes. 
 Deux .^iecles .sans rivaux out passe 8ur 110s tetes, 
 Depuis I'heure sublime oil, de ta propre main, 
 Tu jetas (I'mi seui trait sur la carte du monde 
 Ges vastes regions, zone immense et teconde, 
 P'utur grenier .lu genre humain ! 
 *' Oui. deux sieclos out fui ! La solitude vierge 
 N'estpluaJa! Du progres le tlot moutant submerge 
 Les vestiges deniiers d'un passe qui fmit. 
 Oil le desert, dormait, graadit la meiropole ; 
 Et le fleuve asservi courbe sa large t'paule 
 Sous I'arehe aux pile.> de grauit. 
 
 " Plus de forets sans tin : la vapesir les Hilonne ! 
 
 L'a.stre des J(»urs nouveaux sur tous les points rayonne ; 
 L'enfantde la nature est evangelise ; 
 Le soc du laboureur fertilise la plaine; 
 Et !e surplus dore de .sa gerbe trop pleine 
 Xourrit le vieux monde epuise. 
 
 ishJjh^n^^"" ^-^'3-. one of t'.eb-st kno^-n Freud; Canadian poets, bus pub- 
 ished the following : Essais Poetiques, " Que bee, im5 ; " La Decouverte du Canada," 
 S- 1 j-i""^' I ;;,^""*^™'-^-^ Couronues," Quebec, IHTO; - Les Vengeances,^ Quebec, 
 I80-). 1876 and IbS.^ ,also dramatized) ; " Une Gerbe," Quebec. 1879. He has al<o 
 writ ten " Fables Canadiennes," Quebec, 1882. A number of his poems have appeared 
 m the Trans. Roy. Soc. Can..' vols !.,. iii.. v., vi., ix. He has also written several 
 stones of Canadian life : '■ L'AfTaire Sougruine,' Quebec, 1884 ; - Le Pelerin de Sainte- 
 Anne. new ed., Montreal, 18!W ; and '■ Rouge et Bleu," comedy. One of his best 
 works was a translation of Longfellow's " Ev.angeline." 
 
 The follo-ving is a list of other Canadian books of poems, of varying merit which 
 have appeared within a quarter of a centurv ; 
 
 "The Songs of a Wanderer.' By Carroll Ryan. Ottawa, 18fi7. Indirated much 
 poetic taste, but the poet luis been submerged in the busv jotirnaiisr 
 « "So'igs of Life.'- By Rev. E. H. Dewart. Toronto, bS(i7. He was author of the 
 nrst collection of Canadian poems made in this country. See inf'ra. 
 
 " The Prophecy of Merlin and other Poems." By'john Reade.' Montreal, 1870 
 In uiany respects the best sustained poems written bv a Canadian can be read in 
 this book. 
 
 *' Les Laurentiennes." By Benjamin Suite. Montreal. 1870. 
 " Les Chants Nouveaux." By the same. Ottawa, laSO. 
 
 '• The Legend of the Kose." By Samaei .1. Watson. Torouto, 187t). Mr. Watson 
 was a writer of promise who died in the maturity of his power. 
 
 ,^ "^'^"' ^''^■^^ °* ^'^^^ -^"'**^' '""^ f'f^^*?^ Poems!" By P. S. Hamilton. Montreal, 
 18<8 : i,nd ed. 1890. Has some interest from its description of the c-remonies at the 
 feast of Sainte Anne du Canada-the tutelary saint of the Canadian ai.origines- 
 wbich is held by the Micmacs on the 2(ith day of July in each vear on Chapel Island 
 
74 BIBLIOGKArillCAL, ART 
 
 in the beautiful Bras d'Or I.;ik<' of Capo Breton. See Bnurinot's "Cape Breton." 
 
 "Waifs iu Verse." (Ot.Uiwa, ed. in l^TH, L'i'^7 and I'^'Jl.) By (5. W. WickMteed, 
 Q.C.. for Hfty years the able law clerk of the Canadian Oommon.s. 
 
 " A Collection of I'oems." B.v Miss Williams of Grenville. V.Q.. l.«7l>. 
 
 '•The Coming ■)f the HrinuosH, and Other Poems." Hj Kate Seymour Maclean of 
 Kingston, 1880. 
 
 " Lyrics, SongH and Sonnet*;." By A. H. Chandler and C. JVUiarn Muivany. 
 Toronto, ISHO 
 
 '• Tlie Times, and Other Poems." By J. R. Newell of Woodstock. 1SS(). 
 
 "The Consolation.' By George Cerrard. Montreal, lS,s(l. 
 
 " Poems of the Heart and Home." By Mrs. J. C Viile. Toronto, 188(). 
 
 " Poems, Songs and Odes." By Archibald Me Alpine Taylor. Toronto, hS^l. 
 
 "The New Song, and Otiier Pcjems." By Mrs. W. 11. Clarke. Toronto, ISSH. 
 
 "Zenobia. A Poetn in Bliymed Heroics." By Bev. J-]. McD. Dawson, F.R.S.C. 
 1HS3. 
 
 '■ The Mission of Love, and Other Poems." By Caris Sima. lss;i 
 
 " Loretizo. and Other Poems." By J. K. Pollock of Keswick, Out. 188;^ 
 
 " Caprices Poetiqueset Chansons Sjitiriques." Par Rend Tremblay. 
 Montreal, l^i. 
 
 " Les P>hos." Par .J. B. Routhier. Quebec, 1888. 12oio. Judge Routhier is a 
 member of tlit Royal Society of Canada, in whose ' Trans.' (vol. iv.. Sec. I.) appeared 
 " Lettre d'un V'oloutaire du 9'™^ ^'oltigeurs campe a Calgary." His literary reputa- 
 tion stands high among his countrymen. 
 
 " Old Spookse's Pass, and Other Poems." By Is.-J.iella Valancy Crawtoni. To 
 ronto, 1.^8-1. 
 
 " Marguerite, and Other Poems." By George Martin. 1886. 
 
 " Laura Secord : a Ballad ^if 1812." By Mrs. Curzon. Toronto, 1886. 
 
 "Songs, .Sonnet.s and Miscellaneous Poems." By.]. Irurie. Toronto, 1881). 
 
 "Dreamland, and Other Poems" (Ottawa, 18(38), and " Tecumseh : a Drama" 
 (Toronto and London, iHSf}). By Charles Mair, a poer of original talent, and descrip- 
 tive jvjwi-r, who is now a resident of the Isoctb-west Territories. 
 
 "Orion, and Other Poems" (Philadelphia, 188(t», and " In Divers Tones" (Mont 
 real. 1887i. By Prof. C. G. D, Roberts, who is the best known abroad of all Canadian 
 poets, and represents that Canadi in or national -pirit which has been .slowly rising 
 from the birth of Confederation. Since the days of Cremazie— over thirty years ago 
 — tliere are other poet.s who recognize the existence of a Canadian people in a large 
 sense -a Canadian people of two races, born and edu cat 'hI in ihetountrj, and having 
 common aspirations for a united, not an isolated, future. Prof. Roberts is now 
 bringing out a new volume of poems in I^ondon. 
 
 The poetic tasf e of ! he Arclibishop of Halifax, the Most Rev. C. O'Brien, F.R.S.C, 
 is well illustrated in the following volume : " Aminta : a Modern Life Drama," New 
 York, 18VXt. Tlie Archbishop is also the author of a novel, " After Weary Years," 
 (Baltimore and Xew York. ISSo), the scenes of which are laid in Rome and Canada, 
 and are described with much power of invention and fervour. As the author himself 
 says, " historic places and events are accurately described." He has, it will be seen 
 from his preface, great confidence in the future natiurial greatness of the Di.'miiuon. 
 
 "A Gate of Flowers." By T. O'Hagan, Toronto, 1887. He has another volun>e 
 in press. 
 
 "The Mas(jne of Minstrels, and Other Pieces, chiefly in verse." By B. W and 
 A. J. Lock hart. Biingor. Me., 1887. These two brothers are Nova Scotians by birth 
 and education, who lived their youth in the land of Evangeline. The Gaspereaux and 
 Grand Pre arc naturally the constant theme of their pleasing verse. 
 
AND GENERAL NOTE.S. f§ 
 
 "Among tun Millet, and Other Poems." By Archibald Lampman. Ottawa. 
 1^. feoine of Mr Lumpmans most finished sonn. ts have appeared in the l«8t 
 American per.ochcals, to uhich he is ntill a frequent contrihutoV: his woric shnw.s 
 the true poetx- inst.net. He holds a position in the Civil Service at Otta.va. 
 
 " [he Water Lily An Orienti,! Fairy Ta!<-.' By Frank Waters. Ottawa, l.m 
 
 ^^ R^^berval . a Drama. .y«o the l:;„M«ration of the Fairies, and the Triumph 
 
 of fonstancy: a Komaunt. By Joha Hunter Duvar. St. John, N.B. im Mv 
 
 Uuvar, v.'ho has tine literary tastes, has heen a resident of Prince Edward Island 
 
 lor sonit' years. 
 
 XVV.r l*^y. Mr. Daviti.8 the clever "Irishman in Cannda." ami while the most 
 
 the 2 !n"! f r ' ^r" \" ''''' ''"''^ ^'^''^ ''"■'' ^^■""''" '^^'^-^^^ the ocean, others are 
 the product of Canadiar- thought and sentiment. 
 
 IK*," ^M^'p -'"f' ;""' /^""''" *■"""'•" '^^ ^^- ^"^""^^ Campbell. St. John, N.B., 
 IH*). Mr. Campbell, who wfta originally a clergyman of the Church of Ensland is 
 now .n the public wrviee at Ottavm, and has written some of his best poems for 
 A:ner.can magazines. One on '■ The Mother.' in ' Harper's Monthly ' is full r,f poetic 
 hought and deep j,atho.s, and should be better know,, by Canadians than il appears 
 to be. .\t this time of writing his new vohime of jwems entitled " The Dread VovaK© " 
 (loronto lSi».3;, has apj)eared ; it .sustains his reputation, though one can hardlv en 
 courage his eflort to imitate Tennyson in such poems as "Sir Lancelot." Canadian 
 poets too fre<,nently are imitative rather than original. Mr. Campbell's ver.ses on 
 the varied .scenery of the lakes of the West show the artistic temperament. 
 For instance : 
 
 " Domed wir,h the azure of heaven. 
 Floored with a pavement of pearl. 
 Clothed all about with a brightness 
 Soft as the eye.s of a girl, 
 
 " Girt with a magical girdle. 
 
 Rimmed with a vapour of rest— 
 These are the inland waters, 
 These are the Lakes of the West." 
 
 ON IHK Li;i)GK. 
 
 •■ 1 lie ont here OH a ledge, with the surf or; the rocks below me, 
 The hazy sunlight above and the .vhisperiuf- forest behind ; 
 I lie and listen, O lake, to the legends and songs you thron- me. 
 Out of the murmurous moods of your multifudinou-^ mind. 
 
 " I lie and list. 'U, a sound like voices of distant thunder, 
 The roar and throb of your life in your rockvvall's mighty eelks ; 
 Then after a softer voice that comes from the beaches under, 
 A chiming of wave? on rocks, a laughter of silver bells. 
 
 " A glimmer of bird-like boats, that loom from the far horizon ; 
 That scud and tack and dip under the gray and the blue : 
 A single gull that floats and skims the waters, and dies on. 
 Till she is lost, like a dream in the haze of the distance, too. 
 
t6 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART 
 
 " A steamer that rises a smoke, thun after a tall, dark funnel, 
 Tliat moves like a shsulow acrosn your water and sky's gray edge ; 
 A dull, hard beat of a wave that diggeth himself a tunnel, 
 Down in the crevices dark uniler my limestone ledge. 
 
 " Aii(i here I lie on my ledge, and listen the songs you sing me, 
 -Sottgs of vapour .iiid blue, sotiLjs of island iind shore : 
 And strange and glad are the hojies and sweet are the thouglits you 
 
 bring me 
 On' of the throbbing depths and wells of your heart's great store." 
 
 " Pine, Rose and Fleurde-Lis." By S. I'rances Harrison (" Seranus ">. Toronto, 
 1891. 
 
 '■ feoiigs, Lyrical and Dramatic." By .loim Flenry Brown. Ottawa, ]8!/2, 12mo. 
 The New York ' Nation' truly says of this new poetic aspirant that he has Wait 
 Whitman's tendencies, but nevertheless he " writes in a generous sy^irii, and n<ay 
 yet have thoiights and expression all his own." The fact is, I repeat, most Canadian 
 poets are too imitative and too rarely original. 
 
 " Tendres Glioses. Poesies Canadiennes."' By Dr. H. Chevrier. Montreal, 1892, 
 12nio. Tliat an author unknown to fame should give us his portrait, as in this < ase, 
 is perplexing. Still the verse is frequently melodious, though it represents \%h it i - 
 a feature of I'rench poetry, melodious rhythm, ratlier than strength and rhon.iilit. 
 
 "This Canada of Ours, and Other Poems. " By .1. D. Eiigar, M.P.. Toronto, 1893. 
 This little volume contains " The White Stone Canoe : a Legend of the Ottawas," 
 which had been putjUshed in separate form some years previonsly. ITi^ T-'ri nch and 
 Lntin translations are full of taste. 
 
 ■■ Les Perce Neige, premieres poesies." By Napoleon Legendre. Monlreal, limo. 
 lie is a member of the Royal Scjcicty of t"a,!i;ula. and constant cruitributor (generally 
 in prose) to its ' Transactions.' 
 
 •'Mas Rimes." By Elzear Labelle. Montreal, iaS6, 8vo. 
 
 Selections of Canadian poems have a]>peared of recent years in the following piab- 
 lications : 
 
 1. "Selections from fJanadian Poets; with occasional critical and biographical 
 notes and an introdurinr-j- essay on Canadian poetry." By the Rev. E. II. Dewart. 
 Montreal, iSiM, Hvo. 
 
 2. "St;ngs of the Great Dominion . \oi(<s from the Forests :un\ Waters, the 
 Settlements and Cities of Canada." Selected and edited by W. D. Lighthall, M.xV., 
 of M'Uilreal. London, ISHit, 12mo. 
 
 3. " Younger Arnoncau Poets. hSK) l.siMj,' Edited by Douglas Sladen, B. A., Oxon. 
 With an Appendix of Younger Canadian Poets. Edited by C B. Roberts of .St. Johu, 
 N.B. New York, 18U1, 12nm. 
 
 4. " Later Canadi.ui Poems." Edited bv J. E. Wetherell. B.A. Toronto, 18l):i. 
 In the first mentioned work, which is judiciously edited, the poets until ISM 
 
 obtain a jilaco. In the three other books we have selections fron an Reade. Geo. 
 Frederick Cameron, I'rof. RhIhtIs, Bliss (firman (now a resic ot the United 
 States), A. M. Chandler, Is.djella Valamy ( rawford, Mrs, Leprohon, Hereward K. 
 Ctxkin, John Hunter Duvar. Rev. A. W. II. Eaton. Louis Frechette, Jam- 'fannay, 
 Soj»hie M. Ilcnsley, Charles .Sangster, .M. T?ichey Knight, \rcliti>iild ..•- pman, 
 W. D. Lighthall, A. J. Lo( khart. P. W . Lo( khiivi, Agnes Maude Machar, ^ idclis "j, 
 W. McLennan, Charles Mair, Mary Morgan ("Gowan Lea"), Charles P, Mulvany, 
 Her. F, G. Scott, Pliilip Stewart, H. K. A. Pocock. Barry Slratton. A. Weir. Mary 
 
AND liENFJliL XnTEiS. *l^ 
 
 Rarrv Siu;th, .t.,hn T. I,p«p.TaiH'f '•■ La-I.-rl,. ••,, W. W- ,• .^niith. Kthfl^vn W.-fher 
 
 ^i!W, -U.hn E. Ln^nu r-n.rry IK,,,.",, C.hu-k-- M.inii.Mr-.. FJ„r-is,>„ , - S.-ninus ". 
 
 '^' * ""'''l"-l •,-n,. '..„.. I). lvl;:a,-, [■. f';mii,H. .I,.t,„sr„!, (;,.. ,^,> \!,i,,..,, Willi-uH 
 
 Kirby. Anuir H-ithwrli. W. V. >;„tw kkI. I.i-i ,n- (i. V- ii,-r. i '. .[. ( .. riufiv. :,., 
 
 P.. Suite. P. f,..:\[ay, aiKi ..ih.Ts. I . inu,,.-,-,, h. i l|..-,o names to .!,nu how niaiiN f;,ri 
 
 dian. have ^.nn,n.d upon t1.fi,. hi. ,f no..~y ,|,.spir,. rl,, pn,r-,i,,,l realities of iif,. in 
 
 this r.lativ, ;s „..w onntiv, Tht- ^,.|e, ■!,>„> ;„ tin. sw.m,! of th.'v.. v.-urks -.vrmld 
 
 h.\,- \,<',-u .„„iv viluahi.. ha.l rlu-v o.iManie.l •' Oi,r Fat hers ■ l.v .),,s,.ph H,.u«. the 
 
 n.osl -pii-irci jMM.|,, !-, s.,iM,. r..K|„,t, ,, , er vM-ittcn i,v a ,,.-.iiNr CuiH.iian. To Ih,' 
 
 i,anie^of iK..;!< a^pir.r.is. .,.„. n,nst I;,- a.i.i-.l iho... of M. .1. )vai/!„aii.» ai„i of M .i 
 
 '..nUi.,, whose fu^'itive ni-c,.s iia vc an r.-,-!,..! i.oti. .>. Mr. (indin has iii,.. lit.rarv 
 
 tastes and hs feu poem^. oi,h thr r-i-xni ea, of i.-isure ho.irs. si,ow ln^ n.j,r!,, ^iii 
 
 fame in this de)ifr|,rf,,l depajUncnr of 1, tiers. The re:,der wiil olnaiii s.,m,. idea 
 
 oftiie standard of Cuiadian po< try hy readin;r thr s,ieetioi,s. and st.ouj.i ir.tho>ar 
 
 ried away by tlie too obvious eulhuHiasn, :i)at has at tMM.-s ^iithd the rritieal 
 
 fa,auty iii the editors. The p„..ti,- K<-iiius of CaM.oiiaiis is t,, i,^. stJnmh.t.Mi not ly 
 
 sentimental Rush, btu by a judk-ious eriti, i^ta tnat i. aot s.ujieienriv cult ivaied by 
 
 our writers \Nho revi-^- the elha-.s of our i,o,.is, idslona,,. and ossavist^. i'hese 
 
 remarks air. :q,,.iy .o -u-h artieh-s as tluti by llse iar^. Mr. i.espei.iuee oji " Th<' 
 
 Poets of Canada " in ' Tran.s. FJoy. Soe. Can.," vol. ii., Sei . JI. 
 
 Mr. Evan MeCoIL F.Ii.S C. is the Ciaelie poet of Canada. T'nrce editions have 
 appeared of the ■Clarsrtch nam H.'ann," whieli was printe,( as far I,nr-k as !s;^ in 
 Glasorow. The same was also published in E. RJi^h in tiie sai„e vrar. nnd.r the 
 title ,->f -The Mountain Minsrrel." of whieli six editions liave bter, printed In 1,-<H;^ 
 he published in Toronto •' Poems ami .Songs « fiioilv wri) teii ir. Cana,la.' Mr. MeCoU 
 !s a .^-n.at favouritt a-iion^ his .Seore!, eountrym.'.i everywher..; but his decidedly 
 origiiiaj |.c^.rie irenris. rude and ■' ild as it is at times, is nor a C.-,naoia;, prochn't. for 
 iie x\ as boM! ati ivenmore. E.).-hfy ...e Sale, S.'.)tlaml, in iNW, and .t was nor until h" 
 was forty years of age tiuit he made Canada hi.s home. He is lu.w a res.acnt of 
 Toront.), ami sr!! . omes ro the annua) n)eetings of r he Roya J Society, of which he 
 was one of the 01 igoia] n!..'mbers. 
 
 MPtPage:.']. " JX MY HEART.' By John Rkade. 
 
 " In ray heart are many rhai ,ber.=; rhro;.gh whi,!, I wander free : 
 Some are fiifi;i-ii,>d -a!,,- u,-,. , mj.i v , -.onu- .ir.- snuibre, some are light ; 
 Some are open t.) all eomejs. and of some 1 keep the key, 
 .Vnd 1 enur in thi- stillaess of the night. 
 
 " i3ut there's one 1 nev>T en(< , - it is <.!,,a^,i !,. (..-en me ' 
 Only oiu-e its door was opened, and it -hn! lor ev.-i-mor,. ; 
 And though somids of many voices ,ua' f'er round it like a sea 
 It is sileid, e\er silent, as tlie slioi'e. 
 
 " In Miat i-hamber, long ago, my lo\i''-> i-asl;, • -.x ■,., conci-aled. 
 And the jew.-l tliar it sheltered J kia \, only .mc cjuld win : 
 .Ami my soul forebod,.,! son-ow. should that Jewel be rexcalcd, 
 And r almost hoped tb.t m/u.. might enter in. 
 
 " Vet day and rdglit T ling, ted h.\ rhat fua! chamber doo^ 
 Tdl -she came at last my dariin.j, oa,, , of .ill flie earth iny own; 
 .\nd she enreied-then she vani'.-lH..! witli iny Jewel which she wore ; 
 And the door was closed— and I was left alone. 
 
tS BIBLIOGRAPTIICAL, ART 
 
 " ?be ^avo me Vwitk no jewel, hut the spirit of her eyes 
 ShoiiP with reiidfi nesH a inonient, as nht closed thnt rhauiher door, 
 And the memory of that moment is all I have l.o pi ize - 
 But that, at least, is mine for evermore. 
 
 " Was she conscious, when slic took it, that t!i!! jewel was my love ', 
 Did she think it hut a hauble she might wear or toss aside .' 
 I know not, I accuse not, but I hope that it may prove 
 A blessing, though she spurn it in lier pride." 
 
 lai;ka secords wahmxi;. 
 
 (41'/) Page I'l.— In Mrs*. Edg;n-'s excellent annor itions to the Ridout Letters in 
 " Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and TVar, l.-^o-!.''!")," Cl'oronto. 1H9()), appear:.; 
 the following account of a courageous woman's exploit which brought disaster to 
 the Ann-Ticaus soon after their defeat at Stoney Creek : 
 
 " At a place called Beaver Dams, or Beechvvoods, (about twelve miles in a direct 
 road from Queenstown). where is now the town of Thorold, was a depot for provi 
 sions for the Canadian troops, guarded by a detachment of thirty of the tOth regi- 
 ment under Lieutenant Fitzgibl)on with some Indi.ms and militia, in all about 2{X> 
 men. In order to surprise and dislodge this outpost, an American force of 500 men, 
 with fifty cavalry and two lield-pieccs, under Colonel Boerstler, set out from Fort 
 (reorge' (Niagara) on the 2;U'd'of June [I8I0). .\ surprise was meditated, in retaliation. 
 no doubt, for the affair of Stoney Creek. Laura Secord, wife of a Canadian farmer, 
 who had Vieen wounded in the battle of Queenstown Heights, aocidentaHy heard of 
 the designs of the Americans, and determined to give t lie outpost timely warning. 
 She set out alone before day-break, on the 23rd June, from her hou.se at Queenstown, 
 and aiTive<l at Fitzgibbon's lieadquarters, a stone house known as DeCew's, near the 
 Beaver Dams, at sunset of tlic same day. On account of the American sentries and 
 outposts, she had to avoid the high roads and beaten paths, thus making her toil- 
 some journey nearly twice as long. In spite of weakness and fatigue, this heroic 
 woman went o her way through pathless woods, over hill and dale and tmliridged 
 streams, till she reached her destination. Her warning came just in time. Lieuten- 
 ant Pltzgibbon disposed of liis little force to the best advantage iwssilile, placing 
 them ill ambush on both sides of the road, and raking every precaution to make it 
 ■appear that he had a large force in reserve. Between eight and nine in the morning 
 of tJie 24th .lune, th.e advance guard of the American riflemen appeared. A volley 
 from the ^vootis received them and emptied their saddles. Soon firing came from all 
 directions, and bugle enlls, and Indian yells. The bewildered Americans imagined 
 themselves in the presence of a much sup"rior force. Finding that hi-^ men vs«'re 
 losing heavily from the fire of the unseen foe, and that they were suirering from 
 fatigue and heat, he consented to surrender. By the capitulation 342 men, 2 field 
 pieci^s, .some ammunition waggons, and the colours of th*- Itth V. S. regiment were 
 delivered over to the Canadian.s. For this brilliant achievement Lieutenant Fitz- 
 gibbim [afterwards a military knight of Wimisor) received his Cornpfiny and a Cap 
 tain's commission. As to Laura Secord, her reward has come to her in funn-. The 
 lieroine lived until the year 18f5><, and sleeps now in that old cemetery at Drummond 
 villi', when- lie so many of our brave soldiers. There is no 'Decoration Day' in 
 Canada, but if there were, surely this woman is entitled 'o the laurel wreath." 
 Pp. I9(S 201. 
 
AND (iENERAl, NOTES. ^9 
 
 vrSTIJATJAN' P()]:t> A\n S()\K\A<T^ 
 
 (l2»Page 2.-i. Th, Cinulian road^r car. | ■ :,!,K and ra.ilv ,^nu^y, v , .v „ 
 
 poefs with thos,- ot Austialiu by reuiin- SI „. . An^trali ,n Poors IT-s !>.;; beuiK 
 .. sd..r!uKi of prM-nis upon a!l suh.MTrs w,i; ,,„ i„ Aus. ruiia and Now Z.-aland durins 
 tlu'C.rsf CH-iunry (.: tho hritish < nln-ii/.i! i,.u, wit!, hn-.-f imte , o„ I hrir •,„( lu^rs etc" 
 <Pondon rmd Sydu-y, !-■<;,.) I, will i.. ...„, I.ow.rer. ti.ar n-arlv al! tlu- so.-all.^ 
 •' \u.rral)a.,-- po-ts are Ei,,ciisi, l,,,,-,, whil,, ^si,i, o.,- or tu-o rx,v,mou.. those of 
 ( unadn hrsi known tn faro.- a.v tiu- pr^dn.- .,r (^nia.'i.u; !if. and thnuKin Uriirv 
 ( lar.no- kendal;. '-.(;.- |.M,-t .,( \<,u S.aul; Wa,;... ' w,,,, i,,rn at iiladulia ..i. ti,.- 
 coasl of that rolony, i„ 1S-12. !(.■ .s th. on., \n-iraliai, (.net ,.f ■■.■pn, at i- ,n. .■xi-.pt his 
 roreruiuuT, rUavU-^ IJarpnr. .vi,,. was artually h<,m luuh-r iiu' Sun-hen, CVo^s 
 Kfiidall. vtrsc. on •■(„<-..■ a striking natural featurt- vi Au^^iialian sc-nerv 
 show true pootic instinct and riiyt iimieal .-as-': 
 
 " Sing The .song of uave-worn i'Dogu'-Coogee in the dislaniM- whil,% 
 With its jags and puini'* disrupt.-.!, ^ap^ and fracture^ frinL-.-.l with liu'ht : 
 Ffaiint of gJedes ar..! rfst!es.spl,>v-r- ,,t ! jj,- iiu-ianciioU wail, 
 Ever lending deept-r pathos r.o the inclauclio!;, -a!;-. 
 
 There, my brothers, down ihe Hs>un-s, <h ,-n".> •.■.•cpatni ^^...■^ and wild, 
 Grov^s tlie sea bloom, one that blush-s iik.. , Jaiiuung, fair, biin.! <-hild. 
 .Vnd amongst the c.iziug forelaTnK inany a uUkI groen rockviue nuns, 
 Gttcidg ease on earthy lod^^es sht-licred iron) I'ecendH-r suns." 
 
 Hut among the many .pirn,.! p,„-nis wrirt.-n in Australia since its sntrJen.ent 
 not one can equal tlie -Si.k Sto<-k a-lder,' by Adam Lindsav (.-n-.lon, who curn- fo 
 South Australia in hi-, early maiiho.:,d. and attempted d.eep farmmir w irh ij... 
 result of -'owniuu; n.,fhin- bn!; a Ln-e fur i-or^ uu.nshii. a.^l a head full ut ii.o.v nin- 
 and Mi..'liey. ■ Ihis is a q-..otarioi. from an intr.)dm tion to his hook bv Ma..u^ 
 Clarke, himself a novelist and poet. One can see in the mind'.s eye th.- s\eiu\- de 
 scrib.d in the tVilIowing verses, s. fuli ..^f real life and genuine poetry : 
 
 Tw.is meny in 'la- L'iowin;, .iiorn. among the gleaming grass, 
 
 To waml.'i a.s '.\..>'v(- v\-ajider('d many a mi!..-. 
 And blow tlie cool tnb.u c. dond nud watcn ; he white wreatl,■^ r.ass, 
 
 Sitti.ig !()ose!y ill tin. saii.ile all t he wliii 
 "lAvt- iia rry 'und tJie backwi.ods, when m .i,.,! the station roofs, 
 
 T'twh.-ei Dk wild s.-riib c.tttie at tiie \ ird. 
 Wit!i .■( rnuni!!- lire of .-,l...■!;v^ hi;.- .-.r.d a tiery run of hoof.s. 
 
 Oil ! the }i;iriies; ,1 ly was of-ver then too hard '. 
 
 '■ A^ye • we had <•! .trloiioim trallop after ' .'-^tariighf ' and his gang. 
 
 When they bolted from .^yi v.-st.i's o.. ih.? Ilal ; 
 ifow tin- Min-dfi.-il recd-bed-^ .-i-acki.-d, in.w t )i- nint -stn-\N n ranges rang 
 
 To the sirok.-s r.)f ' Mount, MJU't-r ' asi.l • Acmhat ' ; 
 l.'ard oelund th.-m in tiie tin.b.er. haro'er still acros.- the heatlj. 
 
 ('h->- !)e}i:Md t'icni rhroo^- i e' i ea ir.a- s.-rub w,- dashed: 
 Vii'l the -i.idcn tint. (1 tVrn i.-ax.-, ho'-v (Ii.-y rustled undei'ueatli ! 
 
 .V;ui the hi.neysuckie osic.-s, !u)w thev ^•rasl^!; ;" 
 
 Tiu- IksI known iio\e!- .if Australian lifeare tin ><- ■ •• For the Term ofllis Natural 
 Life," 1a Marcus Clarke, wh-. ua> an Kngli.slimati liorn and educat.-d : -The Miners 
 Rigid. -The .SquaiteCs Dream.- "A Colonial Ueformer,-' .-md " Robherv Under 
 Arm-,' by Thomas A. Browne <" Hoif Boldrewood"*, who wa.s also English born • 
 
80 BIBLIO<mAPHI^ AL, ART 
 
 "Uncle Piper of Pipers Hill,' by Jtadanie Couvreur ("'Tasma"», viiio is of Bt If^ian 
 descent, and is uuw a resident of Uel^iuni, though she wan horn in Au-<tralia and 
 there .studied its .social conditions; "The Anstralian Girl " and " \ Silent Sea," by 
 Mrs. Aliek McLeod. Mrs. Campbell Praed. who is colonial borij, has. in addition 
 to several novels, written "Australian Life," which is described by Sir Charles Dilke 
 ("Problems of Greater Britain," i., ;i7!) as "a vivid autol.ioj^iaphical picture of the 
 early days of t^neensland." ("opies of the«ie and other .Vu^traliao books the writer 
 owes to the rhoughtfulness of Chief Justice Way, I).C. L., O.von., of Adelaide, South 
 .\ustralia. Par many years he has been the recipient of these gnweful attentions 
 from friend'^ m that fair lan(i of the Southern Cros.s, ;ind though it look.s very much 
 as if he will never meet .some at' them face to face-fur the time is passing rapidly 
 with us all— he takes this opportunity of now sending tin in his thank.s acro.s.s the 
 .sea.s. 
 
 HOWE'S "FLAG OF OLD EN'lILAND. " 
 
 ( 11» Page •-'().- Tliis spirited .song was wi-itti-n for the one Irandreth anniversary of 
 the landing of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. As many persims in old Canada do hot 
 know it--for It is not reproduced in recent collections of Canadian poems -I give it in 
 full for the benefit of the youth of this Dominion, on whom the future destiny of 
 the country depends : 
 
 " All hail to the day when the Briton.s came over. 
 
 And planted their standard with sea foam still wet. 
 Around and above us their spirits will hover. 
 
 Ilejoicing to mark how we honour it yet. 
 Beneath it the emblems they cherished are w tving, 
 
 TJve Rose of Old England the roadside perfumes ; 
 The Shamrock and Thistle the north winds .are braving. 
 
 Securely the Mayrlower blushes and blooms. 
 
 " Hail to the day when the Britons came over, 
 
 And planted theirstandard with sea-foam still wet, 
 Around and above us their spirits will hover, 
 liejoicing to mark how we honour it yet. 
 We'll honour it yet, we'll honour it yet, 
 The Hag of Old England I well honour it yet. 
 
 " In the temples they founded tlieir faith is maintained. 
 
 Every foot of the soil they bequeathe ' it- still ours, 
 The graves where they moulder no foe has profaned. 
 
 Bit we wreathe them with verdure, and strew them with flowers ! 
 The Idoo'l of no brother, in civil strife pour'd, 
 
 In this hour of rejoicing, encumbers our souls ! 
 The frontier's the tidld for the Patriot's sword, 
 
 Ati<l cursed be the weapon that Faction confols ! 
 
 CaoRUs— " HuH to the day, etc. 
 
 " Then hail to the day ! 'tis with memories crowded. 
 Delightful to trace 'midst the mists of the pa.st. 
 Like the features of Beauty, bewittinugly t^Jirouded, 
 They .shine through the shadows Time o'er them has cast. 
 
AND GENERA I. NOTE.«. gj 
 
 As travellers trark u, its sourcf- in the inountains 
 The >,tre ,ra wiiich, far s^vellinj;, oxpands o'er tW plains 
 
 Our hearts, on Uii.- day. fondly t urn to the f„nnr,un.s 
 Whence flow the warm cuneuts thnt :.o,,„d in o.ir veins. 
 CHOitrs-'- Hail to the day, etc. 
 
 " And proudly we irnvi-, th.'m : uo warrioi' llyinir 
 
 From city assaiilte.i, and fanes ovcrthrowi!. 
 With Che last of his race on the hai i.anents ilyinij;, 
 
 And weary ivith wand.Tinj,'. Fonu.led ou-own. '" 
 From the Queen of the Islands, t hen fatuous in st.jrv. 
 
 A century since, our bra\ e forefui hers came. 
 And our kindred yet till the u ih^ uorld with iter irlory, 
 
 Enlarging her Empire and spreading Iser name. ^ 
 
 CuoRi-s- - Hail to tlie day. etc. 
 
 " Ev'ry Hash of her genit:^^ our jiaH u ay pidi.dite/is 
 
 Ev'ry field she explores w-e are i,f"k..ne(; to tn a.l - 
 Each laurel she gathers our future day brightens- 
 
 We .joy with her living, and mourn for her dead. 
 Then hail to the day when the Britons cairie over. 
 
 And planted their standard, with sea-foam still wet, 
 Above and around us tneir spirits shall hover, 
 
 Rejoicing to mark how we honour it yet. 
 
 Chorus—" Hail to the day," etc. 
 
 E.SSAFI.STS. 
 
 (44) Page 27. -The principal contributors to the Eti-lish and Amenran periodical 
 ptress of late years ha^-e h.-ct, (George Stewart ot Qnebec. Principal Gnau J. G Bou- 
 rmot. Martin .1. Gnffin W. \> 1.,Sn..ur. G. .M. D.aw.son, S. E, Dau-.sop \rnold 
 Haultaui, John Reade. .J. AL Oxi. y atm Sir W . Dawson. Dr. Stewart of Quebec 
 despite the d.-niands of journalism, !,as b.-n al.vass a niOst earnest literary worker' 
 foremost lo^ h^s -wn , „,,- rH.uti.,.. a„d by his etfbrts t.o ,.nr.,urace the labours of 
 others ni th.> t .<> nuHtlere-it n- tk- ■ anadian xv.^rld. Goldwin Smith has alwa^ s b.^c„ 
 a contnbutorof note, but he israrh.Tun .-In-iish than .! Ga.iadian writer Vf.on- 
 the name. .A th. French Canadian uen, ral uri ,,rs ar. rb,,.,. of Frechette." Suit." 
 Marmette, bauch.M d. ^aint-Mat^ric,., .). Tas-e, DetVih-s. I)„„ne. Cas^-rain ^nd 
 Lcdome; but their etlbrts have bem r,, mined as ,, rule to the numerous F-vneh 
 CaiMd.an p-rnMlieals whid, !,ave app-^.r-d bu th.- last tfurtv v,v„>, and afu-r a 
 slmrt rare-r dn-d for want of adeouare support. In the nune:.ro,is perindi-als of 
 Eagliuid and f!.,- i-,:if,d St.r.-^ Kn-!ish Catuuinin writers have ..reat advant n.>s 
 m-er FrencI, Camnhans, who ;ae practically iinuted to their own country, since 
 trance oilers few i/pport unities iot such literary work. 
 
 WILLIAM KIRBYS WORKS AND {ITDKlt ROMANPFS BV CANADl.WS. 
 
 (int Fair: :i7.--'71>e Golden Dog: a L.a-nd of Quebec.'' New York and 2b)ni- 
 real, IS,,, Svo. Also translated by Fampldl.. L-.May. the French Canadian poet 
 Montreal, ls,S4. Mr. Kirby is also the aiUrior of several poems of merd • -The 
 I'. E. : a Tale ol L^pp,r Caua.iu. A Pf em in XII. Cautos." Niagara, ]S,5» r>mo 
 F 
 
82 niBLIOriPvAPHICAL, A.RT 
 
 "Ciiuadian Idylls," Toronto. 1>S78, etr. He was born in England in 1817, but came to 
 Canada at tlio early ago of fifteen. Tie wjis; one of the »>riginiil members of the Royal 
 Society of C anada. 
 
 Mr. Lesjieranee, I'.K.S.C., was the author of the '" Piastonnais"and other liistori- 
 cal romance-? of some aiiility, but not of tliit liii^h order of merit which gives a per- 
 manent reputation. Tl)e Hon. T,. Seth Huntington, long known in Canadian jrolitical 
 life, was the author of a semi political novel, 'Professor Conant '" (Toronto, 1S?<4), 
 \vhi( h had its merits, bur it fell practically still born from the press. Many other 
 eflbrts have been made in the same branch of literature, Imt the performance, as 
 stared in the te-xt. has not, Ixxmi eijual to the ambition that prompted the experiment. 
 
 MA.JOR RICHARDSON. 
 
 Hiki) Page "27.— Major Richardson was born at Niagara Falls in 17f>7, and educated 
 at Amherstburg, U.C, where some of the siwn k- of ■ Wacoiista" are laid. He ser\ed 
 in the war of 181i in the West Intiies and in .Spain, where he belonged to tlie British 
 legion. He came back to Canada in 18;{8, and was for years connected with the 
 press. He wrote a nuinl>er of novels and short lustori»s of Catiadian events, but 
 they are now all forgotten. Hi.s historical narrative is not generally trnstwoithy, 
 %\ bile liis later romance's never even came up to the merit of '" Wacousta." He died in 
 obscurity some time after 18.>1 —I cannot lind the exact year— in the United States, 
 where Lie attempted to continue a career of literature. 
 
 MARMETTE. 
 
 {iti) Page 27. - .Mr. Joseph Marmette, F.R.S.C., is the au»^lior of .several works of 
 fiction, viz. : 
 
 " Frain,ois de Bienville. Roman historique." l'^ ed., Qtiebec. IS7U ; 2' ed., 
 Montreal, 1882. 
 
 •■ L'Intendant Bigot. Roman historique." Montreal, 1872. 
 
 " Le Chevalier de Mornac. Roman historique." Alontreal. ]87;i. 
 
 " La Fiancee du Rel)e]le. Roman historique." Publi.slied in 'La Revue Cana- 
 dienue,' M out i e.-il. 187."). 
 
 DE CASPKS WOTUvS. 
 
 (t7) Page 27. ■' Les .\ncieiis Canadiens." By Philijjpe Aiibert (U' Gasj>e, Queliec, 
 mui, 8vo. 
 
 Several translations have aj)peared sinee IStKJ. That by Prof. Roberts (New 
 York, Aijpleton &; Co., ISiNl* omits the notes and addernhi, which, if not interestitig 
 to the general reader, have much value for the historical student. Suite's " IHstoire 
 des l/.tniidiens," vol. vi., contains a portrait of the old French Canadian novelist. H<> 
 also wiote •' Memoires" (Ottawa. ISSij, 8v(>.>. which have also much historic value 
 on ;.cco\:iit of their fidelity and .simplicity <tf narrative. 
 
 MRS. ( ArilERWOOD. 
 
 (tS) P.ige 28. .Mrs. Mary Hartwell Cathersvood, whose home is in Hoopi-ston, 
 ni., has so far written and published the following admirable romances i>f the old 
 daysotNev France and Acadie : 
 
 " The Romance of Dollard." Hiustrated. New York, 1889, 12njo. 
 
 " The Story of Tonty." Illustrated. Chicago, 18!H). lOmo. 
 
 " The Lady of Fort St. .lolin." Boston and New York, 1H<>1. l()mo. 
 
 " Old Kaskaskia : An Historical Novel of Early Illinois." Boston and New York, 
 1893, l«mo. 
 
AND GENERAL NOTES. 88 
 
 She hais now commenced in ' Tlu' Century' Matjazino a new romance with tlio, 
 title. "The White iHlanrlor," a story of old Fort Michillimackinac. and in 'The 
 Atlantic Monthly' anntlier story, " The Chase of Saint Castin." Her romances are 
 never long, but bear the impress of close study of the sui)ject and of much careful 
 writiniK- 
 
 G1LI?EKT PARKEK 
 
 «4!)> Page 28. —He is a most industrious worker in various branche> of literature 
 in London. After a residence of a few years in Australii. whert- he was connected 
 with the Sydney press, he went to Kn^land, where he wrote many sketches of Aus- 
 tralian life which were well received. Recently he has been studyinu the interest- 
 ing phases of French Canadian and Northwest life, and has produced, among other 
 stories, "The Chief Factor," the principal scenes of which arc laid in the jjrreat terri- 
 tories of the Dominion before they were opened uj) to the tanner, the rancher an* 
 the railway. 
 
 DE MILLE'S WOFvKS. 
 
 (.tO> Page 29.— James De Mille was a native of New Brunswick, and a professor 
 in Dalhousie Colleji;e, N. S.. at the time of his d"'at,h. His lirst work of fiction was 
 " Helena's Household : a Tale i>f Rome in the First Century ' (New York, IHjxs). His 
 most popular works, "The Dodge Club Abroad" (IStit)), "Cord and Creese" U>S67), 
 " The Cryi^togram "' (ls'71), ;ind " A Castle in Spain " (ls,s;i), first appeared in ' Harper's 
 Monthly." A strange, imaginative work, " A Curiou> MS. Found in a Cupper Cylin- 
 der." was published in New York in 1888. and is understood to have been written by 
 him. It was not unril Rider Haggard's fiction became popular that the New Y'ork 
 publishers ventured to print a 'oook which so severely taxes the credulity of the 
 reader. As a work of pure inventioj; it is in some respects superior ro those of the 
 English author. Mr. De Mille died hi l.s>^U. at the age of W, when much was expected 
 of him. See .\ppleton"s " C'yclo. xVni. Biogr.,'" ii., liteJ, for a list of iiis published works 
 except the one just mentioned. 
 
 SARA JEANNETTE DUNCAN. 
 
 (51) Page 29.— She is the author of three books. "A Social Departure" and 
 "An American Girl in Ijoudon ' have liad many readers and are full of promise. 
 Miss Duncan, in compaiiy with another young lady, in 18f4i-!K>, went around the 
 world, and made numerous contributions to the press of Canada during tiiai lour, 
 but its noteworthy re^ult is the tii> ; ■<.■ ; >ne<l volume. She is now married and a 
 resident of India, whose striking asiK-et^ or social life she is studying and portraying 
 in prinl. Her latest story, oi- rather sketch, of Indian customs, " The Simple Adven- 
 tures of a Memsahib" (New York, IstCl), has many touches of quiet humour. One 
 must regr ''■ that her talent has nor been directed to the incidents of Canadian life. 
 
 MATTHEW ARNOEI) ON LITER A-TURE AND SCIENCE, 
 
 (."•?) Page 31.- The extract given in the text is taken from 'Literature and 
 .Science," one oi. Mr. Matthew Arnold's "Discourses in America," published in book 
 form in London. ISSo. See pp. 90-92. 
 
 PRINCIPAL GRANT S ADDRESS. 
 
 (53) Page 32.— This address to the Royal Societj' of Canada, to which reference is 
 made in the text, is gi%'en in the ninth volume of the 'Transactions,' pp. .xxxlx xL 
 Dr. Grant could never be uninteresting, but the address shows his ideas can now 
 
84 BIBLiOGRAPHICAL, A.RT 
 
 and thfn Ik- a littlo chaotii- or ciiiRmfitic. It h (init« evidtiil he has nev^er Ht/idiod 
 with much fare fhc volunnis i.f the ' Transaction^,' or comprehi'nd«'d i he useful work 
 the Society is doinK in its own way. Never an active nrjcmber himself, he has not 
 done adeijiiatt justice to those who luive heen at rttl events conscientious labourers in 
 the vineyard wliere he has planted no seed. 
 
 SIR J. W. DAWSON. 
 
 (.M) iVige '&!. — This distin.LCuishofl scientific man is a Nova Scr tian by birth, who, 
 before he became so closely ideutitied wit li the pr>)S])erity of McGill College nt Mont- 
 real as its principal, was superintendent of education in his native province. His 
 scientitie works are numerous, but the one which first brought him f.ame was his 
 " A<^adian tTeolo<?y : an Account of the tJeolosical Structure ajid Mineral Resources 
 of Xiiva Scotia and Portions of the Nei^hl)ouriii;j; Provinces of Rtitish America" 
 (iidinburgh and London, IBo/i, Hvo. », whith has run throujfh many editions, and is 
 now a very large volume compared with the little modest book that first 'entured 
 inrfi ihe world of literature nearly forty years ai;o. 
 
 MR. BILLINGS. 
 
 (55> Page 3;). — He was born on his fathers farm, in the township of Gloucester, 
 near Ottawa. A bibliography, evidently pj-epared by his own hand, is to be found 
 in " IJihliotheca Canadensis,'' pp. :U:U. His most important memoirs are on the 
 third and fourth Decades and the Paheozoic fossils of the Canadian (ieological 
 Survey, in which nearly all the genera and species of the fossils there described were 
 di-scovered by himself. 
 
 ORKHX OF THP: ROYAL .SOCIETY OF CANADA. 
 
 (56) Page .m— The first volume of the ' Trans. Roy. Soo. Can.' USS'i 8-S), pp. i Ixxiv., 
 contains an account of the proceedings before and after the foundation of the Society, 
 with the addresses in full of the Marquess of Lome and of the first President and 
 Vice-I'iesident of the body. On the occasion of the Montreal uieeliug. T^tl, a hand- 
 book was largelv i tculatcd by the Citizens' Committee with the view of giving in- 
 formation of the (ibject and work of the Society. It was written by Mr. John Reade, 
 F. R.S.C.. and contains a succinct history of the origin ajid operati<.ins of thebo<ly 
 until May, 18IM. It contains plans of McGill College grounds and of Montreal in IToO, 
 and sketches of the old Seminary towers, St. (iabriel street church. St. .\un"s. liesides 
 some iureresting f.icts vel.itiiig to Montrears Idstoric places. 
 
 SIR D. WILSON, T. S. HUNT AND MR. CIIAl^■EAT^ 
 
 (o7» I'age :it. T)r. Kingsford has given a pnper. '"In Memoriam. on Sir Daniel 
 Wilson" CTran-^. Roy. Soc. Can.,' vol. xi.) in which he briefly reviews the excellent 
 literary work and the wide culture of that eminent man. In volume ix. of the 
 ' 'i'rans.," Sec. I., pp. Tvl .%s. there is a well written paper on the late Mr. (Jh.iu\ eau, by 
 his successor, Mr. L. O. David of Montreal. The presidential address of Abbe La- 
 flamme in 1><02 (see ' Trans.," vol. x. ) was devoted to a review of the scientific attain- 
 uitnts of Dr. T. vSterrj Hunt. 
 
 CA NADI AN S0CIETIP:S. 
 
 (5,^) Page M. \t the present time there are over twenty Canadian scientiiic and 
 literary societies associated with the Royal Society in its woik. Mr. John Reade, 
 in the " Montreal Handbook of 1891 " (see Note 56), gives the following list of societies 
 
AND (»?:NERAL XOTES. 85 
 
 estahlishoil hpfore 1H(T7 : Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. lf<2l : Natural 
 History So<'ii!ty of Montreal, 1827 -aot of incorporation (he yeurs latt-r ; Iiistjtut 
 Caiuulien, Quebec, 18W; Canadian In><titiitp, Toronto, IMTd ; Institut Canadicn, 
 Ottawa. 1H,'>2; Hamilton Ansociation. 18.5(5 ; Societe Historique, Montreal, IRiH ; 
 Nova Scotia Institiite of N.itnral Scionoe, ls()2 ; Natural History Society, Sf, .lohn. 
 N.B., 1S(52; Nutnisinatic and Antiqiiariun Society, ^^ont^eal, lf^i2 ; Knlomoloyiral 
 Society uf Ontario, IHttl. 
 
 THK EARL OF DERBY AND THK I{t)VAl, .SOCIETY OF CANADA. 
 
 (.■ii8a)PHK<' '2. Four years ago you w ere yood enougii, inoiTering mc the position of 
 y. >ur JKjnorarj- president, to ask the sympathy and encouragement which the governor- 
 general, as Her Majesty's representative, might rightly be asl^i'd to manifest towards 
 the representatives of science and of the liberal arts. I am iifniit! that my cnntribn- 
 tions to literature and science have been few. I do not know they are such as 
 would have merited the notice of the Iloyal Society, b\it I can assure you tliat none 
 of the members of your body take a deeper interest in all that concerns t!ie welfare 
 of your Society rhan he who is now laying down the otiice of honorary president. 
 (Cheers. > There were some persons who considered that, in a coiniiararively new 
 country like Canada it was ,aml)itious on her part when the fonndarions of the I'oyal 
 Society were laid, but there must be a beginning of all things, and 1 think I may 
 appeal to the work which has been and is being done by the ditferent branches of 
 the Society as evidence that its establishment was in no sense preniature, bin that 
 it was tittingly determincfl that the progress of science and literitture should take 
 jdace coincidently with that of the country. In a new country like this -I think 
 you have touched upon it in your address- -there is a great tendency to further 
 one's material wants, to promote trade and commerce, and to ynit aside, as it were, 
 literature and the sciences ; but here the Royal Society has stepped in and done 
 good work by uniting those who were scattered by distance and who tind in the 
 meetings of our Society a convenient opportunity of coTning togetii»*r for t lie exchang- 
 ing of ideas and renewing of those friendships which, though perhaps only yearly 
 meetings permit, are nevertheless enduring. If we look back we shall best see what 
 good work is being done. If we could imagine the existence of such a society as this 
 ill the older countries in olden limes, what a mine of wealth of information would 
 have been atlbrded us ! We see that from the very first, whether in literature, which 
 forms so iniportant a part in our Society : whether it be in the constitutional studies, 
 in which our President is such an adept- and I was glad to see liis authority has 
 been quoted on the other side of the Atlantic as v. eil as on this - wlicther it be in the 
 literature of the chivalrous pioneers of France, who tirst led the way into the un- 
 broken wilderness, or whether it be in the latter days of constitutional progress of 
 this country and its relations both to the old world and the country giowing up 
 alongside of us. 
 
 In literature, history and poetry, also, the Society will from the first have its 
 stamp, as >ve trust, upon the future of the Canadian race. (Cheers.) That science 
 and the arts lo an equal extent may find a place here is our earnest wish, in order 
 that by sentiment and feeling we may bind together in the ciosest ties that by which 
 she must achieve a gr(>at and enduring success. I must not detain you from your 
 other duties, but I could not refrain from saying in a few words bow heartily and 
 truly I appreciate and believe in the work of the Royal Society. At your next meet- 
 ing, as you truly say, I fear I shall not be a.nongsc you ; but though the Atlantic may 
 roll Vjetween us, you may be certain that in spirit, at least. I hope to be present at 
 your meeting, and shall follow with the liveliest and deepest interest any recoi*d you 
 
p 
 
 >^C) BIBLIOOKAPHICAL, ART 
 
 mny l>e good eiiongh to send me of wh.it takeH place on that occasion. ♦ • ' ' • 
 I appeal not the 1<>S8 to my French eolleafcms than to my English ones in all mntlers 
 which ri'lnt^" to tlit' wplfan- of the Sot iety. Scinnre. ert Hnd litem lure, il i.s true, are 
 (■()sinv»i»ol.iaD, hut they are well knit toyfof her in this Sofiety. We who have. ex|>e- 
 rienced in Canada the hospitality of its people are grateful for it. We have admired 
 the- ^reathess of tlie resources of f his counlry, and we look forward 'o .i society like 
 this as liaving ample w.>rk Lo do in the future. As in every rcNpect ('"anadu seems to 
 he dispose J ilways to take a forward p.irt, so I hope the Royal Societv will ever 
 press on to a higher and hiujher goal; and, gentlemen, T can wish to the Royal 
 S^K-iety. to all my frieovis aiul hrothers of the .Soiijity. lo whom I once more tender 
 my hearty thanks, no greater blessing than, like Canada itself, thai they may lie 
 happy, uuit'.d and pros{)erous. (T^oud and prolonged cheers.) 
 
 S. E. DAWSON ON TENNYSON. 
 
 (59) Page 40.— "A Study, with Critical and Explanatory Notes, of Lord Tenny- 
 son's Poem, The Princess." By S. E. Dawson. Montreal, 18><2, I'imo. 2nd ed. 1884. 
 The preface containa a long and interesting letter from the poet, which '"throws 
 some light upon some important literary questions regardinr^ the manner and 
 method of the poet s working." Teanyson deserilrtJS the "Study " truly as an "able 
 and thougl^fful essay." 
 
 THE OLD CANADIAN MONTHLY.' 
 
 (60) Page 41). -It first appeared iu Toronto in 3872 (Adam Stevenson & Co.), soon 
 after Prof. (Joldwin Smith took up l)is jjevniunent residence in that westevn city. 
 Much of its reptUiitioo for years necessarily <h'pended on the contributions of a 
 writer who, if he has failed to identify himself of late with the national or Canadian 
 sentiment of the people, lias at all events done something in the past to improve the 
 style of Canadian lUtt'rati ts and to elevate tiie tone of journalism. The ' Monthly ' 
 was the ablest -successor of a long list of literary aspirants in the same field, the ma- 
 jority of which had a still shorter existei'.ce. S^e Bourinoi's "Intellectual Devel 
 opmtnt of tlie ('anadiau People" (Toronto, 1881), chap. iv. and ' Canadiitn Monthly," 
 March, 1881. - , 
 
 FORM OF ROYAL SOCIFITY 'TRANSACTR)NS.' 
 
 (61) Page 42.— Since tht> deiiverj of the presidential address the Royal Society 
 decided by a considt^ralile ma-ority— cliietly m.-.tde up of the two scientific sections— 
 to contuiue the qnarCo form for the present. Under these circimstances the com- 
 promise sugirested may be adopted— that of printing separate editions of important 
 monographs and works from time to time by some understanding with the author. 
 
 THE STUDY OF THE CLASSICS. 
 
 (62) Page 49.— The following b^ a fuller quotation from Prof. Goldwin Smith's 
 very apposite remarks delivered befiiri.- tl;e Clas.sical Association of Ontario (see 
 'The Week,* April 28th, 1893): "No age has stood more in need of humanizing 
 culture than Miis, in which physical culture i-eigns. One of the newspapers ihe 
 other day invited us to take part in a symposium the subject of which was ' How 
 to Produce a Perfect Man.' The problem was large, but one help to its solution 
 might have been a reminder lo keejj the balance. A romantic age stands in need of 
 
AND '.KNEBAf, NOTHS. g7 
 
 .,v,,u II I , , >'.<- I. ■■ n, .!.■. ,| -f ';,• liuiiiMnti.-.. );iM\;ii 
 
 .i\ iiu ^ 1 1. I j, ),' I' .r,. \ (• I 111, i.(i 1 1 , -I, ,, ,.,. I . 1 • 
 
 '":■"■'-—" .- -i..^iM...>o .::.:: i:',j:;;,;'::::,.":::,i:i::r;:;:;,: 
 
 ■:'•"■"■■■■'"■":-■ ;;";-^ ■ ^. — .'„,.,„,.,,:;,„,,„,. ,,, , ,„,„":, 
 
 :z:Z::. '•"•■-■'■"'•■ -- -^ '■■'■■■ ^"■> ■:- "^-:.: ' 
 
 CANAJ'I W U\]R M.'IKS. 
 _ '•':!' Pau.-:;:! -<:n. in!,M...,in^ f. ■,. as u, th. .vn'ulion „r lil,,, ,.. ,„ ,,..■ 1.... 
 
 L.tu,.!,, (orunfu HsIk Cu.niir H.i.l,.-. ■•rouulrv f.it. in ."...ui. n,'. V..... 
 Aku ;I>r-l-^uiiun s -Hi, Torv..f()ni:tn. ,■;,.,, i D- Kin. ■•^<-„r. •• r • •.■•,■ 
 
 on>nur„.- The pnn.p.u ,•.-.... „- •' ^ ,>:i,; ':.•-; h J' :::^;:;•r;;!7 
 r;.;;:;;u:;ir^;;;r:^^^^ ^.. u. ,..'...:: 
 
 CAXADTAX AKTfSTS. 
 
 (61) PaK8f;i.-.An Art Socletv was fomi,U.<i in Uppor f';u,a.ia ., r.H,a.] •.. H41 
 but Its exhibitions wore r.ecessarily repres-nutm-.. .f KrHsh ,..,: s .,t ;,-. rZ 
 
 "^ir^huifT'-''''" ^^r '"'"''"' '" '^"^"^ ••■' '^' '^'^" -"' n>..nn,ario School of 
 lormto^ The Ro.al ( a.uuha. A.ade.u, u. .;i.,ned in the text, uas establishe,! in 
 1.S80 The inliuearc ,.i th^s. u».l two or three .ninor instlta-ions in Canada has been 
 
 ^ctr.:: ; 1"" '"^' """'"'"' "' ^' '"--^- - -'^^ '-= ^^-'■-- ^'m^rt. are no, a.U^u.^^v 
 ent,oiu:i-ed by ,cover/unent or pe-.p!,- in the provinces. 
 
 rhefol!,nvin. is a list of the paiu.er- n. oil-, and water coKn.,:- u|...... p. n.res 
 
 no«- make the pn.icipal features „f (h. an^ n.i exhihi.ions in Ontario and Qu 'e 
 
 an.i the niap,rdy of .ho,, were iuad.,natelv repr.......,! at ('h„.a.o: V. V V ,, e ' 
 
 wh, se Indian and Canadian vene. a... ,.-..e::eut . II. Al. Mauheus. who ha^- n . [ 
 
 lu^h ivpuration l^>r ).. H.„ kv Mo,. „., paintings: I. R. , Hirien, e^sentiallv ,ae 
 
 WU te. o VMht sport, and Canadian .eenery : ].. UM.y (.rier. uho has done sonu- 
 good work in portraits and natnrai scenery : W. Brv ,n„er, one uf ;h.- most proinisin-^ 
 younger pander, .t Canadian s-eaes : Ceori^e Jleid, whose >' Foreelosi/,-,. oi t e 
 Mongag^ n. one of the hest idctnres p,odneed >n the Do.nini.n.: .-ohn II„.n.,ond 
 of .n. J,Min, \,B. a pander of waterUfe : IVrcy Woodeoek, ^vhose etiorts a, .k-tches 
 
 r c^iitvl;;";,''" "'-f" '":'*--^''^r"^>' ^^- ^I- Bell-Snntin v,l,oh.,sa decided artistic 
 facnlt. toi the port,a,iturc ot onr nuhle.t scenery : ilonier Wat.,.: ,■, favon.-il.- for his 
 rustle .auds.ape. u,l romantie pastorals : J. W. J. Forster, in soM:e resp..<-t- tlnO.est 
 figure pan,t..r. bnt .!s„ e ,pahh ,.f ^uo^l landscapes; G. Brneineh, a .arefni artist of 
 scener,'. hrne-i lL,.n,,son, who has ni.de son.e .rood .diorts ar prairie subjects; 
 J C. iorl^s, who pamte.i Mr, Qiadsro..v p,,„ ,,;t, ,„,, ,, ,„, ,,, ,,^ ,,^^^^ ^^^^:^^^ J 
 the ehiss that (.anada has so far k.n.wn ; W. Uaplnxel an.! . ), R. dacol)], two of the 
 o dest ainl best k.iosvn painters ,n Cana.lian landscape. To ■ lu-se we n.u.t ruU M,ss 
 Minnie A. Hell, A. W at.son. Miss Sidney 8. Tally. .Mrs, .M. JJ. fu-id. ,j. T. Holph 
 R. F. Ciixen. T. (". ArcGiliivray Knowh's. Forshaw Das L. !f,i..r. Mile. Colondoer' 
 E. Dyonuet. C. Macdonald Manly, I), p. aiacKiUsan, J. W. Morriee, A. D. Patterson," 
 
88 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL, ART 
 
 ISIiss G. F. Spurr, F. S. Clialloner, Paul .7. Wickson. Mrs. M. B. Screiber, W. Revell, 
 D. Fowler, ]Miss E. May Martin. Miss Laura Muntz, Miss F. M. Bell-Smith, Miss 
 Florence Carlyle, Miss I. M. F. Adams, Owen P. Staples, Mrs. M. E. Dignam, Charles 
 Alexander, W. E. ALkin.son, J. C. Mills. J. A. Fra.'^i>r (in New York>, Carl Ahrens, 
 W. A. SlifTwooil, Mis.s Fannie Sutherland, T. C. ^^ K«!e, H. SandhanHin New York), 
 Mr. Harvey, Mr. Crui'-kshank, Mr. Heavey, A. Cox. Mi.ss Edwards, J. Griffith, Colin 
 Scott. J. Wilson. Tames Smith, C. .1. Way, F. Brownell, A. P. Coleman, K. Harris, 
 Miss Holden and Miss Houghton. Many of these artists, wtiose merits, of course, 
 vary much, are not native Canadians. Oi-j- of the strongest landscape painters, 
 Mr. Matthews, is an Englishman, who has now, aftei' souk.' years, thorotighly under- 
 stood the light and colour oFCan.idian scenery. O'Brien, Br^-rancr, L. Huot, ForVies, 
 Forster, Pinhey, Sidney Tally, G. Harris, Gajjen, Knowles, Watson, Alexander, 
 A. D. Patterson, (.'. M. Manly, E. May Martin and George Reid are Canadians. 
 G. T. Berthon, who died recently in Toronto ai an advanced apre, and was known ss 
 a painter of numerous portraits, the best of which are to be seen in Osgoode Hall, 
 was of French origin and education. Raphael is German by birth and education. 
 Jacobi isapainterof the Dusseldorf school, and was at oue time employed in the court 
 of t!ie King of Bavaria. Bruenech is a native, I understand, of Denmark, though 
 educated in Canada E. W. Grier is an Englishman by birth and education, with a 
 knowledge of French art derived from study in P;'.ris. So is Ernest Thompson, who 
 also studied in Paris. Mower Martin is an Englishman, educated in that couiitry 
 and in Canada, with whose scetiery he has been alwavs enamoured. Carl Ahrens 
 was born and educated in the United States. Miss Minnie Bell and Miss Laura 
 Muntz are among the most promising younger artists of Canada. Both were born 
 and received their elementary education in Canada. Miss Bell, after studying in 
 Paris, is now in Montreal. Miss Muntz is still studying in Paris. Robert Harris is 
 a native of Prii^ce Edward Islarul. Mr. N. Bourassa, w)io is a French Canadian 
 artist, has of late years devoted himself to ecclesiastiea! decoration. His best work 
 is to be .seen in the architoctun and decoration of the churches of Notre Dame de 
 Nazareth and Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, and he Vuis the credit of having 
 first applied proVmbly iu America " the art of painting to the adoriiUient of Christian 
 churches in the broad and thorough manner so common at one period in central 
 Italy." (See Dr. S. E. Dawson's •' Handbook of Canada," Montreal, iaS8, pp. im, 
 184.) The intluence of the French schoo'.s of painting can i)e seen in the best works 
 of Paul Peel (now dead). Forster, Harris, Geo. Reid and John Pinhey (born atOttawa), 
 all of whom have had success at the salons. At the present time there are some 
 twenty five Canadians, more or less, studying in Paris, and the majority are Fre.ueh 
 Canadians. In fact, the French schools draw students from (Canada as well as from 
 the I'nited States, and England is relatively ignored. The artistic temper.iment is 
 more stimulated by the ateliprs and the student life of Paris than among the more 
 business-like and cold surroandings of a student in London. In sculpture the names 
 are very few, Hamilton M<.Carth\. Hebert and Dunbar having alone done meritori- 
 ous work, but of these three Hebert is the only native Canadian. One of the very 
 tirst painters i,o draw attention, years ago, to Canadian scenery, especially to the 
 wouderfuly vis id tints of autumn, was Ki'leghotf, .v hose pictures have been .so much 
 copied that it is difficult now to tell the originals fi-um the re])roductions. He was, 
 however, not a native Canadian but a Swiss painter from the German-s]jeaking can- 
 tons, I believe. The nam- of Paul Kane (born in Toronto* will be always identified 
 with Indian life and customs, and as the pioneer of art in Canada. .\ fine collection 
 of his paintings is in the possession of Hon. (i. W. .VUan, who has always taken an 
 
AND GENERAL NOTES. 89 
 
 active interest in the development of art in the city of which he has been so long an 
 honoured citizen. 
 
 Among other Canadian artists who laboured in the commencement of art studies 
 in this country may be mentioned the following: Duloiigpre, Samuel Berczy, Audy, 
 William Berczy, Vincent Zaeljarie Thdariolin (Indian of Lorotre, iS12-I8«)), Haniel, 
 Carey, T. H. Burnett, .J. J. Girouard, P. Leber— many of whose artistic efforts are 
 already forgotten though their work wiis meritorious. With respect to Picrthon, 
 the following note by Col. G. T. Denizen, K.R. S.C., of Toronto, which I have received 
 since writing of the artist above, will be of interest : " His father was a court painter 
 under the great Napoleon, and several of his pictures are now in Versailles. He 
 was a Frenchman, and I think was in Vienna wlien his son, niy old friend, v^■as 
 born ; for 1 am under the impression Berthon told me he was bom in V^ienua. 1 
 think he was brought up in France, and went to London when comparatively young, 
 and tl^ere set up as a portrait painter. He was induced tocotne out to Canada about 
 the year 1843 or 1844, and settled in Toronto soon after, where he died about a year 
 ago, over eighty years of age He was certainly, when in his prime, the l)est portrait 
 painter we ever had in Canada, and in ruy opinion was better than most of the men 
 of great celebrity in London to-day.' 
 
 The successful artists at the World's Fair, where IKJ works in all nere presented 
 from Canada, were the following: Mr. G. Eeid, whose great picture mentioned above 
 could not fail to attract mueli notice, Mr. Harris, Mr. Ede, Miss Holden and Mr. 
 J. A. Fraser, This is satisfactory in view of the fact that the best work of the ma- 
 jority of leading Canadian artists was not represented in the exhibition. Apart 
 from Mr. Reid's painting, the pictures that were signalled out for special notice 
 were not equal in some respects to other eliorts of the same artists that have been 
 -seen in our annual exhibitions. 
 
 In closing this note I cannot do better than give the following judicious remarks 
 on art in Canada, delivered before tlie Canadian In.stitute, by an able Canadian artist, 
 J. W. L. Forster : " The art of Canada to-day is a mingling of elements. . . . The 
 influence of the old world rnay be seen in the work of many wiio cb'^rish still the 
 precepts of their masters. Yet it is due to tliose \\ ho have adopted Canada as their 
 home to say they are as Canadian in the faithful reproduction of the pure glories of 
 our climate as those who first sav the sun in onr own sky. Our native artists who 
 have studied abroad are much inclinnd to paint a Canadian sky with the haze of 
 Western Europe, and our verdure, tuo, as thuugh it grew upon foreign soil. Our art 
 is not Canadian. . . . Material is certainly not wanting, nor motif of the 
 grander order. Ihe first requisite is for a stronger national spirit. Kvents are 
 slowly developing this ; and the signs are full of promise in this direction. The 
 second great need is for a nuiseum e([ui])ped with well-chosen specimens of the 
 world's art. Our government and citizens are establishing schools of industrial and 
 title art, yet when we would point our pupils to examples of pure art, lo ! there are 
 none ; and when we would know what .art has be.:^n, in order to disce^er what art 
 may be, we must go ;is exiles and pilgrims to foreign cities. A museum that gives 
 the best of their art history and achievement will greatly strengthen our hope and 
 give rein to our ambition. A third need is for capable and generous criticisni. 
 There are many men whose discernment and sympathies tit them einitiently for he 
 roll of art critic; but a.<? yet journalism has not opened wide the door to advance- 
 ment in such a speciidty." 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL ART. 
 
 <fi4<f) Page 57.— While Canadian architecture is generally wanting in originality 
 of conception, yet it aiiords many good illustrations of the effective adaptation of 
 
90 BIBLIO.aRAPHlCAL, ART 
 
 the best art of Europe to the principal edifices of the large cities. These are t)\e 
 most noteworthy pulilif liuildings, : 
 
 III Offau-a.—The parliament and departmental buildings, admirable examples of 
 Italian Gotbic of the 13th century, with a line central lower, the efftct of which has 
 b''en marred l)y a later tower in the weistern block out of harmony with the areneral 
 design of an otherwise pei feet grouj). 
 
 la Quebnc. -The legislative building in the French style of the 17th century, note- 
 worthy for its niches containing statues of men famous in French Canadian history. 
 
 [n Miinfrcal. ~'V\\& parish clmrcli of Xotre Dame, on the Place d'Armes, of a 
 sinijjie tbitliic style, attractive for its stateliness and massiveness. 
 
 Christ Church Cathedral, on St. Catherine street, worthy of study as an admir- 
 able specimen of the early Englisli style of ecclesiastical architecture, exhibiting 
 unity of design and correctness of proportions. 
 
 Notre Dame de Lounles, whose interior has been already spoken of (see pjeceding 
 note): a good example of the Byzantine order, combined wiih effects of the Italian 
 Renaissance vecalling Venetian architecrurc. 
 
 The Montrerl Bank, on St. James street, an artistic illustration of the Corinthian 
 order, with an interior interesting for the artistic effort to illustrate on the walls 
 remarkable S( enes in Omadian history. 
 
 The Canadian Pacift<; Station, on Windsor street, a tine exaiiiple of an adaptation 
 of old Norman architecture to modern necessities. 
 
 In roron^o.— The I^niversity, ])erbaps the best example in America of a modern 
 conception of Norman architecture, with a tower of much beauty. 
 
 Trinity University . whose graceful Tudor-Gothic design, in which the tower is a 
 conspicuous featiii-e, is marred by the clumsy projection of a later chapel building, 
 entirely out of harmony with the admirable front, 
 
 Osgoode Hall, of the Ionic order, moditled by additions of the Italian Renaissance. 
 
 St. Andrews Church, a combination of the Norman and Byzantine orders, more 
 suitable tor a great library or :■. hall than an ecclesiastical edifice. As a specimen of 
 architecture, apart from its uurpose, it is harmonious and artistic. 
 
 The new legislative buildings, which arc the most pretentious in (Canada after 
 the Ottawa parliament house, are a praiseworthy etTort to illustrate the Roiiianesque, 
 with details of the Celtic and Indo-tTermanie schools. 
 
 The Methodist Metropolitan Church, a judicious example of a modern form of 
 the Gothic style which distinguished the 13th century in France. It is at once 
 simple and harmonious in its general design, and has a massive tower vyhich adds to 
 the general ellect of the whole structure. 
 
 St. .lame-s's Church, often cited as a good example of eccl?.siastical (Jothic, with a 
 graceful and well-proporticne^i towei- and stei'ple, conspicuous from all points of view. 
 
 In Hamilton. -T hi-, court house is in some resf)ects the best designed of its kind 
 in Canada. The head office of the Canada Life Assurance Company is noteworthy 
 for its graceful simphcicy, in its way not equalled in Canada. 
 
 In Fredericfon. -The Church of Fngl:ind Cathedral, a perfect sjyeciraen, on a 
 small scale, of pure early English Gothic on the Continent. 
 
 The new library Iniilding wluch McGill University owes to the public spirit of 
 Mr. Redpath, of Montreal, is distinguished by the graceful sim})licity of its external 
 form, and the conveniences of its beautiful interior. Apart from this line edifice, 
 however, and the parliamentary library at Ot'awa, whose external design is I'armo- 
 nious and whose Internal fittings iilustraie tlie efl'cctiv Ciiess of our nati'.rai woods, 
 Canada has no such libraries— in special buildin rs I mean— noteworthy for 
 beauty of architecture and convenience of arrangements as we Hud among our neigh- 
 
AND GENERAL x\OTES. 9X 
 
 hours iJluHtratiuK thfir public and private spirit. Neit her have we an art gali^-n- of 
 special architectural f. atures, for the building at Montreal is .simple iu the extr.nne. 
 .Such as ,t H, however, it is an object of i.nitaiiun t« other cities in Canada. 
 
 " FIDELIS." 
 
 (ai> Pa,^e GO. -The ]joelic ci cation which doses the presidential address ?s taken 
 trom Mxs.s .Maehar's (" Fi.ieiis ". re,-se> on " Dominion Day," which app-ar in " Son-s 
 ot the Grea^ Dominion," pp. 15 17. and merit a uide audience for tUeir pani(,tic .pirit 
 and poetic taste. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 "A( AiMA.irHtoi7of,"byJ.Hann;iy, 71 
 " V'.-Mfiiiai Geology," bj Sir .T, W. Daw- 
 sou, HI. 
 
 "After W<'ary Years.' roinancc by 
 Archbp. O'Biion, of Halifax, N.S., 71. 
 
 ^ihr(-'ny. Car], artis; , R^. 
 
 .A.ignnqiiiii Grammar, b} Abb.- Cuoq, ;i7. 
 
 Allan, Hon. G. W., his iove of art, as. 
 
 " An American Girl in London," by 
 Sara J. Duncan, 83. 
 
 ■^Aniinta." poem by Archt)iahop 
 (il'ricn. It. 
 
 "Anciens Canadiens," bv P. de Ga.spe 
 27, 82. 
 
 Archibald, Sir Adam.s. J., statesman, I.5. 
 
 Ar -hibaid, S. J. W., .statesman, 1-". 
 
 ArcluJccture in Canada, injitative 
 rather than original, .■)7 ; .special 
 buildinfrs, of n.rc'iftectural beauty 
 niontioned, 89, 91, 
 
 Art in ( anada, Xi ; names of eminent 
 painters. o4. H7 ; «ant of art gallerie.s, 
 o.'J, &1 ; est;ii)Hshment of ari associa- 
 tions in Montreal and Toronto, S«J : 
 the Canadian Academy ui A;i, .>) ; 
 some .general remark.-; oii its use, ih. ; 
 J. W. L. Bwst-er cited on the sniijjct, 
 89; success of Can.idian artisi- at the 
 Chicago Wirld's i'air, oo, ,>sl. 
 
 Art ^jiilf i\ i.i .\T.,ntreaI, ,53, 91. 
 
 .-\rnol(i, .XIallhew, on the large mean- 
 ing of " Literature," ;U, .".2. S3. 
 Au.straiian ncvelist.s, superior to tiiose 
 
 of t^anada, 2") : names, 7',). 
 Australian [icets (oiepared witii those 
 of Canada, 25: n.xmes, 79 , extracts 
 from, TU, 
 
 B.vi,Dv'.'rN, Hun. Robert, .statesman, H. 
 Bank of Montreal Building at Mont- 
 real, its architecrure, 90. 
 
 " Bastonnai.s, Tlie, " romance by J. Le.s- 
 perance, S2. 
 
 ■' Beggar^ All," by L. Dongali, 29. 
 Belknap, .If remy. his ••History of New 
 Hampshire.*' i.i, 07. 
 
 Bell, MLss Minnie, arti.st, 87. 
 Bell-Smith, F. M., artist, 88. 
 Beothiks, or Red Indians of Xew. found- 
 land, essay on, }>y Dr. I^arterson, '38. 
 Berthon, G. T., artist. 89. 
 Bibaud, Michel, his History of Canada, 
 
 12. <M. 
 
 Bibliography of the writings of mem- 
 bers of ihe Royal Society, 72. 
 
 '• Hicnville, Francois de," romance i)y 
 M. .Maiinette, 27, 82. 
 
 Billings, Elkauah, geologi.sl, ;«, 84. 
 
 Biography, literature of, weak in Can- 
 ada, 42. 
 
 Klaki . F:dward, mentioned, 17, 4.'?. 
 
 Bouch.'r, Pierre, hi- account of the cus- 
 toms and natural t.r.jductionsof Nou- 
 ^el!e France, fi, f'.;i 
 
 Bouchette, Joseph, his works o:i ihe 
 toj)Ograpliy of Canada, 12, 67. 
 
 Boura.ssa, N., artist, 88. 
 
 Brown, J. H., poet, 7d. 
 
 Brnenech. G., artist, 87. 
 
 Bunsen, Chevnlier, his opinion on what 
 c'institutes tlie excellence of a i-o- 
 mance, 29. 
 
 Brymner, W., artist, 54, 88. 
 
94 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Campbell, Wilfred, his poems, 20; 
 
 qiiorations therefrom, 75. 
 Canada Tafe As^iura^ce Buildiu'J: at 
 
 lianiiltoii, lis architecture, W. 
 Gar.ada, three eras of dcveiopincnt, 4. 
 " Ganadiaa Idylls, ■ poem^ hy W.Kirby, 
 
 Canadian Literary and Scienutic So- 
 cieties, the oldest ill Canada. Hi. SJ. 
 "Canadian Monthly," its us-.^uluess. 
 
 Canadian Paciric KK., Station at Mon- 
 treal, its architee'xire, (K). 
 "Canadiensdi fOuest," hy ,1. Tasse, 72, 
 '•Carillon, le Drapeau de. ' poem by O. 
 
 Cremazie, quoted, us'. 
 Carman, Bliss, his poems, 2<', 
 Cartier, Sir Ceorge Etienne, statesman, 
 
 14. 
 t'asgrain, AWh'-, ins historical works, 
 
 71 ; his oiiinion of Cremazie. 20 
 CaTherAv-i,.tl, .Mary Harlwell, wiiter of 
 
 fiction, 28, 82. 
 Chaiiii-iain, cr>nipared with Columbus, 
 ii; with Captain John Smith, 02 ; Ins 
 works, 0, Gl. 
 "Chants Nou%-eaux," poems by B. Suite, 
 
 7:J. 
 Charlevoix, his history of Xouvelie 
 France, (>, 62; his opinion uf .society 
 in Quebec, 8. 
 Chauveau, P. J. O., his poems, etc., 17 ; 
 one of the founders of the Ilo\ al So 
 ciety, M, 67. 
 Chevrier, Jl., poet, 7d. 
 Christie, Robert, Ids history of Lower 
 
 Canada, 18, 09. 
 " t'hief Facti>r. Tlie,'" novel by Gilbert 
 
 J.^arker, 28, 82. 
 Christ Church Cathedral »i Fred'-ric- 
 
 ton, iis architecture, M. 
 Christ Church Cathedra! at .Montreal, 
 
 its arcliitectuTe, '.>(). 
 Classics, Study of : Goldwin Smith on, 
 49,86 : Matthew Arnold on, 50; J. Rus- 
 sell Lowell on. fil ; should be encour- 
 aj^ed in Canadian colleges. 19 ; its 
 results in P''rench Canada, 65. 
 Clarke, Professor, mentioned, 10. 
 "Clarsacli nam Beann," (.iaclic poems 
 by E. McColl, 77. 
 
 Clereq, Fere Chresticn le, his • Eta- 
 blissemeiit de la F.iy," 6, (U. 
 
 "Coogee," poem by If. C. Kendall, the 
 Australian poet, cited, 79. 
 
 " Cours d'Histoire du Canada," by Abbe 
 Ferland, IS, 70. 
 
 Crawford, Isa'oclla Viilatuy, poet, 76. 
 
 (.'reniazie, Oi.tave, hi> po^mis, 17. 68. 
 
 Crenx, Pen- du. hi> Uintorla Canudcn- 
 sifi. 6, (j;j. 
 
 Criticism, necessity for a spirit of gen- 
 uine, in Can.ada, 47 ; reference to S.E. 
 Dawson's essay on 'The Princess." 
 40; Sainte-Beuve quoted, 47. 
 
 Cuoq. Abb«^ his works on the Algon- 
 quin language, contributed to Royal 
 Society, 37. 
 
 Davin, Nicholas Flood, poet, 75. 
 
 Dawson, .Eneas, poet, 74. 
 
 Daw.son. G. M., his contributions to 
 
 Royal Society. 38. 
 Dawfcon, S. I*^., his criticism on "The 
 
 Princess," 10, 86. 
 Dawsor., Sir W., doyen of Science in 
 
 Canada, 19, 32, 31, 38, 84. 
 " Decouverte du Mississippi, La," poem 
 
 by L. Frechette quoied, 72. 
 Dent. John C, his histories, 19, 70. 
 DerVw. tlie Earl of, his farewell address 
 
 to the Royal Society of Canada, 85. 
 Deville. E., his contributions to Royal 
 
 Society, 39. 
 Dewart, E. IT., poet, his collection of 
 
 Canadian poems, 73. 
 Dionue, N". E., his writings. 62, 72. 
 'Dodge Club Abroad," by Professor De 
 
 MiUe, 29, 83. 
 Doyle, Conan, his "JJefngees ' lield up 
 
 to imitation of Canadian writer.s of 
 
 romance, 28. 
 " Divad \'oyaL,;e,'" poem l)y W. Camp- 
 bell, 75. 
 "Dreamland" and other poems by C. 
 
 Mair, 74. 
 Dunbar, sculptor, 88. 
 Duncan, Sara Jeannette, author, 29. 
 Duvar. John Hunter, poet, 75. 
 
 Ede, T. C. v.. artist, win.s success .at 
 
 Chicago World's Fair, 8i). 
 Edgar, James D., poet, 26. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 95 
 
 Edgar, Mrs., her "Rid(^nr Lftt<rs" 
 
 qu(.r<'d, 7.-. 
 Edueatio!!, i)i French. Canada under old 
 
 regime, 7, 8; in Caiia'ia fro i 17(50- 
 
 IHIO, if; fnjui Hl(i-!>'i»;<, (i.i_ irn iire.Miit 
 
 condition and defccC-. i:i-.>l. 
 Einersiiii, r<^pr<'-t'!itali .c of oripcinal 
 
 Arnerii-aii geiiitis, S'. 
 "Epic of tlif- Dawn,"' poem hy N. F. 
 
 Davin, 75. 
 E'^s.i^-i-is, names of prii>.-ipal Frcin I, 
 
 and l.n.uii.-ih, 81. 
 
 Faii.i.on, Ahl)«'-, his }iistory ot' the 
 
 *' (V)loii!i:> fi'aii(,-aise." IS', 70. 
 Fauna of Sn. .Tnlm (r!--np, ^rcolivrioal 
 
 ^^■Ol■k l:iy G. l\ M..irlic'i. :-'ii. 
 Fer!an<i. J. B. A., hi.s •■ Hist ,.ry of C'an- 
 
 .uda," is, 7u. 
 " Fla.LC of Old Eiiaiand,'" poem by Joseph 
 
 Howe, quoted, 8(,i. 
 Floia and Botany of C;iii;id.i. fs.says on, 
 hy Profe.s--ors Law.soii, Ma.-oun and 
 Peuhallow, ;.©. 
 Forho^, J. C, art is;. )-:7. 
 " Foreclosure of the Mo; tKa^:-'i'." paitit- 
 
 h\g hy G. A. Rfid. S7. 
 Forsti'i-, J. W. L.. arti-i, Iiis roma-k.s 
 on Mi<' ri')i<h-acy of Canadian art, SO. 
 Eraser, .1. A.. aiti,'<t, ■wins success a^ 
 
 Cliicajro "^^■oridV F;ur," Si). 
 Frechette, 1j., iiis [>, .,i,.s. 2i< : i]'!'>rat;on 
 from ]U8 ■' D'coiiM-rce dii .\Iis.sis- 
 s'ppi, 7^ ; essa} ist, 81. 
 French C.'na<la : ( arly wriltr- nf iar 
 h!--1ors-, Cha-njilain, H'mrh- ;-, ]...■ 
 (.']<■)■'■{{. f 'luiiiivoix, oti'.. ii, 7. I'l "l ; 
 cnltiir!- ;:>!(! •■•■i.ia- ■li:.i;i^ Frentdi 
 resime, >• . }w-.u,; .;u;x ;uid jxie- fmui 
 !7*Ki-]840. 17, K^ : tr.,ni isf;) U) l.s(J7. 
 20.71: lr.)ir\ iHiT l^'!t:'>. Tl' 7} : writers 
 of romance few m mim'ii-'t, l'7 ■ in 
 (hicnct of tiie I-''ieni-)i lacmn.u.e. .'»> 
 ) ; its pr :h:i.'.\ anr.iTi')!). ^i;). 
 FriMich ianjjaa-;.. in Canada, remarks 
 
 on. .>S i>0. 
 French 1 a:i;nli;in j.io.'trj, an esrimate 
 oC its uicriLs 22- 2 i. 
 
 Gaoen, R. F., artist, 87. 
 "^ Gazette " of Montreal, la. 
 
 Galis.soniero. I i, his culture and scien- 
 tific spirit, ,s. i)i, ()5. 
 
 C.anon^^ IVof., contributor to Royal 
 Soc i e t y o f Ca r, r.d a, :>i. 
 
 *nirn.'au, F. X., his " Histoiru du Can- 
 ada," 1>, 7o. 
 
 Glarisionc JJiulit 7I,„i, ^!r.. portrait of. 
 paint. '/I I.; .i. C. I'nrlio, ;^7. 
 
 "filohe " n{ 'orontvi. .51. 
 
 "Golden Do-. The," ronianc by W. 
 Kn-by, -7, traihslated by !'. LeMay, 
 81. 
 
 Gordon, A. Lind.say. his spirited j,oem, 
 "The Sick bto* k-rider, " i^uoted, 79. 
 
 Ov,-int, Principal, author and lecturer, 
 
 ^ 10, ;-!2, Ki. 
 
 Greek, study of, desirable, .VI, 01, 
 
 Gr:. r. K. "A'., artist, .S8. 
 
 f'riilin, M. .1., es>,ayisr and poet, 77, SI. 
 
 HAro.^ iirammar, to be printed by 
 
 I!oya! So'nety, :;7. 
 llabburton. .Jndge. his "Sam Slick." 
 U, (i»i; his "lEstory of Xova Scotia," 
 12, m. 
 Hauic!. Mur., ccmtrlhutor to Royal 
 
 Society, -V. 
 Ihunihoi; Court-housi, il^ architec- 
 ture, 'M. 
 Hamilton, P. S,, poet, 7.3. 
 Haumioml, John, artist. f(l. 
 Hannny .1., his '-History of Aca-^.ia,"71. 
 H,irr;s, George, artist. h-<. 
 Harrisom S. iw/uui - r"Scranus">, poet, 
 
 70. 
 Unrvey, Mo.ses, hi.s coutributionti to 
 
 Ii'oyal Socii'i}-. ;-'.s. 
 I'aiiltain, Vm.iid. nnntioncd, M. 
 i awttionu. N.. repn ^tru;:: i\,. ,,,; ori- 
 
 .^■in i! Ani''!'ic.-in jiCniiis. 2;j. 
 lL'a\ y8e_c:e, (.lii.s.. his pocins, 17. '>i. 6<t. 
 Heli.-,it, Frencii Cnnadian .sculptor, Tu, 
 ■■■is 
 
 llisioriansof Can.ida: \V. Smiili, hv:; m. 
 Hibaud, i;7: UMliourton'sXova S,-.,t ia, 
 12, (Ki; *;'Mn.';iu, 7(t ; I'eriand, 70; 
 Faiilon, la ; i!. SuStf, 71 ; J. C. D.mt, 
 70; L. Turcot te. 71 : VVithrow, 71; 
 Kingsford. 71 : .VlcMilijui, 71 : Han- 
 nay, 71; .\iurd'H-h 71; Tanyuay, 71 ; 
 Dionn.:, 7i ; Cav-rain, .37, 71; Go.s- 
 selin, II. 
 
06 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 " riistoire dc." Canadiens FraD(;ais," 
 
 by B. Suite, 71. 
 " HistoirH de la Colonic Fran<;aise t-n 
 
 Canada," \>y Vhh<'- Faillon, 10, 70. 
 Holden. Miss, airist, wins success at 
 
 Chicago World's Fair, fi). 
 Huughton, Mil--, aiust,n-iiisi succpssat 
 
 Cliicago World's Fair, M>. 
 Howe, Joseph, as poet and orator, 11, 
 
 17, 2fi, fW, 69 ; one of his potniis qiiot -d 
 
 in full. SO. 
 Hunt, Thomas Sttrry.his contributions 
 
 to the Royal Societ} of Canada, 39; 
 
 out- of its foundors, 'S\. 
 Pluntinmon. iloi\. L.S., .stat<^sn\an and 
 
 novflisl, S'J. 
 Huot, L., ra-tist, ^s. 
 Hutchinson, Governor, his •' History of 
 
 Massachusetts," 0, 13, f>A. 
 
 "In Divers Tones," poem b\ C. (J. D. 
 
 Roberts. 74. 
 "In tht: Millet," poems by A. Lamp- 
 man, 75. 
 Intellectual Development in Canada: 
 under the French regime, ■"» 8: books, 
 ui-wspapet-s. education and eulrure 
 from 17lKt-iS4U. !>-18 ; h-om lS40-lsW, 
 19-27 ; statesuu'nof intellect ual power, 
 mentioned. 14, l-"i; historical litera- 
 ture. IS, 20: peets, 20; essayi.-is. iSl ; 
 humorists, 11: novelists. 27; bio- 
 oiraplier-., 42 : i)>dpit literature, 43 ; 
 legal Hverature, i'-i: newspaper devel- 
 opment, ."12; th': Royal Society and 
 its work, ;3;i-42; success of scjenrirlc 
 writers, 32; want ttf good nxa^xazines, 
 40 ; r.o very .striking resulrs yet 
 achieved, i'r: obstacles in the way '>f 
 succes.sfal liu rary results in Caiiitda, 
 4ti: artistic achie'.'eiucut. .M, 'hr. aichi 
 tectural work lacking origir.ality, :>! ; 
 general remarks, on the intellectual 
 conditions of Canada. 5S ; \\iiat is 
 wanted to stinuilate mental ellon in 
 the Dominion, GO ; intellectual stand- 
 ard of our legi-lative bo'lics, 4;S ; tiie 
 great drain on our intellectual 
 strength bj the legislative '..>dtej of 
 the Dominion, 41 ; Inu-incss capacity 
 now chiefly conspicuous in legislative 
 halls, 45. 
 
 .lAroBl, O. :: ,a-^iHt, 88. 
 •Tamestov Va., in ruins, 3, <)1. 
 .lesuit College, founded at Quebec, 7. 
 ,(esuit Re!a;ion>, o, 63. 
 .Johnsro'c. . . auics \ '., statesman, jo. 
 
 K.vLM, Peter, his reference to culture 
 
 and science in French Cauiula, K. (i4. 
 K.inc, Paul, painter of Indian scenes, 
 
 sH. 
 Katzmann, M. .1.. poet, 77. 
 Kin-'sford, W., his " History of Can 
 
 ada.'Tl ; his address, In Memoriaw. 
 
 Sir I). Wilson, :«, .^4. 
 Kirlj, W., his "Colden Dog," and 
 
 other works, 27, 81 . 
 Knowles, G., artist, 8-^. 
 Krieghoff, painter of Canadian scenery, 
 
 88. 
 
 Laflamme, Prof., contributor to Royal 
 
 Society, ;W. 
 Laiitan. hi-. Mrcount of Indian life and 
 
 customs, i', 'i-i. 
 Lafontaine, Sir Louis Hypoiite, states- 
 man, 11. 
 " Lake Lyrics," poems b} W. Campbell, 
 
 7.5. 
 Lanipman, Archibald, poet, 20, 75. 
 " Later Canadian Poems," collected by 
 
 J. E. WerluTell, 76. 
 Laval I'lnversHy, mentioned, 7, 39, 70. 
 Law-, literature of, it\ Canada, 43. 
 Legendre, X., author, 76. 
 " Legendes Canadiennes," by Abbe 
 
 Casgrain, 71. 
 •' Legend of the Rose," poem by S. J. 
 
 \^'a.r^on, 73. 
 Legislative Buildings at Quebec, their 
 
 architecture. ".H). 
 Legislative Buildings at Toronto, their 
 
 arehiteeture, iK). 
 lA'Mav. P., his poems, 20, 73. 
 Lescarboi, Marc, his -'Nouvelle France," 
 
 6. &^. 
 Lc^peraiM-e, John, novelist, 77. 
 '■ Les Lcbos," poeuis by Judge Rou- 
 
 thitr, 7-4. 
 " Les Fleurs Boreales," prize poems by 
 
 L. Freehe-tre. 'T2. 
 '• Les Laurentiennes," poems by B. 
 Suite. 73. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 at 
 
 LeSiieur, W. D., eanylt^i^ rll. 
 Libraries in Canada, before. l-i4f), hj : at 
 present rime, :>.i. S7, 9(1. 
 
 Lig'iitball. W l>.,h/.>co!le(tion'-'f Tana- 
 di.in poeiriN, 76. 
 
 Lock hart, B. W. and A. J., poet-s 7t. 
 
 Lo.;;an.Sir Williaix, geologist, borti ir. 
 Canada, I'J. 
 
 " London Tin»e8," an example of a per- 
 fect ne-vspapcr, in. 
 
 Lome, MarijiK^ss of, establishes th-- 
 Royal Society of Canada. 'S) ; and Mie 
 Canadian Acadetr.y of Arr, with the 
 Princes.s Loni.S'>, 54. 
 
 Loui.se, H. R. II. the Princess, !i,t la- 
 bnurv iu connection with Art in Can- 
 ada, .>!. 
 
 LowpII. .James Ru.swell. his remarks on 
 the measure of a nation's true -;ucce.s.s, 
 1, 2 ; on the study of the classics, 61. 
 
 Macdoxai.d, Sir John A., state.-man. 
 
 15. 
 Machar, Miss ("Fidelis"), one of ber 
 poems quoted, 00, yo. 
 
 Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, states- 
 man, 15. 
 
 Mackenzie, William Lyon, politician 
 and agitator, 14. 
 
 Magazine, need of, in Canada. 40, 41 ; 
 the old " Canadian Monthly," iO. 
 
 Mair, Chark'S, i^oet. 20, 71. 
 
 Maniy, C. M. iu-tist, ,54. 
 
 !Marmer.te, J., works cited, S2. 
 
 Martin, E. May, artist, 88. 
 
 Martin, Mower, artist, 87. 
 
 "Masque of Minstrels." piivns hj the 
 Lockhart Brother-, 71. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, iiis .7'f /<i'i!.in, 7, 64, 
 
 Maith»\\. G. F.. his coutrihutions to 
 the lloya! Society, ."iL". 
 
 Marthcws, if. M.. artist. 87. 
 
 McCarthy. Hamilton, scuip'or, S8, 
 
 McColl, Kraa, hisUaclic puems, 77. 
 
 McGee. T. D'Arey, statesman and au- 
 thor. If.. 
 
 Mcrjachlan, Alexander, his poems. 17. 
 
 69, 
 Metiopolitau Methodist Church at To 
 
 ronto. its architecture, yC'. 
 '^Montcalm et Levis," history by Al^be 
 
 Casgrain, 20. 
 
 G 
 
 .Montes.juieu, lus 'T-^spiit dos Lois," 
 
 iis ]ii-fi ]:.hu\- i!i literature, 81. 
 M'.nt! u, i- ArtCalh-ry, r,3 : its archi- 
 
 lecfura! fc'itures. r)7. !»I . 
 
 .M£)rin. Auu;usiin .Norl.ert. stafcsman 
 
 14. 
 Muntz. .Miss, a'-nsi. 54, ,SH. 
 
 Xkw.s atmks in Carada. previous to 
 1-«J7, ii, 16, 'k> ; at present time, 5! ; 
 their charii ter, .52. 
 
 Novfj-wntiiij- 1, tV.nada. not L-i-n-rally 
 successful. 27; exceptions, "Golden 
 i)0K' by Kirby, 27; " Franf^ois de 
 iii.-iivill,.- by .•vjarnu'tte, 27; " Les 
 -Vncici:s CuiadieuM" by Do Ga.spe, 
 27; He .Mi'i^'s v.orks. l'!' ; Sara Jean- 
 nette Duncan. 2!» ; tJilbert Parker, 28 ; 
 L. Dougall. 29. 
 
 -Notre Dame de Lourdes. in Montreal, 
 decorated by N. Bourassa, 88. 
 
 0'Brie.v, L. R., artist, ;M. 
 
 O'Drien, Must C'-v. Dr., author, 74. 
 
 O'Doyie, L. OConr.or, orator, 15. 
 
 Cnia^rau, T,, poet, 74. 
 
 "Oi;;eau>: de. X.i;.re. Les" poems by 
 I^. Fn.'j'ii'tre, 7:;. 
 
 '• Orion " and other poems, by Professor 
 Roberts, 74. 
 
 Osgoode Hall in Toronto, its architec- 
 ture, 90. 
 
 " t)ur Fathers," by Joseph Howe, men- 
 tioned, 77. 
 
 PAFi.vKAr. l.onis Joseph. statesman. 14. 
 J'ai Kni.ii., I'faricis, i;is \i\id histur^cal 
 
 lu^'iuvs .-■(■ Can.'i'ia. 4. 
 Paris], Cliurch of .N'otre Daiue at Mon- 
 treal, its -ire;iit<'.-fii'.-. !>ii. 
 Parliament and Dcparimeiital Build 
 
 ino-s at CHtawa, their architecture, 9<J. 
 Par!iame<i'ar> L;!>rar\ at Ottawa, its 
 
 architociure, !X). 
 Patterson. A. D., artist, 54, 88. 
 Patterson. Dr., his contributions to 
 
 Royal Society of Cajiuda, .'iS. 
 Peel, Paul, artist, .SS. 
 "Pine. Rose and Fleur-dc Lis," poem.s 
 
 by S. Frances Han-ison, (" Seranus"> 
 
 76. 
 Pinhey, John, artist, 54, 88. 
 
98 
 
 INbEX. 
 
 Poets of Canarla : previous to 1P67, 17 ; 
 
 from ISCT-l^yS, aO,72; estimate of their 
 
 productions, 20-25 ; patriotic strain of 
 
 many ol' their efTorts, 25-27. 
 I\»litical Life in Canada, attracts best 
 
 intellects in old times, 11, 4:) ; also at 
 
 present, 43, 44. 
 Potherie, La, his " Anierique Septen- 
 
 trioiiale," 0, R3. 
 ■' Professor Conant," novel by L. S. 
 
 Huntington, 82. 
 " Prehistoric Man," by .Sir D. Wilson, 
 
 bL 
 Pulpit, literature of, in Canada, 43. 
 
 R.vPHA.t:i-, "W., artist, .>4. 
 
 Reade, John, his i)oenis, 2(J, 21, 73; his 
 " In My Heari " quoted at length, 77 ; 
 essayist, 81. 
 
 Redpath Library at Montreal, 90. 
 
 Reid, G. A., C? -viidian artist, his " Fore- 
 closure of the Mort^'age," his success 
 at the Worhl's Fair, 87. 
 
 Reli>.'ious literature. 10. 
 
 Richardson, A. U., the architect, a 
 lover ot the Ronianes<iue, nie'itioned, 
 57. 
 
 Richardson, Major, his romances, H2. 
 
 Riley, James Wliitcomb, the poet, 20. 
 
 Roberts, G. G. D., his poems, 20. 2fi, 74. 
 
 " Roberval," poem by J. H. Duvar, 75. 
 
 Routiner, J. B., poet, 74. 
 
 Royal Society of Canada, its founda- 
 tion, 33 ; its objects, ;i*l-[{»i ; its sue- 
 ces.s, oG; its Transactions and their 
 circulation, 86, 37 ; some of its most 
 prominent contributions to the liter- 
 ature of learning and science, 37-!^ ; 
 its connection with "Tidal Obs-, rva- 
 tious," and the determination of the 
 true longitude of Montreal, etc., 38 ; 
 asks for sympathetic encouragement, 
 42; see note 58, p. 84. 
 
 Ruskin, John, 21; quoted. 48. 
 
 Ryan. Carroll, poet, 73. 
 
 Sagard, Gabriel, his "Grand Voyage," 
 
 etc., 6, 63. 
 Sainte-Beuve on French poetry, 22 ; on 
 
 good workmanship in literature, and 
 
 criticism, 47. 
 
 Saint-Maurice, Faucher de, mentioned, 
 " Sam Slick," by Judge Haliburton, 
 
 11, 12, «3. 
 
 Saijgster, Charles, his poems, 17, Bfl. 
 
 Sarrazin, Dr. Michel, his scicntitic la- 
 iMjurs in Canada, 8, 64. 
 
 Schools in Canada, number of. ('i.5: pupils 
 at same, 05. 
 
 Science, Canadians achieve notable suc- 
 cess therein, 32. 
 
 Sculptors in Canada, 57, 88. 
 
 Secord, Laura, her toilsome journey in 
 1813, described by Mrs. Edgar, 78 ; 
 worthy of a poet's pen, 24. 
 
 Seleciions from Canadian Poets, by 
 E. 11. Devvart, 73. 
 
 Seminary, The Grei' tand Lesser, found- 
 ed at QiuV)ec, 0. 
 
 " Simple Adventures of a Memsahib," 
 by Sara J. Duncan, 83. 
 
 Sladen, Douglas, his collection of Amer- 
 ican poems, 70. 
 
 Smith, Captain John, compared with 
 Samuel Champlain, 62. 
 
 Sniith, Gold win, on the study of the 
 classics, 49. 
 
 Smith, William, his History of Canada, 
 
 12, m. 
 
 " Social Departure, A," by Sara J. Dun- 
 can, 29, 83. 
 
 " Songs of the Great Dominion," collec- 
 tion of poems by W. D. Lighthall, 76. 
 
 " Songs of liife," by E. H. Dewart. 73. 
 
 "Songs of a \\'anderer," by Carrol! 
 Ryan, 73. 
 
 St. Andrew's Ciiurch at Toronto, its 
 architecture, 90. 
 
 St. James's Cathedral at Toronto, its 
 architecture. 90. 
 
 Statesmanship in Canada, 15, 42. 
 
 Stewart, Dr. George, his literary efforts, 
 81. 
 
 Suite, historian and poet, 20, 71, 73. 
 
 Tanguay, Abbe, his " Dictionnaire 
 Genealogiqufc des Canadiens Frau- 
 9ais," 72. 
 
 Tasse, Joseph, hi-; writhigs, 72. 
 
 '• Tecuniseh," potim by C. Mair, 74. 
 
 " Tend res Chosea," poem by R, Chev- 
 rier. 76. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 9d 
 
 " Tliit, Canada of Ours," poem by J, I). 
 
 Edgar, 7(). 
 Thompson, David, Ijis liook on the War 
 uflSi:.', 1-, (i7. 
 
 Thompsi'i), Kn'e.--ir, ■irri-.i, y~. 
 Tilley, Sir T.ion nd S ^t.itrsman, 15. 
 Todd. A., lii'* '■ I'ai'iiuiiftitary Govern 
 
 i-n -nt." ]>: m. 
 Triiiliy (''oliege at Toronto, its aniiitec 
 
 turi'. txi. 
 •'Trois Morts." poem bv O. (■r.-tiazie, 
 
 «8. 
 Tully, Sidney, Rrfisf, 87. 
 Tuppor, SirClui>'..'s, .-latestnan, IT). 
 Turcot**', L.. hi;s " lli.Hr.orv oi Canada,"' 
 
 20. 71. 
 
 I'MAiKK, J. Boyle. .-*ut<-<!i'an, W. 
 Universities inid Colleges in ' "■ui-idii. (v.. 
 T'niversity of To oi Lo, its arcliitecture, 
 90. 
 
 Ver.vek, F. a., urilst, .54. 
 
 Terrctu. Ahf).-, contrib.itor to Royal 
 
 Soti.'ly, as. 
 
 " W-^coi-sTA, or the Pro]>hecy," rom- 
 ance by Major J. Riclaard.son, «::. 
 
 War(>r<<. Fr'rint., poet. 7.5. 
 
 Waison, llu air. arti-.t. .'Vl. 
 
 VV'at.son. t>. ,1,, p»'f , T'l. 
 
 Way, ( bi.f .Inv^riM', of Adelaide, S. A., 
 
 ui'dtioni I »). 
 "Week, Thi'" it.s literary work in 
 
 f'an.-uli. Ui. 
 'WlMf • <u.-\v Canoe," poen! l)y J. 1). 
 
 F'd^r;ir, 7'!. 
 Whitman, W.ili, ji^ poet, •2'.^. 
 
 WU kstcrd, (,. '\ . ]jU.-\ . ~\. 
 
 W'lrniM. Judae, si.n.'-nuui. 14. 
 
 Wil.Miii, Sir 1) , (.ii> (.f t:u- founders 
 and constan; ti orkers o»' ilio Royal 
 Society, '''-l ; ;-\ 
 
 Woodco/k, J'!'i(v, arti'^;, ,^7. 
 
 World's Fair at Chi. aps, r>4 ; beauty of 
 architiH'Uire, r.n.l excellence of exlu- 
 bition ot i.aiii.iigs ami t- 1. -i t nary, 5.5- 
 57; must, lielp to develop higher 
 arti-^tic a.'hii '. enuMit in America, 57 ; 
 Ca;ia.li.'.i. p.ur.ter.-^ at. .V,, ,".0. 
 
 "YocNCER .\n-eriean Poet.s," collec- 
 tion l>y D. Shut' M. 7'' 
 Young, Sir Wilii.un, statcsiuan, 15.