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 HARMONY OF INTERESTS. 
 
 HOW PROTECTION AFFECTS THE FARMER. 
 
 "Bai Jmeriea reciprocated f No ! and America will rot. t <)r rebuke, as contirined In the 
 Aociunenta before us,* which we firmly believe convey the Bentiments of the wisest men of the 
 Cnion, is perhaps the most poignant that ever was cast in the teeth of a dviUzed and christian 
 oommunlty." — Blackwoo<ti Magaxine for January, 1861. 
 
 * <* Tin B«niai7 of latmilt. 
 
HARIOM OF INTERESTS. 
 
 HOW PROTECTION AFFECTS THE FAEMEB. 
 
 ? 
 
 Amon}{ the large exporters of food are Ireland, | 
 Canada, "Russia, and the United States. 
 
 The hrst exports both food and population. 
 The bulk of her trade ib altogether outward, ' 
 and the food has to bear all the voyage out and i 
 home. The yield to the producer is therefore 
 small, and tends rapidly to diminish; the conse- 
 quences of which are, famine, pestilence, and 
 depopulation. , , , i i 
 
 The second exports food and lumber, antl 
 imports some population for home coiisumi)tion, 
 and much that is exported to the United States. 
 The excess of export is, however, sufficiently 
 great to throw nearly the whole weight of the 
 voyage out ard home upon the producer. 
 
 Neither of these countries has any projection 
 against the colonial system. The food they 
 export comes back to them in the form of cloth 
 and iron, duty free, and almcst freight free, 
 because the bulk of the traffic is in the outward 
 direction. 
 
 Russia exports food, but sine protects manu- 
 factures, and thus makes a market for much of 
 it at home. Her capacity to supply grain is, 
 by one authority , stated to be equal to 17,000,000, 
 and by another " j,000,000 of quarters, (153 and 
 252 millions ol bushels of 60 pounds weight), 
 and we are told that — . 
 
 " In the years when there is no foreign de- 
 mand for this surplus, a portidh of it is employed, 
 with little regard to economy, in fattening 
 cattle for the butchers, and for the sake of the 
 tallow. Much is absolutely wasted, and the 
 remainder, left unthreshed, becomes the prey 
 of birds and mice." Also, that " if a foreign ; 
 market could be found for it, Russia could easily ; 
 export annually 50,000,000 of quarters of grain, i 
 (equal to 450,000,000 of bushels of sixty pounds ; 
 
 weight.)" . , ... 
 
 The system of that country is adverse to the 
 growih of wealth and intelligence. Large 
 armies and hosts of officials are maintained out 
 of her heavy taxes, paid from the earnings ot 
 the producing classes, while the existence ot 
 serfdom, and the necessity for giving so large a 
 portion of the lives of the healtl lest and best 
 formed of the population to the business ot 
 carrying sabres and muskets, tends to i)revent 
 the existence of any hope of improvement ; 
 and without hope there can be little disposition 
 for exertion. Nevertheless, as we see, the 
 Russian has food to waste, while Irishmen 
 perish, by tens of thousands, of starvaUon. 
 
 In this country the system of protection exists. 
 It is now limited to thirty per cent. ; and for the 
 last twenty years it has but once, and for a very 
 briel period, Iwen at a lower point. By its aid 
 there has been produced a diversification ot 
 pursuits, that enables men to economize much 
 time and many things that would otherwise be 
 wasted, while women and children find employ- 
 ment at such wages as enables them to be large 
 consumers of both Ibod and clothing. Wages 
 are high, and hence it is that there is so large 
 an import of the most valuable of commodities — 
 man. 
 
 We imported last year about 300,000 persons. 
 
 Estimating their consumption of food at twenty 
 
 cents per day for each, there was thus made a 
 
 market on the land for the products ol the land 
 
 to the extent of twenty millions of dollars. 
 
 j Their transportation required the constant em- 
 
 i ployment of 250,000 tons ot shipping, and ships 
 
 'carried freight to Europe at very low lates, 
 
 because ceitain of obtaining valuable return 
 
 cargoes. The farmer thus obtained a large 
 
 home maiket, and the power of exporting 
 
 , cheaply to the foreign one ; ano io the conjoined 
 
 1 operation of these two causes is due the fact, 
 
 ; that wheat and flour have continued so high in 
 
 1 price. 
 
 I We may now, I think, understand many 
 ■ curious facts now passing before our eyes. 
 Food is so abundant in Russia that it is wasted, 
 and yet among the large exporters of food to 
 Great Britain is this country, in which - ells 
 at a price almost as high as in Liverpc. and 
 now even higher. The produce of Russia has 
 to bear all the charges out and home ; and the 
 consequence is, that the producer remains poor 
 and luakes no roads ; and thus the cost of trans- 
 portation, internal and external, continues and 
 must continue great. The farmer of the United 
 States sends his produce to market cheap, be- 
 cause the returr. cargo, being chiefly man, is 
 valuable, and the space it occupies »s great. 
 He therelbre giows rich, and makes roads, and 
 canals, and builds steamboats ; and thus is the 
 : cost of transportation, internal and external, so 
 : far diminished that the difference m the price of 
 a barrel of flour in Pittsburgh and in Liverpool 
 is, when we look at the distance, almost incon- 
 ceivably small. . 
 I The bulk of the trade of Canada is outwards ; 
 I and the consequence is, that outward freights are 
 ' high, while our imports ol men and other valua- 
 
IS 
 
 I 
 
 HARMONY OF INTERESTS. 
 
 iii 
 
 ble commodities keep them low with us; and i is enabled to consume largely of sugar and 
 th-efore it isthat the (.•'>sls.)ftransi)oitiii{;wheatl coffee, to the advantage of t e nrierchant— of 
 ourfromoursideottlu'lineissonmchlow-i wool, to the furlher advantage ol the cultivator 
 Li than from theotlier,1liiU both now pass throuu'h | of the lands— of inmber, to the advantage ot the 
 New York on their way to Liverpool. Hence man who has land uncultivated, that be desires 
 it is that iheif has arisen so vehement a desire i to clear—of cotton and Indigo, to the bcneht ol 
 for commercial reciprocity, and even tor annex- : the planter— and thus it is that every interest 
 ation. The protective system has thus not only ! in the country profits by the transfer of the poor 
 the effect of biinsing consumers to take their cultivators ol Ireland, and of German;)f, to the 
 
 places by the side of the producer, facilitating 
 also the exportation of the surplus to foreign 
 markets, by diminishing outward freights, but 
 the turther one of producing among our neigli 
 
 coal fields and iron ore beds of the Union. 
 
 The young Englishman who aspirea to be an 
 operative spinner, and now fills the place of the 
 latter in his absence, receives 7s. 6d.— $1.80 
 
 hours a strong desire for the establishment of! per week,* the price of two bushels of Indian 
 the same perfect freedom of trade that now i corn. Place him in Alabama, and he will earn 
 exists among the several States, by becoming ' the jjresent price of twenty bushels, and he will 
 themnelves a part of the Union. Protection, ■ then eat more and belter lood, and consume ten 
 therefore, tends to the increase of commerce pounds of cotton where now he consumes but 
 and the establishment of free trade; while the one. -c i j 
 
 British system tends everywhere to the destruc- , The hand-loom weavers, of whoni tngiana 
 tion ol commerce, and to the production of a has 800,000, without work for one-tbird ol the 
 necessity for restriction. , number,! consume little food or cotton. Irans- 
 
 We see, thus, that if we desire to secure the ^ fer them here, and they will become large 
 
 command ol that which is falsely called " the 
 great grain market of the world," it is to be 
 effected by the adoption of such measures as 
 will secure valuable return freights. The most 
 costly and the most valuable of all are men. 
 The least so are pig iron and coal. The more 
 of the latter we import, the larger will be our 
 surplus of food, the higher w ill be the outward 
 freight, internal and external, the gr,;ater will 
 be the waste, and the poorer will oethe nirmi;r. 
 The more of the former we import, the smaller 
 will be our surplus of food, the lower will be 
 
 consumers of both. 
 
 The agricultural labourer of England receives 
 8s. or Os. a week— little over the price of a 
 bushel and a-half of wheat. Transfer him here, 
 and his services at, a miner, or labourer, will 
 enable him to earn the price of five or six 
 bushels. He will then consume more and bet- 
 ter food, and largely of cotton. 
 
 The poor Highlander, driven from his native 
 hills to make room for sheep, starves in the 
 miserable lodging-houses ol Glasgow.t Could 
 he bo transferred here, he would become a large 
 
 will Oe UUl SU1|MU3 <J1 luim, ijic .uv.v-. v.... .,.,...,..> . j 1 1 V, • 
 
 the outward freights, and the more numerous i consumer of ^ood and clothing, 
 will be the commoditieb that can go to Europe, i Our present policy is directly the reverse rt 
 to be given in exchange for luxuries that now ; all this. We are exporliiig nnen by tens of 
 we cannot purchase. thousands to California, and by huiidreds of 
 
 Were we now importing a million of men 
 annually, the downward freights on our canals 
 and railroads would be greatly diminished, while 
 
 thousands to the west, thus diminishing the 
 power of combination of action, and increasing 
 the necessity for ships and wagons to carry theii- 
 
 the outward freight across the ocean would be I produce to market. Thus far the immigration 
 little more than would pay the cost attendant j has been maintained, and freights to Europe 
 upon loading and unloading it; and yet we ' are consequently low ; but, with the diminished 
 should be building ships and steamboats, and' 
 
 making railroads at a rate of which we could 
 now form no conception. 
 
 By aid of these men, coal and iron would be 
 produced by millions of tons, and the increased 
 facility of obtaining food and iron would give 
 new facilities lor building cotton and woollen 
 mills, and type foundries, and printing offices, 
 and all the men employed in them would be 
 large consumers of food, and thus v/ould the 
 farmer gain on every hand. 
 
 The labourer, in Ireland, obtains 6d. or 8d. 
 lor a day's labour when employed, but the ave- 
 rage of the year is even less than the former 
 sum. He is our great customer for Indian corn, 
 the cost of which, by the time it reaches him, 
 is about 4s. or five times what it has yielded to 
 the farmer, delivered on his farm. Eight day's 
 labour are thus required for the purchase of a 
 bushel. Transfer that man to the coal fields of 
 
 Ohio and Indiana, and he may purchase far more 
 
 by the work of a single day. He at once j The gtandard of tU« Ceunpb«llB, who inhabited thi» 
 becomes a much better . customer for food, and ^ region, bore » pins. 
 
 * London Economist, vol. vi., p. 269. 
 
 t Edlnburgli Review, October, 1849. 
 
 t A recent British journal, speaking of the Queen's 
 visit to Scotland, thus describes the effects of the deso- 
 latine policy that has been pursued in the Highlands :— 
 
 "The untilled hills and slens tell their own story 
 most effectually. The sheep farms, of twenty miles 
 length and breadth, proclaim the d»rk character of 
 that policy which is foat maliing of the Highlands a 
 great hunting ground. Iler Majesty is topass through 
 a land of Ameers. The same wretched policy an that 
 which has desolated Scinde, originating in the game 
 miserable cause— the selfishuess and pleasuro-soekmg 
 of the owners— has laid waste the Highlands. Ihoy 
 want a Sir Charles Napier— a legislative not a militaiy 
 Napier. They need the repeal of the game and entail 
 laws; and with those laws repealed, in twenty years 
 there would be no difficulty in finding a population to 
 welcome the monarch, on the beautiful but now desc^ 
 late shores of Loch Long and Loch Awe. The plneB* 
 would flourish again; and newspaper reporters would 
 not be weighing the question, whether there be or not 
 a habitable house, where they might rest, within ten 
 miles of Loch Laggan."— iVorth Britiih Mail. 
 
 ^^S^^SK^'ti 
 
 W»< 
 
iv 
 
 HOW PROTECTION AFFECTS THE PARMEB. 
 
 wages of the labourer, immigration must tall 
 off, and then freights must rise, and thus the 
 same measures that diminish the hom« con- 
 sumption must increase the cost of going to the 
 distant market. The cost of the voyiifi;e out 
 and home must be paid by somebody. If there 
 is no return freight, the farmer or planter must 
 pay the whole. It there is a large and vnluiible 
 return freight, he need pay scarcely any portion 
 of the cost. To Calilbrnia we must pay ull 
 the outward freights, tor there is no cargo to he 
 returned. Bulky urtioles, ihe produce of the 
 farm, cannot, tlierefore, go from here; and the 
 Consequence is, that every emigrant to that 
 country is a customer lost to the farmer, and a 
 customer, to a diminished extent, to the planter. 
 
 The most costly and most valuable of com- 
 motlilies, as I have already said, is man. The 
 more valuable the commodities that can be 
 imported into any country, without going in 
 debt for them, the richer that country will grow ; 
 and this is equally true of every state, country, 
 township, town, &c., into which it may be 
 divided. Of this no one can doubt, and yet 
 every portion of the Union is engaged in export- 
 ing to the west, to Texas, Oregon, and Cuiitor- 
 nia, this most valuable of all commodities, 
 receiving nothing in return. We import now 
 hundreds of thousands, yet the old States retain 
 scarcely any of them. All must go w^est, for 
 the working of mills and furnaces is stopped, 
 and the building of mills is at end until we have 
 a change of policy. Such is the effect of the 
 colonial system, established for the purpose of 
 preventing combination of action among the 
 people composing various nations of the world, 
 and maintained by the pursuit of measures des- 
 tructive alike to the interests of the people of 
 England, and of the world at large. " Many 
 of our manufacturers," says a Manchester bro- 
 ker, " have exported to a loss, and if, by so 
 doing, they have kept Ibieign competition at bay, 
 and checked the increase of industrial establish- 
 ments abroad, it is an unenviable success ; still," 
 he adds, " as this country is doomed to be a 
 manufacturing state, nothing remains but to 
 beat or be beaten. "§ 
 
 These losses are of perpetual recurrence. 
 They are a natural consequence of the " war 
 upon the labour and capital of the world," in 
 which England must " beat or be beaten." 
 They must be paid by somebody, and they are 
 paid by the labomers of England, who are 
 compelled to work at diminished wages; but 
 to a r»)uch greater extent by the labourers of the 
 world, who are compelled to I') idle, earning 
 nothing to pay the farmers and planters for food 
 and clothing, when they would gladly be em- 
 ployed, earning wherewith to feed and clothe 
 themselves and their children. 
 
 How small is, under these circumstances, the 
 power to consume food, will be obvious to those 
 who see that three-fourths of the people of 
 England are consumers and not producers ; and 
 that yet their import of grain of the last two 
 years of free trade is but two bushels per head. 
 
 2 C'jrcular of DuFay 4 Co., March 1, 1R4«. 
 
 How insignificant i« 'he quantity she takes flrom 
 us, and trivial the aniount when distributed 
 among the people of the Union, may be seen 
 from the following statement of the last two 
 years of comparatively large export : — 
 
 Year ending June 30, 1848. 
 Flour. Wijkat. Corn. Cornmeal. 
 Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Barrels. 
 958,744 1,531,000 5,062,000 226,000 
 
 Year ending August 31, 1849. 
 
 Flour. Wheat. Corn. CornmeaL. 
 
 Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Barrels. 
 1,114,016 4,684,000 12,721,000 88,000 
 
 The last and largest amounts, in round num- 
 bers, to I0,000,000of bushels of corn. Deduct- 
 ing the trani.portation, the cost of this on the 
 farm may be taken at not exceeding, and pro- 
 bably not equalling $10,000,(K)0, or less than 
 fifty cents per head for the people of the Union. 
 What is the prospect that even this amount will 
 continue to be exported may be judged by the 
 facts, that nothing but the exceeding lowness of 
 freights has thus far maintained the export, and 
 that calculations, base-* upon the low price of 
 tood in Europe, are now being made upon the 
 export of grain to this country. 
 
 " The accounts that have reached us from 
 your side, about the crops, have led to an idea 
 here that it is not improbable the ynited States 
 may become an importing country for grain, aa 
 on some previous occasion about ten or twelve 
 years ago. We regard this as highly improbable 
 ourselves, although Sturges allude to it in their 
 commercial circular to-day. It is said Mark 
 Lane governs the world's grain prices ; and, if 
 so, the European range may certainly be ex- 
 pected to be very low, for the fall here is fully 
 OS. to 6s. per quarter, one-sixth of the entire 
 value, within the last month. Oats are down 
 to 16s. per quarter." — London Correspondent of 
 the National Intelligencer. 
 
 The shipments of both wheat and flour have 
 already fallen off in a most extraordinary degree, 
 since freights have somewhat advanced. In 
 September, flour was carried to Liverpool for 
 6d. a barrel, and sometimes even less. The 
 lapse ot two months has brought the charge 
 up to 18rf., and the effect is shown in the fol- 
 lowing statement of the export from the princi- 
 pal ports of the Union, from the 1 st of September 
 to the latter part of November : — 
 
 Fincn. M^At. Wheat. Corn. 
 Bbla. BblB. Bush. Bush. 
 
 m49 118,000 1.210 212,500 544,874 
 
 Lastyear same period 401,000 27,754 849,350 3,447,820 
 
 Deereai«) 373,000 28,544 688,846 2,902,946 
 
 Notwithstanding the large increase of agricul- 
 tural population, the quantity of wheat and floor 
 received at tide- water on the Hudson, shows a 
 diminution, while the only increase is that of 
 about 2,000,000 of bushels of corn, which fbund 
 11 market abroad only because of the very low 
 freights. 
 
 The import of men has made a market for 
 $20,000,000 worth of food ; and these people, 
 once here, remain consumers of food, and citt- 
 
HAtlMONY OK INTERKST. 
 
 tomers to the farmer, unless compelled to become 
 proiluccri of food and rivals to the tarmer. 
 
 The •' threat grain market of the world" has 
 absorbed half as much, because of the low 
 freights, but with the advance of freight it is 
 now diminishing, and must still further diminish 
 with the continuance of the advance. " Since 
 the comm<!ncemerit of the California excitement, 
 near seven hundred vessels," we are told, " have 
 left for the Pacific, many of which will re-visit 
 us." These shins will not be replaced unless 
 freights be sufficiently high to pay their owners. 
 If immii^ration go on, they will be soon replaced, 
 and the cost of doing it will be paid by immi- 
 grants who come to be customers to the farmer 
 and planter. If it do not, they will not be 
 replaced, and the high freights of the remaining 
 ones must be paid by the farmers and planters 
 seeking customers in Kurope. 
 
 That immigration will be arrested, must be 
 obvious to all who study the tables given in the 
 third chapter. The difficulty of obtaining food, 
 fuel, and clothing — i. e. wages — in return lor 
 labour, is increasing. The value of man is 
 falling, and the inducements to immigration are 
 passing away. Should it diminish next year to 
 the extent of 100,000 persons, there will be a 
 loss of market to the extent of $7,000,000. The 
 California excitement, which carried off so very 
 many thousands of the customers ot the farmer, 
 with food to feed them on ihe road, will no 
 longer exist. Here is another hundred thousand 
 customers lost to the farmer, and with ihem 
 a demand for another $7,000,000 worth of food. 
 The European market is being closed. What, 
 then, are the farmers' prospects at this moment i 
 
 A comparison of the amounts of immigration 
 and the prices of wheat, during the last few 
 years, will show how essentially the interests of 
 the farmer are connected with every operation 
 tending to bring the consumer to take his place 
 by the side of the producer : — 
 
 Tmti. 
 
 ImmigrtUon. 
 
 Prioe of Wheat 
 In PlilUdilphl*. 
 
 Price of 
 FlourinNT 
 
 1840, 
 
 84,000 
 
 $1.00 
 
 $5.25 
 
 1841, 
 
 83,000 
 
 94 
 
 5.72 
 
 1842. 
 
 101,000 
 
 1.12 
 
 5.74 
 
 1843, 
 
 75,000 
 
 75 
 
 4.47 
 
 1844, 
 
 74,000 
 
 89 
 
 4.7o 
 
 1845, 
 
 102.000 
 
 86 
 
 4.32 
 
 1846, 
 
 147,000 
 
 1.04 
 
 5.23 
 
 1847, 
 
 234,000 
 
 1.33 
 
 5.96* 
 
 1848. 
 
 229,000 
 
 1.19 
 
 about 5.25 
 
 1849, 
 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 If we convert into iron delivered back on the 
 farm, free of duty, all the food that has been this 
 year exported, we fshall find that it will yield 
 250,000 tons, or twenty-five pounds for every 
 person of the population. Let us now go to the 
 vicinity of a furnace, and ,see how light, by 
 comparison, is the charge for iron when it is 
 produced on the spot, and paid for in commodi- 
 ties of which the earth yields by tons, as pota- 
 toes or hay — or in straw that would otherwise 
 bewas^d — or in labour not required on the farm, 
 and thfen estimate how many tons might have 
 been obtained by the producers of this grain, 
 
 •jPoteto roti 
 
 had they made a market on the land for the 
 products of the land. 
 
 Let us now suppose, that instead of closing 
 old furnaces we had built fifty new ones, each 
 capable of making 5000 tons, with rolling-mi'ls 
 to convert the product into bars, and had thus 
 applied the labour of some of those immigrants; 
 and that we were now making, as we might 
 readily be doing, 2.50,000 tons of iron more than 
 was made last year, would not that alone have 
 made a permanent market on the land for as 
 much ot' the produr* , of the farmer as we have 
 exported to England 1 Would not that have 
 re(luced the cost of iron 1 Wouic* it not have 
 raised the price of labour 1 Would it not have 
 promoted immigration f Would it not have pro- 
 moted the building of ships and the reduction of 
 freights'! Would not the farmer thus have had 
 the control of the market of England to a much 
 greater extent than he can have uniier a system 
 that discourages immigration and ship-building 1 
 Does not his power to go abroad increase with 
 the diminution of the necessity for seeking a 
 market abroad! If we were importing largely 
 of raw silk and men from Italy, could we not 
 send cotton yarn to Italy more cheaply than it 
 now goes through England 1 And if we were 
 imiwrting silk weavers from France, could we 
 not send to France, in return, food, in the form 
 of coal and iron, at less cost for freight than that 
 at which they now have English co.il and iron, 
 that must pay all the cost of the voyage out and 
 home? The greater the value of the import 
 trade — and men are the most valuable com- 
 modities we can import-the greater will be the 
 variety of articles we can export. 
 
 It is contended, that by having two markets 
 to which he must resort, the condition of the 
 farmer is improved; and, that if he had but the 
 home market he would have lower prices than 
 '\t present— that is to say, that if he could sell 
 all he produces at home, he would obtain less 
 than he now obtains by going from home. 
 directly the reverse is the fact, when men are 
 compelled to seek a distant market. 
 
 The first questioi 3 to be asked in reference 
 to this are— Why is he obliged to go from home 1 
 Why does the supply of food increase faster than 
 the demand 1 For this there are two reasons — 
 first, we do not import consumers enough ; and, 
 second, of those we do import, too many are 
 forced to become producers of food, in conse- 
 quence of the difficulty attendant upon employ- 
 ing themselves in other pursuits, when they 
 wonld be consumers of foo<l. The man who 
 works in a coal mine earns $300 a year, and 
 perhaps more. Much of this goes for food, and 
 all of it goes to pay for things that are the pro- 
 duct of the earth, for every man is a consumer 
 to the full extent of his production. Ten 
 thousand miners and labourers are customers 
 for those products to the extent of $3,000,000. 
 Forty thousand mechanics, miners, and labour- 
 ers, are customers to the farmer and planter to 
 the extent of $12,000,000, which is far more 
 than we can expect to export in future years. 
 We now import annually above a quarter of a 
 million of people, and there are half a million of 
 
 
 // 
 
vi 
 
 HOW PROTECTION AFFRCTS THK FAnMEB. 
 
 i< ' 
 
 our home-grown pofiulation annually uttuinint; 
 maturity. By doducting frnni dgricultur*' '20,flOu 
 workini; men, we diminish the nurnlit.T of pro- 
 ducers; and, by employ inii; thcHe 20,000 in other 
 pursuits, we increase ihe number of consntmi- 
 to such an exlenl as to prevent the existenci' ol 
 the surplus of which we now complain. Jmli;;- 
 inK, however, from Ihe past, the adoption 'il 
 protection, as a permanent system, would re-iii; 
 in the increase of immi(jration to a vast amounl, 
 and ol these a large proportion would tjlinlly 
 remain consumers ot food, whereas under the 
 present system they are compelled to become 
 producers of Ibod, 
 
 When farmers have a demand at home for all 
 they raise, theyobiain ahiKher pii<'e than when 
 they have to i^o abroad. In the one ciise, they 
 obtain nearly as mncli more than the price in 
 distant markets as the cost ot iransportmion to 
 those markets, and the price ol the whcle is 
 regulated by that which can be obtsiiiird for the 
 trivial sur|)lus. Grain and (lour have for several 
 years been higher in the coal region of Pennsyl- 
 vania than in I'hiladelphia, because the demand 
 has been always in the excess of the supply. 
 Close the mines and the farmers will have to 
 send their products lo Philadelphia, receiving 
 theretbr the city prices, minus the cost of trans- 
 portation. At the present time, the price of 
 grain 1 hroughout the Union is muintuiiie(l wholly 
 by the domestic market , lor ilonr sells in Liver- 
 pool at less than the price in New York. Close 
 the mines and factories, and convert miners and 
 mechanics into farmers, and the price at home 
 must be the Liverpool one, which will then be 
 lower than at present, minus the cost of trans- 
 portation, which will then be higher than at 
 present. 
 
 Admitting, however, that we are to have, at 
 all future times, a surplus of grain for export, 
 the next qusstion would be— What is the course 
 that will secure to the farmer the highest price 
 in foreign markets? The answer must as- 
 suredly be, that it will be that which lends most 
 to diminish the quantity to be sent to those 
 markets from this or other countries. If, then. 
 the present system of the commerce of the world 
 tends to increase the su()ply, it must be adverse 
 to the interests of the farmer. That such is the 
 case can, I think, readily be shewn. 
 
 We know that the more muieisand mechanics 
 we have, the more food we consume ; and that 
 the more agriculturists we have, the more food 
 we produce. Such, then, must be the case 
 •,i-ith other countries. We know that, under the 
 protective system, miners and mechanics in- 
 crease in number; and that, under the fiee-liade 
 .system, the producers of food increase in iiuni- 
 ;')er. Such, then, must be the case with other 
 countries. It is obviously, then, to our interest 
 that Russia and Germany should consume mme 
 food and export less ; and that if they and we 
 should do so the price of food would rise. 
 Russia and Germany, and we ourselves, have 
 established the protective system, and the result 
 has been to increase the consumers and diminish 
 the producers ; and if all the world could fol- 
 ;low our example, the supply of food now pour- 
 
 ing into " the great grain market of the world" 
 would be so far diiiiinisheil that the price would 
 rise. This, hovyever, is but one «if the effects 
 that would result lioin a general deteiminalion 
 to put down tlie colonial system. 
 
 We have seen that the consiiinption of cotton 
 in other countries is small, while here it is large. 
 The price bus already fallen so low that the 
 planters are resorting loliie cullivnlion of wheat, 
 a measore t lat must tend lo the injury ot the 
 I'.irmei. Now, it we were consnining one-half 
 more cotton than at pie.sent, tlii.s state of things 
 cnulil not exist. The price obtainable by the 
 planter would then be .siijiicicnily high lo pre- 
 vent ihe necessity of abiindoiiiiig its culture. 
 Let us now suppose that Canada, and Russia, 
 and C'jrmaiiy, and Ireland, could make a mar- 
 ket for their now surplus labour, and thereby 
 I liable themselves to coii.snine two or three 
 pounds of cotton where now they consume but 
 one, and to consume more food than nov\- they 
 do— is it not obvious ihal the prices ol food and 
 cotton would both lise'i That ^uch would be 
 the result of the abolition of the colonial sy.stem, 
 as reijards these countries, appears perfectly 
 eertiiin. If so, then the maintenance and ex- 
 tension of the protective system, with special 
 reference to the entire abolition of that unnatu- 
 ral one which Great Britain has established, 
 appears to me to be, most certainly, to the 
 interest of the farmers as well as ol the planters 
 of the Union, and of the world. 
 
 Let us next examine the working of the sys- 
 tem in Canada, in which there being, almost 
 literally, no manulacuires of any kind, there is 
 no market on the land for the products of the 
 land 
 
 Freedom of trade is, there, perfect : that is to 
 say, the people of Great Britain en]oy a com- 
 plete monopoly of the machinery by aid ol which 
 alone the lumber and food of the people of 
 Canada can be converted into cloth and iron. 
 The consequence is, that the labour-cost of 
 inannfactured articles is so great that the con- 
 siimplion of them is small. The whole export 
 of cotton cloth from Great Britain to her 
 North American possessions in the seven years, 
 18-11)- UJ, averaged twenty millio;,s of yards, 
 fine and coarse, and if the whole were there 
 consumed, it would give but ten yards per head, 
 or aboil' two and a-half pounds of cotton to each 
 I iiidiviihial, whereas I he consumption of the Union 
 averages thirteen pounds per head, and is far 
 more than that in the States neaiest to Canada. 
 If, now, we desire to know why it is that con- 
 sumjition is less on the one side than on the 
 other, the reason may be found in the fact, that 
 the Canadian gives much moio labour for his 
 cloth and his iron than the American. Even 
 his wheat is less in price; and, if so, how must 
 it be with those bulky commodities that will 
 not boar transportation? He must, in the 
 words of Sir Francis Head, " eat all he raises," 
 for he has not made, nor can he make a market 
 on the land for the products of the land. » 
 
 To the Canadians it is perfectly obvious, that 
 the price of food with us is maintained by the 
 demand for home consumption ; and therefote 
 
 \, 
 
HARMUNV or tNTKHKSTS. 
 
 VII 
 
 it id thai Ihuro exi^ld no univtTSiil a desire lor 
 th») abolition of all reslriclion in the iiri|)ortatiori 
 of Iheir produclioiiH into the Union. They huvc 
 perfect liHedotri to trade witli " liie i^real ^rain 
 iimricet of the world," and by it they are ruined. 
 They desire intercourse with the great i^rain 
 producers of the world, nnd to obtain it they 
 would ijliidly .sacrifice their iiil-roiurse with 
 Enirlund, tukina protiTlion in lieu of free trade, 
 uudhncoiainx meiiibi'm a/' the llninn. 
 
 Were Canada within the Union, her consiinip- 
 tion of cotton would ri.se loa level with our own, 
 lor lihe would at once ciniiiiience to make iron 
 and cloth at home, producing; thereby a demand 
 for laboui' tliat is now being wasled. Instead 
 ol beinu n customer to the planter to the extent 
 of two and a-half pounds per liead, every (.'ani.- 
 dittn would take a dozen pounds ; and thus 
 would till ecu millions of pound.-j be added to th(-' 
 consumption, to the delinito advantage of the 
 planter. The farmer of Illinois might then 
 safely admit of free trade with lii.s Canadian 
 neighbours ; because, with increased home con- 
 sumption, they would experience less necessity 
 for going abroad to lind that market for tlieir 
 products which the colonial system noiv denies 
 them at home. The farmer who believes in 
 the advantage of free trade with England, should 
 give his vote lor the tree admission of Canadian 
 wheat, raised by men who consume cloth and 
 iron made by men who eat the wheat of Poland 
 and Russia. The fanner who sees that the price 
 of wheat is maintained by the home demand, 
 will be cautious of the admission of foreign 
 wheat, duty free, until, by means of annexation, 
 the farmer of Canada shall obtain the same pro- 
 tection that he him.se.f enjoys, and thereby be 
 enabled to make a market on the land for the 
 products of the land. 
 
 Having thus examined the efl'ccts of protec- 
 tion, let us now look to what would be the effects 
 of the adoption of perfect fieedom of trade, as 
 urged upon the world by England. It could 
 not fail to be that of riveting upon the world the 
 existing' .inopoly of machinery lor the conver- 
 sion of the products ol i!ie farm and the planta- 
 tion into cloth and iron, closing the factories 
 and furnai'es of lluss-ia, Germany, and the United 
 States, and compelling the pcojile who work in 
 them to seek other modes of employment ; and 
 the only resource would be to endeavour to 
 raise food. There would then be more food to 
 sell ; but who would buy it ■! We have already 
 seen that the whole exports of Great Britain 
 amount, after paying for the grain she now 
 imports, to but $4.32 per head, and that, small 
 as it is, it tends to diminish. With that she has 
 to pay for her sugar, lea, coffee, cotton, wool, 
 lumber, and all other Ibieign articles required 
 for her own consumption, leaving her no power 
 to pay lor more grain. Nevertheless it would 
 be poured into her markets, and the consequence 
 would be, that she would obtain three bushels 
 where now she has but one, precisely as we 
 have seen to be the case with cotton. " Mark 
 Lane governs the world's grain prices," and, as 
 the price obtainable for the surplus would fix 
 that of the crops, (he result would be, that the 
 
 farrnem would everywhort) be ruined, and thui 
 with no benelit to the maiiufacturerN ol Kngiand, 
 lor her farmers would likewise Iw ruined, and 
 her agricultural laboiireis *ould be discharged, 
 as is now the case with Ireland, whose popula- 
 tion, dcpriu-d of employment at home, gwarina 
 to Eiiglaii.l, and destniys the power of the 
 lOnglish labourer to obtain Iboti, even at its 
 present low prices ; ami the lower they fall, the 
 less must be the deiimnd tor labour, and the lesa 
 the power to obtain wages. 
 
 The proverb says, " put not too many eggs 
 in one basket." the object of the British sys- 
 tem i.s, and has always been, that of compelling 
 the world to put all the eggs in the same basket; 
 and the natural result is the occurrence of per- 
 petual convulsions, producing devastation and 
 ruin throughout tlie world whenever her arti- 
 ficial system becomes deranged. A review of 
 her operations, duiing the past thirty years, 
 shows her, at every interval ol four or six years, 
 holding out to the world the strongest induce- 
 ments to send her all they could spare of sugar, 
 and coffee, and cotton, and agricultural produce 
 of eveiy description. About the close of the 
 second year of this movement, when the ma- 
 chinery of importation had got into full opera- 
 tion, a change is seen to have " come over the 
 lace of the dream," and the whole energies of 
 the country to have been directed to breaking 
 down prices, with a view to compel exportation. 
 'I'he farmeis and planters whom she so recently 
 courted are now ruined. Their agents are 
 selected a.s the first victims, and if the result be 
 bankruptcy, public or private, it is followed by 
 vituperation of the foulest kind ; and thus is 
 insult added to injury. The people of Pennsyl- 
 vania and Maryland, Indiana and Illinois, Michi- 
 gan and Mississippi, have had to endure all this, 
 the result of the working of the compromise 
 tariff of 1833. In 1846, the whole world wa» 
 urged to send food at any price. In 1847, the 
 whole object was to depress prices. Rice was 
 sold for the mere freight ana charges. Large 
 shipments of corn brought the shippers in debt 
 for the payment of those expenses. The fever 
 and the chill having passed away, there is next 
 seen to succeed a period of languor — then one 
 of moderate activity, such as is now beginning to 
 make its appearance. Next speculation, excite- 
 ment, and large imports, to be followed by the 
 ruin of all around, in the effort to save herself. 
 At the present moment, she takes certificates 
 of debt in payment for iron, as was the case ten 
 years since ; but the day is not far distant, when 
 these certificates will have tO'be redeemed with 
 gold. 
 
 Were it proposed, to the people of the Union, 
 to make New York or Pennsylvania the deposit 
 for all ihe products of the Union that required 
 to be converted or exchanged, the absurdity of 
 the idea would be obvious to every one. The 
 wheat grover of Michigan would find himself 
 entirely a loss to know why he should ex- 
 change with the neighbouring wool grower by 
 way of New York ; and the cotton grower of 
 South Carolina would be equally at a loss to see 
 the benefit of a system that should compel him 
 
viii 
 
 HOW PHOTBC'VIOIf KrVHCTIt TMB rARMBR. 
 
 I I 
 
 to MchanKe with the wheat ||rower ot Virffini», 
 through the medium of PhiliiJ«l|ihiu or I'ltti- 
 burgh ; yet »uch i» precisely llie olijact ot the 
 colonial iyrtem. The wheat olMichinuu travel* 
 to Liverpool with the wool ot Michigan, and 
 the exchanKet Iwtwetn the wheat ({rower and 
 the wool grower are efffcled through the market 
 of Lee<ls, three-fourthi of the wocjI ami the 
 wheat being io«t on the road. The rice ol South 
 Carolina goea to Manchoater in comiMuy with 
 the cotton of South Carolina ; and the corn and 
 the cotton of rennenaee croaa the ocean to- 
 gether : and thi« long journey is performed 
 under the idea that the pfunler can obtam more 
 cloth for hii rice, or the farmer more iron for 
 his corn, by thia circuitous modo ot exchange, 
 than h« would do if the exchanges were made 
 on the spot. There are many who doubt the 
 truth ol this, yet all P:ngli8h |)olitico-economi- 
 cal writers assure ui that such is the fact ; and 
 every measure now adopted by the British 
 Government is direc ed towards the maintenance 
 of the monopoly of machinery, by aid of which 
 the people of the world have been compelled to 
 noake their exchanges in her factories. 
 
 If such a course would, under any circum- 
 stances, be absurd, how much more absurd is it 
 in a case like the one under consideration, 
 where the power of purchaae is so small, and so 
 little capable of increase. Whatever goes to 
 England must be there consumed, unle«8 it can 
 be forced off by means of low prices ; and for 
 what she consumes, be it much or little, she has 
 ^4.32 per head of her population to distribute, 
 in the form of cloth and iron, among the farmers 
 and planters of the world. It is a procrustean 
 bed; and the uiisfortune of the poor farmers 
 and planters is, that whatever she cuts off from 
 the portion sent to her is, as a consequence of 
 the system, cut off from all the crop. 
 
 The producers of the world have been, and 
 they are now being sacrificed to the exchangers 
 of the world ; and therefore it is that agriculture 
 makes so little progress, anu that the cultivators 
 of the earth, producers of all we couaume, are 
 80 universally poor, and so generally uninstruc- 
 tad aa to their true interests. The day, how- 
 ever, cannot be far distant, when our farmers 
 and planters, at least, will be satisfied that their 
 interests cannot be promoted by a system that 
 separates the consumers from the producers, 
 and renders cloth and iron so costly as to cause 
 the average amount of the consumption of either 
 to be utterly insignificant. 
 
 The object of protection is that vif diminish- 
 ing the distance and the waste between the 
 producer and the consumer ; thereby enabling 
 the producer to grow rich, and to become a 
 iaige conaumer of cloth and iron. That it did 
 
 iiroduce (hat effect is ol 'ous from ihw immense 
 incri'itMV III the conautnpi of Iralh in tlui twriud 
 between l«43 and l«17. That the facility of 
 obtainiiuj iron enable«l the farmer to improve 
 his mo<l"' of production, and obtain large returns, 
 is obvious from the fact, that the supply of loo<l 
 iricreamd so ramdly. That tlie free trade sys- 
 tem prixlures tne reverse effect, is obvious from 
 the ttreat reduction now going on ; the whole 
 consumption of this year not equallmg that of 
 1847, notwithstanding the vast increase of popu- 
 lation. 
 
 The producers of f;)0<l throughout the world 
 have one common interest, and thut is to be 
 promoted by the abolition of the existinK mo- 
 nopoly system, which tends to destroy tbem- 
 sielves and their customers. 
 
 The farmer is alio a producer of wool ; and, 
 therefore, I will briefly allude to that interest. 
 
 If we ''esire evidence of the truth of what has 
 been f.nl in relation to food, it may be found in 
 the condition of the wool market for several 
 years past. Our production is less than our 
 ordinary consumption, and the consequence, that 
 the price is higher than in any country of the 
 world, by the whole amount of the cost of 
 tran»|K>rtation.* Close the woollen mills, and 
 the price must fall to the level of the markets of 
 Europe, minus the cost of exportation. The 
 increased supply then would, as i matter of 
 course, produce a fall of prices ; and then the 
 sheep grower would be ruined. The changes 
 of policy, of the last twenty year*, have several 
 times ruined the wool manufacturers ; and th« 
 sheep growers have as of\en exterminated their 
 flocks ; the consequence of which is, that we 
 have less than 30,000,000, when, if the policy 
 adopted in 1828 had been maintained, we should 
 now have 100,000,000, and a market for their 
 whole products, at higher prices than now ; for 
 the prosperous labourers, miners and mechanics, 
 cotton growers and food growers, would then 
 consume six pounds where now they consume 
 but three ; and the number of our population 
 would be greater by 7,000,000 than at oresent. 
 The discord that now exists is the result of the 
 " war upon the labour and capital of the world" 
 maintained by England ; and when peace shall 
 have been restoied, by the abolition of the mo- 
 nopoly, it will be round, that, between the 
 interests of the sheep grower, the producer of 
 food, Che mii.-'r and the mechanic, there is 
 perfect harmony. 
 
 • Much of the wool that was sent to Europe was 
 returned, the priae abroad twing leu than the price at 
 home, by more than the cost of transportation. Such 
 will be the case with food, when the farmer shall make 
 a market on the land for all the products of the land. 
 
K 
 
 ':7^i±..:.^^a