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II'' ' '^jm TO THE COMMUNITY. RIGHT notions of commercial connexions arc of the utmoft importance to a trading nation ; and the fallacy of arguments tending t6 miQead it, whether adopted thro* weaknefs or defign,, ought to be deteded e'er the public hath fixed it's opinion, and thereby become a party inftead of remaining sl judge. Such arguments a- bound in the examinaiion of the commercial princi^ pies of the late negotiation^ &c. in 1761, as I fhall endeavour to (how in the following pages, with as much brevity as is confident with the fubjeds ta be handled. The plain defign of the Examiner is to fecure Guadaloupe. This leads him to fpeak of our trade to the Wefi-Indies and our continental colo- nies, to lefien the value of Canada^ to infill upon the iniportance of his favourite ifies, and to cen- fure the late negotiation on account of tbat*s be* ing to be reftorcd, which he very weakly endea- vours to (how, and hopes he. hath fully demon- - B ftrattdi m ft rated, to he far fuperior in value to every thing wi /bould have acquired by that treaty *. The Examiner is mightily for arguing from falls. Though I (hall not confine myfelf wholly to thfs method, I (hall attempt doing it, fo far as to ve- rify his own words, viz. A difpaffionate reader ^ when furnified with the proper faSls^ may form a fyftem for himfelf By his temper he may counteraSi the paf- Jionst ^t*d fupply the deficiencies of his author \ and wbilft he is enabled to corre£l his mifiakes^ he will fometimes deduce from his faSls a chain of confequ^- ces^ which may pojfibly have efcaped the writer ^ who ortginaUy furnifhed him with the materials of fpecu* , lationf. DOS I^t us for a while range our thoughts under the following hea^s. Trade in general, our West* Indian in particular, our Continental Colo* NiES, Canada, Guadaloupe. A«miftake in the foundation, rms through the whole fuperftrufture -, and if the fird principles are not right, the inferences, tho' drawn ever fo fair-* ly, will prove inconclufive. It is of confequenc? then, that, in creating of any particular branches of commerce, we (hoald l;ave juftvconceptions of Trade in general. Trade, as a mean, is the chief fupport of our independency. Great' Britain is fituated near a na« tion, whofe ambition, if feconded by a fufficient power, would foon prove fatal to our religion and • Sec p. 17, 56, 6-j, t P. 7. liberties. we Til liberties. The fmallnefs of our courtry, compar- ed with Franctt is no difadvantage to us i but the fmallnefs of our numbers. Were our inhabitants as numerous as thofe of France, we (hould derive an advantage from the fmallnels of our Ifland, as we (hould be better able to defend its coafts, than if as large again. But as we fall (hort of France in numbers, the fecurity that we thereby lofe muft be made up by the fuperierity of our n4vy. The number of our inhabitants, and the (Irength of our navy added to each other, mu(t put us up- on a par with the French i and then the circum- ftance of our being an lAand will glye us a fufHci- ent fecurity againlt alV hoftile attempts from that ambitious people. Upon the fuppofition that we jncreafed in populoufnefs much more in proportion than the French^ the ftrength of our navy might be decreafed without danger, in the fame degree as the ftrength of the inhabitants was increafed ; but if on the other hand the fupprior ftrength of our navy ftioujd increafe with the growing ftrength of the inhabitants, our fecurity is greatly promoted : and this is what may be naturally expected ; how- ever as the increafe of irihabitants will not weak- en our navy, and adds ftrength to the community, hence it appears of what importance it is to in- creafe them, which (hould be done by removing :as much as po(rible all thofe obftacles to matrimo- ny by which numbers are kept fingle, and by en- couraging fuch foreigners to fettle among us, whofe good behaviour we c&.i rely upon. But then, as B 2 kt [ <5 ] it is not merely numbers that conlUtutes the Hrength of a community, but alfo the fubordination of fuch numbers, their virtue, health and valour; and as thefe numbers will gradually decreafe when the means of fupporting themfelves fail, and can be increafed no longer than whiletfuch means con- tinue, they mud of neceflXty have fome employ- ment. This cmploymei^t we may call Trade } Vfhenever ic furnKhes one individual with fomething that he exchanges ^^ ith another, whether it con(ifts^ in growing corn or in procuring furs. I am fen- fible that I ufe the word in a larger fenfe than com- mon ', as well as a different one, not for the>^- €bang€ itfelf, but the employ belonging ?o fuch ex- change : however, as the good arifing to a trading nation fprings not fo much from the exchange it- felf as the emphyy I (hall think myfelf juftified in ufing the word Trade as now mentioned. Having cleared the way thus far, I go on to obferve, that a fmall part of a jarge community being able to grow and get in order corn fufficient for the fupport oF the whole, and to raife all other neceffaries, which they will confider as their own property being procured by their own labours, the other part of the community muft be employ- ed in obtaining fomethii>g to give in exchange 5 and whenever by reafon of circumftancesthe poor- er fort of people find it extremely difficult or next to impoflible to procure by their induftry, where- withal to make an exchange for the neceffaries, and fome of the coavcnienifies of Ufe, ihey are dif- couraged t7l . . . couraged from entering into the married (late, and the populoufnefs of the community decreales. *Tis ncccffary for the health, fafety, and growth of the body politic, that there (hould be a mutual de- pendance between the fevcral parts of it, owing to their different wants, inclinations and the like i and that this dependance fliould give employment to the whole. Where a nation is fo extremely populous, as that it hath nothing to fear from neighbouring ftates, a trade within itfelf fuffici- ent to give it full employ, will be all that is ne- ceifary ; and if it hath only a home trade, gold and (liver are not wanted to carry it on, any thing elfe may be fubflituted in the room of it, and an imaginary value be (lampt upon it, giving it a currency among the inhabitants of fuch nation. We have an inftance of this fort among the La* cedamonians by order of their noted lawgiver L^cur* gus. If a navy is necclTary to the fecuring of a (late, then a trade with foreign parts becomes ncceflary, as whar home trade may be carried on coa(lwi(c by (hipping, will not fufEce for the fupport of fuch navy. Let this foreign trade be good, and the larger it is the better, if carried on by your own (hips and feamen, otherwife you are (Irengthening the navy of another (late. Should this foreign trade be carried on with other dates •, you mud adopt fcntiments anfwerable to theirs, refpefling gold and filver as the moft valuable commodities to be bartered away for others, and muft be care- ful [ n ful to have fuch fuppliei of them* u to be able therewith to command from foreign markets what- ever is wanted tow^irds your own fafecy •, when- ever the feller will not be paid in other commodi- ties, or only to fuch a proportion. The balance of trade is faid to be in our favour, whenever tl\e ' goods we fend to foreign markets are more valua- ble than what we receive, fo that we have a differ- ence paid us in gold or filver •, but whenever the goods imported from a foreign market ^I'e more in value than the goods exported to the fame, fo that there is a difference which we are obliged to make up in gold or filver, the balance is againft / us. This balance of trade may be againd us, and ! yet not be really prejudicial to us ^ as the goods for which we pay our cadi, may be exported with a profit upon them, for fuch ufeful commodities as we fhould otherwife have paid ca(h for. If in- deed the goods for which we pay cafh are not ex- ported, and yet are no ways neceflfary to the fafe- ty of the community ; or are not exported for fuch commodities as are necefTary, but for fuch as we (hould have done full as well or better without, then the balance of trade is prejudicial as well as againft us, unlefs the number of ihips and failors employed in fuch trade (hould be fo confiderable as to anfwer for fuch balance. In reafonings of this kind there is nothing like illuHration by known objeds, to give the reader that ideas of what you ar about. I will therefore illuflrate what I have advanced, by the Eafi-Jndia trade. . The r 9 1 The balance of trade to the Eafi Indies is mu«h againft us, fo that there are yearly confiderable exports of bullion, however it does not neceflari- ly follow from thence that fuch trade is prejudici« «l. In order to know this it muft be inquired, what Eaft'lndia goods continue in the nation ? how far fuch goods are neceflary ? whether the goods exported are not more than were purchafed by the bullion ? whether fuch exported goods do not an- fwer at other markets for what muft have been otherwife paid for in cafh P and whether, if after all thefe things are confidered, it (hould appear, that a certain quantity of bullion is drained off from the nation, the advantage arifing from the em- ployment of fuch a number of (hips and failors as are nec^flarily engaged in going to and from the Eaft'lndies^ and in carrying the companies goods to other markets, is not more than an equivalent for the lofs of fuch bullion ? but if it could be made appear, that fuch (hips and failors are want- ed for the carrying on of a more profitable trade, that the Ea/i-India goods exported do not anfwer for cafh, and ferve only to introduce others we Ihould have done without, and that fuch of them OS are necefTary for our own ufe added to thofe ex- ported that may aniwer for cafh, do not «qual in value the bullion exported to th^ EnH^Indies^ then the trade however profitable to the company is pre- judicial to the country, ^nd tends to drain off that bullion, without which you cannot go to the mar- kets of foreign flaces for the mod ufeful and ne- ^ ccfTary t lo] oeilary commodities, if the balance of trade it againft you. While we deal with foreign dates, there mud be upon the whole, that balance of trade in favour of our country, that fh^ll enable us to purchafe nava! dores and the like, or a main part of pur defence mud fail us •, for we have no gold or filver mines to fupply us. Now whatever branch of commerce tends, after all that can be iaid in its favour, to leden this balance upon the whole, fuch commerce is certainly prejudicial, and ought to be declined. The abpve thoughts, though they will hold good with regard to our trading with foreign dates, will not do it when applied to our colonies. Was the trade of the mother country and its co- lonies to be confined to each other, and could they in each other meet withall that either wants for its fecurty, however divided by didance, they would dill be as one nation : the interfering ocean d^ould be only as a large river dividing between two coun- ties; and the diips employed in navigating be- tween them, as bridges and water-carriages. In this caie gold and (ilver would be no more necef- fary, than if they were abfolutely one nation : but if the ufe of it is adopted out of conveniency, as a meafurement by which to judge of the value of each others commodities, the mother country is not prejudiced by any balance of trade that is a- gaind her, fuppoiing that die does not ftlffer her bullion to be exported to her colonies, but obliges the G^i^«^ ■ jr * P»ge ^8. tern to- I. <'J » territories being increafcd, as to prevent CuadM* loupe*s being reftorcd. Whatever other writers may have unwarily ad» vajiced, an increafe of fugar land would be of ad- vantage to our country, provided the planter, when he hath made his fortune, does not come over and receive it, and then carry it to France or fome other country •, which was he to do, we Ihould certainly, be lofcrs, unlefs, befides paying ourfelves for the freight, &c. we (hould receive from foreign mar- kets in return for his goods, the balance we (hould have to pay him. Let us fee what would be the confequcnce had we more fugar land. More fu* gars would be brought to market, and therefore a greater quantity of fhipping ai»d failors be employ- ed. The confumption of fugar muft be cncreaf. ed, or the commodity muft be exported, to keep up its prefent value. If exported, an equivalent of fome fort would be received for it, and thereby tht national ftock be encrcafed. Should not tha exports be fufficient to carry off the quantity thrown in upon us by the increafe of our figar land, and fhould the community refufe increafing their con^^ fumption at the prefent prices, the commodity would lower, be bought up, and confumed at the under p< ice, and the coiymunity be benefited by ^hat fall, though the growers would have fmallcr gains. If the increafedy/ir^tfr /tfzfi is uncultivated, then! ll'.e planters undertaking to cultivate it, muftpio^i cure themfclves a ftock of negroes, which muj -5 1 T be fupplicd by the African trader, as well as be maintained by him afterwards. Not only fo, bur a new market is adually provided for the continen- tal colonid, at which to difpofe of his plank, lum- ber, ftaves and provifion. But if the increafe is by the acquifition of cultivated fttgar land, the cafe is altered. The planters are flocked already, and the African trader is wanted, no further than to keep it up. No new market is opened for the continental colonift, for he traded to the fame place before. This brings me to a main argument, ufcd hytht Examiner to prove the neceflity of our increafmg our Weft-Indian territory. His words arc, There is another confideraticn relative to this tradCy fiitl more important in itfelf^ and more effenti- al in the prefent examination^ becatife it will point out io us how ill we confult the intereft of North America herfelf either relatively to her own particu- lar profperity, or to her intercourfe with us, when we happen^ as I conceive we have in this treaty^ t9 iiegle£i the ^^''eft-Indian commerce. For feveral of the moft confiderable commodities of North America, there exifts no other market what- tver^ than the Weft -Indian ijlands. In a word^ it is by means Q that in reality the trade of thefe North American \ provinces, when ftated in its true light, is, as well as that of Africa, to be reg/irded but as a dependent • Page 28, 29. jnembsr. C «7 J memheTt aud fubordinate depariment of the Weft-In- dian trade \ it muft rife and fall exaSlly as the Wcft- Indics flourilh or deiay *. The Examiner profeiles in a fubfequenc paragraph his zeal for the conti- nental colonies, but adds. I fhould be forry it were found to be a zeal without knowledge. I am forry that his zeal for the fVeft-India is a zeal withouc knowledge, or without honcfty. Who would not fuppofe in reading the above quotations, but that the Examiner underftood by IVeft- Indies j, our own IVefi' Indian iflands, and was infilling upon the de- pendance of our continental colonies on thefe. But if fo, what becomes of his argument, when he writes but a little lower, our fugar colonies would fuffer much lefs from a deficiency in North America, than thofe of France, to whofe profperity the trade with the Englilh northern colonies is more neceffary by far^ than it is to the Englilh Weft-Indies. In another place f, the North American trade has eX' tended i becaufe it found a market^ not indeed in the Englilh, but in the Frtnch fugar colonies, ^cquiji- tion in the Weft -Indies mufi increafe our limited and decaying fugar trade^ and at the fame time recall our^ 'extenft*v(e indeed^ but erring trade (t/^ North America, from French to Englifli markets. Thus the Examin- er acknowledges, that our North American colonies have an extenfive trade with the FrenchWeft- Indian Jflands. Pray what advantage then would it be to th^ North American colonics, to have thefe iflands ■(«»*- * P#ge 30. t Ptge 36. fecured fecured to the Englijh^ unlefs their exten/tU tfide with them (hould be thereby extended ? They have an exten five trade with them now they arc French j they would have but the fame were they Englijh, This extcnfive trade the 'Examiner ftiles irring : in what fcnfe ? The EngUJh iflands are Supplied to the full, and upon as good terms ajs tho* the continental colon ids did not trade witk the French : and the Examiner * iows ♦, that it is owing to this trade, together with' the ^^5/?-/^/* an trades being crampt for want of land, that the JVeJl' Indian trade has not increafed in proportion to that of North America, There is no more er- ror in our continental colonies trading to the French Sdands with lumber, provifion, and the like arti-^ des, the produce of the country, than there is in Xireat Britain' o trading to France with corn, lead, and coal. The advantage gained by the colonift from that trade, enables him to increafe his trade with the mother country. But as he hath thit trade, what neceflity is there for retaining acquid^ tibns upon his account ? Guadaloupe traded with North America before the war, and now (he ha$ 1)een conquered, only continues to carry on a greats er trade^ than any finglifli ijland does with North America f . What pity is it ! that he who owns a conjideration of things out of their due order^ $$ tften worfe than no conjideration of them at all %^ fliould not confider better. The Examiner^ when ac» • Page 35, 36. t Pa^C43. % Page 31. count- , t '9 J counting for the manner in which the balance on the fide of the fFefl- Indies is anfwered for, adds, that this is done, thirdly, in the great /urns /pent by the Wefl:- Indian planter i refident in England ; where- US we derive fear ce any advantage of that kind, from any of the continental plantations to the northward *. Thefc words imply, that there is an advantage a- rifing to us from the great fums fpent by the plant- ,^a ers among us. But wherc's the advantage, when fuch fums are what they receive from us in balance. The only advantage confifts in its being fpent a- mong us, and not among foreigners \ but it's firfl: paid by us before it's fpent among us. And the reafon why we have fcarce any advantage of this kind, none worth mentioning, from any of the continental plantations to the northward, is a very good one, and what we (hould rejoice in, viz. the balance of trade with them is greatly in our favour. The Examiner intimates the propriety of increaf- ing our fugar land from our not having enough for the confumption of all our Britifh dominions •)-. And yet he aflerts J that the faEl iSy that the whole produce of Guadaloupe, except cotton, is exported. Whereto ? Not to our American colonies or Ireland^ for if fo doubtlefs he would have mentioned it. Be- fides, Guadaloupe continues to carry on a greater trade, than any Englifh ifland does, with North A- merica i and in Ireland they ufe only fome fugar s and fyrups H, a fmall fome. If then the Guadaloupe •P. 35. t Page 18. t Page 61. H Page 18. P fugar^ i ■rf ''1 t •l in the Weft- Indies, Guadaloupe lies te the wind' ward of Antigua, Nevis, Monferrat, St. Kits, and {li all that clujler of fmall Engliih ijlands^ and confequent' ly thofe \flands are mpfl liable to be attaekedfrom thence^ if it returns to France, and this ijland is mofi capa^ hie ofproieSiing them if it remains in our handsj it it certainly very extraordinary that alljhouldbefacrific' id to the idea of fecurity in North America, where we were infinitely Jlronger than the French, and that no notion of danger Jhould be entertained for our va- luable pojfejftons in the Weft-Indies, where we are injinitily weaker than the French *. But it is more extraordinary, that the Examiner (hould attempt to alarm us wich an apprehenfion of danger, from the jficuatioh oi Guadaloupe^ and the ftren'gth of the French in the fFeft-Indies, when not only that, but all their other iQands, Domingo^ and St. Cruz ex- cepted, have been taken from them, and are in the number of our conquefls; . Now let us turn our thoughts to our Continen- tal Colonies, and confider their intrinficy com* para I he ^ and adventitious value. Page 66, the note. Their TTTT Their intrhf/ic vulue conOfts in their tradi^ ftluathn^ firengit and fruit/ulefs. The aggregate fum of the exports and imports to and from Norib America^ in the year 1 758, amounted to 2,48 1 , 63 1 1. 14 s. 2d. The goods amounting to this fitm, being maily (if not moft) of them of a bullcy nature, muft necelTarily employ a confiderable quantity of (hip- ping and feamen in tranfporting them : but befides the great advantage arifing from thence, it muft beobierredy thatofthefe goods 1,832,9481 13 s. 10 d. worthy were exported from the mother country, and that numbers of our own inhabitants were employed in making them up. The balance ef trade with our continental colonies, is in our favour to the amount of 1,184,265 !• i3[S. 6d. Now tho* the balance of trade, may be againft the mother country, in favour of her colonies, with- out her being efllentially prejudiced thereby, fo as to require her giving it up ; as when the colonift is obliged to come and fpend that balance in her own land, as before obferved : yet there is, cer- tainly, a confiderable advantage in her having the balance in her own favour. Her own manufac- turers are maintained by working up thegbods to be exported, and the colonies are obliged to re- mit the ca(h, procured by their trading to other places, to pay off the balance j and k is in this way that our continental colonies are drained of tl gold and faver, that they receive in return for theii provifions, &c. fold to the French and others. Whenever the balance of trade is againft a colon] that colony muft pay the difference in good bill D 2 iiBii. or in ctlh, or (he will be no longer truded by the njothcr country ', and whenever the means of fup- plying herfcif with thcfc fail, flic muft contrive to incrcafe her exports, by growing or procuring what will find a fale in the mother country, or flie mud leflen her imports. But while I am fpeaking t3 the trade of our .on- t\ 'intal colonies, I mud not omit their extenfive trade to the PFeJl'Indhsy both Frtnch and Englijh^ and to ether places, from whence they colled: wherewith to pay us the balance. By means of this trade, they nurfe up and employ a number of failors, (hipwrights, and others, that may upon occafioa be ferviceable to the navy of the mother country. Thus much for the trade of the continental co- lonies, now for their fituation^ which reckoning from the nortbernmoft part of the peninfula of No* va Scotia (to which the French were for confining us) to the fouthernmoft part of G^^rj/'/i, lies between 46' and 31^ 30' north latitude, and therefore admits of their growing all the European con^modities, for tho' Ruffta is more to the northward, yet hemp and flax may be grown in a warmer climate. Wines» oils, and fruits, might be raifed in one or other of our continental colonies, as well as in France^ Spain^ Portugalj Italyy or the Madeiras •, not only fo, but that very article of cotton for tlie fake of which the \ Examiner argues, that we ought to retain Guada^ loupe. Georgia is fufficiently warm, to favour the growth of it. Thar more European commodities [are not railed in our continental colonies, is not owing im im 1 owing to want of territory, but of people and ciw couragcmcnt. The northern colonics (I fpcak not of Nova Scotia) which arc by far the moftpopu* lous, are difcouraged from raifmg any quantities of hemp and flax, becaufc they make better of their lands, by growing corn and the like for the fVeft^ Indies^ and other places : the foutbern can cmplof all their hands in railing tobacco,) indigo, rice, filk, &c. or if any of then) could be fparcd for the cul- tivation of different commodities, it. is not done becaufc of the difficul ties at|:e(iding the introdudion of a new branch of bufinefs. The pru<>ent plantr er will (tick to his tobacco, indigo, rice, &c. while he can procure a fupport from them, tho* they do not yield him the fame gains as formerly^ rather than hazard his ruin by cultivating the vine, thp olive, and the like, with which he is but little ac- quainted, when at an utter uncertainty, whether his commodity will fetch its prime cod at market. But let him be properly ihforniied, the necclTary lights be given him, and a fuitable encouragement be propr.fcd, and he will attempt the growth df new articles. I (hall be heartily glad to find, that 'the premiums propofcd, by the Society for the encouragement of arts^ manufaSlures^ and commerce^ prove effectual for the introdu6lion of new branch- es of trade among oiir colonills. Whether its views are anCwered or no, it hath made a lioble attempt.' But (hould not premiums prevail, hc- ceiTity will at length oblige the colonies to grow other comnriodities, and to betake themfclves to new branches of trade s and this necelTity will be brought r«4] brought upon them by the increafe of their num^- bers. Their pireient branches of trade will, af- ter a few years, be infuHicient to fupport the in* habitants, who multiply in an amazing degree v snd when infufEcient for that, neceflity, the mo- ther of invention, will force them to introduce o- thers ; and the extent of the country will favour the introduftion of them. HoTcver, as it may prove detrirnenta^ totheprefent branches of trade» to leave things 'till they come to this crilis, it would be in charadter for the Legiflature, to en- courage, by proper bounties, the intfoduflion of others, 'till ihey had got root fufRcient to fup- port themfelves. '^^^ I go on to make fome obfervations on the Brmgib of our colonies, by which I underftand the capacity they are in, of feconding our operations againil an enemy, which ought by no means to be overlooked. The greateft conquefl: made the lad war was effe^ed by the colony troops, 1 refer to the redudlion of Cape Bretm, They have alfo been extremely ferviceable in the prefent, and contri- buted to the takirsg of Louijbour^^ Martinico^ and the Havannaby not to mention Montreal^ and other places, at the back of their own fettlements. I ihall not fay, that all the colonies have done their duty, in feconding a war began in their defence ; what I mean to aflert is, that without iheir men^ ei- ther in the provincial or government American re- giments, we could not have made the figure we have done in the war ^ for our own counixy hath been num* 11, af. the in* cgrco e mo- luce o- favour may trade> 'ifi9y it tocn- ^ion of o fup* on the and the nations IS to be [aft war to the fo been contri- :0f and d other nts. I ic their sfence ; nen^ ei- can re- are we y hath been '1 s-i I *6 3 been drained, notwidiitanding, what with regu* lars and militia. Our navy, I apprehend, has noc received any thing like the advantage from our colonies, that the army has done. But in a fu- ture period, both may receive a much greater, from the fruitfulnefs of our colonies : I intend not, the fruitfulnefs of the land, but of the inhabitants. How ic is in xhtfouthern colonies I know not, buc the people of the northern^ independent of foreign recruits^ double tbemfelves in twenty-five years^ as is allowed by the Examiner *. We may reafonably conclude then, that, in the fpace of fifteen years, we may raiie out of our continental colonies, an army of twenty thouland men (eipecially if they have no enemy at their back^ which may be em- ployed, in cafe of a freih rupture with France^ a- gainft her JVeft-Indian iflands, or t^n other ier- vices, while our own manufadurers are fpared. Whoever is acquainted with the Situation of places, knows that it is much fafer and eafier, to carry on expeditions, againfl: the JVeft- Indies or parts ad- jacent, from our colonies thah frAn hence ; and then, a great faving may be made in the article of traniport fervice, by hiring what (hips can be got upon the fpot, which will cut off the enemies Tup- plies of provifion. The ftrength, which in a few years the fruitfulnefs of our colonies will give them, if not diverted by defending their back fettlements, and rendered unlkeeiTary for the fecurity of their * Page 83, coads, coafts, by the fupcriority of our fleets, properly managed and diredbed, will, upon a new war, ren-> der the tenure of the French iflands extremely pre- carious to the mother country, and it will not be any garrifopi, that France can maintain in them for any long time, that can infure them. . The next thing to be confidered, is, the compa* ffitive value of our continental colonies. I mean not to compare particular colonies, with particu- lar JVeft-lttdian iflands, much lefs with the whole of them i but the whole of the one, with the whole of the other ; and I hope to fliow by this compa- rtfon» that the advantage is greatly on the flde of cxjr continental colonies, againfl: our fVefi-Indian iflands, tho* it may not be in proportion to the in- habitants of each. It is not with any pleafure I enter upon this comparifon^ as fome may be ready to interpret it, into an attempt to difparage our Wefi-lndieSy while it's only intended to prevent mift^aken apprehenfions of colony interefts. T^hc Examiner y in fliewing the importance of our Wefi"' Indian commerce, tells us *, tbaf clmoft the whole 9f that extenjive and lucrative trade^ which we carry §nwith the coajt of Africa, is maintained hy^ and muft be put to the account of the Weft- Indies ; and then adds below, of firearms^ ammunition^ utenftls^ fiiiffsy and fpiritSy we exported in the year 1761, /^ the value 0/254,3811. lis. 5d. befldes, an afi fortment of Eaft- India goods^ to the amount of f Page 27. 78,5761 J^ 78,576 1. 1 8 s. 6 d. The reader concludes, that the exportation of thefe goods to Africa is owing to our IVeli' Indian iflands. But herein he miftakes, Thefe goods were exported in 1761 ; and ;he Ex* aminer informs us *, that this prtfent ycsLrJbe ne- groes/old at Guadaloupe wer^ noi fewer ibqn 4000, which he fuppofes amounted to 1 20,000 L The negroes fold at Guadaloupe tKis year, were without doubt purchafed by the goods exported to Africa the laft : and therefore, there muft,..be deduced from the account of the exports to Afrifci^ occa^ (ioned by our own ff'^efl- Indian commerce, the prime coft of the negroes fold at Guadaloupe. reckon- iha to that coft, the funken value of thofe that di- ed in the pafTage, and by one accident, and ano- ther, never arrived at market, which we will let 3178,5761. 18 s. 6d. the value of the £^^-/WzVx goods. I may have over- rated ihem, but think that trade fufficiently lucrative, that clears one third, to pay for freight and fatisfy the merchant. How came the Examiner to take the exports to AJrica of the year 1 76 1. a year, in which they were greatly increafed by the view of purchafing negroes for the market at Guadaloupe F Was it owing to artifice or ovcrfight ? If he had meant to have giv- en his reader the true ftate of the cafe, he. Ihould have taken the exports to Africa before the war, he (hould have fliewn how many of thefe goods, were bartered away for negroes, and not for gold- • Page 51. E duft TTTT duft, elephants teeth, or other articles, nnd how many of thefe negroes were difpofed of, in our fFeft'Indian iflands, and how many at our conti- nental markets^ but this would not have favoured his defign. The Examiner fays *, that fcarce a- ny part of Guadaloupe is fully flaved, that this ifland yielded the laft year^ more than a third of the whole cf what we imported from all our old Weft-Indian plantations put together f, and that^ for an age to come in the EngliQi hands^ it would be the very heft market for flaves J ; from hence we may infer, that our old Weft-Indian plantations (of which we are ipeaking in this comparifon of the Weft-Indies and Continental coioniesj did not take off annually itDjOoo negroes, more efpecially when it's confider- ed, how well thefe plantations are flaved, and that Guadaloupe might buy the more freely under an apprehenfion, that (he (hould foon return to France^ and then not be able to fupply herfelf upon terms equally advantageous. Thefe 10,000 negroes, ac- cording to the above eftimatc, would amount to i«96,442 1. ^ s. 3 d. or in other words, the goods truckt away for the negroes, which after all ac- cidents ihould fupply the Wefl-Indian markets with 10,000, would be worth no more than 196,442 1. 6s. 3d. inftefid of 254,38 1 1. 1 1 s. 5 d. But if, as "I judge the cafe is, I have fet the gains of the negroe trader too low, and thefe fliould be cent, per cent, which I believe to be nearer the mark, then .'»i m ♦ Pa^« i^g, t Page 49. % Page 49. for [»9 J for the negroes, out of which upon his getting to market he had io»ooo to difpolie of, at 30 1. a head* he bartered away goods to the value of only 150,000]. This will (hew how tittle reafbn there was for the Examiner's ^hcingthc exports to /i/riV ^tf of 1761, amounting in the whole (the allbrt- ment of Eafi-Indian goods included^ to 332,958 L 9 s. 1 1 d. to the account of the JVeft-Indian com> merce. But that the goods bartered away for ne- groes to be fold in the Weft-Indies did not amount in 1758 to 254,381 1. lis. 5d. we may conclude, upon the following account. In that year there was a balance due from Great Britam to the JVefl^ Indies of 956,464!. 2 s* 3 d. Now if the prime coft of the negroes amounted to the above fum^ then the trader would have for them at the fVeft" Indian market reckoning his gain at fifty per cent.. 381,572 1. 7s. id^^let this bededttifted fronx the above balance, and there remains 574^891 1. 1 5 s. I d ^. But this will not admix of the Weft-In^ dian planters takifig upon them/elves the paymeni of a very large part of that excejftve Nort;h Amcricaa d^ciency that amounts to 1,184,265.1. 13 s. 6d. and alfo of their fpcnding, niery great fums in Rng-- land^ according to the Examiner*s reprefentation of matters ♦. But if the profit of the negroe trade is to be reckoned at the rate of cent, per cent, then they would have only 447.700 1. 19 s. ^ d* to paj? fuch large part of the North American deficiency. ? Page 34^ 35, £2 and [, 30 ] and toiiipply tliem with fuch great fums. It is rcafonable to fuppofe then upon the whole, that the value of the goods bartered for negroes on the coafts o^ Africa to be fold Jn'the fVeJl- Indies ^ docs not timount to nnore than 150,000 1. at which efti- mate we will fix it. This 150,000]. added to the exports, gives us the whole value of the goods -taken off by the IVeft Indian commerce, and toge- ther amounted in 1758 to 1,027,571 1. 19 s. 11 d. but this falls vaftly Ihort of the exports to our con- tinental colonies the fame year, wlTich, without reckoning any thing for the goods with which the negroes bought by them are purchafed on the coaft oi Africa^ came to 1,832,948!. 13 s. 10 d.. Thus "we fee, that when the mod has been made of the ^i^<^-/«i^/^» commerce, "that with our continental colonies exceeds it by 805,376!. 13 s. iid. in point of exports, and therefore helps to fupport, as many more of our manufacturers as are employ- ed in making up the goods amounting to the faid fum. The reader will have a clear idea of the matter from the following ftate of the account. Exports to our Continental Colonies Trade to the Wefi Indies 1. s. d. 1. s. (!• '>832,948 i^ 10 direct exports 877,571 19 11' indirect to Afrt- JV2 to purchafe^, o^OQQ O O Negroes for tiie ' JVeJl India 1,027,571 19 II 1,027,571 19 II 805,3761. 13s. lid. nearer four-fifehs than three- fourths of all the trade to the JVeJi-Indies whe- ther. ?>9 o '^^^ li3^ 9 ther dircft or indireft. I havenot charged' thcne* groes at the price they fetch, but at the price they coft, as the advanced price at which they are fuld is the profit of the African trader, and does noc properly belong to the account, and as his gains are paid in fugar diredly or indiredly (the balance with the Weft' Indies being fo much againft us) 4 commodity eaten up among ourfelves. By this time the reader I hope is fully convinced, how much more important our trade to our continen- tal colonies, is, than that to the IVeft Indies, But fays t\\t E!>caminer*y accounting for the manner of our balancing with the Weft-Indian, this is done, firft, by our Weft-Indies taking upon them/elves the payment of a very large part of that excefftve North American deficiency^ a fa£i that would clearly have Jhewn the dependance of North America on that trade, without which our North American colonies could never pay for-, nor confequently take off, our ma • nufaclures. Here, as well as elfewhere, he makes our trade to our continental colonies to depend up- on our Weft-Indian iflands. But did not our con- tinental colonies trade with our Weft-Indian iflands, ftill our trade to the colonies would be greater than our trade to the Weft- Indies, There is a balance in favour of the Welt -Indies againft our country t<> the amount of g^6y^6^ 1. 2 s. 3 d. out of this ba- lance the y^nV^w trader is to be paid for his ne- groes, which, reckoning his gains ap cent, per cent and the negroes purchafed, as above at 150,000 JL * Page 34. makes [30 make 300,000 1. This 30(^000 1. deducted from the balance due to the fFeH-Indies^ leaves 65^,464?. 2 s. 3d. out of this the planters refident in England fpend very great Jums^ which we cannot fet at lefs than 100,000 1. and then there is left 556,464 1. 2 s. 3d. all which we will fuppofe goes towards paying the North American deficiency in return for goods had from the continent \ but was the trade between our continental colonies and the Wefi-Iu" dies to be at an end, and our continental colonies to be thereby obliged to reduce the exports from England to 556,464 1. 2 s. 3 d. lefs, ftill the ex- ports would amount to 1,276,4841. iis. yd. near upon 250,0961 more than the whole trade to the Wefi'lndits as above ftated. Our prodigi- ous trade then to our continental colonies, does not depend upon our Wejl-Indiesy fo as the Exa^ «ii«^ hath reprefcnted. If indeed, by means of the Weft-IndieSy our exports to the contineifitai co- lonies amount to 556,464 1. 2 s. 3 d. more than they would otherwife do, we thence infer the im- portance of the Weft' Indies to England^ but not the dependance of the colonies upon our Weft- Indies. There's a mutual intercourfe between thefe two, from whence ariles an advantage to each, making them dependant upon one another. The Wefl^ Indian depends as much upon the colonift for be- ing fupplied with lumber, plank, (laves, and pro- vifion, as the colonift does upon the JTe/f^Indian for taking thefe commodities off his hands : nay, was the trade between the continental colonies and a: the two, laking 'or be- d pro- Jndian nay, ies the ^eft-Indies to be proliibited, and were the lat- ter to be confined in their purchafe of thefe com- modities to the market of the mother country, it could fcarce be quellioned, whether fuch prohibi- tion would not prove almoft or altogether fatal to the fugar planter. The continental colonies could do better without our fVe ft- Indies ^ than the latter could without the former \ and therefore it is a grofs mifreprefentation, to make our continental colonies and our trade with them, dependant upon the fFeft'Indies. In one thing indeed our JVeft-In- dian commerce has the advantage of our Nortb-A- mericarty as the imports and exports of the former when pyi together exceed thofe of the latter. The joiaLiVlm of imports froni and exports to the IVeli- Indies amounts to 2,711,608 1. 2 s. i d. whereas the exports and imports to and from the continen- tal colonies arife to no more than 2,48 1 ,63 1 1. 14 s. ^2 d. Suppofing then that the con^modities on each (ide are equally bulky, and that the H^eft-Indies ''(notwithftanding the balance is much in their fa- svour) confine themfelves to the taking off a pro- )Ortionable quantity with the continental colonies )f thofe goods that employ the moft manufadur- :rs, a greater number of (hipping are engaged in Igoing to and from the JVeft-Indies^ than in going [to and from our continental colonies, and the ex- [ports to the fVeft-Indies are equally advantageous. [to the mother country with the exports to the con- [tinental colonies, \x\ the proportion that thefe cx- >orts bear to each other. But as the exports to our m « I t bur* cohtitiental colonies exceed thofe to the Jiyt^ JHdiei by ^05,376!. 13 s. 1 1 d. our trade with the former mult employ a prodigious nurfiber of hands more than 6ur trade .with the latter, near upon four fifths more. As to the great, the very great fums ^ent among ub by the planters they are gained from is, and bear but very little proportion to the great /urns lent in by our cofitinental colonies in bills or tho* an advantage to us, is a vcakening to them, and makes rhem the kis capable of oppofing a common I 39 1 common f nemy •, yea, fhall be preventive of their uniting to repel him, as hath been fcen in this prefent war. The Canadians ftrengthened by a military force from France, tho' not able to cope with our continental colonies, if firmly united and determined upon ading vigoroufly and together as one body, would be capable of conquering one and another of them in a feparate and disjointed condition ; and if the French had once pofleffed themfelves of any one colony, and fixed themfelves firmly on the fea-coafts, tney would in time have fwallowed up the reft, or have fpoilt in a great meafurc their ufefulnefs to the mother country. That the French had a fettled fcheme of falling up- on fome of our colonies, and were making provi- fion for the execution of the fam.e, there is no room to doubt' of. They were put upon this fcheme, or encouraged in the profecution of it, by the tamenefsof the Brilijh miniftry, and the ftoical indifference with which it heard from time to time that they were making encroachments and erecting one fort after another, inftead of ifluing orders to our continental colonies to oppofe all fuch fteps, Y;ithout waiting for particular diredtion from Eng- land, The French had at length nearly finifhed their chain of forts at the back of oui- colonies, and eftablilhed an ifland communication between ahe mouth of the river MtfiJJippi and the iiver 5/. Lawrence. Had they been let alone 'till they had finiihed the one, and eftablilhed the other, and the affair been fuffered to reft for a few years ; their fcheme m. i' A:heme of falling upon our colonies had been brought 10 maturity •, and nothing would have re- mained, but upon fome rupture to have put it in- to execution. But fays the Examiner '', // was not the danger of our colonies^ but the encroachments on our rights which occafioned the war. Rights y which however remote or inconjiderable^ it would not have fuitcd the dignity of our crown tamely to have feen in- vaded-, but no public u£l mentioned^ and no private man of fenfe ever thought of danger. Thefe affcr- tions are fomething extraordinary, and therefore I will beftow a few remarks upon them. The /T^;7f/& encroached upon our rights, and whea they had done that, they fortified themfelves in their encroachments by building forts ; and yet our co- Jonies had no danger to apprehend either prefent or Ciiitant from fuch encroachments and fort* — I fay, no danger either prefent or diftant, becaufe /*/ was not danger that occafioned the war^ whereas was the danger ever fo diftant, ftill it would be danger. Thus it appears, that this bloody and expenfive war was began merely to fupport the dignity of the crown. The rights invaded by the Freno were inconfider- able, and might have remained to them without any danger to our colonies. This is giving a poor account of the rife of the prefent war, and aflign- ing but a bad reafon for our Ihedding fo much blood, and fpending fo much money. It gives us but a mean opinion *of his late majefty and minif- ■)■■ ■ ■■¥ Page 86, the note. ty. twCb ■(W Tin try, who c^uld not dcvife how to fecure the dig- nity pf the crown, but by entering into a war for a mere punftilio j furely they might have fav- cd the dignity of the crown, by infifting upon the French king's making yearly a pepper corn ac- knowledgement, or paying fome fmall confiderv tion for his being left in the peaceable pofleffion of his encroachments ; I doubt not, but that he would have made this fatisfadion readily, and then the war had been prevented j the fuccefsfulnefs of which was a matter of uncertainty when began. But no publick a£i mentitnedy and no private man cf fenfe ever thought of danger. That no private W-- f fenfe ever tboHgbt of danger, may be true enough, according to the Examiner'' s way of judg- ing, which by his ailertion appears to be, that if aperfon ever thought of danger, it was an evident proof of his being no man of fenfe : but, that hd fhould aflert no public aSi mentioned danger, is what I cannot account for better than by fuppofing, that either he or his employer was not arrived from France, wher. his late rtiajefty iflued out his decla- ration V. ' ^Tj that he did not fee it while there, and th^i »* 'as not confulted it fince he hath had the opportunity, but if he will take the troubloo* looking it over, he will meet with the following expreffions in it, ' The unwarrantable proceedings * of tht French in the Weft- Indies and North A- ^ meri 1, fince.the conclufion of the treaty of Aix- * iii-Xik'-peiie^ and the uiurpations and encroach* * irtcnts made by them upon our territories, and • * the i«i. 'i the iectlements of our fubjedts in thofe parts, particularly in our province of Nova Scotia^ have been fo notorious and fo frequent, that they can- not but be looked upon as a fuificient evidence of a formed defign, and rcfolution in that court, to purfue invariably fuch meafures as fhould mod efFedlually promote rheir ambitious views, with- out any regard to the mod folemn treaties and engagements.* ' We contented ourfelves with fending fuch a force to America^ as was indifpen- fably neceffary for the immediate defence and protedion of out * * vr-^s, againft frefli attacks and infults ! In the tiu ^ time, great naval arma- ments were preparing in the ports of France^ and a eonfiderable body of French troops embarked for North America j — and it appeared, that their real defign was only to gain time for the paflage of thofe troops to America^ which they hoped would fecure the fuperiority of the French forces in thofe parts, to enable them to carry their am- bitious and oppreflive projefls into execution.* Now tho' the word danger does not occur in thefe paflages, it may be fairly inferred from them, that the king and his miniftry had it in their thoughts, that there was an ambitious and oppreflive projed xn Np T>. It into execution in America^ and that there was anger of its being executed, by the attempts made on the fide of France to fecure their fuperi- onty of their forces in thofe parts. But tho* his late majefty and miniftry thought our colonies in ganger, and faid as much in the declaration of war, i^i fti' 3 — rrrr y^t it*s no rrflcftion on them, to aflcrt, that nd private man of fenfe ever thought of danger, for they were all public and not private men . But even fuppofing that our colonies were of no danger of being conquered, either one or other of them, tho* the French had put their ambitious arid opprefllvc projefts into execution as far as they were capable, which may be the kind of danger the Examiner means, were they in no danger of fiifFering very confiderably by the encroachments made upon them, and of being rendered much lefs ufeful t6 the mother country than otherwifc? Now, were they in no danger of being fubdued to the French^ tho* thefe were left to profecute their ambitious and oppreflive projefts •, yet were they in danger of be- ing rendered in a greit meafure ufelefs lo England^ ftill they would be in fuch danger. as to call for our providing for their fecurity. Bur fecurity againft any kind of danger (fay fome) might have been had in our recovered rights^ and by confining the French within their proper limits^ without our pojfefftng aH Canada. No, by no means; ioxhdL^ Canada httn reduced within its own bounds as afligned on. our part, and had our claims been allowed of, this- would have formed no barrier to our colonies a- gainft the Canadians -, and tho*, by erefting forts and fortifying palTes, we fliould have gained fomfe fecurity, it would not have been fufficient^ as the French would foon have been at their old pradifes, as there is no trufting to them, and as the nature and extent of the countr^y, at the back of oar co- G lonies. i m i tm\t ir lanies, would admit of their making freih encroach- ments in difTcreht places without their being foon fubjecb to a difcovery. It is the encroachers more than the encroachments that have endangered our colonies \ and the fecurity thefe want, is, againft the caufe more than the effe^ : but the giving back the encroachments does not yield them that fecuri- .ty : the Canadians are dill left, tho* confined to narrower limits, which unlefs defended they will pafs without hefitation; but. the defence of fuch limits, in every pare, will be too expenfive. As to Framed agreeing to certain boundaries, 'tis no- thing, a mere Galiica fides ; unlefs thefe are upon one account or other impaflable. Without th < the pufleflion of all Canada with its inhabitants, our colonies could not have a fufficient fecurity — I add with its inhabitants, as thefe increafe the fecurity by becoming Englijb fubjeds, and as were thefe to remove to Louifianay the danger would only be re- moved from the ftrongeft. to the weakeft, from the -^!.rthern to the Soulhern colonies. But now to (hew you how far the poflelHon of Canada, I mean with its inhabitants, fecures our continental colonies. It does not fecure them from all molcftation .by favages, but from all that mo- leftatlon which the favages were ftirred up to give them by the French in Canada \ who have from time to time, without regarding their being at peace with us, excited the Indians to commit hor- rible ravages. The damage that thefe barbarians do, confills^ not fo much in the numbers they kill, as \m As m 1 ( AS J as in the perlons, and in.thc depredations they oc- cafion. The perfons they fall upon are the back fettlers, employed in extending the cultivation, and making improvements % but by the Indian hoftilities thefe improvements are ftopt, and the perfons employed in making them are killed, or drove off their lands with the loft of all their paft labour, cattle, &c. and thus the colonies, notwith- ftanding the largenefs of their boundaries, arc in fome meafure cramped, ft is of no fmall confe- quence then for our colonies to be delivered from fuch hoftilities ; and this our northern colonies will be for I GOO miles and better, as all thofe Indians that dwell near the river St. Lawrence^ or the four lakes, will depend fo upon our prefent colonies or Canada^ as to oblige them to a good behaviour. The poffeflion of Canada will give fecurity then a- gainft a number of Indian hoftilities, and I know of no occafion to ereft any other kind of forts than block-houfes, for the traders to lodge their goods in with fafety, and the defence of which may be left to fuch traders. It will moreover give fecuri- ty to our northern colonies from all hoftile attacks from the FreHch in Canadoy as thefe will commence by fuch poiTeflion Englijh fubjeds ; and that our negotiators in 1761, intended to prevent a future rupture upon account of the limits of Canada^ aj^- pears from the precaution they gave into, for the fettling of fuch limits immediately. Indeed it does not give fecurity to our fouthern colonies of the Carolina^ and Georgia-, but whoever looks uporra G 2 map iffiii B 46 3 map of No'/tb Ammfa may obfervdi that the limit* infilled t'pon by our negotiators, fecured to us not only a . cl it .'ay on this fide the Ohio 'till its con- fluence wit. the Miffiffippi^ but a large trad of feme hundred miles lying between the river Oua^ bache and the other fide of the Ohio \ and from the jundlon of ihefe rivers to the MiJUffippi we Wc:re to pofTefs all on this (ide. Thus the limits of Canada were to be fixed, and reached nearly as far to the fouthward as North Carolina, That our nego- tiators were not unobfervant about the limits at the back of the Carolina' % and Georgia^ appears by theur not allowing the limits of Louiftana delivered in a note by M. de BuJJy, Whether if the negotiation had proceeded, the French nod Englijh would have fettled thefe limits fo clearly as to have admitted'of no fdrure'difputes, I cannot afcertain ; but if this had not been done, and the limits been carried far enough back, a door would have been left open for a new war, and the fouthern colonies would have been expofed to attacks from Loiiijiana. Our fouthern colonies are reprerented by the Examiner^ as more valuable than the northern, becaufc of the imports from the former being much larger than the imports from the latter. I have heard of perfons notions lying heels upwards, This feems to be the ' cafe with the Examiner^ notions of imports and exports •, as tho' it was more to our* advantage to be debtor than creditor, I wou!d r. commend it to him to ftudy merchants accounts i but 1 am afraid that befidcs this he needs a little honcfty, for tho* he .11 ^ *' ' he hai told 0h6W fuperior the imports frotii the fouchern are, to the imports from the northern colonies, he has not mentioned a word of the fu- periority of the exports to the latter. The foiith- ern colonies are the weakeft, but, whatever they may be when more peopled and better cultivated^ they are not the moft valuable. Being the weak- eft* and having powerful tribes of Indians at the back of them, it may be faid, that care ought to have been taken for their fecurity. We cannot lay, how far it might or might not have been done, ' had the negotiation proceeded : indeed, it could not have been done fo elFedually, while the French remained in pofieiHon of the lands on this fide the Mjffffippif and it does not appear in the leaft from the hiftorical memorial, that we once thought of diking or the French of giving up fuch lands. But tho' our fouthern colonies, the Carolina's ^nd Geor* gia^ (I leave out Virginia and Maryland^ as thdc were taken care of by carrying the limits of Cana^ da down to the confluence of the Ohio with the Miffilfippi, within 30 miles of the line that divides Virginia and North Carolina) are the weakeft, it ihould be remembered that the French in Lomfiana are proportionably weak 5 and if proper care is taken to prevent the inhabitants of Canada from removing into Louifiana, and to promote the po- pulation of thefe colonies, they will ftrengthen more in proportion than the French in Louifiana. Befides, our northern colonies having nothing fur- ther to fear, we may find in them refources of men fufficient [4^1 ^ fufficient CO repel the LmJUamanl noways equal in number to the Canadians ; yea to aft ofl^nOvely a- gainft them, ihould it become necefTary. The poireflion of Canada will not give abfolute fecurity to our continental colonies both northern and fouth- crn, but this, and fixing proper limits at the back of the Carolfna*s and Georgia^ will give ui all the fecurity that the nature of affairs will admit of while Louifiana remains to France^ and will put things upon fuch a footing, that, unlefs the Britijb mt^ niftry ihould be weak, timid, or criminally negli- gent, it will be extremely dangerous for the French to commit frefh hoftilities, or to make any more encroachments upon the Norib American continent, laying the foundation for another war : but had Canada however bounded remained to France^ we had made a foolifh bargain tho' we had retaired Guadaloupe^ and a peace would only have fufpend- ed our quarrel, indead of concluding it. Whatr ever hath been thrown out to IcfTen Canada as a colony, it is not fo infigniBcant as pretended. But to infill upon the advantages to be drawn from Canada as a colony. The Examiner fays *, Cana- da may be of Jome advantage to us, I mufi confefs I ' do not know what that advantage is ; and yet in another place f , he tells us that, iy the late treaty we Jhould have acquired Canada, worth annually 14,01 5 1. 1 7 s. I d. But he will reconcile thcfe dif- ferent pafll'^es, by pleading that the expcnce of ■i a »i . «■ • Page 95. t P«ge 6*' keep- m ■I 49 keeping CtfM^tf will amount CO 20,000 1. * When* « ev^r Canada becomes an Etiglijh colony it mud * be defended by us.' True i and yet by its be- in[]; fo, we (hall be at lefs expence than otherwife. We (hall have to defend Canada^ not from thofe iffirjff/that dwell at the back of our northern co- lonies, nor from thofe that lie weft of Canada with whom the Canadians are in alliance, but from all the attacks that the French may make upon it in future times with a view of regaining it *, which we may do with the very fame (hipping that are employed in covering the coafts of the other colo; nies. We muft, confidering that Canada is a conr queft, maintain garrifons in fome of the capital places : but by its being an En^lifit colooy, we (hall be freed from the charge of maintaining a number of other garrifons on the frontiers of pur other colonies, and thereby make a faving *, foe which reafon the defence of Canada ought not t^ be fet at any thing : would it be an additions^] charge to us, then the increafe of fuch charge and no more (hould be placed to its account. But be- fides, whatever money our garrifons in Canada may coft us, it will circulate back again, either direifl- ]y or through our other colonies. As to the Exa- miner* & account of the imports from Canada^ from Cbriftmas 1760, to Chriftmas 176J, I queftion its genuinenefs. It has been averred in the public papers, that they amounted to 70,000 1. for the truth of which the pc fon appealed to the import- ers. It was alfo obferved, that no account had been taken talcen of the ckt^s of the three Canadit ihipi^ which were taken and carried to Franct, Theie flitps had cargoes to the amount of 30,000 1. valae. Kow I doubt not, but that the Examiner would hare replied to thefe things could he have done i^, with as great alercnefs, as he reprimanded the edi- tor of one of the papers *, for inferting a note of his own, when giving an account of the Examina* iion. If he hath replied to thefe things, I have k)ot feen the reply. But whoever attends to his Examinatioft' m&y obkrv J that he had no defign <)f giving us the real value of Canada, If he m^ant CO acquaint us with it, he fhould have favoured us with an Account of the imports from Canada to France^ brfore the commehd^meht of the war, e*er the Indians were taken off from hunting beaver and deer, fand clapped upon the Englijh colonift. boubtlefshe^ could have procured it, with as much eaie, as ike original 'iioucbers from the cuftom-houfe- ^I^Bourdtaii^ 'f , authenticating the account of Wefl- Indian produce exported from thence. But what anfwered his end in one cafe, would have injured his caufe in another. Whether this fame writer was, as hath been publickly alTerted, the author of remarks upon the letter to two great men, comes not within the compafs of my prefent knowledge : but the Remarker attempts not to depreciate the trade of Canada in other words than thefe, * thie * whole trade of furs and fkins, which Canada earn- * See the London CbronUh for 0fF much above the value of 20 s. a head. Very well, but then unhappily for him, he tells us + from Doug lizSt that they manufa£iurey perhaps nine parts in ten of all they wear-, this is referred to the .fettlers, efpecially the back fcttlers: he adds, they * make linen even for exportation.' Now can any thing like this be faid of the Canadians, i have further to obfcrve, that the very quantity of fkins and furs, manufaflured, ufed, and difpofed of by the French^ before the war juftifies my valuing the imports from Canadu at not iefs than 100,000 1. .This 100,000 1. will neceflarily prcdizce exports to the fame value. But the imports from Canada are not valuable only as they produce exports in ■ return. Thefe imports confiftiiig of furs, fkins, ; fire, are of vaft advantage to feveral of our manu- f allures, and will fecure to our country almoft the whole of fome particular branches of trade. It w% ♦ p Fage 107.. t Page 80. mufl: e in the ie witW IS could cir ^to- repe^ Is irned is 00 1. to rty (hil- s agree- he Exa- lot take . Very lis us -j- aps nine d to the is, they can any 1 have of (kins ed of by valuing )o,ooo 1. exports \ Canada ports in s. fkins, ir manu- moft the ade. It m [53] maft be rennembercd alfo, that whatever advantage we have from Canada is loft to France, It is T^ much taken from her and added to us, which dou- bles the difference. Hitherto we have attended only to the fkin and fur trade of Canada, I come now to renr.ark, that by poflefling Canada with the iflands in the gulph of Si. Lawrence, we increafe the dependance of the French Weft- Indies upon our colonies, and fecure to ourfclves the ad- vantages that Canada had by trading with them. The French had no other northern colony, from whence to fupply their iflands with lumber, corn, and provifion. Thefe are articles abfolutely ne- cefTary for them \ and they muft have them either from Canada ot our other colonies •, 'vhr.rever then they expended i:i thefe with the Canadians'^ will be gained to us, either in our colony of Canada^ or the adjacent ones: not only fo, but by keeping Cana- da^ we put it out of the power of France to raife this colony to fuch a Hourifhing ilate, as to ruin that extcnfive trade, that our continental colonics carry on ^ith the French fVejl- Indies for lumber, provifion, ^z, which it would foon have done, when once it could have anfwered th.e demand of the French JVeft-Indies for thefe particulars. The French would have prohibited their planters trading with our colonies, 'vhen once they could have been fupplied from Canada : and the French would have been wanting to their own interefts, if they had not laboured to bring that colony into a fituation admitdng of it* As the ceflion of Canada will fe- mud: H2 cure V [ 54 I rure the peaceable poflcflion of our northern colo- nies, fo of their extenfive trade to the French iflands, which tho* moft profitable to the colonies is extremely profitable to the mother country. What hath been mentioned, I hope will (hew, that Canada as a colony, will be of no Imall import- ance •, and. yet, I have other things to add great- ly in its favour. It is an improveableeftate, which if properly managed will turn to a moft excellent account. Nothing but the moft confummate ig- norance or impudence, could have led the Examin- er to fay, that Canada * proper lies in a climate ah- folutel) incapable of furnifmng any one of the commo^ ditiesy that the advocates for keeping it, pretend to raife. The northernmort boundary lying upon the river St» Lawrence in 49° latitude, is more to the fouthward than any part of Great Britain^ or than thole Ruffian dominions from which we are fuppli- ed with hemp ; and therefore may in time furnifh with this commodity ; and if this commodity in our old fettlemenU^ in climates full as favourable to its growth^ never has hitherto been cultivated to any ad- vantage^ but has even rejijled parliamentary encourage- ments and bounties ^ aimofi equal to its native value -f , it has been owing to the colonift*s being able to make barter of his lands by employing them in agriculture, tobacco, or the like, or to there not lAing f« ^cient hands, or to the jun(5tidn of both thefe cc ^les. As to the advantage, that our old • Page 81. f Page 77. fettle- 155] fettfemcnts liavc, by being fituatcd ncir tfjc fca; it is not infinitely fuperior to what'thc C and neceflity, together with parliamentary encouragement, will put them in a few years upon procuring fuch com- modities. Our other colonies upon the fea coaft, by reafon of their fuperior advantages, will (hut out Canada from having any great fhare in the trade to the fFeft^Indies or any other place, where their articles of commerce are the fame. The d- J!kzi;V;;;i mull .therefore apply themfclves to thofc branches of trade, in which our other colonies will not interfere with tliem, fuch as naval ilores, pitch, tar, turpentine, iron, copper ore, hemp, and oil. They may trade in thefe without danger of rival- Ihip •, and if encouraged by parliament for a while, will Joon find their account in doing it. But afmall part of their country will be improved without they ido it, as a fmall part will grow all the corn wanted for their fupport, and by reafon of their fituation, they cannot fupply diftant markets with provifion articles, upon the fame eafy terms with our other colonies. They have no choice ; either they muft apply themfclves to thefe branches, or their whole trade Tsrl tradk mu(b be confined to fkins and furs, and the greateft part of Canada be of no advantage to them, I have allowed, that, without Canada reduced within the bounds mentioned by the Examiner^ we have land more than fufpcient for every fort of produd } but then, a great part of this land muft have remained an uncultivated tradl, fo long as France was poiTefred of what he fliles Canada pro- per. The lands of Nova Scotia^ and New England^ for 480 miles from the gulph of Si, Lawrence to Montreal would neceflarily have been encroached, becaufe of their being in a bad neighbourhood. The fame objedion would have prevailed againft the New Tork lands from Montreal to lake Ontario for 1 60 miles. The back parts of P^^/'y^wtf, and the lands on the Obio^ lie far from the coads and beyond the mountains, and therefore according to the Ex- aminer , can be of no great fervice ; who, after ar- guing the point for fome time *, comes to this con- . clufion, that inland colonies can never prove in any .eonfidcrabk degree beneficial to our commerce -f*. ^his , conclufion I cannot affent to ^ for, let inland co- . lonies be at a conQderable didance from the coaft, yet by, the help of water-carriage they may prove extremely beneficial to commerce. And thus would . it be with a colony on the banks of the OhiOy for this river by reafon of its gentle current is naviga- ble either up or down, from its fource to its in- flux, with only one fall near its conflux, with i.he Page 78, 79. t Page 81. Ouahatbey t 1 mw >». N- Omihache, and from thti Mohopgah thKtem^AtBk'^ fclf into the Ohio to ff^iils's Creek on the noi^th branch of the Potowmack it is but iixty miles, fo that a communication may be edablilhed between the banks of the Ohio and the fca-coafts oi Virgin kiay Without its being attended with fuch a length of land-carriage, as to render it unferviceable, and of this the Ohio company was fentible, when they 'Obtairied their charter in 1749. A confiderable advantage may be made of an inland colony on the banks of the Ohio^ if fuch can be eftabliihed, nptwithllanding all that i'nt Examiner talks of * afcending the {[Ireams that fall from the weftern . * fide of the moiuntains, of dcfcending thofe that * fall from the eaftern, of rifts and falls, of often * unloading and reloading,* by means of which, -he cunningly aggravates difficulties, 'till his reader -believes them to be infurmduntable. We may • now people that rich, flat, fertile country, through which the Ohio winds its gentle courfe, and make it fubfervient to our commerce : we may do it fafc- ly, as Canada remains to England^ and the fettlers will have nothing to fear from the Canadians, It may poffibly be faid, that Canada proper lies at a great diftance from the lands upon the Ohio \ but the firft article of the anfwer of England to the ul- timatum of France^ acknowledges the Contrary, when it fays, ' Canada comprehending, agreeable * to the line of limits drawn by M. de Vaudreuil •' himfelf^ when he gave up the province by ca- * pitulatioD, on one fide che lakes /^»r^/f,JVi/fi&/^^»9 • and « [59 1 ^ An^l^upurieri and the ftid line, dra,wn from lake, ^ Rquge^^ jcowptchending by a winding courfe the * river Ouahacbe to its jundion with the Ohio^ and 1 f^rts from thence amount to 600,000 1. and th^'eXr ports, with the negroes included, 16 lefs than 250,0001. there remains 350,000!. for her to ipend,, before fhe will want to touch this trea* fure. And the French inhabitants of Guadaloupt would never come and fpend it in England \ no, but would retire to France with it. In like manner would they do with regard to the balance they might receive in the way of trade, tho* they mighc be obliged to come Brfl to England for fuch ba- lance. This feems to have been wholly overlook- ed by the Advocates for Guadaloupe^ who have thought that there would be no difference between our own fVeft Indian planters and the French^ when once the latter were become Englijh fubjeds, as tho' this would, to all intents and purpofes, make them Englijhmen. The Examiner tells us *, that the produce of Guadaloupe amounted from Chrift^ mas 1760, to Cbriftmas 1761, to 603,269 1. 3s. 9d. and fets + the exports, including the purchace of negroes, at 238,5691. 5 s* 10 d. and endeavours to perluade his reader, that was it to remain' to us, there would be a confiderable increafe in both the imports and exports. But though the im- ports amounted to more than 600,000 1. the pro- duce might be much lefs. In order to have known the produce of Guadaloupe^ we Ihould have been in- '■ y \'J •Page 42., t P- S2« formed i<53] formed what were the annual importt upoit an average from thence to France before the com- mencement of the war. The importi of .1761 might be incrcafed by a (lock in hand, which had not been difpofed of the preceding year, from an apprehenfion that the Englijb market would not prove a good one ♦, and by the Fremb Prize ^goods purchafed by the inhabitants \ for the Etc- aminer acquaints us f, tho* with quite different views, that Guadaloupe has been the markei for all the French prize goods taken in the Weft Indies. As to negroes, its a queftion whether Guadaloupe would have continued taking off 4000 a year ; the Exami- ner owns J, that fear ce awf part of it is fully Jlavedi which might be the reafon of its purchafing fo many this year ; the planter might alfo be inclin- ed to buy the more freely, from the imagination of his returning foon under' the dominion of his • former fdvereign j and then being unable to pur- chafe upon terms equally advantageous. As to the improvements that might be made cf Guada- loupe in future years, it is at prefent a matter of fpeculation, and not of fadb, and the Examiner hath in divers places difcovered his didike to fpe- culations. In his account of Guadaloupe he alio ' takes notice, that the two ports of Glafgow and Leith in Scotland have carried on a confiderahle ' trade with this ijand, and that a great number of (hips:, zndfome very valuable onesy have been taken * This thought is confirmed by the low date of its trade im- mediately after its redufUon in 17^9. f ^' S^* % P* 4^* by H 4, ■51*; ■»;i fcl». ' (^4 J fff ih$ iMiiifih eming from Guacialo^p9 l# EfigUodt VfbUb otigtt io he taken inio She acectmi. Here | «m put upon aiking, whethfV in tke «](parti and imports to and from ^ar/i» Jm$rk^ thoft of Holland were included ? And whether the many flupt* and ibme very valuable onei» taken by the enemy, going to or fro» ought not alfo co be t»- ken account mi ? But when the advocates for Qtuh dalpKpe have (aid all« what has been obierved cofir cemiog the imports from thence, if exported for ufeleis fu-ticles, and the planters going to Frajof with the balance, will hold good i fo that it's o- gregious folly to talk of its being an tuquifitim worth at this moment ahove 600,000 1. a year our d$re& Briti(h trade *\ as tho' there was no difference between the xrade between Britain and Quadalott$e*% amounting to better than 600,000 1. a year, and being worth as much to the Britijh trade. Such perfons, inftead of reckoning the profits of the trade, make the whole trade profit* The cotton of Gmdaloupe is doubtlefs an impor- tant article, but there's no call for keeping the ifland for want of territory fuited to the growth of this commodity, of which 1 iIi«U make mea- tipn elfewhere. Thus I have delivered my thoughi* upoi> Trap? in general, our West-Indian in particular, our Continental Colonies, Ca- nada, and Guapaloupe, and hope, that in do- ing it, I have vindicated the conduft of the Lo- Dourable perfons employed in the negotiation of • f. 102, 67, 68, 69. i76i» [ «5 1 ' iy6h and Ihfwn, dutt they knew Whtit they wm* •bout better then the inthor of the Examinition of it did^ when he engaged in that fervice. The Eitammer^ ienfible of the injury offisred thoTe ho^ nourable perions* apologizes for them after a moftf extraordinary Jianner» fo as to increafe his crime i lor when his reader hath finiQied the ap()logy, ha is brought to thinlc, either that (uch honourable peribns were ignoract of the true intereft of the publick, had their actentbn turned off fronn it by the cry about Cansda^ and our continehtal cob* niei, ct to humour fuch cry and pleafe the pub* Uokt knowingly facrifked their true lAcereft. The apology is more reproachful than the infult that occafioned it» There are ieveral other things in the Examination that might be remarked u^^ but 1 aiii tired with tjic perfbrmaneey however^ let tne'make a few quotations ftem ic» which I am al e loft to reconcile with each other. They are thele, the hie negotiation^ fo far lis it regarded ifmr €olonies and co^tmerce^ was en okr/de conduSted^ I apprehend^ onlone JingU idea, 'fiz. iofecure to ouh- fihesthe poj/effidnof ^//Canada*. The reader wiH ttot entertain ksy dotdty that the keaty was conduced 01 d priHcipiewhoUy averfe Jta Weft-Indian acquifi^ tion f. A preferentk and a rejefhon, xvhich could dy nopoffibility have arifen from any other fource, than the maxim which appears to hiwe then governed our cotmik, viz. /i'tf/ r^ Weft-IncKes were a part of the Wdrld in which we ought to a/ptre at nothing. ■"•■ t1 V^.^ •l.P.S,. 'tP. 9. The p m Thflamp of (bis maxim is impr^Jfed on every part of she freafy *,'. iTJbe refolutiony however if came to preijaiiy that we ought not to extend our trade^ or our empire in the Weft Indies r^. This very ground* lefs opinion f concerning Canada and our continental colonies) w^ J the true fource^f our negteSf^ in the late negotiation^ of fuch real commercial advantages^ as might augment the refources of Great Britain j:; Thexurious reader will poflibly be dclirous of kiiowing V'ho the Examiner Is i I muft own my-" felf wholly liicapable of giving him the proper information; bnt if I was to conjedure. fhpuld kii^gine, eijt^aer he or his employer is perfonally intqrefted ia GuaJaloifpe's remaining to England^ ^nd i^. better acquaiiiited with the trade of that ifiand than of pur own. ^^^^ ^l ^^f I would now congratulate my country upon the preliminaries of peachy was it not unfaihionabie^ and would it not make me lufpeded of favouring the prefent miniftrv, after having been employed in defending our great Commoner, c^and of bcijjg a Scot under covert. However, to fhew that I \^m a true Englijhman^ and am not afraid of fpeak- «ig my mind, I heartily congratulate them upon XW? occafion, and to juftify myfelf in this fingul^- rityi I will afligp fome reafons for it. ,^,v^ ,, When I look back to the year 1757, and con- sider what was then our fituation, 1 am amazed and thankful, that our dominions will at a peace be fo enlarged and fecured, anid Tuch a wide door * Page II. t P»g« '3* •* ^'% P*S'' ^9' be t «7 J wc had reafon to fear that both would be greatly contraded. Yea, all ranks of people were fodif- pirited and terrified, that they could fcarce fleep foundly in their beds, for fear of invafions, and would have been ready to have agreed with one enemy upon any terms, fo that they could have fe* cured their lives and liberties. What are the pre- fent preliminaries, compared with what they muft have been, had our affairs been as badly conduc- ed throughout, as at the beginning of the war, before our great Commoner wa? employed, and proved the means of recovering us out of our fright, and our affairs out of their woful condition. It is with national fuccefs as with the fun, each hath its meridian ; whether ours had reached it no one knows ; but had the war continued, and the event (hewn that it had paffed it, the uneven fpi* rits of the nation had been funk, and we fhould have been glad of a peace upofn much better* terms for the enemy. A confiderable mifcarriage or two would have frightened us almoft into defpondency, and we fhould have dreaded one misfortune upon the back of another. Such is the temper of our country. When I confider this, I am rejoiced, that we (hall get out of the war with fo much ho- nour and advantage. Had wc rcfufed making peace upon the prelent terms, and our enemies fubmiiting to any worfe, the war muft have continued : but a peace on thefe terms is better than to have run the hazard of ano- ther campaign. We have every year cxpeded, K that H If if w 168] til at the French, by the great fuperiority of their numbers, would prevail againft the army of the allies, tho' commanded by one of the ablefl generals ot the age: and have been furprized at finding that they have been baffled. Would it have been fur- prizing then, if at length they had carried their point ! I will venture to fay, that very few would have wondered at it, while a) mod all had wonder- ed, that they had not carried it before. Had our affairs required it, we could have had little or no alTiftance from Prt(ffia ; he would either have had fqll employ for his troops in oppofing the Auftrians •, or would have loft no opportunity of giving them a home thrufl when he had got them at an advantage, in order to have helped us, when there was no more fubfidy treaty exifling, and wc had fo much in hand with which to make reflitu- tion. Would it not have been too great a venture to have refufed agreeing to the prefent terms, and to iia/e profecuted the war, when attended in dif- ferent places with fo much uncertainty, even the improbability of fuccefs : I fay, different places, with a view to Portugal, The Spani^rdsy humanly fpealving, mufl have made themfelves maflers of it, in another campaign. And however fome may talk, we muft have parted with more or lefs of our conquefls to have redeemed it. It is really divert- ing to hear it faid, that had the Spaniards conquer- ed and retained Portugal, we fhould have been gainers by it, as we fhould have had a dired trade to Brafil, It is not only likely and highly probably then. t«9 J then, but certain^ that the king of Portugal would have continued his friendfhip for us, and have fa- voured us with a trade to the Brafils^ though we had refufed giving back fome of our con- quells to the common enemy, in order to recover his kingdom. Rifum teneatis amici ! Would he not rather, finding what an ungenerous ally he had to do with, have made a fritnd of France^ by promifmg her the whole woollen trade, have given up all regards for our interest, and have extricated himfelf out of the war as well as poflible. The importance of Portugal^ and our trade with her, is well known to the manufadurers, and may be per- ceived by all that can recollefl, how the Ports pre- vailed among us before and at the beginning of the war, 'till fent to Germajp/^ melted down and coin- ed into guineas. They that will facrifice nothing for the benefit of allies, will never have allies that are worth any thing : and to think, that, becaufe we are an iQand, we have no concrftn with the af- fairs of the continent, is to forget that we trade with the eontirsnt, and is to claim that indepen- dency that is inconfiftent with the prefent fyftem of the univerfe. How (hould we have blamed ourfelves, had a change in our affairs, or thofe of our allies, reduced us to the difagreeable necefTity of complying in 1763, with what we have not complied with in 1762. To adapt my language to the ideas of too numerous a pare of the community, I hug myfelf, that we are got from the table with fo much booty, e'er a run of ill luck had taken place. K 2 We 11 I: ft: I' [70] We (hall retain in our hands, more than we fliould have done, had we made peace upon our own terms the preceding year. Befides, the pro- pofed acquifirions of that year, we fhall have an immenfe trad of country lying between the lakes Superior and Michigan, the river Oiwbache to its junction with the Obio^ and the Ohio from thence to the Mijftffippi on the one fide, and the head of the Mijfijfippi to its forks on the other. This tract contains many thoufand fquare miles, and runs from North to South near as low. as North Caro- lina. We have the free navigation of the river Mf/jiJ/ippij fo that this tradt might be made ufeful to us, could we tell how to people it. But the na- vigation of the Miffijftppi is of the greateft impor- tance, as it opens an eafy communication with the Ouabache, the Ohio, and the Hogohegee or Chero- j^ees, whereby all the objections made againfl: im* proving the lands adjoining to one or other of thefe rivers, by reafon of their lying beyond the mountains, and fo far back from the coaft, are removed. The .lands of the Ohio will be greatly increafed in value by means of this inland navi- gation down to the gulph of Mexico, We are farther to have all that the French claimed or pof- ftiled to the eaft of the Mijjiffippi at the back of the Carolina's and Georgia, excepting the town of New Orleans, and the ifland in which it is fitua- ted, containing a prodigious large tradt of coun- try, though not equal to that beforemcntioned, but likely to be much more ufeful, by reafon of its 1 71 ] Its being more to the fouthward, lying nearer to the Tea, and for three hundred miles bordering up- on it. In the fouthermoft part of this traft, wc have that continental land, I doubt not, which will adm it of and tavour the growth of the fugar cane. Becaufe fugars are grown chiefly between the tro- pics, fome from thence weakly conclude, that they will grow no where elfe : but experience (hews us, that the fame article will grow in very different cli- mates, and why (hould it not be fo with regard to fugars ; yea, we have been told, that the inhabi- tants oi Louifmna have actually raifed this commo- dity j fhould inquiry Ihew this report to be falfe, it is certainly incumbent upon us to make the trial, and we are encouraged to do it from hence, that the fouthernmoll part of thcLouifiaman tract ceded to us, is not fo far from the French quarter of Sf, DomingOy as Surimm. But (hould it be found .if- ter trial, that the fugar cane cannot be cultivated in thefe parts to an advantage, what (hould hin- der its being cultivated in the fouthernmoft part of Florida, about eight degrees more to the Norfb t\\s^T\ Jamaica P If cotton can grow where fugar does, as in Guadaloupe, why cannot fugar grow where cotton does ? Cotton, we are informed by geographers, grows wild in Florida. But all this time I have not obferved, that by the prcfent peace we are to have all Florida about three hun- dred miles long, and upon an average one hun- dred broad, fo that we have the 'vholc North Ame- rican icoaft for our own, and the whole country as far ■:-ll 4j t 7«] far back as to the Miffifftppi. We are alfo to retain (he iflands oi Grenada and the Grenadines^ and are to have three, inftead of two, of the neutral idand^. It may be faid, that the French are to have the iHe of Miquelon on the coaft of l^ewfoundf Und^ which was not allowed them by the lail trea- ty. Very true •, but this ifland the French deemed of fo little importance, that they tell us in the hi- ftorical memorial of the negotiation, that the Duke de Choifeul declared it (hould not be infilled upon. However, I wifh it had not been granted, as I am for giving France nothing by way of complaifancc, for fear Ihe (hould retaliate as the viper in the fa- ble. With regard to St. LuciCy which is to be re- ftoredr to France^ it does not appear, but that would have been confented to the laft year. As to Goree^ it was refufed by the former negotiation, and fome other expedient was to be thought of. Every one ir.uft fee, that by the prefent treaty, we are to hold n^uch more than we (hould have gained by that of the preceding year. 'Tis a matter of fadt then, that by the prefent preliminaries we are better off, than we (hould have been had we made peace the laft year upon oUr own terms, even though it fhould |)e thought that thefe preliminaries are not adequate to our fuccefTes. It may be objedlred, that we have been loaded with theexpence of millions ii confe- quence of the war's having been continued and en- larged. This necffTarily followed, from our ftand- ing upon higher terms than France would agree to, and our refufing to comply with the unjuftifiable demands [73l demands of Spain, But are the expences only on our fide, have not both the French and Spaniards had their expences, and have not the captures made upon the lafl paid us well for the extraordinary charge they have put us to. We have got confi- derably from them, to the amount of millions in goods, Ihipping and calh 5 not only fo, but we have obliged them to give up their claim to the Newfoundland fifhery, to allow us the free and un» moleded liberty of cutting, loading, and carrying away logwood, and to cede us Florida. I fhould have been very well pleafed, could we have kept the Havanna, Goree^ Martinico^ Guada^ loupy and St. Lucia^ all or any of them : but I am not difpleafed though we reftore them, when I , re» colled how much we fccure to ourfelves. We have never been noted for making a good peace, for thefe many years; it has been ufually the cafe, thac bur interefts have been facrificed to the benefit of our allies. It mud be fome fatisfadion therefore to confiderate perfons, that we have improved in the arts of negotiation, though it (hould not appear that we are as yet adepts. It mufl be acknowledg* cd by all, that our negotiators have taken ample care to prevent all future quarrels between us, the* French^ and Spaniardsy with regard to limits on the continent ; and that they have fettled the a^air of the logwood trade j but I cannot find in the pre- liminaries a word about the Spaniards cx&m'ming or not, with their guarda coallas, our trading fhips as they pafs and repafi in the American Teas ; this . point % ■■.., i; 4 ^ ill 1 74] point ought to be the more carefully fettled, as we fhall navigate thofe feas more than ever, by rcafon of our poflcfllng all on this fide the MHIiffippi. I hope, the miniftry will give it proper attention be- fore the definitive treaty is concluded. There is al« fo no mention made of the fhips taken from France before the declaration of war. The honour of the nation requii:es, that this matter (hould be fo fet- tled, aS that France's commencing hoftilities in A* merica fhould warrant our commencing hoftilities in Europe. Care hath b:?en taken to demolilh the family compadl by the twenty- third article, which renews former treaties inconfillent with it. But to make a few remarks, with refpedl to the places to be reftored. One would be apt to fuppofe, from what fome fay of the Havannay that had this remained to us, it would have been an amazing fund of wealth to our nation. So far from it, that unlefs we had applied ourfelves to the cultivation of the country, it would no more have paid the cxpence of keeping, than Minorca, The inter- courfe between that^ Cartagena^ Puerto Bello^ and Vera Cruz had been at an end. The galleons h:.d no longer made it the place of rendezvous, and then it had been foon impovcriHied, If we had re- tained the Havanna.vtc fliould not have been allow- ed to have traded with the SpaniJIj l^eft-Indies^ and fo fhould have miffed of our imaginary gains. Un- lefs with the harbour we could have had the trade with the other dominions of Spain in thofe feas, we ihould have done the Spaniard a confiderable da- mage C 75 J mage by keeping it, without doing ourfelves any good. The main and ahnolt only bencBc ic could be of to us, would be in war-time, as it would prove an excellent harbour for our (hipping, and in cafe of a rupture with Spain would endanger their galleons. But what ! is there no place ei- ther on the eaftern or wcftern coaft of Fimdoy or on the coaft that runs from Florida to the Mijfiffip" pi, where we might make a harbour ? Is there no bay from Si. Auguftin all round Florida to the ifland of New Orleans^ an extent of nine hundred miles, where we might have a fafe port for our fliip3 to run into, careen and repair ? The bay of Mo* bile and. the bay oi Penfacola make a fine appear- ancc in the map, and if they have a good entrance and proper depth of water will afford our (hipping all the (helter wanted, and by lying in the gulf of Mexico will, in cafe of a fre(h rupture with Spain^ favour our views upon the galleons. I cannot but think, that, within that length of 300 miles of coaft on the gulf of Mexico that France cedes to us, we may find a convenient fpot where to c- re(5b docks, and yards, for the fervice of our navy in thofe parts, and that may fupply the place of the Havanna, This at leaft ought to be examined into. As to the Havanna^ while it would be of no great advantage to us in a time of peace, ic would be of fuch detriment to the Spaniards^ that they would fcarce have confented to any peace but upon condition of its being reftored ; and tho* Florida is not an equivalent to them, it may be L made % [7«] made almoft of as much, if not of more confe- quence to the Englijh* Befides, by reftoring the Havanna^ we fettie the difpute about the Hlhery and logwood trade, and recover to our ally of Portugal the places that Spain hath taken from him. Goree hath been reprofented as neceflary to the fecurity of Senegal^ and it hath been argued, tha' for this reafon, it (hould have been retained *, and yet, Senegal was taken Af