IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) L ^ A {/ ^'ide K^ % it.. A Z ^% 1.0 l.l III 1.25 ■u Uii u 1^ 22 12.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 ^ ^ o^k Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. )4S80 (716) 872-4503 ^0 i/l \ ClhM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical M.croreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ^\ >tres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une ompreinte d'impression ou d'illustraticn et en terminant par la derni6re page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain ihe symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaninc "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top tc bottom, as many frames as required. The following diayrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un soul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdriaur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 George fflf H 1 Deduce lities Defin The S J Printed for J and AN IMPARTIAL J-. HISTORY OF THE LATE WAR. Deduced from tBe committing of Hofti- lities m 1749, to the figning of the Definitive Treaty of Peace in, 763 The SECOND EDITION, With an I N D E X. I- O N D O N: Printed for J, Johnson, oppof.te the Monumemj, and J. Curtis, in Fleet-Street. M.DCC.I,xra. J T( R One Mem INn tru with fi Jate yvi every t :at di| free pe( com me fought country ^y in E guifhcd V^ o ^^^. 4304^ TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE R I C H ^A R D, Lord Vifcount HOWE One of the Lords of the ADMiRALTyj, , Colonel of Marines, and Member of Parliament for the Borougk of Dartmouth. My Lord, IN no age or nation of the world have true hercfm and refined policy (hone w.th fuch diftinguifted luftr? as 'in tSe Jate war. A w.ir that is reolete wi/h -ery bnnunt and glorious tnL^n iree people. A war that is ftrone-Iv rp commended to our notice a noT only fought mourown times but by our o2 countrymen. Perhaps there is no fam h m England which has had fo diftTr- guiihedandhonourabkalhareinthtw;; V^O^Vr'i. as ( iv ) as that oFyoiir lordfhip. At Icaft every Ibldier and failor is ready to confefs this truth, that there is none which has been more liberal in the moll noble and lau- dable adls of generofity and humanity. To the remaining eldeft branch of fuch a family, it therefore cannot be any im- propriety to infcribe this hiftory ; which is moft humbly and refpedlfully done by c'^^ '*'**■ H Your Lordihip*s Moft obedient and moft A Humble fervant. From the Wejiminfler^ ^ Sep. |6, 1763, The Author. which tht P nada with 1 extirpate th To clear thij leffedof wh oftheFrencIi Aix la Chape ?"ns, provi/ intended htH (^^^^"^^.'^^^-f''*^^^'^^^. '*'**'^^wft- H I s T O R V OF THE W A R. CHAP. I. which ehfF^tfe^^r^^trXd^f »a«POf- of theFrench miniilrv J™ ?'' Particular intention, ^^ixIaChapel" ?fe"tlrti''r^!f«''*'«-'= "f Ohio I ,174^ ( 10 ) Ohio wit the back of Virginia. As far as the nici e;taminatio:i into circumltances and things can deter- mine, we are inclined to think that Nova Scotia was the original caufe of difagrcement ; for when the French mifcanied in their aim there, they then, and not till then, vigoroufly purfued their old and extcn- tive projedl, of hemming in all the Britilh fettlements, and cutting off their intercourfe with the ladians. Perfuaded that this was the firft caufe of difpute, we fhatl confider it as the origin of the war ; and begin with explaining the caufe of that diipute, as well as the views of the two parties. The Englirti had a clear and undoubted right to Nova Scotia, by the 1 2th article of the treaty of Utrecht, in wh.ch the French King in the moll ob- vious and ilrong terms ceded it to the crown of Great Britain, iv///& its ancient boundaries. Now the difpute turned upon what were its ancient boundaries. The peace of Aix la Chapelle in 1748, by which they ought to have been affixed, committed them, with many other tbings, to the difcuflton of commiflaries. No fooner was that peace concluded, than a number of the French Canadians were fent by M de laGalifTo- niere, governor of that province, to fettle at the mouth of St John's river in Nova Scotia, where the)' im- mediately began to ereft two forts, in order to efta- blilh themfelves; and to feizc iieveral parts of the country wliich were in difpute : The end propofed to be anfwered by this ttep was, the employing of emiffaries and priefb, to tamper with fome of the In- dians of Nova Scotia, who had long been diftinguifh- cd by a kind of refraftory behaviour towards the Britiih government, and to excite them to harrafs and dillrefs our colonies in that province ; fo as to pre- vent their beingableto extend their plantations, and' if poliible to drive them to the neceffityof abandon- wig • u /• . ^ " ^ 1749 mg the fettlement. •Thefeperfidiou, praftices w«! notonly ^ntenanced. bur;arn.ly e?c^ura8:d b^ rolw'd"^lt';An Ih".''™"/;'!' "-«''m,„e,, which France, 't « way foj cf it, a.d aaJi h«ep"„"°t. ' *"''""' J"""™* • "py S J R other demands) you^!n upon ht f^^'^'V i ^^««in (among intend, to comprehend he Abcnlm, I V'''"'^ ^^ ' ^^<^fi^er he reives between MaSchue^'BT''"^^^^^^^^ fpread them- peace, without requiring rnvSn?rK-i°H '"''*'■]•" «»^e defirc that in fuch cafr h^^ ?. ^"^'"'^'on ^^om them ; and in their vij/age? and 1 r ^^"1' '"^'^' "^^.^° ^« ^^^^"^ «'^«i' un.^oleftcd a! they d L b f^/ J^"'*^ ^^7'" »^^'« w,th them ti'erefore when the war wasfin r^ T''- k "^^ " ^^"^ '»"'^'> ""«* vvith regard to them A^^ '^ "^''^ y°"> " °"^^' ^o be fo ^^OH^toth^wtT^nN^^^^ S''-' that if they thcfe Indians j intimadnr tha? i?^ ^J" ^'" ^ ^^^'^^^^ ^° ^^^^ and tranquilitl of tTe f^L ;/ V u°^'!"P°"'"'* '^^ ^<^ f«^«y you ftould have a fn..!f' ?^'^' Maflachufet^ Bay, that To this; Sir, M Mafca n^ U ^"'''''^ ^° '^' of violence. J /hall comply'j^th vour r nf ^'''''^''■''''<^yo^ to me upon it, an anfwer as ma7 be/ ^ '^ '" ^^"'"^ as fpeedy and pofitive to wlti"yrchtfly^:es:^rs"/'H'' i'^^ ^^^^ °^ ^' ^ ^"<^-« f^^uated within the hear't of M ' f ^^''^ "'" '^^^^"''^^ to be ;|;at Trihe of Indlinst;«h:; ^Z^lZl^'X T '^'^"^"^'^ the fame river are wffKi^ u- -A , ''^nch mhabitants upon . With # 1749 ( la ) the French court ; who intended as foon as poffiblc to fcize Nova Scotia entirely. with his other fubje^ls in that province ; thii being the cale, thefe Indians, when the advice of a ruptute between his majefty and the king your mailer y/m hourly expedUd, under the pre- text of fending a deputation to Mr. Mafcarenci to defire they might remain in peace and amity with the EnghHi, nutwith(rand> ir^ war ihould happen between the two crowns, gain'd admiilion into Annapolis Royal for fome of their tribe, who were in reality (as it afterwards proved) Spies j and having obca nM Mr. Mafca- rene's agreement to what they pretended to propofe in behalf of their tribe, and being honourably treated and difmifled by him* feturned in three wcfks after, amon^ others of their tribe, with the miHionary de Loutie at their head, furprized and killed as tuany of the' Engl. Hi at Annapolis Royal, as they caught without the fort, deOroycd their cattle, burnt their houfes, and conti- nued adls of hoftility ajjainft the garrifon, 1*1) the arrival of the firft party of fuccouts, which I fent from New England : fuch was the entrance of thefe Indians, Sir, into the war with us^ and their alliance with you. For this perfidious behaviour, I caufed war to be declared in hismajefty's name againft them at Bofton in 1744-, and fo far as it depends upon me, they Hiall not be admUted to terras of peace, till they have made a proper fubmi/Tion for their treachery, iHilefs they ftould be already comprehended in the definitive treaty of peace and friejidihip lately coucluded at Aix la Chapelle^ which 1 /lull on my part ftri£l]y obferve in every point. As you have thought fit to declare your intentions to fupport the Indians in z&s of hoftility againft us, unlefs we give them ppace upon the terms there prefcribed by you, and the dangers which the frontiers of Maflnchufets Bay in particular may oe in, unlefs you have a fpeedy and pofitive anfwer on this head ; what I have to fay in anfwer is, that I fhall be forry for a new rupture between us, and am very defnous to have perfe^ tran- quility reftored to the province under my government ; but if the latter is not to be th*; cafe, and you think fit to make yourfelf a party in an Indian war again U us ; 1 doubt not but his majefty's fubjefls upon this continent, will be able to make juft reprifals ii^on Canada, when it (hail be his majefly^s pleafure to have.tbsm do it. The right you claim of fending miflionaries fron France to refide among his majefty's fubjeitiof Nova Scotia as their ffiefls. Its ( ^3 ) , »74Q Its Sitoa'trbB was not only inviting, befnir at a fmall t'iftance from Cape Breton, the cod nihcnes and the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, but there was an- other more powerful temptation in this colony. As •nd, In conffqitencc of that, your forbidding his m;.jefty's governor to make any alt-jration in the ttate of religion, anJ its minifteri there, 13 ftill more extraordinary j and 1 muft not omit upon tkia occafion to remark to you, that I think the letter, which the bj/hop of Quebec lately wrote to Mr. Mafcarcne concerning his jntendcd vifitation of his majcfty's fubjefts in that government,, la fuch termi, as fhew'd he looks upon them as par of his cure of fouis, and within his jurifdiition, was likewife an extraordinary attempt and 'on't be uvimitted. Your mtericring in his mnjefty's puniftment of his fubje^*>« la Nova Scotia, inflicted for rebellious and treafonable pi a^ ices agamft his crown, and his requiring others of thorn to renew their oaths of fidelity} and in a word tour treating the fubie«i of the crown of Great Britain in that province, ai if you Jook'd upon them as fubjcas of his moft chriftian majefty, and being under his allegiance, is if pcffible ftiir more furprizing j and at thefe attempts are manifeft invafions of the undoubted right, which every prince has over his fubjefts, I can't but look upon them as mfuUsupon his majefty's government. After thefe attempts. Sir, upon his majefty's right of govern- ment over his fubjeas in Nova Scotia, I am Ith furprized at your encroac»iments upon the limits of his province, which you are cSlada*° *" ^°"' ^^""' " Dependencies of the government I can't conclude without making ufe of this opportnnity to •cqiiaint youv that we look on fort St. Frederick at Crown Point, as an encroachment on his majefty's territories j and in cafe you proceed^to fettle the country round it, I rtiall efteem thofc fettle- Hients fo too, unlefs that traft has been ceded to you, by the late definitive treaty at Aix la Chapelle. I am forry, Sir, That the firft fruits of the peace on your part, have fo unpromifing an afpecl j and beg you will be perfuaded' that nothmg fhall be wanting in me, to preferve the food under- ftanding, which ought to fubfift between us in time of peace. Having the honotir tp be, Pofton. ^ W.Shirley.., ^ 3^ Ibon k i- S ■ f /749 (H) ^ con as Maurepas the French minifter had carried his point m making the peace of Aix la ChapeJIe ^e vigorou ly fet about auomenting the marine of Irance, and among the great number of Ihips which he contraaed for, fevcral were put on the Stocks in ISorth America. Now it is well known that there is not a country in the world, ,vhich produces better r.Lr/ T-' ^^^r,j^^^^' >-^-^^^'' and other iorts of uood for ibp-building than Nova Scotia; nor has fo excellent a harbour as that which is now callM Halifax where a fleet of any number may fupply itielf wit.i every necefiaryj therefore Mr.Mafcarene the governor of NovaScotia, beingaware of the defigns of the erenchmfettling aboutthe mouth of St. John's ri- ver infifted upon thr'r taking the oaths of allegiance to Jiis Britannic majelty, which theyrefufedtodo,and niade application to the governor of Canada, who immediatelyientanoificerandadetachment of troops to theii: aflift^nce. Things were in this fituation, M rr^?r ''^?'^^ ^aifed up a Britifli minifter, [.Lord Halifax] for the immediate protedlion and fupport of Nova Scotia, who at this time dr'ivered it from the great hazard of being fwailowed up by French en- croachments ; and to whofc talents, vigilance and fpi< nt the nation owes its po/TefTion of this province. li L-7 ^i^^'^i^t^^d been a plan drawn up by Mr Shirley for lettlmg and fecuring Nova Scotia : but the preceding war prevented its being put in exe- cution. However as the peace of Aix la Chapelle Jiad t;«fca the labours of the Britiih miniHry, the thoughts cf a fcheme for fettling Nova Scotia were revived The earl of Halifax, who prefided at the board of trade, principally interefl' ^"" ^"^ S""'«^ • That, over ami above thefe fifty each perfon /l^ould receive a grant of ten acres, for ever' individual, I'^.ciuding women and children, of which h« famiJy fliould confift ; ar.-i further grants Hiould he made to them asthenumbi-rfhouldencreare,, and in proportion, as they /hould mauifeft the.r abilities in agriculture : That every officer, under the rank of enfignin the land-fervice, or lieutenant in the rayy, ftould be gratified with fourfcore acre; on the fame con- ^^rions : That two hundred acres /hould be beftowed uoon enfigns. tnree 1, undred upon lieutenants, four hundred upon captains, and fix hundred upon every officer above that degree, with propor- tionable confiderations for the number and increafe of every tuV' 7H \^" lands /houM be parcelled out, as foon as Ifuvk ". T ""* 'r'""' °^'^' *^*=^''"'^^"' '^^ ^ ^i^'J eovernmenc eftablifhed; In confequehce of which, they ihould enjoy all the liberties and prmleges of BririHi Cnbjctls, wi-h proper fecurity and proteaion : That the fettlers, wLth their families, /hould be conveyed to Nova Scotia, and mainrain'd for twdve months af^cr their arrival, r.t the e; oence of the government, which would alfo luppJv theinwith ^-.msand ammunition, as far as ihould be judged necenrary for their defence, with proper materials and uten- ftls for cleamng and cultivating their lands, ereaing habitations, cxercjing the h/hery, and/uch other purpoies as /Tioul.^ h- U^A^oA ncceiUiy for their fupport. " j— =~ l i B immc- iiiif i ^ [a I ,1 !|v I 1 I! ^749 ( i6 ) immediately joined by two regimen^' from Louif. bourgh; then having pitched upon afpot for the fet- cment, he fet his people to work in clearing the the ground m order to lay the foundation of a town. 1 his fpot was very near the harbour, on an ^t^aiy arcent, commandin^r a profpea of the whole pe- mniula, and was well fupplied with fmall rivers of relh water. Here on a regular plan he be^an to bund a town to which he gave the namcofffaJifax, in honour of the nobleman, who dieriihed the infanj colony with paternal afFeaion. • - The French court piqued at the views of theEng- Iiih, in eilabliOiing fuch a powerful colony, very ftrongly remonftrated againft it, in a memorial which, the Sieur Durand, the French charge d'aiii^ires at Lpndon, delivered to the Britifh minilry in June 1749: Herem the French kingpropos'd the appoint- ment of commiffaries from both nations, who were to tettle m an amicable manner, the limits of the re- fpedtiye colonies. This propofal was agreed to, and fome time after, Wm. Shirley governor of Maffa- chufets Bay m New England, and Wm. Mildmav liiqrs. were appointed on the part of Great Britain, and repaired to Paris, to fettle the difputes with the count de la Galiflbniere, governor of Canada, who was called ])^me for that purpofe, and M. de Silhou- ette commiflaries on the paitof Fran<^. It is proper to obferve, that on the nomination of thele commi/ranes, the two courts agreed exprefly to this ftipulaticn - That no fortification, new fe tie- ' ment,or innovation, Ihould be attempted on thofe countries, the fate of which was to be finally de- term in d by their fentence." Notwithftandin^ this mutual ftipulation, the French fent quite different inltruaions to their governors in America : for M ue ia joiiqmere, who fucceeded GalilTonniere in the »" - govern. ment of Canada, immediately upon his arrival in America, ereded a fort called Beaufejour or fair refi- dence, at the head of the bay of Fundy, and another at bay Verte, or green bay ; by which the EnsHOi were confined like prifoners, within the peninturd, and the French had it in their power to carry their arms which way they pleafed. This was not only a breach of the flipulation but jufl before agreed t6 but even of the peace conceded at Aix la Chapelle • fmce It could be deemed nothing lefs than an ad of holtiljty, b6ing on a country, to which they them- felves acknowledged their right difputable. Thus It IS eveiy way evident, that the French were refolved to wreft Nova Scotia out of our hands; not to obferve any treaties, or articles of agreement, but divert the attention of our miniftry, with treating and deferring, till the whole country was fwallowed up in encroach- ments. "^ The^ carl of Albemarle, the Britifh minifter at i aris, in a letter to the marquis de Puyfieulx, the i^rench miniiler, dated the 2Cth of March, uco written by order of the duke of Bedford, remon' Itrated againll the ads of Jonquiere as hoftile, and tending towards a breach of the peace, but juft con- eluded. Puyfieulx afiured the Britilh minifter in his anfwcr, that orders had been fent to Jonquiere to defill from all kinds of r.oHility; but thi? was laiiej tor a few months afterwards there came an account from America of further depradatiohs coiti. muted by the French. Jonquiere had appointed the chevalier.de Ja Corne and lather Lofitfe, ec vernors of the new forts on the pemnfula of Nova Jjcotia. Thefe ccJhimanders faUied out, and'ravaee^d ail the adjacent country. Governor Cornwaliis ac ^ quamted Jonquiere of this proceedinr. and t}.n.nf.i!: cu to repd toice by foice. The Frerichman rt^Ued, that 1750 ( i8 ) hat he aaed in confequence of his laft inflruaions rom Paris, whereby he was direded not to fuffer any Englifli fettlement in that country, but by force of arms rompcl thofe inhabitants to retire. This Ittter is dated, Quebec, April, 1750, from which place thefe forts were fupplied with provifion, warlike flores, &c. One of the French King's veffels, carrying thirty foldiers, with arms and am- munition for thrice that number, and prefents for the Indians, who had revolted from the Britifh go- vernment, was taken off Cape Sable, by captain Rous, in the floop Albany ; it appeared that fhe was bound to the fort at Bay Verte, which com- manded almoft the whole gulph of St. Lawrence ; and that fhe had a fchooner under her convoy] laden in the fame manner; but ihe, during the iight, which lafted about two hours, got away. Another veffel carrying warlike flores was taken by the Trial fioop, and thefe, with two otners, were condemned at Halifax. M. d'Herbers, governor of Louifbourg, in order to retaliate upon the Englifh, feized and condemned four Britifh trading vc/Tels which were in that harbour. The chevalier de la Corne and father Loutre contmuing to make fallies, and fend out detach- me ts to fcour the country of all the Englifh inha- bitants, governor Cornwallis fent Major Lawrence with a party of regulars to drive the French off the ground. When he arrived pretty near Chignefto, a fmall place belonging to the Englifh, not far from Beaufejour, he faw the French fet fire to the few houfes there, and could diHinguifh French colours planted on fome fences, behind which there were troof s ofthatnation,and feveral tribes of rebel Indians, whom the French commanders had brought over from the Britifh to their alliance. Major Lawrence continued f '9 ) 1750 continued to advance at,^ u^- anivvered, tliat by the orders of M de la Ion turned wJthr „ ^! '• ° ' r""8 ^"X °''<'e'-s, re- time af^T. ,Tr"?ff ''°«'«ies: in a (hort thdr houfesLdf'-^"'' •="!.' ^"""^'i and rebuilt tneir nou es, and being inftruaed by the French bgan to intrench themfelves; upon which S Lawrence was again detarh.A Ku ""^ major drive them out fHhe courn^"!?, '°°° "?"' "> fubmit to the Ri-ifin! "^ '"""y. >f they would not rSnV to do hf ? ^overrent : which laft they iVir. J^awrence was reftrained by his order, fmm^?' ,M ? Governor Cornwallis, feeing matters of ttfr ,'°?y° " ™P'"^> *™fn,i«ed af a~ of thefe tranfaftions to the duke of Bedford His grace ordered the earl of Albcmarie to nr, fent a memorial of comoiaint tn ft. p 1. ^ which his lordfhip didTn the month l?f^ ""^' recapitulated al^ thefe proceSi"* ijf^' 'f conclufion categorically dema^f 'that th^cot > Kool dell of ±lL_\''!-"^'"?"=''°«af.oned ""'""*'6» pqj. Jig iftc tgmmiliari^s were mi •ill I ''i %7S0 ( 20 ) were met, and had by this time opened thr confe- rences, the French king thought proper to fend orders to Jonquiere to ceafe all hoftilities on the fide of Nova Scotia; upon which the French retired to their forts at Beaufejour and Bay Vcrte, and thereby gave the coloniits of Nova Scotia tran- quility and leifure to carry on their original defign into execution*. In this fituation did the affairs of I this colony continue, till the year 1755, during which interval the French direded their attention another way. The Britifh commiffaries demanded all Nova Scotia, or Acadia, according to its anticnt bound- aries as ceded to Great Britain by the 12th article of j the treaty of Utrecht, but a difpute arifmg concern- ing what were its antient boundaries, the Britifh commiffaries produced from records, hiftory, and treaties, fuch arguments and fads, as proved the ancient, and extenfive limits of that province in fupport of their demand. The papers relative to this difpute are written ir {o maflerly, clear, and correft a manner, as not only did real honour to them (Charles Townfhend, and William Shirley, Efqrs.) who in a great meafure drew them up, but left no room lor the finallefl cavil of the moil ihufflmg French negociator. Yet did the French court, with a perfidy unheard of, endeavour to in- validate the juftice of the Britifh claims , by pro- ducmg falfe maps, in which the rivers and bound- a nes were mifplaced; by mifr eprefenting treaties * The fuiiering the French to remain quiet in poflefllon of the ibrts they had ercfted, in order to proteft the Indians is an opei rebellion, and in time to klze the whole province, was nei the fame as acknowledging their right to the country in difpute. and^n open teftimony of the cowardly and mean fubaiiffion of | iheB- m* livhich which wefe expre/Tcd with the utmoft prffclfiort, and laftly, by ib perplexing .the conferences with petty differences, and matter foreign to tht fah. jea, and by afFeded delays and artful objeaion*, raifed from Ihadows, in order to fpin out the ne- negociation, and give time to fortify the places in queftion, and nuake new acquifitions, that at length their infmcerity and craft became fo confpi- cuous, that the Britiih commiffaiies retired from. Paris in the beginning of the year 1753, and Mr. Shirley returned to his government in New- England, it being found impolfibie to make any imprelTion on the French court, as they were re- folved to admit neither juftice nor truth. In a work of this kind thcle memorials mvdi be very acceptable ; therefore we Ihall give fomc ex- rads from them ; the original French of which the reader will fee in the notes f. <( The commifTaries of the king of Great Britain, in their conftrudion of this treaty, have con- formed themi'elves to the rule laid down by the treaty f " Les commiflaircs du roi de la Grande Bretagne fe font dans leur explication de ce traite, conformes a la regie etablie par le traitc menac, & ont aiJipne comme les ancienne* Jimitcs de cette contree, ceJles qui ont toujours pafle pour telles, depuis Jes terns les plus anciens de quelque certitude, jufqu'au traite d'Utrechtj celles que les deux couronnes ont fouvent declares etre tslles j que la couronne de France a fouvent receiies comme teUes J & que les negociations qui ont precede le traite d*Utrecht prouvent avoir etc ct;nfiderecs comme telles par les deux cou- ronnes dans ce meme tenis. ** Ces limitcs font les rives meridionales du flcuve St, Laurent m nord, Sc Pentagoet a i'oueft. ■^ ** Pour montrer que ces limites ont toujours etc recues par .•• Jgnj zQMjQiiiKff vQiuiTic !^ snviennes iiniii^s Uc i'Acadie, nout 'it^% 17S0 ( 22 ) I, il treaty itfelf, and affigned thofe as the ancient limus ot this country ivhich have ever pafTed a« fuch ncisavons prouvc, d'apres Tautorite dc M. d'Eftrades & du pere Charlevoix,^ qu en vertu du traite de St. Germain en 16,2 Je premier tra.te dans Jequel il foit fait aucune mention de le comreed Acadie.la France recut, Tours le nomgene ald'Acadie toute cette contree depuis le fleuveSt. Laurent jufqu'a Per^ta- goe^ que la Grande Bretagne reclame aujourd'hui commme *' Pour montrer que la France dcmeura en poflbmon de cette contree avcc ccs limites, depuis 163a, juiqu'k ,6c4. jue les Angles firent une defcente dans I'Acadie, fous les ot dres du colonel Sedgwick, nus avons cite M. de Eftrades T\ "JVr ""T' ^'^"'0"f^ ^» P"c Charlevoix, la iettri de Lou.s XIII en 1638, qu, regie la jurifdiaion des Sieurs de Cbarnifay & de la Tour, les commMlions fubfcquentes du kou- mnemcnt Francois aux Sieurs de Charnif^y •& de la Tour ea 1647 & 1651, commegouverneu.s de J'Acadie, & la commiffion du Sicur Dems en 1654, lelquelles commifTions pcrtenr auUi ex- preffement les bornes de I'Acadie. depuis le fleuve St Lau- rent jufqu a Pentagoet & la Nouvclle Angleterre. d/l.f ""' ^'°"'"'^^ M '" '^54 J^ France avoit les mc^mes idces de cette contree qu elle avo;t etablies en 1632, lorfqu'elle ne pouvoit prendre 1 Acad,e comme elle I'a pris que fuivant ks anciennes lirn.tes, nous avons produit la dcmande faite par I'Am- bafTadeurde France en 1654 pour la reftitu< on des forts de Pen- tagoet St. Jean & I'ort Royal, comme forts fitues en Acadie. Pour montrer le fentiment de la France en i66-, lors du renoveilement de la pretention dc la France fur la contree d Acadie, qui n avoit pas ete decdte par le t.aite de Weif- minfter, nous avons pioduit a demande faite alors par la France dans Ja perfonne de fon Ambaffadeur a la cour de Lo.-dres, qu, affigna Pentagoet comme la limite occidentaJe, & le fleuve St. Laurent comme la l-mite feptentrionale de 1 Acadie, & allegua la .eftitution de P Acadie en 16^, ; &]a nof IT '""«" J?" ^' ^""'' '" confequence, & la cominuation de la pofleffion par cette puiflance avec le.s m^mes limites lufqu en 1654, comme des preuves de I'equive & de la vilidite de la pretention qu il fcrmoic alors j dans laquele pretention, Sc la ( 23 ) 1750 fuch, from the very earlieft times of any certainty down to the very treaty of Utrecht ; thofe which the la manicrc de I'appuier, il fut approuve particuliermcnt par la cour dfc France. •' Nous avons vu, que nonobftant cettc difterence defentimens en i66r, entre Jes deux couronncs, fur les limitcs de I'Acadie que la France avoit penfe qu'l etoit fi clair par fes premieres dcter.-r.in.itions & fes premieres poPeflions, que les veritablcs anciennes bornes etoient Pentigoet a Toucft, & St. Laurent au nord, qu'elle ne deiira aucune autre fpecification particuliere dcs limitcs dans le traite dc Breda, mala fe contenta de la r.-^ftitution de I'Acadie rommee generalement ; que fur une coiiteftaticn qui s'cleva enfuite dans Texecation de ce traite, la France recLima de nonveau les lim:tes qu'elle avoit reclamecs en i66- ; & que la Grande Bretagne, apres quelque difcuflion, aiant acquiefe a ceite pietention, la France entra en pof?i:flion de I'Acadie, par le traite de Breda, avec les m^mes limites que nous aflignons aujourd'hui, ** Le fentiment de la France fur ce fujet en 1685 & ,687 eft clairement manifefte dans le memoire de rAmbaffaduer de France en 1685, alors refident a Londres j dans lequel, en fe plaignant de quelques ufurpations faites par les Angiojs fur la cote d'Acadie, il decrit 'Acadie comme s'etendant depuis Tifle Percce, qui eft a I'entree du fleuvc St. Laurent, jufqu'a I'ifle He St. George ; & dans la plainte faite a la cour de la Grande Bretagne par M. Barillon &: M. Bonrepaus, en 1687, centre le juge de Pemaquid, pour s'etre faifi des effefs d'un commcr- 5ant Franjois a Pentagoet, qu'ils difent etre fitue en Acadie comme rendue a la France parle traite de Rreda. ' " Pour montrer le fentiment de la France en 1700, no-Jt avons produit la propofition de TAmbafladeur de France alora refident a la Grande Bretagne, de reftrainflre les limites de I'Acadie a la riviere "St. George. ** Nous avons produit la redition de Port Royal en 1710, dans laquelle I'Acadie eft decrite avec les mcmes limites avec lef- quelles la France I'avoit reyue en 1631 & 1667. "Pour montrer le fentiment des deux couronnes, meme au traitt d'Utrechr, nous avons produit les inftru£lions de iaRcine d qui ; la Grande Bretagne, a fes Ambafladeurs en 1711, dans lef. ielles lis cnt ordre d'infifter furcejnuefa Majeft» trcs Chrctil eime i ■ M I It I ■«! 1750 ( 24) ii...> the two crowns have frequently declared to be fuch, which the crown of France has frequently recciveci as «nne abandonne toute pretention ou titrt, en vertu d'aucun ancien traitc ou autrement, fur la contrce appellee Nova Scotia, A cxprefTement fur Port Royal, autrement Ann. polls Royal : & 110US avons montr^, pardes faits inconteftables, que k detail des difterentes fortes de droit que la France a en aucun terns eus lurcettecont.ee, & la fpecification des deux termer, Aca- die ou Nouyelle Ecofle. turent propofes par la Grande Breta^nc dans le dcflein dc prevenir tousles doutes que I'on avoitiam^ais eus fur le« limites de TAcadie, & cmbrafler avec plus de cer- titude tout le pai que la France avoit jamais reyu comme tel. Pour monirer ce que la France regarJoit comme Acadie, pendant ie traite, nous avons renvoie aux ollres de la France en 1712, dans lefquelles elle propofe de reftraindre les bornes de 1 Acad;c a la riviere St. George, comme un dcfiftement de fea bornes reelles, danslecas o.i la Grande Bretagne lui rcndroitla pofleflion de cette contree. " La nature de ce fiflgme montre clairmenr, que la Grande Bretagne ncdemande ricn que ce que i'explication naturelle de» a™" /J^L^*"* "^'Utrecht lui donne neceflairemcnt ; 8t qu'il ^eftunpolTiblequ'aucune chofe porte un caraaere plus frapant de candeur& de bonne foy. que la demande aftuelle du Roide la Orande Breragne. II refulte inconteftablement des differentes ' weuves que Un a apportees pour apurer cette pretention, que lesCommifla.res Anglois n'ont afligde aucunes limites, comme ancKju^esLm.t^derAcadie, que celles que la France determina etre telles en 1662, & poffeda en confequence de cette dcter- mmation julqu'en 165;. " Q,reni66.1aFrancereclama,&resilen i669,laccnfrQC que la Grande Brctagne reclaire aujourd'hui comme Acadie, comme 1 Acad.e rendue a la France par le. traite de Hreda fous cenom general. Que la France ne ccnfidera jamais TAcadiede- pu.s 1631, jufqn a 1710, comme aiant aucunes autres limites ye celles que nous affignons aujourd'hui j & que par le traitc d l^trecht ellccut inrentu n detran ferer comme Acadic la ir^me contree quelle ai>0it toujou.a ccnfcrvee & poffedee, 8c que la OrandeBretagne reclame aujourd'hui comme telle ' .^ ^ ^ *« Si par conlequent la France veut decider quelles font les an- ~ T-, ... «v s «v»uicj jsiii K fiiiiAiiUQixi »]u eiic a iaites fi fre^uemcAt f ' 1^5 f 25 ) "1750 M fuch, and which the preliminary proceedings of Ithe treaty of Utrecht prove to have been con- iidered Irequcrtfjenf dans H« dircuffions femblables fur le mime point, V^r .me ^olTrffmn de prefci'.je un T.ccIp, ^ par fa defcription de I Acm\k pendant la nigociation de ce meme traitc qui a elcve ■c doutc, elle ne pcut difrcnvenir, que la prerention aftuellc lf!e la Grande Breragne eft conforme au traitc d'Utrecht, & a la Idcfcriptlon de la conrree transferee a la Grande Brctagne, par Tic rae article de ce traite. II y a certainement une confiOance hM Ics reclamations du Roi de la Grande Brctagne, 8c urte ruitc complette dans lea preaveo que nous aportons pou lesauuicr but fe rencontre rarement dans des difcuffions de cettc forte j car II arrive rarement dins desconteftationsdecette natnr* entre deo« feouronnes, que Tune d'elies puifTe oftVir avec furtitc de regler fes k-retentions par les declarations conneus & repetecs, ou par k •polTe^ion de Taotre. r > t " Poui reprondre I la force de ce de'tail de fints hiftoriquet fconclufifs, & donncr on nouveau fens a la queftion reeJle dont il kagit, les cortmKTairea Franjots ont ctabli dabord dans lear nemoire, comme une diftinftion faite parJe traite d'Utrecht que 163 anciennes limites raport^es par ce traitc /ont diffirrentes We celles avec lefquelles ce te contr^ peat ayoir-pafl? dans let Iraites de St. Germain & de Breda ; & enfuittf its 4 font effbrcii We montrer, par les temoignaget des cartes 8c hiftoriens, que B Acadie & fts limites etoient ancftnnement confinees k k fitte fud-eft de la peninfule. Four tiff^iit ce filHme les coiti- miila res Franjo^s ont eu rccours aux e&rtes anciennes & aifx hiftoriens, qui, a ce qu'ils pretendent, ont toujours borneT Acsi. le aux iimites qu'ils affignmenf j ils alleguent ces commifliorts Pu gouvernement de France que nous avons citces comme une Preuve qui appuie les limites que nous affignons, comme ayant {tc des commifljons fur I'Acadie Sc pais circoK-voi/hs, & non lurl Acadie feuiement j qu'il eft impofllble de fupofer, que toute M contree qoe fa majefte reclame comme Acadie ait kmaia Iteconfideree comme telle, parccqu'un grand nombre des nartitss pe ce terntoire ont toujcBrs eu, & confcrvent encore, des nom« t)articuher8 & diftingues. Ils font de la nouveJle France une province particuliere, & afTurent que plufieurs parties de ce a.*- jwus rccl^mons comme Acaditf ne peuvent 'jamais avoir ^ti Y Acadie> parctque les hiftoriens U h% commiiTions Franjoifes " ^ ' dc 8 > I ill »750 ( 26 ) iidered as fuch by the two crowns -at tliat verJ " Thcfc lin ^'^^' " TheJrivcr vSt. Laurc jdie well. Jc governfur les^ pl.icfnt exprcm'ment dans la nouvdle FrancJ Ji« avanreni qu on ne pent de.liiire aucune prciive du fcnti. mjnt d aucunc couronne, par raport aux limtcs d'aucune con. &cnfin, fc fondant A.r Jts cartes & fur Jr, hiftoricns, pour Jeui JJ.T/' <' 7«/'^«." i« allegations de la rcftilut,oa^« prrfle du tra.tt de St. (ierniain A: cic la po(T./r.on dc la France n confequencc dc cc tr.ite, del,, poirdJion priiij par la France"' Wrr/". V^'";*^''«.Breda, apre. nnc longuc difcuflion d^ iu^IIt^t'uU^ht^^^^^ „. *.*, ^'"^men que nous avons fait des cartes & it^ hinorieisB qu lis ont cit.s pour apuier ce nftcme prouve cvidemmcnt, queS' Jon devoit cfre deiidee fur ces autorites quil's iv-fl cctte queftjo.. ucvvii c.rc qeiicee lur ces autorites quil's ly*! KmiJ^''T''*;r* ^'T ^''' m^h^^^ a cette difcuffJ les J mites qu ils alT.gncnt font enticrement incompatiblcs avec' ' meilleures cartes de toutes les contrees qui font des autorites vorables a prefque toutes k» parties de la reclamation de l^hampiam& Denys, pec fa comm.ffion -n .6<;4, affigncntlt memcs I.mites feptentrionales 8c occidentales a I'Acadie que nou. « 1 eicarbor, autant qu'on peut tirer quelques preu ves de fes ccric « accorde avec les deux premiers hiftoriens. Tcutes ces preuvi • accordciit avec des traitts & les difterentes tranfaaions entre It deux couronnes pendant pres d'un fiecle, & en confirment I'au Torite. Les commiffaircs Franyois en paffant des traites & de ' conduite des deux couronnes aux hidoriens anciens & au^ "?5r" °" ^'^ ^"^ P^^*^'' '^^ ^'a«'entiquc a une efpece de preuv3 infuffifantes, & ont jetre les commifl-aries Anglois dans uJ recherche qui ne prouve que les preuves proprcs & improprei rcguJiercs&etrangcres, fur lefquelles ccttc matieie eft apuer refutenr egalcment les limitcs qu'etablident les commiiFaiK Francois comme Jes ancicnnes I.mites derAcadie. " Nous avons montre q„e les termes paVs circonvoifins, k iefquels les comr^-iraincs Francois rejettent toutes les preuve que nous tirons des commiflions de Franc* aux governemi d Acadie, pre.ei:da - c, U, I'addition de ces termes, que ces cora. mijiionsn'ctoient i^i- ,..,ut '^Acadia Ibulement, eioient desa. preli'k' ^rCiTlDns de forrric raace aux gouver woit dans ce fens, (urditc's fans fin, op [ rej t!;rmes, quand i] jl-iMe, ne font paa i'Acadie, d'ou les iJprifc. " Nous avons m 'III.de i()3>\&pa iu fieur d? fa Tour ferentes commiflions :u!isrs en Acadie ai leprife des commif Ijy ni la Tour n'on lier femblable j & qu font des preuves qui tagnr. " Nous avons m i^tlculiers donnes i jeneral de la contre iccidentelle qui ne J 'le Ton voit Je fern :onttees de I'univers le ces diftrias partjc '^rties de I'Acadie a tio'jjcurs ere pan ijJ-: /I e que la diftixi6Vion entrc la noavdle France b'a ot n.TT"? particulieres des tcrnto;rcs en Amerique BdVOlt aucun fonJemenf. fm Pa,,f.„,:fX .1.- . ri , , \ - '-'- ' — • «*^>i^rii.t, UC3 ittics iC6 pius 10- leronela f/ t V m ill !i: 1750 ( 28 ) ** To fiiew that thefe limits have e'ver bceij received by the two crowns as the ancient limit lemnels du fouverr.ement dc Francff, dans lefquels Ic tern nouvelh France eft (oiijours emploie comme vin terme qui en, kralTe toutcs les pofleflions de la France dans TAmerique (a tentrionsle. ^ " Nous avons montre que h declaration de la France, quai, a fon opinion des limites de I'Acsdie, exprim^- dans TequiJ lent offert deux fois en 1712, ctoii v>ne preuve frapantedefd fentiment fur les limiies de i'Acadie qu'elle etoit fur le poi] de ceder, malpre re meme prircipe dangereux etabli par coimmiflaires Franjois, qu'on ne doit pas juger de Topinioni parties dam aucun traite, par Jeurs declarations les plus lemnclles pendant la negociation de ce traite. ** Nous avons don ne une reponfe cotnplette au pretexte furl quel les commiflaires Fran503ibons entre les deux f ouronnes pendant plus d'un fjccie t Vi'cn reclamant la contree depuis Pentagoet jufqu'au fleuve 't. Laurent, comme Acadie, fa Majefle ne dennande lien cue ■>. que la France a toujours recu, fous ce nom, dans la reftitutioa: plu.^gcneralej que c'eft ce que,ri on determinoit ies anciennes [mites de cette contree fur Jes cartes, les hifloriens, fur Ics ecifions uniformes des deux couronnes pendant plus de cent ans : fur ]es declarations *de la France lors du traite d'Utrecht, la France doir, fuivant Tequite & la bonne foi, reconnoitre comme (ne reclamation jufte aux termes de la ceflion faite par le tratre IVtrecht; Les CommifTaires Francois, au contraire, fontegalementhors retat d'apuier leur fiftcine & leurs limites, fur les cartes & lilioriens qu'ils client, fur laconduite des traites, furJesmeille Ires preuves que nous avons produites. Jlsn'ofent s'en tenir a lucune pofTeffion que la France i prife en confequence des termes h plus generaux de reftitution, ni a la poHefiion de la France kendant plus de cent ans fu.ceflivment, ni a aucut es declarations taites par la France dans le terns du traite d'Utreclit j mais lejettant toutes ces preuves que nous tirons des terns certains Sc lont I'epoque eft connue, ils font obliges d'avoir recours a des lartes&a des hiftoriens peu furs par rapport au terns, &peu exacts pr le genre meme de icur matiere ; lefquels encore, lorfqu'oa pient a les examiner de pres, detru.ient abiolument leur Meme raccordent avec Je fens Sc Tefftt de Tevidencc plus fciide&pius hcente des traites Sc des tranfadi'Jns e.itrc les deux couronnes, £t pviennent autant de preuves auxiiiaire, qui appuVent la redai Tiotion de la couronne de la Grande Bietagne. A'Paris, z^hnvkii 1753. I <( To ji ;; I liil lilil ;It! »7So ( 30 ) To fliew that France continued in poflefljon ,1 this country witl, thefe limits from thiyear ,", to 1654, when a defcent was made upon Acai under the command of colonel Sedgwick, we ha cited Monfieur d'Eftrades. who exLfly fays thtl the authority of Pere Charlevoixf t e le«er ' Lewis Xin ,„ ,6,8, regulating the jurifOioJ of the fieurs Uiarnifay and 63:, and the pofleflion taken by France in omfcquence of it, and the continuance of the pJt teflion of l-rance with the fame limits to the k r "6,-4. as proofs of the equitablenefs and validity cf the claim which lie then'made; in which S am ( 31 ) '7 ■^ ,d manner of fupporting it he was panicuWIv ppioved of by the court of France. P"""^"'"^'/ " y ^f"!' *"«" that notwithftanding this differ ke of opinion m .662, between the two crow^' jpon the iinyts of Acadia. France thought kfo ear upon former determinations and her own brmer poffeffions, that the true ancient boundarl^ /ere Pentagoet to the weii anH St r , """"aeries Lrfl, it,-? a. J i , ' ^"" ^'- J^aurence to the Einte'^Ltf ;'f ir tr '"^"•'^^'"- °1 'ichtheremtutionVlcSLtne^aVT^^^^^^^^ his treaty, France re-afferted the limits ihe had iaimed m ,662 ; and that Great Britain after fome ifcuffion acqmefcing in that claim, the crown of |ra ce came tnto pofleffion of Aadia under the n °' ^"<'^' '^'^ ">^ ««>i« which ;7„*v: '• The fenfe of France upon this fubjeft in i6Rr t F n^ch at^'^ ?^"''^^^ ^" '"•= mem^rids of ondon ; in which, com;?ai;u'y;;f„me"Sh' nent. made by the EngUrh upon the cZaoflcadt eaefcnbes Acadia as extending from iflePercie' M hes at the entrance of the river St Laurence' ir tJ; ^eaty of Brfa "' " "'''°''' '° ^^-^ " To ihew the fenfe of France in 1700 we .^dorthfn'' 'l'^. P™P°fe' of the Fren'ch'ar ■ "; 'bV/f^'^S 'n Great Britain, to reftra?„ " '• "' ^' W"" W the river St. Georcre. Wc .If I »750 (32 ) iJii I ' m " We have produced the furrendcr of Por. Royal in 17 10, in which Acadia is defcribed with the fame limits with which France had received! it in 1632 and 1667. " To fliew the fenfe of the two crowns, evenl at the treaty of Utrecht itfelf, we have producdl the queen of Great Britain's inftrudions to her amJ baffadors in 1 7 u , in which they are direded tol infill, " that his moft Chriilian majefty ihouldl ** quit all claim and title, by virtue of any former " treaty or otherwife, to the countiy called Noval •* Scotia, and exprefly to Port -Royal, otherwifel " Annapolis Royal j" and we have fliewn uponl fafts not difpiuable, that the recital of the feveral forts of right which France had ever had to this country, and the fpecification of both terms, AcaJ dia or Nova Scotia, were intended by Great Britain to obviate all doubts which had ever been made] upon the limits of Acadia, and to take in with more certainty all that country which France had ever received as fuch. I ** To fliew what France confidered as Acadial during the treaty, we have referred to the offers of I France in lyiz, in which ihe propofes to reftrainj the boundary of Acadia to the river St. George, 3L& SL departure from its real boundary, in cafe Great Britain would reilore to her the pofrefiionl of that couna-y. " From the nature of this fyftem it is clear, that Great Britain demands nothing but what the fair cqnilru(fticn of the words of the treaty of Utrecht necefTarily gives to her, and that it is im- pcflible for ahy thing to have more evident marks of candour and fairnefs in it, than the prefent de- iiiiitisi ui i.;c Kiiig 5JI vireai jLiriiaiii. l*roni the va- riety of evidence brought in fupport of this claim I it ( 33) 1750 It undeniably refults, that the Englifli commiflhries have affigned no limits as the ancient limits of Acadia, but thofe which France determined to be fuch m the year 1632, and poflefle 'n confequence of that determination till the year 1654. " That in 1662 France claimed, and received in 1669, the very country which Great Britain now claims as Acadia, as the Acadia reftored to France by the treaty of Breda under that general name. Ihat trance never confidered Acadia as having any other limits than thofe which we now a%n from the year 1632 to 1710; and that by the treaty of Ltrecht Ihe intended to transfer that very fame country as Acadia which France has always afferted and poifefsM, and Great Britain now claims as I fuch. "If therefore the crown of France is willing to decide what are the ancient limits of Acadia by her own declarations, fo frequently made in like dif- cuffions upon the fame pdint, by her pofleffion of this country for almoll a century, and by her de- Mcnption of Acadia during the negotiation of that very treaty upon which this doubt is raifed, flie cannot but admit the prcfent claim of Great Britain to be conformable to the treaty of Utrecht, and delcriptive of the country transferred to Great Bri- tain by the 12th article of that treaty: There c r- tainly is a confiftency in the claim of the king of J^reat^Bntain. and a compleatnefs in the evidence brought m fupport of it, which is feld om feen m dlrnnf°"%''^..'^^' ^°"' ^°^ " ^^^^°"* happens in diiputes of this nature between two clowns, that l*"?-?^ u T T ^^^^^y °^^' ^° ^^^« ''' pretenfions IhC'ti;:" %^^ ^''^fl and repeated d«claraiions, or py the pofreffions of the other/. C «* To '„l;i 1750 ( 34. ) ^ " To anfwer the force of this detail of conclurive hiftorical fads, and to give a new turn to the real qucilion in difputc, the French commiffaries have in their memorial firlt laid it down as a dilHndlion made by the treaty of Utrecht, that the antieni limits of Acadia referred to by that treaty are differ- ent from any with which that country may have pafled under the treaties of St. Germain's and Breda ; and then endeavoured to ftew, upon the teftimonies of maps and hiltorians, that Acadia :ind its limits were anciently confined to the fouth- eaftern part of the peninfula. In fupport of this fyftem the French commiffaries have had recourfe to antient maps and hiftorians, who, as they afTert, have ever confined Acadia to the limits they affign j they alledge thofe commiflions of the French go- vernment over Acadia, which we have cited as evidence in fupport of the limits we alTign, jo have been commifTions over Acadia ^ Pais a^n^oiftm, and not over Acadia only : That it is ilfipoffible to fuppofe the whole country his Ma>fty claims as Acadia fhould ever have been confidered as fuch, a$ many parts of that territory have ever had, anrl do ftill preferve, particular and diftind names. They make New France to be a province in itfelf, and argue that many parts of what we claim as Acadia can never have been in Acadia, becaufe hiftorians and the French commifTions of government ex- prefly place them in New France. They affert that no evidence can be drawn of the opinion of any crown, with refpea to the limits of any country, from it& declarations during the negotiation of a treaty; and in the end, relying, upon maps and hidorians for their ancient limits of Acadia, they make the exprefs reftitutution of the treat" of St, Germain's and the pofieffion of France m confe^ quence ( 35 ) 1750 Uoence of Jt, tJie pofleffion taken by France in con- Iquence of the treaty of Breda after a lon^ dif- cuflion of the limits, and the declaration of France during the negotiation of the treaty of Utrecht, to be " Prewves etr anger es a Vet at de la quejiion^ I " It is evident from our examination of thtf Imaps and hiftorians they have cited in fupport of hheir fyftem, that if this quellion was to be decided jupon thofe authorities which they allow to belong land to be applicable to this difcuffion. the limitl Ithey aifign are utterly inconfiftent with the bell Imaps of all countries, which are authorities in point Ifor almoft every part of the claim of Great Britain. ■The hiftorians Champlain and Denys, with his commiflion in 1654, have been proved to a/fign the' jfame northern and weftern limits to Acadia that we- do; and Efcarbot, as far as any evidence at all can be drawn from his writings, agrees with the two ' former hiftorians. All thefe evidences fiillin with- and confirm the better authorities of treaties and ^ we leveral tranfadions between the two crowns for War a century pail ; and the French commi/Taries; bygomg from treaties and the latter proceedings ot the two crowns to antient hiftorians andmatis, ^ tove only gone from an authentick to an iwfiifficient port of evidence, and have led the EngKfli com-' piiflaries into an enquiry, which proves, that both khe proper and the improper^riche regular and foreign^ fyidence upon which this matter has been refted, pqually confute the limits alledged by the French • ^oinmiftaries as the antient limits of Acadia. . . - ' ! *' The words pais circmnjoijim upon which the French commiftaries let afide all the evidence drawn, pni the commiiTions of Franrp tn rh^ »/Mr<>r«^», ^^ -dia, pretending upon the additipn of thofe ^s, that thefe commifrions were not for Acadia; C 2 only i i!il|! 'Ilil i 11 tliii' ii nso. (.36) only, have been Ihewn to be exprefllons of courfe, inferted in every commiifion of France to governors I in America, which, if they were to be conftrued in this fenfe, would introduce endlefs inconfiftencies and abfurdities, contradidory to the intention of thej crown of France at the time; and that thefe words, if they were capable of fuch a conltrmSion, are not| in thefe commiflions for the government of Acadia, from which the French commiifaries have cited I them by miilake. ^ * * The representation of two different commi/fions | given to Charnifay and la Tour of particular com- mands in Acadia, has been Ihown, upon the au- thority of Lewis the Xlllth's letter in 1683, and Charnifay's commiifion in 1647 and la Tour's in 1651, to have been a miftake in the French com- TOiffaries, and that in fad they never had any fuch cammandemens particuliers, and that both their firftl and their fecond commiifions are proofs in fupport of the claim of Great Britain. i ** The . arguments founded upon the particular n^mes given to parts of Acadia, different from the general name of, the country, has been fhewn to arife from an accidental circumftance which implies nptJiiing^ and is to be parallelled in the hiftory and fitwatioa .of almoll every country upon the globe. M^ny of the. names of thefe particular diftrifts haveJ been e^cplained; all the parts of Acadia, which l^ye been objected to upon this allegation, have bigen-ihewfl to have ever been parts of Acadia, ip oppofitiott to tha nominal divifion of that coun-j tfji and it has been demonftrated how little pit- tjfncc ticre is for fuppoling that there ever was a par- tiRularpmvince formed under the name of-the Baye Fi-uiiyuifcj and that no proof follows from the com-l xaiiiimi of the iieiir Denys in 1654 over the grande ( 37 ) 1750 Bayede St. Laurent, that the country from Cape ^''?-A^"i''r^^^^.^°^'^'' ^^^ ^^^^ been confidered as diltinct from Acadia. " The diftinaion between New France and other particular provinces of the territories in America has been Ihewn to have no foundation upon the authority of the moll folemn ads of government of France, in which the word Nouvelle France is always ufed as a term comprehenfive of all the pofleffions ofFrancem North America. ^ " The declaration of the crown of France, as to her opinion of the limits of Acadia, exprefled in the equivalent twice offered in 171 2, has been ftewu to be a proper evidence of her fenfe of the" limits of Acadia, which ihe was going to cede, in . oppofmon to the very dnngerous principle laid down by the French commiffaries, that the opinion of the Farties to any treaty are not to be judged of by. I their moll folemn declarations during the nego- nation of fuch treaty. " A full anfwer has been give* to the pretence upon which the French commilTaries fet afide all proceeding from 1632 to 1710, the polTeffion taken t by France m 1632, her poireffion till 1654, her de- mand of Pentagoet as a place in Acadia in i6c4, her claim of Acadia from Pentagoet to St. Laurence m 1662, her poiTelTion of it in confequence of the treaty of Breda in 1669, with the feveial re- afTertions of thefe fame limits from the 1667 to 1710 ; and all thefe feveral evidences have been Ihewn to be conclufive to the prefent point, and the only proper teftimonies whicli can be cited Ibr clearing up fuch difficulties as have been llarted upon the treaty of Utrecht. " The view with which the French rnrpmiflst^^e "have gone into an hiftory of the fixll "dilbovei^^and iettlement ||, I in '■|i! h' Iii: II ii'i' l! J : 1750 ( 38 ) ettlement of America, has been fliewn to end onlyl n a diflertation which has not the leaft connexion f with the prcfent matter in difpute. ** All the evidence therefore brought by the French commiilaries in fupport of tlieir fyftem hai been demonltrated to be dellrudive of it, and ap. plied in the Itrongell manner in maintenance of the claim of Great Britain. The objeAions made to the argument and evidence brought by the Englilh commiiTaries liave been fully anlwered ; and it ap- pears upon the whole, that the King of Great Britain, bringing no evidences from fources that are not authentick, is fupported in his claim by every tranfaftadion between the two crowns for above a century paft — That in claiming the country from Pentagoet to the river St. Laurence as Acadia, hij majelly demands nothing more than what France has always received under that name in the moft| general reftitution ; than what, if the ancient limit* I of it be determined upon maps, hillorians, the uni- form decifions of the two crowns for above an hundred years together, and upon the declarations of the crown of France at the treaty of Utrecht itfelf, the crown of France mull in all equity and fairnefs acknowledge to be a juft claim upon the words of ceifion in the treaty of Utrecht. " The French commiflaries, on the contrary, arc equally incapable of fupporting their fyllem and their limits upon the maps and hiftorians they cite, and upon the proceedings of government treaties, and better evidence produced by us. They dare not abide by any pofleffion «jver taken by France in confequence of the moil general words of reilitution, nor by the poffeflion of France for above an hundred years fucceffively, nor by any declarations made by Uif Cfown Oi France at the time of the treaty of Utrecht; ^ ( 39 ) 1750 Utrecht ; but, fetting afide all thefe evidences taken from times of certainty and pr^cifenefs, they are obliged to have recourle to maps and hifiorians of kis certainty in point of time, and lefs precileneis horn the nature of them ; both which, when they come to be ftriaiy examined, ablblutely dellrcy their iyftem, fall in with the fenfe and operation of the better and later evidence of treaties and tranf- aftions between the two crowns, and become (o many auxiliary proofs in fapport of the crown of Great Britain." Paris, Jan. 23, 1753. As the French had been defirous of obtaining an extenfive plantation trade, they loft fight of no means ' that could give them fuch an advantage. As foon as the peace of Aix la Chapelle was concluded, they formed a defign, of feizing the iflands of St nrT'r ?^ ^^"*^®"'' Dominico, and Tobago in the Well Indies, commonly called the neutral iflands. Hence arole another difpute concerning the rirht to thefe iflands : By the treaty of Utrecht, it was agreed, that they Ihould remain unfettled and unfortified, till the right of fovereignty was determined: However the marquis de Laylus, governor of Martinico, on the 26th of November, 1748, publiihed a proclama- tion, aflertmg the fovereignty of the King of France, to theneutral iflands, and declaringhewouldproteathe inhabitants, and prohibit all correfpondence between them and the Britifli colonies. At the fame time he lent two fliips of war with 150 foldiersand letters to 1 obago, where they arrived, and began to fortify different parts of the ifland. The governor of Bar- badoes, in whofe commiflion, is included the name oi the neutral iliands, beinff alarmed hv th^f^ nm_ ceedings, fent captain Tyrrel in a frigate, to learn C 4 the r !. imi I'i' :,.,,, , riiiiiii '750 ( 40 ) the particulars : He faw the French on the ifland, and the fortifications going forward as fall as poffible; but bting rcllrained from committing uuy holHlities, he returned to Barbadoes. Upon which the governor of that ifland tranfnJtted an account of the whole affair to the Britifti miniflry, who difpatched a courier to Verfailles, with direiHons for colonel York, the Kritiih refident there, to make remonftrances on this fubjed, and to demand tJie evacuation of the ifland. Before an anfwer was returned, the repeated advices from the Well Indies threw all the merchants tra- ding to that part of the world into the utmoft con- ilernation, and the whole kingdom was alarmed at thefe violent proceedings of the French; from which it v.as very evident, that they intended fliortly to be at open war with us. The legiflative body of Bar- badoes made feveral addrefles and applications to the king on this important fubjed ; and about the fame time a motion was made in the hcufe of ccmiuons. to addrefs his majefly, to lay copies of the inrtruaions before the houfe, which had been given to the go- vernors of Barbadoes for ttn years paft; but the power of the miniflry, (who being perhaps confcious of fome negleds) conflgned it to oblivion. Soon after the courier arrived from France, with a declaration from the French miniflry, utterly denying their having any knowledge § of the procedings of the governor of Martinico, with aflurances, that they had difpatch- ed orders to him, to deflft from fuch proceedings; which the duke of Bedford, by letter, made known to ■ a numerous body of merchants in London, who met to confider of proper and effedual application to § This was utterly falfe, for the marquis de Cay I us afterwards dechred, in liis d^iiiij moments, that he had pofitive dij'e<5lions irom the French miniltrv concmnijjg his conduct at Tobago, X ecover litlliiEi ( 4-1 ) 17)0 recover the neutral iflands, who on tlie receipt of this ietter llopt their proceedings. However, the French miniftry Hill referved a kind of claim to the neutral iflands, and particularly to St. Lucia, which is the principal of (hem; and when the commi/laries met at Paris, to fettle the limits of Nova Scotia, it was agreed theyihould likewife decide the right to thefe iflands, and particularly to St. Lucia. The proofs produced by two Britilh commiflaries, in oppofition to what the French pretended of pri- m:ive property, were unanfwerable, notvyithfland- ing every French art of cliicanery and procraftina- tion, and are at once perfpicuous and convincing : We fhall make fome quotations from them, as they belong; to the plan of our work, and cannot but give iatisfadion to the reader. *• The great progrefs made by the Spaniards in the i6th century in the difcovery of the Weil-Indies, • and '* Les granda progrcs des Efpagnols dans la decouverte des Indes occidentales au XVI fiecle, & Jes grandes richeffes qu'ils en rapporterent, ayant anime d'autres nations a tenter fortune dans Ja meme carriere, il n'y en eut aucune qui devanjat la na- tion Angloife dans cette tentative. Parmi plufieurs autres fujets d'Angleierre, Je Comte de Cumberland eqaipa trois vaifleaux qui, ayant fait voile vers les Antilles, firent la decouverte de I'lfle de SaJn'.e-Lucie en 1593. En 1605 le Chevalier Oliplx Leagh ayarit embarque avec lui un certain nombre de gens pour les indes occidentales ou fon frere avoit erige une Colonic, il en debarqua foiitante-fix dans ladite ifle de Sainte-Lucie, ou plufieurs Anglois fe tranfportcrent en 1606 pour s'y ecablir en vertu de cette poflTeffion. " Le Chevalier Thonnas Warner qui prit pofTeflion de Saint- Ghriftophe le meme jour que M. d'Efnambuc y arriva, envoya uiie coionie Angloife a Sainte-Lucic en 1626, 8c nomma le Major Judge gouvCracur de i'iflc, « En I- I : At. (i f I ! ii' . l! m I ! i i 1750 ( 42 ) and the vaft wealth drew from thence, Toon en- couraged other nations to try their fortune in the fame I'- ! I En 1627 le Roi Charles J. accorda an Comte de Carlifle par lettrespatentesdatces du 2 Juin, toutes Jes ifles dites CaraVbesi ou AntiJles,leidites Jettres patents coniiennentJe narre fuivant T J S""^ T'"" ^'^" •''"''' * fidele coufin & confeiUcr James' l.ord Hay, Baron de SawJey, Vicomte de Doncafter & Comte de CarJillc, ayaat un loin Jouable & fervent pour accroitre h religion chrctjennc, & pour ctendre les territoires de notre ecu vernement dans certain pays f.tucs vers la region feptentrionale ' du monde, laquelJe region ou illes font ci-apres dccrites, lefquelJes ' etuent ci-deyant inconnues, & en partie pofTcdees par certains ' hommes barbares n'ayant point connoiHance de la puiffance di vine, appellees communement Jes ifies CaraVbes, contenant en tr'autres les liles fuivantes j favoir, Saint-Chriftophe, la Gre- nade, Samt-Vincent, Sainte-Lucie, la Barbadoes, Mittalanea. laD^mmica, Mane-G lante, Defluda, Todofantes, la Cauda' Joupe, Antigoa, Montferrat, Redendo, la Barbudo, Nevis, Sta- tra, Saint- Bartolomce, Saint-Martin, I'Anguilla, Sombrera & Enegada, & autres ifles dccuuvertes auparavant a fes grands fiaia S .^T^' .f" P°'^^^' ^" P°'"^ ^^^^^^ ""e vaftc & copieufe colonic o Anglois. •* II confte, par les regiflres du bureau commiflbrial du com- Jnerce & des plantations, qu'en confcquence de cette conceffion Je Comte de Carhfle continua d'envoyer diverfcs colonies d'An' glois i Sainte- Lucie en 1635, 1638& 1640. "On voit evidemment par le narre des lettres patentcs ac- cordees a.. Comte de Carliflc (fort different des termes vagucs, jcneraux & indeter.nincs de la commiflion du Cardinal de Riche' i»eu a M. d Efnambuc) que non feulemant les Anglois eurent »onne connoiffance de Sainte-Lucie & des autres ifles CaraVbes, ■nais qu jls en avoient aauellement pris pofleilion long-temps Bvant la date de ces mcmes lettres patentes ; & jj etoit egale- ment manifefte, par la lenur d'nne commiffion du Lord CarJiHe au Chevalier Thomas Warner, qu',1 avoit pris pofleflion de toutes les ifles fu.-nommees, desler^gne de Jacques I. qui De^ •eda le 27 Mars 1625. "' ^ " Les hiftoi iens Francois, Je P. du Tertre & le P. Labbat »'a<;cordent a declarer que les Fran<;ois n'eurent rien a nr/t^n. mt iur i uic dc Sainte-Lvicie avant i'annce 1640 j & k premier ecrivains. ( 43 ) 1750 fame way, and none fooner than the En^lifli, Among feveral others the earl of Cumberland, a fubjedt of England, fitted out three ihips ; which failing to the Antill-s, difcovered the ifland of 8t. Lucia in i 993 ; not many years after which expedi- tion, Sir Oliph Leagh, a Kentiih gentleman, (hav- ing embarked fome people for the Weil-Indies, where his brother had planted a colony) he landed fixty-lix ofthem in that illand in 1605, to which feveral Englifli went over in 1606, to fettle under the proteftion of that poffeffion. "^ Sir Thomas Warner, wlio took poflelfion of St. Chriflopher's, the fame day that monfieur d'Efnam- buc landed there, fent an Englifli colony to St. Lucia in 1626, and appointed major Judge gover- nor of that ifland. " In 1627 king Charles the firft granted to the earl of Carlrfle, by patent, dated the fecond of June, all the Caribbee illands or Antilles, the recital of which patent was in the following terms : " Where* as our well beloved aud fiathful coufm and coun- feller, James lord Hay, baron of Sawley, vifcount Doncafter and earl of Carlifle ; having a laudable and zealous care to encreafe chriftian religion, and to enlarge the territories of our empire in certain lands fituated to the northward region of the world,. which region x)r iflands are hereafter defcribed, which were before unknown, and by certain bac-^ <1e m ecrivains, dans- fa relation de ce qui Te paflk dans ladite annee 1640, prouve tres-ciiconftanciellemeat la polleliion de^ la Grande-Bretagne en 1639, * ^e declare contra tout droit tie la part de la couronne de France fur cette ifle, qu'on vou^ doit fonder fur quoi que ce fojt d'anterieur a I'abandonnement qi il en impute aux Anglois. apres le maflarm cm'iis v r^.i^irg^i^ Cfl 1640." ' ^-. . J, . , . bazous lUri! '750 ( 4^ ) barous men, having no knowledge of the divine power in feme part poiTeried, commonly called Ca- jribbee iflands, containing in them thefe iflands fol. lowmg VIZ. .St. Chriftopher^ Granada, St. Vin- cent, St. Lucia, Barbadoes, MTttalanea, Dominico Mangalante, DefTudaTodos 'antes, Guarde^upe An tego, Montierrat, Redendo, Karbudo, Mevis Matia, St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, An^uilla Sembrera, and bnegada, and other iflands before found out to his great coft and charges, and brought inglim.^ ^ '^ ^""^ "^^^^^^^ colony of - It appears from the records of the office of commiffioners tor trade and plantations, that, in pur- fuance of this grant, the earl of Carlifle continued tj fend feveral colonies of Englifh to St. Lucia, in tile year 1635, 1638, and 1640. " It is evident from the recital in lord Carlifle's patent^ very diiferent from the vague, general and in- mo r words of Cardinal Richlieu's commiffion to monfieur d'Efnambuc, that the Englifli were not only well acquainted with St. Lucia and the other Caribbee iflands, but that they had aftually taken pofleflion^ of them in the name of the crown cf Oreat- Britain, a long time before the date of this ^>atent ; and it is alfo evident from lord Carlifle's commiffion ta Sir Thomas Warner, that he had taken pofieffipn of all the faid iflands refpedively in the reign of James L who died on the 27th of March 1625. ' * *» The French hiflorians, Pere du Tertre and rere Labbat, agree m declaring that the French had no pretenfions to St. Lucia earlier than 1640 ; and the former of thefe writers, in his relation of the '"otf r." -1?^' ^l^ii".""^^5"^-% Poves the ^_,.^„,^,s ^^ ^*vai-«AiiAMA in iojy, jind dedares againft tecpccutioo toiite u ( 45 ) 1750 jagainft any right in the crown of France to that lilland, that can be grounded upon any thing, previ- lous to the abandonment, he imputes to the Eno^lifh lafter the maflacre in 1 640" — '' The commiffion to Meflrs. d'Efnambuc and iRofTey in 1627, is not a commiffion for St. Lucia ;. lit implies neither the palt difcovery nor the pofTef- Ifion of it by France at that time, but only impowers- [them to take poifeifion of St. Chriitopher's and Bar- jbadoes by name. " It is highly probable, from the manner in which Ifuch places are fpecified in the recital, as were then I known to the French within the latitude of the com- jmiffion, that St. Lucia was not known to them; or [if they did know it, their filence about it in the I commiffion is fome prefumption that they coniidered. jit as an Englilh ifland. Th's fuppoiition and inter- [pretation of this circumftance, in the commiffion of Meffi-s. d'Efnambuc and Roffey, will be greatly fupported, if we recoiled on the one hand that St. Lucia had, at that very time, been difcovered and I fettled by frelh bodies of fettlers at different times ; and I " La commiiTion Franjoife a Meflra. d'Efnambuc & Rofley en 1627, ne'cft pas une commiiTion pour Tifle de Sainte-Lucie. " EUe n'en fait aucune mention & n'implique de la part de la France, ni une decouverte faite, ni une pofTeffion adueJIedecette ide ; elle ne fert uniquement qua conferer lepouvoir de pendrepof- felTijon de Saint-Chriftophe & de la Barbade nomement." " II eft meme tres probable vu la manicre dent on y fpecifie les iflee qui pour lors furent connues aux Franjois dans la latitude fur iacjiuelJe cette commiflac^ empiete, que la Sainte-Lucie Icur etoic inconnue, ou s'ils en avoient ijuelque connoiflance, leur fi- lence a fon egaxd dans cette meme commiflion feroit prefumer qu'ils la confideroient des-iors & avec raifon, commeune ifle ap- ri_tt- >.r .. r 1 \ . ;ur line m- terpwtatioa toote uaturelle, d'uue oinUlioa H frappante dans la com- i niH; i-jo ( 46 ) ! Ml 1:1 and was again, In the very year when this commifj zz\ztr ^"""' ^° '"' ^'^^^^^ 'y '4 " And on the other, that no evidence is offere'i c ^"y ^*^^f y^T by the French of this or any other ot the Canbbeeiflands, before the very date of this commifTionj but, on the contrary, all the French hilbrians place the firft French diibovery of any of the Antilles 111 this year 1627, and the iirft French claim to St. Lucia in 1640." — ^ Pn^7^ ^rj" ?'°'^'l ^ Settlement and continued Pofll-ffion of St. Lucia long before ,627; and there- fore, how can It be treated as an iiland, which inl that year was the property .f nobody ? I'he French alledge no difcovery of it previous to the date of this commiffion, and not any adiual pofTeflion of it then, but upon the general words of this commif- fion ; \ commiiTion en queftion, prend un tout autre degr^- de force & fe trouve convettie m ccnvidtion, auand.on on fe repelle d'un core I qu au temps dont il s'ag.t, Ja Sainte-Lucie avoit ete dccouvwel & plan ee paries Anglois, & ^u^ leur po/Te/rion avoit etc fourenue de temps a autre, par des co.ps de recrues ou de ncuveaux hubi! tans & quel ide fuit ,nlt-rce nommement dans la comm.i^ion au Lord CarJide par k Roi Charics I. « Et de Tautre, qu'avant la dare de cctte commi/Tion, onne troave aucune trace d'une decouverte Fr3n<;oife de cette ifle iion plus que d aucune autre des CaraVbe. ; ma,s qu'au contraire tou5 Jes hi fori, ns Prancois placent la premiere decouverte Francoife de quelqu unes des i^ntilles da/ s la meme anr^e 16*7, &leur pre. micrc pretention fur la Sainte-Lucieen 16 jo. " Nous avons prouve unc decouverte, une habitation & une pofTeffion de Sainte-Lucie Ic ng-temps avant I'an 1627, Com- jr.entpeut.on done pretendre que dans cette meme annee, cette ifle n auroit ete la propriete de perfonne ? De plus, les Francois n en alleguent aucune decoT:verte anterieure a la date de lacom- m.llion fus mentionnee, ni meme aucune pofleflion aauelle. « 2iof-, ^uc ccji€ quus voucioioit fair* jiaitrc, ccmme d'avyice^ ( 47 ) . i75rmi & maintenu d une mniere uniforme, & par une fumflioiv He temp, a autre Jufaques dans I'annce 1639, auqu.l temps lea fiinoiriens rrancois conviennMt tnu« nn- n^,,r ^„... ... / . " c« f offcflicn dc rifle SaiatcLucie', {.nf'^tk^ ml^lZl ri€98 r f ft' j iiih, Hlfl'l \V"M m i 1750 ( 48 ) commifllon to M. d'Efnanibuc, their conftrudlon of which, as making It creative of any right, has been ihevvn to be forced and moft indefenfible at the iame time j that if it was in the view of the French crown to include St. Lucia, as an ifland belonein.i to France, the proving fuch an intention would' figmfy little, as this ifland was then fh . rroncrty of another crown, and could not, in a - be tiien deemed open to the poflefTion of Fri.. \. ' « We have now brought down the feveraTproofs of his majefty's right, as low as the year 1 640, when Great Britain received the firlt confiderable inter- ruption in her pofleffion of this ifland." fMeaninf an inhuman maflacre of the Englifli by the old in habitants, the Indians, which happened this year, and forced the furviving Englifli from their poflbffion of this Ifland, on^ which the French imniediately took pofleflion of it ; and from this unjuft pofleflion they grounded their pretended right to the iJlana.j "Although this pofleilion, fo unjuftly taken by the Frencn, was, during the time of the civil war m England, which lafted feveral years after: yet neither did the late mafl-acre, or the diflraftions at home, prevent the Englifli from re-aflerting their 4-ight to this illand. ^ (( It riens fournifi-ent nen enoppofitlon a notre fuite deprcuves. par laquelle nous fommes parvenus a cette epoque de pofTeffioh • dc Sa Majefte trcs-Chrefenne y oppofent quoiquece foit, fue n eft k narre en queftion de la commifl;on de MefT. d'Efnambuc *Roirey, dont leu r interpretation a etc demontrce infoGtenable: tandis qu en leur allouant un ddfcin de ia couronne de France d y comprendre par fous-entcnte la Sainte-Lucie comme une i/le 4 la cieaieance* h.ev\Apncm A\^^^ r* — :ii-. : ^-^ ^ -r croit. (1|!!^ m (49 ) 1750 «* It appears from Pere du Tertre, that lord Carliile fent over feveral Englilhin 1644 and 1645 5 and I cioit rien, puifqu'elle etoit dcs-lors la propriete d'une autre Cou- jronne,, & nepouvoit aucunement f tre cenfee, ouvertea un pre- tendu ade arbitiaire de pofi'eiTion defignee de la part de la cou- ronne dc France. *' Nous avone prcfentement tranfmis les differcntes preuves du droit de Sa Majefte jufqu'en 164.0; ce fut durant le cours de ccue annee que Ja Grande Bretagne fouffrit la premiere inter- ruption violente & confiderable dans fa poflTeflion de Tifle dc [Sainte-Lucie. " Quoique cette demarche des Francois fut faite pendant les troubles d'une guerre civile parmi les Anglois, ceux-ci ne laifserent point de reclamer leur droit fur cette ifle, nonobftant le maflacre qu'ils y avoient fubi, & les trifles cfFets du fort inte- rieurde leur patrie. " II confte par le P. du Tertre que le Comte de Carlifley fnvoya plufieurs Anglois en 1644 & 1645, & lui & le P. LabUt svousnt tous les Jeux (en conformite des depofitions an- nexees au rappert commiflbrial deja cite plus haut) que les An- [glois firent quelques eftbrts pour fe remettae en polieflion -4e Sainte-Lucie. ** Le P. Labbat rapporte une defcente qu'ils y firenfe en 1657, ajoutant qu'ils furent repoulTes par les Francois & force* a fe retirer. " A la reftauration de la Famille Royaie, Charles II ne fe fentitpas fi-tot aflis fur le trone de fes ancetres, qu'il penfa a revendiquer > fficacement fon droit fur cette meme ille j I'ancien P'opriscaire Lord Carlifle ayant remis fon odroi, une moitie du revenu des ifles Caraibes fut accordee au Lord Wjlloughby pour fept ans ; dans laquelle conceffion, par Lettres patenres, I'ifle de Sainte-Lucie eft expreflement nommee j & dans I'annee fui^ vante, lorfque le meme Lord Willoughby fut nomme Gou- verneur des ifles Caraibes, il lui fut enjoint en termes piecis, de hire valoir le droit de la Grande-Bretagne fur toutes lefdites ifles. " En confequence de cette inftruaion, il fut fait un accord en puife d'achat avec les Indiens pour aHurer d'autant plus a leur^cgard, I'ancienne acquifitionde Sainte-Lucie, & Taae- sn fut pafle en 1663 j Sc k meire Lora WiUougtiby y ayant. enyoyfc I ts yj 7 I7sn ( ^r. ) «iul both tl.at .vul.or an.) I'nr ral.l>;it .u kimwN jJ in Coulumuty u .ih the allul.ivii .imicxtci, u, tlu-Jj J)('ii •i>voy,» rn »'.>i.ffiHi«iirff um Hi^Km.nii .1,. ,,„n,rN tu it)(M (,„,, .'.on.lmu. .<■ Ir uMnn>.nuifni.nt ilu Co|,.„r| C.iici,, i,!,,,..,,. « «•«•( tf, ui, J |.».>vl.uu,. 1, .l,v,,t .iH., (;,aa,u. M,rf,.un^ ru irp'„| It^hVoK W.IUigM.v .. ,,u xnn. ;» tiMv.,,,. »|.n,ce ,c.n,.«,i:., J eouvcnr,,, Jr h, H.il.ulc d..,. I'^muV ,6r>6. e..r .Irs in(»r„aJ t»tvcUes jHMn itUidiuIrr uMu.rf ,^ .IvM-od^-.Irr t*>„t lujrt Kranc J Sut s k huirJ «ort,cc«du lonlcil. ru .onuutlKuvrs iuldits .Ui tonnnc.cc &jj I.MviCd t.->,io».rs vu ionruln.r .ou.mc .Iq-rn.lanio .le Ja iu\ iMiJc. v-^ 4 e;r iA>n«4i,m'ent iMin,-c- tonni.c ttllr .iauji tuutes Icil iVu>inin.ous .-^ »..i}i,K-iM«.u rrljtivvs :, ... ij.iMvrrnriMpnt. [ liMipiur \ !«.» Mi.vHlUiuc. ,lr ,.• n^ui:i.,e,.V ,fr l« Uvxc iWt] S» n.rrnt S..nt.< l.vc... tvpvMMis c> nr Pn.Mn.r ,^r,ro anifi m » rmpa,.r iW v-ctrc lt)c. a y hhrunitr un ton .\- .\ v jetn-^y.J guniton ; .c mu, .,v.> r l>,.r, !\„r ^wm^rr Ic W LuSb.u l\4,urvJ avrc .«.i.-n} nor ,u3 ;.uu v!e :c. m..intnu; vontrr l.s Inaiens out iOnn<> U>s nations Kun>,vnmf s ; \tt .AtH'W cx»raxt ,.}vuui,>n,>.- ortu- ,ilo volon-.urment : *• ^^v- Ir-. Fu.uv.3 cnc.nhn.Mi. ,H,|U-Hu)nap«unlong& V /' '•'^ II'',,'*''' '-^^J^'^*'* *'»''-^'"t ai-q.rtHVr .l'H>n'ntrnti,.n nvwiief.t I 4 f«r jHMu-jJi.vn }Hnvi.uu nv>intcs anturs tncvoHuTS, |n>ur lors Tan- «ce Id^vv jH>Mirg.i ci«f i«nj..x v^' npvitcc Utale au rcclaaic aihtti 4u ( 5* ) 1/5^ [port ilfrd \)vfore, that fnmc cndr.ivours were ufcd |»y tlif I'.iiplilli torr^^^ain St. liUtia, dining the tcm- Ipor.iry pollclhori of the iMcnch. Pere jdii limit ill* la CJrantic.I!ut.mne ; nvila ■iicune do ce« circon- llifi. eni'cxifti-, tundii tjiii- tu«t an contiMirc les An^loii fiircnt r<|Mi!i<:b (Ic I'llli* p.ir nil ni;»(l'j(rr, ks I'tantoin ru pnicut occa- luiii ilrh'fii ci>ii>4i'M' (iir Ir ilimjp hiriivciiiciit A; ilf t' ' fortifier 4 |j liitft le lilcttct! on jihirtot riniitinn des An^^loi"" ^iifii»iii'.ii» hortil'iinr giicrrc livile) n'cui lieu iiuc pttur uii tort poiit elpwe de trt)ip«. •« Vew H'.mnped api^s on fit cles ililigenrp*: iIp h part dc la mironiic nnt^nniqup, pour rcvoiwliqiici Ion droit fur ccrtc ifle par vitif! de f".«it ; & on Ips a conltamtufnt icp^tces d('|>iiis, jnfqn'i ci- qii'''ll(! en flit rrmifc cii pondlion (mi Ic i ouvcrncment dvi j loril Willy fe h cotidiiite du colontl Caiow. i «• l.cs lomDiid'aites de h nujefU- ont done encore lieu ici |dc croire k dVCpcrer c|irup!t\i u'nr cxpofition aiifTi fincere A uiifli «iit licnt U]w dr toiitrh Irs ciri onitaiurs ipui Ich commifliiires dt U nujefte irrs C:l)it'tiennc fe r.tngprnnt a ropinicn cjnc I'^poqiie ! dc i6 (J n'ciV pas plus favonilWe ■» la prt;rpn<|tip poflMfiun da la c.uiroiinr de France, fondee fur rinv:i(i«in injufte dc M. du l*.ir- <]uet, qur cclle de 1617 .i la pr^rciuluc piioritc dc dc^juvcrtc &: Ji/h m 1 6c 7, when hpfivc ♦k^ l !^n i/, wnen, ae lays, they were beaten o/f | iraiche & trop prccaire en Jui-mtme pour c-rrp allcene dc n.r; 1 majeftc en fupprimeront le detail dans ce mcmoire • ih oSC.!. I ront reuj^ent cue I. feu Roi George I. .:S ^ ^n^de 3 d etre econne de Fattentat du m.rcJu] d'Cftrce. l^ Sa n>i t^.r\T'^'"''"V "" ''"^•^"^ " ^'^^' P'i^^e, pour pt fer ycr la bonne intelligence entrc Jes deux nation^ eut la In S' I «tjon de fe prefer ^ Te^pedient propofe par Iri^gen dVro3 deFnncci favo.r, que lemonde que lu,^,arechal d4ftr4 a3 pu faire tranfporter a Sainte-Lude vuideroit ccLlTa tou es chofes y fcroient remifes dans J'etat ou elles 5' Jo' nf tr 1 vZtZ ^'I'.T.Pf'^^' J"<^1"'^ ^e que le droit de propneS i irte feroit venfic de part ou d'autre , iJ ne'n fauroit refulter a u cune apparence de validire en favcur'de la conceflion g a u e « Jnal fondee du ro. tres-chrerien au marechal fus-nomnirno plus q«;auc«ne apparence prejudiciahle a., titre de T^'a; Britanmque a regard de PiHe de Sainte- Lucie. ^ "1 * Le confentement d'une couronne pour foflmettre un droJ pmialc & amicale a la re4u:firion & pour ne pas rompreeJ de parcourirTh'?'''" t f f- ^' Grande-Bretagne ont achevJ tSn T. ? > ' -^ ^' ^'"'°"'''^'' "'^^q^ifition & la pre. rT/irdrsainte'/Luci:?^'^"^ ""' ^ "^^"'^^^^ '^^ ^^ -^i^^^^^ ^Z ^".^I"] voir que ce droit a etc commence & ^tabli par une decouverte&des plantations. n>aintes annees avantque leE ielTr;?^"'^'"^^''""^ ^'^^ ^'^^^" ''' hiftoricns Fran meme) euflent aucune connoifTance des ifles Car^^ibes Que ce droit, a e'te preserve, xnaintainu, revendique &| T^fii'repar tous les a^es d\.utorite pofiibles, & par tou^e !«' -oi^arches renu-fcs de ia. part d'u. gouvern;;ncnrpollS;uV& f (53) *' Upon the reftoration of the :harlei the fecond no (boner found In the throne ofhis anceftors, than Ihink of efFeaually vindicating his I/land, and the antient proprietor Wing furrendered his patent, one I75« royal family, himfelf feated he began to '■ight to this Lord Carlifle moiety of the revenue nemecn certa.ns temps, au de-Ju que fa foibldFe pa/fiigcre & res conjonftutes ficheules ne fcmbJoient le permcttre ^ .i^^ P^"* queKs^min^r^' ill T " ^*^* ^^ ""^^^^^ tre's-chretlenne, allegu^e e;i con Kion dumcmo.re des commifiaires de fadite majeftl ' e fau " ^t&nedoitetre interpreter que d'une mani^ e com;,^^^^^^^ rec Ja convention folemnpli».^;ft„_* ^- i . *-"i"panDie f^S Il^il ^i! |ii. lif'l ;!i'(,i 1750 ( 54 ) revenue of the carlbbce iflands as granted to LorJl Willoughby for lew n years, in which grant St. Lucia IS exprciUy named ; and in the ^ear following, upon Lord VVilloughby s being appointed governor of the carribbec iflands, he was pairiculnrly inllruded to afl'ert the right of the crown of Great Britain to aJi the faid iflands. ** Inconfequenceofthefe inftrudions, an agree- ment has made with the Indians for the purchaie of St. I-ucia in 1663; a"^ 'he laid Lord Willoughby fending a regiment there in 1664, under the com- mand of colonel Carew, he was kindly received by riie natives, aflcrtcd the Britifli right to the ifland, I regained the poflefiion of it from the French and remained there for fome time deputy governor.'* .... »* In the year 1665, Robert Cook, Efq; was go. vernor of St. Lucia, and Lord Francis Willoughby dying about this time, he was fucceeded by his bro- ther William Lord Willoughby, who being made governor of Barbadoes in the year 1666, was parti- cularly inllrudled to ftreighten, diibefs and difpoffefs any of the French king's fubjefts, who might at- tempt to pofTefs themfelves of the Iflands under his government, as appears by the records and books of entries in the office of the afore mentioned com- miflioners for trade and the plantations. From that time to this day, the ifland of St. Lucia has always been reputed a dependance upon tlie go\'erment of | Barbadoes j and as fiich has conllantly been inferted in all commiffions and inilrudions givea to the go- vernors of Barbadoes fince that time.'* .... " Thcfe who impartially rcfled one moment on the rife and circumftances of the mafTacre, and flight of the Englifli, mult fee and acknowlenge that they left St. Lucia, te7nporis cau/a ^ nvn animo ahjiaendi: W and, mdeed, had not the French themfelves at that time coniidered \t in this light, they would hardly have f 55) I75« Lve maJc Co much halfe in taking poHlflion of it h >.ng a fort and eftablilliing a^ Lnilon the" lh.cl., as father Lal.bat jultly obltrm. had an k,parentvit-w not only to maintain fuch Polfeflion faml the Indians, but to prevent the Enfilifh or tatlhJre "?':''" "'""" *"'" '"^'^'"8 ""y '""'"«- I ',' y^Z" '■h ^^°^^- '■"= "'■'-' rcaJIy ftands thus • lad the bnghlh volu„ta.iiy abandoned ti.is liland" pad the French poircflcd themfelves of it upon a Dng and contmued defertion. "^ " Th-it polTeffion being acquiefced in by the Ene- ilh for several fucceffive year,,, the year ,640 miX lave been fatal to the Englilh claim ; but all tSfe Ircum lances are wanting; the Englilh were forced ut of the , Hand by a malfacre the French took that Ipportunityof inllantlyttealing poireffion of if eve„ ,e hence of Great Bntain afterwards, thoughinthe "f °* " "X'' ""^ >vas but for a very (horl time "Expedmons were undertaken, within L [ears, for the recovery of it; and the right of the town of Great Britain was, from that time, com! |uany aflerted. until it was regained by cZel ope and believe, that upon this fair reprefentation the whole matter, thcErenchcomminhries will be opmron, that France has no better tit e from it! urpation m ,640 than Ihe has upon the fi Hon ■ ie V I" "V""' ^"^bliihrnent, grounded upon fe vague and premature commiffion of Meffieurs tfnambuc and Rofley ; and, confequently the X fled m the crown of Great Britai^ to the ifland of talfon " "«.''"'y/'""«'ed upon the p iority, lutdlfoonaconunuationoftherio-hr" ^ '' i ■ ^b — 'if 4t As Uw , I Mil!} mil Ml ■nil "!!' '.' iliilrS 1' 1 ■ ( Jill:: '!''ii y, li!:; i1ii I ' I 1750 (56 ) " As to what is alledged by his moil chrifliaji majefty's commifTaries, with refpeft to the treaty ofl Utrecht, it may fuffice to obferve in general, that admitting there might have been Tome few Frencij families upon St. Lucia, previous to that treaty; they were there without the knowledge or confent of the crown of Great-Britain, which cannot, k\ any degree, be confidered as a pofleflion on the parti of France, in prejudice of the right veiled in the crown of Great-Britain by the treaty of Breda. <« As the tranfaftions, fmce that time, are of fo! late a date, that they cannot be alledged on eidierl fide in fupport of a title to this ifland, the faid com.' miffaries will not make a minute recapitulation ol them : they will only obferve, that his late majellj had great reafon to be furprized at the attempt made upon St. Lucia by the marfhal d' Eflrees, about the year 1 7 > 9> under colour of a grant from his moili chriflian majcfly : and though liis faid majelly, to preferve a good underflanding between the two na- tions, was then content to enter into the expedient propofed by the regent, namely, that the people, fettled by the faid marftial, ihould be withdrawn, and all things put in the fame flate they ^ere in before that expedition, till the title to this ifland ihould be decided ; no confequence ought to be; drawn, from this concelHon, to the prejudice of his n)ajelly*s right to the pofieffion of this ifland. *' A confent in one crown to fubmit any rig^htto enquiry and difcuffion, in compliance with the requeil and claims of another, being rather an argument ofl her confidence than her diilruft of that right. *' The com.mifl!aries of the king of Great-Britain have now gone through the hillory of his maiefty'j ancient, uniform, and clea St Lucia. ight, to the ifland '« They was ellablilh jmany years of their ow ICaribbeei/Ia " That th Itinued and k lofgovernmei I " They h Imake it app< Ihave nothing [of ear]y'dilc( ^iilorians ove " Or a ten Jtion, whicli [a remote con 30th the Icttej " And, th( ranted to cone ihey began vvi Lucia, is not crown of Grea " It remair p obferve, th; Jgreed, in con Friendship, con M Oaober i; 5t. Lucia ; and feht, to the d< m the part of najefty's comn lutyon their p wclaration of 1 the conclufto "Orial, Cannot, [)nllru(5lion, thj 41 They . ^L . ^ ^? ^ 1759 Caribbee iflands ^ knowledge of the Lf x.n.1 -j-l^ oppoie to this nght, but vretenctt Plots'"' p°'^''=-' -«=H e:: [a remote conftruftion of tS IrVf '^' -"f U the , cue. intenti rd'^rSfr '^"^ And, therelbre, thev thint fli^n,r-i ETnoTt tK:„"f; ;?,,t' tf ?*■ t crown of Great-Britain. ' *"" '" *^ Ltd r^v"' =^'^- ^^^^^ Re pan ott" °^ commiflarie, to be namrf eGonnf''r' "^' *« -'»ve.men,ioned /mat peclaraoon of his jnoft chriftian majefty, fet forth |«the_conclar«>„ of the French coiik". „. !«»ltrtta.on. than whitij confident with the folemn ** agi««»»Dt m I'^iiHi! Ii# II; I'i I! II ii m- i ilji! Ill'll'llil 17 so ( S8 ) agreement entered into by both crowns ; by whicli ail right and all pretenfions, with refpeft to' the iiiand of St. Lucia, were fubmitted to a free, candifi impartial, and definitive dlfGufllon.*' This point concerning St. Lucia, however, wai never ablolutely determined ; tor the -French couit! .would never, admit the .prior rights and juftifiable claims of the Englifti, becaufe they were refolved at all events to feize thofe iflands and hold then in pofTeffion, well .knowing the great value of them : and at thi« time a third difpute was arrivd at fuch a height, and become fo extremely critical, that the conferences about the neutral iflands ccafed,, when the attention of both courts became entirelj warped another way. This is the difpute concern! mg the lands on the Ohio, a river which rifes is Penfylvania, and running a courfe of 400 miln through Virginia, &c. falls into the river Mik iippi on the borders of North Carolina. In order to clearly underftand this difpute, we muft ond more return to the temporary peace of Aix ii Chapelle, that famous epoch a, loon after whk broke out all the differences which kindled up tL bloody and exten five war. It is neceflary toobfcrW^ that the French had no communication with Canada] but by a long and dangerous pafTage up the jivet St. Lawrence, which is open but half the ycari and Canada extending a great way into the coJ nent, becomes contiguous to feveral vaft defcrts J fine lakes, which border on the back of the Britil colonies, and by which they trade with the Indian The French had long conceived an opinion, that they could unite Canada to Louifma, they Ihould ha\ as eafy and direa a communication with Europe 1 the Ensliih. To execute thit nrm'^A «^i.«» A:n» 11 the who! '0 colonies, icure this i tuated as to : iti/h fettlen the fame ti [cation with M of that n MS than hopi itirely from :a. When t iCigns on Nc iiitrated, the^ qjeft ; whicl I agitation, r iriod; wheni tereft the Iroq ean mountai] iftern confines ihould be ren |tions, with a] Utrecht, agr le five original Pgas, Onom licarros, Mifl] Jorporated witi the river St. the five natioi I by treaties m Britannic maj •on from lake >i. In this ffeandeaftof nioft rich and intries in the Showanongs bh who aboi 11 the whole territo'-v vuhi^-u r i ,.0 colonies, and beg/„ to^^a %„s"''"", '^''^ fcure .his illegal capture t1-? r '" ""^^ " f-ated as to make a cCe ]ine M^*^"'- **ff ft* ; Che fame time ta Ldll XK'*^?,' '^'""S Ication with the Indians \r^T , ^" a>oima- Mgns on Nova Scotia would for IT 7 ^f" krated, they renewed Sufote*^"'' >" hjeft ; which, though it iii 1 "'^ ""' •'"» agitation, nwer X,i J ;. ^V "^ ^ "'""•7 ri<^i whenTe ri hid dr/"S''* "" *^ M the Iroquois an^»^ 7" "*'*'" '" "'"•• U mountai1,r;nd pAtd'e? f'- ^ M"" fan coniines of PenfyE ,„°, v- '?''•' '° ""^ >ould be remembered, that S*"^' •'"• ^°7 Itions, with all their J;,k-i Iroquois, or fix Utr cht. agreed M be ^i?',;- ""•?> ""^ "-^ty [e^veotiginS^^Sr^Srlrfrsf^r k «ve nations. ™he ^fe ffi-P? ''• "^ % treaue, made and renewed with th^r^" ' I Britannic majefty's fubieflr K J -l ^°^'*"'' U from lake Ene f^V^ r?..M ^ * "«*" °'^ PO*"- [moft rich and Wif, 1 — '** °"'>' *»"■«£ Uries in .H- .^^^'i' P'^»^ « one of the fineS . i ShowanonM ■or""<;,« ""^ '" branches dwelt ' «7S0 (60 ) ■■:^ 1 ■ '■ , . ' i i ■ , 'il I ':. II! 1^ ' ,;?! ill deftroycd or driven out by the Twightwees, fettled in their room. As this fpacious coun adjoins to Virginia, Colonel Wood, who dwelt the falls of John's river in 1654, fent proi perfons over the Allegheny mountains, who tradi with the natives and engaged them in an alii with Gre^t Britain ; mean time the French in 161 made a fettlement at the mouth of the Miffiflipi and havine opened a communication between and Canada, began to form a defign of joining t two colonies together, by means of tne Ohio Wabafti ; but notwithftanding this proje^, Bngliih continued their trafEc with the Indians And Coldiuel Spotfwood, the gove: lor of Virgii m 1 7 1 6, formed a defign of eSabliihing a comp; for that purpofe, which was oppofed m Engknil though had it been then profecuted, the Ohio migl have been fettled before this, with leave of thei habitants, and the prefent diftraflion prevectei for in 1725 the Twightwees, of their own accoi j-epaired to New York and Albany to trade with Englilh, and to renew their former alliance — -Tl begat a defire of reviving Spotfwood's fcheme, in 1730 endeavours were ufcd tp obtain a gi from the crown of the lands on the Ohio, and ] pofals were made to tranfport large numbers ralatines to iettle them. But this attempt again fruiirated, and the project lay, negleded 1749, when it was too late to put it in execurion, jippears by the event ; a grant of 600,00a acirw thi6 country being then made out to Mr. Hani and certain other merchants, and others of Vir|^ ^nd London, who aifociated under the title of Ohio company^ The governor of C' ada, aij ac a Itep that would for ever have dei^rived hij noa^oi the advanug£$ animg ixom thetiade it TwightW( beneficial t( kulu have ivfimors of] bg them that jeir territorie iat if they d fize them wh( )wever perei m^zsiy ftoji Duntry as far fr. Gi% emj rogrefs in the ith their Ind nkd them :< tie of the brai Iho wereicattc fpture of their Ir ihelter ; ai folence done ti 5 or 600, ai ree French tra That the Indii rant of their Jan ^hen Mr. Gift, ir fJiii for the cotr •fign from the Ind 'Cj at Log's towj lowhisbufinefs, came to Iettle th f at iength they v le King 01 Euglan t Thefe poor peo 'ed I'ke feloi;s i,i a Bntift AmbalJai '"' ; and then thi '«.* were rcleafed n im 1* ( 6i ) »75t tcTw^ht«,ees, and by which the^ communlcatioa g them that pur Indian traders had incroacnon e.r temtones by trading with their Indian? a^d be them wherever thev were found. This m~^fft^ Uever peremptory, id not divert he olo K=ny feunqaufinga fnrvey to be made of ?,^ untrjas far as the fells of t¥at riv^r Butth t Ir. Gift employed for that purpofe. was ^1, t kre s m the fpring ,7^ ,.. drn/tlnTZ^^l flth theu- Indians feijced four Englift traders a, ] jrned them^ to a fort which they Ce b^ IdT^ 1^^ ne of the branches of lake Prie + ^h.v fn. ■ipiure or tneir brethren retire(i tn fh*» T«,4:o« . \r ihelter • anrl th^ t,'^."?^^^^ f'le Indian towns kn from the In^/n^' u "^'^ "^^ "^^^"J' to conceal hil |tat Jenurh thev v^^r. n^^ ^ /t "''^' "^' ^'^ "^^"' threats ; te:fe!:?;:r;y::;:^^^«^.^? Old France, a„d t. Pierre who was ordered to maintain his poft anil take up his winter quarters where he was encampedl lie built a fort there, and took every precaution lal his power. He eretted another fort, to which afterwards removed, on a navigable river, calledl Beef river, one of the branches of the Ohio, about) 15 miles from that on lake Erie, by which two fort5,[ and the fort at Niagara, which had been greadj| improved, together with another new fort erede at the conflux of the rivers Ohio and Wabache, French completed their defign of opening and fecur-l M I ' ;f!|i. for they might now travel, and tranfport goods bv water trom Quebec to New-Orleans and bafwin Luhoutany land carriage, except about To or k \mks a Niagara, m order to avoid the U°t cata^ Iraci in that nver, and i r n,;i«c *• ;'^.^^« f°'' "" cHH tetiorH^^.'iir-"i ^- - wnich you direded \a "fKr""" '"", '""^ ^^"^'» /uu airecteu to the commandant of the ■^4 •* French if ; T ri'l 1. •ii r I l!l< I :o ^: »« i!-ft: :) ! i I.: I. -hi, ' I ' ' u 'i »753 ( 64 ) •• French troops. I fhouW have been pltafed if you •' had given him orders, or if he himfelf had been •* difpofed, to vifit Canada and our ceaeral ; to •• whom, rather than to me, it properly apertainj »* to deaonftrate the reality of the King my maftc^'jj «* rights to lands fituated along the Ohio, and to ** dilpute the pretcnfions of the King of Great •< Britain in that refpeft. ' " I ihall immediately forward your letter to Monf. le marquis du Quefne. His anfwer will be a law 1 tome : and if he diredls me to communicate it to you, Tailurc you, Sir, I fh«U negleft nothing that may be neccflary to convey it to you witi expedition. " As to the requifition you make (that I retire with the troops under my command) I cannot | believe myfcli under any obligation to fubmit to it, I am heije, in virtue of my generals ordiers; and I beg, Sir, you would not doubt a moment of my fixed refolution to conform to them, with «* all the exaditude and lleadinefs that might be •* expedcd from a better officer. ♦* 1 do not know that, in the courfe of thlji •• campaign, any thing has paffed that can be I eftcemed an atl cf hottilicy, or contrary to the treaties fubfifting between the two crowns ; the I continuation of which is as intereftingand plealing tons, as it can be to the Englifli. Jt it had been agreeable to you. Sir, in this relpeft, to have made a particular detail of the fads which occafion your complaint, I fliould have had the honour of anfwering you in the moft explicit manner; and I am perfuaded you would have ** had reafon to be fatisfied. " I have taken particular care to receive Mr. ** Wnfiiington, with. aU the diiUndion fuitable to j yoiit i( *t <( <( l frtr D ■vs j>«/avs 1754 ( 66 ) by force ; but it has been a/Tertcd that thefc orden were clogged with this remarkable reftriftion, Si Juuyou do it on the undoubted territories belonging to tkt Brittjh croivn. Now tlie fcenc of adHon was in the territories dilputed ; thus the fame orders gave, and took away from them, the power of defending them- kWes. However Mr.Dinwiddie judged that the terri- tories difpnted belonged to the Britifti crown, therefore he proceeded in hii,refolution of creding a fort for the jxroteftion of the frontiers. The conitruaion was begun on the place he intended ; but the marquis du Quefne being informed of the defign, ordered M. Contrecoeur, who had fucceeded the ficur dt St. Pierre at Beef river, to fruftratc it direftly. That officer marched widi looo men and i8 pieces ©r cannon for this purpofe ; he pufhed on to a place called Logg's town, which he deflroyed, together with all the block and truck houfes, &c. to the amount of 2o,oool. then he jrpceeded to the river Monangahela, where he diflodpcd captain Trent, who had only 33 men ; and a little farther, he found the conllrudion and traces of the fort, which, on his approach, had h'^en abandoned by the work- men. Here he encamped, and finding the fituaricn fo advantageous for commanding all the country on the Ohic, he ordered the fort to bejnifhed ; and, in honour of the governor of Canada, he called it fort du ^e/ne. In the mean while orders came frofli England to the Governors of the Britifh fettle- menis in / merica, to form a kind of political con- federacy, to which eveiy province was tc contri- bute a quota ; and the governor of New York wis direded to hold an interview with th" chiefs of the fix nations, and to endeavour to bring them off from the f reiiC intereli, his majefty having ordered a coa- ( 6; ) ,754 conficlcrablc fum of money to be laid out in prefents for that purpofc. Though this fchemc of a pdKtical union was the bed meaiure that could be purfued in the prefent fituation of the Britifli iettJements yet It had not the .ffta that was expefted from it. The congrcfs betvyeen the governor of New York and the Indian chiefs of the ?ix nations, which was hdd at Albany. ^ was but thin of Indians ; and though all the Bntifli fcttlemcnts had commiffioncrs there, yet the meeang made but little in.preffion on the favagqs :• however, the Virgi ians rcfolved to cxtTt themfelvcs in procuring the means of defence. They raifcd 300 men, the command of which was gnren to colonel M.aOiington, wko, in the month the Ohio While on his march he was attacked by a French detachment commanded by M.dcjumon- ville whom he totally defeated ; foon after, he was homed by captain Trent : when be came to the great meadows he began to ereft a fort, to which he <.avc [the name o( >■/ MecfJ^.j,, with a propriety adapted • Thrj^ were perfiiaded, however, by force of prefents to r^cw thcr treat,c w.th the Engli/h ; bm the ren^embW of lonariei. The Indians gencraJly form their connexion vith the European, according tothc oflmon they had of the r Iv^e! • >n this .eipecV the French had , rT.t advan.aRcs o"er the FnT/^ by .he. jefuits and pr.efis, who had been tf ^hf 1 he a"tf 'of iS ex>;.l^ - ^1 " *^\^'^"''">'> *«re in this important L 11 n ?^ J"'^'^''"' * ^^'"' ^^«'g>men lent to -Amer.ca i^ fs::^]^:'''''''^ ^'^^ ^*^"-^ ignorance courrt .f;r ■'K. ;' I i' it M i;ii!' :K|h ill' ITS* ( 68 ) as Weil to Its fituation^ as the grcit need there was of K in the prefent circumftauces ; but, before it was AnUhed, Contracxur having received many rein- foicemcnts, detached M. dc Villiers, brother to Jumonville, who was (lain, with 90© regulars and 200 Indians to diflodge colonel Walhington before ke ihould be joined by the forces from New York, for which he was then waiting, and which ought tp have been with him when he began his march. Pe Villiers attacked fort Neceffity on the qd day of luly, and after a fmart fire, which lafted three hours, he, by his great fopenority, obfiged colonei Waflj. ington to furrendcr; but the colonel obtained honou^ble conditions for himfelf and tJie troops. The Euglifli loft about 40 men ; the lofc of Sc irrcnch was never known. It was obferved that Ui^were affifted by a confiderable number of JiMftans, who had long been in the Engliih alHance: «ot a few of them were known to be Delaware^, Shawnefe and Iroquois. Though Wafhington and the Virgimans publiflied a very pompous, 1)ut falfe account ot tbi« aftion, yet it is certain it had a very bad effea upon the Engliih intereft in America. Notwithftandmg the French commander had engag. ed by the capitulation to do all he could to prevent the Enghfh tVom being infultcd by the favages, vet the latter, whofe ideas of other people are always tound to be according to their own power, plunder- M the baggage and attacked the Englifh in their retreat, killing feme and icalping others. Thus did the French remain mafters of the field : the Indians were nvetted in their defeaion, and the frontiers expofed through the ill-timed parfimouy of tjjf provinces, who did not obey their Orders. The ( 69 ) ns* I jeftcmy, on the other hand, wifely improved the Iprefent advantage, and ereded forts to fecure u jtherafclves the quiet poiTeiflon of that fertile country; jHow evident the« waj the neceffity of uniting the Ipower of the Britifli colonies ! The place from Iwhich Wafliington had been driven was undoubtedly [in the BritiOi territory ; and when the true ftatc of [the affair came to be known at London, his majefty inllrufted the earl of Albemarle to reprcfcnt it at the court of Fra^c as a formal breach of the peace j but no iati&faAoiy anfver was obtained. The Englifli miniftry^ howcYcr, were averfe ta- war s- andnotwithftanding the French encroachments ani hollilities, they hoped to fettle all diiputes by aego- tiation. It is true they were at this time in a tickuih • fituation ; Mr. Pelhaoi was lately dead, and fomid how or other a few pcrfons • were taken into the- I adminiftration, who were far from being agreeable^ to the coagulated body which had lately loll us head. It was fome time before the adminiilration were. I fettled J although the majority were againft entering, I into a war, yet the people faw, from the nature ot the French encroachments and hoftilitiesin America,- that the nation was on the eve of one. While the congrefs wa* hdd a^ Albany, governor Shirley, ever jealous of French machinations, pro- ceeded wih I GOO men to the river Kennebec in- • M . Pitt at this time waf pay-raafter of tiie forces, and it was generally, thought that he wa« th« leading man of this party, whole great aim feemed to be to introduce an uniform fyflem into the affairs of government. The changes were, the Duke of Newcaftle firft lord of the treafiiry, Sir Thomas Robinfon- wcretary of ft«», Mr. Legge oiia«ie«Uor of th« e»chec|uer, Mr. ' George Grenville treafurer of the navy, and Mr. Charles Town- «e«d Kommiinoaer of the board of admiralty. New l'*fc ; f u ( i f / »?55 7© ) . i.r 'tM W New England ; and creacd forta, at convenient dif. tanccs, to Ibp the progrefs of the French on that quarter ; to iecure the poiTeffion of that country, which was in great danger from the French at Quebec and Crown Point j and to cffed a folid friendfliip with the caftern Indians. I'he rcmaindei of thji year was chit-fly fpent in repeated reprcfentations to the minillry, relpeding the dangerous fituation of the Englifh colonies ; and the abfolute necefiity of a powerful afliilance from Great Britain, to defeat the ambitious defigns of the French court. Early in the year 1755, the French began to pre. pare aftrong Iquadron, and a number of tranfporti to carry troops to America ; as well to fupport the encroachments thcv had made, as to make larger and more confiderable ones. Notwithttanding theft preparations were atfua/fy making, and the confe- ?uence proved, that this was the view ; yet did the rench miniftry, with the nwft unparrallelied ef- frontery, at this time/o/JV/W; aflcrt, that no prepa. rations were making, and tliat no hollility was in. ti^nded by them agaiiill Great Britain or her depen- dencies. Thefe afluranccs were generaJly commu- meated to the Britilh miniftry by the uuke of Mire- ^oix, the I^renchambaflador, who was himfelf fo tar impofed upon, that he believed them to be fin. cere, and did all in his? power to prevent a rupture between the two nations. The preparations, how- ever, became fo notorious, that they could be no longer coiicealed, and Mirtpoix was upbraided at ijt. James's with bein^ infincere, and the proofs of Jiis court's double dealing was laid before him. Heap- peared to be ftruck with them, and complained bit- terly of his being impofed upon; he went in perfoh over over to Franc |[or having m; [0 their king, \ji{]\ frclh ai ifcarcely deliv 7ence came, (ochcfort wai land forces c ^as begun uj )f England, |l:indn)cn,till, llhips for the Ifhips of the li linen on board Icawen, and 1 jthis time it w [confilted of 1 ■frigates and t ihlce ll:orcs, ai (land forces, u, Jtrom fireft uni I intelligence a( I force £ofcaw( frigate, and ; put into comn Macnaiaara fa of his capital I under the conn When the r I from Breft w grew extremel uiider Bofcaw {doubtediy owi "m]i *i ( 71 ) 1755: nver to France, where he reproached the miniltry lor having made him their tool. They referred him b their king, who ordered him to return to England" With Frclh a(rurank:cs of friendihip ; but he had Ifcarcely delivered them, when undoubted intelli- '^ence came, that a French geet fj-om Breft and. (ochcfort was ready to fail, wiiii a great number of bnd forces on board. Upon this » very hot prefs ^as begun upon the river, and in all the out-ports )fl!:ngland> and continued both for feamen and Ikndnicn, till, bcfides the ordinary cruizers and ^uard- Ijhips for the defence of the Englifh coaft, eleven l/hipsof the line, with one frigate, with about 6000 Imen on board, were fitted out under admiral Bof- Icawen, and failed on the 23d of April. But by Ithis time it was known, that the French fleet, which [confiltcd of twenty-five fhips of the line,, befidea frigates and tranfports, with a vaft number; of war- iHkeftores, and between three and four thoufand [land forces, under baron Diefkau, were ready to fail jirom Breft under admiral Macnamara. Upon this [intelligence admiral Hoi bourn was ordered to rein- [force Bofcawen with fix fhips of the line and one- frigate, and a great number of capital fhips were put into commiifion. It was the 6th of May before Macnaiaara failed; but he foon returned with nine of his capital fhips, and fuiFered the reft to proceed I under tlie command of M. Blois de la Mothe. When the news of fo ftrong a fquadi-on failing I from Breft was confirmed, the people of England grew extremely uneaiy for the fate of the fquadrons under Bofcawen and Holbournej and it was un- doubtedly owing to tJic unaccountable bad manage- ment i^f 1 -Ki p Hi; I 1 ' y 1 ' i ^ 1. iy$5' ( 72 ) iiient of the French, that one or both of thofe fqua. I cJrons w^re not deftroyed. ' While all Europe vvas in fufpence about the fate at the Enghih and French fquadrons, the prepa i xations for a vigorous Tea war were going forward m Eri^lana with an unparalleiled fpirit and fuccefs Notwithftandipg this the French court Hill flattered itfelf, that Great Britain would, out of tendernef, ' Jfcr his majcfty 5 German dominions, defift from hof. tUities. Mirepoix continued to aft with great fin- cerity, and had frequent conferences with theBritiih raimftryr, who made no fecret, that their admirals. Bofcawen in particular, had orders to fall upon the French fliips wherever thty could meet with theo. Upon this Mirepoix made a formal declaration, in the name of his mailer, that the firft gun that was fired m hoftility fhould kindle all Europe into a war . This evidently ihews the defigns of the French ; f*rJIf ^=^'«n of public affairs requiring his majcfty tow Wl the F encJi might either infw.upt him in hii iour«ey. or we ^nth« return The eari of Pa.let made a motion^ Lho^l «f peers agamft h.s majefty leaving the kmg^om at thi, juXe tS li>.r '^•;°"'yj<>'o the block- Ihoule. But our troop, attaclced the breaft-work kvithfuch fpirtt. thatjn an hour', time theenemywcre ^bhged to fly. and leave them in poffeflion of the fc T?- ! whereupon the garrilon i„ the block! ^oa(e delerted «, and left the paffage of the river H' /™™''"« oxr little army marched ai.d at- [tacked the French fort, called Beau Sejour on Z Slid ettert that the gamfon thought fit to capitulate »n the .6.h; they had z6 pieces of cannon mS and plenty of ammunition in the fort. The te ms hey obtained were, for the regulars to be carried^ JLomlbourg, but not to bear^ arms in America for Ifix months, and the French inhabitants to be olr fconed, as they had been forced into thefe^ice '^' m fort colonel Monckton gave the nameTf Cum- h i '' »?''r«d»y I'e attacked and reduced the fctkr f rench fort upon the river Gafpereaurwhich runs mto Bay Verte, where he likewife found a We quantity 01 provifions and ftores of all kinds S d evlv thlr.K'^'ri' *"";? '""''' '•mn.unition! aim every thing they had occafion for. The colonel knded next to have gone to reduce the tZl fort at the mouth of the river St Inl,„ if f^J place, after demohlh,n|, as far as they had timf all tf.e works they had raifed there. In [his whoTe eJ pedition we had but about to men k Ld 1/f avTscor-'- I'^'I-r' ' folid^anStyl™ foNovaSeotu; the difpute concernmg whfch hS been ' 1 f i 1 1 '■ } I '. ,*i •7SS ( 80) ti' i; f been one of the firft points of difference ; and wJ the country \v here hoftiliiies had been hril committedj - The third objeft was wa . xpedition to CroJ Point, entrufted to the est *> cf general Johnfon, noil fir William johiilbn ». A confiderable body J troops were raifed Ly the northern provinces, &A with them he fet out on his enterprize. About tliel latter end of Auguft he arrived at the fouth endofl lake George. He had no fooner uiuucd iiis caapl here, than fome of his Indians, who had bcenfcii| out as fcouts, brought him the following advices; that they had difcovered a party of French and ]J dians at Ticonderoga, fituate on the ifthmus betwecj the north end of Lake George and the fouthern paJ of Lake Champlain, 15 miles on this fide Crowi] Point ; but that no works were thrown up, Ttl have fecured this pafs, which commanded the roattl * Sir William Johnfon, bart. was born in Ireland, and gl nephew of the late fir Peter Wanen. His uncle, while eaptail •f a twenty gun fliip of war, ftationed aa New York, marwil a Jady, a native of that city. Soon after he purchafed laJ trafts of land in that colony, and fent to li eland for nephew, then about feventeen or eighteen years of age, wL he put ia pofleflion of a confidcrablt part of it, lyi^gcontiguv to the Mohawk country. There he karned the Mohawk la™ guage ; yet when he appears at their folemnitieS; to treat widl them on behalf of his king, they confider him as an lingliU man, ignorant of their language; converfing all along by anii terprefer. By a conftant r6(Tdence there, and by purfuing, wid indefatigable induftry, every prudenr meafin-e that occurred, 1 has many years fince improved wild woody lands into plemifi rich farms J thereby has had the pleafureof liv ng in a n»i» bourhocd of wealthy fatmers and induftrious tradcfmen, all! own tenants i who were fii ft invited thither by him, and f« th« loweft circunrfhntt?, ha^c arrived to what thv- are, by 1 liberality of his purfe and the wifdom of his inftrutuons. ( 8i ) to Crewn Point through the lake UA u of Its imporiance. on the oved viJlorious, to il(T,T ""="' ' «"d if he p""^. % the town, of A banv"'"; ■\^'"" '""*- JaOies, and cut off all /, '^ •*"'' ^<^''<^n' 'lady ho For the <^.cu1 onTthl:";'?" ^^"^ O'" f^^ed at Crown Poin " frh ^"^^n. he cm. '^-^..«dedatthrci''B4?:br,r.'''^ ^ ! , •'! I ' 'S$ i 82 ) §• Jli from the Englifli camp. By an Engllfli prifoner the baron was told, that general Johnlon's camp, near fort Kdward, at tlie Luke, when he left it a few days before, y^as without lines, anddtftitute of can. non. Having approached within two miles of fort Edward, he opened his dcfign to his troops, con- fifting of 600 militia, as many Indians, and 200 re- gulars. To animate his irregulars, who feemedl d fmclim?d to the attack propofed, he afllirefl rhem, that inevitable mull be tJicir fucccfs— " that on re- 1 ♦* ducing this fort, the EngliHi camp mull necef. ** farily be abandoned, and their army difperfe in ** great cifcrder — that this would enable tnem to *' iubdue Albany ; and by ftarving the garrifonof *< Ofwcfjo, fuperadd to their conquefl: the abfolutjj «* dominion of Ontario." With whatever intre- pidity this harangue infpired his European troops,! the Canadians and favagcs, fearful of our cannon, were utterly averfe to the fcheme ; but declared their willingnefs to furprize our camp, where thej expeOed notiiing beyond mufquetry. Thus difap- pointed in his principal defign, he changed his route, and began to move againft the main body atl the Lake. General Johnfon, on the informationl of his fcouts, had difpatched feparate mefiengers tol fort Edward, will', advice of the enemy's approacil towards that garrifon ; of which one was unfortu-l nately intercepted : the reft who got back reported, that they had defcried the enemy about four miles tol the northward of the fort. Next morning it waji reiblved to detach 1000 men, with fome Indians, tol fall upon the enemy in their retreat. On this fervi«| commanded colonel Williams, a brave otficcr, whoi met the baron within four miles of our carnp.| About an hour after colonel William's depaiturc, ( h ) ? '""'7 iire was heard : wh.VI, „,M , ''^^ '"?. general Johnfon judTed ri?l,t"''{ W^^ch- e regular triors nade 1 '"?'^-^™''^' '^hen '" tack, while the'^CanaLn, f r,''?."'^ ^^'"'^^ «- " and difperfed on our fltks » rf 'f', '"'^"^"'■d baron's capital error : for amid/* f^ .' "'"'""^ « 'he camp, had he clofeJv fo^I^ " '""'^^^atioa ment he had eafily fo ced'^^he rT'^ "^ "l" ''""^l'- complete viaorv R,., iT ■ ""^'' =>"<' ffained a ^Piatoon fire'with I t ter '"° ''^ '"°^«"i-' "« men recovered thei fplrft" X'T''"^ *«""«. Jlery began to play, DjeH ' 1 1 k- '"'"' ^' «"« ar- hemfclv« totallydrfened b" he ''•^. 'i'^S"'^" found ^■h^ali (kulked into the fl7 ""'«iaand C-ivages ^•>»in.ained a feat red fr^tn?;; "^ '? '^^". S ^'"^.. with va«able aK° •"■"''■'' '"°^ '"°™'' «avmgnowno command of I "« *'"'^"«'"^- ;«^P' Ws i.andfuroT"etut?^,r;'°^''""n'y. 'roper to retire ; which feTf ^^ ''^'■°" "-ough 'dc-r. A party from the 'mn fn '"I ^'''' ^'^■ poa his rear, difperfed /■!. ^- '?"°»'^d Wm, fd] -^^bei'ng K:ff'trd:d"Tn^ [h 'T" ^''-' rec CCf Mr, 4; 1 } 1 ! 1, 1 ;"> / ill, I) I I . '1? ■ i'Hi'., ( ' Mi'il »7SS (84) fufpe£ting him in fearch Tender it, one of our men, . „ _ of a piftol, poured a charge thro* his hips Upon his retreat, the militia and Indians retired in Imall parties : and as the Englifti negleded to continue the purfuit, they halted about four miles frum the amp, at the very place where the engagement happened in the morning. Opening their pacb for refielhment, they here entered into confultation, refpeding a fecond attack. Why the enemy was not purfued, when their reireat became general, no tolerable reafon has ever yet been affigned ; and Mr. Johnfon, in his letter, leems to evade it. No King however could be more fortinate than the gallant be. I haviour of a party confifting of 4bout 200, led by captain M'Ginnes, who had been detached irom fort Edward, to the uliiftance of the main body. They fell upon the French in the evening, put aA j end to their confultations, and gave them a lOialj overthrow. M'Ginnels died of the wounds he re- ceived in this rencoun-er, having fignalized himfelf by a fpirit and conduced that would have done honour to a more experienced officer. Mr. Wraxal, in his lettr '^ to the lieotenanl governor of New York, told him, he flood fo near general Johnfon, whenl the latter received a wound, that «* he thought he " faw the ball enter :'* which curious piece 01 intel- ligence was obliterated before its publication. The Indians, during the whole of the engagement, fome of the Mohawks only excepted, retired from thel camp, uaiting the event of the conflict af a conveni- ent difiance. Nor indeed was their afiiftance ex- pefted, by thofe who knew that they had declared before their march, they intended not to engage,| but to be witnefTcs of the gallantry of our troops Aiid had DieJtau won the' day, equally ready ' ( 8s) U ^755 *ey been to fcalp their brethren the Fr„l-n, alterwurds appeared to -xercifeXi; h ^ i ! ^' '""^ on the French As to the m IL u'^J"' ''=««" T at lean double th. '„ uml^rof 'tU &'f "7' baron Diefltau, f.„ he dejlared rLl I .""^" momms but 200 grenadSi L r ^ •*"" 70-; Incians of diiFerent S. . j'^f ''<''^»' '^^ from whence we are an, to "h:7''".''"5°™"'^nd. William,, with -he deach»e„t„h "l?' ''^ "'°"^J in Che morning, had briftTv','^".''",=0"'n,and. iiftead of Ryi^: frZ,TJl7 !Tti '.''^ *"""/• «ake his attLk^he" hev 4re1„''?„^ "'?" '"^ "> they could not outiiank 7r C„"d hTm ^1,°,' "'^ J^^^groundwh^eh^^r'^r&l^^^^^^^^^^ bo.h flanksland b^ngThtt Sw« X ■ "' "^^^ tliey were obliged 10 reirear i„ I '''"bers, , ra,her ,0 fly towards^he c7mJ '^r*' '^'''"^^'' "^ their lofe wouldhave ten t^ ^'^*' '°'"' ' ^"^ d«achmentof ?oomen h ™'"''g'•«'^^ haJ not a : jnder li :uten1n'°core^Jo"rX '"" '".^ """P' , «»P to he enemy's purfui, b'o^r. . "'■'^ P" * oJiiis frici.ds. NevertheeKK r^ '" '"'''« conMerabie ; for colonel wll-"^ '°'^. "•" ^^0^ .«x captains/ feveraltbJn^a'd a""'^™ ^*''^' private men, were killed • an, 'thtf J^ o^eu raa„y tliat thev loft np=.r *'"' '"^ ^"dians tL-ckoaod !^i l!l,Tr (III M- w »755 ( 86 This was almcft the only lofs our people that day fui.ainetl, for in the attack upon iheir camp, they Ldd few either killed or wounded, and not any of ciiilinaion, b.it colonel Titconib, killed, and the general himfclf and major Nichols wounded. On the ohcr hand, the enemy's lols mult have been very ccnfiderable, as they obilinafely continued their airack upon the camp : baron Diefkau reckoned it at looo men, but cur men could not reckon by the dead bodies they found above (; or 600 killed, and about 30 made priibners. Whatever their lofs was, it was almoft wiioUy in the vain attack they made upoi\the camp; for they fuifered very little' by .he purfuit, as our gjeneral fent out no detachment for that purpofe, for which he was much blamed : Pro- bably the ill fate of the detachment he founadvifedly ff^nt out in the morning, mad**, him too cautious of iendmg out one in the evening ; but there was a great difference between fending out a detachmen'^ to meet an approaching enemy, and fending out one to purfue a flying enem . Although the enemy had been thus repulled and defeated in their defigns, yet it was now judged too late in the year to attack Crown Poin', as in that cafe ir would Iiave been ncceilary to build a llrong fort, at the place where the camp then was, in order to fecure their commu- nication with Albany, which was the only pla^s £rom whence they could expect any reinforcement, or any frelh fupply of ammunition or provifions; theretbre, foon at.er this engagement, the army let cut upon its return, having iirft ereded a little ftockaded fort, at the end of Lake George, in which they left a fmall garrifon, as a future prey for the enemy, which might eafily have been toreieen, as Uiis whole urmyy being country militia, was to diA perie I t ^ m ^ troo.s under his comn n/l ^^''^ provmaal vivmff the fpirits of rhn ^^„ ' , .' t.^cv pt re- created a baroner ,„,! , ''"■i'>"««ls, bemij a uaronef, ana rewarded with r,~„ - ; • parliament: ior the French h-d 'H 11 , ? ' °^ the frontiers of all he iTJm ■ f^^'^n'-ge : to their incurfions. ^ P™"""" '^^ "Ad land fo ^»Ml wLe T/p/c^-r'*''™^"""''' .before the endof,^!l„ • ^''* ""'"«' '''^t icbantmen and 8000 oittfTl 5°° ^'^"''' ">"- i:^toEngliihport°°° °' "'^"- '^lor. were brought ii"/"h* E^^ftt^'G ''""'' -'■°'ve'l"POn draw- fvertthoirS,t;oTf™r;Zrica''^'"i;'^T''^ ^° fo.T.e of the princes of the iZi^e\. 2 ^'^.^^'^'"1^ particularly fhe elefto/ of rT ^"' "'^"'''^• to their ereclWm'.^l • ^'°^"''' ""'° confented .his ftep S';h^lTZl ;^ ''" ^°«"try. From French intended to aftackH""^ P"^"''<^ "-at the began to provide for X .^*''?'''''' J. "P"" «''=i'^i' ^e 1.. June he entered Lo,?l!r';^ °^'^'' '^'^°''''^- hUc.fTeffeS/:tr-f[.wit^ gag=d to furnifh 12000 men fc. fc ''""ce e„_ "^ , from «v W- ',:: i M 1755 ( 88 ) from the court of Vienna the auxiliaries of ftipolated to him by treaty: but they were refufed upon the pretence that thedifpute between England and France concerned y^merica only, and therefore it was noti^ cafe of the alliance. Before his majefty left Germariy he laid the fotiii' dation for a fabfidiary treaty .with Ruflia, but it waj not figned till the lail day of September, at Keii. fington. The Ruffian princefs agreed to furjiift 5^,000 men, and forty or fifty gallieg, in cafe, ai the fifth article faid, his Britannic majefty's domi- rions in Germany, fliould be attacked on account I'f the diTputes concerning his kingdoms, in confi- deration of his paying her 500,000!. per annum for four years. The feventh article contained thefe re. markable words, which were direftly levelled as a menace againll the king of Prufiia, and added a confiderable qucntity ot fuel to the flame already begun to be kindled up in the empire; " Confider- ing the proximity of the countries, wherein the di- ▼erfion in quellion will probably be made, and the facility her troops will probably have of fubhfting immediately in an enemy's country. She takes up- on herfelf alone, during fuch a diveriion, the fub-j iflance and treatment ot the faid troops by fea and land." And by the eleventh article it was ftipula- ted, the Ruffian troops fhould have all the plu-nder they took from the enemy. The king of PruiTia, by fome means, in a fhort time procured a copy of this treaty, and in 1 momen*. gueffing at the motives which fet it on foot, he folcmnly and boldly decla- red, he would oppofe with his utmoft force the jiiarch of al) foreign troops into the empire. France, who was at this time preparing to invade the ele rate of iiajiovcr, heatd this declaration with aftoiiifh- ( 89 } I75S aftoniAment. She fent to Berlin the duke de himnois to perfuade the king of Pruffia to retraa from h.s declaration : the manner in wh hTh[s^ baiTador was received at R^..i;« r '^"*'^" ^'"^ am- intention in tuTJ' "^"' ^^^"'^^ ^^ denote an attention m the king to agree to his propofaJs • no body knew whether the French inH P.^S nnf Vnrm;«^ o J r "^ "^'^^"^n and rruifians were not forming a defign to enter Hanover together T England now refolved to defend it. She wSed S^iS t^7h: ts'irc^' T^^^4^ Ruffianc »;uK^ ^ convinced tnat the Kuiians who were to march through Po and and make a diverfion in order tn fir^A ^ V"^"^' ^J}^ the kina of Prn/r . L ""^ employment for ne king of Pruffia at home, would be inelFeaual • San^tlHo^^^ rpff.iir<-pu,l,;^i,<-^ . „ . : """. Thus the on y S led ,„ J^ Great-Bntain had to defend Hanover. laiied, ana confirmed a ( Fm^^^^ • • • '*'» England is not ab^fo d^fendTat diilaT"'" '""' She had now nothing to do but IL k °"''''^- with Rniha o« 1 u ^ 2- "' renounce her treaty tR ?> "f "^^ '° " '" parliamenTj even fome o£ *ch can;e overfrt Rl^Ulfl'^aTrS h^en approved b. parliament; becaufe ,Stt p' yu «««eaayfi.a«(ervice; »«i(h«r did they S apprehend i Si. I f ^ i#l lly m^l^i r;M ^755 ( 90 ) apprehend it was confiftent with the aft of Tettle- ment. The parliament met in November, when it ap. peaiied that there were a flrange jumble of parties in both houfes, as well as in the miniftry. The king ordered the two late treaties to be laid before them ; Mi . Pitt, and his adherents, declared againft the continental fyftem ; Mr, Legge, chancellor of the Exchequer, declared upon the fame caufc, and was therefore fucceeded in his employments by Sir George Littleton. The honourable Charles Town- fhend, and many others of fuperior rank, appeared on the fame fide of the queftion ; Sir Thomas Robin- fon, who had btf u fecretary of Hate fome time, a well meaning man, and a particular favourite witli the king, was oppofcd by the whole weight and in- terellof Mr. Pitt, paymaiter- general, and Mr. Fox, fecretary at war. It was generally believed that the publick bufinefs could not go on, if another fecre- tary was not appointed ; becaufe Mr. Pitt and Mr. Fox, though they agreed in nothing elfc, they united in oppofmg his meaiures ; their abilitier though of oppofite kinds, were univerfally acknowledged to be great, and by their fuperior influence in the houfe of commons, they had feveral times oppofed Sir Thomas with fuccefs. Jt is a thing extremely un- common in England, efpecially in thefe modern days, to fee two gentlemen, who hold confiderable places under the government, oppofing upon every cccafion, a fecretary of ftate, who was fnppofed to know and to fpeak the fentiments of his mailer. Sir Thomas, being fenfible of their fuperior intereft in parliament, prudently refigned on the loth of November, and the king afterwards gave the feals of his office to Mr. Fox, and lord Harrington fuc- ceeded (91 ) 1756 ceeded Mr, Fox as fecretary at war. The popular party, vyhich we may call tiiQ oppoiition being thus excluded, it laid the foundation of that confufioii which marked the following year. Thouah tliefe alterations were made, yet the treaties wS-c very far from meeting with the unanimous approbation of both houfes, though at length they were ap- ' proved by the majority. The houfe next provi- ded for the fervice of the enfuing vear; they voted ioo,GCol. as a fubfidy to the emprefs of Ruifia • 54,1401. to the landgrave of HefTo; and ioo,ool. to the eledor of Bavaria, after feveral iharp debates. As the nunillry were afraid of a vifit from the i^ePch, the army was augmented with ten new regiments of foot, and eleven troops of light dragoons ; 50,000 leamen, including 900 ) marines, were voted, be- fides above 34, 00 foldiers, which, with other ex- pences and deiiciences in the lail year, Iwelled the iiipplies to the fum of 7,229,1 1 7 1. The bug-bear fears of an invafjon enaro/fed all the attention of the miniilry they were confounded by the ilratagems of the French \vho marched a body ot troops along their fea coalls at the latter end of the r.M^^5' and early in the year 17,-5, and gave out that they intended to invade Great Britain. A^ the iame time^ they equipped a fleet at Toulon for tbe conqueft ot the ifle of Minorca. The a,am appear- ance ol the firfUfforded them opportunity to execute I'hfP y^J^^eBritiih agents, refidcnts, confuls, ambafladors, &c. at different places bordering on t-le Meaiteranean, fent time after time repea^^d ad- vices to the miniilry, from Auguft, 1755 CO April ;7y^, that there was a grand armament equipping- at Toulon, confifting of 12 or 15 ihips of the line with a great number of tranfports to carry a very confide- rable ' I 1 /j r I fi: 4i** |! 1/5^ ( 92 ) rable body of troops, who were encamped In the neighbourhood ; and the fquadron being viftualled for only a Ihort time, and tVom many other circuir- Itances and authentic letters of advice, could be deflined for no other place but Minorca*. Not- withftanding * Hatirg ohtained copies of the jnoft ftriking patticuJais of this fecret and previous information, we fliall prefent them to the public, who may from hence judge with clearnefs and ccr- tainty_y to whofc negligence the lofs of Minorca ought to have been attributed. Frcm Carthagena conful Banks, in his letters of the 10th •nda^th of Auguft, 1755, wf'tes, •* Mafters of French vef- *• fels from Toulon report, that there are in that port 26 men *• of war of the hne, via. eighteen new (hips, buil«; fince the *• peace, and e ght old ones, which are all fitting for the fea j *• ailo twelve frigates, with a great many fmaller veffels, which «« are in like manner fitting out j befides fix ftiips of the line on " the flocks, fomeof which are ready for launching} that he " had received intelligence of I c hattalions of foldicrs march- *• ing into Roufillon with great diligence j and that thefe trcopj •» were deftined againft Minorca, to be traniported thither in ** metchant (hips now at Marfeilles, and to be convoyed b) all *' the men of war in the port of Toulon." Sir Benjamin Keene, cur minifler at Madrid, on the ift of September tiaufmit ted to lir Thomas Robinfoii an auth«ntic lift •f the fie«t at Toulon. Conful Birtles wrote frcm Nice, of J b. 26, X756, *' that •• he had been told by fome, who had the beft intelligence from " France, that by letters received three days belore, fixty bat- •' talions >fcere ordered to marcb into Provence, to be com- '< mandcd by the duke de Richlieu j that between fixty and f«. •« vtnty vefiels had been embargoed for tranfports j that they " continued to fend to Toulon all failors as fafl^ as they arrived •* in other ports j and that the five frigates, thea in the roa^, •< were viftualled for thirc months." Though the FrtncM affefted to talk of, and to threaten u$ with an invafioij, to be headed by the pretender, and fchemed a;id condudled b)f the dyke 4c BcUcifle. " AU perfess of judg- ing, " that he ( 93 ) IJIS6 withflaniing information upon information, not- withllanding ^he importance of the Britifli com- mcrce " ment (tays an intelligent corrcfpondent with lord HoJdernefs*$ " office, dated Jan. 21, 17,6) " agreed, that it was attended " with infuperable difficuties, and was only inttndtd to alarm « tnddijlreft us.'' At this time there was neither the power nor the means, nor indeed the appearance of an embarkation fifficient to alarm England with aa invafion j yet by the difpo- fition of our fleets at this time, it appeared, that the miniftry provided againft the equipments made by the French in 'he p«rt8 otthe ocean, and did nothing for the fecurity of Minorca, Other intelligence in the fame office (dated fo early as Decembsr 4 and 13, 1755) allow, that lome propofals for an invafion bad been made, and even fay, that the pretender had been at Fountainblc u tncng, but then ad(' . " that thofe propofals had been aJl rejedted j becaufe, in rhe firft place, it was impoflible to collea a fufficient number of tranfports in any one or twa ports J the Bveft fleet was in no condition to put to fea j and fliouldit pretend to convoy thrm, there was the greateft proba- bility of falling in with the EngJi/h, either go ng or returning 1 m which cafe the fleet might be ruintd, the defijin fruftrated and the whole trade of France expofed : thereioie all talk of an invafion was only intended to alarm and dijirefsr Another letter in lord Holcler;.efs's office, dated Dec. 10, 1755, fays, «« tha& « France had no oiber view in all th s taan to gain time: that - «* there were no difpofitions on the co»ft of the Briti/h channel " for an embarkation." Alter readint a great number of other letters of the fame kind all concurring in the fame advices, ir will puzzle thexleareft head* to find any foundation tor the minifterial park, continually dream- ing of, and alarming the people with, the dread ot an invafion j Mcc,u K was tbtpr (tender's bting n.entior.ed in one or two of thofe letters Is it not extraordinary, that his majefty was advifed to fend » jneflageto the houfe of lords on the %y\ of February, fignify- ing, ♦< that he had received repeated advices irom different " pUcesand pe.fcas, that a dcfign had been lormed by the " French court to make an hoftiie invafion upon Great Britain " oUreiandi and that the great piepaxatitfns of land lorces, « Aifs/ < <<• -fi »75* ( 94 ) mercc in the Mediterranean, and notwithflandinff die remonftranccs of general BJakeneyj deputy- go- veriior «« fliipS artillery, »inl warlike ftoiM, ueir then notorioiifly *' nuikiiH' in the ports of Fr.tnte oppofite to the Briti/h coaHs, " Icit little- room to doubt of the reality of fuch a dcfign j that «« he had not only uiigmcntcd his forces by fca and land, to put *' his kingdom into a pofhire of defence ; but that he had or- ** dcied tranlports to br;ng over a body of Htlhan iroopi, in «' «u!.r further to nrcn^t Hon himfclfj" without iaki;;g no'ticc " ot the advices concerning the holtilc invafu^n of Miiioica, re- pcatcd wiih abfoliite certainty, and fiom pirlons o umloiibti 'cie. dit, or of any nieafures taking by his nniniflry Ar its defence. Wc will now tuin to fonie advicr-s iclativc to the Funchde- £^nfi on Minorca: Captain Edijccombe wrote ftom Le^-hoin to rhe lords of the admiralty, who received his letter on the ;4fh of February 1756, that the French in eatneft were littini; out a fleet at Toulon, and that it was thought to be intended\o furprizc Mi- norca. Conful Pirtlcs wrote from Genoa, that the French at Toulon weie equippinjc a Iquadron, which would be .cacy by the miJdle of Match, and that it was intended againft Minorca, ihis letter was received on thetid of March, 1756. On the 2d of February Mr. Viilpties wrote from Bern, that «» orders were pubiifhcd everywhere, by found of trumpet, for *< failors to repair to Toulon, even upon the coalh of Rouilllon «' and Langucdor." Captain Harvey, of the Phcenix, at M..hon, in his letter dated Ftb. 7, and received March 6, to the admiraitv, acquaints their lordftips, that 25,000 French were quarteied on the coaft of Provence ; that twelve n.en of war would be ready within the month to fail from Toulon with five frigattsj and that it was publickly talked, and believed in France and other parts, that niGJi catdinly an embarkation was intended againft Mi- norca. Conful Dick, at Leghorn, on the 16th of February, fent ad- vice of 50 or 60 tranfports being taken up for the tioops in Pro- vence, and concludes, '< the motions of the French tlueaten *' iiome dangerous catcrprize." Lord ( 95 ) 1756 vernnr of Minorca, rcprel^ ung the wrafcnefs of the , mlon ,n St. PhiPv calUc? yet did the mJy __ eave Lord Hriflol wrote from Tuun or, the 2,ftof Pcbn/.-^ rSt pc.cd orders ha^ been ' .t to Tn«|o , tc luitcn tJu LI„ I chey »-^ o.,er. to n.^'*;; ^^ r: 3r'"'t:L^ T't-' noKa ; tl.at it was the opinion of tl.- ml .nrdl Inr ^'* that they would he ready 1« p„c to (r. aTout h< v ' "'''j A,..l 'i-h.s letter was'receLd onZ tZ M^r"'' ^^ bir liojimin Keene, by Icrter to Mr F.,x a1^. i v l " from Toulon." J "' »2 capital 1/iip. ready 10 fail General B]aken^v himfdf was fo convinced of the fmtf. f ;; rcafon to beheve the F^ h^rnV^v r^^c'r^; 1" r^^ 1.^" leillesand Barcelona, and founded upon an order for rr \ "men to march .mmed.ateiy to the L coaft of Provence '• This letter was received March 6 ''rovence. the'^tw/'^^rS-' T',' '•''''''''''" '^"^'"^'^ ^''^ ^^"y quarter in ' the mo'> eflenttal pomt, by a great number of other letJers a^ti;;:h:rh;r:'oVre;"'^'^^"^' ^^^^^^^^^'-^ ---* rent parts "' *' ""'"^ °'^^" P*^'^°"^ i'"' "itte- th^Brif^"-" A °^/." '*^" '"**^"'8«" - ^« will now fee what I Lr 5. k"""'^'"^-'''^; '^^^y ^^"''^ ^t be ignorant of the I rf'ftrefs Mahon was in, for want of a fufficient Earrifon m L 'arS^S -d the danger of its faliingTp^eTtot'po'S '^C Vl aS '"^"^ from'fuTan Mar^h forten Sr^ i°",^ procure an order on the 8th of -«n, tor ten ftjps of the Jinc to hold themfelves in /eadiaefs * ior ! f i' 1. ' wmm. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // « u. ^ fA 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■- IIIM 1.4 M 2.0 1.6 Phctographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^1? \^^ iV A \ ^^ f rench tropps had aduaUy made a deiccnt on xh» ifland of Minorqa; that there w^w aFtench fouadr©^ «f thirteen ftups of the Jinc. commanded by M. de laGaliiSone^, cruizing off the i^and ; and that hi; iiaa been obliged to retire on iheir approach. Th« jidmiral, agreeable to his inilruaioiis, demanded of lieutenant general Fowke, the lieutenant governor 01 (Gibraltar, a detachment from his garriil^i, equal to a battalion ; upon which the governiar called a council of war to deliberate on two fuccelfive or- ders, which he had received from lord Barri gtoa, the fecretary at war, which appeared to Ijim inconV Mentand equivocal; the majurity were of opinion, that no troops ought to be put on bo.ard the fleet, except a detachment to fupply the deficiency in the Utle fquadron of captain Edgecumbe, who ha4 /r/.""'?^^^^^ ^" men with captain Scroope ta aMin the defence of fort St. Philip. MrJBynfl hndingthat watering and cleaning here would U attended with delay and difficulty, refolyed \n thq mean / ^r 1756 ( 98 ) mean tinje to communicate all thefe pieces of intel- ligence to the lords of the admiralty, which accord- mgly he did in the following letter ; but, unfortu- / natcJy for'hini, it proved his ruin. Kamillies, in Gibraltar-Bay, May 4, i^cS, JThis corner to you hy exprefs from hence hy the 'v.'ay of Madnd, recommended to Sir Be::jamin Keene, his mL jeftfs minijier at that place, to be fornuarded 'with the utmofi expedition I arrived here 'with the fquadron undtrmy command^ the idinfiant in the afternoon, after a tedious pajfagt of twentj'/even days, occaftoned by contrary njoinds and cams, and ^'wmer,^uh,heut».f,difpatch, and p2 let t 'Pf'tm'ty flip of faiUng from hence. « Herewith I fnd you incUfed a copy of f,,ch papers as Uve ie.n delivered me, which I Sought necejL Z •■bur lordjhips injpeaion. lam, SIR, ■"^ ■f Your mojl humble Servant, Hon. J „ c d, Efq; -f' ^' Jv5niinT,'KT.K"'*'''"^'"'*PP^^'^«<'' ''being not convement tha the people ihould know th£ he Jready found his arrival too late and hh force tl "^ak, t\^t his Jhips were foul or his /lores Zr or ZoZlu ■^°' -'^^ ""certain inrelligencc by M oraculous anaapauon of cowardice, and a report iligently fpread that he would notf^ht ^ ^ r- V a* f : r7'\ ■ < H , TfB g ^ ^ 'M It ^ 4 ilV'. 1 H m ;, !• • i 1 ' 1 k"' iitoi, III Hli" lUifl Bliat 41 ■■II i TT iWr 1 >■ '^"*' 1 Pi 1'' i'|! 1 I iii'ii ' r'" t756 ( 100 ) On the 8tk of Ma)r admiral Byng left Gibrakr > ©ff M^yorca he was joined by captain Hervey. On the I9ih he arrived within ftght of Mahon, and feeing Englilh colours ftill flying on St. Philip*i caftle, and feveral bomb batteries playing upon it from different quarters where the French banners were di^pbycd, he detached capt Harvey to the iarbours mo»th to land a letter for general Blakeney, informing Km that the fleet was come to his affili- gnce : but before this attempt could be made the French fleet appeared to the fouth eaft ; upon whick be recalled captain Hervey, and fome frigates which fiad been fent out to reconnoitre, and formed the Une ©f battle. About fix o'clodc in the evenmg the enemy, to the number of feventeen (hips, thirteen of which appeared to be very large, advanced ia wder ; but about feven tacked, with a view to gaia the weather- gage. Mr. Byng, in order to prcfervc Ihat advantage, as well as to make furc of the laB4- wind in tiie morning, fohort^ed their example, feci ig then about five leagues from Cape Mola. At day-light, (May 20) the enemy could «iot be defcried ; but two tartanes appearing clofe to the rear of the Englilh fquadron, they were immediately chached by fignal. One efcaped ; and the other being taken, was found to have on boaj»d two French cap tarns, t*vo lieutenants, and about one hundred private foldiers, part of fix hundred who had been feut out in tartanes the preceding da/, to reinforce the enemy's fquadron. i 'as looa re-appearing, the Une of batc.e was formed on each tide ; and about two o'clock aumiral Byng threw out a fignal to bear away two points from the wind, and C; gage. At this time his diftance frorti the enemy was 16 great, that rear-admirul Weft, perceiving it impoflible to comply with both orders, bore away with his divi- '^ fioa (on ) 1756 fion (even points from the wind, and, clofing down upon the enemy, attacked the«i with (ndi impetus olity, that the Ihips which oppofed him were in a little time driven out of* the Unc. Had he been properly fuftained by the van, in all probability the Britifti fleet would have obtained a complete viftory : but the oher divilion did not bear down, and the enemy's centre keeping their ftation, rear- admiral VVeft could not purl uefis advantage without running the rifque of feeing his communication with tiie reil of the line entirely cut off. In the beginning of the aAion the Intrepid, in Mr. Byng's divifion, was fo diiablcd in her rigging, that Ihe could not be managed, and drove on the Ihip that was next in pofition : a circumltance whioh obligt d fever al others to throw all a- back, in order to avoid confufiori, and for fome time retarded the action* Ceruin ic is, that Mr. Byng, though accommodated mth a noble Ihip of ninety guns, made little or no ufeof his artillery ; but kept aloof, either from an overilrained obfervance of difciplinc, or timidity^ When his captain exhorted him to bear down upon the enemy, he very cooly replied, that he would avoid the error ot admiral Matthews, who, in his en-» gagemrit with the French and Spanifli fquadronsoflT Toab. during the preceding war, had broke the line by his own precipitation, and expofed himfelf fmgly to a fire that he could not fuftain. Mr. Byng, on the 'contrary, was determined againft ading, except with the line intirc ; and, on pretence of redtitying the diforder which had happened among fome of the ihips, hefitated fo kjng, and kept at fuch a wary dillance, that he was never properly en- gaged, though he received fome few fhots in his hull. Mr. de la Galiffoijiere feemed equally averfe to the continaancc of the battle; part ofJiis iquadron had r i ■ >■ / r» 1756 '( lOZ ) 0f ]. ^i' I ill. had been fairly obliged to qut the lire ; and tho' he was rather fuperior to the Englifti in number of men and weight of metal, he did not chufe to abide the confequence of a clofer fight with an enemy fo expert in naval operation* : he therefore took advantage of Mr. Byng's hefitation, and edged away with an eafy fail to join his van, which had been difcomfited. The Engli(h admiral gave chace ; but, the French fhips being clean, he could not come up and clofc them again, fo they retired at their leifure. Then he put his fquadron on the other tack, in order to keep the wind of the enemy ; and next morning they were altogether out of fight. While, with the reft of his fleet, he lay to, at the diftance of ten leagues from Mahon, he detached cruifers to look for fome miffing (hips, which joined hitn accordingly, and made an inquiry into the con- dition of the fquadron. . The number of killed amounted to forty-two, including captain Andrews of the Defiance, and about one hundred and fixty- eight were wounded. Three of the capital fhips were fo much damaged in their mafts, tha. they could not keep . the fea, with any regard to their fafety : a great number of the Teamen weie ill, and there was no veflel which could be converted into an hofpital for the fick and wounded. In this fituation Mr. Byng called a council of war, at which he permitted the land-officers to be prefent. He re- prefented to them, that he was much inferior to the enemy in weight of metal and numbers of men ; that they had the advantage of fending their wound- ed to Minorca, from whence at the fame time they were refrefned and reinforced occafionally ; , that, in his opinion, it was impracticable to relieve St. Philip's fort, and therefore they ought to make the bcft of theii- way back to Gibraltar, which might require nd tho' tuber of bufe to 1 enemy re took ;d away d been 2; but, t come at their e other y ; and f fight, at the Etached i joined he con- • killed indrews i fixty- ;1 ihips a^ they o their [11, and into an ituation hich he He re- r to the " men; vound- le they hat, in ;ve St. ike the , might require require ] curring ii according would C( the eugaj (kirmilh, a fecond iffue of tl be no vvaj was «xtre Galiflbnii covering again It ( fquadron very well for the re have lane to have f( courage, his condu and his n of cowar( Refe Firft pofi ternoon, M of twelve fli the maft, h fltips going the fignal t\ Planting on Portland. 3 Captain. 6 10. Ramilli Five French firigates to \\ 16 Fhcenix, ( 103 ) 1756 require immediate protedlion. The council con- curring in thefcfentiments, he direded his courfe accordingly. Had he been defeated, this meafure would certainly have been a prudent one ; but, as the engagement was little more than a fort of a fkirmilh, he ought to have fought the enemy's fleet a fecond time, and regulated his condudt on the iffue of that event. His returning to Gibraltar can be no way j uftified ; for though it is true that fortrefi was «xtrcmely weak, yet it cannot be fuppofed that Galiflbniere would defert his ftation off Minorca, covering the fiege of Mahon, to a£l on the ofFenfive againlt Gibraltar whilil there was an Englifli fquadron in the Mediterranean : and though we may very well affirm Mr. Byng had not fufficient force for the relief of Minorca, yet it is certain he might have landed what little force he had ; and he ought to have fought the French fleet with refolution and courage. Candour and impartiality, will allow, that his condud, during the engagement, was fcandalous; and his retreat to Gibraltar had all the appearance of cowardice. References to the PLATES annexed, PLATE I. Firft pofitionof the Engli/h and French fleets at two in the af- ternoon, May 10, 1756, wind S. W. by,W.— A. French Jine Of twelve All (>s with the If heads to the N.W. iheir maintop-fails to the maft, but with rtcerage way.— B. Engli(h line of thirteen Aips going down on the enemy, admiral Byng having juft made the fignal for the leading fhip to leacf large, in order 10 lead down flanting on the enemy, and avoid hemg raked. — 1 Defiance, z Portland. 3 Lancafter. 4 Buckingham, rear-admiral Weft. 5 Captain. 6 Intrepid. 7 Revenge. 8 Princefs Louifa. 9 Trident, 10. Ramillies. 11 Culloden. 12 Deptford. 13 Kingfton. C. Five French frigates to leeward of their line.— D. Four Englifli firigates to windward of their line. 14 Experiment. 15 Dolphin, l6 Phcenix. 17 A fchooncr. \Z Chefterficld. Pofition ■ !'!'■• f< X. » 175^ ( 104 ) PLATE It. Pofition of the EnglilK and French flfcti at ab«ut half an h«« after two in the afternoon, May ao, 175<> "^^'^ ^^^ t!^^*^} fleet began the engagement. A. F.mcU line gomg with the wind upon the beam, and maintopfails to the maft, the fourth tnd fifth fhips bfgan the fire, and very foon it became gene-al.— B- French frigates to windward — C tn^hihhne, the van not tet fairly up to their refpeflivc adverfarui, and eonfequently not the rear, ai the angle atter tacking muft be grc.tter in the rrar than the van, yet all but the two ftcrnmo* were even now within gt«— he van not ^Ufntly not in the rrar even now iwn out of !he was im- ^aa) otit t« ad received iti, without F. Deptford chooner, t» -H.CheU • in the ^'« , A. French fourth and ; the center enth fhip of n out of the y the three E, Portland, he enemy's fliot away ittered ; Ae to the In- running on of her line rident aback adthiral,— ( (hips a>head » near being i. The Cul- ,. TheChef- ). The Del- As ..A jin^~~ bjeas, • I f^ ^1 ( '^5) #756 As foon as advice was brought to England of the [rench army being landed on the ifland of Minorca Uasrefolved to declare war. which was accor-' ngly done m the following words ; t, MaJ^Jf/j Declaration of War againjl the French King, GEORGE REX. The unwarrantable proceedings of the French in e Wdllndies and Nonh America, fince the con- bfion of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and t e urpations and mcroachmcnts made by them upon b terntories, and the fettlements ef our fubiea^ thofe parts particularly in our province of Nova otia, have been fo notorious, and fo frequent It they cannot but be looked upon as a furfdent' idence of a formed defign andVefolution in ha i % ,1 '"^^"^^^y ^^^^ «"eafures as fhould ft eiFeaually promote their ambitious vievvs :hout any regard to the moll folemn treaties and jagements. We have not been wanting on our to make, from time to time, the mo5 CHous If A ?^.'?1'."'^V- ^"^ ^° endeavour to obtain Irefs and fatisfadion for the injuries done to oLr >jeds and to prevent the lik- caufes of complaint he fHture ; but though frequent amirance/havc -n given, that every thing Ihould be fettled a-^ree y to the treaties VubfiLg between the' t^o wns, and particularly that the evacuation of tZ r neutral iilands in the Well Indies IhouTd fa^ .f! lorn Prance the execution of thcfc afiura nee. ^n evaded under the moft frivolous pretc^.c'T ! * %':?1 i : I >756 ( io6 ) and the unjuftifiable pra£lices of the French gover- nors, and of the officers ailing under their autho- rity, were ftill carried on, till, at length, in the month of April 17^4, they broke out into openafts of hoftility. when m time of profound peace, with- out any declaration of war, and without any pre- vious notice given, or application made, a body, of French forces, under the command of an officer bearing the French king's commiffion, attacked in a hoftile manner, and polfeiTed themfelves of the Eng. lifh fort on the Ohio in North America. But notwithftanding this ad of hoftility, which could not but be looked upon as a commencement of war; yet, from our earneft deiire of peace, aod in hopes the court of France would difavow this violence and injuftice, we contented ourfelves with fending fuch to force to America, as was indiipcn- fably neccflary for the immediate defence and pro- tei^ion of our fubjedls againil fre(h attacks ..nd in- fults. In the mean time great naval armaments were preparing in the ports of France, and a confiderable body of French tioops embarked for North Ame- aud tJiough the French ambaifador was fcnt nca back to England with Ipecious profeffions of a de- fire to accommodate tkefe differences, yet it ap- peared, that their real defign was only to gain time for the paflage of thofe troops to America, which they hoped \yould fecure the fuperiority of the French forces in thofe parts, and enable them to carry their ambitious and opprcflive prqjedls into execution. ^ , . In thefe circimiltances we could not but think it| incumb.^nt upon us to endeavour to prevent to pre- vent thf fucce(s of {o dangerous s^ defign, and to| oppofe the landing of tiie French troops in Ame- rica ; lice of our jiii ich govcr- leir autho- th, in the / open afts !ace, with- t any pre- a body, of an officer acked in a 'f the Eng. ity, which nencemcnt )eace, and avow this felves with 5 indifpcn- e and pro- :ks ..nd in* lents were jnfiderjible ortli Ame- )r was Tent IS of a de- yet it ap- gain time Lca, which 'ty of the le them to jjedls into It think It I :nt to pre- n, and to| 5 in Ame- rica ; I ^ '°7 > ,756 painng for fome time, were enlareed • p~;.Vh^/ of troops marched down to the S, 'aR wt" doms were threatened with an invafion. ^" which were thus threate5"wrfoZ^ ^0^; forbear giving orders for the feizin? at &.►!,- n? ofthe French king, and hi, fubfeafrnoTwittS' ing which, as we were ftUl unwilUng t^rve „'" ,i hopes that an accommodation might be elbfteT wi ») their cargoes enateh::? J^c'St die confifcation of them : but it beino- nnl • i^ by the hoftile invafion aauiS!ma7e\vX''p '''"!• bngof our ifland of Mi«oKaf SafitTs ,t i'""^ [rained refolution of that cou t to Wt™ 5"'"'- terms of peace, but to carry on the w"2iX T ee„ long begun on their pit, with Z'nw"-'* f our fubjeas. withTthorboU'^hich' fi^^ Idcfn-e of peace, we had hitherto obferTed ^' We have therefore thought prooer m!).'.!, and we do hereby declare war a^oS„a, I "p *"' k, who hath founjuiUybeeuniri? ^"'"',^ ktlf of almighty God in ouS "' . ^'"S °" f""* Mg f-d'of^£''t:,74t:,::,tTk'»|. and V of our fubjeas in fu/port of fo lod A ^'5'- ere y willing and requiri^n^g our capt^^M*:^ t'^:^rI!!^™f^4fo-x^cati„Ko^ '..S"«u«ii«i 01 UreatSrittin, our lieu- P 2. EST !' 1756 ( i^og ) tenant* of onr feveral counties, go^erijors of our forts and garrifons, and all other officcreand foldiers under them, by fea and land, to do and execute all afts of hoftility, in the profecution of this war againlt the French kin^, his vaffals, and fubjefts' and to oppofe their attempts ; willing and requiring ail our lubjeas to take notice of the fame, whom we henceforth, ftriaiy forbid to hold any correfnon. dence or communication with the faid French kinir or his fubjeas: and we do hereby command oS own fubjeds, and advettifc all other perfons, of what nation foever, not to tranfport or carry any foldiers, arms, powder, ammunition, or other con. trahand gt)ods, to any of the territories, lands, plan- tation? or countries of the faii French kine-de daring, that whatfoever ihip or veflel /hall be met withal, tranfportingor carrying any foldiers, arms powder, ammunition, orany other contraband goods' to any of the territories, lands, plantations or coun' ines of the faid French kin^;, the fame being taken Ihall be condemned as good and lawful prize. * And whereas there arc remaining in our kingdom divers of the fubjefts of the French king, we do hereby declare our royal intention to be, that all the French iubjefts, who (hall demean themfelves duti- folly towards us, ihall be fafe iu their perfons and ciFcas. Given at our court at Kenfmgson, the 17th day of May 1756, in the 29th year of our reign. GOD Uvc the KIN G. fit iors of Our and foldiers execute all this war, id fubjefts, d requiring nit, whom Correfpon- ench king, iinand our perTons, of carry any other con- mds, plan- king; de- rail be met icrs, arms, and goods, s or coun- ing taken, •izc. r kingdom ng» we do ^hatallthe elves duti- erfons and fit ( 109 ) ,,7^^ rht French King's Declaration of War agahji the Kiag of England, dated at Virfailles, June g/iize and prtciaimed at Paris the ibth. * By the K I N G. All Europe knows that the king of England was, in i754»jl^e aggreflbr againft the poirtinoas or tac- king in North America ; and that in the month of June, laft year, the Englilh navy, in contempt of the law of nations, and the faith of treaties, hc^n toexercifc the moft violent ho/liliiies again li his majdty*s (hips, and againft the navigation and <:om- mcrce ot his fubjeas. The king, juiUy oiFended with this treachery, and the infult offered to his flag, fufpendeo, during eight months, the effefts of his refentment, and what he owed to the digniiy 0' his crown, only through the fear of expofini i^urojpe to the calamities ofa ncfw war. 'Twas with ^ falutary view that France at firft only oppofed the injurious proceedings of England by the moft monerate behaviour. At the time that' the Englifli navy was taking, by means of the moft odious vio- lences, and fometimes by the bafelt artifices, the French (hips that failed with confidence under tne proteaion of the public faith, his majefty ferit back to England a frigate which had been taken by the French navy, and the Englifli fhlps continued their trade unmolefted in the ports of Erance. At the time that the French foldiers and failors were treated with the greatell feverity in the Britiih iflands, and hat the beh^viour^ with refped to them, was carried beyond the bounds prefcribcd by the law of nature the Enghlh travelled and inhabited freely in France* unuer the protedion of thzt n^^^^^A «,k:^i, ^:..:ti„i people rectprocally owe to each other. At the time ^3 that II I! 3, ^ ^\ ' ,r UJ I' 1 1 i 17.56 ( "0) that the Englifh minifters, nnd and avarice, which incite tht one, and of I the principles of honour, juftice, and moderation, upon which the other behaves. The king was in hopes that the king of England, purely from a con- iideration of the rules of equity and his own ho- nour, would have difavowed tl s fcandalous ex- ceiTes which his fea ofiicers continually committed. His majelly had even furnifhed him with an oppor- tunity of fo doing, in a juft and becoming maniier, by demanding the fpeedy and intire reftitution of| the French O^ips taken by the Englifli navy, and bad offered him. upon that preliminary condition, to enter into a negotiation with regard to the other I fatisfadions which he had aj-ight to expeft, and t«[ lillen to an amicable reconciliation of the differences concerning America. The king of England having rejefted this propo- iition, the ahig could not but look upon his tchmi as ( III ) 1756 rom a con- as the mod authentic declaration of war, as his ma- jefty had deckred he ihould do in his xequifition. The Britifh court might therefore have difpenfed wich a formality which was become unneceflary ; a more cflential motive (hould have engaged it not to jiibmit to the judgment of Europe the pretended grievances which the kinp^ of England alledged againft France, in the declaration of war which'^hf caufed to be publilhed at London. The vague imputations contained in that work;, have in reality no foundation, and the manner in which they are fet forth would be fufficieht to prove their vveaknefs, if their falfity had not already been ilrongly demonftrated in the memorial which the king caufcd to be delivered at all courts, containing the fubftance of the fa£ls with the proofs thereof, as far as relates to the ^rcfcnt war, and tlie negotia- tions which preceded it. \ There is neverthelefs one important faft, whiclx is not mentioned in that memorial, bccauie it was impoffible to forefee that England would carry, as far as Ihe has done, her wan( of delicacy in finding out ways to impofe upon the public. The affair Jin queftion is the works ereAcd at Dunkirk, and ih« troops which the king caufed to be affembled upoo the fea coafts. Who would not think by the king of England** declaration of war, that thefe two motives occa- fioned the order he gave to feize at fea the Ihips be- longing to the king and his fubjeds ? And yet no- body is* ignorant that the works at Dunkirk' we;e not begun upon till after the taking of two of hw majefty's fhips, which were attacked in a time of full peace by a fquadron of thirteen Euglifti men likewife eauallv known equally body, that the EngliOi marine had feized by eve^ J? 4 upon French /•^' lij ' 1 k li 1 1' 1 i 1 1 1 I *756 ( 112 ) ^ Frcr ch fliips for above fix months, when towards the end of Ftbruanr laft, the hrll battalions that the king fcnt to the /ea coafts began their march. li the kirg of England ever refltds upon the treachery of the reports that were made to him upon both thelc occalions, how can he torgivc thofe who engaged him to advance fads, the fuppofition rS which c.innot even be coloured by the Icaft ff c- cious appearances? What the King owes to himfelf, and what he owes to his fubjctts, has at length obliged him to repel force by force ; but being ftithfulTy attached to his natural fentiments of jnftice and moderation, 'his majefty has only dire^id his military opera- tions againft the king of England, his aggreffor; and all his political riegotiaticns have been carried on with no other view but to juftify the confidence which the oiher nations of Europe place in his friendfhip, and in the uprightness of his intentions? It would be ncedlefs to enter into a more ample detail of the motives which forced the king to fend a body of his troops into the ifland of Minorca, and which at prefcnt oblige his majefty to declare war againll the king of England, as he does hereby declare it, both by Tea and land. ' Ey ading upon prSnciplts fo worthy of deter- ininiug his refolution«, he is lecure of finding, ^from the jullicc of his cauft, the \;iiOur of his troops, and the love of his iubj cdh, tLofe refources which he has always experienced on their part ; and he reiies principally upon the prote«5don of die rohibits all ^communication, commerce, and intelligence with " them, ( 113 ) 175* them, upon pain of death: in confequence of which his majefty revokes all pcrmillions, paflports, fafe-conduds, &c. contrary to thefe prefencs, whe- ther granted by his majefty, or any of his officers, fardier commanding the admiral and marlhals of France, and all Tea and land officers, to lee that the contents of tJi^ declaration be duly executed within liieir feveral jurifdicUons, for fuch is his majefty's will, as it is, that thefe prefents be publilhed, and fixed up, in all the towns and Tea -ports of this kingdom, that none may plead" ignojancc thereof. Done at Verfailles the 9th of June, 1756. SignM LOUIS. And underneath, Rouille. ■WfW" G H A P. 111. The fiege of Minorca, Affairs of Afta and America* \7 iiiimXVi^- ■■Ta jVs. i*is>'^n^-t-^.-, ON the 1 2th of April, the French fquadron failed from Touion, confilling of thirteen Ihipsof the line, and feven frigates, commanded by M. de la Galiffoniere, with about 1 i,ooo men on board tranfports, commanded by the duke de Richlieu. On ihe 18th, they landed at Cieuda- della, on die ifland of Minorca, and on the 25 th they appeared before the caftle of St. Philip, the chief for trefs in the ifland: upon which governor Biakeney fent a letter to the French general, de- firing to know liis reafons for coming there ; the m'itt implied, that he was <:9mc |o reduce the ■P 5' ifland ''«! 4* *- !■£ m m iff m 1 1 -ii V 1 'i if 56 ( tn) ifland by way of rctaUation for the kfles which xht French king and his lubjcfts had fultaincd in the taking of their (hips by the Englifh. On the urh of May the operations of the fiege began ; a: firft tiic iukt de Richlieu ereded his batteries on a point called cape Mola, where he was at too great a dif* tance to do any execution, and he was fo expofed to the fevcre fire of the garrifon, that he thought proper to alter his plan of attack, by advanciiig on the A !e of St Philip's town ; here he opened feverai batteries, which kept an inceflfant fire oa the caftle. On the 17th the Briti»h fquadron ap* peared, which fo elevated the fpirits of the garri- fon, that, by their reboubled efforts, they dellroycd many of the enemy*s works. Mr. Bovd, commif. fary of the ftores, ventured to embark in a little boat of fix oars to goto the admiral ; he p fl'ed the fenemy's batteries without harm, notwithftanding they made a difeharge cf muffuetry and cannon at him ; but whdn he was got into the open fea, he perceived the fquadron to be at a great dillan^ atid two of the enemy's light vefll-ls purfuing hiin; whereupon he deternrtined to return to the caille, and was landed without having received the leaft da- mage. This tr^infaftion entirely confutes Mf, Byng's notion, that it was impradlicable to open a communication with the garrifon. Next day .\k\ French fquadron returned to their ftation at the mouth of the harbour, which threw a damp on the ] fpirits of the befieged. In the evening they were informed by a French deferier, that the Engliffi fquadron had been defeated in an engagement, audi this was foon confirmed by a feu de joye in the French camp. Ihc Have garrifon, notwithltanil- ing this mortifica*; V, refr;bed to acquit themfelvejj wuh honour and ii;U';.^.«di;y, hoping that.the EngiiJhi ^ f(juadron fqyadron w relief. Th which had caftonally t( could do breaches, r< prifing alaci by the n-iir embrafures, liihed, and son and mo iirtd upon tY of the houl time they w thoufand mf battering cs howitzers, the lofi of Ifiderable, th fubterranean I (hells or (ho ! the enemy Ji I the ravelins, fuch a degre give a gem hours of ten from all quai illro'T<> deta force tne hi call ' -., , 3c. fecond the at Ither fide of I outworks. ' pidity, and >n a point reat a dif* jxpofed to ; though! advancitig ic opened nt fire oa adron ap> the garri- ' dellroycd , commif* in a little p .fled ths thftanding cannon at en fea, he It dilUn€«, uing^ him; callle, and leaft da- Putes Mf, e to open xt day the I on at die mp on the ] they were .e Engliffi ment, audi Dye in the twiihltand- themfelvej| :heKngiiJhi {(juadron ( H5 ) ^5* fqyadron would be reinforced, and return to their relief. They remounted cannon, the carriages of which had been difabled : they removed them oc- cafionally to places from whence it was judgrd rhcyi could do the greateft execution: they repaired breachcs, rcftoreS merlons, and laboured with furi prifmg alacrity, even when they were furroundcd by the n-imerons batteries of the foe ; when theii* embrafures, and even the parapets, were demo-* liihed, and they ftood expoied not only to the can J Don and mortars, buL i.b to the mufquctry, which fired upon them, without cealing, from the window! of the houfes ia the town of St. Philip. By thii time they were inveiled with an army of twenty thoufand men, and plyed inceffantly from fixty-two battering cannon, twenty-one mortars, and fou^ howitzers, befides the fmall arms : neverthelefs^ the loii of men within the fortrefs was very inconJ fidcrable, the garrifon being moftly fecured in the fubterranean works, which were impenetrable to I (hells or fhot. By the twenty -icventh day of Jurift ! the enemy had made a prafticabie tt^ach in one of I the ravelins, and damaged the other outworks ta fuch a degree, that they determined this night ta give a general affaulr. Accordin^jly, between the hours often and eleven, they advanced to the attack' from all quarters on the land fide. At the fame time tllronr- detachment, in armed boats, attempted t<^ force tne harbour, rnc^ penetrate into the creek^ call ' :»,. S:._^hen*s cove, to llorm fort Charles, and fecond the attack upon fort Marlborough on the far-* Ither fide of the creek, the moft detached of all the loutworks. The enlhiy advanc<*d with great intre- jpidity, and their commander, the duke de Rich^i Hi: i 1 . I ' I ,.? I i' i i \ j ... ■*■■■ i ij . '?. ■t1^ I \ 1756 ( 116 ) lieu, is faid to have led them up to the works ia perfpn. Such an aiTault could not but be attended with great flaughier : they were mowed down, as they approached, with grape ftiot and mufiiuetry } and feveral mines were Iprung with great ettiedt, lb that liie glacis was almoft covered with the dying and the dead. Neverthelefs, they perfcvered with un- common reiblution ; and, though repulfed on every other fide, at length made a lodgment in ths Queen j redoubt, which had been greatly damaged by their cannon. Whether their fuccels in this quarter wai owing to the weaknefs of the place, Cr to the timi- dity of the defenders, certain it is, ihe enemy were in poiTefiion before it was known to the officers of the gairifon : for lieutenant-colonel Jeffries, the fe- cond in command, who had acquitted hirafelf fioic the beginning of the fiege with equal couragf, ikili, andadivity, in his vifitation of this poll, was (uddeniy furrounded and taken by a file of French grenadiers, at a time when he never dreamed they %ad made a lodgment. Major Cunningham, who acccfiipanied him, met with a leverer fate, though he efcaped captivity : he was run through the right arm with a bayonet, and the piece being difcharged at the fame time, (hatte; ed the bones of his hand in fuch a manner, that he was maimed for life. In this Clocking condition he retired behind a traverfe, and was carried home to his quar:ers. Thus the go- vernor was depiived of his two princi^ il afiiftants, Dne being taken, and the other difabled. The enemy having made themlelves matters of Anftruther's and the QueenVtedoubts, the duke de Richlieu ordered a parley to be beat, in order tft obtain permiiTion to bury the dead, and Tcmove tfiS i { 117 ) ^75^ the wounded. This requeft was granted with more liuojanity than difcretion, inafmuch as the enemy took this opportunity to throw a reinforcement of men privately into the places where the lodgments had been made, and theic penetrated into the gal- lery of the mines, which communicated with all the other outworks. During this nn)rt ceflation, general Blakeney fummoned a council of war, to deliberate upon the llateoF the fort and garrifon j when the majority de- clared for a capitulation. The works were m many pliices ruined; the body of the calUe was (battered ; many guns were dilraounted, the embrafures and parapets demoliihed, the palifadoes broke in pieces; the garrifon exhauiled with hard duty and inceffant watchmg, and the enemy in poiTeffion of the fub- terranean communicalions, Befides, the governor had received information from prifoners, that the duke de Richlieu was alarmed by a report that the liiarlhal duke de Belleifle would be lent to fuperled* him in the command, and for that reaion wouid hazard another defperate afTault, which it was th« opinion of the majority the garrifon could not lui- tain. Thefc confiderations, added to the dcfpair of being relieved, induced him t© demand a capi- tulation. Bat tliis meafure was not taken with the unanimous confent of the council. Some officers obferved, that the garrifon was very little dimi- ni(he. manded by another lieutenant-colonel and major* and to fend it to Mahon ; and you are alfo to detain all fuch empty vefiels ^ fhall come into your har- bour, and keep thepi in j: eadinefs for any farther trcot/port/uion of tr,oops* I have a'ib his royal hi^K- nefs the duke of Cumberland's commands to deure, that you will keep your garrifon as ajert as poflible, during this critical time, and give fuch other ajjijlanct as may be in your power for the relief of Minorca \ laldng care, however, not to fati^jue or endanger your own garrifon. Thefe letters Mr. Fowke received at one time from the fame hand. The third letter not men- tioning that it fuperceded the iirft left it in full forct'. The word if at tJic beginning of this lait letter, and other parts of it, feemed to imply tliat the other or^ler was difcretionary • Upon the whole, Mr. Fowke thought they were' both together unin- telligible, and he called a council of v/ar at Gib- raltar, not to deliberate, whether he Jhould obey them, but ho-w he lliould underjland them. By the trli '£'■'■'*»• l'^'*'^ P r>Kof » Xl^r*' called I 1 ' r I- i. p Hi If 1756 ( 122 ) called the fuziljers, was ordered into garrifon : by the fecond he was ordered to receive the wives and children, who muft have difembarked with the re ^u"^TJ ^^^^^ ^^"^''* ^^^ "^^^"^' ^^^^ ^^^ governor Ihould conclude from it the regiment was to be fent to Mmorca, and it was to prevent finy ufelefs mouths going thither: but is not this drawing con. clufions without premifes ? or is it cuftomary in nnhtary orders, which cannot be too clearly ex. prefled?] and by the third, the regiment was fup. pofed to be on board. Now does it appear, that Mr. Fowke was to fend a detachment, together with the fuziliers to Minorca? or that he was to fend a detachment from the garrifon, detaining the fuziliers at Gibraltar? After 275 men had been fpared to captain Edgcumbe, the whole garrifon was but 2531, and the ordinary duty required 839, therefore there was not enough for three reliefs ; and this too, at a time when the place was fuppofed to be in danger, nay, when the government them- felves thought fo, as is evident from the conclufion of the lafl letter. This determined the council of war not to fend any troops to Minorca. But I'lippo- ftng the orders had been pofitive, and he had obeyed them, as they ought to have arrived, viz. fent 70J; men according to the firft letter, and 700 according to the third, would he have had enougk left for the defence and prefervation of the fortrefs? And to crown the whole, what could be the mean- ing of that order to detain all empty vefFels for a farther tranfportation of troops, — was he to embark the whole g.irrilbn, and abandon the place? Mr. Fowke aiicdged that thefe orders were con fufed, contr^didtory, and implied a difcretionary power. 7'he court was equally divided, whether they (hould acquit him 01 fulpend hira for a year ; but the pre- fident, \ ( 123 ) 175* fidcnt, who in thefe cafes has the cifling ('ote, gave it againlt the prifoner ; and the king loon after dii- miiled hini from his fervice ; but his prefent ma- jcily has rellored him to his rank in the army. The trial of admiral Byng was held the 27th of December on board the St. George man of war in Portfmouth ; when, after a long fitting, the court unanimoufly agreed, he had be.n negligent in the performance of his duty at the time he ought to have engaged the French admiral ; but that this negligence partly arofe from an error in his judg- ment ; and from many favourable Tymptoms thef thought him an objeft worthy of mercy, and therefore recommended him, becaufe the 12th article of war (under which he fell) preicribes death without mitiga- tion in cafes of negligence. Many of the officers, who compofed this tribunal, manifefted figns of grief at his condemnation, and it was generally believed that the admiral thought he had fully difcharged his duty^ but he relied too much on confcious innocence. Great intereft was made in his behalf, and perhaps iiis pre'fervation would have been effefted, had it not been judged necefTary to facrifice him, to ap- peafe the fury of the people ; but the warrant of the lords pf the admiralty, diredling his execution, one gentleman of the board refufed to fubfcribe for the folio v\'ing reafons: A 1 F- ■s*s reafo7is for not Jigning the luarrant for admiral Byng's execution. " It may be thought great prelumption in me to differ from fo great authority as that of the twelve judges* ; but when a man is called upon to fign his * The legality of afimiral Byng's fentcnce had been referred t» the fwdve judges, who confirmed it, name * 1 if ,"« ( ,1 i il,' i % I'-- * Its »g il {.?! -M '756 ( X24 ) name to an aft, which is to give authority to the fhedding of blood, he ought to be guided by hii ovyn conlcience, and not by the opinions of other men. ♦♦ In the cafe before us, it is not the merit of admi. ral Byng that I confider : whether he deferves death, or nor, is not a quclHon for me to decide ; but whether or not his life can be taken away by the fentencc pronounced on him by the court mariial • and after having fo clearly explained their motiveJ for pronouncing fnch a fentence, is the point which alone has employed my moll ferious coniideratioa. ** The twelfth article of war, on which admiral Byng's fentence is grounded, fays, * That every Dcrfon who, in time of adion, Ihall withdraw, keep back, or not come into fight, or who Ihall not do his utraoft, &c. through motives of cowardice, negligence, or difaiFcdion, ihall fuffer death.' Thi court martial does, in exprcfs words, acquit admiral Byng of cowardice and difaffeaion, anJ (iocs not , name the word negligence. A^iral Byng does not, as I conceive, mender the lelter or cloicriptioDofl the tvvellth article of war. It may be fajd, that negligence is implied, though the word is not men- tionied ; otherwife the court-martial vvduld not have brought his offence under the twelfth article, having acquitted him of cowardice and difatfedtion. But it muft be acknowledged, that the negligence im- plie . cannot be wilful negligence ;■ for wSful neg- ligence, in admiral Byng's fituation, muft have proceeded from cither co..ardice or diiafFedion, and he is exprcfiy acquitted of • botn thefc crimes: befiucs, ti'icfe crimes, which are implied only, and not named, may indeed jullify fulpicion, and pri. vate opinion ; but cannot fatisfy the conicience ina_ vafc of blood, ■ «'♦ Admiral I COiirt.martia ( 125 ) 1756' "Admiral ByngV fate was referred to a court- martial i his life and death were left to their opi- nioris. The court-martial condemn him to death, becaufe, as they exprefly fay, they were under a neceffity of doing fo by reafon of the letter of the law, the feverity of which they complained of, becaufe it admits of no mitigation. The court- martial exprefly fay, that for the fake of their con- fciences, as well as in juftice to the prifoner, they moll earneftly recommend him to his majefty for mercy ; it is evident then, that in the opinions and confcienccs of the judges, he was not defervin^ of death. * " The queftion then is. fhall the opinions, or necelTities, of the court-martial determine admiral Byng's fate ? if it Ihould be the latter, he will be executed contrary to the intentions and meaning of the judges ; if the former, his life is not forfeited. His judges declare him not deferving of death j but, miltaking either the meaning of the law, or the nature of his offence, they bring him under an article of war, which, according to their own de- fcription of his offence, he does not,, I conceive, tall under ; and then they condemn him to death, becaufe as they fay, the law admits of no mitiga- tion. Can a man*s life be taken away bv fuch a fenence ? I would not willingly be mifunderilood, and have it believed that I judge of admiral Byn»*s deferts : that was the bulineis of a court-martial, and it is my duty only to ad according to my con- fcience ; which after deliberate confideration, afllft- ed by the beii light a poor underllandidg can afford. It remains dill in doubt ; and, therefore, I cannot I confent to fign a warrant whereby the fentence of the court- ma rfi a I mav ht* r^'in-torl ir.«-#» ^.,»^..^ . r_. r J '^^ ■vwsiivx* i.iti,\j t;Awuuvii j lur I camiot •■■- 1 I ill* 1756 C '26 ) ■fV,! cannot help thinking that however cnrainal admiral fyug may be, his life is not forfeited by tW fentence. I don't mean to find fault with otb n';en s opinions, all J endeavour at is to give rcafon for my own ; and all J defirc, or wifh; is, that may not be mifunderftood, I donot pretend to i , ot admiral Byng's deferts, nor to give my opinion on the propriety of the aft. ^ Signed the i6th of February. ,757, at the Admiralty, The unfortunate admiral prepared himfelf h death with reficnaiion and tranquility. He main tamed a furprifin^ chearfulnefs to the lalV ; nor did lie, from his condemnation to his execution, exhibit the lealt fign of impatience or apprehenfion. Dur- ing that interval he had remained on board of the Monarque, a third rate ihip of war, anchored in the harbour of Portfmouth, under a flrong guard. ^n cuftody of the marlhal of the admiralty On the fourteenth of March, the day fixed for his exe. cution, the boats belonging to the fquadron at {jpithead being manned and armed, containing their captains and officers, with a detachment of marines, attended this folemnity in the harbour, which was alfo crouded with an infinite number of other, boats and veffeh filled with fpeaators. About noon, the admiral having taken leave of a derpy. man and two friends, who accompanied hhii, walked out of the great cabin to the quarter-deck, where two files of marines were ready to execute the fentence. He advanced with a firm, delil)c- rate Hep, a compofed and refolute countenance, and refolyed to fuffer with his face uncovered, un- til ills friends reprefcnting that his looks would KJiiWty lina! admiral ted by that with other give rcafons "» is, that I end toj! I ^y opinion '^57* at the J.F." himfelf for He main- f^i nor did j^on, exhibit ion. Dur- ►ard of the nchored in 3ng guard, ralty. On "or his exe- [uadron at containing ichment of J harbour, lumber of s. About a clergy. ied hini, rter-deck, to execute 1, delil)c- ntenance, ered, un- ks would /TLl.. ■ ( '^7 ) ijse IpolTibly intimidate the foldiers, and prevent their lakmg aim properly he Tubmitted to their requel W his hat on the deck, kneeled on a culhion' led one white handkerchief over his eyes, and dropped the other as a fi^nal for his executioner. Iwho fired a volley fo decifive that five balls pafled through his body, and he dropped down dead in an Ifrom his walking out of the cabin tS his beinir de! |pofited in the coffin, did not exceed three minutes-. We • The fcntiments of his fate he avowed on the verge of eter- n.ty, when there wa. no longer any caufc cf diflimSlation 1 the following dccJaration. which, immediately before hi Se^ri hedchvered to the jnarftal of the - admiralty. « A ew mo* ments wjll now deliver me from the vimu/i- «-.r . fruftnte the further malice o7myenemiTs^^^^^^^^^ ^"'^ t.«alife fubjeft to the fenfa^sryTniun^sr an^thV 7 Ucedone me, mu ft create j pcrfuaded I am that juftice ^^I be done to my reputat;on hereafter- thi- man«- J"«'« w"i tf ri?t'f"^^'^^ the po,J:^:ntz'^^:z::£:;^ me, w>ll be feen through. I (hall be confidered (L I now oer wre myfelf) a viftim deflined to divert the ind if nation .L*^ ktmentof an injured and deluded people from ^hlr^ T U. My enemies themfeJvea muft /ow tZk m/^^''" °^' Happy for me, at this my laft mome."7hat J k"ow mToT^ Ucence, and am confcious that no palt of my countrT'' m7 fortunes can he ow ne to me T h^-^rf.i., /l l !. , ' " "^''" U„ of .y ab,J,.y fcr hi. majeft/^rht":: ;; Jl ^^ y1 proved too weak to fucceed in an exo-dif n„ /f ^^ *^°""^^"rf. piped oft the ignommioos (lain of my CmooM w»nt »f |W courage, ,„d ,hc charge of ditftaioSr Vh«"t «S aie I7S6 ( 128 ) Wc will now turn to the war In Afia, and laJtei rctrolpcd of the tranfadions there, from 1740 {J the end of 1756. ^^' Hortilitic* were firft committed on the coaft of Coromandel ; an extenfne territory, fituatcd be tween the tenth and fourteenth degrees of north latitude ; bounded on the north, by the idngdom Golconda; on the eail, by the bay of Bengaf: by the principalities of Marawia and Madura, on tik fouth ; and by the kingdom of Bifnagar Proper on the weij. It was formerly iubjed to the Great fcul. and Ihll properly belongs to him; buthewasfowea. kcned during his wars with the famous Kouli Khui that he has not yet been able to aflcrt his fovereiwhl over this country. The European nations that tradeto Jndia have obtained his confent to make fetilerafoti ^x"*. ??**"* °'"^****^"^^"**^"«' as well as on thecoail of Malabar, and on the banks of the Ganges, fie caufe of the great diftance thefe countries are from his capital, he appointed viceroys, or as they are called m the Eaft, Nabobs, to govern the feveral pans of this extenfive and remote territory, which they hold undfr vaifalage. paying tribute, and do- mg homage, for the iame; but now they have al- moil fhook oH tha t yoke of dependency, and fre. njc of thefc crime, : but who can be prefumptuouOy fure of bii fZJt^"""- If 'ny crime i. an error of judgment, ordi" maT/Jr^A ^''"A''''''^*^- ^"^ ^"'8'^« ^*^^'"> «Ido} ai way thediftreltol the-r minds, and nneafinels of their con- &'"n.''f 'trJ" ^""'" '° "^* '^'y *'»^«= reprefented, be «• \ Ti r ut' *' "^y refentment has done. The Suprnw inj^ TJ i^earts and motives, and lo him J muft fubmlit the i juUice of iny caufe. ' J. B y N G. ^ qucntly (jiMfntly make fulling the Mc It ij to a dti in that quartej wfre concerncc to war with eat Europeans as a In theycari appeat" among been raifed to 1 of the Mogul, former nabob j* cenfpiratiofr /wi new nabob of A fieurDuplieuw; tt affift thtmirf ingce/fion of th cies, confiitihg Pondicherry, gi Xhan, nobob c tliemonth of Ju! Sundah Sah'eb v Aitot. After the Ba* the late nabob,' great ftrertgth; tttted the ailil^ani fcration of li* a affcftion his Tath Jnforcemehf'of n ( T34 ) of twenty men ; snd as tbrthe reft, they are fcldon t.ken any notice of. Next dav tho city of A rani i furrendercd, and a kw days 'fbJlowin^^ that of Kajev.irar. . Such \\t re the ti'h'C\s ol a battle, which llrn( k iuch a t< rror into the cnen-.y, that the coun- try iuncndcrtd rather to the conqueror's name than to the force of his arms. Th^ enemy being row ■to all iippearance, difperfed, Mr. Clive returned in triumph to Fort St. David. But he had not refided there many months before he was ordered to take tht field again. The enemy, nsfoon as they heard he was retired, a/rcmbled what forces they were able, ?nd advanced to a place called the Mount, about nine miles from tiie town of Madrafs. wher6 the gentlemen of that town have their country feats, which thejr had began to plun- der, when they received intelligence of Mr. CUve'i approach. The very name of this young hero wai fuincieiit to put a flop to their depredations. They made a precipitate retreat towards Arcot, which Mciificur Duplieux had informed them, vyas only garrifoned with twenty jnen and a fefjcant, there- fore they deiigned to poflefs themfeive.s of; but Mr. Clive, who was reinforced with one hundred and fixtymen from Bengal, penetrated into the khenie, and followed fo clofc at their heels, that they were f.iin to abandon their defign and encamp in themoft advantageous manner at Koverypauk; when, hear- ing that M. Duplieux's account of the ilr4;ngth of Arcot was falfe, they refolved to gi*^e Mr. Clive battle. Afiembling their force, they found it a- mounted to ainioft three thonfand ibur hundred nien, with eight pieces of* cannon : whereas Mr. dive's forces did not reach one- third of that num. _ bcr. • With- this view they quitted their intreM- 1 merits ( ^3S) '756 ments on the ftrll day of March, 1752, and advan- ced in ordei rof battle, taking pofleflion of a rifing ground on the right, on which they placei fifty Europeans; the front confifted of fifteen hundred vSipoys, and one hundred and twenty or thirty French j while the left was com|>ored of feventeen hundred horfe. Such were the numbers and fitua- tion of the; enemy, whom Mr. Clive advanced to attack, till he came within pulh of bayonet, order- ing his men to referve theii lire till that time ; whea the work was fo extremely hot, that the enemy, in a ihort time, w.^re obliged to retire to their intrer.ch- ments ; which Mr. Clive attacked with the grcateft intrepidity, but without fuccefs. At length, when it was almoft dark, and viftory ftili remaining doubtful, his troops being raw and undifciplined, and not accuftomed to attacking entrenchments, h« happily thought of a ttep which anfwered hisexpec- ;tation, and gave him the viaory. He fent a de- tachment round, to. faM on the rear of the enemy's battery 3 the defign happily fucceeded^ as it was executed w^th courage, and planned with prudence. The Englifti entered with their bayonets fixed, and firing a platoon, io difconcerted the enemy, that thc^nght wing, to a man, threw down their arms, and Surrendered prifoners of war; while the left wing made their efcape under cover of the night. .. The battery had been defended by forty eight Europeans, fourteen Topaffes or Fortuguefe of th« .country, and a body of natives : all of whom wcr« made pnfoners ; a greater number was killed. The vigors took eight pieces of cannon, nine tumbrels ot powder, one hundred and eighty ftands of arms, .wijh the lofs of only twenty-feven men killed and Wtpunded. ,The yidory would have been more G 4 brilliant. »'' m i ■ I?' .■ ;J .i ''M ti '756 (,36J l>rii;iant, had it hot been for the intervention of the night; however, it proved {uth a fevere blow to tiie enemy, that in the province of Arcot thev uere not able to make head again. f Ji^A !;i'^''^^"^ fortunate captain Cliye, having tullulcd his orders, now prepared to return to fort M. J^avid, whit,ier he arrived on the i of March. Here he found major Lawrcnct ..8i> med fralla, by a ftrong party of Strtdah Sateb'l forces. They proceeded without hiolcftwion m the 23d ; when coming nearKoyJ-add* (or Kod-ft4di) «icy found an intrenweve^ ^elicy he found' neans to coi-rupt Mona li, *; ^cr.c<*l of tlie Tanjcurincs, to connive ^thiieYcafc; howeveri f /59 ) 1756 Jiowcvcr/he wds rto fooner in Mona Ji's power than thai officer fecurck Golcondi. On tliethirira^ioiJ4, The native r Sr ^ kT^^'^ ?^^r< ^°?hedi upon him aj modeity incited.tliem to alJoft il^.rJ *,^l. '#' defeat in rvL^' •*y*3«'^^.9t ,am ^*v«^ ^^m * 4ot5d < ^)W ■) l«nw.ate4 ,thc wa^ wqpr4ii?g fnfiant dirpofitjon,' botKift fjie mearures, of his ;g,pyf^rijfiicnt^: aqd wiAjiis ^4- Wft^,^ dffttute ofpnWpfc, void of rentimi4 e^'tef.9f;thcya^9{^th«/utw;e^ ?^WFt>^d cruel xfi ,lus,,^ti;ed; l?ut ImLs prevailing */^ :W though at &',. time i: « ."* n^ I 1 1 I K; . j.| J : .-_ '.L'2 . Jill avdrSon'tS'^h^m fritteM from his infofln*; d'pn th»t they wjprc rich. Ch the 4th of June, hi iii«ed ;th^ fictle tu^vn Of Calfimbuzjlr, iituated bn |he. Ganires, at a i'ltisdl (fittonc^ i'rihn Maxadavid J1I3 ca'pitial. Ht^re he optfftJv dechirW thkr His dc- ilghvi^as to deprive thi^ Engmh^of aU their fettir. fnents; and with thlf View he began hh mjrci Southwards alonj^ the bahlcs of the riVer to CaltuttiL Which is tie priHcipal Ertgliih ftrttlement thtere. He ^i-etiphddd to hai^e a caufe tor inarching againft Cal- tiitta,;W^ieh Wai, that Mt: ©rake, the govertjor, jkacj |gi'antedprp^6Uqn to one' of his fdbje^* xvHtm h^ had outlawed for '<«nfplmi2'iigainlt.hfBpi; :We jfhall hot enquir^ibto oi^ uieMtVcrf this pretence,* it ascertain tluit h^ appeai:fd before fort William at i^^alcutta, with att army pf 7'^b,oco m^' in ihonth of Jtme, The gbVerhOi', 't^Vriie^ by tire numben of the enemy. Of, as beii^ one 'pf the people called Quakers', could not fr6m iiidtiVes of cbnCti^ncc n&H an attack, immediatdy abandoned the fort, witK n^any of iH(6. pHncipal perfbns in the fettlement, , who faved rbeiiiijb!ves/>vithr their moll valuable" effedion boaid th'e^ilups., NotwithftandSng Ais defertfon, Mjp. iloNrel^, th^ fecdndin ^ominand, afrxfted^t few gallahrfri^nds, antf ti^femains a feeble garri- fon, ' oraVely hckf out thjp^ fort to tjie laft extremity j fc^t a uoble ' dcfei^fce CoU|d "ftot keep ; an untenable place, or sffed ait ungenerous enemy. On the 20th oirjunb the fort was tai^h, iind the^ gfarrifon, coo- fiihngbf one hundred and'fbrt^-fix ^ribna bdftg made prifoni^rs, were for ?hat highT,^in thisfloltry climatcf, crammed into' a dtkiigeon, c^lcd th^^bU- hple prifon. "Mr. Hoi Weli/ with a few others, Game 0iit alitre, to paint a i^rke of the moft cruel ditheG which perhaps human nature ever fuiFered. His my affettiiig letter, ^ajfitaming a minute dctaii^f «*i- thij KCaVert^A frrim * *( U3 ) 175^ this fhocking barbarity, which cannot fail drawing tears from the eyes, and pity from tile heart, of thd moft obdurate an4 iavage brealt, we Ihall prefent to the reader. • ?** A Uittr from J, Z. MoMveii, Ejq; to PTiJ/ii^ ' Davisy Ef Hj h ii .t 'I I,, I ^^ :vm Vion; '756 ( 144 ) iiiii vion 5 . thourli Jfill confcious, that however hi^ xU colouring my witentive inemoi-y may fupply, it will fall-wi^mtely Ihprt of the horrors iccowpanying thii Icene. Thefe dcfeds muil, and 1 doubt not, will be affifted by your own humane and benevolent W'^Si9P»9n; in the exercife of, which, J never knew you JeCdtnt, where unnieritcd diftrcfs was the objedt. . The ^,ak to already had that falutary^cffea on my foniUtuti^n I expeded ; and my mind enjoys 9 calm it jha^ been many, months a ftranger to, lengthened by a clear chearful fky and atmosphere, i°^^*^^,jo,an unufualpleafaut .gale, with which wc axe p^ing the, .equinoftial. ' f can now, therefore^ look bjck ,w%iets agitation on thf .'dreadful nigb^ I am goin^ to defcribe, and with a grateful heai^ fincerely acknov»lege, and deeply jnevere that Frovi- dcnce, whicii alone co«|ld have prcferved me tbrougji tliat, and all my fucceeding fufFerings and hazards. % Before 1 conduft you into the black-hole, it is necellary you fhould be acquainted with a few intro- duftory circumflances. The SuBa [Salajud-Dow^ viceory of Bengal, Baker, and Orixa]andhi« troops were in po&llion of the fort before fix in the even- ing. 1 had in all three interviews : the lall in Dun- bar [in council] before feven, when he repeated his aflurances to me, on the word of a fqldier, that np Harm fhould come to us j and indeed I believe Jiis prders wfcfe only general, that we fhould for that night be fecured; and that what followed, was the reiult of revenge and reientmept, in the brcafts of the lower Jemmautdaars, [an officer of the rank of ferjeant] to whofe cuftody we were delivered, for the number of their order killed during the fiege. Be this as it may, as foon as it was dark, we were alls U/i^Krillt- /^lA'inA'i/^n Aifa^^yi VC *l.o. ^.,«.'J ^..». ■I'jy' tti ( ^45 ) 175* flj, to coHeft ourfelves into one body, and fit down quietly under the arched vfcrand^ or piaiza, to the well of the Black-Holfe prifon, and the barracks to (he left of the coun of guard j and juft over againft the windows of the governor's eafterly apartments. Bcftdes the guard over us, anothfcr was placed at the foot of the ftairs at the fouth end of this Ve* randa, leading up to thfefoiith^aft baftiori, to pre- vent any of lis. cfcapio^ that way. Oft the p^rad^ (tvhere ydii ivill reraembter the tw6 twenty-fbuf pndersJIOod) wereiairo tlfists^ii upaboitt four %st lire huhdr^gms-tnen With ligted matches. . At this tirttc the faaoty was" itj Ernies to the nVht iinaieftofitt;% th^ ttght the armx)ry and labo- ratory; to 1IH^lj-ft, tht t^tpeirtertyard: thduHi at thistimeweiidagi^edit was ihe cotta Warel^tife* [the company's doth warehtdes]. Varioas ttrere oor conjeanres oa this appearance; the fire ad- tamta With rapidhytfn both fides; ^nd it was thd |)revaiHtig opinion, that tl\ey^ intended fiOFocattfiV vs betweon the two test and 6iis 'ntitioh was troni mtd- by -the appeaiiance-,' aWt half an hoot paft femi, of fome officers and 'people with lighted torches' m their ^hand^,^ tv^o ^^ent itrto -all the^^part^ ments under the eallerly curtain to the righto: vts; Ito wrhich V^e ^p^'rc^chidfed they were fettirt^ fire, to expedite t^i'eif p^ine of ^burrtmg us. On^y s w6 p^fentlyeame to a n^fblutioii, of ruftiin^ on' di^ ^m, idizing their Ycymits^rs, and Attacking thi prODbs upon thd p:4i^^dd/i-athel^than be thlis tamely Ituafted to-deatii. *ut to be latfsfied of thefr intewi ™^S^.^^a"cea, at.'th^'rfeqdeft 8e"mm8: flailhe, Jenks, • and Reveiy, t6J^ if rftey were Mlyktim Hre to the ajykrtrt^nts, andfo^ndthrf ftoim-ary ; ' for in'f^ft, as it aDbe«red nft/>Vi«/ardJ mwm oiiiyte&rcHlng^fBrr Jjf^'lo^^din^li in: i li * i §' 175^ fciSi m ( 146 ) in i the laft they examined being the barracks of tie court of guard behind us. Here 1 mu^t detniii you a little, to do honour to the memory of a man, to whom 1 had in many in ftances been a friend; and who, on this occafjoD demonllrated his fenfibility of it in a degree worth! of a much higlier rank. His name was L'-ech the company's imith, as, we'll as. clerk of the parilV tJusrnau h.d made his efcape when the Moors en. me^ the for^, and returned juft as it wf^s dark, to tell me he had provided a, boat, and would infmc my efcape, if I would fo)lb^>im tJ;irough a pailLe few were acquainted uith, and by.whieii he then entered. (This might eafily hav^ . been accom- phlhcd, as the guard put over us took hu;verv flight notice of us.) I thanked him in the bcil terms 1 vyas able ; but told him, it was a ftep 1 1 could not prevail on myfelf to take, aa I ihould thereby very ill repay the attachment thp gentlemen and the garrifon had lliewn .to me ; and that I was reloived to fhare thtir fate, be it ^w}\at iCm\^i\ but preifed him to , fecure W own efcape witliout I lofsof time: io which he gallantly' replied, " tliat then he was rciolved to Ihare mine, and wf)ul(),aot leave me." To myfelf and tic world I iho^uld furcly'Lri ilpod cxcufed in enbrjcing theovt^tureabovemeii-l tior.ed, could 1 ha>c conceived what immediately jTollowed; for,! liad fcai'wc.time to make him an anfwcr, before we ib'er/ed part of the guard drawn i lip mi. the parade a^v^nce to us, witli tjicofficenj whb had h^'en viewing the rooms. They ordered u^ all to riic, anu go in:o the barracks to the left of the court of guard. The barracks, you may remem-, ber, have a large wooden platform for the Ibidiers JQ u£ec jOOs in&Are Qniin. ld the wedl h" srrhj". "i in/l rgiall| foJtry night, in J ( 147 ) 1756 a fmall parapet wall, correfpondina to the arches of the Veranda without. In we went mo a readily, and were pleai'mg ouifelves with the profpeft of pafiing a comfortable night on the platrorm, little dreaming of the infernal apartment in referve lor us. For we were no fooner all within the barracks, than the guard advanced to the inner arches and parapet wall ; and, with their muikets prefeutcd, ordered us to go into the room at the fouthermoft end of the barracks, commonly called the Black Hole prifon ; whilft others from the court of guard, with clubs and drawn fcymitars, prciTed upon thofe of us next to them. 1 his ihokc was fo fudden, fo uncxpeded, and the throng and prefiure fo Meat upon us next the door of the Black HcJe prifon, there was no refilling it ; but, like one agitated wave impellmg another, we were obliged to Pive way and enter ; the refl followed like a torrent, few amongllus, excepting the foldiers, having the leaft idea ol the dimenfions or nature of a place we had never feen : for if we had, we ihould at all events have rufticd upon the guard, and been, as the lefTer cvii, by our own choice cut to pieces. Amongrt the firft that entered, were myfelf, meflrs. Baiihe, Jenks, Cooke, T. Coles, enfign Scot. Kevely, Law, Buchanan, See. I got pofleffion of the vwndow nearellthe door, and took meiTrs. Coles and bcot mto the window with me, they beine both wounded (the firtt I believe mortally.) The rcltof the abovcmentioned gentlemen were clofe round about me It was now about eight o'clock. " Figure to yourfelf, my friend, if poflible, the fi. tuation of a hundrecfand forty-fix wretches, exhauft* ed by contmual fatigue and adion, thus crammed -g=uicr ma cube or about eightcefi fcet, in, a which Iforefaw mnft be fatal to them. Ire- ^uefted ftlence might be preferved, whilft I fpoke «> TOera,aBd in the moli patheric and moving terms, which toccurredv ** I begged ana intimated, that as they had paid a ready obedience to me in the day, they would now for their own fakes, and the fakes of thofe, who were dear to them, and were intercftcd in the preservation of their lives, regard the advict I had to give them. I affured them the return of I day would give us air and liberty urged to them | that the only chance we had left for fuftaining this jnisfortone, and fuiviving the night, was. the p«N ferving a calm mind and quiet refignation to our fate ; intreating them to curb, as much a? poffible, «very agitation of mind atid body, as raving and I ^giving a loofe to their paffions could anfwer no pur- poie^ biat f*iat »f haftening their deftrudion." This remenltrance produced a ftiort interval of peaoe, and gave me a few minutes for reflexion : ' though even this paufe was nof a little <§' jrbed hj\ Jthe cries and grdans of the many wounded, and more .i^J^ iAU\ 'fcUN Death, I to put off thei < V 'W ( 149 ) 1756 Death, attended with the mod cruel train of circum- llances, I plainly perceived muft prove our inevita- ble deftiny : I had feen this common migration in too many Ihapes, and acculbmed myielf to think on the fubjed with too much propriety to be alarmed at the profpea, and indeed felt much more for my wretched companions than myfelf. Amongft the guards poiled at the windows, I ob* ferved an old Jcmmautdaai- near me, who feemed to can^fome companion for us in his countenance; and indeed he was the only one of the many in his nation, who difcovered the leaft trace of humanity. I called him to me, and in the moft perfuafive terms I was capable, urged him to commiierate thefuffer- ings he was a witnefs to, and prelTed him to endea- yoortoget us feparated, half in one place, and half in the other ; and that he ihould in the morning re- ceive a thoufand rupees for this aft of tendernef^. Hepromifed he would attempt it, and withdrew; but in a few minutes returned, and told rec it was impoflible. I then thought I had Mn deficient in my offer, and promifed him two thoufand : he withdrew a fecond time, but returned foon, and (with I belief much real pity and concern) told me it was not pradicablc ; that it could not be done but hy the Suba*5 order, and that no one dared awake him. Dunng this interval, though their paffions were lefs violent, their unt^afmels increafed. We had been but few minutes confined be'bre every one fell into a perfpiration fo profufe, you can form no idea uK J.^^' confequently brought on a raging thirlt, wnich ftill increafed, in proportion.as the body was drained of its mojfture. J^a^ous expedients were thought Of to give more "oom and air. To obtain the former, it was moved to put off their cloaths : this was approved, as ■If ii !. ! W'' if: 1756 ( ,50 ) a happy motion, and in a few minutes I believe every man was ftripped (myfelf, Mr. Court, and the two wounded young gei.tlenian by me, excep. ted) fora httl' .ime they flattered themlelves wifh having gamed a mighty advantage : everv hat was put in motion to produce a circulation ot' air, and Mr. BaiUie propoied that every man fliould fit down on his hams : as they were truly in the fuuation of drowning wretches, no wonder they caught at every thing that bore a flattering appearance of fav. mg them. This expedient was leveral times put in praftife, and at each time many of the poor crea. tures, whofe ftrength was lefs than others, or had been more exhaulted, and could not immediately recover their legs, as otJiers did when the word m ^iven to rife, fell, to rife no more ! for they were inflantly trod to death, or fuffocated. When the whole body fat down, they were fo clofely wedged together, that they were obliged to ufe many efforts, before they could put themlCiVes in motion to get up again. * Before nine o'clock every man's thirfl grew into- lerable, and refpiration difiicult. Our fuuation was much more wretched than that of fo many miferablc animals in an exhaufteJ receiver; no circulation of irelh air, fuiiicient to continue life, nor yet enough diverted of its vivifying particles to put a fpeedy period to it. Efforts were again made to force the door, but Jn vain. Manyinfults were ufed to the guard to pro- voke them to fire in upou us (which as I learned af- terwards, were carried to much greater lengths, when I was no more fenfible of what was tranfaded ) For my own part 1 hitherto felt little pain or un- eafmefs, but what refulted from my anxiety for the fuffcrings of thofe within. By keeping my face be- tween ween two of the bars I obtained air enough to ei^e .y tangs eafy p ay, though ,„y perfpirationvvas^e'! «ve, and thirtt commencing. At this period ib tag a urinous volatile effluvia came from the Ji. on, tAat I was not able to turn my head that wav Iformore than a few feconds at a time ^' No>v every body excepting thoib fituated in and near the windows, began to grow outrageous, W Iniany dihnous : "Water, Water," Becime >S* L^l cry And .ha old Jemm^utdaar'trfit ffl bnng fome Ikins^of water, little dreamin/ T beheve of its fatal efe.i.. This was what I drSd- U . I forefaw it vyould prove the ruin of the fmall chance left us, and elTiyed many dmes to fpeak to lh.ni privately to forbid i:« being brou-ht • Ct th° fclaniour was fo loud, it became impSflibieTi' hater appeared. .Words cannot pafnt to you the himerlal agitation and raving the fifHof iWLl^ l^mto. I had flattered myfelfthat^fome b- ol fcmngan equal temper of i^ind, mighromK; mgh J but now the. refleftion, whicf gave me the Ipcatelt pain, was, that I (aw no poiV&l bf „„ leaping to tell the difmal tale P™"!"'."^ °^ °",e l)""! the water came, I had mvfrlf „™ /• fl- j Imuch from thirft, which i„rhS^^ ^"^"^^ We had no meals of leyS iSh""'!:-''- b^ by hats forced through thIZ • and thL?„" ??^ (ami Meffieurs Coales ani Scot filtwirhl 4- ^''*5 ' * hats 1-!,' K i '1 1 III: h*?its within the bars, there cnfued fuch viobt ftruggks, and frequent contefls to get at it, that before it reached the lips of^ any one, there would be fcarpcly a fmall tea-cup full left in them. Theft fupplics, like fprinkling water on the lire, oaly ^] ye4 to feed and raiie the flame. . . , - .Oh ! my dear Sir, how. fhall I give you a con. ception of wha^ 1 felt at the cries and nmgtd ^thofe in the remoter pai:t5 of the prifon,. who couU not entertain a probable hoprof obtaining a droa \et could not divell thejnfeivcs of expedladon however unavailing ! And others calling on bkIw the tender confideratiow of friendihip and afFedioiJ .and who knew they w^rq really dear to roc. Think, if poflible, what my heart mutt have fuffered at f» . ing and hearing their diibefsr without having it ii my power to relieve them ;i for the confufion m became general and hor«4 Several quitted tht other window (the only chance they had for life) to torcc their way to tlie water, and tlie throng ani prei's upon the win.dQw was beyond bearing ; may torcmg their paffage from the further part of the room, prefltid down thpfe ia their way whohadleli ^rength, and trampled them to death. .,! V,;:t!j Can it gain belief, that this fccne of mifeiy pfovedentcrtain^lient to the brutal wretches widiout? But fo it was ; and they took care to keep m (up-j .plied with water, that they might have the fatiJ faaion of ieeing us fight. for it, as they phrafedit *pd h^Id up |i^h,ts CO tihe bars, thai thbtyimigkio* ^po ^artof the inhuman divecfion; . . ,;hUj .iff?!-! Prom about nine to near eleven, Ifaitainttd cri^el fccne and painful fituation, lUli fupplyin them with water, though my legs were alroolt hrok ^ Wkh the Weight a^aiiift them. By this time I myiei wa ^Wf^ ( 'S3) 1756 MS very near prefled to death, and mv two com Fanions. with fc. William Pa'rker (wTo ZhT^i himfelt into the window) were really fo For a great while they preferved a refpeft artd regard to me, more than Indeed Icould welex- pefl, our circumftances confidered : but now 711 ■Ihn&on was loll. My friend BailHe. Mem f jenke, Revely, Law. Buchanan. Simlbn. aidfeverd [ others, for whom I had a real efteem and affia7o„ hadforfome time been dead at my feet , anS m, tramnled upon by every corporal ir common fpidier wf.0, by the help of more robull coXu \m\ "^ 'T^ '^''"""y '" "•^'vindow. a^3 h iJ ftft by the bars over me, till at laft I becami «; |p^«ffedandwedgedup, that I was deprived 0^31? determined now to give every thine ud T rall.J » them and begged. % the lift fnlJe of th^fr regard, they would remove the preffure upon me permu me to retire out of the windc-^. to dfe itorced a paflage into the center of the nrifon w ere the throng was lefs by the many tj7^"; it L?"!°""!!"8'-°r '^'^'^)' "nd thenur^bera who flocked to the windows ; for by this time tfiev had TOter alio at the other wmdow ^ the further end of it, juft oppof.te theotherwTdow \^ feated myfelf o. the platform hJlll"''™ ' fct"„r'' "J""'" Sf-fo" ; thVform;r juli wn exp.nng. I „„ fcU happy in ,he feme cairn- " . nefs i ( ?l ,U, ' 1 'I i ^756 ( 154 ) ncfs of miiitl I liad prefen'ed the whole time ; death 1 expedt'd us unavoidable, and only lamented its flow approach, though the moment I quitted the window my breathing grew ftiort and painful. Here my poor friend Mr. Edward Eyre came ftaggering over the dead to me, and with his ufuai coolncf, and good-nature afked me how I did ? but fell and expired before I had time to make him a reply. I laid myfelf down on fome of the dead behind me, on the platform, and recommending my [elf to heaven, had the comfort of thinking my fufferings could have no long duration. My thirft grew now infuppor tabic, and difficulty of breathing much increafed; and had not re- mained in this fituation, I believe, ten minutes, when I was feized with a pain in my breaft, and palpitation of the heart, both to the moil exquiiite degree. Thefe roufed and obliged me to get up again ; but iHll the pain, palpitation, thirlt, and difficulty of breathing increafed. I retained ray fenfes notwithftanding, and had the grief to fee death not fo near me as I hoped, but could no longer bear the pains I fuftered, without attempting a. relief, which 1 knew frefh air would and could only ^!ve me. I inftantly determined to pulh for the window oppofite to me ; and by .in effort of double the ftrength I ever before poffeiled, g:u:»tJ the thifd rank at it, with one hand icized a bar, and by that means gained the fecond, though I think there were at leall fix or fevcii ranks between me and the window. In a few moments my pain, palpitation, and diffi- culty of breathing ceafed ; but my thirll continued intolerable. I called aloud for " water for God's sake;** had been concluded dead : but ai Ibon as they heard me amongH them, they had ftill f '55 ) r755 ftill the rcfpeft and tcndcrnefs for me to cry out "Give Hi^i wah^r, Givk him water!*' nor would one of them at the window attempt to touch It until I had drank. But from the water I found no relief ; my thirll was rather increafcd by it • fo I determined to drit.k no more, but patiiuly wait the event, and keep my mouth moift from time to time, by fucking the preibiration out of my Ihirt flecves, and catching the drops as they fell like heavy rain from my head and face : you can hardly imagine how unhappy I was if any of them efcaped my mouth. ^ I came into the prifon without coat or waiftcoat - the fealon was too hot to bear the former, and the latter tempted the avarice of one of the guards, {^bbed me of it when we were under thi veranda. Whilft I was at this fecond window, I ..s obferve J by one of my miferable companion.- on he righ of me, in the expedient of allayingmy third by fucking my fhirt fleeve. He took the ?int. and robbed me from time to time of a confiderable part of n^ (lore ; though after I deteded him, 1 had ever the addrefs to begin on that fleeve firii. when I thought my refervoirs were fufficiently re- pleniflied, and our mouth, and nofes often met in the conteft. This plunderer I found afterwards wa" a u^rthy young gentleman in the fervice, Mr. Lufh! ngton, one of the few who efcaped from death, dfince paid me the compliment of affuring me he believed he owed his life to the many comfort able draughts he had fmm my fleeves. [ m^ndon' this incident, as I think nothing can dvc you a ^ore lively idea of the melanchofj. ihteVd dXfs tte^nt^H 7- ?"?' '" ^" ungovernable fit of thirft, attempted drinking my urine ; but it wa5 fo in- ^^ 2 tenfdy ' 1 'I f- I !^ I I '75^ ( 156 ) tenfcly bitter there was no enduring a fccond tafte whertas no Briibl water could be more foft or plea! fant than what arofe from prefpiration. By half an hour after a eleven the much greater number of thofe living were in an outragious deli- rium, and the others quite ungovernable ; few re- taining any calmnefs, but the ranks next the win- dows. By what I had felt myi'df, I was fully fen- fiblc what thofe within fuffered ; but had only pity to bellow upon them, not then thinking how fooa 1 fliould myfelf become a greater objed of it. They all found now that water,, inllead of re- lieving rather heiglitened their uneafmeffes ; and ** Air, Air," was the general cry. Every infult that could be devifed agamll the guard, all the op- probrius names and abuie that the Suba, Monick- cliund, Sec. [Rajah Monickchund, appointed by the Suba governor of Calcutta ] could be loaded •with, were repeated to provoke the guard to fire up- on us, every man that could, rulhing tumultuoufly towards the windows, witli eager hopes of meet- ing the firft (hot : then a gentle prayer to heaven, to ballen the approach of the flames to the right and left of us, and put a period to our mifery. But thefe failing, they whofe Itrength and fpirits were quite exhaufted, laid themfelves down and expired quietly upon their fellows ; others, who had yet fome ftrcngth and vigor left, made a laft effort for the windows, and feveral fucceeded, by leaping and fcrambling over the backs and heads of thofe in the firlt ranks, and got hold of the bars, from which there was no removing them. Many to the right and left funk with the violent preffure, and were foon fufFocated ; for now a fteam arofe from the i:..:^^ n^A t.1^^ J^^A ...u:_t- ^/r^n-j .__ r_ _ii •,. _•_ iivkii^ a.ii\j. tilt u%nu, wiU^il UITCCICU US ifl Zli iS5 fcif- cvimitances, as if we w«re forcibly held with our heads ( T57 ) i;^ lieadi over a feowl full of ftron^ volatile fpirit of hartfhorn, until fuffocated ; nor could the effluvia of the one be diainguifhed from the other, and frequently, when 1 was forced by the load upon my head and fhoulderii to hold my fau- down; I was obliged, near as 1 was to the window, inftanily io raifc It again to efcape iufrbcalion. I need not, my dear friend, aflc your commifc- ration, when I tell you, that in this plight, from half an hour pall eleven, till near two in rhe morn- iJig, Ifuftamed the weight of a heavy man, with Jis knees in my back, and the pre/Ture of his whole body on my head. A Dutch ferjeant, who had tak^H his feat on my left flioulder, and a Topaz fa black chnftian foldier, ufually termed fubjeds of Portogal] bearing on my right ; all which nothin? could have enabled me long to fupport, but the props and preflure equally fuftaining me all around. The two latter I frequently diflodged, by (hifting my hold on the bars, and driving my knuckles int« their ribs j but my friend above ituck fall, and, as lie held by two bars, was immoveable. When J had bore this conflid above an hour, with a train of wretched refleaions, and feeing no glimpfe of hope, on which to found a profped of relief.^ my fpirits, refolution, and every fentiment of religion gave way, I found I was unable much longer to fupport this trial, and could not bear the dreadful thoughts of retiring into the inner part of the prifon, where I had before fufFered fomuch Some infernal fpirit taking the advantage of this period, brought to my remembrance my having a fmall clafp penknife in my pocket, with whidi I determined mllantly to open my arteries, and finifh a lyitem no longer to be borne. I had got it out. when iit-aveii interpoled, and rellored me -^ -'• • • H ' frelh fpi ts and w i i and refolution, with an abhorrancc of the aft «r cowardice r was juft going to commit ; I exmed anew my itrength and fortitude; but the repe rials and efforts I made to diiladge the infufe incumbrances upon me at laft quite exhaulled J and towards two o'clock, finding I muft quit ^ window or iink where I wasf I refolved on h .former, having bore, truly for the fake of others . inimitely more for life than the beft of it js worS In the rank clofe behind me was an officer of cue ot tue fhipsvvhofe natpe was Carey, and who had behaved with much Bravery during the fiege, (hi Wife, a fine woman, though country- borrC^ould not quit him, but accompanied him into the prifon and was one who furvived.) This poor wretcn had been Jong raving for water and air ; I told him I was determined to give up life, and r^commendi.,. his gaining my ftation. On my q«it:ing, he ml L;^ll ' f T^' '"^ ^^ "'y P^^^> b"t the Dutch ierjeant who fat on my Ihoulder, fupplanted him. Foor Carey expreffcd his thankfulnefs, and faid he would give up life too ; but it wa. with die ut- mofl labour we forced our way from the window (leveral in the inner ranks appearing to me dead ftan^mg, unable to fall by the thron| and equal , preiTure roundO He laid himfelf do.n to die, Id a more, full, fanguine man ; his itrength was treat, and I imagine, had he not letlred wit^ me, I fhouid never have been able to have forced my way I was at this time fenfible of no paiii and littV unea.inefs ; lean give you no better idea of my fi^uation than by repeating rpy fimile of the bowl fit fpint of hartCorn. I found a ilupor coming on apace, and laid myielf do;^'n by that gallant old m^n, the reverend Mr. Jarvis i^ellamy? who lay ( ^59 ) 1756 dead with his fon the lieutenant, hand in hand near the fouthermoll wall of the prifon. • ' When I had Iain there fome little time, I ftill had refleaion enough to fuffer fome uneafmefs in the thought, that 1 Ihould be trampled upon when dead, as 1 myielf had done to others. With feme diffi- culty I raifed myfelf, and gained the platform a fecond tune, where I prefently loft all fenfaticn ; the M trace of feniibihty that I have been able to recollea after my laying down, was my fafli beino- uneafy about my waift, which I untied, and threw from me. Of what pafTed in this interval, to the time of my refurredion from this hole of horrors, I can give you no account ; ?nd indeed the particulars mentioned by fome of the gentlemen who furvivcd 6o) It'll ll brought mc towards the window I had M poflef iion of. ' But as life was dear to every man (and the ftench arifmg from the dead bodies was grown intolerable) no one would give up his ftationin or near the win. dow, fo ihey were obliged to carry me back again* but foon after captain Mills (now captain of the ccmpany's yatch) who was in pofleffion of a feat in the window, had the humanity to offer to refign it. I was again brought by the fame gentlemen and placed in the window. ' At thisjunfture the Suba who had received an account of the havoc death had made amongft uj, fent one of his Jemmautdaars to enquire if the chief furvived. They ihewed me to him ; told him I had tl^e appearance of life remaining, and believed I might recover if the door was opened very foon. This anfwer being returned to the Suba, an order came immediately for our relcafe, it being Aen near fix in the morning. The freih air at the window foon brought me to life ; and a few minutes after the departure of the Jemmautdaar, f was reftored to my fight and fenfes. But oh ! Sir, what words /hall I adopt to tell ycu thd whole that my foul fuffered at reviewing the dreadful deftru6lion round me ? I will not attempt it ; and indpcd, tears (a tribute I believe I ihaJl ever pay to the remembrance of this fcene, and to the memory of thofe brave and valuable men) Hop mf pen. The little flrength remaining amongft the moil robull who furvived, made it a difficult talk to re- move the dead piled up againft the door ; fo thatl believe it was more than twenty minutes before wc obtained a paiTage out for one ata time. Ci6i ) 1756 I had foon reafon to be convinced the particular enquiry made after me did not refult from any didate of favour, humanity, or contrition; when I came out, I found myfelf in a high putrid fever, and not being able to iland, threw myfelf on the wet gr&fs without the veranda, when a melTage was brought me fignifying I muft immediately attend the Suba. Not being capable of walking, they were obliged to fupport me under each arm, and on the way one of the Jemmautdaars told me, as a friend, to make a full confeffion where the trea- fure was buried in the fort, or that in half an hour I fhould be Ihot off from the mouth of a cannon [a fentence of death common in Indoftan]. The in- timation gave me no manner of concern, for at that junfture I fhould have efteemed death the greateft favour the tyrant could have bellowed up- on me. '^ Being brought into his prefence, he foon ohicx- ved the wretched plight I was in, and ordered a a large folio volume, which lay on a heap of plun- der, to be brought for me to fit on. i endeavoured two or three times to fpeak, but my tongue was dry, and without motion. He ordered me water. As foon as I got fpeech, I begun to recount the dilmal cataftrophe of my miferable companions ; butheftoptmeihort, with telling me he was well in- formed of great treafure being buried, or fecretc^ in the fort, and that I was privy to it ; and if I expefted favour, muft difcover it. I urged every thing I could to convince him there was no truth in the information, or that if any fuch thing had been done, it was without my knowledge 1 reminded him of his repeated afTurance to me the fl ^^ ? I but he refumed the fubjedof the trea- feemed to gain no credit HS with i ■\m •:;i: i'' '1.1 I V i ! tit m " i. ^7S^ ( 162 ) ti^^^j^'""' ^ ^^' °^^^^^^ prifoner under Uh\r Muddon, general of the houffiold troops Amongft the guard which carried me 'from the Suba, one bore a large Moratter battlc-ax, which gave rife I imagine to Mr. fecretary Cooke^f^ i"t wither r'%'T' ^'^^ ^^ '^- -« ^^ out, with the edge of the ax towards me, to have rny head ftruck off. Th^s I believe is the only ar count you will have of me, until I bring Tou better myfelf But to refume my fubjeft^: wa ordered to the camp to Mhir Muddon's quarter within the outward ditch,, fomething fhort of Cm chund^ garden (which you know is above th^ e nules from the fort) and with me Meffieurs Coun Wa cot and Burdet. ^ The reft who furvived tl mal night gained their liberty, except Mrs. Carey who was too young and handfome. The dead bodies were promifcuoufly thrown into the ditch earth """^"'^^"^ '^^^^^"' ^"'i covered with die My being treated with this feverity, I have lufficient reafon to affirm, proceeded from the fol- lowing caufes : the Suba»s refentment for my de- tending the fort after the governor, &c. had abandoned it ; his prepo/refTion towards the trea- lure ; and thirdly, the inftigations of Omychund la great Gentoo merchant of Calcutta] in refent- ment for my not releafing him out of prif:n, as foon as I ha^ the command of the fort : a circum- ttance, which m the heat and hurry of adion, never once occurred to me, or I had certainly done it ; t^^rf I '^"^^' ^'' ^"^P^^onnient ui^'uft. But tftat the hard treatment J met with may truly beat- tnbutedin a great meafure to his fuggeftions and infmuations, I am well aflUred, from the whole of hks fubfequcnt condud; and this further rnnfirn,.H » tacre aciuaiiy v ( i63) 175^ to me in the three gentlemen felefted to be my companions, againft each of whom he had conceived particular refentment ; and you know Omychund can never forgive. We were conveyed in a Hackery [a coach drawa by oxen] to the camp the twenty.firft of June in the morning, and foon loaded with fetters, and ftowed all four in a feapoy's tent, about four feet long, three wide, and about three high, fo that •,ve were half in, half out : all night it rained fe- verely. Difmal as this was, it appeared a paradife compared with our lodging the preceding night. Here I became covered from head to foot with large painful boils, the firft fymptom of my recovery ; for until thefe appeared, my fever did not leave me. On the morning of the twenty-fecond, they marched us to town in our fetters, under the fcorching beams of an intenfe hot fun, and lodged us at the dock-head, in the open fmall veranda^ fronting the river, where we had a llrong guard over ujr, commanded by Bundo Sing Hazary, an officer under Mhir Muddon. Here the other gen- tlemen broke out Hkewife in boils all over their bodies ; a happy circumftance, which, as I after- wards learned, attended every one who came out of the black hole." J. Z. HGLWELL. In this hole 123 perfons were fuffocated. The «ft (twenty three) came out alive, and were con- diK^ed to Maxadabab the capital of Bengal, where ^hey underwent another feries of miferies : At length the Nabob of Bengal being convinced that there actually was no treafure at Calcutta, and hh grand* i, i-i |j:il!! »756 ( 164) Srand^ollier interpofing in their bfhalf, he gra„, It k"? '^7 ';t"'y- This m was fc'verely f ; by he Eafi-India company, as it wastheprindS fettlement which they had in Bengal, and theT the only fecurity which they hadVth." vLluabfc par^f their trade To retrieve thefe affairs adm ral Watfon and colonel Clive were called with Z forces from the coail of Coromandel, which Z happJy effeaed in th, courfe of the followii!^ We will now turn .!o the Britifh affairs In >\merica where they wore as bad a complexion this year as' laft, partly owing to the mikhkfs and broils at iiome, and partly to the different opinions which influenced the affemblies of the feveral provinces each was for attacking the enemy on his own fron; tiers, but not willing to affift his neighbour. The conaua of general Shirley had in England been declared delitory, and confidered as unfatisfaftory ; lu'l J "^^^ determined to fuperfede him, with another officer, and order him home ; but even thefe orders u^re not dated in London till the laft day ct March, and then the commander was hut jull appointed. Colonel Webb carried thefe dif- patches to America, and he was followed by gene- ral Abercrombe, who arrived at New- York on the 2olJiof June, withfome troops; but the earl of Xoudon, the commander in chief, did not arrive there before the 23d of July. Whether thefe de- Jays muft be imputed to a ftate of anarchy at home, we know net ; but it is certain they ruined the plan ot operations, which were this year concerted for attacking fort Niagara, fituated between the lakes Unrarioand Erie, in ordev to cut off" the communi cation n^tu/*>*»ri Cr>nr>A^ «„^ T -.-^r n-11 ., ^»« TWM««4w« rtiiw i-iuuiiiiiiia. iheiTiar- quis quis ( '65 ) 1756 y.. de Vandrueil, governor of Canada, beinu informed of this fcheme, was determined to fruftratf u. Hegote.aa intelligence of the ftate and co„! mon of fort Ofwego which was f.tuated on °he hke Ontano, and the number of veffels on the lake; this fort had been built by Mr Shirlev ii! order to open and fecare a pafla,e^o go and ^uad^ .he French forts Niagara a/d Frontenfc, and fo^ .elftls which were built on the lake, where defigned toiranfport the troops into the enemies territo^es • u w« alio defigned for covering the Iroquois, Zd toring the In Jkn trade, though in fait they wTre focorrupted by the French, that%here was no C any ner which he made on this occafion, he leaned S aeiigns of the enemy, their numbers and pofirion ^ . >n atcount of which he difpatched to generKw' hmbieatAbany, and th^ officer orVrXjouej Wb to hold himfelf in readinefs to march to'S^, aL„ ^'2°- ■ ^° "**'■ i"fo™ation arrived Ir^tl^^T^ ?'*^S0 till it was taken; f rtt t"'"«h' ""^ "?'" ""•J Pro^fions into ■ b^ked ^hu'f"^ '° Scheneftady. Montcalm i'*d over th« lake,- and" P^Ttiie", Tth T^ "S ■F fn 1 l ,.^/i J M 1756 ( i66) «-,, he appeared before Ofwego ; the garrifon of which confilted of 1600 men, commanded by colonel Mercer, an orticer of approved bravery, and pro- vided with one hundred pieces of cannon ; but the fortifications ofthc place were not fit to refill regulu approaches, the materials beine principally of tim. ber, the defences badly contrived, and even unfi. niftied. Montcalm attacked it with thirty-two pieces of cannon, and Ibme mortars ; but on the 13th colonel Mercer being killed, the garrilbn fell into confufion, the ofticers were divided in their opinions what to do, and on the 14th having con- fidered that the place was untenable, they de- manded a capitulation, and furremiered on condi- tion of being treated with humanity, and ientpri. foners to Montreal. However, Montcalm did not obferve this ; he permitted his Indians to maflacre the defencelefs foldiers, as they ilood on the pa- rade ; to aifaflinate lieutenant de la Court, though under the protection of a French officer ; to barba- roufly fcalp all* the fick in the hofpital ; and finally, in direct violatiun of the articles, he delivered up twenty of the garrifon to the Indians, in lieu of I that number they had loft during the fiege, that they might be tortured to death, according to the cruel cuftom of the country. The veffels on the lake fell into the hands of the enemy j ./ho, imme. diatcly after the furrender of the fort, demolilhed It, and embarked with their prifonefs and cannon for fort Frontenac. It has been mentioned that I capt. Bradllreet fent intelligence to general Abet- crombie of the enemy's defigns on Ofwego, and that Mr. Webb was ordered to hold himfelf in rea-| dinefs to march : this information arrived at M^ fcanv on the 1 2th of Tulv : but p-eneral Webb didl not leave that plt^e, ia ord^r IQ proceed to Of' \i\ ( 16; ) I7j6 «p». till the 9th of Auguft: on the ,7th he re- «.vol advice that the fort was taken, upon which he returned to Albany. The delay of L" ma ch [jm principal y owing to the American governors before general Webb could be provided^ with ne' cetos lord Loudohn arrived at Albany? whkh w« the firll objoa of his attention; but he w^as toouny oppofed by the province of New-York - others who urged the taking of Crown Pofnt Mt (o much for the fecurity of tneir owTL.?' a. to divert him from reLin^wZ^Xch theyheped would fall, that they nZTwro^^ appearance of reafon for blaminc Mneral sV 1 * had always the fecurity of ft S „ h {' Lough he refigned his coLLdrlhe" ; h^^f »^'wThh^ V'"^'^ '''l"*''^*'^ infendiig °. neral Webb, when it was too latt M«,k:_*/ kr^as done : th. troops wktered at£a ",^ ^"' C H A P. IV. |#'W y Europe, to the end of the year 1756. 'ITH rcfpea to Germany, the £rft tranf Wer^ncSv^L^.?! .''!i"S Wreheniive tha ■««^to£uxope.^;y:s;.rdX:r.«; * common i« i «,.)!■ ia. !l 1756 ( 168) , common country, Gpr»n. king's m.-- K.t n„ f J«°""""''='=''- Mr. Fox uas dirOttd to „. K, r, i rel!,tu;,on *o„ld be complied with, and tliae feet? fc. K A^^- "" ^"'"^ ">««"' were rendered indiW Li=,.l k f°" ^'"'P' °f ''"'s aofwer, the Fren. h im. tl? ' r ^'?i° "f'" *' f»«i — ,.^. ,,„._, .v;.^uiicu u Duay or nciUun trcop:, f luant to the late treaty, who were to be forthwith brought ov( "^ 1 ( ^7^ ) 1756 j«ncluded, they foliated the concurrence of thofe Madrid and Turin ; but thcfe wifely refolved to pre to a neutrality. As to the conduft of the king of Poland, eledor of Saxony, we itand too If '*'?^o ^"^ ^^ ^ P''°P^^ i^ge o^* it. When ^e treaty of Peterfljurgh was made, it is certain the Ws-queen endeavoured to draw him into the bnfederacy, and it is not to be doubted, but that a< was wUling to contribute his aid towards hum- ing a prince, who had, during the laft war, eii- td his dominions without any provocation, took Mm of his capital, routed his troops, and oh- M him to pay a million of crowns to indemnif/ k-ra tor the expcnce of this expedition. Whatever fwtr the king of Poland gave to the cmpreft- (laeenHcdo not pretend to know: it is true, he did 'K)thgn the treaty, perhaps becaufe he was fituated ithc very jaw» of the enemy, and confcious, ihat he M part of the ftorm muft fall upon himfelf. iie remembrance of paft misfortunes made hhn CT ^°^^^^«^»j5^^d into new meafures, and ret ihe confidcred hira as having acceded to the ■ the defence of thefe kingdoms. To this mefT^ge the oar- jment returned their th.nk, ia a w,rm aidref.. Th^J^. y encouraged Mr. Fox, the new min.fter, to move ?or an Is of hf 1 a"^ '^' ^'''' '^'' ^'^ ^-"'•' -^«^ twelve btu" H ot h.s cleftoral troops, for a more .ffeftuaJ defence of thi, ^, m«^ "^ "^"^ """."y '"«'"l'"s, who were utterly averfe to vvere'af'ff' -"^^-ing the critical fUua-.ion of affair^' h^JiZT: The addrefs bt.ng voted, and prefented, tha hlnlolZ hr"^^ '^'"Pl^ ^'^^^ '^'''' ^'^.^^'U and before pend of he following month, the Heflians and Hanoveriafts F^nthuoccafion &ews how vigilant men can he when they treaty; ■n ; 1 , • %■ K- ■ -y V, .i , 'i J ' 1 ,^! 1756 { 172 ) treaty ; for when the king of Pruflia afterwardj de manded of her the caufe in making warlike prepa- rations, fhe anfwered, they were for the dcfenceo] herfelf and allies ; this latter expreffion could me nobody elfe but the eledlor of Saxony, as heroth allies were then at too confiderable a diftance toL attacked by the king of Pruffia. She even appiJ hended that he perfedly agreed with the fentimenJ of the two emprefTcs, but his advocates fay this bel lief was falfely grounded ; they affirm he millo the fentiments of count Bruhl, his roinifter and. vourite, for thofe of the eleaor himfelf. It is cfH tain the minifter did all in his power, by the no fcandalous and artful intrigues, to make an opt- breach between the king of Pruffia and the ea] prefs of Ruffia.: but whether the king of Pola countenanced his proceedings, or whether the en prefs-queen took his word as the fame as his malic the world is yet in the dark. The king of Pruik however, made a plaufible handle of BrahPs \m\ copies of which he found at Di-tfden, and by ma ingenious, and fome erroneous conftrudiions, made the world believe the king of Poland was ac] tuallyin the confederacy againfthim: this fort l cafuiftry did him abundance of fervice in England, Sweden was brought into the confederacy, in confe] quence of the treaty of alliance between the eral prefs-queen and the king of France, though Ihcenl tered Germany upon pretence of being guarantei of the treaty of Weftphalia. The emiflaries France began to tamper among the fenators Sweden, who were no way averfe to the war, whe they were informed of the ftate of the confederacy] on the contrary, they entertained hopes of gainin , Frand ( '73 } lys^ Lnfiderable advantages by it, particularly the reco- kry of their ancient pofTeiTions in Pomerania • rrmce did not fail to fla :er their ambition ; but a banfaaion happening in Sweden, proved fuch a beck to this intrigue, that nothing further was done (anng the remainder of this year. The difpofition ■ the diet or fenate of Sweden was oppofite to that the king and queen; he was allied by inclina- on, and ihe by blood to the king of PrulCa. The Mte beheld this contrary opinion in their majefties ith the utmoil jealouiy ; they narrowly watched bircondua; and It was in the courfb of thi. Inft obfervation, that they difcovered a plot for Btermg the prefent form of the government, by bmenting the power of the crown. Several rfonsofrank being convided of being concerned o?L'"I*r'%-r'' ^'^''^^'^ ^' principals ; boD the whole It did not appear, that the king was bncerned in this aifair, yet he thought himfelf fo tr y trea^^^ by the diet, that h/threat";:!i S fign his royalty, and retire to his hereditary domi- tons m Germany. ^ The king of Pruffia^ who had perfed intelligence al political tranfaaions, kept his army rea^to arch on a moment's notice ; but,in order to poilbn minds of the proteftants of all Europe Inhl Mation of the courts of the confederacy, he in! Mnoufly circulated a report, that by a fecre ardd^ the treaty of Verfailies, the contrafting 1^^^^^^^^ • France Auftria, and Ruflia, had bofndXm lekTn. nf.K p ^'"Fr^^ by a forced eleftion of Ln7 ? 'u*' ?°.'?'"'- ^^« <=ry of religion ferved Mle for both fides. Thepartizans olthehoufe ©f 1 ; '^'is^ (174) of Auftria declared, that the principal objeft of the treaty of alliance between the kings of Great Britain and Pruffia, was the ruin of the catholic faith in Germany. During this war on paper, which found Its way into the diet of the empire, and into the moft refpeftable courts in Europe, the grand opera- tion was preparing on a more folid and duiablc foundation : two confiderable armies, with feveial large magazines, were afjembling in Bohemia and Moravia. The king of Pruffia, alarmed at thefe preparations, ordered his minifter at Vienna to demand categorically, whether thofe preparations for war were not defigned againft him, or what were the intentions of the Imperial court ? but he received only an equivocal anfwe that the enr^refs queen, in the prefent fituaticn of affairs, found it neceflary to make thofe preparations for the defence of hcrfelfand allies; and afterwards flie declared, that thofe preparations were not refolved on till after the king of Pruflia had been fome time employed m making armaments. Thus it is evedent, that each fide had refoved on making war from motives purely its own. The king of Prullia was ready, and had been long waiting for an opportunity to llrike fome coup d'cclat ; his charader and condudt verify the afTertion. Theemprefs queen, even during the lalt war, determined on retaking Silefia the firil favourable moment. Her alliances were made with this view, and her preparations for war were to give fpirit for her negociations. This latter cir- cumftance obliged the king of Pruffia to refolve not to lufpend his operations any longer. He detennin- ed to enter Bohemia, in order to deftroy the Au- ftrian armies and magazines in that kingdom ; but the llorm firit IcU upon Saxony, which he refolved lieir poll and di ot this demand [fufed; upon wl towns of Leipfic I round the Saxcn tiiem by famine, an attack unadvi. ' lOok poifefJjoR ( tflcy COL Id find tliereveiues to 1 I officers*. Two forming in Bohei iomini, one of - parch to the rej I J^«p them in awe Bohemia from fh< * As foon as the k coramenccd againft hii 'he diet of the empire ^Vj andthefifcalacqi ;of the empire, and adj pons which ht held un FP're were ordered to Wtoputthijftmence to ( '75 ) 1756 tokecppofTeffionof as a frontier becanf^ K u^ realon to bel eve the elefmr ? • r "* ^^^ conneaed with tll^ twotpS" tIH ^■'^'''l Poland, who had dreaded thiSri™ i? i^T^ of :fe troops of hi. eleflorate toS^/r^-^^ ''^ » they encamped, furrounded by e«re ' hm^', "^"S »^a„obLva„1pt:::si;;'^K,^^^^^^^ baxons; and as a iecimVvfXH. u- l . " " ^'^ ^"^ ^ieir port and di^r/ifeSf '■^,7f*°''''' ^"« , of this demand was grantej W A "*" P*« iWedi upon which ^tSgofft-ulr/"''^ ;*■ to»nsoaeipficandi)rerden LJf!. , f""* ">« round the Saxon camn at Pi'rn. ^ '"','' ' '''"=''»'^« k.e«. by famine, fi„"e hs S'^Vr"^" '° ^«'"« ! an attack unadv feable fn 7l,»^ "'"'°" ""<*««ook poffeffior. of a f ■ tl!^ ^' "''" "■"« J'" t'OOps I the, codd find [.rIL eSr"" ""l?""^'" I ''•'•ve if his plan for .1 "Sn"-' '"" ""• '"^^V ''« fctlu/than to eduL the'^?"°"-',""="'^?''''» gained it. M Brown m! ) /• """'■'■ ''^ "riainly AeSaxons wi^: we"" now 'T "'l^''"'" '"'^""^^ Ihip* by famine buf h^n t-"' '° S™' ''"''■ avenues. uiountn.,« i.^^ .• "^ '''" '''= ''e^'es. round about I'tma' Th 'T" ^'"'^'"ble di/fance -he Icing of P ,2 w. ■ 'p*-', "'.^"''-""l. vvhilB -untRutow k' 1,;. "°"; 'J^'^"* " '««<=^to ■i'« offic r with ,u no '""""''"'^ =" '''"''• "^ffi-'g Prefcru-ic. ^^he i' t ""?"?'" condu^v. .0 the «i:h hunger 1 j ^ , ^."« ^-aMns were fpent wematl.tu own deliv,rj.; rl ,;, ^„^^^ vvcrq; m '75^ ( i;8 ) were fo weak, as«not to be able to draw their artil- lery, and their poll as difficult to leave as it was to force ; therefore they refolved to furrender them- felves to the king of Pruffia. He compelled many of them to enter into his fervicc, he obliged the eledorate of Saxony to furnilh him with a great number of recruits, and he levied the moll exorbi- tant contributions, yvhich, in cafe of non-payment, he threatened ruin to the inhabitants by military execution, and he took up his winter quarters , amongll them ; thus were the poor Saxons obliged to bear the bnrthv^v^ of a waragainfl themfelves, and to have for their enemy the man who took upon himfelf the title of defender of proteftantifm, though his country is the llaie to wiuch that religion owes its ellabliniment and prefervation. He forced open the doors of the royal palace at Drefden, though protefted by the queen, to whom he had given the firmed alfurances of all due refped : (he was ufed with violence, and even put in danger of her life, before fhe quitted the cabinet in which the archives of the Hate were lodged. Every clofet and every cabinet was broke open, and every part was ilridlly iearched. We will now turn to our domeftic affairs, where nothing but anarchy and confufion appeared in the miniftry. They Ihared equally of the clamour they had induftrioufly raifed againft admiral Byng. However, as they were Urong at bottom, they might have maintained their polls, had they agreed among themfelves. The lofs of Minorca wrought feveral alterations in the adniinillration. The Duke of Devonlhire prefided at the board of treafury, in lieu •f the duke of Newcallle. Mr. Legg was made chancellor chancellor o; Littleton mac in-Jaw to Mr miralty. Tl more fuel t< people about Hanoverians, cd with a con lion; but it fc of their own accordingly , at this meafuri yvhich brough On the feco: when the clan within doors a i he bore too gn therefore reiig] not without h> P«wer,for whi of parties woui was a principal cafioned the \ could not feem edthe downfaj places. On th( pointed fecretar promotions wer Jaudable motiv( affairs of his c , «iid not make i •jyafpiritpecul attackmg France Knew would ihoi tile only folid i chancellor of the eY-hpni,«^ • .t. in-Jaw to Mr. Pitt nrpfirl^^ . scrapie, brother. ed with a co„'fiderabTSX":pXTd' "'■ On the fecond of Decemh^r fl,« ., i- whan the clamour agaiXhfminifC"'"' "«' «.hin doors as it wis without M^^JT ^ufT lie bore too ercat a /hare .%f A / ,. thought 'kerrfore rerf^red h^poflttcS^f't' T" not Without hones of r^r., J- • ^, "ate, but ^wer.for wKe^lrdKelZrl Of parties wouJH iffnrA u:^ cniDarraument touldnotfeemunnatnr™fx!i. ""'° Pieces. K ;ef Ae dowXr:^ •;tt?e:&^'^"°^'^- places. On the ith of f>„ u.- '° *^ ^»=Mt pointed fecre arv t'ihl r''" '^'•- P'" '"^ V- laudable motives attemnin ! ""."'•^"' from very affairs of his co^nt y aWof^'^K 'k'T '•" **« « not make Z.K^; ^"? *•"« «''»o had refigned "■ackmg /ranee hel^rby L fmelr^H-'l^ Knew would ihoft pffUA k^ '^^'/ /method which he h^ only foliTLvfnL/'\'"u ^fP^oduaive of > y loiid advantage which this nation could I 1 2 !i V^lQ ««^ I ''-5 t i7s6 ( i8o) reap from n war with her : he aimed at the empire of the foa, and France was not ready for fuch an enemy, having had all along to deal with minillers of inferior abilities. Some other ftatcs of Europe w«re furprized ; he declared pofitively againll all foreign lubfidics, and afferted, that not even half a man Ihould befent to Germany ; he was unaniipoullv applauded, and all degrees in the kingdom gave themfelves up to hope, except a few, being the old junto, who finding that their new ailociates would not enter into fome meafures which favoured thi; views of the crown fet hard to work to under- rixine his narrow bottom. They reprefented him and his adherents, as imperious, obilinate, and igno- rant, and even went fo far as to queflion their loyalty. The militia bill was introduced into the houfe of commons, by the honourable Mr. George Townf- hend, and by the honourable Mr. Charles Townftiend, brothers. The minds of the people were prepared for this laudable and neceflary aft by fome pamphlets written by perfons of diftindlion, fliewing the benefit and propriety of a national militia, in a time of war. However, there were many individuals in power, who fecretly diflikedit ; and many who acquieiced in it, are faid to have not been hearty in its favour, but none chofe to avow their difapprobaiion, it being too popular anobjed. After divers amendments, the bill pafTed bothhoufes, and received the royal aflent. To this fucceeded a meffage from the king, acquainting the houle, that the French were preparing to enter Germany, and invade his eleftorai dominions, and ihok of lus ally the king of Prufiia ; and that he required fucii aiiiilance as would enable him to form an army of obfervation ( '8, ) ,. Pruffia Th ^' !^ '"S^S'^'^nts with the king of J-rulla. This me/Tage was complied with -i„d £ fo/afc'""' "'T"--- «ci';he oraers, any way relative to the affair of Mi .orca ; which wee laid before them in fuch mult^' tades that the truth lay buried in heans of paper nd feemed to require the bufinefs of a whole fef' i.on to invefli.ate tiiefaas; foine fau^c ".ere burd Sirro'tf '' '"'T'^^ Ntwe',,;;,aar « he wPoI. 'r /•Y""!^-- °f either it or them. Tould not'bi h' t '" """"'"- •• "'^ P-riiamen to enquiry was as favourable as any body could C H A P. V. j^ffiVn'dr^lfelWSytrc^^ who fvc f l^iW ?' "'^ ":°''?* of the French, Hanover Th^ ^ to invade the eledorate of ^«ts to M PrrPrP"''i Pf'y- >^l>°vvereoppo. This arm„ „;• k^'"' ^'^""<'' '''« we ought to affift " «■"/ ot obfervation with ourtroops and money : ^ 3 and •*» i ! 'H ii^- li y^ 1 -J' 1757 ( '82 ) ancf they fupportcd this argument with the foltowing fcntiments ; the increafe of French power, and the influence of France, among the neighbouring nations, which ihcy apprehended to be the worfl of eviJs • to prevent this dangerous aggrandizement, it wai abiolutely neceflary to pay a flrifi regard to the balance of power, and feek our particular fafety and liberty in the general fafety and liberty of hurope ; to keep a clofe connexion with the conti- nent, both by large fubfidies, and by aliiUing witi. our troops ; for this purpofe, and for fecuring the pre- fent eflablifhment, a Handing army was to be main- tained ; and that our navy ought to be employed iubferviently, to the views of the continental fyftem : they were forprefervingthc authority of the govern, nient entire, and in order to make government eafy, they were for ruling men by their interelh, that b, they were continuing that pra^ice, which Jiad long been in ufe, of procuring a majority in parliament, not forgetting the proper management attending the diftribution of the numerous lucrative places in the difpofal of the crown. But the popu- lar jparty, at the head of which flood the Britilh patriot, affirmed different fentiments : they were of the fame opinions with regard to fetting bounds to the power of France, but our fituation they faid, didated a narrower, a more natural, a fafer, and a lefs expenfive plan of politics. Great Britain beinc an ifland, its condud ought not to be the fame with that of the nations on the continent ; our natural ftrength is maritime, and that ought vigoroudy to be exerted ; trade is our natural employment, and they ought mutually to fupport each other : if we turn our backs to our real interells; abandon our r^atural element, enter that inextricable labyrinth of continental • i . M A mi f T83 ) continental politics, make .urfelves parties in every contrpveify exhauft our .eakh inpurchafin- th? ufelefs and precano. , friendflup of ever «y prmce and ftate. waftc the blood oVour people in I the quarrel.., that may arife on the . 'ntinent, all mis will be fo far from going t!,e n .t way to re- duce France that we attack her on .he /rongeft Me. and only dcftroy ourfclves ly fuch ill-judged eSorts againft the enemy: while v.e prefer e the fopenonty at fea, we have nothing to ^ar from -'^e fupenority of Jrance at land; we can always thefmews of herftrength bydeftroying her traffic- JO fear an mvaf.on from a power we'ak !n it= marine s heidleft of all tears; but allowing it were pofl fible, a well-trained militia would wfth zeal be our bell proteftion ; for a (landing army in every Ihape IS dangerous to freedom; our government being rCrf r"'" 'Y}'^?'y °f 'i'e (""bjea, needs nf affiftance from defpotic power; neither is parlia- mentary mtereft neceflary ; a good government will ttm toTt i;":' "^^ """"" ''"'^^ '° p"'--'^* This conflia between an old eftabliflied int-reft and the torrent of popularity lafted fome timi, and the nation was greatly injured by it. It is not proper , , trace the fteps from whence it began, nor raediatdy furrounded the ^^ . affirmed, that with fuch obftinate and ignorant coll ccS. ,' "''""^"^ St- ^o-W not be moved vantlt y^l,~T7" '"^'i"^''"" ; »nd by this ad- vantage of the clofet, over his little court influenpe. they gained their point. On the 5th of April the * 3 kin^ I ^^.i I mi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 E MS 12.0 il 11.6 ' P Jjotographic Sciences Corporation ^' 5\ 4v '^v> .--^^ "q> V ^ v* ^ -^'i* <*^^ 6^ .^^ '0* 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 U^l,- o w. ^ p f ^ o . o^ '757 ( 1^4 ) king conimanded Mr. Pitt to refign, and four dayr ,atter Mr. Legge refigneci, and other difmiflions were nade of courfe. Tlie cafe of the nation was ^.tthis time tmly deplorable ; we were engaged in a war which had hitherto proved unfucceilful, we beuan to defpair of our military virtue, and our public /pint ffem.d to be extinguifhed ; faftion raged with' tne^ utmoil violence, our operations were fufpended. nnid while we had no miniltry, there was no plan to follow The principal perfons in the kingdom ^v•ere oivided by three parties; the full were thofe who had formed their connexions under an old mi- niiir/, fome of them had grown to places and power ; all of them were diftinguifhed by their w£nt 0. abilities, and popularity, which, in a go- vernment likq ours, is an e/Tential thing they needed molt, but all thcfe were almoft overbalanced by two articles ; the monied intereft they had alraoll miirely, and of parliamentary influence, they had by far the greatelt ftiare. The fecond party were only powerful in a chafm: it is tru« they fucceeded to oihce, but in a fhort time they were oblired to abandon their poih^ they were more unpopular than the firft party j they did not even attempt to pre erve appearances nece/fary to popularity ; their par lamentary ftren^th was inferior, though refpec Xable, and their abilities were allowed to be great and many. The third party pofTefled an unbounded popularity; their great ^nd gIr,rious leader was ido- lized by tlie people, who faw in him and his friends t.^.at Ipint to vindicate and affcrt our rights, which wv had long wanted : thefe patriots had courage ;^nd honefty to purfue the real interefts of our country m defiance of power, and in contempt of private advantages. They poirefTcd a folid judg- jneot and a keen penetration : their eloquence was nervouls ( '8s ) 1-5- Bervous, bold and admirable,- it ftartled the fons of corruption, expofed the iniquitous and bafe, a "d while It revived, gave vigour to the drooping /pirft, of their injured countrymen ; in a word/ thiy were patriots without prejudice, and courtiers w^ithow ill '!i J.'>''Fif^'="gA in Parliament was bu" tnfling and their influence at court lefs: but they were beloved by the people, who repofed the moft perfeft confidence in tJieir integritv The rfjfin^ rellednefs of their leader was !,"lUny%tlowed even by his enemies ; and his application wj equal to his abilities The turning thefe men out of Em- ployment was fo tar from working their difgrace"* wasmtended, that it made themfif poflible ftine with more diftinguiflied luftre; the Tole na' """S'" ^ITf b' •""•'' *''°^^^^ '"•vifed iT was TfLT'"'- Oreat-Bntain. It was I'm^^iri i '"*■"! to the adminiftration the lat?.^^^]'' 'o exclude from in council and parliam™, r*^' *">• influence could thwart evfry mSfureT v ^T' "■« '^"Y immediately conceCd or^onr^ted t ^ 7^= "°' was the beftften that could h/fll! 'i "'^'•^'ore tliis »n healing one" and while it f ,""«' ^'T^" « ^^'•••' 'he partie! therafeht it ' li "'""l ""^ ''eads of yeeable to theifnlm'erous'^i 'nd^ ' 'f • °1 ^'"^ advantage above all thefc wht-t ' "«' » had one l^rely quelled the ^ri oft^tn"'^' """ "'°"- ^H able on its n„ele bot „m . ^ "" °"= I'*"/ and this coalition, fo necea^rfn L*'° '"^ '^'"S- o^rs, gave univerfal fatfs1ka;'"T''f,"'"'-'"'''-« People. It is not propc^f ,° '° '" '^"^^ of trough which it was Sedwh ""V"" "^■•'"^ content with our obfern"'.!'- 1 «'''''*?' ""'* "^^ kad abated fomethin. S Ihriil^'d"' 'i'' -P''"'" * '^^"^ "aid and rigorous > , * terms. Mi ^1^1 ( i88 ) terms, by which ail things had been pufiiecl to an extreme, they confentcd to a kind of a capitula- tion, and the court and the people were reconciled to its terms. There could be no fear of negleft where the vigilance and capacity of Mr. Pitt were to be exerted. In the mean time the operations in Germany on the fide of the king of Pruifia were begun with great eclat. He defied the ban, and though he knew the Hate of the confederacy againft him, he re- folvcd to force his way into Bohemia, and attack its capiral on a fudden. The Aullrians are faid to have had 100,000 men, commanded by prince Charles of Lorrain and count Brown, ready to oppofe his paflage. The king divided his army into three bodies, and then began his march. One o'" thefe itvifiows, commanded by the prince of Bevern, de- feated a large corps of the enemy at Richenberg. The whole nrmy entered Bohemia without any fur- ther oppofition, and with furprifmg rapidity pufhed forward to Prague. At a fmall diftance from that city lay the Auftrian nrmy, moft advantageoufly polled ; their camp was fortified by art and nature in fuch a manner, that any common general would have deemed it impregnable ; but the Pruffians, who were wedded to dangers and difficulties, thought of nothing but vidory. On the 6th of May they paffed the morafles, which lay between them and the enemy, climb':^d feveral precipices, and fa:ed the Auftrian batteries with a refoludon that is hardly credible; the adion was general, clofe and obftinate, but the efforts of the PruiTians "proved at length fuperior; the numbers of the ilain oni both fides was very great ; the vidtors lol^ the brave marihai Schwerin, at the age pf eighty-two^ wluk ( iSg) T'V 1757 whLehewasat the head of a regiment holding a colonel's ftandard in his hand; and on the f.de^of thevanguifhed niarlhal Brown was mortally wound ed, which threw the Aurtrian army into fuch irre- parable confuCon that they precipitately quitted Ac £eld, and left their whole camp to the Pruf fians. About 40,000 of the fugitives, with the «' «erals, took ref»ge in Prague, Ind the rellfledfo' wards Moravta. The king of Pruffia loft no tim; m immediately mveftmg the city, and cutting off aJlfuccours. Many people thought an attack on .h.s place unadviieable, confidering the great num bcr of the garnfon. and from the tame cfifeLpZ hended its redaa,on by famine the more ceTtain" The monarch, however, is faid to have been d^f to reafon; he prepared to bombard the town and on the 29th of May at midnight, upon the Vnal of a rockety four batteries were opened, Xch difcharged every twenty-four hours 288 bornbr be Mes a vaft multitude of red-hot balls. o"e would think that the vengeance of man was ftriving » be more dreadfu than the greatell tpr -nr. Tf *' for juft before thefe maiicfruHnUe; be^a„ T'' ' deftruaion on the unfortunate cfty^'htf wereTlt and heard one of the moft terrible ftorms of rain and thunder, which had ever been known ^n T memory of the.oldeft man there" fco^n" l"^ foon m flames m every part. The cler<»v ,^ -f ^ates and burghers feeVg the cltt'o^' tlf/potfo? being reduced to a heap of rubbilh, fuppffl thj commander in the moft pathetic langiL to lifted to terras with the enemy: prince ChaTles the fnl jnande,, was deaf tothV terms. H Vrt J « this time was dead; the chagrin he fuftred iS f^ have proved mortal, and J, the wound he reS m W; I', m pi If-' !l V57 ( I90 ) in the battle. Twdve thoufand ufelefs mouths were driven oat of Prague, and by the Pruffians forced back again. Here we wijl leave this cruel fcenc and turn to the other affairs which were tranikftinJ in the interim. ** In the north all things Teemed to bear hard upon the king of Pruffia. The emprefs of Ruflia, true to her engagements, fent 60,000 men, comm^uided by M. Apraxin, who invaded Ducal Pruffia, and took the towns of Memel and Pillau; fhe alfo equipped a fleet in the Baltic, delHned to co-operate with tlie army. The king of Sweden, though aJ- lied by blood and inclination to the king of Pruffia could not rale the fenate, who were jealous of his fentiments, and flattered by the intrigues and fub- fidies of France, which cemented all their old at- tachment to her ; and the duke of Mecklenburg agreed to join the Swedilh army with 6000 men; when it Ihould be aflrmbled. The French army upon the Lower Rhine, confifting of 80,000 men, commanded by M. d'Etrees, an ofiicer of great abi-* lities, feized Cleves, Meurs, and Gueldres, while a detachment feized Embden, and whatever elfe belonged to the king of Pruffia in Eaft Friefland. The contingents of the empire were aflembled to execute the b^n, and the command of thefe troops was given to the prince of Saxe-Hilbourghaufen. The unwillingncfs with which this army aded, is Hot altogether unaccountable ; many of them feared the houfe of Auflria, and they accuftomed to this fear, by the tyranous influence of that family^ which had been in a manner hereditary in the em- pire: then would they heartily fupport a power they ' h'"! induftrfoufly con! cealed his lols ,n the battle; but this meafu^re fuf. faently proves .t mud have been very treat be Mes the numerous ,11 conftg uencet of a ifea?, fuch tc. Me railed the fiege of Prague that night, and tgan h,s march for Saxony with the utmolLe/ k foon as the imprifoned Auftrians dif^rK encaatton, they lllUed oat, but it was 3fate ta h.m any materia damage. Count Daun ofned .^e.otionsofrPr;tnrS^ho'b:S' foior o them m numbers, continued to retire^ni btgan to aa upon a defenfive plan. ■ The battle of Colin, in a few weeks enfir,l„ changed the face of affairs in GeTmaTy Vh" ^ni*^ Eefs of th ■%"' '''"f" ^"' -i-ated by"; fall fid« tL "f ""^J^'S^^ " P""-- "P"" •alte, with the molt horrid afls of barbSrity, the country '■I If ': I 1 1 'i > HI ~rmms&^^ fit »757 ( 194 ) 'I If country thev had entered : their cruelties refleft fuch infamy on their arms, that a hundred viilories more famous tlian thole of Peter the Great, will not be enough to wipe it off; nor were they during this Campaign lefs cowardly than cruel ; they were afraid to fairly oppofe a handful of Pruflians, commanded by an officer of reputation, affembled to watch and liarrafs tlieir motions. When the vile and horrid ra- vages of the enemy called aloud for vengeance, when the country was totally defblated to a conli- (derable diftance, by fire and fword, the Prufliani could no longer forbear attempting to reftrain fucJi inhuman havock; accordingly marflial Lehw-'d, who commanded thePruiFian troops in this country, was direded by the king to give battle to the enemy; who were no fooner advifed of this intention, than they began to intrench thcmfelves with the utmoll ftrength and affiduity; the Pruflians, who did not exceed 30,000 men, found them at a place called Korkitten, and early in the morning, on the 30th of Auguft, they attacked thefe deftnces with their ufualvigour; the king of Sweden's brother, at the head of the Pruflian dragoons, found means to at- tack the Ruffian cavalry, and he almall routed them ; marftial Lehwald, after a confiderable lofs, forced the enemy from the firft intrenchment; but finding there was a fecond, defended by atleall two hundred pieces of cannon, he thought it would be , imprudent to attempt that with fuch a handful of men, and therefore determined to draw off, for which the king of Pruffia never forgave Iiim ; here- treated to his former camp at Vehlau, without fuf- fering the lead moleftation ; the Ruffians remained in theirs at Norkitten, and next day there was little or no marks of a battle having been fought there, except! "a ill '( ^95 ) 1757 except a few of tlic flain which were unbuncd. The armies continued in this ftate ofadtivitv till the luh of September, when the Ruffians finding it impof- fibie, by reafon of their own ravages, to fubfill in the country any longer, began a fudden and fpeedy retreat out of the Prufllan territories, to the ereat furprize, of not only the Pruffians, but of every court in Europe; even that of Peterfburgh difavowed any knovvledge of this unexpeded motion : but in order to do julhcc to their allies, who complained of great injuries by this precipitate Uep, marlhal Apraxin was put under an arreft, and direded to be conveyed as a prifoner to Peterlburgh ; but to the great difappointment of thofe, who expeded that his tnal would unveil this myllerious affiiir, he was taken ill at Narva, and there died of an apoplexy. The rapidity with which the Ruffians marched, hindered marftal Lehwald from harraffing their re- treat; therefore he turned his arms againft the Swedes, who were augmented to 25,000 men, under the command of general Hamilton, and had taken feveral towns in the hither Pomerania. They retired on his approach, and he feized all the places which they had comjuered, and at length drove them to Stralfund, which fo leflened their numbers by fatigue hunger and defertion, that when they arri^d thicher, at the conclufiftn of the campaign, their%my did not amount to half its original num. ber. 1 he Pruffians being now in pofTeffion of all n)merania. the dutchy of Mecklenburgh, which was the ally of Sweden, of courfe became expofed to their i^i the moll fevere exaftions were k ide, and the moft wanton barbarities committed ; the Pruffians by their behaviour to the poor Mecklenburghers, Itemed to revenge the cruelties of the Ruffians. Lehwald ' :'*i > i- , f ^is:j [ 196 ) Lcliwald would have prevented thefe mirenes,*I)a{{ he not ptrrcci ved the difpleafure of his mailer, which occaiioncd him to beg leave to refign, and his re quejl being granted, he quitted the fervice wi^h iilent indignation. The unwieldy French army, incumbered with a vaft quantity of baggage and ufelefs mouths, as French armies always are, made for fome time but a flow pnjgiefs ; it is true, they found many diiliculties in marching over the rough, dismal and barren de- farts, which he between the Rhine and the We^er but at length tliey approached this latter river, ha-' vmg obhged the duke of Cumberland to retreat as they advanced. His royal liighnefs paffed the river, and entered Hanover, which it was apprehended he could now defend, as the Frejich army could not pafs the Wefer, which defends Hanover from thefe foreign attacks, without mauifelUy expofmg them. Jeives to his mercy ; but from ibme unaccountable fatality, the French paffed the Wefer, ih the in the night between the tenth and eleventh of July, without the lof§ of a fmgle man. Theduke of Cumljrland retired to the village of Hallenbeck, a few miles from Hamelin, ro which place the marfhal d F^trees followed him. His roval highnef; thought he had chofen fo e;icellent a fituation, that the French general could not aft againf^ him with his whole force; bjit he was deceived : M. d'Etrees had fupe. nor abilities; he cannonaded the allies-all day on the 25th, and threatened to attack their right, left and center at the l?me time. On the 26th at day- light, the engagement began, which was main- tained on the /ide of the allies with great bravirr for fevcral hours ; but the French general, with fapenor numbers andikill, obliged them to abandon vat - w. ( ^97 ) 1757 thefieldwith the'lofs of about iroo men His own army fufFered nearly the fame, but he foon made them ample amends by taking the town of Hamehn, where he found a great number of brafs cannon and mortars, and a vaft deal of equipage bdongmg to the allied army. At this time, the French nation laboured under the fame difadvantaee vdiich has often happened in England; the fervants of the crown were, in general, fuch as were ob- noxious to the people ; and if an honeft man hap- pened to be employed by thefe mercenaries, and did not turn valam as well as they, he was fure not to continue long in employ. How far this was dEcrees cafe we do not pretend to affirm ; it is cer- tain, that before he fought the battle of Haftenbeck. themarchioncfs de Pompadour, who entirely in- frf u f I'^l";^ '^°"""^'' g^^^i"* r<^alled; and the duke de Richlieu, who had been the principal moment of her elevation, and perhaps excelled all the world m the mean and wicked arts of a pro- fefled courtier to fucceed him. Accordingly M. dEtrees quitted the army when he was on the point of fimfhing his conquefts, and marfhal Richelieu mk ue command. The duke of Cumberland, r. 1' K '9^''T^ ^^^^^h to Magdebourg, wheri lnrF^r"urt")^"^^^"J^^"^^^^ havei;een of moft leafonable affiftance to the king of Pruffia, re- Tl ^*^^' '^}'^'^ ^y ^^^ beginning of Sep- tember, he was fc cooped up with water on his flanks and rear, and the French in his fiont, that he was unab e by his fituation to retire, or by his trength to advance; therefore he was reduced to Jie neceffityof figning a convention with the French general, franicd under the mediation of the kin? snmark ; wherebv his who] of irnii of li »f '757 ( 198 ) of 38,000 men, were obliged to lay down A-; arms and difperfe thcmfelvef. Soon after whichto royal htghnefs returned to London, where fi?di " hisandua had not given 6ti»fa.e empire had. by this time, ad- v^cedxnto Saxony and fummoned the city ofLe^. f A ?^'"'?g fP™fl5». who had feveral times of- fered battle to the grand Auftrian, army, whkh 1 more than double Jus number, but could neveS them^to an aftion, now refojved to attack this army • "?f, /«/. ™ki?g fevend feint motions. ^^1 mthflanding theor endeavours to avoid him, b/oa^t his army oppo/ite to them on the 4th. of Nov. Z the village o/.Ro/bach, on the weft fide of the sX and about ten miles fouth from Halle in U,2 Saxony, ami there was a cannonade all day. ^e Pruffians were not m the whole zc.ooomen and Ss'The F ^ " r'^'^"'""^ numberTfor:^ marches. The French troops, under the command tj^l^v'"^- de Soubife,are faid to exceed 34,! ^ the Impenalifts, under the prince of Saie-Hil bonrhauiin 20.000. all in healA and vigour,™ cept among the latter there were blended ibme re. r. ' ^7S r? "T ""-^ undifciplined. and oth e, not well affeaed to the fervice. fauring the niji Uie French and Imp^ial generals ,00k ! refolZ to give battle to the Pruffian monarcl, ; and on the ri,. J^ T" '" the morning, they began to make the neceflary preparations. Theking. whoperceived iima own their 'Which his :re finding 5 threw up md retired ^ traverfed fiemoftri, plundered ay b»ba^ time, ad- ^ of Leip- i times of- vhichwas 'Ver bring bis army ; he, not> I brought iov, neat theSala, n Upper •y. The len, and of forced ommand f '99 ) . J7„ tkeir intentions, made ready to five fkom , per reception ; he likewife Jrangfed hutlLfZ «a^of infpinng them with emufttion, and 3 mlea them tlu. their pay flioaid be doaS"e fZi that time tJt they w*m into vrf„t„°™' fr?™ withOand the ^^^''X'^LfZr^^, ardor ; they feverely repulfed, and aferward^teS? routed thi, body of cavalry , the reft ofThe en3 «,n^mnts fliared the fame fate : theimpetS^of AePruffian, wa* hfee a ton-ent that overwhdmed them with deitaaion : the Imperial inf^^S bat a fmall reflftaRce, the whole army^aTS «th a pame when they perceived the^Wy of fe Pruffians, and predfaitately mritted ikr^M r We , they left belund^m^alTSoo^en Lv »d 6ooo p„fo,er,, 63 pieces of cannon ^d f^Se 4e fugitives were purfeed untiH dark niX.- wMA alone prefervedjhem from entire ruin.* 'fhl vfft^^ was tu€fi fait! feemed yBgin. to uTttr rain > ? "''°'° *"• "' ^^f- fab by .heAu£^f:f,^;;°;; '^» "V"- P«< of the ■nJ the a,my of the Emt^re • ;.„H T? ""^^■'^ ""y the French powerful amies, Ihifh did „ot1^ rt'* "" the .icimty of thofe » .he /kirts ofhi, doSS,""n:'to .wT.?TT penetrated fo far. that tK^I-^,. u j "^"^ "^*^^<^«a% *cont,ibu.io;,'.."'V„fh!r.tt±'.f.":'if !.'='" '"' "P"^ , ' by 1757 ( 2C0 ) was fo complete that it hardly wanted to be inipnjT. ed ; the condmon of the enemy wa« f«ch that Tv were totallv incauahl- of oA;^« *i-._r_ . ™*y liii Y .s. ..^iciui, , wnere tfte iituation of his aftairi demajided his prefence with the utmoft hafte -T had left Silefm defended bv the Pri!!ce of Bern J with only 26.000 men, wJio intre/iched himfelf under the walls of Breflau with, the greateil ftrenT of event^ ^"^ *' ^^ "^^'^ "^^^ ^^^"e • '^^V^^^jans, as foo'n as they heard he was gone in queft of the^army of the einpiie, refolved to S Silefm ontof his hands by fome bold ftroke, which they ajjprehcnded his abfence would afford them op. portumty to purfue without interruption. Accord ^ngly on the 27th, ge.ieralNadalU, a brave, vigiiar,. smd indefatigable officer, laid fiege to Schweidnitz «;»I^l "°?u fo"mdabIe league the world had ever few, fomc fflight hatrrthought it prudent if l^e had offered to fufcm t k M^.ll poftcnty think his numerous enemies deferve any honi. they had compelled h,m to it ? Surrounded as he was, and oU g ed to make head againft them all, it is not to be wondered t. Ir^Z H I ^r ^^^^"g^Leipfic to fight the army of tJc inf^^ i ^'fl"""^'^!' """y »« an a«ion, and confidering the t^c«t'I " 'r^''''^^ '^' "nwiUingnefsofthelmperillifls he?ot r H «r"K ^\ """' .T* "^"^y *° ^'^'''' By this battl i»e got rid of the atmy of the empire o» one fide, and checked SLf Hanover toward. Magdeburghj the Ruffians had Aut'J Z ""^ ^'' ,«nem.es who appeared fo formidable ia -ftugi^, there were only Auftrians left. and iJrength fo November «1!kI about affauJts ; b ^^Qr, force who there I inade inter: ^confidering oi.ce ceafed ^fufiians \v< their dernie night, and liiiatuated u./ C 201 ) j_ and he carried on the operation with fuch fniHt Ja intrepidity, that dinimli ^K^ ^"'V"^" 'P^^t and „rrenderprironersofwaro„\hcVX r^:^^^^^ of men it would col Va\ r ^^"^ ^"^^^t>er a 1 r *^""'^ coit, and or courfe wpalc«='n fi,^: ftrength fo neceffary to keepSilcfia. On the , dTf November they advancrrl nn +o ,.1, • , ^° °* n>er, orccd the Pru.linns from the eilrl;^'" fruffian t e fekcd with "l^- '*"' '^"'P^"'"'°"' ">= "■slit, and therefore while the %■ 'I ""^ b.'atuated wi^l, f"'!:* '.,""'. ^ "^"^n foops flood 1... .u,i,„^c a. naviiig. as tiiey thought, , •"■ thcii ilr 1 ?;«? ni :,iii;! 1757 ( 202 ) their work to (k> over again, the Pruffians madeuib of th'.t opportunity to abandon their ir'trencliments, and retreat ovef the Oder, except a few that threw themielves into iireilau. The AniUian generaJs knew nothing of this fudtlen motion, and were af. tonilhed when they found this llrong hold evacuated, -It is generally imagined the prince of Bevern was afliamed of having aded in this injudicious man- lier, and was afraid to ice the king of Pruffia, more •^fpecially as his laajeily iiad fent him order? not to quit the lines oii any account, for that he would cer- tainly be with him by December ; and therefore in the morning of the 24th, he went to reconnoitre the enemy without efcort, attended only by a groom, and was taken prifoner by a party of the enemy's Croats. This circumilance was conftrued into a pre- meditated deftgn, becaufe it canr n be fuppofedthat a man of his rank, a prince, a commander in chief, fliould undertake the dangerous talk of recon- noitring attended by only ©ne man, and that but a groom, luppofmg he had judged it neceflary to fee things with his own eyes. The lofs of the Auftrians in this affair was not lefs than the amount of the whole Prullian force ; but that of the Pruffians, as they were never put into confufion, did not exceed 2800 men. The Auilrians acknowledged that fuch another dear bought vidory would deflroy their whole army. On the 25 th they fummoned JBreflau, and the garrifon iurrendered on condition of not ferving againfl the Auilrians or their allies for two years. The king, as foon as he heard of thefe di- ifaflers, redoubled his efforts ot fj^eed towards Si- lefia ; he reached ParchwiuZ, near Brefiau, on the 2d of December, and joined his troops, late com- manded by the prince of Bevern. The Auflrians, i who give them Hnll whI' Ly'^efZcTt"'"^ *° and therefore began their march /n™ l- ""''P'' iheyhaltedatthlvma^eJf, ,.'° meet h,mj but 4h they did not'trercKfelvT thf f f,"^ great quantities of wood, and f~l 2 '"?'' me r front, in order tr, „,.!,• '^^"''f'^'l them in Praffians to aft w^h relrri^' " -mpoinble for th<= comber the kinj of Pr^ffia"^ °" ""* 5'h of De- whichwasdefefd/d bvfn '"P '" 'h^i-- ^^^mp, onfeveral veT;^,„('2T"°'^' artillery .placed of Saxons, and cut tlem t. ? ' "''"5^^ <:o«fiM corps wi:o intended Jo^Sk °i,K fltV^tr lerymadete ribtravo ! -fr' '^^''™'"^" artil- mUalituarionasTo taU l''-PP^''"-*<^ "" ^'f^^i it cut them downln ^ni \* *["?"">"" ''^■'''' »n= coinman- f"ing themfdve, xh l^'"^ ">= "-"ops. but of ^ foner and , • "f * "'""' ' 'i°°^' made pri- exceeded /» • J >' ij laiu to have / 0,000 men, but that of the Pruffians did ' ( -'!it| JJA not 1757 ( 204 ) not amount to 40,000 men, who were greatly fa. tigued by a forced march of 200 miles. Kotwith- ilanding the rigour of the feafon was fet in, the king of Prullia invelled Dreflau, though defended by a garrifon of 13,000 men, and compelled it to fur- render by the 29th of December: thegarrlfon were made prifoners of war. The king having recon- quered all Silefia, except Schweidni z, he pene- trated before the end of the year into the Auftrian divifion, and reduced feveral towns there, which To augmented the number of his prifoners, that before New-year's-day they by far excc'-'ded the number of his whole army. The king of Pruflia*s victory at Rofbach not only prevented the French from purfuing their defign of entering Magdcbourg, but alfo revived the ipirits of the Hanoveiiahs and Hefiians, and encouraged them to refume their arms. Richlieu, the Frendi genera], had behaved in thcfnioft cruel and infaraoui manner in many places: where it was impofTiblcto raife the contributions demanded, the foldiers were allowed to plunder, with their ufual methods of barbarity, arid attempts had been made to take away the arms from the Hanoverian and Kellian tropps. Thefe open violations of the convention unboxind the hands of their enemies, and as foon as the king of Pruflia had gained the battle of Rofbach, it was refolved to re-aflemble the alHed aimy ; and the ■ king of Pruffia for this purpofe furnifhed a general, • which was prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, orotheri to tl.e duke of Erunfwick, and an officer in his own army. The firft operation which they undertootcl was the reduflion of the rown aud caille of Har-I bourg ; the town was eafily mallered, but thecalHel ir.;uniiiinec!| ( 205 ) J757 maintaLied a vigoroua %e ; at length it furren- ilere^. CHAP. VI. -Affairs in America and Jfia. THE Britilh affairs in America this year flill teemed with misfortunes and difgrace, not a l,vL ?•- "2"?" '.''^^"Vk on Crown Point, which had been the principal objeft in the begin- mns, waj now laid afide j the French were e.ftire m^ers of a 1 the lakes, and had nothing to prevent fer ^M '^"S the Indians together againll I : our fZAr'*^'"- ''''"" '■°^ themfelves: weaban! m.ght have been prelerved, and the whole countrv alliance, our whole frontiers were expofed to their ■ncurnons I.nfiead of attacking Crown i'ointt Louifh^'l "' r'' ^"-""^q^ence to g6 ag in Lou; bourgh. Accordingly a plan was drawn up tnZl '^T''^ " ''^'^^ ^-" communicatedTo Wh™ -.P'"" ^''^'^'ffi"eM to ftiaudate the Jfench miniftry to provide immediately for its ft cumy; accordingly M. de K.,„(...„VI l^L'lZ, ^^ 3 Jjreil i^f '-'1' 1 i}^. j s 'i ' wu I il j£a. i llllllll '757 ( 206 ) Bieft on the 30th of January with a fquadron of nine fhips, having on board a body of troops; but as the harbour of Louiibourg could not be Crct of the ice by the time he might be there, he was di- reded to fteer for the Weft-Indies, and reinforce their garrifons in that quarter, which he did, and arrived at Louiibourg en the 5th of June, from whence he fent a reinforcement of men and arms to Monfieur de Montcalm, who commanded the French troops in Canada. About the beginning of April M. du Riveil failed from Toulon with five fhips, having alio on board a number of troops, warlike ftores and provifions : he flipt through the gut of Gibraltar after a fmall encounter with ad- miral Saunders, and arrived at Louiibourg on the 4th of June. On the 3d of May M. du Bois 4c U Mothe, with fourteen Ihips, having likewile oa board a number of tfbops and prefents for the In- dians, failed from Breft, and arrived at Louiibourg on the 29th of June. Such was the vigitance ana prudence of the French ; while, on the other hand, the Englifh under admiral Holbourn did not fail from Cork till the 8th of May, nor arrive at HaliT fax, the appointed place of rendezvous, till the month of July. In the mean time lord Loudon J drew the troops from the northern frontier of the Britifh fettlemeuts J Unfortunately for his lordrtiip's popularity, an«i the happi» Jiefs of this nation, an embargo was laid on all fhips in North America on the third of March, in order that the enemy might rot receive any intelligence of his defigns, and to make provi- fions plenty and cheap for the army and navy j although he might have known that the exports would never exhauft the great quantities of provifions which the Britiih colonies produce, and the enemy might receive intelligence bv other channels. ♦IWjUiJiiliJiJ » ^•; t't ( 207 ) 1757 adjoining to Canada, and he continued to call the troops from the other parts, tiU he had co]le^. a Sr^ .'^.^^y "P^efllon of lord Charles Hay, who ^eoirr^I^r t'u'*''^"'"'*"^*"'' ^"'l ^ho in one of the aa^r.0 d r ^^'t "^"^ ^'^^ '' ^^''« P^^^^^ was put under h^s charaA.rr^^ he fol.cued a court martial, in order to clear ?L and te co-1 5' ^°;^^,^^"=nces of a difagreement between in London ..hT" '"^ '•^'''^ which was granted, and held /biML'lfo\A^^ °'^^^'ver fo it was, that while his lordfhip was gone on the expedition aeainit Louiibcurgh, the marquis de Montcalm laid lie. up(.n.v\ hich the enemy retired. t ILJ !i '' van^ '757 ( 210 ) vjre cruelty, and hoirid barbarity, was never a^ed Bs at the gates ot this fort; the iiifunts and children were ieizcd by the heels, and their brains beat out agaijjil Hones and trees ; tlic throats of fomc of tlie women were cut; and the bodies of others wereripi open, and their bowels torn out and thrown in their iaces: and other more Ihoeking marks of rage, horror, and cruelty were committed, but which* *or the fake of the humane reader, we fliall not men.' lion. Ail thcle were done in fight of the French re- gulars, and their inlnunan commander, who, con. trary to the articles of the capitulation, never or- dejtd them to rellrain the barbarity of the Indians. Tart of the garrilbn, however, cfcaj^ed to fort lid^ ward, in a milerablc condition, after being purfued icvtn miles by the enemy's lavages. Gcnenil Webb, with near 4000 men, was an indifferent fpcdator of the operations of the ficge ;— perhaps he thouoht his numbers not fufiicient to hazard a battle with Montcalm, nor to relieve the place. In the month of Oaober admiral Coates, who had been fent with a fquadron to Jamaica in Fe- bruary, detached captain Forreft, with three ihips, ro cruize off Cape Francois, in order to intercept the French trade bound lor Europe. At this time there lay in the harbour four IVench fhips of the >me, and three frigates, the commander* of whom, in • M. Krritiint, who, in the month of November, 1756, failed from Fiance (in an expedition to fcour tl' ^ Inghft fetile- ments on the io*»ft of Guiney, which he executed with iderable fcccrfV, by taking feveral trading xcilels, bcJonging to the ports «l l.*>ndon, LivTr|H)ol and BtiftoJ. He made an attempt to re- duie the tattle on Cupe Co-ftj but, aUeriwohouiscamjonadinf f 211 ) ' ,757 in or4ef to drive, tl.e KtigliHi iLips off that flition, ilreiigthvacd ins crews and quarters vvi.n an addi. nonal number of.iailors and fuJdicrs, and put to fea When capttim ForrciUefcricd the enemy, he ca led his two captains on board him, and faid, Gent men, you know your own Itren^th, and Le5' Th '' ''r^\ ^^''^^ ''' g'*'^- ^^^^''^ .fi Vo K f'>^' '^^'^" ^^ ^i"' there is no me to be lofl ; return to your ihips. and get them re,dv for engaging.' 'xhe Kngliih b!re down upon Ae enemy with uncommon Tpirit, and began he adhon, which raged with the utmol fury above two hours and a half, all the while in %iu of the Cape j wJien the iitor« nf" ,1,- <; "f- '^uxn at fojt tl- h h.u !,een the cafe, the petty fl.t.s of i.e.roes wou j in. rt n ly have revolted tVcm the Knghm intmftj^ ".cum '.nee it^S'"f!!r:^;:f^i^" °'r^''''^" officer deferve, to be panioh tonWK ^"^[fS'^entcruize, n.ar the illand of Kif- eaciny. i ■Ju ! 1 il ">ici:ed about an unfortunate fugitive, (215) i;57' fugitive, purfued by his enemies, in die utmoft dif; trds, with hardly cloaths to his back, and till worn out vvith hunger aiid fatigue ; he at length too« refuge ill the houfe of a man, whofb ears he- had caufed to be cut off in one of the tranfports of hii palfion : tli perfoii delivered him up to his pur^ fuers, and Jaiher Aly Cawn's fon ordered him to be put to death. In about thirteen days this preat re- volution was accomplinied, with a fmall force and my little lofs, and the India company gained fuch a number of valuable advantages, as exceeded th& expedation of the moll fanguine wiHi. CHAP. VJL Expedition to Rochfort, ^u jTk the admimllration, did not acquiefce in the German war yet he refolved on an expedition to he coaft of France, that ihould at once ferve both Germany and Britain. The fcheme of a littoral war againll France was undoubtedly a good one ar cording to the prefent fyflen. of affairs France hid' embarked in the quarrels of the empire, and w« marching great armies to increafe tbofe diftur ances ; an attempt therefore to annoy her coaft, Td deftroy her mariume ftores, would ferve Britain b„ aonwilatinghernval ftre„g,h, and ferve Germany by 1757 ( 2i6 ) by oblin-lnor her to keep her troops at home for the defence of her maritime pLices. Some few, who were againft tliis kind of war, urged it was cow- ardly, weak, and imniethodical ; but they were foon over ruled by others, whoafferted, that it was no matter which way the enemy was annoyed, pro vided Ihe was but ienfibly hurt. A hirge fleet was therefore equipped, the command of which was given to admiral Hawke, who was aihlled by the admirals Knowles and Brodcrick. A body of troops, confiding of 9CC0 men, were put on board commanded in chief by Sir John Mordaunt, af- filted by the generals Con>.vay and Cornwallis. The delhnation was kept a profound fecret ; and whilll it exercilcd the penetration of ail the politicians in Europe, it idled I'Vance witli the moll ferious alarms. The defign was to mcke a diverfion in fa- vour of the duke of Cumberland, by drawinr- a wn of the French army from Wellphalia and Hanover, to the defence of their own coait. After much time fpent in making preparations, and feveral blun- denng delays, the iicet lailcd on the eighth of Sep- tember, the day on wluch the convention of Ciofter- Seven was figned. On the 2 ill the fleet appeared before Rochtort, and it was now knou n that thev intended to attack it; but as the oflkers had laid down no plan to be followed in this enterprizc, lome tune was taken up in debating and framing one. A concurrence of evils fruHrated this expe- duion : it will be hard to determine, whether they were purpofely framed or accidentally fell out. The French nation is faid to have been alarmed by the troops lying on the Ifle of Wight fome time before they f.iled, and by very good intelligence from Englard. Two days after the fieet made the enemy's 1 - .. J i1|i' rne for the ^e\v, who ( 217 ) 1757 ]; !,in d, the Viper floop was difpatched from England, with the following letter from Mr. Secretary Pitt to Sir Edward Hawke, and to Sir John Mordaunt, dated Whitehall. September 1^, .7^7, and received by them on board the Ramiiies on the izd day of Scpteniber. ^ 'SIR, J His majefty, by hb fecret inftruaions, dated •the 5th day of Auguil laft, having dirciW the ' return of the fleet under your command, to'^ether ' with th^ land forces on board/ " fo as to be in « England at, or about, as near as may be, the end '' of September, unlefs the circumflances of the " Ihips and forces Ihall neceflarily require their re- " turn fooner;" * I am now to fignify to you the ' king's pleafure, that you do not confider the a« ' bovementioned time, limited for your return, as ' intended in any manner to affed, or interfere • with, the ful! exertion of the iirA and principal 'objedt of the expedition; namely,' " Attempt- " mg, as far as (hall be found pradicable, a d^fcent " on the French coaft, at or near Rochefort, in or- " der to attack if prafticable, and, by a vigorous " impreffion, force that place, and to burn and de- " ftroy, to the utmoft of your posver, all Ihippino-, " docks, magazines, and arfenals, that fhall be " ound there, and exert fuch other efforts, as Ihall " be judged moft proper for aiinoying the enemy." ^ And with regard to any other particular attempt, ^ which, agreeably to your orders, you ihall have commenced, and in the execution whereof you ihall be aaually engaged, it is alfo his majefty's ^ pleafure that you do not defill from, or break up the iame, merely and folely on account of the time. '1« .11 1 ' J757 (218) * time, limited for yrur return, by the inflruaionj * abovemcntioned ; but that, notwithlkndin? the * fame, you do continue, with the Heet, during * fuch a farther number of days as may afford ^ * compeent time, for the ccn'.pktion of any ope^ * ration under the above circuiailances ; after which * you are to take care to return, with the fleet under « your command, and the forces'] on boards in the < manner uir^acd by your former infir actions, * 1 am, &(;. * W. PITT.' It has b^n ihrewdly fufpeacd, that this iloop, or the Harwich man of war, which failed at the fame time from Plymouth on the iame deftination, car- tied other difpatches of a mere fecret nature, and faid to be utterly unkuown to the minifter. On the 23d of September it was refolved to fecure the little ifland of Aix, fituated in the mouth of the river Charante, which runs up to Rochefort, as it was apprchen^^ed the French on this ifland might make iome obftruaion to the landing of the troops; accordingly captain, now commodore, How, in the Magnanime, almoll inftantly reduced it, with die lofs only of two failors. At the time this little con. queft was made, it was expeded the troops were to te immediately landed; but ou the 25th the mili- tary oiEcers rcfolvei in a council of war, that an at- tempt upon Rochefo;-t was neither advifeable nor pradicable. On the 8th of Oaober, after having molt efFeaually alarmed the French coaft, it was re- ielyed to land at the mouth of the river Charante, and at twelve o'clock at night the troops were put 41U0 the boats, where they remained four hours on ' a bo;lterous fe^, and theu were ordered back a^ainj qnonH ^i — ! t ( 2>9 ) 1757 cpon which admiral Brodcrick acquainted Sir Ed- rard Hawke. 'That Having prepared all the boats • .v.th proper officers to land the troops, he was ' now to acquaint him, that ti.e gencral/vvere come to a refo utioa not to land to-night, but to wait tdlday-hght. when they can have i full Wew of the ground xvhereon they are to land.' Sir Fd- ward then defired Mr. Broderick to enquire of the gereral ofhcers. whether they had any further m ! htary operations to yropofe, th.at tiie fquadron might i.ot be unneceitarily detained : to w^ich the We all agree in returning direflly to Enffl.mH ' Upon which Sir Edward fei a lettTr .0 Mr^ K« tT^f"""/.^^''^ " ""■»= ' It was the 2 A expeflation of their undertaking fomething. which their final refolution, I (hall f^l for England fo- ' morrow mornmg.' When the fleet arrived, the aganft the commanders, and cried aloud for juftice oa the delinquents. The officers blamed thi mi- ^Z''Jk°' '53f1"«,tl^^mrelves. direfted an en- qoiO' to be made into the caufes of the milcarriage. The officers appointed to make this enquiry, whlfe peneration will ever be applauded, gave ?a. the r »pin.on, that the caufes of the milarriage wer^ Not attacking fort Fouras by fea, 'at the fame ' timq („l J' ''\'"T' '" "P'='" •!'■= m»"tr. Sir Edward Hawke Hiutatethelanding of the troops, and Thierrv a m,i„l F,. Jk I P oe who gave m.,eh of .ha. inf^^aiion on Sh ,E cxpL" i a ».s planned, undertook to eoaJuft fuch a flup fo^ .ttZpoH i IF '757 ( 220 ) • timcihnt it could have been attacked by lanj. • unci ccmlng to a rdolutiDn on the zjlh of Sep* « icmhcr, that an attempt on Rochefort was neither • advin.al)lc nor pra^icable, though at that time ' there were no troops nor batteries on /horc to pre \ ^''^l ■■' 'h'^''^*"^"' ^'''^'^ J^^'"<:t' it appeared, that the oHiccrs had been guii.y ot difobcdience of or- dfrs. The reader may pcrliaps llartle at this af fci tion ; but we will give him a part of fuch oi" the evidences as tended to prove the uiiempt ru>as irac iicahle, Lleutcnant-colonel Clark faid, that he wnh three more oliicers, wentonfhore, and walked two rniles, over a fpungy neck of land, called Iflc j:>enis, to the folid continent, iKHthoat molejiatm-. and he faid the army might cafily have landed a! Chatelaillon bay. This opinion lie formed on the fpot. Colonel Wolfe (who afterwards took Quebec! confirmed his opinion, viz that a landing oTi that bay might have been made entirely out of the reach Ot the enemy's artillery. Admiral Broderick de- icnbed this landing-place to be a fair, hai'd, fandy beach, and in his opinion a landing might have been made here with eafe, for the tranfports could but It was Aid afide upon a reprefcntat.on f.om vlctf-admiral Knowlcs, that even a homh k.tch had ,u„ agronnd at above conduced the bomb ketch mHlVd thech.n.el tluough -gnon.nce, t cxc:edwon.e.andartonfhnicni, th;u 'I'h.crrv, who S.r Ed' %vard Mawkc. ,n h;s letter to Mr. Pitr, iays,' behaved ^.ah rear hnvery ami ^,1!, and who secured he could carry tic MnBi.n.iv.e, wh:ch ,s 74 guns, witliin a q-arter ofa i4of Fouras, w.s not permitted to try his /kill.-Might not a floop be dr.v.n on a land at the moutii of the Thames, by a pilot ig- Dorant of luc navigation of that river? * J t t. coir.e by land J I of i)cp- as neither tliat time )ic to pre arcd, that cf of Or- t this af- ch oi the that he, id walked ailed IHc olejlatiott', landed at d 0)1 the : Quebec) : oil that the reach ;rick de- I'd, Tandy jht have rts could ( 2^^ ) 1757 come within half a mil, of the bay. Tiic board of enquiry, by the.r opinun.. i.iving attributed I rnncipal cauic of the milcu.nagc to tl,c niiiitarv oiiicers the commander ut ihc land force., in order to vindicate his character, applied tor a court mar- tial, wluch wa. granted : ihc charge was cliiobc- dicnce ot order:, j but aher the i\m^c evidences were again examined, with the addition of 6ir lidward lawkc lie was adjudged not guilty. However, the public dileontent did not feem in the lealt au peal;d. There feemed to be a i'ulpicion, that the real cau es of the failure were to be attributed iomc wliere ellc U thi.. point tlic miuiiler could not be 10 blame; lor he intended the expedition to annoy the enemy ; to make hini fulcepiive of wounds upon his ovyn coal is ; to ilrike tenor and dilmay throuih- out all his lubjcds ; to enervate and difpirit his annsi and to ihrc.uen his dcllrudion as a maritime power: and, on tne ..ther hand, to elate the hopes and Ipirits 0^ the Ijritifli nation, and to Simulate t.K.n to lucccilive aaions of glory and conquell. hut heiuid themi.lortnne to find the confequlnce t '^^''^^'^'^''^^'^y oppofue ; and to iWeeten thi. bitter pill, to lee an attempt in the city for fift ingoutthe true caufe, by propofing to obtain a parliamentary enquiry, over ruled by a menace tJom tne king *. Do not all thele things concur to iiipport Ou.loh.lJ, a mution was nnide to addrcfs hr. ni.jefU on the nafc.mage of .J.« ]ate exp.diaon to the coaft of 1- a e u ^ cour , ,f any .ntormauon had be.n ,iven to h,s Jo. J/h,p ^f^ -^-V'-y tJCing liitenuc-d to be nude, hn anf^rrP,-; ^...... „_ f I i'M, ia ]m ti'iit on fonday ¥rl »757 ( 222 ) fupport the rufplcion of ^ jea-.t caiife for the failure Although the defign of this expedition was fruf. trated, yet the European powers interefted in the fea, penrtrated into the fpirit of the new minifter and began inftantly to change their forner opinion of the Bntifh counsels. They faw with furprize a man placed at the head of, a.id giving direaions'to a warlike people ; a m.m who admitted no othr rule for his operations againft the enemy than con- veniency ; they ;vere alarmed at his reiblution and new fyltem; and though he had failed in hisfirftat tempt, they faw plainly he was not difcouraged by It. Sweden and Denmark concluded a treaty pur porting the defence of their commerce in the Baltic and they fent their united fquadrons to cruize in tha! lea, fearing he ihould feud a fleet into the north The Dutch propofed to augment their fhips from the fame fear; and the Italian ftates, in conjunaicn with the king of Naples, took every precaution tliat was in their power for the fccurity cf their ports. Spam and l^ortugal trulled their fecurity to theirimportant commercial connexions with C.reat Britain. France was not prepared for fuch an enemy, who braving every method, and adopting new icliemes, prepared to attack her defperately fthe came to « Monday evening [Oaober 51] WiUwmBIalr, Efq, oneo * the Manfion-hcufe, and acquainted him, that his majefty had * g.ven proper dircftions for an enquiry to beforthvNith made . into the feehi»viour of the commanding officers of th- fa.d ex- ' rT'L'°'^'''tiJ' ^!^r"P°" tJ^^ motion was immc. c di4teJy withdrawn. [7?;^ public ncivi-papers. At The beginni ffprifed all Eur ^fcnchking, wh f'223 ) the failure. I ^^' ^'^"'^ ^'f V;"^' unanimoufly applaurled I was fruf. ^t'd in tile ^ niinifter, er opinion Airprize a ■e.tions to, no other tlian con- lution and his firft at- uraged by "aty, pur- he Baltic; ize in that he north, hips from 'njundicn >recaution c f their ecurity to th ( 3 rest fuch an adopting fperately^ i one of the i), came to T)ajefty had i\ith made le fa id ex- was immc- vingrcuzcd the fpirit of th ^757 and ha- ictl.rg; ill vvhici. he (vuud e nation i'lon, that Hupid ifl It ...«, J. r ,. * It, was ticrervedly and pCO].] At *^i a m ngornotchufn.g to confide inTnV li .f '•' llration w Jl be fouud to h^ ^«1 * ^ admini- Ike people n.d rcafo,, not to tLk d.drcon/r'^ milphccd in Mr I itt • t',„„ i j "'f^'r confidence Uly, and found h'^^S/ ^erSc'''^ nve nor ambirious views; ever fteadilv n^ ?"^" Acr ,„.ere;b and l^appind^, and eat^j /^["""e H W°""."«y 'o Sratiiy 'all the f ^tif ^'"f \^U i,u.„bii„g -he""fe^'™ , ,~y^^J-^y -a- ;id one man alone chan-re the face af.ff-' • i"* foitilh nation, and fill witl. alarm all thf" '° ''''= »E:aropc, who had hitherto e^rn^'Crr/ pcablc- op,„,on of our national wifdom al' ^ t land revived the ancient fni,;7-I " ."^"2'''S 4e people, to be 1? -h " '".'^''^'J' """"^ °f Ko/lhe French-. '^ "*''" ^''"' ^"'"' '^e On i'i'-'B '»iu HIS CQuch at VeriaiL'M by U i-., » • \: 1757 (224 On tiie I ft of December the parliament met ; chev voted 6c,oco Icamen and 54,000 foldiers. T]ic| Supplies amounted to \o,4?.6,^^j\. Notvvitlilland- ing-thegreatnels of this Iiim (cf which 1,861,897!., was paid to our German allies) there appeared, what had not been feen for many years, a perfect una- nimity throughout the whole houfe, which gave inft- nitepleafure to every individual without doors, and inililied a pleafing hope and profpedl of the affairs of the nation being likely to go on well, when the! great were unanimous to humbk- the enemy: indetd the true caic was, the old minilters were reconciled to the new ones ; at kart both parties came to akird of capitulation, and while they were unanimous in I couniel, it was not very probable tliat their adhe- rents fhould differ in parliament. Added to all this,! the king became better reconciled to Mr. Pitt (who maybe confidered as fole ading minifter ; for every thing fcemed to move by his diredion, andeverv body to acquiefce in his adv'ce and plans) becaufe they perfcdly agreed in one very principal point,! which was that of an inveterate hatred to the! French ,; and the whcle nation agreed with rhemj alfo: but the difficulty was in the means to exert tliisl by cne Daniicn, an r lifcv.re fanatic, viho, rninglinp among thtl king's attei.il.incs, ihibhed him en the riph: fide betwcfn tliel iGuirh anJ t'lhli ribs vvith a knife, which tak ng an obJique di- ie(Jii . paffior,! ( 225 ) 1757 paiTion, or rathef to give it its full force with the Itrengtb of the whole nation ; each were wedded to oppofite principles : his majeily was for a con> tincntal war, on account of his native and eledoral dominions; Mr. Pitt was for a naval war, as the only method of ruining the French trade, and ag- grandizing this nation, and fecuring its dependenciel It would be neither prudent nor eafy to carry thii nice point any further ; the reader's penetration will enable him to conceive what elfe is not proper to explain. Wc will only add, that no favour was uftd by one, nor any low cunning by the other- both were defirous of acquitting themfelves with noble adions, and laudable arguments were made ulc of; they were equally above bafenefs, and equally defirous of reducing the enemy. Mr Pitt neither wanted nor fought clofet favour, in order to undenmne his fellow fervants; and his majeftv equally detelled being led by the nofe : he was a warrio- himfelf, and fond of refolution and fpirit • he had been bred to the camp and to real buLefs' Hence arofe that noble independency of fpirit' which crudes the very embryoes of intrigue, and all the little arts of narrow minds: hence it was that after the miniflry were fettled, the national bu' linef. went on with fucccfs, and without interrup- tion : no bubbling tales of courtiers, no fpies in ' the enemy's pay, could either divert Mr. Pitt, or impede the operations of the war. I ' CHAP. /758 ( 226 ) i( ft i C II A P. VIII. Affairs in Africa mid J/ia, WF, now come to the mod glorious cxra in the ^ liiuilli lulloiy; an :m that is refplendent with immortal Mdorics, prochiiminff to the lateil period of tjmc tlie glory and valour of Britain in lubduing her proud and implacable enemy. In the month ot March a fmall armament was lent under the command of commodore Marfli, and a detach- nient of marines, commander' by major Mafon, to attack the Irench fcttlemcnts at Senegal. The projea had been originally conceived by one Mr Cumming, a fenfiblc quaker, who had been afador on the coaft of Africa, by which he had contracted an acqaintance with the Mooriih king of that part of South Barbary, called by us the gumcoaftfor the fandy deiart of Zara*, who being well difpo'bd towards the Englifh, and bearing an utter enmity to the trench, declared he Ihould never be eafv till they were entirely driven from the river of Senegal • and he told Mr. Cumming, that if the king of iMigland would lend a force lufficienr, and defeat the french, he uould grant an exclufive trade to his lubjeds. At the fame time he favoured Mr Cum mmo; with an cAclufive trade, by a charter written m tne Arabic language. Mr. Cumming, during But called by the natives Lcglbdli. his ■m ( ^V ) 1758 his Iby in Africa, made the moft minute enauirv concermag the i rength and fuuation of tie S^^ A. IS return to hngland he communicated h in* elhgence to the board of trade, and with it a plan Atnca. Ihe mm by adopted the fchenie; and Mr. Cumm.ng, being th. framer cf it was Z ponued prmcipal dirt-aor of the expe^it^ aTd laiial with It, charged with a letter of cr A the Moohlh kino:. The fleet !t 1^ u "" '2 £• A r • • . "^. nccc airivcd on the PAnrt- 01 Afncain Ap.il; and. nocwithliandi, ' tL ob' I ™*"" °' » ^"y d^'ngcrous bar at the mouth o? ' :,r:r ^^T',: "'.^ >".ui„eswere landed (May ,) governor of tort Louis furrciidered direftlv • «r,,i -.vtday the corporation and burgher,, o/the tow^ f Senegal (ubmmed, and (Wort alle-^iance to Z t.«g o( England. This was the fir, Cersftl ex bcdnmn >vh.ch the Britifl, „i„iii^ haTcquippS o.inng the war, and failed not to be greJ^f„T 1^1. ch Mr. fttt found to brood over the land when ke came into the adminillration . The c<,Z.,Z c Senegal added to the com^erci^l inttlZfXLn f Ae Dutch, whopurchaibd it of the 4Tch afd en fet what price they pleafed on it for u" kSr Lf.l^ . V.;?"°''"T French fettlement on the coaft of uund it too ftiojig to be attempted by : r m m : tl; cir •IfiUil ■It M I I I 1758 ( 228 ) their fmall force. The miniftry finding the fuccefa of the firit enterprize, difpatched commodore Kep- pel with a fmall fqiuidron, and fome land fcrces cortimanded by colonel Worge, to attack the i/land of Goree. I'he commodore arrived before it on the 29th of December, and having ranged his fleet oppoiite the forts, began a furious canncnade, which in a little time drove the garriion from their quar- ters, and ncceiiitaied the governor to furrender at difcretion. A garrifon being put into the fort, and that at Senegal being reintorced, the commodore return *?d to England ; where likewife had arrived admiral Olborn from the Mediterranean ; alfo ad- jnirnl Bckawen from America, and general Aber- crombie from the fame place, whofe conduifV, like that of his predecefibrs, had fallen under c!ifappro- bation : he was fucceeded in his command by ge- neral Amherft When Mr. Fitt firil came into the adminiftration, he difpuLched commodore Steevens, with a fquadronl and fome troops, to reinforce his majefly'o ileetin the Eaft-Indics, which might a<^t there with powers of difcretion, while his attention was employed on other objedts nearer heme. Admiral Watlon and colonel Clive having gained many advantages over the er^emy, it was not only Mr. Pitt's immediate aim to purfue thofe advantages, wlule the heat andl thiril of conqueli prevailed ; but likewife to prevent! the French deriving any niaterial fe^ vices in anyf part of India from a fleet, which they had at tl.ej lame time feut, commanded by M. 'i'Ache, andj 8000 troops, which were put on bo^^jd, and com- manded by general Lally. Commodore Steevens joined admiral Pococke, who had fucceeded to the chief command on the death of admiral Wationj M. d'Acha ( 229 ) 1758 M. d'Ache arrived at Pondicherry, where jjeneral Laily with the troops were landed. The Tcene of adion was now to begin. M. Lally had boafted be- fore he left Europe, that he would drive the Englifli totally ofF the coall of Coromandel. He was w'arm and fool .hardy ; and full of the idea (which he had furrered to get the aicendancy of his tumultuous imagination) when he took the field, he vaunt, d of the great ads he ^ould perfoi-m, and the cruelties he moived to mliiil oii the EngliOi ; but, like a true barbarian whole paffion exceeds his reafon, or one bereft of prudence, he precipitately entered the campaign before he had provided the means of fup- port for his army, which had been confidei- ibly auo-- mented oy feveral reinforcements, lie m;;rched d1 . reaiy againft fort St. David, while the IVench fleet failed avvay to cover the fiege. Admiral Pococke having intelligence of thefe proceedinf^s, failed like- wife to fort i)t. David, and engaged the French u D -^ ^'"^ Tuperior in number, and three of the Bntifh captains behavi:'>g in a cowardly manner, he gained no material advantage, thouc^h he con- tinued the fight with great inequalitv 'till nipht, when the two fleets feperated ; the French returned to Pondicherry, and the Englifh to Madrafs ; both to repair their damages. Both fquadrons having quitted the ftation off fort St. David, Lally pufhed the fiege of that place with vigour ; which being ii) want of water and ammunition, major Poller, who commanded the troops, furrendered in twelve days (June 2, 1758). The conqueror blew up the for- tihcations, and reduced the place to a heap of rub- bifh; and befides plundering the inhabitants, as well of fort St. David as of all the villas round about, he wantonly k\ fire to their habitations, and /-• 3 endeavoured ■ i ' ;■ '' '.-..'■ • i I ;;' I "'•■*; '"*^HiS..ttPW»ii«B!-- -S^*.. 1758 ( 230 ) endeavoured to dcftroy the face of the whole ccuit. try. But the ill fbr of France, which in no place fct well on their affairs, began now to influence ihenri here. Lally found, that by making a defart ot the country he was unr-blfe to fubfift his army; and, to his misfor;unc, the finances of France were fo extremely low, >"• »:he la'-^t; fubfidies which the French were oblig. ay feveralof tlie European powers, to form anc ^ /eferve the continental fy item of i' urope apainll: i'ruifia and Hanover, that their minillry could not afford to fend him any money; fo that now he could neither buy nor plunder. In this dilemma he rcfolved to extort a confiderable Aim from the king of Tanjorc, a prince of the country; but that chief refufing to comply with his requell, he in a rage marched his army and laid fiege to his capital. 1 he fkill and courage of fome Engliih en- gineers bravely defended the place: in a fhort time Lally 's ammunition began to run low, and his pro- vifions were entirely exhauf^ed. The people of the country, who had either heard of or fufF::red by his cruelties, cut off all the fupplies to his army in re- turn for his barbarities, which reduced him almoft to a ftate of famine. At length, unable to flay any longer, he, tortured with all the pa»ig# of chagrin and difappointment, raifed the fiege with the utmoft precipitation, and left his cannon behind. He re- turned to Pondicherry, in the neighbourhood of which the troops were refrefhed. In the month of 0<5lober he marched into Arcot, and began to make preparations for the fiege of Madrafs. Lally's army at this time was fo numerous, that thf* Enplilh forces on the coafl of Coromandel were infuiiicicnt to op- pofe him in the field. Soon after the furrender of ibrt St. David, admiral Pococke again failed m quell ( 231 ) 1758 qneft' of the French fleet, whom he found off Pon- tlicherry ; but they no fooner faw him, than they pat to lea in the utmoft haHc: he then gave chace, ■And on the third day came up with them ; but the French woukl not lland a fiir engagement; they made a fort of running, fight in an irregular line till night, when, under favour of the darkncfs, they efcaped back to Pondicherry. However, they were fo much damaged by tliis engagement, that after a fhortllay there, d'Ache was obli;rcd to fail to the illand of Bourbon to refit, leavinp the fovereignty of the Indian feas to admiral Poco^'ckc and commo- dore Steevens, whofe fleet was much inferior to his ]n number of fhips, men, and weight of metal. WbenLally formed his refolution of laying fieo-c to Madrafs, he fent orders to Golconda for ivf de BulTey and M. I^.Iorcain to join him with part of their forces, and leave the command of the re- mainder at Maffulipatum to the marquis deConflan', Soon after M. de Buffy was departed, tlie country powers refolved to throw off the French yoke, and entered one of the towns which the French pofleffcd, and tore down the colours j upon which Conflans refolved to check their infolence, and marched his torces agamft them. In this dillrefs the chief ap- phed to colonel Clive at Calcutta for affiftance ; who, after deliberating on the nature and confequence of the enterpnze, detached colonel Forde with a body ot Europeans. This officer attacked M. de Con- flans in the month of December, and gained a com- plete vidory over him. Maffulipatam fell in con- lequcnce: the Engliih gained poffeffum of an ck- tenfive lea coali, and othe- confiderable advantages, befide^r being paid for their affillance j and likewife concluded a treaty with another chief, in which it ■^ 4 wai ( I, ' '. I !^" i I' »f i K. 11 id' ■ii . . ' 1758 ( 23* ) was enafted, that the French Ihould be totally «x. tirpated the country. CHAP. IX. JffVin in America. Naval tranfaaions. Expe- ditions to the cocijl of France, »"lt!i! kh As the primary objea of the war was America, Mr. Pitt loft no time in exerting his vigilance, and making early preparations for efteaually crufh- ing the enemy's power in that part of the world. At this time the German affairs, though they ten» derly touched the king's heart, were not arofe to fuch importance, as to engrofs any thing more than a fmall part of the attention of the miniHry: Mr. Pitt was not yet brought to confider them as of the higheft confequence 5 he was ftill for reducing the enemy's fettlements abroad, and particularly in America, and afiifting Germany only by annoying the 'coaft of France. The £r(l objed that he aimed at was Louiibourg, a place of the utmoft importance to the French, and when taktn, would be a areat ftep towards annihilating their power in North Ame- rica. For this purpofe, he began at the beginning of the year to equip a large iieet. His own fpirit direded all the neceflary preparations to be timely executed, and his own peiietration and love for the y public ( 233 ) '758 public pointed out the fi.tell officers to do Britifl, bulinefs, he employed men capable of fervinff"hei^ coumry; men of courage, ability and merits Ac ftordingly admiral Bofcawen, with a fleet of m™ o( war and a coi.fiderable number of land forTe" fa fa.l from England on the ,9th of Febm";' Th,s was timmg thmgs in a proper manner he enemy had yet no force in America equal o 'what admiral Bofcawen carried, nor any commander of equal capacity and reputation. However, asfoon s they were acquainted with that brave officer's deftination they equipped two fleets at different ports for the relief of Louifbourg: one at Toulon, ■ Tha, he believed the". « s a ,:SmtTrZf'"' '^.'^T^' ■ lhen.ival and military commander! a^nftf'-"' '"'"' '" ' ertion of the national power in , he feS '"1"^""" «- 'He affirmed, that though L^mlk<>,lZ,I'"',""""y- ' brace every meafure propoled by h ,!'„■£% ""^ J" '^"'- • and interert of hi. Bmift doraLon, "Jr S ^ ''"T' 'telound, withwhomtheexec, !^ / " ? "'"" "»'<' Mhere »»; ,he leaftap'etr ra"nyl:,7r To 'I'r'-r '"^'' ' dence be trufted. He partic.la,i"ed Z^'J^t 7 """■ 'tiemanin North America, from wLm hf nl ;'" ^°T *"■ '«lv=d great expeftatidn,; l-.e cXTineH "fTt^ 'T: ' "mraanderhad .xpreflcd ,h/moTcon.J^ ', re*"' '"''''= ' .he evil power, f,om which hT eri ed 7 "^r hfr' '"' ' Mmg to tranlmit for a confderab le Ur«h of h^?' ' "l^' ' advice of his procecdints but whar J^ / ">' "'''" ' feap of paper."^ He obi 've , tha i.rr'f! 'rh' ' r""i :irh^-^-»;i^"-'4=yiHrr T - the II m f758 ( 234 ) the commander of which was M. de la Clue ; but Mr. Pitt had prepared every thing in ordv^r to fruf. tiate ♦^' efe deligns ; an Englilh fleet, under the di- redtiun of admiral Ofborn, was ftationed at the Streights of Gibraltar. The French court equipped a Iccond fquadron at Toulon, to llrengthen de la Clue, and enable him to force his way through the Streights ; the command of this fquauron was given to M. du Quefne. De la Clue had failed before the other was ready, and was blocked up by admiral Olborn in the Spaniih port of Cafthagena. Du Quefne came to relieve him, and fell in with the Englifli fleet. The Monmouth of 64 guns, captain Gardener, engaged the Foudroyant of 80 guns, commanded by du Quefne in perfbn, for a confide^ Table time, and itis thought would alone have taken .her, notwithilanding the fupcriority of the enemy's force ; but two other Englifti fliips coming up, du Quefne ftruck to the Monmouth, the captain of whom was killed, but the fhip wa;, bravely fought by the firft lieutenant Mr. Carkett. The Orphee, another of the enemy's fliips, was likewife taken; and the third, called the Oriflamme, was drove afhore on the coaft of Spain. The only remaining vcflel of this fquadron was a frigate, named the Pleiade, which being an excellent failor, efcaped back to Toulon, and carried the tidings of this difafter. Thus was t^is fcheme of relieving Louil- bourg fruflrated j for M. de la Clue, not being able to force his pafTage through the Streights, returned to Toulon, where his fnips were laid up. The cthr fleet, defigned to fuccour North America, was equipped at Rochfort ; it confilled of fix fhips of war, two frigates, and forty tranfport;s, having on board three tnoufand troops j but Sir Edward Hawke M'as r/A -lue ; but ;r to fruf. er the di- d at the equipped len dela cough the was given before the ' admiral ena. Du with the 5, captain So guns, I confide* ave taken ; enemy's gup, du aptain of ly fought Orphee, s taken; as drove Wmi - -h ^ %^r f 'k \ ^' I JiPPMMWMfeite.. I J. % ■ 1 entirely loft. A number nfr.r r*'''"^' '^'='"6 ployed to dra^ thr/h- ['"''" ,"*'^ "'"e em- to venture out to fea Tab In rh^ °".«tempt the G'lsrsrnr; "vr'-V^.' of lord Loudon, who wa, l,ft ^' ^^ ""'''"-^ chief in AxneHca hJL ■ ^^" /"""""^"^^^ i" ■ ■ inadUve ; Sre he ^arc;i:edT """^'^"f^ ^ command devolved on Z- ^°"^^' '^"^ ^^« who afterwards nnrfil?'''"S^"eral Abercrombie, Planof thefeoneratinn, ' "'* '"'^"='' P""<:'Pal LuMbourl? thrfieet '^n'"'' ? ^'^F^ition againfl gether wi.h the tToor. • ""'\'^ ^' ^"'W^' »<>- fommandcd Wr^^^c:::"'^;:^^^^^^' ' bngadier general Wolfe^ -On the2Sth';,fM .''•'' armament departed from Haliftv ^''>' ''"' June the fleerapseared off r 5 -nl '"' °" '''^ ^<^of ^ious furfflS''afa.on7fe'e'lt^^^^ were fix days off the coalf h^fi,, , ' ^-'•'"'hey pradiicable.^ Thrg^ve no/Tf Vn"-n"S' '■^■■'■^''^""'' interim excrteu all Km tof^""""^ '" ">= he eftablilhed a chan of 'oftfr''" ''"'''' 'f'''"?'- Icaeues an,I = i„if i , 1* '" '"^' extended two leagues and a half along the moft accfflihie ° . the. f I7S8 ( 336) the beach, and he threw up intrenchments and crefted batteries : the harbour was defended by five ihips of the line and five frigates, three of which he ordered to be funk at the mouth, to prevent the Englifh fleet getting in ; but all thefe precautions and endeavours were not fufhcient to check the ar- dour and refolution cf the Englifli officers, who, as foon as the furf was fomevvhat abated, loft not a mo- ment's time in landing. Brigadier-general Wolfe, to his immortal honour, with an intrepidity »npa- rallelled, gained this material point, in fpite of the enemy's utmoft efforts. The reft of tlie troops fol- lowed him. The enemy fled, and the town of Louifljourg was invefted. Eut the fiege could not be profecuted with fafety until the enemy's fhips in the harbour were taken, as they could bring their guns to bear upon the Englifli camp : therefore ge- neral Wolfe immediately fecured a place called the Light-houfe Battery, and another more material, called the Ifland Battery ; when by the bombs one of the enemy's great Ihips was fet on fire, which communicated to two others, and all three were confumed. Only two now remained, which the admiral undertook to fecure, in order to gain pof- fefllon of the harbonr ; he manned the boats of the fquadron, and in two divifions, under the command of two young captains Laforey and Balfour, he fent them into the harbour in a dark night. Thefe gal- lant heroes boarded the enemy's fliipsfwordin hand, and one, being a-ground, they fet her on fire, and towed th« other out in triumph. The governor of the town having now no refource, nor the Englifli any impediment to hinder their operations, he next day (July 26) furrendered the whole ifland of Cape Breton. The garrifon were made prifoncrs, amount- V incr mgin the whole, including fuch of the inhabitants as bore arms, the irregulars. Teamen, &c. to 5637 It IS- well worthy obfcrvation in this place, that now we behold the real number of th^t formidable ^ar- nfon, which the year before, when other com- manders were on that ftation, it was not deemed prudent to attack. When this conquelt was at- chieved, admijral Bofcawen detached lord Rollo ta take pofleffion of the ifland of St. John's, which in- ftantly fubmitted to the Britilh government. Whea the news of thefe glorious and inellimable conquelU arrived in England, a general joy difFufed itfelf throughout the whole kingdom : the wifdom of the miniiler, and the courage of the commanders, every Englifhman was proud to extol ; and addreffes of congratulation from all parts were prefented to the throne*. The other plans of operation in America were : brigadier-geueral Forbes was to go with about 800O men to attack Fort Du Quefne near the Ohio, and feize the lands which the French had ufurped : and general Abercrombe, the commander in chief, with * The pofTeflion of Cape Breton was a valuable acquifition to Great-Britain. It not only cliflreflcd the French in rheir fi/hery and navigation, but removed all feats of encroachment and ri- val/hip from the English fi/hers on the banks of Newfoundland. When the plan of this conqueft was originally laid down during the preceding war, it was demonrtrated, that it would put the Englifh in fole pofTeflion of the fifhery of ' North America, which would annually return to Great Britain two millions fter- ling for tlie manufaftures yearly /hipped to the plantations ; em- ploy many thoufand families that were otherwife unfcrviceable to the public j increafe the (bippiog and marinew, and greatly ex- tend navigation. ^ 'T^ 49 1758 ( 238 ) about 16000 men, was to reduce Crown Point in order to open a road to the frontiers of Canada Tiie latter of thefc plans did not fucceed. The van guard of the army, in its rout to Ticonderoga. a place which the general intended firfl to reduce be- fore he attempted Crown Point, fell in with a nartv of the enemy's Indians, upon which a. IkirmiOi of bulh-hghtmg enlued, in whirh the gallant and ad mired^ lord Howe was llain. Notwithflanding this ^tt e difafter the army marched up to Ticondero^a {July 9) before which they found the enemy had felled a great number of trees, and placed other things to prevent the BritiHi troops approaching m regular order ; the enemy had likewiie thrown up intrenchments, and railed a breaft-work eight ' feet high : however, the troops advanced in the belt manner pofliblc, and with an undaunted refo- iution mounted the works Avord in hand, unfup- ported by their artillery (which was not brought up) or any thing that could give them the leaft hopes of fuccefs, except what they could derive by their own perforal prowels. In this naked man- ner they for four hours maintained a moil bloody and unequal conflia. The enemy's fire was ter- rible, as it was both from mufc|uetr>' and cannon, and diicharged in fuch vollies, the weight of wh-ch It wasimpuiiibIetofua:dn. The enemy beino fe- curely covered by their works, which had been vainly attempted to be Itormed, and there being no profpedl of any thing but an increafeof flaughter, the general- oreered the troops to be drawn off, and to retreat, after the lofs of about zcoo men ; which was accor- dingly done without any molcftation from the enemy. More fortunate, however, was an enter- prize, which general Ab .rombie detached lieu- tenant- ( 239 ) 175S tenant-colonel Bradftreet to undertake.. This of- ficer, with 3000 men was ordered to attack Fort Fronteniac, fituated on the river St. Lawrence, which, when he approached, lurrendercd at dif- cretioii (Aug. 27) notwithftanding there were in it 60 pieces of cannon and 16 mortars :. he likewife took all the enemies armed veiTcls on Lake On- tario. Brigadier Forbes in the mean time marched towards Fort Du Quefne ; but when his van-guard,, under the command of major Grant, who de- igned to take the place by furprize, had approached withm a few nules of the fort, iie was furrouuded by a greatly fuperior part of the enemy's troops. and Indians ; on which an obftinate and cruel en- gagement began, which the Englilh with their uiual courage maintained near three hours, when being almoll all cut to pieces, and major Grant, with 19 other officers, and a number of troops made prifoners, they retreated and joined the main army. Notwithftanding the lofs of this fkirmifh brigadier Forbes advanced ; but the enemy re- fleeing that their works could not withftand re- gular approaches, prudently abandoned the fort in time, and retired to their fettlements on the Mif iifippi. Next day (Nov. 25 th) the Engliih troops" without oppofition, took pofTeffion of the fort • the contention for which, with tJie lands contigious to :t, and kindled up the flames of war. The troops and officers emulated by their fuccefs, and glorying in tlic miniller who direfted their ope rations in fo wife and effedual a manner, inftantly changed the name of the fort, and, with a pro- priety and compliment which need not be pointed out, gave it the name of Pittsburg. At r ' 175^ ( 240 ) At the beginning of the year it is faid there were fl)me divided opinions, concerning how the theatre of the war fhould be made : fome perfons, whofe well-meaning may not" be difputed, but whofe weaknefs and pliancy were always for clogging the intcrelt of Great-Britain, with meafures of an extraneous and incumbering nature, were for bend- ing the dignity and importance of the national affairs to the fervility of being fecondary concerns to tliofe of Germany ; they were for embarking our whole land force to the alfillanee of prince Ferdinand, to enable him to keep the French on their own frontiers, which thefc ?noJ} Jagacious poli- ticions faid would bring matters to a fpeedy de- cifion. The real friends of Britain, who were en- joined in the guidance of bufinefs of this high im- port, and had but lately come into power, urged as the primary objedt the dcllrudion of the French marine ; the fhaking their internal fecurity by expediti- ons to their ccalls ; not upon any account weaken our efforts in America, which however would be, in cafe we did embark our force for Germany : they faid an army of 50,000 foreigners, maintained at our ex- pcnce, was certainly enough in Germany to keep the French at bay ; for they looked upon.continevital ope- rations in only a fecondary light, and the lending our troops thither as fquanucring away our men as well as money; whereas, were they employed in con- tinually alarming the enemy's coall, it would em- ploy and harrafs the French troops at home. The popularity of thefe latter, brought their opinions to prevail. Twp fquadrons were fitted out by the latter end of May, which filled the French coall with terror ; the greater was commanded by lord Anfon, deftined to watch the enemies ports, and to prevent their { 241 ) 1758 their Hilps from incommoding the landing of the troops ; the leifer was commanded by commodore Howe, with whom embarked the duke of Marlbo^ rough, with 13,000 nien and a train of artillery ; thb force the commodore fai'dy landed on the cth of June in Cancalle bay, near St Malo ; the town being found too ilrong to attempt, they fct fire to an hundred fail of ihipping in a bafon, under the cannon of the caftle, without its ever ofFerine to fire a gun at them ; they likewife burned Ibveral maga- zines of naval ilores, and did other confiderable damage to the enemy : having nothing furtlier to do, tliey reimbarked without molcllation, and re- cmnoitered the co«ft towards the town of Cher- bourg; but their provifions being ihort, and the foldiers fickly, by being ib long cooped up in the tianfports, they remrned to St. Helen's on the 2Qtk Though this -expedition was fuccefsful, did great damage to the enemy, and proved that he was vul- nerable upon his own coaft, yet did the old leavea condnue to haggle for an acquiefcence to their owa projeds, and attempt to modify their conllruaion on fomethmg that was German ; perhaps they were importuned by our German friends, and their folli- citations proceeded in confequence, as well as their uneafinefs and diflike of meafures that were con- dudled on a fingle principle. Thtfe new men m office found there was no other way to preferve har- mony, but capitulate with their opponents ; there- j^ore they confented to the fending the .duke of Marlborough with a body of Ihitifh troops to Germany. This they knew was inervating our power at home ; and, if the expeditions to France uould be continued, which, confidering the ex- pcnce of firit equiping the fquadrons would much A ■ I 1758 ( 242 ) better be done than kt the ITiips He idle, they could anfwer no end, but expofing us to the laughter of our enemies, by being, with a handful of men, • only enabled to make little defultory efforts, and im- mediately obliged to embark, perhaps, with ditfi. culty and hazard ; all which, in the end, proved to be the cafe, and yet, by bein^ ci/cumllanced amidlt embarniflinents, they could not prvvent the evils. In the fecond expedition the command of the land forces, not amounting to 6^0 men, was given to general Ciigh ; his royal highneis p;ince Edward, «ow duke of York,, cntcreu as a volunteer with eommodoreHoue: On the 6t]i of Augull they were landed near Cherbourg, v. here they deftroyed the molo, pier, balon, iluices, fioolgates, and many other excellent works for making a complete, con- venient, and ftrong harbour, begun, but not yet finifhed, at a proaigious expence to the French king : they burned fome veflels which they found in the harbour, and took hollages for the payment of contributions which they levied ; and put on board the (hips twenty pieces of brafs cannon and two mortars, which they found in the place. This ordnance was brought to England, and, for a while, lay in Hyde-Park for public view, and were after- wards carried in childiih and ridiculous triumph to the Tower. Many people confidered this parade, as calculated to keep the people in good humour to fupport the charges of the war ; and it muft be owned thefe fights forcibly ftrike ordinary minds; but ii it not ftrange to fee men of ienfe intoxicate themfelves in this low, illiberal manner, and fall paflively down into the tumultuous torrent of the Ignorant, iiiconliderale, and contemptuous rabble, ^nd mingle in j.)erfon and opinion with the fcum of h.uman ( 243 ) 1753 On the I6th the troops were re-embarked, perliaps .vul, a defign of vKitin. (bme otl^r p^t^f X enemy s coall, but the fleet was driven to the coait 0. tngland. where it remained only two day, wi°h. out landing the troops, and then returned to the coaftcf Irance: A fccond time the troops were landed near St Male, it is a.ionilhing to tHnk what the general could mean by this dirembarkation cce the duke of Marlborough' wit^, a fuperior fo"e aa done all that poflible could be done in th" e,,hbourhood_except he meant to take the town but finding he could not. he imprudently marched ^nto the couniry, while the fleet, for the b'e«er con- ™n°^""-i"g«he troops, moved into the cmain in.Sf- ' '"' ^V ^""l ""*'^«'-' ''P"" having againit him, he refolved to return to the Ihjps • vet trom tome unaccountable fatality, though the troons were not far from the Ihore. a great dial of tTm^e w s unnecearii> and prodigally thrown away^n performing this retreat, M5tt people apcrehend that, with prudence, the troops might Save W„ ^-embarked unmolefted ; as ft wasf the enemy ough at a much greater diftance, gained the beach ^^onastheEnglifli: It is true, ihe major-part of u troops were put on board the tranfports before 1Z7 ^"'"'■^i" W^n but the rear .uard! orapoled of grenadiers, and the firft regimint of »ards, amounting in the whole to about .C men "rnier tiie command of major general Dury. f"; Bhgh was gone on board the ffect". were at tl fs time n the beach, bury following the diflates of Zl •'"d defnair, permitted the enemy without hindrl^« t« 1758 ( 244 ) t m to aflemble in great numbers in his front ; and, when that was done, he attacked them ; his efForts were feccnded by the frigates and bomb-ketches, ranged along the Oiore ; the troops fought in a moll couia- geous manner, and their bravery was worthy of a better fortune ; in a little time their ammunition was expended, and they of courfe ^ave way before fuperior numbers ; the enemy at firft gave no quar- ter, but the nips ceafing to nre clemency was ihev/n, and part of our tnops furrendcred at dii- -cretion ; the rell jumped into the fea and were drowned, among whom was Drury himfelf. Somefew werecarried tothelhips in boats ; but a much greater number might have been faved, had the failors emp- tied their boats into the firll Ihip they came to, and returned diredly to the beach for the reil ; but in- llead of that they infamoufly preferved a punftiiio, in canying the troops to the particular traniport they came out of, without confidering thediftance of the iituation. The fleets returned home, and went to France no more. BUgh fuffered greatly in his repu- Udon; and, as fome think, undeferveJly. The people of England were dilpirited by this affair, and thofe of France elated ; both, by far more than they ought to have been, conlidering it was a tranfaition of but litUe moment. CHAP. remnant and Zell an Hoya upon iiereditary p riiy entered quently figi ploit. Aft( nd, when brts were I, ranged )lt COUia- thy of a I don was ly before no quar- ncy was I at dii- ind were Some few h greater ors emp- ' to, and butin- lunftiiio, C 245 ) 1758 C H A P. X. yfffairs in Germany, THE firft operations of the allies, command- cd by prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, wag their advancing 1,1 the month of January into the couutry of Bremen; where, in a very fhort time, they diilodged the enemy out of all the towns there. The duke de Richelieu, finding he could not ftop their progress, was Simulated to commit the molt unparalleled aas of wanton and unprovuked bar- barity ; among thefe, was the burning the orphan houieatZell, while the people were in it, and other deeds of rap;. ne and oppreffion : the French miniltry were diilatibhcd with his condud, and therefore re- caacd him, and gave the command of the army" to thf count de Clermont : this was the third com- mander which the French army had in one year ; a circuniftance which fufficiently evince the unfteadi- neis of their councils. Clermont found the iroops in a moll mi/crable co;idition ; the winter excuT- iions, want of neceflaries, hard duty, fevere weather and diftempers, had reduced them to a wretched remnant ; they abandoned the cities of Hanover and /Ml and retired towards Hamelen : the town of fioya upon the Weler was taken by furpr.ie by the nereditary prince of Brunfwick, who had volunta- rily entered into the army, in which he fre- quendy fignalized himfclf ; but this was his firft ex- ploit. After the taking of Hoya, Clermont re- treated t 1 i> t J i'A H- 1758 ( 246 ) treated to the Rhine, and having palled that river, he intrenched his army until he ihould receive rein- forcements from France. The town of Embdcn, belonging to the king of Pruflia, fituatcd on the river Ems, next the iea, of which the French had been in poflcflion fonie time, was now taken by an Englifli fquadron, commanded by commodore Holmes; the French garrifon evacuming the place; it was afterwards a port to land the Britilh troops at, who were from time to time fcnt to re- inforce the allies, and perhaps it was taken with that view. Prince Ferdinand tollowed the cc^unt de Clermont to the Rhine; and having paflcd that river, he took his meafures fo well, that he found means to attack the enemy's left wing at Crevelt on the 23d of June, which he routed and difperfed after a Ihort difpute, in which the French loil, in flain and prifoners, between 4 and 5000 men*. Clermont * In the army of the allies was a fnnall body of Pruflrans fent, as we may prefume, to uflift the troops in Britifh pay t fruftrate the defigns of France, ard repel her attacks on Ha nover, in confuleration of our granting that monarch an im- menfe lubfidy. It is f^id two regiments of cavaliy belonging to the Pruliian corps refilled to charge the French ii this action, and thereby hit the moft favourable opportunity the allies ever had oi defeating 'he enemy. Ihis piece of intelligence was ih- duftr.oufly fniotheied in England, for fear it Ihould tend to make the German war unpopular. Among the French officers who were flain in this aflion, on« deferves particular notice. He w.s the young count de Gifor?, only fon of the duke de Belleifle, the laft hope of a noblt; fa- mily, and lately married to the heirel's of an illuftrious houle. He poflefled many extraordinary jccomplifl-.ments as well as un- common genius. He was mortally wounded at the head of his regiment, ( 247 ) I7c8 nveJ no kind of adva-^g^ -^t,, °";;."°" <<-- lamed to have been only ifugtforh , ate o? n' plaj.ng the genius of (he eencal Th. . "j array being on their own fromie s were fl '"''' forced; and another army was aifcrn I ? 'T* other ilde of the Rhine L, .1 "'''*'* °" '*>« prince de Soubifr Meafl ' "T""'' °'' ">« England forreinfo ciSallied r.'''" 'f'^''"" '- prince Ferdinan'd t h ; Tu™ 'trthe ' '° """^'^ lolved to lie quiet, unt I he (h.' ,Tu'''.^P"''« re- Eri,i,h troops'': he'flarldVSfe'neV'' ::x%t";:r^il-7,t':Snf^"^^^^^ ol Ilenbour? on the z-d of r,7i c '"«P"nce »d thereby^not on : opened a-'^i^ffi ^.^"Sf^fufen. -rbaiatTlrolelSK^-S gr«t ot Jiis country. " ' ^^ ^^*^ univerlal re- gained IJ 1758 ( 248 ) gained by the aftion at CreYelt * this prince now began to think of repafTing the Rhine in order to efiert his jundion with the duke of Marlborough, which he had reafon to apprehend the prince of Soubife would endeavour to prevent. M. de Che- vert, an able French general, had pafTed the Khinc with 12,000 men, in order to befiege DufTeldorp; but finding that impradlicable by the late heavy raiiii, he refolved to diflodge baron Imhoff", an Hanoverian officer, who was polled with 30C0 men at Meer, tc cover the bridge over the Rhine at Rees, to fecure a confiderable magazine there, and prefcrve the communication between prince Ferdinand and the duke of Marlborough : Chevert's defign was to feize the magazine, burn the bridge, and cut off the Englilh troop?, and with this view he attacked ImhofF on the 5th of Augull; but this officer ha- ving notice of his intentions, had taken his mea- fures fo well, that in half- an hour he rcpulfed the French officer with lofs, and oblip-ed him to retire under the cannon of WefeL Tliis little vidlory \vas produdi/e of great advantages to the allies: ImhoiF quitted his poft at Meer, and marched to { meet the duke of Marlborough, with whom he happily effei'tcd a jundlion, which had hitherto been I attended with nuny difficulties. Prince Ferdinand without any difficulty repaiTed the Rhine, and drew r.earcT to the prince of Ifenbourg ; and that| prince colleded all his fugitives, and began to re- cover iVcm his diibrder ; but Gottingen was, in the! mccin time, reduced by the prince de Soubiie, whoj perceiving the Heffians reafllmbling, (hewed a de- sign of a tacking them again; upon which piincel Ferdinand detached general Oberg, with 13,000 men, to reinforce them and take the cojumand ofl the! ( 249 ) 1758 the wliote: however, they wereftill greatly inferior to ioubife s army, which unexpeftedly a tacked .cm on the aft day of Septe.n'ler. af £t, hagen m Hcflc, and defeated them with thelorof , SCO men: as they effeacd a retreat in tolerlbk oracr, their defeat was not total , nor could Houbife reap any advantage from the vidory, as the feafo.t U.S.00 far advanced. Prince FeJdin^nd had b" (T^ T"fu'"'° ^'^ftphalia. into which coun- to' tontadcs followed him, and both armies took upthetr winter-quarters in it. The fatigues of the campaign occaf.oned a fever to break out and rage amoag the allied troops, which earriec oiF gr^^ numbers i of the Englilh in particular, becaufeK were not accullomed to the climate and diet; nor in- jeea enjoyed any benefits which their GermIL rtends could deprive thetn of, though hey we^ ome to lay down their lives in their dffence Th;! t^-' Th^ll"^ t''^- "' M-'^--g"at- Jun! ed'olF bv tt <■ P"Y«emen, which were car- ted on by the iame caufe, were perhaps concealed forreafons of ilate; becaufe in a governmcnU k, ours, w ere things depend fo mucli Tn prularhy ay intelligence, which tends to render odiou afa! m-lukh r, 'r *' """^ !'='« induftriouHy acomr^^L • •'*.\2^^"'"*". vvhen he amounts oacommanaerm chief, cannot oe concealed The command devolved upon lord George Sackvflle Durtng the winter, the king of f'ruflia le iei in Htv nf"r 'r^'°"'"^"''°"^'- "-e unfortu' i^Tlu- jM^'^Wenburgh wrs plundered, and its ^k Ob iged to iiy ,0 Lubeck. L iix,n a the fea l»n would permit, he undertook the fiege of Schweid- ^■1 nit/. V -I 1758 ( 250 ) iiitz, and on the i6tli of April * obliged It to (xir. render, lie was now once more in poflc/lion of all i)ilefia. * It havinp, been found inipofilblr to feparate Britain from the contmciir, the cngatjcim-nt:- entered into by ihc louuer adminj ^ration were now cpmcnted in a ftill flrongcr mnnncr. The tontcdcracy againft PiuUla being too poweiAil for hm, he in all probability, i^ not fupportcd by lini;ljnd, would be crufljcd • and it he feJl, HanoTer would inllantiy fall likcwifc. The Jatter was the tcn;ler point, and at a peace it niuft he regained evcnil jt flunild be fc- at the h gh prue of JI the Priiifli coi.! quefts. According to this fyficm, which every one knows was the fy^.<;m of thofe days, it was the intereftof Britain to fupiort the exigence of the king of I'l udia. The people were unanimouj »n thardehiefcof Joing It; the eclat of his v.dtt)rics had gained their efteem. It was at the tinnc when this vein was fweiled with the warmeft blood, that the treaty with Pruflia was made. A tranllation of which, for the fatiifaftion of the reader, wc iliall here infcrt. * Whereas a treaty between their Britannic and Pruflian ma. * jcftics was toiicluded and fi^swd on the i6th day of January • 1756, tlie flipulations whereof tended to the pieCervation of * the general jeace of Europe, aiul of Cnmany in p.irtiuibr: • and wheie.is fince that period France has n >t only mv.dpd the •■.empire with nun^cious .nrmes, rnd attacked their afnrefaid majefhes and thtir allies, but h.is aUo excited other powers to a't the cxtiaordin;» ,"rs, v/z. In the name and on ■ :s a ':t:, ^,7>:;'i!{ ^^r °' ^''? "« • fe^..ari« of fl.„.. . ,,„,ip carl of H .'tir ^IS^ ^S' ; *r of ™B,„;?„,''ri^: pSttv'^^^^^^^ 'ks Britannic ma eily, and Lewis Michcll hs a! j / ' ::u: '.,!:;^ r^i^'n, "^- ^'^^•:^:^^^: • foUowmg a,tS, ' "" ''°""'' *""' 'ereed upon th= ■ miio^h^Z^^l 'T' "' ^'"'^•^ "B=e«. »n hU pare, ,„ ' «h.ch ftali ^a!n7h"Jl'r^ "P ^""l ="e"™ti„g his forUs, ' nion cau * fni f„ ,? ''?""'"S™"5 manner for the com- 'OntLl high coniraaing parties moreover eneije vi. ■ Mor •":;/"'' 1" ^f"-- ">V%. both ,. ki'^t'nd 3" : «'.h=r.c„„ve„fioror ',;lr:;'.: :t." "™^""?' " '"^ -« have ,.,ke„ partin the p^fent' «;; bu.Tcotrra::i < bv [ ■ 1 . ll' ■:? .' . k ,1 i'!^ :i ill I: 1758 ( 252 ) vided for the fecurity of his frontiers ; he polled count Dohna with an army to cover Silefia from any incurfions of the Ruffians ; and his brother prince Henry with another army in Saxony, to prevent the army of the empire, which had been recruited, from entering Brandenburgh or Mag-, deburg. At this time count Daun, with all the troops wliich his fovereign could afiem.ble, lay in- trenched at Koningfgratz in Bohemia The king of Fruffia made feveral feints, as if he intended to enter Bohemia; and when he had fufficiently alarmed and diverted the enemy's attention that way, he all at once, by a rapid march, entered Moravia, and proceeded to Olmutz the capital ; but general Marifchal, who happened to be polled in that proi'ince, having intelliger.ee of his march, had juft time enough to throw - him felf into the town. However, the king of Pruffia laid fiege to it on the 27th of May, and the trenches were opened before count Daun heard, that the king of Pruffia had given him the flip. When he received the intelligence, he inilantly broke up his * by mutual confcnr, and cxprefly comprehending each other * therein. * IV. This convention fliall be ratified j and the ratification ' thereof fliall be exchanged on both fides, within the term of fix * weeks, to be reckoned from the date of the figning this con- * venticn, or looner, if poffible. * In witnefs whereof, we the underwritten minifters of his * majefty the king of Great-Bntain, and of hie majefty the king * of Prullia, by virtue of our full powers, have ligned this pre- * fent convention, and have let the feals of our aims thereto.' Sjj:ned at London, April 11, 1758. This convention was renewed annually much in the fame tenor of exprefiion, and exaftly with refpecl to the terms. The pailiament approved of this convention when it was laid be- ore them, and on the soth of April granted the money. caiTip, ranee : anc ( ^53 ) I7S8 camp, and haflened to the relief of the city. He began to impede the Pruflian operations by attack- ing every night their pofts, and harrafling them with continual alarms. The king offered him battle ; but Daun knew better how to improve his advantages than hazard them all at once. At this time a large, convoy was coming from Silefia to the king's camp, which Daun having intelligence of, detached a confiderable body of troops to take It, and the king of Pruffia detached another body to preferve it. The Auftrians fell in with the conyoy, and a bloody conflift enfued : the Pruf- fians being greatly inferior were defeated ; the center and part of the van were taken, and the rear pulhed back to Silefia, while only the other part of the van efcaped to the king s camp. This was a mortitymg check to the king of Pruffia's refolution and fpint : he faw himfelf by this unluckv event deprived of the very means of fubfillence, and confequently obliged to rclinquiih his projedt, at the very time when the town was expeded every day to furrender. However he preferved a good appea- rance ; and on the laft d, y of June, which was the laltdayof the fiege, the firing continued as brilk as ever; but at night he fuddedly abandoned the place, and gained a march of the Aullrians before they were apprized of his retreat. He took the route of Bohemia, and arrived with all his ba^eao-e. artillery, fick and wounded, at Koningf^ratz This was one of the moft furprifmg retreats,"* which had been accomphlhed fmce the days of Xenophon. It was performed in the face of a great army, in hi?h Ipmts, and conduded by a very able general, who could not impede the march of the retreating- army iiiough he attempted to hover ' " ^ '' M '6"' hard I > ' "fl ■^^\i *> (•-. >758 ( 254 ) hard to fay, whether M. Daun fhewed more fkill m obliging the king of Pruffia to raile the fiege with- out giving him battle ; or the king of Pruffia in mifing the fiege, and effefting his furprifing retreat without lofs. The affairs of his Pruffian majefty were every day becoming more critical : the inva- fion of his dominions by the Ruffians, under the generals Fermor and Brown, would have obliged him to quit; Moravia, if count Daun had not ; for at this time they had entered the new Marche of Brandenberg, where they daily committed the moll horrid ravages and barbarities, and had laid fiege to Cullrin; his prefence in that country became abfo- lutely necef?'ary ; accordingly he profecuted his march with the utmoll diligence, and arrived in the neighbourhood of Cullrin on the 20th of Auguft, :if'tiT a march of c; i days from the midft of Mo- ravia. Notwithlbndiiig the great fatigue and hard- ihipc which his army muft have fufFered, he refolved immediately on giving the Ruflians battle ; and his troops, animated with revenge on viewing the dif- nial rpe's communication with Bohemia, while Daun fnewed a defign of cutting off his with Silefia. In this cafe a battle feemed inevitable; and Daun refolved to bring it on the firfl advan- * Of two regiments, which before the battle confifted of 4595 efiedive men, there were only 1475 ^^^^' tageous ( '^Sl ) 1758 taojtous opportunity, left the time for aaion {houid Ije loft, and he obliged to entirely abandon Saxony, and thereby give up the fruits of the campaign. At this time the king of Pruffia was encamped at Hoh- kirchen, a village in Lufatia. Daun, in the dead of a dark night (Oft. 14) favoured by a thick fog, filently marched to the Pruflian camp, and at five o'clock in the morning he attacked tiie Pruflians in the moft intrepid manner and wiih the greateft regu- larity. They were entirely furprized ; they run to their arms, fome half naked: marflial Keith mounted his horfe, and putting himfelf at the head of a corps on the right wing, where the heat of the adion lay, made a very gallant refiftance, which afforded the king of Pruffia an opportunity to form the left wing, before it fhould be difordered by any fudden efforts of the enemy. Keith maintained a bloody and defperate conflict three hours amidft all the horrors of darknefs, confufion, carnagf? and de- fpair, againft fuperior numbers, who were conti- nually fupported by freih troops : three times was the village loft and won : he rallied the broken re- gimentSi and every time charged with the utmoft ardour; but all that he could do could not prevent a defeat. About nine o'clock he was ihot through- the heart; he inftantly fell on the field, and his body was left to the Auftrian irregulars, who ftripped it. At th.€ beginning of the action a cannon ball took off the head of prince Francis of BrUnfwick, as he was mounting his horfe. Thys fell two gal.- laiit and diftinguiilied officers. Prince Maurice of Anhalt was wounded and taken prifoner. When Keith was flain, the right wing was foon defeated. The king then gave up all hopes of rccovermg the M 5 ground. t,j m '1 ■ ^75^ ( 258 ') ground. He ordered a retreat, which he effeaed in tolerable order, by the good countenance of his cavalry and the heavy fire of his artillery. He loll at ka!| 7000 men, with all his tents, great part of his htigg,,gc, and feme cannon ; but the death of marfhal Keith was his greatcft misfortune ; the reft he could repair. The Ms of the Auflrians, ac- cording to their own account, amounted to cooo men. Marfhal .D:jn; however, did i.ot dcriv/the advantages trom this ftratagem which he cxpecled It IS true he foiled the king of Pruffia, and that monarch fuiTered in his reputation by it ; but thi^ added nothing to the caufe. He hoped to have been able to take lome towns in Silefia ; and with this view he previoufly fent detachments into that coun- try, one of which had laid fiege to Neifs, and an- other formed a blockade round CofTel. His aim now was to cover thofe attempts. The king foon recovered of his difafter, and drew reinforcements from his brothe- in Saxony. He by feveral mafterly movements and rapid marches opened his palTage into Silefia, and thus crulhed in a moment all Daun'g boafted advantages of the battle of Hohkirchen. General Laudon was detached after him ; but the king continued his r arch: he relieved Ncifs and CofTel. When Daun found he could not hinder vhe king from entering Silefia, he bent his thoughts to. wards Saxony: he refolved to take Dreiden, and approached the fuburbs with an army of 6o,ooo men. The garrifbn, commanded by count Schmci- tau, amounted to about 12,000. The city being but poorly fortified, and the governor, who was de- termined to hold the place to the lafi extremity, <:onfidering that if th- enemy gained poffeiiionof she ( 259 ) 175^ the fuburbs, they might eafily command the city, rifolved to fet fire to them ; which was done in the morning of the loth of November, and about 250 houfes were confumsd, the inh ibitants of which n«arly \oil their ail, and Tome their lives. This lire, which in part laid wafte the capital of Saxony, rendered marlhal Daun's projed of a coup de main imprafticable, and regular approaches demanded more time than he could now fpare. The i Jng of Pruffia was in full march to relieve Saxony, where he arrivtjd on the 20th of November, which ob- liged marftial Daun to retire into Bohemia, and there take up his winter-quarters. The army of the em- pire had entcre 1 another part of Saxony, and formed Ibme attempib on Torgau and Leipfic; but they ft'cre fruftrated about the fame time, and the ai:. faiJaiits obliged to retire. In the mean time the Swedeb, who had been drawn into the confederacy againft the king of Pruffia by the influence of the Ruffians, had adted but a tiifling part. Their army made fome incffedual efforts to gain Pomerania; for a while they were fuccefsfuU but afterwards they were obligei to abandon all and retire. Not the leaft fpark now appeared of that military ge- nius, for which the Swedes have been formerly re- nowned.. Thus did the king of Pruffia, b hij con- fummate Ikill and vigilance, bafile all the jforts of his numerous enemies, and obliged them to let down at the end of the campaign with the lofs of many thoufand men and without having gained one inch of ground. K will maze pollerity when they read, that this prince, with only the afiiilance of a lubfidy which he drew from England, fo bravely withftood fa ^ -. \ '758 ( 360 ) fo many armies, and fruftratcd the defigns of Aich a powerful confederacy J. CHAP. 4^ ^ J^ ^^'"^ ^°' ^°"''* ''"^'^ *=**'"«'^ °" 3n illicit trade Jor the French, umfcr colour of thtir own ncutiality, fcvcral of their ftips were this year taken by the Englifh cruizers and pri vjtcers; upon which they, had recourfc to fallc bills of ladinjr andoth.r arta, to prevent future difcoveriesj but their ftip! were rtill taken, and, after proper examination, condemned in great numbers m both America and Europe. The Dutch thui in a great meafurc, deprived of the arivanfages they hoped to de- rive from th)s fly and illegal method of carrying on the Fiench t^ade, raifed loud clamours all over Holland againlt the rigour of the Englift m.niftry, who warmly cxpoftulated with the Dutch depot.es on the fubjefl. The Hollanders finding that the court of Great Br.t.m was not t6 be intimidated j that no remyn- ffrances could regain their eontraband commodities j that there was a fpirit ih the principal fcrvart of the crown, which thcv p-'rccived would be dangerous to provoke too far : and that the power of Great Britain under his direftion, was become fo re- ipe4tabl» ;hey could have no hopes to cope with it : at leneth gave up the pomt, and fet down with their lofle?, and thoueh trey afterwards continued to carry for the French, yet /he did it but fparingly;*>^ f ; * / uju On the 23d of November the Briti/h parliar»ent met. As no wTno r^^'^.'"^".^^"'?^d hkely to happen, the fate of the cam- p»ign not having difpoied any of the beUigerants to pacific fenti- ments, it was apparent, that the only way to procure a lafting peace was to continue the war with the fame vigour: upon which the commons, w.th the greateft chearfulnefs and una- nunuy, voted ;.he lupplies, which amounted to 12,761,3,01. ionn.? tlTV'''^ ^l^rhi^ing monument to the miiifter's honour, that this fum, which exceeded any that had ever been granted in that houfe before, was given uith pleafure and har" mony: fuch was the unparallelled confidence of the reprefenta- tives, and of the whole people, in on. man, whofe integrity and .eal for his country's welfare they did not doubt ; and of whofe fpim and abilities for humbling the enemy they had already feen luch example., that they couid not but rely on his known ho nefty ( *6, ) ,7.^ CHAP. XL ■Affairs in America, AS the enemies power in America had received a confiderable blow by the reduction ofLouUl bourg, great expectations were formed from a con unuance of the war in that quarter. An exoedt «on was planned again.! the capital of cfn"d?a„J glimman, whofe genius was modelled by nature for ardour and enterprize ; wiiofc aflive fpfri"Tnd en- erprutng foul promifed advantage to'^Se publ"c The late fuccefs i„ America had \een in a*^ great' ineafure owing to the well timing of the operations m being early i„ making attempts onTe enemv turope. The fame fteps were again purfued. In the month of February a fleet was difpatched fro " EngUnd, „,,d by the admirals Lunderstd Holmes. It was concerted, that while this flee' r eraVwn r I'T/^ ™ ^'-'^' commanded bj general Wolfe, fliould proceed op the river St rabTebn?' ^'^"^\^'^^'^'^> with another confide-' rablebody, ihould proceed over lantt^ in America and join general Wolfe, in order to jointly atuck ndlyand watchful eyt to -tht Britift pow« and i„,„tft' Quebec, ■^mam. 1759 ( 262 ) Quebec, the capital of Canada; and that while thele operations were performing, a third body of troops, commanded by the generals Prideaux and Johnfon, fliould advance by Niagara to Montreal, the fecond principal place in Canada. Such was tlie plan for reducing that great province. The fleet arrived at Halifax, where having taken on board the troops, in number about 8000, ddlined for the expedition, failed up the river St. Lawrence, and in the month of June general Wolfe landed on the ifle of Orleans (not fo high up as Quebec) of which he took poflTeffion, and alfo of the point of the continent, which lay oppofite, called Point Levi. Quebec at this time was tolerably well fortified, the garrifon reinforced, and the town covered by an army of 10,000 men commanded by the marquis de Mont- calm. As the defence of Quebec was thus fo well provided for, the general did not hope to reduce it, therefore he refolved to attack fome intrenchments which the enemy had thrown up at Montmorenci. For this purpofe the grt nadiers were landed on the beach with orders to form upon it, and wait till they were reinforced ; but fuch was their ardour, that as foon as they were landed they unfupported rulhed on the enemy, who being greatly luperior, they were repulfed and thrown into diforder*. The lofs wa$ ii*; * In this attack captain Otchcrlony and lieutenant Peyton (both, of ^enyal Monckcoo.'.s regioTjent) were wounded, and fell before the enemy's breaft-work. — The former mortally, being (hot through the body j the latter was wounded only in hii knee. — Two favages pufhed down upon them with the utmoft precipitation, armed with nothing but their diabolical knives. The hrft fcized on captain Otvhterlony, when ^s, Peyton, wh» ley ( 263 ) jy.g was confiderable ; bnt to prevent Its being greater fh, general ordered them to retreat. This mifcar- riage was a very difcouraging circamftance. There appeared on every lide luch a number of difficulties to be furmounted, that the general's only hope feemedtobe m the fuccefs of this attempt The failure made a great impreifion on his mind His aggravation threw him into a dangerous illnefs, his nnnd was too great to brook with any misfortune that might expoje him to reproach or cenfure. In the tranfports of his chagrin and afflidion he was heard to fay he would never return unlefs he Zll vidorious The hope, however, of ftill being aWe through fome refource, to execute his ordefs, re- vived hisfpirits, and he began to recover; upon lay rec imng on his fufee, difcharged it, and the feva^e rfm . inimed>ately on th. body of his intended Prey Thrfth.r?' v.ge advanced with much eagernefs to Mr. Pey onj who had t more ume than to difengage his bayonet, and conned its dlo fit.on, With one arm he warded off he puSrf l W ^ I caped the llaughter of h s comDanion.? A.,«,Kf-j "'*PP")' el- Otcherlony, and readily oSh"m his ^e^c" "C "^'^^"^ w.h the fpirit and brave'ryof a Brit'n. ::jS^ed; / Fr^nriZl you ?~but With refpea to me, the mufquet, or S^ knTf w,Jl be only a more fpeedy deliverance Lm^ iZ^^tl ' a few minutes to live Oo~.r«al,- u^a ^ I ^ °"' fimetme he pointed,., Mr. Pe,,m, who wa, th™ Inji*"" 2 to crawl awa, on .he fand. Th^ ^°J^r\Z mpZ'. which »7S9 ( 264 ) which he tranlmitted an account of his operations to the minifter. Then he ordered fome of the ihips up the river, being determined to make his efforts on that fide the town ; Admiral Hohnes, who commanded thefe Ihips, on board of which was general Wolfe v/ith about 5000 trcops, was ordered to go further up than the place he intended to land at, in order to draw the enemy's attention that way ; and fo far it anfwered, that Montcalm fent 1 500 men to watch this fleet ; while admiral Saunders made a feint, as if he intended to attack the enemy's intrenchments below the town. On the 13th of September, at one o'clock in the morning, the troops were put into the boats, and under cover of the fhips glided foftly down the Itream to the place of landing ; where wir^ aamiral courage, but great difficulty, they l-^nded, and afcended, after the example of the general, one by one, the woody precipices ; and at length gained the fummit, which is called the Heights of Abraham. Here they were formed, and drawn up in regular order before day light. This iituation commanded the town. Montcalm now faw that he muft hazard a battle : he inftantly put his troops in motion, and advanced up to the Englifti. General Wolfe placed himfelf in the front line of the cent;er, in order to animate the troops by his example. The right and k^t w'rgi were commanded by the generals Monckton, Mur- ray, and Townlhchd. He ofdere'd his men to re- ferve their fire, till the enemy were very clofe, which being done, was then difcharged, and it made terrible havock .among them : the bayonet was immediately made ufe of, which greatly in- creafed the flaughtt^r. The Englifh had only fired twice, when the enemy began to fall into diforder ind and give f Wolfe WJ ( 265 ) ,759 and give ground. At this critical minute general Wolie was killed by a Ihot in the breall* The French i^he arcumftances attending the death of this young hero c too aftefting to be pafled over. He firft receive,: a wound n the wrift J but rhar he might not difcourage h,s troopsThe wrapped ,t up ,n h,s handkerchief, and encouraged his Se^ to 110 he d.ilemb]cd and exerted himfelf ar before : till' he re! cved a thudanhisbrcaft, under which heatlaftfunkH tr' that'hl r"?;'"^' ^u ^r^'^ ^" ^^ath.-His pri:-cipal care t. th ! ^0"ld j.ot be feen to fah", ' Support me,' faid h. ! iron .r^"'"^^""' ' ^'^ "«^ '"y brave Ibldiers fee mc caZ'bThtdthVrks'-^^s he'r ^' r^' -v---tejy cu.uu rue ranKs. As he Jay ftrugghng with the aneuifh ana weaknefs of three gnevous wounds, he was only foli^S about the certainty ot the viaory. He begged one „vho att. v ^^ i'imtofupporth.mto view the field j but as he found th. approach of death had dimmed and confufed his fight, h. defired' ;.f Jh c T '"^''^"■"^' .'^^' the enemy wern broken: he when he was old, that the enemy were totally routed, ^rd tha th.y fled m all parts. ' Then I am fatisfied,' faid h/, a!^ ir. mediately expired. His death was univerfallv lamen ed E>y his ry. Unmdebted to family or connexions, unf.pported by in- t igue or faftion, he had accomplifhcd the whole bufinefs o/life. at a time when others are only beginning to appear: and at the age of th.rty-five, without feeling the weakness of age or the vaffitude ot fortune having fatisfied hi. honeft .mbitln, ha! ngcompJeated hs char.aer, having fulfilled the-expcaations fhs country, he fell at the head of his conquering truops, and expired m the arms of v^ft^ry, covered with hurels, g^ceain »3e, but r..pe :n glory. When the news of rhe vidlorv arrived ;a mu.ure of grief and pity m the public congratulation., as was cry fineular and very aticdin^. One little circumftance de- lerves to be noticed. The mother of general Wdfe was an ob- '759 ( 266 ) French general was flain likewife, upon which the enemy fell into ut:er confulion, and abandoned the field of battle. The Engliili loll about 500 men jetc marked out for pity by great and peculiar diilrefs : flic had experienced the dutiful fon and amiable domeiHc charader, whi'ft the world admired the arc. 'm pi i died olficer. But a few months before fiie had loft her hufband ; und now ihc loft this fon, her only child. The inhabitants of the village where /he lived una- nanouily agreed to admit no lilum. nations or firing?, or any kind of rejoicings, near her houfe, left they ihould fcem'by an ill-timed triumph 10 infuk her grief. This was a juftnefs of fentimem rarely to be found, even arnongft perfons of rank. His death was no lefs affefting to another lady, to whom he was to have been efpou'ed at his return. On this occaiion the minifterhim- Jelt condefcended to write a letter to Mrs. Wolfe, couched in fuch terms as to afford confolation for the lofs of him, whole blood had been fpilt in the fervice of iiis country. And fuch was Mr. Pitt's gratitude and defire to do juftice to the memory ot this brave executor of his plan, that when the parliament met, he, with that energy f eloquence peculiar to himfelf, ex- patiated on the tranfcendent merit of the genenU, his conduft during the operations, his furmounting by abilities and valour all ob/Jacles of art and nature, his refclation in landing, his cou- rage in the field, his lofs to the public, the importance of the conqueft, the blow given to the er.emy, and the glory to Britain: and then he made a motion for a refolution to piefent an addreft, defiring his majnfty would order a munument to be erededin Weftminfter -abbey to the memory of the deceafed general. In this moti-n he wan fecondec' by William Beckford, Efqj whom he had the plcafure to number among his friends ; who remarked, that in the appointment of general Wolfe to that expedition, there had been no parliamentary interetts, no family connexions, no arifloc atical views } that t!-.e general and the mmifter feemed to h.'.ve been made for each other, and that there were fome cir- cumftances almoft fimilar between them j Write loft his life, and the mmifter had hazirdcd his head for hi? country, &c. The relolution was unanimoufly a^iecd to j bu' ihc monutncnt h:i pot beeA;yet eredcd, and ( 267 > 1759 and the French about i jjoo ; but the death of ge- neral Wolfe was to the F^noliOi the grcatell misfor- tune : it was an event particularly grievous to his country,^ though to himfelf the happiell that can be imagined. Officers may be formed by expe- rience ; but a genius in war, a foul like his, cnn never be repaired. Five days after the battle, the city of Quebec furrendercd to general Townibend, on whom the command had devolved. It is parti- cularly v/orthy obfcrvation, that the conqueft of Canada was owing to the fmgular ardour and in- trepidity of general Wolfe : it was he, and /je only^ which formed that defpcrate refolution of landing, and climbing the Heights of Abraham. This brought on the battle ; and thus was Quebec conquered. Had a commander of an ordinary capacity been employed in this enterprize (fuch as Britain has fre- quently feen entrenching ;hemfelves in excufes and punftilios) he would have been itaggered by the difficulties, difcouraged by the repulfe at Mont- morenci, and judged the landing iraprad:icable. Thus would the great fcheme have been defeated, awholefeafon loft, and the national treafure ihrown away in equipping a fruitlefs expedition. What praifes, what honours, what rewards, therefore, are due to him, who by \i\% finale opinion prevented all this, and added to the Britiih crown one of the brigheft gems it ever wore ? In the mean time ge- ral Amherft advanced to Crown Point, which as well as Ticonderoga, the enemy abandoned on his approach : then he prepared to crofs the lake Cham- . plain, and^ dillnd ,e a numerous body of French troops, which lay Intrenched at the bottom of the lakcj in order to open the communication with ge- neral Woife J but by the- time he had made his pre- parationsa, 1759 ( 268 ) parations, the llormy feafon was fet in ; and when he embarked, hoping to efFeft his defigns, the wea- ther was fo cold and tempeftuous, he was obljeed to turn back, and poftpone the remainder of "his operations till the next campaign. Thus the great end of affifting general Wolfe was not accom- pliflied ; and that general was, as we have feen, Jeft to the exertion of his fmgle ftrcngth. The third part of the plan was more fuccefsful. General Prideaux advanced to fort Niagara, which by its excellenc fituation commands the extenfive terri- tory inhabited by the Iroquois Indians : he laid iiege to it ; but while the operations were carrying on, he was killed before the place by the burlting of a cohorn ; upon which the command devolved upoii general Johnfon. The French, well knowing the i.Tportance of the fort, notwithflanding their diftreffed and diftra^ed condition, colleded a body of troops and Indians, and advanced, to its relief; but^ general Johnfon, who is extremely well ac- quainted with all the Indian methods of making war, and taking advantages of the ground, builies, &c, gave them a warm reception, and in lefs than an hour totally defeated them : then he fummoned the fort, and obliged the garrifon, amounting to 6n© men, to furrender prifoners of war that evening. Such was the f.cond campaign in America, by which the Englilh gained poffef- fion of Quebec, the capital of Canada ; drove the French from their flrong holds at Crown Point and Ticonderoga; and took fort Niagara, which opened the road to Montreal, the fecond principal place in Canada, and the only one which the French now held in that great province. The ( 269 ) 1^59 The plans for reducing the French in America were not conhned to the continent only : the iflands were objects equally great in his views. He fent a fleet of ten Ihips of the line from England, commanded by commodore Moore, and fix red meius of infantry, under the diredion of general Hopion to attack Martinico, die conoueit of which had been repefented to him as extremely, pmdKable. But when the fhips appeared before nd had knded the troops upon it, the fons were pound to be much ilronger than had been fuppofcd • at which time a difference aroie between th^- tuo commanders concerning the conveyance of the cannon; upon which the troops were re-embarked. t was then judged proper to iail away for Guada- oupe, m hopes of better fortune. On the 2 .d of January they appeared before Baflb-terre, which Has cannonaded and bombarded by the fieet till it hvasm many places fet on fire : the frames 'conti- nuingto conlume the town all that and the follow- ing aay the inhabitants and troops at length quitted It, and i^ed into the mountainous part of the country: the Englifh troops then were landed ; but the Climate being extreamJy unhealthy, great num- ers were carried off by ficknefs and L^s ; among whom was general Hopion. The command de- loJved upon general Barrington ; who having taken poMon of ieveral places, embarked the troops! ^nd failed round the illand to other p; rts, where he 1% of May obliged the two iHands, which to- Igether are called t.uadaloupe, to furrender. This" ivaiuable conqueli was but jull made, when a French padron appeared off to its relief ; but the com- mander »7S9 ( 270 ) mander finding he was too late, failed away without attempting any thing ; though had he came but a day fooner, he had probably iaved the iflands. Be- fore the end of the month the ifland of Marigalante furrendercd. The news of fuch a feries of fuc. cefles, fo advantageous to England, and dellrudtive of the power of the enemy, were received with raptures of joy ; and the people turned to the mi- nilter as to a divinity, who had wrought miracles in their favour. CHAP. XII. Ajfaln In Afta, IN this quarter the Englifh were as fuccefsful as the warmert friends could wilh. Confider- ing the enemy's fuperiorir^ , it was impoflible to prevent Lally's laying fiege to Madrafs ; for which we left him laft year making preparations. The French army advanced to the place, but one of their regiments was roughly handled by coioRel Draper, who fallied out of the town to imped» their approach : he fought bravely, * but the ene- my's * In this attack major PoIJier, who had commanded at fort St. David'f, was irortaily wounded. He had been tried by a court martial concerning his lurrender of that place : his perfonal behavioui '■ ^' ^ '759 ny's frcfli remfoncements at length obliged him to ,m,e. Thegarnfonof Madrafs was afthisHrte commanded by colonel Lawrence, an thct"w'by governor Pigott, who both provided every "hine LtLtr^nV'e agir,V^""H?n',L'^'''t r"- *re for fon,e tiie. 'an'i adtnc d" t' /"ne^ 11^ glaas; he poured hi, bombs into the townTn order r; let /ire to the houfes, and intimidate the °nha Itaants. but the vigi^lenceand bravery oftheKnglifli ' of the IfrriT'' ^"r '■^P-=^'='"-» i -"d the «re ot the garrifon was fo warm as to oblige him to abandon feme of his bacteries. In thi mea^ Tr'^7 *^'^"''"'' '^"'> " f'>v liurop ans ^S Hm .swi ■ /I.^Pu""'^ Sre.-"ly embaraffed c'at off »r T'':'^'^,}^" "Perations of the fiege : ecut off Laliy's fuppl.es, rcpulfed feveral of his At length Lally was lo provoked by this flvinp- tatofftroOTone part than they came to another tnat he rciolved t fend oat fuch a large force as mmmmm lu InH . ^^'"^^ ''^°'-'^ ^' '^" He had ferv-d the lwasthr„r; 7«"^ "P'HO" v.iiich he entertained of the Earriion |w« the pnncpal caule of his deJivering up fort St. David! would ! I 1759 ( 272 ) would crulh them effedually : but '^e was difap. pointed, for the Englifli made fo brave a ftand, that his troops gained no material advantage, Chagrined by this event ; by the obiVnatc defence and the fuperior tire of the garrifon, which obliged him gradually to decreafe his own ; by the villainous arts of the commiffaries and contradors, who had engaged to fupply his army ; he, in the wild tranfports of rage and defpair, refolved to raife the iicge and refign his command of the army, This was on the 14th of February ; when he wrote a letter to M. de Leyrit, governor of Pondicherry, containing his refolutions : but his mefll-nger who was carrying it fell into the hands of Major Caillaud,* who fentit into Madrafs, and thereupon * The letter is curious, becaufe it is truly pi >, / ^ .^ °^i ///. Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ V ^ ^N <**^ ^*^ LV ^1? ^^ % 9>'- 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 wmm .4 % -^TWl • ^^fVUBfrn^'Mfei'S '75^ ( 274) Town, as he intended, for a man df war and a company's fliip arriving in the road on the i6tk with fuccours, he precipitately retreated in the utmoft hall:e and left his artillery behind him. Thus was Madrafs faved after a fiegc of nine weeks. A part of the garrifon, commanded by thi; Major Brereton, failed cut after hira, but were for fome time too weak to undertake any thing of impor- tance. At length, in the month of September, they refolved to attack him in his ftrong camp at Wanderwalh, but they met with a ievere repulfe, and were obliged to retire in confufion. Captain Mait- land, who commanded an expedition to Bombay, had better fucccfs. He difperfed the French troops, took the town of Surat by aflault, and obliged the caftle to furrender. In the mean time admiral l^ococke and M. d'Ache difputed the fuperiority of the fea. On the loth of September they came to an engagement off Pondicherry, which raged with great fury for the fpace of two hours ; when d*Ache inding himfelf unable to fullain Pocockc's heavy 11* 1 i . 1 1 It impoflible but the fire of the Englirti muft deftroy, fooncr 01 later, even though that from heaven fliould not. * i have the honour to be, &c. &c. « LALLY. * P. S. I think it necefTary to apprize yon, that, as M. de Soupire lias refufed to t^ke upon him the coromanJ of this army, which I have ofTered to him, and which he is impowered to a'-tept, by having received -from the court a duplicate of my comniiflion, you muft of neceffity, together with the ccuncil, take it up n yoi. For my part, I undertake only to bring it back, eh her to Arcotte or Sadraftc. Send therefore your or- der'^, or come yourfelves to command it j for I /ball quit it upoA my arrival there.* and C 275 ) 1759 and deftruaive fire, fled in the bed manner ke could. The EngUlh flee, however were"oo much damage to purfue; Ut foon after, being refitted fey went agam in queft of the Fre^ "ho drfcrying their approach ofF Pondicherry flip^d out tolea. and avoided another engagement Mr I'ltt, apprehenfive that the enemy's addition,! force in the Eaft Indies might feizTf^me of "hi « (oon as he heard of Lally's djfign to attack Madrafs, under the command of commod^„ Cormlh. who about this time joined AdmtS Pocolce, and gave fuch a fuperior ty to thf S KVthe F ''\ f -='«"letim^ after fotal'^ deltroy the French force on the coaft of Coro mandel. Commodore Cornifl. brought w th h m a reinforcement of noops. commanded by colond Coote, who took the command of the whok „mv and prepared to make head aeainft ^m/™ W' He reduced Wandewafli. and Sol^^r "Lef o^f leftinportance, before the end of the year 1 he great extenfion of the BrMih trarfp in .i,- qu^ter of the globe excited the tfoufy td ,«*" of the Dutch, who fecretiy formed a fcheme for e7 tirpatmg theEnglifi, out of Bengal ; they t^mwS mth the nabob Jaffier Ali-Cawn, and he coSat their intentions. Their firft aim was to engrofi the whole lalt^petre trade ; apart of which theven joyed by theu- faftory at Chinfurra, where he J Z lit! TK °" '^' "'". ^^"8=^' Wgher u/thal mJuT""""'-"^ ^''"™' '>'"i"g barged nimlelt with the execution of this roeuii aftion £ k'"'' '''""S equipped feven fliip\ andputon board them 12,000 troops, on pretence of rei^ ^ forceinjf j 1 ■i I *'l $ iii- forcing the Dutch ganirons in.Bengal, they Ciilci .for the river of Bengal, and in Oftober three of .them arrived there. Col. Clive, who reJidcd at Cal- ' cutta,h;mng notice of their defign, fent word to the Dutch commodore, that he could not allow them to land their forces and march to Chinfurra ; but no fooncr were the reil of the troops arrived, than the troops were landed, and began their march for Chin- furra. The Dutch cammodore, by way of retali- ating the affront, be .pretended to have received, in being denied a paflage to Chinlurra, t(,ok foveral Engliih veflels oh the river ; and one of the India- men coming down at that time, he told the captain, ithat if he prciunicd to pafs he would fnik him; upon which the veffel rewrned to Calcutta, v,here " colonel Clive ordered three Indiamen that were there to go down and fight the Dutch ; and the obeyed this order with fo much vivacity and courage, that they compelled three of the Dutch fnips with the .commodore to furrendei"; two ran avyay, and they drove the lall aflior*;. In the mean time the Dutch tropps were not rnpre fortui^te than their (hips: colonel Clive detached colonel horde, with 500 men, to oppofe their progrefs ; on the 2^th of November he jBet with them and gave them battle with great refolution ; in a fliort time they gave way,! and were totally defeated: during this auld not \ in the lis day; the ( 281 ) 1759 the artillery had no orders till very late, and the e»^ineers were galloping about tlie held in queft of N 5 orders. termined in the firft battle to fo manage in fending his orders t3 him, is to piuzle him in the execution of his duty. For which en.l it was aiTirmed, that dar.ng this adtion two exprcfles were fent to the Englifh officer, almoft at the fame inAanr, the one for him 10 march with the cavalry under his command, whidi was begun ro be obeyed j when a fccond exprefs came {"the in- tfndeJ puzzicrj diretling him to bring the iiritlfli cavahy only. As this Oep would break the line, which lord George could I'ot think the prince intended, he went to the commander, who or- dered him to bring up the whole ; but then it was pretended they were too late forfervice, and were therefore oidt;ed to difmount, becaufe they ihould not puriue. That this was a fcheme to per- plex lord G — has been gathered from an account of the battle puhliflied at the -Higue, by the authority of P — F— himfelf, whertinit is exprefly declared, that the cavalry on the right was not deftined to fuftain the infantry, and thut if it had really been ddigned for aftion, it would have tieea ported in another place. It was airerted by the due de Belle lie, that the evening before the adlion- there was laid upon Feidinand's table the order of the battle, precipitately drawn up by M. Contades himfelf j by which prince Ferdii>and perceived that the French marlhal was Vo im- patient to give battle, that he had not taken care to fecure the pafles in cafe of a retreat. Without doubt Contades's impa- tience was the rock on which he fplit j but with regard to the order ol .battle, it is rather to be doubted than affirmed j for the circumftances of the a£lion clearly /hew, that the whole army of the allies, except the corps of VVangenheim, were furpri zed, ands therefore prince Ferdinand had no fuch previous informarion. After the battle prince Ferdinand paid fome comphments to fevcral officers for their gallant behaviour j but although the Engli/h had the greateft /hare in obtiiinmg the viftcry, yet he caft a cloud over their triuiyiph ia iome (;xprefrion9, that conveyed a feverc xefledtion on lord G — : he iu his letter of thanks required with an emphafis, that his orders for the future be punctually obeyed : hfi..exp.rcfled his coacern^ that the marquis of Grauby had not the^ -ft 7 - I '759 ( 282 ) \ ■ orders, when aid du camps ought to have Cjued them the neceiTity of quitting their ftations: at length, lord George Sackville direded them to pro- ceed to the front : were they were of the utmoft fervicc towards obtaining the viaory. Contades, finding that his cavalry could not refill the Britiih the command of the Briti/h ovalry? and obferved, that if it bad been fo, the z&ion wou d have been more compJcat. The ob- lique irfmuation concerning the difobediencc of orders, and the invidious compliment to a fubordinate officer, were ftrong and as fomc think, analicious reflections on the conduft of lord G— * S— , becaufe they contained nothing pofitive, which a brave and honcft man, unconfcious of dcfign, would not have been afraid *** uS■^ .^^ '^'^^ ^' *^*^* **"^ '•"'^ cenforioui implications were publi/hed in the London Gazette, the people were in an inftant alarmed, they grew outragious in ihcir indignation againft lord G— ; he was branded by the raft multitude as a traitor and a coward: the German war bc-ng popular, the not having done any thing in Germany, was worle than neglefting the real na- tional good m America. As foon as that extraordinary letter of thanks was given out lord G— S— refigned his command and returned to London, juft when the flame was at its utmoft height, and when every mouth was opened with execratiori againft him : here he had the mortification to hear the name of the German general extolled throughout the whole kingdom in raptures of exaggeration J and, as a irark of royal approbation, to hear of his being inverted with the order of the garter, and prefented with 2o,ocol. while his own was mentioned with the moft v,ruJe«t abufe, and himfelf difmifled from every employ- ment he held under the government. After being acquainted ^ith the particulars of his imputed guiJt, he fblicited, and at Ici>gth obtained a trial, by a court martial, to whom it appeared. th# orders of pnncc Ferdinand had not been obeyed j therefore he was adjudged unfit f.r fnture fervice, and the king ordered the fen- tence to he read at the -fiead of all hit troops, and ftruck him olF tne Jut ot privy- counfeliors. infantry, ( ^Sj ) 1759 infantry, and that thcfe troops broke every corps before them, ordered a retreat, which the duke de Brogho covered in a very excellent manner. The lofs of the French amounted to near 7000 men, flam and prifoners ; that of the allies exceeded 2500. The vanquiflied retreated acrofs the Wefer, and for want of fubiiftence precipitately fled towards Caflel : the allies took feveral towns in the purfuit, and laid fiege to Munller ; but the French by re- heving it, fct a bound to the progrefs of the allied arms, who left the enemy at the conclufion of the campaign, juft where they had found them at the beginning. Notwithftanding the deftruftion of the Rtiflian magazmes, early in the year, that power neverthe- lefs puts its army in motion about the fame time as ufual; and thefe troops, numbered at 70000 men, com- manded by count Soltikoff, profecuied their march to Silefia. Count Dohna, who commanded tiePruffian army in thofe parts, iinding them too numerous for him to attack with any piofpedt of lucccfs, contented him- felf with watching their motions and harraffrng their march : though this conduj^ was extremely pru- dent and juitifiabie, yet the king of Pruffia, fired with his ulbal precipitation and impatience, c'ifap- proved of it ; upon which count Dohna refigned, and general Wedel was ordered 10 take the command of the army, and at all events to fight the Ruffians. Accordingly on the 23d of July he with 30,00© men attacked their advantageous poft at Zullichau, Rear Croffen ; and after maintaining the conflia mth great refolution, though under many difficul- ties, for feveral hours, he retired with the lofs of at leaft 8oco men ; in confequcnce of which, the Ruffians gained poffelfion of CrofTcn and prsncfort upon I,: I- 1 . -1 1 'I • I ipoMHHwIi"' tit ' ■ tj;n*' 1 ; i.\ ■ ' .'1 f p ■ : ^ •.. I.,.. I ! i- >, jKl IT V 1 'If" m 59 ( 284 ) upon the Oder. The king of IVuflla, exafpcratcd by tins defeat, rcfolvtd lo^ivc them battle himrtlt; and immediately Tepcratcd from liis army a confide! i^iblc corps, with which ht bigan Jiis march to join the troops of VVedel, leaving prince Henry with the rcnuundcT to obfcrve count D..un ; but this able general knowing the king of PruHia's defign, de- inched a body of 1 20. © horfc under general lou- den to the ainUance of the Ruilians, and by txlremc good fortune this jundion was cfle^ed : however, the king of rruiliu having aflenibkd an army of 50,00c men, determined to give thtm battle : and accordingly, on the 12th of Augulb early in the inoining, lie found the enemy in an ciitrenched camp at Cunncrfdorff, dciended bv an incredible number of cannon ; he attacked the kit wing with great bravejy, and after a bloody dilpute of fix hours, he mallered a defile and icveral redoubts, look a j^rcat number of cannon, and obliged ihc enemy 10 bc;j,in to retreat. At this junauic^hc dif. patciuda bilict to hit; queen, couched in the follow- ing terni:3, ♦' Madaui, we have beat the Ruffians •• from their tntieuchnicnts : in two hours expeft «* to hear of a glorious vic^ry.'' But lie was de- ceivcd ; the Ruiiians were not yet defeated : they had retired indeed to a place calk'd the Jews Buiying Ground ; but this was au cmiiicncc, and tl;c molt advantageous poll, whieli in thcie circumilanccs they .cculd h:\ve cliofen : however, he rcfoKed to drive them fillHurther, though this cntcrprize was of a moll difiicult nature ; "his generals perceiving this rafiiDcrs, unr.nlmouily rcprcleiit^d to Lini, the im- prudence cf atiemjiling to pulli the advaiuai^es they had gained any tunhei ; the enemy, fald they, weie llili numerous, had a vail artillery;, the poll which they ( 285 ) 175^, they occupied was of great ilrtnglh, hU troops had been enk;a^cd a long time iti ihe icvcrell action they, ever knew, and one of the lioiteir days they ever felt,' were too much fatigued for iuch a new afl'ault! lliat might even llag-;er fVclh troops ; tlicy urged that tli« advantage Wiiich he liad '[^•.'''led, would be as dcciiive in iti» conltgut-iCes as 'that at Zorn- doifi- ; ih.'u the enemy wouiil foon he obliged to re- tire iutn I'uland, and iic would be at liberty to at\ in other quarters wiiere l;is prefence was more nc- cefrary. All thefe excellent ai^uiiients weighed as. nothmp;, he obllinately adhered to his fool-hardy rcloluuon. Tiiu.s rejccHug every thing that was, prudent, and aduated by Ircnzy, he began a, new. *ti.ick whicn was beyond his Itrength. Now put- ing all to the hazard, liis faulting army with fome- hule remains of unexhaulled ardor, fought aeainfl the enemy V inprcgnablc fituation. 'Incic feeble" baitahons being uncovered with cannon, becaufe they could bring none up, and the enemy havinjr'' recovered iiom their conftcrnation, . were rcpulfcd wjth great flaughter, yet Hill did the kina ofl^rufiia with a mad and inhuman pcrfeverence, order thern to return to the charge; vvhen beinj^ routed with great Haughicr, he in a wild ungovernable paffioii of dcfpair aud revenge, put the affair to the cavalry, iiotwithllunding the horfes as well as the riders had been prcviou/ly fpent ; they made feveral unfuccefsful efforts, and being intirely broke tJic Auilrian cavalry which had hitherto been in' adive, fell amoagll them, threw them into utter confufion and complcated their deilrudion ; the re- mains of the army, which but lately had been vidto- rious, were now fcized with a panic, and difperfed in the belt manner^ they were able, without any thoughts ,1 '.I '759 ( 286 ) thoughts of picfcrvin^ their bacrt^.w, cannon or one .ngle mcnfil ; life alone an/'thc prevailing coufiJcranon nnd night prefcrved them From total ruin The k.np ha.l two horfos killed under hi„, and frverai balls went through his cloaths. There was fearer a general, or even an inferior officer in las anny that wa, not cither Wiled or wounded. His \oh was greater m this adion than in any he had ever feen before; at lead , 0,000 of his troops were Utin, a great number were made prifoners, all his baggage, cannon, and every thing he brought into he held, tell into the hands of hfs enemy. ^^ When he abandoned this horrible Icenc, he di/patchcd anotiicr billet to thequ.cn, thus cxprefled, «• Re •• move from Berla with the royal family. Let the archicves uc carried to Potldam. The town "may make conditions with the enemy." It is not UiJiicult to conceive the terror and confufion this in trnation produced at Berlin, in the midit of their rejoicings occafioned by the firlfc mcffcn^er. 'I'hc loG ot the conquerors amounted to about i 1 or 12 000 men. Ncu day the king of Pvuflia retreated over the Ouer, and begun to colled his fugitives- ill a luilc lime he recovered from his difordei, with- out any obllrud>ion from the enemy, anu drew a {rem tK :i of jgniUcry out of the Ibres at Berlin. He faw wu,. joy and albnifhmeut th« enemy's icrbcarance to improve their vidory ; they, in- flcMd of rverwhelming him with ruin, or advancing towaros his capnal, contented them(clves with joining count Daun in Lufiria and holding conful- tations With that general; in which it is nTore than rrolmble the Aulh.ans were not willing the Rufiians Ihould take polldlion of bVandenburgh, therefore liw fatcty iiowcd tmn thl, jcaioufy w dilappoint- mcnt. ( 287 ) '759 mcnt. In the mean time the army of the Empire had penetrated into Saxony, and reduced the townt of Hall, J.cipfic, 'f'orgau and Drcfdcn. The king of iVulIia apprehending the Ruflians had a dcfign on Circat Glogau, took poft in fuch a manner as to cover that town ; while count Daun fuljpeaing that prince Henry of Pruflia intended to retake Drcfdcn, made a forced march in order to fave that capital. The Aullrians and RuHians being thus fcpaiated, and the latter bafHed in their fchcme on Great (ilo- gau, and beginning to think of retiring, the king ot i^rullia formed a plan for cutting ofl' count Daim's If treat into Bohemia: he detached general Finck with 20,000 men to take pofleflion of the defiles of Maxen behind the Auftriaiis ; which was no fooncr done, than Daun reconnoitred hij fituation, and rc- folved to attack hin» ; for this puipofe he firll fc- cretly fu«-rounded the PrufTians, and on the 24th of November Finck perceiv-d the enemy's approach on every fide. In this emergency he began 10 think of foiling their attempt in fome part, ib as to obtain a retreat ; for a whole day he made the molt in- trepid efi-brts to difengagc himielf, but it was im- polfible, the enemy's numbers had fecurcd every uvenuc. Next morning he faw the enemy on every iideprefentinga wall of bayonets, through which it was madncf? to think of penetrating, confidering his great lofs on the preceding ('ay; therefore he fur- rendered wiih the whole army prifoners of war. This was a terrible blow to the Fruflian power in this prefent critic.-l Hate ; yet while the king of Pruflia was ftagg':/ing under it, he felt anotlicr: a body of his troops, polled on the Elbe oppciite to Meiflen, was on the 4th of December attacked by the Attftrians, and between 3 and 4000 of them wcrs I- iir; ■■% : 'M:'. 1759 V ('288 )> were killed and 'made, prifouers. . While the king of PrulTia was fufi'ering under thefe misfortunes, he received a fupply from prince Ferdinand, who de- tached the. Hereditary irince to his affiftance, the king hoping by this meanj to gala fome advantage over M Daun; but tids g^jntral acting with fo much caition, tliat he iinuiug it im^oifible, tlie Hereditary Prince returned to the allit;3, who by this time had reconiraenced the fjcge of Munfcer, and reduced it. After thefe tranladions ail the armies went into.winter-quaners. GHAPi XIII.; Naval ami ckmrjiic affairs; THE Britilh naval tranfaaions were as brilliant and fuccefsful as the moll • fanguine wilh could defire. Though the French were in poffeP fion of the iiTand of Minorca, yet the Englifh fqua- dron in the Mediterranean plainly evinced it was of little fcrvice to them ; for notwithllanding the many pretended benefits arifmg from this pofTelficn, they could net proteft their marine. Admiral Bofcawen, who had faccecded admiral Ofuorn, appeared be-- fore Toulon, and though he received fome damage fiom two forts wliich he attempted todeilroy, yet it (hewed the fpirit and bravery of an En^Iiih ad-- miral. Huvlng retired to Gibraltar to refit/ M. de la Clue, who commanded the French fquadron in Toulon, feiz«?d the opportunity of failing, hoping he ( 289 ) I7S9? he fhould pa{s the Streights mouth unobfcrved, and then proceed to join the grand fleet at Breft, which the French had equipped with a view of invading England ; but the vigilant Bolcawen had ftationed cruizers at feveral places to keep a good look-out,, and give him timely notice of de la Clue's approach. Accordingly on the 17th of Auguft fignal was made of the enemy's being on the Barbary ftiore ; upon which the Englifli fquadron fu!ed in quell of them^ and fell in with feven fhips off Cape Lagos, the relt having feparated in the night. Bofcawen run along fide the French admiral, and began a furious en- gagement ; but being necefiitated to change his riag, his antagoniil in the interim efcaped to the Portuguefe (hore: however two fliips, one of 64, and the other of 74 guns, were taken, who had' alfo run to the coaft, another was bulged ajid burned, and de la Clue having quitted his fhip, file was taken by the viAors, who finding it impollible to get her off, deftroyed her. This in fome meafure violated the neutrality of Portugal ; but that power was in no condition to refent. The French fpent this fummer in meditating and" preparing an invafion of the Britifh dominions : alf tlieir ports on the ocean were full of men of war,. and tranfports, an' flat-bottomed boats. They talked of a triple embarkation, one from Dunkirk againft Scotland, under the diredion of M* Thurot,. a bold adventurer, who, from a captam of a priva- teer, in which he had, greaiiy annoyed the Englilh, trade, became a commodore in the king's fervice. The fecond frcm Havre de Grace againlt England, which being die fliortelc voyage, v/ai to be at- tempted by flat-bottomed boats.'' The third, iup- pofed fo be agaihit Ireland, was to be made from vfauucs*,^ fr ^n »759 ( 290 ) w r l-ii^tt i l^""'7'I•T*^^"'°°P'l»y encamped under th» r^prSnfed and hi' '' •'^'^S- been fuch as it J^ repaiented, and had put it into execution, there i, But r ' ''"n" ^^""'^y never un^^ertooK, W of confequence. The fquadron of M 2 Thurot for alntle.while had better fortune He efcapedout of Dunkirk, and proceeded northwa" Commodore Boys who had Mocked him Tp t Cunkirk, porfued him as far as Scotland, bu? no purpofe s he took refuge in Bergen, where he remainedon account of the boifterous ;erther tH January 1760, when he fet fail in great want of provifion for the coaft of Scotland : ^helanTed o„ ttlTmcTi; "•'T l^^' "--"formed of the de- obtain,^; .?f*"V,'""""S '•efrefliedhismen, and Obtained, a comfortable, though a fmall fuDoiv nf provtfions he fct fail for Irefind: SftlS of lf;^^rjM^>'^^dadeke,>t on that kingdom at Carncklergus, and compelled a f^w troops in »ar- cotribuTo '°";"^"'l" jl-e Hkewife exto'rted C bW h fr ' T^ "' •■'-''°''y °'" <™°P' were aliem. fnued n'tl,;."; '''f • '''''"^ '"" adventurer con Wnued m thefe northern leas, the coafts of the two kingdoms were filled wit.:, alarm j but rhefeapDre! l«nto„s diflipatcd i« a.ftw days'. Capt^te iC, wJio . f. ( 293 ) '^759 ■who commanded three frigates at Kinfalc, being informed by a difpatch from the duke of Bedford, iord lieutenant of Ireland, of Tnurot*s fituation, immediately ii-t fail irn qiieft of him, and on the 28th of February their fquadrons, confiltingof only three frigates each, came to an engagement off the illc of Man. During the conftiiht Thurot was killed, foon after which his fliip furrendered, and the other two followed her example. Thefe re- peated difafters to the French fleet, as well as their Iclfes in every part of the world, reduced ihem to the neceifity of Hopping payment of the following public debts, viz. i . The three kinds of rents created on the polls. 2. Thofe conftituted upon the cheft of redemptions. 3. The coupons of bills on the lame cheft. 4. Thofe of the two royal lot- teries. 5. The reimburfemcnt of bills drawn to bear on the fame chelb 6. Ihe tills of the two royal lotteries. 7. The rents created on the two fols per pound of the tentli penny. 8. The reim- burlement of the capitals of rents. 9. The pay- mciits of bills difchargeable in nine years, known under the name of annuities. 10. Thole of the new actions on the bene iit of the farms, 11. All the bills drawn by the colonies upon the govern- ment, amounting to 1,233,0001. On ihe Qther hand, the credit of Great Britain was rifen to an aftoniihing height ; the parliament met in the month. of November, and having fixed the number of f ilors to be employed in the cnfuing year at 73,000, and that of the foldiers at 57,000 ; they granted for the maintenance of thefe forces, and other ufes, the fum of fifteen millions, five hun- dred three thoufand, five hundred and fixty-three pounds. Cu A n h ' "i^**s^*^^sy 1760 ( 19+) / CHAP. XIV. JffaWi in Germany, DURING the winter tlic kings of Great Bri- tain and PrulTia made ofFcrs towards a general pacification; but they had no effe£l ; perhpps be- caufe the French hoped to retake fome of the places they had loft, and thereby be enabled to infill on better terms than at this time they could expcft. The emprefs queen determined to exert her forces, in order to recover Silefia. General Laudohn, with 50,000 men, opened the campaign with the fiege of Glatz; but finding his operations expofed to much annoyance from 23,000 Pruffians, who were at Landlhut, under the command of general Fou- quet, he raifed the fiege, and attacked the Pruffianj on the 23d of June in their entrenchments. After a very warm difpute of five hours, in which both fides loft a great number of men, he at length forced them, and, except about 4000 of the Pruffians who efcaped, the vanquiftied, together with their com mander. were all made prifoners. The conqueror then reduced Glatz. He next marched to Brefls the ficge of which he undertook ; but prince Henry of Pruflia advancing to its relief, obliged him to re- Jinquifli his defigns. The king of Pruflia, who was all this v/h\h m Saxony watching count Daun, finding thaf n.^ tm:i\y's great pufti was in Silefia, and that the k iuia^.s were advancing to join Lau- dohn, in order io reduce it, quitted Saxony, and marchtd ^ ^ ( 295 ) 1760 :narchcd for that duchy himfclf. Daun w?^ no fooner informed of this movement, than he fol- lowed him with fuch expedition, that in a fhort time he gained two days march on him. The kingpciu cciving his defi^n fn;itrated, fuddcnly returned into Saxony, and immediately laid fuge to Drefdcn. Daun binding hiniif'f diiptci by this ftratitgem, rcl turned likewile, and obliged the king of Pruflia to railc the^ fie^e. The affairs of Sileha now beco- ming critical, wiie Ruffians beine on the point of joinmg Laudohn, the king relblved to march into that duchy at all events. Daun again followed him ; but the king gained pofleflion of a ftrong camp at Leignitz, which prevented the enemy gain- ing any material advantage over him at that inftant. However, he had not remained long there, before he fcnnd himfelf in danger of being furrounded, and confcquently expofed to a furprize: but he drew his enenriies into the fnare. It was concerted to furprize his cump, in like manner as had been done at Hohkirchcn. He was aware of it, and therefore fecretly quitted his camp ; and when ge- neral Laudohn advanced to the attack, he fell upon him unexpeaedly at three of the clock in the morn- ing, and, after a conflidl of three hours, totally de- feated him with the lofs of 8000 men. The fchemc ^''Tifr thus fruftrated, Daun turned his attention an- irhti-way: '.? marched to Schweidnitz, and laid Atgc to that place. The king followed him, and obliged him to raife the fiege. In the mean time the Ru/Tians, who could not, on account of Lau- dohn's defeat, eftedtheirjunaion with the Auftrians i;i iiilefia, entered Brandenburgh, and penetrated even to Berlin, where they levied heavy contribu- tions, and committed the moft cruel and horrid ra- • UilVSa ''■' i^J^.?BB',*J-!>»-'t^ J? 3760 ( 296 ) vages. Notwithilanding his Prufllan majefty iiapd by a clofc attention to the interefts of Germany, and his" mlrd marked by a ftrohg aftsaion for that country, and his reign was not lefs remarkable for German wars ; in all which Great Bii- tain was conftantly plu/iged, either to trim the balance of power or enter into trammels for the defence of the proteftant reli- gion. He lived to fee the fpirit of party extinguidied, rhonef* jt was not u«,l the clofe of his reign, to enjoy the comfortable rit.sraftion of havmg his family firmly an i immoveably feaic4 on the throne, to experience the fulleft meafure of his peoples affedtion, and to fee the intrepidity of his arms and the powet of his kingdoms raifed to a higher pitch of fuccefs and glory, than U was once thought they could poffibly arrive at : when all thef» were accomphlhed, it was his earneft defire to fee an end of th» war, hisdifpofition being naturally pacific. He was an enemy to no rehRion j he did not moleft the free and full exercife of the powers 0. the human mind : among the many fefts which di- vide andcompofe the people of Great Britain, this mildnefs and general toleration will endear a refpeft to his memory, which the followers of all opinions will not ceafe to pay: they will likewife refpea him becaufe he reigned fb long, and thev w II not forget that during his government they enjoved many internal b.eflingj, and if we except one momentary I'torm of war (the rebellion of the Scots in 1745) an uninterrupted feries of tran- quility. He was fucceeded on the throne by his grandfon George IIF. Mnder whofe aufpices the people, in their firft and warm tranf- ports of loyalty and zeal, feemed to promife themfelves more than human felicity. Their afFeftions were not mifplaced, be- ca.ife the objea of them Is good and gracious j but in their expedtations they were difappointed. We ftand too near the t* marine,, who etmed to vie with the marching reeiraents in v? I our and aflivity, and captain P^ateflbTof Be, „-" Monlieur de St Croix perceiv ng that all the Enffliil, jroops were difembarLd, to tL numb of ett houfand men, recalled all his detachments to K I his, atid pr«ared for a vigorous defence" force," now joined by the militia of the ifland, amoundn^ 10 four thoufand men fit for fervice *'"°'«'"ng formed into columns, and began their march >I! wards the capital of the ifland.^ Nm doy^fner^ \llt/Z "t'"^ " detachment of light^K lake poft at Sauzon ; and on the 25th a corps of in tamry took poffeflion of a village' calledCdila' where they began to throw up an inffenchm.n, ' tafcThe'"°hr' '>>' ='pr>' of rtr; S ii rh, •'Ik"'" ,*™7' ^°""'^^'' intrenched I'tel m the neighbourhood. The artillery an^ 0? ord"1hf It '°''/t'"'S g~""''' Sg ftill on board the ft-et, and the tempeltoous weather toadenng It impraaicable to fend them alhoT th^ French governor feized thi, opportuni^ for er;a n^ X redoubts to defend the avenues of ?ll. "I •nefewere fimlhed with admirable ftiil and aftivt" fce,ore general Hodgfon had it in hi. powet to co,n ' mcnce n.s operations. All that he amid do i^T \Z!'tT' '^''^';°P»Wiihamanifdlo, addreftdr™ Jemhabitants declaring, that if they v.oud out ItJemlclves under th^ .^rJlf.a:,. .r J. ,...." P"' verament, .!.».. n,::.■',.,'•:"'^ ",■';" ".' '«=-' '*ntiih go- tliey ihould be indulged with the free ? • t rt cx- crciie 17^1 ((,522 ) crcifc of their feligiaiMJ and retain all tlie rigKtj and privileges which they had cvcrjcnjoyed. This aiiurance produced a coirfiilirfiblc «fi"c^ ^■w wnc of of theu of the i j^our, n out inte: lalHcs, 1 rable eff Thee works c French i the di(J3 I'th at < of cannc into the 'hen a d jOudon*j 'he Frem late difp fion of tl one after forced by colonel 'J rable flau tired into .vas the u the ftreets iKade a g( fion of th hofpital, ; tJ^en in c The E iiland, exi endeavour \vas very 'tended wi: all tlie righfj ijoyed. Thii 6t among the ( ipniediately ep tlie general nandanc, who 3f the citadei, ace to the lall wned, for the i courre of the could be ex- nate in the art ■il, fome mor- )lay upon thf uemy now rd m Peere Wib 3rie, was Ihoi ng their fitu, [itleman, of a ently his fate ; 2d of May;! acked. by the quets on thfj Vlajor-general nches, rallied :e them by his 5y did not aft I i were killed, ids-du-canipsi vho retreated on the right, liiem a warm lone was next wi/Tntl of ( 3«3 > 176, of eheu; works ; wd from iM, period the operaiion, ot .he fiege wo^ profecuted «5th unremiuine vi- gour, notMdiftai.(Ii«g,fc»crefire maimai»edtith ou .ntcrrupaon. ,„d a ftjccfliou of wcll-conce ed ablrk^IfroTblor/'-^-'^" ^"^°"' " -''"-= The engineers giving it as their opinion that t]ie works could not be properly advanced, unti] tie rcnch redo„bts (hould be \"'«^?"'°i°" <:0"'-age and pcrfeverance on i-v.,m;-c.- tlie beiiegers. Parallels" were finiihed, " ^ barricadoci m I j':(>i ( 3^^ ) II 1 barricadocs made, and batteries conftru6led ; and an incellant fire tVom mortars and artillery was mu- tually maintained, by night and by day, from the 13th of May to the 25 th, when tha,t of the enemy began to abate. In the courfe of fuch defperate fer- vice a great many men muft have been killad, and many died of dillemper. The ifland was in itfelf i'o barren, and Mcm{. de St. Croix had taken fuch' €ffeOual precautions to remove its produce, that the Englilh army had neither frelh provifion nor re- •frellimeiits, except what was brought by fea from England, From thence, indeed, they were tele* lably well fupplied with live cattle : they were alfo reinforced by one regiment from Portfmouth, and another from the ifland of Jerfey. By the end of May a breach was made in the citadel ; and not" withilanding the indefatigable induftry of the gar- tifon and tlite governer in repairing the damage, the fire of the bcfiegers increafed to fuch a degree, that ^reat part of their defences was ruined, and the iweach prafticablc by the 7 th of June, when Monf, de St. Croix, being apprehenfive of a general af- iault, demanded a capitulation. He obtained the moll honourable conditions, in conlideration of his noble defence ; but the vidlors loll near 2000 men. The Englifti cruizers were extremely fuccefsful. In January the Richmond frigate of 32 guns fell in, with the Felicite, a French irig;*te of the fame force oft' the coall of Holland, and began a warm engage- .jnentncar Gravefande, about eight miles from the Hague, to which place the prince of Orange, the En- glilh and French ambafladors, and a ^eat multitude xif people, repaired to fee the fight. In about two hou« both (hips ran alhore ; neverthelefe the adlion was jjiaHitained^ until the French fled from their quar t«rs, ru6led ; and cry was niu- ly, from the F the enemy lefperate feN kilW} and was in itfelf 1 taken fuch' ICC) that the fion nor re- by fea from were tole* ley were alfo :fmouth, and the end of el ; and not» / of the gar- laiiiage, the degree, that ed, and the when Monf, general af- >btained the ration of his 2000 men. y fuccefsful. guns fell in, I he fame force! ^arm engage- iles from the I mge, the En- 1 iat multitude outtwohoufsl e aftion was| I th'^ir quar- ters,! ters, and abandoned :r having .. Richmond flroyed, after The ( 325 ) xy6t their /hip, which wa* de- loft her captain utid about loa foon men thirteen men. maged ; fl wounded. , Captain Hood, of the Minerva frigate, cruizinjr m the channel, met with the Warwidt, an Enelilh man of war, taken by the Frehch in the Weft-In- dies, and after an engagement of an hour obliged hcrtoftrike. The Minerva loft her marts bylhe board and had ,4 men killed and 35 wounded. i he lofs on board the prize was the fame. Socn after a French frigate, called the Entrepenant, of 1 ^?%' t"J P'^'^^*^ ^^'' 44» was taken off th* Land s End by the Vengeance frigate. In April the Comete and Pheafant, two French frigates, were taken off Ulhant. In the Mediterranean, where admiral Saunders commanded, the Oriflamme, a rench fhip of 40 guns and 370 men, was taken by the Jfis, lieutenant Cunningham, after a running engagement of four hours and a half. The Ifis had only four men killed and nine wounded : captain Wheeler, who commanded her, was killed in the beginning of the aftion. The lofs of the Ori- Hamme in killed and wounded was between 40 and 50 men. About two months after another exploit was performed by a detachment from the famefqua- dron. ^ Captain Proby, in the Thunderer, toge- ther with tlie Modefre, Thetis and Favorite floop, being ordered to cruize upon the coaft of Spain! with a view to intercept the Bouffon and Achilles, two French men of war, which lay in Cadiz : they at length ventured to come forth, and were defcried by the Englifti cruizers on the 1 6th of July. About .^.»wv«v i iiuiiucrcr came up with the Achilles, ^ 3 which m * ■: SiH •X , . « t « V 1 1 i:. 1- 4k I76I ( 326 ) which ilruck after a warm engagement of half au hour ; yet in this fhort adion capt. Proby had 40 men killecl nd near 100 wounded. About feven in the morning the Thetis engaged the BoufFon, and the fire was maintained on both fides with great vi- vacity for kalf an hour, when the Modelle ranging I up and firing a few guns, the French captain lub- mitted. The Thetis and Modefte fufFered greatly in their rigging and crews. On the 10th of Auguft, theBelloria, of 74 guns, captain Faulkener, and the Brilliant of 36, captain I Logie, coming from Lifbon, fell in with off Vigo the Courageux, a French man of war of 74 guns, and two frigates of 3 2 guns each. The Bellona attacked the Courageux, and after an engagement of three .quarters of ai) hour, obliged her to ftrike. She had 240 men and 100 wounded. The Brilliant engaged the frigates ; but foon after the Courageux was taken, they bore away. The Bellona had only fix men killed and 28 wounded. The Brilliant had| five killed and 16 wounded. In the Weft Indies, commodore Holmes, in thel Hampfliire, in company with the Centaur, attacked! the bt. Anne, a new French fhip of war, pierced! for 64 guns, but on account of her being heavily laden with coffee, indigo and fugar, had only 4o| , mounted, and took her after a trifling refiftance. [ In the month of June the ifland of Dominique,! one of the neutral iflands in the Weft-Indies, was! attacked and reduced by a fmall body of troops,| . under the command of lord Rollo, who were con- .voyed thither from Guadaloupe by Sir Jamesl Douglas. 1 hcv drove the French from four in-l trenchnicnts, one above another, on the face ot al ftee»^ rock and made all the French troo^Ss withMJ ^ilej^ongrie, their comniander, prifoners of w ar. CHAP. • !'' ( ^"^7 ) 1-6; ■.^^ i>i CHAP. XVIIfe uiffairs in Germany, HE Pruilians and Aiiftriahs were for fom« time in a ftate of total inadivity. Tiie king commanded in Silefia in oppofition to baron Lau- dohn, and his brother prince Henry in Saxony in oppofition to rount Daun. For feveral months thefe four armies continued in their camps all afting upon the defenfive. In the mean time a large body of Ruffians invefted Gblberg. They had feveral times attempted to take this place ia former cam- paigns ; but now they refolutely begun the fiege. being determined to take it at all events. It was a place to them of the utmoft importance ; for, being a fea-port, they could by means of it tranfport pro- vifions from Ruffia to either their army in Branden- burg or Pomerania; for want . of which conveni- ^"^y^heir troops, at the end of every campaign, had been obliged to retreat into their own country. I he Ruffian fleet blocked it up by fea ; but they were foon after difperfed by a ftorm ; while their troops, commanded by general Romanzoff, canno- naded It by land ; but the Ruffians being unaccuf- tomed to fieges, were from the beginning of Augult to the middle of December before they made any impreffion on the place. At length, in fpite of the rigour of the feafon, which they.feemed to fet at defiance, they maftered a Imall fort, which com. manded the harbour ; upon which colonel Haden, — - t,i-Tv.«v^, Kiiviixjg iiic guiiiioii wu-4ia DCiii cian- P 4 ger 17^1 ( 328 ) iiii!; ger of perifhing by famine, furrenderedon the i-;th of December. During the languid and flovenly operations of this tedious iiege, the grand Ruffian army, commanded by general Butterlin, entered Sileiia and cannonaded Breflau ; but on the approach of a body of Pruflians they abandoned that work, and joined the Auftrians. The affairs of the king of Pruffia feemed now defperate. The junftion of two fuch powerful armies feemed to threaten his certain deftru6tion. However he was not abandoned by hi« ftratsgems and courage. He fecretly de- tached a bcdy of troops into Poland, where they burned three of the Ruffian magazines; upon which Batterlin feparated from the Auftrians, and marched to the protedlion of the reft. To make amends for this mancevre, baron Laudohn formed a projc£l for taking Schweidnitz by furprize. He picked out a tiumber of his beft men, and on the firft of Oflo- ber, at three in the morning, during a thick fog, lie ordered them to advance to the place, where, without oppofition, they iixed their fcaling ladders, and had begun to mount before they were perceived by thcgarnfon. The Auftrians refolutely entered the town, and, being well fupported, attacked the Pruflians with fuccefs on all fides, and at day-break obliged general Zaftrow, the governor, with his whole garrifon, to furrcnder prifoners of wan Their lofs in this affair was only about 600 men. Thus did the Auftrians, to the furprize of the whole world, become fuddenly mafters of a very ftrong and important fortrcfs, defended by a garrifon of I 3000 men, in which they found a vaft magazine of | tnea! and a numerous train of artiU( /. Although in the public accounts this is called a furprize ; yet private ones, which are often more true, aflert it was taken 4 m C 329 )■ 176 r afcen ty/W«;v. and there i» reafon to believe it. This aft^ obhged the king of Pruffia to change hi, politton. Hedrew neater to Breflau, and the>l p„" his troops into winter-quarters. While he was here, ti Se" Th ""' fetonfoota confpiracy agakft ?"c ^'''>:«"g3ge'lone baron de VVatkotch, a man of fortune m Silefia. and one Schmedt a rriefi whenhelhould come forth unattended, and con- vey h,m to the Auftrian camp.' The difcove?y was made by one of the baron's iirvants, who wll curymg a etter to Schmedt, and fufpefti;^ the con- as feized ; but he afterwards found means to efcapc through a window :. Schmedt alfo found me.ns to I'n.aT' ?T ^"^'"P'^'l wthing of confequence duiing the wliole campaign: in November he put to troop, mto winter-quai-ters in the neighbouriiood- ofDreWen, Prince Henry by his we!l-regulated Uonons and watchful eye made head agamf count a"dk'ep?L3,f4!^'"P-'-'^'^«^-''ev Ihe Heieditary Prince took Fritdar, aridprince «keCa"fr,''h'?-'^'^^"-^;"'' '" a rapid manner'to r^! U«U Caffel before the Trench army ihouid be reiu- fced ; but he. found it impoffibll The garrifen, ., ws numerous, and held out vigoroufiy We trencharmy, commanded by the duke de Brcelio approached; upon which he was obliged to ?ai& E "' n ">\Lower Rhine under the prince de rarn'l ^^f ^^;'"™".''f the allies for fome time K both thefe armies, and did them confide- Baoie aamaEe ; uoon whirh thp;rrr„^^,„j :-:.-j -III Ma .*.J( tbck I ^m ■i: i ''I i. if ', HI iili I761 ( 330 ) their armies, and refolved 50 give battle to prince Ferdinand. Accordingly early in the morning on the 16th c*" July, while he was encamped at Hoen- hover, they attacked his camp ; but he having in- formation of their defign, gBve jhem fo warm a re- - ccption in all'their attempts to force his polt, as at length obliged them to retire with the lofs of 4000 men ; the allies loft about 1 200 men. This battle, which the French dillinguiHi by the name of Felling haufen, feperated their two armies. It was a mil- fortune to the French, that their generals could never agree. 1 here was a pique between Soubize and Broglio at the time of this a(5lion, in which each wifhed to fee his coadjutor facrificed : had this not been the cafe, the vidory' would not have been fo eafily obtained ; for after the battle prince Ferdi- nand was not able to look Broglio's great army alciie • in the face. That general, by dint of his prodigious fvi- periority, and being ftimulated to retrieve his late dif. o race, took fome places, penetrated into Hanover, anil gained feveral little advantages ; but prince Fertli nand by a force«i march approached CafTel, whicl obliged Broglio to draw off and prctcdl that place However the French general laid the whole countn under contribution. The Hereditary Frince, incr der to make reprifals, fcoureu the country of Heffe, byl which he rendered it difficult for the French army t( fubfift. At the fame time Broglio fent a rietachmcn to feize the city of Wolfembuttle, which was acccr dir»gly performed. This detachment then laid fieg< to Brunfwick, upon which the Hereditary Prina quitted Heffe, and flew to the relief of his father'i capital. '1 he French abandoned the place with fuel precipi'a"tion on his approach, as to leave their can- non and this negoti. ifice a great her refource, lom Ihe tarn, fh in Ame- would lie a: ich power in . The Spa- fancied they cc and Spain Paris on the Dever fhould ftant beccme d themielves 11 wars ofien- :h others do- s are to erjcy &c. in botli all fcreiga lociation. in nd concord, ce of power, nkind. This It was con- above one 0! Dr^fome tiir.c ^ns between f 333 y »7* thcfe two branches of the huufe 6f Bcurbon were not rivetted, when Mr. Pitt difcovered the inten* tions of Spain to afiiil France. It was,, when the plan of the feparate negotiation between England and France had been I'erticd ; wiien every thing that human wifdom could forefee had been happily ar- ranged and fixed, in laying the bafis of the treaty,, that the machinations of France and the defigns of Spain were difcovered. M. Buffy delivered a, me- morial, fignifying that the catholic king defired to fettle his differences with Great Britain at the fame time thatFrance did*. Mr.. Piitt inllantly took the * Sp in damandfd the reflltution of foznttcaptures^inade on hcrflsg: a privilege to fi/h on the banks of Newfoundland} and the demolition of the Englifli fettlements in the bay of Honduras, It is proper to obfexve, that in the conferences between Mr.. Y'ltt and M. de BufTy, the Britiih minifter, with a dignity and fpiiit becoming his charadter and the grcatnefs of his nation, al- ways treated him fliort : he faid little, and what he faid was al- ways final ! he left no room for prevarication j and when it was attempted, he conftantly withdrew :. he diftrafted the fmcexity of Biiffy'S intentions, and the integrity of the French court,. The French agent was thus deprived of coming at the fecrets of Eng- land, which long conferences and chance expreifions might give him fome intimation of. M- Bufly then fet himfelf to work, another way. He found other perfons who received him with affability. By his court fy and addrefs he made himfeif agree- able to them.. Here he employed his dexterity.. He threw into>> a faicaftical light ev£ry virtue of thofe who were for making the moft of our advantages : he converted refolution, firmnefs and intrepidity,, into quixotifm, obftinacy, and infolencej dig- nity into pride, and manly boldnefs into haughty prefumption. EuHy found Mrt Pitt had enemies : to them he gave this doc- trine, and they fgread it abroad with uncommon induftry • they wrote with a malignity that would difgrace the pens of the lovveR dregs of tnonkiiid,. alarm:: i I I.H "•^76^ ( 334 ) alarm : he faw the infincerity of France ; and he re- jefted with difdain the offer of negotiating * through * an enemy humbled, and almoft at his feet, the * difputes of his nation, witli a power aclually in * friendfiiip v.'ith us.' He returned this offenfive memorial as wholly inad»niflible, and declared that any further meiuion of it would be looked upon as -an affroTit to the crown, and incomputable with tlie •fincerity of the negotiation. At i'\e fame time he difpatched a meffenger to lord ijriitol, the i'jiglilh miniftcr at Madrid, to remonllrate with energy and -firmnefs, the unexampled irregularity of that court. The Spanifli miiiiliry vindicated their proceedings with I'Vance, and infin-jutcd their attachment to • that kingdom. Mr. Pitt was now coniijmed ; he clearly law the fecret views of Spain ; and he faw that the artifices and exprelTions of fricndfhip for Great Britain, were only made ufe of to conceal thole vi'''.vs, till the Spaniih trcafure from the Well- Indies Ihould be an ivcd, and then the king ©f Spain would declare liiinielf. The unfealb:;able interpo- fition of opaiti was the true caufc of the negotiation breaking oiF. AM other matters might perhaps have been iettled. Mr. Pitt by it received an incurable fufpicion of the defigns of France and v^pain. After which it was impoffible to bring things to an happy iiTue i therefore the tv/o minillers returned to tiieir refpedive courts in the month of September. Mr, Pitt inilantly prepared for wai'. He was fally fatished Spain had refolved to afilll France. He had received intimation, if not a ^opy of the treaty of union between them : he faw the defigns of Spain on Portugal. He lefolved to prevent both ; not by the cautious and tardy iteps of an amballador; but by ih? eaxly appearance of our commanders in chief, ; and he re- g * through lis feet, the : aclually in is offenfive sclared that ced upon as )le with tlie lie time he the i'jigliih energy and that court, proceedings Lichmeiit to lujmed ; he and lie law icndftiip for to conceal 1 the Well- ng ©f Spain )le interpo- negodation erhaps have n incurable pain. After an happy eH to tiieir iber. . He was i^Vance. He f the treaty ns of Spain th ; not by lladorj but Qrs in chief, ( 335 ) 1761 at the head of a great fquadron, oh the coaft of Spain, cate' ■ ■1 'Y' ; I 1 k avoided ; , 11 1762 ' C 340 ) - avoided : we therefore direded our amba/Iador ,v, a(k in a firm, but friendly manner, whether the cowtl of Madrid intended to join the Irench, our ene-l mics, to aft hoftilely againft Great-Britain, ortol depart from its neutrality ; and, if he found the! Spanilh miniftejr avoided to give a clear aniWer, tol infinuate, in the moft decent manner, that the reJ fufing or avoiding to anfwer a queftion fo reafonableJ could only arife from the king of Spain's having alJ ready engaged, or refolved to take part againlt usj and muft be looked upon as an avowal of fuch hof-f tile intention, and equivalent to a declaration of war, and that he had orders immediately to leave the court of Madrid. ^ The peremptory refufal by the court of Spain to give the leaft fatisfadion, with regard to any of thoie reafonable demands on our part, and the folemn de claration at the fame time made by the Spanifh mi. nifler, that they confidered the war as then adually declared^ prove to a demonftration, that their refo- lution to ad ofFenfively was fo abfoiutely and irrevo- cably taken, that it could not be any longer dif- fembled or denied. The king of Spain, therefore, having been induced, without any provocation on our part, to confider the war as already commenced againft us, which has in effed been declared at Madrid ; we truft, that by the bleffing of Almighty God on the juftice of our caufe* and by the affif-l tance of our loving fubjeds, we fhall be able to de feat the ambitious defigns, which have formed thi union between the two branches of the houfe Bourbon 5 have now begun a new war; and portent the moft dangerous confequences to all Europe. Therefore we have thought fit to declare, and doi Isreby declare war againlt the faid king of Spain' tp C 341 ) 1764 ana we will, in purfuance of fuch declaration, vi- goroufly profecute thefaid war, wherein the honour of our crown, the welfare of our fubjeds, and the prolperity of this nation, which we are determined lat all times with our utmoll power to preferve and li'upport, are fo greatly concerned. And we do hereby will and require our generals and commanders of our forces, our commiffioncrs for executing the o^ce of our high admiral of Great-Britajn, our lieutenants of our feveral coun- ties, governors of our forts and garrifons, and all other officers and foldicrs under them, by fea and land, to do and execute all aftsof hoii-Iity, in the profecution of this war, againll the faid king of Spain, his va/Talsand fubjeds, and to oppofe their attempts; willing and requiring all our lubjeds to take notice of the fame; whom we henceforth ftridly forbid to hold any correfpondence and com- Imunication with the faid king of Spain and his fub- Ijeds : and we do hereby command our own fubjeas and advertife all other perfons, of what nation fo ever, not to tranfport or carry anyfoldiers, arms, powder, ammunition, or other contraband goods, to any of the territories, lands, plantations, or countries of the faid king of Spain, the fame being taken, fliall be condemned as good and lawful prize. And whereas there may be remaining in oar kinj?- koms divers of the fubjecls of the king of Spain, we No hereby declare our royal intention to be, That all the Spaniih fubjeds, who (hall demean themfelves dutifully towards us, Ihall be fafe in their perfons land eifedts. ^ Given at our court at St. James's, the fecond day of January, 1762, in the fecond year Oi our reien. GOD fave the Ki N G, r/.e 1762 ( 342 ) ivhiih 'U'ti 7 he king of Spain's (declaration of jar, pubtijhed at Madrid on the \ ^th cf January. The King. ■ Although I have already taken for a declaration of war by England againft Spain, -the inconiiderablc ftep of lord Brillol, the Britannick king's ambaf- fador at my court, when he demanded of Don Richard Wall, my minilkr of Hate, what engage- ments I had contrafted with France, making this the condition of his demand, or rather adding this threat, That if he did not receive a categorical an- fwer, he would leave my court, and take the denial for an aggre^ion : and though, before this provo- cation was received, my patience was tired out with fuftering and beholding, on many occafions, that the Englifh government minded no other law, but i the aggrandifement of their nation by land, and univerikl defpotifm by fea : I was neverthelefs defi- rous ti; fee whether this menace would be carried into execution ; or whether the court of England, fen- fible of the ineificacy of fuch methods towards my dignity and that of my crown, would not employ others that fhould be more fuitable to me, and make me overlook all thofe infults. But the haughtinefs ©f the Englifh was fo far from containing itfelf within Juft bounds, that I have juitlearned that on the. 2dinftant a refolution was taken by the Bri- tannick king in council, to declare war againlt Spain. Thus feeing myfelf under the hard nectffity of following this exampk, which I would never have given, becaufe it is fo horrible and fo contrary to humanity, I have ordered by a decree of the 15th jnftant, that war fhould likewifebe immediately de- clared, on my part, a^ainil the king of England, hii r, ivhith ii'gs 'January. a declaration inconiiderablc dng's ambaf- ided of Don what engagc- aking this the ■ adding this ategorical an- ike the denial e this provo- tired out with ccafions, that her law, but )y land, and Tthelefs defi- e carried into ngland, fen- towards my i not employ le, and make : haughtinefs ;aining itfelf irned that on by theBri- war againft lard ncctffity Id never have contrary to of the 15th nediatcly tie- of England, his ( 343 ) 176^ 'N kingdoms, cftates, and fubjeas ; and that in coulequence thereof, proper orders fhould be fent xo 111 parts of my dominions, where it (hould be ne-' bllary, for their defence and that of my fubjedls, as ^ell as for afting oftenfively againft the enemy. For this end, I order my council of war to take the Uuifite mealures that this declaration of war may jbe publiihed at my court, and in my kingdoms, |uit]i the formalities ufual upon fuch occafions ; and Ithat in confequence all kind of hoftilities may be exercifed towards the Engliih ; that thofe of them jwlio are not naturalized in Spain may leave my Jkmgdoms ; that they may carry on no trade there ; land that only thofe who ?.re employed as artizans Iniay be fufFered to remain : that for the future my Ifubjeas may have no dealings with thofe of Eng- jland, nor with the eftates of that crown, for any of Itheir produdHons or fitheries, particularly cod, or Itheir manufadures or merchandize; fo that the in- Ihibition of this trade may be underftobd, to be, and Iniay be in fad, abfolute and efFeftive, and 11 mip a Ivicious quality and a prohibition of fale on the afore- Ifaid eiFeds, productions, filheries, cod, merchan- dize, and manufadures of the dominions of Eng- [land: that no vefFels whatfoever, with the above- mentioned eiFeds on board, may be admitted into ky harbours, and that they may not be permitted to be brought in by land, being illicit and prohi. pited in my kingdoms, though they may have been [brought or depofitei in buildings, baggage, ware- lioufes, ihops, or houfes of merchants or other pri- vate perfons, my >fubjeds or vafTals, or fubjeds or vallals of provinces and ftates with whoni i am iii [peace or alliance, or have a free trade, whom, ne- ■ lerthelefs, 1 intend not to hurt, or ■^11 infringe peace. 1762 ( 34+ ) . * peace, the liberty, and privilege which ihey en J fey treaty, of carrying on a legal trade in my kineJ doms with their (hips, and the proper and peculiaJ produdions of their lands, provinces, and conquefts or the produce of their manufaaories. I alio command that all merchants, who IhaiJ have in their pofleffion any cod, or other filh 0^ produce of the dominions of England, ihall in the ipace of fifteen days from the date of this declal ration, declare the fame, and deliver an accounj thereof, either at my court, or elfewh'ere, to tk officers who Ihall be appointed by the marquis da Squilace, fuperi;fuf ndant-general of my revenues] that the whole may be forthcoming ; and fuch ol the faid effeds of which a M fliall not be fo deli vered in the fpace of fifteen daj's, fhall be imme ^iately confifcated ; two months, and no more beini allowed, for the confumption of thofe which Ihalll be declared ; after which time the merchants fhalJ bef obliged to carry the faid efFefts to the cuflom-houfesl and, where there is no cuftom-houfe, to the houfei] that ferve inftead thereof, that they may be pub( lickly fold by an officer or officers nominated fof that «nd, or, if none fhould be appointed, by th« judges, who fhall give the produce of the [ale to the proprietors i but none of the fkid merchandizesj prohibited in the manner juft defcribed, fliall re| turn to their warehoufes or fhops. I I have given a feparate commifHon, with all the) neceffary powers, to the marquis de Squilace, fii{ perintendant-general of my revenues, that in quality he may fee that this prohibited trade be ^w- fuffered, and that he may immediately iffue Aich or] ders and inftruaions as he fhall think neceiiary for| this liTipOftant end i uking cognizance, in rh- iirill ( 345 ) J 762 intonce, m perfon, and by his fub-delecates of the .rputes which Ihali arife oi occafion of^hTs ^ont'a! Ci' .""than appeal to the council of fi, ance 7„ thehaIlofjuft.ce; except however what Hates to contraband military ftorc-s. arms, and oler effets elong,„| to war, particularized in treaties of pe'ce the cognizance of difptues on thefe articles K StirofTt^-^^^^^ any exception, and notwithfcnding any mivTCs my Will being, that this declarafion TwSli me as foon as poijible ,0 the knowledg"/ I THE KING. k J!ft r"/ ^^.^-P'?" ''u'' "° '"°'"'"- "l^^'^'-ed war £ Wat-i3r,tain, .than he refolved to invade cfat' 'p '°-'5'^ """" "^''■-^ kingdom 1: Udim Perceiving m the king of Portur-al partialuies for the_EngI,(h, he,^in con S„ K. the French, required by feveral mc^noriT S,S%"'?-°f^"i"Sal join in ti.e co«iede al' I >'e'?"^' .=""* that Spanin,. troops be ad- ZT 'T.'^tP"""?^} '°«n» and pels of P^r- --i,.i. ii'v-rortugueie monarch repeatedly de- '^ ■ 'firci •Vi m 1762 ( 3+6 ) fired to continue in his neutrality ; but that tvas not ftllowctl him. The king of Spain inllantly de- nounced war by the following declaration : *I%e kifig of Spain's declaration pf nvar againjl Portugal. Neither my rcprdentations, founded ih juftice and utility, hor the fraternal peiluafivcs with which I accompanied them, have been able to alter the king of Portugal's blind affeaion tot the Englifli. His mininers, engaged by long habit, continue cbftinate irt their partiality, td the great prejudice of his fubjcflsi and I have tnet with nothing but refufal)«, and been infultcd h- his injurious preference of the friendfi:ip of England to that ot Spain and France, I have even received a perfonal affront by the arrefting of my ambaflador, don Jofeph Tor ero at Efiremos, who was detained there in violation of his charafter, after he had been fuffercd to depart from Lifbonj and had arrived on the fron- tier, in virtue of paflports from that court j but notwithftanding fuch infults were powerful motives for me to keep no longer any meafures with the king of Portugal, never thelefs adhering to my firft refolution of not making an ofFenfive war againfl the Portu. guefe, unlefs forced to it, I deferred giving ofdets to my general to treat them with the rigours of war j but having read the edift pf the king of Portugal of the i8th of laft monih, in which, jnifreprefenting the upright intentioiisof the mcft chriftian kinj and myfelf, he imputes to us a pre-concerted dcfign of invading his dortiinicns , and orders all his vaflals to treat us as enemies, and to break off all correfpondence with us both by fea and land ; and forbids the ufe of all ptodui^lons coming from cur territories^ confifcating the goods of the French and Spaftiards, and likevile ordering them to leave Portugal in a fortnight j which term, however ftraight, has been further abridged, and many of my fubjefts have been expelled, plundered, t- A ill-treated, before the expiration of it. And the marquis de Sarria having found, that the Portuguefe, ungrateful to his goodnefs and moderation, aind the exjftnefs with which they have been paid for every thing. they have furni/hed for thy troops, have proceeded fo ^r as to fitcite the people and foldiery againft my army, fo that it would ke difhonourable to carry my forbearance any farther. For theftj caufes I have refolved, that froih this day my troops /ball treat Portugal as an enemy's country, that the property of the Portu- (tuefc fhall be confifcated throughout my dominions, that all the] Portuguefe fhall leave Spain in a fortnight, and thatgll commerce With ti-em fhall be prohibited for the fiiture* When cnniunfli of France thereto, , afirefaid kingdoim tfiem, an ing me aj exilted ; majefty h various | fanclion I with an a places, at tcnce of d and of aii faimfelf h ftanding a fen five wa JL-flice, b] Ihaveord hold all di; tny crown ind declar tence, anc declared er them in t others, au which in t manner, a whatever i cation and "allies deci all the Aibj "> the kin> cile fermo ot this dec! t^eir effed ports of t^ wiib the if that tvas not in Handy de- ion; fji Portugal. Hce and utility, :ompanied them, iind afteftion tot habit, continue e of his fubjcftsj been infultcd h' I gland to that ot Dal affront by the TO at Efiremos, i^cr, after he had ived on the fron- notwithftanding cp no longer any fs adhering to my gainfl the Portu. ts to my general ing read the edift onih, in which, ft chriftian kin; :fign of invading at us as enemies, by fea and land ; m our territories^! ds, and likei^ile It } which term, id many of myj 1 -treated, before ia having found,! and moderation,! d for every thingi eded fo ( j and forbidding all perfons to pay anv Ketr«f^"'"*l^""' '" contempt of'theXvTS? of the treaty of peace between France and Portugal, Cgned at ated, Thatzn cafe of a rupture between the two croins, the fpace of fix months after tKe faid rupture ftail be granted their ubjedh refpeftively to fell or remove their eftea?, and with- dra^ their perfons if they think fif) the king of Portugal if^fT^"'^"^'- 'J»»<*«theFrench whoare in his S. tflra l'*/^"^^"^'^^ and fcqueftrated J his majefty, by way of juftrepnzals, commands, that aJl the Portugucze in h.i om,n.on. /hall, mhfce manner, leave them within the fpace of Lconfi'f«t*ed~"'^ ^*^^"'*'^' ^^ '*'*' '^^ their effeflsfhalJ VerfaiJles, June 20, 1762. Before any of thcfe declarations were publiflied. It had been refolved in England to fuccour the kin'r of lortugalj therefore a number of troops wer? embarked as foon as poffible j and as there was no S ' ^"her Enghlh or Portugaefe, that was fuD- Kedto po/Tefs fuch military talents, as could en- «^xw iiua 10 uie 1-nvcftuurc of the chief coipmanJ, 0^4 that ^ '■: i ilMv it W' 1762 ( 352 ) that high rnnk was conferred on the count La Upm \ Buckebourg, an officer in the allied army, and rec- koned a moll fkiiful engineer. On the other hand, the French aHembied 12,000 men for theafTiftancei of Spain. But they never entered the field time enough for adion. Tlie Spanifh army being nearell to the devoted fcene, entered Portugal the begin- ning of June, confining of 56 battalions and 45 iquadrons, under the command of the marquis de Saria. They made themfelves mafters of MiraWa, Eraganza, Torre di Moncorvo, and Chaves, with- out rnuch lofs or oppofition. They demoliihed the fortifications of the two former cities, and left a ftrong garrilbn in the latter. They divided their forces, which were in the province of Tros os- Montes, into three parts : the principal body was encamped near Miranda: the fecond, confilHngof 5000 men, at Torre di Moncorvo : the third of the lame number at Chaves. Another bodj' ofV 8000 men entered the Portuguefe frontier near Almeyda. I'his corps fuffered by defer tion, and its detached parties were often repulfed by the militia of the country. The fummer months in that warm climate being unfavourable to military expeditions, the Spa- niards could do little more than chaflife the peafants of the country, whofe natural averfion overcame the oath of obedience which they had taken, and who did every thing in their power to cut off the convoys of provifions defigned for their camp. Thefe pea- fants, and the Portuguefe companies called auxili- aries, however were eafily defeated and difpcrfed. At laft the Spaniards formed thefiege of Almeyda, a frontier tovyn in the province of Tras-os-Montes. On the 251)1 of Augult this fortrefs was furrendered, after a ijege of only nine day?, and before a praaicable breach ( 353 ) 1762 I breach had been made, by the oovoi-nn^ ai.„ j de Pallcri.. r' ..ii„ J D • •' !■ S^'error Alexandra ae ralieres C;e!!o de Brno, for which he was aftfr ward, put und,-. confinement at Coimbm , 00 regulars and 2c.o peafants were permitredTo' retire with the honours of war, on condition of not fa 'ar mg arms for fix months. A great number of en landed i'n PortugTll.^ ^^t e Tufont^out'o^r^^^ ummer months c^uld not aft began now to tat the field. On- the 27th of Augull general Eur ST!,'-""\P^r °^ '"^ "^giment of lifhrdrtc"" pulhed wto theSpanifh town of Valenld'Akfntar; ti^A '" '''"!,''• 7J" S""-^^ i" ">e f|uare were 'il Kdled or made prifoners before they could ufe The r arms. After the ' body of the Bri-in, w come up and formed L thl'f.ut V^f^K rpi";?' -he" "'"V '" '''V were S; he forced fome priefts through the townTo dechri to e people, that he was determined to fet firT ^ ^ at the four corners, unlefs all the doors and win A J! rSedtf^a' %r °p?- ™^ -race'^r : n 1 r /"^ garnion, confiftin? onlv of V, inftantly furrendered. The reft had befn o'e Irovli' General La Ltppe, who command the gran" rmy ance from Lilbon, and ftrongly occupied all tL Sotea it" Th ''^''"S r>' ' "Pi^'. i" or t troop^ was by his Portuguermgft; IJl^;;;^^^ ^'ith the command of a reeiment In ^^f '^^^^ ..me lord Tyrawley. .Ko^rCn .ol^.T."- ■ ; •''1 i ■ 1 ''■V J , ■V* r.'-'if Jt''. 176^ ( 354 ) the Britifh troops, refigned, upon a difFerence be- tween him and the court of lifbon, and was fuc- ceeded by lord Loudon. On the other hand, the SpaniHi general, the marquis de Sarria, folicited and obtained his difmiffion, and the count d'Aranda was aj pointed general in his room» On the iSth of September the Portuguefe abandoned Celorico : the Spaniards afterwards took pofTeflion of Peuamacor^ Salvaterra, and Segura. In the feccnd of thefe places was a garrifon of 400, which capitulated on condition of not ferving for fix months. Ea ly in October the Spaniards made themfelves mailers of the defile of St. Simon, and of Villa Velha, a Moorifti caftle near the Tagus. The latter w.is fjpported forfome time by £-'^neialBurgoyne acrofs the river. A fev days after colonel Lee, with 400 men, chkfly Britifh, attacked the Spanifh encamp- ment near Villa V>lha, burnt fome magazines^ fpiked up fix pieces of cannon, brought off 60 mules, a few priibhers, and a quantity of valuable baggage. The heavy rains falling at this time pre- vented the operations being carried on, and by the time the feafon was advanced fbr risntwing the work, the preliminaries of peace were figned, which put an end to war ; but it is believed the Spaniards would never have made much progrefs in Portugal ; for they were in great want of provisions and fo- rage, and being in a mountainous part of the coun- try, could get none from Spain : b'cfides thefe dit- advantages, they were expofed to the vigilant and vigorous attacks of the Britifh troops, uiJuder the di- reCiion of an officer of expeririKe and abilities. In England great attention wits paid in the fpiing, of the ^ear to tlie et^uipping^- a gl-lind e^fpedition. 'Ihe tieet coiifillyd of 19 ihips of Uie Ime and abouj 18 frigates^ ( 15^ ) r;^ I?? frigates, &c. commatided by Sit George Po^ cocke, with 150 traniportsj having on board io,ood troops under the commaud of lord Albemarle, rhefe being demaed a^vamft the Ha'/aunah, pailed tfirough the old Ibeights of Bahama, b.-tween th* 27th ot May and the 5th of June. On the 7th of June the troops were landed, without oppofition, between two forts on the rivers Bocanao and Coxi: I mar, about fix miles to the ealKvard of the Hai vannah. Captain IJervey in the Dr^on filenced toxmiar caftle, and enabled the army to pafs that Hvcr unmolerted. On the 8th a fmall corps^, under colonel Carleton, repulfed and difperfed the Spanil}/ regiments of Edinburgh dragoons, two companies Of grenadiers, and many officers, together with^ a' Jbody of militia on horfeback, the whole amountinjf Itonear 6000 men advantageoufly p,-:ted upon a filing ground between the Britilh army and the vi!-" jiage of Guanamacoa. Oh the nth the fortaf Cho-. rera (on the weft fide)' was al)andoned by the Spa- jniards, after having been battered by the Belkille, Icaptam Knight; and colonel Carleton attacked a re- Idoubt upon the CaVannos (an hill above Mcro • mk) which he carried with linle refiftance and jiQls; a poll was eftablifiied here under the name of jue SpaiiiHi Redoubt. By the .2 th the Spaniards IJad funk three fhips of the line in the entrance of the prbour's mouth, by which it was eileaually blocked m snd fecured. On the 1 5th a detachment of 1 200 pn under colonel Howe, and 800 marines under ^fle majors Campbel and Covins, were' khded and tencamped at Chorera, about fdven snSks* to the pltward of the Havli inah, where they engiiged th^ ^ kiention of the enemy and pit>ved of coniiderabie vivk^. After the previous 'and ncce/fery prepa*. liitior.s «76a ( 356 ) rations were compleated, which employed the time of the army from the 12th of June to the iftof| July, the artillery began to play upon Moro calUe. The enemy landed on ihe 29th of June two detach- ments two detachments from the Hauannah cf 500 |nen each, confifting of grenadiers and chofen troops, together with armed negroes and mulattoes, to inter-upt the befiegers in their operations. One of thefe detachments marched upon the right under the Moro j the other upon the left neat the lime, kiln, where the befiegers had raifedone or two bat- teries to remove the fhipping to a greater diftance, which had annoyed them confiderably: the piquefs and advanced polls repulfcd thefe detachments, wounded many, and killed or took prifoners 2co | men, with the lofs only of 10 men killed and wounded on their fide. On the firft of July the Cambridge of 80 guns, Dragon of 74, and Marl- borough of 66, all under the command of captain Hervey, attacked the north-ealt part of Moro callle for the fpace of near fix hours, when they were called oiF. The two former fhips received great damage from the height of the fort, whilft the fort iticlf fuffered very Httle from their fire. Tliis attack divided the attention of the garrifon, aod enabled the army to obtain a fuperiority of guns on the land fide. Captain Gooftry of the Cam- bridge was kil'jd in the beginning of the engage- men', and his place was fupolied by captain Lindi'^y of the Trent, who acquitted himfelf v/iih honour dut^ing the remainder of the adlion. The condudi of captain Campbell of the Stirling Caftle was cen- fured by captain Hervey, and ordered to be exa- ntined into by a court martial: 42 feamen were id;ltd and 14.0 wounded in this defperate fprvict. Captaio f 357 ) 1762 Captain Mackenzie of the Defiance brought the Vengenza frigate ff 26 guns, and the Marte of i g. put of the harbour of Port Marie], after fome firing. All but 20 men had left them. The harbour of 1 ^-t Maricl IS about feven leagues to the leeward of Cnorera, and was afterwards taken po/Teffion of by bir George Pococke as a place of fecurity for the dipping agamll the dangers of the fe^fon, in which he was at that time advanced. A fchooner loaded with coftee, and bound from PLfpaniola to New Orleans, fell into the hands of ihecruizers belong- ing to the fleet. On the 2d of July the grand bat. tery caught fire, and the labour of 5 or 600 men for feventeen days was deilroyed. Had not this accident intervened, the caftle would probably have been reduced in a ihort time. On the nth the merlons of the grand battery again caught fire, and the whole was irreparably confumed. Amidft thefe difficulties, and the uninterrupted communication which the caille maintained with the town of the Havannah and the ihips, together with the nature of the foil which was all rocky, and the confequent neceffity of carrying on all the approaches above ground, the fiege proved a work of time. From the f 7 th to the 2 2d the befiegers proceeded againft the Moio by fap and mines. About four in the morning of the 2 2d, fifteen hundred men made 3 fally from the Havannah, divided into three par- ties ; two of thefe parties were repulfed and driven back into the town ; the third r-^t. ( nted without yentnnng upon an engagement I wutenant-co- iond btuart of the 90th regiment, at the head of 30 men only, fuftained the attack of one of thefe parties for an hour, when he was fupport^d bv about 100 fappeis and tiie third haiadiQn of ^oy^i Ame- ncatis. ri.. i if ,1.1 1 ■'n i I'i.'. 1^% { 3S8 ) ricans. The lofs of the Spaniards was computed ajt near 400 men in killed, drowned and taken ; that oi the Britifh troops amounted to about ccy killed and wounded : brigadier Carleton was amoh^ the latter. On the 26th a two decked Spanifh nier- chaut (hip was funk by an howitzer; and on the 28th a' large merchant (hip was deltroyed by lightning in the harbour. The works were continued from the 23d to the 30th, and the ufual advances were made, ftep by ftep ; and on the ^oth two mines were fprung ; one in the countericarp, the other in the right baftion ; the latter had the moft confiderable ciFeft, and made aprafticable breach. Orders were immediately given for the aflault. Twenty-two of- ficers, 15 leijeants, and 281 rank and file, com- manded by the gallant lieutenant-colonel Stuart of the 9cth regiment, together with 1 50 Tappers under a captain's command ; all fuftained By 17 officers, I4ferjeants, and 150 rank and file, making in the' whole 499 men; mounted with the greateft refo- Itttion, formed expeditioufly on the top of the' breach, drove the enemy from every part of the ramparts, and planted his majefty's ftandard upon the baftion. Thus fell Moro cattle after a fiege of 29 days. Of the Spaniards, don Louis de Ve~ lafcO, captain of the Reyna, colonel and commander in chief of the caftle, was mortally womided in de- fending the colours fword in hand*; a brlve ofHcer, defervedly regretted both by friends and enemifes; the marquis Gonzales, captain of the Aquilon, co* lonel and fecofed in command in the CiiUe, was killed; th'eir Ms in the a/Tault amounted to 345^ killed or drowned,' 37 wounded, and 326 ma^Je pHibiiers; in all 706. The lofs^f t?tie Brilifti troops w^ triilingj confiding in I4k*ilcd-*i(t38 womid^ Ua On the ries beir the eall on tlie V vernor c a civil t lery mei the guns the town beat a p: 13th, by dependei ihips in : ruer belc iery, arn referve, be delive bemarle ; I ^1 rnakin I ported to pence of to deliver to receiv ! Infante, ; Conquefti 60 guns,, Neptuno !6o, were were two I veral mew were com the feconc [giment, a 'vannah dj l^prifoiK computed nd taken ; about 5Qf vas amotig^ inilh nier- ^n the 28th ^htning in I from the ?ere made, ines were ler in the »iifiderable rders were ty-two of- file, com- Stuart of pers under 7 officers, ng in the' ateft rero-* p of the' irt of the dard upon a fiege of s de Ve-* )mmandeF ed in de- ve officer, enemiies; lilon, co- ll! ie, was 26 ma^Je ifti troops X wouiideii^ Ua ( 359 ) 176a On the roth of Auguft in the morning, the batte. ries being prepared to pUy from the Cavannos on the eail fide, and ground being ready to be opened on tlie weft fide, lord Albemarle furamoned the go- vernor of the Havannah to capitulate, who retwned a civil but refolute anfwer ; the next day, the artil- lery men and faiJors fdenced, in about fix hours, all the guns m the Punta Fort and the north bailion of the town. The governor hung out a white flag and beat a parley. The capitulation was figned on the 13th, by which the town of Havannah with aU its. dependencies furrendered to his majelly's arms • aJJ fhips in the harbour, a/I money and efFeds ooy^^/. ruer belonging to the kmg of Spain ; aU the artil- lery, arms, ammunition, and naval llores without referve, and all the catholic king's flaves, were to be delivered up to Sir George Pococke and lord Al- bemarej the legular troops, failors, and marine^ all makmg part of the garrifon, were to be tranf- ported to the neareil port of Old Spain at the ex- pence of his Bnunnic majefty, and the militia were to deliver up their arms to the cammiiFary appointed to receive them. The Tigre, Reyna' S^overano, Mante and Aqu.lon, of 70 guns, the America, Conqueftado San Genaro and Santo Antonio, of eo guns, fell into the hands of the conmierors: the Neptuno of 70, the Afia of 64, and the Europa of &o, were funk m the entrance of the harbour: There were two more fhips of war on the flocks, and fe- veral me^haiit fhips. The regulars who capitulated were compofed of ihe fecond regiment Jf Spain, the fecond regiment of Arragon, me Havannah re- giment, artillery companies, Edinburgh and Ha- vannah dragoons, amomuing to 936, excluiive of v^ pnfoncis oa board the mix of war, md the fick % >l pi 1762 ( 360 ) and wounded on (hore. In the courfe of the Tiege, the lofs of the Britifh troops confifted in 1 1 officers, iq ferjeants, 4 drummers, and 260 rank and file killed J 19 officers, 49 ferjeants, 6 drummers, and 576 rank and file wounded; 39 officers, 14 ferjeants, II drummers, and 632 rank and file dead of di- feafes and the climate ; and one ferjeant, 4 drum- mers, with 125 rank and file miffing; 4 officers, I drummer, and 51 rank and file died of their wounds. The whole amounted to 1822. The of- ficers of note were, the lieutenant-colonels Thomas, Gordon, and Leith ; the majors M'Neil, Mirrie, and Ferron ; the captains Suttie, Tyrwhitt, Schaak, M*Donald, Menzies, Crofton, Windus, and Gore- ham, dead ', captain Strachey killed', brigadier Car- leton and the captains Balfour, Morris, Spendlove and Gordon, nvounded. Three hundred and fifty- one pieces of brafs and iron ordnance were found in the Morocaflk, Punta, and the town of Havannah. Major-general Keppel commanded the attack of the Moro callle. Sir George Pococke, commodore Keppel, lieutenant-general Elliot, in particular; and, in general, every officer, foldier and failor, carried on the fervice with the greateft fpirit and zeal. The feamen chear fully affifted in landing cannon and ordnance llores, manning batteries, ma- king fafcines, and fupplying the army with water. The unanimity which fubfifted between the army and fleet cannot be better defcribed than in Sir George Pococke's own words : ' Indeed/ ' fays he, * it is doing injuftice to both, to mention them as * two corps ; fince each has endeavoured, with the * moft conftant and chearful emulation, to render it * but one ; uniting in the fame principles of honour and glory for their king and country's fervice.' This )f the Tiege, 1 1 1 officers, ank and file miners, and I4ferjeants, dead of di- nt, 4 drum- ; 4 officers, ed of their z. The of- els Thomas, eil, Mirrie, litt, Schaak, 1, and Gore- igadier Car- , Spendlove i and fifty- ere found in r Havannah. ittack of the commodore particular ; and failor, ft fpirit and in landing itteries, ma- with water. n the army than in Sir 1/ ' fays he, tion them as ;d, with the to render it ss of honour Fv's fervice.' This f 361 ) 1762 This capture of 12 great fh.ips of the line (?ncludine the three which were fupk) befides two men of war on the flocks, three frigates, and an armed ftorefhip was a more feyere blow to Spain than that which flie feit from England 101718, when Sir George Byne^ and capt. Walton took or burnt off cape Pafaro and 0.. tae coafl of Sicily, one {hip of 74 guns, one of 70. tour of 60, tvvoof54, one of 44, three of 40, one of 36, one of 30 and one of 24; in all ic: and if the fituation of the Havannah, and the treafure found in it are confidered, perhaps it may be fafely affirmed, that the Spani^ds have not fuffered fuch a fenfibje and humiliating lofs fince the defeat of their celebrated armada. 7 he narrow pafs between the town and caille having been clofeJv watched a letter was intercepted from the governor of the for- mer to the governor of the latter, defire him to mamtainhimlelfm thepofTeinonof the caftle, and expreffing his own inability to make any defence After the callle was gallantly taken by affault, lord Albemarle acquainted the governor of the town. that he had been well informed of the weak flate of the place, and that it would fave much bloodfhed tofurrender; this was refufed, Lord Albemarle afterwards fent his own letter to him, which imme* diately brought on the general capitulation. CHAP. .•II \-> ,:■• 3 I ; t 17^^ ( 362 ) CHAP. XXI. Naval tranfa^ions, ON the 4th of February the A(5Ieon, one of ad- miral Rodney's fquadron, fell in with oiF To- bago, and took a large Spanifh Itorefhip, of 800 tons burthen, laden with cannon, powder, fmall arms, and ordnance ftores for la Guayra. On the 1 ith of the fame month the Boutin, a French Eaft Indiaman, coming from Mauritius, was taken by the Blonde man of war: fhe was laden with coffee and pepper, which fold for 23,000!. On the 13th of March, a Spanilh frigate of 26 guns and 300 men, called la Ventura, fell in with, off cape Tibe- rone, the Fowey man of war of 24 guns and only 134 men. She was coming from the Havannalr, and had been paying the Spanilli troops at Porto Rico and St. Domingo. The engagem«mt having continued an hour and a half, both Ihips filtered off to repair their damages, which being done they be- gan again ; but it now being dark, they only ex- changed a few broadfides. At day-light in the morning the Fowey bore down on the Spaniard, and engaged her with more fury than before. The dT- pute was long and well maintained : at length, at half paft eight, the enemy ftruck. She was re- duced to aimoll a wreck:, and the Fowey was no lefs damaged ; for when the Ventura ftruck. neither ihip had a boat that could fwim, or tackles left to hoift on^ out with. Both iliips made the beft of their way to Jamaica. The Spaniards loll between 40 and 50 men, and the Englilh about 20. On the 3d of April the Huffar attacked, in Tiberone bay bay in th 16 guns the third flour and maica. mau kille the Aftiv floop, ca] carried in gif!er fhip iihe had [with a cai I June the the York ifort of 1 2 lilruck the ank two ' lour other rable fleet Spain, un( m fuppo: sut in a Ihi not fail to Martmco JSt QOON »J dition tinico. TJ ^ 1, one of ad- with off To. ;fliip, of 800 >wc!er, fniall ra. On the French Eaft as taken by n with coffee On the 13 th uns and 300 ffcapeTibe ns and onJjr Havannalr, ^ 3^3 ) 1762 bny in the Weft-Indies, four fhips of force; nc of 16 guns was burnt; au^thcr of 14 was funk; aid the third of 16 ar 1 the fou.th o? 12, I . u.th flour and indigo, u ere cut out and carried to Ja« maica. In this enterprize the HuH'arhad only one man killed and 12 wounded. O, the 21ft of May the Aaive frigate, capt. Sawyer, and the Favourite floop, capt. Pownal, took off cape St. Vincent, and earned into Gibraltar, the Hernaone, a Spaniih re- gifler fliip of 26 guns, bound from Lima to <^adi2. lihe had on board 2,6oo,coo hard dollars, tu.. Jici: with a cargo of an immenfe value. On the 20th of June the Brilliant privateer, capt. Crichton, with die York privateer and floop of Briftol, filenced a fort of 1 2 guns upon cape Finifterre, landed and Jruck the Spanifli colours and hoilled Englifh ones ; knk two veffels in the harbour, and brought away four others laden with wine. In Autumn a confide- nemt having s mcered off 3ne they be- hey only ex- light in the laniard, and r. ThedT- t length, at >he was re- y was no lefs uck, neither Lckles left to the beft of loll between )ut 20. On in Tiberone bay . j.aavttmiair, ■™ -•"— - *-«w« »yaiii wiiic. m /iUlumn a COHliaC- ops at Porto "ble fleet was equipped, and failed to the coall of ne.nt h^v'tntt Spain, under the cnmmnnA nf o^rr.;.-^! iT^.,,i,^ Spam, under the command of admiral Hawke, aa was fappofed, to intercept fome rich Spanifh fliips ;, but in a Ihort time the fleet was recalled, which did not fail to furprize the nation. CHAP. XXII. Martinico^ ^c, in the WeJl^Indm reduced.^^^ Newfoundland taken and retaken, OON after the redudion of Belleifle, an expe- dition was fet on foot for the redudion of Mar- tinico. The preparations were greatly interrupted b/ s ;tf IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k ■d'; « ^ ^% i/.. (/^ 1.0 I.I US IS 1^ - "!!IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ ^ 6" - ► ^^ V] 7. '^;>^^ ^^y e^M'y/oy^ :> a 'm Wf cp Photographic Sdences CorpDration 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ T I761 ( 364 ) lifett'Jft^"*?" [" P'*" •'«^'«'«n IW- Bufly anil the mmiftry. As that negociation proved fruulefe ' the expedition, which had been begun by M, Pk * and mtended againft Martinico, %.s Lived 1' thofe who fuccee. ed upon hh refignation, withoZl tfiis difference ,ie apiointmen, tfanctier na^ahZ^ mand,r. In the month of Oaober. 1761. admiJIl Rodnev failed fro„ England with a^quadroTol I ftips, having under convoy a number of tranfports He touched at Belleifle, from which he tooK; battalions, and then proceeded to B,,rb.does, where he ^vas joined by a body of troops frorn^ Noik ing in the whole to 18 battalions. On the cth of January. 1762 the fleet, which had been joined by ' frnm r!k j'^"^''"^ ^^- ^"'■^' ^'h the troops fron^ Barbadoes ; and on the 8th the tranfports wiSi the tr«)ps on board anchored in St. Anne's bay, in femce, the Raifonable man of war was, bv the ie- norarfce of the pilots, run upon a reef of rock! from whence nie could not be difengaged. though artillery. The general, however, judging this an improper place for a difembarkation, twolrigades commanded by the brigadiers Havil^id and S were detached under convoy to the bay of Petite- Anle. where a battery was cannonaded and taken b, t\^ IVK'^'"''^^'- '^''^'■'= "^rig^des were foon ' followed by the whole army, and the reft of the fquadron ; and other batteries being filenced, ge- aeral Monckton and the forces landid withou L tter pppofition on the .6th, in the neighbourhoocf of (3^5) 1762 of the Cas des Navires. The brigadiers Haviland and Grant had made a defcent in the other place, aiid marched to the ground oppofite to Pigeon Illand, wiich commands the harbour of Fort Royal; but the roads bemg found impailable for artillery, Mr. Monckton altered his firft defign. The two bri. |gades, however, with the light infantry under lieu- tenant-colonel Scot, while they remained on fhore. were attacked in the night by a body of grenadiers freebooters, negroes, and mulattoes, who had been fent over from Fort Royal ; but they met with fuch a warm reception as compelled them to retreat with l^recipitation, after having fuflained fome lofs. I The troops being landed at Cas des Navires, and reinforced with two battalions of marines, which were fpared from the fquadron, the gener 1 refolved I tobefie^je the town of Fort Royal ; ffut, in order to T^u}V^^T^^'''''^ ^'^°"^^ '' "^"«^»-y to attack the heights of Gamier and Tortuefon, which the ' enemy had fortified, and feemed refolved to defend to the laft extremity. The Englifh commander ha- ving creaed a battery to favour the paiTage of a ra^ vine which feparated him from thofe heifhts, made a difpofition for the attack, which was put in exe- cution on the 24th day of January. Irfthe dawn ot the morning, brigadier Grant, at the head of the grenadiers, fupported by lord Rollo's brigade, at- ! tacked the advanced f)ofts of the enemy, under a '!^1k-V.^^5'^^'.''""* ^^^^« ^"gadier Rufane I with his bngadc, reinforced bj the m Jines, marched «p on the right to attack the redoubts that were raifed along the fhore; and the light infantry under colonel Scot, f^ipported by the brigade of Walih advanced on the left of a plantation, in order, if Ipoflible, to turn the enemy. They fucceeded in! their ft *■ m > l! 4 I i 176a ( 366 ) their attempt, while the grenadiers were engaged in driving the French from one poft to another ; and this motion contributed in a great mcafure to the fuccefs of the day. By nine in the morning they were m poffeffion of the Morne TortUefon, and all the redoubts and batteries with which it was fortified The enemy retired in confufion to the town of rort Royal, and to the Morne Gamier, which, being wore hi^h and inacceffible than the other, wal deemed impradicable. During the conteft for the poffeffion of Tortuefon, brigadier HaviJand, at the head of his brigade, with two battalions of high* landers, and another corps of light infantry unler major Leiand, was ordered to pais the ravine a good way to the left, and turn a body of the enemy polled on the oppofite heights, in hope of being able to divide their force ; but the country was fo difficult of accefs, that it was late before this paflage was efFeded. In the mean time, the general, perceiving the enemy pvmg way on all lides, ordered colonel Scot's light infaniry, mth Wallh's brigade, and a divifion of the grenadiers, .0 advance m the left to a pl-inta. tion, from whence they drove the enemy, and Where they took poffeffion of an advantageous poft oppofite to the Morne Gamier. They were lup- ported on the right by Haviiand's corps, when they paired the ravine; and the road between the tii^o plantations,- which they occupied, was covered by the marines. Next day the Englilh began to ereft battenes againft the citadel of Fort Royal ; but they were greatly annoyed from Morne Gamier. On the 27th, about four in the afternoon, the enemy made a funous attack, With the greateft part of their forces, on the pofts occupied by the %ht infentry and brigadier Maviland ; but they were To roughly handled, ( 36? ) "net handled, that they foon retired in diferder. Such ZelV"^""' "■'J'l ^/e"* '™°P'' «hat they rJtf ''*/»""^wnh the fugitives, fei«d their bat- teries, anc' took poffeffion of the eround heinl upported by th brigade of W.-lfh af^The'gr^ a! diers under Grant, who marched up to theif affif tance when the att«:k began. Major Leland, with h.s hght infantry, finding no refift^ce on thekft. advanced to the redoubt which was abandoned! Sid ihe brigadiers Wallh, Grant, andHaviland, n,o«d »lf « TP' "'"" '" poffeffion of this v?ry. «rong pott, that commanded the citadel, aeainft which their own artillery was turned in the S ing. The French regular troo- had Hed into tin. town, and the mUitia lifperfed in th.^„±"' The governor of the ciudel perceiving the En& em! W "k" r^'"S ''^"^"« »" "•« difeenfheiZ ly whjch he was conmanded. ordered the c3e 1 o'*' f* ^"^Jdered the place by capitula! «TeJ A^v 4* <.f Februaiy ihe gate of Se ci- Udel was deUvered up to the Englifh; and next normng ,he garrifon. to the numbef of eigh?hun' nred. marched out with the honours of w^ Im. mediately after the reduftion of Fort Royal, depu. TTrr- '^"' '■'■"'".•'iffe^nt quarte'rs'oFth; illand, definng a capitulation : but the eovemor- ^ner^ Mr. de la Touche, retired with Tforce to it. Pierre, which he propofed to defend with un- common vigour. On the ^th, Pidgeon Ma^dl which was ftrongly fortified, andcountfd one of ?he beft defences of the harbour, furrendered at the iirft ff 1,/ ^ "'l-'- i'^^'^g"-""!. that the troops of the Frenen kwg ihould be traufported to Roch- fort ' !'■) I '. ik 1762 ( 368 ) fort in France ; that the militia ihould lay down their arms, and remain prifoners of war until the fate of the ifland ftiould be determined. Thefe fignal fuccefles were obtained at the fmall expence of about four hundred men, including a few offi- cers, killed and wounded in the different attacks ; but the lofs of the enemy was much more confide- rable. The moll remarkable cir.cumllance of this cnterprize was the furprifmg boldnefs and alacrity of the feamen, who, by force of arm, drew a num- ber of heavy mortars and Ihips cannon up the ileepeft mountains to a confiderable diftance from the {c2, and acrofs the enemy's line of fire, to which they expofed themfelves with amazing indifference. Fourteen French privateers were foi^nd in the harbour of Pert Royal ; and a much greater number, from other ports in the ifland, were delivered up to ad- miral Rodney, in confequence of the capitulation with the inhabitants, v/ho, in all other relpeds, were very favourably treated. Juft when general Monckton was ready to embark for the reduttion of St. Pierre, a very large and flourilhing town, fitu- ated to leeward of Fort Royal, two deputies arrived with propofals of capitulation far the whole ifland on the part of Mr. de la Toy le, the governor ge- neral. On the 1 4th the termd were fetiled, and the capitulation figned : on the 1 6th the Englifli com- mander took pofleLon of St. Pierre, and all the pofts in that neighbourhood ; while the governor- |:eneral, with Mr. Rouille, the lieutenant-governor, the fl:aff-oflicers, and about 320 grenadiers, were embarked in tranlJDorts, to be convt}'ed to France. The inhabitants of Martinique found themfelves confiderably gainers by their change of fovereign ; inafmuch as, together with the cnjoynieut of their own ( 369 ) tySi own religion, laws, and proDcrtv th^v h^A pon„„i,y of exporri„g tS^/o'du c't'^ ^ l^" "t mfnioHf S'nt • ''" "r "■'"" from .h?f:: M de Tenure ,K-!?^'f' co*>man/ed by fifliery in this and th«tw ^ °«longi"g ta the ly aeltroyed, and other corriderablc damage ^ done. If:';;' fffl* ti ^ 1/62 ( 370 ) done. As Toon as Sir Jeffery Amhcrft at New York heuid of this affair, he detached lieutenant colonel Amhcrll with a body of troops, which being put on board fome tranfports, failed for Halifax, m order to join lord Cofville, who commanded on that fta- tion ; yet had but one ihip of the line and a frigate, until joined by the Antelope with the trade from Eu- rope, which on hearing of the difaller at St. John's, fniled away for Placentia, another harhour in New- foundland, which the French had not ventured to attack. On the 1 1 th of September colonel Amherft joined lord Colville, and as foon as poflible proper difpofitions were made for landing the troops on Newfoundland, which was done on the 13th of September near St. John's. The enemy were in- ftantly driven from thei«* out pofts, and put to flight on every fide. The French commodore feeing there was no hope of preferving the place, ftole out of the harbour in the night, and Ihamefully fled be- fore an inferior force. The town being now aban- doned, the garrifon, confifting of 689 men, fur- xendered themfelves prifoners of war. CHAP. XXIIL Affairs in Germany. THE iirft event, which this year diftinguiflied the affairs of Germany, was the death of £lizab;:th emprefs of Ruflia, which happened 01 the 5(h of January, in the.52d year of her age, .and ■ .. . yi at New York tenant colonel I beinff put on it'ax, in order 1 on that fta- and a frigate, rade from £u- at St. John's, hour in New- ot ventured to lonel Amherft )uirible proper the troops on I the 13th of ;my were in- i put to flight re feeing there , ftole out of jfully fled be- ng now aban- I9 men, fur- [, r diflinguiflied the death of happened 01 r of her age, and cter ni her nephew and duke of Holftein Her leath dehvcred the kino- of Prnflrrr lahli. a«^ A. • J ^ ^ rruflia from a formi . lable and determined enemy; as her {uccftrL dopted not only a different b.t an oppo/ te i^^^^^^^ 'oon after his accellion he agreed to a murn- :hange of prifoners without rS^'n^to ^ T^ leral fufpenfion of arms; he offered tofacrifilf .^vn conquefts to the re-eftabliflimem of pea e ana Ti^ 1 ""u "ndependance which that orde,' " J A *e Other monarchies of Europe- and h Ke«<» the heavy duties upon fait in fevo'ur nf ,h SnXf^iii '^^'"rii'y-g botl 't"he' g«a .S an'^ S to h^ft''~Pu' ?* 'fP"""* «> thofeataau. Ijual to that which had bTen beftowed nnS^'^"'""'^ ti. / ;"»"•.« ii«.;»if„ iA*- f:r,3t;rec:ririnai-t^ ir.ti.r:-foY-^„^^^^^^^^ part of the dut^hT JSeltiSSf?: ^ ' Germany. \m \i.m I .1 1762 ( 37i.) red by the in- to the throne.! pcefs, and the the Co/lacks, >efore declared f foot guards, ello publifhed variety ofac-l m with ingra- lunt; within- ntempt of re- he grand dukej i favour oft I death. Thiuf lolftein, great dfon of Peter onarchs, once I eden, aftuallyj afcendiDgl ( 373 ) 1762 fifceuding the throne of KulTia, hurlc^J down, after a ihort reign of fix months, from all his grcatncis, by the intrigues of a woman and the refcntmenu of a Handing force, fupported by the concurunce of an offended nation ; leaving an important leiTon to princes, of the iaftability of human grandeur, and of the certain danger of an eftablifhcd military power under a weak ^ capricious government. This very unhappy monarch died within eight days after his depofition. The fufpicion of the world, war- vaatcd by hiftorical examples, has concluded that his ^eath was violent: indeed it has been reported, that whilft he was great duke, a minifter of ftate declared in words to this eiTea, • That nothing * could cure him but a black dofe.' Notwithftanding this revolution, the interefts of the king of Pruffia were not injured. The emprefs adhered to the engapements of her late hufband, and peculiarly exerted herfclf in bringing about. k peace in Germany. The Swedes followed the cxr- amplc of the Ruflians j they made a peace with the king of Pruffia in May, by which both parties fat- down juft as they begun. This monarch having now only the Auftrians and the army of the empire to cope with, the emprefs-queen could not hope for much from l continuance of the war : yet her pride would not fuffer her to condefcend to offer terms of peace; therefore her armies as ufual took the field. Count Daun put himfelf at the head of the Auftrian army in Silelia, where he was oppofed by the king of Pruffia. Prince Henry of Pruffia commanded in Saxony, where he had to deal with the army of the empire, reinforced by a confiderable body of the, Auftrians. This army was repulfed at the opening of the campaign by the prince's well limed ma*- R 3 nocvfcs,. , '^1-' I! nil 1762 •il ( 374 rZ'p compel ed to abandon their pofl,, and «v into tanconu and Bohemia. Thekingof Pruf count nT* "° 'rT'"M°>''''"« •>" »"""on but tr„rL -'AH '^'8« to Schweidnitzi the Aucuft The H *'"f ' T* "P""* °" ">« «"> o J-rullu,,,, obi ged retu-e without being able to' damage any of .he befieger. work.. After thi. nine b. tcnes were erefled within 300 paces of theii tcr.or ftrtif.ca.ion of .he town whlh played niKhi and day with great fu,y. Count Daui^ finding^ could not prevent ,he king of Pruflia lading fie|, to ichweidnitz. detached general Laudohn w«h a large corps to attack the prince of Bevern, who lav ri^Ta """^ " ^y "'Pruffiar,, at Riechenbach' ,[, P i """ '^,'" S'"")' '■"Periof in number; but *mg of Hruflia, wEo was informed of the afUon at I jT" ■ V^' -'""' 'P '^°"" *° 'I""' affiftance, which he did w.th aflrong body of cavalry, dragoinsand huffars and fallin. furfoudy on t'he aIi>°uX hank, totally routed them with great loft, and mad. , 1 ;oo prifoners. After this defeat count Daun took no meafures for the relief of Schwodnitz ; and tHe Sovernor of that fortrefs hearing of the unfortunate e/Mt, defaed to capitulate, but the king of Pruffia rfluled to acceptor any conditions, except furren- jlering at d.fcretion : upon which general Guafco, the commandant, refolved to hold out to the lal e«re,n,ty The Pruffians renewed their fire with JjedouWed vigour, by which confiderable damage was ^i^'of n'^u""" '"• T"y P'"'"- ^' '^"8"'. on the Ml of Odlober at night, the bcfiegers fprung a mine, about which thev had been employed ieveraf weeks, which their ports, and hckingofPruf. is attention but :hweidnit2; the i on the 8th of 1 made a defpe- adUon with the being able to i^ttcrthis nine aces of the in- :h played night itui Hnding he l&/ingfiege tc| udohn with rvern, who lay| : Riechenbach. 1 number; but bnd, gave the f the adlion at fiftance, which dragoons and 5 Auftrians in ofsf and made int Daun took nitz ; and the e unfortunate ing of Piuffia fxcept furren- jeral Guafco, ut to the lalt leir iire with ? damage was -ngth, on the rung a mine, veral weeks, which ( 375 ) 1762 which took away part of the rampart, maJe a con- fiderablc breach in the covered wiiy, and filled the ditch with rubbifh. The governor feeing every pre- paration making for a general affault at the breach, beat a parley in the morninjg, and furrendcred with his whole garrifon, amounting to 10,303 men, pri- foncrs of war*. In this memorable and deftrudtive fiegc above 50^0 men were flain. The Auftrians com- puted their own lofs at 2ooo'men, and the Pt-uffians allowed theirs to exceed three. In the mean time the army of the emj)ire, in conjunftion with the ftrong body of Auftrians, re-entered Saxony, and compelled prince Henry, after fome ikirmilhes, to abandon fevcral of the pofts he held there: upon which the king of Pruffia, on the furrender of Schweidnitz,. left his army in Silcfia to the com- mand of the prince of Bevcrn, and putting himfelf at the head of a large detachment, marched in- ftantly to the affiftancc of his brother. But pnnca The Auftriani fay, that many circumftaoces concurred at the fame time to enforce the reduftion of Schweidnitz. In the firft place, they fay, the garrifon had bread Jcft but for five days. 2. A bomb from the enemy falling on the powder magazine at fortjaucrnjck, blew up that fort, with about 200 folaiers and fe veral officers. 3. By this accident the befieged found them - felves deprived of their powder, having oniy enough left to lalt them about 30 hours, at their ufual rate of firing. 4. A great part of their artillery was rendered unfit fur fer vice j the touch holes of fome of the cannon being wide enojgh to admit one's whole hand. 5. The garrifon were in want of money, infomuch that they had contrafted debts in . :hweidnitz to the amount of J 3,000 florins. 6. At length, the damage clone by the fp ringing of the mine. All thefe imonveniencies united, together with themaOion of count Daun, they affirm, laid the gairiioi> under the necemty of capicuJating. R Henry 1762 ( 376 ) Henry before his arrival changed the fcene ; for on the 29th of Oaober he vigoroufly attacked the enemies near Freyberg, and, after in engagement of feveral hours, notwithftanding his inferior force, gained a comple viftory ever them, by which tht tG»vn of Freyberg fell into his hands, together with 5^co prifoners and 30 pieces of cannon. The ge- nerals Stolberg and Haddick, who commanded Uie Imperial and A ultrian armies, imputed their defeat to the treachery of one of their generals, named Brunitn, who, they faid, gave the Pruffians intelli- gence of whatever pafled in their military councils. As foon as the king of Pruflia entered Saxony, he detached a large body of troof>s into Bohemia, where they exacted very heavy contribu^ons, deliroyed Se- veral magazines, and fpread an alarm throughout the whole kingdom. His Prnffian majefty then art- fully propofed to the court of Vienna, a fufpen/ion of arms for the winter between their refpedlive armies in Saxony and Silefia. The court of Vienna iAgrww-d to it, perhaps not a little O'ving to the irrup- tion he made into Bohemia. Accordingly the Auf- trian and Imperial troops retired into their winter- quarters ; but no fooner had tliey done fo, than a body of Pruffians under general KleiH marched into Franconia, where they raifed heavy contributions and numbers of recruits ; in which they have a great advantage of the Auftrians, for the latter could pretend to do nothing but according to law ; whereas the form^T, being in fome degree declared rebels by the empire, were under no obligation lO obferve its laws. In the mern time the Imperial and Auftrian generals could neither afTemble their troops, nor march to proted the empire, until they got irefh orders from Vienna, another advantage, ' that :cne ; for on ittacked the engagement ferior force, y which th« igether with . 'I'he ge- manded me their defeat rals, named Sans iriteili- ry councils. Saxony, he Jinia, where eftroyed fe- throughout iy then art- fufpenfion refpedlive of Vienna the irrup- [y the Auf- cir winter- fo, than a trched into ntributions ey have a the latter ng to law ; e declared ^H£ation lo e Imperial mble their until they idvaTitage, ' that ( 377 ) 1762 that has often been of great fervicc to the king of Pruffia, and was upon this occafion the caufe of his troops having an opportunity to fpread themfelves, without oppofition, overalmoll the whole circle of Franconia, where theyraifed large Turns of money; for from the city of Nuremberg alone they infilled on 3,000,000 of crowns, part of which was paid, and they carried off fome of the magiftrates as hof- tages for the rell. Befide which, they carried off from thence twelve fine brafs cannon, and fix wag- gons load of arms and warlike ftores. Even the city of Ratifbon itfelf began to apprehend a vifit, and therefore applied to baron Plotho, the Pruflian minifter at the diet, to know from him what they hadtoexpea, who frankly told them, that if they refufed to pay the contribution, that his mailer's troops (hould demand, when they come to pa: them a vifit, they mull expcd to be compelled by force ; but he had, before the Pruffians entered Franconia, declared to the dyet in fubftance as follows : That as all his mailer's declarations to the Hates of the empire had produced no eWe&, he was now refolved to employ more effedual means to make them r'^call their troops from the Aullrian army; and was accordingly marching three different corps into the empire ; one of which had already entered Franconia, the fecond was taking the route of Swabia, and the third would pafs through Bavaria; and that they would every where conduct themfelves according to the exigencies of war. Upon this fome of the Hates of the empire fe- cretly folicited a neutrality, which the king of Pruffia inftantly granted. Then the reft defired to purchafc their lecurity upon the fame terms, which were granted jikewife ; and their troops were di- le^ly ordered to Ktiie to their r^fpeOive countries ■ ) ■ '\h la iji »7f3 (378)' in order to be difbanded ; great numbers of which afterwards entered into the fervice of the Pruflians. Thus was the empref's queen, by one well-condufted ftratagem, deprived of the only afliftance from which Ihe had reafon to expeft fidelity. On the contrajyhand the king of P/uflia was deprived of the fubfidy which he drew from Eng- land by lord Bute the new Britifh minifter. Thus tbe two powers Pruiia and Auftria were leftfingly to themfelves. Under the mediation of Ruffia a. negociation of peace was fet on foot between them. The conferences were opened at Hubertlburg •. And on the i^th of February 1763 a treaty of peace was figned : by which the emprefs queea -fully and entirely renounced all claim to Si^efia : her forces rertored to the king of Prulna Glatz, Cleves, Wefel, and G ueld res, with tlie artillery, in the fame condition as when taken. 1 he king of Prufiia on his part evacuated fa xony. Th^ king of Poland acceeded to the treaty : but there was not a word mentioned of any indemnification for Saxony. Thus did the king of Pruffia, to his own immortal honour, without any affiflance from Great-Britain, by mere dint of his own policy and fuperiorityin^ms, mt,kefor himfelf a. glorious, ad^ vantageous, and honourable peace. Can we fay as much ? The French opened the campaign againft the allies in the month of March. About 4C00 of tl eir garrifon at Gottingen marched out of that place, and ou the 9th of March attacked fome of th£ allied polts with tolerable fuccefs, oblij>ing the occupier« to retire with precipitation. Soon after alkirm ifli happened betv\ een a detachment of the al- 1:. rtt-iH » H ■• f» y^fr^f-K^a r*«*"»»«lVx*^ « »% .t»K'1^H 4>Hj» Inf-^^rkf ll/rfafd axxvt iiijia v/s. i,ii\, i^ai i nvii il \y in\,ii t.ii\r ia\.i,\ ! -M worlled, and from that timer did not prefume to Br ! Wr 1 out ''wl ;rs of which' he Pruflians, ll-condufted Hance from • P/uffia was V from Encr- o fter. Thus re left fingly of RufTia a. tween them, ubertiburg : a treaty of prefs queen to Si^efia * ulna Glatz, ihe' artillery, 1 he king xony. Th« • : but there emnitication jffia, to his iftance from n policy and glorious, ad^ Jan we fay again ft the mt 4C00 of out of that ked fome of oblij>ing the Soon after entoftheal-t efurae to Br out (379)^ 1762 out of their walls. In the month of April the he- reditary prince of Brunfwick was detached from the alliesto lay fiege to the ftrong caftle of Arenfberg,. which was of great fervice to the French, as by it they preferved a communication between their army on the Rhine and their garrifons at CafTel and Got- tingen. On the 1 8th the prince opened liis batteries againil it, and next day he compelled the garrifon, confiding of 24.0 men, to furrender prifoners of war. Thefe operations ftimulated the French court to attempt fomething of confequence : accordingly tkeir grand army, which was this year under the- command of the marfhals d'Etrees and Soubize,, was affembled in the month of June, and it was defigned to attack prince Ferdinand tlie firft oppor- tunity. But the fnare, which they were preparing for him, they fell into themfelves i for on the 24th. of June he found means to furprize and defeat them in their camp at Graibenftein. General Luckner attacked the marquis de Caftries in their rear, who was pofted at Carlfdorf to cover the right wing of the French: at the fame time general Sporcksa, charged him in flank, and obliged him to retire with fraall lofs ; and the two Hanoverian geaerais continued their march, in order to take the camp. at Graibenftein both in flank and rear: lord Granby with the refer ve croiTed the Dymel at Warbaurg',, and poffe/red himfelf of an eminence oppofite to Furftenwald, and was prepared. to fall, upon tha- enemy's left wing : prince Ferdinand > pafled the Dymel, marched through the Lang«nberg, and came upon the center of the French which occupied an advantageous eminence. In this critical fituation, the enemy ftruck their tents and rstreated^ M. d* Uainville preferved their whole army by throwing Jbimfclf. N i\ M H" Ijii: ll'>2 ( 380 ) himftif into the woods of Wilhemftahi, and facri- ficmg the flower of his infantry to cover the retreat The grenadiers of France, the royal grenadierJ, sind the regiment of Aquitaine, fuffered feverely in this adion. M. Reidefel intirely routed the regi- inent of Fitz- James's horfe. The firft battalion of Bntiih grenadiers belonging to colonel Beckwith's brigaae diftinguifhed itielt extremely. Lord Granby. behaved with his ufual intrepidity, and had a great iliare m the vidory. The lofs of tlie allies amounted in all to 697 men, of whom 437 were Britifh. 1 he l^rench retreated under the cannon of CaiTcl ; and a great part of their army afterwards pa^ d haftily over the Fuida. They owned the lofs of near 900 men killed and wounded ; and it appeared, that the number of ti^ir prifoners amounted to 2732. After the adion, prince Ferdinand occupied Friilar, Feltz- berg, Lahr, and Gudcnfberg. M'hile the French lay encamped under the cannon of Caffel, prince Ferdinand thought it would be dangerous to attack them in that fituation ; there- lore the only meaiure he could purfue was to diflrefs them, by cuitiiig off their communication with the Kliiie and Frankfort; and having received advice that IvJ. de Rochambcau had afiembled a corps near Hombourg, he ordered that officer to be attacked on the ii\ of July by lord Granby. Elliot's regiment made the firft charge, and was in great danger ; till colonel Haivey, at the head of the Blues, pair<;d the village of Hombourg on full gallop, overthrew every thing in his way, and came feafonably to his refcuc. Ihefe two gallant regiments maintained an unequal combat till the arrival of the infantry, when the enemy retreated in the utmoll hurry, 'ihe lofs . . of . This was thekft military exploit in Germany on the part of the French and allies, ajid with it was con- cluded a long, bloody, and deftruftive war. This negociation for peace had been fome time fet on foot. It was in the month of September, that the kings of Great- Britain and France, agreed to fend minifters plenipotentiary to their refpevitive courts, in order to treat qn this matter. On the 5th of September the duke of Bedford fet out from England for Paris, and on the loth the dake de. Nivernois nrriveJ in London. Spain and Portugal acceded to ihe negociation, and Fountainbleau was honoured with being the great fcene of politics. On the 3d of November the preliminary articles were figned, and as foon as poJibie were ratified by the refpedive fovereigns ; and on the loth of February, 1763, the definitive treaty was figned. - In B' Id be retaken advantage to many in 1756. 0£lober, and The garrifon being able to and blockade get any thing carce, thegar- at cxtremiiies. rersd the ope- he French did lengih on the iderCid, being ^ant of provi- 5 at this time lOn were not French arm), rmany on the 1 it was con- J war. fome timefet itember, that ce. agreed to eir rei'pcvitive On the 5 th fet out from the dake de. and Portugal ainbleau was of politics, nary articles »vere ratified the loth of ^ -In (385) '763 The Definitive Tkeaty ofFrunilhlb anA Pj««te«,«„ to Britannic Maj'Zth^ ^ Concluded at Paris, th loth Day /f R. y, .763. To which, the Kins '/ Portal _ V •. ■ ^"^ <-^ Holy GM. Set,,;. '"'J'""^' arifen ^««n^°J^^^'f,^'^l,:"'J^-}'. having ry, co.tinucd under thf r«g„ o7 the m'ft fc^^^ '"a""" ♦ent Prince 0«>r»- >K. *i. • j L • ^ '* **'*"*' *"** *"oft PO- -cjurrince, Oeorge the t*ird, his fucccflbr. and. ia ■>• nr« Fcfs communicated itfclf to Spain and Port«.r.r. ^'^r «.dn,oft potent Princ, Ch.rfc, the *i " b' ,k"°* [^^of God K,Bg of Spain and of tlitlndief, afw Lvine kU rt. * Majefty, »763 ( 386 ) 1^4 I . Majcily, the King of Great Britain, the moft illuftrious and moll cxcKllent Lord, John, Duke and Earl of Bedford, Mar- quifs of Taveiiock, &c. his mininer of (late. Lieutenant Ge- neral of his armies, Keeper of hh privy feai. Knight of the uioft no.blc Order of the garter, and his amtaHador extraordi- nary and minifter picnepotentiary to his moft Chri/lian Ma- jerty ; his facred Majefty the inoft Chriftian King, the mod iliuftrious and moil excellent Lord Cxfax Gabriel de Choifeul, Duke of Praflin, Peer of France, Knightof his orders, Lieu- tenant General of his armies, and of the province of Britanny, Councillor in all his councils, and minifter and fecrctary of rtate, »ndofhi» commanda and.finuncea j his facred Majefty the Catholic King, the rooft iiluftrious and moil excellent Lord» pon Jerome GrimaJdi, Marquis de Grimaldi, Knight of the moilChriftian King's orders, gentleman of his Catho- lic Majcfty's Bed Chamber in employooent, and his cmbafla- dor extraordinary to his moft Chciftian Majeily j his facred Majelly the moil Faithful King, the moil illuftrious and moil excellent Lord, Martin de Mello and Gailro, Knight pro- fefled of the order of Chrift, of his mofl Faithful Majcfty's council, and his embafTadpr and miniAer plenepotentiary to his moft Chriftian Majefty. Who, after having duly communicated to each other their full powers, in good form, copies whereof are tranfcribed at the end of the prefent treaty of peace, have agreed upon the articles, the tenor of which is as follows. Art. I. There /hall be a chriftian, univerfal, and perpe- tual peace, as well by fea as by land, and a lincere and con- ^laat friendfhip ihall be re-eftabliihed between their Britannick, Moft Chriftian, Catholic, and Moft Faithful Majefties, and tietween their heirs and fuccefTors, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, countries, fubjeOs, and vaftala, of what quality or condition foever they be, without exception of places, or of perfons 4 fo that the high contradling parties ihall give the sreateft attention to maintain between themfelves and their laid dominions and fubje£lsj this reciprocal friendfhip and correfppndence, without permitting, on either fide, any kind of hoftjlidesj by fea or by land, to be committed, from hence- forth, for any caufe, or under any pretence whatfoever, and every thing ftall be carefully avoided, which might, here- after, prejudice the union happily re-eftahlifhed, applying them* lelvcsj, on the contrary, on every occafion, to procure for each illuflrious and Bedford, Mar- lieutenant Ge- Knigbt of the idox cxtraordi- ChrUlian Ma- ing, the moft ;1 de Choifeul, I order!!, Lieu- re of Britanny, nd fecretary of /acred Majefty mofl excellent maldi, Knight of his Catho- td his embafTa- \y ; his facred irious and mod , Knight pro- hful Majefty's otentiary to his ach other their tranfcribed at reed upon the al> and perpe- cere and con- eirBritannicky MajeftieSj and s> dominions, what quality I of places, or ■< {hall give the Ives and their frlendfliip and fide, any kind }, from hence- hatfoever, and might, here- ipplying them* p procure for each ^n^'e^reft,^^;'I^^' "^^y ""''^^"^« '° '^''^^ «^^f"-^i glory, «ny prejud ce to dther nf .h ?'l' '° '^1^' ^^° ^""^^^ ""^« /hall Va gene al^^^^^^^^^^ parties j there doneorcfSredLl?.^ r'^V^'"^'^^ ^^' ^'^^« ^«» war, whi^niuft e„td '""'^' commencement of the betw;eLt;?ownst'?^''''' R ^ °' ''^^ ' ^^°^^ '' ^^'"^ i67o • fhp^« .V /°'"^ ^""'" and Spain of ,667. and of RifUckof ,?" "^ IT °/^''"'g-" o*- '6^8 and Uj^: trechto^f;^,!^^^^; oft '/'T'"' °' commerce of'Irl triple alW of »u/w / '^Hi the treaty of the allLnce of llrtln r"'^"o °^ 'J'7 i t^at of the quadruple of 1758 Tthe Sefinuf '718 i the treaty of peace of Vienna and t^t^f Madrid tf '""'X °^^'^ ^' ^^^Ue cf ,748 j Spain, of i,co , 1 T" '^u "*'^"'' °^ Great Britain and of Spin aid^pitu..r f f^ '^' T'f ^"^«" '^' "°«'«« the 6th of Feb "4 ' tjie 13th of February ,668 j of that of the nth oP^aI '"'^ °^ '^ "'^ °^ ^'^' '^^i i and theguarantie ofCr P^*r'^'3. ^'l^^'^" F'. and Port /with pea4 r„d In X, r®""' ^''■'" '' * ^^^'' ^"'^ foundation to the areallrTnewJ 7."^^'"^ '"^ ^°' ^^'^ P"^Poft* they thetl^' ^ ^"*^ confirmed in the beft form, as well as all taa n.r:" n"r^» ^^^^^ ^'^''^^^^d between 'th.hlh con- - fdfSr^r ffrtt ^^^' -^f they were infer'ted here future inTh.i. L f ^^'y "'^ ^° ^^ ^'^^'^^y obferved, for the S in . Wh •^''°' ''""'' and religibufly executed on all he nir ^"^ P°'"'' ^^'^h /hall not be derogated from tpufaTedtotr^' notwithftandlng all that may'ww ief. and°ili'T?"y^y»"y°f the high contrafting par^ as by Se2 ' w'.k"«"'«L' "^'^^'^ °" ^" ^ides, as well by Land Wa? A^^ .1-^^"*''^^''"""'=^ »way> or givftn during the WeeLatW ^*" ^^ reftored &hout Ranfom? Six of the Rat^fic^- t^T^"'".^ ^''"^ '^' ^'y <^^ ^' Exchange ^■^^^ly^y^^^^^^^ «^^ crown fefpe?! ., V paying the AJvances. which /Knll K,w t.-.« ^,>/i«._ "ovemgn of the country where ,he, ftall teve tsen ietaLfl! • * according Ife '■' If ' »7*3 1: ^ 11 i|# S^ IhII .5.1 f (38«) accoidi/ig to the attefted receipts and •nimato, ant} offer au- thentick voucheri, which flialJ be furnifhed on one fide an4 the other » and rccuntiei /hall be reciprocalJy given for the f^ymtnt of the dcbtt which the prifoners /hall have con- traflcdin thecountrici where they have been detained until thm entire hbertv. And all the /hip. of war and merchant vefTels which /hall have hfcn talcrn fince the expiration of the trims iigrefd upon for the cenation of hoftilitiefl by fea, /h .!! he. Iikew.fc re/»ored l^erta/ij,, wifh all their crewt and cargoes : And the execution of thi» article /hall be proceeded un-n inv mcdiately after the exchange of thcrati/icationaof thw ucaty. IV. Hu mo/l Chrillian Majefty renounces all pretenfionj which he has heretofore formed, or might form, to Nova Scotia, Of Acadia, in all iti part% and guaranties the whole of It, and with all its dependencies to the King of Great- Britain : Moreover, his mo/», Chriftian Majefty cedes and guaranties to his faid Briiannick Majclly, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well u the ifland of Cape Breton, and all the other iflanda and coa/ls in the gul|>h and river of St. Lawrence, and, in general, every thing that depends on the faid countries, lands, iflands, and coa/ls, with the fovcrcignty, property, po/lc/Iion, and ail eights acquired by treaty or otherwife, which the mo/l Chrif- tian King, and the crown of France, have kad, till now, over the faid countries, i/landa, lands, places, coafts, and their inhabitants, fo that the moft Chri/tian King cedes and make* over the whole to the f-id King, and to the crown of Great. Britain, and that in the moft ample manner and form, without reftriflion, and without any liberty to depart from the faid ce/Tion and guaranty, under any pretence, or to dif- turb Great-Britain in the pofle/Ttona above-mentioned. His Britannick Majc/ly, on his fide, *^v<: '» t 'grant the liberty of the Catholic religion to the in' ,3'»n'.iiu f Canads. . he will confequently, give the moft ciUuual orders, that his new Roman Catholick fubjefts may profefs the wor/hip of their religion, according to the rites of the romi/h church, as far as the laws of Grett Britain permit. His Britannick Ma- je/ly further agrees that the French inhabitants, or o.hers who had b«en fubjeAi of the moft Chriftian King in Canada, may retire with all fafety and freedom, wherever they /ball think proper, and miv fell their eftateS:. crdvided it be to iubje^S of his Biiujuiick Majefty, and bring away their A ( 389) 176} , an^ offer au> n one fide an4 ' given for the hall have con^ detained until r and mrrchant cpiration of the jefl by fea, fli .11 vt and cargoe.4 : :ecdcd u^-'-n inv- I of this ac-aty. I all pretenftons form, to Nova ities the whole Cing of Grcat- jefty cedes and in full right. If the ifland of I coafti in the general, every Hs. iHands, and le/Tion, and ail the moft Chrif. kad, till now, ces, coafts, and King cedes and 10 the crown of inner and form, to depart from tence, or to dif- lentioned. His nt the liberty of anadi. . ne will s, that his new worfliip of their church, as far Britannick Ma- itants, or o.hers fCing in Canada, irever they Aall 'Ovided it be to ring away their «{ftftt» ai well Is Ihcir perfo«», without bejiif reft>*in«d in thair emigration, under »ny pratencc uhatftjtvfr i^^reept that of debts, or of crimlf I profecutions ; the term, Ihnrred f«r this ennigration, /Hall b« fixed to ihe fpaceof eioHtafn manthi, to be computed from the day of the eachange of the rdtifict- trons of the prefent treaty. V. The fubjedl» of France /hall have the Irbfrtviif the fubjefts of the mo/t Chriftian King Hiall not be permitted to excrcife the faid fi/h- ery, but at the diftance of fifteen leagues from the coafts of the ifland of Cape Breton ^ and the fiflicry on the coafts of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and every where elfc otit of the faid gulph, fliall remain on the foot of former treatir s. VI. The King of Great-Britain cedes the iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, in full right, to his moft Chriftian Ma- iefty to ferve as a fhelter to the French fi/hermen ; And hift faid Chriftian Majefty engages not to fortify the laid iflands, to ereft no buildings upon them, but merely for the convenience of the fifliery, and to keep upon them a guard of fifty men only for the police. VII. In order to rc-eftablifli peace on folid and durable foundations, and to remove forever all fubjeftsof difputc with regard to the limits of the Britifli and French territories on the continent of America, that for the future, the confines be- tween the dominions of his Britannick Majefty, and thofe of his moft Chriftian Majefty, in that part of the world, ihali be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mifllfippi, from its fource to the river Iberville, and from thence, byajin* drawn along the middle of thii river, and Si' the If ■ I: 1763 ( 390 ) the Lake Maurepis and Pontthartrain, to the fea j and for thii purpofc, the moft Chriftian King cedes, in full right, and guaranties to his Briiannick Majefty, the river and port ©f the Mobile, and every thing which he poflefles, or ought to poflefs, on the left fide the river Miflifippi, except the town of the New Orleani, and the ifland in which it is lituated which /hall remain to France; provided that the river Mifli- fippi fhall be equally free, as well to the fubjeils of Great- Britain, as to thofe of France, in its whole breadth and length, from its fource to the fea, and exprefly that part which is be- ty/een the faid ifland of New Or learns, and the right bank of that river, as well as the palfage both in and out^f its mouth. It is further ftipulated, that the veflels belonging to the fub- je(fts of either nation, ihall not be flopped, vifited or fubje^ed *o the payment of any duty whatfoever. The ftipulations, in- le.ted in the 4th article, in favour of the inhabitants of Ca- nada, fhall alfo take place, with regard to the iahabitants of the countries ceded by this article. VIII. The King of Great-Britain fhall reftore to France rhe iflands of Guadaloupe,. of Marie Galante, of Defirade, of Martinico, and of Belleifle ; anU the fortrefles of theft iflands fhall be reftored in the fame conditien they were in, when they were conquered by the Britiih arms ; provided that his Brita»nick Majefly's fubjcai, who fhall have fettled in the faid iflands, or thofe who fhall have aay commercial affairs to fettle there, or in the other places reflored to France by the prefent treaty, fhall have liberty to fill their lands and their eftates, to fettle their affairs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their effefts, as well as their per-fons, on boarci vefTels, which they fhall be permitted to fend to the faid illands, and other placet reftored as above, and which fhall ferve for this uf« only, without being reftrained on account of their leligion, or under any other pretence whatfoever, except that of debts, or of criminal profecutions ; and for this pur- yofe, the term of eighteen months is allowed to his Britan- nick Majefty's fubjefts, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty j but, as the liberty, granted to his Britannick Majefty's fubjeds, to bring away their perfons and their ericcts,. in vefTels of their nation, may be liable to abufes, if precautions were not taken to prevent them j it has been exprefly agreed between his Bfitaonick Majeily and his moA Chriftlan MajeftV; that th« num- Tea ; and for full right, and : and port of r, or ought to ;cept the town it is iituated it river MiHi- lAi of Great- 1th and length, rt which it be- right bank of tof its mouth, ng to the fub- ^ or fubjeAed Ipulations, in* itants of Ca- inhabitants of tore to France of Deiirade, •efles of thefe hey were in, ns ; provided 11 have fettled Y commercial >red to France heir laads and eir debts, and ma, on boarc) d; to the faid i which (hall on account of foever, except for this pur- :o his Britan- le day of the laty ; but, as » fubjeds, to tflels of their ere not taken \ between his fiV; that the num* ( 39» ) 1763 number of EngHfli veflels, which (hall h«ve leave to go to the iflands and places reftored to Fran, %., ihall be limited, as well as the number of tons of each cm j that they fliall go in bal- Jaft 5 Aali fet fail at a Axed time j and fhall make one voyage only, all the effefls, belonging to the Englilh, being to be embarked at the fame time. It hat been further agreed, that his moftChriftianMajcfty (hall caofe the neceflary paflporti to be given to the faid vcffels ; that for the greater fecurity it mail be allowed to phce two French clerks or guards 'in each of the faid veffcls, which ftall be vif^tcd in the landing places and ports of the faid iflands, and places reftored to France, and that the merchandifc, which fhali be found therein Aall be confifcated. IX. The moft Chriitian King cedes and guaranties to his Britannick Majefty, in full right, the iflands of Grenada-, and of the Granadines, v;ith the fame ftipulations in favour of the inhabitants of tm Colony, inferted in the IVth arti- cle for thofe of Canada j and the partition of the i/landsi called Neutral, is agreed and fixed, fo that thofe of St. Vin- cent, Dominica, and Tobago, ftall remain in full right to Great Britain, and that of St. Lucia (hall be delivered to France, to enjoy the fame likewife in full right j and the high coiitrafting parties guaranty the partition fo ftipulated. X. His Britannick Majefty fhall reftore to France the Ifland of Goree in the condition it was in when conquered : And his moft chriftian Majefty cedes, in full right, and gua- ranties to the King of Great Britain the river Senegal, with the forts and faaories of St. Lewis, Podor, and Galam : and with &n the rights and dependencies of the faid river Senegal. XI. In the Eaft-Indics Great Britain fliall reftore to France, in the condition they are now in, the different faftories, which that crown poffefTed as well on the coaft of ©ororaandel, and Orixa, as on that of Malabar, as alfo in Bengal, at the be- ginning of the year 1749. And his moft chriftian Majefty renounces all pretenfion to the ac^uifitions which he had made on the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, fince the faid begin- ning of the year 1749. His moft chriftian Majefty (hall re. ftore, onhia fide, all that he may have conquered from Great Britain, in the Eaft Indies, during the prefent war : and wilt expredy caufc Nattal and Tapanoully, in the Ifland of Suma- tra, to be reftored j he engages farther, not fo ereft fortifica- tions, or to keen trooos in anv nart nf th^ Anmi,^'^.,^ ^c I Subah ■ I 1^ • 1*1 m ^1^1 i 392 ) Subahof Bengal, And in ory his Bri- tannick Majefty's armsj provided, that his Britanaick Mj- jefty s fubjeas, who /hall have ffttled in the faid iHand, ref- tored to Spain by the prcfent treaty, or thofe who niail have any comnnercial aa'.rirs to fettle thcrr, /hall have liberty to fdl their lands, and their eftates, to fettle their aftairs, to recover their debts, and to bring away their effeas, as well as their perfons, on board ve/Tels which th«y /Iiall be permitted to fend -to the faid ifland reftored iis above, and which /hall ferve for that ufe only, without being re ftraincd on account of their religion, or under any other pretence whatfoevcr, except that •of debts, or of criminal profecufion j and for this purpofe, the term of eighteen months is albwed to his Britannick Ma- e^'-u ^"^J.^^^* '° ^^ computed from thc'day of the exchange of the-rati/ications of the prefent treaty : but as the liberty, granted to his Britannick Majcffty's fubjefts, to bring away their perfon?, and their effefls, in ve/Tels of their nation, may be liable to abufes, if precautions were not taken to pre- leent them ; it has been exprefsly agreed, between his Britan- nick Majefty and his Catholick Majefty, that the number of Engliih vc/Tels, which /hall have leave to go to the faid ifland tefiored to Spain, /hall be limited, as well as the number of tons of each one j that they /hall go in ball aft j /hall Jet fail at a fixed time ; and ihall make one voyage only : all the efFeas belonging to tht Enghfh being to be embarked at the fame time : It has been further agreed, that his Catholick JWajefty fh^l caufe the necelTary pafTports to be given to the laid vefTels j that, for the greater fecurity, it /hall be allowed to place two Spani/h clerks, or guards, in each of the faid vef- .iels, which /hall be vifited in the landing-places, and ports of the faid ifland reftored to Spain, and that the merchandize, •which /hall be found therein, fhall be con/ifcated. XX- In confequence of the feftitution ftipulated ,in the preceding article, his Catholick Majefty cedes and guaranties, 10 full right, to his Britannick Majefty, Florida, with fort St. Auguftin, and the Bay of Penfacola, as well as all that -Spain pofTefl^s.on the continent of North America, to the eaft, or to the fouth eaft, of the river MifTifTippi. And, in genc- iral, every thing that depends On the faid countries and lands, with the favereigntv, property^ Dofleffion and a!! rii^hts ac- quired by treaties or 'otherwife,' which 'the Catholick King, '^nd the crawn of Spain, have had, till now, over the faid countries, ( 395 ) 1763 •ed |iy his Bri- Jritanaick Mj- faid ifland, rel- who rtiall have e liberty to Ml irs, to recover s well as their rmitted to fend 1 /hall ferve for count of their cr, except that 3r this purpofe, Ifitannick Ma- f the exchange as the liberty, to bring away * their nation, t taken to pre- :en his Britan- the number of the faid ifland the number of ballaft J /hall yage only : all e embarked at his Catholick given to the all be allowed )f the faid vef- I, and ports of merchandize, i. ulated in the nd guaranties, "ida, with fort ell as all that ;a, to the eaft, \nd, in gene- rics and lands, 111 iFtrrn hr> n ^ itholick King, over the faid countries. countries, lands, places, and other inhabitants ; /o that thtf Catholick King cedes and makes over the whol- to the faid King, and to the crown of Great Britain and that in the mo/l ampk manner and form. His Britannick Majefty agrees on his , to grant to the inhabitants of the countries, abovtf reded, the libefty of the Catholic religion j He will confequenr- ly give the moflf exprefs and the mofl: cffeOuil oders, that his new Roman Catholick fubjedls may profeis rhe wor/hip of their reJigipn, according to the rights of the Romi/h church «s far as the laws of Great Britain pern-'t j his Rn'tai-nick Maje/ty further agrees, that the Srani/h inhabitants, or cthfers who had been fubjefte of the Catholick K'ng in the faid counties, may retire, with all fafety and fretflom, where- ver they think proper j and may (ell their eftates, provided It be to his Britannick Majefty's fubicfts, and biing away their eftefts, as well as their perfonsj without being reftraioed in their emigrations^ under any pretence whatfoever, except that of[ debts, or of criminal profecutions : the term, limited for this emigration, being fixed to the fpace of eighteen months, to be computed fronl tfie day of the exchange of the ratification of the prcfent treaty. It is moreover ftipula- ted, that his Catholick majefty /hall have power to caufe all the efJeds, that may belong to him, to be brought away- whether it be artillery, or other things. XXI. The French and Spani/h troops /hall evacuate all the territories, lands, towns, places, and ca/tles, of his faithful Majc/Vy, in Europe, without any referve, which /hall hav6 been conquered, by the armies of France and Spain, and /hall reftore them in the fame condition they were in when con- quered, with the fame artillery, ammunition, which were found there : and with regard to the Portuguefe colonies in America, Africa, or in the Eaft Indies, if any change /hall have hat»pened there, H things /hall be re/lored on the fame footing rhey were in, and conformably to the preceding trea- ties, which fub/1/led between the courts of France, Spain, and Portugal, before the prefent war, XXII. All the papers^ letters, documents, and archieves, which were found in the countries, territories, towns, aii places, that are reftored, and thofe belonging to the couh^ tries ceded , /hall be, refpeaively and bona fide, deliveri^if, or iurniified at the fame time, if po/Tible, that po/Te/Hon ii taken, or^ at lateft, fourmonths after the exchaji|^ tf thfe rati- ■I 5 '1 i !! I %# Si- '763 ( 396 ) Mtifications of the prefcnt treaty, in whatever places the faiA |>aper« or documents may be found, XXIIi. All the counrriet and territories, which may have been conquered, in whatfoever part of the world, by the arms of their Britannick and moft Faithful Majefties. as well as by thofe of their molt ChrifKan and Catholic Ma- jeftjes, which are rot included in the prefent treaty, cither under the title of ceflions, or under the title of reftitutions, fhall be reftored without difficulty, and without requirine aov compenfation. ' XXIV. As it is necen^y to afljgn a fixed epoch for the TCftitutions, and the evacuations, to be made by each of the high contraain^ parties j it is agreed, that the Britiih and Freuch troops /hall cooipleat, before the 15th of March next, 911 that Aall remam to be executed of theXIIth and Xlllth articles of the preliminaries, figned the 3d day of November Jaft, with regard to the evacuation to be made in the Empire, or elfewhere. The inand of Belleifle (hall be evacuated fix weeks after the exchange of the ratifications of the prefent treaty, or fooner if it can be done. Guadeloupe, Defirade, Mane Galante, Martinico, and St. Lucia, three months af- ter the exchange of the ratifications of the prefcnt treaty, or fooner if it tan be done, Cr•/> or jooncr eat Britain fhall enter enter into pofTeflion of the countrvced«JKv c • ^ to the XXth article. All die n IL. ^ ^ P*'"' »'^cordi«g 1- aithful Majefty ii . E^o^; M be ,^"'1'"°^ ^^ '"^^ after the exdianee of fKV «^i '^ond Jmmediately and the PortSe cLn^J I'T"' °^*^" ^*^^"' '«»^y J ed, AaU be Sed L ?he f "l*\**""* ^''" <=«"q"«- Weft Indies, andof fix mnn.K ^"" f l?'" '"°"^^« i" tht exchange^ of ^t ^t'a^^Zof Z^^^lf, ^^^^ -^" ^he iHt can be done. All the fortref^c ^.1 'r^-^^^i """ ^°°"« ofis ftipulatcd above ilSl tZa V '^ reftitution where-, ammunUion, whkh'^^ftnd T. *^'^^f*' '''''"«y ^^ c uritaii;, txiw iiiiiiinzX picniporcnilary tf our jpoft dear and moft beloved goo4 brother and. coufm thp letion of the tm, and wlib we were •.e- jromifing, on and accept, > be tranfa£t»?d wc will never e fame, either nation where- lin to be af- nrf. Given at nber 1761, in nee, and Na- ts, Greeting, eau the thlifd datipn of the leat and moft Spain, on tb» good brother • and moft be- tugal, on the [ice that happy le moft lafting / a folemn and s. For thcfe eunto moving, nee, zeal and beloved coufin, eer of France, of our For- or in all our our commands 1 deputed him, nd, do nam?, ntiary, giving uality, and to \i the minifter )ved good bro- JicnlpOtcfltiiiry her and coufin I 40! ) ,-^^ t'/l^de«l^„''"rK''f '^' '"'"•**' plenipotentiary of our Tpo t " rt,Zlf;^7^, fi<"'<^ »>-^her and coufin L king conclude, an? filnf f P^T"» '" 8°"^ form, to agree, declaration, ^i^v '^ *"'"'"' condition., convention^) ftrcncthenina tK '^all judge proper for fecuring and fJZt.^J^ ^^'^ Srcat work of peace, the whole wifh the we wic "h/ '■' '''^r'y ^''^' -= -^f«i-s m ghT do, i? is conraS S ^h.r'^"*'r ' ""''' ^»'""' ^"'" ^1^='" v^hat word of akine to »' ^^ '"'1' ^^^S'^'^^' °" *^' ^^'^^ «"«« to fulfil ohJ ^' approve, keep Him and ftable for ever , in virLof [;.?r ^aye fhpulated, promifed, and figned tLy hereto n?'"-^""^'^^''^''' ^"^°"^ ever afting con. any caufelr'.. . ^""^'"'"8 ="y thing contrary .hereto, for o2Hett^;of rT,Ji:?y^"^^^^^^^ whatfoever, as.lfo ,0 caufc in the^ m;"^trat /h!^r^ '" °/'''' ^° ^^ "^^^"S^d i-ith- Pleafure In l;l / J" "^J"*^ "P°"- r°' f"<:h i, our ITZ tAl r^^^^r '''^"'«^' ^'^ h^'^* caufcdour feal to of the mon h nrPp k"^''- ^'^'^^ " ^"f^'"" ^he 7th dy of ourTe?g„ the ft'v"^\" '^P'" °^ ^'^^ ^^63. and fold b« fh^ i- '^»'ty-e»8hth. Signed Lewis, and on the ^li\ Hi of^fi'o^^t! '"'^ °'. ^'^•'"'- ^^-^^- -^^ ^^- D^L^„J^"V°'l ''y ''^^ Grace ofGod, king of Caftille, of Nava^e 'of Grl'n'^r' °/Jl^= '-« Sicilies, If Jeruralem of Ltf orBurnd":"%^^ t ^^^^^^ ^rch-Dule^'oMl ; hnr^^(^ T^^^'r""! ^"bantand Milan, Count of Haol^I c Mol n? &rm?°^ ^"f. ^"«^-^ ^ ^-^ o^ 3ifcay and ne.rXf *f- ^^^^Ms preliminaries of a folid andlaiiinc and that nf" ?",^T"' /S? ^'^^^ ^^ ^""^« <"» the one p rtf rlM^.!r . / ^"f**'"^ *"^ ^c^xXxx^^X on the other, were conl of n'ov' of 't"hf '" t "^^^ '^''*"" ^' Fontainbleau, ^'e 3d LTiv I *l* P"^*""^ y*^^^' '">** «»»« refpeaive ra ificati- «nB thereof exchanged on the aad of tb^ f. Jl Jl^if I?. _: ■* 3 niftere 1763 ( 402 ) 't nifters authorfred (or th»t purpofe, wherein it i« promlftd^ that a definitive treaty fliould be forthwith e»»tercd upon hav- ing eftablifh'd and regulated the chief pointi upon which it is to turn : And whereas In the fame manner as I granwd to you, Don Jerome Grimaldi^ Knight of the order of the Holy Ghoft, gentleman of my bedchamber with employment, and my ambafl'ador eitraordinary to the moft Chriltian King, my full power to treat, adjuft, and fign the beforementioned preliminaries, it ii necefTtry to grant the fame to you, or to fomc other, to treat, adjurt, and fign the promifed definitive treaty of peace as aforefaid : therefore, as you, the faid Don Jerome Grimaldi, Marquis de Orimaldi, are at the conveni- ent place, and as I have every day frefh motives, from your approved fidelity and zeal, capacity, and prudence, to entruft to you this, and other like concerns of my crown, I have appointed you my miniftei plenipotentiary, and granted to you my full power, to the end that, in my name^ and reprefcnt- !ng myperfon, you may treat, regulate, fcttl'*, and fign the faid definitive treaty of peace, between my crown, and that of France on the one part, that df England, and that of Portu- gal, on the other, with ••he miniflcrs who fhall be equally and fpecially authorized by their refpcdive fovercigns for the fame purpoO J acknowledging; as I do from this time acknow- ledge, as acccpttd and ratified, whatever you ihall fo treat, conclude and fign j promifing on my Royal word, that I will obferve and fulfil the fjme, will caufe it to be obferved and fulfilled, as if it had been treated, concluded anJ figned by myfclf. In witnf.fs whereof, I have caufed thefe prefents to he difpatched, figned by my hand, fealcd with my privy feal, and counterfigncd by my underwritten councillor of ftate, and firft fecretary for the department of ftate and of war. Buen Re- tiro, tiie tenth of December, 1762. . .,^ (Signed) I THE KING. \ (And lower) Richard Wall. Deciaration 0/ bh moji Ch^flian Majejift Plcnipotenuaryy •mith rrgard t$ tht dtbti due to the Canadians, npHE king of Great Britain having defired that the pay- ment <4 the letters of exchange and bills, which had been delivered to the Canadians fcr.the nc ceiTariea furnifhed to the French troops, fliould be feeured, his moft Chnftian Ma- iefty, entirely difpofed to tender to every one that jufticc whic»i is Jsjaily due to them, ICis dwUre4, aod docs declare. m: red upon hav- on which it is 13 1 granted to order of the h employment, [^hrJihan King, tforementioned to yoU| or to nifed definitive , the faid Don it the conveni- vc«, from your nee, to entruf): crown, I have granted to you , and rcprefent- and fign the faid n, and that of that of Portu- 1 be equally and ns for the fame time acknow- I fliall fo treat, ord, that I will )e obferved and anJ figned by hefe prefents to my privy feal, lor of Aate, and F war. Buen Re- rHE KING. Richard Wall. Plenipotentiarj/f adians, d that the pay- ills, which had ries furnifhed to ft Chriftian Ma- Qoe that jufticc Uid does declare, that ( 403 ) 17^ that the faid bills, and Icttei:* of exchange, (Ull be punduaify paid, agreeably to a liquidation made in a convenient tim«, atcording to the diHanre of the places, and to what fliall be poflible J taking care, however, that the bills, and letters of txchange which the French fubjea« may have at the time of this declaration, be not confounded with the bills and lettets of exchange, which are in the pofleffion of the new fubjedts of the king of Great Britain. In wiinefa whereof, we the underwritten minifters of his moft Chriftian Majefty, duly authorixed for tliis putpofe, have iignad the prefent declaration, and cauied the feal of our arms to be put thereto. Done at Paris the loth of February, 1764. (J- S.) CHOISEUL, Due D e P r a , j. , k. Dttlaratton of hh Brilamick Majtfty t Jmbojfador extraordinary and PleHipotmiary, mtb regard to the limitt ej Bengal in tbt "yy E the underwritten Ambaflador extraordinary and pleni- j?otcntiary of the King of Great Britain in order to prevent all fubjea of difpute on account of the limits of the dominions of the Subah 0/ Bengal, as well as of the coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, declare, in the name and by order of his faid Britannick Majefly, that the faid dominions of the Subah of Bengal ftall be ."epwted not to extend farther than Yanaon exclufively, and that Yanaon fliall be confider- ed as included in the North partpf the coaft of Coromaftdel or Orixa. In witnefs whereof, tec. We the underwritten Minifter Plenipotentiary of his Majefty the King of Great Britain hare figned the prefent declaration, and have eaufed the ktX of our arms to be put thereto. Dwie at Pa^is the loth of February, 1767, (L. S.) BEDFORD, C. P. S. Accession of bis mfi Faitbful Majefly. In tb4 name of the moft holy and undivided Trinity, Father ^ Stn and Hefy Gboft, So be it. gE it known toallthofeto whom it ftall, or may belong: The Ambaffodora and Plenipo^cwtiaries of his Brhanniok Majefty, of his moft Chriftian Majefty, and of hisCtholick Majefty, htvlog concluded and figned at Pafis, the loth of I i,; 1-763 ( 404- ) & . I .^ifc February of this year, a definitive Treaty of Peace, and fepa- rate articles, the tenor of which is as follows. (Fiat itift^tio.) And the faid Ambafladors and Plenipotentiaries having in a ■friendly manner invited the AmbalTador and Minifter Pleni- potentiary of his moft Faithful Majefty to accede thereto in the name of his faid Majefty j the underwritten minif ers plenipotentiary, viz. on the part of the moft fer^nt and moft potent Prince, George the Thud, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Dwke ofBrunf- wick and Lunenbourg, Arch-Treafurer and Eleftor of the Holy Roman Empire, the moft illuftrioug and moft excellent Lord, John, Duke and Earl of Bedford, Marquifs of Tavif- • tock, &c. Minifter of State of the King of Great Britain, Lieutenant General of his Forces, Keeper of his Privy Sea^, Knight of the moft noble order of the Garter, and his Am- baflador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to his moft Chriftian majefty j and on the part or the moft ferene and moft potent Prince, Don Jofcph the firfr, by the Grace of God, King of Portugal and of the Algarves, the moft illuftrious and moft excellent Lord, Martin^e Mello andCaftro, Knight profefled of the order of Chfift,.of his nrwft faithful majefty 's coun- til, and his Ambaffador and minifter Plenipotentiary to his moft Chriftian Majefty, .n virtue of their full powers, which •they have communicated to each other, and of which copies fhall be added at the end of the prefent aft, have agreed upon what follows } viz. his moft faithful Majefty (^efiring moft lincerely to concur in the fpeedy re eftablifltment of peace, accedes, in virtue of the prefent aft, to the faid definitive treaty and feparate articles, as they are above tranfcribed, without any referve or exception, in the firm confience that every thing that is promifed to his faid Majefty, will be bona fide fulfilled, declaring at the fame time, and promifing to fulfil, with equal fidelity, all the articles, claufes, and con- ditions, which concern hinu On bis fide, his Britannick Majefty accepts the prefent acceflQon of his moft faithful Ma- jefty, and promifes likcwife to fulfil, without any referve or urpo(^, have figned the prefent d.clnration. and have caufcd the feal of our arms to be put ihereto. ' ^ I^unc at Pari', the loth of February, I'^Ci- Martin de Mzllx> et Castro/' (L.S) On this treaty of peace the very fenfible and vel informed author of the <^ Rilic.v 6I lord Bute 3 admmiftration" has made fome ufeful and pertinent remarks which are too valuable be f T^ ,\»^"y Pi^-ice wherever the treaty is in ferted. We wiJl therefore take the liberty ^oftranl !,» j-/^ ""^ ^^"^ '■''"'^'''^' '^''■'' "^-"v the peace td be difadvantageous and infecure. Tliey who made Canada, which they call an extenfi.e te?ritorv alZt' "-ft-""/' "'f ^^ " " unculuvaterand almoft uninhabited ; and that it will be ion> verity tliou- r exchange fleets and rarce from pa\ traffic, tly may ex- ' hatred to- ch minifter lis political The union )t even at- ciprocal ad- ier than we ps, and, as 1 a refpedla- liave given em. What irar? While de valuable, llions on our ain. Every ferioufly re- e melancho- manner we Ilia. It was that the con- m Hancver, mcuated and pofTeflron of cres of land, intries. But ilthough the (Vefel, Guel- .V mvruxu. fU evacuated. ( 409 ) . iy6l ^^^acuated. Thus the French were leftat full liber- ty to evacuate them either to the Pruffians or Au- However at length got them; but not throuah any good offices of th? Bruifh minirter vho in^^ low and vulgar phrafe, peculiar to himfelf faid Iters m London thought their mailer fo hardlv treat- ed byTuch a vague and partial mpulation/ unbC c ming an ally that they, with refolu:i;n and the tt; '"f'r ' P^^'^^^ ^Sainft the contents of malter. The Auftrians ordered a large body of roops to begin their march for the Netherlands to feize thofe places as foon as the French (hould The N '.h'^?-. '^'^ ^"S of Pruffia did the fame i2 ^^ . ^^^'"'^^'""'^ "°^ threatened with becom. J ng the theatre of war. France was alfo alarmed becaufe fhe faw fhe fhould be under a nece^ of taking part in this war; to avoid which, fhe pro- pofed to the kingof Pruffia to deliver up all thofe theNetherlands. Hcagreed tothepropofal,and pur- chafed his territories on that condition. Thus France has to boaftof the honour of reftorine thofe places to the king of Pruffia, which Jingland, his ally, though agreeable to good faith, ...W^ ;,,, Ihpulate for him; and which, in all probability, will, in fome future day, become matter of more^ lerious confideration than fome at prefent deen^^ u. \ % U INDEX. II I A\ AL Ar Al] Ah Ar] 1 Ah Bra Bed Byi ( 41* ) mm INDEX AAIbermarle, earl of, remonflratcs againll the conduft of the French i6& 19 Albany, congrefs there 67 Alcide and Lys taken ja Arcot taken by col. Clive. 131 befieged ,,2 fiegeraifed ,-- Alliance againft Pruffia i5g Abercrombie, gen. fent to America 164 Argens, marquis d*, the king of Pruffia's letter to him 296 Almeyda taken * 252 lli; B Braddock, gen. fent to America —- defeated Beau Sejour and Bay Verte taken Byng, adm. fent to Minorca ' fights the French fleet • lent home ■ tried " ' fhot 74 75 79 96 ICO 118 1 tf\ ^y"&» w f - 1!; W^m\ 1 'mHi • 1 "■^af" f ( 412 ) Byng, adm. Iiis remarkable paper likckhole at Calcutta, cruelties there 127 H3 Battles oi Lake <.ieorge83. of Arcot i iq. of Aram 120. o of Ti 133. of Koverypauk 134. of Tiruchin- apalla 140. of Lovvoichutz 176. of Prague 188. of Colin 192. of Norkitten 194, of Kafteubcck 196, ofRolbach 198. ofBref- }au ;:oi. of LifTau 203. of PlailTy 214. of Ticcnderago 238. of St. Cas 242. of Creveli 246. of SanderlTiaufen 247. of Meer 248. of Llaneverhagen249. of Cuf- trin 454. of Hohkirchen 257. of Wande- waih 274. A\ith the dutch in the Eaft-Indics, 276. of Bergen 278. of Minden 279. of Zullichau 283. of CunnerfdorfF 284. of Maxtn 287. of Landfliut 294. of Leignitz 295. ofTorgau296. ofCorbach 297. of ExdorfF ibid, of Warbough ibiu. of Cam- pen 298. of Wandcrwafti 304. of Hoen- hover 330. of Richenbach 374. of Frey- berg 376. of Greibenftein 379, of Amo- eneberg 382. Breflau taken by the AuftrianA202.bythe Pruffianj 204. Berlin, plundered ' 295 Bencoolen taken 307 Belleifle, expedition againft 319 taken 324 Brunfwick befieged 3 30 BufTy, M. comts to London to negociate upon a peace 332 Cora- 127 143 20. of Arani »f Tiruchin- S. of Prague tten 194, of 98. of Bref- lilTy 214. of as 242. of en 247. of 49. of Cuf- of Wande- : Eaft-Indics, ien 279. of >rfF 284. of of Leignitz ach 297. of iu. of Cam- |.. of Hoen- ^4. of Frey- 9, of Amo- the Pruffian? 295 307 319 324 330 ciate upon a 332 (4'3) Cora- Cornwallis, col. made governor of Nova Scotia 35 128 129 Caylus, marquis of, feizes Tobago Coromandel firft disputes there battles between the nabobs Clive, col. takes the field — — his fuccciTes — — — returns to England « goes again to India ■ defeats tlie nabob of Bengal Calcutta taken by the nabob •——horrid cruelties ■ retaken Cumberland, duke of, fent to Germany ' makes the convention of 197 returns to England ibid &c. ^39 1.41 2.\Z »43 212 i8j Clofter feven Chandenagore taken Cherbourg, harbour of, deftroyed Crown Point abandoned Colberg taken CafTel taken D Dutch refufe our demands of troops carry on an illicit trade David fort St. taken Drefden, suburbs of, burned Pifpute with the Dutch at Chinfurra 198 111 242 267 328 384 170 260 229 Dutch 1 1 tr ( 414 ) Dutch defignr. in the Eaft Indies defeated Dominique takun 3^6 Engagements off Newfoundland 74. off Minorca loo. off fort St. David 229. off Pon- dicherry 231. off Cape de Gatt 234. off Pondicherry 274. off Cape Lagos 289. off Belleifle 291. off the ifle of Man 293 Embden taken by the Englifli 246 JEmpire, the ilatcs of, agree to a neutrality 377 France threatens to invade England flops payment 91-289. 293 Fowke, gen. calls a council of war at Gibraltar 97 ■ — lord Barrington*s letter to him 1 20 •——— -tried and fentenced 122123 Fowkes, adm. his reafons for not figning thewar- 169^ 209 210 223 239 234 239 fort rant for admiral Byng's execution Fox, Mr. his anfwer to M. Rouilk; Fort William Henry taken Forrelt, capt. his gallant aftions French king flabbed Fort St David taken Foudroyant man of war, &v. taken. Fronteniac, fort, taken ted 3^6 iff" Minorca 9. ofFPon- e Gatt 234. Cape Lagos f the ifle of 246 rality ^jy 91-289 293 : Gibraltar I- 97 nim 1 20 122 123 ig thewar- 123 169, 209 210 223 239 234 239 fort f 41S Fort du Quefne tuken i'amily coinpaa > 239 332 Golconda taken 138 Germany, origin of the war there 167 &c. Guiney, the coaftof, atttacked by the French 21a Goree taken 22g Guadaluiaj taken 269 Glatz taken - 2^4 IC. George II. dies 301 H Halifax, in Nova Scotia, built 14 Hawke, adm. fuperccdes aam. Byng 118 Holwell, Mr. his letter containing an account of the lufFerings in the black hole at Calcutta 143 Hanoverian and Heffiau troops brought to Eng- land Hay, lord Charles, his fpirit ' Hoya taken Howe, lord killed Hereditary prince fent to the king of Pruffia Havre de grace bombarded Hopfon, gen. dies Havannah, expediJon againft ' • fiegc of the Moro ■ furrenders ■ — taken Hermoine. takea >7« 207. 238 283 290 269 355 350 359 361 363 Johnfo.n, , ( 4<6 ) J Johnfon, Sir. William defeats Uiron Dic/kau 3}! liii knowledge of American affairs St. John's in Newfoundland taken 3.69 " retaken 3.70 Keith, mar/hal, killed Karical taken ^57 306 ■ Log's Town deftroyed Lawrence, major, commands on the coaft of mandel Loudon, lord, arrives in America ■*■ lays an embargo ■ go" to Halifax — — returns to New York " ' cenfuered by Mr. Pitt " called home -fent to Portugal Louifbourgh, firft expedition againft ■ — " mifcarries ■ — — fccond expedition againft " ■■ .1 . taken C6 Coro-^ 136 166 206 227 208 233 23s 254. 207 208 252 237 Lally lencanafTuirs 80 ken 3.70 257 306 C6 aft of Coro-^ 136 166 206 227 208 233 254 207 208 • 232 237 ( 417 ) Lally, fcnt to the Eaft Indies 228 La Lippc, coiint, goes to Portugal - 352 M Mildvvay, Efq; appointed one of the commlffioners to fettle the difputes 16 Memorials in French and Englifh prefcnted to the French court concerning Acadia 2 1 ■ concerning St. Lucia 4 1 Miniflry changes 69. 90. 178. 185. 187. 336 70 9« 9» >ij 180 231 241 241 249 269 270 272 288 299 Mirepoix, due de, upbraided Minorca, French refolve to invade it — — certain advice* of it fiege of Militia bill pafled Ma/Tulipatam taken Malo St. fhips deftroyed there Marlborough, duke of, fcnt to Germany ■ dies there Martinico, firfl expedition againft Madrafs befieged — — — fiege raifed Munfter taken Montreal taken Mecklenburgh, prince of, goes to Portugal 35 3 Martinico, feond expedition againft 364 ■ I taken 368 Nova Lally 1i li. ir i^' i ( 418 ) N Nova Scotia, difpute concerningf '■ — plan for peopling it — ^ firft hoftilicies there NecefTity, fort, taken Niagara taken Neutral lilands taken Newfoundland taken retaken 10 14 1.7, &c. 68 268 369 369 370 Nuremberg, the Pruffians levy contributious there 377 O Ohio, difpute concerning Orders fent to all the provinces Ofweao taken Olmatz befieged •— — fiege raifed 5^, &c. 66 166 252 2S3 Pruflia, king of, enters Saxony — conspiracy againfl his live Pragu' befieged by the Pruffians ■ liege raied Prideaux, gen. killed Pollier, major tried Pondicherry befieged •-^-^ 0]:erations, &c 309, »75 329 189 193 268 270 308 Sec. Pen- ( +19 ) Pondlcheirry taken Peace, negociation of, between France land .. Spain Interferes — — — the negociation breaks of Pitt, Mr. refigns Portugal invaded by the Spaniards — — — — Britifh troops fent there Peace made in Germany with France and Spain I remarks on the peace and 317 Eng- 33^ 332 334. 335 352 355 378 3«5 407, &c. •Quefne, fort du, built 66 .. — taken and called Pittshuf'g 239 <;^ebec, expedition againft - 26i> &c. m, taken 267 R Rouille, M. his letter to Mr. Fox 169 Rochfort, expedition againft 2 1 5 Ruffia, death of the Emprefs of 370 ■ 1' Emperor $7* Shirley, gen. his letter to the governor of Canada It Shirley^ i t ( 420 ) Shirley gen. appointed one of the commiraries to Settle thedifputes ,5 St. John's river, French build forts there Spotswood*s fcheme Syrinham taken Saxony invaded by Pruflia Saxon troops furrender ,^ Sweidnitz taken by the Auftrians 201. by the PrufTians 250. by the Auftrians 328. by the Prulfians 374, &c. Senegal taken St. Malo fhips deflroyed there 24 1 Sackville, lord George, his conduft 280 Stanley, Mr. fent to France ta negociate a peace 332 10 60 138 ^77 • 1 I , Tobago feized by the Frcmch Trent, capt. diflodged 1? Treaties with Heff, Sj. with Rnffia 88. with Pruf- ha 167 with the nabob of Bengal 21? ^ another with Pruflia 250. ^ Tatjore befieged Thurot, M. defeated & killed 20° Temple, earl, refigns ;^ Tyrawley, lord, reiigns |^J V J ^ Virginia alarmed Valencia, d' Alcantara taken 63 353 Walh- he commiflaries to forts there .6 i 10 60 j 138 I '7s : ians 201. ] Auftrians 3 '77 1 Dy the ; 28. by 227 u