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This MMn te flhiMd at llw raduelion ratio ohMiiMl tolow / C* dosumant aat mm* au tain 4a rMucUon Indiqu* lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x ^^^^ 7 12x lex 20x a4x 2tii 39V Th« copy ffimad h«r« has bMfi raproduMd thank* teth* gMMToaity of : Court of C a iw ii L'«>«mptair« film4 fut raproduit grie* * la giniroait* da: Tha i w a g a a appMring hara ara tha baat qualhy poaaibia cenaMaring tha ewtdWon and lagibility of tha original ee. » and in Laa imagaa suivantaa ont 4ti raproduitas avac la plua grand soin. eempta tanu do la condition at do la nattatO da raxampiaira film*, at un aonformit* avac laa condition* du contrat da fwnaga* Original eopioa in printad baglnning with tha front eowor and anding on tho loot paga «vith a printad or ittuatratod impraa- alon. or tho book eovor whon appropriato. AN othor ori^nol eopioa ara fUmad baginning on tho firat paga with a printad or Nluatratod improa* aion. and anding on tho laat pogo whh o printod or Wiiatratad improaaien. Tha laat racordod frama on ooch mieroficho •hoU contain tha symbol — »• (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tho aymbol ▼ (moaning "END"). w hic ho v or appliaa. Mapa. plataa. charts, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduetion ratios. Thosa too larga to bo ontiroly includod in ono axposuro ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comor. loft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams iliustrata tha Laa aiamplairaa originoua dont la couvartur* an papiar aat imprimOa sont filmOs un commandant par la pramior plat at an tarminant soit par la darnitra paga qui comporto una amprainta d'impraaalon ou d'iHuatration, soit par la soeond plat, salon la eas. Tous loa autras aaamplairas originoux sont fUmds on commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporto uno amprainta dimpraaaion ou d'iHuatration at an tarminant par la damiAra paga qui comporto una talla amprainta. Un daa symboiaa suivants spparattra sur la damiira Imoga da chaqua mieroficho. salon la eas: la symbolo -i» signifio "A SUIVRE". la symbolo ▼ signifio "FIN". Laa eartaa. planehas. tablaaux, ate, pauvant *tra filmds « daa tau« da rdduction diffOronts. Lorsqua la doeumont-ost trop grand pour *tr* raproduit on un soul clichO. il est film* A partir do I'angia supdriaur gaucha. da gaucha * droits. at da haut an bas. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa ndcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant ia mOthodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 MKMCOrV MMUinON TKT CNAIT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.1 u 2.0 1*0 1-25 |u lu A /APPLIED IM/GE Inc leU Eost Main Stmt RoehM»«r, Nm Yorti 14609 USA (718) 4*2 -0300- Phon. (716) 2M - S9a9 Fox V BULIiBTIM 110. APBIL, 1900. Ontario Agricultural Oollege aud Experimental Farm, VENTILATION OF FARM STABLES AND DWELLINGS. By Prof. J. B. Reynolds. For people who live in house, ventilation is one of the many problems that have to be solved. Abundance of sunlight and of fresh pure air is the basis of cure that has been adopted at modem consumptive sanitari' ums. The prevalence of tuberculosis among both cattle and men is to a considerable extent due to close confinement, for longer or shorter periods, in ill-ventilated and badly lighted rooms. Dark, close basement stables for cattle, and tightly-bottled-up dwellings for men, women, and children, are too often found in this and other countries. Ventilation is a matter more of accident than of plan in most of our houses and stables. As a consequence, the inmates are breathing the same air over and over again. This would be bad enough if evei^ inmate of the house were perfectly heathy, for the products of respiration, even of a healthy animal, are a mild poison, which are, however, prevented from doing much harm by being more or less diluted. But when we re« member not only that the expired breath of an unhealthy animal contains the usual constituent of carbonic acid, but that its presence is very likely to infect the air with the germs of disease as well, the necessity for fr&> quently changing the air of occupied rooms is quite apparent. In warm seasons, and in warm climates, the problem of ventilation is a comparativelv easy one. We have only to throw open our dwelling to the action of tne breeze, and the air is continuously changed. But in the wintry season, and in rigorous climates, the question is one of consid- erable complexity ; tor along with the demand for fresh air comes another more immediately urgent — the demand for warmth. In cold weather, these two requirements must necessarily conflict, and the one need is sat- isfied at the expense of the other. That being the case, we manage to have the more urgent need satisfied, and neglect the remoter necessity. We are more sensitive to cold than to impure air ; and in order to secure a proper degree of warmth without too great cost, we are content to ignore the fact that we are breathing impurities. During the greater part of the year in this country, the question of ventilation involves the question of temperature. We have not only to make provision for bringing f r^h air into our dwellings, but we must war^. it artilieially aftM* it is introduced. Therefore, ventilation, particul- arly for dwdUuga, is doubly expensive. We have to provd ; cont^rivances ixx renawiag the ait in houses and stables. That is one . ^m of expense. In ataUes we have to guard against too great a reduction of temperature, and iMoee a q^irtem of ventilation in staues requires either careful watch- ing or speekd ai^lianeea for warming the air. In houses, we generally exneel k> warm the ineoming air by we consumption of a little more fuel. [11 TH 7392. F3 Tlwt is the mwmd item of expense. It rMii»iiu for oe, therefore, to dt down and ooant th» eoet, whiter we will pat up with the dangen and inconrenienoee and diaoomfortB of bed ventil»ti**ts. For this constuit removiJ and introduction of fresh air, certaan forces operate, which forces depend upon certain Physical principles. It is important that every man who is thinking of ventilating his house or stables, should understand these principles, in order that he may adapt the suggestions that are made in this pamphlet to suit his own circumstances. The Pboblems in YEyriLATioN. The object to be gained in venti- lation is the maximum quantity of fresh air. But with the introduction |intaa room of latge quantities of fresh and generally cold air, we must M goard •gainst the powible oonMqnenoM, vis., drafia, cold, and dripping or oondenaation of moktare wiUitn the room. The problen ^en are : (1) To find a force that will keep the air in motion : removing foul air and bringing in f reeh ; (8) To introdnce imkI dirtribnte the air lo as to v. oid drafts ; (8) To prevent the ventilated room from beooniing too eold ; (4) To prevent condensation of moisture in the room. Natural Aidr to Vkntilation. Under the first of the above mentioned heads, there are certain natural forces or tendencies in the cases of which air is composed, that aid in ventilating a room or stable. The first of these we shall consider under the head of " Gravity." BnUtinthetfaqrr Uoa wM, not how to iet (iMh tit In, bat bow to kaep it ottt When the aii ^^ jd, it has a tendency to expand, and will do so if allowed. The n of the expansion is tliat it becomes lighter, bulk for bulk, than the cooler air. The warm air, as a consequence of its lighter weight, is displaced by the cooler air, and driven upward, on the principle taai heavy bodies sink when immersed in fluids that are lighter than themselvos. A stone when thrown on the top of water sinks to the bottom on exactly the same principle that cold air flows in underneath or falls down through warm air and forces the latter upward. This sinking of cold air and rising of warm air is called' convection, and this convec- tional movement of air is one of the forces, if we may so speak, that operate in ventilating buildings. In an occupied room or stable, the heat from the bodies of the occupants warms the air and produces the upward tendency. If this tendency is encouraged w far as to allow the rising air to escape altogether, and if at the same time provision is made for the cooler fresh air to find its way into the room or stable, we have ventila- tion. Wh^«r or not this oonveetional movement is a naffieiont fotee to give Mtwbetonr ventilAtion. ii a qneetion to be conddered later. The Moond of theie natural aids to ventilation is " DifRislon." ^,Jrl*^lT^^^'^* *".'** ***• *""«■ «»y «>"^n but little water. Ilf^TfT'** P?"' "V*®.*"" • ^••y ■'"•il percentage of carbonic acid Mfc IJe lattmr is a chemical compound of carbon ancToxygea It exists -kS! 5!!? J^*^*?*"**^ ""V^V^^l q«antitiee.-the averse amount of which has been estimated at 8^ volumes of carbonic acid las in 10.000 ""*??!!!!/ '?il' ^.^*'* '^^V **•»<*• '*>« ^"•^»» «Pi»««l from the lungs is saturated with moisture, and contains between 4 ner cent and 6 percent, of carbomo amd gas ; or, to state it in the same form as abov«, 1^10.000 volumes of expired ur there are about 480 volumes of carbonic acid can. The problem of ventilation is to prevent these two products-moisture and carbonic acid gas— from accumulating in excess within the occupioa spaoee. Aqueous vaTOr, at the same temperature and pressure, is lighter thanair ; Mrbonic acid gas is considerably heavier It might be supMsed. therefore, that when these products are emitted from the lunSTtlio aqueous vapor would raise to the ceiling, and the carbonic acid gZ settle to the floor. There is a tendency to this movement ; but, at the same time aprocM* goes on which is equally as effective as the force of gravity. This process is known as di^ueion. A simple illustration of diffusion my be seen bjr putting a few drops of milk u.to a glass of clear water. whitish shade to the whole. The same thing goes on with the aqueous f!?S^;S SI *K "?** ^u '"^'^ °* separating completely awarding to density, from the air of the room, these products diffuse throughout the whole room; so that wherever the foul air opening is placed, it will find^most uniform proportions of the products that ventiUtion is re- quired to remove. If any difference, however, exists in the distribution ol theM gwes, the excess of carbonic acid will be found at the floor ; while that of water-vapor will be found at the ceiling. Another aspect of diffusion is the movement of gases through porous waUa Suppose that the air of a room becomes overcharged with carbonic '^i ^i' ^i ** *^®. ""? *i"'® "*^^<* «^ ite oxygen ; then the carbonic acid will diffuse outwajrd through the plaster of the walls, and throuch the bnck or between the clapboards; and the oxygen from the outsiSe wiU in the same manner diflfiise into the room. So that a natural venti- lation proceeds at all times, even if the room appears perfectly air-tieht This natural ventilation is, of course, most rapid in rooms that have the greatest amount uf wall-space exposed to the free outside atmosphere. A third natural aid to ventflation is the luind. When the fresh air inlets are on the windward side of the building, there will be no question about plenty of ventilation. But when the wind blows from the side opposite the inlets, there is little or no ventilation. To make free use of the wind, therefore, it is necessary, either to have inUta at aU aides of the buildings, or to have inlets that always face the wind. These two methods will be illustrated in detail in discussing particular systems of Under the aeoond he«d. namely, distribation of fredi air in the sUble, it is neceMM}' to admit the air directly into the stable through a number of §mdU openings rather than one large opening. How this may be done is shown in the plans of ventiUtion given below. The third point, namely, temperatare, constitutes a great difficulty in the ventilation of stables in winter. To introduce freah cold air into a stable at any considerable rate and to draw off warmer air. necessarily cools the stable, and may cool it below the point of comfort and safety. Without artificial heating, the only safeguards againKt a temperature too k y are : (1) A crowded sUble, in which the animal heat given off is sufficient to warm large quantities of iocomi g air ; hence the amount of ventilation may be, as it should be. in proportion to the number of animals in the stable. (2) A naturally warm, tight stable, which allows but little cold or drafts to enter the stoble, other than by ventilating arrangementA (8) Shut-offs in the inlet and outlet pipes, so that the amount of ventilation can be controlled according to the temperature of the incoming air, the principle being to get as much freeh air as is con- sistent with a proper stable temperature, — between 35" and 46*. (4) A sub-earth duct, by means of which the fresh air, before being admitted to the stable, is carried for some distance through an underground pipe, 6 feet deep or more. The earthtem|)erature at that depth being much higher than that of the outsidoair, the air is warmed in passing through the duct, and enters the stable at a much higher temperature than it would if admitted directly. ' (5) Provision for drawing off the foul air at the floor, as an alternative to ceiling outlets. With floor outlets, the air drawn off is colder than that drawn off at the ceiling, and hence the stable is not chilled so much. Ceiling outlets, however, encourage a more rapid ventilation, and it is therefore advisable to provide both,— by extendmg the foul air lx>x to the floor, leaving the lower end open, and providing a flap in the box near the ceiling, to open or shut as is required. The fourth problem in ventilation is to prevent dripping, or conden- sation ' moisture in the stable. ^ n ill-ventilated stable, the moisture from the breath and from other sc. .ces often condenses on the cold ceil- ing or walls In a well-ventilated stable, the moisture is carried off with the impure air before condensation can occur. There are two cases, how- ever, in which ventilation is sometimes the cause of dripping. First, the moisi -re may condense on the pipes or boxes carrying the cold fresh air. This is more likelv to occur if these pipes are at the ceiling of the sUble, and especially if the cold air is admitted at the ceiling— the condensation occurnng where the cold air comes in contact with the warm moist air at the ceiling. Secondly, dripping may occur from the outlet boxes, espec- ially if these are long. The preventives c dripping are generally, a brisk movement of air, forcing the moist air ont before condensation can occur ; fresh air inlets at the floor ; and outlet pipes as sb rt and direct as possible. Plans of Ventilation in Detail. Following are v. .nous plans of ventilation that are actually in use m this country. There are advantages and disadvantages in all Sr^JJirt!^?^!*'^'^''^ f^"^^' '"'"• "•°'* *'«'"y- Some reqaire more or Son ISJiTih JJL^S'r "^ '•^""' °' ''•*' '^'" »- '^'•^--^ »» — or ventiUtion more thau » provided at present in evident from the ^OOT 'ClttAK. t i r •J K SHED. n». % HhowinK the .freat .lefect in inan.v flrio .Uhle,.-. ||mlU-d .mount of liKht and »n «,uiUly liiiiltcd •iiioiiiit of ventilation. »•■""• »■■ «^uwv following instances, the first of which is furnished by a quotation from lYth ^'^'? ^rr" °.^H^^^ 20th. 1900: "I have\uilt a sSS with grout and roofed it with ship-lap. I find it too warm and close My windows are made to open, but they let in .*o much cold air that the walls and root are continually wet. f leave teed shoot open U, let ?al « nn :^*''";^'^' but still the walls keep wet, and the drip from the roof the wa"ls ?^ ' "''" ventilate it so as to keep the wet off The second instance oL^ an ill -ventilated stable is represented in Tw 2^ showing the plan of a stable. This building is known locally as the Fmr! fh. ?i' T f^""*?^ ""^ i*^ up-to-date arrangements and fixtures. *K ^ -il- '""f ^^*t^°n' »t. can be readily seen that in the construction of tne buildmg, two most important items were almost entirely ignored — 11 llKht Md fr«ih air. The stable, u the plan shown, in about 8fl x 80. with l^jSu\t^ °7 ." M *'°"* '^ ''**^'* '*"«*'»• ^»'y 'he faintest of borrowed light and hUII less air can penetrate to the sUble from this side. bi m*JJ.'nM^^ Srf" T" "'r^' "'^^ ''^'''^ {*>• -^^"^ communicates by means of doors. When these doors are open, the stable .rains a certain amount of borrowe^^ **«^'« ^^e dooni.i«>ve^ or course with dirt and <»bwebs, and apparently not intended to be opened. At each end of thiH on^ sUble are three small windows, which struple bravely to light the interior. How they succeed in the Attempt m the gloomy days of -nidwrnter may be conjectured, wl, :. it is sUted that on a br.ght afternoon in May. the writer could not see to read or take measurementii at the middle of the stable, and was compelled to move to the end near the windows in order to record observationa So much for light, and ventilation was no better. Not the smallest contri- vance for taking away foul-air. moisture, and other harmful products so abundant in a crowded stable. *^ ""uv«i w These instances illiiHtrate the prevailing indifference to these matters that exists among builders. It is not a . licient answer to say that the aii iJm' /*u'^^iu '^.'" *° ^^^ *J°"» ^^''^ «°**"k'> without fresh air and light, and that there is no need for going to trouble and expense to secure these condit.ons. I* is true that impure air is very slow anrin! ?L W '? 1^" ""T'.*?'^. «""°™'Jy '«*^'*^« "« "P^'^'fi^ '"^rk as a sign of Its harmfulness. But it is none the less harmful to health and vitality of rnli'Sf ?""?? ''^'F"''^' ?u"^"^' ^^- '* ^ ""^'y '^»«^««'t to give any sort o ventilating arrangments. If we assume that an opening 6 inches in diameter will deliver^ under ordinary pressure, enough air for one animal then an inlet pipe 20 inches in diameter will furnish enough air fo ?2 animals It would ^ proper to allow 25 to 30 square inches of inlet 09 for each animal. So that a box 3 feet wide and 1 foot der^p hav a cross-area of 4:i£ square inches, would provide air for about 16 s^imal-i' f.«„ P ?" f,^ PI.P*'*' *^® '"*''"® "^ th®*" **>« ""O"^ Perfect is ,..3 ventila- viH« Jr/r"/ ^"""^ir'- 'K'^r^^ ^^««'y ^^^'^ ■•'' neces.s. 7 to pro- vide more than two or three of these outlets in the c oK ig or at Ihe tfoor greater than the area of inlet pipes, since the warm air leaving the stable occupies greater space than the cool air entering. For instance if a box hv ifti 'i ,"f "^ ^«^""^ '" 1'^^ ^""^^h *»'• t*'^" t^« ventilators 2 ft. by 10 in would be sufficient to draw off the foul air. And it would ^.e men^ttf oT^^' '^rr'^'' "'"^'l ^"^'«'- «o'"P*^»atively than thi? wWnE Jnf J "^ yent.lators are too large, there is often a down draft which interferes with the working of the system. * ui'^**r ,?" «P*?° °^ ventilation to be described is that in use in the h^ t°^ v/ ^y ^^Tl- ?^ ^^'^'•^"' 0°*- The description of the pU^ has been kindly fumnhed by the proprietor, and is here gi- en • " W ^Ztil * 'IT'' foundation 1 1 feet high, and around this, as close to the top as possible, we built in 6 or 6 inch tile about 6 feet apkrt run! Pig. 3. Ventilation ot barn, bv meana of tile built in the wall. ■'%^. if >v.: — iS»;vi Fig. 4. Syitcm ot Tentilation by meani of tile built in the wall. [8] 9 I I I ning through the wall. Thes-i are put in all around the building, und we find the plan gives all the ventilation neces^a^y. If weather is extremely cold, some of the tile may be stopped up with a wisp of hay. " We also have windowH in foundation stand up as in a house, (most ba^n^ have them opposite) and top half of the window lowers if extra venti- lation is required. ' Fig. 3 is a horizontal section of tlie above plan of ventilation, show- ing a section through the wall at the level of the tiles. Attention is called to the statement of Mr. Cargill as to the occa.sional neces.sity of stop- ping lip the tile with a wisp of hay. The writer suj.'^'e>*t8 another plan for this, the same contrivance serving another use»ul purpose. Fig. 4 is a vertical section of the wall through' one of the tile. The suggestion is that a 12 inch board, marked h in the plan, be hinged at h, and'raised or lowered by a cord c pa8.«ing over a p-illey. By drawing the board close to the wall and holding with a hook or button, the pipes are practically closed. By tippinj; the bia'-d moie or Jf^ss on ;i slant, as in the figure, the incoming air is deflected upward an- 1 the danger of drafts may be avoided. FiK. 6. Plan devised by Prof. KiiiR, of Wisoonsin. Horizontal projertion showing fresh air inlets. Fig. 6 shows the system of ventilation oiiginated by Prof. Kin« for use in stables, and with his kind permission, the plan and his tiescription of it, are insert^d here. A single ventilating flue I) E ris.s above the roof of the main bam. and is divided below the roof into two arms A B 1>, ne at ♦ ach >i(le! which terminate near the level of the floor at A. 'J'hese openin<;s are provided with ordinary registers, with valves to b- opened and closed when desired. Two other ventilators, one at each side, are placed at H, to be used when the stable is too warm, but are provided with valves to 10 Fler. e. showing Prof. KInir's lyitem of outlet*. ^ S5 11 he closed at other times. C is a direct 12 inch ventilator leadinjf into the mam shaft, and opening from the ceiling, so as to admit a current of warm air at all times to the main shaft to help force the draft This ventilating shaft is made of galvanized iron, the upper portion being 3 feet in diameter. The a r enters the stables at various points as shown in the plans 5 and 7 at F Q. Next is, represented in Fig. 8. the plan of ventilation in use at the stables of Dr J. G. Rutherford, Dominion Veterinarian, Portage la Prairie. With his kind permission, the description given by himself in his paper on Stable Hygiene is subjoined : " I got my first start from a very intelligent English farmer who was on a visit to this Pro- vince some eight or nine years ago. He recommended plauing U pipes under the wall behind the horses, and drain tile through the wall over their heads, 'mt was forced to admit on cross- examination that when the wind blew in through the latter his ventilation went on strike until the wind changed. I adopted the U pipe part of the plan, using, however, wooden boxes, but substituted for the drain tiles adjustable side louvres at the top of a large shaft running to the roof. These, however, were not a success, for the wind was sometimes in the opposite direction in the morning from that in which it had been at night, and on such occasions the stable smelt to heaven. " I finally closed up the louvres altogether, putting in, instead, a galvanized iron pipe or chimney of consi<1erable dimensions, fur- nished with an ordinary rain cap, and a larye damper manipulated with cords from the stable floor. When the damper is open, the foul air, being warm, rapidly rises, passes out through the chim- ney and is steadily replacfd by vn^.v.'.^v!fe>i<-'.- .sy^^f J Fig. 7. King. pp < >i ] . I i f f. u 1 i Fijf. 8. Dr. Rutherforrl'8 plan of ventilatian — U pifie-i. [12] 18 fresh air sucked in throurrh the U pipes or boxes. By closinj; the damper, the inrush of air throu>er of animals in the stable. . . . This plan has stood a fair trial, havinj; been in opera- tion for upwards of seven years. I may say that I would not exchange it for any systeuj of winter ventilation I have ever seen. ... By this plan a stable can be kept free Iroiu odors, and at a temperature during the coldest weather of from ;i5 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit, which is quite warm enough for healthy animals of any kind." By way of further note on this plan of ventilation, it may be I added that the outer arm of the U pipe may be of any length that seems | advisable, while the inner arm should terminate near the ceiling, or may f rise to the ceiling and extend horizontally for some length. Of course, !i it is understood that this system is nut confined to one inlet pipe. The | number of U pipes put in will depend upon the number of animals in | the stable. | Figure 9 represents an inexpensive s.s stem of ventilation that is in ; operation at Dentonia Park Farm, of the late Mr. W. E. Massey, of East | Toronto. The cowl, which revolves so as always to face the wind, is } made of galvanized iron, and stands immt-diateiy above the peak of the \ barn, so as to catch the full force of the wind. The wooden box (or iron- pipe, as in the figure), which is the contmuation of the cowl inlet, ex- tends down through the floor of the barn to the stable beneath. The joints of the box or pipe should be practically air-tight. At the floor, the inlet shaft may be of wood, but luud tile cemented at the joints will make a better and more lasting job. The outlet ;bafts, of which there should be two at least, in opposite parts of the stable, should extend up into the barn well above the hay and stiaw, if not quite through the roof. An excellent plan for the outer leiminal of the outlet shaft is to provide a cowl that points away froui the wind, thus increasing the driving power of the wind by giving it an aspirating efliect at the mouth of the cowl. These outlet shafts miifht be used also as feed shafts for carrying hay or m^al from the bara floor to the stable below. By way of comment, there is given below a report of the working of the system, kindly furnished by Mr. J. B. Ketchen, superintendent of the Dentonia Park Farm. The report was written March I7th, 1900 : — Temperaturk. "I should think we had oursupply shut ofFhalf a dozen times probably during the last winter. We rarely shut the outlet, and by careful watching the temperature can be regulated. In both the out- let and intake sliafts there are revolving doors that can be shut by an attached string." Efficiency. " It is quite satisfactory. A horse stable is the most difficult |iart to ventilate properly, but in our stables I will guarantee that you could work all day, and your clothes would not have the smell , of stables on them." m Via. 9. Mr. Massey's plan of ventilation. 14] Fitr. 10. V'entilation for stables alread>' built. 16- Vig. 11. System of vt- iitilation ' nu' cowl, sub-earth duct, and flue ill wall for foul air. [16] 17 Fig. 10 MhowR a syHtem on the same principloas that of Fig. 9, except that the air i8 distributeti at the side-wall, iDHtead of at the floor. 'I hiM plan M 8'iitable for oil Htables in which the pipes cannot l>e laid alon^ or under the tioor. Fig. 1 1 hhows the system of ventilation in Mr. Tdlstin's Htables at Tdlsonlturg. It differs from that shown in Fig. 9 in the follcving partic ular8 : 1. The inlet pip«*, instead of being placed inmiediately above the roof, stands by itself at some distance from the liarn, and the horizontal pipe lies eight (8) feet below the ground until it enters the stable, when it passes just below the Hoor of the passage. In this way, the air before entering the stable is warmed in winter and cooled in summer. At N feet below the ground, the earth temperature varies but slightly through the year, and the sub-earth duct brings the air nearly to a constant tempera- ture. i. The air is distributed by lateral pipes 9 inches in diameter and 8 feet apait, alt<'rnately on opposite sides of the main, and opening out at the floor level just in front of the mangers. 3. The foul-air shafts at the ceiling are supplemented by flues built into the wall about 20 feet apart. Each flue has a square or oblong open- ing near the floor, and a similar opening near the ceiling. This addition, while it in reases the cost, increases the efficiency of the ventilation. Size of I'ipes. Shafts, Etc. The inlet pipe is 24 inches in diameter, and is made to do duty for 40 cattle — an area of 1 1 square inches for each ammal. This is le.ss than half the area that has been mentioned as desirable. In this particular case, the amount of air m'ght be douhled with but slight additional i^xpense, by erecting a cowl at each end uf th f horizontal pipe, and sealing the latter at the middle, so as to virtually make two inlet pipes. The Itite^als are 9 inches in diameter, and supply air to four animals, which is equivalent to a 4^ inch pipe for each. Such a provision u ample on a cold day, hut not so on a calm mMd day. It is best to supply suf- ficient space for the low est rate of supply, since on a windy day, when tlie rate of supply is *ary for ventilation, but convenient for the secondary use to which they are put. namely, to serve for feed-chutes. Mr. Tillsori infor;!ied us that on account of the large size of these ventila- tors, a dovv.i draft was sonietimi-s felt coming from them. In order to prevent this, and at the same time to allow of their use as feed- chutes, it would be a good plan to build them the size requireil for the second pur- pose, to a sufficient height, and then reduce them to about 18 inches or 2 leet square. The flues are built in the wall and extend like chimneys well above the eaves. They are not essential to stable ventilation, but undoubtedly improve it. especially in large crowded stables. The openings near the floor provide a way of escape for disagreeable odors from the gutters, at V ii - 18 ' points remote from ceiHnjf dhaftii. Also any heavy Ra»e-« that Imve iietile«l to the floor are best fjot rid of by this nii^ans. The aub-earlh duct is to be recommended lor winter ^tabliuj;, but is less desirable in summer. In summer the outside air after pH8>in>.' through the underjjround duct riws in relative humidity, and b^-comes somewhat damp. Where summer siabling is practined. the sub earth duct may be an undesirable feature. Improved Ventilation of Farm SrABLE.s at the C^)I>L^aK. When the present ham and stables at the College were built, a sys- tem of ventilation was devised ,nd i.ut into operation. The plan included three large loavred ventilators jn the roof, connected with 10 Vioxes 2 ft. by 1 ft. passing down through the bam to the ceiling of the stable below, •niese ten boxes, 20 square feet of space in all, were intended as outlets, no inlets for fresh air being provided. It was found, especially in the winter, as a consequence of lack of inlets, that the outlet pipes were frequently converted into inlets, snd cold, disagreeable dot^n drafts were felt coming from the ceiling openings Also, when the pipes consented to act as outlets, they returned part of their cargo in the form of con- densed m isture, and there was a con-tant dripping. The result was, the outlets were kept stuffed with straw in the winter, and there was no ventilation. The improved plan was huiU. in the summer of 1901, and conbined the two schemes represented in Figs. 9 and 10 above. Where possible, the air was carried to the floor of the stable, and distributed as in Fig. 9. In certain parts of the stable, however, it was impracticable to lay boxt-s along the floor ; in such cases the air was distributed as in Fig. 10. Prof. Day's report on the worki.ig of the scheme is appended. The report was written on Feb. 14th, 1902 :— "The system of ventilation put in last autumn has been in openition about three and one-half months, so that we >> J in a position to judge of its efficiency. Unfortunately, our carpenter nad not time to finish the work, and there are several important details yet to attend to. Chief among these are the outlets lor foul air, which we purpose locatinsr at intervals along the walls of the stable. They were to consist of shafts running from near the floor of the stable to the ceiling, and out through the side of the bam just above the stone wall of the basement. Each shaft was to have an opening at the floor and also one at the ceiling, the one at the ceilinjr having a trap door sm that it could be opened and '»iosed at will. In mild weather the upper outlets would be opened. bi . very cold weather these would be clo ed, anrl only the colder air fron. .-d floor would be removed. In this way the temperature of the stable would l^e well under control. At present we have aimply the original straight ventilating shafts running from the ceiling up through the centre of the barn to the roof. In very cold weather the.se shafts carry off the warm air too rapidly and we are forced to almost close the inlets to prevent ireezing. I ■' 19 " In apite of the diHiulvantages mentioned above, there w a wonder- ful improvement ' ^ the air n{ the stable compared with previouH cnndi- tiom. Before we put in our present Hystem, the air was clone, clammy, and foul smelling. Now, it feels thy and healthl .1, though on the cool side. A somewhat cold, dry air, however, is much preferable to the damp, stifling warm nir encountered in so many stablea. Our cattle, including small calves, afipear to suffer no inconvenience from a temperature of 40*' becauHC the air is dry. The same animals in a temperature of 56** to 60*>, where the air Ih damp and foid, would suffer much more discomfort, to say nothing of the danger to health. " There is no doubt that the system of ventilation in a success, even in its incomplete form and when the outlets are pi irly arranged th*" results will be eminently satisfactory." Vkntilation of Houses. For the same cubic space, the number of occupants is usually much less in a house than in a stable. Nor does the contamination of the air in houses, for reasons not necessary to meniion, proceed so rapidly as in stables. In addition, doors and windows are usually more plentiful, and chimneys, stoves, furnnces, and fire places aid materially ii. keep- ing up a ventilation without effort or extra cost to the occu- pants. To keep houses toleraVjly well ventilated should therefore be comparatively easy. And yet most houses are badly ventilated even in .summer, and still worse in winter. The reasons for this state of things are manifold : First, many people have a horror of fresh air m the hbuse, it being often associated in the mind with dampness and drafts ; secondly, open windows andar ventilation is " . ition in Kig. \l. House ventilation, HhowinK lower sash raised and a board under. . 10 all dwelling!*. The pUnii and suggestionp given below, will, It is beli. ved, aid in giviug « more regular ventilation, in some caseH to single looniH that are meet coostantly occupied, in some cases to the whole house. Ventilation ok Sleepino Roomh. It is undoubtedly a safe prin- ciple to lay down, that for persons in health, at least, it •» mor« wholeHome to have the air of ihe sleeping room pure, even if it is chilly, than impure, fetid and warm. Of cours". many persons who have l)een accustome I to Fi;,-. 13. Frvwh air bn)U;,-li» iiilu s h>'iti, asi-l Witr'nwJ !>.v jms^inK' up lu-twrcr, !hr stnvi- and a metal sprefti or jaiket surroniidiiijf the »love. warm tight rooms will sliiver at .such a cool suggestion. But that is be- caurse they have taught themsplvfs or have been taught to .sacritice everything to warmth. With plenty of covering, one can sleep and sleep tl better in a fresh cool atmosphere than in an atmoitphere that is hot nml utagnant. And there is no compariHon iK^ween the healtiifulness of th" two conditions. With a window Nnd a d lroom above. Removing Four, Am. The forejjoing suygestior on House Venti- lation relate to fresh air and to methods of bringing it into rooms. But in ordf r to be able to brin^i in fre«ii air, the air which is already in the room must l>o drawn oH". To this end, in addi i<»n to the ordinary means that require no cir« or contriving, there are certain devices of a special nature, yet simple ami inexpensive. The be.st contrivnnce for removing foui-air iH tlie chimney flue. With two or more Hues built in the same stack, one oi wliich is used as a .-moke flue, when the latter is in use the NHioke a.scending warms the adjacent flue. If lietween this flue and the T'oni through which it passes, openings are n-ade for air, the warming of the air in the flue will create a drxft upwasd. the sir wil l be drained out NuTr.— IIIiutr»tioM No*. 13, 14 and 15 are t*ken from Billing*' Ventilation »nd Heating. 22 of the rooms and up the chimney, and thus the latter will servo the pur- pose of a ventilator. For this purp )8e, and also for thn purpose of in- suring a good draft for stoves, all chimneys ahotUd be built in the interior of the house and not in the outside wall. For jrood draft, either for smoke or foul air, the chimney requires to b • kept warm, and th r- is much le.s.s loss of heat from an inside chimney than from one built on the outside. Fta. 14. Using heat from stove pipe to warm the air and to create a convection current. Furnishing ' wann (resh air lor an upper room. Environment CANADA Enw i ronnement ie3586ec <«^ENTILATION OF FARM STABLES AND DUE LLINGS OOPAC Fi|f. Ifi. I'siiiif heat of stovepipe to oreats a convection current for removing foul air. 23] 24 Afl mftb'uds of »moTiiu^ foal wr, though they may differ in detail are identieal in principle with ihe foregoii»g. In large city buildings and m wdlM9ob of the luore modern type, the flue is hrated by means of a •team-pipe 8tt«Ak«ed at ite baae, or, instead of the ooil/a small coalheater called the anxiliary. The important thing to emphasize here is the principle by ihe operation of which a draft from a room is c:mtinually W^ "Pv ^nnwin» . tti e principle, anyone interested can work out his own detuUfTor each house, Socially one that is already built, is a separate andfflatiowt probldm, the rechuri-ments of which coul.l not be anticipated l^eveif the fullest detail**. \ '., One methwi wherebv in t\e absence of the chimney flue, the latter a.y he^'icoessfttlly imitate-l, is jriven in the accompanying illu-^^ration, t. ).o. In this case, it is suoposed that the house is a two-story one,' anJlithat the chimney comes do^n only a short distance below the ceiling of th^ second storv. Theb^-ning in the chimi.ev is eiiiarijed so as to admit ft jacket for th6 p^e pipe, much liugi- than the enclose I pipe. The jacket may -be extended, as in t»te ilhistration, t* the ceiling of the room below, and may thus be used to veniilate both rooms. SUMMARY. All plans of ventilation, to be effective and satisfactorj-, shouM pos- sess in a greater or less de^ref, the folliiwiiig properties : 1. A motive force, by means of which the air is introduced and with- drawn. 2. A means of tempering the air before it enters the room. 3. A means of distributing the air imiformly over the space where it is require I. and avoidini; drafts and strong currents. 4. Suf Kcient provision for drawing off the foul air. 5. Automatic action. The combination of all these properties, in the right degree, makes perfect ventilation, and no ventilntion is perfect without this ounbination Yet without »ll of these, very satisfactory ventilation may be had If the external force is dispensed with, such a force as is represented in Fiffs 9 and 11. there is still the heat from the bo lies and the warm air Irom the lungs keeping up a constant upward m(.ti-n of the air If it is im- possible to distribute the air as uniforndy as seems desirable, then let the distribution be as good as possible, and it will be a long way »ihead of no ventilation at all. If the plan cannot be made automatic, then it simply means more or less constant attention, and the time thus spent will be well spent. With the preceding plans of ventilatioo, and the a(Coiiip;.n»iii.' com- ments and instrucions, tlie stockmen or househul ler n.ay cho'..se f'r him- seir, whether he wants the t.e8t and is prepi,red to p»v for it, wiietlier li., will be satisHe I with a fairly «ood system tliat yet hnk some disadvantage or whether he will be content with an apology for ventilation or wfth none at all. '