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 THE 
 
 HVMM.VM. 
 MOJSfJJM.. 
 
 BY 
 
 LEV1S.PARMLY, 
 
 AND 
 
 Medical Electrician; 
 
 
 No. % Palace Street, Quebec, 
 August 29th, A. D. 1815. 
 
 PaiNTKD BV }. NEILSON, MOUNTAXK STREET. - 
 
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INTRODUCTION. 
 
 
 J- HE improvements in Dentist- 
 xy since the revival of learning 
 have by no means kept pace 
 uith ihose of the other arts. 
 21ie following will account for 
 it. If I am severe^ it is because 
 I wish to impress your minds^ 
 with such a sense of your ne- 
 glect as will effect your amend- 
 merity as respects clea?iliness to 
 the teeth, ^c. I wish to height- 
 en your ideas of its utility^ and 
 to point out farther methods of 
 increasing its benefits. Though 
 many think it doubtful whether 
 Dentists are beneficial or hurt'- 
 ful to the teethj yet all will al- 
 low the necessity and import- 
 ance of these useful and attract^ 
 ing ornaments. The united ob- 
 servations of all the ingenious 
 
 A 2 
 
11. 
 
 and sensible part of mankind 
 tvould do more in a few days 
 towards the improvement of 
 of Dentistry i than those who 
 make it their profession^ in an 
 age. I am sorry to observe, 
 that jealousies and fears of 
 many persons have been the 
 source of their misfortunes : I 
 need not point out the aggra- 
 vating mischiefs of using per- 
 nicious articles for the teeth, or 
 trusting to Nature^ s preserva- 
 tion ; but so it is, the unhappy 
 people are a nuisance to them- 
 selves and disgust the nose and 
 eye of the observer; but cha- 
 rity to themselves and society 
 in general, such customs should 
 be obliterated. Whenever thisi 
 shall be the case, that curse the 
 tooth ache and its miserable con- 
 sequences will be no more, but 
 sound even teeth will substitute 
 in their stead. 
 
 
 I 
 
 L 
 
 ?: 
 
\anktnd 
 w days 
 lent of 
 se who 
 y in an 
 bservey 1 
 ars of 
 ^en the 
 nes : I 
 aggra- 
 g per- 
 ^eth, or 
 eserva- 
 thappy 
 ) them- 
 )se and 
 it cha- 
 society 
 should 
 )er thisi 
 rse the 
 ble con- 
 re^ but 
 bstitute 
 
 SUMMUM BONUM. 
 
 X HE utility of a Treatise on 
 a subject of such universal im- 
 portance, respecting the ma- 
 nagement of the Teeth, what- 
 ever may be the fate of this 
 publication, it will be a cause 
 of gratification, if it do but 
 lead to a more finished pro- 
 duction from some abler hand. 
 
 I shall, therefore, only give 
 descriptions, which to be ge- 
 nerally understood, will need 
 neither the aid of technical 
 phraseology, nor the prior ac- 
 quaintance with any prelimi- 
 nary science* 
 
 The teeth are so important, 
 in dividing our food, as well 
 as in conversation, and are so 
 highly ornamental, as to ren* 
 
 A 3 
 
! ' 
 
 der it a positive duty, with e- 
 very one, to stud^ the causes 
 which lead to their premature 
 destructidn. 
 
 When through negligence, 
 many of them have decayed, 
 and the remainder are rapid- 
 ly falling into the same con- 
 dition, it is pleasant to learn, 
 that the disease may be stay- 
 ed, that the places of the ab- 
 sent teeth may be supplied 
 with others, both useful and 
 ornamental ; and those, which 
 have become partially diseas- 
 ed, may be rendered of ser- 
 vice to us, as long as we con- 
 tinue our attentions. 
 
 The hollow cheek, the pu- 
 trid saliva, which contaminates 
 the whole system, the foul 
 breath, days and nights of our 
 agony, are not the worst con- 
 sequences of our neglect. Are 
 
9 
 
 with e- 
 caiises 
 nature 
 
 cayed, 
 rapid- 
 e coii- 
 leariip 
 i stay- 
 he ab- 
 pplied 
 il and 
 which 
 iiseas- 
 >f ser- 
 d con- 
 
 le pu- 
 inates 
 ! foul 
 ^f our 
 t con- 
 ;. Are 
 
 4 
 
 we not all links in the great 
 chain of society, some more, 
 some less important, but each 
 upheld by others throughout 
 the confederate whole? In 
 whatever situation we are pla- 
 ced, our greater or less degree 
 of happiness must be derived 
 from ourselves. 
 
 The veil of mystery which 
 still hangs over Dentistry, ren- 
 ders it not only conjectural, 
 but even a suspicious art. This 
 has been long ago removed 
 from the other sciences, which 
 induces many to believe that 
 Dentistry is a mere trick, and 
 that it will not bear a fair and 
 candid examination. Dentist- 
 ry, however, needs only to be 
 better know n, in order to se- 
 cure the general esteem of 
 mankind. Its precepts are such 
 
 A 4. 
 
St 
 
 f 
 
 . 
 
 l' i 
 
 V ! 
 
 j 
 
 h ■ 
 
 is every wise pers<in would 
 choose to observe, and confi- 
 •lence woidd render it replete 
 with happiness. 
 
 CLEANLINESS. 
 
 The first and most import- 
 ant object from Childhood, is 
 the cleanliness of the Teeth : 
 witiioat attention to this neces- 
 sary duty, it is useless to think 
 of preventing disease, or ren- 
 dermg themselves beautiful or 
 toveljr. One of the first truths 
 
 tobe impressedupontheminds 
 of young people is, that beau- 
 
 ty cannot exist without clean- 
 liness, and that the one is ab- 
 solutely unattainable by any 
 practices inconsistent with the 
 Other. 
 
 The tops of the teeth, as well 
 as their inner surfaces require 
 the visitation of the brush. 
 
would 
 Gonfi. 
 
 epiete 
 
 iport- 
 >od, is 
 eeth : 
 leces- 
 think 
 * ten- 
 fulor 
 ruths 
 linds 
 )eau- 
 lean- 
 sab- 
 any 
 ^4th€ 
 
 well 
 [uire 
 ush. 
 
 f 
 
 Though we should be careful 
 to clean the teeth a/ter every 
 meal, it is more particularly 
 necessary before retiring to 
 rest ; the foulness which has 
 been all day accumulating, is 
 thus prevented from commits 
 ting its ravages during the 
 ni'^ht. Ahard open brush with 
 a composition made into a 
 paste, is preferable to any pow- 
 ders yet known ; it should be 
 used at night, after which a 
 waxed thread should be pas- 
 sed between all of the teeth, 
 for the purpovse of cleaning 
 them, a particular experience 
 is our best instructor. 
 
 When the gums are spungy, 
 and liable to bleed from the 
 slightest touch, persevere, tho' 
 apt to occasion much bleeding 
 at first, eventually gives them 
 
 A 5 
 
HH^V'f^ 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 
 
 l^^m.' 
 
 I ._ 
 
 much firmness, and in a short 
 time effects a cure. 
 
 IRREGULARITY OF THE TEETH. 
 
 The milk teeth are seldom 
 subjectto anyirregularity with 
 proper attention paid to the 
 removal of the first set of teeth 
 the regularity of the second 
 may be anticipated ; and this 
 attention must be kept up, un- 
 til the first set are wholly sup- 
 planted hy the permanent 
 teeth ; an event, which, as be- 
 tore mentioned, does not com- 
 plete Itself until the child has 
 attained his twelfth or four- 
 teenth year. 
 
 We are oftener called upiu. 
 
 to cure irregularity, than to 
 
 prevent it ; I shiUl therefore 
 
 make a few remarks on those 
 
 " "■"" -^.^ ^^^-^.^^^^,^g^ which 
 
a short 
 
 TEETH. 
 
 seldom 
 ty with 
 to the 
 f teeth, 
 second 
 id this 
 ip, un- 
 
 y sup. 
 
 lanent 
 as be- 
 t corn- 
 Id has 
 four- 
 
 upou 
 an to 
 :*efQre 
 
 those 
 vhich 
 
 7 
 
 appear best suited to our pur- 
 
 pose. - 
 
 When the permanent teeth 
 
 have displaced the fust set, the 
 former are often observed to 
 be so much crowded and de- 
 ranged, as to produce the ap- 
 pearance of unnecessary pro- 
 fusion in their number. The 
 deformity thus occasioned, 
 and the greater aptness of the 
 teeth to decay, from the col- 
 lection of foul matters in their 
 numerous interstices, render 
 it necessary to restore them as 
 nearly to a state of perfect re- 
 gularity as possible. 
 
 The jaw of a young person 
 is so soft and yielding, that a 
 tooth taken out at a consider- 
 able distance from a deranged 
 tooth makes room for it ; the 
 teeth on each side of the one 
 
 A 6 
 
I 
 
 ii 
 
 8 
 
 extracted will soon fil] up the 
 vacancy ; in this way many 
 have secured to themselves a 
 set of handsome, useful, 
 and Jastmg teeth. Compressi- 
 on of the finger will usually 
 bring teeth into their proper 
 places if room be made tor 
 them, and if attended to be- 
 fore age has given too much 
 firmness to the jaw. This ope- 
 ration is extremely easy in 
 children; quite difficult in 
 those who have all their teeth, 
 (thirty-two in number ;) and 
 not at allpracticable with those 
 whose ages are far advanced. 
 
 CARIOUS TEETH MENDED. 
 
 If people were more acquain- 
 ted with this excellent mode 
 of stopping decay, but few 
 teeth would require extracti- 
 ^lu me first appearance of 
 
 [ill • 
 
up the 
 ^ many 
 ilves a 
 useful, 
 pressi- 
 isually 
 proper 
 ie for 
 to be- 
 much 
 is ope- 
 sj in 
 lit in 
 teeth, 
 ) and 
 those 
 need. 
 
 9 
 
 disease is a brown, or yellov 
 ish discoloration of th( ena- 
 mel. Teeth in this state should 
 be repaired, which prevents 
 their getting worse, and cures 
 the fetor of the breath, which 
 invariably arises from foul 
 teeth. Roots may be cut or 
 filed down to the gum, and 
 mended as to be useful last- 
 ing and free from pain as 
 sound teeth, and likewise pre- 
 vents the deformity of the 
 jaw. Our task wi'l be perfor- 
 med, if we do but convince 
 our readers how absurd it is, 
 whenever they are in pain, to 
 run to the first person who 
 will take out their teeth with- 
 out asking a question. Some 
 of the most pernicious practi- 
 ces, with regard to the treat- 
 ment of the teeth, have alrea- 
 
 .1 
 
 rv ^-in««Ti 
 
 i h 
 
 A * V^AA §^4L*»^'<k^ *,%if 
 
Ili 
 
 f ; 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 the most hurtful preiuices 
 which seemed to hi qSfn ' 
 surmountable have, i„\ great 
 SSio^^^^^*^'^^"-^ 
 
 ARTIFICIAL TEETH. 
 
 The more correct reasoninxr 
 
 u;*^„7,i:^''^nt day justifies th? 
 use of them. Divines Taw 
 
 yers and Statesmen^Zse'T' 
 
 den^ryhabitshavemade hem 
 
 J^^^^i"'^^^* to decaved teeth 
 are not now ashamed to wear 
 these auxilliaries to theirX 
 cution, and the Ladies are no 
 longer averse to call to their 
 assistance these ornameS 
 
 deed n ^r'^"':'^*^^"- And in. 
 deed nothing is necessary but 
 cleanliness to render the mt 
 
 ficial teeth as sweet and as 
 durable as any others. 
 
 ,1 
 
11 
 
 lany of 
 judices, 
 uite in- 
 a great 
 tter in- 
 
 I. 
 
 soning 
 fies the 
 
 Law- 
 ose se- 
 ^them 
 I teeth 
 ► wear 
 ir elo- 
 are no 
 
 their 
 lental 
 fidin- 
 ybut 
 J arti- 
 id as 
 
 EVENING AND SEPA..ATING 
 TEETH. 
 
 The greatest part of those 
 who have occasion for artifici- 
 al teeth, owe their misfortune 
 to neglect, usually a rising from 
 ignorance, and which might 
 have been prevented by very 
 little trouble in the commence- 
 ment of the disease, who ever 
 suffers many days to pass with- 
 out removing the foulness from 
 the gums and teeth, harbours 
 a powerful enemy in his mouth, 
 a mass of putrifying matter, 
 which lies undisturbed until it 
 has effected breaches in the 
 enamel, which is often disco^ 
 vered too late. When disease 
 has happened from this cause, 
 it is generally near the gum, 
 and affects the correspcnding 
 sides of the two teeth at the 
 same time. 
 
il 
 
 
 i ?! 
 
 ^1' J. 
 
 li; 
 
 12 
 
 To prevent the disease from 
 proceeding further, we make 
 an immediate separation of the 
 two crowns by a thin flat file j 
 thus removing the parts alrea- 
 dy affected, and preventing 
 injury from future collections. 
 The teeth should be even and 
 left thick on their edges, to 
 prevent breaking, cracking, 
 &c. Bv this process, the best 
 of teeth are improved, and the 
 worst saved from further inju- 
 ry. 
 
 TARTAR, 
 
 To explain the process by 
 which tartar is formed, would 
 be as difficult as it is uninte- 
 resting. It is sufficient that we 
 know how to obviate its effects 
 when it adheres to the teeth, 
 and how to prevent its doing 
 any xurther iniury the longer 
 iv as suiief6u to reiuain cuscO'- 
 
 jrmj 
 
 itself 
 
 gums 
 
 cing 
 
 cersa 
 
 foull 
 
 ness I 
 
 entir 
 
 shou 
 
 ders, 
 
 ever 
 
 willi 
 
 Qua 
 
 that 
 
 in tl 
 
 side 
 
 ble, 
 
 Dei 
 
 syle 
 
 stro 
 
 qua 
 gm 
 
">t 
 
 from 
 make 
 of the 
 tfile; 
 alrea- 
 nting 
 tions. 
 nand 
 js, to 
 kmg, 
 i best 
 tdthe 
 
 inju- 
 
 iss by 
 vould 
 sinte- 
 at we 
 fferts 
 ;eeth., 
 doing 
 anger 
 iisco- 
 
 13 
 
 ^ aring tlie enamel, and forcing 
 litself between the teeth md 
 gums, and in the end produ- 
 cing pain and inflamation, ul- 
 cers andrecessionsof the gums, 
 foul breath, caries and loose- 
 ness of the teeth until they are 
 entirely destroyed. Tartar 
 shouldnot be removed bypow- 
 ders, lotions, &c. &c. for what- 
 ever dissolves or grinds it away 
 will injure the teeth and gums. 
 Quackery has so many charms 
 that there is but one duection 
 in this case that/ may be con- 
 sidered as generally applica- 
 ble, which is the skill of the 
 Dentist. I mean not those self- 
 syled Dentists, who have de- 
 stroyed the confidence of ma- 
 ny people by their mistaken 
 quackery f^M" the teeth and 
 gums. 
 
14- 
 
 ii! 
 
 
 SHEDDING OF THE TEETH. 
 
 Some Authors, as if fearful 
 that the Dentists may not have 
 sufficient employment, endea- 
 vor to encourage inattention 
 to the teeth; instead of acknow- 
 ledging that diseases arise from 
 external means, they impute 
 its origin to internal causes, 
 and thereby inculcate a theo- 
 ry which bears the same rela- 
 tion to our teeth, that the doc- 
 trine of election does to our 
 souls ; for if every thing go 
 bypredestination, of whatcon- 
 sequence is it to one or the o- 
 ther, to soul or body, whether 
 we give them a moment's at- 
 tention or carelessly let them 
 shift for themselves. 
 
 The teeth which are intend- 
 ed by nature to be permanent, 
 having made their appearance, 
 require the assiduous attenti- 
 
ETH. 
 
 fearful 
 )t have 
 endea- 
 ention 
 ^know- 
 sefrom 
 mpute 
 muses, 
 I theo- 
 e rela- 
 le doc- 
 to our 
 ng go 
 atcon- 
 the o- 
 hether 
 it*s at- 
 t them 
 
 ntend- 
 anent, 
 trance, 
 ttenti- 
 
 15 
 
 ^ on of the parent, until the fa- 
 culties of the child are suffici- 
 ently matured to be enabled to 
 attendto the taskitself; the im- 
 portance of attention to the 
 teeth, should be inculcated 
 with their earliest lessons, and 
 an impression thereby made 
 that will not be forgotten in 
 manhood, and which will se- 
 cure to themselves a sound, 
 even set of teeth until with 
 their body they decay in the 
 grave. 
 
 EXTRACTING OF THE TEETH. 
 
 The extracting of teeth is 
 considered by some as a sim- 
 ple operation. To extract with 
 the least possible injury, (for 
 every extraction is an act of 
 violence)it is indispensibly ne- 
 cessary,' that the. operator 
 g^hould be perfectly acquaint- 
 
Ml 
 
 'f' III 
 ,1 ll i 
 
 I* 
 
 'If 
 
 ■J 
 
 
 i u 
 
 ' tfi 
 
 k 
 
 J.. 
 
 16 
 
 Slid '^'/"^'"^"^ «f tj^e 
 
 Jdw and contiguous parts. A 
 
 jedge often leads to serious in 
 Junes : how is it possible /b"' 
 
 those whoare ignorant of the 
 existence of the large cavities 
 
 of the upper jaw, toward which 
 
 the roots ofsome of the grind, 
 ers approach so nearly? to 
 know how to avoid breaking 
 
 open their thin floorings ^re? 
 ternal walls? The quafkery of 
 those who pretend to d?aw 
 teeth With such sudden dJs 
 
 patch as to give the Tati^nt 
 no time for pain, and before 
 
 he knows where he is, is too 
 
 n^culous to deserve a'seriot 
 notice. These evil consequen 
 
 ces as well as those of a more 
 serious natureeventuaUymSe 
 
 S t '^' -dvocafes of 
 jerKing, become nrosflvf^ 
 
 correct practice.' "'"•''" 
 
 
 Vii 
 
 a 
 
 
17 
 
 ly of the 
 parts, A 
 
 calknow- 
 erious in-- 
 ssible for 
 nt of the 
 
 cavities 
 rd which 
 ^e grind- 
 ^rly, to 
 creaking 
 ?s or ex- 
 ^kery of 
 draw 
 en dis* 
 patient 
 
 before 
 > is too 
 serious 
 equen- 
 t more 
 Kmake 
 tes of 
 
 •Afj 
 
 OCCASIONAL DEFECTS OF DIS- 
 EASED TEETH. 
 
 ^ It may appear strange to most 
 persons, to hear it asserted, 
 that any condition of the teeth 
 tnay contribute to the pi^uc- 
 lion of fatal diseases which 
 occasion nearly one half of the 
 deaths recorded in the bills of 
 mortality. When disorders 
 have become so common, w^e 
 are compelled to suspect a 
 cause of their production, even 
 in oiu- pleasures and necessary 
 enjoyments. It is, however, 
 more rational to place its pre- 
 valence to the account of irre- 
 gularity and neglect. And I 
 shall endeavor to ascertain, 
 whether it may not be consi- 
 dered as one of the miserable 
 consequences of bad teeth, 
 which admits of no excuse in 
 a place where Dentists reside. 
 
P'i 
 
 18 
 
 It is neither climate nor con- 
 stitution which first occasions 
 bad teeth. It is surely in the 
 power of parents to prevent 
 this difficulty, where brushes, 
 &c. &c. can be had for ahnost 
 nothing; experience will teach 
 the utility, habit will become 
 natural, and parents will be 
 amplyrcwarded for their trou- 
 ble. 
 
 A FEW REMARKS ON THE COM- 
 POSITION OF THE TEETH. 
 
 I have examined the several 
 specimens of the human teeth, 
 as the enamel and the bone, 
 and roots, the teeth of adults 
 and the shedding teeth of 
 children, it may not be unin- 
 teresting to notice the action 
 
 ii 
 
 of some of the articles of ut^ 
 Materia Chemica on the teeth. 
 Sulphuric acid, of the specific 
 gra^^^ y L 8. 3. appears at first 
 
 :^'i 
 
19 
 
 lor con- 
 ccasions 
 y in the 
 prevent 
 Hushes, 
 r almost 
 ill teach 
 become 
 will be 
 nv trou- 
 
 IE COM- 
 ETH. 
 
 several 
 a teeth, 
 5 bone, 
 ' adults 
 eth of 
 3 unin- 
 
 actitn 
 
 5 of Uic 
 
 3 teeth, 
 specific 
 at first 
 
 I to have no action ; in the course 
 iof one hour small bubbles are 
 
 E* erceived, the roots become 
 lackened, and in twelve hours 
 the enamelled part bursts, 
 xracks and separates, accom- 
 panied ^ /ith an evident forma- 
 tion of selenite, by the action 
 of tile acid on the lime which 
 enters into the composition of 
 the teeth. 
 
 Nitric and muriatic acids of 
 
 the specific gravity 1. 12 act 
 
 instantly on the tooth, accom- 
 
 I pained with an evolution of a 
 
 i quantity of small air bubbles 
 
 A from the whole of the surface ; 
 
 about eight times their weight 
 
 of these acids are sufficient for 
 
 ^ the solution of the solidifying 
 
 principles of the teeth. 
 
 The mass left undissolved has 
 
 nearly the original form of the 
 
 tooth, is flexible, semi-transpa^ 
 

 20 
 
 rent and easily divided by the 
 nail. The dilute acetous acid, 
 distilled vinegar, has a very 
 trifling action, but when con- 
 centrated acts both on the 
 phosphate and carbonate of 
 hme. Boiling nitric acids act 
 strongly on a tooth with the 
 evolution of carbonic acid, and 
 a considerable quantity of ozo- 
 tic gas. The gelantine and so- 
 lid substance are dissolved as 
 the surfaces present them- 
 selves ; but the operation be- 
 ing stopped at any part of the 
 process, the residuum is firm 
 and hard, but reduced in size 
 proportioned to the time the 
 tooth has been acted upon. 
 
 TRANSPLANTING. 
 
 The transplanting of teeth 
 trom one head to another, is an 
 operation, the success of which 
 
 m 
 
3d hy the 
 ous acid, 
 s a very 
 !ien con- 
 
 on the 
 )nate of 
 icids act 
 mth the 
 ic:d,and 
 rofojzo- 
 5 and ao- 
 olved as 
 ^ them- 
 tion be- 
 t of the 
 
 is firm 
 I in size 
 me the 
 pon. 
 
 f teeth 
 3r, is an 
 fwhich 
 
 ^1 
 
 is very doubtful. Teeth whicli 
 >have been drawn by mistake, 
 do not always become firm, 
 twhenreplacedinthejaw; ho\<r 
 much less should we expect a 
 tooth belonging to another per- 
 son tobecomefirm, when crow- 
 I ded into a socket of unsuita- 
 ^ble dimentions. The uncer- 
 tainty of success is a strong 
 argument against transplant- 
 ^ng; besides, we mustpay dear 
 ^or the experiment, and pro- 
 cure several persons to have 
 teeth extracted from corres- 
 pondmg parts of their jaws, 
 tmtil we can get one that will 
 nt ; or, the transplanted tooth 
 must be cut and filed very 
 
 ^,"^Viri*^ ^ake it answer at 
 ail. When we have succeeded 
 m fixmg it tolerably well in 
 tile jaw, It is tied as we wish it 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
•»r- 
 
 lll'l 
 
 22 
 
 to adhere ; and upon most ex- 
 aminations afterwards, we have 
 the mortification to see the 
 borrowed tooth as loose as our 
 worst enemies could wish. 
 In unsuccessful transplanting, 
 there is not only a sufferance 
 of pain, a loss of time and mo- 
 ney, but there is ?t furjther loss 
 to our patient Ma Valuable 
 root, on which might be fixed 
 a handsome, firm and durable 
 artificial tooth. If transplant- 
 ing w^ere swiecessful oflener 
 than it is, the communication 
 and production of disease, 
 which frequently ensue from 
 this practice, render it a trou- 
 blesome and hazardous opera- 
 tion. The deluded patient be- 
 ing as ignorant as th0 person ^ 
 employed. — May this serve as 
 a beacon, to warn the public 
 cf the dangerous tendency, ' 
 
23 
 
 tiost ex- f ^^^ destructive consequences 
 we have ^ ^f Parents' neglect, 
 see the 
 
 e as our 
 wish, 
 Anting, 
 ierance 
 md mo- 
 her loss 
 aluable 
 be fixed 
 durable 
 isplant- 
 oflener 
 dcation 
 disease, 
 e from i 
 a trou- 
 5 opera- 
 ent be- 
 person ^ 
 jerve as 
 public 
 
 4 a 
 
 1'^ 
 
 aency, 
 
 A SKETCH OF THE ENTRAILS OF 
 THE HUMAN BODY. 
 
 The primary agent in the 
 circulation of the blood is the 
 hc?rt, a large muscle situated 
 in the left side of the breast, 
 (thorax or chest,) and endow- 
 ed with great irritability. In 
 the first rudiments of animal 
 life, even before the brain is 
 formed, the punctum saliens, 
 as it is called, points out the 
 embryo heart in miniature, & 
 mai*ks its primaeval irritabili- 
 ty as a sure presage of its fu- 
 ture importance in supporting 
 the vital motions. As this sin- 
 gular organ exhibits irritabili- 
 ty the first, so it never relin- 
 quishes it until the last : whence 
 
 B 2 
 
Qh 
 
 it has been called the primum 
 mobile and ultimum moriens, 
 that is, *' the first part that 
 moves, and the last that dies,^* 
 of the animal machine. It is 
 observable, that the motion of 
 the heart not only survives 
 that of the organs of volun- 
 tary motion, but continues a 
 considerable time even after 
 it is separated from the body 
 of many animals. 
 
 Hence in drowning or suf- 
 focation, though the pulse be 
 imperceptible, and apparently 
 extinguished, yet the heart 
 still preserves this latent pow- 
 er or susceptibility of motion, 
 and wants only to be gently 
 excited by suitable means, to 
 renew its action. This organ 
 is surrounded by the pericar- 
 dium or heart purse, an ex- 
 
 cfr'^pnc mprnVjrnnp. 
 
 Al 
 
 
 , ,,, 
 
25 
 
 rimum 
 oriens, 
 rt that 
 
 . It is 
 >tion of 
 Lirvives 
 volun- 
 inues a 
 n after 
 e body 
 
 or suf- 
 ulse be 
 arently 
 J heart ; 
 Qtpow- 
 motion, 
 
 gently 
 sans, to I 
 s organ 
 pericar- 
 
 an ex- 
 nVjrane* 
 
 which covers the heart even to 
 its basis. Its uses are to keep 
 the heart from having any 
 friction with the lungs, and to 
 contain a fluid to lubricate or 
 moisten its surface ; from the 
 right ventricle or cavity of the 
 heart, the irritability of which 
 is excited into action by the 
 circulating fluid, the blood is 
 propelled through the lungs, 
 which are situated on the 
 right and left side of the heart, 
 from which they difler on ap- 
 pearing to be void of irritabi- 
 lity. They are divided into 
 two lobes, and these into more 
 divisions, three on the right 
 side and two on the left ; the 
 trochal or wind pipe r'escends 
 into the lungs, and forms in- 
 numerable cells, which have 
 a communication with each 
 
 B 3 
 
26 
 
 
 
 :!' 
 
 M 
 
 
 i I 
 
 
 
 otlier, and give the M^hole the 
 appearance of a honey comb 
 or sponge. The blood, after 
 passing through the lungs, ar- 
 rives again at the heart, and 
 from the left ventricle is ex- 
 pelled into the aorta or great 
 artery, which dividing into 
 two branches, one upwards, 
 and the other downwards, dis- 
 tributes through the whole 
 body, from the extremities of 
 which it returns by various 
 veins to the ascending and de- 
 scending cava, and is trans- 
 mitted again to the heart. The 
 heart is the grand organ which 
 actuates the vital functions, 
 and to this purpose it is admi-* 
 rably fitted by its own irrita- 
 bility, but it is necessarily sup- 
 ported in its action by thepow- 
 erful influence of the nerves, 
 which are the ultimate instru- 
 
 an 
 
^hole the 
 jy comb 
 :)d, after 
 ings, ar- 
 irt, and 
 e is ex- 
 )r great 
 ig into 
 pwards, 
 rds, dis- 
 
 whole 
 lities of 
 various 
 and de- 
 5 trans- 
 rt. The 
 1 which 
 ictions, 
 s admi- 
 
 irrita- 
 ily siip- 
 lepow- 
 
 lerves, 
 instru- 
 
 27 
 
 mentsboth of motion and sen- 
 sation, and have their origin in 
 the brain. The diaphragm or 
 midriff, is a large broad muscle, 
 l^hich divides the thorax from 
 file abdomen: in its natural state 
 it is concave or vaulted to- 
 wards the abdomen, and con- 
 vex towards the thorax, and, 
 like the latter, it is in constant 
 action; at the time of inspira- 
 tion, it approaches towards the 
 plain. Besides being a muscle 
 of inspiration, it assists in 
 vomiting, and the expulsion 
 of the faeces ; from the exer- 
 tion of this muscle likewise 
 proceed sighing, yawning, 
 coughing and laughing, it is 
 affected by spasms as in the 
 hickups, &c. it is both a mus- 
 cle of voluntary and involun- 
 tary action ; we may observe 
 
 u ^ 
 
.),; 
 
 in this muscle strong charac- 
 ters pf admirable contrivance. 
 It separates pos terially into two 
 slips, between which the des- 
 cending aorta passes a little, a- 
 bpve this, and towards the left 
 side, in the most fleshy p'art of 
 the midrift', there is a direct o- 
 peningforthepassage oftheae- 
 i^ophagus ; there is also on the 
 right side a large triangular 
 hole for the passage of the 
 ascending cava, The aesopha- 
 gus is composed both of lon- 
 gitudinal and circular fibres, 
 lut chieflv circular, much 
 jfiQxe so tnan the intestines, 
 which renders the passage of 
 tj^e aliment o^ food easy. The 
 stomach lies across the upper 
 part of tbe abdomen, and is 
 covered by the liver when dis- 
 tended ; it presses on the 
 spleen ; it nearly resembles in 
 
harac- 
 v^ance. 
 to two 
 e des- 
 ttle, a- 
 he left 
 )'art of 
 rect o- 
 theae- 
 on the 
 ngular 
 Df the 
 sopha- 
 )f Ion- 
 fibres, 
 
 much 
 istines, 
 age of 
 y.The 
 
 upper 
 and is 
 len dis- 
 )n the 
 ibles in 
 
 ■<.. 
 
 >% 
 
 29 
 
 fitrure the pouch of a bag pipe, 
 its upper side being concave, 
 and the lower convex. Its lett 
 end is the most capacious. Un 
 the left side is the entrance 
 from the gullet, on the right 
 is the opeing called pilor as, uy 
 which the chyle passes mto 
 the intestines ; here is a cir- 
 cular valve or sphincter mus- 
 cle, which prevents a regur- 
 gitation of the aliment. Ihe 
 stomach has circular and lon- 
 gitudinal fibres, and its inner 
 membrane is covered with a 
 strong visid mucus. The liver, 
 the largest gland in the body, 
 is situc. ^ •mraediately under 
 the vaul. .^avity of the mid- 
 riff, chietiy on the right side, 
 and somewhat on the left, o- 
 ver the stomach : exteriorly or 
 anteriorly it is convex jinward- 
 
 B 5 
 
 i/i^^ 
 
•O' 
 
 30 
 
 iy it is concave, very thick in 
 Its superior part, and thin in 
 Its inferior. The upper side 
 adheres to the midriff, and it 
 IS fixed to this and the ster- 
 num by a broad ligament ; it 
 IS also tied to the naval by a 
 ligamentous band, which is 
 the umbilical vein of the un- 
 born infant, degenerated into 
 a ligament; both these bands 
 serve to suspend it while lying 
 on the back, from bearing too 
 much on the subjacent cava, 
 otherwise it might press on 
 this important returning ves- 
 sel, stop the circulation, and 
 put a period to life. The liver 
 IS the viscus or bowel which 
 performs the secrteion of the 
 bile. 
 
 The gall bladder is situated 
 under the great lobe of the 
 liver, a little to ^e right, in a 
 
 I 
 
T»; 
 
 31 
 
 standing posture ; it lies for- 
 wards and downwards j its bot- 
 tom is raised by a fullness, & 
 depressed by the emptying of 
 the stomach. The use of the 
 gall bladder is to serve as a re- 
 ceptacle for the bile. The in- 
 testines are destined to receive 
 food from the stomach, and 
 after exposing the useful pait 
 of it to the lacteals, a set of 
 extremely small vessels, to con- 
 vey the remainder out of the 
 body ; the intestinal canal is 
 usually five times the length 
 of the individual, it is curi- 
 ously convoluted in the abdo- 
 men, and is extremely irrita- 
 ble. In the small intestines 
 there are numerous plates to 
 detain the food, and allow a 
 larger surface for its absorpti- 
 on J these are larger and far 
 
 B 6 
 
32 
 
 HI 
 
 more numerous near the sto- 
 mach, where the food is thin- 
 ner, tlian they are towards the 
 other extremity; at the en- 
 trance of the ilium into the 
 colon there are two very large 
 valves w^hich prevent the re- 
 gress of the faeces into the ili- 
 um. The caecum and colon 
 of the intestines towards the 
 lower extremity of the sides, 
 havingstrongermuscularcoatii 
 than the smaller intestines, are 
 furnished with three ligamen- 
 tus bands running lengthwise 
 on their outside, dividing their 
 surfaces into three portions, 
 nearly equal. Though appear- 
 ing externally like ligaments, 
 they are composed in a struc- 
 tm^e of true muscular fibres ; 
 the ligament like bands which 
 in the caecum and colon are 
 roUented into three portions, 
 
^ 
 
 \ sto- 
 thin- 
 Is the 
 B en- 
 3 the 
 large 
 e re- 
 he ili- 
 colon 
 s the 
 sides, 
 coatdr 
 es, are 
 imen- 
 hwise 
 ; their 
 tions, 
 )pear- 
 iients, 
 struc- 
 hres ; 
 ^vhich 
 m are 
 tions. 
 
 33 
 
 * are spread equally over the 
 surface of the rectum or low- 
 er extremity of the intestines, 
 i they are furnished with mus- 
 ' cular fibres both circular and 
 longitudinal. The spleen or 
 - milt is situated immediately 
 ^ under the edge of the mid- 
 riff; above the left kidney, and 
 between the stomach and ribs, 
 in figure it resembles a de- 
 })ressed oval, near twice as 
 long as broad, and almost twice 
 I as broad as thick. The pan- 
 crease or sweet bread is situ- 
 ated transversely, under the 
 stomach, its shape resembles 
 a dog's tongue : the pancrea- 
 tic juice resembles the saliva, 
 but is less vicid or slimy, and 
 contains a larger proportion 
 of the salts of the blood, it 
 is probably intended for the 
 solution of. our aliment. The 
 
i1 
 
 34 
 
 kidnies are two oval bodies si- 
 tuated in the loins, contigu- 
 ous to the two last short ribs, 
 the right under the liver, and 
 the left under the spleen. 
 
 Over the upper part of the 
 abdomen is spread the omen- 
 tum or caul, consisting of two 
 broad, thin and transparent 
 membranes joined together by 
 a cellular texture, in the cells 
 of which a quantity of fat is 
 deposited, the uses of it are, 
 to interpose between the pe- 
 ritonaeum or lining, the intes- 
 tines and the stomach, to keep 
 all these parts, moist, warm, 
 slippery, and to prevent their 
 adhesion to theperitonaeum,a 
 strong membrane which con- 
 fines, as in an enclosure, the 
 intestines and contents of the 
 abdomen. 
 
 • . 1 
 
 Another essential cavity witn 
 
 rp 
 
^^' 
 
 odies si- 
 ;ontigu- 
 3rt ribs, 
 ^er, and 
 een* 
 
 t of the 
 ^ omen- 
 y of two 
 isparent 
 sther by 
 the cells 
 >f fat is 
 f it are, 
 the pe- 
 le intes- 
 to keep 
 , warm, 
 nt their 
 iaeum,a 
 ch con- 
 Lire, the 
 ts of the 
 
 dtywith 
 
 » 
 
 35 
 
 its dependent system, to the 
 primary influence of which, 
 all the other parts of the body 
 are indebted for their action 
 and energy, the Brain, is di- 
 vided into two portions, name- 
 ly, cerebum and cerebellum, 
 the former situated in the up- 
 per part of the skull, and the 
 latter under it ; in the hind 
 part of the brain is a soft pul- 
 py substance, surrounded by 
 two membranes, one called 
 dura, and the other pia mat- 
 ter ; it has also a third called 
 a rachnoid from its fineness, as 
 being similar to a spider's web. 
 It contains some sinews, which 
 are nothing more than large 
 veins, or receptacles for bloody 
 and four cavities called venti- 
 cles. Moistened in a healthful 
 state like other parts of the 
 body, it has a variety of arte- 
 
i 
 
 ri? t 
 
 IV. 
 
 r 
 
 ■^likir 
 
 m\ 
 
 -JiH 
 
 S6 
 
 rial branches from the heart, 
 which diffuses through its sub- 
 stance and on the membranes. 
 These are white, firm and so- 
 lid cords which arise from the 
 brain and spinal marrow, which 
 is only an elongation of the 
 brain, and spread over every 
 part of the body endowed with 
 sensibility, by mnumerable fi- 
 laments ; ten pair of nerves is- 
 sue from the brain itself, and 
 thirty from the spinal marrow; 
 those that go to the organs of 
 sense, are considerably larger 
 than the rest, and are in part 
 divested of their outer cover- 
 ing, 
 
 OF DIGESTION. 
 
 The aliment being received 
 into the mouth, the first ope- 
 ration it undergoes is to be 
 
 teeth and several muscles j 
 
heart, 
 ts sub- 
 ►ranes. 
 ind so- 
 )mthe 
 which 
 of the 
 every 
 id with 
 ible fi- 
 'ves is- 
 f, and 
 arrow; 
 fans of 
 larger 
 n part 
 cover- 
 
 ceived 
 
 ^t ope- 
 
 to be 
 
 iscles f 
 
 37 
 
 this mastication is of greater 
 moment than is generally ima- 
 gined, and the good eftects ot 
 it are further promoted from 
 the firmness of the food, and 
 by mixing with the aliment a 
 quantity of saliva discharged 
 from the glands of the mouth, 
 and which is greatly condu- 
 cive to digestion J durmg its 
 continuance in the stomach it 
 experiences the eftectsrof heat 
 and muscular action from the 
 coats of that organ, and the 
 motion and warmth of the 
 surrounding parts ; it thence 
 passes out gradually by the 
 right orifice of the stomach, 
 and there meets with an ad- 
 ditional quantity of bile from 
 the gall bladder and liver, be- 
 sides the pancreatic juice or 
 that of the sweet bread, of a 
 nature similar to the saliva, 
 
38 
 
 
 lis 
 
 JW 
 
 Hi'! I 
 
 but rather more thick, and the 
 fluids separated by the intes- 
 tines; it then receives the acti- 
 on of the bowels. A fluid is 
 now produced called chyle, 
 wdiich is separated from the 
 grosser materials, and taken 
 up by a set of extremely small 
 absorbent vessels called lac- 
 teals, these have their origin 
 in the thinner coat of the intes- 
 tines, and passing thence, dis- 
 charge themselves into a duct, 
 named the receptacle of the 
 chyle, whence this fluid pro- 
 ceeds along the thoracic duct, 
 which terminates in the left 
 subclavian vein. In the pas- 
 sage to the receptacle, there 
 is a number of glands, which 
 separate a watery liquid, for 
 the purpose of givingthe chyle 
 a thinner consistence. To pre- 
 vent the chyle from failing 
 
iiid is 
 chyle, 
 n the 
 taken 
 ' small 
 i lac- 
 origin 
 intes- 
 e, dis- 
 . duct, 
 3f the 
 d pro- 
 duct, 
 e left 
 e pas- 
 there 
 which 
 i, for 
 chyle 
 b nre- 
 
 i. 
 
 ailing 
 
 39 
 
 back in its progress through 
 the lacteals, the construction 
 of these vessels is admirably 
 contrived : they are furnished 
 with a number of valves which 
 open onlv forwards, and are 
 shut by *any fluid pressing 
 backwards. From the sub- 
 clavian \ ein, the chyle is pour- 
 ed into the blood, and thence 
 immediately thrown into the 
 right auricle and ventricle ot 
 the hear+, from which now 
 mixed with the blood, it pas- 
 ses into the lungs ; it urider- 
 goes in that organ a consider- 
 able change from the act of 
 respiration. From the lungs 
 it proceeds through the pul- 
 monary vein to the left auri- 
 cle of the heart, and then in- 
 to the left ventricle, whence 
 at last, endowed with all the 
 qualities 01 uiouu, it pa^o^^ ^^ 
 
ir ji 
 
 (I 
 
 
 40 
 
 to the aanta, and is diffused 
 universally through the frame, 
 the wants of which it is fitted 
 to supply, by the addition of 
 nourishing particles. 
 
 AVOID SOLITUDE. 
 
 Grief is the most destruc- 
 tive of all the passions. Its ef- 
 fects are permanent ; and when 
 it sinks deep into the mind, it 
 generally proves fatal. Anger 
 and fear, being of a more vio- 
 lent nature, seldom last long; 
 but grief often changes into a 
 settled melan choly which preys 
 upon the spirits, and wastes 
 the constitution. This passion 
 ought not to be indulged. It 
 may generally be conquered 
 at the beginning, but when it 
 has gained strength, all at- 
 temt^ts to remove it are vain. 
 No person can prevent misfor- 
 
41 
 
 tunes in life, but it shows true 
 greatness of mind to bear them 
 with sincerity. Many persons 
 make a merit of indulgmg 
 grief, and when misfortunes 
 happen, they obstinately re- 
 fuse all consolation, till the 
 mind, overwhelmed with me- 
 lancholy, sinks under the load. 
 Such conduct is not only de- 
 structive to health, but incon- 
 sistent with reason, religion & 
 common sense. Change of 
 ideas is as necessary for health 
 as changes of posture -, when 
 the mind dwells long upon one 
 subject, especiall}^ of a disa- 
 greeable nature, it hurts the 
 whole functions of the body. 
 Hence grief indulged, spoils 
 the digestion and destroys the 
 appetite, by which means the 
 spirits are depressed, the nerves 
 relaxed, the bowels inflated 
 
I 
 
 •f 4} 
 
 42 
 
 with wind, and the humours 
 for want of fresh supplies of 
 chyle viciated. 
 
 Thus many an excellent con- 
 stitution has been ruined by 
 a family misfortune, or any 
 thing that occasions excessive 
 grief. It is utterly impossible, 
 that any person of a dejected 
 mind should enjoy health. Life 
 indeed may be dragged out for 
 afew years, but whoever would 
 live to a good old age, must be 
 good humored and cheerful. 
 This indeed, is not altogether 
 in our power, vet our temper 
 of mind, as well as our actions, 
 depend greatly upon ourselves. 
 We can either associate with 
 cheerful or melancholy com- 
 pany, mingle in the amuse- 
 ments and offices in life, or sit 
 
 still J^Tid brooH ov^** oi^r ^nlfi^ 
 
 mities as we choose ; these, & 
 
43 
 
 many such things are certain- 
 ly in our power, and from these 
 the mind generally takes its 
 cast. The variety of scenes 
 which present themselves to 
 the senses, were certainly de- 
 siened to prevent our attenti- 
 on from being too long tixed 
 upon any one object. Nature 
 abounds with variety, and the 
 mind, unless fixed down by 
 habit, delights in contempla- 
 ting new objects. This at once 
 points out the method ot re- 
 lieving the mind in distress. 
 Turn the attention frequently 
 to new objects, examine them 
 for some time ; when the mmd 
 beginstorecoil,shiftthe scene. 
 By this means, a constant suc- 
 cession of new ideas may be 
 kept tip, till the disagre^ble 
 ones entirely disappear. Thus 
 
 
 n: 
 
 '6' 
 
 U I. vt. --' 
 
44 
 
 y i' 
 
 livj , 
 
 — r 
 
 art or science, reading or wri- 
 ting, or such subjects as deep- 
 ly engage the attention, wili 
 sooner expel grief than the 
 most sprightly amusements. 
 
 It has already been observ- 
 ed, that the body cannot be 
 healthy, unless it be exercised, 
 neither can the mind. Indo- 
 lence nourishes grief. When 
 the mind has nothing else to 
 think on but calamities, no 
 wonder it dwells there. Few 
 people who pursue business 
 with attention are hurt by 
 grief. Instead therefore, of ab- 
 . stracting ourselves from the 
 world or business when mis- 
 fortunes happen, we ought to 
 engage in it with more than 
 usual attention, to discharge 
 with double diligence, the 
 functions of our station, and 
 to mix with friends of a cheer- 
 
or wri- 
 ,s deep- 
 •n, will 
 an the 
 lents. 
 
 observ- 
 not be 
 Tcised, 
 Indo- 
 When 
 else to 
 ies, no 
 Few 
 usiness 
 urt by 
 , ofab- 
 >m the 
 m mis- 
 ight to 
 e than 
 charge 
 e, the 
 
 45 
 
 ful and social temper. Inno- 
 cent amusements are by no 
 means to be neglected ; these 
 by leading the mind insensibly 
 to the contemplation of agree- 
 able objects, help to dispel the 
 gloom which misfortunes cast 
 over it. They make time seem 
 less tedious, and have many o* 
 ther happy effects. Some per- 
 sons, when overwhelmed with 
 grief, betake themselves to 
 drinking ; this is making the 
 cure worse than the disease. 
 It seldom fails to end in the 
 ruin of fortune, character and 
 constitutiQii, 
 
 s « 5 
 
 ^f i. ji ■%. a. 
 
 cheer- 
 
46 
 TECHNICAL PHRASES. 
 
 Acute, any disease which is 
 violent. 
 
 Adult, of mature age. 
 
 Abdomen, the belly. 
 
 Aphthae, small whitish ulcers 
 appearing in the moiith. 
 
 Aesophagus, the gullj^t. 
 
 Bile or Gall, a fluid which is 
 secreted by the liver into 
 the gall bladder, and from 
 thence pass into the intes- 
 tines in urder to promote 
 digestion. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Cirebellum, the braifi^ of ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Cava, a large vein which con- 
 veys the refluent blood to 
 the heart. 
 
 Caries, rottenness of the bone. 
 
 Circulation, the motion of the 
 blood. 
 
 -> .,: 
 
47 
 
 Comatose, sleepy. 
 
 Cutis, thre skin. 
 
 Chronic, a disease in opposi- 
 tion to accute. 
 
 Debility, weakness. 
 
 Delirium, a disorder of the 
 mental faculties. 
 
 Diaphragm, a membrane sepa- 
 ratingthe cavity of the chest 
 from that of the belly. 
 
 Exacerbation, the increase of 
 any disease. 
 
 Foeces, excrements or set- 
 tlings after distillation. 
 
 Faetid, emitting an offensive 
 
 smell. 
 
 Flatulent, producing wind. 
 
 Fungus, proud flesh. 
 
 Faetus, a child before birth. 
 
 Gangrene, mortification. 
 
 Ganglia, venerial excrescen- 
 ces. 
 
 Hypochondriacism, low spi- 
 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
•i.. 
 
 -1 
 
 
 48 
 
 Haeomrhoids, the piles. 
 
 Hemorhage, discharge of 
 blood. 
 
 Ichor, thin bad matter. 
 
 Ligature, bandage. 
 
 Mucus, the matter discharged 
 
 from the nose, lungs, &c. 
 Nausea, an inclination to vo- 
 
 mit. 
 
 Phlogiston, unwholesome air. 
 
 Pus, bad matter. 
 
 Pericardium, membrane con- 
 taining the heart. 
 
 Perspiration, the matter dis- 
 charged from the pores of 
 the skin. 
 
 Respiration, the act of breath- 
 ing. 
 
 Regimen, regulation of diet. 
 Saliva, spittle. 
 Spine, the back bone. 
 Thorax, the breast. 
 Tabes, a species of consump- 
 
 v-a.'W&«« 
 
s. 
 
 je of 
 
 r. 
 
 charged 
 :s, &c. 
 I to vo- 
 
 49 
 
 Ulcer, an ill conditioned sore. 
 
 Urethra, the canal which con- 
 veys the urine from theblad- 
 der. 
 
 Vertigo, giddiness. 
 
 me air. 
 
 le con- 
 
 :er dis- 
 ores of 
 
 breath- 
 
 f diet. 
 
 A 
 
 tsump- 
 
 C 3 
 
50 
 
 & 
 
 SELF KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 That most important of all 
 sciences, is to be studied in all 
 situations through life. . It is 
 an accomplishment very much 
 neglected. The calls of Na- 
 ture ought never to be post- 
 poned. Observe with diligence 
 which way nature points, and 
 endeavor to assist her opera- 
 tions. Our bodies are so fra- 
 med as to have a constant ten^ 
 dency to expel or throw off 
 whatever is injurious : sleep, 
 as well as diet, ought to be 
 regular. Too much sleep ren- 
 ders the mind dull, the body 
 gross, and not enough weak- 
 ens the nerves, exhausts the 
 spirits, and occasions diseases. 
 The sexes are much the same, 
 allowing for their different 
 dispositions, age, and consti=^ 
 tutions. One great source of 
 
51 
 
 E, 
 
 It of all 
 ed in all 
 . . It is 
 y much 
 of Na- 
 e post- 
 ligence 
 itSj and 
 opera- 
 so fra- 
 nt ten- 
 )w off 
 sleep, 
 to be 
 jp ren- 
 ! body 
 weak- 
 :s the 
 eases, 
 same, 
 ferent 
 
 nncfi- 
 
 'ce of 
 
 the diseases of Children, is the 
 unhealthiness of Parents ; it 
 would be as reasonable to ex- 
 pect a rich crop from a barren 
 soil, as that strong, healthy 
 children should be born of pa- 
 rents whose constitutions have 
 been worn out v/ith intempe- 
 rance and disease. Few things 
 prove more destructive to 
 health than confined or un- 
 wholesome air. Many people 
 are not aware of the danger 
 arising from it. Mankind ge- 
 nerally pay some attention to 
 what they eat or drink, but 
 seldom regard w^hat goes into 
 the lungs. The passions have 
 great influence both in the 
 cause and cure of diseases. 
 The temper of mind ought to 
 be carefully attended to in 
 diseases. In vain do we apply 
 
 C 4 
 
Ill 
 
 52 
 
 medicines to the body to re- 
 move maladies which proceed 
 from the mind. When it is af- 
 fected, the best medicine is to 
 soothe the passions, to divert 
 the mind from anxious thought 
 ^d keep it as easy and cheer- 
 ful as possible. 
 
 A FEW OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 Will, I hope, make a suitable 
 and abiding impression upon 
 your minds, teach you the fa- 
 ding nature where neglect is 
 indulged, and the little depen- 
 dence which is to be placed 
 upon quackery, which becomes 
 every day more alarming, and 
 threatens the public with the 
 most fatal effects by which they 
 are actuated. I w rite warmly on 
 the subject, for it is a subject in 
 which I thiiik the honor and 
 
to re. 
 oceed 
 is af- 
 eisto 
 divert 
 ought 
 Aeer- 
 
 h 
 
 itable 
 upon 
 he fa- 
 ect is 
 epen- 
 laced 
 *omes 
 f, and 
 h the 
 I they 
 ilyon 
 ect in 
 ' and 
 
 53 
 
 happiness of Society concern^ 
 ed. Pursue the system which 
 is adopted, and convince your 
 friends of their mistaken ideas, 
 that they may consider their 
 nature and effects, and re- 
 nounce them. We do not al- 
 ways consider the value of a 
 blessing until too late : this is 
 strictly verified in almost eve- 
 family through the country. 
 It is the ignorance and credu- 
 Hty of the multitude, with re- 
 card to the management of 
 the teeth, which renders them 
 such an easy prey to quacke- 
 ry. 1, 2, 3, and so on, are pre- 
 scribed for curing maladies of 
 the teeth and gums. Some for 
 whitening, the effects at first 
 surpassed their most sanguine 
 expectations. Many have the 
 mortifying conviction, that 
 
 .0^' ■ 
 
54 
 
 neither art nor time can ever 
 remove the filty discoloration 
 which neglect or improper ad- 
 vice has accomplished. A 
 thread passed between the 
 teeth after every meal, will 
 save more teeth from decay, 
 than all the brushes and pow- 
 ders that can be used where 
 the waxed thread is neglect- 
 ed. It is advisable, whenever 
 the teeth are discolored on a- 
 ny part or spec't between, to 
 have it removed with instru- 
 nr'^nts; let it ofFend whom it 
 may, for the longer they re- 
 main in a foul state, its bad ef- 
 fects are progressing in a grea- 
 ter or lesser degree. The un- 
 believers will please to dis- 
 pense with the absurdity of a 
 custom which has pernicious 
 effects on society, for no other 
 reason than a compliance with 
 
55 
 
 fashion. Such caistoms are to 
 be treated in a manner which 
 the laws of humanity forbid. 
 
 Any Advice given Gratis. 
 
 Prices for the following are as 
 circumstancespresentthem- 
 
 selves : 
 A full set of Teeth, with gold 
 springs, not to exceed one 
 hundred dollars. 
 A single tooth not to exceed 
 
 ten dollars. 
 Evening the teeth not to ex- 
 ceed one dollar. 
 Separating of the teeth not to 
 
 exceed one dollar. 
 For mending a tooth with foil 
 
 one dollar, gold, &c. 
 Teeth made white and polish- 
 ed, price depends on the 
 state and number of the 
 teeth ; from one to five dol- 
 C 6 
 
56 
 
 lars — not the least pain un- 
 der the operation. 
 Tooth paste, &c. &c. for keep- 
 ing the breath, teeth and 
 gums agreeable. 
 Deranged and ulcer teeth ex- 
 tracted gratis, with as great 
 care and ease as any opera- 
 tor. 
 
 My first wish is a continu- 
 ance of the public's patron- 
 age — my highest ambition to 
 deserve it. 
 
 NEVER TOO LATE TO DO GOOD. 
 
 It is certain, that life when 
 to all appearance lost, may of- 
 ten, by due care, be restored. 
 Accidents frequently prove fa- 
 tal, merely because proper 
 means are not u sed to coun- 
 teract their effects. No per- 
 son ou^ht to be looked upon 
 
un- 
 
 57 
 
 as killed by an/ accident, un- 
 less where the structure ot the 
 heart, brain, or some organ 
 necessary to life is evidently 
 destroyed. The action of these 
 organs may be so far impair- 
 ed, as even to be for some time 
 imperceptible, when lite is by, 
 no means gone. In this case, 
 however, if the fluids be suf- 
 fered to grow cold, It will be 
 impossible to put them again 
 in motion, even though the 
 soHdsshouldrecovertheirpow- 
 
 er of acting. Thus, when the 
 motion of the lungs has been 
 stopt by unwholesome vapour, 
 the action of the heart by a 
 stroke on the breast, or the 
 functions of the bram by a 
 blow on the head, if the per- 
 son be suffered to grow cold, 
 he will in all probability con- 
 tinue so ; but if the body be 
 
S8 
 
 kept warm, as soon as the in- 
 jured part has recovered its 
 power of acting, the fluids 
 wJl again begin to move, and 
 ail the vital functions will be 
 restored. It is particularly ne- 
 cessary to avoid all violent 
 exercise, and should carefully 
 guard against catching cold. 
 
59 
 
 he in" 
 3d its 
 fluids 
 ^9 and 
 ill be 
 lyne- 
 iolent 
 efully 
 ^old. 
 
 Exercise thy Judgment. 
 
 Among the various tribes of 
 animals, I cannot find any ir- 
 regularity of the teeth, or dis- 
 cover any instances of decayed 
 teeth, except by fracture. Na- 
 ture has left it to rational be- 
 ings, to judge for themselves, 
 and the person would be blind 
 and utterly void of under- 
 standing, who could not trace 
 through the destruction of the 
 
 tfteth. It maltPTft not what wi> 
 
60 
 
 eat or drink provided the teeth 
 be cleansed directly after. It 
 is what lodges between the 
 teeth that operats their ruin. A 
 sing-le instance will infallibly 
 correct the error, and shew 
 the absurdity of neglecting 
 them. Dentistry with some, is 
 hardly considered as a popu- 
 lar science : but^ surely^ no 
 sufficient reason can be assign- 
 ed for this omission. It must 
 soon, however^ appear, upon 
 a more strict examination, that 
 no science better deserves the 
 attention, or is more capable 
 of being rendered generally 
 useful. There are various im- 
 proper practices, which bring 
 on decay of the teeth, and con- 
 sequent tooth-ache ; such as 
 raising heavy weights with 
 them, cracking nuts, using 
 mettal tooth-picks, &c. &c. 
 
 I 
 
61 
 
 That kind of tooth-ache which 
 happens in sound teeth, is of- 
 ten agf^ravated by extraction. 
 When a tooth is painful, and 
 does not appear to be deffective 
 we have many circumstances 
 to take into consideration : we 
 should learn whether it arises 
 from sympathy, from cold, from 
 tartar, or other causes. 
 
 OF ELECTRICITY. 
 
 To describe all the maladies 
 in which Electricity is servica- 
 ble, would extend this far be- 
 yond the limits allotted :— in 
 short, it is proper in all infla- 
 mations of the eyes, throat, &c. 
 likewise in asthma sciatic pains, 
 coughs, head-ache, strains, 
 rheumatisms, apoplexy, epi- 
 lepsy, bruses, burns, scalds, 
 and any empoverished state of 
 the blood, jaundice, gout, 
 
62 
 
 r 
 
 dropsy, cancers, ulcers, or e- 
 ruptions on any part of the 
 body, (Sfc. the bites of poison- 
 ous animals, that most obsti- 
 nate malady, wiU sooner yield 
 to electricity than all the boast- 
 ed remedies of the shops. A 
 similar treatment to wounds, 
 &c. it stimulates the parts in 
 such a condition as is the most 
 favorable to nature's efforts. As 
 human life has many diseases 
 which require medicines, are 
 we not right in selecting* the 
 most agreeable and palatable. 
 No discovery can be of gene- 
 ral utility, while the practice 
 of it is neglected. Electricity, 
 Chemistry, Anatomy, and Ma- 
 teria Medica, are all branches 
 of Natural History, and are 
 fraught with such amusement 
 and utih'ty that the person who 
 entirely neglects them, has but 
 
63 
 
 a sorry claim either to taste or 
 learning. Convinced of the 
 utility, I shall spare no pains; 
 determined that neither inte- 
 rest nor prejudice shall ever 
 deter me from exerting my 
 best endeavors to render Elec- 
 tricity more generally benefi- 
 cial to mankind. An ounce of 
 pevcntitive is worth a pound 
 of cure. 
 
 DELAYS ARE DANGEROUS. 
 
 Make the practice of this 
 work fashionable, and all ob- 
 jections will soon vanish. It is 
 fdsluon alone that has led the 
 multitude since the begining 
 of the world and will lead them 
 to the end. We are a misjudg- 
 ing people, and ou i,ht not to 
 sacrifice our blessings and en- 
 iovments to the contrast of o- 
 pinions. We must, therefore 
 
64 
 
 call upon the more enlighten- 
 ed part of mankind to set a 
 pattern for the rest. Their ex- 
 ample, though it may for some 
 time meet with opposition, will 
 at length prevail. Time, which 
 effaces every occasional im- 
 pression, I find gradually 
 dispelling, which gives me 
 pleasing anticipations of fu- 
 ture felicity. It is the task of 
 friendship to write on facts, 
 and an insult upon our un- 
 derstanding to neglect them. 
 Whenever the public are con- 
 vinced of the justice of my 
 conduct, and become converts 
 to my advice, I shall be happy 
 to hear it. That we may 
 have wisdom to keep from fall- 
 ing, and conduct us safely 
 through this state of trial, to 
 the regions of immortal bliss ! 
 
 ir 
 
fh ten- 
 set a 
 ir ex- 
 some 
 I, will 
 vhich 
 
 im- 
 lually 
 
 me 
 f fu- 
 isk of 
 facts, 
 r un- 
 hem, 
 con- 
 f my 
 verts 
 
 appy 
 
 may 
 1 fall, 
 afely 
 1, to 
 
 )Iiss ! 
 
 65 
 
 is the fervent prayer of your 
 sincere friend and obedient 
 servant. 
 
 Hettt 9peat Ipatmis*