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E
B
GROSSE-ISLE
EMIGRANT STATION.
A LETTER ADDRESSED
TO THE
INSI^EOTORS
OF
HOSPITALS, PRISONS AND
ASYLUMS.
.. The most vigorous of new settlers, in countries
.. essentially healthy, rarely escape that trial of con-
ustitution which affects both physical and inenta
..fne^Mr But this process of acclimation, while it
.. fits tfe robust for enduring their new life, frequently
•' weeds outthe weakly and sickly.
{Report of Medical Superintendant 1845.)
QUEBEC:
PRINTED BY J. T. BROUSSEAU,
NO. 7, BUADE STREET.
1861.
*
7'o the Inspectors of PrisonSf Hospitals^ ^'c.
Oentlemon,
On my return to Quebec, after an absence of some
weeks, ray attention has been called to an article in the
Medical Chronicle commenting approvingly upon tlic
action of the Provincial Government in abolishing
The Grosse-Isle Establishment, and requiring emigrant
vcsselis to perform a Quarantine under certain circum-
stances off the River St. Charles. The Editor asserts
that the expense of this Establisliment has been
.£8000 per annum. On application to the proper
c|uarter, lie would have learnt that the total cost was
ubout one fourth of this sum (tlwit is £2000). Tie also
makes one or two assertions equally reckless, which 1
beg to correct Before doing this I will, as one knowing
Homethiiig of the working of the Establishment (now
4ibolished for a time at least) endeavour concisely
to recall the circumstances which first led to its
U)rmation. In 1831 the appearance of Asiatic cholera
in Europe excited alarm in this country ; and the
Legislature, in the winter of 1832, made an appropri-
ation for the purpose of enforcing an inspection of all
vessels arriving by the St. Lawrence, with the view
of preventing the introduction of this new unknown
and much dreaded disease. Admiral (then Captain)
Bayfield was called upon to select a site for the pur-
])ose. On his report Grosso Isle was chosen as being
the only Island having deep water and accessible at
i'Al times of the tide, and also at a sufiicient distance not
only from the City of Quebec, but from all settlements.
Temporary sheds were hastily put up, and a lai'go
military force sent doAvn, the whole bein^ constituted a
military post under a Conmiandant and Staff of
Military Officers.
The principal medical man in charge was Dr.
Griffin and subsequently the late Dr. Crawford of
Montreal, then an Army Assistant Surgeon ; a strict
Quarantine, as practiced in the Mediterranean was
attempted, but here (as I believe everywhere else) it
was found impossible to arrest the progi'ess of that
inscrutable and then unknown disease by any Qua-
rantine Kcgulations.
Tlie advantages of the Establishment were however
found to be so great in keeping out Fever, Small Pox
and other like diseases from the crowded lodging
houses of the City, as well as in affording the conve-
nience of a place where the multitude of passengers
could wash and refit after their long sea voyage that
the Legislature made an appropriation for the pur-
chase of the Island, for which the sura of $14,000
was paid. Other buildings were erected, very in-
sufficient for the purpose, and the difficulty of landing
from vessels by open boats in rough weather was found
very inconvenient and dangerous. Very little was
done, however, to make the place what it should be,
until the terrible invasion (rf fever-struck starving
crowds in 1847, when, with hospital accommodation
and bedding barely sufficient for one hundred patients,
some thousand immigrants aiTived within a few weeks
of the opening of the navigation. It is on record that the
Government were warned by the writer of these pages-
the year previous v:h&t was likely to happen, and they
were urged in vain to provide for the coming danger.
Tlie sights and scenes which passed that year on this
Island exceeded iu horror all that has ever been written
©f plague-strnek cities in tlic middle ages, and of whicli
the writer may say :
i quroquo ipse miscrrima vidi
Et quorum pars magna fui.
The Atlantic Oeean was dotted with the bodies of
upwards of five tlionaands immigrants thrown over-
laeard in the middle passage. Passenger ships arrived
at Grosse Isle with the remnant of a phantom crew ;
in some vessels the deaths on the passage were from
150 to 220, and on an*ival there were hardly hands
enough left to work the ship into the anchorage. It is
needless to attempt to describe the condition of the
remaining passengers or the state of filth of the
^tween decks. In some cases dead bodies in a half
putrid state were found in the bertliB, and had to be
4rawn up on deck with boat hooks ; no one on board
liaving had strength or courage to throw them over-
board before arrival. Upwards of 20,000 sick were
treated on shore in tents, temporary sheds and on
board the vessels that year ; and 3534 were buried in
one small spot, relays of men being engaged night
and day for many weeks of a sultry summer in dig-
ging trenches to bury them.
After the experience of this year, steps were taken
to render the establishment better fitted for the pur-
pose contemplated. An excellent deep sr.ter wharf
was built, and the site of the hospitals was removed
to the Eastern end of the Island and separated from
that part where healthy Emigrants were landed to
wash and purify. Substantial buildings capable of
accommodating 5000 souls were put up. Two of
these at the hospital and two at the healthy division
were double-lined and double-floored, and heated l)y
iitoves, so as to serve durin^g the cold weather of early
- —
aninmcr and late in tlio autumn. ExtunHnM^ cookmij-
liousoti and wa.sli-hou.scs wero i>ut up and a hirf^ubrifU
uveu was constructod, in which feather bedn and hair
mattrasscs, landed from infected vessels were suhjected
to dry heat at a hi«;h temperatura, being the only cer-
tain moans vet discovered of disinfectintf feathers
and hair..
Two neat chur.'»hes were built, one by the Ilonnii>
Catholic Church and the other by tlio Church of
England.
Wells were funic, and various other ihiprovenients
made to within the last two vears. The establish-
ment is now in peifect order, and will class with any
other establishment of tlie kind in the world, both in
its natural advantages, and in the arrangements aiul
construction of the different buildings ; this has been
done at considerable expense to the Province, in round
mimbers about £50^000 including the first cost of the
Island and the deep water wharf, &(i;
To enable the Public and the Editor of the Medical
Chronicle to form an opinion of the advantages of the
Lazaretto, I will detail the routine observed on the
arrival of an emigrant vessel, whose passengers are in
a sickly or dirty condition. The vessel on arrival is
boarded by the Inspecting Physician whft^ calls upon
the Master to funiish a statement of the health of his
passengers t>n the voyage ; the names, ages and diseast-
of all those who have died on the passage are taken
down ; the number, names, &c., of all the sick on
board are taken and all other i>artieula?s.
The supply of medicine and medical comforts
with which the vessel left the port is ascer-
tained. An order is then made out for the admission
to hospital of the sick. Tlie healthy passengers arc
thon all nuisteroJ in a bo«ly on deck hi tlio foivpart f»t'
the vessel ; the inspcctiii}^ physician p;()es into tiie
'tween decks and examines every berth, ascertains the
condition of the sick and compares the n\nnl)er and
names with those given l»y tlie Captain. The passen-
gers are tlien passed aft one by one an«l a pei-sonal
inspection made of each individual ; among these there
are generally found a certain nnnd)er in an incipient
stage of disease whose names are added to the return
of sick. A note is taken of all insane, blind.
dumb, and cripples unaccompanied by friends
able to support theni. A return of such is maiU-
to the Collector of Customs who exacts bonds from
the vessel that such people do nt)t become a bur-
then to the Province ; this precaution having been
found necessary in consecpience of the introduction of
such helpless people. A similar law was first passed
by the state of New- York and until a like enactment
was passed hero we had the beneiit of all those who
could not pass in New-York. After this inspection
the Pilot is directed to haul alongside the wharf nt
the healthy division where those in good health walk
on shore and have assigned to them one of the large
buildings, which is white-washed after its occupation
by each lot of Emigrants, tliesc .sheds arc all fitted up
with berth places ranged on each side similar to those
in the'tween decks of the vessel ; into this building the
passengers remove with their baggage, to enable them
to transport which, from the wharf to the sheds they
are furnished with low trucks on iron wheels. The
exclusive use of a cook house fitted ui> with boilers
and open fire places is assigned to them as also the
use of a larue wash house in which down the centre
arc ranges of ]>oilers set in brick and open fiixj places.
— 8 —
and around the sides of tlio building are troughs for
washing ; this building is phiced close to and partly
over the water which is hero fresh. Tliey are supplied
with fuel wood cut on the Island for the jiurpoBO
by the party who remain during the winter in
fharge of the buildings, &c.
Tlio healthy being thus disposed of, the sick have in
the meantime been conveyed to the hospitals situated
as already said at the Eastern extremity of the Island,
their transport there is eifected either in the shijis
boats (if the weather and tide admit,) or if these do
not answer they are conveyed in a covered carriage,
on springs, over a smotli gravel road. At the hospitals
they are received by the Steward and Matron
who having been previously notified of tho numl)cr
they have to receive, have made all the necessary
prepai'ations for their reception and comfort. Tliey
are before admission taken to the bath house, their
liair cut and their usually filthy clothes removed, and
being clad in hospital garments are placed in the
hospital set apart for the particular disease under
which they lal)our. Each hospital has a separate
small cook and wash house, so that patients and
their attendants in the Small Pox Hospital have no
conmiunication with those in the Fever hospital which
is distinct in all its details, having a special nurse
and orderly.
To return to the healthy, these after being all
landed with every article of bedding and wearing
apparel, etc., are set to wash, purify and clean, the
straw and seaweed (German emigrants all use dry
seaweed in place of straw) is emptied out of the beds
and burnt in heaps at low water mark, fresh straw is
issued from a store in the Island.
— 9 —
Tlio liuUl uiid 'tween dei'ka of the vessel is then
tliorou|?hly eleuiied und (if i)jiintetl) is scu'ubbed down
with Boaj) and water (if nut painted) the wood M'ork is
well whitewashed with quiek linio which is snpplied
from a stock kept in the Island.
Tliis heing done and any fold ballast thrown out,
the master of the vessel has the option of proceeding
at once to Quebec upon entering into a bond to send
u steamer for his passengers or to ])ay to the emigrant
Agent the sum of one Bhilling sterling per adult to
cover the cost of their transport by steamer. The
great number of ship mastcra prefer paying this tri-
fling sum ratlicr than he detaineil. ' Tlie emigrant is
also a gainer by this arrangement in being able to reach
Quebec in less than three houi-s instead of being some-
times as many days working up with the vessel ; du-
ring the emigrants' detention in the Island ho is fed in
the same manner as if on board the ship. Tlie vessel
is bound to provide for him until his arrival in Port.
The whole of these conveniences arc afiorded to the
vessel and passengers withojit cost or charge of
jiny kind whatever. They are not called upon to dis-
burse one farthing either for fuel, straw, lime or any-
thing else (save and except the transport by steamer
to Quebec if the same his had). The convalescents
on their discharge from hospital are sent up at the
cost of the Province.
There has been no need of store or shop in the Island
for the last two or three years and no inducement to
the emigrant to spend his little means nor does he re-
quire to do so as the vessel as already stated is bound
by the present Inqierial Passenger Act to supply a
sufficiency of good food in a cooked state. In all mat-
ters coimcctcd with this Establishment, the Canadian
— 10 —
Govcrnnu'iit litivo acted with a libcralitv wliicli eon-
trasts most favourably with that of any other Esta-
blisliinent in the world. As the motive tbrabolishinj;''
this Emigrant Station (fo' 't is little more than
in name a Quarantine) i.s its cost to the Province ;
it will sni-priso many to learn that tlie whole
Establishment including the hire of a speoial
Steamer for the duty, the salaries of the offieurs and
every otlier expeiv^e does not much exceed two thou-
satide pounil(f. And by adopting the suggestions
mtide or about to be nuide as I learn by your Board,
this expense might be further reduced nearly one half.
This could be elfected by dispensing with the exclusive
hire of a steamer using instead tlio liail-Iioad which
runs on the opposite shore, and by abolishing use-
less offices, the actual expense of maintaining this
Establishment in M'orking order need not exceed one
thousand to twelve hmulred and fifty pounds. A
trilling sum compared to the advantages and con-
venience of the emigrant and vessel, for even to the
latter it is not onlv a convenience but a saving in all
cases where the passengers are sickly and foui ;
us by the emigrant act the passengers are intituled
to remain 4S hours on board after the ship arrives in
harbour receiving the same food, berthing, etc., as on
the voyage. Xow when the vessel lands her passengers
at Grosse-Isle, (which ship nuvsters sometimes ask per-
mission to do, even when there is no sickness,) they are
save<l this detention and expense in Quebec, and tin
Emigrant escapes in a measure the expenditure lu-
would have to incur in lodgings, etc , while relittinu
and washing after the sea voyage.
In the very able pamphlet published in Englainl
by the lion. A. T. Gait, the advantages of this Esta-
■2?
— 11 —
l)H8hment to intending Emigrants is held out a.-
follows :
" The Settlement of the country has at all times
" been a subject of deep iiiterest in Canada, and has
" been promoted in every possible way. EmigranU
" are received on arrival at the Quarantine Station
" vjhere hospitals and medical care are pro'oidid frci
" of charge ; they receive from Government officers
" reliable information on every point necessary for
" their welfare..'*
It should further be noticed that the cost of thi.<
station is paid out of funds raised by a capitation
tax levied upon every Emigrant over one year old,
who arrives in the Province (vide Emigration Act,
16 Yict., C..86, S. 22). And it is well known that,
during many years, this tax left a large surplus over
the cost of mahitaining the Emigrant Station at Grosse-
Isle ; and if it has fallen short a little, during the last
two years, the I'rovince is not as yet a loser. Tlie large
sum expended in 1847, a part of which was for the erec
tion of buildings, -was refunded to the Province by the
Imperial Government. I will venture to state that
the small saving (if any) which is anticipated from
abolishing this Establishment, might be more easily
efl'eetcd' By dispensing with some of the- many Emi-
gi'ant Agencies thwughout the Country; more thnn
one of which with their staif of Deputies, Clerks.
Interpreters, Porters or Messengers will be found to
cost the Province more tha?n the whole expenditure oi'
the Grosse-Isle Station. And I think no unprejudiced
person at all conversant with the subject would hesi-
tate for a moment in deciding which affords the most
real benefit to the Emigrant. It is well known that
the only Emigrant, who seeks voluntarily the advice of
— 12
il
i\
? i
11
■J «
the Emigrant Ageut, is tlic one who holds out his liand
at the same time for pecuniary aid in tlie shape of a
free passage. From aniiitimate knowledge of the subject
and an experience of twenty-six years, during which
the writer has seen and inspected upwards of 700,000
Emigrants, he can say that not one in ten thousand
comes out to tliis country without some destination in
view, from which they are not he tunied by all the
Emigrant Agents in the ]'rovince ; however much they
may,and do conceal tin's destination,whenever it may be
to the United States, in the Iioikj of obtaining j^ecuniary
aid with the advice tendered to them. Infractions of
the Imperial Passenger Act are now rare ; and the
only person in a position to ascertain or to in
vestigate them, is the medical officer M'ho sees
the passen/^rs on their arrival and can establish the
oifect of svich infractions of the Act upon the health
and condition of the Passengers during the voyage.
The RegVifttions for the ensuing year Iiave however
been issued by Proclamation, and the Establishment
at Grosse-Isle, now that all expense has been incurred
and that it is in -working order, is not to be used,
except in certain cases where a vessel is repctrted to be
very sickly, &c. ; all other vessels will after a medical
inspection, either clean, wash and purify on board
oif the River St. Cliarles in the Port of Quebec,
or proceed at once to their destination ; for though the
Regulations require in certain cases that Emigrants
should be lauded to Avash and purify on shore, yet as
no place is mentioned, and as there is none either oft'
the River St. Charles or in the Port and harbour of
Quebec where such washing and purification could
be done, that part of the Regulations nnist be consi-
dered a dead letter. The yards of the Marine Ilospi-
— 1
tal have been suggested, but indcpeiuluntly of its inac-
cessability save at high tide and in smooth weather,
the distance is such as to render it impossible to trans-
port Emigrants to and from in open boats with their
baggage; and there is not space or convenience but for
a very limited number, nor any of those facilities for
wasliing, &c., which experience has sliewn to be ne-
cessarv, and which have been constructed at so much
expense at Grosse-Isle. And again its situation in the
immediate vicinity of a populous suburb inhabited by
a very excitable people, who would eithei* fly their
homes on the first rq)ort that a cargo of sickly Emi-
grants had been landed t<^ warfh and be disinfected ; or,
what is even more likely, would resort to acts of
violence such as took place within a short time at
Staten Island and obliged the authorities of the State
of New-York to abandon theEstablishment on that now
populous Island, and remove the hospitals to Black-
wall Island which possesses the advantage of isolation,
&c., as Grosse-Isle also does in an eminent degree.
It is well known that every State and Province,
having Atlantic sea ports, have been compelled to
establish some place (generally an Island) where Emi-
grant vessels on arrival are vtsited, and afforded the
convenience of washing and purifying, and have their
sick passengers landed and sent to hospitals.
There is nothing in Europe analagous to the transit
of passengers to the coast of America. It is an
exodus of a multitude of both sexes of all ages
from the new l)orn infant to the tottering non
agenarian ; and they are composed in a great measure
of a class of i)eople in humble circumstances, whose
lives have })reviously l)ecn })iist;ed in agricultural pur
suits in the open country, accut^tomcd to breathe a pure-
— u
il
i i
xiiY and to take hard exercise ; these people leave their
rural homes, their hill tops and quiet rallies to travel
in the first instance down to the sea port town, wheix}
they are often detained days, and sometiinos weeks,
In miserable crowded lodgings awaiting tl»e sailing of
the vessel. And when oncic on board they are placed
in circumstances, m regards fresh air and food, very
<liifereut from what they had hitherto <boen accustomed
to. They are packed in the hold of the vessel, where
ventilation under the most favourable circunmtanccs
is very imperfect ; a mea/ns of introducing fixjsh air
into the 'tween decks of a ship has yet to.be disco-
\ered, and the little air, that ever doesiind its way by
the open hfttches, is in rough weather diminished by
the n«ce69ity of partially or wholly closing these only
openings. Itiisno^; to be Avondered then that siicli
tliseases a* originate in imperfect ventilation, change
of diet awl want of exorcise should be rife in Emi-
grant vessels, or that the vitiated air combined with
mental anxiety and dread at the novel scenes passing
uround them on the sea voyage should have a depress-
ing eifect upon the passengers and make them ne-
glect cleanliness and that such neglect should be
followed by disease which, when once it begins in the
tween decks of a passenger vessel, goes on increasing
until its living cargo can be emptied out.
The emijorrulion to Canada has, for manv vears and
up to within a recent i)eriod, averaged from 25,000 to
30,000 per annum, and there is every reason to believe
that it will again reach that number. It has Iwon said
V>y those who ought to know better that passengers
now arrrivc by the steamers and not sailing ves-
>>els ; and, though it is well known tliat steerage pas-
sengers do arrive and in numbers by the Mail aud
— 15 —
Anchor lino of steamers, yet it* every one oi" tlie^e
steamers was to brinji; tlie complement of passen<rers
allowed by the Passenger Act, they eonUl not bring
more than abont one fonrth of an average emit^ration.
it is also well known that tlie Norwegian and Gei'-
inan emigrants, who now constitute the great bulk of
• MU- Passengers, come out direct from Ports of their
own country.
The number arriving in tlie Province has more than
once fallen much lower than it has done dnrin<»' the last
two years. In 1838 the number was only 2,918 and i!i
the following year under 7,000 while the two years j)re-
\ious it has been 30 or 40,000 ; and after these yeai-s it
again rese to 40,000 and 50,000, and in 1847 to 100,<M>0.
Xor have I any doubt that it will rise again to the ave-
i-age of past years, if means are adoptetl to foster it b\'
inducing Emigrants to settle in the Province instead
of permitting those who have access to them on arrival
using their influence to send tliem totihe "Western-
States for the benefit of competing Kail-lioad Com-
panies and Opposition Steamers tliat can afford to
j)ay wellifer such services.
G^^^