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HOW TO WRITE BUSINESS LETTER A Manual for Use in Colleges, Schools, and for Private Learners, BY C. A. FLEMING, Principal of the Northern Business College, OWEN SOUND, ONT. « • • •• • • ••• I •• •,• • .::;• OWEN SOUKpt NoRTHEKir Buanrass Coujwk avBAM ^uess. Sceofk Struv. • 1800L •..'•• ♦ ♦ • ••• •. ••.'••.•• ^ I^lbt)^ a Kntered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety, by C. A. Fleming, in the Office of the Minister of Agricultnre. • • • » • ^ 1 li32^ • » •••. • ,•• be^ or be{ wil arra 0\ ^> PI^EFACE. ■■i It is the aim of the author of this work to present in a simple way instructions on a subject that is to a very great extent neglected in common School and Collegiate Education. Very many^ersons highly educated in Mathe- matics, Science and Languages are the greatest bunglers when required to write an ordinary busines letter : not so much perhaps in language as in the arrangement, punctuat- ion, &c. The author has endeavoured to arrange the subject in such a way as to be readily comprehended by any person of ordinary common school education who wishes to study the subject alone. The teacher using this book in his classes should make free use of black-board illustrations, especially while study- ing the first eighty pages of the work When the pupil begins to compose letters based on the subjects beginning on page 8 1, every letter should be critically examined by the teacher and points of bad arrangement marked with red ink or colored lead pencil. Never allow slip-shod work to begin in the classes. " The chapters on Punctuation, Choice of Words and the Correction of Errors may be studied at the same time as the theoretical part in the beginning of the book, so that they will be prepared for the writing of letters both as to the arrangement and the composition. Owen Sound, May j 2, 1890. r.rv I (EablB oT Gor^tent?. • • • * • -• • • • • • • • • • ■ • • ■ » • • • • • • • • • • • • PAGE • 9 1. Stationery.. 2. Arrangement of Parts .... 3. Place and Date .... 4. Name and Address : — (a) Position and Use (b) Titles (c) Arrangement . . 5. Complimentary Address : — (a) Form . .... .... (b) Arrangement 6. The Body of the Letter :— (a) Vacant lines and Paragraphs (b) Style of note paper, &c (c) How to begin Forms 7. Complimentary closing: — (a) Position Punctuation, &c (b) Forms .... 8. Signature, Legibility, Size of Writing, Position, &c. 52 9. Proper folding of Letters . .... .... 56 10. Addressing the Envelope . ^. . .... • • • 59 1 1. Postal Cards ... .... .... 67 12. Telegrams , .... .... .... .... 68 13. Business Cards . .... , . . . .... 69 -6 19 22 25 27 31 34 41 44 47 14- Miscellaneous Hints and Cautions : — (i) Figures, Postcripts, N.B., S.V.P., Titles .... 70 (2) Miss, Mrs., Money Letters, Replies, Official Letters, Petitions .... .... .... 71 (3) Reports, Applications, Rhetoric, Angry Letters, Anonymous Letters ... .... .... 72 (4) Letter of Introductions, Abbreviations, Dates, Enclosure, Lead pencils, &c. .... .... 73 (5) Flourishes, Blots, Interlineations, Underlining 74 (6) Crosslines. .... ... (7) Erasures, Difficult letters (8) Letters of Censure . . .... (9) Letters replying to Enclosures . Subjects for Exercises .... .... Sample Letters . . . . .... Fyling Letters ... .... .... Indexing ... .... .... Duplication of Letters .... .... Letter Copying . . . . • .... Punctuation and Capitalization .... Rule I. How to begin and end a sentence 2. Interrogation mark ? R 15 /17 18 19 20 21 3. Exclamation mark (! 4. 1 2 Capitals . 13. 16 Comma (,) . . . 17. 18 Semicolon (;) . 19. 22 Colon (:) .... 23. Period (.) . 24. 25 Dash( — ). , . ." 26. Hyphen (-) . 27. Apostrophe (') . . . ) 75 76 77 80 k X 81 ■ 1 105 1 • 1^3 j' 117 119 123 ,1 i 2 2 127 3 129 :\ 130 •■1 ''-.}■ 130 - t 130 ■^ 133 '*n 134 1 135 136 136 136 i ! 1 1 • 137 i i 4B • « • f» 22. 2 3- • • • * • • • « • « • • • • • • • • • • Rule 28. Quotation Marks (" ") 29, Parenthesis ( )• . . .... 30. Brace, Marks of Reference Choice of Words ... .... Exercises for Correction ( 1 ) Capitals .... .... .... (2) Wrong Plural and Possessive forms .... (3) Agreement of Subject and Predicate (4) Verbs — Wrong Forms of Past Tense and Participle .... ... .... .... (5) Use or Wrong Auxiliary . .... (6) Pronouns . .... .... .... (7) Adjectives .... .... .... (8) Using Adjectives for Adverbs and Ad for Adjectives . .... .... .... (9) Use of Prepositions .... .... (10) Vulgarisms .... (11) Miscellaneous Exercises . 24 Titles and Abbreviations of same 25 Classified Abbreviations . . Past • • • • 137 • 137 138 • 139 162 . 162 163 . 164 165 .167 167 .168 s 169 . 170 171 . 172 .174 179 /^ i ■J 4' 9 Business Letter Writing. ^i LESSON I. STATIONERY ( Quality. Paper \ Color. (SiZE. { Quality. Envelopes] Color. (SiZE. j Color. Ink ] Quality. (COFYABLK, Pens Quality. It is an accomplishment to be able to write, with facility, a letter of any kind. A large portion of the business of our country is done by correspondence, hence it becomes a necessity for every person who expects to do business to any extent, either for himself or others, to be able to place his wants and requirements neatly and accurately on paper — that is, to write a Business Letter, In the word neatly are includ,ed : (i) The Stationery, &c., used; (2) The Arrangement of the different parts ; (3) The Folding, cv:c. ; (4) The Penmanship. J f 1 i ' The word accurately would suggest : ^i) The proper Composition, including the correct use of words ; (2) Correct Punctuation ; (3) Correct Spelling. *> •», per. Quality — Good business houses invariably use a good quality of paper and envelopes. There are in use the or- dinary qualities of laid and wove papers ; also linen and vellum papers. Linen paper is now extensively used, it being light and strong, and having a hard surface. A light, yellow- colored manilla paper is occasionally used. We do not consider it good taste, as it is only a species of wrapping paper. The paper may be ruled or unruled. It is very proper for every business house to have the advertisement of their business neatly printed at the top of their letter sheets. It is not good taste however to use letter paper with huge advertising headings in friendly correspon- dence. Size — There are three sizes in general use, viz ; Letter Paper, about 9^ x 11 inches ; Note Paper, half the size of letter, 8^ x 5^ inches ; 3ir\d Memorandum paper, sometimes the same size as Note, and sometimes about 8^ x 7 inches, having the heading printed along the side, thus : of shj pr col II _,lftSi>-^~.^. correct use i MEMORANDUM. !s FroiB 'i 5, Northern Business College, OWEN SOUND. I- I'- C.A.FLEMING, To 1; <* 1 These papers are generally used in single sheets, written only on one side, several sheets being used, if iLe length of the letter requires it. Some banks and a few business houses use double sheets. Color — White or Cream are best shades — Blue is occasionally used. Fancy tints, such as pink, green, mauve, &c., are not allowable in business, especially those with fancy edges, &c. We will not decide what place such papers have in private correspondence, but will not say ver)' much for the good taste of the person who uses them in business letters. ~ EnTTelopes. -- Quality — VVhat has been said in regard to the quality of the paper is equally applicable to Envelopes. 'I'hey should match the paper in quality, and may have a neatly printed bussiness announcement on the upper left hand corner. rrr-nirii ' '■•.-'"■g l.^-.,,raja»- ^ ^^. t HI I' I ?^ 12 Color — The color of the envelope should be the same as the oaper used. We do not favor fancy shades, such as light green, tea green, granite, &c. Yellow envelopes are admissable, but they are not used to any great extent. For mailing circulars, &c., a manilla envelope is frequently used. It is desirable for such purposes on account of its strength. Its cheapness also recommends it. Size — In Canada No. 7 is almost invariably used by business men. It is oblong in shape, about 6x3^ inches. I- Color — Any goodd/ack or blue-black writing fluid is suit- able for correspondence. Such colors as violet, purple, green, blue, red, &c., are no more suitable than the colored papers above described. ' Quality — The ink should flow easily, and be free from dirt and other sediment. Inkstands should be frequently washed out, and re-filled with fresh ink. When ink is allowed to remain for considerable time in an open stand, it evapor- ates and leaves all the solid matter behind. Adding some fresh ink may relieve it for the time being, but the dust that has fallen into it and the solid matter remain, and the writing produced will be ragged and uneven. Copyable — VVhere letter press copies are re(juired as is the case in many offices, a copying ink should be used. The French Copying Inks are the best, some of them are slightly red or purple when first used, but exposure to light usually changes them to a deep black. ^3 le the same as lades, such as envelopes are : extent. For equently used. )f its strength. Any ink can be made to copy by dissolving in it a little sugar. Quality — The pens should be of good quality, with medium to fine points. The writing of correspondence being about two-thirds the size of ordinary copy hand, a <-oarse pen is not desirable. ig fluid is suit- , purple, green, colored papers id be free from be frequently 1 ink is allowed and, it evapor- Adding some Jt the dust that and the writing «->o .<♦ f- ■ *} ).'-■:* H The Arrangement of Parts - ■ r 9 t r » r t ' r : • • (•) - ■ \ (3) or (3) r (7) (4) . i (5) (6) 15 (i) Place from which the letter is written, and date ; (2) Name and address of person written to ; (3) Complimentary address ; (4) Body of the letter, containing one or more para- graphs ; (5) Complimentary closing ; (6) Signature ; (7) Margin, » - i6 Place and Date LESSON n. Where to Be(;in. Items. Arrangement, EXAMt'LES. The Date. Figure Dates. Punctuation. Exercises. < 'KM ■"^ Where to Begin — ^The place and date in a letter should | be written from the middle of the page towards the right hatid side, and may contain several items of description of the place, and may occupy two, or even three, lines, One line, however, is generally sufficient. Items— The place and date may contain several Items, such as the number of Post Office box, the street and nuni her, the township or town, the county, the country. The P.O. lx)X or street number are necessary to your corespondent in addressing you if you live in a town or city. The heading of your 1 Uer may be the only guide your correspondent has, it is therefore necesssary to be explicit with it. Aprangement^-^The rule that governs the arrangement of the items in mis part governs in other part5 as well. It is simple and natural — ^" Proceed from the less to thi; greater." If there is a P.O. box it should be mentioned first. The street number may be the least, then the town ox Post Office, then the County, then the Province. 17 in a letter should "ds the right hatid ^scription of the ines, One line, Examples— (I) (2) (3) Owen Soundy 6th Sept., i88g. II Front Street West, Toronto, Sept. j, iSSg. Northern Business College, Owen Sound, Ontario, January i2, i88g. When there are two or three lines giving place and Ite, arrange them so that the first line extends toward the ft and the last toward the right hand, as above. It is not jcessary to begin on the first line, unless when there is a rinted heading. Begin in such a place as will leave as much )ace above the letter as there will be below it. The Date — The rule stated above — '•''Proceed from the fs to the greater," governs in the arrangement of the date : St, the day of the month ; 2nd, the month ; 3rd, the year. — 2jrd October, 1888. fsage sanctions the following style : Oct. 23, 1888. will be noticed that "rd" is used in the first example, and )t in the second. When either "st," "nd" or "rd" is used rite it on the line, not midway between the lines. FigfUPe Dates — The following expresses the date used ider the previous heading, 23/10/88. The slanting marks Iking the place of punctuation. In the arrangement of i8 this style of date, proceed from the less to the greater : ist, the day ; 2nd, the month ; 3rd, the year. A great many people use the month first, then the day, then the year. A moment's reflection will convince any person which is J correct. Punctuation — By arranging the above in the form of the sentence it represents, there will not be any trouble with the punctuation. Read as follows : "This letter was written from the town of Owen Sound (comma) on September 6tli (comma) in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty six " (period). The word "September" is abbreviated to "Sept."; punctuate it with a period. All contractions should be so punctuated. Exercises— (i) Write out the full sentence understood in examples Nos. 2 and 3- . (2) Write out neatly, and punctuate, your own resi- dence, with the present date. (3) Write two examples requiring two lines, and punctuate. (4) Write two examples requiring three lines, and punctuate. (5) Draw a diagrain of a letter, from memory, showin the several parts. 1 19 ) the greater : ist, A great many ly, then the year. ' person which is ve in the form of 2 any trouble with letter was written on September 6th ndred and eighty is abbreviated to )ntractions should stood in examples e, your own resi- \ two lines, and three lines, and LESSON III. memory, shovvin Name and Address Position. Where to Be(;in. The Address. Examples. Arrangement of Items. Meaning. Exercises. Position — In business letters, the name and address are iilmost invariable written at the beginning of the letter. The old custom of placing them at the end of the letter, or at the end of the first page of the letter, is rapidly making way for the more natu;al and practical way of addressing the person before talking to him. It is also better for other reason:i. Should the letter get into the hands of a person, not the owner, he finds the owner's name before he reads the communication. In the same way the postal clerk will ibe relieved of the necessity of looking through a letter to ifind the address if it accidentally loses its envelope. The Departments of Government still cling to the anti- [quated plan of placing the address at the end of the first )age of the letter. Where to Begrin— The name and titles should be |ivritten on the line following the "Place and Date,"' beginnini.^ lear the left hand side of the paper. The place of begin- \m\v.\ of the name will reu;ulate the mnrLvn for I'le remainder lof the letter. ' 20 The Address may occupy one or two lines following the name. Begin from a half an inch to an inch to the right of the margin and extend tne line about the same distance- past the name. If more than one line of address is required begin to the right of the previous line. Examples— Mr. John Clark, North Keppel, Ont. Owen Sound, Nov. 21, 1888 Orangeville, 25th Nov., 1888 Timothy John Jones, Esq., Manager Molsons Bank, Owen Sound, Ontario. Chatsworth, Jan. 4, 1889. Mr. William J. Smith, Box 320, Tara, Ontario. Considerable taste can be displayed in the arrangement of these items. Ontario may be written in full or contracted as required, and other parts may sometimes be shortened or lengthened to suit those classed with them. It would be bad l i?te indeed to string out the last form in this fashion — Chatsworth, Jan. 4, 1889. . Mr. Wm. J. Smith, Box 320, Tara, Ont. Dear Sir, nmj croj 'o lines following inch to the right e same distance Idress is required , Nov. 21, 1888 5th Nov., 1888 h, Jan. 4, 1889. 21 Those who are in the habit of stringing out the begin- ning of their letters, frequently have the later part of it crowded. ' » • • The Meanings of the name and address may be gleaned from the following expansion of the first of the above examples. " This letter is addressed to Mister John Clark, who resides at North Keppel, in the Province of Ontario." Exercises— ( 1 ) Write out the full sentences represented by examples No. 2 and 3, above. (2) Begin four letters to four of your friends or corres- pondents, giving place and date, and their names and addresses. (3) Expand the four names and addresses in the above exercise (No. 2) into sentences. le arrangement 11 or contracted 3e shortened or ut the last form th, Jan. 4, 1889. — ^' &^3- 1 II li y 22 LESSON IV. GiompIimEntaFy ai;d othsF GDitle^. Name and Address. Titles. f CoMPU-NfENTARY. Two Titles. Junior and Senior. SC. OLASTIC DeoREES. Military and Professional Titles. Departments of (Government. Complimentary.— Mister. — This is the ordinar>' title prefixed to men's names. 'ITie contracted form is Mr. Mistress— (Contracted form, Mrs.) is the feminine of 1 Mister; and the title apphed to a married woman. Master— The title applied to boys and youths, generally speaking, young men who have not attained their majority. Miss — The feminine of Master for young girls, and ot' Mister when in adult age. Messieurs — ^^T^»is French form is contracted to Messrs. in Knglish letter writing. It is the plural form of Mister, (Mr.) Mesdames— This is the plural form of the French Madame. The contraction is Mmes.; and is used in l-^nglish as the plural of Mistress. When a company or firm of ladies are addressed, if they are all unmarried, "Missses" may be used ; but if one or more are married, uT5e Mesdames. !''-'y--4,.:,.,., ,„. Ling girls, and of 23 Esquire — (Contraction Esq.; not Es(fr. or Esq^re.) is [applied indiscriminately to persons of all classes, by common consent, in America. Primarily it was applied in England to the eldest sons of Knights and Peers, to those who were created Esquires, and to Justices of the Peace and other Crown officers. At the present time it is proper to dis- tinguish those having a right to the title by writing it in [full ''Esqidrer Two Titles. — Mr. and Esq. — It is improper to write "Mr. John Smith, Esq." One title is sufficient for any [Ordinary man. Junior and Senior — (Contracted forms Jr., Jun., and ;3r., Sen.) are used immediately after the name and do not interfere with the use of Mr. or Esq. It is quite proper to write "Mr. John Smith, Jr.," or "John Smith, Sr., Esq." Jr. and Sr. should begin with capital letters and follow immedi- ately after the name. Scholastic Deg^rees, and letters showing office, such as M.D Medical Doctor. | M.A Master of Arts. D.D Doctor of Divinity I B.A Bachelor of Arts. I.P.S Inspector of Public Schools. are used after names instead of Mr. or Esq. It is not good taste^ to write Mr. J. H. Martin, M.A., or W. K. Mooi-e, M.D., Esq. Write simply J. H. Martin, M.A., and W. K* Moore, M.D. Doctors of Divinity may be addressed, K.ev. Dr. Stewart. Military and Profesional Titles should be prefixed to the name, thus : Prof. D. T. Ames, Gen. Fred. Middleton, Capt. James Telford, Pres. James Garfield. 24 Departments of Goverjiment — The officer at the head of a department may be addressed, "To the Hon. Mackenzie Bowell, Minister of Customs, Ottawa, Ont."; or the officer may be addressed thus : " To the Minister ot Education^ Toronto, Ont." M"^ rA\9. l2r "^^^^ ??'- rhe officer at the i, "To the Hon. Ottawa, Ont."; or o the Minister ot ^ Name and Address. 25 LESSON V. ^ Order of Address. P.O. Friendly Letters. Punctuation. Examples. Exercises. Arrangement of Address— The smallest place comes jxt to the name, which is the street and number in cities, |nd the name of the Post Office in smaller places. This ^ay be followed by the next larger division, which may bo A county or province or state. P.O. — It is very seldom, if ever, necessary to put the abbreviation P.O. after the name of the place addressed to. Friendly Letters — -in friendly correspondence the name ind address is frequently omitted at the beginning of a letter |nd instead of the signature the first name is only used. Punctuation -By filling out the ellipses very little Rouble will be found in punctuating this part of a letter, ms : Mr John Smith, Owen Sound, Ontario. This letter is addressed to Mr. John Smith., 7vho resides at On en Son fid, in the Province of Ontario.) Mr. is a contraction requiring a period. I'he first break Icdirs at Smith, and recjuires a comma. I'he second break after Sound, and requires a' comma. The cojiclusion of ic ser.t^nce reqj^res a puriod. ! L-. 26 s* Examples— Messrs. Crf.asor & Morrison, Owen Sound, Ontario. Dr. Henry Campbell, Springfield, Ohio. Mr. C. a. FlExMing, Principal N. B. College, Owen Sound, Out. Hon. Robert Read, Detroit, Mich., U.S. Rev. T. M. Campbell, Pastor Methodist Chuch. Owen Sound, Ontario. Exercises— ( 1 ) Write names and addresses of two friends in ( 'an;i(l;i. and punctuate them ; and two persons with educational dc Ljrees or professional titles. (2) Write names and addresses of two persons in L'nitt i States, and punctuate them. (3) Write names and addresses of two jiersoiis with titles, in England, and punctuate them. \y ■^t LESSON VI. SomplimErjtarH HddFEggEg, FoFm? and ivo friends in Can^tdiJI with educational di wo persons in L'nitd i two |)c'rs()ns with The Complimentary Address, sometimes called the sal- ition, is the form of politeness with which we introduce fetter. Much nice judgement may be displayed in choosing irms of address and closing. These will be carefully )ticed by your correspondents, and taken as indicative of le tone of the letter ; in fact these parts, small though the\ lay seem, give character to the epistle. The beginning lould correspond with the ending, as a letter, beginning with I My Dear Friend," would look rather inconsistent should it closed "Yours respectfully." It would appeat as though )u intended to keep him at a "respectful distance." Sir, — Would be used {a) with a new correspondent, or le with whom you had very little personal acquaintance. \) If used by one friend to another, where more endearing ^rms had been previously used, it woilld indicate a "cut." is therefore frequently employed in "dunning" letters where )rmer a[)peals have passed unheeded ; or promises of pay- ient had been fre(|uently made and broken, {c) It is used ivariably in official correspondence with othcers of the )vernni!ent, t^c. It is also used in formal letters of an\ [ind. 28 Dear Sir, — Is perhaps the most common form of sal^ utation. It indicates closer friendship, or more extended^i business relations. It is a "general purpose" form, both jnj friendly and business correspondence. My Dear Sir, — Plural, My Dear Sirs, -Implies yy7>y/. '■^ , k k K ^ vi ^ ► •^i ""^ i 'v H-<( •MM <^ ■>> :5: %^^*~" ■:>. • "^ .•>» '^ Jo • c ^ c: -^J lO to 55 Qq ' ■»* -< «5 ^ ?i : ; ^ ■ * I r*^ , ^ ^ Jd 5i -^s: S 54 : "^ *■•» .5^ ^ •is* • •v! -■It ^ '■ 5i ^ ^ 1 i ; •kJ i<: :u •XJ ;:= 5* • Ti ^ *• :• =? ^ '^ ^5 « ^ : a r^ : < "^ 1 •> * On 1 23 s **• §> ■■ I ■ •^s ^ ■^ •V >:3 'A '■ i \> V. to ;5 ^ vi •<: ^^•^ « ^ •j: 1 •5, 5» -^.^ •V ' *^ "^ S5: ^ X. 'X « you are sure that you convey the sense fully. Use the Anglo-Saxon words ; they are much more e.\- |)ressive, even if they are a little more abrupt. Some men have the faculty of saying a great deal in a few words. This is the result of the cultivation of study. You see the paragraphs inserted by editor of newspapers, recjuesting correspondents to "boil down" their communi- cations. We cannot too strongly recommend the " boil'.f}^ down'' process in business letter writing. We well remtml er seeing a letter that was sent by a country store keeper with a friend to a hardware merchant for a half dozen of the poorest (juality of scythe stones, the cost of the half do/en was some ! m II ■V,; 40 twelve or fifteen cents, and the letter sent with the friend covered four pages of note paper — the friend received lengthy instructions besides - and all for say fifteen cents worth of goods. Cultivale your abilities in tJie line of condensing. Be Explicit. — It is well so cultivate brevity, but be it remembered that the clearness of what is said must not be sacrificed ; a letter that is not explicit does not convey full meaning, and frequently is the cause of mistakes. Being explicit gives a directness in the style and a force to what is said. Do not leave anything to be inferred or guessed at, as it will lead to trouble. ;.':^W ;. ' n '.^ with the friend received lengthy 1 cents worth of >revity, but be it said must not be 5 not convey full mistakes. Being I force to what is 1 or guessed at, as 41 LESSON X. Bodjj oT tl^E LEttsr.— SxanjplE^ oT F^ow to Bfigir;. .. How to Begin. — Clet down to your subject with as few preliminaries as possible. It is not necessary to begin on the old conventional style, "I now sit down to take my pen in hand to let you know, etc., etc." * The following are a few examples of the beginnings of etters : " I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 15th inst., etc." " Vours of the loth inst. received, with enclosures as stated, etc." " In reply to your favor of the loth inst., 1 would, etc." . " Vour favor to hand. Jn reply I would say, etc." ■ " I beg to acknjwledge the receipt of your letter, etc." " Replying to. yours of the loth inst, I would .say, etc." i '* Enclosed please find ten dollars for, etc." H'' l''ind enclosed ten dollars to retire my note, etc." t" I enclose you herewith note for signature, etc." 42 " We l)eg to remind you that Voiir iKJte, etc!" *K« "I send you by this post a copy of the Business Educatoi; etc.' "We have your favor of the loth inst., relative to, etc." ** Accept our thanks for copy of the Business Edi(iaiof\\tU- ." "In answer to your favor of the 15th inst., we regret, et( . * " 1 am sorry to have to inform you, etc." "We regret that we are unable to fill your order of 15111 inst., etc." ... .. .-r " I will be obliged if you will return, etc." "According to your order of the 15th ultimo we hav manuf;\ctured, etc." . •; " I take pleasure in announcing, etc." " I am about to open a branch establishment , etc." "We have shipped you to-day per express, etc." km " Please ship per C'.F.R. freight, the following goods, et( . I 1 "Our Mr. Smith will call on you in a few days wit! samples, etc. W " \'our letter of the 4th inst., enclosing Insurance Tolu If Xo. 4762 is received, etc," ' • " Vou are hereby notified, etc." PI ease take notice that vour, etc. To wliom it may i-oncern." (Used in Testimonials, cU. 43 ,•", )te, etc le Business Educator, it., relative to, etc.'' usiness Educator, etc." inst., we regret, et( ." etc." ill your order of isih , etc." ■ 15th ultimo we havt Re. — The words "relative to'" or "relating to" are fre- f quently abbreviated to "Rii." ., , Example. — "Yours relative to Lot 27, Con. 6, Derby, has been referred," is written "Yours re Lot 27, Con. 6, Derby, etc." ; J^> " ' rt f 4 )Iishment , etc." xpress, etc." following goods, et( . 1 in a few days wit! ^. ^^-. ■i'wv' Insurance Polit"! T -^ M ?.;.?-"■ '^i' • 1 in Testimonials, cU. 44 ^ LESSON XI. Compliment apy Closing'. Thk Words. Social Letters. Position ani> ArrancjemeiNT. In :oRRECT Examples. C hrase of courtesy, f a letter." s used must corres- dress, and with the ould not do to use ctfuUy " in the same many cantankerous / remain, Dear Sir. variety of form of ve no desire at prc- ly dictate a proper friendly nature, the a-iould be frank and er at the time the\ Position and Appangement.— If possible the last fine of the body of the letter should end as near the middle %f the line as possible. The complimentary closing should |)egin on the line immediately below it, usually a little to the ;ft hand side of the middle of the line. If the complimen- Jary closing is a very short one it may be necessary to start lo the right of the middle of the line. t'I'he complimentary closing and signature should be so rranged that each succeeding line of it will begin a little jiurther to the right than the preceeding one, as indicated in ijie arrangement of the name and address at the first part of |he letter. 'I'hus, . •- / ■ ;; ; ;y :^ Yours trulv, O.C.Sherman. the end of the signature being about half an inch from the right hand side of the paper. IncOPPect Examples. — Care must be taken not to siring out a complimentary closing like the following : I am, ^ * • Sir, - '^ Wit' due respect, Yours very truly, - William Morton. (ireat care should be taken not to cr(rivdi\\Q closing parts a letter over against the right hand side of the page, nor to make a pile of them in the middl' of the page, thais, II have the bpnor to be, (lentlemen. Your obedient servant, ;, Horace E. Smith. fr !• ! ■• i Do not leave a line or two between the bod)' of the letter and the beginning of the complimentary closing. Correct Examples. — We give the following models. (0 (2) Yours respectfully, John McKknzik. I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant. Thomas Henderson. (3) (4) or I have the the honor to be, Dear Sir, • '^ Y'our obedient servant, :p:..,..a Joseph Davidson. > • ;"' Yours truly, ^ ;; j; ^. Thomas Whitk. Punctuation.— By referring to the above examples | will be noticed that commas are used for the punctuation (. the complimentary closing, and that the signature in all casj is punctuated with a period. If the complimentary closing occupies more than oij line, each division of it should be punctuated with a comni as will be noticed by reference to the second and thi| examples above, '^s^ 47 he bod)' of the letter i • closing. ) following models. / LESSON XII. n Xo Gomplin^Entary Glogiijgg. Youps respectfully, Respectfully yours, Respectfully. \ These 1(1) In k forms are used (i) In formal or official letters; (2) When the acquaintance is but [slight, or the business connection of short duration ; (3) [When you are showing your displeasure to a correspondent [you had formerly used more friendly forms to. [Yours very respectfully. Very respectfully yours, Very respectfully. 'I'he word verv in these forms is used to convey the idea of more than ordinary respect and may [be used with very good grace by a young person to one more [advanced in years. [Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Sincerely. I (i) These forms are used in expressing grati- tude when you have been the recipient of some (favor. They could i)erhaps be more fully expressed "I am 'sincerely thankful," ^:c. (2) If something of an unpleasant 1 ature has been of necessity the burden of the letter, "Yours 48 sincerely" would indicate that the plain statement had to W written, even though //i/t/i is sometimes unpleasant. hot Yours faithfully, fully 3 Faithfully ::.\ When a person is at Faithfully yours, ;/,.J j- tending to workorhusi ' ' ness for another, and is doing his best make what he is doing of use or value to his employer, these forms would indicate the faithfulness and diligence of the servant or agent to his principal. .._^ , . , , , Yours gratefully. Gratefully yours. Gratefully. \ (iratitude is mon \ plainly and formally c.\ J pressed by the word 'gratefully" than by 'Sv'/ trrely" under circumstances mentioned in the first item ot the closing form, Yours sincerely, above. [01 ire sho^ in tl Gor son \ These forms are n I used than all other I gether in business, and more to- Yo Yours truly, Truly yours. Truly. '' are suitable for almost any ocassion. They correspond very well with Dear Sir as a complimentary address, 'i'hey may be used on all ordinary thi occasions where there is any more than a merely passing for acqaintance. ^ dp leu Yours very truly, Very truly yours, Very truly. pondent. '\ These forms are dc- I. signed to convey the sincerity of good feelings held towa.ds a corrcs- 49 itatement had to hi- unpleasant. len ia person is at ng to work or busi for another, and i> 5 his best make what ployer, these forni> ^igence of the servant 'ours fraternally, Fraternally yours, Fraternally. \ \Mien a nicmlicr of a ' churcli or benevolent or friendly society or associ- ation corresponds with bother member on business (-onnected with the church or )ciety the foregoing forms are used. The complimentary Idresses suitable are Dear Sir and P.rother, Dear Irother, (S:c. four humble servant. \ This form does not im- j" ])iy that the j)erson using ' it is a slave 't evdn a red servant. Tt is frecjuently used by ])ersons in office as owing their consciousness of their duties to the public even m the highest offices. ratitude is more ily and formally ex- >sed by the word fordially yours, Ltefully" than by 'V/'/ I in the first item of Yours cordially. 1 These are forms more j" appropriate to personal correspondence, though sometimes used in a friendlv wav in business. hese forms are morcp i than all other to ler in busines.s, and suitable for almost well with Dear Sir as e used on all ordinary lan a merely passing hese forms are de- ed to convey the erity of good feelings i towa.ds a corres- )urs obediently, Obediently yours. Obediently. \ (i) When you have '. comjjlied with a recpiest, j whether for pay or friend- ' shi[), in writing al)out it, [e foregoing forms are ])ro])er. They do not indicate any rm of servitude or slavery. (2) Public officers when they not desire to be ostentatious, use these forms in official Iters. ijlC-. I "Hill m 1) H i lite 50 Your obedient servant. I have the honor to be Your obedient servant. rv/» I have the honor to be Sir, Your obedient servant. I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, ^Your obedient servant. These are i)roper forms for public officers to use in their official corres- pondence, from the town- ship pathmaster or road ' inspector to the prime minister. They all arc public servants, and, very properly, make the ac- knowledgement in their letters. Although in places of power, they thus show their willingness to serve those who have given them their places. Occasionally persons are forced to write letters - in a short time, and it may then be correct to use these forms; but to Yours in haste, Yours hastily. Hastily yours, Hastily. use them continually as an excuse for bad writing and care- less composition becomes monotonous, to say the best you can for it. We well remember seeing ? letter in which a correspon- dent was corrected for his habitual use of ''Excuse haste and a bad pen." A "tumble-down" pig pen was drawn with five or six large pigs making a very rapid exit from it. See cut at end of this lesson. • In the foregoing forms the sin gle word Jiuch as Faithfully Obediently, «!v:c., is to a certain extent informal, and could lx| used with propriety only where there existed consideral)lt.'| personal friendship or a long acquaintance. The complimentary closings should he frank, and should convey clearly the sentiments of the writer. Yours, &c. I This form is frequently I used with a great deal of carelessness or ii )ropriety. What does "cV'c." mean? You cannot tell what u means, unless it is that a correspondent has no sentiments to express in the finale of his i pistK-. It might indicate several things however, about the person that used it : (ist) That he had iio sentiments to express ; (2nd) That he had some that he did not wish to express; (3rd) That he was too lazy to write a comi)limentary closing in full ; (4th) That he did not know any better than to use such a form. ^^CV)SE HAS re AND A BAD PEN "W / 52 ■h .- ' *■ The Sigrnature. LESSON XIII. f An Important Part..; ,. , l.i:(;iiiii,iTy. Carkkui.ness Nkckssarv. The Appearanci:. , Size of VVritino. A Crank Conceii'. Tanofjci) Au'iographs. Do NOT For(.;et to Si(;n. The Position. '1'he I^tnctuation. Addresses. ' An Important Part of a letter is the signature, a snia })art it may ai)pear, but one that sliould have more ( :irc| bestowed on it than any other of a business letter. Lsg'ibility is of tiie first importance. We would liki| to rejH'oduce some signatures we haive seen T)y prominciiij business men, and some that are well and plainly written along side of them. We have seen hundreds of signatiiio that should have "///.v" written above and "w^r/v'" below it| Some .so badly formed that it is almost im[)ossil)le to maktj out the form of any letter in it. Many a time in our office work, we arc forced to cut the persons name from the leltcrl and paste it on the return letter, and write the Post Oltid under it, trusting the Post Master at his residence may V\wh the owner of the mark. Carefulness a Necessity. In the body of a leiirr a wortl is obscurely written it can usuall) be read by its coi ncctio.i, at least the meaning of tlie letter can be gatheivd. but a signature has //oZ/.'/'/fx to idi'uiify it. Its connection will not help to decipher it. It must be read 1 y its letters and not by words associated with it. " ■ the i)ody ol" a letter I dlv be read by its coif tter can l)e lialheii'ila The AppearailCG. A signature to look well siiould l)e well written. It should have pro])er i)n)j)ortions o{ liii^ht and shade. The light lines should be "'hair strokes,'' and llie shades full, smooth and properly projiortionetl. Every person at some time we believe devotes some time to i)ractising his signature. A very good time for this is when learning to write. :■ . A signature such as nbove described is much more difficult to forge than a coarse rough one. As much of the forging of signatures is done by a tracing process, the rough heavy one can be easily tra(~ed, and the imperfections are not easily noticed except by the aid of a microscope. I he signature well written, with hair lines and full shades, cannot be made slowly as it has to be in t'^e way inentioned. Size of Writing". -The signature should be in a bolder hand than the body of the letter. It should be larger in size. It is then more promijient and it is like'y to be easier rc^ad. A Crank Conceit. Occasionally we find ;i |)erson wlu) thinks a bad signature is a sign of a smart man, or an edu- cated man. It is not a sign of either. It is true some smart men ''niohe their niarks,^' (we cannot call il writing their 54 names), but many of the smartest men and best scholars write a sigature as plain as print. A story is told of Dr. Johnston of Dictionary fame that when passing a picket fence he would always draw his hand across the pickets the entire length of the fence. It would seem as reasonable to copy this or any other of the Doctor's e<:centricities as a bad signature of a smart man. There is no valid reason why any man should inflict his mark on a business man. It is ungentlemanly and boorish. It is unreasonable to suppose that he has time to spend on "marks" that are more difficult to decipher than the hiero- glyphics of Egypt. Tangled Autographs. -Many students when they are practising their autographs get the idea that they should decorate it with as many flourishes as can be connected to it. They have seen some writing master's autograph flourished off to show his ability in "driving the quill," and thinks it proper to do likewise. We would like to lay down a rule, it is this : That no flourish be tolerated that in any way tends to obscure the letters or to give them a mixed or tangled appearance. Do not forget to Sign. — It is surprising to count the letters that come into any office where there is considerable correspondence without signature. There are thousands of business letters of such nature opened at the dead letter office every year, and in many cases valuable enclosures of money, &c., in them, and no signature to tell who to return them to. We are coiifident that we have received at least fifteen without signature during the past month. A little care would prevent such oc:'iirrences as this. ■ ■' ' 55. '■'','■■' •: \,*---' The Position.- By reference to page 48 it will l)e noticed that the signature should begin further to the right than the complimentary closing does, and extend past it. It should terminate about half an inch from the edge of the paper. Be careful to start far enough back so as not to crowd the name against the edge of the paper. Punctuation. ^The signature being the epd of a letter should have a period placed after it ; also put a period after every abbreviation, such as "J." or " Jno.' for "John." Addresses. — 'I'he place and -date is written at the beginning of the letter, and it is not necessary to repeat it after the signature. If there be any box or street number, county or any other particulars, it should be given in the place and date. Do not after signing your name, thus: John Smith. write l)eiow : Address — John Smith, Box 320, Tara, Ont. C/ive your correspondent credit for common sense enough to co])y your address from the heading of the letter. *y<5l tr- '^ <'-^- -^ 5» yti: LESSON XIV. Proper Folding'. ThK iMf'ORTANClu ARRAN'dINd ShEKTS, 'I'he Sizk. The Li'/iTKR Sheet. "Vhk Note and Memo. Shekts. Foolscap. Insertion. The Importance. This nuiy .seem rather an nninv portant lesson to some. However, we receive daily so man)' letters that disgrace the writers by the way we find them stuffed into the envelope. We think the work would be incomplete indeed without a few hints on this subject. In Lesson i we noticed Letter size, Note size and Memorandum size, the two last named being usually about the same size. We also noted that the Envelope shoulb be No. 7, a size suitable for the ordinary business paper. The Size. The sheet when folded ■ 'unild be nearly a half inch shorter than the envelope, as many persons tear the end off the envelope to open it. If the paper is as long as the envelope a piece is likely to be torn off the letter, and this in many cases causes vexatious delays. The folded letter should be at least a (juarter of an inch narrower than the envelojK' and not more than three-eigths of an inch narrower, so that it can be easily withdrawn. 57 M k:\io. Shekts. I rather an iminv eivc daily so man) way we find them | he work would be this Hubjeet. '.e, Note size and K'ing usually about nvelope shoulb be ness paper. • 'lould be nearly a niauy persons tear le paper is as loni: n off the letter, and ays, 'I'he folded neh narrower than eigths of an inch vn. Arrang'ing' Sheets.— If the letter consists of more than one sheet, be careful to arrange them in order before folding.- Also page each one so that they can be quickly re-arranged should they get out of petition. , ,, The Letter Sheet.— Suppose your letter lies before yju just as you finished writing it. You will fold double by bringing the bottom over the top of the sheet; break it with a folder or with your hand ; turn the end that is nex*^ the right hand towards you ; then fold away from you one third the sheet, break with the folder, then bring the upper one ihird over towards you and break 't with the folder, and it is complete. The Note and Memo. Sheets.— These sheets being just half the size of the letter paper are just folded the same way as a letter sheet after it has been doubled, viz : a th.'rd of it from you, and the other third back towards you. Foolscap. — There is no size of paper that suffers so nuich at the hands of the careless folder as foolscap. When lit is to be put into the proper sized envelopes, w^hich is nearly (nine inches long, simply double it twice away from you, and it is ready. To fold for a No. 7 envelope, fold the bottom laway from you a little less than a third, then the top towards you a little less than one third to the proper size for the length (of the envelope, then turn the right hand end towards you, fold away from you one third of the sheet, then the [other third towards you, and it is ready for the envelope. Insertion. — The letter or note sheet lies before you folded :' take it in your right hand and the envelope in your [eft; insert it, the last made break or fold dov.nwards, into [he enveloi)e. There are two reasons why it shouh be so S8 done; ist, The letter is easier inserted as there is nothing ti catch on the edges or sides of the envelope. 2nd, When a letter is opened by tearing off the end, it is usually d(Mu >Nnth the right hand the address side towards you, when tlu letter is withdrawn with the right hand and the letter opt lu readily, ;he bottom towards you in position for reading. d as there is nothing; tc velope. and, When end, it is usually dom towards you, when the id and the letter opens isition for reading. \/ ^ Addressinsr the Envelope. LESSON XV. Neatness, Name. Occupation. C/o. Post Office, County, Province or State. Country. General Delivery P.O. Box. Street and Number. Introduction. Position. Arrangement. Punctuation. Legibility. Stamping. i NeoeSSity for Neatness. — There is perhaps no person rho has not received letters at times on which the addres ras so shockingly ATitten that they were almost ashamed to feike it from the Postal Clerk. Every rule that could be [iven for neatness in arrangement, in writing, in punctuation, rossly violated ; every principle of beauty or harmony )mpletely ignored. There is no reason why such super- -riptions should be inflicted on your friends. It is bad plough to have a miserable scrawl in the contents of the ivelopes, but infinitely worse to have ugly looking addresses [here every person can see them. 6o The Name of the person should be. given with euro so that no other than the owner will get the letter. It should' have such additiors as "Tr." or "Sr." as are necessary. Complimentary tides, scholastic degrees, military titles, official titles, as fully described on pages 22-^4, should be given. Occupation. — In towns and villages wbiire the houses and buildings are not numbered, it is often useful to give a person's occupation such as "Accountant," "Contractor,"' "Machinist," to enable the Postmaster to distinguish between the different John Smiths that require letters at his hand. /o This common abbreviation, meaning "/// care '■■ • - :•, -:■'.'-'.■■:'": > ■ ■ I' ' ^ll Note. — TAe teacher will do luell to have class look up the various existing postal rates, not only on letters, but on all classes of matter. As they frequently change they cannot well be incorporated here. ^^^~ \ rubbed off in the 67 LESSON XVI. V Postal Cards. Telegrams. Business Cards. ' For what intended. Not intended for. Address First. For Copying. Reply Cards. Telegrams Short. No Formauties. For what intended. — Postal Cards are intended for short messages and notices not of a very private chi racter. They are not necessarily of a formal nature, and are usually begun with "Sir," &c., without any formalities of name and address. Not intended for.— Postal Cards are not intended for messages of a personal character, nor for giving a person a cut on. It is improper to use them for dunning letters and other notices to pay. They often give offence. It is not good taste to remind customers or friends of their delin- quincies on a card that can be read by a message boy, I clerk, &c., before .it comes to the owner's hands. Address First. — It is well to write the address on the Icard first of all before the message is written, otherwise the card may go to Post without the address. It is not necessary to put the name and address of the person written to on the back of the card, as it is already on the fact. Fop Copying^. — Many persons write across the card, but there are so many short Hnes, and therefore so many breaks. ^Vrite the longest way on the card. For copying, the card can be arranged so as to copy conveniently in the Letter Book by turning the card over from you after you have writ- ten the address on it. Write the message on it just as it lies before you after it is turned. It will appear written as some would say wrong side up. To copy it, wet the leaf of the Copying Book, lay the card on the page, towards the middle of the book, and fold the outside half of the leaf over on it. You at one impression of the press, copy both the message and the address of the party written to in right order for reading. If both sides are not copied, you have the message and no name to index for it. Reply Cards. — For the convenience of those who wish an answer to their card, the government have arranged two cards together, one of them called the reply card, on which you write you write your own address for the return message. Telegrams— Short.— Telegraphic despatches are usually short. Ten words have to be paid for at least, and much can be said in those words by a business man accus- tomed to send messages. It is excellent practice for students I and others to try putting messages into ten words. It would be a blessing to business men would some letter writers study condensation, or, as newspaper men say, "boil down." It is simply rurprising how some correspondents will repeat | their messages. We could easily turn to letters where the one thought is put in four or five different forms of expression in I oue letter. It is refreshing to get a telegram once in a while, 69 where the expense forces the sender to condense what would otherwise be a verbose repitition were it written in a letter. A telegram should be '''■Multum in Parvo" No Formalities. — In telegrams no formalities are ob- served such as complimentary addresses, complimentary closing, &c. The name and address to begin with and the signature to close with. • Business Cards are used by business men to make known what <^hey do, and where their place of business is- Some use handsome lithographic designs, others, ordinary printed cards. Whatever kind you use let it be tasteful in design, neat and clear, not gaudy. An ugly or slovenly style will disgust the receiver. % : ,• .. 70 V^ MiscellaneoiLS Hints and CatUions, »■ ♦ Fig^ures. — Do not use figures in the body of a letter, except dates and sums of money, street numbers, box numbers, &c. Post Scripts are additional items added to a letter after it has been written and signed. Do not use N.B. P.S. is the correct prefix. Better to write all you have to say in the body of the letter, and avoid as much as possible the use of these after-thoughts. Be Prompt in answering r/il business letters — those containing favors especially. N.B. (Nota bene) means take particular or special notice. Do not use instead of P.S. R.S.V.P. (^^Respondez s'il wus piaitj") \\\t&,mng please answer, may sometimes be used. Titles.— It is not good taste to use titles such tis Prof, Hon., Rev., Gen., &c., with your signature. Allow others to give you your honors. •5 .. ■ • ■ ; # i~ . ^ . ■■ -.■-., -.^ ■ . • -- ■^-/■■■^ i_ Miss or Mrs. — Ladies should always sign their names so as to make known whether they are married or single, when writing to those unacquainted with them. It is there- fore quite commendable to use Miss or Mrs. before their names in such cases. One Side. — Write only on one side of the paper in business correspondence. These letters are very difficult to read and use when fyled in the usual fyling appliances. Do as you please in private correspondence. Money Letters. — On opening a letter containing a re- mittance of money or anything valuable, immediately endorse a memo, of the contents across it. The author always uses a datinsr stamp similar to the following, which he stamps on all letters. When blanks are filled up the letter shows a concise history of answer. Received less letters — those r or special notice. ) meaning please JAN. 26, 1890. Ans'd 189 by L.B. Folio Sent by Replys. — When you require a re^/y to questions which are for your benefit, do not neglect to enclose a stamp, stamped envelope or Postal Card with your letter. Official Letters. — May be addressed to the office instead of to the officer, as "The Minister of Education, j Toronto," instead of the "Hon. G. W. Ross, Toronto." Petitions. — All petitions to boards of aldermen should begin with "Gentlemen." They are usually ended with "And your petitioners will ever pray." ) 72 ■ X Reports. — Reports of committees to public bodies, or boards of aldermen ; also memorials, &c., are usually closed with "All of which is respectfully submitted." Applications. — Letters of application should be to the point, neatly written and respectful in tone. If in aswer to an advertisement, give, as far as possible, answers to all the requirements. Testimonials or references, or perhaps both, are indispensible. Originals of testimonials are not usually required. Copies, marked "(Copy)", are generally considered sufficient. Do not get down "on all fours," in the most servile style, nor yet do not get pompous or stilted in youi manner of expressing yourself. The happy medium should be struck here if in any letter. Rhetoric. — Fancy rhetorical touches, flashing periods, and^ombinations of high Latin words, (the largest in the dictionary), are to be avoided. Plain, straightforward speech OL'ly is required. In an argument, however, place the stronger after the weaker always. Ang^py Letters. — If you are ever tempted to write a letter under intense excitement of anger or resentment, do not post it. Keep it over a day or so, and you will on second thought be sure to change it. Remember, a spoken word may be forgotten, but a written one may confront you in unfavorable circumstances at any future time. Anonymous letters are not desirable. They do not become a gentleman. Do not write anything you are ashamed to put your name to. /^ LstterS of Introduction —A letter introducing a per- son should he short, definite in statement of fact. lie care- ful 7i'/u> you introduce ; that you are well acquainted with Ihem. I -et such letters be candid, stating all that should he :nj\vn. An extravagant eulogy is altogether out of place. AbbPeviations. — The most unnecessary kind of ahhre- [iations are such as "C'wood," for Collingwood ; "B'ville," or Bowmanville ; "Jnston," for Johnstown. ..„> . es, flashing pedods, (the largest in the ightforward speech owever, place the Dates, EnolOSUre?. -It will he noticed hy referring [) pages 41-3 that the date of the letter you are answering lioald always he given in your letter. If anything has heen ficlosed (especially money) he careful to make note of it Iso in your reply. •; - L3acl Pencils are not desirahle for writing husiness [tters. The writing is so easily changed that you do not [low what may result from such a letter. The writing is )t easily re.id. It is easily hlurred and at hest indistinct. [he facLs are against you every time. Don't use it, &. — The character "t^'' has two uses, (i) in the names firms, as Su)ith & Brown ; (1, \: J. Meir ; John Hamilton Co.: (2) in connection with "c," forming "c\:c," signifying ^i so forth. Do not scatter these characters indiscrimin- jely on the face of your letter. Use them only in their pper place. ' .: a; .vr.- • Etc. (Et aelra) means "and other things.'' Distinguish ^tween the use of "and other things'" and "and so forth,'' jiich may mean in such a way or manner or order. Flourishes, —An appropriate place cannot be founril in business letters, for flourishes or ornamental penmanslii|| of an) -'md They only mix up artd obscure the writing. Blot. .' : 2se are unmistakeable evidences of carelessi ness. If you do .. >t wish a correspondent to form an uiiJ favorable opinion of you do not allow a blotted letter to m to the Post Office. Re-write the letter and in doing so d(i not overload your pen with ink. Interlineations ( IVriting between lines). — Some per] sons have a bad habit of leaving words out of sentences and letters out of words when writing. If you must send olj the letter with such in, the correction is made thus : — Henry ibent to Broivn's dinner. A The small mark used below the line is. called a caret. is better uot to leave out che word. If you find yoursej often making such errors it is better to re-write your letter If you will persevere in this for some little time you wil conquer this habit. On no coiiviition is it permissible in a business letter t| interline a whole sentence or even a number of word Always re-write in such a case. Leaving out a letter is bad spelling. The best way correct this is to carefully scrape out the word and re-writt( Underlining^. — The underlining of words in letters! done to draw especial attention to them, to emphasize theij The tendency is to overdo this and leave the letter stronger than without them. In the preparation of manuscript for the press under- I lining signifies as follows:- - 1. One line drawn under words thus : '' Now the shades of night are gone," gives the compositor to understa! . that these words are to be set in italic type. Example : ^'' N'ow the shades of riighf are gone'' 2. Two lines, "N,ow the shades of night are go •," means |that the words are to he printed in small capitals. Example: "Now the shades of night ark gone." 2. Three lines, "Now the shades of night are gone," sig- nify that the words are to he set up in large capitals. Example: "NOW I'HE SHADES OF NIOHT ARE l(;()NE." 4. Four or more lines drawn under words in "Copy" for |aclvertisements or job wotk, indicate very large capitals. These are used to show the compositor what you wish to [show up prominently as ^'"Features'" CroSSlineS. Postage is cheap, so is paper. There is I therefore, no reason for deforming your letter by writing along the margins or across the other writing. It renders the letter obscure. When it took the wages received for two days' work of an ordinary working man in Canada to pay the postage on a letter to England, there was some ex- Icuse for it. There is none remaining now. 14 ^ Erasures. — Do you find it necessary to rid yourself of a word? Do not draw your pen through it and tHus com- pletely disfigure your letter. If you do not wish to scra[)e it rule a couple of red ink lines through it carefully. It is better to re-write the whole page, however, if possible, than to have a word either ruled out or scraped out. If you wish] to scrape out words procure a regular scraping knife. It has a heavy short blade so that it will nol quiver. Keep it as sharp as it can be made, and do not use it for any other pur- pose than that it is intended for. To use it aright hold it firmly and -scrape very lightly, taking very little off at a time. Do not dig post holes inj the paper. When you have removed the ink take the handle and rub over the place to smooth down the surface of ihcj paper. A surface can be put on the paper so that you can writel on it about as well as before, by rubbing a piece of the bcsti white resin over it. When this is done it will not soak upl the ink. If you want to be sure to miss getting a position you arel applying for, just erase a few words in you letter of applicaj tion. This recipe will never fail you. Difficult Letters. — ^When business is running smoothlyl when there are no misunderstandings or complications, thtl task of writing letters is, comparatively speaking, easy. \\ is, however, many times more difficult when long e>:plana| tory letters have to be written to adjust misundei'standingsj that occasionally arise ii] reference to purchases, sales ui] 77 t ontracts. It is sometimes necessary to conciliate persons in order to avert losing their trade and sometimes necessary to cen.sure for neglect. A harsh letter very often provokes J harsh reply and thus long-continued pleasant business re- lations are broken off abruptly where a little careful treat- ment would have cured the trouble. Harsh, cutting letters are very seldom any use. They usually do more harm than good, and the person who writes one is likely to be the most ready to take offense if he receives one. It was well said bv Solomon tliat '*A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir u|) anger." The complications of every business are peculiar to itself. It is therefore impossible to deal with special difficulties in this work only to give one general direction,-- Never to write an ungentlemanly or dis- courteous letter under any circumstances, even if you have come to the conclusion that you would rather not have any further business relations with the house either on account of their perverseness or their unbusinesslike methods. A retort on your part brings you down to the level of the per- son whose crooked habits you perhaps despise and will pro- duce no good for you in the e nd. It is not to be understood from this, however, that any point of honor or justice is to be yielded or violated or that a man is to give in to all the whims and notions of his customers. Not at all, but to write firmly but without asperity when necessary and in a conciliatory or explanatory or apologetic way when the best interests of the business require i<". Letters of Censure especially require great care. An agent is going beyond his instructions. It is necessary to bring him into proper position without giving offense. The tone of the letter should be most respectful and firm but cheerful I I and not arrogant. A partner is exceeding the articles of partnership in his acts. A letter of remonstrance by one or more of his partners is a most deh'rate one. Try a few such letters for practice. A Dunning Letter recjuires considerable care in its com- position. Two endi must be kept in view, the first to ol) tain the money due; the other to avoid giving offense to the delinquent. Cienerally a plain busmesslike .straightfor wrird statement is best, not abiupt or dictatorial, as a dicta torial tone is likely to put the debtor into a spirit of opposi- tion. An nppeal to the honor of the debtor is often very effective and in some cases is the only way to collect an amount due, and this, if done nicely, is not likely to offend. In some cases to suggest legal proceedings as unavoidable in the matter, though unpleasant to yourself, made necessar\ by the long-continued delays or neglect of compliance with promises often made, wi'l prove effective. In any case great pains should oe taken to word the letter f ffectively but not to awaken a spirit of opposition. Letters Containing' Enclosures. In writing a letter in which money is enclosed be very careful to state the amount. If a note or draft is enclosed give full particulars as to time, amount, where payable, due date, and in all cases of remittances state clearly what it is for. If it is to retire a note, draft or other obligation, describe, as carefully as possible. If there is a distinguishing number as in insur- ance policies, etc., do not fail to give it. Such letters should always have a reply and the reply should acknowledge all enclosures. 71 A very g( od plan is to | hce a stamp on the letter similar to this, ENCLOSU/^ES: and fill in the articles so that if the letters are written by one and copied" and maited l)y another that a list of the en- ( losures can be had without reading the letter through to find them. Acknowledgements are frequently made by filling up a printed blank on a Postal Card or Note sheet similar to the example on next page. So OFFICK OF ■ 'I'El.FORD cK: CO., Bankers. Chatsworth, 189. , Mr. John Smith, Durham, Ont. Dear Sir, — Your favor of '» received with stated enclosure of Dollars, which we have duly aj^plied as dircc^led. Yours respectfully, 'I elford iK: Co. JW ll'.r. T. $ REMARKS. H Subjects for Exercises. 1. Write to James Smith, Chatsworth, Out., enclosing his account, requesting payment as soon as convenient. 2. Write James Smith's re[)ly, enclosing cash in payment of account. /< v x - ;• 3. Your reply, acknowledging the receipt of cash. * ;■: 4. Supposing James Smith could not pay his acconnt 'when he received it. Write his letter asking for more time. 1 • l^- 5. Your reply, granting him the time asked for. ^'ia 6. >Vrite Smith's letter, supposing at the end., of the time 'asked for, he remitted you a cheque on Merchants Bank, Owen Sound, inpayment. ti V:,^ ; -/ ? ^ 7. Write to A. Cunningham, Commission Merchant, To- ronto, stating that you have 5,000 bus. of wheat, which you would like to dis[)Ose of. Ask for his terms, and market prospects. : v • • ' 8. Cunninghnm's repl)', giving terms, also market pros- pects for a good sale, if wlicat is good. 9. Write again, .-tating that you have shij)ped the wheat per C. P. K. Enclose invoice. r 1 w 10. Cunningham's acknowledgement of receipt of con- signment in good condition. 11. Cunningham sells the wheat, and writes stating that he encloses acounct of sales ; also Bank Draft on Merchants ^ Bank, Owen Sound, for 4,675.50, for proceeds. I 2. Your reply, acknowledging receipt of letter and en- closures ; also requesting information regarding the price of" l)arley. ' " 13. Cunningham's reply, giving the desired information He states that barley would not be a very good investment at present, and suggests other things that would be more profitable. - 14. John Kincaid, Wholesale Clothing Merchant, Toronto, having been recommended to you by C. A. Fleming, write for pi ices, also terms of payment, &c. Also tell him that you are but newly starting in business, and ask his advice as to the amount of capital requred and other particulars you may wish to find out in your line of business. 15. His reply, giving prices; also terms of payment, and stating that a trveller a will call in course of three weeks with samples ; also giving some advice. 16. Your letter, ordering goods. 1 7. Kincaid's reply, stating that he shipped goods. 18. Your letter, remitting cash in payment of invoice. 19. His reply, acknowledging receipt of cash. 20. Kincaid's letter to C. A. Fleming, asking for infoniia- tion regarding your standing as a business man. receipt of con- ites stating that ft on Merchants ids. f letter and en- iing the price of red information good investment would be more ^rchant, Toronto, \. Fleming, write so tell him that ask his advice as r particulars you of payment, and of three weeks jed goods. ;nt of invoice, cash. iking for inforuia- man. 33 21. Fleming's reply, stating that Kincaid would be safe in filling your order, as you are quite able to pay. 22. Fleming's reply, giving an unfavorable opinion of your financial standing. 23. Remit $1.00 to Jno. Dougall &: Sons, Montreal, an subscripiion to Montreal IVeek/y 14'ifness for one year. 24. Dougall & Sons' reply, acknowledging receipt of letter, \:c.; also enclosing blanks, requesting you to get up a club, offering premiums, &c ,»j 25. Your reply, stating that you could not attend to the matter, and that you gave blanks, terms, (Iitc, to a friend (whom you name) who could attend to it. 26. Dougall & Sons' reply, thanking you for what you did. 27. Doug il &: Sons' letter to the friend to whom you gave blanks, &c, 28. Your friend's letter, sending club of 15 subscribers; |also cash $12.75, in payment. . ■ 29. Dougall (S: Sons' reply. * 30. Remit $1000.00 to Mgr. Molsons liank, Hamilton, [for your credit, requesting Deposit Receipt for $500.00, and l)alance on open account. 31. Manager's reply. ' ». ' ,a 32 Draw a draft on J. R. Smith oi Chatham, for $500. U'lite a letter asking him to acce{)t the same on presenta- ion. Enclose statement of account. ^;^. Smith's reply, refusing to accept the draft on accoivit of its being overdrawn for a considerabfe amount. He wants an explanation immediately. 34. Your answer, saying that you have carefully looked over his account, and can find no mistake. You enclose him another statement of his account, and request im- mediate answer. ' ' 35. His reply, acknowledging his error, and explaining how it came about. He encloses you i note for the a aount. 36. Your answer, acknowledging receipt of above. 37. Melville «S: Co.'s letter to John Macdonald, Toronto, ordering Dry (ioods. (Jive a description of tiie goods wanted. Tell how you want them shipped, (kc, and how you are going to pay. 38. Macdonald's reply, adv ". g you of shipment of goods. One or two of the articles required are not in stock. Tell what you can offer instead, and at what price, and try to use such arguments as will induce Melville to take the goods you offer as substitutes for those ordered. ' ' 39. Melville's letter on receipt of goods. One parcel is inferior to what you ordered. Ask whether you are to send it back at Macdonald's expense, or hold them subject to his ordtr. Also answer his letter, telling whether you will a( cent the goods offered in it, instead of those you ordered. 40. Aiacdona'd's letter, stating that he has made arrangc- ?nents with (Iray Bros., who have consented to take the] fOods. They will call for them. He offers excuse for h:i\ ii g make a mistake, and advises you of shipment of thei required article and also goo Is mentioned in letters 38 anc 39- /VV'^qpWPw^ * I 41. Macdonald'b letter to (Ir.iy Bros., describing goods to them, and offering discount if they are wiUing to take them. 42. (iray Bros.' answer, accepting the offer. 43. Letter of Introduction. Write J. H. McDuff, Wiiini- peg, introducing Mr. R. C. (iilhes. 44. Letter of Credit for ^300 in favor of C. M. Farney, addressed to (ilenn, Mills l\: Co., Banker's, London, Eng- 45. Write a Letter of Recommendation for your book- keeper, Mr. L. V. Johnsion, He has been with you six years and wishes to go south to a warmer climate for his health. , , 46. You are Secretary of a Literary and Debating Society. Write a letter tendering your resignation, giving reasons. 47. You iire assistant Book-keeper for a manufacturing firm. Write the Manager, asking leave of absence fo' three weeks on account of your health. You wish to go to Parry Sound, to try and recuperate. 48. Write the Manager's reply, granting you leave, cVc, «!^c. Since you are going to Parry Sound, he wishes you to transact .some business for him, which he mentions. He offers to let you off free if you are willing to undertake it — your salary to go on the same as if you were in the office. 49. Your re])ly, refusing on account of your healiii. \'ou need perfe. You get no answer to the last letter, wait till the in- terest is six weeks overdue, and write again, requesting im- mediate payment. 57. Write Mr. Robinson's reply, sending $20, being half the interest, saying that crops had been a failure, ond askinu you to wait a month loniifer, until he had time to earn it by cutting and drawing cordwood to town. lI'jS I li;, j bi veight, a letter )t able to pa) 58. Write him a sympathetic letter, enclosing receipt for $20, granting time for balance, and stating that nothing would be charged on account of being behind time. J 59. Write Mr. Robinson's reply, dated three weeks after last, enclosing $20 balance of interest, and thanking you for waiting on him. > 60. W^rite a letter, asking for payment on account. (Sim- ply a gentle reminder.) 61. Write a letter remitting payment on account. 62. Write a letter of introduction for J. Smith. Merchant lA'railor, incurring a liability in case he does not pay. 63. Write a letter stopping the IVeek/y Mail n^vspaper. Your subscription having expired, you do not wish it any more. 1^ 64. W^rite a letter notifying the London Mutual Ins. Co., 'London, that your barn was burnt. Give circumstances connected with the fire, and request them to send their in- spector at once. Give number of your policy. L 65. You have received Goods from Wilson & Co., Mon treal, but part of your order is missing. Write your letter. 66. Write a letter of recommendation for a friend who is going to Detroit. He is a bricklayer. 67. Write a letter applying for situation as Book-keeper, in response to this advertisement. WANTED. — A first-class Book-keeper; must be a neat and rapid pemnan and ({uick at fngures. Perinanenoy to the .right man. Apply -Canada Paper Company, Montreal. I J/ 6^. Write a letter answering one addressed to you, askin;^ \ al)out a clerk that was in your employ. • , , ^ 60, You are an Assistant Book-keeper for a Lumber firm. Write the Manager, asking leave of absence for three weeks on account of your health. You wish to go to Buffalo to consult a doctor. 70. AVrite the Manager's reply, granting you leave of two weeks. He wishes you a pleasant time, and much improved health. He states that the Company's Steamer will leave with a load for Buffalo, and offers you free passage th.;re an. 1 back on it, 71. You have a large office containing several rooms. You y[.n easily spare one. Write out an rdvertisement ofj one to rent, suitable for Real Estate or Insurance Agen( y Business, at $7. 50 per month for Office, Furniture, ucli extension of tinicj d to you, askin;^ earner will leave mendation, which 89 76. Write a letter to the Globe Printing Co., Toronto, en- closing "copy" for change of advertisement, stating that an electrotype for part of it is sent by mail. 77. Write the Globe Co.'s letter, enclosing bill of adver- tisement to you for $60.00, stating also that a draft is made at 30 days, and asking you to honor same. 78. Write your letter, complaining of an overcharge of $5.00 in the bill for advertisement — the advertisement being in only eleven weeks instead of twelve at $5.00 per week. 79. Write the Globe Co.'s reply acknowledging the error, enclosing $5.00 cash, and asking you to honor their draft. 80. Write your reply, stating that you have accepted their draft, and acknowledging receipt of $5.00. 81. Write to Henry Jones, of Toronto, asking him for the retuins of a Consignment of Apples, sent a month ago. 82. Henry Jones writes you, enclosing account of sales and Draft No. 3855 on Merchants Bank, Owen Sound, for $320.00 net proceeds. ' 83'. Write Henry Jones, advising him of a second ship- ment of 300 bbls. of winter apples just shjpped per C.P.R., (freight paid to Toronto,) worth $2.25 per bbl. at Toronto. 68, Jones writes to you that a better market than inToron. to could he found in Glasgow, Scotland, as he could get $4.40 per bbl. there for them, the freight being 50 cents per bbl, and asking you to advanc $150 for freight on them. 69. Write Jones, sending Draft No. 674 for $150, on Molson's Bank, Toronto, advising him to ship immediately. '«v it w 90 86. Write "Printers' Copy" for a large j^oster advertising an extensive auction sale of livestock and farm implements. D. SaunderSjlot 12, con. 3, Sarawak, Proprietor; W. Beaton, Auctioneer. Give full list' of articles to be sold and terms of sale. 87. Write to William Beaton, Kilsyth P. O., who is an auctioneer, asking if he will conduct an auction sale for you of your farm stock and implements in abont three weeks from date, also what his terms are for same, (live him an idea of what you have for sale. 88. Write Mr. Beaton's reply to you, stating that he can attend to your sale on the 24th instant. His terms are $10 for his services and the advertising of sale — if the goods sold do not foot up to more than $1000. If over that amount, 1 per cent, on the entire amount of sale. 89. Write W. Beaton, accepting his terms and date. En close him a full list of the articles you have to sell, giving reason for selling that you have rented your farm. Give terms of sale. 90. Write an advertisement for a note you lost, giving full particulars about note and where lost. Offer reward for its return to the G/o/^e office and caution all persons against negotiating it. 91. Write a letter to the maker of the lost note mentioned in the above advertisement, asking him not to pay to an\ person as it had been lost and no value received by you for same. 91 92. Write "Printers' Copy' for circular for a retail hard- ware house in Spring, announcing full line of builders' sup- plies. Specify a number of articles. Invite inspection and a trial order. T. I. Thompson is proprietor. 93. Prepare an advertisement for Messrs. Redfern & Lcr Pan, for newspaper, about a new style cooking stove called the "Cook's Pride." Give its good qualities, and prices with and without fittings. 94. Your firm's traveller is going out on his usual spring trip with samples of goods for the fall trade. Prepare "copy" for a circular letter to customers, telling them the date when your representative will call on them and solicit their orders, (Leave a blank to fill in date.) 95. Prepare "Printers' Copy" for a circular to faimers in your district, telling them that you have for sale 200 bushels of Clawson Wheat, pure and clean, suitable for seed. Guaran- tee freedom frotii admixture of either other kinds of grain or weed seed. Quote price at $1.15 per bushel. 96. R. P. Butchart & Bro , w^hose extensive hardware house was destroyed by fire last week, have re-opened in the Roller Rink adjoining their old place of business. Pre- pare an advertisement for the Times newspaper announcing the re-opening, stating that their stock of builders' and heavy hardware is complete, and that other lines are being rapidly filled up. -^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fUA 1.0 I.I 1.25 |50 "^ i^ £ MS 112.0 1.4 ill i4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STRUT WEBSTM,N.Y. 145S0 (716) S72-4S03 \ A X"^ '% V- 92 97- Prepare copy for the printer for a circular letter to customers ^or the firm mentioned in the preceding subject. in accordance with the statements in reference to fire, new premises, stock, etc., and also su;;gest to customers that the recent heavy loss makes it necessary to ask them to settle their accounts at an early date. 98. Your partner, John Wilson, whose articles of partner- ship prevent from endorsing negotiable paper or becoming security for others, has endorsed a note of $320 for W . Brown & Co., and another for Thos. Allan & Sons for $200 Write him a very nice but firm letter of remonstrance. 99. You are manager of an Insurance Company. S. J. Ferrel, agent, of Wiarton, is exceeding his instructions in taking risks and granting provisional receipts on town pro perty. Write him calling attention to rules Nos. 27, 30 and 36 in his printed instructions. 100. You are Secretary for the Smith Manufacturing Co. Their agent, Wm. Peters, of Clinton, Ont., has not made the monthly return required of his business on behalf of the Company. Write him asking for returns and reasons why such were not made. loi. Another agent of the Company, S. Parsons, Baltimore, Ont., has made an incorrect return for month of July past, omitting to credit Company with 4 self-binders, crediting them with only ten instead of 14, and in debiting them for W. J. Morrison's notes at one, two and three years from July ist, of $50 each, when said notes were only for $30 each. 93 102. Mr. Peters, of Clinton, mentioned in No. loo, makes no reply to your letter. Write him again, asking for a re- turn of his transactions State that the rules of the Com- {xmy must be complied vvith. 103. Write the Company's general agent, Mr. Geo. Miller. Address him in care of Palmer House, London. Enclose him copies of your two letters to Mr. Peters, of Clinton, and ask him to go at once and investigate his affairs. State that you have had no reply from Ptters to either letter. 104. Write Mr. Parsons' reply to No 10;: , making necessary corrections in notes by sending with letter three more notes at $20 each, and stating that the four self-binders mentioned were destroyed in a smash-up on the railway at Whitby and that the Company had already made a claim on the railroad company for them. 105. Write Mr. Parsons an appropriate apology for your error. State that you have duly credited him with the 4 l)inders. 106. You are a retail grocer. Prepare a nice circular to your customers to be sent out before Chrismas, calHng at- tention to your goods. Prepare it for the printer. 107. Grier & Brown, of Owen Sound, owe you $60.25. Make out a statement of account and send to them, stating that if you do not hear from them in ten days you will draw ou them at 3 days, adding bank charges. 108. The draft mentioned above is returned with "Re- fused" written on the back of it. Write them for an explan- ation. *.l W- 94 109. Write Grier & Brown's reply stating time too short could not meet it, and amount of $2. 50 too great on an item of interest charged thereon. Will accept for correct amount at 30 days. no. Write reply to Grier & Brown when new draft is drawn, adding interest for 33 days and bank charges and deducting the $2.50 complained of, stating that they should have raised the objection before the first draft was sent for- ward. 111. Write to L. V. Johnston, 235 State St., Chicago, 111., asking what are the chances for a young man of your abilities in that city. {Mr. Johnston is an acquaintance.) 112. Write Mr. Johnston's reply. Chances good, — has spoken to his employer. Will likely get employmemt with him if there by the 30th June. 113. You have been unable to attend- College for some days. Write the Principal a letter of explanation. 114. There is to be u change. in the firm of which you are a member ; one retires and two new partners are to l)e taken in on the first day of August next. Date of this let- ter to be June 10. Prepare a circular letter to all customers whose accounts "^.re due or will be by that time requesting a settlement before Aug. 1st. 115. Your book-keeper, Mr. Henry McLeod, who has been with you 6 years, is leaving you to seek more remuner- ative employment. Write a testimonial for him expressing your appreciation of his services, character and ability, and recommending him to others. time too short jreat on an item correct amount 95 1 1 6. Write to S. J. Parker telling him that you have pur- chased Lot 3, on the west side of Scrope street, for him at $i8oo. Give terms and rec^uest him to call and complete the transaction. 1 1 7. Write toA.W.McFall telling him that you have rented his farm for him, giving terms, tenant's name, length of lease and other conditions. 118. Write to J. Brown remitting $50 per Bank Draft ond a new note to cover an old note. Interest due and interest in advance on new note. 1 19. Acknowledge receipt of No. 118 and return old note. 120. Ask an extension of time for the payment of new note in No. 118, giving reasons. 121. Write the General Manager of the C. P. R. for the freight rates on General Mdse. from Owen Sound to Port Arthur and to Winnipeg. Give him an idea of the quantity of freight you have. 122. Write the Managers answer to above letter. 123. Write to J. Smith, Manager Gore Fire Insurance Co., sending him policy on your furniture which you are going to remove to another house. Ask his consent to the transfer. 124. Write to R. Smith, Wiarton, asking the cash value of Lot 3, Con. 7, Keppel. Ask him to send a description of the lot. 125. Write Mr. Smith's letter in answer to No 124, giving full particulars asked for. M 96 126. Write a telegram to J. P. Moore & Sons, New York, asking them why your order of 15th inst. for 16 Winchester Rifles and 25 cases cartridges has not been filled. 127. Write their telegram to you, stating that the order was filled on the 1 7th, and shipped by American Express Company. 128. Write a letter to Geo. Price, the agent for the Ameri- can Express Co. in your town, enclosing a copy of the fore- going telegrams, and ask him to investigate the matter at once. 129. Write "Copy" for the printer for a neat card an- nouncing a "Millinery Opening" on March 25, 26 and 27. Invite patrons and friends to call and inspect goods. Draw out a neat form and underline according to the display you want on the card. 130. Write "printers' copy" for a circular to your creditors and others, intimating that your firm has dissolved partner- ship. ILnclose them a copy of the articles of dissolution, and bespeak for the new firm the good-will, &c., accorded to the old firm. 131. Write copy for an advertisement in the paper an- nouncing that your firm had dissolved partnership. State who will pay firm debts and collect outstanding accounts, and who will continue the business. Have it duly signed by the proper persons. 132. Prepare printers' copy for an advertisement of a horse that has come to your premises. ^33- Write printers' copy of an advertisement of a ( (nv that has strayed. Give fuH particulars. ill 97 ment of a 134. You haVe been building a block on Baker street, Guelph. You have left a quantity of brick, stone and lum- ber on the street that partially blocks the traffic. Write the City Engineer's letter to you requesting its removal. 135. Write an answer to the foregoing letter, expressing your regret that the street was not cleared sooner and assure the Engineer that you will have it attended to at once. 136. You have an undesirable tenant, named John Smith, in your house on Lot No. 15, on the North side of Baker street. Write him notice to leave your premises on or be- fore the 24th of next month. . 137. Write a letter to an undesirable tenant, John Brown, occupying a house on lot No. 4, on the West side of George street, asking him to pay up $17.50 arrears of rent past due and to vacate your premises on or before the i6th of next month. State also that if he is not out at that date the rental for next month thereafter will be $15 and that the rental will be doubled each succeeding month he continues to occupy. 138 You occupy a house belonging to Thomas Wilson, (iive him notice that you desire to leave his house on or before the 20th of next month. 139. Notify your landlord, A. J. Bond, that the roof on the house you occupy is in very bad repair, also that the the windows are loose and the floor worn through in several places, and fhat you will be compelled to leave unless he has these repairs made at an early date, and that this is to he considered notice to him that you will vacate o't the 15th of next month, unless the house is repaired satisfactorily. I fi« ' - ■'■*! ]^- 98 140. Mr. Bond, in answer to the previous letter, writes you assuring you that the repairs will be duly attended to. 141. Write three local notices for newspapers of the An n ual Concert of a Literary Society with which you an^ connected. 142. Write printers' copy for a large poster announcing j the Annual Concert mentioned in the preceding subject. 143. Write printers copy for a small "to-night" dodger to remind the people of the Annual Concert mentioned in| the two preceding subjects. 144. Write a letter to D. C. McDonald, Manager London Mutual Fire Insurance Association, of London, Ont., asking why Policy has not been issued in accordance with application given the Company's agent, also that the provisional receipt will expire in five days, and ask to have it renewed if poIicy| has not been issued. 145. Write McDonald's reply, stating that the Policy wasi issued and mailed two wee'is ago, that if Policy has not l)een| received to notify McD. arid a duplicate will be issued. 146. Write W. P. Telford, Manager O.S.G. & B. L. & S.Co.l Owen Sound, asking for statement of amount required to] discharge Mortgage No. 300 in student's name, April 15th, 1890. 147. Write Mr. Telford's answer stating that as the Mort gage has 4 years yet to run, payment will only, be accepted] on the payment of 6 months' interest. 148. Write your reply, accepting his terms, and ask for| statement. 99 140. Write Mr. Telford's answer, enclosing statement. Amount of Mortgage, $1500 00 Interest i year to 15/4/90 @ 7% = u 6 nios. 15/4/90 to 15/10/90 = ^ Cost of Discharge, 2 50 .iS Total $ 150. Writh your reply, enclosing cheque for amount. 151. Write Mr. Telford's answer, acknowledging receipt of cheque and enclosing title papers, with Mortgage and Disc '.large. 152. Student is manager of Western Fire Insurance Co. Write J. H. Mason, Manager C. P. L. & S. Co., Toronto, stating you have an application, Wm. Jacobs, Lot 24, Con. 2, East of Toronto & Sydenham Road, Holland. The pro- perty is mortgaged to the C.P.L. & S. Society. Ask Mason if, as Mortgagees, he has any other insurance, and if not, the policy will be endorsed with loss payable to the C. P. L. iV S. Co. and forwarded to Mason when issued. 153. Write Mason's reply, stating that he has no other insurance on building or property referred ti>. 154. Write a letter to the Treasurer of the Town of Owen Sound, asking for statement of taxes due on Lot No. 40, West side of King street, and if said lot is liable to be sold for taxes this year. 155. Write the Treasurer's reply that taxes are due for the years 1887-88-89, amounting to $10.50, and that said lot is liable to be sold for taxes this year. '■M ji. lOO 156. Write a letter to the Treasurei of the Town of Owen Sound, asking if Lot No. 25, East side River street, was sold for taxes in 1889. If so what amount is required toj redeem, and last day for redemption. 157. Write Treasurer's answer thai said lot was sold for| taxes in 1889. The amount required to redeem is $15. 75. 24th May lasi day for redemption. 158. You are going to remove your business into a ncwl store some distance from the one you now occupy. Write! copy for a circular telling your customers of it. 159. You wish to procure a situation as a grocery clcrk.l Prepare an advertisement for the Mail^ setting forth your] wishes. 160. Write a letter to the Mail to accompany the above! advertisement, enclosing 50 c.nts payment for advertisement,] State what days you wish it to appear. 161. The merchants of your town have agreed to close! their places of business at 7 p.m. five evenings of the weekj and at 10 p. m. on Saturdays. Prepare a circular settingj forth the facts signed by the interested parties. 162. Owing to injudicious speculation in real estate youl find that your business is crippled. Upon a fair investiga tion of your affairs you find it necessary to go into liquidaj tion. Prepare a circular to your creditors asking their lenj iency and stating that you will do the utmost in your povver| to make the loss as small as possible. - 163. Three years after the above liquidation you findl yourself in favorable circumstances. You paid 70 cents onl the dollar. You now wish to pay 30 cents on the dolbn lOI lacking before, also interest thereon at 8 per cent.' for 3 years. Prepare a circular letter setting forth the foregoing. Thank your creditors for their kindness and leniency towards you. 164. You are an Agricultural Implement agent. Prepare printers' copy for a circular to be sent to the farmers in your vicinity, telling what you have for sale. T65. A large number of your customers are behind in their payments. Write a courteous circular asking them to pay up. 166. You have sold a large number of sewing machines and organs on the monthly payment plan. epare a notice respectful but firm, asking those in arrc .1, o make their l)ayments. 167. You are a Real Estate Agent and have several (say, 6 or more) houses to let. Prepare copy of an advertisement describing them. 168. You are a member of a firm doing business in Toronto. Your partners, W. Brown and W. B. Robb, take their own way in the management of the business in oppo- sition to your wishes. Write them stating in general terms that you feel that it would be better to have a dissolution of partnership. Express high regard for your partners ; place greater stress on your declining health as a reason for dissolution than the partnership disagreements. Propose a conference on these matters. 169. Write a joint reply to the foregoing letter by your partners, expressing regret at your proposal. They propose a rest of a few months as you have been overworked. Ap- point a date and hour for conference on these matters ■§■ ^ , t tt ' 102 J 170. The Chase Bros.' Nursery Co., of Rochester, N. Y., advertise for agents to canvass for their stock. Write a letter asking for terms and territory in which to canvass. 171. Their reply sending terms, prospects and naming territory, also a reference blank which you are required to fill out with the names of three or four good business men of your acquaintance, giving their occupation and address. 172. Your reply stating that everything is satisfactory and sending reference blank, duly filled up. 173. Their reply sending outfit and instructions advising you how and where to canvass. 174. Write them a week after, sending your orders and telling them how you have succeeded. Ask several ques- tions relative to nursery stock. 175. They write you about a month after, ordering you to send your outfit back, as they have received no more orders from you. 176. Your reply excusing yourself on account of a sickly '5 constitution and the almost impassable state of the roads, also requesting them to send your commission on what orders you have sent. 177. Their reply, stating thai they have received the out -^ fit in good condition and hope that if you should ever want to canvass again that yoii will giv? them a trial. 178. The Department of Indian Affairs advertise for ten ders for supplying the Cape Croker Reserve with seed grain. Write a letter to L. Vancougbnet, Dep. Minister Indian Affairs, sending your figures for each kind of grain, and also depositing a marked check 'for 20 per cent, of your total figure as a guarantee. ochester, N. Y., . Write a letter nvass. ;ts and naming e required to fill (usiness men of nd address. satisfactory and jctions advising /OUT orders and sk several ques- , ordering you to no more orders :ount of a sickly ite of the roads, ission on what eceived the out- hould ever want ial. idvertise for ten- with seed grain. Vlinister Indian f grain, and also t. of your total 103' 179. The Department of Indian Affairs' answer to your letter as per 1 78, declining your tender and returning certified ('heque. 180. Their reply accepting your tender and telling you when the grain has to be delivered, and enclosing contract in duplicate, a copy of which you are requested to sig/i and return. i8t. The Owen Sound Public School advertise for a janitor. Write a letter giving your figures also references and qualifi- cations. 182. Write a resolution tendering a vote of thanks to a retiring officer in the Y. P. F. Society. 183. Write a resolution authorizing the following accounts to be passed and paid by the Town Council : John Potter, $10.00; H. M. Stevens, $5.65 ; J. E Carson, $5.50. 184. Write a letter to the Robertson Publishing Company, Toronto,, asking for their terms for publication of a work on Letter Writing that you have just written, say, 200 pages good paper and three kinds of binding. 185. Write their reply, giving terms for paper, cloth and Morocco covers, stating quality and weight of paper and number of copies in each edition, and the prospects of its sale. 186. Write out the following advertisement and arrange and underline it in good Torm for the printer: — Mutual Fire Insurunce Company, of th^ County of Welling- BuFiness done on the Cash and Premium Note system. m I ton. F .V. Stonr!, President. office, Guelph, Ont. Chas. Davidson, Secretary. Head I04 187. AVrite out in good form for the printer the following advertisement : — The Barber k onto. Accout Account Book, '-..u Banks, et<' :lc Standard f ok Wii Co. Nos. 43, 45, 47, 40, Bay Street, Tor- nd Lette" Press Bmders. All kinds of o order for Merchants, Insurance Cos. , ^e have in s^ock a complete line of the jh are splendid value Magazines of all kinds very 'txully bound and at reasonable rate?. Will be glad to quote prices for Binding in any style on application. A call is requested, or an inquiry by letter will Lave prompt at- tention. 188. Prepare the following advertisement for the printer. Indicate clearly what words you want most displayed. Smith & Keighley, direct importers of tsas, fancy groceries, Mediterranean and West India Products. In stock : Fire Fili atra Currants, barrels and halves. Choice Sultanas. Large stock of canned goods. 9 Front Street, East, Toronto. 189. Arrange the following advertisement in attractive style and underline so as to give a printer an idea how you wish it displayed: — Furnishing Department. Full assortment of men's neckwear, working and boating shirts, outing and ueglege shirts, men's braces and belts, also tennis clothing, waterproof clothing. Samson, Kennedy & Co., 44 46 and 48 Scott Street, 15, 17, and 19 Colborne Street, Toronto. 25 Old Change, London, Eng. 190. Write out the following and underline so as to make an attractive advertisement— 4 inches long — for newspaper Shaw & Grundy, Merchant Tailors, and Gents' Furnishing; Establishment, Wyndham Street, Guelph. ;he following loS V ii \pril 12, i8t;o. obt. Munknum. [reply] Thornbury, April 13th, 1890. Fred Finley, Esq., Meaford, Ont. Dear Sir: — Yours of loth inst. to hand, and contents fully noted. In reply would state that I have had dealings with Mr. Esplen for the last 10 years, and have always found him strictly honest, and prompt in his payments. He conducts a prosperous business here, besides own- ing two good farms in the adjoining township of Sydenham, all of which I believe to be free of encumbrance. He is a gentleman who commands the respect and confidence of the entire community, and I consider that you would be perfectly safe in filling his order. Truly yours, John Smith. jf%.' io8 [remit money to bank for deposit] Brampton, April nth, 1890. Mgr. Molsons Bank, Hamilton, Ont. Dear Sir : — Enclosed please find the sum of One Thousand Dollars in Canadian Bank Bills, for which you will please send me a Certificate of Deposit for Five Hundred Dollars and place the remaining Five Hundred to the credit of my open account. Yours truly, W. B. Hill & Co. [asking terms of a commercial merchant.] Tara, April 12th, 1890. Messrs Price & Davis, Toronto, Ont. Gentlemen : — I have 500 barrels of good winter apples, mostly Baldwins and Northern Spies, which I would like to dispose of, to the very best advantage as soon as possible. Please write me by return of* mail your terms, facilities for handling such goods and market prospects for the sale of apples in Toronto at present, Yours respe tfully, J no. Esplcn. 109 [The following were contributed as samples of official letters by the Collector of Customs at the Port of Owen Sound.] J. Hill & Co. Port of Owen Sound, 7th March, 1889. Re File No. 2424 of 1888. Claim No 10,098. Sir, I have the honor to state in reply to your letter of enquiry in the matter, Messrs Tom, Dick and Harry for refund of duty collected on coal. I acted in accordance with instructions, File No. 2424 4th June, 1888. As they were not satisfied with my interpretation of your letter. I turned up instructions regarding Coal Free as Ships Stores. Still not being satisfied I made out claim papers for what duty had been collected. No. 10098, and which was not allowed. These vessels having called at intermediate Canadian Ports, before reaching their Foreign Ports of distination. I have the honor to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, Isaac Job, Collector. IIO Customs Department Ottawa, 8th March, 1889. lie F*ile No. 2,424, of 1888, Claim No. 10,098. Collector of Customs, Owen Sound, Ont. Sir, — Referring to claim papers above noted, being application of Messrs. Tcm, Dick and Harry, for refund of duty paid on Coal supplied to their Steamers from stock in Warehouse. The ground for claim being said Steamers having cleared from your Port for Sau^t-Ste.-Marie, United States, the coal should, be treated as "Ships Stores." I regret to inform you thac, as the vessels did call at Canadian points before reaching Sault-Ste.-Marie, United States, this Department has no power either to permit delivery of Coal at your Port Ex. warehouse free as " Ships Stores " or to refund any duty paid on entries Ex. warehouse, as the voyage was simply coasting with exception of the run between the last Canadian point of call and the Sault- Ste-Marie, United States. I have the honor to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, Samuel Bentley, Commissioner. Custom House, Owen Sound, 7th March, 1889. Sir, — T have the honor to request leave of absence say for ten days. A competent persoici will be placed m charge of the I ort during my absence. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Isaac Job, Collector. The Commissioner of Customs, Ottawa, Ont. Ill Customs Department, Ottawa, 8th March, 1889. Collector of Customs, Port of Owen ^ound, Ont. Sir, — Referring to your letter ot ylh inst applying for ten days leave of absence. I have to authorize you to take the desired leave with the understanding that you will have some competent person in charge of the Port during your absence for whose official acts you will be held yourself responsible, and without expense to this Department. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Samuel Bentley, Commissioners. Marine Departments, Ottawa, 7 th March, 1889. Sir, — I have to inform you that this Certificate of Registry of the Steamei " Champion " of Montreal, Official number 74,297, has been forwarded by this Department to the Registrar, in order that the new name may be entered upon it. As the Registrar has been instructed to communicate with you to ascertain whothei any alterations have been made in the ship's dimensions or tonnage, it will take some time before the Certificate of Registry can be placed on l)oard the vessel. In the meantime you may permit her. to run without it but in all other respects she should comply with the law relatinfr to registry of ships. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant Robert Macintosh, Deputy Minister Marine. The Registn r of Shipping, Owen Sound. 112 Accountants Office, Ottawa, 7th March, t888. Collector of Customs, Owen Sound, Ont. Sir, I beg to call your attention to the fact that the return of steamboat Inspection Revenue collected at your port for the month of July last for the sum of $3.00 has not yet reached this Department. As the Auditor is pressing for such statement you will be good enough to see that it is forwarded by first mail. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant William Eddersley, Accountant. Ottawa, 7th March, 1889. Collector of Customs, Port of Owen Sound. Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter of 3rd inst asking for mcrease in salary and regret to inform you that the Minister of Customs is at present absent and will not be back in Ottawa for some \^eeks, ])ut on. his return I will have your letter laid before him. 1 have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Samuel Bentley, Commissioner. "3 t888 lat the It your las not ou will ail. )unta!it. 1, 1889. of your egret to present eks, i)ut issioner. Fyling: Letters. Necessity. Variety of Styles. Package System. Departments. PoucK System. Other Systems. Loose Fyle. Binding System. Removal from Fyles. Documet Fyling. Necessity. — It is a matter of the greatest importance to the business man that his valuable papers and his letters be preserved, and not only preserved but kept in order for easy reference. A larger number of contracts exist in the letters of business men than are formally drawn up. Though in- formal in their get up they are just as bindmg as though written out by a solicitor. Hence the importance of keeping copies of our letters sent and others' letters received. Variety of Styles.— There are many ways of keeping correspondence, varying from a system some men have of throwing letters and other papers into a drawer, desk or other common receptacle and now and then going through the desk and casting out those, the usefulness of which does not at the time appear, up to the most convenient and sys- tematic patented fyling devices. The style adapted for any business will depend (ist) on the quantity and (2nd) on the devisability of the business into branches. ?■ la tl^i' 'S e 114 Packagpe System.— Avery simpjp way is to f6lol)alI letters to a standard breadth (most coiwiently, done 'l>y having a piece of tin the 'require.ci size) and putting all letters for a month or year or other suitable timein a package accord-inu; to the date on which they are received. Before puttifig in tbc package and after they are folded, an endorsement should b made across one end of (i) the date received, (2) the writer's name and his address, (3) money or other valuables contained and (4) a memo, ot the subject of the letter is sometimes made. Departments. — in many businesses the correspon- dence can be cpnviently divided into departments. For instance a division similar to the following is sometimes adopted: — (1) Ptjrsonal. (2) Invoices. (3) Statements and Accounts. (4) Receipts. (5) Quotations. (6) Orders. (7) Trr ellers' Reports. The division migh include many more departments. In thus dividing up, a'fyle is kept for each department, and ihj letters and other papers placed in alphabetical order by using a lettered index. Where it is. not desirable to divide into )artments, a number depr fyles may pi dexes on each fyle say A to D on ist, I) to F on 2nd, and so on. Both have advantages peculiar to themselves. Pouch System.- A Pouch Fyle for a small correspon dence can be had for a few cents. There arc a number ol them patente divisions mac we have used huge pocket cally lettered, are large enoi Other S1 favor may be ist, VVher iw'sx^flfose fyie s) ) I , ?nd, Whe lie aevfs'iisH^ fyle, pr bindin Loose F*^ he instantane , ^, disadvantage fyle, a thousai variation in : causes some are on the loo description ol from any stati Binding: S ative of this cl of this fyle ca be put away q there is no da been placed ii the fyle or in fyle or case. IIS them pntented. They consist of say twenty-six pouches or divisions made together and lettered from A to Z. 'I'hose we have used can best be explained by saying that they are huge pocket l)ooks or wallets containing pockets alphabeti- cally lettered, made from a tough manilla tag board. They are large enough to take in a letter sheet without folding. Other styles.— The other styles of fyles in greatest favor may be divided into two classes : ist, Where papers are loose between index sheets known ; iy, ^^f/f)ose fyle system . )) (. ;^ ?nd, Where papers are perforated and secured by metal- lic devfs'(isUo^tw^;i index sheets. This is known as the//.s7 f\le^ pr binding sysJeni, -Loose^ Fyiife:— rn'!^he rLoose Fyle System the letter can be instantaneously- put/irito position or taken out, one , ^, disadvantage being that in case of accidental dropping of a fyle, a thousand letters might be scattered in a moment. The variation in size from a postal to a letter sheet often causes some disadvantage.. The Globe and Tucker fyles are on the loose fyle system and are extensively used. A full description of the methods of operation can be obtained from any stationer who sells them. Bindings System.- -Perhaps the most popular represent- ative of this class of fyles is the Shannon. A full description of this fyle can be had from any stationer. A paper cannot be put away quite so rapidly as in the loose fyle system, but there is no danger of it getting out of order after it has once been placed in position. The letter can be read either on the fyle or in the binding case without removing it from the fyle or case. t » f -r «•■■, I . .\ ' H ii6 Removal from Fyles. -When any of the above mentioned become full a transfer case can be purchased for a few cents, and the contents — index and all just as it stands — transferred, leaving the fy!e ready for use again. Document Fy ling.— In Registry Offices, &c., a great number of documents accumulate in course of years. A style of loose fyle has been patented by the patentees of the above mentioned three systems. They hold one or hundreds each firmly and compactly, and under index, if required. The documents can be quickly taken out when wanted, and just as rapidly placed in position again. 'fSm M^*. In large ho to the busines: abstracts of let as they come i a form of incoi o w Q Frj The letters diately enterec the number o up in the righ in turn could would refer to A similar going letters, column head( number in th( one is an ans\ 117 -,:. .vt«si ■ ■«.;•: ^v^''- -^"-■■te'i > Ii^dexiiig. In large houses where different members of a firm attend to the business, and in departments of Government short abstracts of letters are required. Indexes are kept of letters as they come in and go out of the office. The following is a form of incoming index: — Index of Incoming Letters. o V (« Q From whom. Abstract of Contents. O CI The letters would be numbered as received and imme- diately entered into this schedule or index. When answered the number of the answer in the register would be entered up in the right hand column Tor easy reference. This index in turn could be indexed in a small alphabetical index, which would refer to the number in the first column. A similar index to the above may also be kept of out- going letters. The following is a convenient form. The column headed "reference number" should contain the number in the incoming index of the letter to which this one is an answer. -^ ii8 •• ' '■- i i} .; ... Index of Outgoing Letters. No. 1— t From Whom To whom. Abstract of Conit tits. i 1 Convenient reference to rrames in this book can he \\^ by using an alphabetical index for it, referring to the^niiiu-. ber in the first column. -.^ There often have a number cular. A writt a printed one w systems invente sif/ii/e and usin^ more or less .iiie Manifoldir ten duplicate cc I using thin linen of paper cqvere* I sheet of the blac striking the key writing, each lei I print of itself or tlius maHing as I names for these made and used 100 copies fron «■>.. 119 ■" i^i ■.':''7K I H ■' ! ii~ :-\\ be h^ti he^niim-, !« .• 1 Duplication of Letters. I Manifof,din(;. ■- Frinto(;rafti, »S:c. Stencil Method. Photo .En<;ravinu. There often arise circumstances where it is desirable to have a number of copies of the same written letter or cir- cular. A written circular often commands attention where a printed one would utterly fail. There have been many systems invented of late years for reproducing letters fac smi/eai^d using them as circulars. Each system possesses" more or less .ineirit, we will outline a few of them. Manifolding^. — Wiien a typewriter is used fiom ore to ten duplicate copies can be made at once, of any matter by using thin linen paper and placing between the sheets a sheet of paper covered with a preparation of lampblack and lard, a sheet of the black paper for every duplicate copy required. By striking the keys of the machine harder than for ordinary writing, each letter that is struck on the paper leaves an im- print of itself on every sheet of paper from the carbon paper, tlius maHing as many duplicates as there are black sheets. LithOgrams, PrintOg'raphs, &C. — l here are various names for these cheap and u'seful articles. They can be made anc| used by any person and are good for up to. about 100 copies from one writing if skilfully handled. s^*-. 'i 'ft 1 20 How to make one. Procure a tin pan the size desir- ed, say the size of a page of foolscap, 9x14 inches and ^sof an inch deep, it is better to have a lid to keep dust off when not in use. For the size mentioned procure 6oz. of gelatine the same as that used for making jellies, soak in a cloth in cold water for a few minutes till softened a little, place in a saucepan and put the saucepan in a pot of hot water. When the gelatine is melted pour in 240Z of glycerine and 70Z glu- cose, boil the water in the pot for about twenty-five minutes stirring the mixture in the saucepan at the same time. After it has been thus boiled pour from the saucepan into the flat pan in which it is to remain, having previously placen it on a level place to cool. When pouring, place the saucepan close to the other pan so that the material will not have far to drop or it will gather air bubbles. Before the substance begins to cool scrape the air bubbles off the surface of the printograph, do not use it until it is at least 24 hours old. The Ink. — The ink is very simply made. Dissolve annaline dye of the required color (violet is strongest) in alchohol. Use so little alchohol that the ink will be so thick that it will not flow freely from the pen. When the copy is written with the ink of proper thickness it will shine like gold when held towards the light. How to Apply Copy. — When your written copy is dry and of the shiny golden appearance mentioned above, place it, face downwards, on the printograph and smooth it carefully so that every part of the paper is touching the "pad," as it is sometimes called. Let it remain on about half a minute then remove carefully. A quantity of the ink remai except th the copiei on the pa you have ink off th Notei material 1 in which If gel do as a si If glu white sug tioner's. Strips writing, the surfac of the pa to lay th and in th Do ni Try agair The been invt then ink, holes of we may i driven b\ of a penc short is t 121 the size desir- hes and ^sof lust off when z. of gelatine in a cloth in le, place in a rater. When and 70Z glu- ■five minutes \e time. the sBucepan ing previously ing, place the material will ►bles. Before ubbles off the 1 it is at least le. Dissolve ; strongest) in vill be so thick in the copy is ill shine like itten copy is :ioned above, md smooth it touching the ain on about lantity of the ink remains on the pad, the copy of writing being perfect except that it is all reversed. Put en the paper you wish the copies taken on, sheet by sheet, smoothing it carefully on the pad then immediately removing them. As soon as you have taken all the copies you wish, wash the remaining ink off the pad with luke warm water and a sponge. Notes. — If the surface becomes cut or ruffled, the material may be re-melted in a saucepan in the same way in which it was made. If gelatine cannot be got conveniently, white glue will do as a substitue. If glucose cannot be got add three-fourth the weight of white sugar. The glucose can be obtained best at a confec- tioner's. .; ■! , i vj Strips of paper may be put on the pad close up to the writing. They will serve two purposes ; ist, they will save the surface of the printograph from being cut by the edges of the paper, and 2nd, a pencil mark made on it for aguage to lay the sheets to so that the matter will appear straight and in the right place. Do not be discouraged if your first trial does not succeed Try again. The Stencil Method.— Numerous appliances have heen invented and patented for making a stencil of paper ; then ink, similar to printers' ink, is forced through the small holes of the stencil, thus giving a fac simile copy. Of these we may mention the Electric Pen. A fine needle point is driven by a magnet thousands of times a minute in and out of a pencil-shaped article. So rapid is the motion and so short is the stroke that it perforates a sheet of linen paper W' 122 in a continuous line of holes along the outline of the letters wherever the point of the pen touches without impeding the pen. Another plan is to write on a prepared paper with an article like an ordinary tracing wheel so making a stencil, and stillanother by writing with a hard bone or amber stylus on a prepared paper having a piece of rough metal under the paper, cut like an ordinary file. These articles are called by such names as Cyclostile, Neostyle, &c. They can Ix; procured by any stationer. Photo Engfravilljgf. — When many copies of a document are required a eood way is to write the copy in jet black ink and have it photo engraved, or zinc etched. A metallic plate is produced by either method suitable for printing on any ordinary printing piess. Thousands of copies may thus be made. A plate of this kind will print from 50,000 to 200,000 copies, according to the care the plate gets. 123 '■:--.i-i\ ^'^■•M Letter Copying. Necessity. Style of Writing. Ink. Book. .: Materials. , Press. Necessity. — All transactions, from the purchase of a, spool of thread up to the construction of a line of railroad and the payment therefor, are contracts. There are always two or more persons interested in each of these transactions and before any commodities can exchange h|inds or the work be done, there must be an agreement of the minds of the persons interested. When thi is expressed in words between the parties themselves, the contract is z^^r^^i/ or <7ryeek, the months, and the seasons. Examples. — John Smith, Phaladelphia, Owen Sound, Friday, January, Winter. Exercises. — (i) Write four sentences, using names of persons or places. (2) Write four sentences containing the names of days, months and seasons. Rule 11 — Begin phrases or clauses numbered separately with a capital. Example. — I ask your patronage because I am prepared (i) To give you the best value ; (2) To arrange low rates of freight ; (3) To allow you extra time for payment. Exercises. — Give your reasons why (i) You study Letter Writing; (2) You take Exercise; (3) You study Book Keeping. Rule 12 — Capital letters should be used for the pro- noun I, and the interjection O ! Begin every line of poetry, and every direct quotation, with a capital. Examples. — (1) "When, O! whenj, may I have your attention to my case ? " (2) "The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way. And leaves the world to darkness and to me." (3) In your letter of the ist instant you ask: "What h;is been done to relieve the suffering poor of the city ?" Exercises Write a stani 0. Rlue 13 of speech do with commas Exampki^ went to scho( lady went to Exercises, Nouns used other parts oi Rule 14 comma. Examples, was arrested, was seriously Exercises. alory phrases, atory clauses. Rule 15- commas. Examples. {2) We will n Exercises. - their construe example ; thei K.3 Exercises. — Write four sentences containing quotations. Write a stanza of poetry and a sentence containing I and 0. Rlue 13 — When more than two words of the same part of speech do the same duty in a sentence, separate them with commas unless they are connected by conjunctions. Examples. — (i) John, William, Thomas and Henry went to school. (2) The tall, handsome, accomplished, young lady went to Detroit. Exercises, — (i) Write three sentences .having hsts of Nouns used similarly. (2) Write three sentences using other parts of speech similarly. , Rule 14 — Set off explanatory phrases and clauses by a comma. . ^ Examples. — (i) John Smith, the carpenter's apprentice, was arrested. (2) The boy, who fell from the street car, was seriously injured. ^ > ■ ; 1 ; ;j Exercises. — (i) Write three sentences containing explan- ; alory phrases. (2) Write four sentences containing explan- atory clauses. Rule 16 — Set off independent words and phrases with commas. Examples. — (i) He is, of course, a wealthy merchant. {2) We will meet again, God willing, at seven o clock. Exercises. — Write four sentences using the following in their construction : for instance ; no doubt ; perchance ; for example ; therefore. I !:|: ; Rule 16 Put the roinina in the place of impotiiini words that arc onimittetl. Rxampies. (i) Achnission, 501;. ; reserved seats, 75. (.>) The poor man sleeps somully on his pallet of str.iw ; whik the rich, is tossing on downy pillows. Exercises, (i) Write two advertisenuMits. (2) Wiiu three sentences similar lo the ahove example. Rule 17 Separate clauses of the same rank or impoi tance in a para'graph with a semicolon. Examples, John drove to town ; V\ illiam went to scluml; Henry went out to John Wilson's ; all returned home il\;ii evening. Exercises. Write five sentences siniilar in construriioii to the example ahove. Rule 18 When terms have the sauie de|)endencr on some other part of the sentence, they should l>e se|)arate(l hy ;i semicolon. Example. -The prisoner was charged with: (1) \';\^- rancy;(2) Drunkeness ; (3) Theft. Exercises, -{i) Conipose four sentences similar to t In- above example. (2) Choose four similar sentences from hooks or news[)aper.'*. Rule 19 Use the colon when: (a) two or more jiiiii cipal sentences are formed into a compound senitiid without the conjunction ; (b) before ;i direct ({notation v^lim notice has been given that the (juotation is to come. ' r.xompie. in tonvnts : it ihc close t)f Ml Ken/ie w; anil you got Excfvises. Write llireo s Rule 20 the loUoNving: Examples (nuaiung thai Exerc se, ahove exan\pl Rule 21 an argument, to Resume : U Examp>'r. matter : '!\) i\ whole duty of Exmises.- examples of tl first lH)ok of I Rule 22 closer connect minutes and s without using Examp/es. «o: 13, (2) '1 u: 30 N. ; (J Exercises, iistriK lion »^5 /\.\v>w//(f». (i) Tho wind blow a lunrirano: \\\c vain foil ii) tonvnls; il was a tonihlo niglu on the watrr. (2) IWfoiv iho iloso ol" his s|Kvrl\ ho said: "\VI\on tho Hon. Alo\- Nh Kon/io was in powor yon l^ad iho woovil in your wluai and you got tho Colorailo Hugs." /'.\vY/v/V<*y. Wrilo four sontonoos sinnlar lo o\anij)lo (0 Writo throo sotUonoos tontnnnni; nuotations. Rule 20 Tho colon is usod aftor suoh oxprv^ssions as tho tollo\vit\g: KxttfN/>Us, Xh: to wit : To whom it nwy ( otuvrn : i. 0. (nuwning that is). /i,\rn'st\ Writo ton fortns similar in thoir nso to the ahovo oxatnplos. , ; . .. > Rule 21 Tho colon is usok of Kuelid. Rule 22 The colon is useful: (1) in bringing into closer ooni\cction, hours, minutes and sect)nds ; (2) degrees, miimtes and seconds ; (3) in expressing chapters and verses without using the Roman notation. £x'rs, -(i) 2: 30 1\ M. The race was run in 1 : 10: 13, (2) The vessel was sighted at 22 : 30: 36 E., 43 -. \2 : 30 N. ; (3) (ial. 2:10; Rom. 3 ; 14; .\cts 2 : 13 16. £x€trisfs. Write fifteen examples on the above rule. /ifcs I .6 Rule 23— The period besides terminating sentences: (i) is placed after abbreviated words; (2) stands as a decimal point mathematically. Examples — (i) Dec, Mr. W. J. Brown, H. M. Parsons, M.A., M.D., L.L.I). (2) 32.6432. Exercise. —'^xxX.^ the abbreviations for the months and days. Write all ihe scholastic titles you can think of in their abbreviated form. Rule 24 — The dash marks the omission of: (1) letters from a word ; (2) consecutive numbers. . Example. — Mr. R 1 B n was present and read Matt. X, 4-24, and Acts XVII, 22—38. Exercises. — Write six examples illustrating the use of the dash under the above rule. Rule 25— The Dash ( — ) denotes: (i) hesitancy in speaking : (2) an abrupt change of thought ; (3) is placed after the complimentary address of a letter. Examples. — (1) Mr. President: I — I — a — I rise to a point of order. (2) "Bassanio was in love with Portia - and who is not — because of her purity of soul " — Merchant of Venice.' (3) Dear Sir, — Madam,—. Exercises.— \Wx'\tit three exauiples under each section of the rule. Rule ^6 — The Hyphen is used (i) to separate words into syllables. [Note-, when a word is broken at the end of a line the hyphen is placed at the end of the line not at the beginning of a new line.] Exampl Pre-pay-mer Exerc sc. Exhibit, ad brevity, irreg Rule 27 case; (2) the word. Examples (2) iV/go, if Exercises. chant and Mj Rule 28- be inclosed ir the quotation phes. Examples. rhen Agrippa to be a christi [Note. Tl- not in the autl Exercises.- Rule 29- by way of exp] inclose it with 137 I » > intences : ids as a Parsons, nths and ik of in of: (I) and read ise of the tancy in s placed lise to a Portia - Vferc/iaui Action of words lend of a at the Examples.— {i) Stick-to-a-tive-ness, Co-operation (2) Pre-pay-ment, en-thu-si-as-tic. Exerc scs. — (i) Write ten compound words. (2) Syllabify Exhibit, adjustable, illustrated, committee, presentation, brevity, irregular. Rule 27 — The Apostrophe mark (i) the possessive case; (2) the elision of one or more letters in a contracted word. Examples. — (1) John's coat. Charles' hat. Joe's, ox. (2) ^'//go, if 1 carHl get your permission to remain. Exercises. — Write the possessive forms of James, Mer- chant and Mary. Write ten contracted words. Rule 28 — Words quoted from a writer or speaker should be inclosed in quotation marks [" "] Those placed before the quotation are commas inverted, those after are apostro- phes. Examples. — "Distance lends enchantment to the view." i'hen Agrippa said unto Paul : " Almost thou persuadest me to be a christian." Acts 26 : 28. \Note. The quotations are of recent origin. They are not in the authorized version of the Scriptures.] Exercises. — Write ten sentences containing quotations. Rule 29 — When an expression is thrown into a sentence by way of explanation, which is not necessary to the reading, inclose it with parenthesis ( ). ''..■■\\ >■■' u n..* m 138 Example — My opinion, gentlemen, (I am honest about it,) is, that an Education is a means, and not an end. Exercises. — Write three sentences, introducing indepen- dent matter into each within parentheses. Rule 30 — Th t Brace^ — ' — ^is used to display words or names connected with one ord. Examples. — - Certified correct. J.Wilson,] John Smith, ) Auditors T. Brou N, J-Committee. Timothy Jonks, j RoBT. Pye, Marks of reference: asterisk,*; dagger,!; double dag- ger, \ ; section, J^ ; parallel, || ; paragraph, II; are used in the above order tj connect foot notes of explanation with the text in the page. 4^ ■**% :^^. The elegai expression de] meaning of W( poor taste w« report a fashic a three-columi necessary to cl to use appropi The majoi handy manual of "Critic," e these will he correct many ( Discriminate before wore accent falls Discriminate I the power ease. Adt'l practical pi ability the in quicknes ally done. 39 (L\imE ol Word3. The elegance as well as the force and exactness of expression depends on a discrimination in reference to the meaning of words. There would likely be an example of poor taste were the "commercial editor" despatched to report a fashionable wedding, or the "horse editor" to give a three-column account of a dress carnival. Not only is it necessary to choose expressive words in any composition, but to use appropriate words. v' The majority of the following are extracts from a very handy manual by ^n unknown author taking the non de plume of "Critic," entitled "Discriminate." A careful study of these will help to remove redundancy in expression and correct many common Liunders. Discriminate in the use of a and an. A should be used before words beginning with an aspirated h, when the accent falls on the second syllable, and not an. Discriminate between Ability and Capacity. Capacity is the power of receiving and retaining knowledge with ease. Ability is the power of applying knowledge to practical purposes. Capacity implies power to conceiie:, ability the power to execute designs. Capacity is shown in quickness of apprehension ; ability in something actu- ally done. m V V. ■■ ■ W. : -I! I40 Discriminate between Above and Toregoing. Don't say, " The above statement^' \ say, " The foregoing statement." Discriminate between Above and More than. Don't say, " Alwve a mile distant " ; say, " more than a mile distant." Discriminate between Above and Beyond. Don't say, ■ '"''Above his strength"; say, "i^^^vwdf his strength." .} Discriminate between Accord and Given. Don't say, " The information was accorded him " ; say, " The infor- • mation was given him." Discriminate between i.DMiNiSTER and Dealt. Don't say, " Blows were administered by the pugilist " ; say, " were dealt r Discriminate between Adopt and Take. Don't say, " What course will you adopt} ^^ say, "What course will you take ? " Discriminate between Adopt and Decide upon. Don't say, " The measures adopted by Congress did not give satis- faction " ; say, "The measures decided upon J' Adopt is properly used in such cases as the following : " The resolution (or report or plan or measure) proposed or recommended by Mr. Brown was adopted by the committee." " The report of the committee was adopted by the House." That is, what was Mr. Brown's resolution etc., was adopted by the committee, and what was the committee's was adopted (made its own) by the House. 141 I \ ^ were Discriminate between Aggravate and Irritate, Provoke, or Anger. Don't say, " It aggravates me to be thus ' talked about "; say, " It provokes me." Don't say, " How- easy he is aggravated'' ! say, '' irntatedr Circumstances aggravate ; the word meaning to heighten, to make worse. Discriminate in the use of Alike; do not use this word with the word both " WiUiam and Henry are both alike. Leave out the word both. y- ^ • • • Discriminate between All over and Over all. Instead of saying, " The rumor flew a// over the country," say, " over all the country. ' "^ Discriminate between Allow and Assert, or to be of the Opinion of. Instead of saying, " He allows it to be the best speech dehvered," say, ^' asserts^'' or, "He is of the opinion it is the best." Discriminate between Allude and Speak of. Mention, or Name. To allude to a matter is to refer to it in a dehcate manner, or indirectly. Instead of saying, " He alluded to the address in a sarcastic manner, "say, '^ spoke of,'' or " referred." Instead of saying, " He alluded to the honorable gentleman," say, ^'■mentioned," or ^' named" him. Discriminate between Alone and Onlv. Alone relates to that which is unaccompanied ; as, " Wealth alone " (that is, unaccompanied with something else) "can not make a mm happy. Only implies there is no other; a.s, " Man only of the a.iimal crcaiion can adore," not ^^ alone." Dis'Timinate i i the use of And and 'I'o. Instead of saying "do and see tiiem hcf )rc you leave" ; " Try and help him obtain a place'; "Come and meet our friends at my house,'" say, "Oo to,' "Try to," "Come to." ..Si 142 Discriminate between Ameliorate and Improve. Don't say, " His health was ameliuraUd''; say, ^Uffiproved^ Discriminate between And and Or. Instead of saying " It is plain that a nation like the English and French must be an armed nation," say, "Like the English or French.' There is no English and French nation. Discriminate between Answer and Reply. An answer is given to a question ; a reply is made to a statement or an assertion. We answer inquiries, we reply to charges or accusations. " Are you there ? " He answered^ " Yes.'' "I charge you with ingratitude.'' He replied^ "Your , charge is false." Discriminate between Anticipate and Expect. Instead of saying, " The arrival of the vessel was hourly antici- pated^^^ say, ''''expected.^'' To anticipaie means, ro take beforehand; to get ahead of; to get the start of; to foretaste. Discriminate between Any and At all. We may say, " He is not any worse." We could not say, " He did not hear any:' It should be, "fl/ «//." Discriminate between Appreciate and Value or Prize. Instead of saying^, " I appreciate highly bis services," say, ^^ value'' or "prize" Appreciate means, to put a true value on persons or things — their worth, merit, ability, and the like ; to estimate justly. Discriminate between Appreciate and Rise or Increase in value. It is improper to say, "The land greatly appreciated in value." Use increase or rose. Discriminate a/>prehettd is tial concept! understand Discriminate i Nobody els to call each else in the book^' yet i adjective, ai else qualifies manner, fio( Discriminate 1 say, Where apt to be ab apt to reac have difficu; Discriminate 1 know of" ; Discriminate \ as good as t good so far Discriminate I were sold a^ more wond( Discriminate Ought that Discriminate i crimatcly to produce a U as, " It is ai M3 Discriminate betwee Apprehend and Comprehend. To a/^prehend is to take an idea into the mind, to have a par- tial conception of its meaning. To comprehend means to understand fully. Discriminate in the use of Anybody else, Somebody else, Nobody else. Although it may be strictly grammatical to call each of these phrases a compound noun, and put else in the possessive case, and say, " Somebody else's book^' yet it is more euphonious to consider else as an adjective, and add the apostr'^phe and s to the word which else qualifies, and say, " Somehodfs else book" and in like manner, nobody's else, anvbodv's else. ^ ■ ' ■* ^t^ Ai'M. / ^^ Discriminate between Apt and Ijkely or Liabie. Don't say, Where shall I be apf to see him ? " " What is he apt to be about?" If you will leave a message it will te apt to reach me." " If you meet him you will be apt to have difficulty." Use likely or liable. Discriminate between As and That. Don't say, ' Not as I know of" ; say, " Not that I know of." Discriminate between As and So. Don't say, " This is not as good as that " ; say, " This is not so good." " It was good so far as it went " ; say, as far as^ Discriminate between At and By. Don't say, "The goods were sold af auction "; .say, "/^v auction." "Niagara is still more wondcrFuI sc?o nf night"; say ''by night." Discriminate between Ai (;ht' which means anything and Ought that is sLi,t,=^ Discriminate in the use of Defalcation. Don't use it in the sense of default, or defaulting. To defalcate means to lop off. Congress might defalcate certain duties on goods, but the defalcation would not be a default. A defaulter is one who fails in his duty, especially in relation to finan- cial affairs. Discriminate in the use of Despite. Don't say, " In despite of all our efforts to prevent him, he departed '" ; omit in and of and say, " Despite all our efforts," etc. [Discriminate in the use of Directly. Don't say, " Directly he went to the hall, he began to lecture " ; use as soon as. '-"'*'" iDiscriminate in the use of Disremember. It is an Ameri- canism and an Hibernianism to say, " I disremember the time of his coming " ; use the better ^ord forget. discriminate in the use of Distinguish and Discriminate. We distinguish one thing from another ; we discriminate betWKten two or more things. Hence, don't say, " He distinguished between the articles" ; use discriminated. )iscriminate between Dock and Wharf. The shipping around a city lies at wharves and piers, not at docks. A dock is a place into which things are received. Don't say, "He fell off the dock into the water " : use wharf pier, or quay. You might as well say, " He fell off a hole.'' m I I't I , 1 ;.*• 148 Discriminate in the use of Done. Don't say, " He dojie it " ; use did. Dicriminate in the use of Don't. Don't say, " John don't go as I ordered him"; use doesnU. Don't is used with the second person and doesn't with the third person. Discriminate in the use of Each other which refers to one of two objects. When you refer to more than two use one another. Discriminate in the use of the forms of Eat. It is an obso- lescent way of speaking to say, I eat (as though pronouned et) the apple." Use atf. Discriminate in the use of Each, every and No. When one of these words qualifies a Noun that is a subject of a sentence the verb following it must be in the singular number. Discriminate in the use of Either and Neither. Either properly means the one or the other of two. "Ciive me «Mdr book," means, "Give me the one or the other of two books." Either is often used for each. * He has an estate on either side of the stream," means that he has two estates one on each (or either side of the stream. Either and neither are now used in relation to more than two things by good writers, although any and none are preferable ; as, " Any of the four," not " Eiihei^ of the four." " None of the five," not " Neither of the five." Discriminate in the use of Expect. Don't say, " I expect you had a rough passag^." Use supfo e. We cannot expect backwards. 149 Discriminate in the use of Experience. Don't say, "They experienced rough treatment, or usage." Use suffered. Discriminate in the use of Extend. Don't say, " He extended great courtesy to me '"' ; say, " He shewed me great couitesy." Discriminate in the use of Flee and Fly. Don't say, "Theyyf(?ze; from the pestilence,' "Theyyfd." Say, " If I w/V/^Xv not." I'on't say, "I repeat 'liat you are mistaken in your opinion." Say, " You //n's akc," etc. >« ?i J 152 Discriminate between Most and Almost. Don't say, " He goes there most every clay." Use almost. Discriminate in the use of Mutual. Don't say, '*They had a mutual friend," say, **a common friend." Mutual properly relates to ttvo persor.s, and implies something reciprocally given and received ; as, mutual love ; mutual fi iendship. Discriminate in the use of Neither and Nor. Don't say, " He would tieitler give house, nor !and, nor money." Say he would give w^'M^/- house," etc. The conjunction must be placed before the excluded object. Don't tay, " He can neither help his infirmity ro his weakness. Say, *' He can help f either his infirmity." etc. Discriminate in the use of New. Don't say, "He had a new suit of clothes xmd a new pair of mittenr." Say, "ci suit of tte7v clothes, a pair of new mittens." Discriminate in the use of Nick. Don't say, "It was a nicy performance " ; " He was a nice speaker " ; " 1 he streets were nire.^' Use some better adjective. Restrict niie to such uses as a nice distinction, a nice point, a niie disrim- ination, a niie person, and the h'ke. D">c iminite ii the use ot Not. Whjn not stands in the fi st m-jmber )f a sentence, it must be followed by nor or neith'r. " Not for money nor for influence w.ll he yield"; " He will not go, neither shall you." It would t)e an imperfect ne^gation to say, " Henry and Charles v>'ere not present." The sentence means they were not present /// company. Ic would not exclude the presence of one of them. It should be written, '' Neither Charles nor Henry was present." Discriminate ii adverb Off. of that piece Omit the of. Discriminate be the one who times we spe Discriminate ii three exampl is the most brother by fi^ two, and the the two poets Discriminate in a chair, a hoi Discriminate bound to hav it." Discriminate be inborn^ instix rjason, or o more merit Courage, wl commendab in seizing an smith rivetec oi courage. ^^ Discriminate ir that he will *53 Discriminate in the use of the preposition Of after the adverb Off. Don't say, "Six yards of silk were cut off of \\\2X piece"; "The apples dropped off of \.\\2X tree." Omit the of. Discriminate between Of and On. Don't say, " Think on the one who gave you this " ; " Dost thou think on the times we spent together?" Use of v v Discriminate in the use of Older and Elder. Two or three examples will illustrate their use. " The e/der son is the most gifted in the family; he is o/tfer than his brother by five years " ; " He is the o/der soldier of the two, and the o/de^af in the regiment." " He is the e/der of the two poets, and the e/desf poet in the realm." Discriminate in the use of On. Don't say, "He got on to a chair, a horse, a veranda," etc. Omit to. Discriminate between Bound and Determine. "He is bound to have it," should be, " He is determined to have it." Discriminate between Bravery and Courage. Bravery is inborn^ instinctive, and constitutional. Courage is of the rjason^ or of determination and calculation. There is no more merit in being brave than in being heautijul. Courage, whether physical, mental, or moral, is truly commendable. " The act of Sir Thomas Powell Buxton in seizing and holding a mad dog, until the village black- smith riveted a chain around the brute's neck, was an act o{ courage. ^^ Discriminate in the use of But. "They do not doubt but that he will succeed " ; omit but. it 1 1 Mi 154 t;ts ^'<' Discriminate between Bring, Fetch, and Carry. Bri'/n m^ans simply to convey Ho, or toward i/etcA means to Ft ^^nj(^ ^r///^-v-^a, compound, act; >&r/^ iriiplies motion .(roi*}y, J^nd is. generally followed 'by' away ox aff. ' '♦l5/-/l»/^» 'jjae.the Book"';* ''' i'^tcli^tyc r^ ^W>^the^book from th& Jibrary " ; *' Carry '^ys, parcel to the house," would be correct expressions. Discriminate in the use of Caption and Heading. It is a perversion of the word caption to use it in the sense of headings although this is frequently done in the United States. Caption means seizure or act of takim^^ and not headship. Don't say, " The caption of a chapter, section, or page " ; use heading. Discriminate in the use of Only. Don't say, " They only sent four men to repair the track " ; say, " They sent only" etc. " Articles of genuine merit will only appear in 'th6 paper "; say, "genuine merit only." ''They '-^will'ftot come, only when they are called." Use except or 'Cj unless. . r' 'y ;* • u' ^':S ? j ' i i ' i r, O. / Eyiscriitiinate in' the.use >off Ouii^Hfr ,4nd;>SHOU|j?. ^Ought '^impHeS that Aye are morally bpund to: do something. ^'*5!^2^/d?is not quite so strong a terjn.- . We au^^ht to be 1 i honest ; we should be tender toward little childrjen. Discriminate between Perpetually and Continually. Don't say, "He is perpetual talking aboujt him^self." ^Use continually^ Perpetual Tsy^sxxv^ neter, ceaaijrig ; cin- ' 'tinhalfy, that Vvhldi' is constantly renewed, with, perhaps, frequent stops and intierruptions. Discriminate in the use of the forms of Plead. Don't say, " He plead (pled) guilty," " The lawyer should have plead (pled) more earnestly " ; say, pleaded. Discriminate be say, " A boun like. Use t persons, not 1 ful benefacto Discriminate be " Money is / is condemne( Discriminate b< "He posted been better p " have been 1 Discriminate h " I promise y Discriminate b< "What ^uat Don't say, "What ^uai wsighed or m Discriminate ii ^uite a fortu] say, a consi Don't say, gentlemanly, noun. Discriminate ii say " It is 7)ery. 155 , Discriminate between Plentiful and Bountiful. Don't say, " A bountiful breakfast, a bountiful repast," and the like. Use the term plentiful. Bountiful applies to persons, not to things. Thus, a bountiful giver, a bounti- ful benefactor. Discriminate between Plentiful and Plenty. Don't say, " Money is plenty " ; say, plentiftil. Pienty in such cases is condemned by the best critics. ■^* •. Discriminate between Posted and Informed. Don't say, " He posted me up in the matter." " I ought to have been better //?j/^d? " ; say. Informed me as to the matter," " have been better /z?/^rw^^/' to speak " ; say, "you ought"-, They had no right to pay the excessive charges " ; say, " They were under no obligation" or ^^were not in duty bound," etc. Don't say, ''''Right here" and ^^ rii^ht there") say ^^just here,' and ^*just there." Discriminate in the use of Saw. When the period of time referred to by a speaker or writer extends to the time ol making a statement, the perfect particij>le, have sjen, must be used instead o^ saiv. Hence, don't say, "I nevi r saiv such a beautiful sunset before ' ; use have seen. It is (or rect to say, " I never saw such a beautiful sunset, ivlicn / 7vas in London." Discriminate to i)lace, to haunches, t bird, etc. (some artic horse. We hen sits on a sitting (m Discriminate Will. Tli futurity, b will for tl indiscrimin is a very auxiliaries, be appropi meant to o to wish, t do that wc that, and 1 resolved meaning v supposed shall go, or part to ma oblii^ed lo I nn dc*^ei part. Yo on the par r:r.\t peiso »57 Discriminate bet^veen Si-yr and Sit. To sd menns to put, to place, to plant, to fix. 'Jo sit means to rest on the haunches, to remain in a state of repose, to perch, as a bird, etc. We set apart, set aside, set al)out, and set down (some article), or (in writing). We sit on a chair, or a horse. We sit up and sit down. We sit a hen, and a hen sits on eggs. We should say, therefore, " As cross a sitttHjiT (not setti/tg) hen." . '^ Discriminate in the use of the auxiliary verbs Shali and Will. The English language has no inflexion to express futurity, but uses chiefly the auxiliary verbs s/:(r/t and 7vi// for that purjiose. Many persons use ihej^e verbs indiscriminately, but according to the best usa^^.e there is a very nice distinction n the u^e of tiiese tv^o auxiliaries. In order to explain the difference it may be appropriate to give the derivation, ^/n?// (rij-iiaMy meant to owe, to be under obligation, while 7vi// meant to wish, to resolve, to be determined, so that / s/hf// do that would mean I am obliged, constrained to do that, and I will do that would mean I intend, wish, am resolved to do that. Thus when I say I shall ^a^o thi^ meaning would be, 1 am constrained to go, (and I am supposed to do what I have to do) ; but when I say Yon shall ^^0, or he sltall ,i;^o, there is some determination on my part to make him go. It is the same as saying Vo// are ol'lixed lo ,j,7'. Again, I will i^o would mean I wish to j.o, I nn de^erni'ned to go, and implies determination on my [)arc. J*' / will f^o^ or he ivill t^o, implies no determination on tlie part of the speaker, but leaves it to the will of the pers>)i-i adJrc.sed or spoken of Thus shall, if used in the f:r^t person, denotes futurity ; if used in the second ai:d lit m %.i * u .58 third persons it denotes determination on the part of the speaker, and ivill^ if used in the first person denotes determination on the speaker's p^art, while in the second and third persons it denotes futurity. If, therefore, we wish to express futurity, we conjugate : I shall love Thou wilt love He will love We shall love You shall love They shall love On the other hand, if the speaker wishes to express determination he would conjugate : I. will work Thou shalt work He shall work We will work You shall work They shall work In interrogative sentences in the second and third persons use the auxiliary that you expect to be used in the answer, e.g.: Shall you do this? if we expiect for answer, I shall ox I shall not. Will you do it? I will. In the first person always use sh'ill, since your will does not depend on others, e.g : Shall I take it? You ^hall (or will) *:ake it. Discriminate in the use of Should and Would. In conditional entences should may be used with all persons as it ex} jsses possibility independent of the subject. Usually the same distinction is made between should and would as between shall and 7vifl, but should is used when the possibility rests with the person referred to ; ivould is used in the opposite case. Discriminate i Don't say, ' Use ' somew some ten mi Di9(;;riiyiinafe i Splendid, AWFUL. D events are s anything" ; moderate a» Discriminate 1 are you sU cease going to sojourn ; hotel. Discriminate 1 a verb, mes ing a legal court. : ' <"■ < i.- Discriminate claims that salad, beef, etc. K I I Discrunmnte 1 .1 '.,1!. •-• .miplymg c( them. " is richer t I " ; not I follow Ihat 159 Discriminate in the use of Somf, Somewhat, and Ahout. Don't say, "He has improved some since you saw him." X^'i^' somewf'at. Don't say, "You will find the place some ten miles distant." Use about. • ill .■.■.,-■-.. Dis^riipinajte in. the use .of such adjectives and phrases as Splendid, Awfui, Perfectly splendid, Perfectly AWFUL. Doh't use these words when trivial things or events are spoken of. " She is too perfectly splendid for anything'' ; " Her dress was perfectly awful.'' Use more moderate and expressive terms. Discriminate between Stop and Stay. Don't say, " Where are you stopptni^}'' Use staying. To stop means to cease going forward. To stay means to abide ; to dwell ; to sojourn ; to tarry. We stay at a friend's, at home, at a hotel. Discriminate between Summon and Summons. Summon is a verb, meaning to call for ; Summons is a noun, mean- ing a legal instrument commanding a person to appear at court. ; • 1-- . '■ Discrimir^ate between Take and Have. High authority claims that we must not say, "\r^^e? dinner, tea, coffee, salad, beef," etc. ; hut must use ^- have sOme dinner, tea," etc. Disci:iminnte'in the use' of Than ahd As. Than and as, .iiiiplying comparison, take the same case after as before them. " I rode farther than he (rode) " ; not him. " He is richer than she"; not her. "You are stronger than I " ; not me. The nominative case does not always follow than or as. "I esteem you more than him " ; that S I :':. ? ^ '1 i^ ji .p.H r. i' 11' i6o is to say, " I esteem you more than I esteem him " ; "I will carry you farther than himy It thus depends upon the meaning one intends to convey, whether he or him shall be used. Discriminate in the use of the article The. Always place it before such adjectives as Reverend, Honorable ; as, ''The Rev. Canon Farrar"; ''The Honorable Charles Sumner.' Discriminate in the use ot Think. Don't say, " It cost me more than you think for ''^ ; om\\.for. Discriminate in the use of Those. Don't say, "Those kind of cattle are the best " ; " Those kind of people are net to be trusted " ; " Those kind of lemons are to be preferred." Say, "That kind of cattle is the best"; " That kind of people is not to be trusted " ; " That kind of lemons is to be preferred." Discriminate between Them and Those. Them is a pro- noun. " Four of them were brown," thost is an adjective. Don't say, " Pass them apples " say those. D scriminate between Was and Is. What is true at all times should be expressed by />, or a verb in the present tense. " He came to the conclusion that there was no immortality " ; " The greatest of Bryant's poems ivas '' Thanatopsis." in both casts, use is. Discriminate in the use of Whence, Hence, aud Thenc e. Don't say, " From whence do you come ? " ; " He went ixom hence'^ ', "He came from thence.'^ Say, "whence,'' " hence," " the nee ^ From is superfluous. Discriminate ivith them. Discriminate say, " I sh "You will study." s unless my ] Discriminate "This is tl Witness pi ledge. A like. Discriminate Who appli what to 1 When use( which am things. i6i Discriminate in the iise of \Vith. People die of fevers not tvith them. Discriminate in the use of Without and Unless. Don't say, " I shall not depart without my parents' consent " ; "You will never perform that example ivithout your study." say, '■''ivithout the consent of my parents, or, unless my parents consent " ; " unless you study." Discriminate in the use of Witness and See. Don't say, " This is the most awful sea I ever witnessed^ Use saw. Witness properly means testimony from personal know- ledge. A man witnesses a murder, a theft, and tlie Hke. Discriminate in the use of Who, Which What, and That. IVho applies to persons, which to persons and things and what to things when used as Interrogative Pronouns. When used as Relative Pronouns ivho applies to persons, which and what to things and that to persons and things. m im f:>!- m l62 SxEFGi^B^ Top CoFFeGtion. There is perhaps no method so effectual in the correc tion of common grammatical blunders, as calling particular attention to each one separately. The following is a col- lection of common errors that are readily noticed. There has been no attempt to introduce^ any difficult or debatable exercise, only such as may be readily understood and cor- rected by any person who is not even familiar with the rules of grammar. CAPITALS. 1. We are gcang to owen sound. 2. my mother Is sick. 3. I heard that donald was sick. 4. The owen Sound times is a Newspaper edited by james rutherford. 5. have you Ever read a History of the french revolution? 6. You should learn to speak the english language cor- rectly. 7. The Canadian pacific railway. 8. My brother was killed during the north-west rel)ellion. 9. Packard's commercial arithmetic. 10. the monthly business meetings of the n. b. c. literary society are held on the last Wednesday of every month. II are you gc 12. in the mei 13. over th( tende while b( he wj 14. A lecture at 8 p. m. by lh( 15. John m. k for a trip to eurc WRONG PI 1. I have two 2. My daught 3. Which of 4. There wen 5. Potatoes a 6. Johns hat 7. The negro 8. We have 9. Fowls are 10. Womens' 11. Deers an 12. I caught Hand m< Black sh( He has j This arti Monkies 13- 14. IS- 16. 17. 1 63 II 12. are you going home for Christmas ? in the merry month of may. 13. over the banister lay a face, tenderly sweet and beguiling, / > while below her with tender grace he watched the picture smiling. 14. A lecture will be given in the y. m. c. a. hall to-ni^ht at 8 p. m. by the rev. mr. j. W. Roan, b. a., ph. d. 15. John m. kilbourn went with the rev. John somerville for a trip to europe in July. correc ■ticular a col- There )atal)le id cor- le rules ' james lution? 56 cor- )ellion. WRONG PLURAL AND POSSESSIVE FORMS. I have two spoonsful every day. . My daughter-in-laws are coming for a visit. Which of these pianos is the best. There were many ladies present. Potatoes are wholesome food. I. 2. 3- 4. 5- 6. Johns hat is spoiled. 7. The negros rose in rebellion. 8. We have ordered one dozen men's and boys' clothing. 9. Fowls are good to eat. 10. Womens' rights are very often misunderstood. 1 1. Deers are plentiful in that district. 12. I caught a dozen trouts this morning. 13. Hand me the scissor. 14. Black sheeps are notiso common as white ones. 15. He has passed through many crisises. 16. This article costs ten pennies. 1 7. Monkies are droll animals. 'Nil 164 1 8. Your 5s are not well made. 1 18. Histroub 1 9. They grow on the stem by two's and three's. 1 19. Regularity 20. Your fs and Is are very good. 20. Nearly ev( 21. I shot fifteen deers last fall. 21. Neither oi 22. Kis two son-in-laws went to England. 22. Either of 23. John broke hi's leg. 23. When wai 24. Mary said that the hat was her's. 24. I were th( 25. This dog is yours. 25, They was 26. Is the bo 27. Do the cc 28. Your favo AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 29. Either Jo I. Chickens makes good eating. 2. Wolves is very savage in winter. 3. Apples does me more good than anything else. VERB WRC 4. Come here, says I. 5. I will not do it, says you. 6. Was you at church last night ? I. I done al 7. They tells me not to go, according to me 8. We was over to see you last week. 2. We seen y 9. Has your horses ran away ? 3. He hds we TO. Everyone are glad to go. 4. My sister II. Neither the general nor his brother were at the meet- 5. I drunk s( ing. 6. I sung tha 12. Were either of you there. 7. I have brc 13. Nothing but cares and sorrows seem to be in store 8. I wouldn't for me. 9. I have ate 14. Usefulness, and not numbers, are our boast. 10. The lake 15. Nobody but Smith and his uncle were near the place. 11. I have w 16. Is the clothes out on the line ? 12. How ma 17. He as well as his brother were there. • * 13. I had to i65 1 8. His troubles makes him look old. 19. Regularity in all your habits are useful. 20. Nearly every one of the animals are sick. 21. Neither of them have deserved anything. 22. Either of them are sure to go if you ask them. 23. When was you to church? . -. 24. I were there last Suncjay. ; 4 ■ . • 25. They was to our house. • .: 26. Is the boys in the field. ;.•;.' 27. Do the cow eat grass. ""'"' ' 28. Your favor of the 15th instant come to hand to-day. 29. Either John or Henry were lost. t -^li- i;i VERB— WRONG FORMS OF PAST TENSE AND PAST PARTICIPLE. 1. I done all my questions. — (Two ways jf correcting according to meaning.) 2. We seen you down at the dock last night. 3. He hits went home. 4. My sister come over on the stage last night. 5. I drunk some water. 6. I sung that song at oijr last concert. 7. I have broke my eye-glasses. 8. I wouldn't have knowed you. 9. I have ate nothing but potatoes for the last three days. 10. The lake is froze up. 11. I have wore out these boots. 12. How many have wrote their exercises? 13. I had took so much baggage in the boat that she sunk. SI if i m 1 66 14. last. 15- 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- been. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30- 3^- 32- 33- 34- 35- .. 3^- 37- 38. 3'3- son's 40. 41. 42. You have growed about six inches since I sejn you Has your aunt came ? Ben Haines has ran away from his parents. They have gave us no wages as yet His hands swole up terribly. We had drank nothing but water for three weeks. We had began to ascend the hill before we noticed it. He swum two miles down the river. We beseeched him to stay. I would have gave a dollar to see it. H^ intended to have let her went on Tuesday. The water was deeper than he thought it would have He run down the hill. I have sang all the songs I knowed. His fingers has sw^elled up. He swinged the rope over his head. John bring over his saw. Tho^nas got runned over by a horse. He has came all the way from Barrie. The harness was broke when he come. He done the work as good as he could. William has did all in his power to help them. Johnston has went four miles. Warson has drawed six loads of hay. Thomson has drew more than him. The wind has blew all night and blowed over Harri- mill. I have spoke to you several times. He throwed away his book. He was sentenced to be hung. 43. The cc 44. Thomi 45. The h( USE OF 1. Can I g 2. Will I h 3. I will n will, I replied 4. They as Tara. 5. I will St 6. If he w 7. I am fir spite of any : 8. The po 9. Don't I; 10. The r 11. Don't 12. I laid 13. The h 14. Shall 15. I will I. It is m 2: He is a 3. Us bo> 4- Both h oil 167 X^i ■?ks. 9. John and Bessie see one another often. 10. Christians should love each other. 11. A>e you the hoy what fell from the ladder? 12. I gave it to one of the men which were working on the railroad. 13. He made a present to the man who saved his life. 14. Wilh'e Roach done these there specimens all hisself. 15. Any one who trespasses on these grounds will l)e punished. 16. In memory of John Roach, that died Feb. 21, 1865. 17. Me and him went and seen them folks what live near the river. 18. I went to the man whom I thought was the master. 19. Whom do you take me to be ? 20. You are a man that always do what you like. 21. If any one n eds assistance let them hold up their hand. 22. Who are you talking to? 23. Between you and I it is a bad sign. ADJECTIVES. . . 1. What kind of a fellow is he? 2. I never liked these kind of people. 3. This apple tastes more sweeter than yours, 4. I didn't mean no harm. 5. It is the mi 6. He is the t 7. They retur 8. I always dt 9. I didn't do 10. He isn't c 11. Chiiia is t ill the world. 12. Neither o 13. There are 14. My two s other. 15. Them thi; 16. These the 17. William is USING ADj: V 1. He done again. 2. I am not r 3. These orai 4. She feels \ 5. Didn't she 6. I can buy 7. I want yoi 8. He seems 9. He acted 10. Don't w£ 11. I am aw 5. It is the most delightfullest place we ever was in. 6. He is the tallest of the two.. 7. They returned back home again after three years. 8. I always depised those sort of fellows. 9. I didn't do nothing of the kind. 10. He isn't doing anything I don't think. . 11. Chiiia is the most densely populated of any cou-nry ill the world. 12. Neither of them saved any of their property. 1 3. There are hills on either side of the railway. 14. My two sisters are always quarreling among one an- other. 15. Them things is hurtful. 16. These there apples are rotten. . ' 17. William is the taller of the three. '«■:• USING ADJECTIVES FOR ADVERBS AND AD- VEBBS FOR ADJECTIVES. 1. He done his work so bad that he had to do it over 2. I am not near finished yet. 3. These oranges taste very sweetly. 4. She feels badly because he didn't speak to her. 5. Didn't she look beautifully last night? - 6. I can buy these cheaper here than at home. 7. I want you to make it good and strong. . 8. He seems different fi'om his brother. 9. He acted different from his brother. 10. Don't walk so slow. 11. I am awful glad to see you. ^i (I 1 ■ \ • li lyo 12. You read very good. 13. How are you? Thank you, I am pretty good. 14. He treated his mother-in-law very unfriendly. 15. You speak English poor. 16. It looks very unbecomingly. 17. Do you feel comfortably now. 18. The sun shines very hot to-day. 19. She don't act at all wise. 20. You are not doing that right. PREPOSITION. 1. Give this to those three boys and tell them to divide it between themselves. 2. I have been waiting on you this last half hour. 3. Is it any use to you ? 4. We arrived there at about ten o'clock. 5. While at College you are supposed to conform with the Rules and Regulations laid down in this book. 6. He talked very much but I took no notice to what he said. 7. He fell in the mud on his way home. 8. Will you comply to their request ? 9. This is different to what I seen him. do before. 10. Draw a line between each question. 11. Try to get rid of him as soon as possible. 12. I beg to differ with you. 13. He went in the house. 14. I remember of seeing him onc't. 15. You shall not want for anything while I h've. 16. I will not allow of such conduct in my presence. 17. At whic 18. He got 19. Betweei to do it. 20. Where 1. I feel so 2. This hat 3. They an 4. My shoe 5. Try and 6. .You ain 7. This wo 8. 1 disren 9. This he year, 10. I expe( 11. You h; 12. It was 13. It is a 14. You Ic 15. I used 16. You a 17. You h 18. I wen 19. I am 20. It is t 21. I ain' 22. I woi mother to b 17. At which of these was you at, 18. He got on tc a buggy. - 19. Between the three of us, I think we should be abl< to do it. 20. Where have you been to ? ^ ?^ ■' \ I li I m ■ c ■' i 1 m 4 mt* 174 TITLES. The greater part of the following classified list of titles, as also the list of abbreviations are reproduced from a small English work on Composition. I. Titles of Respect and Courtesy. [Fr., denotes French; pL, plural; pron., prornunced ; italics, foreign.] Mister (forin"!rly Master) . . Mr. ■ Mistress (pron. Missis). ..Mrs. Afessietirs [Yr. -pi.) .. Messrs. Mesdanies {Ft. -pi.) . .. . Mmes. (ientlemen Madam Mar. Sir, Sirs Madame {¥ v.) Mme. Esquire, Esquires . . Esq. , EsQS. Ladies Master (a boy) .. ., .. Miss, Misses. . ., .. .. * II, Titles of Attainment in Course. All the following degrees, and many more, are authorized : but many of them are rarely if ever given. B.C.L., D.C.L., and a few others are conferred only by Englisii universities. Harvard College confers only the f(>llowing degrees: regu/ar-h..Vi., A.M., Fh.I)., B.D., LI..B., S.B , S.I)., C.E., M.D., D.M.D.; honorary I.L.I)., D.I). Yale confers nearly the same, with tjie addition of Ph.B., D.E., and Mus. I). [The Latin terni« are given only when they are necessary to explain the al»breviat)on]. 1. DIVINITY. Doctor of Divinity, Doe for Thro Raohelorot Divinity.. .. B.D. %^"'<^ D ^ D .0 or of Divinityr . . . . D.D. i Professor of Divinity, Sand^c 'l'h< • Djctor of X)Wm\iy , SanciiC Theo- \ ohgitc Professor .. ..S.T.T- logia Doctor S.T.D. ' 2. I Bachelor of Law Master of Laws Doctor of Laws Dr. of Laws, Jur Doctor of Civil 1 1) or tor . . Bichel> of Civi Doctor of Civil 1 Dr. of both Laws Juris Utresq, 3. ME] Doctor . . Bachelor of Med Doctor of Medic Master in Surgei Magister . Graduate in Pha Master in Pharn Doctor in Pharn Dr. of Dental Si Dr. Dental Medi Licensed Pental Veterinary Surg 4. PHILOSOPl Bachelor of Phi Doctor of Philo Bachelor of Sci( Master of Scien Doctor of Soien 5. ARTS I Bachelor of Ar Master of ArtR Bachelor of Le LiteravKin Doctor of Lettc tor . . . Dr. of Polite Li Hiimanioi I Poet Laureate Chartered Acc< 175 'ih 2. LAW. Bachelor of Laws LL.B. Master of Laws M.L. Doctor of Laws LL. D. Dr. of La ws, Jtirum Doctor . J . D. Doctor of Civil \jQ,yf, Juris Civilis J>^rtor J. CD. Bjchel> of Civil Law . B.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law . . . D.C.L. Dr. of both Laws, Canon and Civil, Jtiris Utresque Doctor . J.U.D. 3. MEDICINE. Doctor Dr. Bachelor of Medicine . . . M. R. Doctor of Medicine .. . , M. D. Master in Surgery, Chirurgife Magister CM. Graduate in Pharmacy Phar. G. Master in Pharmacy . . Phar. M Doct')r in Pharmacy . Phar. D. Dr. of Dental Surgery . D.D.S. Dr. Dental Medicine . . D.M. D. Licensed Dental Surgeon . L.D S. Veterinary Surgeon . . . V.S. 4. PHILOSOPHY & SCIENCE. Bachelor of Philosophy . . Ph. B. Doctor of Philosophy . . . Ph. D. Bachelor of Science . . . B. 8. Master of Science M.S. Doctor of Science S.D. 5. ARTS & LETTE:IS. Bachelor of Arts . B.A. r r A.B. Master of AitR .. M. A. or A.M. liachelor of Letters, Bacca'aureus LiterarutH D. Lit. Doctor of Letters, Liteiarum Doc- tor Lit. I). Dr. of Polite Literature, Literaruni Humaniontin Doctor .L.H.I). Poet Laureate P. L. Chartered Accountftut C.A. 6. MUSIC. Bachelor of Music M.B. or B. Mrs. Doctor of Music D.M. or Mrs. D. 7. DIDACTICS. Bachelor of the Elements. . B.E. Master of the Elements . . M.E. Bachelor of Science . . B.S. MasterofScier.ee .. .. M.S. Bachelor of the Classics . . B. C. Master of the Classics . . M.C- 8. TECHNICS. Civil Engineer C.E. Topogiaphic Engineer . . T.E. Dynamic Engineer D E. Military or Mechanical Engin eer M.E. The degrees of Bachelor and Master in each of the departments of engir.eerinp, and in chemistry and architecture, are author- iztd, but are rarely conferred. 9. FELLOWSHIPS, ETC. Associate of the Royal Acad- emy A.RA. Fellow of the Royal Society F.R.S. Fellow of the Society ol ArtsF.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society F.R.G.S. j^'ellow of the Am. Academy,. J rar/- emiiv AmericatKc Soctus A. A. S. Member of Am. Antiquarian Soc, Atnericavcr Antiquaritx ScKieta- tii Socins A. A S. S. Member of the Am. Oriental Soc. , Atnericathc Oriental s Socie'afis Socitis A.O.8.S. Member of Am. Phil. Soc. ..SV ci t Jn Fhiloiophica- Aviericanw So>ius S.P.A.S. Fellow of the Mass Med. Soc, Massachusettcnsii Mcdiciiuc Sr- cietatis Socius . .. M. M.S.S. Ftllow of the Hiht. i^oc.,Sociftatis //istor tant Insp. Gen A. f.G. Quartermaster General . . Q. M. (t. Assistant Q.M Gen A Q.M.G. Deputy Q.E. (Jen, .Def. Q.MG. Quartermaster Q.M. Assistant Quartermaster . . A .Q. M. Royal Engineers R.K. Royal Artillery R.A 8iirgeon (icneral Sun. Gen. Chief Medical Purveyor Chf. Med. ?ur. Surgeon Surg. As.sistant Surgeon Asst. SuR(i. Paymaster (General P.M.G. Assistant P.M.G Asst. P.M.Ci. Paymaster .P.M. Chief of Engineers Ciif. E. Chief of Ordnance Cue, Okd. Judge- Advocate (ieneral . ..J. A.Ci. Judge Advocate J. A. Chief Signal Olticer C.S.O. NAVAL SERVICE. Admiral Adm. or Adml. Vice Admiral V. A dml. Rear Admiral R. Adml. Conniiodore Com mo. ( 'a}jtain Cavt. Commander Com. Lieutenant Com Lt. Com. Lieutenant Lieut. Master Mas. Ensign Ens. Midshipman Mid. Surjicon General SukcIiEN. Medical Director Med, Dir. Medical Inspector Med. Insp. Surgeon SuR(i. Assistant Surgeon. . . .Asst. Surg. Paymaster General P.M.G. Pay Director. Pay Dir. Pay Inspector Pay Insp. Paymaster P, M. Assistant Paymaster A.P.M, Royal Navy R.N. Victoria Ooss V.C. Engineer-in-Chief . . .Enij-in Chf. Chief Engineers CnF.E, Passed Asst. Eng P. A. En(;. Assistant Engineer A, Eng. Cadet Engineer Cadet Eng. Chaplain Cilvp. Chief of Construction . .Cuf. Con. Naval Constructor Nav. Con. Commandant C<»mdt. Navigator Nav. Captain (by courtesy) Capt. Master of a Merchant Vrssel. -I' i 1 J ' V. The PiiM oMATic and Consular Service. liiivoy Extraordinary and Minister PIei,i).otcnliary . . E.l-:. & M.P, Min, Ploi,i})o(cntiary, Min. Plen. Minister Resident .... .MiN. Res. Minister General and Consnl-CJen- eral M.R. & C.G. Secretary of Legation . .Seg. Le(!. Interpreter Int. 178 ,4V'.lp»f««'- Consul General Vice-Consul General Consul Vic«^- Consul Deputy Cvnsul . . . C.G. V.C.G. .... C. ...V.C. ...P.O. Consular Agent . . . Commercia] Agent . Agent Marshal Consular Clerk . . . , Con. Act. C.A. Act. Mah. c.c. Gl Canadian : — Canada Dominion of Cam Ontario Quebec New Brunswick . Nova Scotia Prince Edward I Cape Breton — Manitoba British Columbii North West Terr; United States:— Alabama Alaska Territory Arizona Terri tor Arkansas . . . . California Colorado Connecticut . . . Dolaware District of Coh Florida Georgia Idaho Territory lUinois Indiana Indian Territoi Iowa • Kansas Kentucky .... Louisiana .... Maine Maryland MassaohusettB ;->T*r^"'^,.^. c -*>"" 'J- 179 V .A. Act. .Maji. GlaggiTisd Hbhreviatioi;?. Geographical. Canadian : — Canada Cak. Dominion of Canada D.C. Ontario Ont. Quebec Que. New Brunswick N.B. Nova Scotia N.S. Prince Edward Island. . .P.E.I. Cape Breton C.B. Manitoba ?*1an. British Columbia B.C. North West Territories . N. W.T. United States: — Alabama Ala. Alaska Territory Alaska. Arizona Territory Ariz. Arkan&as . . . Ark. California Cal. Colorado Colo. Connecticut Con. Delaware Del. District of Columbia D.C. Florida Fla. Georgia (Ja. Idaho Territory Idaho. lUinois III. Indiana Ind. Indian Territory Ind. T. Iowa Iowa. Kansas Kans. Kentucky Ky. Louisiana La. Maine Me. Maryland = Md. MasaaohuBetts Mass. Michigan Mien, Minnesota Minn. Mississippi Miss^? Missouri Mo. Montana Mont. North Dakota N. Dak. Nebraska Nebh, Nevada • . . Nev. New Hampshire N. H. New Jersey N.J. New Mexico Territory N. Mex. New York N.Y. North Carolina N.C. Ohio Ohio, Oregon Orecjon. Pennsylvania Pa. Rhode Island R.I. South Carolina S.C. South Dakota S Dak. Tennessee Tenn. Texas Tex. Utah Territory Utah. Vermont . Vt. Virginia Va. Washington Wash. West Virginia W.Va. Wisconsin Wis. Wyoming Territory Wyo. England, English Eno. France, French Fr. German, Germany (tER. Great Britain G.B. Ireland Ire. Italy, It, ; Italian Ita. Jamaica Jam. tiii m ¥. .r:^- 1 80 Japan Mexico New Brunswick New Foundiand Prussia, Prussian Russia, Russian Scotland Snith America Sandwicli Islands Spain West Indies . W.I. . . Jai'. . . Mex. .. N.B. .. N.F. . . Pri s. . . Russ. . . Soot. .. S.A. . . S. ISL. or W. Ind. MISCELLANEOUS. A^«enue . , . . , . Ave. Borough . . . . BoR. or bor. Concession , . County C'ourt House District East, E.; West, W South, S. Island Lake . . Mountain or Mtnmt Railroad River Street Township . . Village M S .. Con. Co. or CO. .. C.H. .. DlST. North, N. ; . . 1st.. L. T. (pi. MtS. ) .. R.R. R T. (pL St.*^.) . . Tp. Vtl or vil. II. C^HRONOLOGICAL. TIME OF DAY. Hour, h. ; minute, min. ; second. sec. Forenoon {ante meriifiein) . Afternoon (/aj/ meridiem) . Noon {mei-idiein) DAYS. my .. Sunday Monday Tuescay VVednesday Tiinrstlay b (id ay Saturday Clifi^tmas MON r,n<-.hs H. Month, r Last mon'h ^nliiino) Tliis month {insiant) Next month {proxi,/:o) AM. P.M. M. I. or da. . Sun. . MON. . 1 FES. . Weo. Thurs . Fri. . Sat. .Xmah. MO., MOM. . , U1.T. i . . INST. , .. PROX. I The Calendar January February Ma-ch Ai-rl.. Miy . . June . . July . . A'^gust September October November . . December . . Jan. . . Feu. . . Mar. . . Apr. .. May. . . June. Jul. . . Au(i. , . Sept. . . Oct. .. Nov. . . Dec. YEARS IND ERAS. Year, yeats ,. yr.. vks. By the year {per annum) pek an. Befoi-e ( hnat B.C. In the I hiis;ian Era {anno Do'>i- ini) .. A.D. In Ihe year of Rome . A.U.C Ccn'ury 'Jen. Oil SLyle(b. fore 17.V2) .. O.S. New Sfylo (tince 17.V2) . . N.S. III. Relating to Books and Litkraturk. AbVeviited Abridi . v.. ((., EX.d. S'lppk jnent . . . Si p. Exception .. Exo. Synonym . . Syn. Figure, Figurative. . . . Fiu Transpose . . tr. History, Historif^al . Hist. Version . . Vkk, Idem (same author) [d. or id. Volume " ji.. (pi. vols.) /d est (tliat is) i.e. Wrong font (type ) . . . . VV. F. SIZES 0] K BOOKS. . - - ' in 'J lea ves is a folio = !ol. ' ' . * . in 4 lea ves is a quarto - 4to. >• ' in 8 lea ves is an octavo - 8vo. A bot>k toimod of sheets folded in 12 lea in l(j len in 1 8 lea ves is a duodecimo - v« 8 is a lOmo. ves is an 18mo. 12mo. in ii4 lea ves is 8 24mo. -- ■ s • in 32 lea. ves is a 82mo. -■''':''' V in 64 lea ves is a ()4mo. IV. REI.ATIN(i TO BUSINKSS. Account AccJT. Agent A(JT. Amount -. Amt. At or to (mercantile) (& a. Average . . . . . . Av. Balaiice I'al. Barrel, barrels hj.., hiu.. or hls. Bank.. Bk. Prjther, Brothers . . Bushel By the Cashier C-le ired Company Collector Collect on Delivery Bko. Bu., , Broh. Brsii. P., p. Cash. Cld. Co. . COT.L. C.O. D. I82 Commerce . . . . Com. Number, Numbers. . No., Nos. Credit, creditor . . Cb. Ounce oz. Cen jents . . CT. , CTS. Pound, Pounds lb., lbs. Clerk.. . . Clk. Pennyweight pwt., dwt. Ditto (the same) do. Package • • pkg. Discount , . Dis. Peck, Pecks. . pk.,pks. Dividend . . Div. Pint, Pints . . pt., pts. Dollar, Dollars . . dol., dols., $ Payment . . pmt. Dozen . . Doz. Paid .. pd. Each . . . . Ea. Per annum (by the year) . per an. Foot, Feet . . . . Ft. Per cent, (by the hundred) percent. Free on board . F.O.B. Quart, Quarts qt., qts. Gross. Geo. Quarter, Quarters . . qr., qrs. Handkerchief . . Hdkf. Received . . Recd, Hundred . HUND. Schooner . . . . SOHR. Hogshead . . . . Hho. Sai'ad . . S;.i). Interest . . Int. I'onnage .. Ton. Journal . . JOUB. Weight . . Wt. Measure . . Meas. Yard, Yards.. Yd., Yds. V. Relating to Law and Government. For abhreviaiions of official titles not here given, see page 176. .administrator , . . Admr. Advocate . . . . Adv. Attorney . , . . Atty. Against {versus) . . v. or vs. Alderman . . . . Ald. Assistant .. Asst. And others {et alii) . . . . et. al. Clerk Clk. Commissioner . . Com. Committee . . . . . . Com. Common Pleas .. ., C.P. Congress Con a. Constable .Const. County Court . . C.C. Co. Commisioners (or Clerk) C.C. Court of Common Pleas C.C. P. Court of Sessions , , C. S. Defendant . . . . Deft. , Dft. Deputy *. . Dfep! Department . , . . Deft. District Attorney . . Dist. Atty. High Court of Justice . H.C.J. His (Her) Brit. Majesty H.B.M. His (Her) Majesty . . H.M. His (Her) Roy. Highness H.R.H. House of Representatives H. R. Justice of the Peace J. P. Legislature . . . . Leg. Ecclesiastical . . . Eoo. , Eccl. Jesus the Saviour nf men (Jestis hominum Salvator) . . 1 H.S. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews (Jesus Nazarenus A'exjtica- oreum) . . . . I. N.R.I. Methcdist Meth. Methodist Episcopal .. M.E. Protestant Prot. Protestant Episcopal . P. E. Presbyterian . . . . Prksb. Reformed, Refof mation . . Ref. Roman Catholic . . Rom. Cath. VII. Miscellaneous. —f' Unclassified. ) Ad libitum (at pleasure) Architecture . . Arithmetic , . Astronomy . . /Etatis (of age) Botany Chemistry Collep;e Corre ;ponding Sec. . . Delineavit (he drew it) Errors Exceptt d Executive Com. An LIB Arcil . Arii H. ASTRON. ./Kt./K. . . BOT. . .ClIEM. . . Coll. Cor. Sec. DEL. . . E. E. Exec. Com. Fahrenheit (thermom.) . .Fahr For example (exempli p-afia) E. c Fecit (he did it) Grammar Geography , . Geometry . . Horticulture . . Hie jiuet sepultus buried) , ex., g. . . F'ec. ..Gram. . . Gkocl . . Geom. . . HORT. (here he lies ..H.J.S. Hie reqnie^cat in pace (here he res s in p*. Fleming's Self Instructor inBuBinePS anc Ornamental Penmanship,.^! Thirty Lessons in Punotuation, with ruled paper with < ach lesson for exercises. 25 cents How to Write a Business Letter, in boards, 60 cents; cloth, 80 cents Family Records, 22 x 17 inches, suitahle for Frnmiug, 25 cents. OTHER WOKKS IN PREPARATION. USE DO YOU LIKE A GOOD PEN? FLEMING'S 'EX0ELSIOR' PE.NTS IF YOU WISH TO LEARN TO WRITE. Price : Sample quarter gross, jo cents ; i gross, $l.00; by mail, post paid. THE OBLIQUE PENHOLDER Is a patented device for holding the pen eo that the poin^^s v ill piess evenly on the paper. A fine pen will run smoothly vhen in this holder and can be used on any kind of work. Price by mail, 15 cents each, Address: C. A. FLEMING, Ppincipal, Northern Bus. College^ Oivcn Sound, Otit, \