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ALSO TIIROUOH SAMPSON, LOW & CO., 188 Fleet Street, London. F. A. BROCKHAUS, LEIPSIC, and B. WESTERMAN & CO., 471 Broadway, New York. 0£ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. ALl'RBD li. 0. SEI.WYN, K.Q.S., DIRECTOR. palj:ozoic fossils. VOL. II, i/ .n BY E. BILLINGS, F.G.S. PALAEONTOLOGIST, G.S.C, ■J - % r. IHowtrcal : DAWSON BROTHERS. August, 1874. (^■hL- Tho second volume of the Piil.-cozoic Fossils of Canadn, like the first volume issued in 1865, will contain : 1. Descriptions of new species of Palaeozoic Fossils. 2. Eo-dcscriptions of species which have been published by Mr. Billings from time to time in the " Canadian Naturalist, " the " Geological Magazine " and the " American Journal of Science." 3. Investigations relating to the structure and classification of some of the extinct groups. The part now presented, consisting of 144 pages of descriptive text, with 85 woodcuts and ten lithographed plates, contains : 1. Description of fossils from the Silurian and Devonian rocks of Gaspd. 2. Descriptions of new species from tiie Primordial rocks of New- foundland. 3. On the genus Strickhmdia. 4. Notes on the structure of the Cnnoidni, Cystidea and Blastoidni. 5. Descriptions of fo.s,sil3 from the Upper Silurian rocks of Arisaig, Nova Scotia. The woodcuts are by Mr. J. H. Walker, of Montreal, from drawings by tho late Mr. H. S. Smith. The lithographed figures, plates I to IX, were all drawm from nature and lithographed by Mr. A. H. Foord, F.G.S., the artist to the Survey. Part II, the figures and descriptions for which are in course of pre- paration, will be published as early as practicable. ALFRED li. C. SELWYN. Geological Survey Office, ) Montreal, 15th July, 1874. In, like the first GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Paleozoic Fossils. Vol. II, Paut 1. 1. On some of the Fossils qftho GaspS series of rocks. At Oape Gasp^, and in the neighborhood, the rocks described in the tllnfj- '' "^^' ^"'^^ ®'"'''" °'"''' '° *^° descending order, The Gaspe Sandstones. Sandstones interstratified with arenaceous and calcareous shales. For full details, see " Geology of Canada," p. 394 to 397. Thickness 7086 loet. The Gaspe Limestones. 8. i h„S''^ limestones in beds of from six to twelve inches thick, some of them ■g holding chert at the summit » "• "i^'u 5 500 *• 7 a Grey nodular shalr limestone with greenish calcareo-arenaceous shales BX ttl6 top 300 6. Grey calcareous shales or shaly limestone, interstratified, particular! v at ^ thetop, with beds of purer limestone fit for burning 3qq I ^ Grey, greenish, and dark grey calcareous shales, with beds of arenaceous M limestone Jj 380 in. " Grey limestones in thin beds with some olive-green shales 2w0 3. Olive-green calcareo-argillaceous shales, with nodules and layers of com- pact limestone •. s ^■ ^ Greenish calcareo-argillaceous shales, which are interstratified with less ' D calcareous layers, of various shades of red an h '■' g, Grey limestones in layers of from six to eight inches thick, which aresepa- a< rated by bands of greenish calcareo-argillaceous shale, gradually increasing in amount towards the top ^^ 9010 ': I- Tho following account of tho digtribution of tho Gagp<) limostonos and shalca is taken from tho " Geology of Canada," p. 393, 304. " These strata dij) south-west at an angle of twenty-four degrees, and are beautifully aeon in the cliffs ; which present a vortical naked face nearly 700 feet in height, on the north-east side of Gaspd promontory. The lowest limestones, 1, constitute the first step in tho mountains encountered in passing from Cape Rosier to Grand Grove. The second hard calcareous band, 4, forms another step in the same ascent ; it makes also Cape Bon Ami, from which the grey calcareous shales, 5, present a steep slope, up to the grey shaly limestones, 6. These rise in a vertical and sometimes overhanging escarpment, up to the edge of the precipice ; from which tho harder beds that form the summit of the above section, slope down into a valley. This valley divides the hills of the promontory into a double range, and maintains its character with some constancy further into the interior. «' From this valley, the succeeding members of the series are piled in a second escarpment, and constitute the loftier of the two langes." The rocks of this part consist of divisions, 7 and 8. The entire volume of these limestoneb is about 2000 feet. The two lower divisions ( 1 and 2) are most probably Silurian ; about the age of the Heldcrberg of the New York Geologists. The upper two members (7 and 8) are nearly of the age of the Oriskany sandstone, and are, there- fore, about the base of the Devonian. Divisions 4, 5, 0, may be regarded as constituting passage bods between the Upper Silurian and Devo- nian. " They occupy the whole of the promontory of Cape Gaspd, which e-xtends from the mainland for a distance of about seven miles, with a breadth of no more than seven-tenths of a mile : except at its junction with the lower band extending to Cape Rosier, whore it gradually assumes . a greater breadth. They skirt the north-east bank of the north-west arm of Gaspd Bay, and the left bank of Dartmouth River ; constitutirg a range of mountains, some of whose summits, according to Bayfield, are about 1500 feet high. From Little Gaspd they are flanked by a strip of the succeeding formation, the junction of the two being seen at Little Gaspd Cove. About seventeen miles above Little Gaspd these limestones cross the north branch of the Dartmo\.th, upwards of two miles from the mouth of the tributary ; on which a partial section, directly across the measures, presents a thickness of 1800 feet. At the bottom of this, there are interstratified layers of chert, which have not yet been observed at 'Cape Gaspd." inostonoa and 8 DraiftiBUTioN op the Gaspe Sandstones. (From the Geology of Cunuda, p. 394 to p. 400.) Succeeaing the calcaroou-s rocks just doscribod, and resting upon them conformably, there occurs an important group of sandatones. The con- tact of the two scries, as already stated, is soon at Little Gaspd ; but between the visible base of the sr.ndstono group and the place of its great- est devolopiucnt, there are two considerable undulations, and a probable dislocation, of an uncertain amount. These render it dillicult as yet to unite the whole series, with a certainty that no strata are repeated or loft out. But though the .oction which shows the greatest unbroken series of strata, does not reach to the base, it is probably not far removed from It; and it may, therefore, for the present, be assumed, probably without much inaccuracy, to represent the whole group. In ascending order, the strata are as follows :— ° ' 1. Grey arenaceous and argillaceoua slialea, with beds of grey sands'one F^.f vary ng in thickne.ss from one to twenty feet, and one of tlLTs" vent;.' ZZa f.^.^ t"l' """i "'■ "■•«"'"<=««"« iron ore occurs about a hundred (eet from the top. Towards the bottom, the beds weather of u rusty brown color, and contain abundance of phiuts. One of these in US arrangement on the surface of the beds, resembles Fucoides yrnMca b t . may be the broken roots or stems of th. other species of p'lan, ' w uch have been recogn,..cd in thi.s deposit; surfaces this cbarac erized were met w.th m more than one locality. Many of the beds abound wi the comminuted remains of carbonized plants, most of which are too obscure to b. dotennino.l. A„,a„. them, however, are Protota^Ues Log.m,Upuiodendron aas^i^,u,u, l'Mo,,hyton pnnccps, P. robu.Uu, kela!„nues formosu,, and VordaUes aujuH.JoUa ; all described by Dr Dawson. Towards the lower part, there is a small seam of coa/Jth carbonaceous scale, measuring together about three inches : ;hich ppears to hold a regular course, having a bed of clay beneath, ml ke M^nf'n "T ? '' "" '"''' °'' '-'^'"P'^y"-^ / while the stems ;nd ea" et of the plant arc met with in a thin seam of shale above the coal and , n the carbonaceous shale associated with it. On some of the leafir smallshells of the genus i>..a.4.>aremetwith. More thaniaOfUaboS iuh h fib"' "' '" "■ "'"' ^°"«'' ^''^ "^"' """'-^ ""« fiiclav St InllP^p- "?'"'"?"' "' ^^''-^y'"" roots penetrating it a - n^h « f. '^'PP'"-'"'*'*' o*"^"" 0^ ■ ' of the surfaces 5,. .. Drab sandstones, many of them witi .. reddish tinge; they pr'esent TTtTT' ''"'" """' ^'"^ «"^°"«' 'Character of the o^ an^ o qua tfand fas^'er"'" '• ""^'"°" ^"''"^- ^ ^^^ mattered ITcs tlirU -, ^ '^ ^''""' '" '""" °^ *•>« '"^ds, Which are in .reneral ^r^m^L7'T' """ °"' ""°''" •^^ "^y^^^ «»" Partings t ; ey argdlaceous and arenaceous shale. Nodules of argillaceous iron nr^ are contained in some of the layers, and comminuted carbonLdl ar frequently seen on the divisional surfaces ; those which have been determ.ned belpng to the species already mentioned... . *'''" .., tnn '""^f '°"^^' '"'"'"'"g '« reddish at the bottom and gree'tibhat't'h; top; wUh occasional scattered quartz and jasper pebE andla !e Bphero.dal masses, as above. Ferruginous stLs^retqueC^ ["e 2052 442 b«(Ii, usually mwiive, arc ie|>fir«ua by Uyeri of grey arglllo-arenaceomi ■hale, which, as well as tlie samUtoDei, lometimei contain noJuics of argillaceous Iron ore. In the mlildle nml lower piirt, there are Intarstra- tifiud (wo conspicuous beds of elarcl-rcd, green, and dark grey arKlllo- nrenaceoiiH shale j in tlio upper one of which are two, and in the lower fight bands of a grey tough rock, much like flrc-clay, i)enetratcd vertU cully by the rootlets of I'litlo/ifii/ion jj. 4. Drab snndHtones, inclining to green ; some of which contain quarti and jani)or pebble*; ; many parts have largo hard spheroidal masses, as buforo. Thi{ beds are in general »ery thick, and they arc separated by layers of grey argillaceous ahiile, from which largo aritillaccoua masses occasionally protrude into the Hupcrincunibent sandstone, some of these being as much as three feet high and as broad. Comminuted carbon- ized plants, similar to those already named, occur on the surfaces of the lower beds f . Drab sandstone ; in massive buds, in only a few of which there are scat- tered quartz and jasper pebbles. The sandstones are interstratifiod with five conspicuous bands of claret-red, green, and grey argillo-arcuaccous shale, of an aggregate thickness of 140 foot 6. Drab strong an<^•.«.-Corallum simple, turbinate and strongly curved at the base, becoming cylindrical above; nine or more inches in length and over two inches m diameter. From the acute base upwards it expands to a thickness of about fifteen lines in a length of two inches, and to wenty-four hues, in four inches; above which the body of the coral becomes more nearly cylindrical, or only very gradually inLasing in dia- hrtr'n ^f '^'^^^fj^ "T'^rous engirdlin. idges of various sizes, the arger are from ha f a line to five lines in width, and are often angular on their crests. Upon these larger ridges and in the grooves between hem are numerous smaller ridges .or transvere stria), generally two or general only obscurely seen, being obliterated by tlie transverse grooves ; there are five or six of them in the width of three lines In the interior of the coral, the radiating septa reach the centre in the basal portion But, above a diameter of one inch, there is a large spac m the centre (as shown m fig. la) occupied by the transverse diaphragms alone, the septa not extending more than half an inch inward. There are two sets o them, the smaller projecting inward rarely to the depth of one line. Ihere is one of the smaller between each two of the longer. The transverse diaphragms are well developed. They are much undu- lated in the cen ral portion (as shown in fig. 1^) and strongly curved ch>>vnwards near the exterior: There appear to be ten or twelve of them n the length of one mch; but, owing to their undulations, there are some- times places in which they are separated to the distance of two or three ^i:^:^::T' ^^^ '- '^^^^^^^^ ^^^^-'- '^'^ -^^^^ ^-"° fo..,?'-!!!' *'~^"""''""^''°''S ^^*'' *^° a^^^« is a somewhat more slender om with, in a general way, the same external characters, but with the transverse diaphragms more regular and the septa extending mvrd .jPS' 8 nearly to the centre. (Figs. 2, 2a, 25.) One specimen has a diameter of eighteen lines and another sixteen lines. A third specimen is only twelve lines in diameter, with the same cha- racters as the last two. The materials are not sufficient to enable us to decide positively whether they all belong to the same species or not. Should there be more than ■ one species, the specific name above given ought to be retained for the larger form first above described. Locality and Formation.— Indian Cove,Gasp^, intheGaspd limestone. No. 8. ■ t~ , Collector.— R. Bell. Zaphkentis rugatula. (N. sp.) " Undetermined apccieB of Zaphreniis," Geol. Can., p. 391. PI. 1, fig. 3, 3a. Description.— Cor&\\\imBra&l],ahnder, straight, or only slightly curved, gradually increasing to a width of about one inch in a length of two or three inches. Surface with several engirdling undulations of growth, which are sometimes six or eight lines wide ; when perfect, strongly marked with rounded longitudinal septal ridges, of which there are four or five in a width of two lines. Tl^ese ridges are generally more or less undulated and irregular, giving to the surface a somewhat rugose aspect. This appearance is also in part due to the encircling striae, which are very distinct, and sometimes exhibit a tendency to imbrication. There are five or six of these striae in one line. A longitudinal section through a larger individual (fig. 3a) shows, that in this species the cup is of great depth, in proportion to the size of the coral. All the dark-shaded space in the upper part of fig. 3a represents the cavity of the cup (filled with dark grey limestone) but not the whole of it, as it is evident that a portion of the margin is broken away. Close to the curved side of the figure, it will be observed that a portion of the dark shade extends downwards to a sharp point, close to the outer wall. This may indicate the place of the septal fossette. All below the dark shade, in the figure, is composed of reddish white crystalline limestone which, although finely polished, does not exhibit any certain evidence of transverse diaphragms. The septa are obscurely seen extend- ing to the centre. In another specimen, slit longitudinally and polished, the cup is seen to be fourteen lines in depth, although the length of the entire individual appears to have been not more than thirty lines. The septa, as seen 1 has a diameter th the same cha- ositively whether :e be more than ■ retained for the Gasp^ limestone, 391. slightly curved, length of two or kions of growth, erfect, strongly jh there are four ally more or less t rugose aspect. Jtrise, which are ;ion. There are fig. 3a) shows, ion to the size of part of fig. 3a nestone) but not nargin is broken observed that a p point, close to 1 fossette. All white crystalline bit any certain elyseen extend- le cup is seen to intire individual septa, as seen 9 in a transverse section through the wall of the cup in this specimen, are alternately larger antl q- ^f. There is an appearance of what may be tranverse diaphragms, I .5ot sufficient to prove their actual presence. Owing to the imperfection of the specimen, the number of the septa has not been ascertained, except in so far as they are indicated by the exter- nal longitudinal strije. Assuming that each one of these indicates a single septum, then there would be about eighty septa, in the upper part of a specimen of the size of that represented by fig. 3. In the upper part there are four striae in the width of two lines, but in the lower part there are five or six in the same space. Some of the young specimens, those abc t an inch in length, in the ■collection, are quite straight, others curved. All are more or less strongly marked with undulations of growth. Making allowance for parts broken away, the length of the specimen figured would be two and three-quarter inches and its width at the margin of the cup about twelve lines. Another specimen (nearly straight), which when perfect must have been two and a half inches in length, is ten lines in width at the margin. A third specimen fifteen lines in length is ten lines wide. This latter is evidently a young individual, and generally in this genus the proportions of the young differ from those of the adult. Locality and Formation. — Cape Gasp^i. Gaspd limestone. No. 1. Collector. — Sir W. E. Logan. Zaphrentis coeticata. (N. sp.) . PI. 1, figs. 4, 4a, 46. (2, 2a, 26.) ? Description — Corallum two or three inches in height, straight, or only slightly curved, expanding to a width of eighteen lines at the height of two inches. Surface (in some specimens at least) exhibiting scarcely any trace of longitudinal striae, but marked with numerous obscure engirdling wrinkles, from half a line to one line or more in width. In addition to these, there is a set of fine striae, of which there appear to be four or five in the width of one line. A fracture on one side of the specimen figured (fig. 4) shows that the cup is about nine lines in depth. In a polished transverse section of the same specimen at one inch from the base (just opposite the No. 4) forty- four principal septa are seen. Between each two of these there is a septum of a secondary series. Some of these latter appear to be obsolete, others project about a line inwards, while a few can be traced some- what further. On the cast of the interior of the cup of a specimen which appears to have been about one inch in length, there are two 10 impressions of the principal septa in one line. On the surfaoA «f „ „ worn specimen, nine lines in length there flr« fll k " '"^" in the width of two lines. The plcip^Zenta on an ? 'T' ^*"" unite with each other lateral,, twTorThte U^^^^^^^^ Xfareir^^^" unite, thus formin, fascicW ^^irtotel resemble this closely in form but iTn! ^ '"'''^^ '^'''' *«' Zaphrentis cinqulosa. (N. sp.) " Undetermined iJaphrentis," Oeol. Can., p. 439. PI. 1, %. 5. Desmption.~ComUm elongate, slender, eylMrical mor^ ™ i ™™d„,th a number of deep concave constHctLr^^^^ verae a.«, of „hleh .„ore arrf:'":-ait:.:ir"' '' "" "™- much twisted and confused. *''° ''"'°™® Only one specimen of this has been collected hnf f],of • sufficient to show that it is distinct from any ^^^^^^^^ fl* 'TT surface characters it resembles S. ru.atula, but r^ 7-^^^^^^^ ^ ftX^r ^*^"^ '' '- ' ^^«"- ^^ ^^ -^":: stofeS."' ^^'•"«^''— ^I°-t Joli, near Percd.^ Gasp^ lime-' Collector. —Sh W. E. Logan. rface of a small ure septal striaj Bhlng the centre he septa formed Jm two to seven ', but it appears ral species that ch surface cha- ith longitudinal Jmall portion at lie thickness of Devonian. more or less ve to ten lines septal ridges, by fine trans- six inches in erfect it was flattened by red. In the here become that is quite "orm. In its constriction* t certain that 11 PlIILLIl'SASTREA AFFINIS. (N. Sp.) Description -Corallum in the form of lenticular masses or coloniesv composed of corallites of from six to eight lines in aiameter, closely com- pacted together so that the divisions between them are only obscurely distinguishable. The cups of these corallites are indicated by a number of circular pits in the upper surface of the corallum. They are nearly three line,'; in diameter and two lines in depth, their walls vertical, or nearly so, a small rugose elevation in the bottom. From the margin of each of the cups, about forty septal striae radiate to the division lines between the corallites. The septal ridges between the striae are angular and minutely serrated or denticulated along the sides, and apparently along the crests. The striae are also crossed by minute transverse thread-like lines, about six in the width of one line. These characters cannot be seen unless in those places where the surface is perfectly pre- served. In general the rays only appear as so many small ridges, somewhat rugose in aspect. , The corallites are five, six or seven sided, and the divisions between them are indicated either by small elevated rugose lines, or by the angle formed by the meeting of the septal siriae. The margins of the cups are some- times slightly elevated above the general surface, but often are even therewith. The distance between the cups is usually five or six lines sometimes seven or eight lines. This species is closely allied to P. VerneuU (Edwards and Haime)* but has somewhat longer corallites, and the margins of the cup not s.cer specimen near the base, doubtfully referred to this species. DiCTYONBMA SPLENDENS. (N. sp.) Fig. 2, 2a. tndtrf ""T^?"*^ ^°"' '' ^'' ^°°^^« '"^ l^^g^l^ ^"i,. A specimen of tl,c long form. Specimens much broader T.u^'Z^;;:^^'''- ''- ^^>^- ««- «^- >"« -, t... or z i).,.rip^i^ -Shell semi-circular or semi-elliptical, the proportional length and w.dth variable. Ventral valve gently convex, in general mo elevated at about one^third the length from the beak ; the cardinal anges flattened or shghtly concave; umbo broadly depr^sed, convex ;bfak carcely distmguiahable from the cardinal edge.' The area is rather large, bemg about a line high at the beak ; nearly flat or very slLht y concave, nearly smooth, no traces of crenulations ; inclining backwards at an a^gle of about 45^ with the plane of the lateral margin.' To foramen :X^Z^'''' " ''' '-'' '-'^ ''- itsW^extenXg Dorsal valve gently concave, corresponding to the ventral valve, in its curvature, so as to leave only a thin space between them. The Irea about one-third or one-half the size of that of the ventral valve, and form nearly a nght angle with the plane of the lateral margin M II' '"'^1° '' T'''^ '"'^ ^"^ fi"'' °b^°"« '•adiating stricB,from ten fifteen in the width of two lines. Some specimens, also, exhibit a number urwTf f r °;""^">""<>- °f g--t^- Many' sho; shallow conlve be^k to r " ^'Z"" '''' ""° ^^^^' ^^'°^ r^<^>^te from near Z th?h ?!, \T^'"'. J^''' ''' "^°^* *^'^""°"^ '''^ ^« specimens from ^h ch the shell IS either wholly or partially, removed. In such case^ h se farrows are either straight or slightly curved, the convex side o the curve being outwards, towards the sides. When the shell is T little When I tt"-"""^'' punctures may be seen between the stri When the shel is removed, the cast of the inner surface is sometiZs quit, rugose with punctures and obscure irregular tub des oZ however, the cast only exhibits the radiating stril '"' 18 h. iiurHif ipecimena, the cardinal edge of the ventral valve ia quite sharp, *'d Aoea not ejdiibit any indicationu of spines. In othors there are four 0. five small tnbp.lea or rudimentary spin<^% on the cardinal edge. Vjhc.:i flioy cm be seen they appear to be short, nearly erect or curving slightly inwards, as reproaenr-ed j the figure above. The followir»g are the dimensions of uoveral specimens in lines, the first numbe: in each case being u, width, 6-3i ; IG-IU ; 20-12; 22-12; 24-14. Small specimoii.-i of this «jr.ecies have nearly the proportion of C.mtlonica but are always nearly {\u vhile those of the latter are always more convex. Locality and Formation.— T\m species occurs at Percd, Bay of Chaleurs. Lower Devonian. Collector.— &\t W. E. Logan. CUONETES DaWSONI. (N. Sp.) Fig. 8. Fig, 8.— Chonilea Dawtoni. Ventral valve. De»rription.~^M\ semi-elliptical ; width about one-third or one-fourth greater than the length ; cardinal angles usually somewhat less than a right angle ; sides, for about one-third or one-half the length below the hinge line, nearly straight, or gently convex ; slightly converging towards each other, and then gradually and uniformly curving to the front margin which is broadly rounded. Ventral Valve gently concave, or nearly flat ; the umbo slightly ele- vated ; beak scarcely distinguishable from the cardinal edge. On the latter are from six to ten short spines on each side of the beak, sloping outwards at an angle of from 45° to 60«. The cast of the interior of this valve shows that there is a thin elevated ridge or septum, extending from the beak along the median line, about half the lengtu of '.^lo p!iell. Two .other obscure ridges diverge from the beak outwar'. ^ 'tt angle of h'dR no: Jeon seen, md inclined at an Foramen triangu- it. J9 The dorsal valve has not been aeon. The surface i covered with fin. ^ub-anff.,lnr ..»^!.r 'ncreaae by fi.siou and intercalation. mlTjt'^T^ "'"" ""^''^ in the width of one line. There „ ,Ho TZ o T. " '"'"" '' "'"'' •>otween thirty and forty in the widlh IfSl^, ^ '"*^ "°"«^"'- «'"«. Ihe following are the dimensions of several «nccimena in )• ClIONETES AntIOPA. (N. sp) about tte „id-togth , ,„„,.„,„i o«I Ls„7af i „ r- °'°'!, ""'""' slightly elevalod. Often Iho ,h,li ; ? ''" ' "'»''» "'"""j- the Jd.|e„gth, with a Satiotl ""T "^ " "'"''''"^ '"^'='"»'' «'""'' .ront margin' Cel'trT, r^LT"^ °T1 ""'=» '» «"« •l.e boak along tl,c median Te o tie W ^ T' '*'°'' '""°"* <■""■ each aide of the beak ali,,l,(l, .1 ■ ^'""■° "" '"» =P'm« on gontly curved, the Iv^ "fdo JI °°'™*' "°"'^ °~*' -"'-^ -.-it..bonta«rrdeT::r;t^^^^^^^^ booTl«,rnr';°.L ets ' '"^° r-' °'=f~-- "- Ihi. .pecias ia abo„ Ife"'^ ^ '7' " *' """"I ™lve. Pal. N. Y vol 4 h,,. • . • "'"' V-lnuxem, aa figured in Ih' vox, and ha; C'spt^ ""'"""-""^ '"-'»' ^~^er,it aotn 8pm s :Per tr '^e:s -r'"- »' «°- «^ -^ ^ t^. CoUector.—Sir W. E. Logan. 20 Ml IV, p. Chonetes Laticosta. (Hall.) CnoNBTKS Laticosta (Hall). Tenth N. Y. Key. Reb.p. 119, 1857 Pal. N. 7. vol 125, 18G7. Bescri^tion.-Bx Co??ector.— R. Bell. Strophombna magnivbntra. (Hall.) PI- 2, figs. 2, 2a. Strophodonta Magnitkntra. (Hall.) Tenth V v p « ^ •> Tenth N.Y.Reg. Rep., p. 54^ 185j.p^,j^y^^^j "I-.- p. 4U, pi. 92 and 93. =iigiaj. concave, all of l.ealLkairr ,''''■ "'''"'^ "^SW or ae hinge line fc=, „„e .„ Jto 'l,e, a 'd T!T' T'""' ^*'' "» Length fro. th.e.fonrths to C^:Z:u:^:7^''^''-'-'^'^-- specimen, are enl, Sg .r»tx S " " "°'^"''''- '™ the edge of .he area. 0„I ,Tri„ fhel; ' T"'?' *''°'" f^"" abruptly .0 from the beak o4 hl^W X /f "-??'^ '''""^' ""' not Sat, bn. more or leas concaveT when neS;^' ,™° areaislarge, ew longitudinal .tri., (pa.„e/.; th hi^ I ^''^^heT:"" "T"" ' -..b. B--^«., J'o:t^::ia:grr:i^-rf-^^ / 1-^——^ p *■ Fig. 10. Pig. 11. Fig. 10. Cast of the interior of the ventral valre nf ? sandstone. . .ast of the small umblJaTcaJr "'2'"'"f ^""^ *•"' ^"""^^"^ muscular scars; o, o, casts of the occL ors 1/ ' ^'1', 'T °^ '''« divaricator casts of the two small pits occupi rbTth^ l^i.^l^^^''^'''''''' "" "=« cesses. ^ "^ *°^ extremities of the divaricator pro- Haaf «r At.. . , . _ _ Fig. 11, --'-"»-". --" >»«» sd, Fig. 13 above, isents a form with p^ limestones, the , closely crowded,. each side of the ell is bent nearly been heretofore ^ described and S'. inequiradiata. it is best for the- rad's figure and by him. '. No. 8. Also >ntario. Occurs VIII, p. 255, plato i&t of S, inequi- Her. The jur- ns collected at rthem have the 87 surface partially covered with smaU undulations, arranged in an obscurely concennc manner, as shown in fig. 3, pi. 2. Neither the area nor the mtemal characters are seen in any of our specimens Zocalitr/and Format{on.-.Bet,,een Cape Rosier and Cape Gasp^ ; ii, limestone No. 1, Lower Helderberg; occurs also in the Lower HeN derberg series in New York. Collectors.— Sir W. E. Logan, B. Bell. Strophomena rhomboidalis. (Wilckins.) This species has been found in Nos. 1, 5 and 8 of the Gasp6 series. Strophomena Irene. (N. sp.) Plate 2, figs. 5, Sa. De8crtption.--Shell large, nearly flat ; cardinal angles usually slightly projectmg; s.des in the posterior half either straight and sub-parallel or gently concave and converging towards the front ; anterior half broadly rounded ; front margm sometimes nearly straight in the middle. Width fl fl!°?, ;'"'"^ ^™" *^' *° '^''' ^^''hes; length from one-sixth to one-third less than the width. . about the middle or a httle above, compressed towards the cardinal angles , umbo and beak small ; area about two lines high at the beak in a pecimen 2i inches wide, inclining backwards at an ang°le of aboutTs'to the plane o the lateral margin. Dorsal valve gently concave, conforming m Its curvature to that of the ventral valve; aL half a line 'wTdrfZ' of the ventra valve are rather large, flabellate, extending from the beak nearly half the ength of the shell. The divaicators (in'the oriyspect tuI7,I *^/^-«^—") are divided into six or seven onl udinal lobes, not distmctly defined at their anterior margins. The ocX ors occupy a„ elongate, narrow space, and seem to exte'nd from nea the beak to near the front of the divaricators. There is a slightly elevated cihrb "ak 'r " ^ '"''T'^ '^'■'^'' - two-thirdftt: l:^ DeLium and ' f '"^? .'' '''°"'''''^' "PP"^"*'^ "^^^^^ «>»* *<> ^^^ end. DeU Id um and internal characters of the dorsal valve unknown. stif whth"^ ' '''T' u'r^"^' '''^^''y ''''''< rounded, radiating hi '.7,^/'V."'T'' ^'*^ ^y ^'^"''°«*i'^» and intercalation, fouror five if ToLtw^^'V^^^^^^ in he width * 1' "^Mi 28 This species belongs to the flat group which on this continent is tyt,i fied by S. perpUna, Conrad. It differs from all the ordinary forms of ^. magmjica, Hall and occurs m nearly the same geological horizon It valve, and has much smaller muscular scars In ^/<,„ Shell semi-elliptical, hinge line equal to a little less or a httle greater than the width ; sides in the posterior half usually gently concave, sometimes straight or gently convex; front broadly rounded ZTT, "'T'f 'V"' '''^'''' ^"^'^ ^'•°- «"^-«'Sl^'i^ to one-sixth greater than the length. Ventral valve gently convex ; greatest elevation about one-third the length from the beak; cardinal angles compressed; the umbo bro.adly obtuse ; beak scarcely distinct from the cardinal edge ; area flat, inclined at an angle of about 40- to the plane of the lateral margin, striated and with the edge denticulated its whole length; dorsal valve nearly flat, slightly concave; area very narrow; both valves usually with severa concentric wrinkles or rugae of growth. Surface covered with fine, rounded or sub-angular radiating stride, of a very uniform size ; about twelve in the width of two lines. When slightly exfoliated the grooves between the elevated stri^ are seen to be regularly pitted or punctated, from six to eight punctures in one line. In the interior of the ventral valve the area occupied by the muscular impressions is of a sub-triangular shape, and extends from the beak about two-thirds of the length. The front of this area is generally broadly rounded ; the two upper sides converging with a concave curve to the beak. The space on each side of the upper part of the area is strongly tuberculated, becoming gradually smooth towards the cardinal an-^les A I is continent is typi- > ordinary forms of iriiB. It resembles logical horizon. It mbo of the ventral magnifica the scars 8, Irene they are ! of S. Irene are of lividuals examined, igurea given in the ree to ten or twelve 1 them are repre- ss, No. 8. to a little less or a alf usually gently broadly rounded, to one-sixth ighth lout one-third the the umbo broadly area flat, inclined rgin, striated and valve nearly flat, lally with several Jiating stria9, of a 3. When slightly en to be regularly line. by the muscular m the beak about ;enerally broadly ave curve to the e area is strongly A irdinal angles. 29 thin mesial septum extends from the beak two-thirds the length of the shell. For tho length of about a line from the beak 'the septum is much thickened, leavmg in the cast of the interior a short, deep fissure, as shown m fig ]. On each side of this fissure there are two tubercles, more or less elevated, which are the casts of the cavities in tho shell, for tho recep- tion of the divaricator processes. Tho divaricator scars are divided into a number of lobes, usually five or six, but often more. The occlusors are rather smaU, and extend from tho thickened part of tho septum about one- third tho length of the divaricators. All around the sides and front of the muscular area the casts of the interior are striated, the striae often becom ing coarser as they recede from the margin. Tho casts of the interior of the dorsal valve exhibit two ovate pits close- to the beak (fig, U,) tho impressions of tho "divaricator processes. Fron^ these two pits the impression of a short septum extends, endin<» in a point at about three lines from the beak. The occlusor scars are situated on each side of this septum, but their form is not exhibited in any of the specimens collected. The shell on each side of the scars is coarsely tuberculated smooth along the hinge line and at the cardinal angles. The divaricator processes as shown by their impressions, are short, erect, slightly sloninir backwards, but diverging laterally. None of the specimens are sufficiently perfect to exhibit all the details of tho area. In some the casts show that there is a small triangular pit beneath the beak, as there is in S. magnifica. Width on the hinge line from ten to sixteen lines. Length eight to fourteen lines. Specimens two inches wide are sometimes met with This species is, no doubt, closely allied to S. perplana, Conrad. It dif- fers greatly from that species in the form of the muscular impressions, and It IS only on account of this difference that I give it a name- LocaUtg andFor^nation-.G,si-,6. In the lower part of 'the sandstone, Collectors.-Siv W. E. Logan, Dr. J. W; Dawson, R. Bell; SiaOPHOMENA TULLIA. (N. Sp.) Plate 2, figs. 6, 6a. Desmption.-SheW large, nearly flat, semi-elliptical, cr ~,al angles sometimes slightly extended ; sides in the posterior half straight or gently concave; anterior half broadly rounded ; width on the hinge line from one-sixth to one-fifth greater than the length. Ventral valve very slightly convex, moot elevated in the middle or a ittle above, compressed towards the cardinal angles. Area about two lines high at the beak, inclining backwards at an angle of about 45« to the plane of the lateral margin. 80 f»*c%. I. is. how™, ::!„',,''«, "»' '" « condiHon to show .he „ Devonm. "™' ''»'"""' Split K„el, Pe„. , ""■ff.E. Logan, Thomas Cuny '™°™"™™"™^«u,(Co„ad; »"«„„„„„ ".•«3,%.a. i::. ^«OPUOM«A WHCiDL.r«A, (Hall.) Oeol, R.p, 4lh Di.t «THo,.ooo«T* PHKoroum., (Han.) Pa.., N. y., ,o,. ,„, p. ,88. p, ,, „ i>«cn>°'' «"ghtly distance from the hing<^li„r '"'"^"^ «'"'°'^'^*«^ «** «» salable Area of ventral vafve about two lines hirfi At fl,« <• men of average size ; slightl, incurv Jbtth e ^e^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ T' distance on each s de Tf vnmn- ;„ *i ^' **°" 'or a short forming nearl, ri^ht nT o^^^^^^^ backwards, more or ll f„ a n . T'^ P^""'' ^"* "«"''"j^ »J«Pi"g binge-lines the edge the a ea ZS""^ ZT'""' ^'"" "'"^^ «° ^^^^ on each side of th^ foLmrnh ^^ ntluM^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ Bmooth and grooved,,a. in S. eu^M^and ol ' of V '' '"^''^' foramen is closed oy a convex deftf um, two hi wMe tf ifJ?* ^'^ the area stnated for about five Hnes on e^ch side T^e 'L f ^'j '"*^ valve ,8 narrow, less than one line wide LTf' * ""^ ^^^ ^""^' somewhat more, with that of the vented ' '" '°«"^^ ''^ '''' «^ tion ; often the, Lome Ze; trr^the ./ T^'"" ^"' '"^"^°^- middle portion of the upper half Tnl!! ^^° """" '^'^ '''' ^° ^^^ is perfect, there are no EatloJ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ribs or in the grooves between; but when Z Tn T '' '" '^' grooves are seen to be distinctf/plr'redt^ ee ^Vhe "'^'' ''' face of the shell is coverpd w;h> L.u . ^ , ^ ■^"® *""«^^ sur- n.-sc„l„i.J„„i.^,'.t:f:j^;^*-PP.r half, „„ ,.„t ,He of tt. t--^ I ; -i 82 of tho convexity. One of the specimens oxntninod is thirty-four linos wide on the hingo-lino ; twonty-fivo linos in length in a straight line from tho boak to tho front; thirty lines in length, following tho curve of tho dorsal valve, abruptly bent or goniculated at about fourteen linos from the beak, at an angle of about 120^ the moat elevated point is twelve linos above tho piano of tho lateral margin. Another is twenty-six lines wide on tho hinge, and, at about twelve linos from tho beak, is abruntiv bent at a right angle, and tho oxtondod forwards about twenty lines The greatest elevation of this specimen is about twelve lines From these highly convex forms to those nearly flat there is a gradual passage. Varieti). The specimen^ to which tho above description relates, occur in Div 1 of the Gaspd limestones. In the upper part of tho serie. a variety occurs' with fine throad-hko radn, between every two of whicli there are from throe to five much finer, apparently from twelve to sixteen in the width of two lines. Ihis may constitute a distinct species, but the specimens as yet collected are not sufficiently perfect to decide that point I have compared tho above with specimens of *S' eualur)ha hntK ^ from Sweden and England, and consider them to bo disUn^t species although closely related. ^ ' Locality and Formation.-S. punctuHfcra occurs between Cape Rosier and Cape Gaspd, in the Gaspd limestones, Div. 1, where it appears to bo common, but not well preserved. Also, rarely, in Div. 8. Tho " Variety has only been found in Div. 8, at Indian Cove, Grand Grove, &c. ' Collectors.— Sir W. E. Logan, R. Bell. There are evidently several other species of Strophomena in the Gaspd Rocks, but the specimens as yet collected are not sufficiently perfect to admit of description. One of them appears to be S. perphna, Conrad. Orthis Livta (Billings.) Obtkis Livia, (BiUiDgs), Canadian Journal, toI 5, p. 267, May, 18G0. Figs, 14, 16, 16. Geol. of Can., p, 3G9, fig 385 a,b, c. (Hall) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 38, pi. 3. i)e8m^j/.n.-Sub-orbicular or sub-quadrate ; length about eight-ninths, of the width ; greatest width, usuaUy a little in front of the middle ; loncth of hinge Ime, one half to two-thu-ds the width of the shell ; cardinal ex- tremities rounded; sides in most specimens somewhat straight, often suf- ficiently curved to give a circclar asject to the shell ; froatanglea obtusely 88 .«w.rd..hoc.rdi„,. ...!„, '„«.» *'"' "■? "'"P" f™"" "-e umbo pl«.. of «,. ■„„„! margin,; beak minuTforZ'Tl Jl'"*- '" f" flat or gently convex slope, to the fro'nt and sideran?wir and sqmewhat concave slope to thn l.in,r„ ,.' ""'^ """* ™ore sudden umbo small, prominent Tea Ivdfini^^f ^"'^ ^'^"""'^' «nsIo8 ; the beak.whichiLcur e ^0 lovelJr'^"^^"^^ """''' at all or scarcely one tenMio? T i ^ "^'^^ '^'^'' "'•^'^' «'''^«'- ""t larger than that oHh ors , /al Jl'IT *"T^' ^'^"* ""^-^-^'^^ the plane of the latora' ^rl T,! f ^ '" '"«'' '^ '^'''' ^^^^ ^ith to be wider than high. Onto.in?:t'rr:, tlvT^' '"/^^^^^^ perpendicular to the plane of the sVll fK ? '" ^ '^"■'°''°» ;-. V..0 c.„ bo ,oL 4r^o:;::^rarrot :^: t Fig. 14. 18. 16. Fig. H.-Ventral valve of O.Z,Wr,, tion strongl, curved out^l^ It ::;^^^^^^^^ ^J ^^^-a- -.les, the intervening grooves sub-angX KJ 1 1^:^ e^uttt 34 tho ridgeg in ^iclth.^ In very perfect spccimons, very fino concentric sub-lamellar concentric stria> arc visible, seven or eight to one line In certain conditions of preservation also, the radiating ridges are seen to be sub-tubular, and exhibit numerous small oval or circular openings on their edges each about the eighth or tenth of a line in width, and from one- tourth to two-thirds of a line distant from each other. Width of largest specimen examined, eighteen lines; length, sixteen lines i thickness or depth of both valves, seven lines; height of area of ventral valve at tho beak, one line; area of dorsal valve, four-Hfths of a hno; distance between the beaks, one line; length of hinge-lino, ten line« Iho most common size appears to bo one inch in width. The beak of the ventral valve is incurved, so that it would touch a plane projected horizon- tally through tho valve, at one-half the depth of the cavity In some specimSns the ventral valve ban a faint, barely perceptible mesial fold, extending from the umbo towards tho front. This species is allied to 0. Vanuxemi, but is more coarsely striate.! It may be identical with one of the other species described in tho Report of the Regents of the New York University, but as it is impossible to identify It with any of tho descriptions, I propose to name it as above. Locality and Formatidn.-lndmn Cove, Gaspd ; No. 8. It occurs also in tho Corniferons lime lo in Ontario and Now York. Collectora.Siv W. E. Logan, R. Bell and T. C Weston. i'il Ortiiis Aukelia. (N. sp.) Plate 3, fig. 3. Description.— 0£ this species only two specimens have been collected.' one of the ventral and tho other of tho dorsal valve ; both imperfect Jt appears to be semi-elliptical, width fifteen lines ; length about twelve line. Ventral valve rather strongly convex, most elevated at three lines from the beak ; thence sloping gradually with a gently convex curve to the front, and concave on each side of the umbo outwards towards the cardi- nal angles. The umbo at throe lines from the beak is elevated, four or five lines above the plane of the lateral margin ; beak incurved. Althoiigli buried in the stone, judging from tho height of tho umbo, it would appear that this valve has a large triangular area, probably extending out to tho angles. Tho dorsal valve is also convex, most prominent at about one- third the length from tho beak, which is considerably depressed below the most elevated point of the shell. Surface with about twenty-five strong rounded ribs, each about onc- Ihird of a lino in thickness and somewhat less in height, distant from each rorj fine coiicontnc ijlit to one line. In ridges are seen to be lar openings on their viclth, and from one- ncs; length, sixteen 3 ; height of area of live, four-Bfths of a tiingo-lino, ten lines. • The beak of the projected horizon- ivity. , barely perceptible it. oarsoly striated. It d in the Report of apossiblo to identify above. No. 8. It occurs ork. 'eston. ive been collected. 3th imperfect. It ibout twelve lines, fc three lines from vex curve to the owards the cardi- elcvated, four or lurved. Althoug!i , it would appear ending out to the nt at about ono- ircssed below the each about ono- listant from each B5 other about one line at the maririn • tV^ ;.* nearly flat. ''^'" ' ^^'' '"'^rvemng spaces, concave or This species closely resembles 0. pectindh, Pnn a c i.t«ostone, and seems to belong to a C not 'n"^'- '^ '^'' '^''•°»t°» -locality and F.rmation.~h^^,^n Cover .T'" '" "'« ^«^°"i«». Collector. -II. Bell. ^«^^>^aspd ; Gasp^J limestone, No. 8. Ortuis Lucia. (JST. sp.) Plate 3, fig. 4, 4,,. Doacription.—^hcW sub-circular ; outlirio r-nn.. beak ; cardinal angles broadly rounded si^sl^u" "" ''''^' ''^' '^ ^'- broadly rounded or with sometimes tloZ^^' "T"" ' ^''^"^ -'l^-- ing. Ventral valve moderately con ex,' noZ" ! ! "f'' ^''^''"'^ ^''^^''~ a little above ; cardinal margin and s Is ] 1.1? ''"' '''' ™''''"'^ «^- 'developed, carinating the vafve in thrupp t^^^^^ Tr'' ' "'"'^° -" at a right angle over that of the dorsal valvo 1 i '"'""'"' "'^^''y^d with the same; area very small se t;;^^^ ^'-t «bghtly convex; a barely perceptible mesial "^ '"'^'' "^''y a point at the beak and gLl.!/ Sn ^ ^htC"", "'^''"^'"° ''" about one half the whole width of the vtlve Zll ' ''''''' '^ ^'^"«"^ visible when that of the opposite v Ive remof '"T"' '''' ^'^^"-^'^ sloping on each side of the'beak; Zl nouSb,;^^ "'"'""' '''' ""«''% th^r^U^t^Lra:^^ ^l^-te several ti.es; upwards as they approael Are^r in"^^ ^uror fi^T '■''''' ^^^^ one line. ^ ' ^^""^ °.^ ^ve stnao in the width of Width of the largest specimen seen, eleven ]lnr.«. I .u , Closely allied to 0. planocon.ejXnvT^^y^^^^^^ "^"^"-- differs in having no area as that spedes has ' '''■ ^' ^^- ^^^ ^^^ ■^°<'ahty and Formation.~lxx(liyAn Cnvf. r„ / • ,. Oollector.~'L C. Weston. ' P"^' '" ^""°^*°»° No. 8, Gknus IlnyNciro.VELLA. (Fischer, 1809 ) In the 4th vol. Pal. N.Y pmf Won u the fossil species that are usua ly r S,^^^^^^^^^^^^ °'^*' '^'' - "^any of clorsal valve, a mesial septum, that S I " ^"""^' '^''^ ^^' ^^ the two compartments, and often suit i T"''^ '^ '^' "'^^^ ^nto beneath the beak. In a number Tl^ 'T ^ub -triangular chamber Black River limestone,inourclcionhks^^^^^^^ °'-'^P"'^^' ^^^ t^« tbe recentspecies, i/.^./^a .t«^^^ .00-, --optumdoesnot^isfif^^x^ss::::;:^^ II 86 along the middle of the shell, ^vhicb may represent it, but there is not th. shghtes md.cat.on of a division of the cavity of the ' umbo. Th v t valve of the fossil species does not differ from that of the recen! Zl important character. ^°®"'' ^° ^^J It is proposed in the work above cited, to classify the fossil species Tor at least such of them as have a rostral septum) as a sub-genus, Sclml a name suggested y Mr. Conrad in 1839, i„ his s'cond Ann R P on the Pal NY It remains, however, to be decided whether or no^" The difference between the species with the rostral septum and those without It seems to be the same as that between the genera Iw and &pmn,era Athyns ha. a septum and the beak of the vttral vtwf usuaSy imperforate. Sp^r^gena has no septum and the beak perforated In bo h cases the septate genus precedes the non-septate in tLe Although I think it highly probable that a sub-division of the genus tli::^: ^faall provisionally refer our species to EkynckoXZ ..fit Si Rhynchonella excellens, (N. sp.) ^'K- 17 Fig. 18, Fig. ll-Rhynchonella excellens. dorsal view ; 18, front view. ^-;'^';>«*o '.-Sub-Circular or obscurely sub-pentagonal ; slope on each side of the beak concave; sides broadly and uniformly rounded; front margin, with about one-third the width in the middle, either straight or gently concave. Greatest width about the mid-length or a little in front thereof; width about one-sixth or one-fifth greater than the length Ventral valve moderately convex ; most elevated at about one-third the length from the beak; mesial sinus, at the front margin, about one-third he whole width of the shell; flat in the middle orlniformly concave deeply indenting the edge of the dorsal valve, (fig. 18) but becomin.^ nearly obsolete at about one-fourth the length from the margin and dis" appoanng entirely at about half the length of the value.' Umbo it, but there is not the } umbo. The ventral of the recent, in any the fossil species (or lb-genus, Stenocisma i second Ann. Rep. led whether or not, isses a mesial septum al septum and those genera Ath^ris and ventral valve usually perforated. In both tmc. ivision of the genus to Bhynchonella for at view. nal ; slope on each ily rounded; front ', either straight or or a little in front than the length, about one-third the n, about one-third niformly concave, 18) but becominff ! margin, and dis- e value. Umbo 37 outline on a .Me view „„T ' »"g'j',<^™ve.v than the ventral ; the for about twVelwsthe L7h"" "f ^ "'^^^ *» '"'«-"""■•«» down .0 .he beak, Ow ng flto ''T 'f'f/™'' *" '"'™P% «"™d side view, i, „earlv rul.1, , "^ . f , ' """' "'» f™"' '""Si". on a -jves. The "ii'rs ™r:uw : t"' ,'■"" "" •'^p"' -^ ^»* flattened in the middle ™, X " ''",™f''™'3' convex or a little elevated at the ails of the r^-^™^^.""'''"^ ''°' =»"■"-»» '""■"Ptlj l»gth of the ahell *'"• " ''=~™' **'« "' one-half the points between tltlfandlroZaJL* '" ''""''"' "' ™*- about one.third of the lengftfroJtbtr " ""'"' "P'°" ^""*°«' .inesTi:Xf\::rx:'nr£"'^''*'^'-"-' "'^*. »i^'- beet'oEd, '"■"' '° '^ ""' °""'^ ""'™' ^ ^»- specimens have Collector.— R. Bell. Rhynchonella Dryope. (N. sp.) Plate 3 A. figs. 1, i„, 14,. 1,. ; „ :::h r: iht '"^'"* "°"' "«^«^ "- -erateCr; the fron^ri; mbonarrowTl"""' "'T, '™ '"«''"^ """""^ """ sal valve Th? 1 , j ' '"' '""""'""^ <'»"'° '» «"' ™bo of the dor- valve. The n,es,al depre=s,on is rather less than one-third of the whole 88 width, indentinir the onnnsitP vni.-n «<. a mens. There are tl,v.« .■ ? ,' f ^ ^ t^ebeak, ,n some speci- collected! Se r b n 1 T"^ " '^" ''^P"^^""' '" '^" ^'- ^P-'-- slightly concave "ac s " ''T'' ' ^'''' '^^' «^'S'^^^^ -»ve.v or the frontrf •''" " ''^^'^ ^'""=^^ ^°"^^- 0" ^ ^i-^e view (fi. b ) P e,»,o„ for two or three line,. The mesial fold is stronleleva 1 at" ■1.3 fro„t rnargm b„, dies out at the ,„ld-le„gth, or a little°ab„ Surface wti strong sub-angular ribs; four on the n,eslal old Id three e'e arirr:: ■""• r' ''; °'''° '"^"' '■»'^ -^ """ nere are usuallj. five or eix ribs ,n the smaller and raediora.si3ed sneei- This species is closely allied to It. Formosa, Hall, Pal N Y vol S but attains a larger size, and is more coarsely ribbed ' ' c:::^:for^l^^^^^^^ Hhynchonella pleiopleura. (Conrad.) Fig. 15. Fig. 19.— Dorsal view ; 20, side view. Fig, 20. :o an extent erjual to margin it becomes I it beconies obsolete ; a rib on each side beak, in some speci- in all the specimens , slightly convex- or r less inclined out- side view (fig., b.) tline, from the most ght for one-third or ex for that distance to the beak of the 1, abrupUj elevated ery faint mesial de- tronglj elevated at ittle above, lesial fold and three fold and depression uedium-sized speci- >st common number is their extremities Pal., N. Y., vol. 3, )d limestone, No. 8. id.) 39 Descnption.ShoW sub-ovate, apical angle from 90° in the smaller Bpecmens to 130- in the larger; greatest width about the mid-length or a httle m front thereof; slope on each side of the beak straight orllic^ht- ly concave ; sides rounded ; front margin with a small portion in the mid- dle about equal to one-fourth or one-third the greatest width of the shell varymg from narrowly rounded to straight. On each side of this median' portion the irargin is nearly straight and converging from near the mid- length towards the front at an angle of about 45- to the longitudinal median hne ot the shell. Ventral valve strongly and uniforml/arched from the beak to the median point of the front margin, most elevated a out the mui-length, broadly and moderately convex" in the po tet ha or two-thirds ; mesial sinus about one-third the whole width; the bottom, either flat en- slightly convex in the middle, strongly elev t ng the fronc margm of the dorsal valve ; becoming obsolete at the mid-length of the shell or a htde above. The shell on each side slopes down into fhe sinus with a convex curve. Beak closely incurved down to the umbo of he dorsal valve. Dorsal valve strongly convex, its greatest depth about he mid-length or a little in front thereof, posterior half broadly and uni- form ly convex ; mesial fold strongly elevated at the front margin, flat or genty convex on the top, becoming obsolete at one-third or ofe-half th Jeng h, the sides (of the fold) sloping down to the body of the shell .v^^ a Hat or sometimes gently convex slope. On a side view (fig 20.) the line of junction of the margins of the two A^alves forms a deep curve from near the beak to the front, convex -towards the ventral valve. In the dorsal valve there is a median seTum .vhich extends from the beak nearly one-half the length of the shell • T lu'^c ""'"°'°'' ''"^^ sub-angular radiating ribs, usually three ju the width two lines at the margin in the front h^lf, becoming'finer in tlie upper half. In some specimens these are obscurely crenulated by ar • ToriT y "^r ^^ ^^^"°"^ ^^^^ -^ °-^^-^^- '^^^ ^^^ - 21Va 1 f '"^ '^'"' ^'' ^'""''^^^y bifurcated, the others (on the fold and sinus) are more often simple or undivided. iiat'"tnth o'f bntf "^ r'"i '^'r'"' ^°''"^^°^ ^^"^^' ^i<^'^' fift^^-- iines , aepth ot both valves, eleven lines stoneT'l^^!'"'^ ^^'•'"«^-«.-Indian cive, Gaspd, in the Gasp^ lime- CoUeotor.—E. Bell. W AtrYpa PKCCUAR13. Eatonia PECC1IAHI3, 40 Eatonia peculiarly. (Conrad.) Plate 3 A, figs. 2, 2<7, 26, 2c. Conrad, Ann. Rep. Pal., N. Y., 1841. Hall, Pal., N. Y., vol. .3, p. 244, pi. 38, figs. 21-26, and pi. 101, fig. 3 2>««m>^w«.-Shellsub.ovate; apical angle from 90? to lOO'^- slone one-third the length of the shell ; sides in the anterior two-thirds or three- in ,T? rT^^ '°""^''^' front irregularly truncated; greatest ength. Ventral valve, with a portion equal to about one-third the width in he upper half and including the umbo, gently convex ; the remainder, con- sisting of nearly the whole of the shell, slightly concave, and with a deep rounded mesial depression, which abruptly elevates the margin of the dor- sal valve, and dies out near the middle of the shell. The beak h very small incurved, not quite in contact with the dorsal valve. The ed-^e of the shell, from the front margin upwards, is acutely angular, becoming shghtly more obtuse and depressed on each side of the umbo. The mesial depression at the front margin is rather more than half the whole width. Near he beak a small portion of the edge of the shell is sharply inflected towards tne dorsal valve. The dorsal valve is rather strongly convex the middle third of the front, elevated into a short rounded mesial fold' sometimes with an ob.ncure depression on each side. The umbo is moderately cmvex, obtusely rounded, the beak buried beneath that of the opposite Surface with very fine and obscure radiating stri^ usually with one much larger than others along the middle of the mesial depression. These markings are so slightly developed, that, to the naked eye, the surface appears to be smooth. ouwatt? Length of a largej specimen, ten linos; width, the same; length of smaller specimen, seven lines ; width, eight lines. Our specimens differ from those that occur in the Oriskany sandstone of Ontario,and also from those.figured in the Pal, N. Y., in having a wider and deeper mesial depression in the ventral valve. This valve, too, is upon the whole more concave than it is in the western specimens. It is- much smoother than the Lower Helderberg K singularis. In all other respects, even to the occurrence of the rib along the mesial depression, it is same. It might be called a variety, but I think not a distinct snecies. Formation and Zoca%.— Indian Cove, Gasp^, No. 8. Also in the Oriskany sandstone in the Township of Oneida, Ontario. In New York It is said to occur in both the Lower Helderberg and in the Oriskany Cdkctora.—Siv W. E. Logan, R. Bell. ) 21-2G, and pi. 101, fig. 2^ 90? to 100''; slope ly concave for about f two-thirds or three- truncated; greatest hat greater than the le-third the width in the remainder, con- e, and with a deep } margin of the dor- The beak ia very live. The edge of angular, becoming umbo. The mesial if the whole width, is sharply inflected ' strongly convex,, 'unded mesial fold, imbo is moderately bat of the opposite usually with one iepression. These i eye, the surface same ; length of riskany sandstone in having a wider his valve, too, is specimens. It is ris. In all other al depression, it is itinct species. 8. Also in the . In New York the Oriskany. 41 Pentamerus oaleatus. (Dalman.) This species occurs between Cape Gaspd and Cape Rosier in No. 1. Renssel^ria ovoides. (Eaton.) Plate 3, figs. 7, la, U, 10, 10«. fiE.VSSEL^HIA OVOIDES, Hall j Pal., iV.Y,, TOl. 3. e.ongate ovate; sides nearly straight or gently convex as shown in figs. 7, la The smaller mdividuals (figs. 10, 10«.) are alway wider in proportion to the length and more pointed in front than the larger n widHt'T; '^rV' T^'"^ P'^^'So from specimens in which the Ten th \T }: ''"t: '' '"" ' ""'^ ^''^''^^ '' '^^'^ ^hich the ength IS twice he width. The ventral valve is the most convex w th a 17;, "'"^ ^ t''"'''^ ''""^^^' ^"g"'^^ ^1«"S the middle, wi h a gently convex slope towards the sides ; a portion of the margin bent at nearly a right angle towards the opposite valve. The outline on abruptly curved down over the umbo to the beak, more gently and uniformly P^hed to the front margin. Umbo moderate, rising one or two line above that of the opposite valve; beak closely incurved down to and m contact with the dorsal umbo. The depth of this valve IS sometimes nearly equal to its width. Dorsal valve moderately c nvex, most elevated along the median line where it is rounded angular^ with a gently convex flat, or even slightly concave, slope towardt the Sides; n portion of the margin bent at nearly a right angle, as in the ventral valve The umbo is only slightly prominent, the beak a way con- cealed beneath the opposite beak. ^ In the young individuals, the angulation along the median line of both valves usually extends to the front margin; but, as the shell become. tv ?fr "T ?.' ^'''-'^'''^' ^^^^"^^^ "»if°™ly ^^Pressed, con- vex, and the angulation disappears. Surface with fine radiating stride, five to ten in the width of two lines. • These stri^ are most distinct at the front margin, and become obscure or die out altogether above the mid-length of the shell. Some- tunes the upper one-third of the shell is quite smooth. The shell IS also marked by a variable number of concentric wrinkles of growth, which ..ive the outlines of the shell at all ages, and show hov. che same individual gradually changed from the broad to the narrow form as It increased in size. In general the specimens from the limestone are smoother than those from the sandstone. 42 Length of a full grown shell usually about two and a half inches • width twelve to fifteen hnes. Sometimes the depth of the two va C 1; .8 greater than the width. The shell is often more or less coCessedtt r ally, and exhibits distort bns, which are n^hn-nl . ""^Fessedlatei- pressure. ' ^^^ natural, or not the result of ioca%a«c?/'oma^w?i._Indianrovp nnrl r..o in abundant in the Gaspd li^estle D^ 8 1! l!r' . "' V'"^ and at Percd. ' " the Gasp6 sandstone. Collectors. — Sir W. E Lofrm P.-^f t w tv vv. E,. j^ogan, Prof. J. A\. Dawson and R. Bell. ' Lei'toc(eua flaeellites. (ConradJ Plate 3, figs. 5, 5a, 5i, C, 6'<. ArarPA FiABBLLiTEs. Conrad, Ann. Rep., 1841, p. 55. Lkpxocclu FLABE.UTKS. Hall, Pal. N.Y., vol. 3, p. 449. pi. 103, 16 uarouix^u to 1(0 ; cardinal edge either straight or gently convex often slightly concave close to the beak; sides vai^in. f^om Lnl to' strongly rounded ; front usually somewhat straight or^li:.l y c'nca e ZllVtrT T--~\''^^ "''-' -deratelv^oiri elevated a little above the mKi-length. The mesial depression usually a.esou at one-half or two-third, the 1 ngth, sometimes^uns neaT ' thf 'n,"f°;'-. ^^^'^«^^-S'« rib which extends from the beak to the middle of the front margin. There is usually a large rib more prominent than any of the others, on each side of the mes fdepres" From these large ribs, the shell descends with a flat, slilly S «e e" or slightly convex, slope to the margin. In some specim^^ the mes ,' Zl7i:Ml''''-''f''- ^^^' -all,incLeddown r r plane of the lateral margin, but not in contact with the dorsal umbo Dorsal valve gently convex or nearly flat. In the upper half here is 1 ? ' r '= T''' '^^"""" ^^^^"'^^"S from the beak about ha If th . length of the shel . Two of the ribs, one on each side of the mes a in are larger than the others, and at the front are more or less eleva ed' ormmg an obscure mesial fold, which dies out about the mid-length of he shell. On each side of the fold the shell is often more or les^ convex generally with a strong curve down to the margin around the front and ot the shght mesial depression above noticed. The number of the ribs is slightly variable. In general the yentral valve has a single median rib, smaller than the others, and situated in the mesial depression- On each side, there are four or five well developed 48 vibs, with from ono to three smaller, and obscure ones next the margin, m the upper half of the shell, The dorsal valve has two large median nbs, w:rh -x or seven on each side ; those next the margin in the ui.per half smail md obscure. When the shell is preserved the ribs are rounded, rarely sab-angular. They are crossed by obscure concentric lines, sometimes with one or more wrinkl .x' growth. When the shell is completely absent, as is often the case in the sand- stone, th.3 ribs, as seen on the casts of the interior, are angular, while t'lose of the dorsal valve do not often pass upwards bevond the mid-length of the shell. In the cast of the vcatral valve the median rib becomes flattened or obsolete, in the upper half, where there is to be seen a small groove with a small semi-circular scar on each side (6g. Ca.) In the casts of the dorsal valve there is an irregular excavation, in the place of the beak and umbo, wi^i a small medial groove extending down from it and two small puncture, on each side. (Fig. G). In the description of this species, published in the Pal. N.Y. vol. 3, it 13 said that the beak of the ventral valve is incurved, " with a small round perforation in the extremity, which is completed on the lower side by two deltidial pieces ; or, in the absence of these, the foramen is completed by the umbo of the dorsal valve. Our specimens are all imperfect at the beak, and do not exhibit the structure here alluded to. The dorsal valve is also said to bo flat. None of the Canadian specimens have (strictly speaking) a flat dorsal valve. It is often flat or nearly so in the upper half, but always more or less convex in the front half, the shell being usually more strongly curved down around the front margin and along the lower half of the sides. In this respect it a'^rees with L Frimbriata, Hall, (Op. cit., p. 450) which is said to have°the dorsal valve flat or slightly convex, the front and lower lateral margins abruptly inflected. ^^ Length of a large specimen, eight lines ; width, four lines. The pro- portions vary within a small limit. Under certain conditions of preservation, the shell has a whitish shining lustre, like that often presented by Atrt/pa reticularis. Localittj and Formtion.-Gasj>6, in No. 8, and also in vast abundance in the lower part of the sandstones ; it occurs also at Vevc4. Prof Hall cites New York, Maryland, Virginia and Canada ; Oriskany sandstone. Collectors.— Sir W. E. Logan, Prof. J. W. Dawson, R. Bell. i 44 Spirifera Gaspensis. (N. sp.) Plate 3. figs. 8, 8a, 84. SrmimA QAHPt»m, Geol. Can., p. 3m, around to the mesial fold nr «; "^ '''">° '. '''^ remainder of the sides, those with a sh^rLge th Z'^ ^"^^-"^ -"ded. Irl straight or slightly eoneaven^/r. fnnEP" ''''^ '^ '^' «h«"' "-'^ front°half round d' Ventral v alt; si 7' "'' *'^ ^""«^ ^'-' *^- the middle of the urper hdf o .h ?^ ^ T'"' ""'"' elevated about -reor,essflatten:rum;o;mi:t^ well-defined mesial depression con^n!!.' I , ' '^'""^'^ '"*^"'"^«'' ? » ribs, extends from the bealto he f T ' "'"^"'" '"^ '^' ^^"^'" ^''^out the edge of the dorsal al ^^d r'^i?'" "'^'''' '' ^^^^^^'^ «'-^^^« coneave! one or two J h^^^^ at he^tk 1''^ ''"'X ''''''^ ^''«"*'^ wide in a specimen of average si e- detd- "" '^'"* '^'"' ""^' entirely closing the foramen 'do 1 'JlfetZ shH' T'^l'' "^^ fold, without ribs ; on each side of thl 71 f ^ ^ '''""'^'^ "^^^'"^ near the cardinal Angles Vlo and be I '"'^^7:^^^ °«"vex, compressed in the side view. ' ^ "'""^'^ Ironcated, m seen ^ide'enh: m^ZlTVLtf'Z ™f" °"^'"^'^ "^». ™ each imbricating linestf ™;, JTtl: t", r'^t'^ --"-ig-g :sxir =^ -"'- ^-" "" "— t -rat visible in all the specimens, especially those that are slightly •ansversely semi- gth of the sliell ; greater than ilie acute, varjing isiially about ono ler of the sides, y rounded. In 'f the shell, arc hinge lino, tho t elevated about cardinal angles ;ly incurved ; a bottom without rongly elevates width, slightlj )ut three lines ipparentiy not 3levated mesial ex, compressed he area, which , but sloping a rises, with a > length of the and continues 'gin, owing to cated, as seen ribs, on each entric zig-zag from acutely the ribs are )ecimens are 1 valve often thin septum. - are slightly 46 worn On each side of the umbo of the ventral valve th.re is (in tho ca«tB) a short deep fissure from one to three lines in length. ^ Wid h of a large specimen on the hinge line, twenty-four lines ; aver ge w.dtb e.ghteen hues. The ribs vary slightly in size in diffe" ^t spe the fold or s.nus. The mesial fold and sinus are from four to ,1. Hn jv.de at tho front margin. The fold is often elevated six lines at 7 Xo.a% and Formation.-G^si>6 sandstone, Gaspd Bay; in .reat abundance ; more rarely at Split Rock, Perce " Collectors.-Sir W. £. Logan, Dr. J. VV. Dawson, R. Bell. SpiRiFERA Superha. (N. sp.) Plate 3 A, figs. 3, -Ja, 36. i)...n>«.-.n.-Shell above the medium size ; with an extremely and angularly eleva^d ^'orsal valve, and a very large mesial sinus bh venral valve. Hmge-hne equal to, or a little lesslhan the greatest idth thes ell. S.desroundedinthelargespecimens; straight in the upp imlf and rounded be ow m the smaller. Front margin broadly rounded or w.th a portion m the middle either sinuated or pr<|ecting,_the ouS varymg accordmg to the position in which the specim n is view d 2TT.M^ 'T': "^^""^^ -yingfrom^five-eighL o'sL; eighths of he length. Depth of both valves sometimes grea^r than the ength. Ventral valve moderately convex, most prominent a IHtle below the hmge-lme ; on each side of the umbo abruptly curved down to the edge of the area; cardinal ang.es infiected towards the dorsal valve; umbo of moderate size ; beak small, short, closely incurved over the edge of the area, nearly in contact with the opposite valve; area about two linel lugh beneath the beak, concave, forming, in a general way, an ang about 4oe to the longitudinal plane of the shell; foramen rather b oad Its sides meeting at an angle of about 90^ beneath tho beak; deltidium obtusely angular along the middle, sloping to the sides, only about hf closing the foramen, there being a triangular opening b tween it and the hinge-hne ; mesial sinus inconspicuous on the umbo, but in pro eed Ihf doT, f ''T'-''''''' ^"^"«"" ^"^ greatly eleva'tes the m'a rgin of tl e dorsal valve. It is concave in the bottom, and its sides slope uprrds and outwards gently curving over to the most prominent part of th sut :iZT\t' 1'' g"^'"' "'^^^ '' ^^-* two-thirds the whole ^idth of the shell. The curve of the shell along the bottom of the «nua IS gentle and gradual f.o.. the front u'ntU near he umbo m 46 DomI valvo strongly olovatod, narrowly roundel or subanm.l.r „l. 1::^ Hno. ..0.0 ao.e.uU„, .ich L.owhat :::r C ^ o smos. (j?ig. aa). i he mesial fold 13 very obscurt'lvindinfprli,, I rncn. Alon« tho crest of the rnodianlino iko:^^::^^^ ^^^2^ nb about tw.co tho size of the others; below this, on earfkirtl .! aro four ribs which may bo said to belong to tho fold a thero h\ the fourth rib and the fift. a ^^^t iro^^ont!^^ ^'C^^^^ somo specimens, running from tho front margin upwards from T .lope is at first nearly Hat or very slightly co'nvexfZti'n Tn '^ ' : approaching tho cardinal angles, and moro convex towards ZT in tho anterior half; the umbo is obscurely ind Id Zt t T disdnct from the cardinal edge ; the area Vat 1 1 ne^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ beak, and slightly overhangs tho hinge-line ^ '' "" _ This shell is so abruptly truncated, that when placed on the front mar g.n It stands upright. On a side view, in this position the sut re be ween ho two valves is seen to be strongly curved towards the ven a 1" the median line of tho dorsal valve rises almost vertically at a r Ll t angle. to truncated fi-ont margin. The lower two-thirds is' ^nUy! vex. In tho upper third, it is abruptly curved down to the beak, wh h U reaches almost at a right angle to the vertical plane. (Fig. 3b). Tho s of the ribs IS somewhat varia'.le. In specimens two inchef wide the e a fr m three to four ribs in .ho widtli of three lines, at the front mrg A ongthe median lino of tiie dorsal valve, forming tho crest of the mes 1 fold there 18 a s.ngo large rounded rib, two lines wide; in the brou of tho mesial sinus of the ventral Valve thero is also a largo rib but con cave tho cardinal angles and the umbones of the two va ves 'are ea ly smooth; the ribs vary from moderately convex to nearly flat ; t lose ^ each side of the mesial fold appear to be bifurcated near the beak 1 tl others undivided The surface is also more or less marked by concenhl wrinkles of growth, and thero appears also to be a set of fine^oncontHc This species differs from S. arenosa, in having a much smaller area a much deeper mesia sinus in tho ventral valve, a larger fold on the dorsal and a large undivided rib along the mesial line of both valve^ Sma 1 specimens, about an inch wide, have the upper half if the sides straight and often at right angles to tho hing. line Locality andFor^ a.io« -Indian Cove, Gaspe limestone, No. 8. Cdhc 0/'«.— Sir W. B. Logan, R. Toll. 47 Spirifera rarjcosta. (Conrad.) PUte .1 A. Run. 8. Ba. 6b. ix^mr'* """"'"' ^^""""'^ ^°''- ^'^- '"♦• S"'' P^'- ^O'- Vlir p. 362, pi. 14, flg. viTlHra'S/'"""'"' "•"'"•^^'" »''«^'"^'' ^"'-'^^ "^'^'-eof .Ve. SwMFKnA «AH.co8T*, (Billings. ) Canadian Journal, to>. o n 2S9 18C1 i>..m;;^..«.-Sub.,ua* ^o complicated. A the height of about one line, IZTfoZZl Th„ T"'".' ■''''"' '''"' ^"'^" '=""- «-)- «' which extends forwanls ,o ;bout tL f It „ ' the coiT^a 'l t/""" ","' '""• " ^'"^'-^ "«"''. The dorsal valve of this sn^oi^K ' . " "•'■"^' " "" •"''"«" P""' v' 'illi! 60 L AMELLIBRAN CHI ATA . Sanguifolites Tethys. (N. ap.) Plate 4, figs. 5, 5a. Descrip(ion.-E\oT^g&te; dorsal and ventral margins sub-parallel • anterior extremity rounded, most extended at about one-third the height' posterior extremity obliquely truncated; beaks at about one seventh the length of the shell from the anterior ends, closely appressed; a stron- obtusely rounded convexity extends from the beaks to the ventral poste" nor angle. Length, three and one-half inches; height, about fifteen lines ; depth of both valves, nine lines. Only one specimen, an internal cast, of this species has been collected. Ihe ventral margin is imperfect, but it appears to have been gently con- vex, with a shght smuation just anterior to the mid-length. The hin<^e- hne IS straight and two-thirds the length of the shell, slightly elevat°ed posteriorly The slope of the posterior margin occupies about one-third of the whole length. The posterior ventral angle, narrowly rounded or sub-acute. Above the diagonal convexity, which extends from the beak to the lower posterior angle, the sides are compressed or slightly concave. Below It they are gently convex, with a broad shallow concavity from the beak to the ventral margin. The characters of the hinge line cannot be made out from this speci- men. It seems, however, to have had an external ligament. Just below the dorsal edge and parallel to it, there is an obscure groove in the cast indicating a tooth or a ridge on the shell. Surface unknown. ^<^<^hty and Formation.— Grand Gt^ve, GAsp4. No. 8 Collector.~E. Bell. GONIOPHORA MEDIOCRIS. (N. Sp.) Fig. 21. Fig. 21.— Go.jioruoRA MKoiocnis. Internal cast of a left valve. 1^ Description.— Length of the cast of the interior about two indns • greatest height,Hnear the mid-length) one inch ; base gently convex with laaaaaamiaaB rgins sub-parallel; le- third the height; )ut one seventh the ppressed ; a strong the ventral poste- ght, about fifteen has been collected, e been gently con- igth. The hinge- , slightly elevated ies about one-third rowly rounded or ids from the beak r slightly concave, concavity from the it from this speci- aent. Just below ;roove in the cast, nown. ^0. 8. f valve. bout two inches ; Jntly cony )x with 51 an obscure sinus a little in front of the m\AA]i. u- i- , , other, a about one-half the height of the Ihell; below them hrfnterTo extremity projects two or three lines. From the beak TlT I angulation extends to the j)osterior ande ThV2r '''i^'^S sigmoid genUy concave, and below gfntly convex A brtd IT ^ *^'^ '' ceptible depression extends'from't^Xk to\'e :itl^^^^^^^ reaches just behind the middle. Greatest depth of the va vf a S front of the middle. Depth of both valves Jth^\Tr.Jr ' '" about two inches long) one inch ^ '"* ^'" ' 'P'''"^'^ ^Ucality and For.ation.-ln,l.n Cove, Gasp.; Gasp, lio^estone, Collector.— U. Bell. Grammysia Canadensis. Plate 4, fig. 3. i)e«m>6 ; lower part of the Gasp^ sandstone. Collectors.- Sir W. E. Logan, R. Bell. MbDIOiMORPHA INORNATA. (N. sp.) Plate 4, fig: 4. Description^-TrmsveTBelj sub-elliptical ; length, a little less than twicr- tho height. Dorsal margin, from the umbones to about one-fourth the length from the posterior extremity, nearly straight, very slightly convex. Ventral margin gently convex. Posterior extremity obliquely and ob- scurely truncated, with a gently convex slope, in the upper half, uni- formly rounded below, most projecting point at about one-third the heic^ht Anterior extremity most prominent about the mid-height, rounded in the lower half; in the upper, apparently, obliquely truncated, with a gently convex or nearly straight outline. The umbones are obscurely developed, obtuse, about one sixth the length from the anterior extremity. Surface with concentric striae, the stronger of which are one or two lines distant from each other ; the finer ones apparently four or five in the width of one line Length, thirty.four lines; height, nineteen lines; depth of a single valve, about six lines. The specimen is a cast in sandstone, and apparently slightly flattened by pressure. ^ o .^ Localifij and Formation.—York River, Gaspd ; Devonian Collector — R. Bell. Mytilarca Canadensis. (N. sp.) PI. 4, fig. 2, 2a. Description.— OntWne of a cast of the interior, on a side view, semi, ovate ; the anterior margin concave, for a short distance below the beaks, and then nearly straight to the lower anterior angle, which is obtusely rounded ; dorsal margin (in upper part) forming an angle of about 60 '^ with the anterior, descending from the beaks with a nearly straight slope I beaks appear to be ilf a line to two lines If of the shell, these By become flattened three lines ; height e Gasp^ sandstone. ittle less than twice 3ont one-fourth the '■ry slightly convex, obliquely and ob- e upper half, uni- ne-third the height, it, rounded in the ied, with a gently 3curely developed, tremity. Surface lines distant from 1 width of one line. Jepth of a single ' slightly flattened 3nian. a side view, semi. ! below the beaks, which is obtusely gle of about 60'' rly straight slope 53 for about one-third the length, and gradually curving into the .««. • «de the atter broadly and uniformly round'ed tlllL ^TlT nor side of the cast it n»ai.iTT Ao* h ^" -^Qe ante- outline. (Fi7 4 \IZ^ ,' S^^^.^^^^^^^' regularly cordiform in „, (^rig. ..a.) Beaks small, stron-^ v inciirvnfl oi,v./^ • ■ and n,„re obtee, a. it approaohef th. bate ^ ' ''"'""°' ""= Height, from beak to base, three inches ; width at about half thP h.J.U Mytilarca nitida. (N. sp.) Fig. 23. Fig. 22. 'Vig-22.~Jfytilarcanitida. In' rnal cast of left val/e. Tie. 23.— " II tr. „ , View of the anterior side. nge line) straight. Base nearly uniformly rounded. Umbones m^riJ M 64 5s elongate, ovate ; rounded at the apex ; the sides most prominent a little above the middle; thence narrowing to a point at the base. The posterior side of the cast has a compressed margin, about two lines wide at the end of the hinge-line, gradually becoming obsolete towards the base. On the anterior side, beneath the beaks, there is a concave space which dies out before reaching the middle. About- one line below of the^hb llTnV' '" '^''"'' projection, indicating the anterior extremity The surface shows a few obscure concentric lines and faint radiating grooves These latter, although apparent on the cast, may not occur on the surface of the perfect shell. hon^lT/T TT ^''"f • ^"'«««'^^^'«*'«'" having only a small portion beneath the beaks depressed, while that one has nearly the whole of the anterior side concave. Height of the largest specimen collected, twenty- one lines; width a little below the middle, thirteen lines; depth of boUi valves, twelve lines ; length of hinge-line, six lines. Locality and Form ation.—Indian Cove ; Gasp^ limestone, No. 8 Collector.— R. Bell. Leptodomus Canadensis. (N. sp.) Plate 5, fig. 1. I>e5cn>/joM. —Transversely elongate, oblong. Dorsal margin, as seen in the cast of the interior, nearly straight, gently concave, slightly the most elevated at the umbones. Ventral margin gently convex ; a small portion at the anterior third concave ; the posterior third ascending with a moderately convex curve. Anterior extremity slightly sinuated at about the mid-height; below the sinus, a little projecting and narrowly rounded; nearly vertical above ; rounded over the umhones. Posterior extremity with the most projecting point just a^ove the mid-height ; gently rounded below ; obliquely truncated above. The sli€ll is rather strongly convex, most prominent* about the middle or a little in front thereof. The umbones are large, beaks incurved. From the anterior third of the ventral margin an obscure shallow depres- sion in the surface ascends obliquely upwards and forwards, dying out on the umbo, before reaching the beak. The umbones are sub-carinate on their upper and posterior edge. The dorsal margin is inflected, with some indications of a long narrow lunule. Surface, as appears by the cast of the inteiior, with strong concentric undulations, three or four lines wide towards the posterior ; narrower and deeper on the umbones. lestone, No. 8. 55 _ length, about two inches; height at the umbonos, tenlinea ; depth of a single valve, six lines. ' ' "' ^Locality and Formation.-ln^^n Cove, Gasp^ ; Gaspd limestone, Collector.— B.. Bell. Anodontopsis ventricosa. (N. sp.) Fig. Fig. 25. Fig. 2i^-Anodontop,i, ventricca. Internal cast of left valve 25.— Dorsal view of the same. 2)..m>^/o,,._StrongIy .on vex, ovate ; haight about two-thirds the vf on . t rT.uT'"^^ r'^ '^' ""''^ P^«j^°«»° P^i»t ^'^ a little ojej e-th.rd of the hcght, between which and the umbones the outline In r/r ' "'^^'^''^ '"'''' "'^^P"^ ^^"'^'^^^ "P to the anterior htur d > -^^ ,""' !''"r'^; ^""^'"^^ '^^S^' ^■"""^^'^ ' b^'^k^ closely tlllth; h^n; H "'°^' ^ "" '"'"'" ^^^""^'^^ ^'^-^^^ -t about two' tluras the height; thence slop.ng upwards and backwards to a point on he dorsal margm a little behind the mid-length of the shell. Dor al out- memosUevatedatthe umbones, between which and the extrcmityof the bnge-hne shghtly concave. Posterior extremity most projecting at the extremity of the h.nge-line with a gently convex slope. exte^rit"! *''. '"' "' i^^"i"'"' ^'" "Sanicntin this species is external. Ihe dorsal margm behind the umbones is sharp, slightly com- pressed, gently concave just below the edge. ^ Surface unknown. Length of the best preserved specimenjcoilccted, eighteen lines ; hei.l t at the u^nbones, twelve lines ; depth of both valve., ten lines ^ ^W.^^ and Fcrnu^^cn>iwn.-Sub-ovate, obliquely depressed convex from the umbones to the posterior part of the ventral margin, or to the lower part of the anterior margin. In the greater number of the specimens an obscure depression extends from the umbones to the V itral margin, causing a faint sinus about the middle, or a little m frcL thereof; umbones about one-sixth or one-fifth the length from the anter or extremity; beaks small and apparently closely incurved- Dorsal S rattd sjiecimen. 1. ; compressed or xtending from the slightly flattened widening, to the 1 margin straight, margin or a little ir than the total ometimes straight the lower half a ;ight or obtusely point at the mid- ' ; the upper hal^ pe. B posterior edges rings are usually ngth ; eight lines terior end of the nally higher. In , the right valve lime3tone,No. 8. rom the umbones to the lower imber of the 3 umbones to iddle, or a little length from the icurved. Dorsal 67 Vn^^'K r? r ^'''f'^^'^ ^« J compressed, nearly straight to a point a little behmd the mid-length ; then passing with a rounded or sub-angular curve into the anterior margin. Ventral margin gently convex, often nearly straight or slightly sinuated a little in front of the middle some what abruptly curved up to the anterior angle, more broadly ascondin« posteriorly. Anterior extremity most projecting at about the mid-height where it is narrowly rounded ; posterior margin broadly rounded, often obhquely truncated in the upper half or two-thirds. Surface with obsc:ire concentric rings of growth, from half to two lines wide. These are also covered with very fine obscure concentric lines. Length of the largest specimen seen, eighteen linos. The proportions vary greatly, as may be seen by the following measurements of three specimens : No. I. '^IL. Height at unbones. o««test height. 2. 15 " s << ^0""*^«' 3. 14 " 6 " " " The form is also variable; the posterior margin being either broadly and nearly umformly rounded or more or less distinctly angulated, usually a httle below the middle. ^ p » j Locality and i^ormaf/ow—Between Cape Gaspd and Cape Rosier ; Oasp6 hmestone, Lower Helderberg. Collector — R. Bell. GASTEROPODA. MuROHisoNiA Hebe. (N. sp.) Fig. 28. Fig. 28.— Alurchisotiia Hebe. A cast of the interior. See also Plate 5, fig. 6. Description.— -Ewm three to four inches in length ; apical an^le about 20 ; whorla, about ten in a 3p3oim3a throe ail ona-Ualfiac hesin length N Ifl 63 an angle „f a:,„„, «' '■""'' '""""'•^^ '» "'« l>a„.l, f,™i„. ,h„,„;„, who„porf,„.,p„,„„^,fni,::rJ;,"z,; '™'"' °' '"™'^°»' whorl. The band i, „,,„„. „„» n'"'^^ """<> "" " f"' "' "'O Wjr MuaCIIISONIA EGREOIA. (N. ap.) Plate 5, fig. 7. above .he hand e„.^e hack^t'!; an'r^roftouT'^O-^olhiT; ""f clma ax 3 of tho characters of three specimens • ^° ^"""'""S arc the whi;^S^i:Lt;;^;:;tsrr--^^"-^ ^^^^^^^ of .st The whorls are n^oderlte v 1 ' •! ^'"^ '^' ''^P^'''"''^' «'^ ""^3. elevated in t^e S half' ^^rrt":' f'"'^ — ' apparent., .ost 7.) and7h!J;re;i7:hrr''i,;rrra°^*\^°™'"'*"'-'- 8.-Con,iBti„g of fonr whorls: lengeh,' nine.eon ,i„o,; ,ii^ „f .^^ *^ Jk tho middle, Sur- I, forming therewith ' about half of the ' last whorl, twelve From the middle is twenty-one lines. 5th of twentjr-one. i length ; width of e half lines. This part of the body estone, No. 8. PO 69 Ia.t ton and of the fourth from the base, seven lines. The band is verv Collector. —II. Bell, Pleuotomaria princessa. (N. sp.) i St pical angle about f ; a narrow band fine strire, which )° to the longitu ird again to the X specimen three s own width from lid the true form •llowing are the ; width of last rture, six lines, apparently most en last whorls, ominent at the at slope to the ently about ten ; width of the Fig. 29.-PUuotomaria prince,,,. ^'^ ^^■ Description^The only specimen of this species collected consists of about 80 . Ihc transverse section of the whorls is nearly circular On he upper margm of the whorls, next the suture, there is^a band which is about two and one-half hnes wide at the aperture, and becomes gra^^ll rrower above. At its outer edge there is a narrow sha / 2 keel which may represent the respiratory hand. Where it LmTnares ther IS a small notch m the lip. Th- remainder of the surfa e i or a mented by a num er of spiral ridges, each less than half a line n wS I and about a hne distant from each other. As the whorls increas in st new ndges arc mtercalated between the old. These are crossed b^ n ' ub-lame lose vertical stri^, four or five in the width of one line In crossmg the ndges the striaj are all curye^l backwards. r m he form ot the basal whorls, very small. The form of th apex i^ nearly flat, as represented m the figure. It may be that this appearance IS due to pressure, or the absence of the apical whorl. ^^ ^sX2::!^:^2^'-- ^«^^ ^-^^ -^ ^«p^ hosier. 00 Plaxyostoma affinis. (N. sp.) Plate 8, fig. 2. (Compare I'. vtnlrieo,u, Conrad ) Bomowhat obli,|„e. In lar™ ,L,tH.\^ ° '"* ""> 'P''" " tut from appearanci itZm be o y ^7 "r"' "" ''"'"""^ «™' tion of the last whorl i, broken offZ Zl " °»"»*"'!>lc. per. in the follo»i„g fig„,„ ° '"^' "'° ''"'" W"" «o be more erect aa Fig. 30. founded. iTod -whorf, tlwrT^tr Z" '^'T^ '"^ in others. ^ °"° apecimena than it is group of a dol to separate them. But when we place a group of a dozen spec.mens of P. rentricosa alongside of a similar 90 61 numher of P. affinis, the difference at once becor e« aoDarent I naturahs^ would rofVr the two group, to the same spedeT ''" Pleurotomakia voltdmna. (N. sp.) I'lato 5, flgs. 6, 3.o.ru, />A..-o„. la this figure t.,e ncck-farrow is a U.tle too far behind tUo v.^*''''"?''^^"''''' ^'^^ '^■-tremities uniformly rounded the ^ J. awuor angles ot the hoail ; the border s separated from th^ r>hn^} r' ] ''^'T f-o-> which runs all around the side's am front" L ho d' ouclnng the front of the glabella in specimens with the crust Pert >V hen the crust is not preserved, the front of the glabella a 30017., 1 uie eyes, ihere are nidications of g abellar furrows \.nt th.,r o 00 uKhstmctiy seen in the specimens to bo located w h cet Jntv 17 about one ha f of its len for':hf;ea?,"?(":h?r T,*\<'T"'' ^""'^°f ^»f» or the year 1870 the Primordial rock, of the Kiuth-easterly portion of -he fcland are cfmated to have a thiclcnes, of about 6000 feet The npper 470 feet oon,ti.uting Bell Wand, in Conception Bay a ,h»t distance from the city of St. Johns, hold a peculiar Lu„ If w, .f exact age of which ha, not yet been determined. ThTIde, 7^ t CO ected consist entirely of i,„,*, Cr,.iana..i fuooidTlml: et e^minationmightbe taken fltho:'™L5eSr„."rS^ Ihey are, however, 8peci6cally, and two of th^m nr« . i =iie^vtrair iy-h *^''" "- --" J' aorai valve. They have their nearest representatives in mordial rocks of 65 Brittany, France, considered to be about the base of the Lower Silurian In Newfoundland, up to the present time, true primordial trilobites have been, collected, only iu beds, the highest of which are full 2000 feet below the lowest strata of Bell Island. I shall therefore describe the fossils of this Island as a distinct division, FOSSILS FROM GREAT BELL ISLAND. Genus EopnYiON, T(yr€ll — ^___ I J^ig. 32.— Eophijton Linnwun-m t Torell. Part of a «ini, «r i . -ragmenta supposed to be of this species. °' sandstone with several The only specimen I have access to at present is a slnh nf .. a . about fifteen inches inlen.th and twelve inchesTde, on th sar W^^ tbere are about thirty stemsof the fossil. Most of 10'' I ^ ;f stone in a direction nearly parallel to each i. T t; a 1^^^^^^^^^ been, when perfect, slender, cylindrical, straight, reeSeTn J K ! t ree lines in diameter, with the ourf^c lofgiud ly st^^ated't .stria3 upon an average in the width of one lino. SomeXfl . u $ I 66 EOPHYTON JUKBSI. (N. Sp.) In thi8 species the stems are nine lines in diameter, cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous. They are longitudinally striated, but the surface of the specimens examined are not sufficiently well preserved to exhibit the dimensions of the striae. It is separated from the former principally on- account of its much greater size. Abthharia antiquata. (N. gen. and sp.) Fig. 33. Part of a slab of sandstone with Arlhraria antiquata. The fossils for which the above generic and specific names are proposed,, are small cylindrical bodies, with usually an expansion at each end, giving the form of a dumb bell. Those that I have seen are from six to nine lines in lengtl(, and, from the manner in which they are grouped upon the surface of the stone, they appear to me to be segments of a jointed plant. They exhibit no internal structure, but the form is very constant. Simi- lar forms occur in the Clinton formation. LlNQULA MURRAYI. (N. Sp.) 34. Pia. 34. Lingula Murrayi. 35. Lingulella? affinis, ventral valve. 36. " ajiissa, a, ventral valve ; 4, dorsal valve | c, side view of both valves. JDescription. — Shell elongate, sub-pentagonal ; front margin straight or gently convex for a space equal to about two-thirds the width in the mid- dle ; anterior angles rounded ; sides somewhat straight or very gently view of both valves. 87 convex or parallel for two-thirds the length, then converging to the apex, where they meet at an angle of between seventy and eighty degrees In one of the two Bpecimens collected there is a flat margin on each side one- sixth the whole width of the shell. Between these two flat margins the remainder of the shell is gently convex. In the other specimen this cen- tral space IS slightly convex in the anterior part of the shell, but on approaching the beak it becomes an angular roof-shaped rid.re The shell 18 thin, black and shining with obscure fluctuating, concentric undu- lations of growth, and with very fine, obscurely indicated, longitudinal stnse. Length, nine lines ; width, five lines. LlNGULELLA? AFFINIS. (N. Sp.) Fig. 35. ^ Description.-y^xiirtil valve elongate, conical or acutely trian^rular [Apical angle about 45°. Front margin gently convex in the middle grounded at the angles; sides nearly straight, uniformly convergin<^ from' I the anterior angles to the beak. Surface with very fine longitudinal stride ' about ten in the width of one line. This species is founded upon Ihe aingk ipecknen of a ventral valve : above figured. The upper two-thirds i. partly worn away in the middle ; leaving only the outline in the stone. It appeal's to have been, when per- fect, gently convex, the rostral portion near the beak semi-cylindrical Length, ab-^ut thirteen lines ; width, nine lines. The dorsal valve has not been identified. LlNGULELLA? SPISSA. (N- Sp.) Fig. 36, a, b, c. Description.— m^W sub-pentagonal, or sub-ovate ; length and width about equal, sometimes strongly ventricose. Dorsal Jvalve with the front margin straight or very gently convex for about t^o-thirds the width in the middle ; anterior angles rounded ; sides straight or slightly convex and sub-parallel until within one-third or one-fourth the len°th from the ; beak then converging to the apex, where they form an obtuse an-le which varies from 100 to about 110 degrees. This valve is generally ve°rv convex, sometimes almost hemispherical, the outline on a side view is rather abruptly elevated in the rostral third, depressed convex for a short space m the middle, and then more gently descending to the front mar gin. xMost of the specimens of this valve are eight or nine lines in length and about the same in width. ' . .5,4 68 bro™ or no J,S .„d "Llr^ I ' °' ' ''"°°"" "™«'««. •I"* uoaiijr umcK, ana, sometimes, where exfoliatA/l ^.r „ i. Cruziana similis. (N. sp.) Fig 37. betB-ccn tlr m..,,..„ „„.„, ,„,, ,, . ™, . ^"o ^pao'" on each 8 cle curvo, sometime, exteafing „„Uo acrosTbuT.rr ff " «'•'"'" '''S"™' ™ a .,»e„l,at confused llor 5 pi" ° I""''' *»««'« jb. ,pccic, ,. r:yrei:£x:^T;:rt'i;""''^ "H ^peoie. of i.„„„„, of whicir::xxr„r' *" " "'« "^-^ 69 FOSSILS FROM THE MKNGVIAN GROUP. Below the strata of Bell Island there are about 2000 f««f « • .• r sandstones and slates m v,h\nU ';'^'' f/^ a^o^^ ^""0 feet consiptmg of fucoids. TheewthVeSl7/"'t'''''^^^ '^^- Upper Lingula Flats Th!v / """}' ""'^ '''^''''''' *^« ^'^^^^' «"d feoTofslatfs/sand oneJaS]^ir"''rT? ""'"'^'^ '' "^^'^^ 2000 to be of the ago o7 he W. T ^'^f ^'^'°« ^«««"« ^^'^^ prove them Salter and Hicks FoLil, ^^^^ ^^'^'' '' *^ ^^"^^'^'^ g^^^P of imperfect. The foIlowLf " Tl "^ *^" ^'"^^ ''' ^^-^^"* ^-' 'ery a.lmit of descrttiln ° ' '" ^^'^ "" ^"^^^^"^'^ ^^" P^-^ved to Obolella? miser. (N. sp.) denrea^P^ ./• , ^''^ '^"S'h. \entral valve strongly convex one-fifth the ;vidth of the shell Tn t ^^ ' ^ '*''^^^*' ^""^ ^^°"* of this shell, there i an rSarlvo- ?^''' "' '^' ''''' °^^^^*^^ ^'^' dorsal valve ia less conv.? f J f. ° '' 'P'''"'"' °^ ^^P^^^^^^"- ^he greatest elevation netrece^^^ I T"'' '''' ™°" ""^'^™^^ ^^' *^- lovel of the hinge line ' '^ "^P"'"*'^ ^"^^^^ ^'^^^ *^ ^'^^ in/:^L: 1:^ :^:rTi:ti;z; tL'" ^^^" -^^^^^^ ''-- dorsal valve sppt. ;» oK. I , ""^ ^^'^ '^^S^^* specimen of the out comnarisonq nf =n„„- •'^ "'f .'^^""^ C^o far as can be made out w th- k 'ft f- ' «" II oocur, al Branch, St. Mar; ,« Bay. GBKII8 CONOCEPAUTES. w,ll be done, and 1 shall therelore dispose of our species as follows. SCIKNOPLEURA COAfAlUNIS. (N. Sp.) Description.— GhheWa. conirnl ot- u ,. . ,. , lor.athM'^u T, ^ r : *'*'"'^^'' c^., X, "bout two-thirdp the wLoie length ot the head about one-tl.ird wi.i-. at the neck-furrows tl m at tl front; on a .de v,ew consid.. , -ated above t' fi.ed cheeks 78 P«ar to haro e head. The ansions of tho on, six linen ; oove between !ongth of the width of tho fixed cheek glabella, two r lines from 10 eyes. The proportional ould not be the pinkish id is of the is broader, nenrer the ■ t of the ipressed all number of ct genera. )rung up a it that th ows. the w! I lift ii at V cheeks neck furrow well defined all ac , neck-segment thickened in the middle and'bearing a small tnberr o. The fixed cheeks are strongly convex, but not so prominent as the glabella. The dorsal furrows are deeply defined all around the glabella. The front margin has a strong rounded rim, separated from the front part of the cheeks by a narrow, but distinct, groove ; between the groove and the front of the glabella, there is a gentle depression, which se] i rates the anterior angles of the fixed cheeks. The eyes are small, situated a little in advance of the mid-length of the head, distant from the side ..f the glabella a little lea than half the length of tho head, and are connected with the front of the glabella by an obscure ocular fillet. Surface with a few scattered tubercles, just visible to the naked eye, md between these numerous minute tubercles only seen when magnified. Tho glabella exhibit traces of two or three obscure furrows on each ^ide. Length of tho largest head collected five lines. Occurs at Chapel Arm, Trinity Bay. Fig. 42. Fm. 42 Anaitolenui venuttm. Anapolenus venustus. (N. ap.) Fig. 42. 7>rs/ •im^t in co„„o. with ,J gi or "Zm .r'r T^"^ "■"' space. The eye-lobe .(Ml. f„„! ' • '"'»""»<' """rofwni by . „„„„ a gentlir M.m„ij ,„„. ... . °, """'"" '""W furrow, mJ rons mt|, back,.„l. L ouZ'd. to .h "°7.""'»'«"y. -J thou oo„c.ve •round ,hoL.,L',fotrbaok,"dT:h^ °" ^ «""""»*«? "-rve glabellar lobes. ^ outwards in crossing over the len^rlbo'tbot InlV'V'""™" """-''• « '-^ glabella al ,botor,;Iot h^ T "'^°"'' "^ """'^ »'''"' « throe and . ha fles S of I" T": " ""' '""" ^'' »' f"™'' three line, ; iongu, oVthl^Cforr: ™*" °^ *° «-^ «'"-^' *:;:: 2^0^:11:;;= --^ry^-^"'',", --^ "* '"^ lobea with a gently nnifera. ZToliZ^^ ^Z7 ^T'- 'n ""' °^° eje lobes are also convei n„.l n , " ,, ' '" '^^ *«"'". Hid", the neck furrow " L he Lirel t' ? P"l«rt«allj, longer, whil the tr- 1 , "'^v one continued across " /-w;„i s a ■ Hicks has the flexuous eye lobes of our spec ' but fb ^^ /'"^''' inore decidedly in contact with , - front of Z' 7,'^,f "^^'•g'""^ rim is median pairs of furrows extend further inward ' ^^' "'"° ^'^ *"^ Occurs at Chapel Arm, Trinity ^ay. Paradoxides tenellus. (N. sp.) Fig. 43 Paradoxides leiiellus. Fig. 43. thirt:5et:^h''^:;u'T'-"r' -"" """^^ " '^« -* "ub-parallel 1™!,,!.: io 1 If" ;;;'■"■"»"« half, rounded, becoming posterior half. Neek segment strongly elevated in the n>ar>5inal rim, ' by a narrow f the glabaJla and nins with l»ej> concave) ow. which it equal to tho 3 flido of tho wards, nearly TkTl'\"'° ™'™'^ ™'™ »" striiB. Width of vm.H.ni 1 ^"°*,^'^<^ '^'^'^ « low obscuro radiating two lines '"''' ^°'°" '•"^^' '''"S"'' ^^^ "nes; height. In the specimen above figured there is an aperture in the beak but in another there ,s no appearance whatever of a perforation Thi, resembles Acrotr.ta, but differs therefrom in Jl,^':; eol x dT a.um. t seems to be also closely allied to K.Uo.-na. CsXll h ve descnbed under the name of OLolus LaMoricus be^ tl atod\ h :" "?^ "^^ ''• '^"'"^' •" '^ '^-'^^ «f limestone associ- S "'"""«7^''«S";<'«t"'-y trilobites, of primordial age, near Tnl Pes below Quebec. A closely allied species of the samt genus occu jn j.e pnmord.1 hmestone ac Topsail Head, Conception Bayt NewS! FOSSILS IN THE IIURONIAN ROCKS. AspiDELLA Terranovica. (N. gon. and sp.) I^Z::V:^r^^^:f' «- - - "- ^^ ^-gth and about one. ilioy liavo a narrow rmg-hko border, within whicli fourth less in width. ono associ- 77 tl.ere is a concave space all round. In the middle there is a loncitudinai roof-hke ndge, from which radiate a number of aroovo.f.TuT The general aspect is that of a small 67./ Jor ilXlt e td hi" " sure. ^ It is not probable, however, that the, are r^^So^/C Fio. .13. As,Ueliaurrano^ca, t>vo Bpc.ci„.euB on a «a.«ll alab of stone, siigh.l, restored Associated with these are numerous specimens of what appear to be ^;"^'c.'...^,,,«?/,,, f„33i, taat occurs in a formation lyirboTowtL F^ujordtal rocks in Sweden. These fossils were first Sotet: b tapt Jverr, It.N., Mr. tlowloy and Mr. Robertson ^ StENOTIIECA PAUl'KU, (N. sp.) 2)esmption.-She\] small, conical, with the apex incurvod l„f n compressed. Aperture ovate, elonga ed in the phZ i X^ I. ^ tm-e of the apex occurs. Surface .Wthfour o f v s"! : ^ '^^ ndges. Length of aperture about one and one-lmlf i 1° ^^ om line; height of shell about ono line. ' "' ^^'*"* Occurs in the red limestone at Brigus, Conception Bay. ScENELLA Reticulata. (N. gen. and sp.) contlTn::;^ L'^'lr;": ^^^^^^^ ^^^^--^^^ ^«P--^ --al ; apex .ne sido f!f. '°"''' ''""'' «>^'«»ding from the apex aown Cu red ow , T''"\ ^^'"'"" "^^'-'^ •^'^^"''^'•' «P- verfsli^lUy r adt "ralV " •• '^P''.''° *'' ^"^""- S-^-« roticufated w h radiating and ongirdnng stri«., just visible to the naked eye. Diamc 78 ter of the aperture of the largest specimen collected, three lines ; height of the apex, two lines. Occurs at Topsail Head, Conception Bay. Species lesembling this have been heretofore referred to Capulus,3fetop- toma, &c., to which, however, they do not belong. For the present I propose to refer those with a strongly corrugated surface to Stenotheca and the others with a smoother surface to Scenella. ' 3.- On the Genus Strioklandinia, withdescriptiona of the Canadian species. Genus SiRiCKLANDrNiA, (Billings.) 1859. Stricklandia. (Billings.) Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. 4, p. 132 Anril I85q Strioklandinia. (Id. ) Op. cit. Vol. 8, p. 370, October, 1863. ' f ' »■ (Ralph Tate.) Appendix to Woodward's Manual of MoHuaca p 59 1868 (Davidson.) British Brachiopoda, vol. 3, p. 157, 1867. (Hall.) PftliEontology of N.Y., vol. 4, p. 369, 1867. Generic Characters.— Shell usually large, elongate-oval, transversely- oval, or circular: in some species with a straight hinge-line, more or less extended ; valves nearly equal, varying from depressed convex to strongly convex ; a short mesial septum in the interior of the ventral valve, sup- porting a small triangular chamber beneath the beak as in Pentamenis; in the dorsal valve two very short or rudimentary socket plates, which in some species bear prolonged calcified processes for the support 'of the cir- rated arms. Both valves with an area, that of the ventral valve the largest ; the dorsal area sometimes incurved over the ventral and conceal- ing it wholly, or in part. No muscular impressions have as yet been clearly observed in the ven- tral valve, but in the dorsal there are two oblong or sub-ovate scars a little below the beak, one on each side of the median line. These were first made known by Mr. Davidson and figured in his " British Brachiopoda," vol. 3, plates 19 and 20, and they are also seen in 8. Canadensis. The surface is usually coarsely and rather irregularly covered with radiating ridges ; sometimes nearly smooth. All the English species of Strioklandinia were formerly included in the genus Pentamerus. The first intimation of a distinction between them and the typical forms of the latter genus was published in Mr Davidson's "General Introduction," 1854, p. 98. The characters on which this distinction was founded were discovered by the late J. W. Salter, Esq., Palaentologist of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. In his account of the internal characters of Pentamerus, Mr. Davidson says : — " The position of the mesial plate and V shaped process in the dental valve im« been- clearly shown, both by Baron V. Buch and Professor King, to be the equivalent of the me- 79 sial septum and dental plates of other genera; tho dimensions of these raryin;, almost l„ cTery specie.; they are most developed in l^entamerm Knightii where the Tonf, extend nearly to the frontal margin, while in other forms, such L Tn P Z'th '"" ' plates are small and rudimentary ; affording, as justlv remark d by pfof Mopl """, speciiio characters. The same pro.,ortions and differenres Z\LS ? ^' ^"''^ arrangements of the smaller valve.n i>n^am..«VirSrforT,l^ T ,? '''^*'''' '" *"" .ongitudinal septa as well as the conjoined and^S ^ ^^ iTT'Ztl and elevated, while in other forms they are considerably reduced S almn?. V ""^"^ Mr. Salter has observed that in />. lem the dental pla Js extemi f f, T '"'""«°t*^^- the shell, and that in ( P. liralus) they are produ eS in he orm In / T '"' '"'"^ °^ lamella, towhich the cirrated arms were of courratlLci d T^.o i "?'""^ """"'^ of the different muscles has not been yet cLpeCma^ out b.^ '""'°" ""' '''''" quadruple impressions of the adductor are clear!y defined ' ' "" '""" '^''''' ""^ In Woodward's " Manual of the Molluaca," 1851-1856 d 2-^7 th. characters in question are thus alluded to : > f- -• , wie "Oral lamellK have been defected by Mr. Salter in P liraln^. ;„ p ■> ^ ■ . . ^ v.!.. Xewton) the dorsal valve has a long trough-like pr^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In the second edition of « Siluria," p. 229. (1859) Mr. Salter, to whom Sir Roderick Murch.son had confided the revision and notes of the fossil data in his work, observes, while speaking of the Brachiopoda of the Llandovery rocks, that : — ■' The Pentaraeri are, however, the characteristic fossils, which impart to this /one its pecuharand d.stmct faces, ^o less than five species, whether smooth or only Xh Iv nbbed, occ«r,and of theseP.oWo^,^, is the best known and the most widey tSlf This typical shell is easily distinguished from tlie other species P lem and pLT the great length of the mesial septum, which in these latt'er Is q'uite a sh t a^pe T ^ o the V shaped chamber. The two longitudinal plates, also, which divide the up^,er valve ar peculiar to this speces ; while in P len. they are very short, and in P liratJJ: reduced to a pair of processes which pass inwards, but do not show upon the casl " This latter passage is quoted from Mr. Davidson's " British Fossil Brachiopoda," vol. 3, p. IGO, and he adds to it:-'' Lastly, Mr Billin<.s availing himself of the differential characters pointed out by Mr Salter' proposed for such shells as P. liratus, P. lens, and some other Canadian species, the generic designation of ^^Wc^^a/irfia, and which he subsequently altered co StricMavdinia. This I will retain as a section of the large genus Pentamerm, and in which I trust the species under description will find a permanent home." The genus was not founded altogether on the characters to ^yhich Mr Davidson alludes. While st mg the species in the Canadian collection" I observed that nearly all ..C60 with short plates in the dorsal valve differed m general form from those with long plates. I, therefore pro- posed a new genus for their reception, and gave the following reasons for so doing : o v« .oSw=?"""''"V^''?'"'"""y ^'''^'' «»°"g'^t« oral, transversely-oval, or circular someoimcs compressed ; valve, nearly equal ; a short mesial septum in L inlerior of the W" Si. (■J I 80 Tentral valye supporting a small triangular chatnber beneath the beak « in /> , in the dorsal valve no longitudinal septa, spires, or loop the whole of ^hl wT''"' ' organs consisting of two very short or Rudimentary Srpllfeswhchn'T "'"' bear prolonged calcified processes for the support of the cirraSams n somro^r species the ventral valve has an area more or less developed ""^ " This group of shells, although closely related to Pmtamenu differs frnm ,u * the following particulars :-.lst. In J'Jav^ the formTgitr and th^ ' „ 7"', '" 's much the largest. In Stricklandia the valves are nearly equal and nev-Uh """^^^ In Pentameru. the dorsal valve has two or three longitudfnil sej^ wh ch if ll"''' '"'■ sustain a small triangular chamber. In Stricklanl these hat^Js it entZ T''' It might be thought that the difference between the short or ruSenry den 1 n. f"*"'. .>.o..,„..a and the elongated mesial septa of the dorsal valve of S^.t 3 lo Tsuf ficeo ■mportance to constitute a generic distinction, because it is only a diffe ence tZ extent to wh.eh identical parts are developed, the dental plates of the fLmer Tnus bell ! rudimentary state of the septa of the latter. When, however, we examine any Lou7of clo ely allied genera we find that all the grounds for separation consist in the vaWou" modihca lous of the same set of organs. Were it not so then there would be L such th^n. as.homologous parts. The uitference in the degree of the development of an organ is 2 «^,.a.v. a good character, but when it is carried vo such an extent that the whofe foLo the animal is afi-ected in a particular manner, manifested in a number of species thSii bc-comes of generic value If we take the several species of «ncWa„rf,''and comna them with an equal number of species of Pentanu^rus, such for instance as P SS" P^aleatus, P. S*eber,, P. acutolobatus, P. caduceu», &c., the difl-erence in the externa form of the two groups is so remarkable that we would be almost warranted in separatrg ttm iuto t^.^. genera upon this ground alone ; b^t when to the dissimilarity in th^ geZl orm we add the d.fterence in the internal structure then there can be 1 ttle doubtTs Te correctness of the separation." ! v*"uui aa 1. me "This genus includes three English species which have been long known under the names of Pentameru> len, P. Uratus, and P. U.is. All these, and the three Cad an s,,ec.es abound m rocks o tbe age of the Middle Silurian, such a's the Llandovery rocks of bir P. Murc.u.on, and the Ohnton and Niagara groups of the New York geologists '' The following figures e.thibit the difl^erence inform between SlrkklancUnia and Pent -m- Fig. 4i| Fig. 47. Ficr. 48. Fig. 4«. Stricklandinia IMvUsonii, dorsal view, " -l?. do side view. " 48. Pentamems Knightii, side view. ilie main differences between Pentamems and Sfricldandinia thus occur m the internal structure of the doraal valves, discovered by Mr. baiter, and in the general form Hrst pointed out by myself. lia and I'enlumc 81 The name StricJchmcla was afterwards changed by me to %•;.>!-; ^ ^ma, as ,t had been previously applied to a genus of M 1 f ''^^;^"^- Nat. Geol., vol. 8, p. 370, October, 18630 To 1 "! ^^^' ^ ^ ' P. J.'vis, should have been quoted as « Spi^rfllJ^^Z It r'? '^ Sowerby in the «' Silurian System/' ptftA-Tt .t^'-'' ^• wrote (1859) this species was Lown' in^En^^ttt bet^^t^ L a Pentamerus as that genus was then understood ; I thereforrid d i P. Icem. It IS figured by Sowerby with a straight hing line sixteen 18620 It is there s^te.;f^wi^l;t:;i^.^^^ some of the species, such as in S. Icevis and S. n>ocroca,uc.usX^ Z hmge hne straight and much extended." This sentence is irr gu ar bu as Its meanmg is obvious I make no alteration in it. It proves cTe'ark that the species intended by mo had a long straight hinge lin'end could not, ei-efore, have been P fe..., of James Sowerby, fsiS. the young f P oblmgus^^ represented by Mr. Davidson and Prof. Hail in the works ci ed below.-fc My generic description rigidly excludes P. ollongu' whether young or old. There is no resemblance whatever, betwett young of P. oWo«,,.. (as figured by J. Sowerby) and any species of StricMandmia yet described. ^ ^ ^^ STRICKLAJfWNIA CANADENSIS. (BillingsO 185P. PI- 6, fig. 3, and pi. 7, fig. 2. S™cKLA.w CAKAOE..,s. (Billings.) Canadian Nat. and Geol., vol. 4, p 135 1859 Description,-Shel\ large, sub-circular or transversely broad-ovate 2rl " f t"""^"' "^'"^' '' ^"^-*«d ^y th'e casts of tl; anteior, covered with convex radiating ribs, and concentric step-like sub-lamellose rings of growth, . ^ * bni?' T'fr^^'!" moderately convex, most elevated in the upper owards hi , ^ ' '"=^'n' """^ ^^""^^'^ ^^'"P--^ ^ -^-concTv" towards the sides, especially in the upper two-thirds. A mesial sinus commences on the umbo, and gradually widens to the front margin, wh re m large specimens, it is sometimes an inch or mor- in width Itk generally shallow and concave, and though always , .eptible is somr times very slightly indicated. The dorsa! valve sUs to be o aboutThe' mg to the ventral sinus. ^ ^^- D.vu,3on; "British F^sil Brachiopoda." vol. 3, p. 158. Hall; Pal., N.y., vol. 4, p. ■ n . 82 The beak of the ventral valve exhibits in the cast a very short fissure seldom more than two lines in depth, indicating that the mesial septum was short and thick with, sometimes, a rounded edge. One specimen shows that the tri-angular chamber, at its lower angle, projected far into the cavitj and apparently almost reached the shell of the dorsal valve. The casta of the interior of the dorsal valve sho^fr at the beak a short roof-hke ridge, about two lines in length, and about the same in width This seems to prove that in the hinge-line of the perfect shell there is an angular notch or tri-angular foramen. On each side of the ridge there is seen one of the small pits occupied by the crural processes. No traces of the muscular impressions of the ventral valve are visible in any of our specimens. In the dorsal valve they are small (in propor- tion to the large size of the shell), and situated immediately below the beak. They are of an ovate or oblong shape, divided along the middle. In a specimen four inches in length the scars are seven lines in length and five lines in width. The concentric markings, on the surface, show that the shell was subject to occasional interruptions of its growth. Thev also give very distinct outHncs of the form at diflFerent ages, from that of the young shell one inch in length, up to the old ones, of five inches. ' The radiating ribs along the middle proceed straight to the front, but at the sides they curve outwards, those near the hinge line reaching the margin at about a right angle to the length of the shell, sometimes even slightly curved upwards. They are, as seen in the cast, low, rounded usually about one line or a Uttle less. They appear to increase by bifur- cation and intercalation. In most specimens, they are crossed by obscure concentric crenulations. Length of large specimen, four or five inches. The width appears to be a httle greater. Depth of both valves, one inch and a half. This species is closely allied to the English ^. liratus, but is a much larger shell. In a collection of fossils from Gothland, sent to the Survey by Dr. Lindstrom, there are tlu-ee specimens of the Swedish form that have been referred to S. liratus. They are decidedly distinct from our shell. Locality and Formation.— l^esir Thorold, Ontario, in the Clinton for- ziiation. Colkctors.—A. Murray, E. Billings. 88 Stricklandinia Gaspeensis. (Billings.) 1859. ^''»''-' 6, fig. 4a. &TKICKLAND1A Ga.S1'BKXB1S. rjiillinffH ^ Pn^oj- »r . _ . . U>'iiing8.) Canadian Nat. and Geol., vol. 4 p 134 iflRfl Z^.cn,,^o«.-Sholl large, oval, greatest width about the mid-len^'th or ahttle m fron thereo, the anterior half usually xnore broadly rounded than the rostral half ; length to breadth about as five is to fo/r vZa nearly equally and rather strongly convex. The ventral valve in a large specimen 13 about three hnes longer than the dorsal, rthe excess of lengfh bemg at the umbo and beak) ; beak small, closely incurved downand touchmg the umbo of the dorsal valve, the pit of contadbein^ rather on the ventral side of the plane of the lateral margh umb! convex, the cardinal angles somewhat compressed; area from !n ^1 one-fourth the width of the whole shell in length ; strongly incurved on each side of the beak becoming flat towards ti.e margin? ^eTform an obtuse angle to the length of the shell. The tH-aLular clmrhT reaches the beak, and forms a large foramen in the al"^^^^^^ projects nearly to the shell of the dorsal valve. ^ Fig. 49STRiCKi,ANDrs truncated froat 1 Fig. 49. NU GA3PEBN-S13. D.rsal riewof a larg^ specirae-.i: of the i li variety witfe 'J\>' 84 On the umbo of .he ventral valve, a mesial sinus commences, which gradually mcreases in width to the front margin ; more than half nf Ivk is affected by it. The dorsal valve has a r.el{ eZll^l'Zl ^to^ tTll rV' ' t"°'^""V"''^'^"* «trengthtoinducetheide of a tnlobed surface. The area of this valve is incurved over that of th! ventral valve and almost entirely conceals it, at the same time colfetely co^ng the foramen. The socket plates are exceedingly small nXZ of them beang seen in a cast of the interior of the umbof which is perf to withm one Ime from the edge of the ventral area ^ ^ The surface is covered with strong, rounded, radiating ribs, increasing m number both by bifurcation and intercalation. The w°dth f the fu f developed nbs ,s about one line, but in some places on the su Ja e"^ where the „bs are newly divided, there are often to be seen four or fit of them m the width of two lines. The shell is subject to interruptions of growth, and in such cases the form of its younger stages is very dis- tinctly represented on the surface. ^ iJ^'-AA^ "'"•^'\'' '""''™'' ""'^'''"^'J' ''^""^°^'' «ft«» ^vith a sinus in the middle as m the specimen figured, while others exhibit an obscure projecting lobe in place of the sinus. The length of large specimens is about four inches; width, three inches and a half; depth of both valves, two and a half inche. MilTsUurial^''"''''''"'"^'^"'' ^ '' ^'''"' '" '^'' Bay of Chaleurs. Collector.— Sir W. E. Logan. Stricklandinia brevis. (Billings.) 1859. Plate 6, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c. Strickiaxdinia brevis. (Billings.) Canadian Xat. and Geol. vol. 4 p 135 1859 Description -Transversely sub-ovate or sub-pentagonal ; hinc^e line straight equal to about two-thirds the greatest width ; cardinal" andes rounded; greatest width a little above the mid-length, in front of which the sides converge with a gentle curve to the middle of the front margin Both valves moderately and about equally convex, irost prominent at about one-third the length from the beak. Ventral valve with a concave mesial sinus, which commencing at the beak gradually widens to nearly one-third the whole width of the shell. The sides and cardinal angles somewhat compressed. Umbo small ; beak closely incurved, touching the dorsal valve • area concealed. Dorsal valve with a rather strong mesial fold which at the front margin, is about one-third the whole width of the shell ; on each 8.de of the foM, a slight longitudinal depression. The beak seems not to overhang the hinge line, but is slightly elevated in the plane of the lateral 86 rib^'in t^dlraTl:"' ^'T'^ "^"'^^' -^^^*'"« ^^^^ ^»>-t hair a Jme in ^..dth, and .-uh some famt concentric, apparently crenulated one''lt^'•Tid^l• 7 'r'"' 'T'^''' '''' ^^- -"-*^d. Length, of from two to two I^d a L,f inches '""" "'"' •"''"*°' ^ ^''^^ aS!:^^ieha:Sr '-^'^ ^^- ^°^-' Anticoati, Middle Silurian- (The following is from the Geological Magazine, vol.5 FeVuar/-1868 with some slight alterations.) ^e ^ruary, 1868, Sg'r^is^^qt 'T^r*^'";" ^'"''* '"^ ^^^'''S^ vol. 4., p. 134, fi.^ 8-9 (1859), I figured a small specimen of a snecie<. nf «?/Lz./ I7 • under thp nnmA «p c 7 v . , species ot btncklandima v-nder the name of ^. /e»,9; but, at the same time, stated that I was not certam whether it was the true S. lens or a varietv Jtl! . in front than any of the English specimen! I L str 171511 :tSmelf:th'''''""'^" '-''' '"^''^ Islandof AnL i 1^: Mith numerous other specimens, most of them in a fragmentary condition Among these I thought that S. llrata could also be idlntifi df and hu" of ol s!^^^^^^^^^^^ ''-'''' '^'^ ^- -^.^ - --al of the publicaUo^ ^plrf'rlV^M 't"'''°'f^' author I received, several months ago, ■ Bthiopoda. 'tL ?"'T' • ''"'°"P'' '' *^^ ^"*'^^ Silurian lirachiopoda. The clear descriptions and beautiful illustrations of this ^ gnificent work at once enabled m3 to perceive that we have not (so far as yet known) either of the two si5ecies above mentioned. What I STun ?'/■ ^7.^«''«.;^7dult of the form figured by me as S. lens. The young and small individuals are smooth ; but with increasing size and age they become more and more strongly ribbed. -While re-examining the whole collection, with a view to this paper, I broke up several pieces of limestone, which were almost entirely compose I of the imperfect and detached valves of another species, and succeeded in getting out several specimens, sufficiently perfect to authorize a descrip- l^on We have thus two new species; and, as the error with regard to S. hrata and S. lens has been transferred from my publications into several important English works, it is thought advisable to describe them in the GEOLOorcAL' Magazine at once, without waiting for my next report, which cannot be issued for several months." ir % 86 Stbiklandikia DAViDfONii. (Billings.) 1868. Plate fi, figd. 1, la, i^ ic, id. 8TBiCKi4ND,.Nu DAnMO«», (Billings). Ufological M.,;?Ml„e, vol, V. p. 59, pi IV Jan 186f>. ' Lett' i^tton^'' the!! longitudlnnlly ovate; sides and cardinal extremity rounded ; Trrnt usually with a linguifcrai extension about one-third of tho whole width, and of variable length, sometimes aim, ;ly narrowed from tho raid-iength to a round poii,t ; greatest width abo.;<, th., aiiddle, or a littlo above. The valves are almoi^t equally convex. The ventral valv^ has, iu young individuals, an obscure mesial sinus, which becoms obsolete with age; towards tho front tl is sinus often gives place to a well- developed fo'd. Some of the largo individuals liave neither fold nor Binua m this valve. The dorsal valve usually exhibits a fold, which becomes gradi ally broader from the beak to the front, where its width is equal to that of tho tongue-like projection. Tho umboi.os and beaks are 80 slightly developed as to give only a very moderate angulation to tho cardinal extremity. The hinge-lino is about one-third or one-fourth of tho whole width, and the areas are, in general, concealed by the close approximation of the beaks when the valves are in place ; but in separated valves the ventral area is wdl seen; that of the dorsal valve js linear. In the interior of tho ventral valve tho mesial septum extends only four lines from the beak in a specimen thirty lines in length; the triangular chamber is apparently two lines in length. In the dorsal valve the socket plates are very short, and not united : they have, as yet, only been seen by grmdmgdown the beak. The small specimens are smooth, or only exhibi faint indications of ribs ; but as the shell increases in size the ribs be .orao atroni ■/ . although in some of the lai- cr (as in the one figur. 1) they are not y ! .' .t.itinct. In general there are three or four obscure ribs running Btt-^iM iVr.m the beak to the front ; but on each side of these they curve miffml: 10 the wdes. The ribs are faintly developed, and there are from ttree t.. ) ve in the width of three lines at the margin. There are also fine concentric wrinkles, not, however, always visible. " Length of large individuals, three inches; width, varying from nearly equal to one -fifth less than the length. They occur of all sizes from a length of three fourths of an inch to three inches." In nearly all the specimens from Anticosti the surface has a smoothish aspect, although the ribs are always more or less distinctly indicated- Those from the mainland are more strongly ribbed. A number of specimens have been collected in Anticosti with scarcely any Imguiform projection in the front margin. They are of a smaller aize than those figured, and may belong to a distinct species. r* r i, pi. IV., Jan. lal extremity -third of tho ed from tho e, or n littlo alvi has, in bsolete witli to a well- er fold nor fold, which its width is 1 beaks are ition to tho le-fourth of f the close I separated 13 linear. 1 only four triangular tho sock(!t en seen by ily exhibi ' bs bc'orae ) they are •3 running hey curve i are from e are also )m nearly iies from imoothish ndicated- scarcely I smaller 87 ''StrkWndima Tmidsonii differs from S. kns, m boine more narrowed m front, more strongly ribbed, and in having tho area concealed -hon the valves are .n their natural position. Nu. withstanding the variable form of the shell, there are none, i,. a collect!, '• nearly a hundml specmcj.s, that could be considered .pecificaily id. , with any of those figured 1, Mr. Dav.lson in the • Monograph,' pi ix. figa. 14-21. But ^ere ,s dorsal valve from he Niagara liu^estone Cabot's Head, Lako Huron, exceedn,glyh< fig. 13. It is, however, ,uito distinct from b. nnvidsoiiit, and 1 thmk from S. lens also. "As before stated the large individuals often have the ribs stronylv , developed and curved out to the side,,. They t' .s closely resemble fho figure of 6. hrut., m ' Sd. yy,t.,.' pi. xxii, Hg. 6. Indeed, I could very nearly re-produci that figure from .o,no of onr broken specimens. It is these that I thought could be identified with S. Urnt„. The small smooth ones I supposed to be S. Urn; but, after toeing Mr. Davidson's figuies, I rc-exammed the whole collection, and i that there is a gradual passage from the smooth to the strongly 1. The specimen figured (figs. 1-lc) ,8 about as perfect as a fossil > be, and is a good example ot an mtormediate form. This species is dedicated to Thomas Da\ idson, Esq., F.R.S., F.G S &c., author of numerous publications on the fossil Brachiopoda. '* T alibi anil Formation.-'^ This species occurs at a number of localities around tho coast of the Island of Anticoati, from Jupiter River to East Point. It is most abundant at South-west Point, whore the specimen figured was collected. It is associated with Strophomena rJmnhoidalis, A. pev.ten, S. antiquata, Leptoena tmnsvcrsalis, Orthis DaoidsoniL Pentamcrus,oblonyus. Spirifcra plicateUa, Leptoccelia {Atnjpa) hemis- phenca Atrypa reticularis, and many others mostly new specie". The rocks belong to the Anticosti group, division 3, a horizon which is very nearly, if not exactly, that of the Upper Llandovery rocks. It also abounds on the mainland at tho Schickschock ^Mountains, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, about 250 miles easterly from Quebec. I have never seen a specimen from any other part of America." Collector.— J. Richardson. Stricklandi.via Salterii. (Billings.) Plate, 7, fig. 1. Description.—'' Shell transversely oval ; width greater than the length ; sides and front usually rounded, but often with an obscure Unguiforia extension. Hinge-line nearly as wide as the shell, straight and a little 4 . MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^^ 1653 East Main Street ='^S Rochester, New York 14609 USA '-= (716) 482 -0300 -Phone ^= (716) 288- 5989 -Fox 88 8'oping on each side of the beaks. Both valves are gently and uniformly convex. The ventral valve has often a barely perceptible mesial sinus ; the area very narrow, scarcely tlie umbo small ; the beak not incurved ; exceeding the thickness of tho shell ; the foramen (as seen in detached fragments) triangular and open to the beak ; the small chamber at the beak almost exactly like that of 6'. Iccvis, and S. microcamerns, as figured by Sowerby, M'Coy, and Davidson. The dorsal valve sometimes gives indications of an obscure mesial fold ; but, in general, it is uniformly convex. I have not seen the area of this valve, but it must be linear ; there is no umbo. Surface with several concentric imbrications of growth, and with very narrow obscure ribs, three or four in two lines, curvinc. out- wards to the sides, and some of them upwards to the hinge-line. These are also crossed by fine concentric wrinkles. When the specimens are slightly exfoliated all the surface-characters disappear. "Length of the largest specimen seen, twenty-five lines; greatest Avidth of the same, at about the mid-length, thirty-three lines. Some of tae specimens indicate a greater proportional length. " There is no other known species with which this need be compared except S. Icevis, Sowerby, as described by M'Coy, under the name of Pentamems microcamertis (Brit. Pal. Foss., p. 210). The width of that species, in proportion to the length, is stated to be as fifty-fiye is to one hundred, whereas in this it is, on an average, about eighty to one hundred. This great difference in proportions rarely occurs in the same species. Messrs. Davidson and Salter are of opinion that M'Coy's P. microcamerns is identical with S. lens. Be that as it may, the figure of S. la-vis, given by Sowerby in ' Sil. Syst.,' pi. xxi., fig. 12, seems to be distinct from S. lens, and also from S. Saltcrii He says (Oj cit., p. 638), ' Semicircular, compressed, smooth ; a slight elevation along the middle ; beaks rather prominent, the area between them narrow,°with parallel edges. Length, eight lines ; width, twice as much.' ' The words ' elevation along the middle " could only apply to the dorsal valves oiS. lens and S- loevis, in neither of which can the dorsal foramen be seen, when viewed in the position in which Sowerby's specimen is drawn, as it is in the figure cited. This figure, however, always appears to me to exhibit a sinus rather than a fold, in which case it would be a central valve. Judging from Mr. Davidson's figures, I should say that the upper part of the ventral valve of S. lens must be of a very different iorm from that of the specimen represented by Sowerby. This species is dedicated to the late J. W. Saltkr, Esq., F.G.S.', Palaeontologist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain. Locality and Formation.— StricJdandinia Salterii occurs at Heath 89 Point and Cormorant I'oint, Anticosti, in the Anticosti group, division ■3 = to the Upper Llandovery rock. CoUoctor.~J. Richardson. StRICKLAHDINIA Mb'LISSA. (N. sp.) PI. 7, figs. 4, 4'/, i/j. I)escription.-Modi,rate\y coave.v, truncate-ovate, greatest width about the mid-length ; hinge-line straight, length about one-third less than the greatest width of the shell, cardinal angles about 90^ ; sides straight and nearly parallel for about two lines below the cardinal angles, then°diverg- ing with a gentle a curve to about the mid-length, thence convergin<^ wit°h a moderate curve to the middle of tlie front margin, which is°ob°usely pointed. Area of the ventral valve slightly concave, inclining outwards at an angle of about 45°. Area of uorsal valve incurved over that of the ventral and almost in contact therewith. Beaks and umbones scarcely perceptible. The surface is smooth with some obscure ribs towards the front marcrin Both valves are about equally convex. Length of the specimen, twe°nty mes; greatest width,, fourteen lines; length of the hinge-line, twelve lines ; height of the ventral area, one line; depth of both valves about seven hnes. The above description is founded altogether upon a single specimen, which IS, apparently, a good deal worn on the surface and somewhat distorted by pressure. No doubt, when more perfect ones shall have been discovered, some modiBcation will become necessary. This species is widely different from all the Canadian form of the genus, except S. Salterii, from which it differs in its greater proportional length. Locality and Formatmi. —Sonth-west Point, Anticosti; Middle Silurian. Collector.— J. Richardson. In the first volume of this work, p. 85, two other species, from the Quebec group, are referred to this genus, (S. Aradme and S. Aretlmsa;) I think, however, that when more is known about them they will be otherwise classified. ?.>• ^ ,1 P' i I f •:>w- • 90 ^^-mtesontheStructur.ofthe Crinoidea, CyUidea and Bla^toide..^- The following Notes were published in the American Journal of Sci- Z "mo ' ^' r'^'''/"'r ''''-' '''■ ^^'^-•' 1«^^'-^ vol. 50, 7, 1871 ■''" ^''^'''' "'^'^•■^' V"'- ^' 18^<^' «"^l vol. sunt if 'of'ThV'^T "^''' T' ^''' P"'^^'^'^^^^' '^^^ ^'"S^« «P^r'«^^ •" the !n, of course, my reasoning in the following note must tail altogether. But as I still maintain that the aperture is the mouth, I shall make no alteration, but reproduce these notes as originally published. I shall make some corrections and additions at the conclusion. 1. Position of the mouth in relation to the ambulacral system. ihe earlier Paleontologists, GyllenhaL Wahlenberg, Pander, Hisinger and others, described the large lateral aperture in the Cystidea as the ^outh, apparently on account of its resemblance to the five-jawed oral apparatus of the sea-urchins. In his famous Monograph " Uber Cysti- aeen, 1845, Leopold von Buch' advocated the view, that it was not the >no„th but an ovarian aperture ; and that the smaller orifice usuall- situ- ated m the apex, from which the ambulacral grooves radia^,e, was the true oral onface. These opinions were adopted by Prof. E. Forbe? in his Memoir on the British Cystidea, by Prof. J. Hall in the Paleontology of ^^ew Jork.and by most others who have described these fossils, including myself, m my first paper on the Cystidea of Canada, published in tbe Canadian Journal in 1854. In 1858 I re-invcstigated the subject whilo preparing my Decade No. 3, and came to the conclusions that the lateral aperture was the mouth, in those species which were provided with a separate anus ; and that in all others i^ was both mouth and anus. The small apical orifice I described as an dacral aperture. According to these views, the mouth of a Cystidtau , ..es not stand in the centre of the radial system, as it does in all the ex ting Echinodermaca. On this point Prof. Wyville Thompson has the following observations : " I can see no probability whatever in the opinion lately advocated by * In order to ass'st me in preparing these notes, S. S. Lyon, Esq., of Jeffersonville, inmana, and Mr. Wachsrauth, of Burlington, Iowa, kindly lent me large collections of tfleir beautif,.! Criooids. Prof. E. J. Chapman, of Univ. Coll,, Toronto, also suoplied me wan several Russian Cystideana. To all these gentlemen I here tencier my thanks. 91 Mr. Billings, and which has received some vague support from the writinc^s of De Koninck and others, that the « pyramid ' in the Cjstideans is the mouth, and that the aperture whence the ambulacra radiate is simply an ' ambulacral orifice.' Such an idea appears to me to ho contrary to every analogy in the class. There can be no doubt of the existence of distmct openmgs for the passage of the ambulacral nerves and vessels from the calyx of many of the paleozoic crinoids ; but I think we must certainly assume that in this, as in all other known instances, these ves- sels had their origin in an annular vessel surrounding the mouth. In the whole class the esophageal circular canal seems to be the origin and cen- tre of the ambulacral system. It is the first part which makes its appear- ance m the embryo, and is so permanent and universal that one could scarcely imagine a radiating ambulacral vessel rising from any other source. The early origin of this important vascular centre, in this annu- lar form and in this position, evidently depends upon, and is closely con- nected with, the origin of the nervous system in the aisophageal nerve ring, constant in the whole invertebrate series."* With all due deference T cannot admit that we must assume that, in the Cystidea, the anbulacral tube« iiud their origin in « an annular vessel surrounding the mouth." It is true tha. such a vessel does surround the mouth of existing Echinodermata, but theie is no essential or direct phy- Biological connection between the two organs. Their functions are exer- cisea independently of each other. There is no organ issuing out of the alimentary canal that communiodtes with the annular vessel. This latter might be situated in any o trier part of the body and still perform its functions, provided there were a connection between it and the ambulacral nng. In this class, the position of the various organs, in relation to each other, and also to the general mass of the body, is subject to very great fluctuations. Thus, the mouth and vent are separated in some of the groups, but united in others, while either, or both, may open out to the surface directly upward, or downward, or at any lateral point. The ovaries may be either dorsal or ventral, internal or external, and asso- ciated with either the mouth, the anus or with neither. The ambulacral skeleton may be imbedded into and form a portion of the general covering of the body or lie upon the surface, or borne upon free moving arras. In genera belonging to the same family these relations are constant, or nearly so, but are found to be extremely variable when different orders or when remotely allied families are compared. While preparing my Decade No. 3, I investigated this subject and • Edinburgh N. Phil. Jour., vol. xiii, p. 112, 1861. fs . !!l .iff i is i n 92 satisfied myself that in, at least, a largo proportion of the paleozoic Cri- noids, the mouth was disconnected altogether from the radial system. A great many species might he referred to in which we can see both* the centre, from which the ambulacra proceed, and the mouth ; and at the same time see that they are not in the same place. A long train of reasoning is not necessary-only simple inspection. It will be quite suffi- cient to notice a few of these species to prove fiat the rule laid down by Prof. Wyville Thompson, is not a general rule. Fig. 51. r^ °-f\7. ^°^'^ '' ^ '^'^Sram of the interior of the vault of a Crinoid whioh appears to be Batocrinus ioosadaot^lus (Cassiday), a fossil that^occurs m the Carboniferous rocks of Kentucky. It was sent to me by Mr. b. b. Lyon, of Jeffer'sonville, Indiana, several years a<^o The test 13 ,n a beautiful state of preservation and perfectly empty, so that all ot the markings on the inner surface can be distinctly seen. There are twenty-one arms, arranged in five groups (a), and the same number of ambulacral openings (p), each just large enough to admit of the entrance ot a slender pm. The mouth (mv) is nearly central, and close to it, on the posterior side, there is a small rudely pentagonal space (o) witl no markings except several small tubercles The grooves are scarcely at all impressed, and, indeed, I think they never are so in any Crinoid, except m those which have a thick test. In this specimen their course is clearly indicated by the remains of the thin partitions which either separated them or to which the vessels were attached. They do not run directly toward the mouth, as they would do if that organ were the centre of the ambulacral system, but to the small space (c) behind it where there appears to have been situated a vesicle or some other apparatus, to which all of them were united. Whatever may have been the structure of this central organ, from which the five main grooves radiate, it no doubt represented the annular vessel of the recent Echinodermata to which Prof. Thompson alludes. Fig.51._represent3 the structure of an A nphoraorinus from the Car- boniferous rocks of Ireland,— precise locality and species QDt determined. 98 There are ten armg; the testis very thick; the ambulacral channels con- verge to the central pome (c) but do not quite reach it; the mouth (m.) 18 about half way between the center and the margin. In this Crinoid it IS perfectly impossible tha'; the moufh can bo the centre of the radial system because the two anterior passages, between which it is situated are for their whole length tunneled, as it were, through the substance of the plates, and only penetrate downward into the interior at the central space (c). Fig^2 -is a plan of the summit of the widely known and remarkable fossil Carj/ocnnus ornatm (Say). In this species there are on!v three, instead of five, groups of arms. In large = Iduals there are from twelve to twenty free arms (but always arranged in the three groups) with a small pore at the base of each. This pore is about the size of the ovarian pore of mminuB, and can only be seen in well preserved and clean spe- cimens. The ambulacral grooves have not yet been observed but their course is indicated by three low rounded ridges, which may be seen, in some specimens radiating from a large heptagonal plate situated at (e\ The U.OU h (mv) is valvular, composed of from five to eight or ten plates, and IS always situated near the margin between the two anterior groups of arms. With the exception of the ambulacral pores there is positively no other aperture in the summit of Caryocrinu.. If it be true that tho mouth of an Echinoderm must be always situated in the radial centre, then Caryoonnm and also nearly all the paleozoic genera were destitute of that aperture. Oaryocrinu8 is a genns which seems to form a connecting link between the Crinoidea and the Cystidea. By examining numerous well polished sections I find that the structure of the respiratory areas is the same (in general plan) as that of the genera Glyptocystites, PUurocy.tites and Echnoencrzmtes, as will be shown further on. The arms are also arranged in three groups as in Sphm-onites and Ilemicomites, while the mouth .3 valvular On the other hand, the long cylindrical column and the arrangement of the arms around the margin, with the ambulacral pores at their bases, are crinoidal characters. examples of Crinoids with the mouth separate from the centre of the radial systoii), Amphoracrinvs iesselalus (Phillips>.^Figured by J. Rofe, Esqr. Geol. Mag., vo . 11 p. 8, f. 3. The figure represents a cast of the interior of he vault showing the five ambulacral grooves in relief. The mouth is situated m the angle between the two anterior grooves. Strotocnnrs perumhrosus (Hall, sr.>._Figured by Meek and Worthed k 1 •4 "- 1 i,l i' r 94 in the Geologj of Illinois, vol. ii, p. 188, fig. 5. The specimen is thir- teen lines in diameter, the ambulacral centre thirteen lines from the anterior margin, and the mouth eleven lines. * Glyptoorinua armosMs (McChedney, si.).-This extraordinary Crinoid 18 figured by McChesney in his «' New Pal. Foss.", pi. 7, f. G, and also by Prof. Hull, in the 20th Reg. Rep., N.Y., pi. 10, f. 11. The speci- mens are between two and three inches in length. There are ten arms, the anterior side is much inflated, the proboscis appears to be large at its baao and excentric in its position, but instead of standing erect,°it bends down to the surface of the vault, and lies upon it, crossing over to the posterior margin. Judging from the figures, the centre of the base of this organ must be distant from the radial centre at least one-fourth of the whole width of the vault. G. Siphonatns (Hall), figured on the same plate, shows, that the anterior grooves curve round to the posterior side of the proboscis, as they do in B. ieosadodyhis above cited. I should also state here that two or three years ago, Mr. Meek, to rthom I had written for information on this subject, wr'ote me that in'all cases, where he had observed the grooves on the interior of the vault, they radiated, not from the mouth, but from a point " in front of it " (This would be not in front of, but behind the mouth, accordin^r to the terminology used in these notes. I think that the side in which the mouth 13 situated should be called " anterior" or " oral," even althou^^h both the mouth and anus should be included in it.) ° In April last I received from Messrs, Meek and Worthen a paper entitled "Notes on some points in the structure and habits of the Paleozoic Crinoidea." Of all the papers relating to this subject yet published on this continent, this one, at least so it appears to me, IS the most interesting a.,d important. It is written with n clearness and particularity «S, " , 'n ° '° P''l''°°'°'°e''^''' "'«""'"•«• In some respects it confirms the opinions advocated m these notes, but bears directly against my views on the question here under discussion, I.e.-" he position of the mouth with relation to the radial center." As I wish themll? '•e^'^^kable Observations of tlie authors full consideration, I shall not discuss berve^h.1 n "' ""' '^" f '""'"'" ""'■ "' ""^ J"""""- ' ^'-^ -'3- ^"'te here, that lo£r > ' ;,fTf °".'''^ ''^°"""' ^''' «f (^^""'ocr.n.s, and, also, the internal '' con. rolutedUate" of the Paleozoic Crinoids, with the tubes radiating thereform, belongto the respiratory and, perhaps, in part, to the circulatory systems-not to the digestive system as IS supposed by the authors. The convoluted plate with its thickened border, seems to for- B^iadow the "oesophageal circular canal" with a pendant madreporic apparatus as in the ,?Me tTrw r'" '''•",""' f^'"'^'"''t'o» of this question is of mud. importance, for, If Meek and Worthen are r.ght, then I must be wrong so far as regards nearly all that have published with reference to the functions of the apertures of the Paleozoic Echinoder- mata^ It is fortunate that the solution of this curious problem is now undertaken by men who have access to the magnificent cabinets of the geologists of the western States, and also by men who habitually discuss scientific subjects with the sole object in view of arriy- ing at the truth. 95 In all the species above cited, the figures (with the exception of C. ornatus) exhibit the relative position of the moutr and radial centre as . has been actually seen in casts of the interior of the vault But besides Uiese numerous examples may be found in the works of Miller Austin Do Koninck, Phillips, Meek. Worthen, Shumard. Hall, Lyon' Cassadayand others, of Crinoids whose external charactei^s show that' ,n them, the mouth cannot bo in the central point from which the grooves' radiate. 6'""vc» With respect to Prof. Thompson's theory, I froelv admU fl,.f \f ; • true that in all the EchinodeLata, fossi/a'nd receiilt'Lf t ' 1.: radia centre, then, that aperture must be the one which I call ! ambulacral orifice in the Cystidea. The views, however, advocated by me m my Decade No. 8, appear to be gradually gaining ground As these fossils are rare, few have occasion to study them, and consequently The subject has not been much discussed since 1858, the date of th« pu ication of that work. The following are the only authors s f r as I have ascerta.ned,who have given their opinions on this vexed question during the last eleven years :— 4"^a"on Prof. Wyvillo Thompson, op. cit, p. Ill (1861), agrees with me that the lateral aperture is not an ovarian orifice, but, as we have Ten strongly opposed to the view that it is the mouth. He calls it the an'u Prof. Dana (Man. Geol.. p. 162, 1863) recogni^es it as the homoo"u; of the simple aperture (oral and anal) in the summit of those Crinoids ^P^T^''"'• ?^^'^ '« ^--^^^ '"y view. [J. W. Salter agre ^^ Prof. Thompson that it is the anus, not the ovarian aperC Stockholm has described, in the "Proceedings of the Rrv«l ^ a i Academy," 1867. the remarkable sea-urchin, zJL^.vS o^^^ ^hch has the mouth constructed on the same plan as that of the Cyst dea' t at IS to say with five triangular valve-like phtes, which are immSoT; attached to the mterambulacral plates, without the intervene „ of ^ accal membi-ane. After comparing this struchire with the valvu ar orifice of ,S,,,.,..„.^e.,,o,«.,„ (Gyll.) he sa, •< that the 'pyrlid' which in Lcsha is the armature and coverin- of t e monff, JIv ^ing in the CysMea is now quite certain ; in S^olaltrm^Jg u It^r ^oubtless, also the vent. The mouth does not lie where jfM^l and Volborth sought for it, vi.: in the centre of the ambulacral trows and the organ, interpreted as the vent by Volborth and von Buch is' more correctly regarded as an external sexual organ." Geol Ma', vol. V, p. 181, Dr. Lutken's trans.] ^^°'' % ! ! 1: 4- I (i 1 06 2. On the pectinated rhombs mnl calycinc pores oi the Cystidea None of tho organs of tho Echinodormata have been the subject of so much speculation as the calycino pores and tho so-called " pectinate I rhombs of the Cystidea. Their relations and function long remained in doubt, but there seems to be, now, sufficient data to show that they are respiratory organs, and also, that they are the homologues of the tubular apparatus which underlies the ambulacra of the Blastoidea. J Muller suggested a comparison between those peculiar organs and the respiratory pores of the Aatcridre. ( Uber den bau der Echinodermen, p. 63, 1853 ) Prof. Huxley has placed them in tho same relation. (Medical Times, Dec, ISoij.) Eichwald calls them respiratory pores. (Lethaea Bossica, vol. 1, p. 614, 1800.) Prof. Dana says " thev are probably connected with an aquiferous system and respiration." (Man. Geol., p. 162, 1863.) Mr. Rofe, after showing that their structure is the same' as that of the striated surfaces between tho rays of Codaster, say,^ " from the construction of those striations on the face of Codas/cr and on the 'pectinated rhombs ' of tho cystidea, may wo without assumption suggest the possibility of their being respiratory sacs, lined with cilia, and constructed of a porous test, through which air from the water could pass by diffusion." (Geol. Mag., vol. ii, 251, 1865.) As for myself, when I prepared my decade on the cystidea, I gave this subject a great deal of consideration, and studied a large number of specimens, °but could arrive at no conclusion satisfastory to myself. I am now convinced that the view of the above named distinguished authors is the correct one. These are respiratory organs. In all the species in which they occur, they seem to be constructed on the same general plan, i. e., the interpo- sition of an exceedingly thin partition, between the circumambient water, and the fluid within the general cavity of the body. They are usually of a rhomboidal shape— each rhomb being divided into two triangles by the suture (0, c, figs. 53, 54,) between two of the plates. In several of the genera the two halves of the hydrospires are reniforra, ovate or lunate, and either internal or external. In order to avoid the use of double terms, I propose to call them " hydrospires," and their apertures, "pores," ''fissures," or " spiracles " according to their form. In Caryocrinus ornatus the hydrospires (fig. 53,) are of a rhomboidal form, and have each of the four sides bordered by a single row of small tubercles. Some of these tubercles have a single pore in the summit, while others are perforated with a variable number,— from two to twenty, or perhaps more,— thus becoming vesicular or spongy. It is only the apex of the tubercle, however, that has this structure, for, when this is 07 worn off there is onljr a single pore to be seen. The pores penetrate through the plaes b«t do not communicate directly with the general cavity of the body. Internally each hydrospire consists of a number o flat tubes arranged parallel to each other an-l lying side by side, in the direction of the dotted lines in fig. 53, «. Eacl/tubo receives two the pores seen on the exterior-one pore at each end. These tubes a I composed of a very thin shelly membrane, which, although possessed of sufficient rigidity to maintain its form, was no doubt of such a minutelv porous texture as to admit of the transfusion of fluids in both directions outward and imvard. In a large hydrospire there are about twenty of thosetubes T eir greatest breadth Is at their middength where they are crossed by the suture r, c; and as they become narrower accordingly as their length decreases, the one in the middle projects the deepest into the perivisceral cavity. In consecjuence of this arrangement when a section IS made across the hydrospire at the suture c, c, fig. 53 a the form IS obtained where ., c, is the surface of the shell, while the lol like structure below represents the tubes. Fig. 53. V ^'1 .!^ ^'? "' ^'"•""^'•'"■" "'•'"""*• ", surface view, the dots around th e mariria are the sp.racles, the small dotted line, represent the course of the flat internal c,3 c c suture between the two plates; I, transverse section. Fig. 31. S.tp of in^urocyme,. „, surface view ; .. ., suture ; ^ fauverse section. Fig. 5 « The « ° wuh the points ., ., drawn together ; 4, interail gill of a spider. ^ "*"" Specimens of C ornatus almost entirely empty are often found, and in some of these the internal form of the hydrospires is sometimes preserved. Ihose tha I have seen have the form of small rhomboidal pyramids, with four slightly convex sloping faces, and composed of a number of vertical parallel plate - ne casts of the interior of the tubes-the substance of he tube itselt not being preserved. I have, however, several polished tranverse sections, in which I think the thin walls can be seen. The structure of the hydrospires is such, that there can scarcely bo any doubt that they are respiratory organs. The sea-water entered tbroughthe pores, and aerated the chylaqueous fluid, cortiined in the I 'E IH 08 perivisceral cavity, by transfusion through the exceedingly thin mom branous shell, that compoHOtl the walls of tho tubes. The number of pores varies with the size of the inaividual In largo specimens those are from 800 to lOOO. It lias been stated by some authors that the pores were passages for the protrusion of internal organs connected with the vitality of the animal. The fact, however, that the pores do not penetrate into tho general cavity of the body disproves this theory ; and, moreover, through many of the tubercles — those with a vesicular and spongy summit, such protrusion would be utterly imposiiiblo. In Caryocrinm ornatus there are thirty hyd*- spires arranged as follows : 1. Ten at tho base — half of each on a basal plate and tho other half on one of the subradials, thoir longer diagonal vertical. 2. A zone of six around tho fossil at tlie mid-height — their longer diagonals horizontal. These seem to be imperfectly developed, for, on the inside, the tubes occupy only a small space in tho center. 3. A third band of fourteen — two of them with their longer diagonals vertical and the others arranged in six pairs, tho diagonals of each pair inclining toward each other, upward, at an angle of about 30". There are only three interradii in Coryocrinus ; the mouth is placed in one of them and the two hydrospires with vertical diagonals in the other two. In Pleitrocygtiteg the hydrospires are also of a rhomboidal form, but instead of having the tubular structure of Caryocrinua, they consist of a number of parallel inward folds of an exceedingly thin part of the shell. These folds no doubt represent the tubes of Caryocrinua. If we grind down a hydrospire of this latter, so as to remove all the shell, and expose the edges of the tubes, it then exhibits precisely the same form as fig. 64 .c.> to the hydrospir a of he Cystidea, but ,t was Mr. Rofe who first showed that thfy wer also denUcal in structure therewith. On comparing one of thos'e wi h S of the cysUie^nPleurocystites, fig. 54, we at once perceive that they are cVorsV^'^rl""'^'""^''^ ^^- R^f«'«fig-es show thafth section 56 d, d, has the structure of fig. 57, which only differs from fig 54 *, in being straight above instead of concave, and in being divided into <5ut8 the hydrospire in two, in a directio.-. p,)rallel to the fissures. Bj I' 100 drawing the points d, a and a, d, together we get figure 69, which is in general plan, a section across one of the ambulacra of a Pentremite. On examining nearly all the published figures of species of this genus I find that there is a series of forms which exhibit a gradual passage, frora those with the hydrospires almost entirely exposed, as in fig. 56, through others in which they are crowded more and more under the arms, until at length they become altogether internal. Fig. 56 Fig. 57 Fig. 58 m V Fig, 59 a Fig. 5C. Summit of C. acului McCoy, m, v, mouth and vent ; rf, . Orhignyanus according to Roemer,) P. SchxiUzii De Ver., and several other species. In these the apices of the pyramids remain near the margin, but the hydrospires are ftearly covered by the wide arms. This is shown in fig. 58, where the ends of the fissures of the hydrospires are seen alon^g the sides of the angular ridges which extend from the apices of the pyramids to the angles between the arms. I do not think that such species can be referred to Pentremites, and if I had specimens before me instead of figures only, I would most probably institute a new genus for their reception. Our specimens of C. Canadensis are well preserved and show the characters of the arms perfectly. After many careful examinations under the microscope, I can state positively that in this species the so-called "pseudamlalacral ds" have no pores. The markings that have hitherto been mistaken for ambulacra! pores in Codaster are not pores, but the small pits or sockets which received the bases of the pinnulae. The rays therefore in this genus are not " pseudambulacral fields," in the sense in which that term is used in descriptions of species o? Pentremites, but simply recumbent arras, identical in structure with those of the cysti- dean genera Glyptocystites, Callocystites, Apiooystites, mi others. They he upon the surface of the plates which constitute the shell of the animals not imbedded into them as in Pentremites. The large lateral aperture is both mouth and vent, and the central opening heretofore called the mouth IS the ambulacra! or more properly, the ovarian orifice. As, there- fore, Cadaster has the arms of Apioajdites, the hydrospires of Pleura- cystites and the confluent mouth and vent common to all Oystideans, I propose to remove it from the Blastoidca and place it in the order Cus- tidea. "^ 4. On the genus Pentremites. In Pentremites the hydrospire is an elongated, internal sack, one side of which is attached to the inside of the shell, while the side opposite, or 102 toward the central axis of the visceral cavity, is more or less deeply fold- ed longitudinally. There are two of these to each ambulacrum, attached along the two lines of pores. There appears to be a fissure extending nearly the whole length in the direction of the dotted line/. One edge Fig.60 Fig. 60.-Dmgrams of one pair of the bydrospires of a Pentr<,mite,-a. the inner aide ; b, the outer, or side attached to the shell ;/, the fissure. 61. Section across an ambula- crum of a specimen of /'. Cr'o£/o«i, enlarged 3 diameters.- 1, lancet plate ; ff, ambula- oral groove; ;-, /., pores leading into the hydrospires ; A, h, the two hydrospires, in transverse section. 62. Ideal figures of a transverse section through an entire spe- cimen showing the ten hydrospires,-/, one of the five lancet plates ; ;>,/., pores! r, r, the two branches of one of the radial plates. 03. Summit of P. comidnix,-a anterior side ; g, ambulacral grooves (copied from Dr. Shumard, but with the ova.' rian pores added). of this fissure, is attached to the lancet plate, along one side of the line of pores ; the other to the shell, on the other side of the row. The pores all enter the hydrospirc through this fissure. There are ten hydrospires, connected together in pairs, each pair communicating with the exterior through a single spiracle. The arrangement of the folds varies according to the species. In P. aodoni there are five folds, the outer sides of which are close up to the inner side of the lancet plate, fig. 61. In a specimen of P. obesm Lyon, nearly two inches in diameter at the mid-height, the hydrospires extend inward about three lines, the main body being about one line from the lancet plate. There are five folds, each two lines deep ,; 103 and thu?, if the thin shelly membrane, which constitutes the wall of the hydrospire, were spread out, it would have a width of 22 Unes,— and the ten tos;other would form a riband, about 18 inches in length, and nearly two ' es wide. The object of the folding is, of course, to confine this lar- .. Qount of surface to a small space, an arrangement which at once provres i,he function to be respiratory. Of those figured by Mr. Rofe P. elliptieus Sowerby appears to have only one fold, P. injlatus, id., shows eight folds in one, and eleven in the other hydrospire of the same ambula- crum. Another specimen figured by Mr. Rofe under the name of P. florealis Say, has five folds situated at a distance from the inner surface of the lancet plate as in P. obesus. From the form of the organ I think that Mr. Rofe's specimen cannot be the species called P. florealis by Say. If it be granted that th 3e organs are respiratory in their function, then, their five apertures should be called gpiraclesy— not " ovarian orifices." The large anterior aperture would thus he i\iQoro anal spiracle. Applying this system of terminology to other groups,— the so-called ovarian orifice of the Cystidea, the homologous aperture of iVwcZtJomwMs, Cadaster, Qran- atocrinus and of the Paleozoic Crinoidea generally (but not of the recent forms),, should be styled the oro-anal orifice. I think that the side of an Echinoderm in which the mouth is situated should be called " anterior " even although the anus and the mouth be confluent in one orifice. Most star-fishes have but one aperture for mouth and vent, and yet it is called the mouth by naturalists generally. Why not call the underside of a star-fish " the anal or posterior side," and the central aperture the " anus ?" Dr. B. F. Shumard has shown (Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 3, p. 243, pi. 9, fig. 4, ) that in perfect specimens of P. eonoidem Hall, the six summit apertures are closed by several small plates. In a speci- men of the same species sent me by Mr. Lyon, in which those plates e partly preserved, I find that there is a small pore in each of the five angles of the central aperture. The five arabulacral grooves enter the interior through these pores. I have copied his figure but modified it by dding the pores, fig. 63. Ho also found that the summit of P. aulcatiis, Roemer, was covered with an integument of small plates arranged in the form of a pyramid. From these facts he infers that in all the Pentremites the summit app; tures will be found, in perfect specimens, to be closed in a similar manner. Oh the homologies of the respiratory organs of the Palteosoic and o. recent oidea. Echinoderms, and on the " Convoluted Plate " of the Crin- f ' I i ' : ^1 In a former note I have advanced the opinion that : — " The grooves oa 104 the ventral disc of Ct/a^/wcrmMS and, also, the internal ^convoluted plate' of the Palaeozoic Crinoids, with the tubes radiating therefrom, belong to the respiratory and, perhaps, in part, to the circulatory systems— not to the digestive system. The convoluted plate with its thickened border seems to fore-shadow the 'oesophageal circular canal' with a pendant madreporic apparatus as in the Holothuridea." I should have referred it it to the madreporic system of the existing Echincdermata in general, instead of to that of the Holothuridea in particular. At the time the note was written I had in view the madreporic sack of Holothtria which, as will be shown further on, most resembles in form that of Actinocrinus. The figures and descriptions, which follow, are intended to show the f^rad- ual passage or conversion of the respiratory organs of the Otjstidea, Bias- toidca and Palaocrinoidea into the ambulacral canal system of the recent echinoderms, and that as the convoluted plates of the former have the same structure and connections as the madreporic sacks and tubes or sand canals of the latter, they are, most probably, all the homologues of each other. Among the Cystideans we find several genera, such as Cnjptocrinites, Mahctjstites, Trochocystites, and apparently some others, whose test is totally destitute of respiratory pores, being composed of simple, solid plates like those of the ordinary Crinoidea. In a second group of genera among which may be enumerated Caryocystites, EchinospJKerites, Palaocystites and Protocystites, the whole of the external integument seems to have been respiratory, as all, or nearly all of the plates of which it is composed, are more or less occupied by variously arranged porifer- ous or tubular structures. The Cystideans of these two groups hold the lowest rank of all those known. In their general structure they are mere sacks of a globular, ovate or, (as incase of Trochocystites) flattened form. Their test consists of an indefinite number of plates without any radiated Fig. 65, as 105 Fig, 66, Fig. 67, as Fig. 68, Fig. 64. Tlie upper part of Caryocrinas ornatus,tUe test being removed in order to show the internal structure of the fourteen hydrospires that surround the summit. The parallel lines represent the flat tubos. The other figures exhibit the modifications which the bydrospires undergo in passing through : 65. Cadaster. 66. Pentremiu.s with broad ambulacra. 67. PentremiUi with single tubes. €8. Palxozoic Crinoids with a convolu- ted plate attached to the centre of radiation. 69. Sand canal or madreporic tube of a starfish inclosing a doubly convoluted plate. 70. Ambulacral canals of a starfish with the doubly convoluted plate of the sand canal attached to the oesophageal ring. The following letters have the same reference in all the figures in which they occur : a, an arm or ambulacrum ; ra v, mouth and vent combined in a single aperture \mva, month vent and spiracle ; g, ambulacral groove; p, ovarian pore ; », spiracle; c p, convolu- ted plate ; r, oesophageal ring. arrangement. They were also, according to our present knowledge, the first to make their appearance, two of the genera, Trochocystites and Eocys- tites, having been discovered in the primordial zone. No other echin- oderras have been found in rocks of so ancient a date. Next in order may be placed those genera whose test is composed of a definite number of plates, which have, to some extent, a quinary arrange- ment. Thus, Ghjxytocystites, Echinoencrmites, Apiocystites and several others, have each four series ofcalycine plates, of which there are four plates in the basil and five in each of the other three series. The respira- tory areas or hydrospires are reduced in number— ton to thirteen in Glyp- II 106 tocystitcs and three in most of the other genera of the group. Neither in the plates nor in the hydrospires is there exhibited any tendency to a ra- diated arrangement. The most ancient genus of this family ia Ghjptocys- tites, which first appears in the Chazy limestones and seems to have become extinct in the Trenton. The other genera occur in various hori- zons between the Chazy and the Devonian. In the genera Hemicosmitcs and Curyocrinus the hydrospires in the upper part of the test converge toward, but do not reach, the central point of the apex, thus forming the commencement of that concentration and complete radiation which is exhibited in the ambulacra] canal system of the higher echinoderms. In a former note (ante p. 98) itispointed out that Caryocrinus has thirty hydrospires — ten at the base with their long- er diagonals vertical,— a zone of six round the middle with their diagonals horizontal, and a third band of fourteen around the upper part of the fos- sil. These latter are represented in fig. 64, as if spread out on a plane surface. On consulting this figure it will be seen that the flat tubes of the hydrospires, representetl by the parallel lines, all converge toward the central point from which the dotted lines radiate. This point is the posi- tion of the mouth in the recent echinoderms, but in Oaryocrinus it is occu- pied by a large solid imperforate plate. The hydrospires are arranged in five groups. Commencing at m v and going round by 1, 2, &c., there are four in the first group ; one in the second ; four in the thii'U ; one in the fourth and four in the fifth. These five groups represent the five am- bulacral canals of the recent echinoderms. In the specimen from which this diagram was constructed there are the bases of fifteen free arras to bo seen situated at the outer extremities of the dotted lines. At the base of each arm there is a small pore, p, which I believe to have been exclusive- ly ovarian in its functions. The hydrospires have no connection what- ever with the arms, and are, moreover, all of them entirely separated from each other. If then they represent the ambulacral system of the recent eciiinoderms, it is quite certain that that system was at first, (or in the undeveloped stage in which it existed in the Cystidea,) destitute of the oesophageal ring. In Cadaster a further concentration of the respiratory organs is exhibi- ted. There are here only five hydrospires, and they are all confined to the circle around the apex. Two of them are incomplete in order to make room for the large mouth and vent {m v, 65.) They are each divided into two halves by an arm, al, a2, &c. They are only connected with the arms to this extent, that the ae latter lie back upon them. The arras are provided with pinnulEe,but it is not at all certain at they (the pinnulse) were in any direct communication with the hydrospires. It is evident I lOT that in all the Cystidea, (and in none is it more obvious than in CanjO' crinus), there was no connection between the hjdrospires and the pinnu- 188. The main difference (so far as regards the evidence of the presence or absence of such a connection) between Canjocrinus and Cadaster, con- sists in this, that in the former the arms are erect and do not touch the hydrospires, whereas in the hatter they are recumbent and lie back upon them. Each of the arms of Cadaster has a fine ambulacral groove, and all of the grooves terminate in a single central aperture. Lut as this aper- ture was covered over by a thin plated integument, as in the Blastoidea, I have not shown it in the diagram, but only the five pores, p. No one who compares a Cadaster with a Pentremitcs (the internal structure of the latter being visible) can doubt that the hydrospires of the two genera are perfectly homologous organs. If we grind off the test of a species of the latter genus, selecting one for the purpose which has broad petaloid ambulacra such as those o p. Schdtzii, the structure exposed will be that represented in the diagram, fig. 66. In Pentrcmitrs, as in Cadaster, the five hydrospires are divided into ten equal parts by the five rays, al, a2, &c. In Cadaster these ten parts remain entirely separate from each other, but in Pentremitcs they are re-united in pairs, the two in each interradial space being so connected, at their inner angles, that their internal cavities open out to the exterior through a single orifice or spiracle (s figs. 66and 67). This is best shown in fig. 67 intended to repre- sent the structure of P. eUepticus (Sowerby) as described by Mr. Rofe, Geol. Mag., vol. ii, p. 249. In this species the hydrospires instead of be- ing formed of broad sacks, with a number of folds on one side, consists of ten simple cylindrical tubes connected together in five pairs. The only difference between the structure of fig. 66 and fig. 67 is in the width of the tubes and in the absence of folds in the latter. These i ,vo forms are more over connected by intermediate grades. Species with ll, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4 and 2 folds being known, there is thus established a gradual transition from the broad petaloid form to the single cylindrical tube. Between the Cystidca and the Blastoidea the most important changes are, that in the latter the hydrospires become connected in pairs, and also are brought into direct communication with the pinnulae. In the Palaeozoic Crinoidea (or at least in many of them) concentration is carried one step further forward, the five pairs of hydrospires being here all con- nected together at the centre as in fig. ^oB. There is as yet no oesophageal ring (as I understand it), but in its place the convoluted plate described in the excellent papers of Messrs. Meek and Worthen. This organ, according to the authors, consists of a convoluted plate, resembling in form the shell of a Bulla or Scophandcr. It is situated within the body I 'A P I 1 #■ 'i^i i i ; ! l\ 1- m pi 108 I;;! of the Crinold with its longer axis vertical and the upper end just under the centre of the ventral disc. Its lower extremity approaches but does uot quite touch the bottom of the visceral cavity. Its walls are composed of minute polygonal plates or of an extremely delicate network of anas- tomosing fibres. The five ambulacral canals are attached to the upper oxtremity, radiate outward to the walls of the cup and are seen to pass through the ambulacral orifices outward into the grooves of the arms. (Am. Jour. Sci. vol. xlviii, p. 31.) The ambulacral canals of the Crinoidea are, for the greater part, respiratory in their function. They are, however, as most naturalists who have studied their structure will admit, truly the homologues of those of the Echinodermata in general. In the higher orders of this class the canals are usually more specialized than they are in the lower ; being pro- vided with prehensive or locomotive organs. In all of the existing orders, including the recent Crinoidea,? we find an oesophageal ring. To this organ, which is only a continuation of the canals, are attached the madreporic appendages. These consist of small sacks or slender tubes varying greatly in form and, number in the different genera. That of the Starfish Asteracanthion rubens is thus described by Prof E. Forbes. " On the dorsal surface is seen a wart like striated body placed laterally between two of the rays : this is the madreporiform tubercle or nucleus. When the animal is cut open, there is seen a curved calcareous column running obliquely from the tubercle to the plates surrounding the mouth ; Dr. Sharpey says it opens by a narrow orifice into the circular vessel. ^ It is connected by a membrane with one side of the animal, and is itself invested with a pretty strong skin, which is covered with vibratile cilia. Its form is that of a plate rolled in at the margins till they meet. It feels gritty as if full of sand. When we examine it with the microscope we find it to consist of minute calcareous plates,w'uich are united into plates or joints, so that when the investing membrane is removed it has the appearance of a jointed column. Trofessor Ehrenberg remarked the former structure, Dr. Sharpey the latter : they are both right. Both structures may be seen in the column of the common cross-fish." (Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 73.) In Prof. Joh. MuUer's work, " Uber den bau dcr Echinodermen," several forms of the madreporic appendages of the different groups of the recent Echinodermata are described. In general they are composed of a soft or moderately hard skin consisting of a minute tissue of calcareous fibres, or of small polygonal plates. The walls are also sometimes minutely poriferous. In all the Holothurians the madreporic organ 'is a sack attached by one of its ends to the oesophageal canal, Ihe 100 other extremity hanging freely down into the perivisceral cavity, not connected with the opposite body wall as is the sand canal of the star- fishes. (Op. cit., p. 84.) In its consisting of a convoluted plate the raadreporic organ of Actinocrinus, therefore, agrees with that of the star- fishes, while in its being only attached at one extremity it resembles that of the Holothurians. The convoluted plate of the Palceozoic Crinoids and the madreporic sacks and tubes (or sand canals) of the recent Echinoderms, therefore^ all agree in the following respects : — 1. They have the same general structure. 2. They are all appendages of the ambulacral system. 3. They are all attached to the same part of the system, that is to say, to the central point from which the canals radiate. The above seems to me sufficient to make out at least a good jirima facie case for the position I have assumed. When among the petrified remains of an extinct animal, we find an organ which has the same gene- ral form and structure, as has one that occurs iti an existing species of the same zoological group, we may, with much probability of being correct m our opinion, conclude that the two are homologous, even although we may not be able positively to see how that of the fossil is connected with any other part. But when, as in this instance, we can actually see that it is an appendage of another organ, or system of organs rather, which is known to be the homologue of the part with which that of the existing species is always correlated, we have evidence of a very high order on which to ground a conclusion. By no other mode of reasoning can we prove that the column of an Actinocrimis is the homologue of that of Pentacrinus caput Medusee. In an important paper entitled " Remarks on the Blastoidea with descriptions of New Species" which Meek and Worthen have kindly sent me, the authors, in their comments upon my views, state that : — " In regard to the internal convoluted organ seen in so many of the Aetinocnnidie belong- ing to the respiratory inatead of the digestive system, we would remark that its large size seems to us a strong objection to such a conclusion. In many instances it so nearly fills the whole internal cavity that there would appear to be entirely inadequate space let' for an organ lilco a digestive saclc, outside of it, while the volutions within would preclude the presence of an independent digestive sacli there. In addition to this, the entire absence, so far as we can ascertain, of any analogous, internal respiratory organ in the whole range of the recent Echinodermatu, including the existing Crinoids, would appear to be against the conclusion that this is such, unless we adopt the conclusion of Dujardin and Hupe, that the Palseozic Crinoids had no internal digestive organs, and were flbur- ished by absorption over the whole surface. We should certainly think it far more proba- ble that this spiral organ is the digestive sack, than a part of a respiratory apparatus." The objection here advanced does not appear to me to be a strong one. I i! 110 In many of tho lower animals the digestive organs are of incon-jidorable size in proportion to tho whole bulk. In the Brachiopoda, for instance tho spiral ciliated arms 611 nearly tho whole of the internal cavity, the digestive sack being very small and occupying only a limited space near the hinge. These arms, although not tho homologuos of tho convoluted plates of the Palieozoic Crinoids, have a strong resemblance to them, and are, moreover, at least to some extent, subservient to respiration. They are certainly not digestive sacks. In the recent echinoderas the intes- tme is usually a slender tube with one or more curves between the mouth and the anus. It fills only a small part of the cavity of tho body, tho remainder being occupied mostly by the chylaqueous fluid, which is constantly in motion and undergoing aeration, through the agency of van- ous organs, such as the respiratory tree and branchial cirrhi of the Holo thuridea, tho dorsal tubuli of the Asteridae and the ambulacral systems of canals of the class generally. In no division of the animal kingdom do the respiratory organs occupy a larger proportion of the whole bulk than they do in the Echinodermata. The great size which the convoluted plate attains in some of tho Crinoids is, therefore, rather more in favor of its being a respiratory than a digestive organ. Professor Wyville Thomson says that inside of the cavity of the stom- ach of the recent Crinoid, Antedon rosaceus, there is a spiral series of glandular folds which he supposes to be a rudimentary liver. (Phil. Trans. R. S., 1865, p. 625). It is barely possible that the convoluted plate may represent this organ. At present I think it does not. I believe that the reason why the convoluted plate attained a greater proportional size in the Palaeozoic Crinoids, than do the sand canals of the recent echinoderms, is that the function of the system of canals (of which they are all appendages,) was at first mostly respiratory, whereas in the greater number of the existing groups, it is more or less prehensive or locomotive, or both. 6. On some points relating to the structure ofPentremites. Professor Wyville Thompson has proposed a division of the skeleton of the existing Crinoid, Antedon rosaceus, into two systems of plates which he terms respectively the " iJoiia^," and the '' Perisomatic" systems* These he considers to be thoroughly distinct from each other in their struc- ture and mode of growth. The radial system consists of the joints of the stem, the centrodorsal plate, the radial plates, the joints of the arms, and alscOhose of the pinnules. In the perisomatic system he includes the •On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceua Linck (Comalule rotacea of Lamarck.) By Ill Fig. 71. Fig. 72. Fig. 71.— Caljcinc plates of Pentremitei,—b, the bimils ; /, one of the firo forked plates • d, deltoid plate ; /, lancet plate ; o», oral spiracle ; t, Hpiracle. ' Fig. n.—Caryoeyititet teitudinariut, Hisinger,— A, b'^sal plates ; r, radials ; m, mouth. basal and oral plates, the anal plate, the interradial plates, and any other plates or spicula which may be devel .ije.l in the perisom of the cup or disc. This I think a good arrangement, except in so far as it regards the stem, which appears to me to be, ahvay.s, an appendage of the "peri- somatic, rather than of the radial system. Throughout the whole range of the Crinoidea, the plates of the radial and perisomatic systems, are easily distinguished from each oth(?r. In general, the Cystidea have no radial plates in their calyces except, perhaps, in a small area around the ambulacral orifice. This accords well with an im- portant observation of Professor Thomson's on the structure of Antedon, while in the earlier periods of its growth. " The entire body of the Pen- tacrinoid is," he says, " at first, while yet included within the pseudem- bryo and during its earliest fixed stage, surrounded and enclosed by plates of the perisomatic system alone, and it is quite conceivable that plates belonging to this system may expand and multiply so as to form a tessel- lated external skeleton to the mature animal, the radial system being en- tirely absent, or represented only in the most rudimentary form." °(0p. cit., p. 541), Such is the structure of all of the Cystidea. On referring to fig. 72, it will be seen that the whole of the body of Oaryoajstites testu- dinarius, is covered with polygonal plates, without any trace whatever of a radiated arrangement. The plates are disposed in nine transverse ranges, girding the body like so many rings. This species is, (and so are most of the elongated subcylindrical Cystideans), annulated rather than radiated, so far as regards the external integument. The lower range, below the line, b, consists of the basals, whilst the upper, above the line, r, may, possibly, be radiated. In all the globular or ovate Cya- .1 112 tideaiia, with numerous plates, such as SpJumomtcs, Mnlocyslitcs, Coma- rofyslites, Amygdalocystitcs, and olhcrs, the shell is neither annulatoil mr mli»ted, but composed of an indefinite number of plates, increasing with tho a^i )f the individual, ami arranged without any well defined or constant or ler. It seems clear, therefore, that the test of tho Cjstidea belongs raosily to ll.o perisomatic system. In Pentremilrs the thre« plates whirh are ubaally called the basals, consist e»ch of two pieces, one placed above the other, and, in general, closely ap?"*'vlo8ed together. The lower pieces have each a re-entering angle, m their upper edges, for the reception of the upper pieces which stand upon them. This Htructnre was first pointed out by Mr. Lyon (Geol. Ky., vol. iii, p. 4t58j, and is not generally admitted, although I believe it certainly does exist. It is said that the lower pieces jnnlst of the upper joint of tho column, divided into three by vertical sutures. To me they appear to bo calycine plates. It is true that Mn-y do not I'orm tho bottom of the visceral cavity, but this may be due t( iie growth in- ward of the lower edges of those of the upper series, boraothing like this occurs in Antcdon, where, at first, the bottom of the cup is formed by the basals, but afterwards principally by tho first radials. The forked plates are usually called " Hadiah " but they certainly do not belong to the radial system. If they did, they would represent tho first radials of the Criuoidea, and therefore they should support the bases of the ambulacra. A little consideration will, however, enable any one to perceive that in Pentrciniles the bases of the ambulacra, are situated in the apex of the fossil, and do not come in contact with the forked plates. The apex of Pentrcmites is identical with the actinal centre of Sea-urchins and Starfishes, in which the mouth is situated. It is here that the am- bulacra originate and grow outward by the addition of new plates to their distal extremities- There can be little doubt that such was the mode of growth of the ambulacra of the Pcntrcmites- Tho smaller extremity, therefoie, of their ambulacra, which is received into tho forked plate, is not the base, but corresponds with the apex of the ambulacrum of a Sea- urchin or of a Star-fish. It also represents the tip of the arm of a Crinoid. If the forked plate is radial, then the arrangement of the ambulacrum must be the same as that which would be exhibited in a Crinoid, with th** upper end of the arm downward, a.i ' rr> iwo;, a the first radial, whil?' the lower end wuuld be upward, the tip bfij 1,5 f rmed of t' p 1 eoond radial. From this it follows that the forked piatoy do not belong to the radial, but to the perisomatic system. The five deltoid plates alternate with the forked plates, and are also perisomatic. 118 foprobont any of those '»liite9 It U not rf^'tain that the Innoet r' !,.;.•< which in the C. oidea aro usually en ■■' .adinls." Thoy arc ao arrau- god that if they wcr'^ loosened fiom Uio walla of the oup, n ,d their smaller oxtrei. Itics turned upward, whilst their bases or lirger ends retained their position, they would stand in a circle aron 1 the apex, at do the arms .^ an ordinary Trinoid. Their bases wouM alternate with the apices of the deltoid plates. Ihoy would form the (mtslde of the armrf, whilst the groove.-- and [.innuloe would be in^'idp. Each would bear on its outer or dorsal aspect, two elongated sacks, tlio two hydrospirea that belong to the ambulacrum. 1 believe tliat the small groove in the ambulacrum of Pvntmtiilvs was occupied by the o uian tube oidy. If this be true, and if, also, the lancet plates represent tbe radial plates of the arms of the Crinoids, then the arm of Pentmnifcs wouhl have the respira- tory portion of the ambulacra! system on its dorsal, and the ovarian porti' u on its ventral aspect. In the true Crinoids, both the reapiratory and ovarian tubes are situat d in the grooves in the ventral side of tho arm.* In the Crinoids the pm- nuloo are attached to the radial joints of tho ana. In Pcntmnites thoy are not connected with the lancet plate, but with tho poro plates. In P. pyriformis they appear to me to stand in sockets excavated in the suturo between tho poro plates proper, and the supplement, u-y poro plates. Miillor compared them to tho aeries of azygos plates, whicl, underlie that portion of the ambulacrum of Peutan-imts tlmt runs from lie mouth to the base of the arm. These resemble the lancet plates, in th ir being azygos and not connected with pinnuhe ; but then, on the other h ud, they differ from them in Having, a portion at least, of tho respiratory ti !)03 on their ventral aspect. Mr. Rofe says that, " in many species of Pei tremites, if not in all, this lancet plate is in reahty a compound plate, for aea of two conti- guous plates, extending from the bottom of the sinus to tho top, and, then turning right and left round the summit opening^ . they pass down the adjoining sinus to form half its lancet-plate, leaving ^ the apex of the body a pentagonal aperture, supposed to be the m ith. In some • Thomas Say who was the first to rccognizeithe Blastoidca ns a gro . distinct from the Cnnoidea, also supposed the function of the ambulacra to be respin. ry He says "I think It highly probable that the branchial apparatus communicated w, the surrounding «md through the pores of the ambulacra, by means of filamentous pro sses ; these may also have performed the office of tentacula, i- conv-jying food to the m .th, which was perhaps, provided with an exsertile proboscis; or may we not rather uppose that the animal fed on the minute beings that abounded in the sea water, and that it obtained them m the manner of the Ascidia, by taking them in with tho water, ^he residuum of digestion appears to have been rejected through the mouth," (Jour, A ad N 8 Phil vol. iv, p, 296, 1825). • o, ruu H I 1 'I 114 Tireathercd specimens, the two parts of the lancet plate are separate ; and in many they appear to meet only the top and bottom of the cross section, leaving a lozenge-shaped opening between them." (Geol. Mag., vol. ii, p. 249.) In a large specimen of P. obesus (Lyon and Cassiday which was given to me by Mr. Lyon, a polished section shows that one of the lancet plates is thus divided, but in general no trace of a suture can be Been in these plates. There are several points in the structure of the ambulacra of Pentrc- inltes that arc well worthy of the study of those who have plenty of well preserved specimens. Among these, I would direct special attention to the markings in the ambulacrum of P. pijrifowm. The median groove, which I suppose to have been exclusively occupied by the ovarian tubes, Bends off branches, right and left alternately, toward the sides of the ambulacrum. These branches do not run directly to the ambulacrum pores. Each of them terminates at a point between the inner extremities of two of the pores. There is at this point a small pit which appears to be the socket of an appendage quite distinct from the pinnule. The groove does not reach the socket of the pinnule, which is situated further out, between two of the pores. On the other hand a small groove runs from each pore, inward, and terminates at another socket, about half-way between the pore and the main median groove of the ambulacrum. It would thus appear that besides the ordinary pinnules, there were two other rows of appendages on each side of the median groove. The general conclusions at which I have arrived from the above, are, that all the principal plates that compose the shell of Pcntrcmites, belong to the perisomatic system of Professor Wyvillo Thompson ; that it is doubtful whether or not the lancet plates are homologous with the radial plates of the Crinoids ; and that the ambulacra are more compUcated in their structure than is generally supposed. 7. On the Structure f the genus Nucleocrinus. Fig. 75. le above, are, 116 Fig. 70. ^ i ^ A''<^ ^<^ Fig. 73 Apex of ^r,^leoer:nu» yenieuilii Troost. ;,, ambulacial groove ; },, pore throuah which groove enters into the interior ;.», one of tlie ton spiracles ; m., oro-anal apoituro 74 Anterior side of a specimen ; <,, the anterior interradial. 7r, Apc.t of a specimen which has lost the integument that covered the centre. 76 Diagram of the plates of the test • a ambulacral plates; h, the basals ; c, plates of the apex; sessed a similar protection. Fiff. 77 Fig. 77 Traverse section 117 In the apex, nearly all the space Avithin the circle of apertures is covered by a thin integument of small plates, fig. 73 When this is not pre- served, a large sub-pentagonal aperture is seen, as shown in fig. 75 This aperture occupies the position of the mouth in the existing echinoderms. The integument, as will be shown further on, represents thatwhich covers the mouth of an embryonic Star-fish. Mr. Conrad described this genus in 1842, as having only one aperture in the summit. " This genus difiers from PiNfREMiTES, Say, in having only one perforation at top, which is central." (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. viii, p. 280, pi. xv, fig. 17). His figure represents the fossil with the apex downward. Dr. Ferd. Roemer, showed that, when perfect, there is no central opening, and he made this one of the grounds for separating the genus from Pentrcmites. He described the apex as being provided with six apertures, five of which were divided by a partition within each. These he considered to be the ovarian orifices. The sixth he supposes to be both mouth and vent, which accords with my view. (Mon. der Blastoiden, p. 378). In 1868 I dis- covered the five small pores at the apical extremities of the ambulacral grooves. In general it is difficult to see these pores, but if a silici- fied specimen, which has been fossilized in a calcareous matrix, be placed in an acid for two or three minutes, the acid cleans them out and they then become distinctly visible- I believe these to be the pores through which the ovarian tubes passed outward along the grooves to the pinnulse. There are thus, sixteen apertures in the apex o( Niideoerinus, — ten spira- cles, five ovarian orifices, and one oro-anal aperture. There are no true radial plates. The whole of the test with the exception, perhaps, of the ambulacra belongs to the perisomatic system. 8. On the occurrence ofEmlryonic forms among the Palceozoic Echinc- derms. i ' ^ No proposition in Natural History has been more clearly demonstrated than this: — That, in general, the paleozoic animals resemble, both in external form and internal structure the embryonic stages of those of the same class at present existing. Prof. Agassiz has long taught in his lectures and various pubhcations, that this is especially observable in the Echinodermata. Judg- ng from the figures and descriptions of Muller, Agassiz, Thomson, Carpenter and others, I should say, that in this ckss, tha most striking resemblance is that which occurs between the adult stages of the Cystidea, Blastoidea, and Crinoidea, on the one hand, and the embryonic Star-fishes on the other. The structural character that has the most important bearing on the subjects discussed in these notes, is, that in all four of these groups, the I il . ii\ 'm 118 mouth is situated in one of the interradial areas,— not in the ambulacral centre, as it is in the adult forms of the existing Echinodermata- Fig. 78, Fig. 81. Fig. 78 Jji'innnuria astaioera Sars. (copied from Jliiller) ", the stonmch ; //, jiart of the body of the larvn : c, nmbula- mv crai centre, position of the permament mouth, in this stage not open ; ,/, one of the five ambulacial canals ; e, sand canal, /". niadreponc plate ; m, entrance into the stomach ; o, cesopha- gus ; j>, larval mouth or pseudostome ; r, oesophageal ring ; v vent 79 Idea} figure described below. 80 Codonites slelliformit, oblique view to show both body and summit. 81 Summit of fig. 80. In Bipinnaria asterigera Sars, according to Miiller, the digestive cavity is a sub-globular sack without any extension sinto the rays, as there are in the adult Star-fishes. The oesophagus, fig. 78, o, is a fleshy, consisted tube with a large mouth or pseudostome, ^j. It passes through the wall of the stomach by an opening somewhat smaller than the mouth, and situated in one of the interradial spaces at m. The madreporic plate, /, and sand canal, e, the latter holding the convoluted plate (when it occurs), are situated above the orifice, w, and between it and the ambulacral centre, c. The circular space at c, is undoubtedly the homologue of the central space in the apex of Nucleocrinus, figs. 73 and 75, and of Codonites, figs. 80 and 81. It is also the position of the mouth in the adult Star-fish ; but in the larval stage it is completely closed by the soft external skin and sarcode of the body. In the fossils it is also closed, but by an integument of thin calcareous plates. The Bipinnaria is nourished by minute particles of matter diffused through the water, and drawn mto the digestive sack through the mouth and oesophagus by the action of internal cilia. I believe that all the fossil Crinoidea, Blastoidea and Cystidea, ingested their food in this way, and without any aid whatever from the arms or pinnulse. Perhaps there. is no embryologist who will not admit, that it is possible for an animal like Bipinnaria to develop organs of reproduction and 119 propagate its species, none of its other parts making any farther advance. Such an animal, with some slight modiBcations, would not bo very widely different from a palaeozoic Crinoid. If the sarcodic body wall wfere to be consolidated into a thin calcareous integument, with the mouth even with the surface, the S'.vimming appendages aborted, and the vent closed up, it would resemble the cup of an Actinocrinus, fig. 79 a. The lateral orifice would then be both mouth ..nd vent, as it is, at first (according to Prof. A. Agassiz Seaside Studies, p.l25), in the embryo oi Astemcanthion Brylinus. The arabulacral canals of Bij)innaria are the homologues, in a general way, of those which are found beneath the vault of Actinocrinus, and extend out into the grooves of the arms. If the ventral perisome of the Crinoid were to be removed (the internal organs remaining undisturbed) the arrange- ment disclosed would be that represented in fig. 79 a convoluted plate in the centre with the canals radiating from it. The most striking difference is the absence of the oesophageal ring. According ^o the organization of Actinocrimis there could be no oesophagus at that point, and consequently there is no ring. The convoluted plate represents the madreporic appara- tus. The sucking feet of the Star-fish, most probably, represenc the re- spiratory tentacles that border the grooves of the Crinoids, but modified into prehensile and locomotive organs. Bip'mnaria and Actinocrinus agree in having the mouth in one of the interradial areas, and in the absence of an orifice through the perisome at the ambulacral centre. These two characters are embryonic and transitory in the Star-fish, but thoy were permanent in most palaeozoic Crinoids. In Codonites stclUformis (Peutremites stelli/ormis Osyen and Shumard), figs. 80, 81 the ambulacral centre c, is completely closed. Five minute grooves radiate out to the extremities of the five andes of the disc. These grooves are identical with those of Pcntremitcs and Nucleocrinus and were occupied by the ovarian tubes. The ambulacral canals of the true Crinoids and of the Star-fishes are represented in a rudimentary condition, m the species, by the hydrospires which open out to the surface through the ten fissure-like spiracles, s. The oro-anal orifice is interradial. C stelliformis in external form, the interradial position of the mouth, and the closed ambulacral centre, resembles Bipinnaria and Actinocrinus, but differs importantly in having its respiratory organs arranged in ten separate tracts, all totally disconnected from each other. It is a lower form" than Actinocrinus, which in its turn is lower than Bipinnaria, and yet all three are constructed on the same general plan. 0. stelliformis, although much resembling a Pentremite, is a true Cystidean. Its affinity toOodaster was first pointed out by Dr. C. A. White, who also suggested that it should be assigned to a distinct group. (Best. ? ' k 120 Jour. N. H., vol. vii, pp. 486,487). Tho main difference between the Cystidea and the Blaatoidca is, that in the former the hydrospires do not communicate with the pinnulce, whilst in the latter the cavities of tho pin- nulje and hydrospires are directly connected by the ambulacral pores. The development of the recent Crinoid Antedon rosaceus, as described by Prof. Wyville Thomson (Phil. Trans., 1866), persues a course that could not possibly result in the production of such an animal as Actino- crimts. The pseudembryo, as it is called by Prof. Thomson, is a small ovate organism, with four transverse cihated bands, a large key-hole-shaped mouth (pseudostome), and a small circular vent (pseudoproct). These orifices are connected by a rudimetary intestine (pseudocele). In this stage there is no trace of radiation, and the mouth, therefore, cannot be said to be interradial in its position. The nascent Crinoid orginates within the pseudembryo, but developes a mouth, vent and stomach, of its own, all quite distinct from those of its nurse. This new, or permanent mouth, is for a short time both oral and anal in its function, but although in this respect it resembles that of Actino- crinns, its position in the centre of the ambulacral system shows it to represent the mouth of the adult Star-fish, while that of Actinocrinus rather homologates with the oral orifice of the Bipinnaria. At no time during its development does the ventral perisome exhibit the structure of that of the palceocrinoids, i. e., no orifice in the ambulacral centre, and at the same time one in an interradial space. In the central position of its mouth, and in the possession of an oesophageal ring, Antedon stands above Actinocrinus in rank, and between it and the adult Star-fish. In none of its stages does it resemble a Bqnnnaria either in form or in structure. 9. On some of the objections that have been advanced against the vicivs advocated in the }}reccding notes. In all the known species of the existing Echinodermata, the mouth is situated in the centre of the ambulacral system, and it is contended that this fact proves that such must have been its position also in the palaeozoic forms. This reasoming is not strictly logical. It is true that in the known existing species, the mouth i, in the centre, but it does not certainly follow that it is so in all the Echinodermata, living and extinct. Whether it be so or not in any particular fossil species whose structure may be under investigation, is a question of fact which can only be positively detervdincd by direct observation of specimens. On appealing to these we find that, in a large proportion of the fossil forms, there is no aper- 121 tare in the perisomo at the ambulacral centre. It also becomes evident by the comparison that in general, the palyeozoic species resemble the embryonic stages of some of the recent Echinoderms, and that in these, (Bipinnaria for instance), the mouth is interradial. Rules such as are relied on in this case, afford a certain amount of presumptive evidence, which, however, cannot prevail acainst material and visible facts. When we can see clearly that there is no aperture in that point, in the vault of a Crinoid, beneath which wo know the ambulacral centre is situated, it is perfectly useless to supply one by theory.* The second objection is, that many of the fossils have a Platyccras attached to them, in such a position as to cover the aperture which I call the mouth, and under such circumstances as to induce the belief that it lived parasitically on the Crinoid. The only answer I can make to this IS that, admitting the facts, we must suppose that space was left for a stream of water to pass under the edge of the shell, into the mouth of the Crinoid. In general, where one animal lives parasitically upon another, it does not destroy its host. Some of the gasteropods of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages were carnivorous, as is proved by the bored shells and Crinoids that are occasionally found. I have seen a number of such specimens, and several years ago I read apaper on the subject (which was never published) before the Natural History Society of Montreal. There were several good Conchologists present, and the specimens exhibited were compared with bored shells of existing species. All pronounced the style of workmanship to bo precisely the same. I have the proboscis of an Act inoci inns that is bored near the base, and among the fossils lent me by Mr. VVachsmuth, is a Codonitcs stclliformis, that is bored through one of the ambulacra. The view I took of the subject in my paper, was that the gastero- pod ascended the stalk of the Crinoid and thrust its proboscis into the mouth of the Fig. 82 streptorhynehua Pan- latter. The Crinoid then slowly drew (lora. A specimen bored at by ., , ., i i 1 1 xi i n /• , a carnivorous gasteropod. From ^^^ arms together, and held the shell fast the Corniferous Limestone, Devo- until both died, nian, Canada. * The position of the ambulacral centre may thus be found. When the mouth is eccentric, the ambulacral tubes usually converge to the centre of the vault. But when the mouth is central, we first find the azygos interradius, in general easily recognized by its possessing a greater number of plates than do any one of the other four interradii. On the opposite ;side of the fossil is the azygos arm. The ambulacral centre is alwaj-s situated between,thi8 aim and the mouth, never on the side of the mouth toward the azygos inter- radius. f i|li,l: lii I;; 11! 'h 122 A third objection is the small size of the aperture in some of the spocios. In general, where there is no proboscis, the orifice is from one-twentiotb to one-tenth of an inch in diameter, quite sufficient for an animal that sub- eista on microscopic organisms. It is stated by Meek and Worthen that where there is a proboscis, the aperture is sometimes scarcely " more than one-hundredth of an inch in diameter." I believe that in many such in- stances the tube filled up by calcareous deposits on its inside, and that when entirely obstructed, either a now aperture opened out in the side of the proboscis, or that the animal died. In Mr. Wachsmuth'o collection, I saw a specimen with a second aperture in process of formation. A ticket was attached to it by him, giving this explanation. I am also informed that in some of the existing species of Antcdon " the mouth is an exceed- ingly minute aperture." A fourth objection is that the aperture is so situated that the arms could not have conveyed food to it. It is, however, proved by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, that iu the recent Crinoids the arms are not prehensile organs. The animal while feeding remains motionless, attached by its dorsal clrrhi to a stone, shell, or other object on the bottom. Its arms are either stretched out to their full length, or mc- or less coiled up, but quite immovable. As Dr. Carpenter's remarks have a very important bearing upon the subject, I shall take the liberty of quoting the following :— " Whatever may bo the purpose of the habitual expansion of°the arms, I feel quite justified that it is not (as stated by several authors whom I have cited in my historical summary) the prehension of food. I have continually watched the results of the contact of small animals (as Annelids, or Entomostracans and other small Crustaceans with the arms, and have never yet seen the smallest attempt on the part of the animal to seize them as prey. Moreover, the tubular tentacula with which the arms are so abundantly furnished, have not in the slightest de- gree that adhesive power which is possessed by the " fee°" of the EcumiDEA and Asteruda ; so that they are quite incapable of assisting m the act of prehension, which must be accomplished, if at all, either by the coiling-up of a single arm, or by the folding-together of all the arms. Now I have never seen such coiling-up of an arm as could bring an object that might be included in iL into the near neighborhood of the mouth ; nor have I seen the contact of small animals with a single arm produce any movement of other arms towards the spot, such as takes place in the prehensile apparatus of other animals. Moreover, any object that could be grasped either by the coiling of one arm, or by the consenta- neous closure of all' the arms together upon it must be far too large to be 123 received into the mouth, which is of omall size and not diatonaiblo like that of the ASTBROIDA."* Farther on Dr. Carpenter says : . " It was afiBrmed by M. Dujardin (I'Institut, No. 119, p. 268) that the arms are used for the acquisition of food in a manner altogether dissi- milar to ordinary prehension ; for recognizing the fact that the alimentary particles must bo of small size, he supposed that any such, falling on the ambuhcral (?) furrows of the arms or pinnjB, are transmitted down- wards along those furrows to the mouth wherein they all terminate, by the mechanical action of the digitate papillae which fringe their borders. This doctrine he appears to liave abandoned ; since in his last account of this type (Hist' Nat. dcs Echinoderms, p. 19i) ho afiirms that the trans- mission of alimentary particles along the ambulacra! (?) furrows is the result of the action of cilia with which their surface is clotted. Although I have not myself succeeded in distinguishing cilia on the surface which forms the floor of these furrows, yet I have distinctly seen such a rapid passage of minute particles along their groove as I could not account for in any other mode, and am therefore disposed to believe in their existence. Such a powerful indraught, moreover, mtist be produced ahout the region of the mouth, by the action of the Urge cilia which {as I shall hereafter describe) fringe various parts of the internal tvall of the alimentary canal, as tvould materially aid in the transmission of minute particles along those portions of the ambulacral (?) furrows tvhich immediately lead toward it ; and it is, I feel satisfied, by the conjoint agency of these two moving powers that the alimentation of Antcdon is ordinarily effected. In the very numerous specimens from Arran the contents of whoso digestive cavity I have examined, I have never found any other than microscopic organisms ; and the abundance of the horny rays Peridiinum tripos (Ehr.) has made it evident that in this locality that Infusorium was one of the principal articles of its food. But in Antedons from other localities, I have found a more miscellaneous assemblage of alimentary particles ; the most common recognizable forms being the horny casings of Entomostraca or of the larvae of higher Crustacea." (Op. cit., p. 700 The existence of large ciUa within the intestinal canal, capable of producing a powerful indraught of .er, renders any movement or concurrent action of the arms quite unnecessary in the ingestion of food. It does not matter, therefore, in what part of the body the mouth of a Crinoid may be situated, or how remote from the reach of the arms., • Researches on the Structure, Physiology, and Development of Antedon (Oomatula Lomk.) rosaceu,.— Part I. By \V. B. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S. Philosophical TraosacUoua of the Royal Society, yol. clvi. Part II., 1866. yiiri 124 Attached permanently to the bottom of the sea by their columns the palaeozoic Crinoidoa, Cystidea an.l Blastoidoa remained, while feedinK most probably motionless, drawing in streams of water through their mouths by the action of their intestinal cilia. The long tubular proboscis, with which many of the species are provided, would be, thus, analogous in function to the siphon of the acephalous mollusca. The indigestible particles would be, from timo to time, thrown out through the mouth, just as a Star-fish or a Zoophyte frees itself of the refuse portions of its food, by casting it out of the same aperture through which it entered. 10. On the Theory that the amhulacral and ovarian orijiccs arc the oral (ipertures. Assuming that the four objections above noticed are sufficient to prove that the aperture which I call the mouth is not that organ, it is contended that the Cystidoa, Blastoidea and Palajocrinoidea ingested their food through their ambulacral and ovarian orificos. This appears to me in the highest degree improbable. In the recent Crinoids the grooves of the arms are occupied by four sets of tubes, v.hich Dr. Carpenter calls the coehac, the sub-tentacular, the ovarian and the tentacular canals. None of them communicate with the stomach. It is impossible that the most minute particle of food could gain access into the interior of the animal through any of them. The structure of the arms of the palaeozoic Crinoids 18 such, that wo must presume that their grooves were occupied by similar tubes, which passed through the ambulacral orifices into the perivisceral space. In the Cystidea and Jiastoidea the respiratory organs were not situated in the grooves of the arms, and the ambulacral orifices were therefore only ovarian in their function. The improbability of their being also oral apertures is best shown by an illustration. ^Fi^t^^Vi^ represented (natural size) the apertures of the smallest ig. 83 ig. 84. specimen of Caryocrinns orv.atus, in our collection selected for the present purpose because in the young of this species, the valvular orifice is larger in pro- portion to the size of the disc, than it is in the adult. It is in this specimen, about one-third of the whole width of the apical disc, while in a full grown Caryocrinns it is only one-ninth of the width. The same proportional size of the mouth according to age, occurs in Antedon rosaceus. The valvular mouth at first is as wide as the disc. But as the age of the animal increases the disc grows wider, but the mouth does not. The ovarian pores in Caryocrinns are, however, as large in the small ones (once they make their appearance) as they are in full grown. 126 For recognizing these as ovarian pores wo have the fullowing reasons 1. They are situated at the bases of the arms wliere the ovarian tubes must pass from the grooves into the perivisceral cavity. 2. When com- pared with the ovarian pores . " a Sea-urchin they have the same size, form and aspect. Fig. 84, represents the ovarian pores of the Sea-urchin Toxopneustes Drohachimsis Ag. natural size and arrangement. It may not appear at first view that tliis latter comparison has any probative effect. But it has, in this way. If these apertures in Caryocrinm were large open- ings a like wide, as are some of the ambulacral orifices of the Crinoids I would say that they were unlike true ovarian apertures. According to the now theory, this Echinodcrm Caryocrimu ornatut was a polystomo animal, and drew in its food through its six ovarian apertures, the largo valvular orifice being the anus. To me this appears to be utterly incredible. In fig. 83 I have represented the mouth of Leskia mirahilis Gray. Both Dr. I. E. Gray and Prof. Lov6n have pronounced this ajjerturo to have tho structure of tlio valvular orifice of tho Cystidea. I have not ihe slightest doubt whatever but that tho mouth of tho Cystideans fore- shadows that of the Sea-urchins. There is nothing whatever in its structure to show that it is not the mouth, but on the contrary. The new theory is not founded upon any peculiarities in tho structure of the ambulacral orifices, which would show that thoy are oral apertures, but only upon the four objections above noticed. Tho first of these is not logical, while at the same time it is purely theoretical, and avails nothing against material and visible facts. The fourth is completely disposed o^f by Dr. Carpenter' s observations, which prove that in tho Crinoidea the arms have no share whatever in the ingestion of food. Tho second and third objections are the same in substance, i. e., according to the second the supply of water to the mouth is diminished by the occurrence of a Platyceras over it, while, according to the third, the same effect is pro- duced by the small size of the aperture itself in some instances. It does not require muchconsideration to convince one, that if these two objections aro fatal to my views, they are equally so to the opposite theo-y. In C. stelliformis for instance, the pores through which we must suppose the ovarian tubes issued from the interior are only large enough to admit of the passage of a fine hair. They are scarcely visible to the naked eye. The tube, under any circumstances, must have filled them almost entirely. If any space at all were left for the passage of a stream of water througli the pore by the side of the tube it must have been exceedingly minute. When weighed as above, therefore, the evidence gives the following results :— The first and fourth objections avail nothing. The second and I tl ill! Hi Mi ^'!"i 196 third militate against both theories. But when wo take into account that in no instance, in tho existing Eohiiiodorraata, where ovarian pores occur are they at the same time oral orifices, tho balance seems to be in favor of my view. This is all I desire to say upon tho subject at present. Although I now firmly believe that the valvular orifice in the Cystideai the larger lateral aperture of tho Jllaatoidoa, and tho so-called ^.roboscis of tho palaeozoic Crinoida are all oro-an tl in function, yet I shall not main, tain that view obstinately against good reason shown t» tho contrary. CORKECTrONS AND ADDITIONS. According to Prof. J. Mlillor's observationg, it appears that in tho existing Crinoid, Antedon h'uropacus, there ia no annular canal around tho mouth. In tho interior of tho body there ia a soft spongy aubatance, which is full of small cavities that connect with each other through numerous slender canals. This substance forms a pillar, tho base of which rests upon tho bottom of tho internal cavity of tho cup, whilst the summit touches the inner surface of tho ventral integument, on one side of tho mouth. MuUor says it forms a sort of a spindle, around which the intestine is wound. Tho arabulacral canals all tonninato in this spongy spindle.* Tho upper part of the spindle, therefore, towards which all tho canals converge, and in which they all terminate, must be regarded as the centre of the ambulacral canal system. If I have understood him rightly, the canals radiate, not from tho mouth, but from the spindle. The mouth is situated not in tho spindle but on one side of it, and it can- not, therefore, be tho centre of tho ambulacral canal system. lie makes no mention whatever of a circular canal around tho mouth. Tho struc- ture would be similar to that shown in fig. 50, anto p. 92, where the shaded central space C, from which the canals radiate, may represent the upper end of tho spindle of A. Eiiropcens and mv the mouth. It may be that I have not interpreted Miiller's description correctly, or that he may have been mistaken. If it be as I understand it, then the oft cited rule, that the mouth is tho ambulacral centre in "a«" of the existing Echinodermata, must undergo an important alteration. The word " all " must be struck out. Before such a change, how- ever, can be made, we must have the details of the structure and con- • Ueber den Bau des Pentaennui caput Maduim, p. 68. He says.^" Wo die Tsntakelrinne vom Arm. auf die S'clieibe ubergeht bleibt der Canal uLter dcr Tentakelrinne und gelangt mit diesen zum Mund, in dem or weiter wird und zwischen Perisom und Bauch— holenbaut verlauft. Am M'lnde senkt er sich in cine den Hohlen cin, welche zahlreich dicspongiose mittlere Masse den Scheibe durchziehen, AUe 6 Canale munden in diese ein " 187 r!ection=) of tho spongy axis of Anteihn woiko.l out with cortointy. Al- though Muller' -e i), pi. 5, ropresenta tho oc8ophnf,'H8 (Spt-iscrohre) as situated ontit-lyon ono side of tho upper en<] of tho spindle, jet it may be, that a portion of tho spongy mass, forms a ring around it. In that enso it might represent tho circular canal of tho other echinodorma. rt is paid that tho orifice, in tlie Cystidea and fossil Crinoids, which I believed to havo been both oral and anal in functi .n, is anatomically, identical with tho anus of tho existing Crinoids. If this bo true, and if my theory is correct, it must follow that tho Cystidea took in their food through the anus. The same phenomenon has been observed in an imma- ture star fish. In the earlier stages of tho grovii\\ oi Antrracanthhn Iwryliuus (Agassiz) a common star fish in the Atlantic. Prof. X, Agassiz finds that there is, at first, only a single opening to tho digestive sack. This opening is both moiith and anus. Afterwards a second opening is formed which is the pormaaent mouth. "Tho other opening, which was t! 3 first to bo developed, thus becoraos tho anus."* This star-fish, therefore, in its erabryonio stages takes in its nourishment through the anus. In this respect it is a Cystidoan. I am informed that tho same arrangcmont occurs also in tho Ophiurians Wil Echini. Granting, therefore, that the valvular orifice of tho Cystidea is tho anatomical liomologuc ui tho anal tube of a Vevtacrimis, it does not follow that it was exclusively anal in its function. I, however, do not admit it to bo the homologne of the anus of Pentacrinus. I believe It to bo the mouth. I have stated ^anto p. 91) that :— " In this class (the Echinodermata) the position of tho various organs, in relation to each other, and also to the general mass of tho body, is subject to vory great fluctuations." In addition to tho few examples of such variations there given tho followJn<» may be cited : — 1. — Tho aperture which, in an embryonic Echinoderm is both mouth and anus, may, in the mature stage, become the anus only, a now mouth being formed in another part of the body. 2.— It mny become the permanent mouth, and a separatt anus be form- ed in another part. 3.— Tho mouth may be, at first, situated out of the centre of the am- bulacral canal system, and afterwards removed to it. I believe, that this latter process took place, in the development of the orders Cystidea and Crinoidea. In the first formed or palaeozoic species the mouth was not central, but has become so in the existing types. • On the Embryology of Asteraeanthion beryllinui, ic, by A. Aoass!';. Proc Am Acad. Vol. VI., p. 108. "H ' I'' I: © 128 In the foregoing pages the ambulacral apertures of the Cystidca and Blastoidea are treated of, as having been entirely reproductive in their function. This view, however, can only be correct, in so far as regards those genera that have calycine pores or hydrospires. There are some tliat have no poriferous structures in the test or body-wall, and to sucli the rule does not apply. Vnv example :— in fig. 85 the two apertures of the Cystidean Blalocystites 3Iurchisoni are given, natural size, drawn from a specimen in which they are very per- fectly preserved. I believe that the larger of these two openings is the mouth and ami? combined. The smaller is the ambulacral aperture. The body-wall is totally ViQ. 85. non-poriferous, and, consequently, it could not have been respiratory. If this species possessed any external respiratory organs at all (such as those that are situated in the grooves of the arms and pin- nules of the existing Crinoids) they must have communicated with the interior, through this smaller aperture. Whatever, therefore, may have been its other functions it must have been, at least in part, a respiratory orifice. There are two grooves issuing from it. Each of these divides into four or five branches, which radiate over the surface of the test, and extend d^ n the sides, in some specimens, nearly to the base. If the ovaries v o situated in the pinnules, and if there wore any connection between them and the interior, that connection must have been made by the agency of one or m^ro organs passing throagh this same smaller orifice. Assuming this to be true, then this opening was both respiratory and reproductive. It should not therefore be called the " ovarian " but the " ambulacral aperture "as it was originally designated in my decade No. 3. The above relates, only to those Cystideans which have not pores or hydrospires in the test or body-wall. With regard to those t'l at have pores, such as the Sphccronitcs, or those that have hydrospires {Glyp- tocystitcs, dx.y there may have been two kinds of respiratory organs. 1. The pores or hydrospires. 2. The ambulacral canals, in the grooves of the arms. Granting that this was the case, then these latter could only commu> nicate with the interior through the smaller apical aperture (Fig. 85.) This orifice would, therefore, be both respiratory and reproductive, as it probably was in Malocyst'dcs. It should be called, simply, the " ambu- lacral aperture." arian " but 129 5. On some of the Fossils of the Arisaig serks of rods. Upper Silurian, Nova Scotia. ^'^ Lamellibranchiata. The genera Orthonota (Conrad) 1841, Sangutnolites (McCoy) 1844 and Goniophora (Phillips) 1848, seem to be all closely related to each other. The following references to these genera are, therefore, to bo regarded as merely provisional. Orthonota vendsta. (N. sp.) Plates, fig. I, D«m>^io«. -Shell transversely elongate ; length about four times the height; dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel, slightly divergin.^ posteriorly ; beaks situated at about the anterior fourth of the length" Behmd the umbones the hinge-lino is straight, and extends nearly the whole length of the shell. In front of the umbones it is also straight, but at a somewhat lower level than behind. The anterior extremity is nearly vertically truncated for a short distance below the hinge-line, then rounded into the ventral margin; the latter appears to be slightly convex. The posterior extremity is not well preserved in any of the specimens examined, but appears to be nearly vertically truncated in the upper two-thirds, and rounded below. The valves are moderately convex ; an obscure rounded angulation extends from the umbones backwards and downwards to the lower posterior angle. Above this the shell is compressed, or even gently concave. A similar rounded angulation runs from the umbones to the lower anterior angle. The surface, at the anterior extremity, exhibits usually eight or nine narrow but strongly elevated ridges. Before the beaks these descend, nearly vertically from the hinge-line, to the anterior umbonial slope, over which they bend with a narrowly rounded curve, and then slope back- wards and downwards in straight parallel lines towards the ventral mar- gin. Three or four of the most anterior ridges seem to die out on reach- mg the margin. The others become parallel to the margin for a short dis- tance, and then turn upwards to the dorsal margin. Above the posterior umbonial ridge, there are three or four shallow grooves, which originate in a point near the umbones, and gradually radiate backwards to the upper half of the posterior extremity. The concentric ridges are more acute and strongly elevated on the anterior than they are on the posterior part of the shell. ^ m liii Ori ill I 'HI 130 Length of the best specimen collected, twenty-three lines. Height at the umbones, five and a-half lines. None of our specimens are perfect, and all have the outlines more or less concealed in the stone. The posterior extremity seems to be narrowly rounded in the lower third, nearly straight or slightly curved in the upper two-thirds. It seems also to be somewhat broader than the anterior. The surface characters of the posterior two-thirds of the thell, are less distinct than they are in the anterior third. Locality and Formation. — Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Upper Silurian. Collector,— T. C Weston. Orthonota incerta. (N. sp.) Plate 8, fig. 4. Description. — Shell transversely elongate, length about three times the height, beaks between one-fourth and one-fifth the whole length, from the anterior extremity. Dorsal margin behind the umbones straight. Ven- tral margin slightly concave for about two-thirds the length, rounding up- wards at each end. The anterior extremity is short, rounded about two- thirds the whole height of the shell. The posterior extremity appears to be obliquely truncated in the upper half, rounded in the lower. The valves are moderately convex. From the umbones, a rounded angulation ex- tends to the lower posterior angle. Above this the surface has an abrupt slope upwards, becoming somewhat concave on approaching the dorsal margin. A shallow concavity extends from the umbones to the ventral margin. Surface with concentric wrinkles, four or five in the width of two lines on the anterior half, becoming smaller backwards ; above tho oblique angulation somewhat smooth. From the umbones, backwards and down- wards to the ventral margin, there are from four to six rather sharp radiating, elevated lines, with concave grooves between them. Length of the largest specimen examined, twenty-one lines ; height at the umbones, seven lines ; depth of both valves about five lines. The specimens are not sufficiently well preserved to exhibit all that is required to determine the genus. It looks like a slender elongated Goniophora. Locality and Formation. — Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Upper Silurian. Collector.—'^. C. Weston. Oethonoxa ? speciosa; (N. sp. . Plate 8, fig. 3. Description.— Transversely elongate, ovate ; length about three times 181 the height ; beaks at about one-sixth the length from the anterior extre- mity. Dorsal and ventral margins sub-parallel, slightly converging posteriorly. Anterior extremity short, the margin broadly rounded up to the hinge-line with which it appears to form a right angle. Outline of the posterior extremity unknown, but apparently rounded. Ventral margin gently convex. Both valves are moderately convex. A narrow groove runs from the umbo backwards to the ventral margin, which ife reaches a little behind the mid-1 3ngth. Surface on the anterior extremity with four or five strong concentric ridges. These remain single to a point nearly beneath the beak when their number is doubled by the intercalation of new ones, and apparently by the fission of one or two of the old. Proceeding backwards the sur- face markings become more and more obscure. The umbones are covered with neatly rounded concentric ridges, about five in one line on approach- ing the beaks, but becoming coarser, receding therefrom, down the sides. A set of fine rounded striae radiate from the beak over the umbones, but disappear at about half the height of the shell. On the umbones there are five or six of those striae in the width of one line. The oblique sulcus running from the umbonos to the ventral margin is a character that would seem to ally this species to the genus G-rammysia. In Orthonota undulata, (Conrad.) there is, however, a similar sulcus in precisely the same position. Locality and Formation.— Ariasiig, Nova Scotia. Upper Silurian Collector.— T. C. Weston. , 1 m : I i'JI ut three times Orthonota Simulans. (N. sp.) Plate 8, fig. 2. i)esfln>«ion.— Transversely elongate, length about thrice the height, slightly convex ; dorsal and ventral margins parallel ; anterior extremity short, the most projecting point at about half the height, thence broadly rounded downwards and backwards to the ventral margin ; beaks at about one fifth the whole length of the shell behind the anterior extremity ; dorsal margin straight from the beaks backwards for about three fifths the whole length ; posterior margin in the upper half, sloping at an angle of about 130° with the dorsal ; lower half narrowly rounded. On the umbones a flattening of the surface commences, which, gradually wid'^ning and becoming slightly concave, extends to the ventral margin. Just behind this, a moderately strong, broadly rounded angulation extends from the umbones backwards and downwards, to the lower posterior angle. The dorsal margin is somewhat strongly compressed. M ml 182 Surface with obscure concentric striae, from four to six in the width of two.lines, on the anterior half of the shell. In passing backwards, they curve over the oblique carination, and then run with a slope forward, to the straight portion of the hinge line. From the beaks six or eight fine thread-like radiating striae run backwards and downward. They are parallel to and just in front of the carina. Length of the specimen described about twenty six lines; height at the umbones eight and a half lines ; depth of the left valve about three lines. Locality and Formation. — Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Upper Silurian. Collector.— T. C. Weston. Orthonota anqulifera? (McCoy.) Sanqcinoutks angulifkscs, (McCoy.) Pal. ;7oss. p. 276, pi. 1 k, figs. 19, 20. Plate 8, fig. 13 Description. — Of this species there is only the impression of the anterior half of the right valve in the collection. The anterior extremity projects, a little more than one-half the height of the shell, beyond the beaks. Its surface is marked by six sharply elevated ridges, which, commencing on the hinge line descend obliquely downwards and backwards to the ventral margin. The sixth ridge, from the end, does not quite reach the margin, but turns upwards at an angle of about SO'^' and ascends the side of the shell, sloping a little forwards, for about two-thirds the height. Within the angular space, inclosed by the two parts of this ridge, there are two others, shorter but similarly angulated ridges. From the umbones three obscure concave folds slope backwards, as in venusta. These are crossed by obscure nearly vertical grooves, from the hmge-lme downwards, about six of these in two lines. This shell seems to be proportionally wider behind than those figured by McCoy, but to differ from them in no other material respect. Locality and Formation.— Arisaig, Nova Scotia. Upper Silurian. Colleetor.—T. C. Weston. MODIOLOPSIS BXILIS. (N. Sp.) Plate 8, fig. 5, 5 a, Dencription. — Shell transverse, sub-ovate ; slightly arcuate ; length a little more than twice the height ; hinge-line nearly straight, slightly convex, extending backwards to about the posterior third of the length of the shell ; ventral margin in some specimens gently concave, in others in the anterior half and slightly convex behind ; curved upwards at each 133 extremity. Beaks situated at about the anterior fourth, closely incurved Anterior extremity about half the height of the shell, uniformly rounded below, apparently narrowly rounded or sub-angular above. Posterior margin obliquely sloping, from the end of the hinge line downwards to rounl 7 T '[ *'' "' '^'°" '''' ^'^^-^^t^ - broadly ounded. From the umbones, an obtusely rounded angulation extends to the lower posterior angle ; above this the shell has a flat, gently convex or gently concave slope to the hinge-line and posterior margin Below and m front of the angulation the sides of the shell are gently convex or partly concave and partly convex. ^ ' .nfjfr' f^^'"Z^ '°f '°*"° "^«''' ^'''' ^ ^'^ '" t^« lines, at the ntenor end. On the sides and at the posterior extremity th; rid^e To^ or in^r pTr o&^ '-'' '''-^'^ '-^-'' ---^^ the'Snet, Iw/lfe ref"' '''''''■''^' ''''' ''^'^ ^' ^'^ -- ^^ This specimen is closely allied to M. Platyphglla (Salter) and tt dir; oTh^' -«-ded asmerelya geogrf^hiL variely ther f According to the figures m the (Mem. Geol. Surv. G. B. vol. 2, pi. 20) entn margin more widely sinuated. The anterior exJremity is corru- McCoy says: -Surface nearly smooth, with numerous small concentric wnnkles of growth towards the margin." Pal. Foss,p. 268 M. co.^planata (Sowerby,) IS another allied form, and occurs in the same geological horizon. It seems to be more prominently arched on the dorsal Hne ; the anterior extremity is larger and the surface smoother. Locality ana Fonnation.-Aris&is, Nova Scotia. Upper Silurian. MODIOLOPSIS RUDA. (N. Sp.) Plate 8, fig. 6. Description.-Shell transverse, length about twice the height ; beaks nearly terminal ; dorsal margin straight, and gradually elevated from the beaks backwards to a point a little behind the mid-length ; posterior mar-in obhquely truncated, gently convex, neariy straight, forming with the dor. sal margin an obtuse angle of about 135 « ; the lower ventral angle nar- rowly rounded ; ventral margin nearly straight, sometimes gently concave for about one half the length in the middle, curving upwards at each end. Ihe anterior extremity is small, half the height of the shell, projectini«rt3 ftCHmpt PLATE I. Zaphrentis incondixa (page 7). Figure 1. Base of t specimen. " 1(1. Half of a transverse section, " 16. Longitudinal section, showing the undulated diaphragms. Zaphrentis rugatula (page 8). Figure 3. Upper part, including cup. " 3«. Longitudinal section, showing the depth of the cup. Zaphrentis corticata (page 9). Figure 4. A specimen, ponect to the base. " 43. Transverse section of tho same. " 46. Base of a specimen. " 2. ) " 2a. } Supposed to be of this 8pccie0. Zaphrentis cingulosa (page 10). Figure 5. The only specimen collected. •*£e:i. Vl i ♦ "■■'=" !OTJ; ^U§ ^ \3..: D ♦ .■»■ -■'^^ _,' III ''aiE(ID]L(D;(5iIiaift.IL STDTFiXflE-a' ©IT CCMJAIDiAio VOL 2 PL 2 AH.Foord-.del et litlL. Robert .3 a C'f impt. PLATE It. Stropjiomena blainvillei (page 28). Figure 1. A cast of the inner surface of the ventral valve. i Iff. Longitudinal section, through the b«ak. " lA. A cast of the interior of part of a dorsal valve. U. Id. Muscular impressions of h. vmnt^x from the Pa). N. y., Vol. 4. StROPIIOMENA MAdNIViJNTHA (pago 22) Figure 2. Inner snrfaee of ventral valve. " 2a. Longitudinal section. Strophomena VAursTRiATA (page 26). Figure Ventral valve. Strophomena inequiradiata (page 24). Figure 4. Ventral vixlve. " 4a. Areaof ventral valve. Strophomena Irene (page 27). Figure 5. Ventral valve. " 6a. Longitudinal section. Strophomena tullia (page 29). Figure 6. Cast of inner surface of ventral valve. " 6a. Cast ofinner surface ofpartofa large ventraJ valve. ' ampt. . 'f^ t/. ©'CLJOTHEQUE o •'i^- <'?. .-4^ V r '^/TE V-^^ .*-' I PAL. VOBS^Ttir. "VOL 2 PL ,S A K yoCT-a.ael ^T ;ir'L. P-obena .T: '■- irt.t PLATE 111 Figure ' Vontrul valve olS, ulainvill*! page r;8. " 2. Dorsal view of Stropiiomena praoTuuruBA, page 30. ' 3. Ortuih AnnKUA.iirit of ventral valve (page 34). " 4. Orthih LUCIA, ventral yalvr (page 35). " •«<»• " " si.levlew. LEPTOCOELrA FLAUb'LLITR' (pagfl 42). Fir are 5. '. ■ -tral ralvo. ' Sii. iloi ■'1 valve. ' .''. Si.ie -lew. " < On-:, of Interior of (iorsal valve. Cftgt of interior of ventral vnlve. It IIensselaeria ovoides (pago 41). Figure 7. Cast of inferior of dorsal vulve. " 7.«. " " '■ ventral valve , " T6. " " '< rostral ejtrcmity. " 10 & 10,(. Supposed to be a variety of R nvoidta. SpiKiFKu.i Gaspensis (pago 44). Figure 8. Cast of interior of ventral valve. " 8a. " " " dorsal valve. " 86. " « " hioge line, Ac. Athyris. Figure e. Dorsal view, 0t,»<.1 «■.•.!•.»>.., t f.ATK .',A A.flF,...,iJ,a- [,-i liti. PLATE Ilia. Figure 1. Rhynciionella dryope (page 37). Dorsal view. \a. Front " 14. Side " Ic. Ventral " Figure 2 " 2 a. Side " 2A. Front " 2e. Ventral Eatonia peculiaris (page 40). Dorsal view. Spirifeka superba (page 45). Figure .3. Dorsal view. " .■?«. Front " " -tA. Side " Figure 4. " 4tf. " 4A. " Ac. Figure fi. " 56. Figure 6. " da. " G6. Spirifera cycloptera (page 48). Dorsal view of an imperfect specimen. Hinge view of the same. Dorsal view of a smaller specimen. Ventral view of the same. Spirifera karicosta (page 47). Dorsal view. Side " Ventral " Cyrti.va affinis (page 49). Dorsal view. Side " Ventral " ►*' :vv6 Dr; J .0^' «/ei. "i;? ^■^4^.- 'c\ A "^-TH, o £c?Me •> M.'-'ft 3 'VOL 2 PI, i AK-Jocra del et Ixth. PLATE I\\ Pterinea textilis ? Figure 1. Supposed to be Avicula tkxtilis, Hall ; Pal, N, Y., vol. 3. Mytilaboa Canadensis (page 52). Figure 2. Left side of a cast. " 2(7. Anterior side of the same. GfiAMMYSiA Canadensis (page 51). Figure .3. Left valve. MowoMORPiiA inornata (page 52). Figure 4. Right valve. Sanguinolites Tethys (page 50). Figure % Right si le of a cast. " 5-1 Hinge view of the same '^:' '%i:iS'«.)fvij^:'iia»\:c- iv.^wxnr^r (L}t aftiKr*aa*\. OHHIL.S A.H i-'orJ df'l trt 'litli b'- o J Girbjiarl iiar it,iii\vt HSlIj.S PLATE V. LiTHoiiOMrs Canadensis (pngo 64). Figure 1. night valve. Plaiyostoma affinis (page 60). Flgfure2. A cast of the in-, rior. Pleiiuotomauia Delia (pngo Gl). Fignre 3. A cast of the interior. Pli;uiiotomakia Lydia (pngo 02). Figure 4. Left side of a ca^t. " 4(j. View of the 9')ire. Pleuuoto.maria VoLTiwiNA (pngo Gl) Figure 5. Posterior side of a cast. " fiff. Viewof the spire. MuucHisoNiA Hebe (pnge hi). Figure C. Oust of the interior. MuacirrsoNiA eoregia (page 58). Figure 7. Cast of the interior. Bklleuopiion ple, (pnr i ^) Figure 8. " 8a. " 8A. ' 'orsal view. .Side. Front. ii].t f s-'OLio-n;- J- "^ .N/ 1/ \J ie.iaaf ju isionoi'isrsr <.tj? ^aj^i.Y*oj....' AHFr.otddelei'iUl: I V^, ,; L-r-lAirirJt IV.-.] ■'S PLATE ri. I STRTCKLANDIxrA DAVIDSOXII CpagO 8G). Figure I. Dorsal view. " Iff. Side. . ' " 16. Hinge. ' !<•. ^ Hinge view of a smaller specimen with the beaks grom.d off. It show3 a section of the triangular chamber in the ventral valve. Irf. A fragment showing the chamber. Stbicklandinia BREvrs (page 84). Figure 2. Ventral valve. ■' 2a. Dorsal valve. " 26. Side. " 2c. Hinge. Stricklandinia canadensis (page 81). Figure 3. Imperfect ventral valve. f'l Amrdt mil * Stricklandinia lirata (Sowerbv). Figure 4. "A fragment of a dorsal valve, from a specimen in the Mas. of Prac. Geol Bhewng, besides the adductor impressions, the processes, to which the sn^^a'l arms we attached." Prom Davidson's '< General Introduction" PI Vir ' Stricklandinia Gaspeensis (page 83). " 4a. A fragment of the ventral valve shewing the chamber. PAL TO,':. a:. AitPuciic (j>-:)liar.]'.. n:. PLATE VJI. •W'j Stricklandinia salterii (page 87). Figure 1. A large speclmoa siiglitly restored. Stricklandinia Canadensis (page 81). Figure 'i. An imperfect dorsal valve. Stricklandinia (undetermined). Figure 3. This specimen resembles the Swedish specimens of S. Libata, " 3<(, This is perhaps a variety of S. Davidsonii, STRiCKLANDiitiA Mklissa (page 89). Figure 4, Dorsal view. " 4(1. Ventral. '' i'j. Hinge. Of the other figures on this plate 5a. is a fragment of a ventral valve, from Anlicosti , shewing the chamber and two small teeth. Figure 0. is the " Spibifbh ? ljevis" of J. de C. Sowerby, referred to (ante p. 81) and cited as P. L.kvis in my original description. Figure 7 is the hinge of 8. Michocamebus McCoy. Figure 8, is P. La:vis —the young of P. Ublonocb, (ante p. 31). w . / •. • ■ . , (an'(iK,-j)iBrj:ai»\!i. atKio^Tifsr ,a,l-- C: ,. 1 <■....^.^,:, PLATE VIII. Ortiionota venusta (pago 129). Figure 1. Left valve, I Orthonota incerta (pago 180). Figure 2. Right valve. Ortiionota speciosa (page 130). Figure :i. Right valvo. " 3«. Imperfect left valve ? Ortiionota simulans (pago 131). Figure. 4. Left valve. Orthonota anqulifera ? (page 132). ^ Figare 13. Fragment of left valve. The notch in front of the l)eak is due to dis- tortion. " 13a. Right valve copied from McCoy, for comparison. MoDiOLOPsis EXILI3 (page 182). Figure S. A small right valve, " 5«. A large specimen. MODIOLOPSIS HUDA (pago 133). Figure 0. Loft valve. Gcniopiiora transihns (page 134). Figure 7. Right valve. Goniophora consimilis (page 135). Figure,8. Left valve. Goniophora bellula (page 136), Figure 9. Right valve. Cytherodon ? PLACIDU3 (page 137). Figure 10. Right valve, a cast shewing the impression of the teeth. Figure 11. A variety. Cytherodon ? socialis (page 138). Figure 12. A specimen with the two valves in connection. 5 ' > y.'. if* '^>?.?.- '