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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. errata to pelure, )n it 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 PROJECT ron Tim FORMATION OF A DEPOT IX VVVFJi CAXADA, wiry .: vir.w to declive the WHOLE PAUPER POPULATION OF ENGLAND. El-nMITTED TO THE RIGHT HON. EDWARD G. S. STANLEY, HIS MAJ. sty's rniNCIPAL SECIlETAriY OF STATE FOB THE CCL'NIES. R Y JAMES BUCHANAN, ESQ. HTS M'\j:f?Tv's CNEUL FO:, TIIF. STATE OF NEW YORK, rORTTEnLY ONE OF UI3 MAJ sty's justices of the PEACE OF THE COfXTY OF TVHOXE. NEW YORK: WILLIAM A. MERCEIN, PRINTER. M DCCC XXXIV. PREFACE. I am prepared to hear the principles I advocate in the following pages, condemned by many truly benevolent people, who are an ornament to the Christian character, and our country ; and I deeply deplore, if in any of the measures 1 advocate, I should countenance those who are unfeeling and hard-hearted towards the poor. My opposition is against the abuse of charity, and with a zealous de- sire to give a salutary direction, not only to bene- volent feelings, but to the laws, and to those of Christian obligation, which enjoin upon us " to succour the poor.'''' My creed as to charity is, that we are bound to relieve want and distress, w itliout first waiting to inquire how' it has arisen,* and that too without regard to nation, color, sect, or view, * The parable of ihe Good Sainaritaa inculcates this truly Chris- tian obligation. IT PWFFACE. to reward. If I have advanced or advocated any measure appearing in opposition to these princi- ples, I renret the ob.scurilv in which inv sentiments arc CApresricd. I slioidd far exceed llie hounds of discretion, (hd 1 illustrate uiv ixtsitions bv nunier- ous facts, tin; fruit of daily intercourse with the poor. To those who hav(^ taken a working part witliout emolument, such j)ro()f would he super- fluous, and for the or(>ater nuniher (d" those who derive either patronafre, inOuence or emolument, from the vast expenditure connected with, and coming under the sweeping head, " Rklii^f of THE Poor," 1 neither look for nor expect appro- bation. I shall mention a consequence of the poor laws, icith which the people in the United King- dom cannot be supposed to be generally ac- quainted, that the poor working English in the United States, rarely send aid to their poor re- lations in England, aware that the poor laws provide for them, while the poor working Irish, wiih an earnestness of feeling truly character- PREFACE. istic, are in the constant habit of roniitting to their poor reliitions ji pjirt of their cjirniiins. I speak Jiereiii li'om jiiy kiiowh-diic of fads, arising out of my ollicial situation ; iiiid grciilly do I fear, that the introchu'tion of |)0(»r laws into Irehind will th>stroy those fechnuis uliieh are more worthy of beinir cherished thaji the hiiil(liiii«- of paliiec-likc prisons, poor-hoiiscs. or permanent charity estab- lislmu'iits. linvino- a(h)pted Canadn for my coun- try, deeply interest(>d in its [)rosperity, 1 shall not cease on all occasions to deprecate the introduc- tion ofany comonlsorv relief for the \\o( r tin n ' , the i'lnvr fetdiugs both of tlK> giver and receiver are cherished by IxMUg free. Hospitals lor the sick or maimed, plac(>s of /rni/ioj-(/rii refuge for the widow, the orphan, and the stranger, will never be wanting where sectarian intolerance or com- pulsory provision is not creriled ; all lii.it can be now don(! for laiglaml, is, to endeavor lo modify the evils of the j)resent vicious s\ slem., not with violence or haste, but upon not oidy a Avell dinrested, but a fair trial. Under a hope of such a consum- mation, the following sketch is sent forth, under VI PREFA4 E. your auspices, as having iho especial charge of his Majesty's Colonies, and of having visited the United States, ;ind Canada. As 1 have derived much valuable practical in- forniation from visitin\ lueiit. and ni less than si\ years, were not only de- Inered f,,Mn the (ear o[ want. i'Ut that live out of seven were lis in"; on iheirowa lands, and hail barns, oxen, cows, {>ii;s. aHvl many ot' thi'in horses. 1 have, therefore. iVoni the knowiedi^-e thus i;anieil, beeome t'uUy inipre-.'Sed. that C^'anada IS capable 'jt' talviiiL,' olV. not oi)I>' the surplus popu'adon of 'hi' (•/>ii>i /■'.-, but t^'f paup-T j'oor of Ln^-Iand : and indeed, as tar badv as ISOS, in a letter I had the l\onor to address to S'.r Uobert reel, I aniarted ib.e same idea.* la res'|.wt to the proiect of a colonizin:]: and receivins estab'i>h:iieut, alre;idy treated oi', some account ot its ob- jects and arrangemen's nuiy be naturally expected. The exam pics and data tor its ij-n-ernmeut are chiefly de- rived tVoni a personal exaniuuition and uispection eif the inst-itutio'cs of the adjouiir;;.: jtate cl Cotniecticut. so tamed to'- Its prudential aud econotmcai :urispn.;dence: besides, whit tacts have been iTieatied trc .1 an investiiiat'on made •W'-);;^ ''i.s " ,\ w-js ::! 'T^'-is. I rt-'ivivfo 'be T'l^'ssaire iie;:vprev'!ioe. '^s b'-xj'-i" iil'v .■?uis, " I ;iai cersiMded fiat vou vV'il .■I'lh.-l.r « .'1 W.^ :!l Vic- 'L'." >.'.•!. '/V:!! WtTf n'''". .:>«,., ir in: nn- r.M'A- a'.fiJ, "It' rjii-'i!.' •i'■^'e ^\•'li,a be t l:^.■ollrai:^.l.t w rta-ir.x tms ttrtue 'jounrry iji ei as^iiiiu lor .1 ;iri;e .,^'ei.';i .11 icr (.',■■•: ?ci". rvi'i;:',\nu i.OL'i 'ir;on. jrtj 'j Hooi't an -.A^t'i'sivi' <■ sffiii .'1 -.-iii ii'atuni ; wirL-h, w;ih ;"rui>'n: rf<;!i;i,".'.ni3. HKLIEF OP THE POOn. 11 into the polity of the state of New York touching the "relief of the poor." The experiment may be made either on national grounds, or on behalf of any one county disposed to enter upon the same. But it is evident, Irom the inunense responsi- bility it will entail, and the important mischiefs which failure would occasion, that it would be hitdily desirable that even the arran tclitd is the state of that people, whose prosperity is dcpeiidtiU on and Eacnfictd to, llie avonlnncc of mniria^e. As Up er Canada can fiiinish employment and food for millions, is !♦ not lanitniable, tliat a system of not only violence to the deaiest afltciions of our nature, but the mo^t diri^fut conseqir.iices piomoted thereby, sl.>ould be con- ttnled for as essfniial to i rii,Iand's prosperity. Could I aiiive at the e.xp i.s ■ of supporting bastardy in all its bearings, I do not tbinl.: I i rzaid too mu''h in =aying, that fcr a less su. > husbands could be proivded fur the suiphis female population of England, and render them the happy niotheis of IcRitiinate childii n, by grnntiii„ to each female on her mar- tiO'^a tutniy-five acres of land iij Ciiuada, the right to be vested unalitnably in her and her issue. '.. his assertion may be Irsffd by bearing in mind, that 5/. would purchase the twenty-five acres, and by making ihtse grants in ! ngland on their marri'ge, what vast numbers \voi;ld get married and proceed out to Canada, thuj reliev- ing England, and increasing Canada! i ii 1 RELIEF OF THE POOR. 13 t.il, barns, cattle sheds, &c. (Sec. The school rooms to be fitted up with sliding partitions, so as to answer for a place of worship,* All would be at liberty to depart as soon ao employment offered. In the selection of officers, practical qualifications would be considered of paramount importance; but in regard to the principal, capacity being indispensable, would be specially regarded; one inefficient person, imposed through favoritism, would mar the success of the experiment. The number of officers requisite has been mentioned in the paragraph relating to buildings. The growing of hemp and flax, the planting of willows for basket work, the culture of the vine and other fruit trees, the planting of the mulberry for the rearing of silk- worms, &;c., to afford employment for the aged and infirm is looked to. Such an establishment would, prima facia, re- lieve the parent country of one ihousand paupers annually. Laborers, assistants, and mechanics of all kinds are, in Uppc'r Canada, ingr'^«t demand, both for in and out door occupations ; food is abundant, materials for building are ♦Ths establishment should throughout bear evidence of its intrinsic charac- ter, and i.i its exierl r have tlie appearance of what it really was, the humble residence of huinhle persons. Pei haps it might also with propriety he rendered BO plain, as to remind tiie it.'.inbitants tliat their soci.'il ra k was yet not so deservedly hi^h as that of 'he occupants of surrounding habitations, the fruua of the industry of their framars. 14 HELIEF OF THE POOIl. plenty, and consequently cheajt, and such a state of things is likelv to continue tor manv vears; it follows that the natural desin.' for iiuiepeiuient action would lead all the yourii^, and the robust of other ay'es, to leave the establish- ment as soon as ciinvnicnt. In re^•n^d to restrajniniT; the parishes sendini^ out those paujiei's alone calculated to be useful, it is obvious that such a course would not be practica- ble, as \\\v. counties would jirobably see their account only in disposin;^ ,,f the burden of j)auperisni en masse. Yet it would be snnply just, as tlu' prosperity of the colony at large would havo to be consulted, as wc'J as that of the contemjdated establishnuMit in particular, it \vould seem to be only connnon justici,' not to burden the undertaking with an excess of the blind, the imbecile, and ludplessly dis- eased, so as to niak(> ot it siu![)ly an hosjjital, as this would evidently defl/at all the objects had in view in the prosecution of the above valuable (mkIs.* From the demand for labor cd all description existing in Upper C'anada already mentioned, this would of course refer to every class of the commuiiit\": but it seems ne- cessary for a mouKMit to advcM't more especially to females and boys. Of these. nund)ers U, an almost indefinite extent could be absorbed by Upper Canada, wliile these descrip- • Yet the recpption of even all such as were capable of being removed has been duly considered, and to a great extent, could be provided for. li rfl;ef of the poor. 15 tions of the pauper pnj)ul;ilii)n in Kiiglaiid tax the public most st'riuusly in pi'uviding suitable ( nipioynicnt fur them, where they are so employed and ap|)rentieed out ; and there are thousands who are an entire dead weight, con- tributing nothing to tiuMr own su|)port. lanigration having been hitherto ehieily confined to ihe male paupers, it is sonunvhat essential to states hulher, that the demand for female assistants and s(M'vants in I'pper Canatla is very great, and cannot (>asily be satisfied ; and the same may be observed i-especting boys capable of ix'iiig apprenticed ; it may be added, diat so essential are I'emales to a new agri- cultural countr\'. that maiTiage is regarded as necessary to prospcrit}'. rnd few i-an iTtain their maid servants, as they soon becom(> the wi\'es ot' I'armers and meehanics. Should ibis experiiiK'iit lu' prii]ierly conducted, it may be afTirnied w itii little hazard, that it might be extended so far in a li'w years, annually, to emlirace tlu; formidable amount in I'ound numbers of one bundled thousand ; or in other words, the whole pauper po])ulationof thel'nitedKing- dom, capable of being embarked. This appareiilK bazardj)ist, by conferring upon the destitute and niiscrahic. ihc {lowt.'r to provide for their own wants, and to assume a corrcsijoiuling rank and importance in their own estimation. jukI in the scale of society ; and not the least, the removing of the halt-initiated from their old haunts and associates, are SDine of the advantaufcs. I am fully aware, ihat ev(M-y novel project is liable to be scrutinized with severity, and sonu^times even with prejudice. On the other hand, candid examina- tion, so far from being deprecated, is desirable, and salutary to the cause of truth. .Many objections doub- less remain to be stated, besides those which have been anticipated in this paper; but as it claims no higher grade than that of a sketch or outline, and as I beg to state my entire readiness, as well as wish, if required, to answer i. i'iiv; »'.»• Vi. 1 ; objc'ciions. :ia(i atlbnl ox})l:iuuUun uu nil the various ycials referedto it) the project, as well as in the annexed estimate' : an anticipation of these in full, would at the preseniit time seem unnecessary. It may lu- further stated, generally, that the details of every department have been thoroughly ar- ranged tor practical operation, from observation of the actual working of similar institutions, on a less extended scale, and the estinvite now )>reseuteci is regarded as abuu- Hantly ample.* But over two thousand persons sh(;uld not he r.nder oiu' management, although several depots might bf.' prolitably and successfully placed under one supervision A division of responsibility might not (..idy strike at the success, but at the very ey.i:-tence of the experiment; imity of jilan and promptitude m action, so necessary in the n\anagement of large bodies of pei>ple. should be ^:trictly regnnlcd in the proposed measure. In case, ho\vcvfr, of a[)pi-enticing out the young, and in regard to all measures afUviing the tutme liisposal of the inhabitantt. <>\ the depot, ir wunid be highly desirable that this should be eflectcd through the merlium of benevolent associations in dilKnvnt parts of' tht? province 4 4 I ♦ The measure throughout, with the esti-nates, hnve been suhmitted to Gon. Johnson, tlurteen years one ot the Select Men of liartford. The Hon. Judge Williams and other gentlemen conspicuous for ilnnr suece.-'^ful liirectin.ii nnd ■r-ontroliing the various institution;- in relation ''i pnuprvi.-ii nnA eriiiv mi Oh stale of Coniieotieui. in JlEI-ir.F <»F TlIK Pf siirh vast advantage t<« the province, Sliould this proif the United Kingdom. STATE OF THE POOR IN NEW YORK The follounng abstract forms a part of mij report as to the poo. laws, ^-c, 0/ tlie State of New York, addressed to Viscount Falmerston. In the annual report for expense of the poor for this state. made to the Legislature up to January, 1832, The expenditure was, S31"J,065 8(1 Or £70,214 10 sterling, being an excess over the previous year, of $118,8*4 33 vv £26,74(i 10 sterling. In the report to 1st Janu!ir> . 1833, for the year Ij^go, $383,560 80 or £86,301 3.7 sterling. Being an increase of 71,494 12 or £16,086 3.6 sterling over the tbrmeryear. :)t/i Query. " The practical working and effect of the actual system, upon the comfort, character, and condition of the inhabitants /'* This embraces a wide field, and did I not thar to encuni- l.rr this rcjiort, with matter which your Lordship might \Hl rilK lniH{ IN I'llh deem incl'-vaiil. 1 should l'<> ;i1 Uw^H' intoidf suhjfrt. m tlV liupo ol"rf.'ii(.i(M"iiiu: it iiinri' iiiti'lliizilile to those at ;i distance : but I am cutistrained to sa\ , tlu> irorfiiui: is hud. arxf ffn c/jcct l)/u/, and so considered li\ ovcrv roller tinti maij conversant with die system; save tlw eontractors and dis- hiM'sers »»t the Mionew and Ijn many of iheiii also eon- denuiod. Sncli a sweeping' <:hai',iie roi\ . Second. Tlie dissolute, the idle, and abandoned, partak*. '•'(pially ^vith the ludbrtunate and the destitute. 'riiird. 'I'he nundier of persons eoni|)osing the adnunis- nation, in all its beariniis. instiMd of the n^sponsihility heinii bmited to individuals at \\\o head ol each department. Fourth. The freipieiit channt' of the persons having the direet manaufment of th(^ poor, arisintr out ol' nniversat s/ijf'rasw, ainiuiil chvtimis. and rotation in ojjin. AfttM' many years reileetion on the Avorkingof our ehai'i- table institutions, 1 ha\-e been led to ([Uf^stion. whether the tnis-ajiplieation and abuse of benevolenee or eiiaritv, has not entailed on maidiind, (whei'e eniploj'ment is to he had.) frreater evils than the abuse of power ' Let this seemingly iiazai'dous assertion be w(dl examined before condeiMued. I a,ni u[iliel(l by the fuMs in this state. vvluic hihui is (Iciir, ami prnv isioiis dicap, that lorNshaf- <'vi'r rl;iss we providf, that class will iruToasf* ; provjdt; tor bastardy, it will ahoiiud ; jjiuvide great statu vv(»rkshops, tbf)d and rainiriii Tor i liminals, and occupauls will not be waiitiuij; ; so with rharitahlr- institiitinus and poor houses. Tin- sums Irvjfd l»y ihc coriioration of this city on all stran- i,M'rs who arrive by sea. to guard the city against the expense <>i suj)porting su<'h as may Ix'come poor, with the liberal administration of other funds, entail great and growing i\ ils on its population, and l(>ads numbers from the interior of the state. ;u)(l from adjoining states, to tloek here "as t/ic caif/cs to the Ktrcfisr :'' sympathy is awakened, persons yrc not wanting to plead tor a share of the funds, which arc applied toac(piire personal poj)ularity and political influ- ence, while the numbers who divide the resj)onsibility of dis- ti'ibution prevents lirujiess of purpose, as exposing to the charge of hardiiess of heart, so that nuuibers who c«uild h;ivc Unmd employment in distant (piaiters. come to this city, partak(> o\' the suppoit atVorded, herd with the lazy, the abandoned, and vicious, lose all self resj)ect, and become the victims of crime. 1 do not fear, my lord, to be charged with overdrawing this pi<'ture. by lho more in a .'•: riir. i'koh i\ ti!i. 1,'cnerous (lisp(»sitinii townrds tin- |mmii-. I should l»c iiii|ii^i (lid I ii(»f lit'iir this trstiiiii)ii\ , III tiict thi'ir hht'rality is not uu.'U'd out h\ (ouiiti) oj' creed, and ht'iife thousands on.uvd thf cily, to jiartakc ol' the lilifi-al [ifovisions luadf, and us lihcraliy distril)ut<-d." whilr it •■aniiot he too oi'tcii repeati'd, all aid, sa\c to the iinliriilr in hixli/ ami /unit/, or on su(/(/in tnul nnforsrvn cii/anii/ii s, m a roiiiitry like this, where all svlio will work are sure ul' einjtloyiiient, and whe'-e t\V(» day's wairi^s is sullieient lo huy necessaries for a week's sustenanee, is to he drpr^.-eated. With respect to juxtr ehildreii, a system |trevails in this eit\ , thonii;h seeniiiiuiN harsii and uiili'elmu, \et it has a very powerfu' iiilliicuee to deter laniilies resortiiit: to the eoni- niissioners ol" the jtoor for sii|>port. or an as\"luiii in their establishineiif for lh( [loor, viz: — That the eomiiiissi(»nersor overseers apprentice oat the children, and dispose of tlieni to distant parts ol" the state', and on no account will inform the parents where they placi- tlK.'ir children. UiKpiestionahiy. this mode is oiu; ol" unfeeliiiij severity, wiicre no diseriniination is ohservt'd as to th(' character ol" the parents; hut of mercy wlici-e parents are abandoned, A case occurred where a )>oor I'iULjlish family, who had paid. *I do iiDt lia/.nnl too mai li wi,i. ii I MMitiirr to say. nlnivr 20,000 ppis-oiii; roroivc iiid from f)aiip(;r iiiatiiuli.);; - >vitluii tii'^ iii/ d; riii? tlu: w .liter— oiiml Ij onc- leiitli of thf jj(jp:ilati'iii STATK (»r M:\V VOHh. >r,i ■•lie (l(.||;ir r;ir|| to tlio r. .i-jM.ratiuti on l.'ilidiii^' ;is roiiuiiUlaliMii (to^iianl till' city airain^t flicir lifrdininir a ''liaiirc on t!ii> |><"'i' li'»us<'.) wlii.'li I Ih'u- t(.srM;.itli, th.' liiKl.and. \vir(> and live cliililivii, iiMf iM'i'i'j ahl.' tu (.litaiti iinnicdia;.' rtii|)loy- inent. vv.-iii t.. tti.' AIuk lluiisc <.ii IViday. ilic Imshand loft if (•II .'Munday.aiid l^^mI (•inii!..ytMf|il ; htd'on; tli<- end rftlio Wvvk Vlt.'tcnvd l)\ lli<'diva(|(.r\\hatt.M.K plarc) lie v.ascnahird tn n'liinvf- his wit;- and applird ti.r his chihhvn. hut Iniind his (ddost child had, in the int-rim. hern huund an aii|wciitif'(', to whfiin or wdiciv, the sniM-riiitrndont would not int'ortii the alllirtedpanMit*. At'trr various api.ncnti(.ns. I was ajij^hcd to in my othrial caiia'-ity. and nrintendenls, it rarely occurs that any !)\it th»' ahainloned, or orphans, hav<' occasion to resort to the poor lunise. as such has he(Mi the demand for lh»^ lalxn- ol cliil(h-en ahove ten years of an-e, that tJK.usands can !)•■ yearly disposed of most eliirihly, so as to render them ind(^- pendeiit of charity: and it is truly n humam^ act to send '•hildren out of the estahlishments in this state, when- the vicious and ahandonod are sent as associates with th(j poor and d(.'siitnte. ^4 i-HK voon OF rm: statk or ^K^^ vokk. Work houses un.l poor houses h>ne I.ecouw> uaited, thus rendering the victims of crune and viee associates ^vith those of unsery and poverty, v inch has a truly .leu.oral- izing effect, and cannot be too strongly condensed. In this state, poverty and crime may very generally be called synonymous, for no man or woman need be poor unless dissolute ; there is throughout the country a cheerful. aay,an outrunning of charity towards suffering worth, or tiie victmis of sudden calamity or unforseen distress. Hospitah for the sick, provision for the widor. and orphan, the Imbe- cile in body and mind, for all such it is the hounden duty of every state and community to provide ; but all systems which tend to generate crime, although the fruit of benevo- lence, cannot be too strongly marked, yet few have iirn.ness of purpose to act in accordance with such persuasion. i !l AfS TO THE MANAGEMENT OF THE POOR IN CONNECTICUT. The statt' of Connecticut .\:\.< llrst settled in l()8t, and peopled from England, — contains foui thousand six hundred and seventy-four square miles, and contained in 18'20. two hundred and seventy-five thousand eight hundred and sixt> eight inhabitants. The statutes relating to the poor, are comprised in live pages of an octavo volume, which contains the laws of the state, and is well worthy of consideranon by all legislating '»n the subject, altliough such could not be lollowed in England, at llie same time, all concur in condemning one feature, viz : — the want of classification between the vicious and tlie indigent, tin- existence ot which I witnessed in all the establishments which 1 vi.^iicd. Another quesrionabh^ clause is,thatth(^ support is compulsory, and wiiat seems highly so, tlicrr is n pcunltx attaciied to the refusal to afibrd it. A fiu'thcr pculijir ti^^ature of the law is, that an\- inhabitant who should enti^'tain a stranger for fourteen days, \ndess notice gixen \i> the select men of the town. tii(> )'ej'S(.>n -^o eiiteiiiiiiiing. should be liable to snpjiort such -I i I ; I ! 'i(> .m.v.\ac. uitiiin a poridd of six yoars after arri\iuir in tlie state; ami n.ni.'lli.T fl.'atare of iIk; laws \i\ rt'lation to the poor, is, that the se!<:-ot men of each town are empowered to remove any strangle', cominir to reside in the siate. at any time witliin si^ years, if Hkely U) become a charge on the poor timd.* The poor in this stat'.- are |i!a(jed in two classes as to the source of support, \iy. : — TIukc having claims on the town'f by birth or from having gained settlement (which requires six years residen(.'e) : the other, those who had no suchclaiu' on the towns, arechargeal)le U) the state. Tlu.' tljllowinglaei.s I obtained from General Nathan Jolni- iMi, who bus beim one of the select men of Hartford, annually elected, for many years, w ho lias also lilled various depart- mrnts in the legislature, and is regarded by all, as among ll;e must I'aithful and intelligent public men in the state, and [I, :\ \\ '.n I biP.d th^' honor to be introdueed Isy the Hon. .Tudge W'illi'uns. the IMayor(.)f Hartford, as also to Mr. Phelps, the ( 'ontroller of the state : to those gentlemen I beg leave publx- i\ i" ackii'.w ledg(.' my thanks fiu {h!.> kmduess aianit'ested to aid nv.'inall my inquiries, 1 alone take the liberty of na- ming those gentlemen, as giving weight i.o my observations "'I'lii- ll'iitiiri' of iliL'ir liiwa serve as an index to (he cliaiactcr u{ tlie eoinniu i:iiy, tuul dct'crvini; of paiticulnr notice by Jill who s[)eak of tliis sagacious ' '^'ov. 1! lefers tj hinJs, auil embijrL.. vir;!f^e.' auJ ciiits correspuiuiiht; to uu/ uf\ri~!ieg- '4 i V'UUi. IN t v>.",NL< i'U I T. 'e became so great, that liicsunject was takeii 'ip HJ the Icgishitiirfi an.ii sul'mitted to a committee, ot \\ hum General Johnson, already named, was an active meuiher. and a law passed limiting the discretion ot'tiie seK-ct men. and subjecting the state alone to a (diargo not to exceed one dol- lar, or 4.S'. 2d. a week, for support of any r)au))cr. and stirh alone to be extended to pi.\r?(.tns noi hum iv the sfafe. or in a hordtrincr state. The annual cliaige to the state ])revioi!5 to this law, varied fiom t\v(dve to titleen thousand dollar!*, £8,375. 0. 0. a law was also passed, authorizing the con- iroUerof the state to contract ior the support <;>f tlie poor, to which the state should he chacgoable , bat no ccaitract tube madi' for ;i longer Uine t)).nii rl-. -^ V(\^irs. ant! '-y pulili(_ ■•thM-.- oj- i)!dding. 8uch has been the working -4 the measure, dial the iasi contract has been taken at one thousand eight hundred dollars £405. a year, while sucli diminution dors not arise h'Oiu an unproved condition of tlie hitherto paujicr i.ommunity, but Ironi the wholesome eJlci't of cauriiig thein to work, and the consequence is. that th(^ newly j/'oi'led regions oi' the west, of the shore's of Lalfs Superior and Mi:'higan, and ihe valleys of the Mississippi and Missoui'i. ailord su[)- I ' port and independence for those who would otlierwist have still constituted the poor of the state of Connecticut, Sut for the change of system, and tiius the wisdom and firmness of the legislatur(\ has driven the poi.tr of the state thousands of nuk-s. unaided, into the wilds of thr West and thereby t'orced independence up(in them.* The present contractor tor the supjutrt of th(^ stnit- pau- pers, resides at Windsor, near the centre of the state, the more distant jiarts not exceeding much more than one hundred miles. He again contrarts with tlu^ contractor for the support of the poor of the border towns, to allow them a fixed sum for snpportin.u such poor as eome uutler the '•lass he is bound to relieve, without limitation as to num- bers, the inland tow^ns not being exposed to claims of many pour from ilista)it states, or coimtries. (the law^ authorizing the removal of all su''h) but anv such who may get in, and claim aid, the contractor has nrrangenients made t^or their .support, or being conveyed to his establishment, where they may remain at his ex])ense until llir teimination of his con- " Ari»: suc'i! has be« ii liie cfTt rl oftlic liriK s in Eni-'land, tbat luiiiiy fiunilicp have I ten jorcrd loleavu the l;iuil nt tlair failn rs, lor ('aniuia to i>i tiiin that support whiol; they could not obtain ir; (Ciif^lniiii, \v!i(;r(> they an.' now iiulcpondiiiit and free from want. Wl.y ihen should not 1 ii-hind withhold ^•llppol■t iVoni tlicpaii- per.s, unless they in like manner leniovi' ? 'riicn? is no piiy lor the indu.strioiis larn-jfrnnd nieciiaiue, who is forced lo tnngrate, but a threat outcry would l)o I'aisc-d, w'-re it attempted to feed, support and maintain the poor, hv retnovin.u them, not to-tht-'wdds or woods, hut lo establishments amply provided for ilien- wants, where a sure opeinni; of employment, and a rcrtain nro^jpei't of bet'ei tng then' ei'iul.'eui, wo'dd in ih" ,.oii-.'.jii' nr.'. I'oou I.N rownrTicuT. •41) tract ; but, in ns much as the contracir'r is authorized l)y the legishiture to make all paupers perforni such work ;.s thev are capable of, it is evident .all who can. will make their way out of tiic state, or seek lalior \vhcre they will l)e paid. The working of this system is obvious ; the contractor having a limited sum, for supporting unlimited numbers, his gain depends on, not only liis vigilance to guard, tliat not one man belonging to any town in the state, noi' of a bordering state, shall j)e supported at his expense, and like a consummate general, lie guards the avenues by which the enemy mov approach, he therefore ct ok tiii; .system !is ailopU-d hy the state linf. tfikcii \>\ucv gi'iierai!} m ihe towns, llaitpcniii.u' to be in vSouthinijjton (at tho tinu- ot thoir town meeting, to elect ()tlic(?rs l(»i ili'' year ejisuing,) whieh contains jibout one thousand eight hunihcd inhabi- tants, I learned that some years ago, the poor tux on the town, independent of their tax for state poor, amounh.'d t«> about $14,00. or £315 0. 0. now it is down \r. about .^300, or £62 l(>. 0. But now contractors take the poor at a liituted suiu, fn the support of all to wiiich the town is liable, and such is the wholesome elTect of the eontraetors working them well, that ii! a country when? labor is dear, and the necessaries nt life abundant, tlit' demand upon tbi' poor fund has dimi- uisiied, laid coniinui.'s to diminish in the- stat<^ of ('i»nne(tieut. as set forth. Tlif Mayor ol" Hartford kind!} ai'COiii|"anied me to tlic poor house, distant about three nules Irom the city. 1 was glad to fmd it \vas not a palacx'-looking e-tablisliment, as at New York ;ind Alb'any, yet the r(H»ms were i-lean, neat, and siiilieiently e(,»ndbrtable for the occupants ; their Ibod was abundant, and adequate to their wants ; not calculated to lead them to prefer the place as ali'ording better living than the daily tare of the hard working laborer "r mecdianic ol theii neighborhood, the fruit ot their own industry. 'J'bc 1 KUOK IN CONNECTICIT. 31 It'iiiules in the liDUse, (save one who was lame, and another imbecile in mind) were votaries of intemperance in body and mind, hard to manage, yet such as iiumanity would not spurn from shelter and food. Beyond the work of the house, save a little knitting, spinning, and weaving, some woolen garments, they contributed little to their suj. port, some occa- sionally worked out in the neighborhood, and thereby helped to clothe themselves. A system of rigid confinement does uot apjiear to pervade these establishments, and with perfect tact, when a drunken vagrant is taken up, and sent to the workhouse, he is locked up in such a manner that when he awakes ajid becomes sober, he fmds means to escape, whereby the establishment and neighborhood are delivered of his presence. Few are kept in prison who are not destroyed by it. \ have yet to Icurn, who was ever reclaimed by imprison- ment ; the ijutside of a prison has terrors, the inside none ; a vicious person enjoys a quiet in prison — he is a stranger to without — no man dreads it less than he who oft frequents it, 'those who are young in the science of governing the depravi- t\ of the human heart, will scoll'al this digression. The funiis for the support of the poor of the State of L'onnectieat. arc levied from the real and personal estate of the citizens, wliich as has been observed in my report on the poor of the state of Now York, is yearly viilued l.y tlu- ls- sesors of towns, wli. . .nuke thoir return on oatli, so tliat ar.- luially the property of every citizen is known, and published to the world. It is worthy of remark, that the select men are authorized to seciuester the property of drunkards f..r the support of their families. h A uri-HN v.M> in:(;i;i..\T[<>\s Peculiar circumstances may rcciuirc a iiKMlitiratum oi the tolIuvvMiij: but it is deemed jiropor that the reuulatinns as to tlic i,'overning principle ol" the measure should be exhi- bited, and no doubt, will call ibrth what all deem themselves, capable of iurnishin^ — advur : sullice il to say. they arc all drawn from the actual working'' of various depiirtments. the good otrect of whicli, in so tiir as they have been acte.l on. has been proved, and with a special regard to I'jiperCanada. as a marked distinction nuist Ije- kept in \iew between uhai is suitable lor America and for En^'land. 11 is onU an Ultimate actjuaintancfi with the subject, can couvinci* people who come to the United States or Canarhu that thev have to imlearn what they r(!irarded as theii'<'hiel" merit in En^lnnd. oeibrc they become in an}' degree elTicieat (Mther as airricul- turists, mechanics, or ?!U|i(M-intendents. The rei!<:riou> arrangement will excite the warmest discussion, but with- out the fear of God. and the glorious hope and consola- tion of the Christian religion, are i.MCulcated in the spirit ni meekness, kindness and charily, as exeni]'>litied in the <*4 lU LE^ \.M> JJi;. teaching of rhn Lord Jpsus. I should havr no iiupi; 'J' the nu'asiuf prnviiiL' n blossincr to thoso to be ryniuved Isi. 'J lu! ;'.;si(lL'nts alwill Ijc put and kfpt to sucli labor asthi:y aro < ii|N; ofporlonniiiL;. and as will host promotf industrx and (■(;onoiny, reference being had to their age. sex, and ahibty. and no cxiiisc ^hall be admitted but actual infinnit) or disal)ilit\ . to be dolcrniined by the attending physician. And il" any jmm'sou shall refuse to perform hi'^ task, during the Iioiun prescribed, or shall be refractory oi disorderly, or in any way viojnte the rules of the house, o>. do any waufon injnry to the furniture or other property, lie shall be piuiished by the authorities, and in the manner herein after mentioned. iid. A rifid system of classification shall pervade the ^vbole establisinnrnt, viz: Jurors and monitors, as hereinafter set forth, (to ••lUorct- order and ob'^dience,) the classification fo extend to distinction, as lo accommodation in dormitories, dining hall, and clif^ibility to hold office, and otiier marks oi favor, 3d. That the ent<>rcingofthp various rules and reoulations "ihall be committed to monitors, elected by the inmates (d the depot from among themselves. \vh<» shall report to thf .urors anv infraction of the rules; b\it such appointment is not to interfere with their usual labor or occupation. The sn pervision to be as follows, viz • r t 11LI,K(- A\l> UUOlLVTinVS :ii> nil. in cucli a|)ariiiient of titty pcrsoiib, two monitors h' ■*»e selected by the residents of surh apMitmenl. 1'> hold thei' ililce lor one month; sucIj, howevor, Uf h*' rliqiblc for re- election witii the eoncurrenee of the bupennlfixleDt. Tlu «iaine priiu'ijdc of ole(;tion to hold auKing the :->ingle of hulii «excs but the adjudication of all punislunent to he alone en- torced by live persons to be called jurors, to be chosen monthly bv all the monitors, but as totlunr re-election, surh to be san.ctioned,as in the case of liie monitors, by the super- intendent : the proceedings of this court to be open, and to 'ake place in the presence of the sujiertnUnident, and on the evening of the day on which the oDence comes to be known. uvl punishment iu^mediately lo folhnv conviction. oth. Tiiat being guilty of disobedience of any rub; di^.- jualiti(!s from holding otlice, cither as monitors or jurors. fcll to be rung, when evciv person shall Jinmedi- •itelv arise, comb hair, M'ash iiands and iiice. \u)uer themspec- ■ion of the monitors, and sach as are so disposed, repair to the school room, ({)lace of }>ublic worship.) where the fen com- ■nand/itpntsnnd the Lord's jrr aye r,A\\\\\ be read by a discreet person, selected lor the purpose by the superintendent, from dience t«- breakfast and t<.> iheir resp« < tive occuputions, the ■ ■hildren toatfer)d schooUortwo houi s.;iiter ^\'>'ehtho<;ocapri- I' II; i i>|f, to siu'li l;vl)(»r ns shall Iv presfribt.Ml : also two }io)n's .'(? «('liiir after, tiirjiimrs shnll in fh-'ir turn visit (•'iU'h aijarinii'ut, to sfi- llmt all liL'hts art' onl, holding llic mo- iiilit)-s ace ' intahlf lor anv' imiissinn, m ti>r pcrmittinir an\ ;<) siiiokt' a srnar i.>i- pipe in their r.»oiiis alter the hell nnirs. 7tii. The hours lo? lahor shnll he as fullows : — Trj suni- luer, from one lioiii- ami ^ne hall' alter sunriso until fltM'on in the foi'enooii, and from our o'eioek to ono honr heforo siuiset. In winter, ih(* same in the forenoon, and from one to sundown in the afternoon. rmA fjnm the 20th Soptomhev to the 20\h .Niareh.thev shall lahr.r in the evening;:, from six ti» eirjht o'clock, excfiit as to the lahor of rhe youth of hoth ^PXPS, which shall ho particularly pro'crihed. ■Sth. The hour fi>r meals shall he as fr>llows : — through- out the year, hreakfast one ho(. ilVr sunrise. The hell shall always he run<; thirty minutes hefore each meal, when t^very person slial I cease fiv,m work, and immediately dp ready, with clean hands and t'a<>e. for the ringini/ oj'the se- cond ^ell. when they shall repair to flie hk^ss rooms, the aged first, and take such seals as sliall he assigned h\- the dining hall monitors. Dinner at noon, and supper at sun- do^vn. Half an hour shall be allowed for irieals, when the bell shall be rung, and no person shall leave the table without 1 )i('rmis-ii(tn, xvli -n ;ill >li;ill riso, .-mii irtii"' fi> lus ur lior rnoiti. Ill' (•tn|)|("vinliiill tuki; iiiiy i'li'ti' !•■ troiii tli t;i[)|c. Till- iiioiiiturs slijill srr iliat tlif t;il'l<' is iiuiiM'diatcIy i:loarf(l, ;ni(l In- (■;ii('riti lliat tlif rni,::iii( ijts arc sa\c(|. No person shall he jdlnwid any \'n>>t\ sanie shall alwavs he taken l)y the superintendent, jurors or tnoniiors, whenever tourid.and it shall not he restored. And the de- linquent shall he punished as the jurors shall direct. ., • {N HILE.S ASV RKGl 1.AT1U.\.««. 1 1th. That all persons brougiii to tiif (k-jiot. shall ln' a' liberty to leave it when deemed capable of sustaining them- selves, 12th. That all who choose ;-> remain after six month; ■should be remunerated, by being paid in cash, on leaving the depot, half of all contract work performed by tliem, separate from the depot.- 13th. That the flute, violin, and other instruments, shall b(; provided, to alFord recreation for such as arc disposed to learn. 14th. That a lilirary shall be tbrmcd ;uid hirnislied with Biography, History, Treatises on Physi''-; and Mechanics ; also such works as are ackno^vledged of n moral tcndenc}', and such periodical works, daily journals, and magazines, admitted, as the jurors should re(|uire. under th.c sani'titui of the superintendent. 15th. That on the Lord's day, ail slioiiM be re(|uired tc> respec-t the day, (however only by persuasion,) when the person selected to read the daily morning service, should in addivion re.ad in ri\ii"ular order a poitioii ol the S( ripturc^. VV^bile such regular ordained clerirvmcn, rasters or minis- ters, as should be desirous of rendciiug their services, should be at liberty to olFuMate, at liours U) be arrrmged by the superintendent, {the an'otii^cment an to ptiyinetit. mn'rvrd for consideration) \\\\Qr\ all sliould lie at liberty loatfiid oi I I ■m- 1 1(1 i-i;s \M> Ki;(ii i,A'ru):v IVJ i P \ I • •li'.'rwisf, as ihcy iniulit \n- disjjost'd ; but. no intert'ereiu-r with tlic [icculiar iinule ut" worsliip or faitli ol" other denomi- t\atioiis of Christians, nor any observations of a poUtical nature, oji ai>\- account to l)o indulged in by those allowed to olliciate : an«l in case of any departure from these regula- tions, such pfU'son to he excluded from the depot in future, Hsahuoilv or siny;inij hvnnis lo be taught and cherisiied in the young on the Lord's day. KUh. Tiiat the Bible, without note or comment, shall be furnished for the use of all in the d(^pot, and any work of professedly a morn I character, sanctioned by the various clergvmenor pastors who shall give their occasional atten- dance, will be received into th(> library ; but on no account shall any of the paupers be permitted to have any books which impugns the Christian character. 17th. Th- only punishment kn- adults, confinement and tn be fed ou bread and water, and for the youth, a firm, V*n mild chastisement, but always in private. i: S T I Al A T []. Estimate of'thr proposed de])ot in Upper Canadd, and. re.mu- vinr: from i'jmjUnid 1000 I^ai/pei'S (nuuta/Ii/. including foo(/. clothini'., )7ifdiviil t(drit. — Adults can be pnn iileil witli jjassage for 2/. li>.v. L'hildrei; iiiiili.'r liiirtecii, half price ; provision- tor the voyage, yuuiii^ and old, cnii ho amply provided lor X.\. Ii)\ each, inakiii;;- £,A. transport to the st'ilii;inpiit, say C!. lO.v. and lor conlingericios, l^)s. niakini;- J^6. until phaced at the ilcpot. I soo no iiood causp why the poor uho are ?enl out at the i.:\[)ense of the parisii, should hw better provided than tile pour tanner? and working" clash(??, who coaie out at their own expense, and sure I am, the ejstiiuale i- not onl}' ample, hut abundant, ami under projier .'nanau,-emen;, would cover removal Irom the })ari>h to the place ».>' embarkation. r\Iuch depends on Ihe masters ot the pa'?eiiL\er ves'-cls. The timber shi[).s are (d. a!ul capacity and sobriety of the master. Those directinf; the measure should take charge of the paupers in Enj^land, ai.d thereby avoiil tiie maiiv and (e/tain evils to which emigrant- are liable, on their passaf^r to (luebec and New 1 i:sTiMvn:. n \ork: a.s ai^c upon their arrival there, which iirove^ truly dis- rouraging ; i)ut such errors may be giiaided airaiiisl. The Laud-, Iiouses, stock, tar .liiig utensiis and rattle, "^ii-nild «11 beloiiii; to the county or coniinunity making the experiment. The hhnd, iui^ane, or persons above ^i\ts , not to be ^-ent out, save under the special provision set tbrth m the estimate. Purcha-,e of 1000 acres, and buildings lor 1000 per- sons, asset forth, taken at £l2.00if, interest tfiereoi ilemoviiig 1000 persons ai £0. each, One year's support, Head Superintendent Two working do. £5!J. eaeh Schoolmaster, Doctor ^latron Contingences, lirst ytar The resicdent officers to have sucli support as tlie larm >-an produce. Amount, .GoOO if I J 0000 4000 I.) 2m) n n 100 d ou 100 u 50 U lOGO (• jei2, Second year, lOOl) remioved from England at JG6. each. Interest on purchase of lantls, &c. Superintendence, &c. Annual allowance ibr support, &c., -econd and every future year, independent of the farm and labor of the Paupers. b.OOO 500 500 L' oOOU tt (> Jt: 12,000 (luK l\ih»J IS leuuireii lor tht- uddmoiial lnoo niiupt;i-.-* wady t^eiil uui \ I'J KSTIMATL. Shuul.t ai.v oi li.. perso.is so sent out hec^ uo \u..uv or blind, ui ,,iaaMU u. m. .Uu.e uMin..te, luv .11 such a charge lo h. ,n..le ; Idiots or Insane, 4(/ a day, Blind '^(' a day, Ch aliiug and ntteiidance being included. \lew of five years drainage of the Poor from the parent State. 1000 t iisl year, llXIU persons ir moved to depot, Admit that one third depart from it, althou,<;-h one hall misht more correctly be calculated. Remain V Second year, IwuO sent Second year, one third depart. Third vear, !000 sent. Third year, one third depart. Fourth year, 1000 sent Fourth year, one tbird depart Filth year. iOfK'l M>nt l-'it'th ve.'ir, "'lie llurri ihpiiit Rpmau)s Remain- Rcmainh Remain'^ 33f5 677 1000 1667 5ii5 1112 1000 2112 704 1408 1000 2408 800 1608 1000 2608 880 172-:^ KSTIMATB. ia lU si ■4 RECAPITULATION. 33f$ 1667 555 1112 1000 2112 704 1408 1000 2408 SOO 1608 1000 2008 886 4 Expense first year, Second year Tiiird df Fourth do Fifth year Jt; 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 £60 000. N. B. — Births would supply deaths. Thus in the space of hve years, 50U0 f aupers, would be removed at an e\pen>e to the country of C^O. 000. The expenditure of tile County of Fvent f(jr 1B32 is stated at £425. r,78, at this rate one year's poor rate of Kent would (or ever free the county of ^^.J.OOO paupers, ten percent, is a wide estimate for those who would be tjorn, as also fi^r the iv.iJAe or blind makint;,' one hundred am! hity persons iead weight on the i)e[).)t, and adaiit that -l7. per diem should be required for them, this would not at most add in any way £1 000 a year at the end of five years, while it is believed from tiie ii .proved state of the I'arm, arrangement and management, no -uch addititmal charge would be required to the £l2,000 a year. U is to be kept in view ihat such additional buildings as should be required would ''e raised by the paupers. 1722