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 Acadia University. 
 
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 L'axampiaira film* fut raproduit grAca k la 
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 Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library 
 Acadia- University. 
 
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 Un daa symbolaa suh^anta apparaftra sur la 
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 illuatrant la mAthoda. 
 
 J 
 
 2% 
 
 6 
 
 t. 
 
 
o. 
 
 I. 
 
 t 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA GOLD FIELDS. 
 
 \> 
 
 'x;i Aktaj. 
 
 1 
 
 since gold, iu this country, appears to bo mainly confined to the quartzito 
 group, and to the lowest members of the clay slate group. 
 ^^ ^'"'^ ^^^"^ which the section is made outj^ extends from the sea shore 
 at th©^oatii-^88t eiilt«»H«e iyf"HaHfitx Hafbot.To ffie Renfrew Uold FieTd, 
 a distance a little over thirty miles, intersecting, in that distance,, no loss 
 thun SIX groat anticlinal folds. 
 
 ■■\ 
 
 ,.- .».. 
 
\ 
 
 /////^ r//^4/ /j/Y/} 'S/a/4e 
 
 J/^Ujt/^l.C/(' 
 
 \ Loafer Clait State Grottp 
 
 i^^'f;*i*-<>^ri 
 
 B//1/ {//f// ^r/'m - eSVri/^ 
 
 mm 
 
 j^mm 
 
 Quartzit.e (iroiip 
 
 ;2 
 
 
 Wmp Har}»our Gold Field 
 ].avi'e7icelo*fn do, do. 
 
 / 'm^frm^^y^^ 
 
 ^ «' 
 
 \. 
 
 C.i, A Clarke, Lit:- Halifax, NS. 
 
 *:,? 
 
 
1- 
 
 i^'' 
 
 )ur Gold Field . 
 >*m do, (io ^ 
 
 Shwrbrooko Gold Field 
 
 Old Tangier do., do. 
 
 Bii'oh Tore d|o. do. 
 
 '\, 
 
 f f 
 
 TTOK__ ACRO SS THE GOLD B EMlN G ROC K S OF THE 
 
 
 ■+s^ 
 
 
 v'^V-. 
 
■m i i mift« *i g 
 
 'f 
 
 ( > 
 
 ^ * 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 Wavt'rlr Golil Field 
 IiSflai s Harbour do 
 
 \ 
 
 ^k 
 
 (tldtiam (ioUl Field . 
 (jHintrv Hai'liour do. 
 
 THE ATLA?^ T|C C OA ST 0|^ N OVA SOOTIA. 
 
 -l 
 
 *«l««Ma#MWyhK--MMWiMM 
 

 
 Field . 
 
 OUV (lo. 
 
 » f "* 
 
 17- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ar- 
 
 .1 . 
 
 Kv^f'?"'^'./ 
 
 
 * ■ 
 
 
 K'- .-'c, 
 
 ■ -., ■■"-. . _.4r ■ 
 
 1.- . 
 
 1 .v '■ 
 
 
 i' ■'■ ^ 
 
 r , 
 
 
 
 f' ' ' 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 p- 
 
 
 
 _" 
 
 w- ■ ■ 
 
 ■" 
 
 tt 
 
 
 Renltpw Gold fn^Ui 
 
 ■ t 
 
 
 Jx/ ZtEl^Ji'I. 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 - ■ -M 
 
 -*i- 
 
 '*w 
 
 « 
 
 J, -J, 
 
 1 
 
 • _ 
 
 . . y- 
 
 
 J' ' - 
 
 
 • 
 
 fi-^ 
 
 .. « 
 
 ■--- z-i 
 
 
 h 
 
 r'K'a 
 
 
 W » > i | » l> M>|^pNlli*^i,i ^ I 
 
 "MM tr iii)ii ji ii 
 
 '^ 
 
 C?As"' 
 
 S*lw'^':". "■'"' 
 
 (> ' " ■■ 
 
 '■■Qm"^ 
 

 ''0r^i 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 . TotheHoaS 
 
 I have 
 
 th9.infi>rinsti( 
 
 report of m i 
 
 A, Motion of the 
 
 ^;Cap© Brctpu; 
 
 '^ In mv rope 
 
 v^the -Gold. Fit 
 
 ^', endeavored U 
 
 of strueture < 
 
 which jnay ae 
 
 carefully <^ 
 
 fully impresw 
 
 Btructare int i 
 
 vmoA of it9 ttii 
 
 na anojlbi 
 
 of ita strati. 
 
 y the south or 
 
 ' anticlinal aids 
 
 nailes in bviil 
 
 ^-If thiin^ltjl^i 
 
 „ jing broughl 
 
 the rrovince, 
 
 carboniferous 
 
 of elevation >ii 
 
 desrrees on an 
 
 JiiUfi, at least, 
 
 Ai it *B, to 
 
 broMight in 8e< 
 
 * lineK of eleVati 
 
 ' By refj^ring 
 
 iiiat the clay b 
 
 &ot iotenktra^l 
 
 > The quavtzil 
 
 .beiag the oU^ 
 
 K^nowledgd< 
 
 rocks of the soi 
 
 in evj^y part c 
 
 since gold, in < 
 
 group, and to t 
 
 ThqiJine aloi 
 
 at the-soath-et 
 
 ft distance a lit 
 
 than six groat i 
 
NOVA SCOTIA GOLD tlELDS. 
 
 Iftrf-^^^ 
 
 MR. CAMPBELLS E^POET. 
 
 
 N 
 
 J- 
 
 : To the jf^oiffffifble Joseph Hows. 
 
 - \. Provincial Seeretary ; 
 
 ."> 
 
 / 
 
 .-Sir,—.. 
 
 . ^I h«»«.tlie'^honor to submit, in accordance with your instructions for 
 
 tt^jnforinatkijl of Hia Excellency the Lieutenant-Goremor,' the- ibllowidff 
 l^il , • mmeralogical exploration of certain d^jjileta in the* eastern 
 ■ection of the Pjovince, including the Cape North diSSct in the Island of 
 . Cape Brctpii : . >- , . . « «• 
 
 L >a"^'SB^'**'^°'"? fexplorationi made during the autum» of 1861,; in 
 ^the <>oId.Keld«^ on the southern or Atlantfc c<*gt -of the Provinc^ I 
 endeavored to bnng to notice, as prominently hA pogsiWe, obtain conditions 
 of structure or Arrangement of the rocks octeii^Ing fthe southern coast, 
 whiohjnay ,fe»ve as m excellent guide in th© expforati&» of the country 5 
 wefuUy dkmf^. I deemed it important that this should be done, bei^nr^ 
 fulfy impi^^ With^ho convieUon that some knowled^ of the geJloinc3 
 atnictttre « «,o^ountrv 18 necessary to the sitceesdfiit ahd rapid develop^ 
 aient of itanun^l wealth ; for no other point of it« naturWl- history i»mo5> 
 inuttely iconiilitea. with the fopnation and distribution! of metalliferouB 
 m and gther ftaincral dep08it8,lhanthostri^cturepr peculiar arrangement 
 of Its stoata. Iit^atl vcvti<?al seetion* Mtherto made out across the Xks (#' 
 the south o^ Atlantic coasi «f the Province, feirt. «»4ine of . elevation of ' 
 anticlinal axis w represented, along the centre of a band of strata over thirtv ■ 
 miles m bi>|iilth. 
 
 ii^liMS?' ^^'^^\y' ^^ thes|»«*igraphical arrangt^ment in the aoutli^ • 
 IwfSS!?? '!u"*'' !i*** ^"t^IXHa- chance erf many of its olde* strata^ 
 «ng brought to the sur&ce m Imes of >»|rtieafal, along the north coast o^i 
 ^. .7'°*^' ^"®*^ so'gr^it an accumulafion of nem»r gi^toia«>6k^4m<K: 
 <»rboniferous rocks 'has i^iten place ; farMoli ai MWtturemi^^^El 
 of elevation ^n such a broad Mnd of ftrata, dipping^ an angle^sixtv 
 degrees on an average, would nec<*sarily implya wrtical thickness of te« 
 j»il|B, atleasj;, of beds. ^ ■ ' s . , 
 
 ^ Ab it fa, how-ever, scarcely two tidies, in v^^cal thid^ss, of beds are 
 brought m section to the surface ;,for they are brought' up in six diflTerent?* ' 
 "n« of eWvation, or dnt^olinal axis,, instead qt o^^ % ^y. 
 
 ' By ref|?h-ing to.the section appended to this fdppt, iftwM be observed 
 that the clay state .18 superunposed o^the qu%rtaite as a distinct group, an*,* 
 not intewtratified with it in occasional banite a» is generally supposed -"'^^ 
 . Ihe quarteite should be regarded, therefore, as a distinct «roup also, 
 .being the oldeat and thkkest grobp of stratifl^ rocks In the Pr^vinw. w 
 A^nowledge of these facts clears away much of the confiision in which flwl 
 rocks ot the south coast seem involved, -and it renders exploration for gold * 
 m ev^y part of the Pa-ovince, much easier and far more certain of success! 
 since gold, in this country, appears to bo mainly confined to the quartzite 
 group, and "to the lowest members of the cl»y slate group. 
 
 ThoJine along which the section is made out, extends fi-om the sea shore 
 at the-s^uth-east entrance of Halifax Harbor; to tbeRerifi-ew^ordTFreTd*'"^ 
 a distance a little oyer thirty miles, intersecting, in' that distance; no loss • 
 than SIX groat anticlinal folds. 
 
 «'""-ii>-«w--. 
 
^ ••. 
 

 >>■ 
 
 r . 
 
 J^^O FIELDS. 
 
 in (ho second Jine fro,rfh! *t'"^- ''^^h'«^« more SrH.f^T'' ^"^^«« ^ 
 
 ' that they.wcro fc.Iclecr;vri ?' u ) ^""'^'P^'^^' '>^« in ft vo" of 1.^'^^ "'^«^- 
 he.nce the formation of T> ""tei^'n? the process of ^ *''f. f "Pposition 
 reed in,prease<l on k/ ^!T °^^^^ ^^leavalo and C i.-^*"'^" '' «"^ 
 
 1" lines horizontal n the f '^ ^'^ '^^^^^ ^hat these nm-essil ^"^ ^'^"^ «^ "»« 
 
 of ],? hr^^^'« -ffieitl^cl?^brtf '^ ^-^^'^ of ss r "'''" ^"'"^^^^ 
 
 ^n o t ^^'^ r^'-^^o a ^L7:fi;-?^?i>onde„ce <^ the angle 
 broken tr^te^'e ^ InT' f"^' ^^^^"^ Ji»e« of ^elevatTor"!'*^ '''^'^^ i» tbe 
 
 lines „f upheaval vci-v soM,?i '"«. *""'' «l>Murcs Son" rt *° ""^ "' 
 
 surface. This factT '"f;^''t'e« that gohl-beariniAn "*'"?* 'miwtance, 
 a%, that go I fs Iri^^rnT^^V'^" particular nZIXvitlT ^*""^''' *« ^ho 
 bods frpmit lo th^Sf Ite"'^"' '''' ^^'^^^^to lZ'':f^^^^^^^^^^ 
 connection, deservin<r fif . ^''""I'- ^^'>r is that tZ' " *'*'' P'-^ssago 
 
 'nost abun lanHn a fon fl'""'* ''•'■^'■'^"'' attention for f it ?" ^ P^l"^' ^^ ""s 
 surface of tj,e cluv X^ ^''"" ''* " ff'^oat depth fronV v f ^'^^ *^'»' goJd is 
 yoraely to ^e e S „ " ^''""P' P'^^'^ous to the . > '^' 'Vf the original 
 from the axS ofTorr T'^'^ P^'-^^'^'l f^l'ls! nnd d, n "f "I'beaved, tSns- - 
 <''"PPinS at thelm. '^' '""^^' ^^"^'^ of elevSon H f '^' '* ^"""ws that, 
 or iest^anV^ """'^ •*^"°'^" "« <'- t'-ain of the S oS^^^T ,?" '^ ^"""^ 
 < ; Tlierefore the aiM, ..,,•,. ' *" ^^"^ eastward 
 
 ^^^:^^-s'r^^^^i:r:z ic ^ --^'^ -^ -eh 
 
 pied by clav «l5? 1^.''-^ ** ^"'oator blea(lth offi.i "'''; ^'"■''^'" ««•«*» may Lo " 
 
 ,, A»'*.rd- the";, r :::;.:, '^'•» n,"'" "-jr., ,7i,^;rd 
 
 
 .!*K 
 
 
 fi^J^ 
 
 (ltffS'WP''Sl||8B 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 #* 
 
 ,}** 
 
 ■'^1 
 
 '^W^ 
 
GOLD FIELDS. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 In this country tlie dirootinn ct t!io denuding:; force uppr-ars to have been 
 from N. 1')" W.'to S. lo" ]]. as a mean ; there being slight deflfctions from 
 this c(iurs(^()l*(ervable in sonic districts. 
 
 That the principal part of this al)rasion ^occurred during the drift, or 
 o-hicial period, does not admit of a doultt ; therefore all the gold removed 
 From the rm-ks must lie somewlvero in the direction in which the. glacier 
 moved : and this direction can be ns(-crt;iiiu."<l, for any particular locality, 
 by obfserving tho direction uf„ the polished grooves and seratclTes on the 
 surface of the rock in .])lace. •» 
 
 In nearlv all deposits of glacial drift, or boulder clay, on the south coast, 
 more or less gold h found'; but its, economical value is ihuch lessened by 
 its di&semination tlimngh tenacious clay — too expensive to work l>y ordinary 
 means. It is only where the glacial'drift has been rearranged that gold 
 can be found sutliciently concentrated to make it worth working. 
 
 The close vicinage t/) the, sea of the gold-bearing rocks of the south coast, 
 renders it most likeU' that the greater part of flic gold removed from the 
 rocks by glacial aeMon, is now dispersed through the submarine banks 
 skirting^the southed jiaast of the Province. PcrhVps this is proved suffi- 
 ciently clear by tlicj^ of gold being largely disseminated through the 
 sands' of »ftble Isl/iid^i' only point of those banks above the surface of the 
 
 sea. ' / 
 
 In tho iTorthoVn districts, it is most likely that tho greater part of the 
 gold lii)erated niay still be found in the drift lying to the southward of 
 those districts ; anil its presence in the sands of many of the rivers and 
 brooks in the interior, and along' the nortliern coast of the Province, may^ 
 -be regarded as reliable indications of its existence in some of those locali- 
 ties, both in the rocks and in the glacial drift. Those' streams, in the 
 greater part of their course, i>ass over carboniferous and siluriat^ocks, in 
 which I failed to discover the existence of any gold; ancj^fplft having 
 sufficient time for examining the high lands ins which they take their 
 rise, I was unable to discover the source from which they obtained it. 
 That they carry it in their drift, from areas in which auriferous strata of 
 the older clay s'late and quartzite groups are brought to the .surface, is most 
 likely ; and that it is obtained there, both from auriferous quartz veins and 
 from' glacial deposits, is also likely ; but to ox^jjore thoroughly the. whole of 
 those extensive ftreas, much tinje, find most careful observation, will be re- 
 quired. 
 
 Winter having put a stop to exploration in 18(31, before I had an oppor- 
 tunity of examining the (lold DistriAs of Waverley, Oldham and Renfrew, 
 I therefore made a hurried exploration of tliesc localities in the early part 
 of the past summer. 
 
 The Waverley (Told District, I find, is located on a broad waved anticli- 
 nal, with strike nearly cast and west. The strata in which the auriferous 
 quartz beds or seams occur, belong to the (luartzito groups, and lie in that 
 -formation at the vertical depth of little over half a milo below tho base of 
 the clay alato group. In tho crown of the urcli thoy have an inclination or 
 dip to tho westward of one foot in ten, being raised to that angle, by a north 
 and south lino of disturbance, which lies some distance to tho eastward. 
 
 But this may not be tho angle of inclination of the grain of tho rock, and 
 
 ronce, often either increasing or diminishing the angle of inclination of tho 
 grain of the rock in different sections of the field ; thus displa^iing tho east 
 and west quartz veins, in many instances. 
 
 Such lines of dislocation are usually found occupied by quartz veinB 
 which y ield little or no g old, oven where it is m oat abundant in those run- 
 ning eiist atiJ west, In tie piffnoB ot-teddnrg^ of tho rock, ^^ 
 
 Those cross courses cut and sometimes shift tho east and west veins in 
 such a manner as to show clearly that they wore formfed at a much later 
 
 w^ 
 
•I 
 
 
 ,..5,V 
 
fie strata which 
 losed, previoua 
 
 earlier period 
 "« manner in 
 which enclose 
 
 ^"und to hare 
 «er solidified 
 |We that the 
 lently plastic 
 
 ^ing of the 
 nrst class of 
 «"d south 
 second class 
 
 aeration up 
 manner in 
 )f the older 
 the second 
 'r the close 
 
 Waverley 
 ' that rich 
 
 It. 
 
 a half, or 
 'rs of the 
 quartzite 
 the gold 
 
 . in that 
 Jt can 
 
 along a 
 "al axis 
 ' line of 
 »8e, ex- 
 Sssure ; 
 Quartz 
 nd ap. 
 
 doubt, 
 >od, it 
 
 dham 
 Peani, 
 
 as at 
 very 
 
 clay 
 hich 
 Hoy 
 
 isty 
 the 
 ion 
 
 GOLD FIELDS. 
 
 IS 
 
 no reason l;o. doubt that some gold lies below the glacial drift deposited in 
 depressions and chasms in the bod rock, even if it should not be found in 
 the drift itself in sutficiently large quantity to pay the working. 
 
 Extensive mining operations arc in progress at Renfrew, aUended by the 
 most encouraging results. Gold is so abundant, in some of the veins, that 
 it is ditficult to find a piece of quartz, a few cubic inches in size, tluit'doe,4 
 not contain more or less gold ; indeed, some of tlie (juartz is so rich, that 
 scarcely a piece, even one cubic inch in .^ize, can be found that dues not 
 contain gold. 
 
 The yield, per ton, of such quartz, when crushed, cannot fail to prove 
 highly satisfactory. 
 
 Mining is limited, as yet,/to the south dip of the band, the strata on the 
 north dip being covered ^y a considerable depth of drift from the newer 
 group of clay slates, or upper silurian rocks, lying within a short distance 
 of this band to the northward. That quartz veins will be found on the 
 north side of the a.xis as rich as those on the south side of it, is highly pro- 
 bable ; and efforts should therefore be made for its early exploration. 
 
 I examined a section across this metalliferous band, at a point about ten 
 miles to the west of the Renfrew district, where the River Ilebert cuts 
 obliquely across it. This stream is a tributary of the St. Croix ; it passes 
 through a rich agricultural district, and rolls g^ld in its sands along the 
 greater part of its course. In all trials made on this stream, I found from 
 one to five pieces of gold to the panful of stuff ; and other parties who 
 \yere assisting me in making the search were nearly as successful. 
 
 Quartz rock is very abundant in the neighborhood. On one farm, in par- 
 ticular, I observed a section of over two hundred feet of a massive stone 
 wall, all composed of good looking quartz, enclosing a large field, in which 
 also great quantities of quartz appear cropping through the surface. ,. 
 
 This quartz does not seem to contain much gold ; for, in a search extend- 
 ing over two hours, I did not succeed in finding but one small spec of the 
 metal. But in a place like this, where many thousands of tons of the rock 
 can be got ready quarried for the crusher, and where an inexhaustible sup- 
 ply exists, in a district easily mined, even a small per centage to the ton 
 should make it a valuable field for gold mining. 
 
 The inducement to try the experiment of putting an exploring shaft down 
 to the dejith of, say, four hundred feet, is greater here than in any other 
 place I knt>w ; for the geology of the district is of such a character as to 
 render it more than probable that the quartz will be found much richer in 
 gold at some considerable dejjth below the surface, — for there it presents 
 but slight traces of the metal. 
 
 Perhaps some of the associations, already organized for gold mining, 
 would find it much to their advantage to give this locality a fair trial. Its 
 close vicinity to good water power, on the River Hebert, adds much to its 
 value. 
 
 Extending my researches along this range to a distance of seven or 
 eight miles further to the westward, 1 observed another spot where, there 
 is reason to believe, extensive operations might be profitably carried on in 
 quartz crushing. 
 
 In this locality also the quartz is very abundant at and near the surface, 
 and it appears to be of good quality. One vein, of large size, is exposed 
 for several hundred yards along the bed of a brook, and thpusands of tons 
 from the same vein lie as loose oouldors near its outerop. 
 
 This locality is ^out nine miles from Windsor, and one and a half to the 
 eastward from thmwsfroad leading from Windsor to Halifax. 
 
 To ascertain b&lpval, on a largo scale, the value ot this quartz, and of 
 
 that in the township of llawdon, would be very desirable ; for there are 
 
 several localities in which it can bo obtained in great quantities in rocks of 
 
 tjio same ago, viz. : the upper members of tho older clay slate group, and 
 
 ^ower members oT tfio newer group oflirgillaoeous scTiists. 
 
 On tho high range of land, forming the north side of tho valley of tho 
 Upper Musquodoboit River, it exists in great abundance in many places 
 
 '-N 
 
^' no rocks in 
 
 ' stream rims 
 ' ""'-'Ky «J.Htes 
 «t-Tc)ss strata 
 
 'f—for a dis- 
 X 'on across 
 /^»o str;ifa 
 '!?':« of t/,c 
 [•;' oiv tho 
 '^'^'- bearing 
 '' e««t and 
 ">o Stevvi- 
 iv.i to rshod 
 
 aloni 
 
 tho 
 
 '•""ffh tile 
 It is II on^ 
 
 •^'nations 
 -' in tlio 
 '^'^'I'liion 
 *"s into 
 It ri^W.t 
 tont, of 
 ^''nrian 
 ^ tlii-oc- 
 
 st and 
 '•e tho 
 to tho 
 f»e ex- 
 
 threo 
 o do- 
 
 will, ■ 
 
 task 
 
 wist- 
 
 f>«d, 
 
 so/i 
 ) a 
 
 ' I found <;(>ia also disseminated throng- 1 p;ravel banks, at various lisvols 
 
 above tlio bed of the river, and observeil 
 
 dant in tlie gravel bftnks, and in 11h> bed of the stveani 
 
 ieirilus from (juartz veins a^)un 
 
 ford Jviver, wliieli ftlllsinto ]\Iil- 
 Froni tlie result of a few trials 
 lewhery in tlic niount.-iins drain^i 
 'icve that it v.ill be found alsd 
 tvaet of alluvial (le])osits, known' 
 
 'i'lie second place examined was the Ali 
 ford Haven, at the hoad of Chedabiu^to J]aj\' 
 made here, I infer the existence of gold soi 
 in this stream; and there is reas(tn to b 
 largely disseminated through that e.\tensi\ 
 
 as the Miltord Haven Intervaler It was Lite in tho evening when 1 reached 
 that place, so I had only time to wash tliree pans full of stutf", in eacli of 
 which 1 found from two to tlireo Y»ieces cf gold. This was obtained from 
 surface stuff, dng out from juiiong tho r< ots of the grass. It is probable, 
 therefore, that gold iu much Ltrgvr quantities may be found at a greater 
 de])th. . ' 
 
 I observed traces of gold also in some ]uartz boulders, in the township 
 of Manchester, about three miles to the eastward of Alilford Haven. This 
 (luartz wa-s i)robably drifted from the slate hills to the north, for tho dis- 
 trict .in which they occur is ocupied by cai-boniferous rocks. 
 _ 1 made several trials after this al'ong tho road, for a distance of thirty 
 miles, without any favorable results, until I reached the prinoipal streams 
 failing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence between the Strait of Canso and Port 
 Hood. 
 
 _ Two of these streams roll grtkhin their sands, which they, no doubt, de- 
 rived from metalliferous lodes at their sources, in the high range of moan- 
 tains extending eastward from Cape Porcupine. 
 
 I could not spare time for .an extended search, but feel confident from 
 
 ' what I have observed, that rich deposits of tho metal may be discovered in 
 the mountains at the head waters of Long Point lliver^ in particular, for 
 every trial made on this stream yielded from three to four sights in every 
 pan full of sand. From Port Ilood to the River Margaree, a distance of 
 forty miles, the c(mntry ]iresents very little to encourage exploration for 
 gold, being princii)ally occupied by carboniferous rocks. JJut the region ly- 
 ing to theeastwaril of the .Margaree, comi)rising the Cape North district, pre- 
 sents great inducements for exploration for thu, precious metals. The cou,n- 
 try is much more varied in its nuneralogical and geologicardiaracters, and 
 it has, been -suiyected to metamorphic action.of much greater intensity ap-' 
 parently thun any other section of the I'rovince. Several of the streams 
 wnich drain this extensive region, roll gold in their drift to the sea; but of 
 the character of the ct>i,mtry in which they take their rise very little is 
 known. Tlie sources of some of them are even yet enveloped in a^ much 
 my.<tery almost as the sources of the Nile. 'This is partly owing to the fact of 
 the country being still in the wilderness state. But the greatest difficilltv, in 
 
 , the Way of exploring it, i^ the extraordinary depth of the defiles, or ilairow 
 v.-llleys, in which most of the streams How from the interior, and the o.\ceed- 
 iiig sleei)ness of the slopes that wall them in on both sides. 
 
 The explorer is compelled to travel either in the bed of the stream, all 
 the w ay, or along the top of the slopes, at an altitude of ten or twelve hun- 
 dred feet above it. In the latter (i.ise he could learn but very little of the 
 mineral character or geology of the country, for its surface' is generally 
 found covered, to a considerable depth? by soil, in which but few stones are 
 met with, and the rock is seUlom fojand exposed at tho surface, e\(en in tho 
 slopes, although they are generally found ranging from an anglo of aixty 
 to aeventy degrees of inclination. 
 
 It is mainly by wading along tho channels of its rivers thajb tho'greator 
 part of this country can, therefore, be explored. 
 
 Another great obstacle to exploring this country is the denao growth of 
 luxuriant forest that overywhero covers tho slopes and glens, and even the 
 greater part of tho table lanjla. orjopa of the mountaina} for, in ita gonoral 
 
 topogimphicnl featiires, trie Capo Forth district may Tjo regarded aa an ele- 
 vated plateau, having a main altitude of twelve hundred feet above the level 
 of the sea. 
 
 
l-ff I 
 
 ! I 
 
 "■1 
 
 GOLD F1I':lD8 
 
 , -iiioj attain, at sun.c poin?3, an do ation of !>"'' I"''''"'"'* **" t'»oir flanks! 
 sea level ; and thoir genera outlino uJn * ^''^^ hundred feet above the 
 
 Horn their base to their summits '"'^'^'^'^''^d forest, by which they are clothed 
 ;nou;^irm;..i'r .ItulIlK?^^ V ^^ -part of similar 
 
 Igneous rock of the dis ricr^mf H / ^'''''P•''f ."^•'*' ^^'""^h i« the prev'iilS 
 
 all It. water couraos. " ""^ ''""l' "^"l'"^' "n<l "arrow defilfa So™ 
 
 re^JSrr.;r'"?,r^^^ i" .ho v„„o,s, .,. .„n " 
 
 '^'t'^tes- "* ^"'^''"^' ""^ (-^nada, or the South-western 
 
 ia.tfihe^;!;:t^ti;::;;r^t^/ti''-% t'^^^^^^ ^"* - «- table 
 
 mrdwood mixed. The soil |one[;i7vtnt!r/f. ,'"''"'"? "^^I^'-»««' ««■ «nd " 
 free from stones. ^ "" *" -^ ^PP*^'^"^^ ^o bo good, and comparatively 
 
 Cobo,,„t, .M"?„„,„i,': ; '5 L'^Cn/??,"'"'" r,.,o,„bl„„c„;lo that „f t|,e 
 licrc tho proJ„,„i„a„ intru' o ™ k .mr ''T ■'°'''' •"•-".vciiilo, whici, a 
 . Mountain,, in having ,„„, , fi'° '"^ "''^T, ''•"|", "K""'" in the Coben lid 
 aaJ It i» of a „,„ro crnmblv a„dTori,V bi' ''""''''""J'' "> it^ conipo,! , 
 
 '"'ThJo'L^fit"'"'-'''''»>'--l'»«' 'i "" '"" """""' "- 
 
 j«nite ^^o;„y*™f'- -f ,» 7;-i-. dik. „, p„,,,„,,. „,„ , ^ ,,.^; 
 
 section of the rrovinte. ^'^^' "»'in is observed in any other 
 
 not,"howetr:a* l^:/Sm!!S'^T'' "' '''' ^'^^^^ «" «'- ^arge scale is 
 are exposed along tL sTa'tre td n\r £r ^ T^''""^ ^fth'rtk 
 iho same general arrangement of L !f ! ''^^"""•s of some of tho rivers 
 
 e most important featuToT t. « tructtf ' i" t^M'"' V •f"'^^' 4>poars to be 
 c inos more to tho northward Tn/i . Vu ' . * *''« 8t"ko of (he rock in 
 e so- being N. 20° R, r^'V"!^ T^IT^ ?"»". ^ ^'^^^''H ^"7 vhoro" 
 of inclination I observed was N 15° V ffloKl''^^ ^^ greafcst amount 
 
 Tn.«ona,.-n-^ 
 
(tOLD fields. 
 
 
 
 !scnts a boKl 
 nd apj^cnving 
 their flanks, 
 et above the 
 ipo rendered 
 y are clothed 
 
 t of similar 
 e, tlicy hap. 
 of lire, they 
 e prevailing 
 part of the 
 
 lo elevated 
 L'ts appears 
 efiles alonof 
 
 the soil is 
 hy looking 
 li and elm, 
 vca or ship 
 
 fis straight 
 th -western 
 
 the table 
 ^e, fir and " 
 paratively 
 
 f \by peat 
 
 value, as 
 
 'n of fuel, 
 
 y sloping 
 St jmints, 
 loubt fed 
 iiiiilation 
 
 at of the 
 ^vhich is 
 >obe(juid 
 position, 
 )unt the 
 
 >p; true 
 d rocks 
 V lower 
 d much 
 ly other 
 
 scale is 
 e rocks 
 
 rivers. 
 i"8 to be 
 Dck in- 
 
 whoro 
 tmount 
 
 strata 
 
 a bou t 
 
 ^ 
 
 ng tho 
 jntact. 
 
 To giv*, however, anything like a detailed description of the geology of a 
 country so little explored, would 1?q premature ; more extended research 
 and very careful examination, would be necessary, before such a thing should 
 be attempted. , . , 
 
 The result of my observations in this district inclines me to adopt the 
 opinion that gold is chiefly confined to the sou th-western^^ half of it. The 
 sands of all streams draining that section are more or less auriferous • but 
 I failed to discover any gold -in the sands of streams traversing the other 
 section. * •• 
 
 That the streams which carry gold in> their drift remove it ft'om more 
 ancient rocks, in the interior of the country, tHan any exposed in place along 
 the sections of theii* course that I have been able to examine, is most likely, 
 for the greater part of their drii^ is composed of detritus of the older rocks. 
 . The Margai-ee rolls gold in m sands over a bed of carboniferous rocks, a 
 distance of twenty miles, or more ; yet the greater part of its drift consists 
 of materials derived from older formations. The Bedeque and Middle 
 River, also, which take their rise in the same region, carry a heavy drift of 
 ancient detritus, in which gold is largely disseminated, for fifteen or twenty 
 n\,iles,. along valleys scooped out in carbon!fcrous rocks. • 
 
 The main course of those rivers is from north-east to south-west. In the 
 lower part of their course they flow through broad, richvalleys, along which 
 highly prosperous settlements extend far incfimong the mountains. They 
 discharge a considerable volume of clear, cdld water, over pebbly beds of 
 an average breadth of seventy or eighty feet, with a fall of about one foot 
 in three hundred. As might be expected, the gold is not altogether confined 
 to the channels which the streams now occupy, but is dispersed through 
 the whole of the bottom l&n<!s, or alluvial deposits, on each side of the 
 ftt'i'PArns 
 
 All the trials I made were in surface stuff; but the results were of 
 such a character as to leave no room to doubt the existence of gold in' large 
 quantities, in some places at the base of tho alluvial drift, in those river 
 
 valleys. , nr 
 
 I found gold in every trial made on those streams. On the Margaree 
 the quantity ranged from one to six pieces to the pan full of sand ; and on 
 the Middle River, from one to seven. The pan used would coiitain about 
 two quarts when full. This may help to convey a pretty fair idea o^ the 
 quantity of -gold dispersed through the alluvial drift, to those accustomed 
 to searching for gold in river sands. It is true that many trials might be 
 made in the sands of those rivers without finding a single spec of gold, if 
 the most likely spots, accessible at the surface of the drift, were not selected 
 for making such trials. ' . , i v. 
 
 But it is well known to all who have had any experience in such work, that 
 thisjjjin be done even on the richest g9ld:bearing streams in any country. - 
 
 To cut trenches down to the base of the drift, where I would expect to 
 find the gold most abundant, would require more time than I had at my 
 disposal when there; so I had to confine my operations to surface deposits 
 alone. In view of all the circumstances, 1 have no doubt that gold wash- 
 ings on the north-east branch of the Margaree River, and on the Waga- 
 matcook, or Middle River, will prove remunerative, if the works are con- 
 ducted skilfully. ' , , . • i 
 
 Nor is there any reason to doubt that valuable gold mines exist some-, 
 where at the head waters of those streams. No time should therefore bo 
 all9wed to pass without having a thorough exploration made in the region 
 in which they take their rise. * 
 
 There are three other streams that have their sources in the same region, 
 and they also carry gold in their drift, derived, in all probability, from the 
 district in which they take their rise. The first of these discharges its waters 
 into the Gulf, a short distance westward from Cheticamp. Within' a few 
 ^hundred ywrda of it, stAndfl a jpacioua new bttilding,iLesignedL for^ pay 
 of worship for the French Roman Catholics, who are the principal mBSM=~: 
 tants of this part of the coast. As a chapel, it is not surpassed by any edi- 
 2- ■ 
 
 
 - *V J t,. » Ml. A t^t^ 
 
GOLD FIELDS. 
 
 .- iMargaree. It falls in o the 2^,;^""'^ '^'^^'^ '"et with afteJ^pLS t... 
 camp to the eastward It i^i In ^P*^^"^ «'x or seven miles past riJf 
 this is a misnomer, for it is HTZ 1^^^ ^ '''''' «« ^'"le Sver ^^^ 
 in e? J;?™1 '' '^ 'l-^'^ plenStn: SSft'oTT '''' '' *^« ^^^rgaree"' 
 
 , 1 toUowed It onlv as far a= T u • -^ 
 
 river, appears to be cut hVr i f nf ^ ^^"'^ see on each m'rJA L ♦ 
 • '»«"»tai!.U'ith their si?;ssLin?a?'*^'''' f'"" ^ «>^^«e««S of;,^^]^« 
 
 Tht?h rd ' Trr -ffi-'-^tb ab'ntn? '''"""•^' ^'^« =«^d fron. itJcC 
 
 B? R """'"' '"'^"" *" ^"^'''''^^^" everywhere 
 
 other, at Grand An^e ^r Limbo ^^c'oi"^?";" '^"^ ^ «-« '-iles of each 
 
GOLD FIELDS. 
 
 11 
 
 >f freestone, 
 3h credit on 
 •n ornament 
 [ succeeded 
 i I washed ; 
 the stream, 
 the drift of 
 he interior 
 t valuable 
 r ores, 
 assing the 
 >ast Cheti- 
 liver; but 
 largaree. 
 ; appeared 
 n ; and as 
 ■esult of a 
 stream is 
 
 xrning in 
 sion then 
 to ascend 
 ind rises 
 ibovo its 
 tie of the 
 rounded 
 lan sixty 
 1 greatly 
 
 ide, and 
 detritus, 
 sses and 
 »d chan- 
 t during 
 is quite 
 ts chan- 
 
 Jt eight 
 s north 
 i : some 
 i Point 
 )f stuff 
 e same 
 p. Its 
 i^wher* , 
 
 Jareful 
 if con- 
 
 f each 
 
 maps 
 
 lamed 
 
 Liver ; 
 
 nning 
 utiful 
 
 , and 
 
 rts of 
 mths 
 
 of its area remain yet unexplored ; still, estimating its va,lue as a mineral 
 region by what I have already discovered within its limits, there seems to 
 be good reasons for believing that it must ere long become the scene of im- 
 portant mining operations, independent of the discovery of gold. 
 ? From the mouth of Steep Mountain River, for a distance of thirty miles 
 to the eastward, favorable indications of the existence of the ores of copper, 
 jsinc and barytes present themselves at different points. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore also seems quite abundant at some points between 
 
 Grand Ance and Cape St. Lawrence. This might be turned to good account 
 
 vhere fuel of every description can be obtained. I have no doubt that coal 
 
 'xists at Bay St. Lawrence, and I am informed that one bed has already 
 
 )een discovered there ; and as for wood and peat for charcoal, the supply is 
 
 But no mining operations, on a large scale, can be commenced in this 
 region until a harbor of some kind is constructed. This, I have reason to 
 believe can be easily done at Aspy Bay, where a good harbor carrying three 
 and three and a-half fathoms water extends three miles inland from a bar. 
 which separates it from the bay, except a narrow pass of three feet most 
 water on the bar. The shore slopes steeply outside the bar, to eight and 
 nine fathoms, with sand and clay bottom. The distance between the points 
 of three fathoms depth outside and inside the bar, will not ^ much exceed 
 three hundred yards ; and the holding ground is go6d, for there seems to 
 be a deep substratum of stiff boulder clay, into which piles can be driven to 
 any depth that may be deemed necessary. , , • i i *u 
 
 For a distance of twenty-five or thirty miles inland from this harbor, the 
 soil is well adapted for agricultural purposes ; and the facilities for lumber- 
 ing and ship-building surpass those of any other district m the Province. 
 
 The cutting of a channel across this narrow bar would also give a great 
 impulse to fishing on this part of the coast, and would be the means of sav- 
 ing much life.and property. But apart from all other considerations, the 
 mining interests that will be ,likely to spring up m thjs section of the 
 Province in a short time, in connection with its silver, iron and zinc, render 
 it necessary that the harbors should be opened with as little delay as pos- 
 sible ; and some improvement should be made on the roads, which are now 
 almost impassable even to a person on foot. 
 
 The prospects for silver and zinc mining appear most encouraging, over 
 a considerable .extent of the country, but more particularly so in the neigh- 
 borhood of Grand Ance, where the Mackenzie River falls into the Gult. 
 This stream flows over a rough boulder bed about seventy or eighty i^et 
 wide, with a fall of about one fbot in the hundred. It discharges a large 
 volume of water during the summer season. It is not easily forded on this 
 account, except when the water is at its lowest .stages, and the ditficulty is 
 greatly increased -tiy the large size of the boulders by whueh its bed is 
 
 ^*0n each side of it, the land rises abruptly to a height of eight or ten hun- 
 dred feet, except a short distance near the sea where the land slopes gently 
 
 down to the shore. . ^ , x, i. ii j -ri. 
 
 Native metallic silver is found abundantly disseminated through the dntt 
 of this stream, in small grains and nuggets ; and this appears to be the case 
 along the greater part of its course, for in many trials made several miles 
 inland, I found the silver as plentiful as I found it near the Gulf coast. N or 
 is there reason to doubt the existence of rich deposits in some places where 
 circumstances favored the concentration of such particles of the drift as 
 were of the greatest specific gravity, such as silver, &c. 
 
 The sources from which this stream derived the silver rolled m .its drift 
 are, as far as I have been able to discover,— first, from veins of a beautiful 
 variety of spar, closelfcsembling meergjhaum, that abound in some parts 
 of this district. SomiiPlhese veins contfll^native silver, which is imbedded 
 
 in string. ^nA neatfl of a ao ftish gray substance of earthy text ure, muc h 
 
 resemblini^tbe carbonate of that metal. The other source I havBrearonto 
 believe is the general surface glacial drift along its banks and tributaries. 
 
 
 '-V 
 
"^T^- 
 
 12 
 
 (JOLD riEMKS. 
 
 
 I observed here also some fine veins pf zinc ore (calamine) which may* 
 be profitably mmed, for some «f them are of gibod size, being from three to 
 nine mches in thickness, and in positions that are very favorable for 
 mininir. 
 
 There IS a probability of some of them Ucing also found near enough to 
 the argentiferous veins to be mined in connection- with them, which will 
 save, a largo amount in mining operations where the veins may not be all 
 of largd size. *^ 
 
 , Therocks in this part of" the country, appear to be cut in all directions by 
 mineral veins, variously composed ; some of them are quite large, being L 
 much as three feet m thickness. . o . b »» 
 
 Transverse sections of some of thcnl mav be seen along the coast at some 
 points, particularly in the sea cliffs befwcen the Fish Pond River and the 
 inoiith of the Ma«ke»zie River, where masses of galena are found distrib- 
 uted through some of them; but not in sufficient quantity for mining, as 
 far as can be seen' on the surface. , " 
 
 But the facilities for mining are of such a favorable character that veins 
 comparatively poor in ore might be profitably worked. 
 
 The prevailing rock here is a hard gray sandstone, either of Devonian or 
 upper Silurian age. It is highly metamorphosed, and very much disturbed 
 by intrusive masses and dykes of syenite, and springs of highly mineral- 
 ized water issue from it in some places, which fact may be regarded as an 
 indication of the existence of extensive deposits of metallic ores ' 
 
 Jn closing this report, I cannot b,ut express regret at having betn com- 
 pelled by unfavorable weather and the lateness of the season to abandon 
 exploring operatiohs in this interesting locality without being able to brin.^ 
 my labors to a more satisfactory conclusion. ° 
 
 However, as much that is of a highly ipiportant character remains yet to 
 be done in this district, particularly in connection with the discovery of sil- 
 ver, Itrust I shall be enabled to attend to it a? early in the ensuing sum- 
 mer as circumstances will permit. 
 
 I have the honor to be, » 
 
 Sir, ■ 
 ' ^ ' Your obedient servant. 
 
 J. CAMPBELL. 
 
^> 
 
 ."a 
 
N. 
 
 Iv