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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reprodult en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre oi'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 wp wip (^ ■^ CANADA AND HER RELATIONS WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY: An address delivered ry the Hon. Sir CHARLES TUPPER, Bart., G.C.M.G., CB., (High Commissioner for Canada), At the Meeting of the Tyneside Geographicat. Society, at Newcastle-on-Tyne, on November 21st, 1895. Newcastle-on-Tyne : TYNE printing works CO., £2 to 26 SIDE. /^^ / CANADA AND HER RELATIONS WITH THE MOTHER (X)UNTRY. The intrepid Frencli navigator, Jacques Cartier, first entered the Gulf of the mighty St. Lawrence, and landed at the port of Brest, on the Labrador coast, on the 1st day of July, 1534. Tliree days later he again landed at Gaspe, in the neighbourhootv of the Miramichi River, planted ohe cross, and took formal possession of the country in the name of the King of France, A year afterwards he returned from France and penetrated to Quebec, and thence to Montreal. For at least 150 years there was a constant struggle for ascendancy between the English and the French on the American Continent, but it was nearing its close when Louisburg — a strong fortress in that part of Canada now called Cape Breton — was captured in 1758 by General Amherst, in which event Brigadier Wolfe took a conspicuous part. It was followed the next year by the heroic capture of Quebec, which rendered the name of General Wolfe immortal, and wrested nearly half a Continent from the Crown of France. Canada was ceded to England in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, and 28 years afterwards it was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, and again united under the administration of Lord Syden- ham in 1841. On the first day of July 1867— just 333 years from the day on which Jaques Cartier took possession of the country — an Act of the Imperial Parliament united Nova Scotia and New Brunswick — then called Acadia — (the territory forming which was ceded to England under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713) and Canada under one Government, and made provision for the consolidation of all British North America. The Hudson Bay territory — now forming the province of Manitoba and the provisional districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabasca — was acquired in 1870. British Columbia joined the confedera- tion a year afterwards, and Prince Edward Island followed its example in 1873. The Dominion of Canada, therefore, comprises all the British possessions in North America except Newfoundland. The constitution provides for a Governor-General ap))ointed by the Crown, a Senate of 78 members, named by the Crown for life, representing the different Provinces, a House of Commons — now consisting of 216 members — elected in one day by the people every five years, unless sooner dissolved. The Governiuent is carried on liy the Privy Council, or Ciibint't, holding office while able to command a majority in the Commons. Each of the provinces has a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the federal Government for five years, and an Executive Council and a Legislature charged with the local affairs exclusively assigned to it by the Imperial Act. The power to legislate upon public debt and property, trade and commerce, customs and excise, postal service, militia and military and naval service and defence, marriage and divorce, the criminal law, etc. ; and, in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects exclusively assigned to the Legislatures of the provinces, is vested in the central Parliament of the Dominion. Canada extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the 42nd degree of north latitude to the Arctic Ocean. It is larger than the United States adjoining its southern border. The climate is healthful and invigorating. The thermometer registers a low degree of cold in some parts during the winter, but, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere, occasions no inconvenience. The isothermal line trends to the north as you go west. Canada's prairie regions offer, probably, the greatest area of land still available for the settlement of the races from northern, central and western Europe. The climatic conditions prevailing there over an extent of country estimated at 500,009 square miles south of 60° north latitude, render it suitable for the ))roduction of all ciops grown in the United Kingdom. Macoun, in his ^'■Manitoba and the North-west" says; "Geologists are aware that high arid plains ameliorate the climate of countries to the north of them," and Blodgett, in his work on the climatology of the United States, says that " High arid plains are decisive of a high degree of summer heat, with an arid atmosphere and little rain and snow." Lying immediately to the south of our border there is an immense plateau of arid country with an average elevation of at least 6,000 feet, reaching in parts 7,000 feet, constantly receiving enormous quantities of heat in the day, and giving it off by radiation at night. This plateau rapidly falls off to the north, so that at Pembina, on the Canadian boundary in the east, it is less than 1,000 feet, and at Macleod, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, under 4,000 feet. As the plain descends persistently towards the north the warm air is drawn down to the lower level, and thus affects the summer climate of the north-west. For the same reason the moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Mexico and <^he Gulf of California drift to the north. They carry their fertilizing burden over the heated plateau of the " Great American Desert," and deposit it on the lower plains in Canadian territory in the form of the summer rains which cause such astonishing growth in June and July. Another source of climatic amelioration is to be found in the prevailing chinook or west winds blowing in from the Pacific, warmed by the Japanese current. The climate of a large portion ot Canada is similar to that of France, with more severe winters. Baron Sydenham, in his memoirs, says: "I am delighted to have seen this part of the country — I mean the great district nearly as large as Ireland placed between the lakes Erie, Ontario and Huron. You can conceive nothing finer ; a climate certainly the best in North America." In that district peaches growing in orchards, and grapes (which ripen in the open air) for the table, and the manufacture of wine are among the most profitable pursuits of the agricultural community. In V I tlie season lieiivy 8))pcial tnntis .iro dispatched every morning from tlie Niagara district, laden with peaches and grapes of the most delicious ilavonr. Indian corn, melons, and tomatoes ripen as field crops, and apples and pears grow abundantly in all the Provinces, exci;pt Manitoba. Nova Scotia is fan)ed for its apples, which are largely exported to this country and to the United States. His Excellency the Earl of Aberdeen is carrying on fruit and hop culture on a large scale in British Columbia. I It may be stated that all tiie fruits, large and small, that are com'non in Great Britain grow abundantly in (!anada, while many others produced largely under glass here are raised in the open air in the Dominion. Horses and neat cattle in the North-West Territories and British Columbia live and thrive in the oj)en country throughout the year. I found vegeta- tion of all kinds much more advanced in Victoria, British Columbia, in the middle of April than in Italy on the same date in the next year. The census of 1891 showed the death rate in Canada to V)e lower tlian was given by the statistics of any other country. These facts, I ventm-e to think, ouglit to dispose of the bugbear of the climate of Canada, which is .so often the subject of misrepresentation. The coast line, including the indentations, exceeds 10,000 miles both on the Atlantic and Pacitic. The finest fish — salmon, halibut, mackerel, cod- fish, haddock, trout, herring, etc.. abound in these waters, as wjll as lobsters and oysters of the finest desciiption. The coast is lighted with 750 lighthouses, besides over 500 beacon lights, all being free to the world. The yield of the fisheries last year was ^20,719,573, or more than that of France, notwithstanding the enormous bounties paid by that country. No better evidence can be given of the value of the Canadian fisheries than the result of the International Arbitration held at Halifax in 1875, to decide upon the relative value of the fisheries of the United States and Canada. After hearing all the testimony that could be adduced by both countries, an award of $5,500,000, over and above reciprocal privileges, was given to Canada for the use of its waters by American fishermen for twelve years. The commercial marine of Canada is only exceeded by that of Great Britain, the United States, Norway and Sweden, and Germany. It is greater than that of any other country, furnishing employment to 60,000 hardy sailors, who are to be found on eve»-y sea. Seven armed steam cruisers are employed on the coast for the protection of the fisheries. The agricultural capabilities of Canada are very great. Nothing is so essential to the progress and prosperity of such a country as the possession of a soil and climate suitable for the production of wheat. Canada tried by this standard will be found to occujiy no mean position. It is but yesterday that Manitoba and the great north-west was the home of savages and the bufialo ; yet, although the fringe only of that great granary has been touched, more wheat has been raised during the present year than in the whole of the United Kingdom. It is well known that the farther north wheat will come to perfection the better it is. The bulk of the wheat grown on the prairies of Manitoba and the north-west is of the red Fife variety, and is known as No. 1 Hard — the highest grade. It took the gold medal in competition with the world at the Miller's Exhibition in London a few years ago, and again, last year, at the World's Fair at San Francisco. Berbohm's estimate, corrected by the London Standard, gives the wheat crop of the United Kingdom for 1895 as 4,600,000 quarters, or d 36,800,000 bushels. A careful estimate by the best authorities showH the Canadian wheat crop as I'ollowB :- IJUSHKLS. Bu.snKL8. Manitoba* 31,000,000 North-west territories .. ... 5,000,000 36,000,000 Ontario, usually '26,000,000 bushels, is thiH year but... ... ... ... l(),r)7r),000 Quebec 2,(556,000 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island 1,600,000 British Columbia 312,000 21,143,000 Total ... 57,143,000 In addition to the wheat crop Manitoba has, tliis year, produced 24,988,102 bushels of oats and 5,758,224 bushels of Barley, or in all, 61,630,402 bushels of grain. It may not be out of place to mention, in this connection, that Manitoba has now but 25,000 farmers; and, that the census of 1881 gave the wheat crop at 1,033,673 bushels; oats, at 253,004 bushels; and ijarley, at 1,270,268 bn.shels. In all, about 2,557,545 bushels, while the total crops of grain, of all kinds, in the North- West Territories in 1881 was 305,496 bushels. The average yield per acre of wheat in the United Kingdom, this year, is 25 bushel •; of oats, 38 bushels; and of barley, 33 bushels. In Manitoba the figures are — wheat, 28 bushels; oats, 50 bushels; and barley, 38 bushels. When it is remembered that the decrease in the wheat area in the United Kingdom since 1870 is 2,974,611 acres, and that — according to Mr. Crawford, in his paper before the Statistical Society — the consumption of this country will demand an imijortation of 200,000,000 bushels of wheat, it must be a source of unqualified satisfaction to know that the figures I have given show, 1 eyond question, tlmt a great British Dominion — within five days' journey — is capable of such development as to be able, at no distant date, to furnish all that the demands of the mother country require. No better confirmation of these statements could be found than those contained in the reports of the delegations of practical Biitish tenant farmers, which have visited Canada from time to time in recent years to report upon its agricultural resources. In live stock Canada comj)ar('s, relatively, very well with this country and the United States, as will be seen from the statistics of 1894 : — LIVE STOCK PER 1,000 HEAD OF POPULATION. United Kingdom. United States. Canada. Horses ... ... 54 ... 239 ... 298 Milch cows .. 101 ... 264 ... 378 Other neat cattle ... 176 ... 557 ... 462 Sheep ... ... 772 ... 574 ... 520 Swine ... ... 97 .. 917 ... 352 The large exports of Canadian horses to this country are steadily increasing — a fact which proves their excellence. *A recent telegram in The Times (27tli November, 1895) states that the reports gathered by the Winnipeg Bankers give the total wheat crop of Manitoba as 33,000,000 bushels, an average of 29 '68 bushels per acre. The export of Caniidian cattle to this country rose from 63 liciid in 1874 to 107,089 in 1891 ; 't was 80,o;il last year, and will ho still larger this year, notwithstanding the scheduling enforced for the protection of British agriculturalists. This exclusion of store cattle is bitterly denounced by Scotch and English feeders, on the ground that they are not only the healthiest, but much the most profitable. The progress of the daiiy interest speaks volumes. Our export of cheese to this country in 1867 was but 6,111,482 lbs. In 1880 the imports from Canada were 40,368,678 lbs., and from the United States, in 1881, 148,000,000 lbs. That ])osition has been more than reversed, as last year we sent you 154,977,480 lbs. as against 78,852,134 lbs. from the United States. More than 55 per cent, of the cheese imports of the United Kingdom now come from Canada. Butter, and other produce of the dairy^ is being produced in increasing quantities ; and the export of bacon and other pork products is expanding rapidly. The forests of Canada now stand pre-eminent — extending in an almost unbroken line for 2,000 miles from the Atlantic to the head waters of Lake Sujierior. Our ex])ort of timber and lumber last year was $20,504 000. So dependent are the United States upon our forests that even the McKinley tariff largely reduced the duty upon our woods. British Columbia has, without doubt, the largest almost untouched forests upon the globe. Canada is the paradise of sportsmen with either rod or gun. All parts of it abound with game in great variety. The list includes moose, deer of various kinds, bears (black and grizzly), mountain sheep and goats, wild geese, ducks, ptarmigan and prairie chicken, and, in fact, all kinds of small game ; while in Vancouver Island two kinds of quail and pheasants, which were imported, are now plentiful. Salmon and trout abound in the maritime provinces and in British Columbia, and it may be said that the rivers in every province are teeming with fish. The mineral wealth of Canada is very great. Coal of the best quality and of inmiense extent is found in Nova Scotia, the North- West Territories, the Rocky Mountains and Vancouver Island. The output has increased from 623,392 tons in 1868 to 4,000,000 tons during the last year. That of Vancouver Island is the best steam coal on the Pacific coast. Iron ore, rivalling the best Swedish, is found throughout the Dominion, and in close proximity to coal, both on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Gold has furnished a steady productive industry to Nova Scotia for thirty years past. Valuable gold mines are now being worked in the Lake of the Woods district, near Rat Portage, on the Rainy Rivar, and in various parts of British Columbia. Over $50,000,000 have been found in the placer mines of that Province, and 700 miners from the United States are now engaged in gold mining 5,000,000 of gold have It is found in iron ore with great success in the Kootenay district, where been this year exported from one poiafc — Kaslo. known as pyrrhotite in quartz veins. Valuable gold mines have been found on our side of the boundary between Canada and Alaska on the Yukon ; and at Alberni on Vancouver Island. Silver mines of great richness are also being worked in British Columbia. Capital is pouring in to that province to develope both gold and silver mines on a large scale. The only important nickel mines in the world except those in New Caledonia are at Sudbury in Ontario. An export of many millions of dollars has taken place since they were opened in 1890. The Government of the United States obtained all the nickel used for the nickel steel with which 8 li tlioir war vosseln me aiiiKiiir-plntcd fioin ilic Snlnlmy iniiiOH. A larsro amount of copper lins also bei-n furnislied from tho same mints. Copper mines are also worked in the province of Quebec, and in Cape Dreton. Large deposits of apatite, or phosphate; of lime, are found near Ottawa. I must not forget to mention the great development of the manufacturing industry which has been witnessed in Canada in recent years. Both the capital invested, the wages paid, and the value of the products are co • tinually on the increase. The progress of Canada seems to have been overshadowed by the great Reimblic on our border. But when it is recollected that Canada had but 90,090 souls on the -evolt of the American Colonies, which then contained a population of 3,500,000, it will be seen that our relative increase since that time has been much greater than theirs. Some idea may l)e formed of our educational |)()sition from the statement of the lion. Geo. W. lio.ss, the Minister of Education of the province of Ontario, who said on a recent occa.sion : — "We have built 16,154 public schools, 14 universities, 41 colleges, and over 300 high schools, and expend annually about $12,000,000 to prepare 1,000,000 boys a>ul girls for future citizenship." I may add that all the schools are free to the i)upils, and are supported by direct taxation, and gr.tnts from th(! Provincial Treasuries. Confederation gave a wonderful impetus to Canada. In 1867 we had but 2,250 miles of railway in all the provinces — now we have 16,000. The construction of an inter-oceanic railway across the Continent from Halifax to Vancouver— 3,836 miles — at a cost to the Exchequer of $107,500,000, was a gigantic work, never surpassed by 5,000,000 of j-eople. Canada has expended $11,700,000 since the union in deepening her canals, and now that the Saidt St. Marie Canal has been opened, we can boast of an uninterrupted water way from the Straits of Belle Isle to Port Arthur, at the head of Lake Su])erior, 2,260 miles in extent. The Sault Ste. Marie Carrl on the Canadian side has recently been constructed at a cost exceeding $4,000,000. Some idea may be formed of the ti-affic at this point from the fact that 11,214,353 tons of shijtping passed through the Sauk Ste. Marie Canal during the seven months of navigation in 1892, or, 3,502,304 mor(> than passed tlirough the Suez Canal during the whole of that year. The effect of this develo{)ment of internal means of com- munication is seen in the immense expansion of inter-provincial trade, which can only be said to have commenced since confederation. The trade of Canada rose from $131,027,352 in 1868 to $240,999,889 in 1894. The exports during the same period increased from $57,501,988 to $117,524,949. Sauerbeck estimates the fall in prices from 1891 to 1894 at 10^ per cent., and it was much greater in the ))roducts exported by Canada ; yet, notwithstanding the fall in price.s, and the depression that prevailed between 1889 and 1894, our exports increased $28,000,000 and our imports $3,500,000. Eighty-five per cent, of the trade of Canada is carried on with Great Britain and the United States, and in nearly equal proportions. Taking the imports for 27 years since confederation, we find a yearly average of $44,663,000 from (^reat Britain, and $44,857,000 from the United States. It must not be forgotten, however, that a large portion of our imports from the United States is raw , , .serial. It is interesting to observe that while our trade with thi;* country has increased from $80,422,000 in 1889 to $107,256,000 in 1894, it has decreased with the United States from $94,080,000 to $88,844,000. It is a very gratifying fact that (luring the iinancial ciiHis whidi for some yours hack so .s»^riously affected tlie United States, under which hundrecla of hanks and financial institutions in that country succuntbed, not a single bank in Canada has failed from a similar cause. One of the sterling evidences of the progress and prosperity of our country is shown hy the deposits of the savings of the people, wliich have risen from f.'53,653,5U4 in 1868 to no less than $270,('00,000 in 1894, and it must be borne in mind that, as stated by Mr. Hague, one of our leading bankers, iccently, these figures are not swelled with enormoucj sums deposited by the people of En<^land in our banks, as was the case with Australia. These deposits have increased fronj 1890 to the present year over $41,000,000. Tne payment of wages hns increased from 1881 to 1891 by |40,000,000. 'I'he creditof Canada is best shown by its position on the Stock Exchange, where our 3 per cents, now stand at 103. In view of this very condensed sketch of Canada and its progress, you will I think not consider the following grapiiic picture by my eloquent predecessor, the late Hon. Sir A. T. Gait, unduly coloured. In an address before the lloyal Colonial Institute in 1881, he .said : — " Let me now very briefly endeavou'" to convey to you some tartial idea of the magnitude of tl:e trust that has been assumed by Canadians in undertaking the coloiusation and government of the northern half of the continent of North America. Picture to yourselves a domain nearly as large as Europe, stretching from tho Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, with its southern extremity in the suiue latitude as the south of Prance, and its northern boundary along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Possessing the finest forests in the world, widely spread coal fields, most extensive and productive fisheries, watered by the most ronmrkable natural distribution of" lakes and rivers, enriched with all varieties of minerals, and now known to posses.s an enormous area of fertile prairie lau'is destined to become the future granary of England. This vast country reaches, as the crow flies, from ocean to ocean, 4,000 miles, with an area south of tho jatitudo of St. Petersburg of at least 2,000,000 of square miles capable of cultivation, and of which fully one-half j)roduces every crop grown in Great Britain." The Hon. William A. Seward, when Secretary of State under President Lincoln, penned the following prophetic words : — " Having its Atlantic seaport at Halifax, and its Pacific depot near Vancouver Island, British America would inevitably draw to it the com- merce of Europe, Asia and the United States. Thus, irom a mere Colonial dependency, it would assume a controlling rank in the world. To her, other nations would be tributary ; and in vain would the United States attempt to be her rival, for we could never dispute with her the possession of the Asiatic commerce, nor the power which that commerce confers." But even Mr. Seward, with all his prescience, v/ould hardly expect that the inaugural address of the President of the United States in 1892 would contain the following lament : — " There were also shipped from the United States over this road from eastern points of the United States to our Pacific ports during the same year 13,912,073 pounds of freight, and there were received over this roa<4 at the United States eastern ports from ports on the Pacific coast 13,293,315 pounds of freight. Mr. Joseph Nibbo, Junr., former chief of the bureau of statistics, when before the Senate Committee on relations with Canada, April 26th, 1890, said that the value of goods thud trans- ported between different points in the United States across Canadian 10 territory pvolmhl.v ar>:ouiits to $100,000,000 a year The construction of tlie Canadian Paciiic railway, and the establishment, under hirg« siii)ventions from Cann,da and England, r*' a fast steamship service from Vancouver with Japan and China, seriously threaten our shipping interests in the Pacific. . Tho Commissioner of I^avigation .states that a very large per cent, of iraports from Asia are nov/ )>rought to us by English steamshijis and their connecting railways in Canada." At the great World's Fair at Chicago, Canada took a very prominent ]>lacp. The following is an extract from the report of the British Consul at Chicago to the Earl of Rosebery, then Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on that Exhibition ; — " Cauctda has been brought ])rominently forward iv a manner which can scarcely fail to assure permanent benefit. Its chief exhibits were natural products, though the colony wps represented in every department except electiicity. Its lieese and butter exhibits were remarkable, and gained :i, disproportionately large number of awards?, beating all competitors. Japan is understood to have sent a special commission to examine and report on the methods adopted by the colony in these matters. The show of animals, especially sheep, met with great approval. The quality of Canadian fruit was generally recognised. The exhibit of grain and other products of the north-western provinces has shown what can be grown, and as a re-sult many enquiries have been made with a view to settlement in those parts. The same applies to British Columbia, regarding which province overtures have been made by quite a colony of Ausorian subjects for settlement, with a view to fruit growing and geneial farminr^." It is not surprising, that after a carefu' examination and comparison, a large number of })eisons are leaving the United States and taking up land in Manitoba and the north-west, where Canada gives 160 acres of good land ready for the plough to every immigrant of 18 years of age or over. The following extract from the St. Paul lioneer Press of Minnesota in a recent isiiue, says : — " The party arrived here at 1 1 a.m., over the Milwaukee, having left Kansas over the Missouri Pacific in a special train, consisting of four coaches and 19 cars of freight. The train left at 1-30 i>.m., via the Soo- Pacitic, for the Canadian iiorth-west, where the party will settle on Government land. The party consists entirely of farmers, their wives and families. They have considerable money and property, having sold their homesteads in Kansas at from $10 to $15 per acre, .vnd being thrifty and industrious they will make valuable settlers. They will be followed this week by another party of their own nationality from the same point and with the same destination. A large party of Nebraska people will also be brought by the Soo-Pacific next week to north-western points in Canada. In the past ten years the country has never seen such a movement westward of Am£,rican citizens in the middle States as the trans-continental roads are preparing to handle this season." The enormous advance made in the great Colonies of Australasia, South Africa ard Canada during the Victorian era, has naturally attracted attention to the means by whicli they may be drawn closet to the mother country, and bound iudissolubly to the Empire. It is a question of vital import both to the Colonies and to the United Kingdom. Yet we find a letter in Thower advanced 600 miles nearer this country than at j)resent? Or that her trade would be improved by driving 5,000,000 of loyal Canadians, at no distant date to be 50,000,000, behind a McKinley tariff"? No ; instead of being able to reduce her army by a man, or her navy by a ship, she would be compelled to iucrease both largely to maintain her present power and influence. In reference to the j)roposal of Mr. Loring and his committee, you will, I hope, permit me to read a few extracts disposing of their question. 27i,e Times, of September 7th, says : " The Colonies ai-e to be invited to share the control and administration of the navy, in consideration of a contribution to be made by them towards the cost of its maintenance ; and the committee express the truly astonishing opinion that ' a change of the kind suggested, need not necessarily lead to any serious alteration in the present methods of con- trolling and directing the royal navy.' We really must protest against a proposal to shift the centre of gravity of the British Empire in this light- heartid fashion The navy exists primarily for the defence, security and prosperity of the United Kingdom, The defence, security and pros|)erity of the United Kingdom depends on a world-wide niaiitime commerce. If, solely for the sake of argument, we assume for a moment that no single Colony retains its connexion with the mother country, it by no means follows that the cost of the naval defence of the United Kingdom, with its world-wide maritime interests, would be reduced to any appreciable extent." " Thus the gratuitous defence of the Colonies by the British navy, is perhaps the strongest bond of Imperial union tliat could be devised, because the Colonies obtain an appreciable advantage at little or no appreciable cost to the mother country. It is certain that the Colonies would be less secui-e if they could no longer rely on the protec- 16 tioii of the navy ; it is by no iDeans certain that the cost of the naval defence of the United Kingdom and its commerce would be materially diminished if the navy were relieved of the responsibility of defending the Colonies." Again, The Times of October 2nd, says : " But such a liability can only be realised on the terms suggested by Mr. Loring and his associates, either by an antecedent federa- tion of the empire, or by fatally weakening the authority, initiative, and independence of the supreme drgan of Imperial policy. In other words, the committee represented by Mr. Loring is, as Sir Frederick Young has pointed out, busily and not very profitably engaged in 'putting the cart before the horse.' Either the time is ripe for a federal constitution of the empire or it is not. If it is, the only logical, safe and prudent course is to organise the empire on a federal basis, involving, as it naturally would, the establishment of a system of common defence. If it is not, the establishment of a system of common defence, such as Mr. Loring reconnuends, cannot lead to the federation of the emjiiie, and failing to lead to it, must make for confusion, disruption a.id overthrow, by fatally impairing the efficiency and j)otency of the force v/hich as at present controlled and administered, guarantees the maritime fiecuiity of every part of the empire, maintains the stability and continuity cf Imperial policy, and thereby sustains th« loyalty and patriotism of every 'A'orthy subject of the British Crown." .... And again, The Timet of October 19th, says : "In the first place, we may repeat what we said on Tuesday, that *it must be clearly and wit'aout hesitation admitted that adequate naval defence of the United Kingdom and its world-wide commerce, involves the defence of the Colonies also; that, in fact, the maritime defence of the Colonies is a by-product of that naval supremacy which is vital to our very existence as a nation.' We can, for this reason, give no support whatever to any appeal to Colonial sentimen'; and opinion, which is founded, directly or indirectly, on the supposed i-equirements of local maritime defence In point of fact the maritime defence of the Colonies adds little or nothing to the burden which the British taxpayer must bear in his own paramount interests, even if no Colonies Avere in question. Our maritime commerce is the very life-blooJ of the nation. In order to maintain its circulation unimpaired in timi> of war, the British navy must be in strategic command of all the seas of the world. The United Kingdom has thus the strongest possible motive — that of self-preservation — for maintaining a naval defence adequate to its n