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L^!l.-).» Kvovvsci(.'iico is in (lanifor of ln'iiijf discredit t'd tiy tlu' ViiiiMic llu'orics of oarly iiivostigatois into tlic jirobjenis whitdi its siiliji'ct niattiT juv- st'iits. Siudi lias \)V('u tilt' ease with stiidii's ivi^ardin"- tlu' nattivo and origin of onr altorigines, and that so siifnally as ainio.st to liavc Ijronyht tlio lalioiirs of tlio Ainoricanist into i'(tntc'ni]it. The eonneetion (d" these altoriifines with the lost tribes of Israel has loni;' Iteen abandoned, and theii' association with the Mons^ojs of Knblai Kiian has now hardly a defender, but occasionally an advocate of a Chinese orij^inal airs his views, and otherwise wise men juit faitii in Plato's mythic .Vllantis. Xecessarily the Hrst stage of ever\" science is one of s|K>culation on the Itasis of a few carelessly oli.served phenomena. T'.iese phenomena fnr- inshed a starting ])oint which was straightway, according to the reason- ing of our granilfat hers, converted into'a logical premise major or minor : the corresponding second term was found in the peeuliai'ities. histoi-ies or traditions of certain Old World ]ieoples : and the conclusion was drawn with a dialectic certainty that despised fact. Many years ago a great revulsion set in against this method in the line of Voltaire's dictum that, as (iod made America's tlies, lie could also make her human beings. Hence the Bureau of Ethnology at AVashington. which more than any other institution, has worked in the department of American anthro- pology. i>ays little heed to sj)eculation, and the as.sociated Americanists of Europe act largely upon the principle, America for the Americans. Yet it mu.st be evident to all students of comparative philology alone that this principle is a false one, since it application in the case of Europe, Asia and Africa would have deprived science of its classitications of the Indo-Kuropean, the Ural-Altaic, and the Mbantu families of languages and peoples. The broadest extent of anthropological know- ledge is quite comitatible with the most minute and comprehensive intent c hclicvcd now of the .Mohawks than tiicy were Iwciity-livi' ccntiirics a<^o of the .Athen- ians. Almost all peoples come in time to associate their lraili(i(»ns with the scenes of their |)rcsenl home. It is morally certain that the CJhiiiese oriiiiiiall}' dwelt in liahylonia, and that the .lapaiiese once dwell in northern India. Imt all thi'ir lraroes and Papuans, in Kurope. Asia. Africa and Polynesia. A great deal has heen made of Ainuricun languaifes uiidei' the term polysynthesis. hut. as a matter of fact, a very large numher of our alM)riginaI tongues are not jjolysynthetic, while some are almost mono.syllahic. and the pol^-synthesis of America has its t'.xact counterparts in Turanian-Kuro]»e and Asia and in the Tagala and similar diaU-cts of the .Malay. I'rofessor .Max M idler has ]>rotesled against making ])oly synthesis a characteristic of any linguistic grouji. ar.d .MM. Jules Vinson and JiUcicn Adam have shown that American speet h is not l)3- its mean.s differentiated from that of the rest of the world. To the casual ohserver all Indians, dressed in the shahhy clothes of the wdiilo man. unkempt and unohtrnsive. may look alike, so that the generic name Indian or Hed .Man does duty for ea( h and all ; but our aborigines themselves and tbosi' who have lived among them in their native condition know better. No such an one would mi.stakean Kskimo for a Dene, a Dune for an Algonquin, or an AlgoiKpiin for a Dakota or Iroquois, any more than he would confound an Aztec with a Maya, or ti (Quiche, or a Chinook with a llaidah. Indeed, with scientitic investiga- tors the great diilicultN' is not that of ditfcrentiation but of integrate classitication. This classiHcation ])rocecds almost entirely on tlie basis of language, in s])ite (tf the vast variet}' of Amei'ican dialects. Chateau- briand gives a jieculiar character to the courtly Huron as distinguished from the savage lro(|uois. his enemy and almost his exterminator, but it has long been well known that the two poojtles are next of kin. The beloved people of the Cherokees. as lianeroft terms them, used to be regarded as a clan by themselves, till attention was drawn to a suggestion by Adelung in the Mithradates, when Mr. Horatio Hale exhibited the radical unity of their language with that of the Huron-Iroquois. This work of classiticauon is far from complete as yet. One of the families most abundant in dialects past and present is the Algonquin which has great representation in Canada, embracing the extinct lieothik of New- I [('AMi'i!i;i,i.] AMi:i!I(AN ANTlIK01't»I.O(JY 69 ■i ibundlaiid. so well sol lortli liy tlu' K'cv. Dr. J'iittcfson. jiinl tin- IlliuUloot of llu- till' west. Yet Kallicr .Moricc, in liis t'liiiiiu'riilinn (it'tlic many Iriln's of (lie |)c'ii(5s calli'd liy Mv. Pillinu' of Wasliin^toii. Allia|iascaiis. I rilifs that fxlciid from tin- MsUinio area far into >[f.\ico. inclinlfs ainoiiij; tliciii till' Sarci'cs who form jiart of tin- Ulackfool coiifcih'rary. So, in ancient times, the |)(la\var'onf|uins, and Catlin shows how the Crows availed themselves of it to the advantaice of their personal appi'arance. Tlu' hark of the hircli tree is a Siberian jtroduct, and luis lon;^' been used in that northern country for the coating of summer houses, the building of canoes, the manufac- ture of boxe.s and baskets and for writing jiurposes, as well as for the prott'ction of dead bodies buried in mound.s. Many tribes that came to America never suw Siberia nor a bircdi tree, but they were (piick to per- ceive the superiority of the light birch canoe over the heavy dug-out, and the adaptability of its material to the above nu'ntioncd ends, thus becom- ing copyists of thosi" whose education had been Silu'rian. Indians as diverse in origin and character as the J)t'nds and Dakotas, the Crees and Blackfeet, who inhabit prairies and plains, have become (piitc accustomed to the use of the horsi'. With the exce|>tion of some coast tribes that are sim|»ly tishers. a few of whi(di vi'iiture to attack the whale, all our Indians are hunters, although in the original abodes of many t>f them game must have been source and small. 70 KHYAL SUCIKTY OK TANADA Tin' luxiiriiiiit vi'i^otiilion al)ly wlicrc cxfri-ised is still, of I lie sanio nature as that of t hi^ continrnt. sutii as lias h'on cxhunH'il from nnmy mounds and as is still luanutacturod hy the I'ui'hio Indians of \('\v .Mexico. Accordiniy to tratlition, the Alifonquins were not tu'iufinaliy potters and raridy practised the art, hut some ot' tiiein copied the practice from adjoininuj trihes. The use of wampum and of orna- mentation in i>eahur<;-, are found coloured illustrations of Siheriaii head ornaments, in (h'si^'u and .i!,vueral (haracter identical with those so familiar in Canada. Scalpiiiij; was a custom of the Northern Scytiis in the time n\' Herodotus, and was almost uiuversal in Xorth America, itut decapitation, Judyinii' from tlu' |U'aetice ot' tiie IJeolhiUs, was theorii^inal Al.ij;on(piin suhstitute for it. as it is amonu' the ^ralay-J'olyucsians, whose head- hunting- is notorious. 'I'liis same head-huutiiiLf prevailed amoni; the IIiuisti'c-Maya-(^ui(die trihes of ( 'cut ral -Vmi'i'ica, and among the Carihs and similar trihes of the southern continent. Loan ai'ts and customs have (lone nnudi to ohscure the relations (d' different trihes and make ahoriginal arclncology very much the same thran, hut tlie Casus CI randes, towards t lie horders of the United States, hiiilt ntiquity, miicht very well ho placed to the credit of the conquerini; Spaniard. J'u(ddo architecture dilVers little from that of the walled villages of Tnrtaiy anil tlu' other ahoriginal outlines of towns in Bashan and the JIauran. Finally, the cliff dwellings, hiirh up in tl»e rocky ledijes of the western canyons, carr\- one hack to the ahodes of the Kenites in Mount Jlor, who put their nest in a rock. In Orejjon and Wasiiin<;ton and in British <'olumhia tiie mouiid- huildiuiT area hcgins.and «'Xlenilseasl ward into western Ontario, itseliief extent in the Tnited Stales heiiit; from l>akota to the Atlantic, south- ward to the (iulf of Mexii'o and Florida. Professor Cyrus Thomas's elahorate report, constitutintf the transactions of the Bureau of Ktlinolo<;y for 18!M»-91,(hies not touch upon the mounds of British Columhia and the Northwestern States, hut. heyinninij with Manitohu and the Dakotas foUowstlu' track of their huilders east and south. Many of these mounds are small attairs. huilt solely for purpost-s of intermt'iit. Others, a<;ain of lar^e size and very varied desiijn. were simply rai.sed platforms tor a wooden andiiteeture thai luis loni; cruml)led into dust. Similar artitieial mounds exist in tlie Japanese islands, in Cori'a and northern China, and throui^hout Sil»eria. clustering most thickly ahout tlu' Jiiver Yenisei. They are also t'ound in Tartar}', in northern India, in parts of Persia and in the Caiu-asus, as well as tliroughout the whole ot' Syria. The Siberian mounils, the only class in the Ohl World that has been systematically explored, are identical in character with those of America, tlie chambered tumuli used for interment being of the same nature even to the layers of birch-bark spread over the body of the deail. Professor Thomas and Major Powell are both agreed that the mounds of America are of no very great antiquity, and that they were the work of the ancestoi-s of existing Indian tribes tnat dwelt in the vicinity of their sites when the white man first became acquainted with them. Wlien, however, these authorities limit the culture of the Mound-Builders to that which prevailed among the Indians at the beginning of European colonization, they either rate the latter more highly than early travellers indicate it to have been or depreciate the evidence of mound contents illustrative of considerable pictorial skill in gold and copper work and of much agricultural and commei'cial activity. 78 l;(»YAL SOCIKTY <>l" CANADA llalt'it k I'Diiiiiiiiiiii; cxtriicts Irniu the writin^w of Santini arxl olhcr tmvclU'VH aiiiMii^ th«' trilu-s kI" Silicria relating !•» tlii'ir a|)[)('araii<-(', (Iivmh, warlarc, rdii^ioii, ijanit's, iiiatiiuTs and cusImius, and jiarallrlcd tlu'sc ('xtra^ witli uciiumts ol' the American IndiaiiR |»ul>lis|i('y well-known aiitlioritiiH. lIuinlMildt in his day, and within a ('(iniparativcly rcci'nt lime, ('"niniodorc Perry's jiMirnalisl. |i<»inteil ont wtrikin^ eoineideneeH lietweeii .lM|i.inesc cnstoni, Hcii'nee, and art and those ol'the Northwestern |»eo|i|('> (>)■ South Ainei'icM. Lately, Mr. Kennan, in his "Tent Life in Silieria." identilied onr Indians in general ajipearanee with the Koriaks and 'rehuktthir. of that country ; and, hut the other day, Mr. Frank (i. CariH-ntfi- found Atuerican features in Corea and Japan. Many .lapanesti junks have heen driven to I ho I'acitic coast of this continent within modern historical lime, and some of their crews have taken up theirahode where their vessels j;roundod. One feels, Iiowever. that stieli isolated facts and iceneriil coincidences, while sutticii'nt to stiniulato inquiry, are not unround enough for the foundation of a seientilic dicttini. Men- physical iH'sendilitiiee proves little, inasiuuch as, in tins contint'iit, even aiiioni; ]»cop|es wliose laiiyuaj^es show thorn to he closely related, there is ot'len found a very f^reat variety of tormation and feature. Our al>orii,dnes have .short heads, loniij heads and tlat heads, and brains of a threat variety of capacities. We have tall Dakotasand Patagonians, and stunted Kskimos and Fuogians. The civilized Peruvians and Mexicans appear to havi- heon men of Japanese stature ; while, judging by the Palenque Tablet of the ('ross, the ('achiquels. who belonged to the Jluasti'c .Muya-tiuiche family, possessed the large well-nourished frame of the better class t)f South Sea Islanders. Coming to scientitic demonstration, perhaps the tirst to definitely associate our Indians with Old World peoples by means of language was hr. Tiatham, who said they had all their atiinitics with the Peninsular Mongolidic, by which name he de.signated the Japanese and their related tribes. So far as the Algonquins, the Maya-(Juiches, the Caribs, the Tupi-Guaranis and the Mbaya-Abiponcs are concerned, thi.s is not true; therefore Dr. Latham must have had in view such tribes as the Dakotas, Irocjuoisand (Mioctaws. At the meeting of the tirst Americanist Con- gress. Professor J ulien Vinson compared that isolated Turanian tongue, the Hasijue of the Pyrenees, with which he is thoroughly acquainted, with an Inxjuois and two Algonquin dialects. He exhibited coincidences in graiumatical construction, especially between the Basque and the Iro- !'( )l,( M iY 73 ImiMHirfd It'lluw (if tliis Socii'ly, Mr. Ilnratio H:ilt'. \vlu'tln'i' Ity tin- aid "il' my |i!i|ii'r or imt I liiivc iKit ln-ard, aiiiiDiiiicrtl that tlu- Hasfpio and I lie I riHiuiiis were iin'inluTs nf till' same family y a common addition liecome iha C\u)rUiw hdftnk, kushuk.Jichik, sliinuk, ibbiiLiiud nittah. Tlu'se dialects are to .lapanesi' as Knglish isto(ierman, or the ijomance languages to Latin. While generally agreeing in their Peninsular Mongolida' resemhlances, the Dakota dialects have peculiari- ties that intinuitely link them with the Aino speech of Yeso and Sagha- lien. Then the Basque and the Japanese are related ? Undouhtedly they are. and the links hetween them are the (leovgian. Lesghian, and other dialects of the Caucasus, and the varying speech of the ahoriginal trihesmen of the llinuilayas. The extinct languages of the Indo-Seyths, the Parthiuns, the Cappadocians, Phrygians, and Lydians. tiie Oscans, Samnites and Etruscans, the Iherians, the Picts. the Tuatha de Danans of Ireland, and theSilures of Wales holonged to the same great family to which I have given the name Khitan applied by the Chinese to that portion of their race which ruled the Celestial Kmi)ire for much more than a century. Several years ago I succeeded in assigning phonetic values to the varying, yet radically similar, Turanian characters found on monuments of ditferent kinds from liritain to India, and from India to the west of Nova Scotia. West of Syria the language they yield is archaic Bas(pie, void of any polysj-nthesis, save that of the inclusion of the siihject and indirect regimen pronouns with the two verbs substantive and active, and east of that region they yield archaic .Japanese destitute of any 74 Kyiitli«">is. With tlu' wt'stcrn ;,'ri»u|» ot" iiix( ri|»tiiiiiH wo iin- lint now (niict'iiit'il, Itiit tlic ciislcni serins luis iiiiicli In (l<» witli AiiuM'icaii nrij^iin's, A stiiclyut' tlif Muildliist inscriptidiis of Imliii n-vnils lilt' liicf thai lilt' liiidiiliists, who wtrt' jtmls <•!' iuM'tlifni Imlia iVoin tht> iK'tli fi'iitiirv ){.( ',. till at least the I'oiirth A.!>.. wiTf tlit' .la|iaiifst> and thuir t'on;;ent'i'>, and that tin- nioninncntal t'ai'ts art* the ilata lioth tit' tliu l{aja Taran^iin or history of ihf Uini,'s of «*aslinn'rf anil of the annals of the l'lni|M'rt)r^ ol .lapan. Tlif next serifs of iiiseri|itions is tin' Silierian in a somewhat i-iuhi' siiipt and in the same .lapaiiese iditini. 'i'liese hegin with the lifth eentnry A.I)., anti extend to tiie eii^hth. ami tht-y furnish the names and deeds of sttveral < 'hinose Khitaii l\ini;s ami .lapaiiese Dairisor Mikailtis. who a|»ii|iarently were never out of Sihei'ia. Their Sihorian i'm|iire had its eentre ahout the Yenisei, and thenanu' common to all their trihes was Kila as it was in India. In Kla|trt)th's time a remnant still dwelt there whose namt.' for an intlividiial was Khitt t>r llitt. antI t>ne of whose trihes was that t»f (he Keiiniyt'nji', mt'anin;jf the same as the name ol the .Mohawks. Kanienke. the Klint |»et»|>le. Kita< Khitt t>r llitt is the .lajianese liilo, a man. and the Ameriean Choetaw llattak. Somi' .lapanese traiiiiijs tif inseriptions in the Sihi^'rian tdnir.ieters have Iteen sent to mc luit they art^ so ilefaccd and fragmentary that, althi)n^;h their tineiie.ss with the Siherian is oviilent. they afo virtually illc<;il)le. i)t)iihtk'ss more will yet he tliseovered in a more perfeet condition. I have suhmiltcil specimens t)f the Indian antI Siherian inscrij>tit)ns, with key, ti'ansliteratittn, antl tran.slation, tt» the Canadian Institute, which has pnhlished many ilocnmcnts hy mc on the suhjoct. Last yeav 1 contrihutcd to inte.stal»le. miu;ht have been ct)pietl, character hy character, from the rnnes of Siberia. i»f the existence of which Nova Scotians antl Americans generalU' are still in prtiftnintl ignorance. The language the seven A)nerican inscriptitms furnish is classical Japanese, antl the tlates recorded on .stime t>f them, reckttned frt)m the nirvana t>f liutMha. ascemi to the eighth century A.D. Some t)f their contents intlicate that the tribes which once dwelt in It)wa and elsewhere along the Mississippi and the Ohit). gradually tbu'ul their way south to Mexico. The aliorigines ot' America are not destitute of history. Cusick's " History of the Six Nations." I'eterl)ot)yentate Clarke's •History of the Wyandotts," •• The Irotpuus Book of Kittjs," and the •WalumOlum of niulu may I'c set asidf lor llic iiri'scnf. jind the Mexican and I'i-ruvian annul-* of Ixllilxocliitl and Tuyiozonioc, of (Jarcilusso dc la W'lfu and Montt-sinos, •'iulni sole atti'iilion. Kroin tlii'sc \vn ^allier that I lie Toll*-*' or ohli'sl .Mexican dynasty lici^an lo rciLfn in 7-1 A.l>., and tliut il was expelled to llie soiitli liy tin- Cliicliiniecs in liMi4. tlio very year in wliioli tlie IVru- vian rnonarcliy Itci^an. 'I'lie 'I'oltecs \ver»! the Diirdukkii of the .\ssyrian iiionuin«-nl>, the Dardani of the (iri'cUs, and their lin-as of the four quarters were the descendants of tlie .\nakitti of Kirjath Arl»a,and of the Hanie hlood ns the I'oyal An/is of the Ltto-Choo islands, 'I'he annals (jf Japan and of tiiese islands slmw tliat an enforced mii^ration ot' this stock I'roin Japan ttxdx place early in the eij^hth eeiil nry. and it seems that, while part of the Heol that carried the exiK's reacheil the LooClioo archipelai^o. tlie <;reater part was drivtiii to the American coast, there to found the empire of the Toltecs. The ('hi(diiiut'e and .\:,toc trihes, tiie remnants of which are the Shoshones and the I'tesof the I'adnca family, comiii:; down from .some hiuiier point at wiiich they liad struck the cDast, fell upon their relatives cd" .NLexico, who at the same time were their hereditary i'oes. and i-xpelh'd them to the south after the middl*' of the tfleveiith eentury. Other invaders of Mexico, lured southward hy rejiorts (d' its wealth, were tiu* .Mound-IJuilders of the Mississippi and Oiiio villages, whose proi^ress from the north was also hastened hy the pressure of trihes helontfin^ to tlieir own tiesh and hlood that liad travi'r.seii the Aleutian chain and had maile their way uero.ss half the continent. Once more returnintf to lanifuaito, Profes.sor ('yrus Thonuis has lately stated that the civilization and the tongues of the lluastee-.Maya-(iuiche peoples of Central Anu-rica are of .Malay- Polynesian orii;in. This L stated in several ])ublications issued in Mritain and America many years ago, and as tirnily I now repeat the statement. Having studiestraet, in other words, terms denotini^ heinij and action, and terms (lenotin«f relation or (luality. The Indod'luropean, the Celtic, and the Semitic mind give pi-oininence or priority to the abstract ; the northern Turanian, to thi' cotierete. The preposition in is an abstract term, while h<)U>ii' is concrete. We say, and all the jieopK' we know, say '"in the house" : i»nt the Bas(nie and the .Ia])anese say " the house in," niakinu the abstract term a ])ost-position. In Aramaic we say Har-Nabas, the .son of Nabas, in (lai'lic, Mac Donald, the son of Donald, in French le (ils dc Pierre ; hut in Kn,i!;lish and in all the Teutonic laniiuayes it is allowable to say Nabas'.s son, Donald's son, Peter's son. The latter, with or witliout the mark rT possession, which is a jxist-position. is the Basque and the .lapanese order. As the abstract is subordinated to the concrete, so is the iceneric to the specitic term. Preposing languages occasionally postpone as the .Sanscrit does largely. There may he exceptions to the converse, but they arc so few tliat it may be said that post]>oning languages never propose. This is the most valid distinction of forms of speech I know, and I wonder much that the collectors of foreign vocabularies have not had their attention called to it rather than to far fetched terms of kinship which link the useless with the oft im|ioHsible. By far the larger number of our best known families of American speech are postponing, like the liasque and the Ja])ane.so ; they never use pre|»osition8, nor do they propose other jtartides denoting relation. Some Algo?iquin dialects use post-positions occasionally, but their logical and common order is preposing, which essentially ditl'ercntiates them from the adjacent I)ak< 'a, Ii'oquois. and Choctaw-Maskoki groups. Many years ago I published a paper, now becomi' exceeilingly rare, entitled '"The Altiliation of the Algonquin Languages,' in which I exhibited the radical unity of these dialects with tho.se of the Malay-Po- lynesian area, both in grammatii'al forms and in vocabulary. Algonquin features, tlieir taciturnity and rigorous etiquette with each other, their lacustrine and tluviatile habits, their insular heaven, their creation from vegetable forms, their Manitou, which is just the muVo or spirit of tho Malay Archi|)elago with ]»retixed article, their hear. Ilrinton of Philadelphia liave translated the Maya chronicles and those of the (iuiehes and the Cachi- quels. so that (hey are now j.ecessihle to every reader of French and English. The inscribed monuments translated hy me have no great anticjuily. Itelonging to the early part of the tifteenth century ; hut there is ever}' reason to thinU, tVom the displacement of the family to which they helong to the eastward hy the .Mexicans, that tliey preeede