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A TREATISE ON IHK LAW AND PRACTICE ON SUMMAUY CONVICTIONS AND OEDEES BV JUSTICES OP THE PEACE, IN UPPER AND LOWER CANADA, WITH N0MER0U8 UEFEEENCfiS TO ENGLISH DECISIONS AND JUDGMENTS OP THE SUPERIOR COURT, ANU ON THE EEMEDV BY APPEAL AND CERTIORARI; TOGETHER WITH PRACTICAL FORMS. BY EDWARD CARTER, BABtUSTBE-AT-LAW. Manttzal i P£INTED BY JOHN LOVELL. ST. NICHOLAS STREET 1858. L CONTENTS OF PART I. CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OP THE OFFICE. I.— Origin of tlio office. 2.— Extension of tlio power of Justices. 3.— Crt'ation of their summary jurisdiction. 4.— Right of appeal created. §n. PRESENT NATURE OP THE OFFICE AND QUALIFICATION OF JUSTICES OP THE PEACE ; THEIR LIABILITY AND THEIR PROTECTION. -Justices how constituted. -Tlieir qualification how regulated. -Their oath. -Penalty for acting without qualification. -IIow qualilication affected by Jlunicipal Law. -WhetlKT the acts of a Justice who has not taken the oath, or qualified, be legal. -Ilulo ui cases wliero tliey have no jurisdiction. -Liabihty where proceedings are defective. -Liability of Justices as regulated by our Statute Law. -Imperial and Upper Canada Statute Law. -In what manner and when Justices are liable. -Doctrine of liability in the United States. 1. 2.- 3.- 4.- .').- 6.- 7.- 8.- 9.- |10.- 11.- 112.- §in. OF THE POWERS AND DUTIES ATTACHING TO THE OFFICE OF A JUSTICE OP THE PEACE. AND OTHER MATTERS INCIDENT THERETO. 1.— Their jurisdiction how derived. 2.— Ulinisteiial and j udicial . 3.— Civil and criminal. 4.— Remarks on their criminal jurisdiction. I •'■'■— liequirements of statute to be observed. !!.— Justices int^erested should not act. 1 (W/r«.t ij Jv. POWERS AND DUTIES OP JUSTICKS, AS RELATE TO THE RECEIVING OP INFORMATIONS. 1.— Distinction between a complaint and information. 2.— Mode of preparing in England. 3— Rules to be observed in drawing informations, 4.— Rules of construction applicable. 5.— Precaution to be observed in drawing them. 6.— Justices not to trust to their Clerks. .—As to t. i.— C'lcrk'H .—Fees of , — Justice! . — Attend) , — Duties I , — I'owor ( .—Other 11 .— WllL'tlK . — Justice .— Provisii POWERS AND DUTIES OF JUSTICES, AS RELATE TO THE DIFFERENT MODES OP TAKING INFORMATIONS. ''^'RE^^T 1.— Different modes of laying informations. 2.— Justices may require tliem to be in writing. 3.— Provisions of the Magistrates Acts. 4.— Rules applicable to informations on oath. C— Mode of laying information on oath. 6.— Course to be adopted by prosecutor. 7.— Course to be adopted by the Justice. 8.— AVhen the oath should be adjninistered. a— Information must be read to the party. §VI. POWERS AND DUTIES OF JUSTICES. AS RELATE TO THEIR STTTTvpb AND THE EXERCISE OF THEIR JUDlSjWcSr^^^ 1.— Demeanour of Justices. 2.— Sittings to be public. 3.— Power of one Justice to hold sittings 4.-\Vhat acts may be done by one. where two are required to convict 6.-When advisable that more than one should sit ^'^ ^° '^"""ct. J^'JISr^Trj" '"r '"''"" ^'^^"^ ^ '"^"■^"' ^vl.ethe; others can interfere iecS.'''"'^*""""' "°'^'*'^''^ -^^* ^" ^« P--t whenCcondudeand 8.-Should they differ what course to pursue 9.-Their power to correct their proceedings, and when. 1.-Mu8t appoint a Clerk in L. C. 2i— Power of dismissal, .r—Dut!fc' of Clerk. 1.— What a 3.— Time w ■'(.—Place w 4. — Name a 5.— Name o 6. — Name o 7.— Date of 8.— Mode ol «.— How aff 10.— Place wl il,— Omissioi ].— Saraopr 2.— Legal dc 3.— Examplt 4.— Facts m 5. — lUusti-at 6.— Doscript 7.— Not suffl . 8.— Charge i 9.— English 10.— Certaint 11.— Applicat 1.— Meaning 2.— General 3.— As to exc IE RECEIVING OP *.— As to the capacity of Clork. S.— Clerk's fees in Lower Canada. f).— Fees of J ustiees and tlicir Clerks in Upper Canada. 7. — Jiistit'es to appoint Conslal)! 's. 8. — Attendanee of (Nonstable neco-isary. 9.— Duties of Constable. 10.— Power of Justices to maintain order and to uoinmit for contempt. 11.— Otlier modes of punisliiuK abuse or slander. 12.— Wliutlier indictment will lio. 13.— Justices must not bo in fault, ; 14.— Provisions of tlio Magistrates Acts. CHAriER II. HE DIPFEREXT §1. s THE GENERAL REQUISITES OF AN INFORMATION. 1.— Wliat an information must contain. 3. — Time wlien exhibited. ;i. — Place where exhibited. ■ 4. — Name and stylo of Justice before whom laid. ? 5.— Name of informer. . C— Name of defender. 7.— Date of offence. 8.— Mode of stating date of olTcnco. a. — How affected by the Magistrates Acts. 10.— Place where offence was committed. ! 11.— Omission of statement of place not cm'ed. lEIR SITTINGS CTIONS. iviot. ;erfero. they conclude and §11. STATEMENT OF THE OFFENCE. 1 1.— Same precision as required in an indictment. —Legal description of the offence. 3. — Examples of the rule. I 4. — Facts must be stated. I B. — Illustration of tho rule. 6.— Description must be as full as that used by the statute. \ 7.— Not sufficient to state the legal result of facts. 1 8.— Charge must not be in the alternative. ' 9.— EngUsh decisions on the subject, MO.— Certainty in statement of sums or quantities, 11.— Application of tho rule. lEIR SITTINGS Y. § in. OP NEGATIVE AVERMENTS IN INFORMATIO>i 1.— Meaning of the term negative averment. 2. — General nUe respecting it, 3.— As to exceptions in distinct sections, or Statutes. ■I.— Mu.-.t 1)0 hfM.'cial, not Ki'iitraJ. .".—.Must apply to tlnio stntod. -i— <.'oiisi'((iiciic(',s of oiiiittiuK it. 7.— When u,)t iiercs.siiry to be alloffcd. 8.— W'liothcr when alleged it must bo provrd. «.— .Statute Law of EiiKlund ou tlio subject. Ki.-.Statuto Law of Lower and VpxMt Canada. U.— Obst'i'vations. § IV. OP OTHER AVER3IENTS OF AN INFORMATIOX. — RodtiiiK statutes. — Mis-rocitiiifr. ~IVi)p(!r iDoilo of rocitiiiK. -Ncwssary to conclude against Mtatute. — lleaiion of tlic rule. -Rules to be ai)i)liod. -Co:ise(|iicnce uf omission. -DistincMon iu c;.se., of l.',,.|onyand Misdcmoaiioiir. -Oonclusion nuainst statutes. -Rule on the subject. -In caws of doubt how to conclude. -Prayer of informution. I. o_ 3.- 4.- 5. •;.- 7.- 8.- t>.- 10.- H.- 12.- §v. \l 1, 2, 3. 4.- 0. (v /.- 8.- 0.- 10.- 11.- OF AMENDMENTS. DEFECTS CURED OR WAIVED, AND VARIANCES. -Statutes of Jeofails. -Rule in Penal Actions. -Limitation of it. -Rule in criminal eases. -Rule i)i summary proceedings. -AVIiat defiM'ts are, and when aidctl. -Imperial Statute, and eoustructiou of it -The Magistrates Acts. -Doctrine as to variances. -General rule. -Law of New South Wales, CHAPTEK III. Of informations-matters relating to the informer, the defendant-the Justice, before whom tlie information should be laid. &c., &c. §1. OP INFORMATIONS. BY WHOM TO BE MADE AND IN WHAT FORM. 1.— Rule to be observed. '-'.—Rule in cases of Assault, &c. 5.— Quitam prosecutions. i*£'. |4.— PorNnns itioaiwttUi of lioinK infunTiers. 'c— An Io CorpDnitioiin. '6. — llnlii ill casi's wlicro statuto iHNilmit. fr.— Wliutlier Attorni'yii can oxiiibit iiifonnation!!, §n. A.TION'. OF INFORMATIOXS, AOAINST WHOM THEY SHOULD BE LAID. 1.— Principiils, aRcnts anil servants. I.— Uiilo of liability of principal for tho acts of others. j.— Partners. 4— Aiders, at)ottors, connscllers and iirocurnrs. fc— .Hodo of proceeding against aiders, &c. •.— lleccivers. j. — Infants. |i— iMarried women. (^— Domestic sei-vauts, aiul apprentices. ND VARIANCES. § in. OP INFORMATIONS, BEFORE WHOM THEY SHOULD BE LAID. $.— Rnlo to bo observed. S. — Uuh^ in certain cases. 8.— Jnrisdictionmust appear upon the procoedingi, 4.— A\'liere the statnto is imperative. 6.~\Vliev(! the statute is merely directory. C— lllusti'ations of the rule. lant— the Justices ic. V'HAT FORM. § IV. OF INFORMATIONS. WHITHIN WHAT TIME THEY KHOULD BE LAID. J.— Former rule a.< to limitation. I.— Present rule. &— Under iiartioular statutes, At— Calendar and lunar months. 6.— When a conviction must bo liad within a certain time. ftr-Wlien sulllcieut, if iuforinalion bo laid within a certain time. ?<— Proceedings nmst not be antedated. 8.— Rule formerly as to computation of time. 8,— Present rule. 10,— Limitation, how pleaded. §v. OP INFORMATIONS. AVHEN JUSTICES ARE BOUND TO PROCEED UPON THEM, AND WHEN THEY CAN ACT WITHOUT ANY. 1. — In what cases bound to act. 2.— In what eases not bound. 8.— Present Statuto Law of England and Upper Canada. 4— Where Justices may act without an information. 6.— Rule where no previous information has been laid, ClIAlTEli IV. §1. THE SUMMONS. t.— Nocpsslty for a snmnioiis. a.— \VlM!ri) a crmvU^tioii can l)o had without any. 5.— Tlio form of t\w Miiminuiis. 4.— Tlu) rt'((iiiNit('.sof a suunuons, how (linu'tod, and odnncohow statod. fi.— Must appoinl :i curtahi timn and \)hwM for thu ddl'imdiuit's appoaraiiuu. 0.— Riilo as to HtatoiiKdit of tinii-, with roforonco to tho delay. 7.— Two sliort dchiy, when aidc^d. 8. — Riilo as to indication of placo. l>.— Ruio in certain cases as to indication of Justicos.or uuuibor of Justices, Ijoforn whom dofciiilant siiould bo summonud. 10.— Summons nuist l)u dated. 11.— By whom MiKucd, and wlion. 12. — Must be sealed, and in wliat manner. -Eulo I -Rule ( -Bcaan -Wiiat 14.-1 §11. I i BY WHOM SERVICE OF SUMMONS SllOULU BK MADE. 1.— Provisions li AVni. IV., cli. 19. 2.— l*rnvisions of tiio JIagistratcs Acts. 3.— Service need not 1)0 made by Constable of Bailiff. 4.— Wliat persons sliould be selected. 5.— Appointm(!ut of Constables. *!.— Wliat sliould lie done if Constable bo related to either party. 7.— Feesof Constalilo in L. C. 8.— Pees of Constalile in U. C. 9. — How puiiislied for neglect or misbehaviour. 10.— In what manner protected. § HI. IN WHAT MANNER THE SERVICE OF SUMMONS SHOULD BE MADE, 1.— Tlie error which prevails in Lower Canada as to service. 2.— The mcithod followed in England. 3.— Our Statute Law on the subject. 4. — Uule to bo observed as to service. 6.— The distinction between it and the rule in oivil cases. 6. — Time when service can bo made. 7.— Not on a Sunday. 8.— When a warrant cannot be executed on a Sunday. 9. — When it can. 10.— Return of service of summons unnecessary. |12.- 1.— Form- * 2.— I'rovii 3.— I'rovii 4.— Provii 5. — Sor\i( 6. — Powei 7. — Issuii! 8.— Conn 8.— How 10.— Allow 11.— Wlier 12.— Wliat 13.— How The An i J §IV. iri'ON WHOM SIORVIOM HIFOULD UK MADK. k.— Kulo in EtiKland prior to 11 nnd 12 Vic, cli. 4.1. i.— Iluli'i'ital)lislii'il Ity tlic Mwi'^tnitcM Ads. «.— lU'a.son for its bciiiK ninili! lUTHonally if puMHlblo. 4.— Wliat should bo done, If personal sorvicr cttniiot bo iniMlf )w statofl. ui)puai-auoc. 8v. )oror Justices, boforn iB MADE. IHSUmO A WARRANT INSTEAD OF A SUMMONS. 1.— Ocnoral observntioiiH. 2.— Wliat tin; rule wiw in EuKlmid- !l.-- I'roMcnt Statute! Law. 4.— Distillation niado Ix^twoon informations and oomplaints. C— Dui' service of siuntnoiis how (IcIerniiniHl. (1. -In wliat case a suranioiis should pn'('C(l(! a warrant. 7.— Wlioro a warrant sliould bo issued iu tlio first .nstanco. j; h.— Requirements of a warrant. •t 0. — To wliom direet('(l. !lO.— Flow oxeeutod, and power of Constable in the execution of it. ;11.— Duty of Oonstable in eases of arrest by warrant, la.— His duty in cases of Arrest without warrant. §vi. ULD BE MADE. PROCURING THE ATTENDANCE OP WITNESSES. 1.— Former defects iu the Law. 2.— Provision of Lower Canada Statute. 3. — Provision of Uppi-r Canada Statute. 4.— Provision of Jlaifistrates Acts. C. — Service! liow made on witnesses. 6. — Power to issue warrant in case of default. 7.— Issuin(Jt warrant in ti\e lirst instance. 8.— Coniniitment of witness. 0.— How a summons or warrant obtained. 10. — Allowance made to witness. 11.— When tlio allowance to witnesses should be made. 12. — Wliat expenses witnesses may exact beforehand. 13.— How tender of expenses should be made. The ArPENDix to the work will contain a variety of forras. ■ Tlie :l ! First.- : under 1' Secon extendir TInrd in both Fouri Acta, fn Judges Fifth, proceed Act, 11 Sixth find 15 in iilmo Sevei Statute John Jt Lasti their a] the Le; To CI the cor Hie aut tliree \ If U The second The togeth exerci The and tl The tions, Tlie Author has had in view in compiling this work : first. The Law of Fna^land as applicable to both sections of the Province, under 14 Geo. III., c. 83, and 40 Geo. III., c. 1. Secondly.— Such change in the law made subsequently in England, not extending to the Province. 77)t)v/;i/.— Such changes as by Legislative authority have been introduced in both sections of the Province. Fourlhly. — The similarity of our statutes to the provisions of Imperial Acta, from which in many instances they were copied, and decisions of tlie Judges and Courts in England upon the interpretation of them. Fifthly. — The changes in the law and practice in England in summary proceedings, established by the important statute called Sir John Jervis' Act, Hand 12 Vict., c. 43. Sixthly. — These changes, as now established in Lower Canada by the 14 and 15 Vict., ch. 95, and in Upper Canada by 16 Vict., ch. 178, which are in almost every respect similar to Sir John Jervis' Act. Seventhly. — The few modifications and changes made in our Provincial Statutes, which render their provisions distinguishable from those in Sir John Jervis' Act. Lastly. — The additional powers vested in Justices by these Statutes, and their application to Statutes already passed, and hereafter to be passed by the Legislature. To condense those several subjects extending over bo wide a range, into the compass of a work to be of practical utility, has been the chief aim of Hie author ; and he has therefore found it necessary to issue the work in three parts. The work will be issued in three parts, at ten shillings each for first and socond, and five shillings for the last part. The first, comprising all the proceedings preliminary to the hearing, togetlier with various matters of importance to Justices, incident to the" exercise of their summary jurisdiction. The second, all the proceedings at the hearing, the Conviction or Order, and the proceedings subsequent thereto. The third, tlie remedy by Jlppeal and Certiorari, applicable to Convic- tions, Orders, and Judgments of Inferior Courts.